B 851,042 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 02793 7179 * gauaaaaaa==========@@@@A888ƏƏƏAD=8JQ0880002238220§ teeaaaaaa93a88ADA83283983888JDAGJJADA98833a8aa088ë GENERAL LIBRARY -OF- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. PRESENTED BY Prof. H. C. Adams Nov. 75 1893 deeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseesse=========eBeeeeeeeeeze=28eee62222222222226eeeeeeeeeeesees ་ } 8A 86 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. THE COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, TRANSPORTATION, AND OTHER INTERESTS OF CALIFORNIA. BEING A REPORT ON THAT STATE FOR 1890 MADE TO S. G. BROCK, CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS, TREASURY DEPARTMENT. BY THOMAS J. VIVIAN, U. S. TREASURY EXPERT, TOGETHER WITH A COLLECTION OF TABULATED STATEMENTS SHOWING THE FOREIGN COMMERCE, TONNAGE MOVEMENT, AND TONNAGE OF THE MERCHANT MARINE OF THE PACIFIC COAST FROM 1870 TO 1890, ARRANGED GEOGRAPHICALLY BY STATES, TERRITORIES, AND CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. PREPARED BY THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS, TREASURY DEPARTMENT. WASHINGTON: 1801 WASHINGTON, D. C., July, 1891. hof Henryl. Adams. MY DEAR SIR: As explained on the title-page, this volume is a Report on the various industrial interests of California, made to Col. S. G. Brock, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, U. S. Treasury. In the form of its issue by the Government Printing Office, the report was bound up with those of the other Pacific Coast States and Territories. making a bulky volume of our 1200 pages, and it is for convenience sake that the 400 pages relating to California have been put into a separate book. For purposes of ready reference the Report has been grouped into eight parts, severally entitled " The State at Large," "Transportation by Land," "Transportation by Water," "Agriculture," "Manufactures," "Mines and Mining," "Lumber," and "Fisheries;" these parts have been divided into chapters, each with a descriptive heading; and these chapters have been subdivided by indicative head-lines. By this arrange- ment it is hoped and believed that the subject-matter most interesting to the reader can be speedily found. The further scheme of the work is fully set out in the Introduction, where it is said that "the Report is at once a history, a financial and commercial review, and an industrial statement." The endeavor was made to bring the report down to the date of its writing (August, 1890) so as to have it contemporaneously valuable : while by the employment of expert assistance on various specific subjects the aim was to have the report trustworthy and exact. After the whole original volume had been printed, however, it was found that it had been impossible to avoid some errors in facts and figures and these will be found corrected in the table of Errata and Addenda set in at the end of the Report. Trusting that the volume may be of some service to you as an authentic work of reference, I remain Yours respectfully, Thomas & Vivian Uor M MaοU CALIFORNIA. By THOMAS J. VIVIAN, San Francisco, Cal., United States Treasury expert. A PART I. THE STATE AT LARge. PART II. TABLE OF CONTENTS. TRANSPORTATION BY LAND. Chapter I. Early Traveling. Chapter II. Advent of the Iron Horse. Chapter III. Routes and Mileage. Chapter IV. Costs, Grants, and Values. Chapter V. Traffic and Markets. Chapter VI. Canadian Pacific Competition. Chapter VII. Railway Results. PART III. TRANSPORTATION BY WATER. Chapter I. Commercial Facilities. Chapter II. Traffic by Water. Chapter III. Commerce of San Francisco. PART IV. AGRICULTURE. Chapter 1. General and Descriptive. Chapter II. Fruit Growing in California. PART IV. AGRICULTURE—Continued. Chapter III. Field and Factory. Chapter IV. The Cereals. Chapter V. Live Stock. Chapter VI. Dairy, Field, and Garden. PART V. MANUFACTURES. Chapter I. In Review. Chapter II. Selected Industries. Part VI. CALIFORNIA'S MINERALS. Chapter I. Gold Mining. Chapter II. Minor Minerals. PART VII. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. PART VIII. THE FISHERIES. Chapter I. A General Review, Chapter II. Special Industries, PART I. THE STATE AT LARGE. Introductory-A short history of California-Cortez seeks a road to India-The dis- coverer of Lower California-First mention of the State's name-The Columbus of the Pacific-Sir Francis Drake-The Padres appear-Their work-Frémont and political changes-The beginnings of statehood--County statistics-Assessable wealth for terms of years-Values and taxes -Physical geography-Counties and their industries-Improved acreage-Population and values-Bank resources and liabilities. INTRODUCTORY. ROOM 60-62, MURPHY BUILDING, San Francisco, August 5, 1890. The accompanying report is on the commercial, transportation, mining, manufactur- ing, lumber, and fishery interests of the State of California, prepared under instruction of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department. The report is at once a history, a financial and commercial review, and an industrial statement. In order to present the various interests in clear yet comprehensive fashion, I have segregated them under the following eight heads: Part 1.-The State at large. Part 2.-Transportation by land. Part 3.-Transportation by water. Part 4.-Agriculture. Part 5.-Manufactures. Part 6.-Mines and mining. Part 7.-Lumber. Part 8.-Fisheries. These parts have been divided into chapters, whose order and subjects are given in the table of contents on the preceding page. In the subject-matter of these chapters, under their respective heads, will be found the history of California from its discovery to the present time; statistics of area, phys- ical geography, population, and properties; the means of transportation prior to the ad- vent of the railroad, the inception, growth, and development of the railway system of the State, description of the lines, a statement of their business, returns from the princi- pal markets, and the changes resulting from the development of the new means of trans 100 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. portation. There will be found, too, the record in similar manner of the bay, river, coast, and ocean lines and their commerce, to which are added tables, showing what are the principal and distributing points of the State, the home products exported from, and the outside commodities imported into the State; the statistics of the agricultural prod- ucts of the State for a series of years, special sketches of leading industries and full in- formation of the raising of live stock, together with the market prices of the yields of field, orchard, and garden. The manufactures of the State from their small beginnings to their present importance are described in detail; the mining interests are attended to, the mineral wealth of the State is given, and the growth of the different enterprises is shown by facts and figures; the fisheries of Californian waters are written of with full- ness; and the report is concluded with an account of the forests of California and the kinds, amounts, and value of their yield in lumber. Such is a very brief synopsis of the report, which I have aimed to make as trust- worthy and complete as possible. In the receipt of information and returns from a num- ber of sources, some remarkable variations of estimate were encountered, and the labor of reconciling these variations has been most difficult. In some cases, indeed, it has been found impossible; but where such divergencies appear attention has been called to their probable explanation. A concluding paragraph should be given to the acknowledgments which I desire to make for valued and expert assistance rendered me in the preparation of this report. That assistance has come from Col. G. H. Mendell, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, in reporting on coast commercial facilities; Charles G. Yale, in reporting on mining; Frank B. Millard, on railroads; George F. Weeks, on agriculture; Percy W. Roberts, on manu- factures; S. L. Everett, on lumber, and George L. Everett, on salmon; to ex-Governor George L. Perkins, of the Pacific Coast Steamship Company; to George H. Rice, of the Pacific Mail; to D. D. Stubbs, of the Occidental and Oriental, and to John D. Spreckels, of the Oceanic Steamship Companies; to the McCollam Fishing Company; to A. N. Towne, J. C. Stubbs, and C. J. Wilder, of the Southern Pacific; to M. M. Stern, of the Canadian Pacific; to State Labor-Commissioner Tobin, and to E. W. Maslin, secretary of the State board of equalization, for information furnished; and to A. E. Bartling and Messrs. Heazelton and Hirsch, for clerical assistance and office accommodation. HISTORICAL SKETCH. In the early part of the sixteenth century dreams of a direct western opening from the Atlantic to the Indian seas filled men's minds, as those of the northwest passage did in later years. Columbus was in search of this ocean highway when he ran against the continent of America, and he held to the idea of its existence to the day of his death. When Hernando Cortez landed in Vera Cruz, in April, 1519, he was under the impression that he had reached Asia, but by the time he was in possession of the Aztec capital he was convinced that Mexico was not India. The conclusion he reached was that the Mexican region was distinct but not necessarily distant from Asia, and that it was sep- arated from the continent by a strait to the north, or that it was a southeastern projec- tion of Asia, springing down from a point farther north than the knowledge of the old travelers had extended. SEEKING A ROAD TO INDIA. Cortez proposed to solve the mystery by simply following the coast round to India. If a strait existed he would be sure to find its mouth; and if not, he would at least reach India by a new route, adding new and wonderful coasts and islands to the Spanish domain. As the initial move in this coast exploration Cortez founded the town of Zaca- tula, about 180 miles north of Acapulco, and there laid down his shipyards and built his fleet. The building of the ships took a long time, however. Cortez was beset by distractions, and it was not until 1532 that he was able to send out the ships on the coast discovery. The expedition was a disastrous one, and next year, 1533, two other ships were sent out to learn the fate of the missing vessels and then push on to Asia. These ships were under the command of Hernando Grijalva and Diego Becerra de Mendoza, the latter a cousin of Cortez. Grijalva soon lost heart and returned to Zaca- tula. Becerra's ship might have also returned from an uneventful voyage but for a peculiar incident-one of those unexpected incidents which play so prominent a part in the making of history. The cousin of the Conquistador was of a choleric and haughty disposition and he ruled his ship like a despot. THE DISCOVERER OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. The pilot, who was an important personage on the Spanish ship, at last mutinied, and at the head of the crew murdered Becerra and put his officers ashore on the Colima Coast CALIFORNIA. 101 • Ortun, or Fortuno Jimenez, the pilot, was a man of unusual spirit, and the mutiny being over, he sailed north until he discovered what he supposed to be an island with an excellent bay. Going ashore Jimenez was at once attacked by hostile Indians with such deadly vigor that the pilot and twenty of his men were killed before the ship could be taken out of the way of their slings and arrows. So died the discoverer of Lower California; for the Jimenez Bay was that now known as La Paz, lying on the western side of the Gulf of California, about 100 miles north of Cape St. Lucas. The remnant that escaped brought the news to Cortez, and at the same time informed him that while the Indians were hostile they also wore valuable pearls. This was enough for Cortez, and the next year after (1535) he set sail northward with a large expedition for Jimenez Bay, which he reached May 3, and named Santa Cruz. He landed most of his colonists there and then coasted both sides of the Gulf of Califoria, which was first named the Sea of Cortez and then the Mar Rojo, or Red Sea, probably from its resem- blance to that other Red Sea, or from the discoloration of its waters at the northern ex- tremity by the Rio Colorado, or Red River. Meanwhile the colony at Santa Cruz suf- fered greatly from the Indians and privations, and in 1536 Cortez brought away the whole party, heartily sick of his first attempt at northwestern colonization. In 1539, however, he dispatched Capt. Francisco de Ulloa to the gulf, which he explored nearly to the mouth of the Colorado, and then rounding the point sailed up the outer coast to Cedros Island. FIRST MENTION OF CALIFORNIA. It was in the diary of this voyage that the name of California was applied to the pen- insula. The question of the origin of this name gave rise to much conjecture before the truth was known. The Jesuit missionaries of later years suggested that it might have been made up from the Latin words calida fornax, or hot furnace, but also favored the much more reasonable theory that the discoverers had founded the name on some mis- understood words of the natives. These theories have often been repeated by writers, with additions rivaling each other in absurdity. At last, in 1862, Edward E. Hale was so fortunate as to discover the source of Ulloa's christening. It seems that an old romance, the "Las Sergas de Esplanadian," by Ordonez de Mon- talvo, was a great favorite among the Spanish at that time, editions having appeared in 1510, 1519, 1521, 1525, and 1526. In it there is described an "Island of California, on the right hand of the Indies, very near the Terrestrial Paradise," peopled with black women, griffins, and other creatures of the author's imagination. There is no direct historical evidence of the application of this name; but considering the remarkable coin- cidences of the matter, none is needed. The name California, once applied to the pen- insula, or island, as it was thought to be, was also naturally used to designate the coun- try extending indefinitely northward to the Strait of Aman, or to Asia, except, as will be shown further on, where interrupted, in the view of some foreign geographers, by Drake's New Albion. THE COLUMBUS OF THE PACIFIC. But everything north of Cape San Lucas was still unknown and undiscovered, and the honor of first sighting New or Upper California was reserved to Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, one of the pilots of Cortez. Cabrillo was a Portuguese by birth, and a man of great courage and honor. On the 27th of Jurc, 1542, under instructions from the then Viceroy of Spain, Antonio de Men- doza, he sailed from the port of Natividad, in Mexico, on an expedition of discovery of the coast toward the north. He anchored in San Diego Bay, to which he gave the name of San Miguel, thus for the first time entering Upper California waters, never before his first visit disturbed by craft other than Indian canoes. Leaving San Diego October 3, Cabrillo sailed northward, paid a visit to Santa Catalina Island, then inhabited by Indians, anchored off San Pedro, and next took formal possession of an Indian town named Xuca, which was apparently in the vicinity of what is now San Buenaventura. Sailing out of the Santa Barbara Channel, which was then lined with towns, Cabrillo pushed his way northward until he reached Monterey Bay, when, or at some time about then, this brave navigator died. He was succeeded in command by Bartolome Ferrelo, a Levantine pilot, who kept on northward until he reached the region between Hum- boldt and Trinidad Bays, after which he turned south again. Some note had been made of a cape, which is supposed to be Point Reyes, and a bay, which might have been that of Bodega, but the great bay of San Francisco was not even dreamed of. SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. Thirty-five years passed, and then, in 1577, Capt. Francis Drake started on his great buccaneering expedition along the Spanish Main. He sacked some of the newly settled towns along the Spanish coast, and then, it being by this time the fall of 1579, he thought 102 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. - it advisable to make for England by way of the Cape of Good Hope. Contrary winds, however, blew him northward until he reached an intolerably cold region, when they headed south again until they got into the latitude of 38 degrees, where they discovered a country which from its white cliffs they called New Albion. There they found a bay, and anchoring in it Drake went ashore, the chroniclers of the fleet describing the Indians of the country as naked and peaceable, who made Drake a solemn tender of the whole country, which the admiral accepted in the name of Queen Elizabeth. Drake accepted the gift, set up a post bearing an inscription announcing the fact, and then sailed away across the Pacific. The identity of Drake's anchorage is a most interesting point, and one that has caused much discussion. There are on this part of the coast three bays, those of Bodega, Drake, and San Francisco. If it had been Bodega Bay some mention would surely have been made of the remarkable inlet known as Tomales Bay. If it had been San Francisco Bay Sir Francis Drake was not the man to have lightly mentioned one of the best and great- est harbors of the world, or to have left it without exploring its many arms. On the other hand, Drake's Bay agrees in latitude with that given by the great filibuster, and the appearance of the coast thereabouts is just that which would have led Drake to give it the name of New Albion. NEW ALBION. The cliffs about that part of the coast, for a space of nearly 40 miles, are white, and both in height and color resemble those of Great Britain on the English Channel at Brighton and Dover. The likeness, indeed, as the writer can testily, is very striking, and fully explains Drake's reason for giving it the name of New Albion. Lastly, all the Spaniards after Drake's day sought each time for a bay under Point Reyes, which is just where Drake's Bay lies. Taking all the evidence, pro and con, the inference is that Sir Francis Drake anchored in the bay that now bears his name, and that he did not discover that of San Francisco. Five years after Drake's visit Francisco Gali, commanding a Philippine ship from Macao, via Japan to Acapulco, got into the great oceanic current and skirted the coast from Cape Mendocino to Cape San Lucas, but he saw nothing and says nothing of San Fran- cisco Bay. In the following year (1595) the commander of the San Augustin, another Philippine ship, was ordered to look a little more closely at this coast with a view to find- ing a suitable station for the Spanish galleons. He looked so closely that he ran his vessel aground near Point Reyes, strewing the shore with boxes of wax and silk. This captain's name was Carmenon, and his reports, together with the claims of the British to having discovered this upper Pacific coast, put the Spanish Government on its mettle. SPANISH NAVIGATORS. On the 10th of November, 1603, Sebastian Vizcaino, commanding a Spanish explor- ing fleet, anchored in San Diego Bay. He had sailed from Acapulco in May of the pre- ceding year, his special mission, outside of the ever-potent purpose finding a short cut from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, being to locate a suitable port for the Philippine ships. He changed the name of the bay from San Miguel to San Diego-indeed, he ignored Cabrillo's discoveries entirely-sailed up through the Santa Barbara Channel, and halted in the harbor of Monterey. Having obtained a supply of wood and water he sailed north again January 3, 1603, and on the 6th anchored under Point Reyes to hunt for traces of Carmenon's wreckage. He then moved northward once more, until in the latitude of Cape Mendocino, when they 'bout ship and headed for Mexico. Vizcaino did little more than follow in the wake of his predecessors, but the results of his voyage were more clearly recorded, and, by the way, it is in that clearness that the proof is afforded of San Francisco Bay being still an undiscovered quantity. Various attempts on a moderate scale, partly by adventurers at their own cost, and partly under royal ordinances, were subsequently made to prosecute the survey and settle- ment of this coast. In 1615, 1633, 1634, 1640, 1642, 1648, 1665, and 1668 eight separate and fruitless efforts were made for these purposes. The publication of highly colored accounts of Cabrillo, Drake, Carmenon, and Vizcaino continued to excite the popular mind. There were visions of a magnificent country, golden sands, and pearls of great price, but gradually the adventurous spirit of the conquering Spaniards faded away, and for more than a hundred years there is a blank in the annals of what we call California. THE PADRES APPEAR. California lay unoccupied till 1767, when it was first settled by Franciscan Friars, the successors in Mexico of the newly expelled Jesuits, who were expelled from Lower Cali- fornia by order of Charles III, of Spain, and their missions and property granted to the Fathers of the Order of St. Francis. These zealous apostles, acting under instructions from the then viceroy of Mexico, CALIFORNIA. 103 planted various missions in the upper territory, bringing under their influence the great mass of aborigines. In 1768 Father Junipero Serra, an energetic and zealous member of the order, was appointed president of all the missions to be established in Upper Cali- fornia. Two expeditions were sent from Lower California by sea and two by land to San Diego. The first vessel, the San Carlos, sailed from Cape St. Lucas on January 11, with twenty-five soldiers under Lieut. Pedro Fages, and reached her destination after three months and a half, losing in that time all the sailors by scurvy, excepting one. The second vessel, the San Antonio, started a month later, and eight of her sailors died on the voyage. She entered the harbor of San Diego on April 11, 1769, "on which day the permanent occupation of California by white men began." On the 14th of May the first land expedition, under Captain Rivera and Friar Crespi, reached San Diego; and the second, under Captain Gaspar de Portala (afterward gov- ernor of the territory) and Father Junipero Serra (the founder of the territory's civiliza- tion), arrived on July 1. FOUNDING THE MISSIONS. By Serra and his coadjutors twenty-one missions were established within a period of fifty-one years, their names and the date of their foundation being as follows: San Diego, July 16, 1769; San Carlos de Monterey, June 3, 1770; San Antonio de Padua, July 14, 1771; San Gabriel, September 8, 1771; San Luis Obispo, September 1, 1772; San Francisco de Los Dolores, October 9, 1776; San Juan Capistrano, November 1, 1776; Santa Clara, January 18, 1777; San Buenaventura, March 21, 1782; Santa Bar- bara, December 4, 1786; La Purisima Concepcion, December 8, 1787; Santa Cruz, August 28, 1761; Nuestra Senora La Soledad, October 9, 1791; San José, June 11, 1797; San Juan Bautista, June 24, 1797; San Miguel, July 25, 1797; San Fernando Rey, Septem- ber 8, 1798; San Luis Rey, June 13, 1698; Santa Inez Virgin y Martyr, September 17, 1804; San Rafael, December 14, 1817; San Francisco de Solano de Sonoma, April 25, 1820. The missions gradually extended their possessions, bringing the Indians under their con- trol and forming almost the whole civilized influence in the Territory, as Spain and Mexico governed it, until the culmination of their wealth about 1834. In 1778 (eight missions then having been established) the mission books showed that there were 500 head of cattle in California, and in 1800 (with 80 missions), there were 74,000 head of cattle and 88,000 sheep. The Padres indeed may be said to have owned the whole country and to have controlled all its people, who, at the beginning of the present century, numbered almost 100,000. Active as the missionaries were within their own circle they had no love for immigrants. Their endeavor was to exclude traders, and as late as 1822 the missions were the only points of settlement. The products of the missions were chiefly used at home, the articles of export being limited to hides and tallow and a small quan- tity of wines which even then had a reputation for purity. One by one, however, trad- ing ports were started at several points along the coast, and vessels from the United States and elsewhere made their appearance as early as 1790 in search of the products men- tioned and furs. The first mercantile house opened in California was a branch of an English firm of Lima, Peru, opened at Monterey in 1822. This house added a large business in sup- plying whale ships, which had become quite numerous; and through these various small channels a small stream of information concerning California gradually trickled to the outside world. THE WORK OF SEQUESTRATION. In 1822 Mexico became independent of Spain, and as a result of the movement, Cali- fornia became a Mexican Territory, continuing as such until 1846. The main incidents of this period are the following: The Mexican Congress, on August 17, 1833, passed a bill announcing the intention of the Government to secularize the missions of Upper and Lower California, but the measure was not actively pressed until 1836. The work was gradually pushed until 1845, by which latter date their effects had been entirely absorbed by the General Government, a small portion going to meet the expenses of colonization This work of colonization was at first actively pushed by the Mexican Government, and as the resources of the Territory became known the number of American colonists perceptibly increased. As early as 1825 the reports circulated about California had in- duced many persons to find their way overland to the Pacific coast, and before 1830 there were nearly five hundred foreigners west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. In 1831 Los Angeles, the largest town, contained about 1,200 inhabitants, a large portion being foreigners. San José contained five hundred, one-half foreigners. Branciforte, a pueblo near the mission of Santa Cruz, also had a few. There were no other towns at that time in the Territory. In 1841 it was estimated the district and presidio of San Diego, including the pueblo of Los Angeles, contained 1,300 inhabitants; Monterey, 1,000; Santa Barbara, 800, and about 1,100 inhabitants were scattered throughout the in- terior. 104 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. D POLITICAL CHANGES. * One of the most famous pioneers of this period was John A. Sutter, who arrived in Cal- *ifornia July, 1839. Early in September of that year he settled near what is now Sacra- mento, and in 1841 built the fort which still bears his name. He was at first opposed by both the Indian and Mexican officials, but having been declared a Mexican citizen he was given a grant for his land. The opposition at first manifested by the Mexican Gov- ernment toward Sutter was more and more emphatic as the number of American immi- grants increased, and many impediments were placed in the way of Americans who desired to settle here. A friction gradually arose which became more and more marked until it culminated in the Bear Flag rebellion of 1846. On June 18 of that year Wil- liam B. Ide issued at Sonoma what is now known as the "Bear Flag proclamation." FRÉMONT. John C. Frémont, then brevet captain in the Corps of U. S. Topographical Engi- neers, had arrived shortly before with an armed exploring expedition, and when near Monterey the charge was made by several native Californians that some of the horses in his possession had been stolen from them. Frémont's refusal to surrender the horses led to trouble between himself and the authorities, and the latter ordered Frémont to leave the country, which he declined to do. The native military force was intimidated by Frémont's show of resistance, and the latter was permitted to depart towards Oregon unmolested. The bitter feeling caused by Frémont's attitude towards the natives and the threats made by the Californians alarmed the Americans living north of San Fran- cisco, who, without taking counsel with the American naval officers or others, resorted to arms. They seized the town of Sonoma on June 14, and imprisoned Gen. Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Capt. S. Vallejo, Colonel Prudon, and Mr. Jacob P. Leese. A flag was hoisted, showing a bear on white ground, with the words "California Republic," and the independence of California was declared. There was little or no resistance by the Mexican authorities to this rebellious aggression; the bear flag gave way to the stars and stripes, and a military occupation of California by the United States was effected after one or two unimportant engagements. BEGINNING OF STATEHOOD. The United States military rule lasted from July 7, 1846, to December 20, 1849, under six governors, beginning with Commodore Sloat and ending with General Riley. An election of delegates to a convention was held on August 1, 1846, the object of the con- vention being to prepare a constitution to be submitted for adoption by the people of California. The convention met at Monterey, September 1; constitution was adopted on the 13th of November (1846), and members of the first legislature, with the governor, Peter H. Burnett, Governor Riley then relinquishing the administration of civil affairs in California. Important events soon followed each other rapidly. The towns of San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Francisco, and Sonoma rose upon the sites of the old missions. Gold was discovered at Coloma, in El Dorado County, January 19, 1848, by James W. Marshall; an enormous immigration immediately set in; wagon roads were opened across the plains, sailing and steam lines were established between New York and San Fran- cisco, and the gold fever of the argonautic days was at its height. The population of the Territory so marvelously increased that application for admission as a State was made in 1850. August 10 the bill passed the Senate; passed the House of Representatives September 7; was signed by the President September 9, on which date California be- came the thirty-first State of the Union. EVENTS IN BRIEF. From 1850 to the present the industrial progress of California has been sure and steady, and it now takes first rank in the United States for vineyards, barley, gold, quicksilver, and sheep, and was third in rank in the production of wheat in 1887. The following are the leading events in and regarding the history of California since 1850: The appearance of fast clipper ships in 1850; the organization of the California Steam Navigation Company in March, 1854, to navigate the internal waters of the State; the opening of the Panama Railroad January 23, 1855; the shipment of the first lot of wheat to England, May 28, 1855; the Fraser River gold excitement in 1858; the start- ing of the Pony Express across the continent in 1859. The beginning of shipbuilding on the coast was in the first decade of California's existence as a State, and the steamer Comanche was launched from the Yolo side of the Sacramento River September 18, 1851. Steamer connection with the Hawaiian Kingdom established in 1861. Disastrous floods in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys in the winter of 1861-'62. Completion of the Overland Telegraph from western Missouri to San Francisco, October 22, 1861. China steamer line started in 1867. Completion of the Central Pacific Railroad in May, 1869. Modoc war began November 29, 1872. General Grant visited San Fran- - L CALIFORNIA.. 105 cisco after his foreign tour, September 20, 1879. Standard time change effected No- vember 18, 1883. Park and Ocean Railroad open to the public, December 1, 1883. Completion of the Atchison Railroad system, November 18, 1885. Terrific and destruc- tive storm along the coast, January 20, 1886. January 20, 1886. Twentieth encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic in San Francisco, August 2, 1886. First Arbor Day in Califor- nia, November 27, 1886. Great stock panic in San Francisco, December 2, 1886. Wreck of vessel laden with powder on Seal Rocks near San Francisco, January 16, 1887, caus- ing a disastrous explosion. Leland Stanford, jr., University corner stone laid at Palo Alto, May 14, 1887. Collapse of wheat syndicate in San Francisco, September 17, 1887. FINANCIAL STATISTICS. Up to 1850 there were no counties in California, the State being divided into ten dis- tricts, as follows: Los Angeles, Monterey, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San José, Sàn Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Sonoma. In 1850 a legislative act divided the State into 27 counties, that number having been gradually subdivided into the present list of 53: * Statement showing the assessments, by counties, of real and personal property, by decades, from the organization of the Stute government to the year 1889-'90, inclusive. 2,395, 684.30 3,868, 471.00 2.427, 795.00 2,613, 809.85 2, 324, 866.36 628, 009.00 3, 603, 727.00 931, 007.50 1,368, 517.00 3,065, 330.00 2,084, 575.00 1,410, 347.00 1, 122, 541.00 1, 116, 991. 00 1,475, 094.75 3, 455, 658.00 4,062,673.00 Counties. Date of organi- zation. 1859. 1860. Alameda.... 1853 .... $1,381, 580.00 Alpine 1864 Amador.... 1854 Butte...... 1850 Calaveras…….. 1850 $268.294 266, 078 Colusa...... 1850 Contra Costa. 1850 2,002, 410 Del Norte. 1857 El Dorado... 1850 572, 4i0 Fresno... Humboldt.. Inyo 1856 - 1853 1866 Kern.... Lake........ Lassen Los Angeles..... Marin.. Mariposa. Mendocino Merced...... 1866 1870 1861 1852 1,931, 403 1850 ..... 1851 1850 1855 Modoc... 1874 Mono 1861 Monterey 1850 3,631, 213 Napa 1850 918, 164 Nevada 1851 Orange * 1889 Placer 1851 Plumas 1854 Sacramento 1850 8,917, 454 San Benito 1874 San Bernardino 1850 San Diego 1850 396, 810 San Francisco .......... ‡. 1850 21, 62!, 184 San Joaquin... 1849 1, 821, 489 San Luis Obispo San Mateo....... Santa Barbara... Santa Clara... 1850 577, 618 1856 1850 1850 Santa Cruz 1850 Shasta 1850 نشر Sierra... 1852 Siskiyou......... 1852 Solano........ 1850 Sonoma Stanislaus 1850 1, 187, 672 1854 Sutter......... Tehama 1849 1, 292, 618 1856 Trinity 1850 Tulare ... .... Tuolumne.. Ventura 1850 1872 Yola Yuba 1850 1850 269, 702 2,374, 060 992, 676 4,883, 295 2,709, 246 3,078, 831.00 906, 418.50 12, 283, 767.00 417, 238.00 (†) 35, 967, 499.00 4,938, 400.00 1,295, 915.80 1,596. 408.00 1,038,645.00 5,707, 795.00 1,290, 046.00 (†) 2, 610, 956. 11 2, 882, 392.00 3, 882, 700.98 4, 695, 483.00 969, 870.00 2,293, 759.00 2,086, 213.00 1,235, 815.00 1,589, 529.00 3. 312, 497.00 2,416, 921.00 6, 419, 276.00 * Formed out of the southeast part of Los Angeles County. + No report. 1870. $11, 786, 381.70 367, 601.00 2,211.070.00 3, 484, 014. 95 1,089, 787.50 4,339, 041.00 2, 802, 657.00 454, 902.00 2, 143, 941.00 3, 219, 230.00 2, 133, 660.00 630, 269.00 1,974, 856.33 801. 204.00 590, 997.00 6,918, 074.00 3,588, 449.00 1, 197, 473.00 2,523, 732.00 3,202, 455. 16 316, 176.50 3, 969, 844. 52 3,942, 966. 00 5,871, 066. 62 1880. 1889-'90. $49, 286, 463 366, 699 2,872, 387 12, 898, 094 2, 608, 316 17,876, 905 8, 175, 682 820, 250 2,989, 733 7,578, 189 6, 606, 686 1, 177, 662 5,853, 881 2, 559, 404 1,303, 430 18, 517, 566 8, 924, 530 1,465, 693 634, 083 6,511, 326 1,843, 058 2,365, 550 8,091, 240 9, 182, 661 9,064, 090 $69, 865, 531 282, 835 4, 209, 289 19, 879, 180 4, 219, 800 23,642, 737 14, 615, 864 1,925, 061 3,602, 340 33, 494, 329 18, 410, 872 1,390, 012 10, 277, 150 4,022, 484 2, 449, 991 82, 019, 551 10, 618, 683 1,849, 641 11, 944, 265 13, 506, 311 2,993, 084 869,693 14, 273, 794 14 000, 653 5,694, 610 8, 646, 024 4,063, 639. 17 1, 209, 600.00 11, 187, 761. 00 7,999, 313 8, 137, 204 2,099, 275 2, 309, 441 25,767, 203 3,937, 615 1, 202, 482. 00 2,539, 957.02 116, 375, 988. 67|| 7,853, 220.00 2, 371, 056. 63 1, 901, 955.00 2,882, 526.87 11, 813, 882.00 2,897, 120.00 1, 146, 113.0G 2, 175, 372.00 2, 151, 210.00 6, 945, 725. 98 6, 920, 006. 00 3, 423, 808.00 2,406, 295.00 2,058, 437.00 596, 161.00 3, 456, 766. 07 1, 186, 224.00 4,752, 605. 28 3, 986, 505.00 3,680, 744 4,995, 489 253, 520, 326 253, 520, 326 27, 463, 315 4, 678, 048 7, 764, 610 5,507, 727 25, 514, 842 6, 602, 587 2,813, 655 1,741, 537 3,715, 557 12, 130, 018 18, 809, 793 9,730, 706 5, 202, 790 6,628, 363 1,091,039 6, 411,378 1,976,572 3, 331, 979 12,933, 641 5,035, 252 33, 291, 870 6, 155, 675 19, 690, 321 29,047, 617 291,583, 668 37,019, 675 14,592, 418 13, 636, 810 15, 420, 314 51,879, 099 10,496, 955 5, 164, 011 1,635, 389 5,516, 851 18, 989, 267 29, 870, 371 15,522, 192 9,905, 649 11,037, 890 1, 1-3, 344 23, 126, 035 2,716,465 8,051, 659 19,706, 408 ´6, 711, 915 The present county of San Francisco was organized in 1856, prior to which time it embraced the whole of what is now San Mateo County, 106 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Partial report of county tax, by decades, from 1850 to 1890 inclusive. + Counties. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. Alpine.............. Amador Butte Contra Cost....... El Dorado. Humboldt Inyo.......... Kern Lassen..... Los Angeles Marin......... Mariposa Merced......... Mono $3.291/ $2.80 $3.00 .... $1.75 2.90 2.50 1.80 1.85 2.70 1.70 1.55 $0.80 2.75 2.94 1.65 1.40 (*) 1.15 1.98 1.60 1.52 1.10 1.64 1.36 .87 2.581/ 3.50 2.50 2.37 2.15 1.75 2.00 2,55 1.90 1.75 2.76 1.50 1.80 .50 1.50 2.47 1.80 1.40 †.78 2.00 3.041 3.00 2.65 .85 1.20 1.11 . 1.02 $1.43 2.12 3.36 3.00 Monterey. ... Napa 2.45 2.62 1.50 1.50 2.90 3.17 1.80 1.75 Nevada..... Placer Orange Sacramento... San Benito... San Francisco. San Joaquin San Mateo Santa Barbara.. Santa Clara 1.60 1.15 1.11 1.35 2.00 2.60 1.40 2.05 1.55 1.20 2.50 1.30 1.25 21.40 1.60 1.65 2.25 1.98 1.57 1.00 ....... 1.00 1.67 2.15 1.30 1.40 1.55 2.89€ 1.75 1.35 1.27 1.00 1.36 .73 (1D 1.60 2.08 1.50 1.45 Santa Cruz. .50 .90 1.95 1.22 1.17 Shasta.... Sierra....... Siskiyou Solano......... Sonoma Tehama. Ventura.... 1.63 1.71 1.52 1.65 1.73 2.21 2.22 2.26 2.261 1.50 1.50 .50 1.00 1.30 1.06 .80 $1.32 2.00 2.11 1.65 1.45 1.05 1.70 1.26 1.03 2.00 1.85 *5 per cent † 1852. +1862. Books missing, ¶ 1855. ? 1874. Statement showing debt and tax of each county in 1887. T Counties. Debt. Tax. * Counties. Debt. Tax.* 1 Alameda 2 Alpine... 3 Amador. ...... $160, 241.88 28,504. 42 $al.30 ||28| Sacramento…...... $681, 200.00 $1.25 3.00 29 San Benito.... 40,000.00 m1.65 1.60 30 San Bernardino... 16,000.00 n1.33 Calaveras....... Contra Costa...... Humboldt... Inyo....... 13 Kern.... ...... 26 4 Butte..... 5 6 Colusa. 7 8 Del Norte....... 9 El Dorado.. 10 Fresno.... 11 12 14 | Lake..………………. 15 Lassen.... 16 Los Angeles... 674, 762.74 17 Marin...... 320, 400.00 18 Mariposa....... 19 Mendocino. 20 Merced, 148, 500.00 129, 101.85 21 Modoc....... 22 25,000.00 83,000.00 188,000.00 9,400.00 14, 483. 40 62, 100.00 .... 72,809.88 94, 409.29 b1.60 ||31 San Diego...... 307,095.00 01.60 Mono...... 23 Monterey 24 Napa........ 25 Nevada.... Placer..... 27 Plumas The State tax for 1888 was 50.4 cents, divided as follows: General fund, 29.0; school fund, 18.4; and interest and sinking fund, 2.0. The above rates were for county purposes. The following rates were for incorporated cities, and were less, owing to their exemption from the levy for road pur- poses, viz: a, $1.00; b, $1.25; c, $1.05; d, $1.06; e, $1.46; f, $1.47; 9, $1.25; h, $1.20; i, $1.47; j, $1.39; k, $1.80; 1, $1.00; m, $1,45; n, $1.13; o, $1.40; p, $1.00; q, $1.32; r, 1.15: s. $0.90; t, $1.50; u, $1.10; v, $1.09; w, $1.54; x, $1.35; y, $1.75; z, $1.62; aa, $1,12; bb, $1,80, 29,000.00 1.80 32 c1.30 | 33 d1.35 34 12,000.00 2.25 35 190,000.00 95,000.00 114, 681, 65 74, 768.87 20,000.00 47,800.00 3, 350.39 2.10 36 el. 66 37 f1.75 38 3.00 39 2.00 40 1.8541 2.12 42 g1.50 ||43 h1.40 44 2.2845 21.8716 1.8047 .1.6548 3.00 49 1.35 50 jl.6551 k2.20 52 1.85 2.50 San Francisco San Joaquin..... San Luis Obispo San Mateo...... Santa Barbara.... Santa Clara..... Santa Cruz.. Shasta .... Sierra.. Siskiyou Solano... Sonoma.... Stanislaus. Sutter...... Tehama... Trinity. Tulare. Tuolumne Ventura..... Yolo ...... Yuba...... Total...... 1,875, 500.00 1.05 240,000.00 pl.20 153,500.00 ql. 67 78,000.00 1.40 24,000.00 r1.45 320,000,00 s1.20 182, 835.53 t1.78 ..... 89, 255. 20 2.25 21, 700.00 2.70 64,700.00 80,785.57 278,000.00 1,55 1.45 ul. 30 31,500.00 v1.20 11,000.00 1.20 128,000.00 w1.65 • 63,542. 23 3.50 92,000.00 x1.60 y2.10 14,000,00 22.00 .78,500.00 aal.35 121, 774.67 bb2.00 7,590, 202.57 t 107 CALIFORNIA. Assessed valuation of real and personal property in California from the organization of the State government to the year 1889, inclusive. Year. Real prop- erty. Personal property. Year. Real prop erty. Personal property. 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855.... 1856.. 1857 1858 1859 131, 060, 279 1860 148, 193, 540 $57, 670, 689 49, 231, 052 64,579, 375 95, 335, 646 118,191, 630 103, 887, 193 115, 007, 440 126,059, 461 125, 955, 877 $13,968, 797 20, 935, 116 24, 213, 395 33, 674, 000 39,040, 428 34, 858, 319 40, 942, 699 59,149, 630 54, 185, 728 56, 580, 344 1878.... 1879. 1880.. 1870... 1871...... $277, 538, 131 267,868, 126 1872....... 1873... 637, 232, 823 528, 747, 043 1874..... 611, 495, 197 1875....... 618, 083, 315 1876........ 595, 073, 177 1877... f8, 369, 383 586, 953, 022 584, 578, 036 549, 220, 968 666, 399, 985 1861 147,811, 617 73, 350, 591 1881... 659,835, 762 1862 160, 369, 071 74, 014, 666 1882.. 608, 642, 036 $108, 001, 588 86, 174, 230 219, 942, 323 118,425,520 210, 779, 127 199, 243, 292 140, 431, 866 128,780, 824 118, 304, 451 112, 325, 850 174,514, 906 160,058, 309 134,048, 419 1863 174, 104, 955 1864 1865 1866 1867 179, 164, 730 183, 534, 312 200, 368, 826 212, 205, 339 80, 496, 615 78, 117, 375 79, 782, 436 1883... 1884.... 765, 729, 430 167, 338, 644 821, 078, 767 166, 394, 997 1885...... 859, 512, 384 172, 760, 681 92,490, 635 100, 105, 600 1886....... 816, 446, 700 -151, 937, 132 1868 .. 237, 483, 175 1869 260, 563, 879 105, 112, 083 104,723, 592 1887..... 1888.. 1889.. 956, 337, 008 165, 663, 387 936, 502, 214 174, 429, 378 1, 111, 590, 979 170, 661, 863 Statement showing total assessed value of all property in California, by counties, for 1879 and 1889, with further details for the latter year. 1889. Counties. Alameda...... Value of real estate and improve- ments. $63, 179, 737 220, 561 3,511, 800 17, 109, 876 3,318, 335 Value of personal Total value of property, exclusive of railroads. property and amount of money. $6,685, 794 62,274 697, 489 2,769, 304 871, 465 Value of railroads assessed by State board of equaliza- tion. $69, 865, 531 | $2,030,651 72,680 851,072 Alpine Amador.... 282, 835 Butte 4, 209, 289 19, 879, 180 Calaveras Colusa 20, 580, 815 Contra Costa 12, 136, 537 Del Norte.... El Dorado 3,061, 922 2,479, 327 337, 085 848, 650 3,381, 896 3, 221, 183 492, 355 2,249, 573 659, 862 4, 219, 800 23, 642, 737 14, 615, 864 1,925, 061 3,602, 340 33, 494, 329 18, 410, 872 1, 390, 012 10, 277, 150 4, 022, 484 95, 661 723,258 578,728 881, 214 9, 358, 740 7,911, 489 1,259, 943 Fresno Humboldt Inyo Kern.. Lake..... Lassen Los Angeles Marin...... Mariposa .. Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono... Monterey Napa.... Nevada. Orange Placer Plumas Sacramento San Benito.. San Bernardino …... San Diego .... San Francisco.. San Joaquin. San Luis Obispo San Mateo 1,587, 976 2,753, 690 30, 112, 433 15, 219, 689 897,657 8,027, 577 3, 362, 622 1,568, 777 74, 108, 062 1,469, 219 9, 750, 101 11, 971, 478 1,690, 119 622, 535 11, 895, 585 11, 120, 706 4,361, 100 7,519, 135 6,652, 760 1,761, 039 27,857, 900 4,965, 650 17, 554, 625 25,640, 818 229,064, 423 32, 080, 157 12, 135, 295 380, 422 2, 194, 164 1,534, 833 1, 302, 965 247, 158 2,378, 209 2,879, 917 1,333, 510 1. 126, 889 1, 484, 444 548, 402 5, 433, 970 1, 190, 025 2, 135, 696 3,406, 799 62, 519, 245 4,939, 518 2, 449, 991 82, 019, 551 10, 618, 683 1,849, 641 11, 944, 265 13, 506, 311 2,993, 081 869, 693 14, 273, 794 14,000, 653 5,694, 610 8, 646, 024 8, 137.204 2,309, 441 33, 291, 870 6, 155, 675 19, 690, 321 → 29,047, 617 291,583, 668 277,547 1,892, 844 158, 683 1,554, 630 77,458 2,356, 768 489, 974 Total value of taxable property. $71,896, 182 282, 835 4, 281, 969 20, 730, 252 4,315, 461 24, 365, 995 15, 194, 592 1,925, 061 3,879, 887 1,892, 814 18, 440, 872 1,548, 695 11, 831, 780 4,022, 484 2,527, 449 84, 376, 319 11, 108, 657 1, 849, 641 Total value of taxable property, 1879. $42, 822, 877 510, 259 2,468, 612 10,743, 426 1,871, 750 12, 420, 308 7,345,696 696, 620 2,312, 590 6,354, 596 5, 481, 546 1,353, 300 6, 005, 460 2, 177, 014 1,230, 764 16, 368, 649 8,413, 350 1,295, 048 11, 944, 265 ་ 5,975, 963 610, 531 14, 146, 845 5,308, 245 2,993, 084 1,267, 304 941, 010 969, 865 15,536, 037 7,185, 195 14,970, 181 8,016, 341 6,305, 090 6,926, 218 71,317 1,262,243 969, 528 610, 480 624, 743 1,980,856 1, 168, 304 177, 236 3,577, 634 2,513, 301 9, 270, 767 10, 118, 060 2, 309, 441 84, 460, 174 6, 332, 911 23, 267, 955 31, 560, 918 2,457, 123 .... 12, 262, 645 1,374, 195 13, 641, 222 1,779, 092 46, 423, 570 9,081, 275 4,040, 230 5,455,529 1,415, 680 1,123, 781 37,019, 675 14,592, 418 13, 636, 840 15, 420, 314 51,879, 099 10,496, 955 5, 164, 011 116,765 1,782, 931 516, 699 252, 017 468, 314 1,233, 563 663, 275 1,429, 992 291,700, 433 | 38, 802, 606 15, 139, 117 13, 888, 887 15, 888, 628 53, 112, 662 11, 160, 230 6,594, 003 Santa Barbara.. Santa Clara..... Santa Cruz......... Shasta......... .... 5,774, 860 2. 115, 173 18, 416, 338 3, 947, 728 2,576, 973 3,525, 253 244, 626, 760 17,377, 129 4,376, 084 6, 355, 680 5,337, 638 27, 603, 240 6,309, 724 1,961,436 108 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement showing total assessed value of all property in California, by counties, for 1879 and 1889, with further details for the latter year-Continued. Counties. 1889. Value of real estate and improve- ments. Value of personal Total value of property, exclusive of railroads. property and amount of money. Value of railroads assessed by State board of equaliza- tion. $13,999 Total value of taxable property. - Total value of taxable property, 1879. Sierra... $1,279, 910 $355, 479 Siskiyou......... 3,685, 477 1,831, 374 Solano 16, 331 135 2,658, 132 Sonoma.. 25, 198, 096 4,372, 275 $1,635, 389 5,516, 851 18,989,267 29, 870, 371 1, 449, 156 1, 192, 783 Stanislaus.. 1, 352, 300 $1,679, 388 6, 966, 007 20, 182, 050 31, 222, 671 $1,496, 568 2,651, 367 9, 042, 881 15, 569, 362 13, 347, 996 2, 174, 196 Sutter 8, 628, 756 1,276, 893 Tehama 1,856, 500 Trinity Tulare... 359, 856 3,061, 250 Ventura 675, 625 1,522, 878 Yolo 2,596, 717 Yuba 1, 408, 210 Total Tuolumne....... L 9, 181, 390 793, 468 20, 0641, 785 2,040, 840 6,528, 781 17, 109, 691 5, 303, 675 900, 440, 491 170, 661, 836 1,071, 102, 327 40, 488, 6521, 111, 590, 979 581,578, 036 : 15,522, 192 9, 905, 649 11, 037, 890 1, 153, 344 23, 126, 035 759, 515 16, 281, 737 6, 232, 141 174, 219 10,079, 868 4, 120, 451 863, 365 11,901, 255 1,316, 978 1, 153, 344 24, 343, 013 2,716, 465 2,716, 465 4, 199, 998 868, 496 5,204, 777 1,596, 015 8,051, 659 547, 273 8, 598, 932 19,706, 408 1, 201, 917 6,711, 915 334, 401 20, 911, 325 7,016, 316 3, 270, 161 10, 177, 427 4,293, 630 Table showing rank of different counties in property valuation in 1880, 1885, and 1888. County. 1880. 1885. 1888. County. 1880. 1885. 1888. Alameda....... Alpine 52 Amador 36 Butte....... Calaveras... 42 22672 2 3 Plumas.... 41 41 45 • 52 52 Sacramento... 5 6 8 37 38 San Benito 32 32 34 12 14 San Bernardino 37 12 40 39 San Diego 33 5 Colusa... 8 8 10 San Francisco 1 1 1 Contra Costa 8 13 19 San Joaquin.......... 4 3 - 7 Del Norte....... 51 | 48 48 San Luis Obispo. 29 22 22 El Dorado 38 39 41 San Mateo 17 21 24 Fresno..... 19 14 6 Santa Barbara. 31 21 13 Inyo Humboldt Kern...... 24 19 17 Santa Clara.... 4 4 49 50 49 Santa Cruz...... 22 27 28 25 33 30 Shasta. 40 38 37 Lake..... 39 41 40 Sierra.... 47 47 Lassen.... 48 45 44 Siskiyou..... 35 36 36 Los Angeles.. 6 5 2 Solano...... 11 9 16 Marin ... 13 20 27 Sonoma. 7 7 9 Mariposa 47 46 46 Stanislaus 18 11 18 Mendocino 23 23 25 Sutter 30 26 29 Merced. 21 16 20 Tehama 27 25 25 Modoc 46 42 42 Trinity 50 49 50 Mono 43 51 51 Tulare..... 26 17 11 ❤ Monterey Napa ... Nevada... Placer 2222 15 18 21 Tuolumne. 41 43 43 12 15 23 Ventura 34 35 31 4 1 12 31 35 Yolo..... 10 10 15 20 30 32 Yuba..... 28 31 33 CALIFORNIA. 109 } Statement showing receipts from all sources into the State treasury from 1851 to 1880. Alameda..…….. Alpine........ Amador..... Butte...... Calaveras Colus&... Contra Costa.... Del Norte........ El Dorado...... Fresno.... Humboldt.. Inyo...... Kern.. Lake.... Lassen Los Angeles. Marin. Mariposa.. Mendocino...... Merced Modoc........ Mono.... Monterey. Napa....... Nevada..... Placer...... Plumas..... Sacramento.. San Benito.... San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin Counties. San Luis Obispo.... San Mateo Santa Barbara....... Santa Clara... Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra..... Siskiyou. Solano.. Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter..... Tehama Trinity Tulare..... Tuolumne.. Ventura Yolo..... Yuba... 4 - - - ... 1851. 1860. 1870. 1880. $22, 920.80 $102, 006.18 $299, 857.65 3,591.88 28,854.90 $512.43 31, 508. 69 25, 487.04 12, 926. 48 9,851.57 19, 903.52 1,200.00 7,966. 16 34, 698. 44 9,406.36 9, 756. 27 2,312.68 16,983.78 31, 390.30 8,.962.62 40, 704.72 27, 258. 28 4,512. 44 20, 027.75 28,824.76 23, 109.46 4,822.56 13, 450. 12 8,823.33 4, 111. 61 36,719.00 27,597.82 10.037.02 4,553.50 858.53 13, 695, 05 13, 517.74 14, 835.89 10, 386.77 5, 878.27 7,256.75 24, 540. 14 24, 327.73 16. 818, 79 4, 149.92 12, 092.29 132, 359.29 9, 198, 30 2,667.74 5,086.87 22,790.07 4, 948. 36 5, 476. 32 19,585.77 25, 273.33 38, 736. 12 6, 779.65 73, 723. 19 3, 228.82 4,934.60 322, 935.79 41, 853. 41 4,602.82 7,524. 25 27, 904. 13 6, 865.38 17,655.77 19, 124.51 28, 389. 15 2,920.16 33,847.65 37, 246. 14 46,562.35 36, 963.49 10,742. 26 111, 355. 63 8,467.89 10, 527. 24 973, 135.07 19, 326.00 87,226.81 21, 021.80 119, 926. 61 49, 855.66 8,956.65 24,167.09 44, 125.17 56, 022.96 7,713. 41 31, 075. 27 18, 287.34 8, 940. 87 123,739. 24 51, 581.73 10, 699. 51 53, 816.65 40,851.05 13, 201.88 23, 416.04 48, 838.56 59,775.21 86,920.78 50, 746. 01 23, 521.67 173, 433. 16 24, 734. 27 29,074.62 22, 246.05 1, 464, 680.33 156, 105, 06 43, 622.94 80, 321.77 171, 345, 28 23, 427.58 37, 622.71 22, 686.48 51, 384. 73 9, 580.99 22, 517.02 20, 137.90 102,737.73 28, 906.84 9,751.48 18, 003.06 20, 489.96 65, 425. 47 38, 294, 39 4, 772. 13 29, 725. 41 59, 887.29 8, 040. 82 4,772, 38 15, 201.43 9, 955. 50 10,039.07 5, 059.55 11, 802, 32 9, 298.63 23, 013, 67 49, 084. 28 31, 331.03 10, 698. 65 13, 853. 44 1,308.20 9, 827.25 23,763.52 36, 139.17 48, 775.97 36, 347. 11 20, 370. 64 82,990.80 40, 514. 84 28, 787.33 23, 092. 28 16,958.79 23, 959.51 18,873. 16 29, 523.95 72, 196. 87 119, 125.84 61, 981. 81 35,982.59 44, 038.59 1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. The following description of California's physical and meteorological features is by Professor Hilgard, in a special report to the Department of the Interior: "The State of California lies between the parallels of 32° 30′ and 42° north latitude, thus stretching through nine and a half degrees of latitude, corresponding to the differ- ence on the Atlantic coast between Edisto Inlet, South Carolina, and Cape Cod, Massa- chusetts. Its northern third lies between 120° and 121° 26′ west longitude, the most westerly point being Cape Mendocino, whence the coast trends southeastward, with a westerly convexity, toward San Diego Bay. Between the extreme northwest and south- east corners the direct distance is 775 miles. The maximum width (between Point Con- cepcion and the north end of the Amargosa range in Nevada) is 235 miles, and the mini- mum width (between the Golden Gate and the southern end of Lake Tahoe) 148 miles. The total area of the State is 158,360 square miles. Its land area alone is 155,980 square miles, being second only to Texas among the States and Territories as now defined. "It is obvious that on this vast area the diversity of climates and of soils must be very great, and that only a very general outlining of these can be attempted within the limits of this report. Į 110 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. "TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE. "The climates of the several portions of the State are so directly dependent upon its topographical features that an outline of these must, of necessity, precede any other dis- cussion. "The two prominent features, extending through nearly the entire length of the State, are the snow-capped range of the Sierra Nevada, on the eastern border, and the low Coast Range, or rather belt of ranges, bordering the seacoast on the west. Between the two lies the great valley of California, drained from the northward by the Sacra- mento, and from the southward by the San Joaquin River; and these, uniting near the middle of the length of the valley, pass westward through the narrow Strait of Car- quines into San Francisco Bay, and thence through the Golden Gate into the Pacific Ocean. These two rivers receive nearly all their water from the Sierra Nevada, the streams flowing landward from the Coast Range being insignificant. The main drainage of the Coast Range is to seaward through many small rivers bordered by fertile valleys. The immediate coast is mostly abrupt and rocky, and frequently mountainous. “The maximum width of the great valley occurs opposite the outlet of the rivers, and in its southern portion, near the south end of Tulare Lake, where it is over 60 miles. In its middle part the distance between the foothills of the two ranges averages about 40 miles; but to the northward these ranges gradually converge, the Coast Range widen- ing and becoming higher, while the Sierra narrows and, as a whole, becomes lower, though rising locally into the Lassen peaks, and culminating, as it merges into the Coast Ranges, in the great volcanic mass of Shasta. Northwestward the Siskiyou Mountains form a cross range of considerable elevation, an effectual natural barrier between California and Oregon, while northwestward dies the barren 'lava bed' plateau, with its numerous lakes. The great valley may be considered as terminating northward at Red Bluff, Te- hama County, although more or less valley land, but of a different character, occurs along the Sacramento River as far north as Redding, Shasta County. Southward the termination is much more definite, the Coast Range and the Sierra being cross-connected in a graceful sweep around Buena Vista and Kern Lakes by the Tejon Range, beyond which to the eastward lies the great arid plateau of the Mojave Desert. This range continues southward into the ranges of San Fernando, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino, all of which are often comprehended under the general but some- what indefinite name of Sierra Madre, also applied far to the southward to the moun- tains representing the continental divide; but it would be better to comprehend the whole under the name of the San Bernardino Range. Southward of this range lies the valley or plain of southern California, most of which is within the county of Los An- geles, with an outlier in the southwestern corner of San Bernardino, and is partly screened from the direct impact of the coast winds by a low coast range, the Santa Ana Mountains, which is, however, traversed by the country drainage from the higher ranges. Toward San Diego County this coast range divides into a broad belt, dotted with smaller ranges and interspersed with valleys and table-lands, about 30 miles wide from the coast inland, to the Mexican boundary. "North ward of the San Bernardino Range lie the great Mojave and Colorado Deserts, mostly high barren plateau lands, intersected by short abrupt mountain ranges devoid of streams and largely composed of sandy and 'alkali' soils difficult of reclamation. To the northwest from the desert region numerous short water-courses descend from the steep eastward slope of the Sierra; but, although they create some fertile valleys adapted to agriculture, their volume is very small compared with the drainage of the western slope. " TEMPERATURE. "The prominent characteristic of the California coast in respect to température is its remarkable temperateness as compared with points similarly located on the Atlantic coast. Taking stations at or near the extreme and middle points of corresponding lati- tude on both coasts the comparison stands thus: Stations. Sum- mer. inter. Winter. Year. Stations. Sum- mer. Winter. Year. California coast': о Atlantic coast: о О Camp Lincoln..... 59.5 47.2 53.9 Boston, Mass... 68.7 28.1 48.4 San Francisco... 58.0 50.1 55.2 Cape Charles, Va 74.3 35.8 56.0 San Diego.......... 69.7 54.1 62.1 Edisio, S. C 81.0 46.6 64.15 * CALIFORNIA. 111 "RAINFALL. "As regards the rainfall, the prominent peculiarity throughout the State is the prac- tically rainless summer. While it is true that rain has been known to fall in every month in the year, the average amount of precipitation during the three summer months is less than 1 inch in the greater portion of the State, and less than 2 inches even in the most favored part, viz: the counties just north of San Francisco Bay. Frequently not a drop of rain falls in the interior valley and the southern region from the middle of May to November, and as the agricultural system of California is based upon the ex- pectation of this dry weather, summer rains are not even desired by the farmers at large. Northward, in the mountainous and plateau regions adjoining Oregon, the season of drought becomes shorter, as is also the case in the high Sierras, and thus there is a grad- ual transition toward the familiar régime of summer rains and occasional thunder-storms which prevails in Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade range. "Since the growing season, in the case of unirrigated lands at least, thus practically lies between November and June, and each harvest is essentially governed by the rains occurring within these limits, it is the universal and unconscious practice to count the rainfall by 'seasons' instead of by calendar years; hence the current estimate of local rainfall averages in California differs not immaterially from that of the usual meteoro- logical tables, in which the paramount distinction between the agriculturally 'dry' and 'wet' seasons is more or less obliterated. The data hereinafter given are there- fore, as a rule, 'seasonal' and not 'annual,' and are largely those of the observations conducted along it's lines by the Central and Southern Pacific Railroad. "The mean annual rainfall of the greater (middle and southern) part of the State is less than 20 inches, the northern limit of that region lying between Sacramento and Marysville, in the great valley; while on the Sierra the region of rainfall between 20 and 26 inches extends as far south as the heads of King's and Kern Rivers, furnishing the waters upon which depends the irrigation of the San Joaquin Valley; thence south- ward the rain gauge rapidly descends to 8 and 4 inches and less in the Kern Valley, the Mojave Desert, and the basin of Nevada. "A rapid decrease of rainfall is observed in the great interior valley. From 42 inches at Redding, at the northern end of the valley, and 24 inches at Red Bluff, 24 miles to the southward, the annual mean falls to about 19 inches at Sacramento and to 16 at Stockton. Thence southward the rainfall descends to a mean of only 10 inches at Merced, 7 at Fresno, and 4 at Bakersfield, near the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley, sepa- rated only by the Tehachapi Mountains from the western margin of the Mojave Desert, in which the rainfall is still less. "Along the coast proper Cape Mendocino bears the reputation of a kind of weather divide. Mariners expect a change of weather whenever they round this cape, and on land it marks the region where the character of vegetation begins to change rapidly from that of southern or middle California toward that of Oregon. At and immediately north of the cape the rainfall reaches an annual mean of 40 inches. A short distance south- ward, at Point Arena, the annual fall is 26 inches, and from 23 to 21 inches in the re- gion of San Francisco; it falls to 16 inches at Monterey and Santa Barbara, 12 at Los Angeles, and 9 at San Diego. "Northward of Cape Mendocino the rainfall increases rapidly, rising to over 70 inches in the northwestern corner of the State. Inland from the coast the increase is less rapid, but the rainfall rises at points in the Shasta region to as much as 108 inches in some years. Southward the region of rainfall exceeding 20 inches extends in the coast range slightly farther south than in the great valley, so as to include all but the most south- erly portions of the counties of Sonoma, Napa, and Marin. Southward of San Francisco again a region of more abundant rainfall includes the western Santa Clara Valley, * Santa Cruz Mountains, Monterey Bay, and the lower Salinas Valley, where from 13 to 16 inches fall annually. • "Ascending the Sierra from the great valley there is a rapid increase of rainfall, which, from data furnished by the records of the railroad, may be estimated at 1 inch for every 100 to 150 feet of ascent. 112 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement showing area, character of land, and principal industries in all the counties of California. Character of land. County. Area in square miles. Moun- Rolling Marsh tain- ous. or foot- Valley. hills. or Desert. tule. Principal industries, named in the order of their im- portance. Alameda 660 415 225 20 Alpine 730 730 Amador.. 540 90 450 Butte.. 1,720 160 965 595 Calaveras 980 180 809 Colusa. 2,500 645 580 1, 135 140 Contra Costa... 800 625 150 25 Del Norte......... 1,540 · (*). El Dorado........ 1,800 1,020 780 Fresno 8,000 3,980 500 3,270 250 Humboldt... 3,750 3, 200 500 50 Inyo........ 8, 120 1,950 610 5,530 Kern 8, 160 2, 830 560 2,300 290 2,180 Lake 1, 100 1,000 100 Lassen........... 5,000 4,425 Los Angelest... 4,750 2,305 575 1,480 Marin 580 (*) Mariposa.. 1,560 1,030 530 Mendocino 3,780 3,655 Merced 2,280 520 20 Modoc.... 4, 260 3,685 Mono..... Monterey 3, 400 3,000 400 3,520 2,420 1,100 125 1,710 575 185 35 Napa 810 620 Nevada...... 990 550 440 Placer 1,480 810 450 220 Plumas 2,760 2, 660 100 Sacramento..... 1,000 San Benito 990 875 San Bernar- 23,000 2,950 dino. * Nearly all mountainous. 65 690 245 115 465 Fruit-raising, farming, man ufactures, and wine-mak ing. Lumbering, mining, and re- cently, agriculture. Mining, lumbering, horticul- ture, and wine-making. Farming, fruit-raising, wine- making, and mining. Pastoral and agricultural operations. Farming and fruit produc- ing. Farming, dairying,and man- ufactures. Lumbering, dairying, farm- ing, mining, fishing, and canning. Mining, horticulture, stock- raising, dairying and lum- bering. Fruit-growing with irriga- tion, wine and raisin mak- ing. Lumbering and pasturage. Mining, quarrying, grazing, and recently, agriculture. Stock-raising and agricul ture with irrigation. Sheep-farming, mining, wine-making, and lumber- ing. Lumbering, stock-raising, dairying, and mining. 965 Fruit-raising, especially oranges and vines, raisin and wine-making. Dairying, hog-raising, and gardening. Mining, agriculture, grazing, and lumbering. Wool-raising, hop-picking, dairying, and lumbering. Farming, cereals, fruit and vegetableswith-irrigation, and wine-making. Stock-raising, and farming. lumbering, Mining, grazing, and lum- bering. Farming, stock-raising, oil- wells, dairying manufac- tures,fruit growing, whale and other fisheries. Wine-making,olive culture, dairying, quicksilver mining, and lumbering. Mining, lumbering, and fruit-raising. Mining, quarrying, and fruit culture. Lumbering, mining, and agriculture in the moun- tain valleys. Farming, agriculture, wine- making, commerce and manufactures. Cereal culture and fruit- raising with irrigation. 19, 585 Orange and raisin culture with irrigation, fruit rais- ing, wine-making, silver- mining, quarrying, and lumbering. †Prior to formation of Orange County. CALIFORNIA. ་ 113 Statement showing area, character of land, and principal industries in all the counties of California-Continued.. Character of land. County. Area in square miles. Moun- Rolling Marsh tain- ous. or foot- hills. Valley. or tule. Desert. San Diego.. 14,600 7,950 San Francisco.. 40 40 San Joaquin 1,360 100 50 890 320 San Luis Obis-! 3, 160 2,370 1,090 po. San Mateo 440 390 50 Santa Barbara..! 2,200 1,900 300 .... Santa Clara..... 1,400 995 405 Santa Cruz...... 420 400 20 Shasta 4,000 2,475 1,525 Sierra 880 680 200 Siskiyou 5,660 1,780 900 Solano 910 315 420 205 Sonoma 1,520 1,170 320 30 Stanislaus.. 1,420 355 140 925 Sutter........ 580 50 530 Tehama....………….. 3,060 795 2,000 265 Trinity 2,490 (*) Tulare 5, 610 3,415 390 1,745 30 Tuolumne ..... 1,980 1,460 520 Ventura 1,690 1,520 170 Yolo 940 160 170 360 250 Yuba 700 415 285 *Nearly all mountainous. I C 90—8 Principal industries, named in the order of their im- portance. 6,650 Agriculture, fruit-growing with irrigation, sheep- raising, lumbering, olive- oil and wine-making. Commerce and manufac- tures. Wheat-farming, fruit rais- ing, gas-wells, and garden- ing. Grazing, sheep-raising, dairying, olive-oil and wine-making. Dairying, vine-growing, wine-making, vegetable- gardening,and quarrying. Agriculture and fruit-rais- ing, sheep-herding, olive and nut culture. Orchard and vineyard cul- ture, wine-making, manu- factures, and quicksilver mining. Manufactures, and culture of cereals, fruits, and veg- etables. Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit culture, lumbering, and mining. Mining, stock-raising, farm- ing, and fruit culture. Mining, lumbering, and stock-raising. Growth of fruits and vege- tables, cereals, and stock; quarrying of onyx and marble. Wine-making and general culture of vegetable growths. Cereal culture, early fruits, wine-making and sheep- herding. Fruit and cereal producing and mining. Agriculture, forestry, and wine-making. Mining, stock and fruit rais- ing. Farming, stock-raising, and lumbering. Mining, farming, stock-rais- ing, fruit culture, and quarrying. Agriculture, mining, honey- making, petroleum devel- opment, and fruit-raising with irrigation. Agriculture, dairying, poul- try and stock raising, wine-making, and fruit culture. Farming, lumbering, and manufactures. 114 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. IMPROVED ACREAGE. The following table, compiled from the census of 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880, gives the total number of farms, the acreage of lands in farms, of improved lands, value of farms, and value of farming implements and machinery for those years: Year. Number of farms. Acreage of land in farms. Acreage of improved land in farms. Value of farms. Value of farming implements and machinery. 1850... 1860.. 1870..... 1880..... ! 872 18,716 23,724 Acres. 8, 893, 985 8,730, 034 11, 427, 105 Acres. 32, 454 $3,874, 041 $103, 483 2, 468, 034 6, 218, 133 | 48,726, 804 2,558, 506 141, 240, 028 5,316, 690 35,934 16,593, 742 10, 669, 698 262, 051, 282 8,447, 744 The succeeding statements, showing the acres inclosed and cultivated in California by counties in 1870 and 1880, were furnished by the State Board of Equalization, and, as in all cases of figures given by county officials, the estimates are considerably below those secured from other official sources. Statement showing acres inclosed and acres cultivated in California by counties in 1870. Counties. Inclosed. Cultivated. Cultivat Counties. Inclosed. Cultivated, Acres. Acres. Alameda Alpine..... Amador 92,716 Acres. 121, 240 Acres. Plumas 20,000 37,565 2,032 Sacramento.... 3,685 7. 62,340 279, 013 17,060 Contra Costa El Dorado.. Fresno.. Humboldt... Inyo.... Calaveras Colusa. Del Norte...... San Bernardino 70, 232 46,009 21,000 13,600 San Diego 17,600 200,000 7,000 86,000 San Joaquin........ 4,500 275,000 125, 620 79, 810 San Luis Obispo 120,000 60,000 10,320 2,479 10,000 San Mateo... 155, 000 87,581 14,932 Santa Barbara…….. 89,000 50,759 63, 145 11, 925 95, 839 Santa Clara.... 42, 820 495, 273 13, 855 156, 220 Santa Cruz.... 26,050 66, 215 4,500 Sierra..... 23, 319 Kern 22, 310 7,000 5,000 2,560 Klamath. Siskiyou... 67, 620 6,000 2,500 46,740 Solano. Lake.... 41, 590 804, 921 10,340 285, 276 Sonoma. Lassen 22, 676 460, 180 Los Angeles 27,300 7,043 45, 700 250, 585 Stanislaus.. 75,000 300, 400 Sutter.... Mariposa…………………………… Mendocino.... Merced....... Mono 25, 100 6,000 180,000 300, 600 Trinity.. Tulare.... Tuolumne. 171, 967 104, 925 Tehama.. Monterey Napa..... Nevada... Placer.... 250,000 250,000 5, 160 218,573 1,480 109, 354 105,500 40,705 Yolo. Yuba.... 46,000 85,896 12, 600 82,735 Total...... 130,000 43,500 12, 360 33, 685 152, 500 136,367 102, 810 4,982, 924 144, 041 53,000 2,992, 050 4, 640 25,000 19,500 1 CALIFORNIA. 115 Statement showing acres inclosed and acres cultivated in California, by counties, in 1880. Counties. Inclosed. Cultivated. tivat Counties. Inclosed. Cultivated. Acres. Acres. Alameda... Acres. 162, 631 Acres. 225,920 Alpine.. San Bernardino ...: 4, 183 2,540 San Benito Butte.. 371,000 220,000 Calaveras. San Diego. 52, 365 20, 700 Colusa..... San Francisco 250, 801 460, 075 Contra Costa San Joaquin....... 229, 970 15,797 215,000 9, 064 6,300 360,000 11, 074 45,000 29,824 3,000 315, 725 111, 574 Del Norte.…………………. San Luis Obispo. 171, 482 El Dorado..... Fresno..... Humboldt Inyo. 19,000 61, 350 68, 467 2,012 8, 860 San Mateo 165,000 81,000 Santa Barbara 42,250 120,000 105, 347 150,000 27,897 47,543 14, 129 6, 818 Kern 41, 214 36, 960 Sierra Lake 40,513 14, 676 Lassen 20,049 Los Angeles 61, 000 130,000 Marin ....... 293, 652 14,516 Mariposa...... Santa Clara.. Santa Cruz Shasta Siskiyou... Solano Sonoma.. Stanislaus 413, 767 253, 164 85,402 44, 373 33, 152 17,816 400,000 26, 215 Mendocino 6, 161 Sutter .... 224, 604 54, 218 Merced.... Tehama 152, 267 Modoc..... 190,007! Trinity 52, 240 21, 145 Tulare Mono 36,000 8,000 Monterey 463, 359 201, 325 Napa Tuolumne Ventura... 24, 961 205,000 412, 755 72.918 280,000 148, 200 4,613 185, 320 145,000 ..... 26,600 200,000 197, 434 337, 458 205,000 245, 125 2,595 115, 240 39, 171 1,000 150, 049 Nevada....... 55, 445 115,000 27,775 6,592 Yolo Yuba.. 185, 684 211,000 Placer... 109, 128 160, 869 71,618 52,300 Plumas 55, 000 Sacramento. 6,000 Total.... 326, 742 7, 195, 272 129, 277 4,864, 945 POPULATION. The population of the State and its wealth have increased in about the same ratio. The first election for governor was held November 13, 1849. The total vote cast at that election was but 14,213. The vote cast for President November 6, 1888, was about 250,- 000. In 1870 the population of California was 560,247; in 1880 it was 864,697, accord- ing to the returns of the Tenth Census. The estimated population, The estimated population, taken by a State census in 1885, was 1,079,000. In 1889 a careful estimate placed the State's population at 1,365,000. On June 22 of the present year, the San Francisco Chronicle secured estimates of population from all the principal points of the Pacific Coast States and Territories in 1865 and 1890; its conclusion being that the population of California at the present time is in the neighborhood of 1,400,000. How close this comes to the census returns will be soon known. Since writing the foregoing the following tables have been furnished by the Superin- tendent of the Eleventh Census: 116 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Population of California, by counties. 1890. Counties. White. Chinese. In- dians. Col- Japa- ored. nese. 1880. Total, Alameda Alpine.. Amador. 89, 615 440 3,231 5 9,907 317 Butte...... 15, 888 Calaveras 1,504 8,374 338 Colusa... 13, 253 946 296 Contra Costa.. 12,978 468 តខ្លួន។ 812 179 219 3 93,864 667 70 26 10, 320 317 227 82 85 140 Del Norte 4 57 2, 203 7 378 El Dorado. 3 8,363 535 140 Fresno Humboldt..... Inyo... 192 28,457 2,743 381 436 9 SO COLD 00120 3 17,939 3 8,882 62, 976 539 11, 384 -18,721 9,094 5 14,640 13, 118 8 13,515 2,592 9, 232 12,525 2,584 10, 683 32, 026 9,478 21,900 19❘ 1,495 55 23, 469 15,512 2,581 86 856 21 Kern Lake 3,544 8, 219 2,928 1,080 391 113 5 9, 808 5,601 6, 297 200 566 Lassen Los Angeles Marin Mariposa Mendocino. Merced... Modoc Mono... Monterey Napa.... Nevada Orange...... Placer. Plumas Sacramento San Benito..... San Bernardino. San Diego....... San Francisco... San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz...... Shasta.... Sierra Siskiyou 38 7,101 6,596 ... 3,855 39 312 3 91, 972 4, 406 167 1,874 35 11,872 887 SS 197 28 193 4, 239 3,340 101,454 33, 381 13, 072 11, 324 3,373 183 162 69 3,787 4,339 16,557 355 662 38 17, 612 12,800 7,301 696 34 54 8,085 5,556 ...... 4, 461 23 483 16 4,986 4,399 1,476 148 375 3 2,002 7,499 16,821 1,653 57 105 15, 533 732 58 81 16,059 1,010 158 108 174 18,637 11, 302 16, 411 13, 235 17,369 20,823 13, 400 163 5 21 13, 589 13, 635 1,349 76 35 6 15, 101 14, 232 4, 178 356 393 6 4,933 6, 180 35, 567 4, 217 39 468 48 40, 339 34,390 6,223 85 50 54 6, 412 5,584 24, 108 688 406 293 2 25, 497 7,78€ 33, 126 899 580 369 13 34, 987 8, 618 270, 626 25, 870 32 $1,893 576 298, 997 233, 959 ... 26,635 1,619 12 359 4 28,629 24, 34! 15, 175 373 84 438 2 16,072 9, 14: 9,562 455 7 52 11 10, 087 8, 66! 15, 070 567 81 31 5 15,751 9, 51: 44, 261 2,696 18 1,005 25 48,005 35,03! 18, 416 767 13 58 16 19, 270 12, 80: 10,780 350 775 227 1 12, 133 9,49: 4,555 ་ 474 9 13 5,051 6, 62: 10, 169 1,142 725 127 Solano 12, 163 8, 611 19,322 > 1,486 16 100 Sonoma Stanislaus 31, 138 1, 173 294 42 27 22 20, 946 18, 47: 74 32,721 25,92 9,551 415 12 59 Sutter 10, 010 8,75 5, 119 317 33 Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne 5,469 5, 15 8, 656 889 109 262 9, 916 9,30 2, 921 555 210 33 3,719 4,99 23, 232 951 191 200 24, 574 11, 28 5,576 241 215 50 Ventura 6, 082 7,81 9,404 437 115 115 Yolo 11, 974 547 42 118 Yuba 8,418 959 38 220 31 3 10,071 12,684 9, 636 5,07 11,77 11,48 Total for State... 1, 111, 558 71, 681 12,355 11,437 1,099 1, 208, 130 864, 69 CALIFORNIA. 117 A Population of California, by races. Counties. White. Chinese. Indians. Colored. Japanese. Total. Alameda Alpine........ 89, 615 440 3,2315 27 812 179 219 3 93,864 667 Amador 9, 907 317 70 26 10,320 Butte 15,888 1,504 317 227 Calaveras...... 8,374 338 82 85 Colusa. 13, 253 946 296 140 Contra Costa 12,978 468 4 57 Del Norte....... 2,203 7 378 3 El Dorado.... 8,363 535 140 192 Fresno..... 28,457 2,743 381 436 Humboldt 21, 900 19 1,495 55 Inyo 2,581 86 856 21 Kern 8, 219 1,080 391 113 DO GO LO 001 29 10 3 17,939 3 8,882 14,640 8 13,515 2,592 9, 232 32, 026 23,469 3,514 5 9,808 Lake... Lassen.... Los Angeles Marin...... 6,297 200 566 38 .... 3,855 39 342 3 94,972 4, 406 167 1,874 35 7, 101 4,239 101, 454 11,872 887 88 197 28 13, 072 Mariposa 3,373 183 162 60 3,787 Mendocino 16,557 355 662 33 17,612 Merced 7, 301 696 34 54 8,085 Modoc ....... 4, 464 23 483 16 4.986 Mono... 1,476 148 375 3 2,002 Monterey 16,821 1,653 57 105 Napa........ 15, 533 732 58 81 Nevada Orange.. Placer... Plumas Sacramento......... San Benito.... 16,059 1,040 158 108 174 18, 637 13, 400 163 5 21 16, 411 17,369 13, 589 13, 635 1,349 76 35 6 15, 101 4, 178 356 393 6 35,567 4,217 39 468 48 4,933 40, 339 6, 223 85 50 54 6, 412 San Bernardino..... 21, 108 688 406 293 2 25, 497 San Diego .... 33, 126 899 580 369 13 34, 987 San Francisco 270, 626 • 25, 870 32 1,893 576 298, 997 San Joaquin 26,635 1,619 12 359 4 28, 629 San Luis Obispo.. 15, 175 373 84 438 2 16,072 San Mateo ……………. 9,562 455 7 52 11 10,087 Santa Barbara 15,070 567 81 31 5 15,754 Santa Clara 44, 261 2,696 18 1,005 25 48,005 Santa Cruz.... Shasta....... Sierra... Siskiyou.....……………… Solano......... Sonoma 18, 416 767 13 58 16 19,270 10,780 350 775 227 1 12, 133 4,555 474 9 13 5,051 10, 169 1,142 725 127 12, 163 19,322 1,486 16 100 22 20, 916 31, 138 1, 173 294 42 74 32,721 Stanislaus 9,551 415 12 59 10,040 Sutter 5, 119 317 33 5,469 Tehama 8,656 889 109 262 9, 916 Trinity.....……………… 2,921 555 210 33 Tulare......………. 23, 232 951 191 200 Tuolumne..……………. 5,576 241 215 50 3,719 24, 574 6, 082 Ventura 9, 401 437 115 115 10, 071 Yolo......... 11, 974 547 42 118 3 12, 684 Yuba 8,418 959 38 220 1 9, 636 Total 1,111, 558 71,681 12, 355 11, 437 1,099 1, 208, 130 Statement showing rank of California's counties according to population in 1880, 1886, and 1888. Counties. 1880. 1886. 1888. Counties. 1880.1886. 1888. $80.1886. Counties. 1880. 1886.1888. 886. Alameda 2 2 3 Mendocino…...... 23 18 18 Santa Clara 4 4 4 Alpine 52 52 52 Merced...... 41 36 37 Santa Cruz..... 15 17 16 Amador....... 21 22 26 Modoc 47 45 44 Shasta...... 25 26 25 Butte....... 9 9 13 Mono Calaveras 30 29 29 Monterey 37 49 50 22 16 17 Sierra ........ 40 37 39 Siskiyou 34 33 28 Colusa 13 24 23 Napa 14 19 22 Solano 10 8 14 Contra Costa. 16 25 30 Nevada 8 10 15 Sonoma 6 6 7 Del Norte 51 51 51 El Dorado 24 23 27 Placer...... Plumas 12 15 21 Stanislaus 31 35 32 38 44 45 Sutter..... 44 43 43 Inyo Fresno..... Humboldt Kern.... Lake 27 13 10 Sacramento 3 5 5 Tehama.... 28 31 42 11 11 12 San Benito..... 43 39 41 Trinity 46 47 48 50 50 49 San Bernardino 35 14 9 Tulare 19 12 11 42 40 33 San Diego... 33 21 6 Tuolumne 36 32 35 Lassen $8 41 40 49 48 47 San Francisco... 1 1 Ventura... 45 42 36 San Joaquin. 7 7 8 Los Angeles Marin 5 3 2 San Luis Obispo 29 27 20 Yolo ... Yuba...... 17 20 24 18 30 31 20 38 38 San Mateo 32 34 34 Mariposa...... 48 46 46 Santa Barbara.. 26 28 19 118 - INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. & The growth of the population of San Francisco, the commercial metropolis of Cali- fornia, is shown in the following table: Year. Popula- tion. Year. Popula- tion. 1850* 1860*.... 1865† 34,776 1870* 56, 802 119,000 149, 473 1880* 233, 959 1890* 298, 997 * Census returns. †San Francisco Chronicle estimate. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. The relative value of the principal agricultural and mineral products for 1883-'84 was dublished by the State Bureau of Statistics as being the following: Cereals, 1884: Wheat.... Barley... Corn... Oats.. Rye.......... Buckwheat.. Total........ Gold and silver, 1884........ Wool, 1883 .... Fruit, 1883 ... Wine, 1883 ... Canned goods, fruits, etc., 1883.. Butter, 1883 Dried fruit, 1883.. Eggs, 1883 Quicksilver, 1883..... Cheese, 1883..... Articles. Quantity. Estimated value. ..bushels... .do ..do ** ....do ....do ...do • 44, 320, 000 16, 217, 366 4,800,000 2, 149, 000 314, 381 28, 387 67, 829, 134 pounds... 40, 848,700 gallons... 9,000,000 ..pounds... 16,000,000 $31,910, 400 8, 433, 030 2,880,000 816, 620 213, 779 17,032 44, 270, 861 16, 600, 000 7,500,000 4,750,000 4,680,000 4,500,000 4, 000, 000 1,500,000 ..dozen... 5, 000, 000 pounds...] 3,574, 462 ..do 8,000,000 1,500,000 1,284, 938 1,000,000 An estimate, in which considerable latitude has been taken, puts down the value of the entire industrial products of the State for 1889 as follows: Wheat.... Gold and silver………….. Cattle and sheep, slaughtered Fruit... Barley ... Wine and brandy........ $32, 000, 000 32,000,000 17,500,000 16, 000, 000 9, 000, 000 8,000,000 Cereals, unspecified. Lumber...... Wool.... Dairy produce.. Quicksilver..... Base bullion and lead Other base metals....... Salmon.... Coal...... Total...... Manufactures Total... .... ...... ....... ... 7,500,000 7,000,000 5,000,000 6,500,000 1, 154, 000 1,250,000 1,000,000 500,000 300,000 144, 704, 000 175, 000, 000 319,704, 000 In the same general way the total value of the leading products of California since 1848 up to and including 1890 may be estimated as follows, Wheat... Gold........... Dairy products.. ... Barley.. Wool.. Fruit...... ..... $1,345, 300, 000 | Lumber. 732, 000, 000 Quicksilver.... 206,500,000 | Wine and brandy. 184,000,000 Base metals....... 161,000,000 106,000,000 Silver..... ..... ..... $97, 000, 000 74, 000, 000 57, 000, 000 51,000,000 31,500,000 1 CALIFORNIA. 119 Bank premises. Real estate Other stocks and bonds.. Loans on real estate........... Loans on stocks and bonds.. Loans on personal security. Loans on other securities Money on hand...... Due from banks and bankers Other assets ... Total resources. Increase ...... Condition of all banks in California. RESOURCES. ... ... .. LIABILITIES. Jan. 1, 1890. Jan. 1, 1889. $4,779, 654 3, 303, 171 $4,550, 670 3,077, 299 20,881, 438 87,333, 914 15, 232, 374 47, 581, 045 10,766, 279 17,656, 916 12, 401, 014 6, 457, 292 226, 393, 097 14,672, 660 22,071, 180 73,888, 214 15,472, 335 45, 086, 636 9, 469, 294 21,082, 182 10, 921, 395 6,101, 232 211, 720, 437 Capital paid up Reserve fund...... Due depositors...... Due banks and bankers... Other liabilities Total liabilities .... Increase in deposits...... Condition of savings banks in California. LIABILITIES. $49, 760, 352 18,578, 296 148, 651, 195 7,758, 812 1,644, 442 226, 393, 097 8, 991, 540 $46, 575, 191 16,767, 261 139, 659, 655 7,165, 551 1,552, 779 211, 720, 487 Capital paid up Reserve fund ..... Due depositors..... Other liabilities.... Total liabilities..... Bank premises..... Real estate, by foreclosure... Invested in stocks and bonds Loans on real estate ... Loans on stocks, bonds, etc ... Money on hand.... Money in other banks. Other assets Total assets Increase in deposits during 1889.. Increase in resources during 1889....... RESOURCES. Jan. 1, 1890. Jan. 1, 1889. Jan. 1, 1888. $5,321, 513 3, 306, 138 93, 882, 065 561, 581 103, 071, 297 $4,693, 480 2,988, 370 82,386, 086 495, 282 90, 563, 218 $4, 151, 567 2,868, 594 74, 205, 372 567, 712 81, 793, 245 $1,277, 441 702, 008 17, 259,761 70, 207, 572 8, 148, 307 2,895, 268 1, 827, 621 479, 971 $1, 210, 781 948, 111 17,698, 096 58,943, 803 7, 253, 568 2,422, 471 1,636, 265 450, 123 103, 071,297 90,563, 218 $913, 437 1, 289, 436 18, 179, 235 47, 309, 206 9,899, 553 2, 455, 099 1,259, 721 487,558 81, 793, 245 $11, 495, 979 12, 508, 078 r PART II. TRANSPORTATION BY LAND. CHAPTER I. Early traveling. CHAPTER II. Advent of the iron horse. CHAPTER III. Routes and mileage. CHAPTER IV. Costs, grants, and values. CHAPTER V. Traffic and mrakets, CHAPTER VI. Canadian Pacific competi- tion. CHAPTER VII. Railway results. CHAPTER I. EARLY TRAVELING. Transportation in California before railway building began-Trails through the woods-The first wagon roads-Buckboard and mud wagon-Old staging days-Freighting in the fifties-Some astonishing rates-The pony express-Reckless riders-How the news was carried-A military service. California's isolation from the great world of traffic on the eastern side of the Amer- ican continent during its early years of statehood, the removal of that isolation by the construction of long bands of steel over mountain range and plain, the State's wonderful progress as a result of the changed condition-all these are facts which give to the rail- road history of this State a peculiar interest. To fully appreciate the value of the change that has taken place one must go back to the year 1820, when California was as little known to the civilized world as the Dark Continent is to-day. The means of intro- territory transportation at that time were chiefly those of the sea voyager and the river boatnian. Those were the days of the Spanish padres, of the missions and the ranchos, and as the interests of those early comers lay almost wholly on the seacoast and rarely so far inland as a two day's journey on foot, the calm waters of the Pacific afforded the most common route of travel. At that time there were no roads worthy the name within the whole territory of California. When a member of the meager population desired to visit an inland neighbor he picked his way through the woods or over the plains with hardly a mark to guide him, or else he rode his horse along a narrow trail but feebly marked by infrequent use. Such a thing as a carriage or other road vehicle was unknown, and to say that the horseback traveler enjoyed a long jaunt through the country is to say that he was a fearless per- son who could laugh at privation and be at ease under the most trying circumstances. There were no places for the traveler to obtain food or shelter except at the missions. In 1822 a traveler reported that he was unable to procure either bread, butter, fruit, or vegetables at Monterey, the capital of the territory. In fact, there was not a hotel or public table in the whole country when it came into the possession of the United States in 1846. Travelers were, however, hospitably received at every mission and rancho, and were entertained without the hope or expectation of reward. Cattle rais- ing was the chief and, in fact, about the only industry, and San Diego, being the gen- eral depot for storing the hides and tallow collected from all the other missions along the coast, it was necessary to make several trips to and from that point before a cargo could be collected there. It was these movements on behalf of their cattle trade that con- stituted the chief element of travel on the part of the inhabitants. With the influx of Americans during the forties and their settlement on widely scat- tered ranches, more travel to and fro in the interior of the State was necessitated, and not a few wagon roads were built, though generally of a wretched description and impass- able during the winter and spring seasons. Nearly all long journeys were by river, the Sacramento and San Joaquin affording comparatively easy means of reaching the great inland farming and stock-raising sections. 121 122 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. OLD STAGING DAYS. The discovery of gold in 1849 and the great immigration that followed it wonderfully increased the travel throughout the Territory, and although there was little change for a time in the means employed, stage lines were gradually opened, being very short at first and running from different points on the Sacramento River to the new mining districts. It is difficult to say when the first stage line was opened, as there were many that sprang into existence all at once, and whose accommodations ranged from the one-seated "buckboard" buggy to the big “mud wagon,” as the springless covered vehicles, con- taining from six to a dozen passengers, finally came to be called. As for roads, there was hardly anything of that kind worth mentioning when compared with the smooth highways of the California of to-day. Among the earliest well-defined and properly classed stage routes were those from Sacramento to Marysville, and also that to Sonora, in Tuolumne County, both of these latter points being the centers of mining activity and the sources of supplies for those engaged in gold seeking. The best equipped of the early stage lines was that running between Sacramento and Marysville from 1857 to 1862. Eight-horse Concord coaches, each accommodating thirty-six passengers, were run for a time. The line between San Juan and Los Angeles also did a flourishing business. It was some time after the beginning of the pilgrimage of the gold seekers across the plains that an overland stage route was established. This was at first a mere experi- ment, and it was not until two years after its inauguration, or in 1858, that it was thor- oughly organized and in regular operation. Then its importance became of the first degree to California, for it gave rise to the first notion of a transcontinental line of rail- way. THE LAST STAGES. In a sketch called "The Last Stages," printed in the San Francisco Chronicle in 1887, the present writer gave the following description of overland staging: "It is safe to assume that nowhere in the world has stagecoaching ever been carried on to the extent or brought to the degree of perfection reached by the great overland lines which were in active operation for nearly 10 years before the completion of the Union and Central Pacific Railways. Two great overland stage lines, corresponding after a fashion with the Union Pacific, and Atlantic and Pacific, and Southern Pacific rail routes of the present day, were in operation at different periods, beginning nearly thirty years ago. The first of these was controlled by the Overland Mail Company, in which John Butterfield and William G. Fargo were largely interested. The company was organized in 1858. In the same year it contracted with the Government to carry the United States mails overland from St. Louis to San Francisco. Messrs. Butterfield and Fargo equipped their line in a most thorough and elaborate manner, and it was not long after their or- ganization was effected that mail and passengers began to move between the Mississippi and the Pacific with speed and regularity. To say that this enterprise was a great thing for San Francisco and the neighboring towns would feebly express the value and im- portance attached to the new service by the isolated inhabitants of this region. "It is odd to reflect at this late day, when the practicability of a central and even of a northern railway route has long been established, that the projectors of the first stage line should have chosen a southern route, deeming a central one wholly out of the question, however desirable it might be in point of distance. The crossing of the Rocky Mountains was looked upon as a scheme fit only for mad men to undertake, while the great stretch of sagebrush land lying between the Great Salt Lake and the Sierra was an unexplored and almost unknown country. The idea of running a stage line across such a wild waste was not deemed worthy of serious consideration. So the new line was run through southwestern Missouri, Indian Territory, New Mexico, and Arizona, into Southern California, and along up the coast to San José, where connection was afterward made with the railroad to San Francisco. The Overland Mail Company did a flourishing business for a time, carrying many passengers. In its later days, however, the travel became very light, as it required a man of no little 'nerve' to undertake a journey through a land where his scalp was in momentary danger of removal. The Indians made free with every stagecoach that came along for awhile, and the man on the box took his life in his hands nearly every time he set out to drive over the rough road leading to California. "The drivers of those days were of a class beside which those of the present time would be ranked as 'tenderfeet.' "Turning to the subject of the other overland-stage route, of which mention has already been made, it was found that it was projected in the year 1859, when a line was put in operation from St. Joseph, Mo., and Leavenworth to Denver. This line was afterward extended to Salt Lake, and was known as the Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Express Company. The route was in full operation between St. Joseph and Salt Lake in 1860. A rushing business was done from 'St. Joe and Leavenworth CALIFORNIA. 123 2 to Denver during the Pike's Peak mining excitement. Concord coaches ran triweekly into Colorado, and as there were often more than twice as many passengers as could be accommodated in a single wagon, the service was doubled, two coaches leaving St. Joseph or Leavenworth together. The regulations of the line would permit of no greater number of passengers than six in each coach, the express messenger or guard riding outside with the driver. Mules were used exclusively at that time for hauling stages on this line, four being driven on smooth roads where the distance was not great, and six being attached to the coach on a long and sandy road. The distance traveled daily was something like 100 miles, and the journey from St. Joseph to Denver occupied about six days. "Meanwhile George Chorpening had established a stage line from Sacramento to Salt Lake City, which, in connection with the Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Line, formed a through stage route between Sacramento and St. Joseph. San Francisco was reached by boat from Sacramento, and the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, with its eastern connections, formed a through line to the East, so that a new transcontinental line of railway, stage route, and steamboat from New York to San Francisco was af- forded for through travel and mail and express service. The new line across the Rocky Mountains roughly described the present route of the Union and Central Pacific Railways, of which it was the forerunner, and, with the pony express, it clearly demonstrated the There were, practicability of a central rail line from the Missouri River to California. of course, many deviations from the present route, and they will be observed in a de- scription of the old line. It ran due west from St. Joseph to Fort Kearny, thence up the Platte to Julesburg and on to Fort Laramie and Fort Bridget to Salt Lake City. From that point it reached Camp Floyd, Ruby Valley, the Humboldt, and Carson City. The Sierra was then crossed to Placerville, Folsom, and Sacramento. The latter portion of the line, as will be seen, lies nearly all south of the Central Pacific, while a portion of that east of Salt Lake which does not cover the trail of the Union Pacific lies a little north of it. 'Well equipped, with spirited animals, good coaches, the best of drivers, and a pass- able road, the Central Overland Line was considered in those days as the best means for making a comfortable journey across the plains to California. It would require no little patience to endure that sort of a trip nowadays, with one's mind running on Pullman palace sleepers and luxurious day coaches. The journey required from fifteen to sixteen days' constant riding in a jolting, jerking, straining vehicle, and is described by those who have made it as wearisome in the extreme. Sleep was only to be obtained in a sitting posture, and after riding a week the traveler felt as though he would willingly walk the rest of the way. "In 1861 the Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Stage Line was absorbed by Ben Holladay with his Overland Stage Line, but the western half, from Salt Lake to Sacramento, remained in the hands of the Overland Mail Company, which had pur- chased it from George Chorpening. "When the railroad was extended through to Salt Lake, and there was little further need of a central or even of a southern stage line, many of the coaches were sold to companies in this State, fourteen of them being purchased by the Coast Line Stage Company. "The progress of the railroad in California is rapidly killing off the stage companies, and in less than ten years it is likely that almost the last vestige of the old stock will be gone. The old Pioneer Line, running to Virginia, Nev., for instance, retains not a ghost of its former greatness. It was on this line, it will be remembered, that Horace Greeley had his famous down-hill ride with Hank Monk, and it was this incident that 'boosted' Hank into prominence. "The San Juan and Los Angeles Stage Company's line did a flourishing business until the railroad cut short its career. What little road remained was afterward operated by the Coast Line Stage Company. "Of the few remaining lines, those of the California, Oregon and Idaho Stage Com- pany are perhaps of the most importance. This company's 'long haul' between Sacra- mento and Portland has been shortened by the advance of the railroad to less than 50 miles, and the remaining gap of stage route will be covered by rail in less than six months. Until quite recently Dunsmuir was the northern end of the railroad. Arriv- ing there about midnight the travelers would find the stagecoach ready to drag them over the hills to Oregon. 'There are a number of minor stage routes covering short distances, in which the 'jerky' and the 'mud wagon' are still employed; but these are growing fewer every year as branch lines of railway are run across the country." The city of Stockton, in San Joaquin County, Cal., was in former times the point from which travelers from San Francisco for the Calaveras and Tuolumne mines left the water course and began their stage journeyings. In the " History of Stockton" the following reference is made to the old stage lines running from that city to the mines in early days: 124 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. "ONE OF THE FIRST. "In 1850 E. S. Holden was freighting between Stockton and Sonora, and seeing the large number that were passing and repassing between the two points, concluded to carry light freight, make quicker trips, and perhaps coin more money. So he com- menced carrying passengers in his wagon from Stockton to the mines. - "In the next year this pioneer line was sold to Kelly, Reynolds & Co., who established a regular line of stages to different points. About the same time three other lines were started, running to all points in the southern mines and carrying mails and express matter. These lines were owned by Fisher & Co., Bodge, Reddy & Co., and J. Brown. In 1852 Alonzo McCloud started an opposition line, the fare being $16 from Stockton to Sonora. In 1854 he sold out to Kelly & Fisher for $10,000. In the fall of that year McCloud put on a line of stages in a new direction-to Oakland-but the line did not succeed financially and was withdrawn. In 1864 McCloud ran an opposition to Sacra- mento, fare $6, and opposition lines were put on at different times, much to the pleasure of the traveling public, but to the loss of the owners. "Fisher & Co., having made considerable money, sold out to Maurice Dooly, and at the death of Dooly the entire staging business passed into the hands of Charles Sisson, who carried it on until the railroad ruined the business. These stages visited all the mining towns. The longest route was to Mariposa, 110 miles. Two days were required for this trip and the fare was $20." FREIGHTING IN THE FIFTIES. During the decade preceding the advent of the railroads freight transportation in Cal- ifornia, outside of the water-way regions, was a slow and laborious matter. Supplies had to be procured by the miners, however, at any cost, and the fabulous prices offered for carrying a small load of merchandise or camp tools greatly stimulated the wagon freighting trade. The cargoes transported in clipper ships from the East around Cape Horn to San Francisco were taken up the Sacramento or San Joaquin Rivers, flowing into the Bay of San Francisco, to the nearest shipping point from the mines. All the early river freighting was done by sloops and scows, which required at least four days and often a much longer time to land their cargoes at Sacramento, the chief interior shipping point, distant 120 miles from San Francisco by river and 90 miles by a direct land route. At first these small sailing vessels made great fortunes for their owners, who charged freight rates that ran up as high as $75 a ton on some classes of articles, but the increase in the number of the craft and the great competition among them soon brought the rates down to a more satisfactory basis for the shipper. The first regular steamer to run between San Francisco and Sacramento was the McKim, which began to ply on the river in October, 1849. The fare by the steamer was $30, while freight rates ranged from $20 a ton downward, the rate depending a great deal upon the conditions of competition with the sailing craft. Before the close of the same year another steamer, the Senator, was placed on the run, and it was not long before the charges for passengers and freight were reduced to the following schedule: From San Francisco to Sacramento: Fare, $10 cabin; $7 deck; freight, $8 per ton. To Marysville: $12 cabin; $10 deck; freight, $15 a ton. For freighting over the rough mountain roads to the mining camps, heavy wagons were constructed, and to these were attached from four to six and sometimes even eight horses or mules. The life of the freighter was a rough one. Not only was the work of driving a difficult task, considering the number of animals under the driver's charge, but he often had to repair the road where it had been washed out by a heavy rainfall or run the risk of the loss of his outfit while fording some swift-running stream. Then, too, there was danger from attacks by Indians or white "road agents," and it was necessary to go armed constantly, while a guard of three or four men with rifles often accompanied a wagon loaded with valuables. Some of the heaviest freighting was done between the San Joaquin River and the Tuolumne mining camps, while the old freight routes to Angel's and Murphy's, small mining towns in Calaveras County, were also among those most frequently traveled. THE PONY EXPRESS. Nine years before the opening of the first railroad across the continent, a mail and ex- press line, which was at that time considered one of the greatest enterprises of the age, was in operation across the plains. This was called the pony express, and it was origi- nated in order to afford facilities for more rapid means of communication between Cali- fornia and the Eastern States. The first pony rider reached San Francisco on April 14, 1860, coming down by steamer from Sacramento, and bringing his horse with him, to make a demonstration. The enterprise was hailed with enthusiasm by the people of CALIFORNIA. 125 ? San Francisco, as they had previously had to await the arrival of their letters from the East by steamer, and even when the overland stage was introduced there was no im- provement in the matter of rapid communication, the stage mails coming through in about the same time as those by steamer, though with greater frequency, for while there was a semiweekly stage mail, the steamers arrived only once in a fortnight. By the pony express, letters and light packages were carried from the western end of the railroad system of the nation at St. Joseph, Mo., to Sacramento, a distance of 1,900 miles in 10 days or 250 hours, nearly 8 miles an hour, each horse being ridden 24 miles at as fast a gait as was permissible. Joseph S. Roberson, a gentleman before referred to, who was known in San Francisco and who died in Oakland in 1888, was the agent for the Pike's Peak stage line at Leavenworth in 1859, and afterward at St. Joseph, when the Central Overland line was in operation. Mr. Roberson started the first pony express out of St. Joseph and knew the history and details of that important service as well as any man in California. The pony express was an important adjunct of the stage-line service. Its horses were fleet, strong, and well tempered, and were mounted by wiry riders, who endured the hardships of the road, including storms, night riding, and Indian attacks, and who car- ried the leathern mochillas, containing letters written on tissue sheets, charged for at the rate of $10 a half ounce in addition to the Government postage. They swept over plain and mountain, and on the first trip landed the mochilla in Sacramento within the specified limit of 10 days. Better time was afterward made, and the service was rendered weekly with $5 as the reduced rate per half ounce for letters, thus extending the use of the system until it became quite general among the wealthier classes of Californians, as well as their Eastern correspondents. The idea of a pony express originated with B. F. Ficklin, who, with William H. Rus- sell, urged its adoption. Russell, Majors & Waddell (a firm of capitalists and Govern- ment freighters) took up the scheme, but afterward wished that they had never heard of it, as they lost a large sum of money in the enterprise. By the pony express the mail time from New York to San Francisco was reduced to thir- teen days, or about double the present railway time between those two points. For news, however, the time was reduced to nine days, that being the period between the telegraph stations at Carson, Nev., and St. Joseph, Mo. The Indians greatly disturbed the opera- tion of the system, and more than one brave rider fell from his saddle, the victim of their bullets or arrows. A MILITARY SERVICE. A horseback mail route had been in existence for years before the pony express be- tween San Francisco and San Diego. Governor Kearney established the line about the time of the discovery of gold. The mail was carried by two soldiers and was maintained semimonthly at first, being afterward weekly; starting every other Monday from San Francisco and San Diego, the two soldiers met at Captain Dana's rancho, about midway, the next Sunday to exchange mails and start back on their respective routes the next morning, arriving at San Francisco and San Diego on the Sunday following. On the other State routes the mails were generally carried by stage until the advent of the rail- road. The population being small, however, the mail-bags were not as a rule well filled. Then, too, the mining element was in the majority, and as a rule the hardy delvers after hidden treasure were too busy to think much of either writing or receiving letters. ; CHAPTER II. ADVENT OF THE IRON HORSE: First railroads-Preliminary surveys for a transcontinental road-The Central Pacific-Its Sac- ramento originators-Its subsidies and its difficulties-Fighting snow-An engineer's graphic story-Effect of the completion of the road upon the commerce of California-Railroad con- struction from 1856 to 1889. California's first railroad was the realization of one of many projects for inland high- ways of iron. It was built under the charter of the Sacramento Valley Railroad Com- pany, which was incorporated August 14, 1852, and it spanned the 23 miles of valley land between Sacramento and Folsom. The first shovelful of earth was thrown in 1855, and at the close of that year several short sections aggregating 8 miles in length had been completed. The remainder of the road was fully completed in February of the following year, and the whole line was soon afterward opened for traffic. This line, which was considered of great importance to the Californians of that day, and was re- garded by them with great pride, was a mere bagatelle when compared with the gigan- tic scheme soon to be evolved of building a line over the Sierras and the great central plains. PRELIMINARY SURVEYS. The importance of a railroad across the continent early impressed itself upon the peo- ple of the East. Many Southern statesmen advocated the construction of such a road on the line of the thirty-fifth parallel, and had their views been carried out and had that line been built before 1860, it might have materially changed the political com- plexion of California during the war of the rebellion. Nothing of this kind was done, however. A survey of the various routes was made under a Congressional act by Captain Stevens and completed in 1855. He ran a preliminary line from the Missouri River to Benicia, at the Carquinez Straits, in California, and made an estimate of the cost at that time between those two points at $115,000,000. In 1860 T. D. Judah, Leland Stanford, C. P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and Charles and Edward Crocker became interested in the project. These gentlemen caused five preliminary surveys to be made across the Sierras to ascertain whether a practicable route for a railroad could be found and at last settled upon the present route of the Central Pacific line, then known as the Dutch Flat and Donner route. THE CENTRAL PACIFIC. The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California was chartered June 28, 1861, to build a road from Sacramento to the State line of Nevada. In 1862 Congress passed an act to aid in the construction of a Pacific railroad, and authorized the Central Pacific Railroad Company to construct its road to the easterly line of the State of California and there meet the Union Pacific Railroad, thus forming a through overland road. It was provided in the act that should the Central Pacific first arrive at the boundary line of the State it might then continue the construction of its railroad eastward to such a point as it might connect with the Union Pacific. In aid of such construction the United States agreed to donate every alternate section of public land, designated by odd numbers, to the extent of five alternate sections per mile, within 10 miles on each side of the line; the title of the land to be vested in the company when it should have completed 40 consecutive miles of railroad; and that on the completion of said section, the Secretary of the Treasury should issue to the com- pany bonds of the United States, payable semi-annually, to the amount of sixteen of said bonds to the mile; but from the western base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains the bonds to be issued should be at the rate of $48,000 per mile for 150 miles easterly, and between the mountainous sections at the rate of $32,000 a mile; the Central Pacific to complete 50 miles of said road within 2 years of filing its consent to the provisions of this act, and 50 miles each year thereafter; the entire line between the Missouri River 126 CALIFORNIA. 127 and the Sacramento to be completed so as to form a continuous railway, and ready for use by the 1st of July, 1876. The act further provided that the issue of said bonds and delivery to the company should constitute a first mortgage on the whole line of the railroad, rolling stock, fix- tures, and property of every kind and description in connection therewith and in consid- eration of which the bonds might be issued. The grants and bonds were made on con- dition that the company should pay its bonds at maturity and should keep its line in repair and carry free of charge all Government troops and freights. It was also stipu- lated that at least 5 per cent. of the net earnings should go toward the payment of the bonds each year. Other assistance was given to the corporation by the cities of San Francisco and Sacramento and the State of California agreed to pay the interest on $1,500,000 of the bonds for twenty years. RENEWED AID. In spite of all this assistance the company found itself unable to build more than 31 miles of road, beginning work at Sacramento on January 8, 1863, and extending the line up to Newcastle, on the western slope of the Sierra range. Congress was again appealed to for aid and the terms of the contract were changed in 1864 by the passage of a new act, which permitted the railroad company to issue its first-mortgage bonds on the railroad line to an amount not exceeding the amount of the bonds to be issued by the United States and of even tenor, date, time of maturity, rate, and character of interest, and that the lien of the United States bonds should be subordinate to that of the bonds of said company authorized to be issued on its road, property, and equipment, except as to that provision of the act of 1862 relating to the transmission of mails, troops, and Govern- ment freights, and that the aid provided to be granted by the act of 1862 should be given upon the completion of 20 consecutive miles instead of 40, and that the Government should retain only one-half of the compensation for services rendered to it by the com- pany to be applied in payment of the bonds issued, instead of the whole, and that the Central Pacific should be required to complete only 20 miles in one year in place of 50. With this increased aid and the improved credit of its promoters, the Central Pacific was enabled to move out from Newcastle eastward over the Sierras, through Nevada, and on to Promontory, Utah, where it made connection with the Union Pacific on May 10, 1869, or nearly seven years and two months less than the time provided in the con- tract. Regarding the great difficulty of construction and the cost of the Central Pacific road, L. M. Clement, the engineer in charge of the work has made the following statement: "DIFFICULTIES OF CONSTRUCTION. "At the beginning of the construction, the company knowing the political and com- mercial necessities demanding the rapid completion of the railroad, determined that nothing which it was in their power to prevent should for a single day arrest its progress. With this determination in view, all energies were bent, notwithstanding the physical obstacles and financial difficulties to be overcome. The financial difficulties were not lessened by the opinions then prevailing to the effect that the obstacles were insar- mountable; that the railroads then constructed were mere bagatelles as compared with the difficulties to be met in constructing the Central Pacific Railroad; that not only was it impossible to construct a railroad across the Sierras via Donner Pass, but owing to the great depth of snow it would be impracticable to operate, and if built must be closed to traffic in the winter months. "As the company was confined to the use of American rails, the prices rose 80 per cent., from $41 to $76 per ton. The average prices during the building of the road were $91.70 per ton at the eastern rolling mills. The rails had to be transported to San Francisco via Cape Horn or the Isthmus, thence by schooners to Sacramento, the initial point of the road. Shipments via Panama as late as the year 1868 cost for transporta- tion $51.97 per ton, making the cost at Sacramento $143.60, not including the cost of transfer from San Francisco. Delays and the losses of ships made it necessary to use the Isthmus route, and for locomotives transported by that route the company paid as freight as high as $8,100 for one locomotive. On a shipment of eighteen locomotives the transportation charges were $84,866.80, or $4,692.50 each. The company paid for two engines $70,752. The payment was necessary in order to avoid delay. "The first ten engines purchased cost upwards of $190,000, the second ten upwards of $215,000. The demand for power was great to overcome the high mountain gradients. Labor shared in the advance in prices. California's laborers were mostly miners accus- tomed to work in placer mines, which was more to their liking than the discipline of railroad work. They were indifferent, independent, and the excitement of the discov- ery of the Comstock lode was upon them, where any able-bodied man commanded $4 or 128 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. more per diem. There was not sufficient labor then on the Pacific coast to construct the Central Pacific, and such as could be obtained could not be depended on. The first mining excitement meant the complete stampede of every man and the abandonment of work. "FIGHTING THE SNOW. 'Each day brought up propositions which must be solved without delay, so that the construction might advance. As the snow line was reached, the depth of snow increased toward the summit from a few inches to over 15 on a level, from actual measurement. The ground was kept bare for the graders by shoveling; upwards of one-half of the labor of the entire grading force being expended in moving snow. Not only was this neces- sary, but to make excavations the space to be occupied by the embankments was cleared and kept clear of snow, otherwise the melting of the snow under the broad bases of the high embankments would have caused serious settlements, which, on ascending gradi- ents, already of 105 and 116 feet per mile, would in cases, increase the gradient beyond the tractive power of the engine. "It required an army of men to clear away and keep clear after a storm, for a small gang of graders. Rock-cutting could not be carried on under snowdrifts varying in depth from 20 to 100 feet. It was decided, no matter what the cost, that the remaining tunnels should be bored during the winter. To reach the faces of the tunnels, the snowdrifts were tunneled, and through these all rock was removed. All "Retaining walls in the cañons were built in domes excavated in the snow, the wall stones raised or lowered to their places in the dome through a shaft in the snow. the force, numbering thousands, could not be worked in the tunnels and in the retain- ing walls; the surplus men with their tools, luggage, etc., were hauled beyond the sum- mit, skipping the line now covered with deep snow, and active work began in the cañ- ons of the Truckee River. That no delay even here should result from the unfinished gap, 20 miles of rails with their fastenings, a locomotive and cars sufficient for working were by oxen and horses hauled over the summit and down into the cañon of the Truckee River. "It was deemed wise to do some of the work in the lower mountains crossed by the railroad in Utah, so that when the track reached those points there should be no delay. About one carload of tools and material was wagoned from Wadsworth to the Promon- tory Mountains, at a cost of $5,400. Everything was expensive; barley and oats ranged from $200 to $280 per ton; hay, $120; all other supplies in Utah in the same ratio. * * All the materials for construction excepting timber had to come from the Atlantic States via the Isthmus or Cape Horn to San Francisco, there lightered for ascending the Sacra- mento River to Sacramento and thence hauled over the Central Pacific so far as com- pleted, and when needed wagoned beyond the end of the track. Trains returned empty. There was not one inhabitant to 10 miles between the east crossing of the Truckee River and Bear River in Utah. "With the exception of a few cords of stunted pine and juniper trees, all the fuel was hauled from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Not a coal bed on the line of the Central was then known, and the only one yet discovered is a poor quality of brown lignite. Water was scarce after leaving the Truckee and Humboldt Rivers, and during the en- tire construction was hauled for steam and general use of the grading forces. Thou- sands of dollars were expended in well-boring. Tunnels were bored into the mountains east of Wadsworth, and when water was found it was carefully protected, so very pre- cious was it, and conveyed in some cases over 8 miles in pipes to the line of the road. There was not a tree that would make a board on over 500 miles of the route, nor a satisfactory quality of building stone. The maximum haul for ties was 600 miles, and of rails and other materials and supplies the entire line of the Central Pacific Railroad, or 740 miles. Cars were transported in ships in pieces to San Francisco and lightered for Sacramento, and there put together, California had no means of manufacturing for railroad building. Only fourteen years prior to the beginning of the construction of this railroad was there any considerable emigration directed to this coast." COMMERCIAL EFFECTS. The effect of the construction of the Central Pacific and its branch lines upon the commerce of California and its great assistance in the development of the State's re- sources were remarkable. The growth of the larger cities as one result of railroad con- struction has been marvelous. Since the first iron horse rushed across the plains and through the mountain defiles of California the population of the State has more than trebled. The development of resources has been such as to astonish even those who are most familiar with the subject. San Francisco has been greatly benefited from the changed condition of things, and its advance, in population and wealth is without doubt CALIFORNIA. 129 in a great measure due to the building of the first transcontinen tal railway lines. But with this hint of the result of the construction of the Central Pacific, the subject will be passed for the present to be taken up again and discussed more extensively under another heading. Messrs. Huntington, Stanford, Crocker, and their associates continued the construc- tion of railroads from year to year after the completion of the Central Pacific in 1869, and they now control about three-fourths of the railroad mileage of California. } GENERAL MILEAGE. Other corporations, notably the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and the San Francisco and North Pacific, have added materially to the mileage from time to time. The following table shows the total progress of railroad construction in the State: Railroad construction in California from 1856 to 1889, inclusive. 1856.... 1863..... 1864.... 1865.... 1866.... 1867. 1868.. 1869. 1870.... 1871... 1872... 1873.... 1874..... 1875 1876...... Years. Miles. 21.90 1877 31.90 1878. 75.85 1879 48.76 1880 37.72 1881 21.41 1882 62.93 1883 339.84 1884 105.66 1885 122. 49 1886 218.38 1887 51.82 1828 101.93 1889 152. 18 398.95 Total.... Years. Miles. 157.57 159.45 17.09 41. 15 16.80 242.30 353.37 45.40 105.16 164. 01 317.70 544.86 72.90 4,059.46 Poor's Manual for 1889 gives slightly different figures. It states that California, with a population of 1,350,000, and an area of 158,360 square miles, has 4,126.19 miles of rail- road, thus having 0.55 inhabitants to the square mile and 38.38 square miles of area to 1 mile of railroad, while there are 327.18 inhabitants to 1 mile of track. The valuation of State property being given at $1,107,106,327, the per capita apportionment is $820. I C 90-9 1 ! ; CHAPTER III. ROUTES AND MILEAGE. The railroads of California-Southern Pacific Company-Central Pacific Railroad-California Pacific-Northern California Railway-Northern Railway-Southern Pacific Railroad of Califor- nia-South Pacific Coast Railroad-Atlantic and Pacific-California Southern Railroad-Cali- fornia Central Railway-San Francisco and North Pacific Railway-Eel River and Eureka Rail- road-North Pacific Coast Railroad-Pacific Coast Railway-Carson and Colorado Railroad- Arcata and Mad River Railroad-Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad-National City and Otay Railway-Colusa and Lake Railroad-Visalia and Tulare Railroad-Nevada and Califor- nia Railroad-Los Angeles and Pacific Railway. In the latest report of the railroad commission of California (1889) twenty-four rail- road corporations are set down as doing business in this State. It is stated in the report that twenty-three of these corporations were organized under the laws of California, and one, the Southern Pacific Company, was organized under the laws of the State of Ken- tucky. Of the whole number reporting, fifteen are broad or standard gauge (4 feet 8 inches), and nine are narrow gauge (3 feet). In this report seven corporations appeared that had not before reported to the commission, notwithstanding the fact that they had been subject to the jurisdiction of the commission. As the mileage given in these re- ports, dating up to November 15, 1889, will practically stand for the date of this writing (March 30, 1890) owing to the fact that a severe winter season has prevented any rail- road construction since the making of the reports, and as, in fact, no other figures are obtainable, free selection will be made from the material compiled for the commission in the following account of the history, description, and present condition of the various California lines. SOUTHERN PACIFIC COMPANY. The Southern Pacific Company is organized under the laws of the State of Kentucky. It operates, under lease, railroad lines in California, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, and Louisiana, and steamship lines running from New Orleans to New York, Havana, Vera Cruz, Nicaragua, etc. It also has a proprietary interest in railroad lines located in Texas. These lines include the Southern Pacific transcontinental line known as the "Sunset Route." The lines east of El Paso are known as the Atlantic system, and those west of that place are known as the Pacific system. The railroad lines operated in California, and included in the Pacific system of the Southern Pacific Company, are the following: Leased: Central Pacific Railroad and branches. California Pacific Railroad. Northern California Railway. Leased and owned through ownership of capital stock: Northern Railway. Southern Pacific Railroad of California-Coast Division, Southern Division. South Pacific Coast Railway (narrow gauge). In connection with the railroad lines in California there are also operated ferry and transfer steamers on the bay of San Francisco and tributaries; also, river steamers on the Sacramento and Feather Rivers. A summary of the lines operated by the Southern Pacific Company in California, January 1, 1890, is shown below: Central Pacific Railroad California Pacific Railroad....... Northern California Railway Northern Railway Southern Pacific Railroad.... South Pacific Coast Railway. - Total....... 130 1 Miles. 756.91 115.44 25.90 390.48 • 1,283. 41 104.00 2,676.14 CALIFORNIA. 131 The following is a brief description of the construction and location of the lines con- trolled by the Southern Pacific Company: CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD. This line, a history of the construction of which has already been given, was completed to Newcastle on November 1, 1864; to Auburn, May 14, 1865; to Clipper Gap, June 19, 1865; to Colfax, September 11, 1865; to Dutch Flat, July 5, 1866; to Alta, July 11, 1866; to Cisco, December 3, 1866; to Truckee, April 3, 1868; to Reno, June 19, 1868, to Wadsworth, July 22, 1868; to Browns, August 21, 1868; to Oreana, September 20, 1868; to Winnemucca, October 1, 1868; to Argenta, November 19, 1868; to Elko, Jan- uary 25, 1869; to Carlin, March 15, 1869; to Terrace, May 7, 1869; to Promontory, May 9. 1869, to a connection with the Union Pacific Railroad. Subsequently the road from Promontory to Ogden was acquired from the Union Pacific Railroad Company. On June 23, 1870, the Western Pacific Railroad, organized to construct a line from San José to Sacramento and San Francisco, was consolidated with the Central Pacific Railroad of California, forming the Central Pacific Railroad Company. On August 22, 1870, the California and Oregon Railroad, operating a line from Roseville north toward Oregon; the San Francisco, Oakland and Alameda Railroad, operating ferry steamers on the bay of San Francisco, and local lines of railroad in Oakland and Alameda, and the San Joaquin Valley Railroad, organized to construct a line through the San Joaquin Valley, were consolidated with the Central Pacific Railroad, under the name of the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad Company. Construction, which had ceased on the Oregon Division at Redding, was resumed in 1884 with the intention of pushing the line to a connection with the Oregon and California Rail- road, thus forming a through rail connection between San Francisco, Cal., and Portland, Oregon. The Siskiyou Mountains required grades of 174.24 feet to the mile, and curva- ture with a radius of 409.51 feet to reach the summit of the Siskiyou Mountains. The whole road was solidly constructed, all culverts and openings being built of stone, and the river crossings are bridged with iron bridges-the Sacramento River being crossed eighteen times-and on October, 5, 1887, the line was completed to the State line of California and Oregon, the work being pushed by the Southern Pacific Company, which, on December, 17, 1887, completed the line to Ashland, Oregon, making connection there with the Oregon and California line, which is now under its control, and affording a con- tinuous line of railway from San Francisco and the other important towns of California to Portland, Oregon, and its sister cities of the Northwest. All the lines of the Central Pacific are of standard gauge, and their mileage is as fol- lows, not including 7.72 miles of second track in California: San Francisco to Ogden Niles to San José…………... Lathrop to Goshen Roseville to California State line... Oakland local lines... Alameda local lines ………………….. Total California. Nevada. Utah. Total. Miles. 279.86 Miles. Miles. 448.73 154.64 Miles. 883.23 17.54 17.54 146.08 146.08 206.50 296.50 4.84 4.84 12.09 12.09 756.91 448.73 154.64 1,360.28 Although the main line of the Central Pacific is represented as running from Ogden to San Francisco, there is no actual railroad connection, the California terminus being at Oakland Pier, extending westward from the Oakland shore of San Francisco Bay. In order to reach San Francisco it is necessary for the company to maintain a fleet of pas- senger and freight steamers on the bay, which make connection with all trains at the Oakland terminal depots. The passenger steamers make half-hourly trips during the day for the accommodation of suburban travel. For the passenger traffic the ferryboats Piedmont, Oakland, Alameda, Amador, and El Capitan are employed, while for the freight traffic the Thoroughfare and Transit are used. CALIFORNIA PACIFIC. This important line, which, in connection with the Southern Pacific Company's road to San Francisco, gives that city direct communication with the great Sacramento Val- ley and the fertile region of Napa County, is one of the oldest railroads in the State. 132 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The road as it now exists was organized December 23, 1869, by consolidation and amalgamation of the then existing California Pacific Railroad Company and California Pacific Railroad Extension Company, which in turn had been consolidated; the former on January 6, 1865, with the San Francisco and Marysville Railroad and the Sacra- mento and San Francisco Railroad; the latter on April 5, 1869, with the Napa Valley Railroad. This road is wholly located in the State of California, is of standard gauge, and its mileage is as follows: Vallejo Junction to Vallejo (ferry). Vallejo to Sacramento..... Davis to Knight's Landing Napa Junction to Calistoga Total..... .... Miles. 2.00 60.39 18.57 34.48 115.44 1 In connection with its railroad the California Pacific operates a ferry line from Vallejo to Vallejo Junction, connecting there with the Northern Railway for San Francisco and other points on the lines operated by the Southern Pacific Company. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA RAILWAY. The California Northern Railroad Company was chartered June 29, 1860, and in Feb- ruary, 1864, opened its line from Marysville to Oroville, 25.90 miles. The line went into the hands of a receiver and was sold at commissioners' sale January 22, 1881, pass- ing into the hands of N. Luning and N. D. Rideout. The company completed an exten- sion of its line from Maryville to Knight's Landing in 1889, adding 27.70 miles to its road, making a total of 53.60 miles, all in the State of California. The Northern California Railway Company, the greater amount of stock in which is held by the Southern Pacific Company, was organized September 3, 1888, and acquired by purchase the Northern California road which was organized in September 1884, and had acquired the California Northern road on January 1, 1885. The Northern California Rail- way, as it is now called, affords a direct route up the Sacramento Valley from Sacramento to Chico, Red Bluff, and Oregon points without deviating to the eastward via Sacramento and Roseville, as by the route in existence prior to the construction of the new line. NORTHERN RAILWAY. This road, which forms a system of nearly 400 miles of railway and is among the most important of the lines controlled by the Southern Pacific Company, was organized July 19, 1871, and opened its line for traffic from Woodland, the junction point with the California Pacific Railroad, to Williams, July 1, 1876; from Williams to Willows, October 3, 1878; to Orland, July 31, 1882; to Tehama, the junction point with Central Pacific Railroad, September 27, 1882. From West Oakland to Shell Mound the road was opened August 16, 1876; to Martinez, January 9, 1878; to Suisun, December 28, 1879, joining there the California Pacific Railroad, and forming a short line from San Fran- cisco to Sacramento, in connection with the ferry system of the Central Pacific Rail- road. At Port Costa extensive wharves were built, and a ferry established to transfer freight and passenger trains across the Straits of Carquinez to Benicia. For that For that purpose the steamer Solano was constructed, which is one of the largest ferry steamers in the world, having a tonnage of 3,550 tons. In 1888 the increase in traffic between West Oakland and Port Costa necessitated the construction of a second track, which was com- pleted and put in operation November 1, 1888. On May 15, 1888, the Northern Railway was consolidated with the Winters and Ukiah Railway, Woodland, Capay and Clear Lake Railroad, West Side and Mendocino Rail- road, Vaca Valley and Clear Lake Railroad, San Joaquin and Sierra Nevada Railroad (narrow gauge), Sacramento and Placerville Railroad, Shingle Springs and Placerville Railroad, Santa Rosa and Carquinez Railroad, Amador Branch Railroad, and Berkeley Branch Railroad, forming the Northern Railway Company. The lines of this road are wholly located in California, and the mileage at the present time is as follows: ¡ CALIFORNIA. - 133 West Oakland to near Martinez.. Port Costa to Suisun............ Woodland to Tehama ............... Galt to Ione........... Oakland: Sixteenth street to Delaware Street.. Sixteenth street to Berrymans.. Napa Junction to Santa Rosa.. Willows to Fruto........ Sacramento to Placerville. Elmira to Rumsey Bracks to Valley Springs (narrow gauge) Total...... There are also 28.28 miles of second track. Miles. 31.03 17.33 100.74 27.20 4.15 5.38 36.70 17.10 59.50 51.05 40.30 390.48 All of the above are standard gauge, with the exception of the line from Bracks to Valley Springs, which has a gauge of 3 feet. SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD OF CALIFORNIA. The main line of this road, along the San Joaquin Valley to Bakersfield, Los Angeles, and Yuma, forms a great and important link in the route to New Orleans, which was the second through overland railroad to be constructed on this continent. This road was incorporated December 2, 1865, and on October 12, 1870, consolidated with the San Francisco and San José Railroad, the Santa Clara and Pajaro Valley Rail- road, and the California Southern Railroad. On August 19, 1873, the Southern Pacific Branch Railroad was consolidated with this road. On December 18, 1874, the Los An- geles and San Pedro Railroad was consolidated with the Southern Pacific Railroad. On May 14, 1888, the Southern Pacific Railroad, San José and Almaden Railroad, Pajaro and Santa Cruz Railroad, Monterey Railroad, Monterey Extension Railroad, Southern Pacific Branch Railway, San Pablo and Tulare Railroad, San Pablo and Tulare Exten- sion Railroad, San Ramon Valley Railroad, Stockton and Copperopolis Railroad, Stock- ton and Tulare Railroad, San Joaquin Valley and Yosemite Railroad, Los Angeles and San Diego Railroad, Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, Long Beach, Whittier, and Los Angeles County Railroad, Long Beach Railroad, Southern Pacific Railroad Ex- tension, and Romana and San Bernardino Railroad were consolidated under the name of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. Under the acts of Congress of July 27, 1866, and March 3, 1871, this company was aided in the construction of its line by a land grant, covering the road from San José, via Goshen, to the Colorado River. The Southern Pacific Railroad is divided into two divisions for operating purposes. The Coast Division, from San Francisco to Santa Margarita, with branches to Tres Pinos, Monterey, Santa Cruz, and Almaden; the Southern Division, from Goshen to Yuma, together with the various branches. The Coast Division was completed to Sole- dad and Tres Pinos August 12, 1873. In 1886 construction was resumed at Soledad, to extend the line down the coast to a connection with the Southern Division, the present terminus being Santa Margarita, to which point the road was completed for operation January 31, 1889. The Southern Division commences at Goshen, where it forms a junction with the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad. Construction on this division was commenced in 1872, reaching Caliente April 26, 1875; from Caliente through the Tehachapi Pass a great many diffi- culties were encountered, on account of the rugged nature of the country. Seventeen tunnels had to be constructed in a distance of 25 miles, and it is here the celebrated loop is located. In the meantime construction was carried on from Los Angeles south toward the Colorado River, and work was being pushed at the San Fernando tunnel, which was constructed at an enormous cost, being 6,966.5 feet in length, and it was found necessary to timber the whole of it. On September 6, 1876, connection was made at the San Fernando tunnel between the lines constructed from San Francisco south and from Los Angeles north, completing the all-rail line between the two points. The con- struction of the line was rapidly carried on across the Colorado desert, where it passes 266 feet below the sea level. The Colorado River was reached May 23, 1877, and the road opened for traffic. At the Colorado River connection is made with the Southern Pacific Railroad of Arizona, thus forming the Southern Pacific transcontinental line, popularly known as the "Sunset route." In 1882 construction was commenced on a line from Mojave to The Needles, at the 134. INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Colorado River, and it was opened for traffic on August 9, 1883, making connection at The Needles with the line of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company. On August 20, 1884, an agreement of sale for this portion of the road from Mojave to The Needles was made with the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company, and that company is now operating it. All the lines located in the State of California are standard gauge, and the number of miles in operation at the present time is as follows: Divisions and termini. Miles. Coast Division: San Francisco to Tres Pinos. Carnadero to Santa Margarita. Castroville to Lake Majella... Hillsdale to Almaden Pajaro to Santa Cruz Aptos to Monte Vista... Southern Division: Alcalde to Yuma. Florence to Santa Ana... Los Angeles to Santa Monica... Los Angeles to San Pedro.... Saugus to Elwood.... Berenda to Raymond.. Near Martinez to Banos.. Thenard to Long Beach.... Studebaker to Whittier..... Fresno to Porterville…………….. Miraflores to Tustin.... Stockton to Milton......... Peters to Oakdale. Total........ 100.49 153.10 19.52 -7.80 21.20 7.00 549.72 27.60 16.83 24.24 91.50 21.00 104.61 3.80 5.90 69.30 10.86 30.00 19.00 1,283. 41 SOUTH PACIFIC COAST RAILWAY. A road that has exercised much influence upon the development of the great Santa Clara Valley, with its wealth of fruit and cereal products, is the narrow-gauge line known as the South Pacific Coast Railway, running from San Francisco southward to Santa Cruz, at the head of Monterey Bay. The company now controlling the road, in which the directors of the Southern Pacific Company are greatly interested, was organ- ized May 21, 1887, forming the South Pacific Coast Railway Company, by consolidation of the South Pacific Coast Railroad, Santa Cruz and Felton Railroad, Bay and Coast Railroad, Oakland Township Railroad, San Francisco and Colorado River Railroad, Felton and Pescadero Railroad, and Almaden Branch Railroad. The line extends from San Francisco to Santa Cruz, with several branches, and was opened for traffic from Santa Cruz to Felton, October 13, 1875; from Alameda Point to Los Gatos, June 1, 1878; to Alma, August 1, 1878; to Wright's, May 1, 1879; to Felton, May 15, 1880, from Ala- meda Point to Twelfth and Webster streets, Oakland, May 30, 1881; to Fourteenth and Franklin streets, Oakland, October 1, 1886; from Newark to Centerville, February 18, 1882; from Alameda Mole to Alameda Point, March 15, 1884; from Felton Junction to Boulder Creek, May 1, 1885; from Campbell's to Almaden, June 15, 1886. as now operated is as follows: The mileage Termini, San Francisco to Santa Cruz Alameda Junction to Oakland (Fourteenth street). Newark to Centerville........ Campbell's to New Almaden. Felton to Boulder Creek Junction south of Big Trees to Old Felton ....... Total ...... Miles. 80.60 1.80 3.00 9.60 7.30 1.70 104.00 There are also 8.96 miles of second track. The above lines are entirely located in California, and are of 3-foot gauge. In connection with its railroad line to San Francisco, the South Pacific Coast Railway maintains a ferry system to carry passengers and freight from the terminal depot on the Alameda Mole across the Bay of San Francisco. The steamers employed in this service are the Bay City, Encinal, Garden City, and Newark, which make connections with all trains, and make half-hourly trips for the benefit of suburban travelers. CALIFORNIA. 135 ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC RAILROAD. California's third great transcontinental line, the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, was built under a charter granted by the United States Government in 1866 for an overland road from Springfield, Mo., to the Pacific Ocean at San Francisco. The charter carried with it a land grant of all the odd-numbered sections 40 miles on each side of the line. Surveys were made in the following year or two covering the whole distance, passing southwesterly through the State of Missouri, Indian Territory, Panhandle of Texas, Territories of New Mexico and Arizona, and State of California, to San Francisco. The line touched Vinita, Ind. T., Albuquerque, N. Mex., Needles, on the Colorado River; thence to the Pacific Ocean. That portion of the line from Springfield to Vinita was built in 1871-'72, and that portion from Albuquerque to the Colorado River in 1879-'83, and from Mojave, in California, to The Needles in 1882-'83; the line from Albuquerque to Mojave being known as the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad (Western Division). This portion of the line was built by money furnished by the New York and Boston capi- talists, the former being those interested in the road from St. Louis to Vinita, and the latter representing mainly the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railroad Company, the stock being held and funds furnished jointly by these interests. Since its completion in 1883 the road has been operated by these interests jointly, the division in California been leased from the Southern Pacific Railroad Company in the year 1884. While this road was unusually expensive to construct, and in consequence of the great amount of grade, expensive to operate, it has the further drawback of being built through a country, a small portion of which was very sparsely populated, the balance being a desert. The land grant, while large in acreage, was found to be of little immediate value, and much of it will never pay the expense of survey. Because of the above, the maintenance and operation of the road could not be finan- cially successful; consequently it has been necessary for the Atlantic and Pacific (East- ern Division), now known as the St. Louis and San Francisco Company, and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad Company, to sustain the property jointly, drawing heavily on both to meet the annual deficit. The Atlantic and Pacific has, from the date of its completion, been an important factor in the traffic competition of the overland roads. By a traffic agreement with the South- ern Pacific Company it has the right to run its own cars over the latter's line to San Francisco, and thus enjoys all the benefits of a through competitive route, although its line extends only as far west as Mojave in Southern California. This contract with its formidable rival was presumably entered into by the Southern Pacific to obviate any intention on the part of the Atlantic and Pacific or its powerful ally and supporter, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, of building a connecting line to San Francisco, as such a connection would have tended toward a loss of local traffic by the Southern Pacific in the rich valley of the San Joaquin. The line was originally constructed in first-class manner, with good roadbed care- fully laid and track laid mostly with 56-pound steel rails, and it has been kept fully up to the standard of Western railroads. Several large iron bridges were built on the line during its construction, and at the most important point, viz: the crossing of the Colorado River, near Needles, a bridge has just been built at a cost of nearly half a million dollars. This had to be done to take the road out of the valley and overflowed lands along the river, where it was sub- ject to continual attack from the river, and its maintenance was difficult and expensive. The line has almost fourteen hundred wooden bridges; and as an illustration of the fact that they have been fully and carefully maintained it is stated that there has not been a case known since the road has been in operation where a bridge gave way under a train. The only danger to these bridges is from fire, where ignition occurs so easily from the extreme dryness of the timber. This is met by the use of fireproof paint to some extent, and a strict surveillance by track-walkers day and night. The property is now in good condition, with ample equipment for its present business, and the local traffic is gradually growing, so that the hope of a better outlook is a reasonable one. The line commencing at Albuquerque passes over 12 miles of the track of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad Company, operated under a lease; thence by its own road over the divide of the Rio Puerco; thence up the valley of the Rio San José to its head at the continental divide, which it crosses at an elevation of 7,248 feet above sea level; thence down the valley of the Rio Puerco of the west to its juncture with the Rio Col- orado Chiquito, crossing the latter near Winslow at an elevation of about 4,700 feet above the sea. It ascends the inclined plane, rising to the base of the San Francisco Moun- tains near Flagstaff, where it attains an elevation at the Arizona divide of 7,255 feet above the sea level. Thence it passes down the west slope of the San Francisco Moun- tains through Johnson's Cañon, reaching the plateau at the head of the Rio Verde at an elevation of about 5,200 feet above the sea. It is on the west slope of these mountains that the heaviest grade is encountered: i. e., 138 feet per mile. At a point near the east line of Mojave County the road commences the descent west- 136 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. ward to the Colorado River, reaching an elevation at the Colorado River of a little over 500 feet. From Needles to Mojave the line passes over what is essentially a desert, attaining a higher elevation than 2,400 feet above sea level, until reaching Mojave, at an elevation of 3,000 feet. Fuel in unlimited quantity exists on the line. A light lignite coal, very good for locomotive use, is to be had at Gallup Station, N. Mex., where four or five coal mines are in operation. Wood is found in abundance about the San Francisco Mountains. Timber (pine and spruce) is found in great profusion at the latter point, where are situated large mills for cutting the same. Stone of great variety, some of it the finest building stone in the country or world, is found in vast deposits. CALIFORNIA SOUTHERN RAILROAD AND CALIFORNIA CENTRAL RAILWAY. As the interests of these two lines are almost identical, and as they are both parts of the Great Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé system, they will be treated together. The California Southern, the older of the two lines, was chartered January 10, 1882, and was completed from National City, on San Diego Bay, via Temecula Cañon, to Colton and San Bernardino in September, 1883, and extended through the Cajon Pass to Barstow, a junction of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, in November, 1885, making a total main line mileage of 210.61 miles. In September, 1885, the line of the Southern Pacific, from Colton to Los Angeles, a distance of 58 miles, was leased with equal rights and privi- leges, and used until the completion of the California Central's line between San Bernar- dino and Los Angeles, in June, 1887. The mountainous region through which the Cal- ifornia Southern line passes, both north and south of San Bernardino, testifies to great difficulty and expensiveness, both of construction and operation. In June, 1887, the California Central Railway completed its line from Los Angeles to San Bernardino, a distance of 62.84 miles, part of the same being the old Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad, acquired by purchase; and in August, 1888, the Cal- ifornia Central completed its Coast Division south from Los Angeles to a junction with the California Southern Railroad near Oceanside, a distance of 80.90 miles. These two divisions comprise the main line of the California Central, forming, in connection with the California Southern, a direct line between Southern California and the East by way of the Atlantic and Pacific, and Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railroads. Other branches of the California Central were completed as follows: From East River- side to Orange, 42.88 miles, in September, 1887. From Ballona Junction to Port Bal- lona, 15.05 miles, in September, 1887. From Escondido Junction to Escondido, 21.23 miles, in December, 1887. From San Bernardino to Mentone, 12.50 miles, in February, 1888. From Perris to San Jacinto, 19.38 miles, in April, 1888. From Inglewood to Redondo Beach, 10.81 miles, in April 1888, making a total mileage of 265.59 for the Cali- fornia Central. The country traversed by the California Central, with the exception of the San Ja- cinto and Escondido branches, which are located in mountain districts, differs widely from that through which the California Southern winds its course. Easier grades and long stretches of straight track, mark the path of the former, whose lines, radiating from the beautiful city of Los Angeles, look out on charming suburbs, frequent towns and villages, and broad and fertile valleys devoted to grain, fruit, and stock raising. The opening of the California Central's lines was attended by a large immigration to the entire region of Southern California, and changed places like Los Angeles, San Di- ego, Pasadena, and San Bernardino from small towns to flourishing cities, and peopled the districts lying between them and other favored localities with thrifty and industri- ous settlers. Both roads are entirely laid with heavy steel rails and otherwise substantially con- structed in all respects, and equipped with rolling stock to handle a large amount of business. Large and permanent shops and engine houses have been erected at San Ber- nardino, Los Angeles, and National City, and convenient and attractive stations orna- ment the lines from end to end. The terminal facilities at Barstow, Los Angeles, and National City are extensive and valuable, and in addition thereto these companies own two wharves in San Diego Bay-one at San Diego, the other at National City. SAN FRANCISCO AND NORTH PACIFIC RAILWAY. One of the most successful railroad enterprises of Northern California is that of the San Francisco and North Pacific Railway Company. This company was formed in March, 1889, by the consolidation of the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad Company, the Sonoma Valley Railroad Company, the Marin and Napa Railroad Company, built in 1888 from Ignacio to Sears Point, 7.5 miles, the Cloverdale and Ukiah Railroad, built in 1888 from Cloverdale to Hopland, 14.5 miles, and extended 14 miles to Ukiah early in 1889, and the San Francisco and San Rafael Railroad, formerly leased. CALIFORNIA. 137 The consolidated company issued $6,000,000 stock and $4,000,000 first mortgage 5 per cent. 30-year $1,000 bonds, due January 1, 1919, interest payable in New York City, or in Frankfort-on-the-Main, on the 1st of January and 1st of July. The mort- gage further provides for an additional issue of $500,000 on extensions, at the rate of not exceeding $25,000 per mile of railroad in excess of 160 miles already constructed. The bonds are coupon, with privilege of registration. Provision is made for a sinking fund of $25,000 per annum for purchase of the bonds in the market at not exceeding 110 and interest. The main line of the road from Point Tiburon to Ukiah traverses one of the most fer- tile regions of the State-the Sonoma Valley-rich in orchard and vineyard productions and having a large acreage of grain and pasture lands. The San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad Company (one of the consolidated com- panies), 108.5 miles, was incorporated June 29, 1877, and formed by the consolidation of the Sonoma and Marin Railroad, chartered November 13, 1874, and the Fulton and Guerneville, chartered May 23, 1877. Road opened from Donahue to Santa Rosa (23 miles), January 1, 1870; to Windsor (9 miles), March 1, 1871; to Grant's (4 miles), April 10, 1871; to Healdsburgh (2 miles), July 1, 1871; and to Cloverdale (18 miles), April 15, 1872. The Guerneville branch was opened May 29, 1876, and the Petaluma branch June 2, 1879. Included in the main line was a section of 9 miles, Point Tiburon to San Rafael, leased. The Sonoma Valley Railroad Company (also one of the consolidated companies), 21.43 miles, was incorporated July 24, 1878; road opened August 23, 1880. The Sonoma and Santa Rosa Railroad was opened August 15, 1882. The two companies were consolidated during 1885. Passengers and freight are transferred between San Francisco and Point Tiburon by the company's steamers Tiburon and James M. Donahue, and the company now has another steamer under construction at Point Tiburon to be used in this service. All the lines of the system are now of standard gauge, although until recently the Sonoma Valley Railroad was of narrow gauge. The following is the mileage of the system in detail: Main line: Point Tiburon, Cal., to Ukiah, Cal......………. Branches: Donahue to junction with main line Fulton to Guerneville ….………….. Ignacio to Glen Ellen Sonoma Landing to Sears Point ......... Santa Rosa to Sebastopol.. Ferry, San Francisco, to Tiburon... Total Sidings, etc., 15 miles. Miles. 105.68 5.83 18.27 26.37 2.57 6.00 6.00 170.72 EEL RIVER AND EUREKA RAILROAD. The company controlling this line was incorporated November 14, 1882, for the pur- pose of carrying freight (principally lumber), logs, and passengers; to be run from a point on the eastern line of township 1 north, of range 2 east, of Humboldt meridian, to Eureka, Humboldt County, distant 40 miles; and was supplied with one passenger car for the purpose of carrying passengers. Although the bulk of the freight is still in carrying lumber, other traffic is gradually increasing, and the road is in first-class con- dition. NORTH PACIFIC COAST RAILROAD. The North Pacific Coast Railroad runs northwesterly from San Francisco to Cazadero, in Sonoma County, and does a good business in the transportation of lumber, wood, tanbark, hay, cereals, and dairy produce to the Bay City, though it is hampered to a great extent by the competition of the schooner lines running up and down the coast. Following is the road's mileage: From San Francisco to Cazadero San Anselmo to San Quentin Total Line. Miles. 86.75 5.50 92.25 138 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The North Pacific Coast Railroad Company was incorporated under an act of the Leg- islature of May 20, A. D. 1861, relative to railroads, on December 16, 1871. The road was opened from San Francisco to Tomales, January 11, 1875; Tomales to Howard's, October 16, 1876; Howard's to Tyrone, April 2, 1877; Tyrone to Duncan's, May 15, 1877; Duncan's to Cazadero, April 11, 1886. The road from San Rafael to San Quentin is operated under a lease of 43 years from March 11, 1885, at an annual rental of $1; and that from Duncan's to Cazadero, under one of 10 years, from April 1, 1886, at an annual rental of $2,900, with the privilege of purchase of same for the sum of $58,000 any time during the life of the lease. The capital stock authorized is $3,000,000, of which only $2,500,000 has been issued. The total cost of the road, from San Francisco to Duncan's, is $3,155,373.90. During the past year several permanent improvements have been made, thereby en- abling the company to rapidly and safely transport their increasing passengers and freight. The road passes through some of the most picturesque regions, for which this State is so famous, and can boast of having a greater number of summer resorts than any other road out of the city of San Francisco. PACIFIC COAST RAILWAY. This is a short line of railway running from Port IIarford, in San Luis Obispo County, to Los Olivos, in Santa Barbara County. It does a limited business, but it is thought that greater things are in store for it, as there is a likelihood of the Southern Pacific Company absorbing the line and making it a part of its coast route from San Francisco to Los Angeles. The road is 76.1 miles long. The present corporation was formed by a consolidation, September 22, 1882, of the San Luis Obispo and Santa Maria Valley Rail- road Company and the Pacific Coast Railway Company. Rolling stock and roadbed in good condition. CARSON AND COLORADO RAILROAD. The mileage of this line is as follows: Miles. Line: Mound House, Nevada, to Keeler (Owen's Lake), Inyo County, Cal... Branch: Junction to Candelaria, Nev..... 293 6 Line in Nevada, 191 miles; in California, 108 miles. Follows, in the main, the open country of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas, traversing a number of extensive and productive farming and grazing valleys, well watered by the Carson, Walker, and Owen's Rivers, and their tributaries, all having source in the Sierras. The line runs about 75 miles through Owen's River Valley, which contains many fine farms and many thousands of acres of unappropriated Government land, suitable for farming, fruit raising, and grazing. Apples, pears, peaches, plums, apricots, nectarines, figs, as well as grapes, flourish finely. No other valley on the coast contains such a bounti- ful water supply, coming from the Owen's River and the many creeks having their source in the Sierras, which here rise precipitously and reach their greatest height, Mount Whitney having an altitude of 15,088 feet, being the highest summit in the United States. This summit can be reached by a good trail from the village of Lone Pine. The Carson and Colorado Railroad is maintained in Al condition, the equipment being first class throughout, and consists of 8 locomotives, 9 passenger and express, and 180 freight cars. Without doubt the road will soon be extended southerly to a connection with the several trunk lines running into southern California, when a marked increase of traffic, arising from the development of this new and heretofore almost unheard-of section, can be expected. ARCATA AND MAD RIVER RAILROAD. This was the first railroad in Humboldt County, Cal. It was incorporated in this State December 15, 1854, called Union Plank Walk Rail Track Company. Building the track from Arcata to the flats in Humboldt Bay to the ship channel, 2 miles long, for carrying passengers and merchandise. This track was made of wooden rails, guage, 45 inches, with a four-wheeled car, drawn by one-horse power. In the year 1875 the railroad was extended from Arcata northeast three-quarters of a mile to Jolly Giant, for the purpose of hauling lumber from the mill to the wharf. In the year 1876 the railroad was extended northwest to the Dolly Varden" Mill, one-half mile from CALIFORNIA. 139 Arcata, for hauling lumber. During these years all lumber and merchandise were hauled on wooden track rails, four by four pine, on cars drawn by a horse. This year they built the first steam. dummy, called the "Black Diamond," working by two oscil- lating engines, pulling about six cars on a level track; capacity of cars, 2,500 feet. This was the first locomotive in the county. In the year 1878 the Union Plank Walk Railroad was sold. The company then formed and incorporated on the 15th of June, 1878, and was called the Arcata Transportation Company. This company extended the railroad, for the purpose of hauling lumber from Dolly Varden north 4 miles into the woods, where a mill was built, called the "Warren Creek Mill," cutting about 30,000 feet per day. In the year 1881 the first locomotive was ordered from Pittsburgh, weighing 4 tons, and called the Arcata. This year the Arcata Transportation was sold, and a new com- pany was organized, called the Arcata and Mad River Railroad Company, incorporated in this State, December 30, 1881. In 1883 the Arcata and Mad River Railroad was sold, and a new company organized. Improvements were made; cars and engines ordered; new passenger coaches between Arcata and the wharf, running with locomotive; general repairs made over the entire road; the railroad extended from Warren Creek north 7 miles to the redwoods, where a sawmill was erected; new town settlement made, and called North Fork. This mill cuts about 70,000 feet per day. Roadbed was constructed of 6 by 8 inches by 8 feet loug redwood ties; 35 pound steel rails. All the wooden track between Arcata and Warren Creek was exchanged for steel rails. Ordered a new locomotive of 18 tons weight. A new combination bridge over 700 feet long was built over Mad River. Passenger travel was commenced in December of last year, from North Fork to Arcata, and gen- eral freight and lumber carried. In the year 1885 a side track was built, one-quarter of a mile long, to Glendale, where a mill was built, cutting 45,000 feet per day. In the year 1886 a side track was built to Riverside, also one-quarter of a mile long, to the sawmill, cutting about 40,000 feet per day. This railroad is built for the purpose of hauling lumber from mills built along the line to the railroad company's wharf, which is 23 miles long, trestle work, mooring thirteen sailing vessels conveniently. Length of main line from Arcata to North Fork 12 miles, with 3 miles of side track; 35-pound steel rails. The fences are kept in good repair. System of locks prevents the switches being left open on the line. NEVADA COUNTY NARROW-GAUGE RAILROAD. The Nevada County Narrow-Gauge Railroad was built under a special charter or fran- chise granted by the Legislature of the State of California, approved by the Hon. New- ton Booth, governor, March 20, 1874. The construction was commenced in January, 1875, and the road opened for travel and freight to Grass Valley, April 17, 1876, and to Nevada City May 24, 1876. Colfax, the initial point, is a station on the Central Pacific Railroad, 54 miles northeasterly from Sacramento; thence the road runs through Grass Valley, a town of some 7,000 population, to Nevada City, a place of nearly 6,000 popu- lation. The road is a heavy piece of construction, owing to the mountainous character of the country, and has about 7,000 degrees of curvatures and an almost continuous succession of heavy grades, both ascending and descending, as it passes over two ridges, one 2,860, and the other 2,772 feet above sea level; while the height of Colfax is 2,416, Bear River 2,076, Grass Valley 2,448, and Nevada City 2,524 feet above the same base. The road was originally laid with 35-pound iron rails, but 6 miles have been relaid with 35-pound steel; the roadbed, bridges, etc., are in first-class condition, and it is the inten- tion to put down some 3 miles of 35-pound steel during the year. Some 7,000 cedar ties were used in renewal during the past year, and it is proposed to use cedar ties in future for such renewals as may be needed. Three round trips daily are made by the passenger trains, connecting with the Southern Pacific trains. The road is 22.5 miles in length and does a good local business. NATIONAL CITY AND OTAY RAILWAY. This road was constructed under two charters, one known as the National City and Otay Railway Company, and the other as the Otay Railway Company, later consoli- dated, October, 1888, under the name of the "National City and Otay Railway Com- pany," all the said charters being under the general laws of the State of California. Work began upon this road in 1886 and proceeded until June, 1888, the various sec- tions being opened for traffic as construction advanced, from May, 1887 to June, 1888. Its cost, including equipment, to date, is about $446,493.44, all of said money being advanced by the San Diego Land and Town Company, with a view to the development of the agricultural and commercial territory south of the line of San Diego upon San 140 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Diego Bay, and with reference to its possible extension to some eastern point. The track is of standard gauge, and is equipped at present with light material and rolling stock, adapted to the economical conduct of local business, both freight and passenger. The principal branches of its traffic are the local travel between National City, Chula Vista, Tia Juana, on the Mexican boundary, and the Sweetwater Valley, together with the hauling to market of fruit, hay, grain, brick, ores for reduction, coal, and stone for paving purposes, a valuable quarry of this material being situated in the Sweetwater Valley. All the securities issued by the company are owned by and held in the treasury of the San Diego Land and Town Company, and the property is maintained in excellent condition. The following is the mileage of the road and branches: San Diego to Oneonta... Sweetwater Junction to La Presa... Tia Juana Junction to Tia Juana.. Line. Miles. 16.32 7.89 4.45 COLUSA AND LAKE RAILROAD. This is a newly-constructed piece of railroad, extending from Colusa, on the Sacra- mento River, to Colusa Junction, where it connects with the Southern Pacific Com- pany's northern railway for San Francisco and Sacramento, and then on to sites in Eastern Colusa County. The road is intended to run into Lake County, a very produc- tive region that still awaits its first railroad. The road as already built is 22 miles in length and is solidly constructed. A further extension of the line into Lake County is promised at an early date. NEVADA AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD. The Nevada and California Railroad, which is a 3-foot gauge line, begins at Reno, Washoe County, Nevada, alongside the Central Pacific Railroad, 4,530 feet above the sea level; thence for 2,200 feet on an approximating level grade; thence rising on a con- tinuous grade (much of it 100 feet per mile) for 9.7 miles to first summit, 5,230 feet above sea; thence descending on varying grades of 100 feet and less for 4.62 miles to Sway, 4,978 feet above sea; thence ascending 1 mile on a 100 foot grade, and for 3.45 miles further over light and undulating grades (together 4.45 miles) to foot of mountain, 4,943 feet above sea; thence up a varying grade, mostly 95 feet per mile, 3.23 miles to second summit, 5,375 feet above sea; thence descending on a varying grade from 97 feet to 53 feet for 3 miles to 5,111 feet above sea; thence over a nearly level grade for 13 miles, and a rising grade of 85 feet for two-third miles (together 23 miles) to the line between Nevada and California, 5,153 feet above sea; thence descending for .52 miles rapidly into Long Valley to 5,123 feet altitude; thence down said valley on a descend- ing undulating grade, average 34 feet per mile, 8.24 miles to Chat, altitude 4,836 feet. Chat is 2 miles east of Crest, in Beckwith Pass. From Crest the water flows west to Feather River, and, with the valley of that stream, offers a practical route, with grade not over 100 feet per mile, into Plumas County, and to Sacramento and tide. From Reno for 19 miles the general direction of the road is a little west of north, and its southern half exceedingly sinuous. Thence northwest for 2 miles; thence north- west, west, and southwest to twenty-eighth mile at State line, 2 miles further south than at the nineteenth mile. This last section is much like the first or Reno section in curvature. Thence 9 miles to Chat, or thirty-seventh mile, on a little west of north Between Reno and Chat there are many curves (some sharp as 18 degrees). Curves on grades are so compensated that they do not offer more resistance than straight grades. Only 22 miles of the 37 are tangents, and the curvature aggregates 6,578 de- grees. course. In 1887-'88 the road was extended north through Long Valley into Honey Lake Val- ley, 33 miles. There is no ascending grade going north on this section, as the valley descends at the rate of 24 feet to the mile. The physical features of the valley made necessary a descent in three places at the rate of 70 feet. In the alignment there are but few curves, and they generally of large radius; and of the sharper none are more than 10 degrees. Of this 33 miles 253 are straight, there being only 1,246 degrees of curvature. There are neither tunnels nor a truss bridge on the whole 70 miles. Between Reno and Chat there are twenty-three trestles, and four on the new road north of Chat-in CALIFORNIA. 141 all, twenty-seven-twenty of which can be filled with earth, only seven passing water. The present north end of the road is called Liegan, 70 miles from Reno, 4,058 feet above sea, in section 13, township 16, range 17 east, Mount Diablo meridian, midway between the Nevada line and Honey Lake, California, 6 miles west from one hundredand twentieth meridian, latitude 40.930. LOS ANGELES AND PACIFIC RAILWAY. The company controlling this line was organized September 6, 1888. It is a consol- idation of the Los Angeles Ostrich Farm Railroad Company, the Los Angeles County Railroad Company, and the Los Angeles and Pacific Railroad Company. Articles of consolidation were filed with the secretary of state of California September 11, 1888. The line was opened from Los Angeles to Ostrich Farm September 25, 1888, and from Ostrich Farm to Burbank May 31, 1889. It has a land grant from the Government of 237 acres, valued at $39,375. The cost of the construction of the line to Burbank was $812,156.33. Since rendering this report the company has opened a short line between Los Angeles and Santa Monica, on Santa Monica Bay. ત્ર VISALIA AND TULARE RAILROAD. This is a short independent connection and feeder of the Southern Pacific in Tulare County. The line runs from Visalia to Tulare, a distance of 11.50 miles. The com- pany was chartered November 4, 1887, and the line was completed and put in opera- tion on October 22, 1888, since which time it has been operated in a limited way. track is of standard gauge, and is well built and equipped. The road cost $87,999.55 and its equipment cost $36,000. The CHAPTER IV. COSTS, GRANTS, AND VALUES. Cost of the Railroads-Estimates of reproduction-Wages of railroad employés-Cost and con- sumption of fuel-Tax payments-The Government land grants: to the Kansas Pacific, Union Pacific, Central Branch Union Pacific, Sioux City and Pacific, Central Pacific, Western Pacific, California and Oregon, and Southern Pacific roads-Other donations-Railway assessments for 1889-Estimated real values-Assessments on companies' rolling stock. In the present chapter there will be given in a concise form the cost of construction and equipment of each line of railroad in the State of California, with a mileage state- ment showing the cost of each per mile as reported to the State authorities, together with an outline description of the land grants of the Central and Southern Pacific and Cali- fornia and Oregon lines, and a report of the assessed valuation of each road, with an - enumeration of the rolling-stock and various kinds of equipment. The one defect in this section of the present railway report, that of the "bunching " of the cost and equipment of some of the lines, is due to a faulty method of preparing reports to State officials by the railroad companies, and not to any desire on the part of this compiler to shirk the work in hand. COST OF THE RAILROADS. According to the latest reports to the State authorities the cost of construction and equipment of California's railroads has been as follows: Companies. Central Pacific Railroad Co..... Northern Railway Co... California Pacific Railroad Co. Southern Pacific of California Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Co California Central Railway Co California Southern Railroad Co Los Angeles and Pacific Railway Co......... .... 30.00 San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad Co.. Visalia Railroad Co.... 108.50 7.00 Fel River and Eureka Railroad Co…...... 30.00 Northern California Railroad Co 26.00 South Pacific Coast Railway Co 104.00 North Pacific Coast Railroad Co 92.25 Pacific Coast Railway Co 76.10 Sonoma Valley Railroad Co 28.94 Carson and Colorado Railroad Co 108.00 Colusa and Lake Railroad Co....... 22.00 155, 650.53 Arcata and Mad River Railroad Co 18.00 133, 967.44 National City and Otay Railway Co....... Nevada County Narrow Gauge........ Nevada and California Railroad Co Visalia and Tulare Railroad Co....... 30.23 360, 601.07 22.50 540, 386. 33 42.00 11.50 Total 4, 589.93 736, 955.90 87,263.02 337, 662, 894.60 Miles. Cost of construction. Cost of equipment. 1,360.28 $167, 655, 936. 16 390.48 115.44 1,244.01 243.00 269.09 210. 61 19,098, 344.53 19,537, 072.60 110,388, 225. 51 7,271, 100.00 12, 646, 343.67 11, 437, 806. 10 812, 156.33 4,656, 120.12 115, 116.20 615, 018. 47 $20,000.00 11,500,000.00 3, 155, 373.90 2,955, 953. 34 243.503, 38 3,240,000.00 (†) $267, 656.33 210, 775, 64 77, 125.22 861, 952.42 8,884.85 84,652,49 43,499.00 43 (*) 22, 058.70 42, 110.00 75, 641.71 74, 134.89 50,210. 53 9, 616.09 Cost of each road per mile as reported. $123, 251+ 48, 909+ 169, 240+ 88,735+ 29,922+ 48, 340+ 55,783+ 29,642+ 50,857+ 17,714+ 23, 322+ 12, 307+ 110,576+ 34, 204+ 38, 843+ 9, 917+ 30,000+ 8, 077+ 9,782+ 14, 430+ 27,312+ 18,742+ 8,424+ 1,828, 317.87 *Included in construction. Average cost per mile $82,461+ †Equipment not reported. As is well known by engineers the cost per mile of the construction of the railroads of California, especially of the Central Pacific and the California and Oregon lines, was very heavy as compared with that of many railroads in the Eastern States, and the cost of operation, on account of the grades and high prices of fuel and labor, is also greater. Richard P. Morgan, jr., inspecting engineer for the United States Pacific Railway Com- mission, has estimated the present cost of reproducing the Central Pacific system. 142 CALIFORNIA. 143 The following is his estimate of the present cost of reproducing the Central Pacific Railroad from the terminus of the Union Pacific Railway at Ogden to Oakland, via Sac- ramento, Stockon, Lathrop, and Niles; also, from Niles to San José, and their equipment (891.97 miles): Right of way Grading, bridging, and culverts Ties..... Main track, rails, etc.... Side tracks, rails, etc Tracklaying and surfacing. Fencing ..... Snow sheds and fences.. Buildings, excepting Oakland and Sacramento Telegraph lines......... Locomotives........ Car equipment Fixed tools, stationary power, and other tools. Engineering and contingencies, 10 per cent... The impact and adaptation... Cost per mile, $35,845+ Terminal properties and their facilities: Sacramento Oakland and San Francisco... Cost per mile, $43,693+ Steamers, all classes.......... Total..... $650,000 12, 464, 900 1,342, 500 4,395, 500 1,073, 800 536, 900 106,000 1,225,000 806,000 156, 600 1,566,000 2,873,000 650,000 2,781, 620 1, 342, 100 31, 972, 920 $2,500,000 4,500,000 7,000,000 1,050,000 40,022, 920 The "present cost of reproducing" the road and its equipments, from the terminus of the Union Pacific Railway at Ogden to Oakland, via Sacramento, Stockton, Lathrop, and Niles; also from Niles to San José, 889.71 miles, including terminal properties and their facilities at Sacramento, Oakland, and San Francisco; also including steamers of all classes, is estimated at $40,022, 920. Including 467.58 miles of branches, the “present cost of reproducing" would be $50,867,540. Mr. Morgan estimates the present cost of reproducing certain roads of the same system as follows: Route. Length. Cost of repro- Average duction. per mile. Roseville Junction to Delta...………………………………………………………………. Miles. 190,47 $4, 154, 300 $21, 810+ Delta to State line…………. 106.00 3, 400, 600 32, 081+ Lathrop to Goshen……....... .. Total, Roseville Junction to State line of Oregon.... Brooklyn, East Oakland, Melrose and Alameda branch (in- cluding 7.72 miles of double track)..... 296.47 7,554, 900 25, 482+ 146.08 2,913, 520 20, 150+ 17.31 346, 200 Total 459.86 10,844, 620 On account of the unsettled condition of its affairs with the Government the Central Pacific Railroad Company declines to give figures representing the actual cost of its sys- tem as segregated from the cost of its equipment and other items of outlay. The same refusal to furnish such information is given by all the other companies whose roads are leased by the Southern Pacific Company. As to the cost of railroad operation on the Pacific coast the Pacific Railway Commis- sion reports as follows: "The railway lines west of the Rocky Mountains are operated necessarily at a much greater cost than those east of that range. Along a portion of the line from Ogden to Reno, water is so scarce that for over 65 miles it is hauled in cars for engine use and for section men, and in many places pipe lines over 10 miles long are required to conduct it to the water stations. In all there are more than 75 miles of pipe lines on this portion, and nearly 100 miles on the entire Central Pacific road. Much of this water is of very inferior quality for steam purposes, and the cost of repairs to locomotive boilers and fire boxes from this cause is abnormally great. The disadvantages under which the Pacific coast railroads labor by reason of the higher prices of labor, supplies, and materials of all kinds than those paid by roads east of the Rocky Mountains, are very great." WAGES OF BAILROAD EMPLOYÉS. The wages of railroad employés in California are higher than in many other parts of the country, and this fact is an important one in the computation of operating expenses 144 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The following table shows the rate of wages per day of nearly every class of employés whose names are on the pay rolls of the leading companies of the State: Statement of wages received by railroad employés. Companies. General office clerks. Station agents. Engineers. Firemen. Conductors. Brakemen. Machinist. Carpenters. Section men. Telegraph oper- ators. Laborers. Southern Pacific Co... Atlantic and Pacific R. R. Co California Central Rwy. Co California Southern R. R. Co.....| Los Angeles and Pacific Rwy Co Visalia Railroad Co...... 2.60 2.50 $2.71 $1.66 $3.84 $2.04 $3.59 $2.38 $3.53 $2.97 $1.51 $2.12 $2.26 1.87 2.12 3.58 1.86 2.77 1.60 2.75 2.10 .80 1.79 1.58 2.80 2.41 4.17 2.37 3.09 2.48 3.01 | 3.01 2.00 2.41 2.49 4.44 2.57 3.03 2.45 2.81 3.00 2.00 2.64 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 1.94 2.00 2.50 2.25 2.05 3.29 3.61 1.97 1.97 2.50 2.00 Eel River and Eureka R. R. Co.. North Pacific Coast R. R 2.16 2.50 1.16 2.50 1.16 3.50 2.00 2.65 2.00 4.00 4.00 2.25 Pacific Coast Rwy. Co 2.05 2.34 National City and Otay R. R. Co Nevada County Narrow Gauge.. 2. 83 3.00 2.00 3.50 3.50 1.10 2.00 4.00 2.00 2.79 1.80 3.28 3.75 1.60 1.14 3.50 2.25 2.80 2.15 3.00 3.00 1.85 3.33 3.87 2.50 3.58 2.50 3.75 3.75 | 1.55 3.00 $2 2.00 *Compiled by Varney W. Gaskill, secretary of the State railway commission. COST AND CONSUMPTION OF FUEL. Another leading item in the expenses of California railroads is fuel, which is probably higher than in any other State in the Union. The total number of tons of fuel con- sumed in this State in 1888 was 814,707, at a cost of $5,505,325.21, of which total cost $4,804,853.55 was borne by the Southern Pacific Company. The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company purchased coal and wood at the least cost, namely, coal, $1.81 per ton; wood, $1 per cord. The North Pacific Coast paid most for coal, viz, $12.55 per ton. The Pacific Coast Railway Company paid most for wood, viz, $5.36 per cord. The Atlantic and Pacific used 96.74 pounds of coal a mile, and the Southern Pacific Company used 67.28 pounds a mile. The following table shows the consumption of wood and coal by each line for the year named, and the cost by the cord and ton, respectively: Consumption of fuel and cost in 1888. California Pacific R. R. Co.* Companies. Coal. Cost per ton. Wood. Cost per cord. Total fuel con- sumed. Total cost of fuel. Average consumed per mile. Tons. Cords. Southern Pacific Co. (Pa- cific system) 665, 251 $6.72 96, 299 Central Pacific R. R. Co. Northern Rwy. Co.“ Tons. Pounds. $4.17 703,400 $4,804, 853. 55 67.28 Southern Pacific R. R. Co. of California* Atlantic and Pacific R. R. Co 35,817 1.81 California Central Rwy.Co. 21,091 10.13 96 240 1.00 35,865 5.00 21,091 64, 924.77 96.74 214, 851.83 46.34 California Southern R. R. Co..... 31, 131 8.75 402 5.00 31, 533 274, 405.25 65.75 San Francisco and North Pacific R. R. Co....... 5, 264 8.45 3,235 4.30 6,881 58, 393. 30 56.00 Visalia R. R. Co...... 509 4.50 254 2,290.00 Eel River and Eureka R. R. Co... 1,246 3.50 623 4,361.00 North Pacific Coast R. R. Co ... 1,491 12.55 5, 260) 3.60 9, 380 37, 648. 05 73.00 Pacific Coast Rwy. Co....... 2,214 9.48 669 5.36 3,177 24, 176.56 43.27 Sonoma Valley R. R. Co ... 567 8.00 125 4.00 629 5,036.00 34.00 Arcata and Mad River R. R. Co.... 1,342 2.50 671 3,355.00 Nevada County Narrow Gauge 1,785 3.50 893 6, 247.50 Nevada and California Rwy. Co....... 1,320 3.32 260 4,382.40 49.70 Visalia and Tulare R.R.Co.. 100 4,00 50 400.00 Total..... 752, 826 112, 628 814, 707 5,505, 325.21 1 *Reported by Southern Pacific Company, CALIFORNIA. 145 On this subject the Pacific Railway Commission reports as follows: "As to the expense for fuel, the lines operated in the Pacific system of the Southern™ Pacific Company, in which is included the Central Pacific line, compared with the fuel expense on the Chicago and Northwestern Railway, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, New York Central and Hudson River, New York, Lake Erie and Western, Pennsyl- vania, Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and the Illinois Central Railroads, is as follows: "Along all of the Central and Southern Pacific lines from San Francisco to Portland, Oregon, to Ogden, Utah, and to New Orleans, La., there is not a single mine producing coal for locomotive use, and a large proportion of the coal required for engine service is brought from Mexico, Washington, British Columbia, England, New Zealand, and Australia. The total miles run by locomotives on the eight roads above mentioned, in 1887, was 189,515,479, and the expenditure for fuel consumed by locomotives $12,214,- 268, or 6.45 cents per mile run. On the Pacific system lines of the Southern Pacific Company, in the year 1888, the total number of miles run by locomotives was 20,754,- 148, and the cost of fuel consumed by locomotives was $4,738,481, or 28.83 cents per mile run. If, therefore, the Pacific system had been able to obtain fuel at the same rates as the average of the eight eastern lines, its expenditure for fuel would have been $1,338,642, and its operating expenses reduced to, in round numbers, $3,400,000. On the other hand, if the eight eastern roads above mentioned had been obliged to pay the same rates for fuel as paid by the Southern Pacific Company, the total cost for fuel for these eight roads would have been $43,266,384, and their operating expenses increased in the aggregate over $31,000,000.” TAX PAYMENTS. The following table of tax payments of the Central Pacific for nine years will illus- trate the magnitude of one of the great railroad expenditures of the directors of the Southern Pacific Company, by which the line named is leased: 1870 1871 .... 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881... 1882... 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 Total....... Year. Nevada. Utah. California. Total. $132,008.76 113, 422.06 110,360, 10 120, 756.94 98,984. 14 204, 778.46 104, 561. 68 118,041. 09 118,889, 64 99, 223.81 115, 312, 54 155, 477. 18 180,662,39 174, 483. 89 166, 368.76 17,526.46 > 17,670.54 17,803.93 17, 212.99 $13,000. 15 12,099.31 11, 974.06 $176, 552.14 150, 706. 33 $321, 561.05 276, 227.70 131, 235. 16 253,569.32 12,849.64 13, 346.92 193, 457.38 327,063.96 177, 481.77 289,812, 83 13, 654.64 204, 297. 18 422,730, 28 13, 768. 76 245, 428. 84 363, 759. 28 14, 207.82 198, 096. 7: 330, 345.62 205, 014.53 341, 430.63 195, 714. 87 312, 609. 22 84, 406, 88 217, 523. 35 91, 392, 89 264, 083.06 17, 668, 95 17,725-36 19,050.00 249, 674. 35 448, 005.69 250, 518.30 442, 727.55 499, 761.82 685, 180.58 156, 204. 25 18, 940. 15 478, 882.62 654, 027.02 151, 466.45 25, 136. 42 288, 836.90 465, 439.77 158, 140. 62 21, 473. 15 257, 218, 05 436, 831.82 156, 765, 39 21, 713.70 *70, 765.77 †249, 244.86 $2,635,908.15 316,822.954, 149, 442. 49 7, 102, 173, 59 *Total for 1888, as per annual report..... Add Nevada taxes 1888 paid in 1889.. Total as above †Taxes paid in California in 1888 actually were....... From which is deducted for assessments of previous years corrected by decision of United States Supreme Court..... $223, 599. 20 15, 645.66 249, 244.86 295, 773.85 225,008. 08 Balance as shown above............. I C 90-10 70.765.77 146 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE LAND GRANTS. To aid in the construction of the Pacific railroads lands were granted and patented to the various companies as follows: Union Pacific... Kansas Pacific.. Railroads. Central Branch Union Pacific. Sioux City and Pacific... Central Pacific.. Western Pacific Total....... Acres. Rate per Amount. acre. 11, 309, 844 $1.25 $14,137, 305 6, 000, 000 1.25 222,560 1.25 43, 336 1.25 7,500,000 278, 200 54, 170 8,000,000 1.25 10, 000, 000 453, 794 26, 029, 534 1.25 567, 243 32, 536, 918 The value of these lands is fixed arbitrarily by the Pacific Railroad Commission on the reports of the railroads at $1.25 per acre. In California the estimated value of the land grants of the Central Pacific is $2.50 an acre, and it is reported at these figures by the company. W. H. Mills, land agent for the Central Pacific, reports the sale of lands for the year 1889 at 153,000 acres, which were sold for $548,954, an average of $3.75 an acre. The table given above is that of Government engineers. The reports furnished by the Southern Pacific Company make a different showing, as follows: Estimated value. To what railroad com- pany. Acres per mile. Miles. Total. Less re- served by Govern- Net total. Per acre. Total. Acres. Central Pacific....... Western Pacific........ California and Oregon 12,800 12, 800 12,800 742 123.38 291 9, 497, 600 1,579, 264 3,721, 800 Totals.. • ment. Acres. 1,500,000 1, 153, 264 Acres. 7,997, 600 426,000 3,724,800 | $2.50 2,50 2.50 12, 148, 400 $19,994,000 1,065, 000 9, 312,000 30, 371,000 The Southern Pacific Company reports the land grant of the Southern Pacific Railroad of California as follows: "Acres per mile, 12,800; number of miles, 942." This would make a total of 12,057,600 acres. The company reports, however, that "on account of conflicting and overlapping grants, adverse claims, arbitrary restrictions, and desert lands not worth the cost of surveying, it is impossible to state the quantity of lands that will inure to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, or the estimated value.' In reference to the tabulated statement of the company regarding the Central Pacific, Western Pacific, and California and Oregon land grants, the corporation makes the fol- lowing report: "The Western Pacific Railroad Company had disposed of its lands prior to its consol- idation with this company. "On account of conflicting and overlapping grants, adverse claims, desert lands, and lands liable to be lost in consequence of failure to pay costs of survey, selection, and taxes, and arbitrary restrictions of the Land Department, the quantity of these lands to accrue, and their value, can not be closely estimated. "The value above stated is derived from an estimate of the acres earned, and to which the company would be entitled under the several acts of Congress, and applying the rate per acre fixed by the Government for adjoining lands." The following additional donations, aside from those of the Government, are referred to in this connection. They are as follows: By whom donated. To the Central Pacific. Description of property. Sacramento City..... Oakland Water Front Company.....……………………………………………. State of California..... 20.6 acres in the slough at Sacramento. Land, Oakland water front. Half interest in Mission Bay lands, San Fran- cisco. CALIFORNIA. 147 } To the Southern Pacific. By whom donated. State of California City of Los Angeles............ Description of property. Half interest in 60 acres of land at Mission Bay, San Francisco, with improvements. 19 acres of land in the city of Los Angeles, with improvements. No other donations of lands other than specified above have ever been made to the In companies mentioned, except lands for right of way, stations, shops, and storehouses. most instances the lands for right of way, stations, etc., were procured by the contractors. Record of railway assessments for 1889. [Prepared by E. W. Maslin, secretary of the State Board of Equalization.] Name of corporation. Miles of railway operated in the State. Total assessed value per mile of each railway. Total assess- ment of the franchise, roadway, road- bed, rails, and rolling stock of each railway as- sessed for pur- poses of State taxa- tion. Broad-gauge roads: California Central...... California Pacific.. California Southern.. Central Pacific.... Northern California Northern Railway ... San Francisco and North Pacific Southern Pacific Narrow-gauge roads: Carson and Colorado Nevada County Narrow Gauge. North Pacific Coast.. Pacific Coast Railway 253.40 $5, 919.49 112.50 22, 222.22 210.60 746.76 25.90 385.25 9,085.00 89.50 13, 407.82 1,493.77 10, 011. 70 5,223. 17 17,408.53 4,826.25 $1,500,000 2,500,000 1,100,000 13, 000, 000 125,000 3,500,000 1, 200, 000 15, 000, 000 107.62 22.50 2, 137. 14 230,000 4, 411, 44 100,000 70.50 ... 5, 195, 72 365,000 76.10 5,387.64 410,000 81.86 41.86 15,024.74 South Pacific Coast Nevada and California. Value of roads .... Atlantic and Pacific rolling stock*. Pullman Palace Car Company rolling stock... Total value........ * Leases its line from Southern Pacific. Real values. 2,006.68 1,275,000 84,000 40, 389,000 85,000 14, 652 40, 488, 652 Companies. Real value of lines. (estimated). California Central... $2,400,000 2, 000, 000 Southern California.... Northern California….... 180,000 Northern Railway 1,600,000 Nevada and California 125,000 Carson and Colorado........ 345,000 Nevada County Narrow Gauge 150,000 North Pacific Coast 550,000 California Pacific.... 350,000 Companies. Pacific Coast..... Atlantic and Pacific rolling stock.. Southern Pacific and branches... Central Pacific........ San Francisco and North Pacific... South Pacific Coast…..... Pullman Palace Car Co Total......... Real value of lines. (estimated). $600,000 125,000 25,000,000 20, 000, 000 5,250,000 2,000,000 22,000 60, 697, 000 148.- INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 Companies. Locomotives. Report of rolling stock assessed to the following companies for 1889 by State Board of Equal- ization. Sleepers. Passenger cars. Smoking and emigrant cars. Express, mail, and baggage. Cabooses. Atlantic and Pacific………………. 14 18 California Central 14 7 California Pacific... 12 12 24 10 43 6 1 32 100 California Southern 7 7 3 5 31 47 Central Pacific......... 182 16 138 18 46 79 2,098 1,366 318 ខ្លួន៩ឆ៩ *30 2 5 Northern California.... 4 2 1 9 39 10 Northern Railway... 25 11 3 2 215 446 San Francisco and Northern Pacific...... 15 36 3 4 2 78 223 68 Southern Pacific.......... 208 43 143 21 49 78 3,791 975 22222 57 Carson and Colorado. 1 1 1 7 20 15 Nevada County Narrow Gauge.. 3 2 North Pacific Coast....... 10 20 5 Pacific Coast Railway 5 7 South Pacific Coast....... 20 74 Nevada and California ………. 4 3 2263 2525 20 25 3 30 254 24 1 23 177 12 +9 118 310 8 21 10 5 Pullman Palace Car Co...... 2 Central Pacific returns the above as used in this State. Total owned in and out of the State..... 216 24 176 70 68 104 2,698 1,891 568 11 * Coal cars. + Stock cars. The Southern Pacific made no total returns. The Atlantic and Pacific has no road in this State. It leases the line from Mojave to the Colorado River. I can not explain the fact that it has no passenger cars. It probably uses the cars of the California Central, or California Southern, or Atchison and Topeka. The Pullman Palace Car Company is assessed for an interest undivided with the Central Pacific. } 1 Box freight. Flat freight. Dump and section. Others. CHAPTER V. TRAFFIC AND MARKETS. Shipments by rail for 1889 from San Francisco and interior points-Business of fifteen years-East- bound commodities-Local freight-Commodity tonnage-Traffic statements-Freight tonnage classified-Earnings and operating expenses-Fruit traffic-Freight rates-Traffic associations- Passenger traffic-Rates of fare. The operations of the California and transcontinental railways coming into California, as they refer to the shipment of freights and the markets of the State, will be discussed in the present chapter. Exception is made of the Canadian Pacific, which will be treated in the following chapter. The chief shipping points will be mentioned, and the magni- tude of transactions in outgoing products will be set forth. In the following synopsis of the shipments by rail for 1889, the magnitude of the out- going traffic of each large shipping point in California is given, with the exception of Fresno, whose shipments, for some reason known only to the corporations, are not sepa- rately compiled by them. Shipments by rail for 1889. By months. Pounds. 18, 625, 020 By localities. Pounds. 271, 699, 260 62, 374, 110 42, 133, 350 35, 459, 470 January February March April May June.. September... July August October.. November. December Total.... 20, 157, 830 24,826, 020 33, 527, 020 35, 078, 560 37,410, 600 44, 371, 620 58,311, 470 65, 721, 550 67, 024, 140 40, 228, 640 21, 124, 310 466, 406, 780 San Francisco Sacramento ………... San José..... Los Angeles Colton...... Stockton Marysville Oakland..... 21, 897, 790 19,560, 560 7,067, 600 6, 214, 640 Grand total 466, 406, 780 (: The railroad officials state that the outgoing traffic of Fresno is included in that of Stockton and Los Angeles, the Southern Pacific Company not treating Fresno as a mon point," as is the case with the other places mentioned. com- The volume of rail traffic from any particular point does not show its exact place in the order of commercial transactions; for Stockton, which is sixth on the rail list given above, claims to be second in the volume of commerce, although she has probably only about 20,000 inhabitants. SAN FRANCISCO. In the following tables the through-freight traffic of the past 15 years is set forth in such a manner as to fully show the growth from year to year and afford a comparison 149 150 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. between the magnitude of business to and from San Francisco and that of other railway terminal points in California: Through freight via. Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads to and from San Fran- cisco and all terminals in California.* San Francisco. * Year. East-bound. West-bound. Totals. East-bound. West-bound. Pounds. 1875 98,069, 030 1876 107, 756, 910 1877 101, 209, 410 1878 1879 92, 820, 900 124, 478, 730 1880.... 173, 748, 970 1881 195, 290, 380 Pounds. 197,803, 810 192,088, 750 186, 679, 380 193, 609, 200 226, 585, 940 285, 286, 520 299, 145, 540 Pounds. 295, 872, 840 300, 845, 660 287, 888, 790 286, 430, 100 351,064, 670 459,035, 490 494, 435, 920 Pounds. 113,785, 920 137,654, 690 116, 231, 111 121, 134, 610 170, 205, 880 Pounds. 233, 801, 150 239, 893, 270 230,247, 350 All terminals. Totals. Pounds. 347, 587, 070 377,547, 960 346, 478, 461 239, 008, 520 360, 143, 130 269, 162, 290 439, 368, 170 227,589, 130 330, 849, 150 558, 438, 280 260, 962, 900 357, 695, 220 618, 658, 120 1882 217, 128, 190 343, 055, 900 560, 484, 090 367, 672, 180 412, 327, 950 780, 000, 130 1883 220, 559, 650 387, 174, 940 607, 734, 590 345, 486, 440 499, 306, 660 844, 393, 100 1884.. 212,861, 540 291, 340, 800 504, 202, 340 308, 141, 950 413, 905, 730 1885 246, 062, 260 261, 889, 200 507, 951, 460 382, 871, 840 373, 970, 110 1886 364, 640, 650 402, 790, 910 767, 431, 560 553, 213, 840 1887 321, 399, 280 442, 144, 430 763, 543, 710 500, 741, 890 1888 314, 404, 480 476,730, 470 791, 134, 950 561, 496, 950 1889.... 349, 418, 165 412, 769, 030 762, 187, 195 551, 496, 950 569, 835, 580 707, 378, 590 | 722, 047, 680 756, 841, 950 1,123, 049, 420 1, 208, 120, 480 729,664, 660 | 1, 291, 161, 610 729, 664, 665 | 1, 281, 161, 615 * From Chamber of Commerce report, 1890. EAST-BOUND COMMODITIES. As showing the growth of the overland export trade from year to year the following table is an excellent demonstration: Comparative statement of the principal articles east-bound, for eleven years ending December 31, 1889, via Central Pacific Railroad. [Expressed in pounds.] Articles. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 27, 806, 200 17, 666, 310 4,075, 800 32, 340, 820 19, 317, 280 50, 942, 130 5, 245, 390 11, 668, 480 5,907, 110 1,509, 890 30, 409, 570 6, 182, 450 47,999, 620 Barley and grain.. Beans... Borax 16, 287, 600 20,837,620 6,549, 390 Canned fruit, etc Fruit. dried Fruit, green. 34, 268, 500 32,819, 320 72,261, 740 12,013,370 2,012,710 38,728, 100 34, 808, 740 11,888, 560 22, 645, 890 2,720, 220 62, 839, 230 32, 913, 850 62,855, 290 52, 695, 130 51, 497, 650 Hides and pelts 3,010, 160 4,941, 580 Hops Leather... Lumber 6, 686, 510 4, 740.930 4, 235, 310 1,768, 640 11, 034, 520 4, 617, 990 5,886, 860 5,758, 450 2,208, 240 1,747, 230 13, 632, 600 1,657, 000 6,358, 170 6,368, 440 3, 152, 720 2,900, 300 175, 240 620,000 7,056, 290 2,542, 320 4, 945, 100 446, 400 325, 990 9,075, 730 78,705, 870 14,428, 890 916, 770 527, 290 8, 259, 850 73,428, 510 22,647, 480 51,268, 540 21, 842, 320 723, 470 9, 811, 020 117, 609, 910 117,609, 25, 478, 140 47, 184, 080 30, 488, 540 818, 670 6,562, 970 61, 114, 730 18, 366, 570 33,098, 550 38, 338, 570 22, 957, 390 6,834, 400 3, 018, 230 20, 976, 570 2, 333, 860 13,056, 210 4,738, 570 3,007, 560 2, 185, 650 2, 146, 480 379, 720 254, 690 9, 533, 340 55,725, 590 17, 542, 600 25, 340, 710 24,567, 110 Mustard seed.... Quicksilver Salmon.. Sugar.. Tea.... 9, 115, 890 118,459, 050 23, 361, 530 Wine and brandy 45, 422, 830 42, 113, 850 Wool 20, 473, 280 24, 422, 370 Total 406, 995, 230 401, 524, 180 385, 175, 560 412, 073, 820 | 280, 877, 460 214, 598, 680 | | CALIFORNIA. 151 Comparative statement of the principal articles east-bound, for eleven years ending December 31, 1889, etc.-Continued. [Expressed in pounds.] Articles. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. Barley and grain Beans Borax.. Canned fruit, etc.. Fruit, dried.... Fruit, green Hides and pelts...... Hops Leather • 9,867, 110 7,436, 780 3,287,770 29, 452, 070 3, 353, 670 21, 203, 530 4,391, 160 37,070, 000 4, 622, 030 3,726, 930 5,688, 140 2,771, 570 29, 627,000 6, 215, 000 12, 009, 620 4,000, 690 45, 634, 900 12, 907, 750 2,099, 460 21, 181, 420 4,099, 620 12, 312, 350 3,338, 190 59, 695, 100 3,297, 600 476, 940 10, 271, 180 1,381, 610 5, 185, 650 4,760, 020 26, 563, 550 1,523, 130 144, 360 5,461, 600 3, 118, 090 7,550, 980 5, 315, 680 2,224, 850 1,559, 470 2,517, 150 2, 182, 680 2,308, 980 Lumber... 1,907, 650 1,542, 950 Mnstard seed.. Quicksilver..... 8,997,000 • Salmon Sugar Tea 20, 278, 100 Wine and brandy. ..... Wool 20, 965, 230 34, 203, 060 Total........ 232, 401, 220 28, 869, 110 238,792, 340 205, 241, 660 177,542, 550 134,739, 740 12, 613, 190 147,370 468, 960 24, 613, 280 33, 467, 570 511,270 719, 610 23,229,090 33,049, 300 23, 655, 740 16, 340, 290 24, 133, 880 6, 163, 080 15,722, 830 15, 118, 160 30, 692, 080 739, 180 1,398,000 15,095, 900 5, 339, 310 23, 472,: 30 10,759, 870 30, 469, 580 686, 210 656, 700 1, 155, 580 9,581, 620 2,647, 170 20, 139, 810 7,799, 460 38, 053, 060 1,825, 530 5, 160, 430 2,097, 260 1,415, 020 1,219, 990 It will be seen that the export-fruit trade has enormously increased during the period above represented, while in the items of beans, hops, sugar, and wine there has also been a very satisfactory increase. LOCAL FREIGHT, The marvelous increase in the volume of local freights is shown in the following tables: Local freight via Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads. To and from San Francisco. 1876....... 1877..... 1878...... 1879...... 1880.... 1881.. 1882.. 1883. 1884..... 1885...... 1886.... 1887.. 1888. Year. Forwarded. Received. Totals. Entire. Pounds. 255, 560, 960 Pounds. 340, 674, 400 239, 667, 740 345, 531, 250 245, 073, 460 402, 376, 780 272,978, 340 382, 624, 820 655, 605, 160 • 361, 601, 120 419, 517, 000 781, 118, 120 385, 773, 290 Pounds. 596, 235, 360 585, 198, 990 6-17, 450, 240 Pounds. 1, 850, 622, 680 1,751,080, 390 2,419, 745, 600 2,541, 742, 460 2,862, 221, 310 472, 749, 280 858, 522, 570 395,835, 395, 835, 010 3,725, 424, 290 473, 135, 180 868, 970, 190 4,084, 059, 400 315,798, 550 510, 515, 220 856, 313, 770 3,888, 308, 510 326, 969, 410 561, 206, 820 888, 176, 260 325,357, 810 594, 201, 140 356, 426, 050 600, 849, 950 402, 614, 870 654, 451, 580 119, 817, 320 696, 366, 810 919, 558, 950 957, 276, 000 1,057, 066, 450 1, 116, 184, 130 3,984, 262, 650 3,879, 882, 500 4, 719, 633, 230 5,055, 994, 930 6, 398, 891, 347 Grain shipments received at terminals. 160,462, 250 | 1882.... Pounds. 1876.. 1877 331,014,560 1881...... 1878... 1879... 1880 622, 409, 320 768, 621, 320 841, 108, 910 | 1885..... 1883.............. 1884..... Pounds. 1,205, 401, 420 1886.. 1, 155, 924, 120 | 1887. 1, 001, 478, 910 | 1888. 1, 287, 096, 940 1,017, 283, 350 Pounds. 1,420, 990, 220 974, 511, 380 1,044, 058, 230 1: 1 152 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. COMMODITY TONNAGE, Statement showing the percentage of each leading article of shipment to the total amount carried. [Reported by State commissioners, 1889.] Grain. Flour. Hay. Fruits and vegetables. Companies. Tons. Per cent. Tons. Per cent. Tons. Per cent. Per Tons. cent. Southern Pacific Co. (Pac. system) Central Pacific R. R. Co.* 827,714❘ 13.08 90,562 1.43 143,879 2.27 202, 098 3.19 Northern Rwy. Co.*. California Pacific R. R. Co.* Southern Pacific R. R. of California* Atlantic and Pacific R. R. Co....... California Central Rwy. Co California Southern R. R. Co 5,918 11, 326 3,22 2.50 3,203 1.35 1,615 .68 10, 278 4.34 9, 891 2.81 18, 936 5.38 7, 010 1.91 3,970 1.08 11, 210 3.05 18, 281 4.97 Los Angeles and Pacific Rwy. Co.t... San Francisco and North Pacific R. R. Co.... ..... 3,746 3.38 837 .76 1,620 1.45 4,493 4.05 1,870 100 3,588 1, 188 120 Visalia R. R. Co Eel River and Eureka R. R. Co Northern California R. R. Co.† South Pacific Coast Rwy. Co.* North Pacific Coast R. R. Co..... Pacific Coast Rwy. Co.‡ Sonoma Valley R. R. Co.... Carson and Colorado R. R. Co.... Colusa and Lake R. R. Co Arcata and Mad River R. R. Co National City and Otay Rwy. Co.t... Nevada County Narrow Gauge† Nevada and California R. R............. Visalia and Tulare Railroad †. Total .... 205 .25 988 1. 19 3,641 4.41 27,683 30.27 115 .48 80 .32 15 .07 801 3.30 6.50 7.00 8,000 ..... 1,384 .... ..... 286 145 621 897, 461 98,897 170, 406 260, 653 Live stock. Hides and leather. Wool. Coal. Companies. Tons. Per cent. Tons. Per cent. Tons. Per cent, Tons. Per cent. Southern Pacific Co. (Pac. system). ... 204, 726 3.24 13,243 .22 26, 128 .41 217, 951 3.44 Central Pacific R. R. Co.* Northern Rwy. Co.* California Pacific R. R. Co.* Southern Pacific R. R. of California* Atlantic and Pacific R. R. Co 9, 017 3.81 990 .41 2,583 1.09 52, 274 22.06 California Central Rwy. Co 4,891 1.39 783 .22 · California Southern R. R. Co 7,249 1. 97 841 . 23 Los Angeles and Pacific Rwy. Co.f... San Francisco and North Pacific R. ... 46, 254 53, 967 ..... 13. 15 14.67 R. Co...... 2,510 2.27 Visalia R. R. Cɔ..... 332 .... Eel River and Eureka R. R. Co Northern California R. R. Co.† South Pacific Coast Rwy. Co.* North Pacific Coast R. R. Co.... Pacific Coast Rwy. Co.‡ ... 1,055 .96 277 L Sonoma Valley R. R. Co... 1,680 1,938 2.03 2.00 100 .01 145 .01 3,311 3.00 8 .03 1.00 Carson and Colorado R. R. Co.... Colusa and Lake R. R. Co Arcata and Mad River R. R. Co National City and Otay Rwy. Cof Nevada County Narrow Gauget. Nevada and California R. R...... Visalia and Tulare R. R.†..... Total 10 232, 361 • 15 61 14,318 * Reported by Southern Pacific Company. † Not reported. - ‡ Bituminous rock-19, 063 tons = 20 per cent. ..... 31,873 373, 857 ! 153- CALIFORNIA. Statement showing the percentage of each leading article of shipment to the total amount car- ried-Continued. Wood and tan bark. Lumber, shingles, and shakes. Wine. Petroleum and other oils. Companies. Tons. Per cent. Tons. Per cent. Tons. Per cent. Per Tons. cent. Southern Pacific Co. (Pac. System)... 184, 557 2.92 672, 533 10.63 85,328 1.36 Central Pacific R. R. Co. *. Northern Rwy. Co.*. California Pacific R. R. Co. *. Southern Pacific R. R. of California* Atlantic and Pacific R. R. Co..... 13, 433 5.67 California Central Rwy. Co...... California Southern R. R. Co.. Los Angeles and Pacific Rwy. Co. t... San Francisco and North Pacific R. R. Co Visalia R. R. Co...... Eel River and Eureka R. R. Co Northern California R. R. Co.t. South Pacific Coast Rwy. Co.*. North Pacific Coast R. R. Co ..... Pacific Coast Rwy. Co. ..... Sonoma Valley R. R. Co........ Carson and Colorado R. R. Co Colusa and Lake R. R. Co.... Arcata and Mad River R. R. Co...... National City and Otay Rwy. Co.t. Nevada County Narrow Gauget..... Nevada and California R. R...... Visalia and Tulare R. R. †......... Total............. .... ... 8,034 233, 757 60,095 56, 370 17.09 15.33 13, 603 5.74 1 7,666 2.18 8,703 2.37 30,759 27.80 7,418 6.70 1, 161 130 67,087 26, 209 1,524 31.73 .16 25, 160 30.47 21,770 | 23.79 380' 1.56 5,060 20.90 10.50 -45, 211 3,000 983, 526 12,478 115, 430 Cement, brick, lime, and Merchandise. stone. Companies. • Company's Total freight. freight. Tons. Per cent. Tons. Per cent. Tons. Per cent. Tons. Per cent. Southern Pacific Co. (Pac. System)... 201, 492 3.18 870, 452 13.76 1,391, 937| 22.01 6,325,326 100 Central Pacific R. R. Co. * ... Northern Rwy. Co.* California Pacific R. R. Co*. Southern Pacific R. R. of California' Atlantic and Pacific R. R. Co...... California Central Rwy. Co.... 3,257 53, 155 1.39 15.11 68, 218 75, 617 28. $1 236, 922 100 21.51 California Southern R. R. Co 49, 381 .... 351, 701 100 13.43 73, 461 19.97 Los Angeles and Pacific Rwy. Co. f.. San Francisco and North Pacific R. R. Co 367,758 100 Visalia R. R. Co 11,600 10.49 413 41, 23137.25 110,693 100 3,365 Eel River and Eureka R. R. Co. 9,998 100 9, 865 Northern California R. R. Co. t.. 82, 691 100 South Pacific Coast Rwy. Co. North Pacific Coast R. R. Co 22,737 27.53 Pacific Coast Rwy. Co. ‡....... 82,591 100 · 13, 652 14.92 Sonoma Valley R. R. Co..... 91,503 100 3, 152 Carson and Colorado R. R. Co.... Colusa and Lake R. R. Co....... 13.00 50.00 14, 050 58.04 24, 223 100 2,600 100 Arcata and Mad River R. R. Co....... National City and Otay Rwy. Co.t... Nevada County Narrow Gauge. t..... Nevada and California Railroad Visalia and Tulare R. R.† 134 7,363 8, 134 53, 958 100 95 241 13, 937 100 Total......... 322,578 322,578 1,391, 937 7,762, 035 * Reported by Southern Pacific Company. † Not reported. 154 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Traffic statement of California railroads. [Reported to State commissioners, 1889.] Average Total miles Total miles alm run by run by freight trains. Average } Name of company. Passengers carried. rate of fare per Total freight hauled. rate of freight mile. per ton passenger trains. per mile. Cents. Tons. Southern Pacific Co...... 15,365, 267 2.21 6, 325, 326 Cents. 1.64 7,289,590 9,371, 349 .... Central Pacific R. R. Co.* Northern Rwy. Co.* .... California Pacific R. R. Co.' Southern Pacific R. R. of Cali- fornia.* San Francisco and North Pa- cific R. R. Co. Atlantic and Pacific R. R. Co... California Central Rwy. Co.... California Southern R. R. Co... Los Angeles and Pacific R. R. Co...... 73, 663 2.24 236, 922 1.15 198, 276 852,050 394, 146 2.92 351, 701 2.98 416, 389 192, 806 263, 146 4.45 367,758 2.26 292, 730 411,569 41, 246 (†) (†) (†) (†) (†) (†) Visalia R. R. Co...... Eel River and Eureka R. R. Co.. Northern California R. R. Co.†.. South Pacific Coast Rwy. Co.*.. North Pacific Coast.R. R. Co.... Pacific Coast Rwy. Co......... Sonoma Valley R. R. Co……………….. Carson and Colorado R. R. Co.t Colusa and Lake R. R. Co......... Arcata and Mad RiverR.R.Co.† National City and Otay Rwy. Co..... Nevada County Narrow Gauge Nevada and California R. R. Co Visalia and Tulare R. R. Co.†.. Totals, 1889 Totals, 1887. (†) 110,693 cr 5.20 177,095 50,535 32, 334 7 9,998 28 62, 384 3 15, 482 (f) (†) 20,000 (†) 34,750 696, 606 1.6 82,591 57, 175 3.4 91,502 (†) (†) 24, 223 475 196, 688 108, 550 60, 155 62, 643 21, 051 15, 814 13, 678 (十​) 8, 134 (†) (†) (†) 610, 945 (†) (†) 174, 245 (†) 39, 242 (†) 23, 532 (†) 5, 147 13,796 4,322 4.4 13, 937 45 17, 108 20,000 18, 079, 724 15.575, 423 7,661,790 5,783, 729 8,868, 474 10,675, 958 ..... 6,999, 748 7,853, 632 Increase 1888 over 1887... 2,504, 301 1,878, 070 1,868, 726 2,822, 326 or 13% + or 24%+ or 21%+ or 26-% * Reported by Southern Pacific Company. †Not reported. ! CALIFORNIA. 155 : Freight traffic of the Southern Pacific Company for the years 1887, 1888, and 1889. Years ending December 31. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1889 compared with 1888, per cent. Pacific System (except Coast Division): Tons carried- Through......... Local...... Company Total Tons carried one raile- Through....…………. Local....... Company... Total......... Average rate per ton per mile- Through........... Local... Company ..... Total....... Coast Division: Tons carried- Local........ Company... Total.... Tons carried 1 mile- Local......... Company............ Total...... Average rate per ton per mile- Local..... Company 605, 629 658, 249 594, 486 *Dec. 9.69 2,914, 340 798, 456 3, 724, 172 1,340, 468 3,623, 745 Dec. 2.70 975, 340 Dec. 27. 23 4. 318, 425 5,722, 889 5, 193,571 Dec. 9.25 559,746, 049 568, 012, 614 524, 937, 144 Dec. 7:57 367,995, 390 422, 758, 907 388, 148, 286 Dec. 8.19 160, 273, 721 264,529, 403 166, 925, 929 Dec. 36.93 1,088, 015, 1601, 255, 300, 924 1,080, 011, 359 Dec. 13. 96 .873 cts. 1.241 cts. 1.254 cts. Inc. 1.05 2.90 cts. 2.753 cts. 2.871 cts. Inc. 4.29 .39 cts. 1.49 cts. .542 cts. .530 cts. Dec. 2.21 1.603 ets. 1.724 cts. Inc. 7.55 398, 470 48, 506 416, 976 550, 969 51,468 602, 437: 510, 696 55, 929 Dec. 7.89 Inc. 8.67 566, 625 Dec. 5.94 25,757, 375 2,717, 982 28, 475, 357 33, 944, 562 3,051, 224 36,995, 785 34, 200, 556 2,968, 770 37, 169, 326 Inc. Dec. 2.70 .75 Inc. .47 3.40 cts. .15 cts. 3.09 cts. 3.25 cts. .62 cts. 3. 26 cts. .74 cts. Inc. .31 Inc. 19, 35 3.03 cts. 3.06 cts. Inc. .99 Total..... Atlantic System (railroads): Tons carried- Through Local........... Company Total.... Tons carried 1 mile- Through...... Local.... Company Total..... Average rate per ton per mile- Through..... Local... Company Total....... -Decrease. 710, 574 679, 096 719, 745 280, 384 787,566 417,048 672,976 1,090, 121 417, 423 Dec. .90 Inc. 38. 34 Inc. .09 1,710,703 1, 883, 710 2,180,520 Inc. 15.76 337,322, 101 144, 834, 186 45, 505, 596 348, 711, 599 161, 649, 095 328, 694, 141 Dec. 5.74 215, 806, 421 527, 661, 883 > 80,372, 547 590, 733, 241 80, 230, 644 Inc. 33, 50 Dec. .18 624, 731, 206 Inc. 5.54 952 cts. 1. 932 cts. .421 cts. 1.041 cts. 1.873 cts. .258 cts. 1.077 cts. 1.723 cts. .260 cts. Inc. 3.46 Dec. 8.01 Inc. .78 1. 175 cts. 1.162 cts. 1.195 cts. Inc. 2.84 †Increase. : 156 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Freight tonnage (2,000 pounds to the ton) classified-Southern Pacific Company. For years ending December 31. Products of agriculture: Grain Flour.... Other mill products.... Pacific system. Per 1888. Per 1889. cent. cent. Tons. Tons. 827,714 916, 960 90,562 118, 154 44, 491 55, 034 143, 879 135, 380 5, 696 1.043 4,712 1,744 202, 098 48, 970- 182, 446 57,363 1,364, 453 21.5 1,471, 793 25.5 .... 214, 716 12,773 7,519 12,043 Hay. a Tobacco.. Cotton.... Fruit and vegetables. Other….......…………… Total.. * 4 Products of animals: Live stock.... -Dressed meat Other packing-house products. Poultry, game, fish…... 204,726 11,005 14, 222 13,791 26, 128 Wool..... Hides and leather. Other..... Total. Products of mines: 25, 515 13, 243 13, 337 12,979 13, 271 296, 091 4.7 299, 174 5.2 Coal........ Stone, sand, etc.... Other.... Total....... Products of the forest: Lumber...... Wood.... Coke......…………. Ores... Base metal, pig or bar..... 111,749 56, 355 217, 951 37,996 40, 067 201,876 35,700 54, 447 15, 554 111, 445 30, 207 • ... 464, 118 7.3 449, 229 7.8 ..... Other... 672, 533 184,557 20, 147 544, 970 173, 304 20,036 Total........... Manufactures: Petroleum and other oils Sugar......... Naval stores. Iron, pig and bloom...... Iron and steel rails... Other castings and machinery Bar and sheet metal.... Cement, brick, lime..... 877, 237 13.9 738, 310 12.8 85,328 63, 662 73, 612 81, 938 .....……… 906 3,327 17,706 26, 671 95,028 1,389 3,623 7,027 21,348 50, 937 201, 492 182, 630 Agricultural implements..... Wagons, carriages, tools.. Wine, liquor, beer..... Household goods and furniture.... Other....... Total. Merchandise...... 11,276 27,790 94,540 29,089 11, 414 21,843 101,784 16, 469 ..... 176, 954 166, 659 833, 769 13.2 740, 673 12.9 870, 452 13.8 932, 916 16.2 Miscellaneous commodities not mentioned above.... 227, 266 3.6 96, 831 1.0 Total commercial freight….... Company freight... Total tons of freight........... 4,933, 389 78.0 4,728, 926 82.0 1,391, 937 22,0 | 1, 031, 270 18.0 6,325, 326 | 100.0 5,760, 196 100.0 ** CALIFORNIA. 157 Year. Central Pacific-Earnings and operating expenses annually, 1880-1889. Average miles of road. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1,218.98 1, 218. 98 1, 218.98 1883. 1, 218.98 1884.. 1, 232. 43 1885.. 1,258.08 1886. 1,269.76 1887 1,348.03 1888. 1889.. 1,360.58 1,360. 28 Earnings Earnings. Operating expenses. over operating expenses. Per cent. of operating expenses to earnings. Per mile of road. Earnings. Operating expenses. $13, 119, 560.36 | 13,984, 825.50 13, 736, 182.32 13, 175, 757.89 11, 856, 822. 62 10,546, 809. 30 11, 599, 486. 75 13, 604, 682. 30 15, 838, 832. 64 15, 530,215. 15 $5,530, 475.38 5, 998, 361.70 6, 146, 275, S6 5,972, 189.47 5,950, 386. 18 4, 671, 167, 45 5, 644, 874. 83 7,271, 923.93 9, 632,067.81 9, 764, 271.80 $7,589, 084. 98 7, 986, 463.80 7,589, 906.46 42.15 $10,762.73 42.89 11, 172.56 44.75 11, 268.59 7, 203, 5€8. 42 45.33 10,808. 84 $4,536, 97 4, 920.80 5,042. 14 4,899.33 5,906, 436.44 50.19 9,620.69 4,828.17 5,875, 641, 85 44.29 8,383, 26 3,712.93 5,954, 611.92 48.66 9, 135. 18 4,445.62 6, 332, 758.37 53.45 10, 092. 27 5,394.48 6, 206, 764.83 60.81 11,641.24 7,079.38 5,765, 943. 35 62.87 11, 416.92 7,178. 13 FRUIT TRAFFIC. As will be seen by reference to preceding tables the shipment of green, dried, and canned fruits from California to the East is a most important feature of the overland business. Further detailed statistics are contained in tables compiled for the Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco, as follows: Fruit and canned-goods shipments. The following shows the shipments of fruit and canned goods to the East by rail in 1889 and 1888, expressed in pounds: Description. 1889. 1888. Canned goods.. Dried fruit.... Green fruit..... Raisins..... Total....... The above shows a net gain for 1889 of 22,738,850 pounds. Pounds. 34, 268, 500 32,819, 320 62, 855, 290 17,022,060 Pounds. 38, 192, 710 19,920, 600 52, 158, 020 13, 954,990 146, 965, 170 | 121, 226, 320 The shipments of green and citrus fruits were made from the following terminal points: Sacramento.... Los Angeles......... San José.. Colton...... Stockton.. San Francisco... Marysville. Oakland..... Total..... From- 1889. 1888. Pounds. 32, 445, 130 12, 310, 050 6,694, 300) 8,624, 080 438, 970 Pounds. 31,959, 960 9, 515, 980 5,046, 010 4,809, 120 428, 600 64,900 385, 530 1,892, 330 169, 800 143,000 85,550 62,855, 290 52, 158, 020 In 1880 the shipments of green and citrus fruits from the State by rail amounted to only 3,121,600 pounds, showing for the past decade a comparative increase of 59,733,690 pounds. 158 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The most recently published schedule of overland fruit rates from California terminals to eastern points is given as follows by the Transcontinental Association: Articles. Denver, Missouri River and Texas common points. New Or- leans and St. Louis. Chicago, St. Paul, etc. New York. Boston. Green fruits: Freight train...... $1.12 $1.20 $1.25 $1.50 $1.56 - Passenger train 2,00 2.15 2.25 2.50 2.56 Green fruits, train of seven cars (each).. 127.50 150.00 Oranges and lemons: Unmixed loads. Mixed loads Canned fruit Dried fruit: Carloads...………….. Less than carloads Crystallized fruits: Carloads 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.25 1.25 1. 12 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.60 1.50 1.60 1.60 1.60 Less than carloads.... Preserved fruits: Carloads....... Less than carloads...... 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00* 2.00 2.00 2.00 ༥ In the above table the rates are given in cents per 100 pounds, except where otherwise specified. Through freight rates from California terminals. [Rates in cents per 100 pounds; minimum weight of carloads, 20,000 pounds.] Articles. To Chicago and com- mon points. Carload Less than rate. carloads. To New York and common points. Carload | Less than rate. carloads. Asphaltum and bituminous rock….... $0.60 Barley and malt...... .65 Beans 1.00 $1.00 .... Blankets, in bales or cases. $2.50 $2.50 Borax, in packets...... 1.60 1.60 Canned goods, fish, fruits, meats, or vegetables. Chocolate 1.00 1.00 1.20 2.00 1.20 2.00 Cigars, corded, strapped, and sealed.... 3.00 3.00 Cocoa, raw.... 1.40 2.00 1.40 2.00 Fruits, dried.. `1.50 Fruits, crystallized, boxed 2.00 2.00 Fruits, preserved... 1.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 Grain... 1.10 1.20 Honey, in barrels......... 3.00 3.00 Honey, strained, in glass or wood. 1.80 1.80 Honey, strained, in tin. 1.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 Hops, compressed to 10 pounds per cubic foot 2.00 2.00 Nuts, edible. 3.00 3.00 Oil, olive, California 1.60 2.00 1.60 2.00 Oranges and lemons, passenger-train service. 2.50 Oranges and lemons, freight-train service 1.25 Quicksilver, in flasks.... 1.40 2.00 1.40 2.00 Vegetables 1.50 Hides, dry, loose, or in bales 1.35 1.35 Hides, green, and sheep pelts. 1.10 1.20 Skins, seal, in pickle…………….. Tallow 2.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 Wool, in grease, compressed...... ... 1.50 1.50 Wool, scoured..... 2.50 2.50 Wine, in wood 2.05 2,05 TRAFFIC ASSOCIATIONS. The first organization for pooling overland business was made April 1, 1881, and con- tinued in effect until December 31, 1881, between the Union Pacific, at 633 per cent., and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, at 33 per cent. The second "California pool," as it was sometimes called, was formed on January 1, 1882, and existed to Jan- uary 31, 1883, between the Union Pacific Railway, at 60 per cent., the Atchison, To- CALIFORNIA. 159 peka and Santa Fé, at 20 per cent., and the Texas and Pacific, at 20 per cent. The third pool of this kind was in existence from February 1, 1883, to May 15, 1883, and was be- tween the Union Pacific, at 56 per cent., the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, at 16 per cent., the Texas and Pacific, at 14 per cent., and the Galveston, Harrisburgh and San Antonio, at 14 per cent. The Transcontinental Association succeeded the foregoing pools and is now in effect, with the following twenty-two lines as members: Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Denver and Rio Grande Rail- Railroad. Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. California Central Railway. California Southern Railroad. Canadian Pacific Railway. Chicago, Rock Island and Pa- cific Railway (west of Missouri River). Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska. road. Denver and Rio Grande West- ern Railway. Denver, Texas and Fort Worth Railroad. Missouri Pacific Railway. Montana Central Railway. Northern Pacific Railroad. Oregon Railway and Naviga- tion Company. Oregon Short Line. Southern Pacific Company (At- lantic system). Southern Pacific Company (Pa- cific system). St. Louis and San Francisco Railway. St. Paul, Minneapolis and Mani- toba Railway. Texas and Pacific Railway. Union Pacific Railway. James Smith is the present chairman of the Transcontinental Association, with head- quarters at 816 Olive street, St. Louis, and James F. Fuller is general agent, room 154, Stewart Building, New York. In his annual report for the year ended December 31, 1889, Chairman Smith gives the following facts of business done by the twenty-two lines in the association: East bound, 539,617,265 tons; west bound, 1,046,684,055 tons; both directions, 1,586,301,321 tons; total revenue, $18,858,484.83; rate per ton per mile, .01189 cent. WHERE THE TARIFF ORIGINATED. The report shows the following additional facts regarding the freight traffic of the twenty-four roads west of the Missouri River, which compose the Transcontinental Asso- ciation: Tons moved one mile: West bound, 1,046,109,055; east bound, 536,617,266; total, 1,585,726,321; total revenue, $18,858, 484.83. Number of pounds moved: West bound, 987,748,773; east bound, 500,481,715; total, 1,488,230,491. The number of tons of west bound freight consigned to Pacific coast terminals was 987,748,774. Of this, 642,937,621 tons were consigned to California points, and 344,811,- 153 tons to North Pacific coast points. The tonnage consigned to California originated, as far as the railroads were concerned, at the following centers and common shipping points about them: Atlantic seaboard, 36.55 per cent.; Buffalo and Pittsburgh, 20.23 per cent.; Detroit, Toledo, and Cincinnati, 11.26 per cent.; Chicago, 12.92 per cent.; St. Louis, 12.13 per cent.; Missouri River, 7.91 per cent. The total number of tons shipped from North Pacific points was 43,559,428. The east- bound tonnage from California was 456,922,290. This was consigned as follows: For Atlantic seaboard and common points, 23.68 per cent. ; for Buffalo, Pittsburgh, and com- mon points, 2.69 per cent.; for Detroit, Toledo, and common points, 3.33 per cent.; for Chicago and common points, 19.82 per cent.; for St. Louis and common points, 20.37 per cent.; for Missouri River and common points, 30.11 per cent. COMPARISON WITH 1888. The comparison with 1888 is made on the business done between February 1 and De- cember 31 of each year, as the reports for 1888 were not full. The comparison shows an increase in east-bound freight of 30,089,282 pounds, and a decrease in west-bound freight handled of 31,700,555 pounds. The revenue for the period named was $17,653,099.77 for 1889, against $15,821,174.70 for 1888. The number of west-bound passengers carried was 111,885, and the number of east- bound passengers was 79,649. The total revenue was $8,614,360.26. A comparison of the passenger business with that of 1888, for only six months of each year, shows a de- crease in west-bound business of 14,154, and a decrease in the number of east-bound passengers of 1,490. 160 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Passenger traffic of the Southern Pacific Company for the years 1887, 1888, and 1889. 1889 com- For years ended December 31- 1887. 1888. 1889. pared with 1888. Pacific system (except Coast Division): Number of passengers- Through Local...... Ferry (suburban) Total Passengers carried 1 mile- Through.... Local...... ...... Ferry (suburban). Tetal....... ... "Average rate per passenger per mile.. Coast Division: Number of passengers- Local.... Passengers carried 1 mile- Local.... Average rate per passenger per mile- Local.... Atlantic system: Total number of passengers. 267 Per cent. 160, 819 3,501, 517 9, 179, 664 9, 660, 174 240, 060 4, 421, 175, 020 *27.15 4, 295, 183 *2.85 10,464, 620 +7.69 12,842,000 14,321, 501 14,934, 823 +4.28 131, 930, 619 175, 630,711 147,724, 390 *15.88 178, 729, 603 201, 422, 798 201, 422,798 | 222, 365, 678 +10.40 84, 375, 857 90,261, 660 98,722, 059 19.37 395, 036, 079 | 476, 315, 169 | 468, 812, 127 to.32 2. 18 cts. 2. 20 cts. 2. 145 cts. *2.67 789, 186 29, 565, 169 2.56 cts. 1,043, 766 37, 162, 619 2.31 cts. 1,093, 621 †4.77 38, 748, 925 †4.27 2. 28 cts. *1.30 521, 586 Total number carried 1 mile ................. Average rate per mile......………………………….. 51, 944, 238 2.45 cts. 657, 596 59, 574, 890 2.42 cts. 733, 004 63, 775, 970 2. 41 cts. +11.47 †7.05 *0.41 Decrease. †Increase. LOCAL RATES OF FARE. In the following table a comparison is made between local rates of fare in California fromSan Francisco to certain principal points and the rates charged on the lines between Chicago and points east and west of that city, which will show that Californians enjoy about as low rates as the eastern residents, although the conditions of traffic are different in California, the roads as a rule being over more mountainous country, and the stations being farther apart: Comparison of local rates of fare. Cents From San Francisco to- Fare. Miles. per From Chicago to- Cents Fare. Miles. per mile. mile. Auburn (via Antioch $4.10 187 2.19 Auburn (via Benicia) 4.10 126 3.25 Buffalo, N. Y Bloomington, Ill...... $14.00 3.75 540 126 3.00 2.59 Auburn.... 3.60 126 2.85 Cleveland, Ohio 10.00 356 2.84 Colfax (via Benicia). 5.05 144 3.51 Crestline, Ohio 8.40 279 3.01 Colfax (via Antioch). 5.05 205 2.46 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 6.75 219 3.08 Fresno... 5.90 207 2.85 Council Bluffs, Iowa 12,50 489 2.56 Los Angeles 15.00 482 3.11 Cincinnati, Ohio.. 8.80 294 3.00 Los Angeles..... 12.00 482 2.49 Detroit, Mich 8.00 286 2,80 * Marysville (via Benicia) 4.60 142 3.24 Marysville (via Antioch). 4.60 204 2.24 Merced...... 4.25 152 2.80 Redding (via Davis) 7.50 231 3.21 Redding (via Marysville) 7.50 321 2.34 Sacramento (via Benicia) 3.30 90 3.67 Sacramento (via Antioch) 3.30 151 2.18 Dixon, Ill ..... Des Moines, Iowa Dubuque, Iowa.. Fort Wayne, Ind. Galesburgh, İll Grinnell, Iowa Jackson, Mich 2.95 98 3.01 10.15 358 • 2.83 5.40 167 3.28 4.45 148 3.01 4.90 163 3.00 8.60 803 2.84 5.90 210 2.81 .... Sacramento (via Benicia).. 1.50 +90 1.67 Jacksonville, Ill.. 5.35 215 2.49 Santa Barbara 15.00 532 2.82 La Salle, Ill... 2.90 99 2.93 Santa Barbara 12.00 532 2,25 Logansport, Ind.... 3.50 117 3.00 Santa Rosa...... 2.25 75 3.00 Lima, Ohio 6.25 261 2.39 Santa Rosa.... 1.75 75 2.33 Milwaukee, Wis.. 2.55 86 3.00 Stockton (via Livermore) 2.50 92 2.72 Niles, Mich 2.80 94 2.98 Stockton (via Antioch)…………….. 2.50 103 | 2.43 Pittsburgh, Pa 14.00 468 • 2,99 Stockton 1.50 103 1.46 Plymouth, Ind 2.55 84 3.04 Tehama (via Davis) 6.10 187 3.26 Quincy, Ill. 6.75 263 2.75 Tehama (via Marysville).. 6.10 274 2.23 Rock Island, Ill 5.15 181 2.85 Tehama...... 5.65 274 2.06 Rochelle, Ill. 2.25 75 3.00 I CALIFORNIA. -Through rates of fare. 161 Limited. From San Francisco to- Unlimited first class. First class. Second class. Albany, N. Y….... $92. 20 $88.00 $60.50 Albany, N. Y. (via Portland, Oregon) 117.65 88.00 60.50 Atlanta (via St. Louis) 81.20 78.15 50.50 Atlanta (via New Orleans or Memphis) 78.15 50.50 Baltimore, Md 92.90 87.75 59.50 Baltimore, Md. (via Portland, Oregon).. 120.00 87.75 59.50 Boston, Mass... 96.70 92.00 63.50 Boston, Mass. (via Montreal).. 103.50 91.50 63.50 Boston, Mass. (via Portland). 122.15 92.00 63.50 Buffalo, N. Y $6.50 85.35 56.95 Buffalo, N. Y. (via Portland). 111.50 85.35 56.95 Charleston, S. C. (via St. Louis) 91.20 87.75 59.50 Charleston, S. C. (via New Orleans)... 80.15 87.75 59.50 Charleston, S. C. (via Portland) 129,35 96.85 70.05 Cheyenne, Wyo.... 55.00 30.00 Chicago, Ill.……………. 72,50 47.50 Chicago, Ill. (via Portland).. 97.50 72.50 47.50 Cincinnati, Ohio....... 77.30 50.50 Cincinnati, Ohio (via Portland)..... 106.30 77.30 50.50 Harrisburg, Pa.... 92,30 87.50 59.50 Harrisburg, Pa. (via Portland). 118.95 87.50 59.50 Indianapolis, Ind 74.00 49.00 Indianapolis, Ind. (via Chicago). 78.00 76.15 50.50 Kansas City, Mo 60.00 35.00 Little Rock, Ark 67.50 42.50 Louisville, Ky 75.50 49.25 Madison, Wis 72.35 47.15 Milwaukee, Wis 74.50 72.50 47.50 PASSENGER BUSINESS. The following table, representing the movement of through passengers to and from San Francisco by rail during the years 1888 and 1889, gives an idea of the magnitude of the annual travel in and out of the State: 1889, 1888. Month. Arrived. Departed. Arrived. Departed. August... January February March.... April. May... June.. July..... .... September..... October .... November... December...... 8,862 4,708 8, 649 3,307 7, 121 5, 231 6,988 3,781 8,936 7,430 8,328 6, 005 8,306 8,434 8,576 7,574 7,801 7,731 8,822 8, 450 6,919 6,018 8,056 6, 162 7,350 5,379 10, 208 6, 945 6,830 6, 226 8,362 7,293 7,377 6, 030 9, 491 9, 222 7,533 5,714 11, 671 8,730 6,686 4,328 10, 820 7,488 5, 177 3,422 10, 690 5,232 Total...... 93, 969 70, 681 110,661 75, 221 I C 90———————11 1 CHAPTER VI. CANADIAN PACIFIC COMPETITION. The transcontinental lines and connections-The Canadian Pacific Railway, the Northern Pa- cific, the Oregon Railway, the Southern Pacific, Pacific Mail-Extent of Canadian Pacific com- petition-Long and short hauls-Differential rates-A through tariff-Effect of Canadian Pacific competition-A. N. Towne's "open letter"-A statement from Mr. Stubbs-Diverted tonnage― Tabular statements and comparisons-Percentages of through freight by different lines-Over- land passenger earnings-The Canadian Pacific's own figures, A very important factor in the overland carrying trade to and from California is the Canadian Pacific Railway. During the past three years it has developed a large trade. Commodities of nearly all classes are carried from San Francisco to Chicago and other Eastern points via this route, to the corresponding loss of the American transcontinental lines, which have from time to time made serious complaint of the condition of affairs. As may be presumed, however, no complaint has arisen from the shippers of California products to the East. They have been given the benefit of low through rates, and if in their competition with the Canadian Pacific the other lines have been compelled to make valuable concessions to the merchants, the latter have borne the changed state of affairs without a murmur. The railroad companies of California state that the public but "slightly appreciates the danger threatened to American interests by Canadian competition in American trans- portation," and they further claim that "unequal competition with foreign railroads, constructed and operated under conditions inimical to us is as dangerous to the country as competition with foreign wool or with foreign products of cheap labor." To explain the existing condition of affairs in this respect it will be necessary first to give an idea of the different routes, long and short, that go to make up the various trans- continental lines of railway. These may be given in detail as follows: TRANSCONTINENTAL LINES. Beginning at the north, there is the Canadian Pacific Railway, terminating on the Gulf of Georgia, at Vancouver, B. C., using in connection with its railroad the Pacific Coast Steamship line of steamers to and from San Francisco. The Northern Pacific rail line, terminating at Tacoma, Wash., and Portland, Oregon; also using the Pacific Coast Steamship Company's steamers to and from San Francisco via Tacoma. The Northern Pacific also forms a through line to San Francisco and adja- cent cities in California via the Southern Pacific Company's "Shasta Route" from Port- land. The Oregon Railway and Navigation Company's line, terminating at Portland. This road, in connection with the Oregon Short Line and the Union Pacific, forms a through railway to the Missouri River. Between Portland and San Francisco this line uses its own steamers to form a through line to and from San Francisco. The Canadian Pacific, Northern Pacific, and Oregon Railway and Navigation Company each have a line to Cal- ifornia ports south of San Francisco by their use of the Pacific Coast Steamship Com- pany's steamers, thus being able to reach notably, San Diego, San Pedro (the port of Los Angeles), and Santa Barbara. The Southern Pacific Company's line extends from Portland, Oregon, to San Francisco, passing Roseville, Cal., where a junction is formed with the Central Pacific Railroad direct to Ogden, there connecting with the Denver and Rio Grande Western and Union Pacific, each of which has numerous Eastern railroad connections. From San Francisco south the Southern Pacific Company's system forms a through line with the Atlantic and Pacific road at Mojave, which connects with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé road at Albuquerque, N. Mex., for the Missouri River and Eastern points. From Mojave south the Southern Pacific Company has, via Los Angeles and Yuma, another connection with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé road at Deming, N. Mex., and also connects at El Paso, Tex., with the Texas and Pacific road, and through it with the great Missouri, Pacific system. From El Paso the Southern Pacific Company's line runs to New Orleans, 162 CALIFORNIA. 163 there connecting with its own line of steamships for ports on the Atlantic seaboard, this rail and water line from San Francisco to New York and other Eastern ports being known as the "Sunset Route." The Southern Pacific also connects at Houston, Tex., San An- tonio, Tex., and New Orleans with several lines of railroad, by which it has connection with various eastern cities. Other carriers competing with these roads are the Pacific Mail Steamship Company between San Francisco and eastern Atlantic seaboard points via Panama, as well as the clipper lines of sailing vessels via Cape Horn between Portland and San Francisco and the port of New York. EXTENT OF CANADIAN PACIFIC COMPETITION. It has been estimated that fully one-third of the through traffic of the Canadian route to and from the Pacific coast consists of shipments furnished from the United States. The west-bound business going over the Canadian Pacific originates at various places in the New England and Middle States and at the Northwest, Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul and Minneapolis furnishing and receiving much of the business. The Canadian Pacific, therefore, competes for traffic in both directions across the con- tinent or across great sections of it; consequently the competition is with all our east and west bound lines, both the transcontinental and trunk lines, and in nearly all the varieties of traffic. AN EXPLANATION. The diversion of such a considerable amount of traffic from our lines to the Canadian road is explained by the tariff of rates charged. The American lines affirm that they make their competitive rates at as low figures as they can afford to haul the freight at any fair profit; and they also aver that not having unrestricted liberty to charge less for a longer than for a shorter distance over the same line and in the same direction (to make good, if necessary, any loss on long haul traffic by higher charges on local traffic), their rates must be adjusted to make some profit on all traffic and be graduated to com- ply with the law. LONG AND SHORT HAULS. The American railroads have so strongly urged their position in this respect under the interstate-commerce law, and their tariffs, as an alleged consequence of the law, have been so altered (as has been claimed) to suit its provisions, that Pacific coast shippers have felt the fourth clause of the interstate act, regarding the long and short haul, to work injuriously to their interests. In consequence of this feeling the following reso- lutions were adopted at a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco in January last: Resolved, That it is the sense of this Chamber of Commerce that the fourth clause of the interstate-commerce law, under the popular interpretation, operates to the perma- nent disadvantage of the commercial interests of the Pacific coast; that it is believed a liberal interpretation of said fourth clause would enable our domestic lines of railway to successfully compete with foreign companies in the carrying trade between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts; that every consideration, commercial and national, warrants earnest and active endeavor to protect our domestic transportation interests against all foreign aggressions, and that we believe a strong and united appeal should be made to the Inter- state Commerce Commission for such interpretation of said fourth clause of the law as will enable the domestic lines to restore and maintain the ascendency in the carrying trade. Resolved, That in the event of failure to secure the relief sought from the Interstate Commerce Commission, this chamber appeal to Congress for a modification or repeal of said fourth (or long and short haul) clause. 66 Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the Pacific coast delegates in Congress and that the delegates be urged to use every consistent endeavor to place this matter properly before Congress to the end of promoting and protecting railway trans- portation interests in the United States and the commerce of the Pacific coast." DIFFERENTIAL RATES. Although the distances are almost invariably longer on the Canadian road than on the American lines, and in many instances are very much longer, the rates on the United States traffic through Canada are materially lower. At first this difference was much greater than it is at present, owing to the desire of the Canadian line managers to dem- onstrate the carrying capacity of their line in the competitive field. Now, however, by 164 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. - ¿ To- From Pacific Coast terminals to- traffic arrangements between the American railway companies and the Canadian Pacific, differential rates are allowed to the latter, which although not affording as great a con- cession to shippers as formerly, still furnish a considerable inducement to patronage of the Canadian route for freight for which rapid transit is not required. These differentials are the result of the Canadian Pacific joining the Transcontinental Association of Ameri- can roads, and they are conceded to avoid rate wars, and they involve a diversion of whatever business the reduced rates may invite. A THROUGH TARIFF. The following through tariff of east-bound rates by the American lines, with the Cana- dian Pacific differentials, will show the extent of the concession to the Canadian route: Through freight rates by the American lines governed by current western classification. ** First class. [In cents per 100 pounds.] Merchandise. Second class. Third class. Fourth class. Missouri River common points, Sioux City, Iowa, to Kansas City, Mo., inclusive; also St. Paul, Minneap- olis, Duluth, Minn., West Superior, Wis., and Galveston, Houston, Tex.. 3.50 | 3.00 Mississippi River common points, Dubuque, Iowa, to New Orleans, La., inclusive....... 2.50 2.00 1.75 1.75 1.55 1.25 1.10 1.00 3.70 3.20 Chicago, Milwaukee, and common points.. .... 3.90 3.40 Cincinnati, Detroit, and common points ... 3.95 3.45 Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and common points 4.00 3.50 2.60 2.05 1.80 2.70 2.15 2.75 2.80 2.20 1.95 1.80 1.82 | 1.63 | 1.30 | 1.15 1.05 2.10 1.85 1.85 1.901.70 | 1.35 1.20 1.10 1.90 1.95 1.75 1.40 1.25 1.15 1.75 1.95 1.40 1.25 1.15 New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Bal- timore, and points common with each 4.20 3.70 2.95 2.30 2.00 1.45 2.00 1.80 1.30 1.20 CANADIAN PACIFIC DIFFERENTIALS. Rates from San Francisco only to points named below, via the Canadian Pacific Rail- way, are the following differentials, in cents per 100 pounds, less than the through rates shown above: First class. Second class. Third class. Fourth class. St. Paul and Minneapolis. 15 12 10 10 10 00 8 8 1- 7 10 5 ст 5 Cincinnati, Detroit, and common Chicago, Milwaukee, and common points 17/12/0 14/1/ 12 10 10 8 8 7 ما 5 5 points 21 Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and common points 223 17 14 11 11 9 9 7 5 сл 5 18 15 12 12 10/1/ 10/1/1 8 7 5 New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and points common with each... 28 21 17 14 14 12 12 8 8 5 Fifth class. Class A. Class B. Class C. Class D. Class E. Fifth class. Class A. Class B. Class C. Car loads. Class D. Class E. CALIFORNIA. 165 A comparison of the rates per 100 pounds from San Francisco to New York, as now in effect under these differentials, may be made as follows: American-line rates: First class.......... Second class......... Third clasS Fourth class............. Fifth class......... Class A....... Class B.... Class C...... Class D..... Class E Canadian-line rates: $1.20 First class………. $3.92 3.70 Second class 3.46 2.95 Third class 2.68 2.30 Fourth class 2.16 2.00 Fifth class ... 1.86 2.00 Class A...... 1.88 1.80 Class B 1.68 1.45 Class C 1.37 1.30 Class D 1.28 1.20 Class E... 1.15 COMPARATIVE RATES. A better comparison is afforded by the following American and Canadian line rates on the leading commodities shipped from San Francisco to Chicago: Through rates to Chicago by American and Canadian lines. Carload rates per 100 pounds. Carload rates per 100 pounds. Commodities. Commodities. lines. American | Canadian Pacific. American Canadian lines. Pacific. Barley. Beans $0.65 1.00 $0.60 Honey, strained, in .95 tin, released……………….... $1.00 $0.95 Brandy, in wood..... *2.35 1.25 Nuts, minium weight Borax .... 1.00 .95 15,000 pounds 1.60 1.53 Canned goods.... 1.00 .95 Vegetables.. 1.05 1.00 Fruit, dried. 1.40 1.33 Wine, in wood or glass... 1.00 .95 ❤ Hides, dry... 1.35 1.28 Honey, strained, in wood Wool, grease... 1.50 1.43 Wool, scoured 444 2.50 2.40 or glass, released.. 1.20 1.15 * Less than carload. EFFECT OF CANADIAN PACIFIC COMPETITION. A. N. Towne, who, it should be understood, is the general manager and second vice president of the Southern Pacific Company, in his recent "open letter to the United States Senate Committee on Relations with Canada," has the following to say on the ex- tent and effect of Canadian Pacific competition with the American lines: "After the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway (in 1886) that company made arrangements to reach San Francisco by means of the steamers of said (Pacific Coast) steamship company, and have ever since sought and obtained a share of east-bound through traffic. For example, in 1887 their east-bound through freight from San Fran- cisco via Vancouver, amounted to 7,274 tons, including several million pounds of sugar; also large quantities of wool, leather, hides, beans, and dried fruit. During the sixteen months from January, 1888, to April 30, 1889, the Canadian Pacific secured a tonnage of some ten million pounds from the following principal items of east-bound shipments: Wool Sugar........ Canned goods... Borax... Salmon, canned and pickled Hides Horns Leather Pounds. 5,029, 243 | Beans 1,099, 091 Wine 1,701, 633 328, 070 264, 860 Dried fruit and prunes….. Mustard seed... Cocoa 81,515 Coffee 153, 626 Logs... 164, 800 Pounds. 143,750 91,830 375, 152 56,745 25,700 50,877 375, 960 "This freight was for points in the United States east of the Mississippi River, chiefly Atlantic seaboard cities and cities east of and including Chicago. "The efforts put forth by the Canadian Pacific Railway to secure the west-bound freight are, we have reason to believe, not less active than those employed in securing east- bound tonnage; but it is very difficult for us at this western end-who handle none of the west-bound traffic of that foreign route-to determine with any degree of precision the extent and value of their west-bound business, from eastern to western United States points. We have been able to ascertain, however, that in 1887 that company carried 166 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. not more than 5,500,000 pounds of such west-bound freight, while in the year 1888 they increased their traffic to an amount not less than 13,750,000 pounds in the aggregate; and our best advices indicate that we need not to be surprised if the extraordinary ratio of increase thus indicated should, under the existing circumstances, be greatly exceeded for 1889. As illustrative of the probability, I may cite that an examination of the manifests of the Pacific Coast Steamship Company's steamers arriving at this port from Vancouver with freight, ex Canadian Pacific Railway, show that during the first four months of 1888 there were brought here by that route 20,059 packages, the weight of which we can not determine; whereas, during the first four months of 1889 the number of packages so landed here has increased to 88,376 packages. * * * * * * ACTIVE COMPETITION. "On August 18, 1886, the Canadian Pacific Railway Company announced the estab lishment at San Francisco of a general agency for the securing of freight and passenger traffic, a general agent being then appointed to actively enter the field for business. That general agency is still maintained, and has at all times since that date been actively com- peting for the overland traffic. The inducements offered are careful attention to the traffic and quick time, coupled with a lower rate when shipments are made by the Ca- nadian Pacific Railway than when made by the American rail lines. tr "During the sixteen months ending April 30, 1889, the Canadian Pacific carried from San Francisco to St. Paul 1,099,091 pounds of sugar, at a rate of 60 cents per 100 pounds, while the rail lines in the United States would charge 65 cents per 100 pounds thereon. "The differential rates which the United States roads were compelled to accord the Canadian Pacific Railway were devised as the best available plan for preventing that foreign competitor from practically destroying the through traffic of the United States roads, because, the Canadian Pacific's local business not being subject to the interstate- commerce law, they are in a position to absolutely dictate and control the rates at which the United States lines may carry through traffic, by simply underbidding United States lines and pursuing that policy until they obtain a recognition which their geographical position and commercial influence could not themselves secure. 'It may be true that, theoretically, the Canadian Pacific Railway is subject to the interstate-commerce law on interstate traffic passing to or from Canada. But it is obvi- ous that, while the United States roads are subject to all the restraints the interstate- commerce act imposes, it is impossible for this Government to hold the Canadian Pacific Railway to an observance of the law; for the United States can have no jurisdiction over the rates charged on intermediate business picked up and laid down in Canada, which, together with the relatively small amount interchanged between points in Canada and the United States amounts to 96 per cent. of that company's entire earnings, according to a published letter from the president of that company. "The Canadian Pacific Railway can thus make rates on through business without in- terfering with its earnings on traffic between Vancouver on the west and Canadian fron- tier points on the east, or between points intermediate thereto. Even on business, for example, from San Francisco to Canadian points formerly wholly enjoyed by the Amer- ican roads, we have no means of knowing whether the Canadian railway obeys the law or not in this regard, for that company might take fréight to Winnipeg at a higher rate than that for the same class of traffic through Winnipeg to Chicago; but the con- signee in Canada, even if he knew our law, would be very unlikely to seek or receive redress from a United States court or commission as against a Canadian road. "The Southern Pacific Company and connections have suffered a large loss of revenue through Asiatic traffic being diverted by the Canadian Pacific steamers for transporta- tion via Vancouver to and from points in the United States and Canada, which, before those steamers were put in operation, reached its destination by way of San Francisco. "The first Canadian Pacific steamer in competition with lines delivering at San Fran- cisco sailed from Yokohama May 31, 1887; but, in their anxiety to make their influence felt in the commerce of the Pacific and divert the traffic from American lines, they ran a line of clippers, commencing with the bark W. B. Flint, from Yokohama, June 20, 1886, and in that year thus diverted 7,300,000 pounds of tea to the Vancouver route. During the year 1888 nineteen steamers delivered their cargoes of tea and silk to the Canadian Pacific Railway at Vancouver, which consignments would otherwise have been The traffic value of this diver- forwarded through San Francisco over American roads. sion can not be accurately determined through lack of the full details necessary for ex- act calculation; but it is safe to say that, merely by this diversion from San Francisco, the loss to the Southern Pacific Company and connections for the year 1888 on such east- bound business was not less than $272,000 on tea and $23,000 on silk, or a total loss for the year of, say, $300,000. "Further, for the year 1887 the American lines carried 19,333,524 pounds of tea; while for the season of 1888 they carried but 13,687,565 pounds, being a loss of 29 per cent. CALIFORNIA. 167 DIVERTED TONNAGE. "On the other hand, during the season of 1887, the Canadian Pacific carried 9,900,- 962 pounds of tea, but in 1888 carried 13,582,911 pounds, being a gain of 37 per cent. Of course every pound of tea carried by the Canadian Pacific was business which the American lines should still have enjoyed. The loss in tonnage, however, represents but partially the damage done by the Canadian lines. The average through rate from Asia to eastern cities in 1885 was $2.97 per 100 pounds, in 1886 was $2.77, in 1887 fell to $2.08, and in 1888 was further forced down by the foreign competition to $1.73 per 100 pounds. Incidentally it may be observed that the difference in the freight rate can not benefit the consumer to any appreciable extent, although aggregating great losses in revenue to the American carriers. Further in this connection I would call attention to the fact that, as the average through tea rate in 1885 was $2.97 per 100 pounds, Cana- dian Pacific competition not then existing, we may calculate that to be the rate we should have enjoyed in 1888 but for such competition, on which basis the American through lines, ocean and rail, via San Francisco, lost nearly $660,000 on the diverted tea tonnage alone. เ Similarly, on the raw silk shipments, American steamer and rail lines may be set down as losing no less than $46,000, or over $700,000 lost on the items of diverted tea and raw silk alone. The American lines, too, carried this reduced tonnage at low rates under an increased operating expense, the rail lines being compelled, by the Ca- nadian Pacific's aggressive efforts to give the silk passenger-train service and the tea special fast service as against the slower but satisfactory service formerly given these commodities. It is important to bear in mind that these figures include only tea and raw silk, carried during the year 1888 on through bills of lading from Asiatic ports to eastern cities and diverted to the Canadian Pacific line, via Vancouver, but do not in- clude the miscellaneous merchandise diverted to that route or the tonnage carried by steamers of the Canadian line to Pacific Coast ports in the United States, all of which was formerly transported by American companies. Neither do they take into account the fact that practically all the Asiatic tonnage the American steamer lines did them- selves secure in competition with the Canadian Pacific line was at greatly reduced rates owing to that competition. WEST-BOUND TONNAGE. "As to west-bound tonnage carried by the Canadian Pacific Company from eastern cities of the United States to Asia, we have little definite information; and we have no statistics as to the tonnage from Pacific coast ports to Asia, diverted by the Canadian Pacific line from the Pacific Mail and Occidental and Oriental Steamship Companies' lines from San Francisco. From data furnished by the United States inspector of customs at Vancouver, British Columbia, it appears that of cotton piece goods, or domestics alone, 5,351,668 pounds were exported from the New England States through that port during the last six months of 1888. During the twelve months preceding which ended June 30, 1888, there were exported by that route 5,625,000 pounds of these goods. These figures indicate a rapid increase of the volume of this branch of traffic; and in confirmation of this conclusion it may be noted that during the month of January, 1889, no less than 2,400,000 pounds of these goods were similarly exported via Vancouver. As the total export of cotton goods from the United States to China during the year 1888 amounted to 31,000,000 yards, or about 10,000,000 pounds, it would therefore appear that 80 per cent. of the total export of cotton goods from the United States to China during the year 1888 were shipped over the Canadian Pacific Railway and steamer lines. It is fair to assume that the Canadian Pacific's influence in the diversion of miscellaneous American manufactures is also becoming serious. "As to passenger business, the influence of the Canadian Pacific line on the passenger traffic formerly transported by American carriers can be but imperfectly determined, on account of the difficulty of obtaining statistics which convey an adequate idea of the variations in the business involved. We are unable to say to what extent ocean passen- ger travel between the Pacific coast and Asiatic ports, in either direction, has been di- verted from the Pacific Mail and Occidental and Oriental Steamship Companies to the Vancouver route, and likewise have no data within reach to show what travel between European points and Asia, across the North American continent, has been lost to the American rail and ocean companies through the competition of the Canadian carriers." A STATEMENT FROM MR. STUBBS. J. C. Stubbs, third vice president of the Southern Pacific Company, has prepared the following statement of the extent and effect of Canadian Pacific competition with the American lines: "The Canadian Pacific can afford to accept less rates on through business than the United States lines, because it is not required to deplete its revenue from local traffic, while the through rate under the interstate law must be the maximum charged for local, intermediate traffic by the United States lines. 168 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. "It may be said that there is no conflict apparent between the United States carriers and their Canadian competitor, but it is only because the Canadian Pacific is allowed concessions as a price for their co-operation. Differential rates are allowed that road, which are about 10 per cent. less than the charges via the United States lines. "The Canadian Pacific participates in the carrying trade between San Francisco and points in the United States on and east of the Missouri River, taking business of all classes, except certain commodities which will not bear transfer, or which can not be carried by water and rail, such as agricultural implements, beer in bulk, bacon and hams, butter, cheese, eggs, lard, meat in bulk, poultry, live stock, stoves, carriages. "The following statistics for year 1889: "Total freight east-bound from San Francisco destined to points between Missouri River and Atlantic seaboard amounted to 119,100 tons, of which the Canadian Pacific carried 5,850 tons, or about 5 per cent. "Total west-bound destined to San Francisco, 209, 189 tons, of which the Canadian Pacific carried 17,239 tons, or about 8 per cent. "This represents a loss to the United States lines of about $117,000 on east-bound, $483,000 on west-bound, or a total of $600,000 on San Francisco freight. "The total freight from Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia destined to Mis- souri River and east thereof amounted to 21,780 tons, of which the Canadian Pacific car- ried 2,096 tons, or about 93 per cent. "Total west-bound, 172, 405 tons, of which the Canadian Pacific carried 12,962 tons, or 7 per cent. "This represents a loss to the United States lines of about $42,000 on east-bound, $363,000 on west-bound, or a total of $405,000 on Oregon, Washington, and British Co- lumbia freight. "In round figures, the loss to the United States lines for the year 1889 of freight traffic amounted to over $1,000,000 on domestic business, to which must be added $400,- 000 of Asiatic traffic diverted to the Canadian route. The Canadian Pacific has a line of steamers, five in number, plying regularly between Vancouver, British Columbia, and ports in China and Japan, competing with the steamers of the Occidental and Oriental and Pacific Mail, eight in number, connecting with the United States lines at San Fran- cisco. "The principal exports via Canadian Pacific are flour and cotton goods, and almost the entire cotton piece goods trade of the Eastern States has been diverted from the United States lines to that route. "The principal imports are raw silk, silk piece goods, straw braid, tea, merchandise, curios, and rice. The following table shows the total import tonnage in pounds of freight destined to Missouri River and east for each line during the season from May 1, 1889, to January 28, 1890: Articles. Via Occidental and Oriental steamers. Via Pacific Mail steamers. Via Canadian steamers. Total. 23, 994 139,091 Raw silk...……….. Silk piece goods.. Waste silks, etc………….. Straw braid.... Tea.. 1,926, 316 185,582 88 175,649 12,941, 706 1,507, 122 155, 616 6, 785 84, 175 1, 028, 955 15, 130 Merchandise curios 1,002,830 8, 342, 966 652, 280 Rice...... Silkworm eggs 908 379 16, 233, 109 10,749, 323- 17,815, 395 14,479, 471 1, 147, 993 980, 761 4, 462, 423 356, 328 30, 867 398, 915 35, 764, 143 2,803, 103 980, 761 1,287 44,797, 827 'From the above showing the Canadian Pacific secured the following percentage of Asiatic imports: 23 per cent. of raw silk, 35 per cent. of straw braid, 40 per cent. of tea, 40 per cent. of merchandise, and 40 per cent. of total tonnage. The through earnings of this 40 per cent. amount to about $380,000 for this period of nine months. "This diversion of earnings, however, does not represent the extent of loss to the United States lines. "The aggressive efforts of the Canadian Pacific compelled the United States lines to give the fast tea special trains and the silk passenger-train service, as against the slower but satisfactory service formerly given. 'Again, the rate on teas from Asia to eastern cities in 1885 was $2.97 per 100 pounds before the Canadian Pacific competition existed, and it is safe to calculate that the United States lines would have enjoyed the same rate in 1889 were it not for this competition, which has reduced the rate to $1.50 per 100 pounds. (It may be incidentally noted here CALIFORNIA. 169 } that this reduction does not benefit the consumer to any extent, and only occasions large losses to the carriers.) On the above basis a loss of $640,000 on teas alone resulted to the United States route during these nine months. "The reduction is not confined to teas alone, but extends to silks and all classes of merchandise, the policy of the Canadian Pacific evidently being to get the business at any price, and underbid if necessary. "From the foregoing it is a close estimate to place the annual loss at present on freight earnings to the United States rail lines between the Pacific coast and territory east of the Missouri River at $1,500,000. "The influence of the Canadian Pacific on passenger traffic, while not so demoralizing as in freight matters, yet assumes considerable proportions, a large and increasing rev- enue accruing to that line, which would otherwise result to the United States lines. "During the year 1889 the passenger movement was as follows to and from points east of the Missouri River: Passenger movement. Total east-bound from California Total east-bound from Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.. Total west-bound to California.. Total west-bound to Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia... Via Ameri- can route. Via Cana- 'dian route 58,498 21, 120 59, 106 941 4,755 2,231 52,763 14, 842 "From this it will be seen that the Canadian Pacific carried 7 per cent. of east-bound and 15 per cent. of west-bound passengers. The actual earnings of the Canadian Pacific Railway on these tickets amounted to $430,000. "This swells the diversion of revenue from the United States lines to about $2,000,000 per annum.” TABULAR STATEMENTS AND COMPARISONS. In the following tables a full comparison of the business of each line of the Transcon- tinental Association with the Canadian Pacific is afforded. Aside from this, the tables also afford an excellent opportunity of noting which of the lines do the most of the over- land freight and passenger traffic in each direction. Through Pacific coast tonnage of all transcontinental lines for year ended December 31, 1889. [Reported by Transcontinental Association.] Roads. East-bound. Pounds. Revenue, Rate per ton per mile. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé.... Atlantic and Pacific.... Southern California... Chicago, Santa Fé and California... Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé........ Burlington and Missouri.. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, Canadian Pacific………….. Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific.. Denver and Rio Grande Rio Grande Western. 31,099, 633 33, 654, 625 3,068,272 6,663,400 298, 333 6,549, 683 2, 631, 758 21,505,364 3, 435, 662 1,239, 761 1,309, 001 1, 317, 775 882, 516 Cents. $286, 701.00 .00922 254,755.73 .00757 81, 455. 5 .02830 51, 106.28 .00767 2, 948. 29 .00988 59, 146. 14 .00765 00785 .00753 .00686 2.), 667. 01 191,138,68 23,574.93 8,791.89 9, 911.63 .00709 Denver, Texas and Fort Worth. Missouri Pacific... Northern Pacific....... Oregon Railway and Navigation Company St. Louis and San Francisco St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba.. Southern Pacific Company: Atlantic system. Pacific sytem Texas and Pacific. Union Pacific Total......... 00759 • 8, 318. 64 00634 7,237,02 .00820 .... 2,982, 370 18, 208, 89 .00611 33, 293, 738 229, 812. 26 .00690 13, 634, 215 109, 358. 49 .00802 5,080, 060 2,785, 799 30, 299. 36 .00596 14, 204. 63 .00510 • 58,185,937 173, 161, 999 8,568, 653 127,965, 645 561,250.07 757, 746. 77 68, 160, 42 1,235, 008.09 00970 • .01013 .00795 .00965 539, 617, 265 5,029, 862. 07 .00932 170 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Through Pacific coast tonnage of all transcontinental lines, etc.—Continued. West-bound, Roads. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé... Atlantic and Pacific..... Southern California.. Chicago, Santa Fé and California. Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé.......... Burlington and Missouri..... Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Canadian Pacific........... Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska.. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific.. Denver and Rio Grande Rio Grande Western.... Pounds. Revenue. Rate per ton per mile. Cents. 54, 169, 191 47.624, 164 5, 152, 467 16, 249, 231 $562, 518.72 .01038 490, 897.99 .01031 165, 541.41 .03213 128,666.99 .00792 512.78 .00960 169, 309.70 .01001 100, 002, 20 .00910 885,867.91 .01140 .00930 .00929 53,427 16,915,107 10, 988, 588 77,690,779 14, 219, 312 9,611,780 2,296, 200 2,382, 863 777, 753 132, 193. 81 89, 328.96 22,227.50 19,214.06 7,217.49 .00968 Denver, Texas and Fort Worth. Missouri Pacific...... Northern Pacific Oregon Railway and Navigation Company Southern Pacific Company: St. Louis and San Francisco...... Atlantic system..... Pacific system.. Texas and Pacific. Union Pacific.. Total St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba.... 00806 • .00928 6, 401, 214 58,629.73 .00915 144, 248, 014 26, 145, 612 5,988, 226 10,889, 625 2,473, 645. 49 .01715 393, 122. 23 .01514 60,342.91 .01007 96, 972.52 .00891 105,525, 520 1,579, 792.67 .01497 255, 505, 656 3, 407, 236. 48 .01334 18, 304, 405 135, 477.97 .00740 215, 545, 880 1,046, 684, 055 2,849, 893. 24 01322 13, 828, 622.76 .01322 Total. Roads. Pounds. Revenue. Rate per ton per mile. Cents. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé. Atlantic and Pacific.……….. 85, 268, 825 $849, 219.72 .00996 81, 278, 789 745,653.72 .00917 Southern California.. 252,997.26 .03078 179, 773. 27 .00785 .00981 .00978 Chicago, Santa Fé and California. Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé.... Burlington and Missouri.. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Canadian Pacific...... Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska.... Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific.. Denver and Rio Grande Rio Grande Western ... Denver, Texas and Fort Worth.... Missouri Pacific....... Northern Pacific. Oregon Railway and Navigation Company St. Louis and San Francisco St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba. Southern Pacific Company: Atlantic system Pacific system. Texas and Pacific...... Union Pacific........... Total..... 8, 220, 739 22, 912, 632 351,760 23, 464,791 13, 620, 316 99,146,144 17, 653, 975 10,851,541 3,605, 201 3,700, 633 1,660, 269 9, 383, 615 177,541, 752 39,782, 858 11,068, 287 13, 675, 424 3, 461.07 219, 455.84 120, 669.21 1,077,006.59 155, 768.74 98,120.85 32, 169. 13 27,562.70 • 00880 .01086 .00882 .. 00904 01062 • 00745 14, 454. 51 76, 838.62 .00871 .00819 2,703, 457.75 .01523 502,490.72 .01263 90, 642. 27 .00819 111, 177. 15 .00813 163,711,508 428, 967, 656 428,967, 26,873, 063 343,511, 526 2, 144, 012. 74 .01310 5, 164, 983. 25 .01204 203, 628.39 4,084, 901.33 .00758 .01189 1,586, 301, 321 18,858, 484. 83 .01189 Actual mileage is used in the preceding table, except as follows: Canadian Pacific Railway, for water way, constructive mileage, via Vancouver, west-bound 4,437 miles; via Vancouver, east-bound, 7,183 miles. Northern Pacific Railroad, for water way, constructive mileage, via Tacoma, 6,458 miles. Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, for constructive mileage, via Union Pacific and St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway, via Portland, 7,461 miles; via Union Pacific Railway, via Portland, 4,558 miles; via Northern Pacific, via Portland, 6,377 miles. Southern Pacific Company, for water way, constructive mileage as follows: To and from northern California points, via New Orleans, 6,036 miles; to and from San Francisco, via New Orleans, 6,127; to and from southern California points, via New Orleans, 4,944; to and from northern California points, via Galveston, 6,776; to and from San Francisco, via Galveston, 6,894; to and from southern California points, via Galveston, 5,357. Southern California Railway, average mileage 160. Constructive mileage is based on the percentage division of through rates. CALIFORNIA. 171 By the preceding table, which gives the pounds, revenue, and rate per ton per mile of all overland business to and from the Pacific coast for the year 1889, it will be seen that the Canadian Pacific tonnage stands very high in comparison with that of the other transcontinental lines. The Canadian road handled a total of 21,505,364 pounds of east- bound freight at a revenue of $191,138.68, being seventh on the list of roads in ex- tent of this tonnage; of west-bound freight it carried 77,690,779 pounds, at a revenue of $885,867.91, being fifth on the list. Its total through Pacific coast freightage was 99,146,144 pounds, at a revenue of $1,077,006.59, only four other lines standing higher, these being the Southern Pacific Company's Pacific system, with 428,967,656 pounds; the same company's Atlantic system, with 163,711,508; the Union Pacific, with 343,- 511,526; and the Northern Pacific, with 177,541,752. The Northern Pacific and the Canadian Pacific are warm competitors for all the through North Pacific coast freightage and they also show great rivalry in their attempts to se- cure as much as possible of the business to and from San Francisco. The following tables show the percentages of through freight and passenger traffic of each line in the association, the Canadian Pacific reporting a total percentage of .0571, and there being but four other lines reporting a higher percentage. Percentages of through freight of the transcontinental lines. } Railroads. West- bound. East- bound. Total. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé...... Atlantic and Pacific... Southern California.. Chicago, Santa Fé and California Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 4.07 5.70 4.50 3.55 5.06 3.95 1.20 1.74 1.34 .93 Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé....... Burlington and Missouri Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Canadian Pacific...... 1.02 .95 .06 .02 1.22 1.00 1.16 .72 .42 .61 6.41 Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska... Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific 3.80 5.71 .96 .47 .83 Denver and Rio Grande... .65 .17 .52 Rio Grande Western…... .16 .20 .17 .14 Denver, Texas and Fort Worth .17 .15 .05 Missouri Pacific .14 .08 .42 Northern Pacific. .36 .41 St. Louis and San Francisco. Oregon Railway and Navigation Company. 17.89 4.57 14.34 2.84 2.17 2.66 .44 Southern Pacific Company: Atlantic system........... Pacific system............. Texas and Pacific............ Union Pacific........ Total........... St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba... .60 .48 .70 .28 .59 ....... 11.42 .22 11.37 24.64 34.95 27.39 .98 20.61 1.35 1.08 24.55 21.66 100.00 100.00 100.00 է: . 172 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Through overland passenger earnings-1889. Railroads. East-bound. Per cent. West-bound. Per cent. Total. Per cent. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé.. $219, 148.92 6.25 Atlantic and Pacific............ $329, 802.65 6.46 $548, 951.57 6.37 130, 405.07 3.72 Southern California... 286, 345.96 5.60 416, 751. 03 4.84 Chicago, Santa Fé and Califor- nia 664, 561.93 1.81 112,025. 23 2.19 176, 590. 16 2.05 47,587.31 1.36 Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé..... Burlington and Missouri..... 58,081.59 1.13 105,671.90 1.23 1,357.97 .04 1,430.05 .03 2,788.02 .03 83, 906.42 2.39 Chicago, Burlington and 60, 421.20 1.18 144, 327.62 1.68 Quincy 37, 290.72 1.06 Canadian Pacific.... 23.821.90 .47 · 61, 112, 62 .71 127, 145, 23 3.63 Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska.. Denver and Rio Grande. 302, 928. 19 5.93 430, 073. 42 4.99 79, 012. 05 2.25 42, 230. 15 .83 121, 242. 20 1.41 133, 897.99 3.82 Rio Grande Western Denver, Texas and Fort Worth.. Missouri Pacific.... Northern Pacific... Oregon Railway and Naviga- tion Company ………………….. St. Louis and San Francisco. St. Paul, Minneapolis and Man- itoba.... Southern Pacific Company: Atlantic system.. Pacific system Texas and Pacific... 99, 912. 09 1.95 233, 810. 08 2.71 95, 804. 33 2.73 68, 741.34 1.35 164,545. 67 1.91 2, 376.57 .07 2,866.53 .06 5, 243. 10 .06 22, 343. 19 .64 39,995.30 .78 62, 338, 49 .72 525, 660.53 14.99 1, 196, 412. 05 23.42 1,722, 072. 68 19.99 63,537.98 1.81 112,738.53 2.21 176, 276.51 2.05 6,932, 43 .20 10, 152.96 .20 17,085, 39 .20 25, 053. 39 .71 57, 429.79 1.12 82, 483.18 .96 54, 126. 14 1.55 136, 606. 45 2.63 188, 732.59 1,046, 214.51 39, 842.90 Union Pacific...... Total..... 29.84 .14 699, 563.30 19.96 1, 200, 288.51 40, 277.74 23.50 .79 928, 077.07 18.17 2,246, 503.02 80, 120.64 1,627,640.37 2.19 26.08 .93 18.89 3,505, 771.88 100.00 100.00 Railroads. 5, 108, 588. 38 100.00 8, 614, 360, 26 Total overland traffic earnings-1889. Passengers. Per cent. Freight. Per cent. Total. Per cent. $548, 951.57 6.37 $849, 219.72 4.50 $1,398, 171.29 5.09 416, 751. 03 4.84 745, 653.72 3.95 1, 162, 404.75 ........ 176, 590.16 4.23 2.05 252, 997. 26 1.34 429, 587.42 1.56 105, 671.90 1.23 179, 773. 27 .95 285, 445. 17 1.03 2,788.02 ,03 3, 461.07 .02 6, 249.09 .02 144, 327.62 1.68 219, 455. 84 1.16 363, 783. 46 and 1.33 61, 112.62 .71 120, 669. 21 .64 181,781.83 .66 430, 073. 42 4.99 1,077, 006. 59 5.71 1,507, 080. 01 5.49 121.242. 20 1.41 155, 768. 74 .83 277, 010. 94 1.01 .... 98, 120.85 .52 98,120.85 .36 233,810.08 2.71 32, 169.13 .17 265, 979. 21 .97 164, 545. 67 1.91 27,562.70 .15 192, 108. 37 7.70 5, 243, 10 .06 14, 454.51 .08 19, 697.61 .07 62, 338. 49 .72 76, 838.62 .41 139, 177.11 .51 1,722, 072. 68 19.99 2,703, 457.75 14. 34 4,425, 530.43 16.11 176, 276.51 17,085.39 2.05 .20 502, 490, 72 2.66 678, 767.23 2.47 90, 642.27 .48 107, 727.66 .39 82, 483.18 .96 111, 177.15 .59 193, 660, 33 .71 188,732.59 2.19 2, 144, 042. 74 11.37 2, 332.775. 33 8.49 2,246, 503. 02 26.08 5, 164, 983, 25 27.39 7, 411, 486.27 26.98 80, 120. 64 . 9.3 203, 638.39 1.08 283, 759.03 1.03 1,627, 640. 37 18.89 4,084, 901.33 21.66 5,712, 541.70 20.79 8, 614, 360. 26 100.00 18,858, 484, 33 100. 0 0 27,472, 845. 09 100.00 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé. Atlantic and Pacific Southern California......... Chicago, Santa Fé and Califor- nia..... Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé.... Burlington and Missouri.... Chicago, Burlington Quincy. Canadian Pacific....... Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska.. Chicago, Rock Island and Pa- cific... Denver and Rio Grande.. Rio Grande Western Denver, Texas and-Fort Worth. Missouri Pacific Northern Pacific.... Oregon Railway and Naviga- tion Company…………………….. St. Louis and San Francisco. St. Paul, Minneapolis and Man- itoba.. Southern Pacific Company: Atlantic system...... Pacific system Texas and Pacific...... Union Pacific....... Total. FIGURES FROM THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY. The figures furnished by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company differ from those given in the preceding tables. Following is the statement furnished to this report by the officers of the Canadian line: SKETCH OF THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY. "Previous to the year 1867, the various provinces now comprising the Dominion of Canada were separate. In that year, however, a union was effected as between the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotią, and in 1868 British CALIFORNIA. 173 Columbia came into the confederation, one of the conditions being that the Dominion would build a transcontinental railway across the continent, thereby connecting British Columbia with her sister provinces. "Under this agreement a survey of the proposed route was organized and tenders called for to undertake the work, but, although two companies were organized, they failed to come to terms with the government, and thereapon the work was commenced by the Dominion as a national undertaking. "The progress, however, in building the road was very slow and the government again opened negotiations with capitalists for the purpose of carrying it on to completion as a private undertaking. "Upon this a syndicate was formed, headed by Sir George Stephen and Sir Donald A. Smith, who undertook the work with an agreement to complete it within ten years, and under their auspices it was commenced and carried on with unparalleled vigor, they succeeding in building a first-class line to the Pacific coast within five years, and opened the line for transcontinental traffic in June, 1886. "Since that time the energies of the company have been directed to developing the resources of the country and populating the Canadian prairies. "Very marked progress has been made as evidenced by the thriving towns and farms that dot the prairies from the international boundary line to the foot of the Rocky Moun- tains. "The national effect of the construction of this great road is seen in the binding to- gether of the different provinces into one great whole, and evidences of marked pros- perity are visible on every hand. California traffic carried by the lines of the Transcontinental Association during the year 1889, and the Canadian Pacific Railway's proportion of same. Traffic. Total passen- gers. Carried by Canadian Pa cific Railway. Traffic. Total tons. Carried by Canadian Pa- cific Railway. Num- Per ber. cent. Tons. Per cent. Passengers to California.. 59, 121 Passengers from Cali- fornia 58,529 2, 121 3.58 1,043 1.78 Merchandise to Califor- nia..... Merchandise from Cali fornia........ |321,469 | 17,082 5.31 228, 461 6, 100 2.67 1 CHAPTER VII. RAILWAY RESULTS. Changes in conditions of California's chief towns as the result of the development of the railway system-San Francisco's imports and exports by rail-Wealth and progress of the commercial metropolis-Oakland as a railroad center-Its enormous passenger traffic-Its population and prosperity-Sacramento's railroad business-Stockton's trade-Figures from Marysville- Railway business of San José and Santa Clara-Advancement of Los Angeles-The story of San Diego-Tables. The marked changes which have taken place in the condition of California as a result of the development of the railway system are truly wonderful. In the East there was a steady advancement and very important development before the advent of the railway; but in California there was next to nothing in the way of internal commerce, or of the building up of cities, or of agricultural improvement prior to the time when the great railway lines were built across its territory. The rapidity with which the great change has been wrought in the town and rural districts by means of the iron horse may readily be appreciated when it is realized that only thirty years ago California depended for its means of transportation solely upon sea, river, and rough wagon road, and that her agricultural and horticultural interests were of the most insignificant order, while to-day the country is everywhere traversed by the locomotive and its long trains, and the State has grown so wealthy as to rank tenth in agriculture in the Union, and to be the leading wine-producing State, the largest producer of honey, raisins, nuts, olives, and many other products. The value of the property in the State has been doubling and trebling in the three decades from 1860 to the present time, and this result of improved means of transportation is also a telling one. In 1879 the total assessed valuation of all property was $584,578,036, while in 1889 it was $1,111,590,979. The population of the State and its wealth have increased in about the same ratio, In 1880 the census gave California a population of 864,000, while in 1890 a careful and conservative estimate of the population before the taking of the cen- sus is 1,470,000. It is a fair inference that the distribution of this vast amount of wealth is tolerably equal. The State ranked first in the Union in per capita wealth in 1880. Away from the seacoast there are many towns in this State that have been fostered and built up by the railroads, and not a few of the larger and more important of them may be said to owe their very existence to those great arteries of trade. Among the California cities that may be classed as essentially of railroad origin or growth are San José, Fresno, Merced, Santa Rosa, Woodland, Chico, Tulare, Modesto, Colton, Bakers- field, and Riverside, while other important commercial and industrial centers, such as Oakland, Sacramento, Stockton, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, San Diego, and Marysville, have been inesti mably benefited by railroad construction and operation. In the San Joaquin Valley the now important agricultural centers of Fresno, Tulare, Merced, and Modesto were unheard of until after the railroad brought them into prom- inence and nourished them up to their present high state of development. SAN FRANCISCO. San Francisco can not be regarded as an essentially railroad city, and yet she owes Agh of her present wealth and commercial ascendency to the fact of the existence of the many lines of road that center on the bay shore near her boundaries. Any influ- ence that benefits the State at large benefits San Francisco, and the railroad has proba- bly done more to build up the city and promote its interests than all other influences combined. The transcontinental lines have changed the conditions of trade so much as to develop entirely new industries here and give them a greater field than they could possibly en- joy otherwise. The promoters of the fruit industry could hope for nothing beyond a merely local market for their green fruits were it not for the rapid means of transporta- 174 CALIFORNIA. 175 tion of their products to eastern cities. In the same way the wool, leather, wine, and many other industries have been greatly assisted. What has been said of California in respect of railroad influence upon development of resources may be said of the whole Pacific coast of the United States. Transcontinental lines of railway have aided them in a great and general way, while the building of local roads has extended the benefits of the overland transportation systems to the remotest hamlets in the land. The overland movement of passengers has increased wonderfully from year to year as a result of the building of new lines and the sharp competition between them. Figures given elsewhere show the arrivals and departures at and from San Francisco for each month during the past year, with comparisons. That the great and growing population of the Pacific coast is mainly due to its railroad advantages none will deny. The following tables give the imports into and the shipments from San Francisco by rail in 1889. The list of imports is much fuller, it will be noted, than that of ship- ments, and is given for two years. Imports by rail into San Francisco for 1888 and 1889-Continued. [n. o. s., not otherwise specified.] Articles. 1888. 1889. Articles. 1888. 1889. Pounds. Acid.... 94,500 Pounds. 28, 450 Pounds. Pounds. Clothing. 3, 235, 130 2,667, 810 Agricultural imple- ments. Carloads... Less than carloads Alcohol and spirits Ale, beer, and cider... Coal..... 251, 170 Coffee: 11,058, 730 10,704,700 Green.... 392, 310 500, 050 946, 670 Roasted and ground.. 798, 500 618, 620 9, 983, 370 11, 508, 150 Coke and charcoal...……………… 46,870 3,730 10, 474, 320 4,720, 160 Confectionery 898, 690 725, 090 Ale, beer, and cider, in Copperas 61,000 bulk........ 3,663, 030 Copper goods 603, 150 Alkalies.. 756, 700 698, 400 Copper, ingot 115, 670 Cream tartar... 270,910 476, 200 Cordage and rope. Lye and potash....... 474, 570 · 355, 530 Corks... Soda, bi-carbonate. 374, 300 170, 120 Corn..... Soda ash, caustic, and Cotton.. 2,253,820 188, 600 36, 220 829,770 1,440 658, 370 126, 890 1,327, 860 211, 410 23, 240 Alum.. Ammunition sulphate....... Artists' material Axes...... Axles Axle grease Backing.......... 1,595, 750 115, 700 39,850 Cotton waste 146, 750 218, 910 103, 530 76, 660 Cranberries 520, 850 502, 600 1,351,060 1,364, 600 Crockery.. 1,023, 690 469, 710 123, 930 81, 770 Crockery, china, and 522, 620 465, 410 porcelain... 643, 380 721, 900 600, 890 475, 350 Crucibles...... 132,980 44, 460 194, 730 Cutlery 105, 670 Drugs, medicines, and Bacon and hams Bags and bagging. 5,010, 050 2, 480, 509 Baking and yeast pow- der 1, 480, 370 2, 014, 130 Baseballs and bats. 127, 480 Beef and pork.... 514, 250 588, 890 CP cases…………. Billiard tables, etc.. 403, 520 190,680 Blacking and potash.. 591, 960 324,020 Blue vitriol…………….. 230, 730 135,700 3,292, 060 2, 442, 870 52, 200 drug stuffs Dry goods: Bales Cases... CP bales. Batts and wadding... Buttons and pins.. 443, 540 5,722, 510 14,561, 270 192,400 646, 400 5,688, 940 342,040 7,479, 120 4,765,710 14, 242, 510 160, 280 155, 650 172,860 6, 404, 130 8, 311, 520 27, 380 393, 320 2,710 Bone black Furnishings.. 5,859, 890 6,638, 400 453,850 Books, blank...... 679, 850 1,649, 920 361,590 Linens...... 913, 050 Books, printed, and al- Thread.... 696, 400 923, 370 bums... 2,275, 380 Boots and shoes.... 5,616, 960 2,273, 210 4, 961, 780 Woolens...... Earthenware 2, 919, 070 849, 630 2,192,570 4, 168, 480 2,041, 750 Boot and shoe findings Eggs 8, 508, 550 198, 910 140, 090 7,707, 760 Brass goods.... Brick, fire..... Britannia ware. Brooms.... Broom corn Brushes....………. Burial cases. Butter...... Empty packages.. 1,527, 270 819, 520 498, 940 501, 710 Engines, portable and 315,690 253, 300 stationary. 1, 342, 380 35, 670 1,077, 810 5, 620 Excelsior.. 640, 100 230, 760 40, 790 125, 970 Extracts.... 98,770 308, 200 151, 190 809, 000 Fancy goods 488, 020 499, 690 609, 470 444, 840 Feathers 92,530 489, 180 81, 400 296,000 Felt, boiler and roofing.. 182,800 4,082, 910 Candles...... 2,594, 900 Canned goods.. ... 15, 259, 530 Carpet......... Carpet lining...... Cement and plaster.. Cement and whiting Chain and cable.. Chalk and crayon..... Cheese Chocolate and cocoa Cigars.. Clay, fire Clocks....... ..... 4, 169, 700 704, 180 218, 140 44, 340 1,205, 400 119,850 2, 365, 420 308, 090 1,607,090 251, 600 651,700 1,148, 880 2,699, 460 11,880, 160 4, 481, 490 729, 180 96, 890 7,870 800, 350 48, 360 1,894, 100 348, 860 1,741, 610 209, 260 529,550 Fruits: Dried... Green Juice Furniture: Carloads...... Less than carloads... 1,948, 180 2,277,000 171,750 23,939, 800 70, 430 1,350, 850 2, 145, 740 87,430 11, 603, 360 3,120, 780 67,780 Fine instruments 143, 010 230,560 Firearms....... 508,560 279, 720 Fish: Dry,salt, and herring 2, 295, 330 2,593, 560 Pickled...... Sardines... Flour....... 1,390, 550 91, 230 2,038, 256 868, 160 999, 290 176 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Imports by rail into San Francisco for 1888 and 1889-Continued. [n. o. s., not otherwise specified.] Articles. 1888. 1889. Articles. 1888. 1889. Pounds. Pounds. Furs and skins.... 59, 670 53, 560 Gas fixtures.. Meal, corn and oats…... Pounds. 3,347, 600 229, 200 335,960 Meat in bulk. Ginseng 336, 010 252, 390 Glass: Metal, yellow Merchandise... Bottles 3,655, 680 3,927, 900 Demijohns Millinery goods.. 21, 150 Mineral water. Globes, shades, etc... 14, 418, 200 296, 700 3,730, 970 149, 420 2,261,000 Pounds. 3,363,000 20, 444, 460 201,500 1,777, 110 349, 910 1,522, 810 1,508, 130 1,398, 680 Molasses....... Looking 1,616, 260 645,120 141, 730 326, 420 Moss...... 397,270 Plate......... 259,930 €29, 360 337, 650 Mouldings.... Rough and vault 1,087, 800 805, 460 Musical instruments. n. light 656, 800 252,960 O.S......... Window 254, 610 184, 450 2, 168, 170 599, 750 Musical instruments: Glassware 5,055, 400 5,813, 010 Organs Glue 482, 180 1,274, 330 161, 070 Glycerine.. 911, 370 129,590 1, 173, 980 Pianos. 2,240, 430 1,699, 790 Nails...... Glycerine parafine and 5,026, 370 2, 971, 900 Nails: spermaceti.. 123, 990 93, 200 Boat Government freight... 3, 413, 190 Groceries 952, 072 928, 310 Hair, rope and curled hair Horse........ Shoe...... Spikes.. 293,770 180, 350 Nuts, eating · 1,232, 780 Handles 1,034,610 964, 880 Oil cloth...... Hardware: Oil, n. o. s... Heavy Shelf......... Hats and caps. 8, 636, 880 4, 199, 740 6,032, 690 2,057, 780 6, 115, 800 1,840, 800 Oil: Căstor Coal... Hemp, tow, oakum and Cotton seed... jute 357, 030 185, 670 Essential 203, 910 548, 170 186, 410 45, 390 Hides.. 626, 830 304, 370 Gasoline 3,243, 030 Hoofs and horns 28, 900 130 Olive and salad.... 181, 29Q Horseshoes 74,500 356, 470 92,980 271,090 1,937, 970 693, 600 • 3,540 359,000 21, 133 286, 320 722, 240 2,449, 160 371, 160 185,960 38, 115, 210 357, 380 54,760 3,871, 720 317, 200 597, 610 390, 690 Lard...... 1, 163, 470 Household goods: 1,425, 060 Linseed.... 2,484, 300 1,730, 460 Carloads..... 11, 172, 330 4,304, 900 Lubricating 2,755, 660 2,597, 630 Less than carloads. 3,076, 820 Petroleum, crude Ink, printing 92, 110 24,720 175, 610 139, 480 Oysters in shell 1,241, 130 Iron: 1,006, 880 Packing..... 133, 080 157, 350 Bars, bundle and Paints n. o. s...... 998, 060 759, 440 plate .. girders..... Castings Beams, columns, 11, 480, 870 2,712,940 1, 466, 810 5, 015, 400 Paints, earth..... 724, 030 387, 110 Paints, red, and white, 3, 146, 630 lead and zinc...... 2,916, 880 2, 168, 900 962, 850 Paintings and pictures... 225, 030 Flues and tubes...... 316, 620 207, 030 Paper n. o. s... Hoop 1,063, 110 3,039, 300 Pipe 1, 229, 780 3,282, 010 15,025, 150 2, 172, 930 214, 290 Hollow ware... Mantels and grates... Pig and scrap... Pipe and fittings. Safes.... Sheet Sheet, corrugated and roofing.... Vault furniture and doors....... Lamps, lanterns and fix- 678,080 637, 320 21,824, 870 1, 178, 570 663, 800 40, 120 10, 005, 100 Paper: Bags... Blotting Board Boxes.... Envelopes Fancy.... 763, 690 204, 680 384, 570 845, 670 413, 120 95, 670 471,290 88,670 1,398, 460 881,670 114, 210 118,110 800, 600 1,748, 920 934, 810 726, 130 274, 810 146, 250 9, 838, 450 Goods...... 250, 220 Hangings. 2,786, 090 150, 040 2,234, 550 1,091, 310 Manilla and wrap- 437,810 ping. Plain 3, 414, 220 2, 105, 320 3, 009, 870 Printing 12, 846, 700 3,486, 720 8,864, 640 tures Lard. Lead: Pig and bar Pipe and sheet 959, 550 761.300 Roofing and building ? 529,240 8,425, 300 6, 232, 300 Ruled... Stock 754, 310 4, 470 386, 710 132,030 2,060 8,400 313, 670 804, 380 Tissue and medi- 215, 050 cated 198, 370 158,820 Live stock: Leather..... Liquors, n. o. s. Liquors, whisky Cattle.. Shot and bullets. Leather belting and hose Leather goods........ 71,340 2,920 Perfumery 265,520 151.620 710,000 696, 910 Photographic goods.... 234, 420 268, 060 138,750 133, 320 Pickles, preserves, and 380, 622 289, 130 > jellies..... 1,651,690 1,458, 270 1, 187, 510 1, 132, 320 Pipes,smoking. .... Horses... Mules......... Lumber....... Marble: Living plants and trees.. Machinery (heavy). Machinery (light) Rough.. Wrought. Matches... Mats and matting. 159, 050 7,686, 350 814,000 533, 050 245,300 1,180, 370 23, 412, 900 14, 182, 240 1, 260, 980 397, 270 528, 650 147,950 7,401, 580 1, 216, 200 536, 700 208,000 1,717,020 16,865, 450 14, 010, 120 1,592, 970 1,517,980 487, 120 83,570 224, 800 Platedware………………….. Playing cards..... Plumbers' goods.. Poultry. Powder, gun... Presses, copying. Presses, printing, Printers' material.. Printed matter..... Putty.... Quicksilver flasks... Railroad material………………….. Railroad locomotives, etc......... 81, 160 314,760 86,860 266, 810 244, 810 1,439, 580 280, 140 1,340, 270 2, 162, 250 2,759, 660 574, 420 70, 910 787,870 166,550 494, 830 87,770 470, 330 164, 450 1,068, 810 1,609, 190 3,380 100 3,430 3,667, 360 3,213, 630 1,116,360 638,010 CALIFORNIA. 177 } } Imports by rail into San Francisco for 1888 and 1889-Continued. [n. o. s., not otherwise specified.] Articles. 1888. 1889. Articles. 1888. 1889. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Railroad coaches and Syrup, n. o. 8 2,513, 400 2,647, 410 cars......... 403,700 316, 650 Syrup, glucose 2,255, 450 1,734, 380 Railroad rails and fish- plates Syrup, maple 323, 900 285, 470 9, 335, 870 4,024 150 Tar and pitch Rice...... Refrigerators and cool- ers Retorts, clay.......... Rosin.... Rubber belting and hose Rubber boots and shoes 1, 462, 480 Telegraph material 372, 410 58,580 406, 570 16,740 Tiling and material.. 141,790 996, 320 1,237, 590 122, 190 1,031,870. 1,081,350 Tinplate...... 6, 491, 190 5,099, 920 937, 370 267, 360 Tinware..... 339, 650 494, 670 478, 480 747, 470 Tobacco, leaf: 1,033, 590 Rubber goods. .. 605,430 533, 800 711,100 Foreign 576, 430 Rubber packing. 328, 200 462, 310 Domestic.............. Tobacco, manufactured.. Tobacco snuff…... 3,470, 320 46,580 Saddlery 1,036, 940 1,462, 370 Tools: Salt....... 33, 960 47,320 Edge 505, 400 Saltpeter 34, 190 32, 610 Other. 464, 560 Sash, doors, and blinds.. 183,510 50,750 Toys 3,599, 620 330, 920 7,207,500 2,204, 020 270, 320 6, 845, 110 28, 970 239, 540 287,580 2,381, 000 Scales and beams 541, 980 530, 380 Twine and netting 968,850 1, 411, 270 Seed: Type, metallic .. Bird... 204, 120 200, 360 205, 660 117, 880 Umbrellas...... 192, 600 Farm and garden..... 213, 360 1,040,420 1,300, 740 Varnish.... 509, 450 Sewer pipe and drain tiles...... 786, 750 Vehicles: 57,000 Shovels Sewing machines, k. d... Sewing machines, s. u... Ship chandlery Ship oars, etc... Slates, school 2, 359, 870 53,580 1,775, 440 Buggies and car- riages... 4,423, 120 2,829, 270 119, 420 90,030 Spring wagons.. 1,595, 400 1, 175, 500 • 619, 690 411, 800 182, 030 186, 390 780, 180 551, 790 181, 890 102, 190 Soap: Fire engines and hosecarts... Street cars………………….. Warehouse trucks... Sulkies n. v. s…………….. ... Common .... 1,588, 050 1,247, 610 Veneers Fancy. 369, 650 318, 470 Wagons Solder and spelter 572, 280 486, 150 30, 800 270, 600 63,090 931, 920 43,000 7,018, 340 35,000 660,000 52, 660 785,900 41, 120 5,792, 360 Wagon material 3,895, 570 Spices 3, 438, 280 245, 050 183, 610 Warp.. 16, 810 Spirits turpentine... 34, 180 951, 007 147, 050 Wheelbarrows and ma- Sponges 50,380 44, 990 terial 408, 610 Springs, n. o.s 479, 830 575, 360 372, 920 Wicking. ... .. Springs, wire.. 24,900 33, 900 628, 240 215,940 Willow ware..... 316, 550 Stamped ware 315,250 1, 156, 490 840, 490 Window shades and Starch building... Grind ..... Mill Stationery Statuary Staves and headings Steel Steel shoes and dies.. Stone-granite and Stones: 4,000, 780 1,086, 700 65, 850 26,540, 290 10, 972, 260 245, 700 3,680, 890 803, 120 166, 630 rollers..... 435, 630 678, 930 Windmills and material 360,760 411, 990 Wine 472, 750 490, 390 26, 807, 110 Wine, champagne 1,442, 630 1, 320, 090 6,693, 320 418, 640 Wire n. o.s... Wire fence.... 3,032, 200 7,625,500 993, 210 5,564, 020 Wire goods 1, 281, 230 1,321, 420 Wire rope 933, 600 879, 100 715,710 Wire, telegraph 1,318, 780 1,507, 000 452, 650 11, 710 410, 340 305, 520 Wood : In shape.. Stoves, ranges, and fix- 1,085, 980 441, 440 In pulp..... tures Sugar Sugar, grape Sugar, maple. Sulphur Sumac....... I σ 90-12 372,070 7,498, 970 6,822, 520 Woodenware 178, 520 1,633, 680 432, 240 1,053, 090 13,970 141.920 30, 820 28,380 164, 360 Wool • ..... 75, 580 43, 370 91, 350 66,700 143, 100 81, 340 Yarn; Cotton Wool 109, 350 Zinc...... ... 247,690 796, 300 54,810 214, 920 955, 010 178 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Barley Beans .... Books and stationery Borax...... .... Brandy Butter Canned goods Shipments by rail from San Francisco in 1889. Pounds. 951,590 9,410, 280 191, 860 2,065, 180 Mustard seed..... Nuts...... Oils ...... Oil cake.... 1,032, 430 | Oil, whale 26, 170 | Onions... 17,026, 200 | Ores Potatoes..... • China merchandise Chocolate...... Cigars Clothing, California manufactured..... * Coffee, green .... Copper, cement Drugs and herbs. Dry goods Empty packages Fruit: Dried Green citrus. Deciduous. Fuse. Glue. Hair... Hardware Hides.... Honey Hops Horses. ..... Pounds. 148, 740 408, 180 33, 950 66,260 355, 600 807, 710 1,306, 330 1,497, 260 1, 327, 380 168, 100 53, 690 Powder and explosives Quicksilver…...... 486, 910 Raisins 2, 165, 610 Rice...... 206,340 | Salmon : 603, 450 Canned..... .... 176, 030 Pickled..... 658, 770 Seed.... Shingles.. 4,435,780 | Silk...... 42, 090 Silk goods 22,810 | Skins and furs.... 149, 140 Sugar 171,340 | Sirup... 35,820 | Tobacco leaf.... 15,800 Tea…... ... 1,505, 960 Vegetables 164, 260 Whalebone 1,353, 420 | Woods, valuable 325,000 Wine.... 2,621,250 | Wool: Australian.... Grease .... .... 4 Pulled Scoured... Woolen goods-California Total 9,770 143,000 693, 350 231, 630 7,727,780 1,227, 210 85,340 4, 251, 960 4, 110, 140 500, 310 1,812, 620 111, 459, 050 2,687, 650 23, 361, 530 34, 410 1, 177, 600 203, 260 369, 350 33, 174, 920 449, 450 10, 957, 500 248,050 3,547, 310 158, 090 271, 699, 260 Leather. Leather scraps…... 25,950 Lumber 2,727, 500 Machinery.. 371,310 Malt.... 537,830 Matting 75, 870 Merchandise, Asiatic, in bond 1,990, 440 Miscellaneous 4,384, 170 Mohair..... 38.710 OAKLAND. Among the cities which have been most benefited by the railroads in California is Oakland, situated across the bay and opposite to San Francisco. Oakland is in fact a great railroad center, the systems which concentrate there being local, suburban, state, coast, and transcontinental. Local.-Broad-gauge line to Fruit Vale, 6 miles from the end of the Oakland mole where the ferry steamers land their passengers. The trains make half-hourly trips each way. The Berkeley line, from ferry steamers to Berkeley, where is situated the State Uni- versity; half-hourly trips. Broad-gauge to Alameda; half-hourly trips. Narrow-gauge to Oakland and Alameda; half-hourly trips. Creek route to and from Oakland; hourly trips. All these ferry lines are a part of the Southern Pacific system. The following tables show the number of persons crossing thereon for the fifteen years, 1872 to 1886 inclusive: Ferry travel between San Francisco and Oakland for Fifteen years. 1872...... 1873...... 1874..... 1875.... 1876.... 1877.... 1878.... 1879.... + 1880...... 1881..... 1882. 1883... 1884.... Years. Eastward. Westward. Total. 1, 208, 628 1,310, 327 1,573, 989 1,211,513 1,311, 649 1,664, 291 2, 415, 141 2,621,976 3,238, 280 1,933, 661 2, 147, 750 4,083, 411 2,379, 566 2, 603, 391 4,982, 957 2,680, 527 2, 971, 094 5,661, 621 2,768, 053 2, 986, 549 5,754, 602 2,697,090 2,865, 799 5,562, 889 2,546, 192 2,723, 726 5, 269, 918 2,631, 627 2,815, 423 5,447, 050 2,854, 446 3,040, 713 5,895, 159 3, 210, 723 3,283, 118 6, 493, 841 3, 225, 943 3, 225, 844 6, 451, 887 CALIFORNIA. 179 Ferry travel between San Francisco and Oakland for fifteen years—Continued. January February. March..... April.. May. June July. August. September October... November December.... Total……………………. Months. 1885. 1886. 526,738 463, 629 491, 634 499,736 591, 635 641, 125 562, 220 521, 461 538, 385 592, 616 686, 578 616, 137 551, 785 526, 763 585, 319 687, 300 578, 207 580, 512 507, 687 458, 427 520, 089 638,824 505, 597 484, 465 6,565, 884 6,710, 995 Suburban.-Connections with the principal towns of the county. Seven trains daily for Melrose, Seminary Park, San Leandro, San Lorenzo, Haywards, Decoto, and Niles. Five trains daily for Niles, Irvington, Warm Springs, Milpitas, and San José. Three trains daily for Niles, Sunol, Pleasanton, and Livermore; all broad-gauge lines. On the narrow-gauge lines, five trains daily for Alameda, West San Leandro, West San Lorenzo, Russells, Mount Eden, Alvarado, Halls, Newark, Mowrys, Alviso, Santa Clara, and San José. On the Nevada narrow-gauge line trains run from Oakland via San Pablo to Contra Costa County. This is a new road, and will be pushed across the State line connecting with some eastern road. A line of railroad has also been constructed, connecting with the broad-gauge road at Fruit Vale, and running to Laundry Farm and Seminary Park. On all these lines monthly commutation tickets are sold for $3, round-trip tickets at 25 cents, and single tickets at 15 cents. State.-Connections with the principal towns of the State. Three trains daily for Port Costa, Benicia, Suisun, and Sacramento and intermediate towns, connecting at Sacramento with trains for Marysville, Chico, and Red Bluff-and intermediate towns. Two trains daily for Sacramento via Livermore, Lathrop, Stockton, and intermediate towns, connecting at Galt with trains for Ione, Amador County, and at Stockton with trains to Copperopolis, Calaveras County, and intermediate towns; also line to Stanis- laus and other counties and the Yosemite. Two trains daily via Port Costa and Davisville for Woodland, Red Bluff, and Redding, connecting at Williams with trains for Colusa and intermediate towns; also at Wood- land with trains for Knights Landing. Two trains daily via Vallejo Junction for Napa and Calistoga and intermediate towns, connecting with trains at Napa Junction for Creston, Cordelia, and Suisun. Three trains daily via Vallejo Junction for Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, and interme- diate towns. Two trains daily via Lathrop, through the San Joaquin Valley to Los Angeles, con- necting with the southern California network of railways. Two trains daily by the narrow-gauge line for Los Gatos, Santa Cruz, and interme- diate towns, connecting at Felton with the Boulder Creek and Pescadero line, Big Trees, etc., and at San José with the New Almaden line. Two trains daily by the broad-gauge line via Niles, San José, and Santa Cruz, Pajaro, Watsonville, Martinez, and intermediate towns to Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo County, and intermediate towns. Sacramento trains connect at Elmira with trains to Vacaville, Madison, Rumsey, and intermediate towns; also at Sacramento with trains to Folsom and Placerville and in- termediate towns. Transcontinental and coast.—These are virtually one and the same, the coast system being but a feeder to the overland lines. First, and oldest, comes the Central Pacific, now managed by the Southern Pacific Company. This line starts from Oakland and connects with the Union Pacific at Ogden. One train leaves Oakland daily, via Sacramento, crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains, via Truckee to Reno, Nev., where it connects with the line to Carson and Virginia City, and that line with the Carson and Colorado line, through southern Nevada, Mono and Inyo Counties in this State, to the Colorado River. At Reno the Central Pacific also connects with a railway being built northward to Lassen County, and to extend the 180 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. whole length of Surprise Valley, Modoc County, and into Oregon. At Battle Mountain the Central connects with the Nevada Central Railroad, running from Battle Mountain to Austin, Nev. At Palisades the Central connects with the Eureka and Palisades Railroad, and the rich mines of the Eureka mining section of Nevada. At Ogden the Central connects not only with the Union Pacific, but also with the Denver and Rio Grande, the Utah Central, Utah and Northern, and the Oregon Short Line, branching to all points of the compass, north, south, east, and west. Next in order is the Southern Pacific, reaching out in far greater networks of railways and railway systems, and spanning a far greater extent of territory than does the Central Pacific. Practically, two overland trains leave Oakland over this route each day, as southern connections amount to that. These trains leave Oakland via Port Costa, follow- ing the San Joaquin River via Lathrop through the San Joaquin Valley to Mohave and the Needles, connecting with the complicated systems of the Atlantic and Pacific Rail- road, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé system, the St. Louis and San Francisco sys- tem; or via Los Angeles and Yuma, connecting with the Maricopa and Phoenix Railway, with the Sonora Railway at Nogales to Guaymas, and at El Paso with the Mexican Cen- tral Railway through the Mexican States to the city of Mexico; or to the Texas border, connecting with the whole Texas and Southern system; or to Galveston and New Orleans and the grand systems of railways traversing with their connections the whole continent. Lastly, the Oregon line, with its connections, spanning the great Northwest. Daily trains leave Oakland via Sacramento, Marysville, Red Bluff, passing at the very feet of majestic Mount Shasta, connecting at Montague, in Shasta Valley, with the line of rail- way to Yreka; or to the Oregon line, climbing the Siskiyou Mountains, through Rogue River Valley, connecting with the Oregon system of railways; on to Portland, connect- ing with two lines of the Northern Pacific; to Washington, with its systems of railways, and with the Canadian Pacific, through Idaho, Montana, Dakota, with their systems of railways, to the Great Lakes and the East. Up to 1864 Oakland grew slowly, and only started out in the real race of progressive and rapid growth when the great transcontinental railway, then being pushed across the continent, announced its intention of coming to tidewater at Oakland. In 1860 the Federal census showed a population of 1,553 within the city limits. For the next ten years Oakland forged ahead, under the railroad stimulus, and in 1870 the census showed a population of 10,500. The census of 1880 showed a population of 35,- 500, a gain of 25,000 in the decade, or 250 per cent. Since 1880 the increase has been remarkable; and to-day Oakland can claim, taking the natural suburbs of Temescal, Berkeley, Piedmont, Brooklyn, outside the city limits, and Alameda, a population of at least 60,000—or within 4,000 of the population of the whole county in 1880. The increase in wealth has kept pace with the increase in population, as the following tabular statement of the valuation of Oakland property from 1854 to 1888, inclusive, will show: Fiscal year. 1854-'55...... 1855-'56. 1856-'57....... 1857-'58....……. 1858-'59. 1859-'60.. 1860-'61, Value of property. Rate of tax. Revenue, Fiscal year. Value of property. Rate of tax. Revenue. $100, 905 $1.50 $1,513.58 ..... 428, 662 1.50 6, 429.93 402, 318 1,50 6, 034.37 1871-72...... 1872-'73. 1873-'74.... $5, 215, 701 6,647, 039 18, 528, 303 $1.50 1.26 $78, 235.56 83,087.99 .70 354, 275 129, 698. 12 1.50 5,314. 13 1874-75....... 19,869, 19, 869, 162 .90 178, 822.46 .... 1.50 1875-'76.... 22, 200, 706 .88 195, 366.21 1.50 1876-'77..... 22,000, 712 .88 211, 206. 26 1.50 1861-'62. (†) 1862-'63...... 581, 121 1.00 5,811. 21 1863-'64. 794, 121 1.00 7,641. 12 1864-'65. 970, 125 1.00 9, 721.12 1877-'78. 1878-'79. 1879-'80.... 1880-'81.... 1881-'82.... 28, 845, 028 .88 227, 436, 23 27,730, 100 1.95 291, 166. 14 28, 348, 778 1.09 309, 001,68 28,691, 610 1.19 341, 439. 04 28, 238, 631 1.05 296, 526.40 1865-'66. 1, 107, 949 1.00 12, 187.44 1882-'83...... 28, 289,000 1.01 285, 751.89 1866-'67.... 1,434, 866 .60 8, 609.20 1883-'84........ 28, 353, 338 .80 226, 861.32 1867-'68. 1,832, 438 1.00 18, 344. 28 1884-'85....... 28, 794, 919 .75 215, 970.00 1868-'69. 3,364, 078 1.00 33, 640.78 1885-'86.... 29, 217, 050 98 286, 327.77 1869-'70. 4,257, 204 1.25 52, 225.05 1886-'87.... 29, 866, 200 .85 253,862.71 1870-'71....... 4,563, 767 1.25 57, 016.72 1887-'88. 32,096, 250 .95 304, 923. 29 *Not computed. † No rate. CALIFORNIA. 181 # Oakland is the metropolis of Alameda County the progress of which has been almost as marked as that of Oakland, and which is intimately bound up with that of the city. The following statement will show the assessed value of property from 1854 to 1890, in- clusive, together with the rate of taxation: Rate of taxation per $100. Year. Inside Outside cities. cities. Total property valuation. Year. Rate of taxation per $100. Inside Outside cities. cities. Total property valuation. 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 • 1859 1860. 1861 1862 1863 1864 $4,415, 984 1873 ...... $1.05 $1.30 3,618, 360 1874 1.45 1.40 2,599, 751 1875 1.05 1.30 3,020,836 1876 1.31 .25 $35, 151, 065 37,310, 557 39, 335, 552 36, 389, 961 3,681, 153 1877 1.00 1.25 41,606, 894 3,914, 210 1878 1.00 1.25 42, 822, 877 4,381,580 1879 1.10 1.35 44, 147, 939 4, 169, 834 1880 1. 15 1.40 49, 286, 464 4, 233, 396 1881... 1. 15 ..... 1.40 49, 043, 872 4,246, 860 1882 1.05 1.30 45, 800, 363 .... 1865.... 1866 ... 1867 .. 4,472, 300 1883 1.00 1.25 59, 919, 880 5, 107, 131 1884 .90 1.10 60, 834, 971 5, 620, 976 1885 1. 15 1.45 64,388, 314 $2.20 6,669, 999 1886 1.00 1.25 58,758,227 1868 1869 1870.. 1871 1872... ..... $1.75 2.20 9, 703, 992 1887 1.00 1.30 60, 583, 570 1.79 2.23 12, 636, 761 1888 ...... 64, 646, 910 2.17 11, 992, 413 1889... 2.20 13, 659, 812 1890... *69, 866, 381 *71, 000, 000 .76 1.00 40, 075, 280 Empty packages Fruits: * Estimated. The following table gives the shipments by rail in pounds for 1889: Barley Beans.. Books and stationery... Borax.. Drugs and herbs Dried Pounds. 212,050 Hops..... 48, 400 Horses.... 32, 140 Leather 546, 660 | Lumber... 2,700 Miscellaneous Pounds. 27, 350 20,000 24,560 48,550 552, 180 69,180 | Nuts 39,390 399,730 Green, deciduous. Powder and explosives. Shingles .... 428, 820 36, 450 1,891, 230 Wine..... Fuse... 961, 450 Glue.... Hay → Hardware 490, 680 175, 430 Total.... 6, 214, 640 83,570 | Woods, valuable 43, 610 | Wool, grease….. 54, 420 24.890 OTHER SUBURBS. Although not so favored as Oakland in this respect, Alameda, Berkeley, San Rafael, Sausalito, Menlo Park, San Mateo, Millbrae, and other suburban towns of San Fran- cisco have had a very rapid development as a result of their great advantages as near-by railroad points to the metropolis of the coast. SACRAMENTO. Sacramento has felt the encouraging influence of the railroad, although she has had cheap transportation facilities to and from San Francisco by river. Both passenger and freight rates have been low on account of this competition. The fare by rail on the 90- mile line to San Francisco via Benicia is $3.30 and $2.50 first class, and $1.50 second class; via Stockton, 140 miles, it is $3.30, while by river steamer it is $1.50. The city is admirably related by raflroads to the trade and transportation interests of the coast. The California and Oregon Railroad leads hence northward; the Central Pacific east to the transmontane regions; the California Pacific on the west side of the Sacramento River connects the city with San Francisco and its upper suburban towns and cities; the Western Pacific connects it with the San Joaquin Valley, the Southern Pacific leading to the Gulf of Mexico, and by continuation from Lathrop makes a sec- ond connection with San Francisco, and by branch lines with the Santa Clara Valley; the Sacramento Valley and Placerville line leads from the capital city to the El Dorado Sierras, and in a few weeks will make Placerville its terminus. Feeders to the great Central lines connect Sacramento to Amador, Nevada, Colusa, and Calaveras Counties. By navigation on the Sacramento River the city has trade relations with the entire tier of river counties. 182 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The following table gives the principal shipments by rail from Sacramento in 1889: Barley Beans... Books and stationery Borax Brandy Canned goods Copper, bar.... Drugs... Empty packages Fruit: Dried Green citrus... Deciduous........ Fuse........ Glue.. Hair Hay Hides.. Honey. Hops Horses. * Pounds. 739,200 Leather…………………………. 839, 810 6,720 Lumber.. Machinery. Pounds. 146, 490 56, 100 2,254, 170 269,440 3, 106, 770 28, 500 4, 190 240,000 Miscellaneous Mohair Nuts Onions Ores Potatoes. Powder.. Shingles 4,094, 430 Raisins 340, 950 32, 104, 180 | Salmon... 7,800 Vegetables. 3,290 Wine 1,750 Wool: 20,370 Grease..... 866, 750 Pulled 540 3, 621, 490 340,000 Total ... • ..... Woolen goods-California..... 32, 410 872,310 11,660 237, 330 112, 130 30, 240 1, 143, 820 574, 570 1,697, 060 78,250 63,950 2,267, 380 4,071, 490 1,245, 950 818, 800 15,540 62, 374, 110 STOCKTON. The following table gives the principal shipments by rail from Stockton in 1889: .... Pounds. 346, 240 | Miscellaneous 167,580 Nuts Ores.. 438, 970 Raisins.. Salmon, canned. Shingles Barley Canned goods Drugs. 4,370 Fruit: Dried 4, 260, 850 Green deciduous..... Hops... Horses Honey Leather Lumber Machinery 4 5,000 Wool, grease 21,000 Woolen goods €0, 900 26,450 Total....... 21, 060 30, 910 Wine..... Pounds. 342, 930 61, 560 99, 150 12,550, 570 23,000 48,400 688, 250 360, 650 2,720 19, 560, 560 Stockton is on the main line of the Southern Pacific, 92 miles from San Francisco, and has enjoyed great benefits from the railroad, while it also has river transportation for its freight and passengers. While the rail rates are not as low as those on the river route, comparatively cheap fares and freight charges are afforded between Stockton and all the principal points in the State by railroad, and speedy communication can be had with all the Eastern States by the two routes, the Central and Southern, that are under the control of the Southern Pacific. Stockton has for several years enjoyed all the ad- vantages of a terminal transcontinental railway point, and freights from the East have been delivered there at the same rate that they have been transported to the most favored localities in the State. Passengers are carried in second-class cars between Stockton and San Francisco for $1.50, while first-class tickets are sold at $3, or about 3 cents a mile. Two steamboat companies do a large freight and passenger business between the two cities. The Stockton and Copperopolis Railroad brings large quantities of wheat and other products to Stockton. The road, which is 30 miles in length, is a great convenience to the people of Stockton and the surrounding country, and has aided materially in devel- oping the country through which it runs. MARYSVILLE. The principal shipments by rail from Marysville in 1889 were as follows: Barley Canned goods Drugs and herbs... Fruit: Dried... Green deciduous Hops.. Miscellaneous.. ..... Pounds. 258,420 2,652, 480 1,680 Nuts... Ores.... Raisins. Salmon, canned 1,505, 420 385,530 1,433, 720 254, 340 Vegetables. Wine...... Total Pounds. 59, 330 63, 200 146, 020 • 228.550 20,000 58,910 7,067, 630 CALIFORNIA. 183 SAN JOSÉ. San José, with a population of 25,000, is 48 miles by rail from San Francisco, and is one of the most remarkable instances of the growth of a town under railroad influence to be found in this State. It is the center of a large and fertile agricultural and horti- cultural region, and it sends out large quantities of fruit and cereals for shipment to the East and Europe. Among the advantages of San José, not the least is the facility with which places of importance or interest can be reached from it-San Francisco in one hour and twenty minutes by express trains; Santa Cruz, a delightful watering place on the Bay of Mon- terey, in an hour and a half; Del Monte, Monterey, and Pacific Grove in two hours. With all these places, the connection by rail is such that a person can reach them from San José after the business hours of one day and return before the resumption of busi- ness on the following day. The freight shipments from San José are among the best evidences of her prosperity. They consist chiefly of fruit, either fresh, dried or canned, but they include a large variety of other articles, which in the aggregate constitute a tonnage sufficient to form the business of an important town. The following statement of the principal ship- ments over the South Pacific Road during the past season, which closed December 1, gives, the number and proportionate extent of the chief county products which were loaded on the cars at that depot in San José: Green fruit Canned goods Dried fruit..... Wine and brandy. Wool........ Leather Powder... Pounds. 9, 192, 070 | Seed 9,784, 460 Quicksilver. 16, 911, 930 16,911, 390,970 51,585 142, 985 829,095 Almonds ...... Hops .... Total........ • .. Pounds. 355, 510 325,280 72, 390 60, 660 38, 116, 940 The first shipments in this list estimated by carloads are as follows: Green fruit, 408 cars; canned goods, 364 cars; dried fruit, 652 cars; making a total of 1,424 carloads of fruit alone. The total shipments of green and dried fruit of the whole county are estimated by the Fruit Union at the following figures: Green fruits.. Dried prunes Pounds. 12, 250, 220 Other fruits dried 15,788, 058 Pounds. 2,000,000 The Narrow-Gauge Road does not segregate its shipments into classes but deals with the tonnage as a whole. The amount of the freight received at this depot in San José for the year was 207,358,443 pounds, being equal to 12,960 carloads, or an average of 36 car- loads for every day in the year. The freight forwarded was 45,539,676 pounds, or an average of nearly eight fuli carloads for each day in the year. When it is taken into consideration that the longest haul on this road from San José is only about 46 miles, this shows a remarkable quantity of business done for the extent of mileage. The fol- lowing detailed statement of a week's shipments will give an idea of the class of goods shipped from this depot, and the proportionate amounts of each: Green fruit Merchandise.... Beer....... Wine Hay... ....... Pounds. 121, 120 192, 320 Wood.... Grain 253, 975 116, 650 Canned goods ***** 80,000 Total..... Pounds. 21,000 42, 205 301, 980 1, 130, 250 SANTA CLARA. Two railroads pass through Santa Clara, and put it in connection with San Francisco, San José, and the seacoast at the great watering places of Santa Cruz and Monterey. By either of these roads the fare to San Francisco is $1.65. Nine passenger trains pass through the town in each direction daily, five of these being on the Southern Pacific and four on the South Coast, or Narrow-Gauge line. The first line runs directly into San Francisco less than 50 miles away, and the second reaches the same point by way of Oakland and the ferries. To San José, which is 3 miles off, the fare from Santa Clara is only 10 cents. At this point the passenger can take the overland route, which runs four trains daily from San José, making close connections with the great transcontinental roads. The average sales of tickets at the Broad-Gauge depot in Santa Clara for the past year were $1,600 monthly, and at the Narrow-Gauge $600 monthly. The freights shipped from the town consist principally of fruit, green, dried, and 184 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. canned; seeds, leather, beer, wine, and woodwork. At the Broad-Gauge depot the re- ceipts and shipments during the busy season of the past year were as follows: May. June.... July.. August... September October..... Total....... Months. • .... Received. Forwarded. Pounds. Pounds. 729, 030 754,570 930, 380 631, 840 937, 305 1,068, 353 876, 600 1,986, 337 1, 622, 438 1,996, 719 890, 845 618,548 ... 4, 601, 673 8, 441, 292 At the Narrow-Gauge depot the receipts and shipments for the same period were as fol- lows: May.. June.... July.... August.... September ..... October.... Total..... Months. .... Received. Forwarded. Pounds. 1, 847, 722 3, 350, 785 4, 131, 991 4,755, 444 3,613, 873 Pounds. 1, 137, 726 739, 847 1, 434, 402 5,526,797 1,544, 027 2, 122, 376 1,600, 576 19, 852, 191 12,983, 375 LOS ANGELES. Los Angeles has had a very rapid improvement because of the construction of rail- road lines to and through its borders. Regarding this city the Railroad Gazetteer of recent date says: "Los Angeles is reached by the Southern Pacific Railroad in 22 hours from San Francisco-distance 482 miles-or by steamer. It is a most beautiful city, and a com- mercial point of much importance, as well as the center of an agricultural paradise, it being the principal city between San Francisco and Kansas City on the new transcon- tinental line forined by the connection of those two great enterprises, the Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroads. It is also the largest city be- tween San Francisco and San Antonio, Tex., by the 'Great Southern Pacific route,' now open to the Gulf of Mexico. The city has many elegant buildings and wide, clean streets, with horse, cable, and electric railways. A day's ride over the lovely country surrounding Los Angeles, through miles of long, straight avenues of orange trees and thousands of acres of grapes, seeing every kind of semitropic fruit growing side by side with the more hardy fruits of the north, both being in the greatest profusion and of the finest quality, will convince the traveler from almost any part of the earth that here is surely the paradise of America, if not of the world. The new line of road just com- pleted this year to Santa Monica, the 'Newport of the Pacific,' is a great convenience to the public; also the line extending to Burbank. The road is called the Los Angeles and Pacific; E. E. Hall is president and manager; S. W. Luilweiler, vice president; S. P. Rees, secretary and treasurer, and R. C. Show, general freight and passenger agent. Arrangements are being made to extend this line to Hueneme, Ventura County; also another branch to Pasadena." In 1888 Los Angeles County's total assessed valuation was $102,944,061, and in 1889 it had been reduced to $93,647,080. SAN DIEGO. San Diego, as seen to-day, is a very different place from the almost deserted settle- ment of ten years ago. A visitor who had not seen the city in the mean time would look with astonishment at the busy streets aligned with handsome residences and blocks, and the crowds of hurrying people intent on business who throng the streets. Every- where the signs of prosperity meet the eye, and all are hopeful and confident of the growth and advancement of the city. The growth during the past few years has been CALIFORNIA. 185 phenomenal, and although San Diego, like all other southern California towns, suffers to a certain extent from the reaction consequent on the collapse of the speculative boom in corner lots, still there is a steady and increasing demand for good property, and all transfers made at present are for permanent homes or substantial improvements. San Diego is really the oldest settled town in the southern portion of California, the bay having been discovered in 1542 by Cabrillo and named in 1602 by Vizcaino, who made a survey of it at the same time. But it was not until about 1769 that any at- tempt was made to colonize, when Padre Junipero Serra founded the mission, which became the nucleus of what is now termed "Old Town." On February 15, 1850, 160 acres of New San Diego was bought for $2,304, and on May 27, 1850, 687 acres more was purchased for $3,185. Things moved along quietly until 1867, when A. E. Horton These lands were bought 900 acres of pueblo lands at auction for 26 cents per acre. laid out in lots. In 1868 there came a rush, and the population increased to 3,000. From that date until 1882 the fortunes of San Diego were at a standstill. Time passed uneventfully, and the monotony was unbroken, save for the excitement caused by talk of the Texas Pacific Railroad being built into the town. These hopes were raised only, alas, to be dashed to the ground, and the settlers resumed their apathetic listlessness. The year 1882 marked a great event in the history of San Diego. In that year the Cali- fornia Southern Railroad was completed and operated to Colton; there, however, it stopped, the Southern Pacific Company serving an injunction to prevent them crossing their line at that place. In 1883-'84 the winter freshets completely destroyed the track at Temecula; communication was thus cut off for eleven months, during which time the citizens were oppressed with vague rumors, not the least among which was that the Southern Pacific Company was negotiating for the purchase of the road. At this time Frank A. Kimball, of National City, who, with his brother, had donated large tracts of land as an inducement to the railroad company to construct their line, interposed and insisted that the company should fulfill the terms of their contract and complete This was the portion already built to a junction with the Atlantic and Pacific road. done, and on January 1, 1886, the first through train entered San Diego. From that time date its present prosperity and bright prospects. San Diego is the seaport of the California Southern Railroad, and, as such, enjoys all the benefits arising from the concentrating of produce, etc. In addition to this road there is a complete network of shorter lines reaching to the different portions of the sur- rounding country. The National City and Otay Valley, Pacific Beach Motor, Roseville, Coronado, and Belt-Line systems cover a large extent of territory. Many of these afford a pleasant ride through fertile and well-tilled valleys. A trip over any one will be much appreciated by the participants. Perhaps the best index of the wonderful growth and progress of San Diego is to be obtained from a review of the freight and passenger business done during 1887 by the steamship and railway companies. The business in these departments done in San Diego as a port will be found in that part of this report devoted to transportation by water. The following is a statement of the passenger arrivals and departures by rail during the same period: Arrivals and departures. Month. Number. Month. Number. ARRIVALS. 1886-July... September DEPARTURES. August 2,213 2, 489 August. 2,325 October... 2, 415 1886-July September....、. October.... November... 3,079 November December 3,400 December. Total 16, 021 Total...... 1887-January. February March 3,839 1887-January. 3,474 4, 158 February March. April 4, 241 April... May... 4,265 August June.... July September. ...... 4.755 5,000 5,170 May.. June.... Total 5,500 October..... November..... December Total 6,000 6, 350 7,000 60, 152 1,632 1,221 1,483 1,387 1,444 1,544 8,711 1,242 1,013 1,718 ·· 1,933 1,707 1,832 18, 156 186 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. * The freight exports by rail from San Diego from July 1, 1886, to June 30, 1887, were as follows: 1886-July...... August... September. October...... November.. December.. 1887-January. February March... April. May June.. Total.... TABLES. ..... Tons. 1,364 1,543 1, 888 2,621 2,529 2,557 2,362 2,860 3,501 3,755 4,010 5, 691 34, 631 The concluding tables, which, as will be seen, have been prepared by C. J. Wilder, freight auditor, and furnished by J. C. Stubbs, third vice president, give the products shipped from and to the principal distributing points in California on the Southern Pa- cific system: Statement of outgoing products from the principal markets or distributing points in California by Southern Pacific Company's lines during the year 1889 (Coast Division and South Pacific Coast Railroad not included). [Furnished by J. C. Stubbs, third vice president.] From San Articles. From From Sac- From Los From From Francisco. | Oakland. ramento. Angeles. Stockton. San José. From Marys- ville. Grain Flour and millstuffs... den products... products Live stock Meats, fish, provisions, etc.... Wool. Hides, skins, leather.. Other animal products Coal and coke …………………. Ore and base metals... Stone, sand, brick, lime, etc... Other products of mines..... Pounds. 5,912, 760 1,406, 415 Pounds. 997, 380 840,635 Pounds. 2,281, 075 51,860, 765| Other farm and gar- Pounds. 4,677,065 14, 969, 860 Pounds. 3,658, 145 3,658, 145 27, 496, 950 Pounds. Pounds. 57,794, 280 2,084, 245 21,782, 890 28,806, 140 Vine and orchard 27,023, 965 Wine, brandy, beer, 46, 218, 770 3,745, 500 4,964,515 76, 221, 085| 1,366,040 982, 800 11,438, 800 25,749, 250 8,895, 895 4,547, 310 2, 250, 800 9,550, 610 15, 343, 580) 2,465 197, 220 212, 215 3, 125, 400 813,785 3, 103, 705 6, 017, 855 1,808, 185 67, 160 1,945, 660 1,808, 845 4,825, 455 44, 945 27, 232, 295118, 041, 265| 3,539,540 2,341, 575 148,450 2,883, 035 608, 555 3,747, 360 1,870 23, 400 394, 085 391,400 34, 110 180, 200 198,910 1,899, 145 35, 414, 150| 1,298,765 3,198,600 9,688, 250 2, 132, 485 3,086, 490 37, 356, 570 1,582, 960 1,061, 100 37,879, 785| 7,598, 375 9,165, 210 428, 210 3,803,000) 6,983, 000 1,835 130, 325 382, 470 3,635 107,535 185, 690 40,000 725,*185 270 85, 150 961, 530 143, 390 14, 147, 505 2,775, 650 4,344, 470 1,876, 940 661,990 3,177, 890] 243,900 10, 480, 160 Lumber, lath, etc....... Wood..... 35, 853, 565| 729.610 28, 907, 400) 28,750 1,248, 545 751,675 31,875, 800 2,989, 290 2,989,290 1,430, 850 5, 242, 100 225, 620 11, 956, 220 7,888, 265 40, 376, 115 5,751, 510 15, 229, 600 942, 145 1,098, 730 130, 210 176,950 5,454, 305 700,000 1,168, 030 687, 625 381, 775 5,913,025 151, 563, 930 5,041, 735 1,371, 495 88, 110 4,087,810 2,333,735 1,402, 940 71, 535 666, 770 1,028, 040 701, 990 716, 730 6,551,540 1,567, 160 1,803, 780 6,861, 290 7,808, 135 53, 227, 905 4,752, 355 4,295, 965 22, 416,595 303, 680 441, 315 6,754,600 3,006, 545 Other forest products... Petroleum and other oils ..... Sugar and sirup... Metals in bars, sheets, pigs, castings, etc.... Agricultural imple- ments, vehicles, tools, etc.......... Other manufactures Assorted merchandise Total.... 15, 668, 060 23, 655, 415 2,617, 4-45 35, 207, 820 79, 990, 265 21,518,750 660, 003, 130 166, 825, 485 128, 463, 510 7,476, 750 15, 887, 835 1, 140, 595, 010 480, 134, 695 361, 425, 280 175, 341, 205 151, 220, 685 102, 317, 725 95, 001, 435 685 102, CALIFORNIA. 187 Statement of incoming supplies for distribution and sale at the principal markets or distribu- ting points in California by the Southern Pacific Company's lines during the year 1889, (Coast Division and South Pacific Coast Railroad not included). Articles. [Furnished by J. C. Stubbs, third vice-president.] To San To Los To Sac- To To Francisco. Angeles. ramento. Stockton. Oakland. Grain... Flour and millstuffs... Other farm and gar- den products...... Vine and products..... orchard Wine, brandy, and beer.... Live stock... Meats, fish, provisions, etc ..... Wool........ To Marys- ville. To San José. Pounds. Pounds. 64, 187,080 61, 972, 980, 31,634,795 6,718, 535 Pounds. Pounds. 57, 948, 025 4,439, 425 142, 566, 855 Pounds. 35,983, 805 Pounds. 7,930, 680 Pounds. 27, 475, 765 8,919, 355 500, 430 686, 645 7,024, 080 112, 470, 395 15, 072, 945 7,701, 030 2,431,000 19, 859, 420 3,790,760 523, 540 35,916, 060 1,881, 120 12, 581, 550 520,880 3,367, 910 660, 305| 2,005, 860 83,970, 785 16, 020, 520 4,071, 440 2,323, 455 1,310, 450 157,737,700 18, 809, 500 16,051, 400 2,817,100 1,087,000 296, 730 326,500 724, 800 11, 458,000 53, 618,955 7,516,915 6,206, 340 1,531, 310 1.405, 435 20,930, 685 1,800, 880 1,440, 245 478, 305 294, 575 302, 385 555, 610 3,996, 020 458, 175 1,900, 930 413, 895 26, 660 2, 128, 500 71, 470 41, 700 11, 900 11,800 7,108,095 26,466, 825 79, 476, 460 11, 349, 540 4,793, 460 38,036, 860 • 51, 670 113,720 22,000 5,222, 580 98,631,295 14,570, 44019, 763, 480 8,088, 040 40,056,775 2,115, 710 of 1,277, 770) 432, 845 335, 420 7, 149, 200| 22, 341, 140 11, 697, 085 15,900 5,560 2,511,285 101, 125 1,909, 695 12,730 283, 660 52,000 5,748, 390 21,300 6, 337, 415 275, 185 8,048, 735 1,031, 185 338, 100 863, 165 21, 490 12,870, 405 163, 300 4,970, 300 11, 546, 285 196, 400 209, 400 930,870 2,505, 750 467, 915 188, 100 Hides, skins, leather Other animal products Coal and coke..... Ore and base metals... Stone, sand, brick, lime, etc... Other products mines........ Lumber, lath, etc.... Wood Other forest products... Petroleum and other oils...... Sugar and sirup....... Metals in bar, sheet, pig, castings, etc...... Agricultural imple- ments, vehicles, tools, etc.... Other manufactures... Assorted merchandise Total......... 5, 558, 225, 17, 161, 230 244,700 38, 285, 015 103, 481, 200| 23, 184, 000 14, 182, 150 32, 402, 160 2,844, 820 513,370 1, 303, 230 1,231,635 34, 191, 950 3,783,415 47, 320, 465 29, 661, 265 220,087,545 506, 181, 955 33, 159, 590 7,221,555 9,745, 880 4,881,775 33, 455, 150 42, 610, 880 12,023,075 678, 600 8,778, 440 2,542, 820 7, 420, 415 7,782,085 23,035, 175 47, 706, 885 1,571, 347, 605440, 159, 205 368, 034, 235 2,763, 190 2,763, 190 12, 931, 270 834, 590 1,391, 900 3,896, 2002, 206, 835 2,031, 150 11, 806, 805 3, 324, 110| 7, 118, 665 20, 639, 525 12, 929, 010 10, 321, 390 14, 610, 425 236, 995, 590 228, 735, 825 01228, 73, 167, 55070, 695, 095 C. J. WILDER, Freight Auditor. A TO PORTLAN UNION PACIFIC PACIFIC COAST CANADIAN Crescent City. 1 A MENDOČING Ft. Bragg. Pt. Arend Mod Fel &c. ----- STEAMSHIP LINES.-PORTLAND, ALASKA, VICTORI SAN FRANCISCO AND HUMBOLDT. SAN COMMERCIAL LINE TO GRAY DREGON DEVELOPMENT FRANCISCO LINE. PORTLAND AND ASTORIA CHINA. HUMBOLDT Bureka. PACIFIC LINE TO VANCOUVER AND Zi MAP SHOWING Steam and Sail Lines OF CALIFORNIA. LAKE TAHOE SACRAMENTO, Sacramer Farallone Islands PACIFIC MAIL TO CHINA. OCCIDENTAL & ORIENTAL TO CHINA Oakland. SAN FRANCisco San Jose. Santa Cruz. E 公 ​A D A COLO RIVER. F in Joaquin A. Salinas R Fresno. ●Visalia R N Mohave R. A FROM Gaviota COAST Santa Barbara. STA BARBARA CHANNEL Los Angeles. BAY. San Pedro. MONICA SAN FRANCISCO PORTS San Nicolas. Sta Catalina. San Clemente SAN DIEGO. I ENSENADA DIEGO San Diego. SAN DIEGO TO HONOLULU. San Simeon. Cayucos Port Harford. LIN STEAMSHIP LINE VIVE PACIFIC COAST STMSHP COAST PACIFIC BAY OF MONTEREY. PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP W. H. ·DIMOND'S -------- SHIP CLIPPER JOHN ROSENFELD'S CLIPPER OCEANIC ST'MSHP LINE TO HONOLULU & AUST 69 LINE SHIP LINE TO —— PANAMA. VIA YLA CAPE HORN CAPE HORN 1 PART III. TRANSPORTATION BY WATER. CHAPTER I. Commercial facilities. CHAPTER II. Traffic on water. CHAPTER III. Commerce of San Francisco. CHAPTER I. COMMERCIAL FACILITIES. The harbors, roadsteads, landings, rivers, and tidal channels on the seacoast and in the interior of California-Character of the coast line-Tides-Of the harbors of San Diego, San Francisco, Oakland, Wilmington, and Humboldt-Rivers and tidal channels-Roadsteads in detail-List of appropriations. The coast of California lies between 32° 30′ and 42° north latitude. Measured from point to point its length is 850 statute miles. Its trend is from northwest to southeast. The most southerly point is also the most easterly. The most westerly point is not, however, the highest in latitude. Cape Mendocino, about 100 miles south of the north- ern boundary, is farthest to the west. From this point to the Mexican boundary the trend of the coast is irregularly to the eastward. The gulf of the Farallones (in the bight of which is the entrance to San Francisco Harbor), the Bay of Monterey, and a marked deviation to the east at Point Conception, are the prominent exceptions to the general northwesterly trend of the coast, and the only instances of breaks of the continuity, in large forms. The eastward recession of the coast at Point Conception partially protects the shore to the southward from northwesterly winds, and thereby serves to impart a noticeable softening to the coast climate of southern California. This protection makes landings on the open coast practicable to a much greater extent to the south of, than is possible to the north of, Point Conception. The shore line of California is generally bold and bluff to the sea, and is often moun- tainous and forbidding as viewed from the ocean. There are, however, intervening low plains or sand beaches interspersed here and there between rocky points, but almost throughout its length it is bounded on the eastward side by ranges of mountains, which either come directly to the ocean, or, in other places, recede a few miles from the shore line, being conspicuously visible in clear weather many miles at sea. The topography of the coast belt in general makes communication by land difficult, and in long stretches of coast the only outlet for productions or facility for trade is af- forded by the sea. The streams which discharge into the ocean are for the most part short and steep in descent. At their mouths shallow bars are found. The tide gives them whatever value they possess for purposes of navigation. This value is not great, the depth of the few whose mouths admit vessels not exceeding 8 to 12 feet at high tide, in channels that are frequently changed in position by gales of wind. The Salinas, Eel, and Klamath Rivers are the largest examples. A noticeable characteristic of the coast is the occurrence of esteros or lagoons, in which the tide rises and falls. In some instances they give admittance at high water to ves- sels drawing 8 to 10 feet. Wilmington Harbor is an instance, although it has been improved by the Engineer Department of the Government so that vessels drawing 16 feet now enter. No improve- ment has been attempted at any of the others. Newport, Morro, Drake's Estero, and Bodega are instances of lagoons. They are not of great value to commerce. 189 190 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. As for harbors, there are but two suitable for the largest vessels, San Francisco, ad- mirable in every respect. and San Diego, smaller, but good. They are 500 miles apart. North of San Francisco there is no deep-water harbor. Humboldt Harbor to the north, and Wilmington to the south, are the only remaining instances of harbors which admit vessels with drafts of more than 8 or 10 feet. The limit of draft of vessels for these harbors is about 16 feet. The absence of harbors at frequent intervals, and the difficult topography of the coast, would seem to be insuperable obstacles, forbidding commerce, and consigning the coast lands to isolation. Yet this is not true. If facilities are not all that could be desired, yet in spite of absence of harbors, a large aggregate commerce is carried on by small vessels, which find shelter and opportunity in roadsteads, large and small, convenient or otherwise, which are distributed over almost the whole length of the coast. The coast line, although not broken in large forms or provided with frequent inlets admitting vessels, is irregular in a small way, being frequently varied by jutting rocky points, which afford a lee to the southward and shelter from the prevailing winds from the northwest, which blow parallel to the coast line. The bights thus formed are en- tirely uncovered on one side, namely, to the south. Monterey roadstead is the only exception, it being open to the north and covered from the south. All others are shel- tered on the north side and open to the south. In southerly weather vessels lying in these roadsteads are in danger of being driven ashore by wind or by the inset of a heavy sea. The period of northerly or northwesterly winds covers most of the year, continuously. During winter months southerly winds occur at intervals, but not continuously. They are less frequent and less violent south of Point Conception than on the northern half of the coast, where they are liable to occur in severe storms, accompanied by heavy seas from the southwest. They are not, however, of long duration. The pre- The coast is a lee shore in southwesterly gales, and sail vessels finding themselves near the coast under these conditions are fortunate if they escape destruction. vailing northwesterly winds, however, blowing parallel to the coast do not expose ves- sels to the dangers of a lee shore. They occur as moderate gales. There is almost always a heavy surf, even in calm weather, which makes it danger- ous to land in boats at unsheltered points. The principal roadsteads in order of latitude south to north are San Pedro, San Luis Obispo, Monterey, and Santa Cruz, situated south of San Francisco, and Drake's Bay, Trinidad, and Crescent City to the north of San Francisco. In addition there are a great number of small roadsteads, including bays with shal- low bars, river entrances, places with a bit of shelter for a very few vessels, and land- ings upon the open coast, where small vessels, steam or sail, receive or discharge cargo. No square-rigged vessels or large steamers visit these points. Most of these landings are contracted. They are usually provided with substantial moorings. Where trade warrants and where the position is not too exposed, a wharf is built. In other cases where the shore is high cargo is put aboard by a chute or by means of a wire cable made fast to the mast of a vessel lying at anchor. The distribution of these landings on different parts of the coast is quite unequal. Between the parallels 38° and 40° they are thickly grouped, there being nearly forty in this interval. This is a region of some agricultural production, but the main trade is in the various forms of red wood lumber, railroad ties, and posts. The mountainous character of Cape Mendocino and the absence of productions serve to reduce the number of landings between parallels 40° and 42° to six, in which, how- ever, are included several points of importance. Between San Pedro and San Diego there are but few landings, and they are sparsely distributed between Point Conception and Monterey. Dense fogs prevail along the coast during the late summer and early autumn. They are a source of real danger, which is being reduced as the number of steam fog signals on shore is increased. These, with automatic whistling buoys, which are now placed off the entrances of the most important ports, are efficient aids and safeguards to navi- gation. TIDE. The tide is of efficient service to navigation at all ports. It is true that the depths on San Francisco bar are sufficient for all purposes at all times, but this is not the case in all interiorship channels. The navy-yard, the arsenal at Benicia, and Port Costa (the center of wheat export), can be reached by the largest class of vessels only by the aid of the tide. The many channels making out of the bays adjoining San Francisco are dependent, to a great extent, for their commercial value on the tidal rise. At all entrances from the sea to inclosed harbors, bays, and river mouths, the avail- able depth is increased by a rise of the tide that may be stated approximately as 3 feet CALIFORNIA. 191 is due al- at low neaps, and 8 feet at high springs. In some cases the available depth most entirely to the rise of the tide, and, in all, the commercial value of the channels is thereby largely increased. COLORADO RIVER. The Colorado River bounds California on the southeast. It empties into the head of the Gulf of California. It is navigable in low stages for light-draft steamboats from the mouth to Camp Mojave, a distance of about 435 miles. In higher stages navigation extends to El Dorado Cañon, 60 miles further. Boats have ascended to Rioville, at the mouth of the Virgin, 75 miles above El Dorado Cañon. The commerce of this river is small. SAN DIEGO HARBOR. The entrance to this harbor is in latitude 32° 40', 10 miles north of the boundary be- tween the United States and Mexico. The depth of water on the bar at low tide is 21 feet. The mean rise of tide is about 4 feet, and of spring tide 5 feet. Twenty-three feet can be carried over the bar usually in neap tides, and 24 feet in spring tides at high water. The sea is habitually smooth and the swell slight, so that a ship can ordinarily enter with a draft close to the bar depth. Once inside, the water is much deeper. channel about three-eighths of a mile in width extends nearly the whole length of the bay, carrying 18 feet at low water in its upper part and 36 feet as far as the city of San Diego, which is 7 or 8 miles from the entrance. A San Diego Bay is about 14 miles in length. It lies parallel to the coast and is separ- ated from the sea by a narrow strip of low beach. It is the largest example of a type of bays or lagoons quite characteristic of the Cali- fornia coast, being the conversion of bights in the coast line into inclosed harbors by the development, through natural action, of a fringe of sand beach which serves as a breakwater in protecting the bay area from the waves of the sea. The Government in 1876 diverted the course of the San Diego River (then debouch- ing into the bay) so as to make it discharge into False Bay, several miles to the north. The river when in flood carries sand in quantity, which formed shoals in the harbor. The cost of diversion was $80,000. The course of the river was diverted to False Bay in 1853 at a cost of $30,000. The works were subsequently carried out in a freshet. Projects have been recently prepared for dredging in the harbor to correct the align- ment of a portion of the channel, and also for a jetty to extend from the east head of the entrance to the southward on the Zuniga shoal for a distance of 7,500 feet, at an estimated cost of $386,400. The line of this jetty is parallel to the high rocky spine, Point Loma, which forms the western head of the entrance, and which is in effect a natural jetty. The object of this improvement is to increase the depth of the entrance. San Diego is the only harbor of the first class on the California coast, except San Francisco. Its proximity to our boundary gives it military importance, which, in con- nection with its commercial value, will doubtless insure for it reasonable attention from the General Government, both in the way of improving its channels and in defending its approaches from hostile navies. There are no dangers in the approaches from the sea. The harbor is marked by a lighthouse on Point Loma, and a signal light and fog whistle at Ballast Point, inside the entrance. SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND HARBOR. This harbor is situated near the middle of the California coast line, in latitude 37° 49′. It has no rival or competing harbor in its vicinity. To the south, the nearest harbor for deep-sea vessels is San Diego, 500 miles distant, and to the north the nearest entrance for large vessels is the Columbia River, 600 miles distaut, each having about 3½ fathoms on the sea bar. The available depth on the San Francisco bar entrance is considerably more than is found at either of the ports named, being fully 5 fathoms at the lowest stage of tide over much the greater part of the length of the bar, which measured along the crest of its crescent from shore to shore is 15 miles. Over about 4 miles of this distance the depth is a little more or less than 4 fathoms, leaving 11 miles over which it is not less than 5 fathoms. Inside of the 4-fathom bank, and lying close under the north head, known as Point Bonita, there is a channel about half a mile wide through which more than 7 fathoms can be carried at the lowest stage of tide. The deepest-draft ship can be car- ried into San Francisco Bay at the lowest tide. The rise of the tide varies from about 3 to 7 feet, giving additional depth at periods of high water. The only hidden danger in the seaward approach to this harbor is the Noonday Reef, a } 192 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. group of sunken rocks lying 33 statute miles west of the north head, with 2 fathoms of water over them. They are marked by a bell buoy. They lie 3 miles northwest of the North Farallone, and in the line of the Farallones, which consist of six rocky islets, forming a chain parallel to the coast. The distance from the Noonday group to include the South Farallone is 12 statute miles. The Farallones are conspicuous in clear weather, and on the South Farallone there is a lighthouse. Vessels approaching from the west- ward are recommended to keep to the southward of the Farallones. The harbor heads, Point Bonita and Point Lobos, are high and conspicuous in clear weather. Inside the bar the water deepens, becoming as much as 60 fathoms in the Golden Gate, where the channel is less than one mile in width. Once inside the Golden Gate we find ourselves in the midst of a great bay or series of bays, as the different parts bear different names. San Francisco Bay is 40 miles in length, extending 30 miles south of the city and 10 miles north of it. Adjoining it on the north, with an eastward trend, is San Pablo Bay, about 12 miles in length, connected 'with Suisun Bay lying to the eastward by the Strait of Karquinez, which is about 6 miles in leugth. The total midtide area of all these bays is 450 square miles. There is a con- tinuous ship channel more than 60 miles in length, extending south to the head of San Francisco Bay, and north and east to the entrance of Suisun Bay. At the eastern end of San Pablo Bay, 25 miles from San Francisco, on an inlet known as Mare Island Straits, is the navy-yard, and several miles above, on the south shore of Karquines Strait, is Port Costa. On the north shore is Benicia, which also has some export trade, and where the arsenal for the Pacific coast is situated. Considerable com- merce is also conducted at the piers of the Southern Pacific Company, on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, opposite to San Francisco. The natural advantages for commerce of San Francisco are so great, and the obstruc- tions and dangers so rare, that there has been little requirement upon the General Gov- ernment for improvement of its approaches or channels. All appropriations thus far made have been applied to removal of rocks or wrecks. Noonday Rock, one of the group already mentioned, lying near the North Farallone, was removed in 1875. Blossom Rock, situated in front of the city, was removed in 1871; and Rincon Rock, lying immediately on the water front of the city, was removed in 1877. The total amount appropriated for these purposes was $154,927.27. Wrecks of the ships Escambia and the Patrician on the bar of San Francisco were also removed by the General Government. The channels of the bay, while not free from rocks, are free from danger, as the rocks, which are few in number, are either conspicuous of themselves or are clearly marked by beacons. The harbor and its approaches are well lighted, and are provided with fog signals which serve as efficient guides to navigation in thick weather. San Francisco Harbor, by reason of its unusual depth of entrance, freedom from hid- den dangers, conspicuous landmarks, artificial guides to navigation, and its great inter- nal commodiousness and capacity, is well endowed to fulfill the requirements of a great commercial port. Its advantages in these respects are second to no other. The two rivers which drain the great valley of California, the Sacramento and San Joaquin, discharge together at the eastern end of Suisun Bay, and, together with the bays already mentioned, afford continuous navigation to the considerable towns of Sac- ramento and Stockton, and to a large district of agricultural country lying above these points. SACRAMENTO RIVER. The navigable portion of the Sacramento River is about 230 miles in length. The lower stretch, extending from Sacramento to the mouth, 60 miles in length, is affected by the tide for the greater part of its length, and is navigable for the largest class of river boats. The next division carries 4 feet of water in the lowest stage of the river to Colusa, 106 miles distant from Sacramento. Above Colusa the fall of the river in- creases rapidly. It is navigable for boats and barges drawing about 3 feet to Mackin- tosh Landing, 68 miles farther up. Navigation above this point, while practicable, is extremely difficult, and since rail- roads have been built it is not economically practicable. But before the era of rail- roads, navigation extended to Red Bluff, 40 miles above Mackintosh. The Sacramento has received attention from the General Government to the extent of appropriations amounting to $465,000, extending over the years intervening between 1875 and 1889. This sum has been expended in construction and maintenance of a snagboat, in removal of snags by contract, in improvement of bars by wing-dams, and otherwise. Part of this sum has been expended on the Feather River, which enters the Sacramento 20 miles above the city of the same name. The Feather is navigable to the town of Marysville, 30 miles from its mouth. Here the Yuba enters and brings down mining detritus, which has for many years encum- bered the channels below. CALIFORNIA. 193 SAN JOAQUIN RIVER. This river is navigable for large steamboats from its mouth to Stockton Slough, a dis- tance of 38 miles. During the winter and spring navigation is practicable for light- drafts for 90 miles further, to Hill's Ferry; but generally after July, and until the winter rains come, Stockton is the head of navigation. To this point depths are in- creased by rise of tide. Stockton is situated upon a slough of the same name, 3 miles from the river. The appropriations by Congress for the improvement of the San Joaquin River, in- cluding Stockton and Mormon Sloughs, began in 1876 and to 1889 amount to $183,750. This sum has been expended in making two cut-offs in the river, in dredging channels below Stockton, in removing snags, and building wing-dams in the upper river, and other incidental work. The Mokelumne, Old River, and other tidal channels subsidiary to the San Joaquin afford steamboat navigation to more or less extent. OAKLAND HARBOR AND OTHER TIDAL CHANNELS. San Antonio Estuary, lying opposite to San Francisco, is now undergoing improve- ment to enable it to accommodate deep-draft vessels, and is known as Oakland Harbor. The total of appropriations made for the object, to include 1888, is $1,284,600. Originally the depth of the entrance at high water was 6 or 8 feet, according to the height of the tide. At present the depth is 20 feet at highest stage of tide. The methods of improvement consist in construction of two jetties, in dredging chan- nels and basin, and in making connection with San Leandro Bay by means of a canal. A number of tidal channels, locally known as creeks, make up from the bays, some- times for a considerable distance, and afford navigation for light-draft boats and cheap communication with San Francisco. The largest instances of these are Napa, Petaluma, and Suisun Creeks, the respective heads of navigation being thriving towns bearing the same names. Expenditures have been made by the Government for improvement of Petaluma, Napa, and Redwood Creeks, the aggregate of appropriations being, respectively, $32,- 000, $7,500, and $15,400. Table enumerating the tidal channels making out of the three bays, and the length and depth at high water in each case. Depths at high water. Tidal channel. Length of navi- gable sloughs. At the At the entrance. Total number of Remarks. upper landings, landing. Milés. Feet. Feet, San Bruno 1.5 5 6 1 Warehouses. Millbrae San Mateo 0.5 4 1 Do. 0.5 5 6 1 Do. Belmont..………. 4.0 8 5 1 Do. Redwood.... 5.0 14 8 5 Do. San Francisquito Yega's Ringstaff's Devil's Creek…...... Guadelupe 2.0 11 1 Do. 3.75 8 1 Do. 3.0 8 1 Do. 5.25 7 5 1 Do. 5.75 Alviso..... 4.5 10 Milpitas.. Mud...... Mowry's Beard's 5.5 10 ..... 3.75 6.50 13 6.5 Coyote 4.75 Union City 9.5 •POOPBDEKO 9 6 1 Do. 12 11 Town of Alviso. 6 1 9 6 3 5 1 7 6 3 5 6 1 3 3 Both branches. Roberts 1.5 5 1 San Leandro.... 3.0 9 6 4 Castro......………………………… 1.0 5 5 1 Napa.. 20.0 36 6 17 Terrill's Landing. Head of navigation, Napa City. Sonoma 10.0 9 6 4 Petaluma 17.0 17 6 6 Head of navigation at Petaluma. Novato....……………. Gallines... San Rafael Pacheco.. 6.0 7 6 2 2.5 7 1.25 5 · Corte Madera.. 3.5 5 1 2 4.5 5 Hastings 7.5 8 Montezuma... 20.0 16 Suisun 14.0 14 Cordelia...... 12.0 14 3776G LO QI LO 1 5 2 5 3 Stone quarries and brickyard. 1 McCauley's Landing. Warehouses. Denverton and vicinity.. Town of Suisun. I С 90——————13 194 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. : WILMINGTON HARBOR, This is an artificial harbor, in latitude 33° 40', constructed by the Engineer Depart- ment of the Government. In a state of nature Wilmington Lagoon embraced about 1,300 acres of tidal area debouching in the bay of San Pedro over a bar carrying some- times 1 foot and again 2 feet of water at mean low tide, giving 5 to 6 feet at ordinary high water. There is now a depth of 12 feet at mean low water, and vessels drawing 16 feet enter at ordinary high tide. The amount appropriated for this work is $870,000. The bay of San Pedro, into which this harbor debouches, being well covered from pre- vailing winds, the bar is not often rough, and generally a draft equal to the full depth can be carried in or out. It is possible that an increase of 2 or 3 feet may yet be ob- tained, but it is not expected that this harbor can be made available for deep-sea vessels. It now affords facilities for the great bulk of the coast trade, which is for the most part conducted on the wharves at or near the terminus of the Southern Pacific roads in the village of San Pedro. HUMBOLDT BAY AND HARBOR. It is Humboldt Bay lies in latitude 40° 45', about 200 miles north of San Francisco. an estuary about 14 miles in length from north to south, separated from the ocean by long and narrow sandy tongues extended from high lands to the north and south. Be- tween the approaching ends of these sandy peninsulas is an entrance of variable width. The area of the bay at high water is 24 square miles, and at low tide about 13 square miles. The rise of tide is as little as 2 feet at neap, and as much as 8 or 9 feet at springs. The history of the bar recounts great variations in depth of water and alignment. The changes are often sudden and brought about in a single storm. The low-water depth has been as little as 9 or 10 feet and as much as 22 feet. During heavy southerly weather the bar is often dangerous and not infrequently impassable for a short interval. Inside the entrance there is a channel of moderate depth as far as Eureka to the north and Hookton to the south. The United States has since 1881 expended $96,061.55 in dredging at Eureka, near Arcata, and in the Hookton Channel. A project has been prepared and beginning has been made in its execution for giving a permanent channel of increased depth over the bar by means of jetties, for which appropriations to date amount to $262,500. This harbor is a commercial point of importance, due mainly to the fact that it is the principal seat of manufacture and export of redwood lumber. It has also some agricultural importance. A fair increase of depth on the bar must add very much to its commercial importance. ROADSTEADS. Bay of San Pedro.-The bay of San Pedro is situated in latitude 33° 42'. This was an embarcadero in the days of Mexican possession, and a point of shipment for hides and tallow, lightered from shore to the trading vessels at anchor. Reference to this roadstead is made in Dana's "Two Years Before the Mast." It is well protected from northerly and westerly winds by Point Fermin, which is a spur of high land making from San Pedro Hill. The latter is a conspicuous land- mark 1,500 feet or more in height. The anchorage is partially but not entirely pro- tected from southwesterly winds and sea by Catalina Island, which has a mountainous profile and a length of 20 miles, lying parallel to the coast line of the mainland 20 miles distant. The lee of this island affords shelter to vessels compelled by inset of sea or southerly winds to leave San Pedro anchorage, and as the distance is only 20 miles this protection is sought by steamers on occasion. It is to the advantage of this anchorage, as well as of all other landings or bars on this part of the coast, that storms from a southerly di- rection, which are indeed the only ones to be feared, occur rarely, and that in point of violence they are not to be compared to those occurring on the northern coast of Cali- fornia. The deep-sea commerce of southern California is now divided between the Bay of San Pedro and the port of San Diego. The Atchison system of roads has its Pacific termi- nus at San Diego, while the port of the Southern Pacific system is San Pedro. The lat- ter is under the disadvantage of discharging and loading deep-sea vessels by means of lighters, whereas in San Diego the same class of vessels lie at wharves in a quiet and fully protected harbor. The Engineer Department of the United States has recently surveyed the roadstead of San Pedro, and has prepared a project for covering the exposed approaches by break- waters of pierres perdus, at an estimated cost of $4,045,700. This improvement will con- CALIFORNIA. 195 vert the roadstead into an artificial harbor, having an inclosed area, with 18 feet or more of water, of 650 acres. The disadvantage of lightering would thus be removed. No appropriation for the work has been made by Congress. Roadstead of San Luis Obispo.-Port Harford.-This excellent roadstead lies in latitude 35° 10′, about midway between San Pedro and San Francisco. It is covered from north- erly winds by very high land, and affords good shelter for the greater part of the year. At times during the winter, when southerly winds prevail, the anchorage is made unsafe by the inset of southwest seas and wind. There is, however, even in southerly weather, a limited area of comparatively safe anchorage close under the western shore. This bay has been several times examined for purposes of improvement by the Engi- neer Department of the Government. It admits of being made an excellent harbor by means of breakwaters. The great expense attending this kind of construction will probably defer complete solution for some years. In the mean time the Government has undertaken about one-fourth mile of breakwater along the reef on the west side of the roadstead, estimated to cost $285,000, of which sum $25,000 has been appropriated and expended. It is expected that this improvement will have substantial value in covering the rail- road wharf and adjacent parts from heavy seas. A narrow-gauge railroad connecting with the town of San Luis Obispo, and extending as far south as Los Olivos, has its terminus here. A large quantity of agricultural and other products is sent to market from this port, which is the outlet of a part of the country that is growing rapidly in population and production. Monterey roadstead. -This anchorage is situated in the south western corner of Monterey Bay, in latitude 36° 36′, about 90 miles south of San Francisco. The roadstead is an exception to the general law of occurrence of shelter on the California coast, in the fact that it opens to the north instead of to the south. It is therefore exposed to the summer northwest winds. It is quite well protected from southerly gales by Point Pinos, which extends well to the northwest of the anchorage. There is a wharf at which steamers land. There is also communication by rail. It has been examined by the Engineer Department in reference to a proposed break- water, the cost of which is out of proportion to present demands of commerce. Santa Cruz.-This roadstead lies in the northwestern part of Monterey Bay, in lati- tude 36° 57′, about 70 miles from San Francisco. It is the port of a thriving town of the same name and the outlet of a productive country. Lime and powder are the prin- cipal exports of manufacture. The anchorage is well protected from the summer winds, but is open to the inset of southerly storms. This point is about the southern limit of red wood forests, which ex- tend in a narrow belt on the coast, with some intermissions, as far as the Oregon line, in latitude 42°. This roadstead is capable of conversion into a harbor by construction of a sufficient breakwater, which, however, must be costly. Regular communication is kept up by steamers which land at wharves in smooth weather. Two railroads also connect Santa Cruz with San Francisco. Sir Francis Drake's Buy.—This is a capacious roadstead, in latitude 38°, having an area of 4 or 5 square miles of anchorage ground, thoroughly covered from northwest weather by the high promontory of Point Reyes. The eastern end of the point makes well to the eastward, and affords, to a small area, good shelter in southerly weather. This kind of cover deserves notice, as it is quite unusual on the Pacific roadsteads, they generally affording no shelter in southerly weather. This roadstead has been examined with a view to improvement by a breakwater to cut off the southwesterly seas of winter. This improvement is feasible, but proximity to San Francisco and the absence of any great export trade, seem to make it inexpedient at present. A lagoon (Drake's Estero) debouches into the roadstead. Small vessels can enter with 6 or 8 feet of water at high tide. Trinidad roadstead.-This roadstead lies in latitude 41° 3', about 20 miles north of the entrance of Humboldt Bay and 40 miles north of Cape Mendocino. It is well shel- tered from northerly winds by its high shores, but is exposed to the winter storms con- ing from the south. The adjacent country is well covered with fine redwood trees, and the port has its present importance in export of red wood lumber. There is a wharf here, alongside of which vessels may lie safely during the season of northerly winds. This point has been examined several times by officers of the Engineer Department, with a view to conversion into a harbor, by construction of outlying breakwaters placed so as to cut off the inset of southwest seas, but no project has thus far been adopted. 196 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. It is considered that, for the present, the advantages to commerce can not compensate for the great outlay involved. Crescent City roadstead.-This roadstead lies in latitude 41° 45', and is the most northerly of those on the California coast. It is small and dangerous on account of the great number of hidden rocks coming near the surface of the water. It is sheltered from the northerly winds of summer, but is open to the winter storms. -A wharf is maintained on the western side of the roadstead, at which vessels load and discharge. The town of Crescent City is on the shore. Regular communication with San Francisco is maintained by steamers. This point has been examined by the Engineer Department several times, with a view to giving protection from southerly storms and seas, but thus far no project has been favorably considered. Appropriations by Congress for improvement of rivers and harbors in California made up to, but exclusive of, the year 1890. Colorado River, California, Nevada, and Arizona San Diego Harbor......... Wilmington Harbor ...... San Luis Obispo Harbor............ San Francisco Harbor: Removal of Blossom Rock...... Removal of Rincon Rock........ Removal of wrecks and rocks Oakland Harbor Sacramento and Feather Rivers San Joaquin River Mokelumne River Petaluma Creek Napa River.…………………………………………… Redwood Harbor. Humboldt Harbor.... Total...... ....... ...... ..... $25,000.00 112,000.00 870,000.00 25,000.00 $79,927.27 50,000.00 25,000.00 154, 927.27 1,284, 600.00 465,000.00 183,750.00 13,000.00 32,000.00 7,500.00 15, 400.00 342,500.00 3,530, 677. 27 CHAPTER II. TRAFFIC ON WATER. California's trade on bay and river, along the coast and on the ocean-First years of sail and steam navigation-A census estimate-Inland navigation-Traffic on the rivers-The business of the creeks-The Pacific Coast Steamship Company's routes-Lumber schooners-Trade of Los Angeles-Commerce of San Diego-Tabular statements-Ocean trade-Returns of the Pacific Mail, Oceanic and Occidental, and Oriental Steamship Companies. For twenty years after the discovery of gold at Coloma the maritime traffic of this coast was extremely active. All the freight and most of the travel to and from Cali- fornia took the sea route. During the flush period of the placers, the miners and the traders whom they enriched demanded large supplies of foreign products. To accom- modate them steamers more commodious and large sailing vessels, swifter than any pre- viously seen, were constructed. The Californian clipper was the name of the finest class of sailers on the sea. In 1850 San Francisco had become one of the great seaports, and its maritime commerce continues to grow, though much of its freight coming from and going to the Atlantic coast now takes land routes. The vessels which entered the harbor in 1881, including the small craft engaged in internal and coasting trade, numbered about 3,500 and measured 1,700,000 tons in the aggregate, showing an average of 485 tons for each vessel. Of these 174 were steam ves- sels, from foreign ports, aggregating in measurement 343,576 tons; and 925 were sailing vessels, from foreign ports, measuring in the aggregate 1,084,186 tons. The 50 vessels that arrived from China averaged 2,400 tons each; the 60 from American ports on the Atlantic averaged 1,600 each; the 200 from Great Britain averaged 1,400, and the re- mainder of the arrivals averaged less than 1,400 tons each. The money paid as freight during the year on cargoes from foreign ports by sailing vessels was $3,203,801; and that paid on cargoes from American Atlantic ports by similar conveyance, $1,332,896. STEAM NAVIGATION. Steam navigation began as a regular business on our coast when the Pacific Mail steamship California arrived at Panama, by way of Cape Horn. She was the pioneer of the line of mail steamers to ply between Panama and Oregon, accommodating the greater part of the coast, and her arrival in the Bay of San Francisco on February 28, 1849, was celebrated as an occasion of great public importance. For nearly twenty years the company conveyed most of the passengers, treasure, and fast freight between New York and San Francisco. The arrivals and departures of its steamers at intervals for a month at first, and later of two weeks or one week, were events that attracted uni- versal attention. The agent of the company in San Francisco, by virtue of his position, was one of the leading business men of the city. The immense business of the company attracted competition. A rival line, crossing from ocean to ocean through Nicaragua, obtained a large patronage from the traveling public until the route was closed in consequence of Walker's filibustering occupation of the country. The overland mail stage, which ran by the southern route between San Francisco and St. Louis in 1859, and by the middle route between Sacramento and the Missouri in 1861, shaking up its patrons by three weeks of hard driving day and night, took but few of the passengers, and for twelve years before the completion of the first transcontinental railroad the Pacific Mail Company had no competitor in its trips to and from China. The Pacific Mail has also discontinued its Australian steamers, the trade to the An- tipodes being now in the hands of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company and the Oceanic Steamship Company, statements of whose present business are given at the conclusion of this chapter under the head of ocean trade. 197 198 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. A CENSUS ESTIMATE. The following is taken from the returns of the Tenth Census relative to the steamers of the Pacific coast district: "The employment or service of steamers may in some cases be definitely stated within geographical limits, but in many cases, especially in the river and coasting trade, there is no practicable method of classification which can indicate exactly the ranges and routes of service, simply because there is no uniformity of route. Nevertheless, as a basis for further considerations of the subject, and as a general index of the distribution of the steam tonnage, tables have been formulated assigning the steamers to various bays, rivers, and ocean routes, as far as their service could be defined from the obtainable data. Of this classification of the steamers of the Pacific coast it may be said that the small craft specified as in the coasting trade are boats similar to those employed in bay and sometimes in river service, often with noncondensing engines, and making short runs along the coast. The larger vessels enumerated under the caption 'Pacific Ocean and Coasting' comprise the ocean steamships plying from San Francisco to China, Panama, British Columbia, Oregon, and southern California. Many of the steamers specified as plying upon the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers ply also upon San Francisco and San Pablo Bays. over. Steamers of 1,000 tons and Steamers of 500 to 1,000 Steamers of 100 to 500 tons. Tonnage. Cylin- der сарас- ity. Ton- nage. Cylin- der сарас- ity. Ton- nage. Cylin- der сарас- ity. tons. l'acific Ocean and coasting .... San Francisco and San Pablo Bays Humboldt Bay Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. Lake Tahoe ………………. 17 39,052.24 19 3,544.34 7 5,250.06 10 236.17 17 4, 284.33 25 184.54 813, 937.85 10 1,783. 35 64, 896.65 7 752.33 16 3, 301.82 | 25 1 104.07 2 258.07 3.45 ..... 28 7,007.44 53 425.71 Steamers of 50 to 100 'ons. Steamers of 25 to 50 tons. Steamers of less than 25 tons. No. of steamers. Tonnage. No. of en- gines. Cylin- der capac- ity. No. of steamers. Ton- nage. No. of en- gines. Cylin- der capac- ity. No. of steamers. Ton- nage. No. of en- Pacific Ocean and coasting San Pablo Bays... Humboldt Bay Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers.. 6 499,87 8 25.63 3 San Francisco and 42 308,53 174.63 6 4 Lake Tahoe 151, 161.94 1 29 68. 14 2 31.28 9 19.33 4 65.74 5 6.29 1 130.01 4 360.05 11 167.76 7 192.95 + 23.00 3.66 3 56.15 25.16 8.52 7 9.99 15 1 0.79 2 4 0.74 6 38.97 8 1.06 143.64 16 3 35.00 6.40 1.54 The accompanying list gives the distances of all the shipping points and coast features on the Pacific coast from San Francisco, as far north as Sitka and as far south as Panama. Only estimates are given of the distances traversed by sailing vessels. It may be men- tioned that ship captains roughly estimate the voyage to New York as something over 16,000 miles, and about 17,000 to England. gines. Cylin- der capac- ity. CALIFORNIA. 199 2 UP THE COAST. Place. Miles. Place. Miles. Place. Miles. Duxbury Point Point Reyes..... Point Tomales... Bodega Head Rules Landing. Russia River. Fort Ross Timber Cove........ 17 Albion River......... 117 Cape Foulweather.... 459 34 Little River.. 120 Oyster Bay.... 495 49 Mendocino City (Big Tillamook Bay.. 502 52 River)........ 123 Tillamook Head 525 61 Caspar 128 Point Adams 541 62 .... Noyo River 133 Cape Disappointment... 546 66 Laguna Point.. 133 Toke Point (Shoalwater 70 Newport, North 144 Bay).. 571 ...... Stillwater Cove 71- Westport.... 148 Gray's Harbor 581 Salt Point... 73 Rockport.. 151 Point Greenville 607 Fisk's Mill. 76 Shelter Cove 165 Cape Flattery 675 Stewart's Point... 79 Point Gorda.. 183 Port Angeles.... 740 Bihler's Pt (Black Point).. 81 Cape Mendocino ...... 191 Port Townsend 765 Bowen's Landing.... 89 Humboldt Bay 215 Seattle 803 Collins' Landing. 89 Trinidad Head 233 Tacoma 824 Fish Rock…...... 91 Pt. St. George (Crescent Steilacoom 833 Phelp's Landing 93 City) 275 Olympia. 856 Signal Port….…………….. 94 Rogue River 318 Victòria 744 Rough and Ready. 96 Port Orford 330 New Westminster.. 815 Saunder's Landing 97 Cape Orford.. 338 Nanaimo..... 822 Point Arena. 100 Coquille River 355 Barclay Sound. 706 New Haven. 107 Cape Gregory (Empire Nootka Sound 774 Bridgeport 108 City) 369 Sitka 1333 Cuffey's Cove 111 Umpqua River.... 390 Navarro River... 114 Cape Perpetua. 429 Whitesboro (Salmon Alseya River. 437 Creek) 116 Yaquina Bay. 450 DOWN THE COAST, Point Lobos 17/115 Piedras Blancas 154 Wilmington..... 356 Point San Pedro..... 20 San Simeon……….. 158 Anaheim Landing. 365 Point Montara... 23 Leffingwells 163 Newport Landing. 373 Pillar Point.... 26 Cayucas... 175 Port Loma.. 430 Amesport Landing 29 Moro Rock..... 180 San Diego.. 437 Point Miramontes. 31 Point Buchon. 183 Port San Quentin. 562 Gordon's Chute 32 Port Harford.... 188 Cerros Island 730 Pescadero Point 42 Point San Luis... 194 Magdalena Bay 1,000 Pigeon Point ....... Point New Year Davenport Landing William's Landing Point Santa Cruz Aptos Wharf...... 46 Point Sal..... 207 Cape St. Lucas 1, 143 51 Point Purissima 214 Mazatlan.. 1,343 59 Point Arguello...... 224 Guaymas 1,503 61 .... Point Conception... 237 Cape Corrientes 1,413 71 Gaviota 250 Manzanillo....... 1,513 76 Santa Barbara 274 Acapulco.... 1,810 Pajaro Landing. Gibson's Landing. Salinas Landing. Point Pinos... Point Sur Cape San Martin.... 81 Carpenteria……….. 284 Realjo........ 2,585 83 San Buenaventura. 296 Nicaragua 2,681 84 Hueneme ...... 301 Colba Island. 3,018 86 Point Duma…………... 324 Panama....... 3,240 102 Santa Monica 340 136 Point Vincent 347 The foreign commerce of California from 1851 to 1890. Year ending June 30- Domestic Imports. and foreign exports. Total. Year ending June 30- Domestic Imports. and foreign exports. Total. 1851 1852 1853 1856 1857 1858 1854 .... 1855 .... *$13,531 *1, 618, 587 *101, 312 *8, 407, 701 *5, 951, 379 | 6, 477, 995 5, 976, 886 6,515, 202 *$555, 453 *3, 423, 395 *8, 221, 066 3, 362, 915 2,591, 496 2, 395, 710 *$13,531 1871 $15, 978, 295 $13,033, 228 *4, 648, 587 *656, 765 *11, 831, 096 *14, 175, 415 9, 840, 910 1872 1873 1874 1875 .. 1876 8,571, 382 1877 8, 910, 912 1878 26, 702, 577 1859 7,664, 413 4,012, 287 | 11,676, 700 1879 29, 170, 504 1860 7,369, 963 4,868, 076 12, 238,039 1880. 35, 329, 288 1861 7, 215, 022 7,363, 116 14,578, 138 1881 38, 103, 898 1862 5,598, 399 7, 134, 851 | 12,733, 250 1882 1863 7,925, 720 8,368,535 16,294, 255 1883 1864 10, 849, 153 8, 262,546 | 19, 111, 699 1884 1865 15,802, 226 9,987, 51625, 789,742 1885 1866 • 13, 026, 007 | 10, 986, 246 | 24, 012, 253 1886 .. 1867 18,064, 911 | 1868.. 15, 685, 337 14, 302, 935 | 32, 367, 846 14, 234, 480 | 29,919,817 1887 41, 680, 528 46,067, 789 36, 216, 073 35, 300, 535 37, 473, 957 41, 240, 139 1893 48,006, 394 1869 1870 15, 117, 604 | 12, 935, 758 | 28, 053, 362 15,982, 549 1889 49, 395, 988 35, 468, 890 54,007, 434 45, 333, 891 37, 528, 240 38, 636, 666 30.631, 712 33, 143, 188 28, 237, 431 38, 172, 781 13,991,781 | 23, 974, 330 1890 49, 360, 392 37, 249, 006 27, 222, 270 32, 680, 981 26, 775, 601 24, 702, 492 28, 478, 613 29,712, 487 | 10, 190,074 25, 007, 431 25,090, 080 24, 247, 787 23, 391, 572 29,935, 636 21,895, 623 31, 386, 793 32, 423, 812 $29,011,523 37, 412, 344 57, 688, 415 51,865, 684 18, 950, 279 51,870, 215 59, 648, 123 48,598, 200 60, 557, 297 67,753, 100 73,572, 788 95, 687, 962 91, 401, 680 73,744, 313 73, 937, 201 68, 105, 669 74, 383, 327 76, 243, 825 87,568, 769 86, 609, 398 *Including specie. 200 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. BAY AND RIVER. The inland navigation of California is confined almost entirely to San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Suisun Bay (the two latter being extensions of San Francisco Bay), and the two principal rivers emptying into these bays, namely, Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River. As has been already mentioned in the preceding and descriptive chapter, the bays are navigable for seagoing vessels of the largest class, but the rivers are not navigable for such vessels. The Sacramento River can accommodate barges and stern-wheel steamers of light draft for a distance of about 250 miles at all seasons of the year, while during the spring freshets river boats can go much farther north. The San Joaquin is always navigable for barges and steamers as far as Stockton, a grain center of considerable importance; and during the stages of high water (caused by heavy rains late in the fall and by the melting of snow in the spring) steamers can go as far south as Fresno City. A slough leads into the San Joaquin River from Tulare Lake, but is nearly dried up in summer. The ordinarily navigable portions of the streams and bays tributary to the Golden Gate have an aggregate length of about 300 miles; but if the routes followed by the regular line of steamers running to the different ports be added together, the total would be nearly 500 miles. Small scows have carried freights on some of the irrigation ditches of California, but there is no canal 5 miles long on the coast built entirely for the transportation of freight; nor is it probable, from the character of the country, that commercial canals will ever occupy a prominent place in our business. From 1853 to 1869 most of the passengers and the bulk of the freight between San Francisco on the one side and Sacramento or Stockton on the other, were transported on river steamers owned by the California Steam Navigation Company, which for years had almost exclusive control of the business and had an immense income, paying 2 and even 3 per cent. per month of dividends on its capital stock. The railroad between Oakland and Sacramento was the last section finished in the Central Union Pacific Railroad, and its completion destroyed a large part of the business of the river company, which could then no longer charge $7 for a passage from San Francisco to Sacramento, including $1 for a meal, and as much more for a berth in a small sleeping room. Something approaching a similar monopoly of the river business has recently been consummated, but the rates have never been restored to their original exorbitance. The traffic on both rivers is still large, several lines of steamers and barges being engaged in carrying the produce of the country and merchandise to and from the central market, San Francisco. The San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers are both lined with small landings from which vast quantities of cereals and produce are yearly removed, and there was little doubt that the river trade of California would grow a most im- portant factor in the State's internal commerce if the navigation of the streams was only properly restored and maintained. TRAFFIC OF THE SACRAMENTO RIVER. The following is the estimated amount of traffic of the Sacramento River (not includ- ing the trade from the Feather) for the period from July 1, 1883, to June 30, 1884. In addition there is considerable trade in fruits and vegetables on the lower river, and in general merchandise on the upper river. for which it is impossible to obtain any record 1. Sacramento Transportation Company. 2. Central Pacific steamers...... 3. San Francisco Steamboat and Transportation Company Total Tons. 164, 029 63,870 12, 586 240, 485 Of this amount, 70,876 tons consisted of wheat and barley from points above Sacra- mento City. The amount of wheat and barley moved during the period from August 1, 1882, to August 1, 1883, was 109,229 tons. The estimated crop for 1884 moved by steamers was 135,901 tons. > CALIFORNIA. 201 Estimated amount of receipts and shipments of the city of Stockton for the year ended June 30, 1884. Articles. Tons. Articles. Tons. Shipments. Receipts. Wheat, barley, and other cereals Flour 85,000 48,500 Ground feed and mili stuff 12,500 Vegetables, potatoes, onions, etc 21,500 Fruit, grapes, etc ...... 5,250 Carriages, furniture, etc... 650 Paper... Leather.. Agricultural implements...…………….. Paper stock, chemicals, etc.. Machinery, iron, and hardware Hardwood lumber........ Building and fencing lumber Coal...... 6,500 1,100 27, 250 1,500 142,000 30,000 1,100 Lime and cement....... 1,250 Hides, pelts, glue stock, etc.... Wine and brandy 1,000 Tan bark…..... 4,500 600 • Miscellaneous freights ........ 500 9,000 Hides, oil, and tanners' stock. General merchandise... 750 42,500 Total Total 257, 350 185,600 RECEIPTS AT SAN FRANCISCO. San Francisco is the great consuming as well as distributing market of the coast, and the following amounts of the principal articles of domestic produce brought to tide- water by river shipping will give a very fair indication of the extent of this division of internal commerce: Receipts of products at San Francisco-from interior points by bay and river steamers. Flour.... Wheat.... Barley. ... Oats Corn. Potatoes. Onions Wool Hay Hops Lime Quicksilver Wine........ Brandy Salmon. Butter...... Cheese........ Eggs Articles. Parcel. 1889. 1898. 1886. sacks Centals .do....... .do..... do... 5,318, 630 12, 138, 943 1,635, 580 35, 377 26, 774 30, 695 62, 859 3,847, 312 11, 245, 417 1,925, 687 4,661, 897 15, 327, 728 1,395, 721 58,847 172, 267 Sacks 1,099, 502 1,024, 564 .do.... Bales.... 895, 086 157, 761 154, 475 114,356 59, 172 65, 373 79, 211 Tons Bales... Barrels... Flasks 124, 434 126, 409 93, 534 12,313 16, 446 13,473 129, 663 Gallons ...do...... Cases.... Centals ...do.. Dozen. 15, 805 10,415, 479 494, 678 52,998 61, 104 107, 185 38,827 8,855, 611 237,585 41, 028 48, 285 24,096 35, 109 2,537, 369 2,083, 366 85,634 17,853 6, 207, 131 180, 354 25, 301 53,382 32, 996 1,484, 130 This table, however, by no means gives a complete record of the river and bay trade, owing to the fact that a good deal of traffic is done on boats and barges, of which no record is kept. The passenger travel between points on the rivers and the bay is inconsiderable, although there are times when, because of unusually low rates, the travel amounts to considerable numbers. An exception, of course, is made of the ferry lines between San Francisco and Oakland (including the suburbs of Berkeley and Alameda), the figures of which are given else- where. There are at present eight regular lines of bay and river steamers, the sailing dates from San Francisco being as follows: Marysville, Yuba City, and way landings: Every Friday. Martinez, Mokelumne River, and Black Diamond: Every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Napa and Vallejo: Every day (excepting Friday and Sunday). Petaluma: Every day (excepting Sunday). Sacramento, Colusa, and Princeton: Every Tuesday and Friday. Sacramento, Vallejo, Mare Island, Benicia, Collinsville, Rio Vista, Isleton, Walnut Grove, Court- land. Clarksburgh, and way landings: Daily (except Sunday). Sacramento River, Black Diamond, Collinsville, Rio Vista, Isleton, Walnut Grove, Courtland, and way landings: Every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Stockton, Antioch, and way landings: Daily (Sundays excepted). 202 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE MOVEMENT OF WHEAT. The wheat movements form the most important item in the inland navigation of Cali- fornia. There are six shipping ports on San Francisco Bay and adjacent waters at which seagoing vessels are loaded with grain, viz: San Francisco, Oakland, Port Costa, Wheat- port, Vallejo, and Benicia. The principal of these shipping ports is Port Costa on the Strait of Karquinez, situated in the northwestern part of Contra Costa County, on the Southern Pacific (San Francisco and Sacramento branch), 32 miles from San Francisco. During the year 1882-'83 about two-thirds of the grain ships were loaded at Port Costa, about 15 per cent. at Vallejo, nearly as many at San Francisco, and most of the re- mainder at Benicia, very few taking in cargo at Oakland. During the During the year 1884 more than one-half of the grain-carrying ships were loaded at Port Costa, about one-fourth at San Francisco, 11 per cent. at Vallejo, and the principal part of the remainder at Benicia, a few ships only loading at Oakland and Wheatport. The following statement shows the quantity of wheat, flour, and barley loaded at each of these ports during the calendar year 1884, the flour being reduced to wheat in the calculation at the rate of 3 centals of wheat to a barrel of flour: Port Costa.... San Francisco Vallejo..... Benicia Port. Centals. 7,430, 061 Oakland.... 3,787, 982 Wheatport.. 1,567, 519 1,295, 670 Total... Port. Centals. 192, 510 46,699 14, 320, 441 The quantity of wheat brought from the less important shipping points on San Fran- cisco Bay and adjacent bays, and rivers empyting into those bays, other than the San Joa- quin and Sacramento Rivers, can not be accurately ascertained. It may be said in a general way that of all the wheat received at shipping points in the harbor of San Francisco, two-thirds is transported by rail and one-third by water. All the grain raised in the vicinity of Stockton is sent down the river on barges and steamers, the shipments in 1882-'83 being 91,000 tons of wheat and barley and 47,500 tons of flour. These figures do not include the business of the Upper San Joaquin River, the railroad securing nearly all the traffic except in times of freshets. The The farmers of the Sacramento Valley ship their wheat by water or rail as best suits their convenience, those nearest the river, of course, preferring the water route. navigation of the Sacramento River, however, is attended with more or less risk on ac- count of snags in the river bed; farmers who ship by water being put to the extra ex- pense of marine insurance, averaging about 25 cents per ton. BUSINESS OF THE CREEKS. Though the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers are the two principal rivers that empty their waters into San Francisco Bay, they are by no means the only streams which find their way into this great basin. If a survey of the shores of the bay were made it would be found, starting from San Francisco and going in the direction of San Bruno, that there was an almost continuous network of sloughs and creeks cutting up the low coast. Nearly all of these have been surveyed and reported on by the Government en- gineers, but only three, the Petaluma, Napa, and Redwood Creeks, have been reported on favorably and improved. The improvement that has been made on the Petaluma is of the greatest service to the quite considerable commerce of the town of that name. has resulted in saving a transfer of freight to and from a small steamboat in order to reach the town. Formerly vessels at the town could float only at high water; now they do not ground at all, or until half tide. Formerly, also, the fleet of schooners lost a day or more in passing the bends, now saved by the new channels. It The creek so called is really a channel, deriving its navigable value from the tide en- tirely. The wash from the land entering at the upper end of the slough at the town of Petaluma, year by year fills the channel, and unless removed by dredging it will trans- fer the head of navigation to a lower point on the creek. The improvement of depth is, therefore, only temporary. In a few years, perhaps in a single year of long-continued freshets, the useful results of the dredging just completed may be obliterated from the channel. There is, however, no present complaint of obstructions in the part unsur- veyed. NAPA CREEK. Napa River is during the summer and autumn mainly a tidal stream, carrying little drainage from its tributary basin. During winter and spring, which is the rainy sea- son, it carries the drainage of a basin of about 400 miles square. The land drainage CALIFORNIA. 203 alone might afford a fitful and uncertain navigation for a part of the year, but it is the daily influence of the tides which gives the river permanent value for navigation. The rise of ordinary tides at Napa City is about 5 feet and of spring tides about 7 feet. The river is subject to considerable freshets, which bring from above floating trees and detri- tus, composed in part of gravel, which settles to some extent in the channel and forms shoals. The general low-water depth within the limits of the survey is about 5 feet, while on the crests of the bars it is reduced to less than 1 foot. The rise of the tide being added, there is generally in each day, for a short time, a depth of 6 feet in the shoalest places. The arrival and departure of steamers and other vessels are necessarily timed in reference to passing the shoal places when the phase of the tide will permit, and vary from day to day. The distance by water separating Napa City and San Francisco is about 40 miles. Two steamers are employed in trade between these points, each making three trips per week. In addition, small sailing vessels are employed as required, particularly in the autumn, when the agricultural products are moved. Accompanying the report was the following estimate of the yearly commerce of Napa River, furnished by W. H. Wulff, of Napa City: Two steamers (the Caroline and Emma) discharge at the Napa wharves, freight..... Tons... Coal received from schooners....... Hay shipped by vessels Leather and wool shipments Glue shipments...... Sand received Lime and cement received.. Grain shipments by the different flouring mills Lumber received Brick received..... Tan bark received Wine shipped Miscellaneous, consisting of fruit, produce, and general freight... REDWOOD CREEK. do.... ****** Op)**** ..do ...do...... ...do ....do..... 20, 800 5,000 2,000 400 20 1,500 500 .do..... 3,000 ........feet... 10,000,000 ..number... 600,000 ......cords... 1,000 .... ..gallons... 1,500,000 .....tons.. 2,000 The third creek in the "worthy of improvement" list is that which runs up to Red- wood. Redwood City contains 2,000 to 3,000 people. It is situated at the head of a tidal channel which connects with San Francisco Bay. The commerce of Redwood City is carried on with towns on San Francisco Bay and adjoining waters having navigable connection. The exports are lumber, grain, and hay, with some leather. The imports are pine lumber, coal, hides, and general merchandise. The amount of trade, exports and imports, in 1882 was estimated to exceed $1,000,000, while from July 1, 1886, to July, 1887, the commerce to and from Redwood City via Redwood Creek was as fol- lows: Pine lumber, thousand feet IMPORTS. Redwood lumber, thousand feet........ Coal, tons General merchandise, tons. Hides, bark, oils, etc. (tanners' stock), tons Redwood lumber, thousand feet .... Shingles, thousands Split posts Wood, cords.. Tan bark, cords Grain, tons ............ Hay, tons...……. EXPORTS. Tanners' goods (leather, glue stock, etc.), tons...... ALVISO CREEK. 4,250 1,200 1,500 4,500 4,000 5,000 35,000 425,000 8,000 3,500 7,000 8,000 2,000 About 8 miles from San José is the town of Alviso, the only seaport in Santa Clara County. It stands at the head of navigation on San Francisco Bay, and is surrounded by a wide extent of marsh land, penetrated by many creeks and sloughs. In the early years of the American settlement of California it was believed that Alviso would grow into a great city, owing to the position which it occupied at the head of the bay where it formed the only outlet for the trade of Santa Clara Valley. The building of railroads deprived the place of its monopoly of trade, and with this it ceased to grow. But although Alviso has not become anything of the great city which was expected of it, and although its trade in the products of the county has fallen off, it has none the less been an important even if a silent factor in the progress of the county all along. The existence of this waterway has given a competitor to the railroads and secured a lower tariff on freights to and from San José than could otherwise have been obtained. 204 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. It has also been very advantageous as a receiving point for lumber, and in recent years a large amount of business has been done in this trade. The Alviso Lumber Company, composed of S. H. Chase and Capt. S. H. Day, was the first lumber company that shipped to Alviso. The company was established in 1887 with its principal place of business at Alviso, and with an office and branch lumber yard in San José. During the past year the company has handled at Alviso 655,000 feet of redwood lumber and 667,- 000 feet of Oregon pine. Other lumber companies have also made use of the advan- tages of the port. The Garden City Lumber Company of San José has purchased the old Alviso flour mill and will establish a door and sash factory in the near future. The North Coast Lumber Company of Santa Clara, in addition to their lumber yard and wharf, have also at Alviso one of the finest grain warehouses on the coast. The Santa Clara Valley Mill and Lumber Company of San José, the Pacific Manufacturing Com- pany, Adam Kegel and E. E. Misserve, of San José, also receive a considerable quantity of lumber at this port. The trade has rapidly developed during the last 3 years. In 1887 there was received at Alviso 1,000,000 feet of lumber from Mendocino and Humboldt Counties. In 1888, 2,200,000 feet were received, of which about 1,000,000 were from Oregon and Washington ports. During the past year there has been received 1,975,000 feet of redwood lumber and 2,500,000 feet of Oregon pine, making a total of 4,475,000 feet for the year. In ad- dition to this there has been also received 1,000,000 laths and 500,000 sawed shakes, the greater portion of which was for the San José trade. Large quantities of bituminous rock and several cargoes of salt and tan bark, and some coal, have also been handled at the warehouses of the port. Besides the business that is done by water a large amount of produce from the surrounding country is shipped to San Francisco and Oakland by rail. During the summer months from ten to fifteen carloads of strawberries, tomatoes, etc., are shipped daily. The town now contains a first-class hotel, two general merchandise stores, post, express, and telegraph offices, a good school, a flour mill, a box factory, a lumber yard, and several large wharves and warehouses. Among the larger vessels that trade at Alviso are the steamer Alex. Duncan, drawing 10 feet of water; the schooners Robert and Minnie, drawing 10 feet; the Vanderbilt, drawing 11 feet; the Mayflower, drawing 9 feet; the Ellen Adelia, drawing 9 feet; the Napa City, drawing 8 feet, and the Ruby, drawing 9 feet. In ad- dition to these are a large number of smaller crafts drawing from 5 to 8 feet of water. TRADE OF OAKLAND HARBOR. A description of Oakland Harbor has already been given in the preceding chapter, de- scriptive of the commercial facilities of all points on the coast, while its railroad advan- tages are treated of in the last chapter of the part devoted to railroads. To show the gradual growth of its commercial importance, the following statistics are appended: Traffic by steam ferries and vessels. 1874... 1878... 1882.. 1883 1884 1885 1886. By ferry By vessels... Total Year. < Total traffic in 1874. Traffic. Tons freight. Steam fer- ries, tons Vessels. freight. Tons Tons register. freight. 60,000 129,000 1,415 70, 750 94, 300 1,085 109, 125 211,627 1,051, 788 1, 129 129, 714 173, 448 .... 1,150, 379 1,004 144, 004 257,614 1, 142, 918 1,031 143, 886 215, 829 1, 202, 230 1, 157 163, 553 255, 738 1,439, 134 1,326 200, 226 305, 437 Total traffic in 1886. Traffic. 60,000 By ferry 94,000 By vessels.. 154,000 Total..... Tons freight. 1, 439, 134 305, 437 1,744,571 COASTING TRADE. Of no department of California industries has less been written than of its coasting trade. Yet, as will be seen, it is a most important one. The statistics concerning it have either not been kept, or have been overlooked. The bright exception to this somber rule is in the case of the Pacific Coast Steamship Company. Fortunately this company's op- CALIFORNIA. 205 erations cover the whole territory, extending as they do northward from San Francisco to Sitka, 1,784 miles, and southward from San Francisco to San Diego, a route of 482 miles; a total of 2,266 miles. The business between these points is divided into seven routes, as follows: Northward from San Francisco: San Francisco and Mendocino route The San Francisco and Humboldt Bay route.. The Portland, Oregon, route ..... The San Francisco and Puget Sound route...... The Alaska route .... Southward from San Francisco: The San Francisco and Southern Coast route The San Francisco and San Diego route Miles 134 216 653 830 1,784 393 482 THE MENDOCINO ROUTE. This line has one steamer, the Coos Bay, which leaves San Francisco every Monday and Thursday for Fort Bragg and returns thence every Wednesday and Saturday, touch- ing en route at Point Arena, Cuffey's Cove, Whitesboro, Little River, and Mendocino. Mendocino County is noted for its immense forests of redwood. The vast quantities of redwood lumber shipped into San Francisco is produced principally in this county. That portion of the country along the coast is rough and rugged, generally speaking, as the spurs from the Coast Range run down to the ocean. These forests and mountains are the natural home of wild game; here can be found in the greatest abundance quail, grouse, wild pigeon, deer, bear, etc. The numerous mountain streams are alive with trout and salmon, the finest in the world; in fact, those seeking a rough, outdoor life with magnificent hunting and fishing for a week or two should take a trip to Mendo- cino County. There are also many fine valleys along the coast with rich alluvial soil capable of producing the finest cereals, fruit, and produce. The dairy and grazing busi- ness are also prominent industries in Mendocino County. THE EUREKA ROUTE. This line, often called the Humboldt Bay Line, has the steamer Corona, which leaves San Francisco every Wednesday for Eureka, touching also at Arcata and Field's Land- ing (all in Humboldt Bay) leaving there every Saturday on the return trip. Humboldt County has five great industries-lumbering, shipbuilding, agriculture and fruit-growing, stock-raising and wool-growing, and mining. In 1886 the lumber exports amounted to 90,094,309 feet, and 138,581,000 shingles and shakes, while for the year ending January 1, 1887, the output was 104,519,726 feet of lumber, 203,700, 985 shingles, 17,240,523 shakes, and a vast quantity of ties, posts, pick- ets, fruit boxes, and house material. The amount of exports would have been much larger had it not been for the difficulties in navigating the bar-a hindrance to com- merce which will be strongly brought to the attention of Congress during the present session. Notwithstanding its bar, Humboldt Bay, the principal harbor and entrepôt for the commerce of the county, holds a commanding position in the commerce of the Northern Pacific, being the safest and most capacious harbor between San Francisco and Puget Sound, and surrounded by resources but partially developed, which for variety and wealth are well-nigh inexhaustible. Within its compass are the shipping points of Eureka, Arcata, Mad River, Fairhaven, Hookton, Southport, and Milford. The county's export values amount to over $4,500,000 annually, the transportation of which occupies two lines of steamers and a fleet of over sixty sailing vessels, making up some 500 car- goes yearly. These vessels ply to nearly all the South Pacific seaports, Australia, the Hawaiian and Navigator Islands, give employment to some 450 seamen, and have a carry- ing capacity of 11,000 tons. The whole list of Humboldt's exports can not be given, but the following will give some idea of the county's products. It gives the materials and amounts shipped for the first six months of last year. ...boxes... ...... 6,733 | Oats 92,000 Potatoes Apples Butter..... Barley Cheese Beans....... Baskets... Eggs.... Fish.... Fruit ..pounds... .sacks... ...pounds... .......do..... Furs, hides, and pelts............bundles... Glue stock... 1,951 Peas....... 2, 000 Salmon.. Salmon, canned Salmon, fresh Sheep. .... .... Other live stock.. 540 | Wool...... 49 177 Tan bark……….. Miscellaneous. ...... Leather ... 4,479 Salmon ....bundles... 11 .boxes... 237 pounds... 428,000 ..do .. ......barrels... 496, 009 ....rolls... ...sacks... 26, 810 ..do...... 40, 100 .........do.. 6, 020 408 179 7,360 ...do...... ...barrels... ....half-barrels... ... ....cases... ...do...... ..head... ......do..... 172 · 1, 197 688 ....pounds... 1,594, 925 ......cords... 1,800 347 ......tons... 206 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Eureka, the county seat of Humboldt, is situated on the east side of Humboldt Bay, occupying a pleasant site overlooking the waters of the bay. The city is one of the most expensively and tastefully laid out on the coast. Many handsome business blocks and public buildings adorn her thoroughfares. The streets are rectangular and kept in good condition, while the facilities for numerous vessels along the wharves are quite ade- quate. Eureka is lighted with gas and electricity, and possesses many of the useful in- stitutions of a metropolis. The census of 1880 gave the county a population of 15,511, but since that time it has risen to between 23,000 and 25,000. Eureka has a population of over 7,000. THE PORTLAND, OREGON, ROUTE. This line, which is really the ocean division of the Union Pacific Railway, runs three steamers, the State of California, the Columbia, and the Oregon, which sail each way eight times a month. At Portland the steamers make close connection with the North- ern Pacific Railroad, Oregon Short Line, and other diverging lines, for all points in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Dakota, Utah, Wyom- ing, Yellowstone Park, and all points East and South, and to Europe. THE VICTORIA AND PUGET SOUND ROUTE. This line runs three steamers for Tacoma, the City of Puebla, the Umatilla, and the Walla Walla, six times a month, calling en route at Victoria, British Columbia, and Port Townsend and Seattle, Wash. At Victoria passengers for Vancouver connect with the steamers of the Canadian Pacific Navigation Company. Under traffic agreement between the Pacific Coast Steamship Company and the Northern and Canadian Pacific Railway Companies, through bills of lading are given and through tickets sold from San Francisco to the principal ports in Canada and the United States and vice versa. THE ALASKA ROUTE. This line runs three steamers, the George W. Elder, the City of Topeka, and the Queen, the first two starting northward from Portland and the Queen from Tacoma. Extended notices of this route will no doubt be given in the reports on Oregon and Washington. OTHER NORTHERN LINES. In addition to the Pacific Coast Steamship Company's steamer, Corona, Searls & Stone dispatch a weekly steamer, the Humboldt, and Charles Nelson runs a semimonthly steamer, the North Fork, to Eureka, Field's Landing, and Arcata on Humboldt Bay. In addition also to the Pacific Coast Steamship Company's steamer Coos Bay, Hobbs, Wall & Co. dispatch a semimonthly steamer, the Crescent City, to Crescent City in Del Norte County, stopping sometimes at points in Mendocino County. The Oregon Development Company dispatches a weekly steamer to Portland, Salem, Albany, and Eugene City, and all points in Oregon via steamers to Yaquina Bay and Oregon Pacific Railroad Company. The rates by this line are somewhat lower than by the Pacific Coast Steamship Company, and are as follows: Portland, first class, $14; second class, $8. Albany, first class, $10.75; second class, $6. Quite recently Getz Bros. & Co. have started a line to Port Angeles, a new shipping point on the Sound, calling at Port Townsend, Seattle, Tacoma, Fairhaven, Sehome, Whatcom, and Bellingham. No re- turns have yet been made of the traffic of this line. Lastly, a commercial line of steam- ers sailing every ten days, and carrying freight and passengers to Gray's Harbor and vicinity, has been organized by the Gray's Harbor Commercial Company, having its headquarters at San Francisco. Steamers plying between San Francisco and northern points in California. Name. Tons. Destination. Number trips. Line. Weekly .....do...... Semimonthly Semiweekly....... Pacific Coast S. S. Co. Semimonthly Hobbs, Wall & Co. Pacific Coast S. S. Co. Searles & Stone. Charles Nelson. Corona.... Humboldt ....... North Fork...... Coos Bay Crescent City 966 Eureka 390 ......do 323 ...do 311 Mendocino. 297 Crescent City CALIFORNIA. 207 Statement of freight, treasure, and passenger traffic between San Francisco and ports of north- ern California in 1887 and 1889. Tons of freight. Month. Treasure trans- ported. Passenger movement. 1889. 1887. 1889. 1887. 1889. 1887. Whole. Half. Whole. Half. January February March 2,594.8 2,971.5 $19, 440 $49, 312 1, 159 40 -801 2,600.1 23 2,437.8 6, 307 29, 191 1, 150 613 12 September.... April... • May June July August October.... ... November.. December Total 2,277. 1 2, 693. 1 2,778.9 3, 425.8 5,044.5 60, 204 16,799 1, 409 938 18 2,954. 1 70,576 8,003 1,431 978 16 2, 746.1 10, 724 11,568 1,417 993 5 3,525.0 51, 184 2,353 1,451 726 3 2, 492.2 5,785.0 21, 136 43,429 1,251 981 14 2,003. 3 4,540.5 35, 363 29, 454 1,268 715 9 3,252.9 4,572.5 22, 107 29,834 1,353 870 2,460.2 31 6,049.7 32,875 36, 442 1, 131 2,511.2 1,650 22 4,769.9 18, 124 74, 436 943 2, 150.7 4,325.2 1,497 29 41, 185 40, 438 1,049 7 1,369 19 31, 240.3 50, 721.8 392, 235 371, 259 15, 012 47 12, 131 201 STEAM LUMBER SCHOONERS. As has been already mentioned, the principal industry of Mendocino and Humboldt Counties is that of lumbering and for the transportation of the sawed product, a fleet of steam schooners has been built, which has already reached large proportions, and which now nearly monopolizes the lumber-carrying trade. Not only do they bring the lumber in immense quantities from the mills to San Francisco, they also carry back a large amount of supplies of every description. Of this return traffic no record has been kept, nor is it possible even to estimate it. List of steam schooners engaged in lumbering trade between San Francisco and ports of north California. Vessel. Capacity. Vessel. Capacity. Vessel. Capacity. Feet. Feet. Feet. Alcazar. 300,000 Lakme.... 700,000 Rival.. 300,000 Alcatraz....... 300,000 Maggie Ross..... 250,000 Scotia 310,000 Caspar 310,000 National City 375,000 Signal... 400,000 Celia 235,000 Navarro. 300,000 Silver Spring.. 280,000 Cosmopolis 440,000 News Boy 265,000 South Coast 325,000 Cleone..... 275,000 Noyo......... 400,000 Truckee...... 350,000 Emily...... 310,000 North Fork 425,000 Tillamook….... 300,000 Farallon 400,000 Pasadena.... 400,000 Venture... 325,000 Greenwood 225,000 Point Arena. 200, 000 West Coast.. 225,000 Jewel...... 320,000 Point Loma 575,000 Whitesboro 225,000 Laguna...... 250,000 Record..... 150,000 Westport......... 280,000 THE SAN FRANCISCO AND SOUTHERN COAST ROUTE. This line runs two steamers, the Los Angeles and the Eureka, which leave San Fran- cisco twice a week for San Pedro, in Los Angeles County, calling at Santa Cruz, Mon- terey, San Simeon, Cayucos, Port Harford, Gaviota, Santa Barbara, San Buenaventura, Hueneme, and Redondo. The trade of Santa Cruz and Monterey consists largely of the exportation of grain, fruit, potatoes, eggs, and lime, and the receipt of all descriptions of merchandise. The tables which close this chapter present the details of this trade as well as of the passen- ger traffic. Port Harford is the port of San Luis Obispo, the capital of the county of the same name. San Luis Obispo County lies on the coast about half way between San Francisco and Los Angeles. It has 80 miles of seacoast, and contains over 2,000,000 acres of land, and has one of the best harbors on the Pacific coast. It is about the size of Rhode Island and Delaware combined, and is abundantly watered, needing no irrigation. It possesses mountains of bituminous rock, vast asphaltum beds, and large deposits of iron ore, ship- 208 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. C ל ping more of these three materials than all the other counties of the State combined. A, will be seen by the tables, it also produces and exports large quantities of butter, cheeses fruit, and vegetables. San Simeon and Cayucos are situated on bays of the same name, or rather small and somewhat exposed roadsteads. Both receive much support from a large extent of back country, the details of trade being furnished in the tables. The city of San Luis Obispo has about 3,500 inhabitants, is situated near the center of the county, is built on the site of an old mission, is partially surrounded by hills of singularly diversified beauty, and has a good commercial outlook. At Port Harford boats connect with the Pacific Coast Railway which runs to San Luis Obispo, 11 miles, then south to Los Olivos, 66 miles from San Luis. The trade of Ga- viota and Santa Barbara, San Buenaventura, and Hueneme is sufficiently shown in the tables to which reference has already been made. COMMERCE OF WILMINGTON. Though the terminus of the line is said to be San Pedro it is really Wilmington, the artificial port for Los Angeles, already described in the chapter on the commercial facil- ities of the coast. Both San Pedro and Redondo are connected with Los Angeles by railroad. The following table gives a résumé of Wilmington's trade in 1889: Foreign and domestic trade, 1889. EXPORTS. IMPORTS. Domestic: Grain..... Merchandise Hides ..pounds... 8,583, 864 ....do...... 4,002, 551 Foreign: Coal Coke.. .....do.... Tallow Paper... Salt .... Wine Canned goods. Lumber ....do...... ..pounds.. 234, 434 46,865 145, 520 Domestic: Ties ..do...... 152,755 Pig-iron. Merchandise. gallons... 352, 830 Lumber ..... ..pounds... 222, 730 Shingles .feet... 1,038, 250 Brick Hay Wool Honey ..... ......No... 922, 420 Shakes Laths ... .... pounds... 109, 730 Live stock.. do...... 66, 307 Bituminous rock ....do...... 44, 315 tons... ...do.... ..do 66, 625 259 200 953, 858 tons... 26, 804 .feet... 46, 333, 999 No... 8,000, COO ..do...... 6,000, 000 .do...... 60,000 head... 2,500 tons... 1,200 In 1886, 12,482 passengers and 32,141 tons of freight were received at Wilmington for Los Angeles, while in 1887 there were 15,582 passengers and 39,691 tons of freight. Freight and passengers received at Los Angeles, via San Pedro, in 1886–'87, by months. January February March April May ..... June.... July August September October November December Total Months. ... 1885. 1887. Passen- Freight. gers Freight. gers delivered. delivered. Passen- Tons. Number. Tons. Number. 1,691 709 2,727 1,374 2,256 871 2,126 3,097 1,214 879 2,157 1,157 2,584 1,213 2,933 3,248 1,256 1,063 3,521 1,371 2,108 1,042 3,845 2,985 1,317 950 3,173 2,423 1,451 1,085 3, 109 2,635 1,643 1,271 3,622 1,111 2, 165 1, 155 4,276 1, 165 3, 406 1,004 5,002 3,513 1,303 1,240 4, 200 1,220 32, 141 12, 482 39, 691 15,582 THE SAN FRANCISCO AND SAN DIEGO ROUTE. This line runs two regular passenger steamers to San Diego, the Mexico and the Po- mona, which leave either port twice a week, touching en route at Port Harford, Santa Barbara, and San Pedro. The commerce of San Diego is quite large, and will be treated in detail further on. CALIFORNIA. 209 FREIGHT BOATS. The southern coast trade gives employment to a large number of vessels, including many which do not run regularly, although they average at least three trips monthly. The only other steamship company than the Pacific Coast Steamship Company trading south is the California Steamship Company, whose steamer, the Santa Maria, makes weekly trips to San Diego and intermediate ports from San Francisco, chiefly carrying freight. In addition to the vessels of the Pacific Coast Steamship Company already writ- ten of, the same company has five extra freight steamers, the Alex. Duncan, Bonita, Santa Cruz, Newport, and Yaquina, which are employed for freight service between San Fran- cisco and the southern coast points as far down as San Pedro. The same company runs a small steamer, the Gypsy, on weekly trips, touching at the small ports and landings of Soquel, Moss Landing, Watsonville, and Pigeon Point. It may be calculated that the sailing vessels referred to in the paragraph above number about 100, making up about 650 cargoes annually, and giving employment to nearly 1,000 seamen. Statement showing traffic in freight, treasure, and passengers between San Francisco and southern ports of California in 1887 and 1889. Tons of freight. Month. Treasure trans- ported. Passenger movement. 1889. 1887. 1889. 1887. 1889. 1887. Whole. Half. Whole. Half. January 14,970.9 15, 193.6 February £38, 758 $67, 236 3, 136 39 11, 707.1 4,810 77 10. 205.0 March.... 15, 914 40, 991 3,013 51 12, 501.9 4, 449 67 14, 195.8 April...... 9,818 43, 194 3, 219 37 11, 536.5 5,328 109 15,742. 4 21,550 May.. 90, 461 3,550 52 12, 482.9 5, 251 1-18 18, 549.8 9,859 June.... 32, 602 3,207 34 11, 597.8 5,324 156 16, 151.6 July.... August.... September. 11,375 28,593 2,987 55 ..... 11, 928.9 5, 216 187 17,575. 2 20,568 31,892 3,552 77 16, 325. I 6, 279 210 21,699.5 10,481 39,905 ་ 4,046 $4 17, 891. 4 7,209 189 21, 497.5 October..... 18,247 32, 452 3,229 55 17, 105.9 5, 139 135 26, 158. 3 November. 31, 458 43,741 2,929 37 16, 656.5 6,396 184 25,555. 2 15, 317 December.. 25, 175 2, 199 30 ..... 12, 568. 8 6,517 94 20, 779. 4 20,798 35, 814 2,279 23 6, 517 69 Total. 167, 273.7 223, 303.3 224, 173 512, 056 41,376 574 68,265 1,525 Steamers plying between San Francisco and southern ports of California. Vessel. Tons. Destination. Trips. Line. Mexico 1797 San Diego......... Weekly Pacific Coast S. S. Co. Pomona 951 do....... do...... Santa Maria 344 ...do..... lo..... Los Angeles......... 493 San Pedro.... ......do.... Do. California S. S. Co. Pacific Coast S. S. Co. Eureka. 687 Gypsy 293 Watsonville do.... Semiweekly Do. Do. Alex. Duncan 371 Southern coast..... Trimonthly. Do. Bonita.... 9 Santa Cruz ......do..... 511 ...do.... ......do..... Do. ......do........ Do. Newport 183 Yaquina.......... 174 do........ .do...... ......do..... Do. ......do.. Do. THE MEXICAN ROUTE. This line, though properly belonging to the department of Ocean Travel between San Francisco and foreign ports (considered elsewhere), may, for convenience' sake, find a place here. It runs the steamer Newbern as far south as Magdalena Bay, touching at Ensenada, San José del Cabo, Mazatlan, La Paz, and Guaymas, the steamer leaving San Francisco on the 25th of each month. Most of the Mexican carrying trade is done by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company; but, as will be seen by the annexed tables, the Pacific Coast Steamship Company's share of the traffic is increasing. I σ 90-14 210 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. RATES OF FARE. Passenger rates by Pacific Coast Steamship Company's steamers from San Francisco to points mentioned. North of San Francisco. South of San Francisco. Places. Steer- Cabin. age. Cabin, round trip, limited. Places. Steer- Cabin. Cabin, round ་ age. trip, limited. Point Arena, Cal…..... $6.00 $1.00 $10.00 Santa Cruz, Cal…... Cuffey's Cove, Cal.. $2,50 $2.00 $4.00 7.00 5.00 12.00 Monterey, Cal. 3.00 2.50 Whitesboro, Cal... 5.00 7.50 5.00 12.00 San Simeon, Cal... 6.00 4.50 Little River, Cal. 7.50 5.00 12.00 Cayucos, Cal... 6.00 4.50 Mendocino, Cal....... 7.50 5.00 12.00 Port Harford, Cal. 6.00 Fort Bragg, Cal......... 4.50 11.90 7.50 5.00 12.00 Eureka, Humboldt Bay, Cal.... San Luis Obispo, Cal.... 6.50 5.00 Lompoc, Cal 9.50 7.00 10.00 5.00 Gaviota, Cal..... 10.00 7.50 Astoria, Oregon... 16.00 Portland, Oregon. 16.00 8.00 8.00 30.00 Santa Barbara, Cal...... 10.00 7.50 18.00 30.00 San Buenaventura, Cal 11.00 8.00 Port Townsend, Wash. 20.00 10.00 Hueneme, Cal..... 11.00 8.00 Seattle, Wash... 20.00 10.00 Redondo, Cal.. 12.00 8.50 Tacoma, Wash... 20.00 10.00 San Pedro, Cal…... 12.00 8.50 Victoria, British Co- Los Angeles, Cal…... 12.50 S 9.00 lumbia.... 20.00 10.00 Newport Beach, Cal..., 12.00 8.50 Victoria and return, San Diego, Cal. 15.00 10.00 25.00 via Portland…...... 39.00 Ensenada, Mexico...... 20.00 10.00 Wrangel, Alaska.. Nanaimo, British Co- lumbia...... Juneau, Alaska..... Sitka, Alaska San José del Cabo, ..... 24.00 12.00 50.00 25.00 70.00 40.00 70.00 40.00 Mexico...... 60.00 30.00 Mazatlan, Mexico.. 65.00 30.00 La Paz, Mexico...... 60.00 37.50 Guaymas, Mexico.. 50.00 30.00 TABULAR STATEMENTS. With the exceptions noted, all the coasting lines thus far noticed form a part of the system known as the Pacific Coast Steamship Company. By this system the greater part of all the northern coastwise traffic is conducted, and nearly all of that of the southern trade; that is, as far south as San Diego. The accompanying descriptive statements, therefore, of the freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by this system may be taken as occupying the same parallel of representation of the coast traffic ás is occupied by the Southern Pacific in State and overland traffic. These statements include the returns on all the lines of the system in detail for the year ending November 30, 1889, a résumé of each line's yearly traffic from 1884 to 1889, inclusive, and lastly a comprehensive state- ment of the entire business of the system for these years. For convenience' sake the system is divided into six routes-the California Southern, the California Northern, the Oregon, the British Columbia and Puget Sound, the Alaska, and the Mexican. COMMERCE OF SAN DIEGO. The years 1886 and 1887 show a remarkable activity in the commerce of San Diego, the statistics for those two years having been kept with considerable fullness. Freight and passengers received by sea at San Diego in 1886-'87, by months. January February March April May June....... July. August. September. October.. November December .. ........ Total Month. 1886. 1887. Passen- Freight. gers Freight. gers delivered. delivered. Passen- 1,582 ו Tons. Number. Tons. 622 Number. 2,861 951 1,471 1,541 2,238 1,939 2, 631 2,146 2,204 2, 389 3, 167 3, 162 3,692 28, 162 950 1,071 1,012 679 2,252 845 692 4,499 917 716 4, 668 1,017 736 626 4,060 1,072 3,836 1,065 759 4, 627 1,569 5,405 1,977 4,412 1,843 936 4,427 2,221 913 6, 594 2,226 6, 303 2,002 9,712 53, 944 18,705 CALIFORNIA. 211 During 1887 the receipts of freight by rail at San Diego were about 30,000 tons; the receipts by steamer were about 53,000, making a total of 83,000 tons received by rail and steamer during the year. During the last six months in 1886, 10,051 tons of freight were received by rail, and 16,760 tons by steamer, making a total of 26,809 tons. Total shipping arrivals in San Diego for 1886, and the arrivals for each month of 1887. [Coast wise vessels not included. The International Company's steamers to Mexico are included among the American vessels from foreign ports.] January February March April.... May June... July August... September .... • October.... November....... December Total for 1887.. Total for 1886.. Months. 1887. Steamers from Lumber vessels. San Fran- vessels. Foreign sels from Total. Ameri- can ves- cisco. foreign ports. 23 23 1 6 18 19 7 28 25 29 28 22 29 34 30 35 27 38 28 32 25 44 27 47 27 6 33 20 3223MNNO ∞ ∞ 9 8 34555 41 65 67 12 65 15 82 18 83 20 88 25 84 6 25 102 24 104 8 32 93 383 308 38 201 930 90 100 7 42 239 There During 1887 thirty vessels laden with coal arrived at San Diego from foreign ports. They brought 54,000 tons. In 1886 twelve vessels brought 12,600 tons of coal. During the first six months of 1887, 19,800 tons of coal arrived at this port, and during the last six months of that year 34,200 tons arrived, which shows an immense increase. also arrived from foreign ports in 1887, eight vessels with 14,400 tons of merchandise, including cement, railroad iron, glass, etc. The number of tons of freight brought from foreign ports by American vessels during the year was 10,000. This makes a total of 78,400 tons of freight received from foreign ports in 1887, as compared with 15,600 tons received during 1886. In the above estimate the amount of freight brought to this port by coastwise vessels and a large shipment from New York are not taken into account. With the addition of these the total of all freight arriving at this port by sea during 1887 is 145,000 tons. The total during 1886 was 43,000 tons. During 1887, 30,000 tons of freight arrived in San Diego by rail, and 14,000 tons in 1886. The grand total of all freight received in this city by land and sea during 1887 was 175,000 tons, or 350,000,000 pounds. The total from all sources during 1886 was 57,000 tons, or 114,000,000 pounds. The receipts of lumber in San Diego in 1886 were over one-half as much as the re- ceipts at all other southern California ports, and during 1887 the receipts at this port were 12,000,000 feet, more than double the amount received at all other southern Cali- fornia ports during 1886. The figures concerning the lumber trade of southern California are derived from a statement compiled by the San Francisco Journal of Commerce. The average amount of lumber arriving at San Diego every day during the last six months of 1887 was 500,- 000 feet. The average amount brought by each vessel was nearly 400,000 feet. This is a very high average. It is advantageous to bring as large shiploads as possible, and shippers, realizing the capacities of San Diego Harbor, are now putting the highest, draft vessels into the lumber-carrying trade to this port. In 1886 the largest cargo brought by any one vessel was 800,000 feet, while in 1887 there were twenty arrivals of 1,000,000 feet each, 212 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. ** Receipts of lumber at San Diego for 1885-'86-'87. Months. Vessels. Lumber. Months. Vessels. Lumber. 1856. July August... September... October... November December.... 10 Feet. 3,743, 730 1887. Feet. 8 3, 312,728 Julv August.. 35 13,960,000 38 14, 200, 000 4 2,125,000 September 32 15, 455, 000 9 3,808, 180 October 44 14 3,055, 454 20 10,715,000 1887. January February March April....... May.. June... ****** 23 18 ..... 6,060,000 28 8, 113, 000 Total for 1886. 29 9,972, 000 22 34 8,550,000 12, 957, 000 10, 010, 000 November. December... Total..... Total for 1885.. Total for 1887…………….. 14, 600, 000 47 18, 200, 000 33 15, 000, 000 448 173,837, 092 40 15, 000, 000 90 38, 615, 092 383 147,077, 000 Total for three years... 513 200, 692, 092 As one of its trade facilities, San Diego has recently completed a wharf which cost over $100,000. On it have been built a series of coal bunkers and railroad tracks, con- necting with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé. San Diego already runs a monthly steamer to ports in Lower California, Mexico, and Central America; has recently opened a line to Honolulu; and lives in the hope that the Peninsular and Oriental Line from the Orient will make it a port of immediate trans- portation. Statement showing destinations of all coast and foreign steamship lines leaving San Francisco, August, 1890, distance from San Francisco, rates, and time of passage. [Abbreviations: O., Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company; P. M., Pacific Mail Steamship Company; P. C., Pacific Coast Steamship Company; Oc., Oceanic Steamship Company; C. S., Coast steamers.] To- Via- Miles from San Fran- Cabin rates. cisco. One Round way. trip. Steer- age. Time. Acajutla, Central America.. Days. P. M. 2,485 $100.00 $180.00 $50.00 15 Acapulco, Mexico.... P. M 1,836 85.00 153.00 42.50 10 Adelaide, South Australia Oc..... 8,100 222.50 400.50 111.25 Amoy, China.. Arcata, Cal..... Arica, Peru.... Astoria, Oregon.... Bajo, Chile ....... Ballenita, Ecuador Bangok, Siam. Batavia, Java...... Bombay, India.... Amapala, Central America Antofagasta, Chile.. Auckland, New Zealand Brisbane, Australia .. Buenaventura, Colombia Oc... P. M.. P.M. O., P. M O., P. M O., P. M Oc... P.M.... 30 P. M. 2,648 100.00 180.00 50.00 *18 O., P. M.... 6,600 250.00 433.75 110.00 25 P.M..... 5,162 277.00 498.60 107.50 35 P. C..... 216 10,50 5.50 1 P. M.... 4,885 263.00 477.00 100.50 29 P. C 655 16.00 30.00 8.00 2 6, 050 200.00 360.00 100.00 20 5,538 286.00 514.80 109.50 38 3, 720 173,00 811.40 76.50 26 ... 8,300 295.00 130.00 31 、 ... 8,300 325.00 568. 75 120.00 81 ... 10, 300 385.00 713.75 155,00 41 7,650 215.00 387.00 107.50 28 3, 463 144.00 259.20 67.50 23 Calcutta, India Caldera, Chile...... Callao, Peru........ Canton, China.... O., P. M 10, 800 325.00 568.75 135.00 44 Carrizal, Chile.. Cayucos, Cal .... Champerico, Guatemala Chefoo, China... Chinkiang, China Cobija, Peru ..... Colombo, Ceylon... Cooktown, Australia.. Coos Bay, Oregon.... P.M. P.M.... O., P. M P. M. P.C P. M.... O., P. M O., P. M P.M... 5,398 282.00 507.60 107.50 36 4,528 231.00 415.80 90.50 30 ... 6, 390 228.00 101.30 24 5,538 286.00 514.80 109,50 38 193 6.00 4,50 1 2,349 100,00 180.00 50.00 13 ... 5,400 256.00 451.00 118.00 27 ... 6, 050 250.00 435.00 130.00 26 5, 017 274.00 493.20 105.50 34 O., P. M ... Oc...... 8,500 360.00 663.75 141.00 8,750 250.00 440,00 133.75 29 Coquimbo, Chile...... Corinto, Central America.... C. S......... P.M...... P.M... 100 15.00 10.00 2 5,557 290.00 522.00 109.50 37 2,711 105.00 189.00 52.50 19 Crescent City, Cal..... Cuffey's Cove, Cal. Ensenada, Mexico..... C. S..... 274 13.00 8.50 11 P. C…..... 109 $7.00 14.00 5.00 P. C.... 496 20.00 10.00 2 Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Eten, Peru.... Eureka, Cal Field's Landing, Cal Foochow, China.... Fort Bragg, Cal..... Fusan, Corea………………………………………... P.M P.M... P. C. P. C...... 3, 650 166,00 298.80 74.00 25 4, 150 222.00 899.60 86.50 28 216 10.00 5.00 1 216 10.00 5.50 1 O., P. M. P.C......... O., P. M.... 6,600 134 5,730 275.00 8.00 235,50 468.75 15.00 414.00 115,00 25 5.00 106,00 1 25 CALIFORNIA. 213 Statement showing destinations of all coast and foreign steamship lines leaving San Francisco, August, 1890, etc.-Continued. Miles from San Cabin rates. Steer- To- Via- Fran- Time. One Round age. cisco. way. trip. Days. Gaviota, Cal..... P.C.......... 275 $10.00 $7.50 11 Gensan, Corea.. Guayaquil, Ecuador..... Guaymas, Mexico Hankow, China.... I a O., P. M.... 5,900 246.00 $133.00 112.50 27 P. M 3,877 195.00 351.00 79.50 26 P.C..... 1,951 50.00 30.00 8 O., P. M.... 6,900 275.00 480.00 130.00 26 Hilo, Hawaiian Islands. Hiogo, Japan.... Hobart, Tasmania. Sail... 2,334 45.00 80.00 25.00 16 O., P. M..... 5, 100 210.00 368.00 91.00 18 Oc.... 7,600 225.00 405.00 115.00 28 Hongkong, China.. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands....... Huasco, Chile Hueneme, Cal...... O., P. M.... 6,300 225.00 393.75 100.00 23 Oc... 2, 100 75.00 125.00 25.00 7 Sail. 2,400 40.00 75.00 25.00 16 P. M..... 5,538 286.00 514.80 109.50 38 P. C 337 11.00 8.00 2 Iquique, Chile.... Jinsen, Corea…........ Juneau, Alaska.... P. M 4,986 269.00 484.20 102.50 32 O., P. M... 5,800 246.00 433,00 117.00 25 P. C... 1,608 70.00 40.00 8 La Paz, Mexico...... Kahilui, Hawaiian Islands Kiukiang, China La Libertad, Central America..... La Union, Central America... Levuka, Fiji, via Auckland.. Sail... 2,274 45.00 80.00 25.00 16 O., P. M... 6,350 270.00 470.00 130.00 26 P. AI 2,523 100.00 180.00 50.00 16 P. C.. 1,722 60.00 37.50 7 P. M.. 2,627 100.00 180.00 50.00 17 Oc... 7.150 239.38 430.89 119.69 26 Little River, Cal........ Lompoc, Cal………. P. C......... 120 7.50 15.00 5.00 1 P. C....... 244 9.50 7.00 1 Mazatlan, Mexico Mollendo, Peru.. Noyo, Cal.... Los Angeles, Cal Macao, China.... Manila, Philippine Islands.. Manzanillo, Mexico. Manta, Ecuador... Mazatlan, Mexico.... Melbourne, Australia Mendocino, Cal Monterey, Cal. Nagasaki, Japan.. Nanaimo, British Columbia.…………………………. Ocos, Guatemala... Pacasmayo, Peru..... Panama, Isthmus of Panama... P. C..... 416 12.50 9.00 O., P. M.. 6,350 228.00 101.00 24 O., P. M... 6, 750 275.00 493.75 115.00 27 P. M. 1,685 75.00 135.00 37.50 8 P. M 3,720 173.00 311.40 76.50 26 P. M.. 1, 191 65.00 117.00 30.00 6 P. C........ 1.194 65.00 30.00 6 Oc ...... 7,740 212.50 882.50 106.25 29 P. C....... 123 7.50 15.00 5.00 1 P. M.. 4, 683 261.00 469.80 99.50 31 ..... P. C.. 93 O., P. M…..... 5,500 3.00 226.00 5.00 393.00 2.50 *9 101.00 21 P. C........ 833 24.00 12.00 3 P.C. 132 7.50 15.00 5.00 1 P. M.. 2,321 100.00 180.00 50.00 15 P. M.. 4, 150 222.00 399.60 86.50 28 P. M..... 3,427 115.00 207.00 57.50 23- Payta, Peru.... Penang, Straits Settlements.... Pimental, Peru..... Pisaqua, Chile..... Pisco, Peru.... Point Arena, Cal...........………………. P. M.... 4, 103 217.00 390.60 84.50 28 O., P. M.... 8, 200 300.00 523.75 125.00 31 P. M... 4, 108 217.00 390.60 84.50 28 P. M.. 4,986 269.00 481.00 102.50 31 P. M... 4, 625 239.00 430.20 92.50 30 P. C...... 100 6.00 12.00 4.00 Port Harford, Cal.... Portland, Oregon.... Quiloa, Peru -Saigon, Cochin-China.. Port Angel, Mexico......... Port Chalmers, New Zealand Port Lyttleton, New Zealand.. Port Townsend, Wash Punta Arenas, Central America... Rockhampton, Australia Salavery, Peru ....... Salina Cruz, Mexico…………………………………. Samarang, Java…......... P. M...... 2,043 90.00 162.00 45.00 11 Oc.... 7,000 230.00 414.00 118.75 26 P. C...... 206 6.00 4.50 +16 P. C......... 653 16.00 30,00 8.00 2 Oc... 6,795 226.25 407.25 116.88 25 P、 C…... 785 20.00 10.00 3 P.M.. 2,973 105.00 189.00 52.50 21 P. M. 4, 683 261.00 469.80 99.50 31 Oc....... 7,500 226.25 407,25 113.13 28 O., P. M 7,300 265.00 110.00 27 P. M... 4, 170 224.00 403. 20 87.50 28 San Benito, Mexico........ San Blas, Mexico………….. San Buenaventura, Cal.. San Diego, Cal..... P.M... O., P. M P. M....... P. M..... .... 2, 124 90.00 162.00 45.00 12 8,400 315.00 613.75 125.00 32 2,306 90.00 162.00 45.00 14 1,519 70.00 126.00 35.00 6 P. C...... 327 11.00 8.00 2 P. C..... 482 15.00 San Jose del Cabo, Mexico........ San José del Guatemala, Guatemala. San Juan del Sur, Central America... San Luis Obispo, Cal......... San Pedro, Cal................ 25.00 10.00 2 P. C........ 1, 192 60.00 80.00 6 P.M. 2, 425 100.00 180.00 50.00 14 P.M........ 2,817 105.00 189.00 52.50 19 P. C........ 227 6.50 11.90 5.00 $13 P. C......... 393 12.00 8.50 2 San Simeon, Cal. Santa Barbara, Cal….... Santa Cruz, Cal... Seattle, Wash....... P. C....... 172 6.00 4.50 1 P. C....... 305 10.00 18.00 7.50 1 P. C....... 71 2.50 4.00 2.00 Shanghai, China.. Shelter Cove, Cal Singapore, Straits Settlements Sitka, Alaska... Sourabaya, Java..... P.C........... 26 827 20.00 10,00 3 O.,P. M..... 5,900 C. S...... 167 O., P. M 7,800 245.00 8.50 275.00 418.00 113.00 24 6.00 1 473.75 115.00 29 P. C........ 1,796 70.00 40.00 9 O., P. M 8, 600 375.00 643.75 Swatow, China. 125.00 83 O., P. M 6, 400 * Nine hours. +Sixteen hours. 240.00 Thirteen hours. 418.75 107.00 24 ¿Six hours. 214 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATÉS. Statement showing destinations of all coast and foreign steamship lines leaving San Francisco, August, 1890, etc.-Continued. To- Miles from San Cabin rates. Via- Fran- One cisco. way. Round trip. Steer- age. Time. Sydney, New South Wales......... Days. Oc...... 7,200 $200.00 Tacoma, Wash $360.00 $100.00 24 P.C 850 20.00 10.00 4 Taiwanfoo, Formosa... O., P. M 6,500 285.00 483.75 120.00 25 Tamsui, Formosa O., P. M ... 6,500 285.00 483.75 120.00 Tientsin, China O., P. M ... 6,600 265,00 467.00 123.00 29 Tonala, Mexico P. M.. 2,204 90.00 162.00 45.00 Townsville, Australia.. Tumaco, Colombia.... Oc... P. M.. 8, 520 237.50 430.00 125.00 28 3,550 151.00 271.80 69.50 24 Tutuila, Samoa Oc.... 4, 200 200.00 360.00 100.00 Valparaiso, Chile... P. M.... 5,752 297.00 534.60 110.50 39 P. C P.C O., P. M..... Oc, Whitesboro, Cal Yaquina Bay, Oregon.. ....... ..... P.C P.C C. S.... • O., P. M Victoria, British Columbia Victoria and return via Portland. Vladivostok, Siberia Wellington, New Zealand.... Wrangel, Alaska Yokohama, Japan Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company, for the year ending November 30, 1889. CALIFORNIA SOUTHERN ROUTE. [Freight in tons and tenths.] 750 20.00 10.00 32*** :** 25 13 3 39.00 6, 100 258.50 455.50 119.50 31 6, 625 220.63 397.14 113.13 25 116 7.50 15.00 5.00 1 1,450 50.00 25.00 7 450 12.00 6.00 2 4,700 200.00 350.00 85.00 16 Articles. San Fran - cisco. Amesport. Pigeon Point. Santa Cruz. Soquel. Santa Cruz Island. Moss Land- ing. Salinas Landing. Watsonville Landing. Monterey. San Simeon. Cayucos. Agricultural imple- ments Asphaltum...………… 37.1 2, 555.8 5.1 1.7 7.9 .9 .91 14.1 4.0 Butter.....……………. 1,594.5 16.1 .5 1.3 Coal........ • 41 10.71 .5 4.5 34.7 7.5 .7 22.7 43.5 5.2 6.6 Cheese... 351.3 5 .1 • .3 2.3 Cereals-Wheat 3.1 8, 237.8 14.0 .3 25.5 1.5 Barley 15, 844. 6 744.5 48.51 56.0 1.5 115.0 73.0 1.0 Oats... 1,969. 1 7.5 170.3 2,0 .8 Beans 5,552.7 1.3 21.3 7.9 8.0 11.7 4 • .2 .9 Flax 127.2 Other 8, 913. 4 10.2 19.2 3.5 8.9 2.0 1.5 12.9 9.1 2.1 Eggs.... 153.6 .9 .1 Empty packages 1, 111.0 Fish...... 576.5 10.9 .3 6.8 46.9 4 • 1.1 9.5 6.5 17.8 Flour.. 9.2 10.6 .2 24.6 8.5 17.8 75.0 12.5 7.0 .1 18.6 53.6 80.3 102.3 Fruit.... 583.6 • 1 93.9 3.3 3.7 62.7 9.5 4.9 Household goods. 792.8 3.0 9.8 45.2 2.8 .7 .2 28.4 2,2 4.5 Hides and pelts 780.2 40.4 83.8 3.3 .1 Honey 651.4 Iron and castings .... 247.0 1.2 30.5 9.3 3.6 3.9 1.9 9.2 3.0 16.2 Pig-iron........ 8.0 Liquors. Lime....... Live stock-Hogs.. 2.9 131.5 65.7 86.3 .3 .2 3.8 .1 80.7 3.9 2.1 .1 .1 ... Lumber: Sheep Other Railroad ties Laths, shingles, and shakes. Barrel stuff.... Other kind……... Machinery and boilers, Millstuff..... Merchandise...... Ore...... 1,304. 6 10, 913.6 546.6 1,200.6 1, 374.4 120.6 1.4 1.8 80.1 7.8 • 1 399.1 11.8 6,670.7 30.3 2,803.2 10.2 1.1 14.4 1.4 16.5 1.2 .7 7 228.5 13.3 9.3 3.0 65.7 9.1 5.4 2.9 292, 3 17.5 ... 71.2 9.8 287.4 2.2 .9 70.4 13.6 34.5 75.91, 259.1 285. 1 1.0 83.5 113.3 .3 56.7 41.9 169.7 3.6 9 .1 5.6 2.9 11.1 35.3 874.6[ 335.0] 369. 1 Oil..... Potatoes. 379.3 .6 6.8 115.7 19.3 .3 12.0 366.5 .8 1.0 48.3 4.5 11.9 .1 • 1.1 95.6 18.2 17.4 6.6 Poultry 39.0 1.3 .4 Powder...….…………………… .7 1 1.8 · Vegetables..... 42.0 .1 9.2 1.3 1.5 Vehicles....... 126.7 40.2 8.6 2.5 6.7 19.0 18.8 25.3 4 .2 5.2 1.3 16.2 3.8 7.5 .6 Wool....... 709.7 .2 ... Total...... 77, 131.7 108. 0228.9 |3,178,3| 628,9| 160.3 515.5| .3 51.91,751.1730.0 876.7 Articles. CALIFORNIA. 215 Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company, etc.-Continued. CALIFORNIA SOUTHERN ROUTE--Continued. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Port Harford. Point Sur. Lompoc. Gaviota. Goleta. Santa Barbara. Carpenteria. San Buenaventura. Hueneme, San Pedro. Agricultural imple- ments.... Asphaltum........ Butter......... Coal..... .......... Cheese... 185.6 1.0 94.4 22.6 9.4 261.3 32.9 .7 64.0 43.9 25.2 15.8 2.3 5,739.9 3.4 194.0 86.6 1,092, 8 746.3.5 5.4 .1 34.0 4 24.3 6.1 .2 693.1' 273.6 7.5 1.2 58.2 189.1 32.7 718.9 27.5 157.8 4i .8 5.8 .1 5.8 1.7 24.3 • 26.4 Cereals: Wheat....... 12.3 .3 1.6 138.6 87.9 54.6 - 8.2 2,338.5 Barley 32.1 2.5 1.0 8.6 359.1 11.8 5.0 13.6.. 1, 638.0 Oats.... 2.5 2.1 1.2 52.9 6.3 4.3 | 127.3 5 60.1 Beans...... 13.3 10.5 .3.4 29.7 .8 5.6 479.1 7.4 193.5 Flax..... 1.7 1.0 Other......... 1.0 2.8 1.4 1.0 342.1 .5 24.7 3.0 70.4 7.1 542.9 Eggs.... 8.1 .6 10.8 28.6 Empty packages 105.9 5.2 1.9 5.5 44.1 3.3 11.1 .9 17.8 Fish... * 4.6 1 2.9 .8 39. 1 1 10. 1 Flour 495.0 1.4 195,6 €9.1 9.0 927.1 45.0 576.3 180.3 501.2 244.0 2,083.9 Fruit..... 100,6 .5 9.5 54.3 13.3 • 4.1 180.7 2.0 399.5 Furs.... 91 • Household goods. 140.8 4.5 16.9 26.5 16.0 9.6 113.3 4.9 105.9 Hides and pelts... 9 1.6 1 • 82.5 • 6.1 Honey .9 .1 .6 1 • .2 Hops.......... .... 1.7 Iron and castings. 374.6 .8 58.4 25.1 4 210.8 79.2 38.0 457.2 25.2 555.6 Iron: Railroad....... 79.3 Pig............. 11.2 2.0 Liquors...... 566.8 37.3 14.6 2.1 425.0 Lime...... 141.8 5.2 8.5 10.9 137.4 200.0 189.1 16.4 66.8 1,159.4 219.8 12.2 1,178.4 17.2 192.4 3.9 62.5 Live stock: Hogs 2,4 33.5 10.3 Sheep. 178.5 175.0 Other 31.7 11.1 36.2 2.3 4.5 258.5 5.0 159.9 70.8 39.3 4.0 104. 1 Lumber: Railroad ties 144.0 17.0 2.2 Laths, shingles, .... Other kind. and shakes Barrel stuff..... Machinery and boil- 159.0 8.6 85.0 12.3 10.2 700.219.8 7 269.4|177.5 6.3 • 5.5 8.4 83.6 1.2 76.1 64.1 103.3 .7 31.9 288.6 161.7 324.1 36.9 1.7 226.8 25.8 125.4 ers....... 32.7 14.5 5.5 Millstuff.. ... ... 3.8 .3 6.3 5.8 52.1 3.0- 6.4 111.5 4. Oi 36.7 3.6 5.5 74.1 12.01 .7 80.3 .9 646.8 Merchandise Ore..... 4,142.0 17.3 665.7221.921. 62, 616.8 27. 32, 040. 45, 87C. 7|14, 012. 7 816.5 11,502, 5 Oil...... Potatoes 412.4 .4| 71.2 .61 5.7 2.0 244.3 38. 1 11.9 .2 207.4 .3 73.8 31.4 6.9 119.8 1, 179.5 41.3 581.9 577.5 10.5 282.2 54.8 3,104.3 Poultry......... ... Powder. 1.6 10.2 111. 4 2, 283. 7 3.0 .1 .6 4.2 .41 Vegetables...... 5.0 .3 .3 .8 6.2 8 8.6 .2 21.6 24.7 7 29.5 · .3 Vehicles..... 16.6 115.4 19.9 ...... 4.4 .5 34.6 .9 20.2 • 15.8 63.3 1.5 36.5 Wool.......... .2 Total...... 26.5 8,888. 457. 81, 775. 5815. 560. 46, 340. 4348. 93, 984. 81, 503. 0,30, 988. 51, 526. 427, 160. 8 66.3 樓 ​Newport. San Diego. 216 ; INTERNAL COMMERCE OF OF THE UNITED STATES. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company, etc.—Continued. CALIFORNIA SOUTHERN ROUTE-Continued. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Articles. Agricultural imple- ments...... Asphaltum..... Butter....... Coal Cheese. Cereals: Wheat. Barley......……………… Oats..... Beans.. Flax.... Other Eggs Empty packages.. Fish.... Flour Fruit... Furs...... Household goods. Hides and pelts.. Honey Hops.... a Iron and castings.. Iron: Railroad..... Pig. Liquors. Lime...... Live stock: Hogs...... Sheep... Other Lumber: Railroad ties Laths, shingles, and shakes Barrel stuff... Other kind - A Machinery and boilers, Millstuff... Merchandise .... Ore......... Oil.... Potatoes..... Poultry... Powder.. Vegetables . Palos Verdes. Rockland. Point Gordo. Redondo. Coronado. Point Morritto. Pacific Valley. Anderson's Landing. Santa Rosa Island. Los Burroros. Point San Luis. Total. .6 3.5 .2 131.4 5 1 • 132.2 .3! 21.2 1 · 5.5 6.7 2.6 7 • 2.3 1 4 .3 • • 315.7 5 ► 9.81 7.1 4.3 7.9 369.4 4.1 1.1 1.01 .1 3.4 • 5.8 3 • .6 7.1 498. 1 9, 915. 1 2,836.5 2,243.9 450.0 10, 916. 2 19, 018. 4 2,443.5 6, 624.2 129.9 9, 980. 6 202.7 1,423.5 650.3 6, 119.2 1,534.7 .9 1,333.8 449.3 652.3 .3 .2 88.0 56.4 .3 1.7 2 1.9 2,298. 4 79.3 2.8 18.6 I' 4.0 120.0 33.3 5 · 19.1 43.8 7.0 2.0 37.0 34.3 3.8 1.1 87.7 3.01 18.3 12.5 + 25.1 30. 61, 027.2 3 10.2 .2 1.5 6.0 6.1 14.5 ! 2 1 4.7, 7.5 .7 6.7 53.8 .3 1 ..... 4 • ..... 1 1.1 • Vehicles. • Wool...... 2 2.4 1 Total...... 33.3 74.4 104.0 2,399.0 56.4 7.3 19.9 Į Summary of treasure and passengers. Passengers. Treasure. Ports. Value in dollars. Number in wholes and halves. 1 · 257.4 5,369.3 11,773.9 895.8 1,714.0 1, 672.5 284,0 1,249.3 221.6 3,001.8 532.7 1,397.7 48, 209.1 4,560.3 2,335. 1 6, 604.8 50.2 61.5 124.4 527.1 805.3 4.1 48.3 83.8, 12.5173, 958. 7 Ports. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and halves. San Francisco....... Santa Cruz…..... Santa Cruz Island Monterey.. San Simeon...... Cayucos.. Port Harford...... Lompoc.... Gaviota...... .... Santa Barbara... 106, 337 17, 169 297 Carpenteria..... San Buenaventura Hueneme...... Newport...... San Diego Rockland.... Redondo........... 1 201 8 65 E 6, 208 73 24 2 5,000 4,657 70 5 78 Total.......... 218,665 38, 325 | 565 409 3 37 2 420 7 San Pedro…………………. 246 3 3,175 103, 167 133 4, 103 | 43 17 986 4, 113 54 439 3 CALIFORNIA. 217 Total Articles. San Francisco. Point Arena. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company, etc.-Continued. CALIFORNIA NORTHERN ROUTE. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Cuffey's Cove. Whitesboro. Little River. Mendocino. Fort Bragg. Fields Landing. Eureka. Agricultural im- plements.... .4 .2 8.2 9.0 2.2 20.0 Butter.... Coal Cheese 242.8 .1 .2 .6 .5 21 1.4 5.8 .4 .3 251.0 20.2 124.1 1.1 146.5 3 .3 5.7 1.0 7.3 Cereals: Wheat... 3 .1 1.1 .5.7 23.0 6.7 36.9 Barley .5 7.5 2.5 10.5 Oats..... Beans 202.8 .2 2.0 5.0 1.6 3.9 2.4 1.7 219.4 .4 .3 3.3 6.5 1.3 12.0 Other............. 114.5 .3 .1 1.5 4.5 3.6 124.5 Eggs 1.0 1.1 6.9 9.0 Empty packages 525.9 4.8 12.1 104.8 4.8 652.4 Fish 264.9 .1 265.0 Flour.... Fruit 328.7 Househ'd goods 225.8 .2 129.3 28.1 51.4 2.6 36.3 4.8 14.7 11.2 85.1 117.2 193.3 213.0 95.8 888.0 .9 7.3 46.5 70.2 17.4 258.1 43. 4 821.5 4.5 1.5 31.2 50.7 25.4 176.7 5.5 562, 4 Hides and pelts.. 72.9 1.6 74.5 Honey 5 .9 .7 2.1 Hops .3 Iron and cast- ings 115.0 7.0 .6 1.4 .5 3.2 27.9 45.3 136.8 19.5 357.2 Iron: Railroad 55.2 ..6 .1 55.9 Pig.. ... 2.8 2.8 Liquors 5.9 37.3 34.4 20.7 1.3 38.4 65. 2 52.4 125.2 26.3 407.1 Lime .5 3.7 Live stock.. 134.3 16.9 9.3 58.3 30.4 192.6 Lumber: Railroad ties 190.9 · • 190.9 Laths, shin- gles, and shakes 8, 457.1 8.3 11.2 8, 476.6 Barrel stuff... 5.0 5.0 Other kind...] 4, 491. 6 7 55.9 .4 4,548.6 Machinery and boilers 22.5 3.1 12.8 12.1 37.9 2.5 Millstuff...... Merchandise. 3.6 464.4 113.0 92,3 104.9 281.7 284.5 1, 143. 1 1, 203.9 376.1 264.0 239.0 1,129.6 1,347.7 74.9 280.454.1 90.9 1,753.8 841.1 2,870.9 522,9 9, 938. 3 Oil 1.7 .7 1.0 1.3 2.3 1.4 2.8 67.7 37.9 10.7 Potatoes Poultry..... 973.4 .1 1.3 1.0 2.1 1.2 1.5 65.2 4.7 127.5 1,050.5 2.4 .4 .5 3.3 Powder Vegetables... Vehicles .1 .1 1.9 2.0 1.0 5.1 1.0 25.5 1.0 .1 7.7 1.0 ... .6 22.9 2.3 46.7 15.2 129.7 16.6 259.3 .... 38.3 78.5 19.0 156.8 Wool...... 101.7 101.7 17, 692.5 1, 963.5 568.0 401.9 368. 6 1, 658. 2 2,068.6 1,536.5 4,739.3 850.431, 847.5 568. Summary of treasure and passengers. Ports. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and Ports. halves. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and halves. = San Francisco........ Point Arena........... Cuffey's Cove...... -Whitesboro ... Little River ..... 164, 764 8,539 41 957 305 244 55 Mendocino....... Fort Bragg Eureka... Total............ 540 9,400 259,562 433, 726 10, 193 73 622 4,931 32 Arcata. Total. 218 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. { Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company, etc.-Continued. OREGON ROUTE. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Ports. Agricultural implements.......………………………………………………….. San Fran- cisco. Astoria. Portland. Total. 9.1 9.1 1.1 ... 1.1 16.0 440.4 456.4 13.1 13. 1 2,909.8 10000 23.0 18.5 321.0 4,535.0 ..... 2,909.8 362.5 4,535.0 1,070.8 22.9 3.5 373.7 1, 422.1 Butter... Coal... Cheese.....……… Cereals: Wheat.. Barley. Oats.... Flax Other.......... Eggs..... Empty packages...... Fish.. Flour... Fruit..... Household goods.. Hides and pelts... Hops......... Iron and castings......... Iron: Railroad...... Pig.... Liquor 1,070.8 22.9 3.5 373.7 1, 422.1 2,045.6 134.0 Lime....... Live stock Lumber: Laths, shingles, and shakes Barrel stuff.. Other kind ......... Machinery and boilers Millstuff.......... Merchandise..... Ore Oil............……………… Potatoes .. Poultry Vegetables...……………………. …………………. Wool.... Total San Francisco Astoria...... Portland Total ..... · 2,046.6 33.9 47.1 5.7 286.4 467.5 78.8 118.4 469.4 469.4 39.3 38.3 ..... .... 904,3 475.8 3,507.7 4,887.8 614.8 614.8 26.6 26.6 24.0 90.8 912.2 1,027.0 71.5 38.0 19.0 38.0 90.5 487.6 487.6 99.6 99.6 1,709. 6 30.9 1,137.5 3.0 1, 163. 2 992.7 19, 818. 8 1,709. 6 30.9 1, 140. 5 21, 974.7 5.5 5.5 31.9 31.6 1,205.9 1,269. 4 3, 538.6 42.1 436.4 4,017. 1 1.8 1.8 163.9 1,451.2 72.9 462.6 699.4 147.5 1,598.7 24, 568. 9 1,794.0 27,677.7 54, 040. 6 Summary of treasure and passengers. Ports. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and halves. } 73,436 2,958 92 91 3, 435 85 73,436 6, 484 | 177 CALIFORNIA. 219 1 Articles. San Francisco. Victoria. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company, etc.—Continued. BRITISH COLUMBIA AND PUGET SOUND ROUTE. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Nanaimo. Port Townsend. Irondale. Seattle. Tacoma. Agricultural imple- ments.....…………………………. 31.5 10.6 42.1 Asphaltum 44.0 50.0 Butter......... 1,070.6 2 ..... • Coal Cheese..... 1,029.8 132.5 .313, 287.0 • 13.4 24, 105.7 1.5 280.5 94.0 1,085.7 4,880.0 43, 583. 4 8.9 141.4 Cereals: Wheat..... Barley. 3.4 1,070. 2 1,747.8 .... 1,751.2 63.8 20.0 Oats..... Beans..... 6.4 486.2 5, 280.3 253.0 1, 154.0 6, 025.9 133.7 Flax 209.1 1,798. 2 Other 1, 662.9 150.0 1.0 139.3 80.3 133.7. 2,007.3 2,033.5 Eggs 28.3. 8.3 36.6 Empty packages 600.1 79.3 .... Fish....... 183.7 816. 8 436. li 631.6 1,630.1 659.0 57.2 3, 461.8 31.7 79,6 · 1,746.4 Flour.... 4,956. 2 463.2 15.0 5, 434. 4 Fruit..... 6,094, 8 2.5 .1 6, 097. 4 Furs... 2.6 37.9 3.8 1. 1 Household goods 2,255.1 10. 8 17.6 155.8 119.6 31.7 Hides and pelts....... 17.9 418.5 95.0 714.2 143.0 2.8 Honey. 71.5 .3 Hops 10.6 Iron and castings. 3, 708.6 5.05 26.9 23.7 551.2 121.4 2,604.3 Iron: Railroad 546.7 . 4,810. 6 Pig 210.0 10.0 69.2 Liquors.... 4,868.3 9.1 6 28.2 6.3 27.7 45.4 2,591.0 1, 391.4 71.8 34.3 7,017.9 546.7 5,099.8 4, 940. 2 Lime.... 243.0 243.0 Live stock..... 181.5 3.0 41.6 7.0 • 233.5 Lumber: Laths, shingles, and shakes. 105.6 Barrel stuff...... 101.9 524.8 4.4 633.5 1, 263. 9 23.0 37.5 166. 8 Other kind... 428.6 283.6 1 152.7 85.7 950.6 Machinery and boil- ers.... 642.7 1.2 11.1 4.7 57.8 717.5 Millstuff 7,748.2 1.4 65.8 7,815. 4 Merchandise....... 55, 723. 62, 203. 9 2, 758. 0 1.1 904, 3 794. 514, 334.8 76, 720.2 Ore...... 72.5 78.5 Oil...... Potatoes. Poultry. Powder. Vegetables Vehicles.... Wool............. 461.2 3,015.0 1.3 156.3 .2 36.9 299, 6 21.1 • Total ..... .... 2, 881.3 253, 3 4,353.8 10.5 9.4 46.9 350.0 50.1 859.0 1, 174. 7 3,215.6 1.3 156.3 2, 881.3 323.3 4, 751. 4 105, 918. 33, 875. 013, 287.04, 831. 64, 812. 134, 535. 58, 476. 418, 025. 44, 880. 0 198, 641.3 Summary of treasure and passengers. 1.7 615.6 25.5 101.3 165.8 13.5 310.9 Ports. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and Ports. halves. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and halves. San Francisco... Victoria........ 458, 627 148, 405 12, 160 2,082 94 Seattle...... 33 Nanaimo 5 Tacema Vancouver. 187,305 60 4,303 1,033 26 10 19 Port Townsend..... 366, 173 1,357 6 Total......... 1,160, 570 20,959 169 Vancouver. Departure Bay. Total. 220 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Articles. San Francisco. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company, etc.-Continued. ALASKA ROUTE. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Astoria. Portland. Port Townsend. Butter....... Coal........ Cheese Cereals: Wheat... Barley Oats........ ..... 2,922.5 1,313.0 1,284.5 780.0 10.0 Beans 8 8.3 2 • .1 .4 .1 .1 1 2 • • Other...... 5.2 22.3 Eggs .3 Empty packages..... 46.3 Fish.... 1,146.9 1.2 496.8 -14.1 5.0 13.8 2,630.4 .1 .3 Flour........………… 50.0 .6 6.2 5.7 Fruit.......…………… 4.1 4.3 .1 Furs.... .7 .1 3.1 .1 .2 7.5 Household goods.... 33 10.1 1.8 7.5 Hides and pelts... 14.4 2.6 17.8 2.8 5.7 Honey .1 ..... Iron and castings.. .1 4.2 .1 57.3 13.8 1.7 1.6 1.3 • Liquors .6 4.8 .3 .3 24 Lime...... 25.0 100 Barrel stuff Live stock Machinery and boilers... Millstuff.... Merchandise........ Ore....... Oil ...... Potatoes Powder Vegetables.. 4.5 8.0 4.0 1.1 1.5 4.0 .5 .1 467.7 341.1 43.7 985.1 502.9 104.6 47.5 1.2 37.5 17. .5 16. 1 145,8 1.0 138.4 331.7 .1 100.0 .1 1.5 1.7 .3 6.3 .3 4.7 ... .1 8.4 .2 .2 .1 8.6 :1 .3 .5 Total 4,599.6 2,153. 2 |1,487.3 4,825.4 722.9 |128.7 1.5 150.9 25.0 30.1 177.3 CALIFORNIA. 221 ; Agricultural im- Articles. Fort Tongas. Yes Bay. Loring. Mitlakotla. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company, etc.-Continued. ALASKA ROUTE-Continued. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Burroughs Bay. Salmon Bay. Wrangel. Juneau. Douglass Island. plements 1.5 Asphaltum. 1.1 1.4 .9 Butter .2 .4 .7 .4 .4 1.0 5.4 .3 1.2 10.7 8.3 Coal......... .1 19.0 ·4 .6 .... 12.0 378.0 2,851. 6 12.8 11.3 10.0 Cheese... .1 2.1 .5 .1 Cereals: Wheat .3 .2 2.1 2.6 .3 Barley 1.4 2.0 30 Oats 8.0 1.0 3.0 Beans.. .2 .1 .7 .2 2 2.3 7.2 2.3 Other .2 ·2 1.3 1.3 23.0 1.2 .2 2.5 Eggs... .1 .4 2.8 31.4 7.3 .2 .7 Empty packages .2 5.0 .3 40.0 7.4 756.3 616.6 Fish 1246.8 ... .8 Flour 2.7 1.4 Fruit 1.3 .3 14.4 4.4 33.5 1.7 76.5 171.6 48. 1 5.0 21.0 1.6 .8 .2 25. 1 92.0 16.9 3.2 .1 Furs .5 Household goods 1.8 4.0 7.7 3.1 Hides and pelts.. 2.0 1 • Honey ........ .1 .6 Hops..... .5 Iron and cast- -ings........ .9 3.8 8.3 4.9 1.7 29.1 91.8 450.3 9.6 23.6 Iron, railroad..... 8.5 2.4 Liquors.. Lime...... Live stock: Hogs 3.0 7.3 1.5 .1 .2 2.1 .7 .5 .4 6.0 .5 2.4 .3 1.5 Sheep. · · 12.5 Other 19.5 698.0 7.0 Lumber: 4.5 Railroad ties 6.7 10.6 Laths, shin- .7 36.6 gles, and shakes......18. 1 89.8 224.9 20.3 Barrel stuff.. 32.0 Other kind…. 1,2 91.6 21.8 3.1 - 5.0 11.2 48.1 207.9 22.1 71.9 137.1 159.2 63.2 1.5 Machinery and 98.8 202.2 249.4 88.2 boilers .5 1.0 13.9 1.0 Millstuff .1 .1 .8 1.0 .6 Merchandise 14.4 47.4 240.3 650. I 148.6 87.3 25.0 Oré 24.7 124.8 4.6 52.6 681.2 1,712.5 1,393.6 368.2 9.4 25. 1 .6 8.3 1.2 .3 412.0 689.9 176.7 3.4 Oil........ 1.0 .9 1.8 12.1 1.2 .8 Potatoes.. 1.1 .6 .3 J.3 2.4 7.8 20.1 68.4 27.1 2.0 2.1 .4 125.0 44.5 Poultry.. 4.0 7.5 .3 .3 .9 .3 1.1 Powder. 3.6 2 6.6 .1 1.4 1.3 48.9 Vegetables .1 .1 1 2.0 .2 9 6.9 -71.9 27.5 Vehicles 1.4 6.9 4.2 1.0 3.3 Total......... 76.7 710.2 1,000. 6 211.5 121.0 25.0 1,042. 4 3, 953.4 5, 703.6 1,556. 2 1,870.6 352.7 Pyramid Harbor. Chilcat. Bartlett Bay. 222 OF THE UNITED STATES. INTERNAL COMMERCE COMME Articles. Killisnoo. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company, etc.-Continued. ALASKA ROUTE-Continued. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Sitka. Port Horton. Nicholas Bay. Labouchere Bay. Labaska Bay. Port Suettis- ham. Freshwater Bay. Hawkan. Fish Bay. Hoonah. Total. Agricultural im- plements..... Asphaltum. 1.0 .5 Butter........... .6 4.2 .1 .6 .2 .3 Coal......... 2.0 316.6 3.0 Cheese .4 .1 .2 32 1.5 7.4 42.0 9, 916.5 1 4.0 Cereals: Wheat.... 2.2 7.5 .8 16.1 Barley. 13.4 Oats 2.6 14.7 Beans .4 2.2 .1 Other.... 11.6 .3 1.0 .8 19.6 68.5 Eggs....... .7 6.2 .4 .1 53.6 Empty packages... 897.1 34.1 12.5 205.9 50.9 9.5 2,702. 4 Fish... 1.6 ... 4,537,5 Flour. 18.0 124.9 .5 1.5 2.4 Fruit 8.0 33.2 .1 1.9 16.7 2.4 1.8 607.7 196.5 D Furs........ 12.2 ..... Household goods... 2.5 3.9 47.7 Hides and pelts..... 43.4 ..... Honey... .1 .9 .... • Hops .2 ... .7 Iron and castings.. 5.1 27.5 1.9 1.3 4.1 20.1 2.4 Iron, railroad .... G Liquors........ .2 4.9 Lime .2 ... 1.2 781.0 2.4 23.2 39.3 ... Live stock: Hogs 1.5 Sheep 12.5 ... Other. 5.0 746.5 Lumber: Railroad ties... 8.5 63.1 Laths, shin- gles, and shakes...... 1.7 3. 1 3.8 3.9 48.1 Barrel stuff.... 93.9 14.8 1.0 872.2 158.4 Other kind..... 51.7 33.2 6.0 .7 35.4 .5 • Machinery and .5 14.4 1.9 15.7 boilers ……..... Millstuff Merchandise .7 148.2 9.6 575.9 1 1.6 1 1, 142.8 608.3 82.3 ► .2 19.5 135.7 40.6 34.7 |152.6 | 60. 4 24.9 10.0 10, 336.8 Ore... 51.9 Oil... Potatoes 4.0 5.0 23.3 35.5 .4 2.7 1.2 2.2 .1 .3 730.5 2.5 .2 265.4 Poultry Powder. Vegetables Vehicles Total.......…………… .4 5 6,5 • .3 3.2 .7 13.7 .3 .1 69.1 1.3 .5 1.3 .4 146.1. 10.2 |1, 247.6 1,305.0 | 12.7 28.1 149.9 53.0 50.2 485.7 Summary of treasure and passengers. 93.0 75.8 19.5 34, 456.2 Passengers. Ports. Treasure. Value in dollars. Treasure. Passengers. Number in Ports. wholes and Value in dollars. halves. Number in wholes and halves. San Francisco. 98,676 Juneau.... 3,397 812 1 Astoria... 233 Douglass Island....... 10,000 Portland 6, 567 42 1 Pyramid Harbor.. 4,500 Port Townsend 586, 717 480 5 Chilcat 11,000 151 Seattle......... 667 322 11 Bartlett Bay 1,600 Tacoma 958 6 Killisnoo………………………………. Chilcoot 2 Sitka..... 1,714 5,425 1,667 អនុវត្ត 1 18 Victoria Nakat Inlet. Tongas Narrows Fort Tongas... Yes Bay.. Loring ...... Mitlakotla Burroughs Bay Wrangel 15, 624 209 6 Port Horton 3 1 Nicholas Bay 1 78 1 Labouchere Bay 1,500 24 500 32 Labaska Bay. 300 34 Port Suettisham. 1 .... 5,776 110 15 Freshwater Bay Hawkan..... 1,000 15 3 27 5,737 199 2 Total... B.00. 760, 400 5, 432 52 CALIFORNIA. 223 Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company, elc.-Continued. MEXICAN ROUTE. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Articles. San Fran- San Ense- José nada. del Mazat- lan. Guay- La Paz. mas. cisco. Cabo. Mag- dalena Bay. Total. Butter..... Coal ...... Ce reals: Wheat Barley .5 2.5 .4 55.3 112.6 .9 -170.4 31.7 31.7 1.7 1.7 Oats 5.7 5.7 Beans.. 1.0 1.0 ..... Other 24.2 172.6 196.8 Fish 16.3 .6 16.9 Flour 57.0 1.9 275.2 53.8 37.5 405.4 Fruit..... 1,265.5 16.1 2.1 28.2 13.7 66.2 1, 391.9 Household goods..... 2.8 7.7 2.5 5.1 16.3 34.4 Hides and pelts 106. 1 106.1 Iron and castings. .5 1.8 155.0 16.0 70.8 244. 1 Iron, railroad....... 11.8 6.2 18.0 Liquors......………………….. 57.2 4.6 44. 1 50.7 27.9 184.5 Lime ... 15.2 15.2 ...... Live stock..... 3.5 1.0 4.6 9.1 Lumber: Laths, shingles, and shakes..... 2.0 15.0 17.0 Barrel stuff 6.0 6.0 Other kind.. 10.9 Machinery and boilers..... 48.7 157.3 2.2 132.0 740.6 292.2 459.2 1, 708.9 2.0 361.0 59.1 244.8 801.1 Millstuff.... 47.9 47.9 Merchandise 801,2 463, 3 209.6 1,232.0 842.4 1,298. 1 20.4 4,867.0 • Ore........……………… 351.5 351.5 Oil........... 8.0 1.2 131.0 10.1 31.9 .8 183.0 Potatoes........... 6.2 6.9 53.5 53.7 164.2 284.5 Powder....……. Vegetables. .1 .1 .6 2.0 .3 49.5 27.0 28.5 107.9 Total.... 2,560.7 841.8 392.7 3, 199. 4 1,709.6 2,520.7 21.2 10, 246. 1 San Francisco Ensenada...... San José del Cabo.... Mazatlan........ La Paz......... Guaymas.. Magdalena Bay Total........... Summary of treasure and passengers. Ports. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passen- gers. Num- ber in wholes. 1,255, 568 288 29,508 214 11,018 67 79,315 243 45, 555 184 259,800 275 1,329 5 1,682, 093 1,266 224 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company on all routes. YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1884. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Articles. California, California, southern. northern. Oregon. British Columbia and Puget Alaska. Miscella- neous. Total. Sound, Agricultural im- plements.... 1,817.7 159.3 170.7 54.7 3.1 Asphaltum... 1,270.5 8.2 8.5 .... Butter.... 1,869.3 243.3 165. 1 408.2 Coal......... 1,497.5 122.7 3,712.9 21, 195.9 25.1 4, 158.2 Cheese 502.8 1.5 36.0 54.8 1.7 Cereals: Wheat..... 23,537.3 36.6 7,667.5 71.3 28.5 Barley. 4,712.3 371.0 350.7 900.9 3.4 Oats 2,821.3 1,540.0 711.7 5,775.7 6.0 Beans.... 4, 165. 2 11.2 189.3 239.3 16.2 Other.. 4, 018. 6 189.2 1,057.5 529.6 86.7 .9 Eggs.. 415.8 18.9 18.0 126.2 23.4 .1 Empty packages... 2,242.6 410.3 2,587.3 1,464.3 361.5 Fish.... $38.3 229.6 2, 403.7 1, 754.8 536.6 Flax. 308. 1 1, 123.8 Flour. 2,836.6 985.3 6, 835.7 2,075.2 690 1 2.7 Fruit 2,066.9 465.4 1,499.3 1, 357.8 97.5 4.8 2,235.5 1,287.2 2,711.0 30,687. 2 596.8 31, 341.2 6,338.3 10, 854.7 4.621.2 5,882.5 602.4 7,066.0 6, 163.0 1.431.9 13, 425.9 5,491.7 Furs..... 5.2 143.4 10.7 159.3 Household goods... 1, 138.7 536.4 1,346.5 922.0 81.7 11.1 Hides and pelts..... 4,336.4 757.3 205.9 982. 1 943.5 20.7 2,909.5 Honey....... 1,322. 3 .2 Hops 25.3 .5 Iron and castings.. 1,757. 1 654.7 297 26.8 17.9 1,367.2 117.0 281.6 .6 425.0 2,351.6 2,831.6 248.6 *6 7,814.2 Iron: Railroad. 506.0 1.6 Pig 182.3 30.2 16.5 1,009.0 338.9 863.0 56.5 1,278.0 Liquors..... 3, 262.3 871.7 3, 123.2 1,931.6 10.8 4 • 9,500.0 Lime.. 8, 417.6 40.7 12.5 312.2 13.7 8,796.7 Live stock: Hogs... 1, 656.8 6.0 3.0 2.4 Sheep. 4, 277.1 430. 1 27.5 .5 2.2 Other.... Lumber: 411.4 136.8 107.0 63.6 29.6 1,668. 2 4,737.4 718.4 Railroad ties... Lath,shingles, and shakes... Barrel stuff.... 1,449. 1 1,045.8 66.5 34.6 2,160.0 13, 305.0 715.8 976.9 171.6 30.1 Other kind... 9, 398.5 119.2 2,290. 1 522.0 1,958. 3 367.5 1,098.5 701.2 607.5 Machinery and boilers..... Millstuff...... 249.1 128.7 87.1 295.4 121.9 506.0 1.8 843.0 829.6 5, 36-4.5 Merchandise Ore Oil....... 57, 915. 2 7,023, 1 32,549.0 27,065.1 2,636.9 15.4 1,287.5 1,394.9 .7 4.5 1,871.8 185.2 1,535.5 1,039. 4 907.3 Potatoes.. 1,452.4 2,560. 2 1,559.0 1,016. 8 136.8 Poultry 145.8 33.8 .7 2.4 Powder..... Vegetables. Vehicles.. 45.6 6.2 504.6 298.9 9.7 74.3 280. I 978.4 658.6 60,0 .1 1,814. 1 267.4 301.7 237.5 9.7 2,596.0 17, 329.3 2, 997. 1 14,095.5 5,815.6 7, 165.8 127, 201.7* 2,687.6 5, 539.2 6,755.2 182.7 865.0 2,049.5 2, 632. 4 Wool.... 1,365.4 397.5 1, 492. 1 37.8 3, 272.8 Total..... 158, 352. 6 36, 143. 1 81, 788.9 83, 403. 4 12, 279.2 37.9 372, 005. 1 Summary of treasnre and passengers. California, southern... California, northern..... Oregon.... British Columbia and Puget Sound..... Alaska.......... Miscellaneous Total...... Routes. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passen- gers. Number in wholes and halves. 869, 845 39, 428 855 391, 839 13, 154 115 1,718, 881 19,602 144 1,185,518 16,897 178 119, 410 1,650 126 22 1 4,885, 493 90, 753 1,419 } CALIFORNIA. 225 Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steam- ship Company on all routes—Continued. YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1885. [Freight in tons and tenths.] British Articles. California, California, southern. northern. Oregon. Columbia and Puget Alaska. Total. Sound. Agricultural implements.. 862.5 77.6 224.4 39.7 .3 Asphaltum.... 2,452.3 4.2 Butter....... Coal......... 1, 917.6 157.1 67.1 370.1 1,681.1 107.4 338.3 22,80 .3 Cheese... 355.3 .1 33.7 43.9 29.5 7, 458. 4 1.8 Cereals: Wheat. Barley.... .4 1,204.5 2, 456.9 2,541, 4 32, 386.8 434.8 17,824.3 57.8 10, 190.9 16.7 123.3 28, 213.0 10, 633.8 280.8 1, 133.7 551.0 438.1 13.037.4 Oats............ 1, 915. 3 551.0 6, 489. 2 6, 452.1 65.7 15, 503.3 Beans....... Other.... Eggs.. Empty packages…………….. Fish ........ 8, 114.9 11.6 200.8 287. 1 15.8 8,630.2 7, 116.5 318.5 69.8 282.4 206.4 7,993. 6 510.7 7.2 34.5 49.3 44.5 646. 2 2,449.5 208.5 1,463. 8 2,300.8 1,255.2 7,677.8 979.2 199.9 2, 239.9 1,937.6 911. 1 6,270.7 Flax. 468.5 935.3 1, 403.8 Flour......... ... .... 2,587.0 860.2 4, 134. 2 1,825.3 839.0 10, 245.7 Fruit 1,548.6 312.3 1,525.9 1,585.2 115.4 Furs.... 1.1 1.5 129.7 20. L 5,387.4 152.4 Household goods 2,784.9 367.5 694.7 608. 2 53.7 4,509.0 Hides and pelts......... 826.0 138. 3 857.4 1, 102.3 33.2 2,957.2 Honey......... 1,216.2 .2 29.0 Hops 17.8 18.2 Iron and castings.. 1,855.2 401.6 2,022.3 Iron: Railroad..... Pig 8.4 46.2 67.5 679.1 807.5 21.1 151.7 1, 840. 1 153.9 215.3 ·· .1 1,266.6 .5 188. 2 149.8 Liquors... Lime...... Live stock: 3, 112.5 10, 253. 1 630.0 28.0 1, 114.2 1,375.6 145.5 21.1 12.7 6, 269.0 908.9 1,069.0 6,583.4 10, 439. 3 Hogs.... Sheep.......... Other. Lumber: 2,757.8 .1 4 .8 3,514. 1 981.0 12.1 2.7 2,759. 1 4, 539.9 2,593.5 275.4 293.5 81.0 73.6 3,320.0 shakes.... Railroad ties... Laths, shingles, and Barrel stuff ...... Other kind Machinery and boilers.... Millstuff...…………………. 5, 941.8 916.5 39.1 27.7 6, 955.0 1, 145. 1 44.2 2,903. 2 220.8 ..... Merchandise 655.6 47, 516.4 9,625.4 77.1 3, 201.0 76.3 €48.2 5, 871.2 1,148.0 619.7 21.5 132.1 2,528.5 178.8 427.0 142.5 152.6 141.6 150.0 181.9 1,010. 2 2,816.5 100.4 12,559.7 2,960.7 7,826.3 753.6 5, 260.9 24, 615.1 22, 886.7 2,416.3 Ore........... Oil............ Potatoes..... 103, 365.7 944.5 2, 263.8 104. 1 80.5 149.8 1,449.0 748.7 840.3 6,880.6 954.4 1,887.5 861.4 157.5 Poultry... 529 9 Powder.. Vegetables Vehicles... Wool ...... Total 249. 1 32.2 8.9 5. 1 8.0 1, 129.1 5,069.7 11, 123. 3 575.2 216.9 7.1 482.0 79.2 226,0 691.8 557.0 54.5 1,611.5 1,681.7 147.6 1,668. l 153.4 159, 801.5 27, 953. 0 187.6 1,066. 1 73, 406.6 124.4 2,141.3 54.3 2, 941.9 77, 510.2 16, 096.7 351, 798.0 Summary of treasure and passengers. Routes. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Numberin wholes and halves. California, southern 608, 090 California, northern 37,908 1,149 263, 468 9, 980 148 Oregon.... 1,682, 742 British Columbia and Puget Sound.. 10,066 329 1,468, 933 Alaska 15,372 10 327, 017 1,871 62 Total...... 4,350, 250 75, 197 1,698 I α 90—15 : 226 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steam- ship Company on all routes-Continued. YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1886. [Freight in tons and tenths.] British Articles. California, California, southern. northern. Oregon. Columbia and Puget Alaska. Total. Sound. Agricultural implements... 1,505. 1 77.7 102.1 26. 1 2 Asphaltum 1,711.2 1,144.5 1,144.5 Butter 2,957.2 120.4 3.1 Coal 3,641.0 87.9 851.1 317.5 23, 546.9 30.4 3,428.6 7,507.7 35, 634.6 Cheese 554.0 2.5 9.0 85.0 1.9 Cereals: Wheat Barley Oats........ 652.4 22,050. 2 137.8 3, 924. 4 7.5 271.3 26, 391.2 • 25, 647.7 143.7 408.3 201.4 95.6 26, 496.7 1,950.7 1,010. 2 3, 151.4 6,234.2 3.3 12, 379.8 Beans.. Other 8,747.9 4,862. 3 29.8 36.0 288.8 16.3 144. 4 90.6 259.6 1.0 562.9 7.9 10.8 15.7 55.9 9, 118.8 5,357.9 653.2 Empty packages 5,857.7 259.8 587.0 1,895.0 2,553.0 11, 252.5 Fish 957.0 141.6 1, 384.5 1, 875. 4 714.6 5,073.1 Flax 1,043.9 1.5 1,327.9 .3 120.0 2,493.6 Flour.......... 2,991. 1 822.0 1, 801.3 I, 611.5 1, 138.9 Fruit.... 8,364.8 2,285.0 538.4 1,524.7 1,830.6 Furs... .2 .3 .5 50.2 138.9 28.3 6, 317.6 79.5 Household goods…..... 3,788. 4 350.0 605. G 554.0 104.5 Hides and pelts 835.1 100.2 487.3 624.1 82.2 Honey 1, 396.3 1.3 40.4 .4 Hops 28.3 .2 18.4 16.9 Iron and castings... 1, 977.8 632.6 1, 622. 3 1, 106. 2 182.1 Iron: Railroad........ Pig................ Liquors.. 69.0 72.0 2,005.3 189.1 11.2 127.1 16.4 326.0 437.4 4, 212.1 593.2 896.7 1, 126. 3 20.8 Lime .... ... 16,789.0 42.1 48.3 5.8 5, 402.5 2, 128.9 1,438. 4 64.1 5,521.0 2, 346.6 906.9 6,849.1 16,885.2 Live stock: Hogs Sheep. Other Lumber: Railroad ties shakes.. Barrel stuff.. Other kind..... Machinery and boilers. • Millstuff... 2, 136.8 .2 1.0 .4 2, 138.4 3, 252.3 126.3 7,077.9 310.3 3.0 384.5 19.5 3,501.4 39.8 206.9 8, 183. 1 2,411, 3 5,248.1 11.2 Laths, shingles, and 2,553.8 10, 749.7 1, 373.6 8.1 56.8 203.6 30.6 149.7 159.8 85.0 7,670.6 14,742.0 628.7 10, 552.1 3, 143.8 411.6 196.9 377.4 14, 681. 8 362.6 832.9 147.9 693.2 305.4 340.5 336.8 1, 493. 2 1, 419. 4 3, 392.9 275.1 Merchandise Ore... Oil.. ... ... ... ... Potatoes..………………………. Poultry... Powder..... Vegetables Vehicles....... Wool ....... 57, 823.1 5, 150.9 23, 023.5 21, 731. 1 3,204.6 6, 613.5 110, 938. 2 1,447.7 6, 814. 4 3,572.2 183.2 5.5 44.4 1,680, 8 173.8 1, 551.8 571.5 1, 302. 3 995.9 9, 887.9 1,930. € 1,600. 6 218.0 8, 871.2 373.7 31.2 3.9 3.4 11.3 99.0 11.0 56.9 61.7 28.8 187.1 180.7 721.7 612.7 87.6 423.5 257.4 1, 819.8 2,340. 3 156.8 1, 336.1 376.1 61.7 734.1 47.4 5,2 2, 611.4 80.1 2.8 2,529.2 Total 219, 686.4 33,516.3 52, 667.6 72, 103. 4 19,041.1 396, 964. 8 Summary of treasure and passengers. Routes. California, southern California, northern…………………………….. Oregon….………………… British Columbia and Puget Sound Alaska Total Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and halves. 757, 235 270, 454 50, 720 1,667 1,723, 230 8,804 8, 227 262 311 1,587, 215 437, 262 14, 276 56 2,753 8 4,775, 396 84, 780❘ 2, 304 " 227 CALIFORNIA. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steam- ship Company on all routes-Continued. YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1887. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Articles. California, California, southern. northern. Oregon. British Columbia and Puget Alaska. Total. Sound. Agricultural implements.... Asphaltum ... Butter - Coal...... 456. 1 21.1 535.0 27.1 5.9 2,556.8 1, C45.2 2,556.8 2,766.2 233.4 507.3 32.5 ... 4,815.7 210.7 573.3 14, 214. 1 7,527.9 Cheese Cereals: Wheat Barley Oats ..... Beans.... Other Eggs... Empty packages 525.8 2.1 6.5 91.6 3, 539.4 27, 371.7 629.0 12,505.5 61.2 11, 461.3 146.4 51.3 24, 225.7 24, 568. 4 2, 124.9 77.5 1,488. 1 11.5 143.6 11.3 24, 812.3 i, 961.7 4,005. 4 6.1 9, 586.2 11, 914.6 16.8 10.5 1,777.9 25.3 13, 745. 1 6, 418.6 121.0 170.0 357.6 7,067.2 465.3 3.8 32.4 111.1 56.9 669.5 1,905.9 477.4 767.3 3,617.2 1,478.5 Fish Flax Flour Fruit..... Furs.. 8, 246.3 656.8 235.8 824.0 3,409.7 1,190.7 6, 317.0 262.7 750.0 5,594.8 856.0 1,631.7 2,516.7 832.7 1,012. 7 11, 431.9 1, 868. 4 734. 1 1,908.5 3, 472.6 153.7 .1 5.6 .5 68.1 7.6 Household goods... Hides and pelts 2,002. 2 557.2 380.6 653.3 105.8 1, 458.9 88.6 711.5 891.4 82.5 Honey Hops......... Iron and castings. 729.7 4.0 3,673. 1 .4 26.5 .4 4.2 11.6 · 6 8, 137.3 81.9 3,697.1 3,232.9 757.0 20.4 787.6 1,922.7 2, 353. 4 496.3 Iron: 9, 233.1 Railroad 2, 449.3 .3 Pig 236.8 .8 Liquors. 4, 942. 6 568.7 424.8 60.0 959.8 217.3 3,091.7 2,605, 9 2,903.5 2,039.0 19.3 Lime..... Live stock: Hogs.... Sheep 8,529.4 17, 039. 4 25.8 17.0 11.7 17,093.9 2,069.7 .8 1.0 2,071.5 2, 839.3 190.7 Other Lumber: Railroad ties hakes... Brrel stuff. 96.0 3, 126.0 828.5 5-17.2 243.0 70.7 445,7 2, 135. 1 5,435.0 3,061.9 18.8 7.0 Laths, shingles, and 2, 311.5 13, 627.5 1, 702. 4 127.6 361.5 145.0 30.6 275.2 241.4 62.5 Other kind Machinery and boilers.. 5,688.9 7,927.1 2, 004. 4 477.1 Millstuff. Merchandise.. Ore Oil.... Potatoes. Poultry. 576.4 2,118.5 63.0 910.5 76, 922. 1 7,856. 4 3,566.5 6.4 358.9 23,625.7 76.7 683. 1 5,357.2 34, 910. 4 5, 531.2 605.2 7.348.9 5, 261.4 290.7 1, 354. 4 128.5 15.5 8 4.0 1,772.7 7.5 3, 172.9 Powder..... Vegetables Vehicles Wool....... 172.7 12.3 518.8 174.0 1, 158. 9 212.7 1,498. 1 318.5 Total 230, 559. 3 43, 197.8 897.6 28.0 1, 155.9 58,185.0 2,620.2 2.0 285.5 1,135.7 77.5 949.7 2.8 79.3 157.7 1, 330. 1 492.7 134.9 48.3 2,973. 2 293.7 8, 522.7 18, 130. 5 754.7 17,427.6 1, 821.6 8,880.0 148,885.8 4,296.7 14, 678.7 11, 302. 4 156.3 549.8 2,883.8 1,477.1 3, 952.2 91, 037.0 24, 107.6 450,086.7 Summary of treasure and passenger's. Routes. Treasure. Value in Passengers. Number in dollars, wholes and halves. California, southern 650, 382 California, northern 66,540 1,544 433, 274 11,595 209 Oregon....... British Columbia and Puget Sound........ 732, 782 5,725 250 Alaska.... 1,467, 174 13, 680 10 626, 463 3,889 50 Total 3,910, 075 101, 439 2,063 ? 228 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steam- ship Company on all routes-Continued. YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1888. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Britsh Articles. California, California, southern. northern. Oregon. Columbia and Puget Alaska. Total. Sound. Agricultural implements..... 766.8 Asphaltum Butter Coal..... Cheese...... ...... 6, 839. 6 51.2 .2 25.6 46.6 5.5 37.7 2.1 895.7 6,879.6 2,636.5 157.2 5, 674.1 390.0 140.5 4.6 7.2 685.5 6.0 368.9 28.4 33, 341. 1 10,914.2 108.2 4 3, 198.2 50,755. 4 509.2 • Cereals: Wheat 14, 192.6 17.9 14, 019. 4 1, 931.5 15.6 30, 177.0 Barley 35, 069.1 22.3 747.2 18.8 35, 857.4 Oats......... Beans...... Other 2,903.5 1, 454. 1 3, 312. 1 6, 167.1 8.3 13, 845. 1 5,324.0 7.1 1,092.1 6,541.1 418.8 53.0 Eggs..... Empty packages Fish 391.4 11.1 14.0 ..... 2, 411.9 514.6 372.6 2, 052.0 603.5 244.6 704.9 Flax 65.1 1,024. 1 Flour 6,816.9 861.0 3,707.4 1,091.4 3,362. 2 Fruit... 1,942.9 836. 4 628.2 3, 943. 1 1,014. 8 118.3 3,594.6 2, 827.9 1, 896.5 .... 665.5 6, 440. 4 8,027.7 596, 6 9,005.7 6, 377.4 2, 180.6 15, 413.0 7,496. 1 17.2 61.8 145.5 Furs .. 58,6 53.9 112.5 Household goods. 1,699.8 678.2 318. 4 1,347. 1 42.3 4,085. 8 Honey .. ... Hides and pelts Hops Iron and castings.. Iron: 1, 394. 4 80.4 312.9 1,072.6 37.1 2,897.4 633.7 2.9 65,0 701.6 8.2 13.0 7.3 7 29.2 4, 172.3 642.6 2,428.7 3,967.2 291.1 11,501.9 Railroad Pig Liquors 1, 839. 2 380.8 191.6 2,411.6 361.7 2,217.2 2,578.9 .. 5, 894.9 624.8 1,286.5 3,317.0 31.1 11, 154. 3 Lime.. Live stock: Hogs........ Sheep 11, 873.7 59.5 12.3 6.7 11, 952.2 899.5 .8 900.3 328, 2 115.7 20.9 464.8 Other Lumber: Railroad ties shakes.. Barrel stuff 596.9 278,2 103.8 92.6 506.8 1,578.3 211.7 1, 138.7 1.1 1,351.5 Laths, shingles, and 2,080.7 12, 966. 1 698. 8 2, 143.5 228.2 18, 117.3 85.0 134.9 352.1 229.6 62.5 Other kind 2,865.5 6,543.2 1,511.1 1,897.9 989.5 Machinery and boilers 711.4 239.9 Millstuff. 2,808.0 1,057.7 Merchandise 71, 774. 4 9, 191.3 17.7 2,259.4 22, 804.2 537.4 5, 293. 6 255.6 864.1 13,807.2 1,762.0 106.7 11, 525.4 42, 312.9 77, 783.4 153, 870. 2 Ore 11, 654.1 Oil..... 6, 680.4 290.5 216.9 417.1 3,551.8 1,832, 2 28.5 1,044. 1 Potatoes. 8,784.0 1,773.6 1,901.9 1,467.9 289.6 Poultry Powder.. Vegetables Vehicles..……. 62.5 10.8 22.6 4.8 2.5 125.9 10.7 10.0 154.0 4.1 15,451.3 10, 264. 3 14, 217.0 103.2 301.7 299.3 221.8 906.5 1,800.9 122.5 3, 351.0 869.0 293.6 Wool ... 1,247.2 148.9 114.7 1,249.3 377.0 1,757.6 5,0 1,659.8 4, 403.0 Total ..... ...... 235, 026.2 41, 278.6 61, 951.4 135, 504, 4 27, 745. 4 501, 506.0 Summary of treasure and passengers. Routes. California, southern.... California, northern ............ Oregon British Columbia and Puget Sound Alaska Total Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and halves. 248, 789 51,008 464 384, 574 15,793 292 200, 085 6,912 254 1,508,523 13, 826 1 563, 174 4, 446 59 2,906, 045 91, 985❘ 1,070 CALIFORNIA. 229 Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steam- ship Company on all routes-Continued. YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1889. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Σ Califor- Califor- Articles. nia, nia, southern. northern. British Colum Oregon. bia and Alaska. Mexico. Total. Puget Sound. Agricultural implements 498.1 20.0 9.1 42.1 1.5 Asphaltum ..... 9, 915. 1 94.0 7.4 Butter 2,836.5 251.0 1.1 1,085.7 42.0 .9 Coal. 2,243.9 146.5 456.4 43,583. 4 9, 916. 5 170.4 570.8 10, 016.5 4,217.2 56, 517.1 Cheese 450.0 7.3 13.1 141.4 4,0 615.8 Cereals: Wheat.... Barley 10, 916. 2 36.9 2,909.8 1,751.2 16.1 31.7 15, 661.9 19, 018. 4 10.5 362.5 1, 154.0 13.4 1.7 20, 560.5 Oats ...... 2,443.5 219.4 4,535.0 6, 025.9 14.7 5.7 13, 244. 2 Beans 6, 624.2 12.0 133.7 19.6 1.0 6, 790.5 Other..... 9, 980. 6 124.5 22.9 2,033.5 68.5 196.8 12, 426.8 Eggs 202.7 9.0 3.5 36.6 53.6 Empty packages.. 1, 423.5 652.4 373.7 3,461.8 2, 702. 4 Fish 650.3 265.0 1,422. 1 1,746.5 4,537.5 16.9 Flax 129. 9 1,070.8 2,007.3 Flour... 6, 119. 2 888.0 2,046.6 5, 434.4 607.7 455.4 Fruit 1,534.7 821.5 467.5 6, 097.4 196.5 1,391.9 Furs.... .9 45.4 12.2 Household goods.. 1,333.8 562.4 118.4 2,591.0 47.7 34.4 Hides and pelts....... 949.3 74.5 469.4 1, 391.4 43.4 106.1 Honey 653.3 2.1 71.8 .9 Hops........... 1.7 .3 38.3 34.3 .7 305.4 8, 613.8 8,638.3 3, 208.0 15, 151.3 10, 509.5 58.5 4,687.7 3, 034. 1 728.1 75.3 Iron and castings 2,298.4 357.2 4,887.8 7,017.9 781.0 244.1 15, 586. 4 Iron: Railroad...………. Pig Liquors Lime ....... Live stock: 79.3 257.4 55.9 2.8 614.8 516.7 2.4 18.0 26.6 5,099.8 1,317.1 5. 386.6 5, 369.3 407.1 1,027.0 4, 940. 2 23.2 181.5 11, 951. 3 11,773.9 30.4 38.0 243.0 39.3 15.2 12, 139.8 Hogs Sheep Other Lumber: 895.8 1.5 1,714.0 12.5 897.3 1,726.5 1, 672.5 192.6 90.5 233.5 746.5 9.1 2,944.7 Other kind Railroad ties Laths, shingles, shakes... Barrel stuff…..... Machinery and boilers. 284.0 190.9 63.1 538.0 1, 249.3 8,476.6 487.6 1, 263.9 872.2 17.0 12, 366.6 221.6 3,001. 8 5.0 99.6 166.8 158.4 6.0 4,518.6 1,709. 6 950.6 1,142.8 1,708.9 532.7 Millstuff Merchandise....... Ore Oil. Potatoes.. 1,397.7 90.9 1,753.8 30.9 717.5 140.5 7,815. 4 608.3 82.3 801.1 47.9 657.4 13,062.3 2,781.4 12, 237.6 48, 209.1 9, 938. 3 | 21, 974.7 | 76,720.2 | 10, 336.8 4,867,0 172, 016. 1 4,560.3 5.5 859.0 51.9 351,5 5, 828. 2 2, 335. 1 6; 604.8 127.5 1,050.5 1, 269:4 1, 174.7 730.5 183.0 Poultry. Powder... *Vegetables Vehicles. 50.2 61.5 3.3 5.1 4,017. 1 1.8 3,215.6 265.4 287.5 124.4 259.3 699.4 ..... 527.1 156.8 Wool Total 805.3 101.7 1,598.7 1.3 156.3 2, 881.3 323.3 4, 751.4 6.5 69.1 .1 5,820.2 15, 440.9 63.1 292.1 146.1 10.2 107.9 4, 218.4 1,017.4 7,257.i | 173,958.7 31,817.5 | 54, 040.6 198, 641.3 34, 456. 2 10, 246. 1 Summary of treasure and passengers. 503, 190.4 Routes. Treasure, Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and halves. California, southern ..........…………………………………………………………………………. 218, 665 38, 325 565 California, northern 433,726 | 16, 193 073 Oregon........ British Columbia and Puget Sound. 73, 436 1,160,570 6, 484 177 20,959 160 Alaska.... 760, 400 5,432 052 Mexican 1,682, 093 1,266 000 Total........ 4,328, 890 88, 659 1,027 230 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Descriptive statement of freight, treasure, and passengers forwarded by Pacific Coast Steamship Company from the year 1884 to 1889. [Freight in tons and tenths.] Articles. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Grand total. Agricultural implements 2,235.5 1,204.5 1, 711.2 1,045.2 895.7 570.8 7,662.9 Asphaltum....... 1,287.2 2, 456.9 1, 144.5 2,556.8 6,879.6 | 10, 016.5 Butter 24, 341.5 2,711.0 2,541.4 3, 428. 6 3, 539.4 3, 198. 2 Coal 4,217.2 19, 635.8 30,687.2 | 32, 386.8 | 35, 634.6| 27,371.7 Cheese 50,755.4 56,517.1 233, 352.8 596.8 434.8 652.4 629.0 509.2 615.8 Cereals: 3, 438.0 Wheat... 31, 341.2 28, 213.0 | 26, 391.2 | 24, 225.7 30, 177.0 | 15, 661.9 156, 010.0 Barley. 6, 338.3 13, 037.4 | 26, 496.7 24, 812.3 35, 857.4 20, 560.5 127, 102, 6 Oats 10,854.7 | 15, 503,3 Flour Fruit Furs Beans Other.. Eggs...... Empty packages ... Fish Flax... Household goods 4, 621.2 6, 163.0 13, 425.9 | 10,245.7 8, 630.2 5,882.5 602.4 7,993. 6 646.2 7,066.0 7,677.8 6,270.7 1, 431.9 1, 403.8 12, 379.8 9, 118.8 5,357.9 753.2 11, 252. 5 5,073. 1 2,493.6 9,586.2 | 13, 845. 1 | 13, 244. 2 75, 413.3 13, 745. I 7,067.2 669.5 8, 246. 3 6, 440. 4 6,790,5 6, 317.0 6,377.4 1,012.7 2, 180.6 3,208.0 8, 027.7 596, 6 9,005.7 12, 426.8 305.4 8, 613.8 8, 638.3 49, 346.2 48,755.7 3, 173.3 51,862.1 38, 839.5 11,730.6 8,364.8 | 11, 431.9 | 15, 413.0 | 15, 151.3 74, 032.6 5,491.7 5,387.4 6,317.6 8, 137.3 7,496.1 10,509.5 43, 339.6 159.3 152.4 4,336.4 4,509.0 5, 402.5 Hides and pelts 2,900.5 2,957.2 2, 128.9 Honey ........ 1,367.2 1,266.6 Hops 425.0 188.2 1, 438. 4 64.1 79.5 3, 697.1 3,232.9 757.0 81.9 112.5 58.5 644.1 4,085, 8 4,687.7 26, 718.5 2, 897.4 3, 034.1 17, 160.0 701.6 728.1 6, 258.9 20.4 29.2 75.3 802.2 Iron and castings..... 7,844.2 6, 269.0 5,521.0 Iron: Railroad 863.0 3,091.7 908.9 2, 346.6 9, 233.1 | 11,501,9 | 15, E86. 4 55, 955.6 2, 411. 6 1,317.1 10, 938.9 Pig 1,278.0 1,069.0 906.9 2,903.5 2,578.9 5, 386.6 14, 122. 9 Liquors Lime Live stock: Hogs 9,500.0 8,796.7 6,583. 4 10, 439.3 | 6,849. 1 8,529.4 11, 154.3 11, 951, 3 54, 567.5 16, 885.2 | 17,093.9 | 11, 952.2 | 12, 139.8 77,307.1 1,668. 2 2,759. 1 2, 138. 4 2,071.5 900.3 897.3 10,434.8 Sheep 4,737.4 4, 539.9 3,501.1 3, 126.0 464.8 1,726.5 18,095.7 Other..... Lumber: Railroad ties …..... Laths, shingles, shakes.. Barrel stuff. Other kind... Machinery and boilers Millstuff...... 748.4 3, 320.0 8, 183.4 2, 135.1 1,578.3 2,941.7 18,909.9 2,596.0 6, 955. 0 7,670.6 8, 522.7 1,351.5 538.0 27, 633.8 17,329, 3 | 12,559.7 | 14,742.0 | 18, 130.5 18, 117.3 | 12,366.6 93, 245. 4 2,997.1 14,095.8 5,815.6 7, 165.8 Merchandise Ore...... Oil...... 2,960.7 628.7 754.7 7,826.3❘ 14, 681.8 | 17, 427.6 753.6 5,260.9 127,204.7 103, 365.7 8,880.0 2,687.6 5, 539.2 1, 129. 1 5,069.7 864. 1 13, 807.2 | 13, 062.3 1,493.2 1,821.6 1,762.0 6, 613.5 11, 525, 4 110, 938. 2 148, 385.8 153, 870.2 1,680.8 4, 296.7 | 15, 451. 3 657.4 8,862.7 -80, 901.0 2,781.4 14, 427. 4 12, 237.6 51, 683, 2 172, 046. 1 816, 310.7 5,828. 2 Potatoes.... 6,755.2 | 11, 123. 3 9, 887.9 | 14, 678.7 | 10, 264. 3 5,820.2 8,871.2 11, 302. 4 | 14, 217.0 15,440.9 Wool Poultry Powder Vegetables.. Vehicles Total 182.7 575.2 423.5 156.3 103.2 63.1 865.0 482.0 257.4 549.8 304.7 292.1 31,073.7 51, 260.0 67,710.0 1,504. 4 2,751.0 2,049.5 1,611.5 1, 819.8 2, 883.8 3,351.0 4, 218.4 15, 934.0 2, 632.4 3, 272.8 2, 141.3 2,941.9 2.611.4 2,529.2 1,477, 1 1,659.3 1,017.4 11, 538: 9 3,952, 2 24, 356. 2 372, 005.1 354,798.0 396, 964.8 450, 086.7 501, 506.0 503, 190.4 2,578, 541.0 Summary of treasure and passengers. 4, 403.0 7, 257.1 Year. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and halves. Year. Treasure. Value in dollars. Passengers. Number in wholes and halves. 1884.. 1885 1886 1881 .... 4, 285, 493 90,753 1,419 1888 4,350, 250 75, 197 | 1,698 1889 2,906, 045 4,328, 890 91, 985 1,070 88,659 1,027 4,775, 396 84, 780 2,304 3,910, 075 101, 429 101, 429 2,063 Grand total...... 24, 556, 149 532,803 9,581 · CALIFORNIA. 231 THE OCEAN LINES. In addition to the Mexican line of the Pacific Coast Steamship Company, referred to when treating of that system, there are three other ocean lines trading from San Fran- cisco to foreign ports. These are the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company, and the Oceanic Steamship Company. Appended are the freight and passenger statistics of these three lines for a number of years. PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY. The starting of this company, together with some facts of the first steamer to arrive at San Francisco, has already been given in the introduction of the present chapter. For the last thirty-eight years the Pacific Mail has been one of the greatest transporta- tion corporations of the globe, and though its main office and the majority of its stock- holders have been and still are in New York, the center of its business from the begin- ning has been in San Francisco. For many years the company had no steamers on the Atlantic, while it has always had at least two lines running from San Francisco, and for some years had three, those to China (inaugurated in 1867), Panama, and Australia. At that period it was a heavily subsidized line, the subsidies in 1880 and 1881 being $213,550 from Australia and New Zealand, $20,000 from Hawaii, and $99,416 from Mexico and Central America. Since that time it has discontinued its Australian line by the expiration of its contract_in 1872, and now runs to. New York via Panama (and return) and to China and Japan, this last being at present in conjunction with the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Com- pany. Although the Pacific Mail Company has declined greatly in importance since the completion of the first railroad across the continent, and although it will never again command such princely revenues as it once received, it is still a transportation company of much wealth, magnitude, and profit. According to the annual report of the president, the total earnings for the year end- ing April 30, 1881, were $4,402,647, and the expenses $3,172,705, leaving $1,229,942 for profits. The receipts from the San Francisco-Panama line were $1,950,507, including $1,571,477 for freight and $379,030 for passengers; from the Transpacific line, $973,- 472, including $593,320 for freight and $380,151 for passengers; from the New York- Aspinwall line, $745,344, including $616,671 for freight and $128,672 for passengers; and from the Australian line, $307,073, including $197,084 for passengers and $109,989 for freight. THE CHINA LINE. On its "China line," as it is called, the Pacific Mail dispatches a steamer every twenty- four days from San Francisco, those at present employed being the China, of 3,800 tons, the City of Pekin, of 5,000 tons, and the City of Rio de Janeiro, of 3,500 tons. They have but two calling stations, Yokohama, in Japan, and Hongkong, in China, but at the Japanese port they make connections, by through bills of lading and passage orders, with Hiogo, Nagasaki, Shanghai, and Vladivostock; while at Hongkong similar con- nections are made for Swatow, Amoy, Foochow, Calcutta, Bombay, Manila, Saigon, Bangkok, Singapore, Penang, Batavia, Samarang, Sourabaya, Pekalongan, Padang, and Macassar. As will be seen by the tables which follow, the China line traffic is increasing in the volume of its imports, the figures being 35,701 tons for 1889, as against 23,827 tons for 1885. On the other hand, the outward tonnage is slightly diminishing. THE PANAMA LINE. On this line the Pacific Mail runs a steamer from San Francisco every ten days, the dates being the 3d, 13th, and 23d of each month, these steamers shipping their passen- gers and freight for New York across the Isthmus by the Transisthmian Railway, and connecting at Aspinwall with the company's steamers, arriving in New York on the 2d, 13th, and 24th, respectively, of the following month. At Panama, also, passengers and freight for South America and the ports of Colombia are shipped by special arrange- ment by the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, an English line, and by the Compania Sud-Americana de Vapores, a Chilian company. By this means communication is ef- fected direct from San Francisco to Buenventura and Tumaco in Colombia; to Esmeral- das, Bahia, Manta, and Guayaquil in Ecuador; to Payta, Pimentel, Eten, Pacasmayo, Salaverry, Callao, Pisco, Chala, and Ilo in Peru; to Iquique, Tocopillo, Antofagasta, Taltal, Caldera, Carrizal-Bajo, Coquimbo, and Valparaiso in Chili. 232 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. At Aspinwall freight and passengers leave by steamers as follows: R. M.S. P. Co. for Southampton, Cherbourg, etc.; also, for Jamaica and Barbados every alternate Sunday. Com. Tras. Barc. for Havana, Barcelona, etc., 20th and 29th. Com. Gen. Tians. for St. Nazaire and way ports, 3d. Do. Do. for Marseilles and way ports, 11th. for Havre, Bordeaux, and way ports, 22d. Ham. Am Packet Co. for Hamburg, Havre, etc., 7th and 24th. The steamer leaving San Francisco on the 3d, takes freight and passengers for Ma- zatlan and Acapulco in Mexico; Ocos, Champerico, and San José in Guatemala; Aca- jutla and La Libertad in Salvador; Corinto in Nicaragua; and Punta Arenas in Costa Rica. The steamer of the 13th takes freight and passengers to Mazatlan, San Blas, Manzanillo, and Acapulco in Mexico, and at Champerico, San José de Guatemala, and La Libertad, connecting with a coast branch at Acapulco for Port Angel, Salina Cruz, Tonala, and San Benito in Mexico and the other Central American ports not touched at by the big steamer. The steamer of the 23d takes freight and passengers for Acapulco, Champerico, San José de Guatemala, Acajutla, La Libertad, La Union, and Punta Arenas. OCCIDENTAL AND ORIENTAL STEAMSHIP COMPANY. This company was organized in 1875 by a number of New York and San Francisco capitalists. The first meeting was held July 9, of that year, when the following offi- cers were elected: George H. Bradbury, president; Charles Crocker, vice president; Mark Hopkins, treasurer; and D. D. Stubbs, secretary. This line was an idea of C. P. Huntington's and was opened in connection with the over land railway. It may be mentioned here that the China mail subsidy to the Pa- cific Mail from the postal service had been withdrawn in consequence, largely, of an outcry from anti-Chinese politicians, and this new rival on the China line was considered a good business investment. Three large steamers, the Oceanic, Belgic, and Gaelic, were chartered from an English company, and monthly trips were planned, to Yokohama and Hongkong. The first steamer started was the Oceanic, leaving San Francisco July 15, 1875, followed by the Belgic, August 16, and the Gaelic September 16. These three steam- ers still continue running; their sailing schedule at present being as follows: Outward. Homeward. Leave Steamer. Arrive Arrive San Fran- Yoko- Hong- cisco hama kong 3 p.m. about- about- Leave Arrive Steamer. Leave Hong- Yoko- San Fran- hama cisco kong- about-about- 1890. 1890. 1890. 1890. 1890. 1890. Oceanic Apr. 15 May 5 May 13 Gaelic May 8 May 28 June 6 Gaelic...... Belgic... Apr. 5 Apr. 15 Apr. 30 Apr. 29 May 10 May 25 Belgic June 3 June 23 July 1 Oceanic May 22 May 31 June 15 Oceanic..... June 26 July 16 July 24 Gaelic June 14 June 24 July 9 Gaelic July 19 Aug. 8 Aug. 16 Belgic... July 8 July 17 Aug. 1 Belgic Aug. 12 Sept. 1 Sept. 9 Oceanic...... July 31 Aug. 9 Aug. 21 Oceanic... Sept. 4 Sept. 21 Oct. 2 Gaelic........ Aug. 23 Sept. 2 Sept. 17 Gaelic Sept. 27 Oct. 17 Oct. 25 Belgic... Sept. 16 Sept. 25 Oct. 10 Belgic Oct. 21 Nov. 10 Nov. 18 Oceanic.... Ocl. 9 Oct. 18 Nov. 2 Oceanic..... Νον. 13 Dec. 3 Dec. 11 Gaelic...... Nov. 1 Nov, 11 Nov. 26 Gaelic Belgic Dec. 6 Dec. 26 Dec. 30 Jan. 19 Jan. 3 Belgic Nov. 25 Dec. 4 Dec. 19 Jan. 27 Oceanic Dec. 18 Dec. 27 Jan. 11 At Yokohama the steamers of this company connect with those of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha for Hiogo, Nagasaki, Shanghai, and other Japanese and Chinese ports, and at Hongkong with steamers for East Indian, Australian, and European ports. The tonnage of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company's steamers is as fol- lows: Oceanic ......... Gaelic....... Belgic.... ... Steamship. Gross tons. Net tons. 3,808 2,440 4, 205 2,691 4, 212 2,691 CALIFORNIACA 233 . W The rivalry between the two companies has since disappeared, and the steamers of the two lines are in many respects practically under the same management. The tables which are hereafter given show, as do the returns of the China line of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, that while the outward tonnage varies but little from year to year, the volume of inward tonnage is steadily on the increase. Some interesting lessons are to be learned from the return of passenger traffic. THE OCEANIC STEAMSHIP COMPANY. This company has grown from small beginnings, in 1875, when it consisted mainly of an accommodation line to the Hawiian Islands by Claus Spreckels, until it is to-day an These important concern, owning and chartering five steamers and five säiling vessels. steamers are the Australia, Alameda, Mariposa, Zealandia, and Umatilla, while the ships are the W. H. Dimond, the J. D. Spreckels, the W. G. Irwin, the Consuelo, and the Anna. The steamers sail alternately every two weeks to Honolulu and Tutuilla, Auckland, Sydney, and Melbourne. In connection with this company may be mentioned the three vessels, the Alexander McNeal, Alden Bessie, and George H. Douglass run by J. D. Spreckels and Bros., and ply- ing between this port and the South Seas, to which points also a number of small schoon- ers are run by independent owners. Statement showing the quantities and values of domestic merchandise, coin, and bullion shipped by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company from New York to San Francisco, and from San Francisco to New York, via the Isthmus of Panama, during the year ended June 30, 1884. [Abbreviation: n.e. s., not elsewhere specified.] Articles. Billiard and pool tables and apparatus.... Bones, hoofs, horns, and horn tips, strips and waste Books, maps, engravings, and other printed matter Brass, and manufactures of Breadstuffs: Barley... Bread and biscuit Brick, fire..... Carriages and horse cars, and parts of.. Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines: Acids... Ashes, pot and pearl All other…..…………. From New York to San Francisco. From San Francisco to New York. Quantities. Values. Quantities. Values. Dollars. Dollars. 335 685 1,760 875 1,654 .....bush... 29,994 19,060 lbs... 800 45 20 8, 402 12 .lbs... 11,000 531 3,397 1,660 250 Coffee and cocoa, ground or prepared, and choco- late Copper, and manufactures of: Ore...... .tons.. Ingots, bars, and old .lbs. 55,975 9, 215 All other manufactures of.. 23 6,800 Cotton, manufactures of: Uncolored...... .yards.. 27, 237 6,375 Wearing apparel 1,550 All other manufactures of...... 150 Fancy articles Salmon, canned Earthen, stone, and china ware Flax, hemp, and jute, manufactures of: 60 164 Cordage ......10S... 177,722 17,026 Twine..... All other Fruits: Canned 108 1,517 125 .... 2,500 500 1,332 98 199 All other, green, ripe, or dried Glass and glassware: All other... 220 805 Grease, grease scraps, and all soap stock. Hair,and manufactures of……………….. 300 ... .... 150 Honey 23 India rubber and gutta percha, manufactures of All other.... 188 Ink, printers' and other... 60 Instruments and apparatus for scientific purposes, including telegraph, telephone, and other elec- tric.......... 548 Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Pig iron..... tons... Bar iron .lbs... 200 2,275, 946 7,240 91, 028 Castings, n. e. s ........ 708 Ingots, bars, and rods of steel.... ......lbs... 7,122 320 •• • 234 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement showing the quantities and values of domestic merchandise, etc.—Continued. [Abbreviation: n. e. s., not elsewhere specified.] Articles. From New York to San Francisco. From San Francisco to New York. Quantities. Values. Quantities. Values. Iron and steel and manufactures of-Continued. Dollars. Locks, hinges, and other builders' hardware Machinery Nails and spikes.... Dollars. ..... 4,673 8, 160 ...lbs... 6,042, 950 211, 906 Plates and sheets- Of iron. Of steel ..lbs... .lbs... 2,318, 294 94, 252 18,731 840 Railroad bars or rails, of steel....... ...tons.... 2 Stationary engines..... .No... 1 Boilers and parts of engines. .... All other manufactures of iron and steel. 82 250 8,550 226, 520 .... Jewelry and manufactures of gold and silver 1, 199 Lead, and manufactures of...... 134, 150 Leather, and manufactures of: Boots and shoes.. ....pairs... 4,000 7,000 Harness and saddles 225 Lime and cement..... .bbls... 33 50 Marble and stone, and manufactures of: Unmanufactured 3,140 Manufactures of: All other. 1,801 1 Musical instruments: Piano fortes. ..No... 3 1,300 Naval stores: Rosin... .bbls... 2,392 6,523 Oils: Lard....... .galls 24, 400 20, 740 Sperm .galls... 9,779 8,874 Lubricating and heavy paraffine oil.. .galls... 1, 640 1,240 Vegetable- Cotton seed.... ..galls... 9,800 6, 792 Other vegetable 760 8,770 Paints and painters' colors 33, 801 2,618 250 • Ore, gold and silver bearing Paper, and manufactures of: All other…...... Plated ware.... Provisions (comprising meat and dairy products): Meat products— Beef products- Beef, canned Tallow..... Dairy products-Butter Quicksilver.. Rags.. Seeds... Silk, manufactures of ..... Spirits: Whisky- Bourbon All other..... Stationery, except of paper Sugar and molasses: Sugar, refined..... Tin, manufactures of. Tobacco, manufactures of: All other ..lbs... ...lbs... ..lbs... lbs... D 2,500 134, 753 14,000 6,000 1,200 453, 942 164, 100 4, 157, 894 121, 078 40 150 .proof galls... ..galls... 1,200 2,000 20,278 142 47,270 500 ..lbs... 200 20 6, 802 4,000 Varnish...... .galls... 159 159 Vegetables: Pease and beans.. ....bush... 2, 101 Vegetables, canned 3,890 420 All other, including pickles... 3, 105 Vinegar.... ...galls... 7,586 3,090 Wine: In bottles... ....dozen... 25 500 Not in bottles... Wood and manufactures: Lumber Manufactures of- Household furniture. All other .. Wool, and manufactures of: .galls... 62 112 65 1, 109, 548 494 617, 393 59 185, 212 1, 541 ... a Carpets Wearing apparel All other manufactures of yards... 75 89 10,961 310 2,700 Zinc, and manufactures of: Ore or oxide...... tons... All articles not elsewhere enumerated: 95 15, 685 - Unmanufactured articles Manufactured articles.......…………. ……. ……………. ….. .. Total value of domestic merchandise 7,666 1,039, 225 Gold and silver coin and bullion: Silver bullion ..... Total value gold and silver coin and bullion.... 1, 140 1, 154, 794 106, 481 106,481 CALIFORNIA. 235 Statement showing the quantities and values of foreign merchandise shipped from New York to San Francisco, and from San Francisco to New York, via the Isthmus of Panama, during the year ended June 30, 1884. Articles. Fruits..... .... All other articles not enumerated Whalebone Total From New York to San From San Francisco to Francisco. New York. Quantities. Values. Quantities. Values. Pounds. Dollars. Pounds. Dollars. 170 23, 136 1,100 3,900 3, 407 23, 136 1,270 3,900 3, 407 COMP PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY RETURNS. Statement showing inward and outward tonnage, Panama line, for 1885 to 1889, inclusive. Sugar Coffee Cocoa...... INWARD. Articles. Points of origin. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1858. 1889. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Coast.. Tons. 3, 352 4, 006 4,792 1,758 ......do 9,790 1,574 8, 506 ......do 9,591 11, 306 9, 266 171 52 167 ......do 2 3 1 ......do 1,207 1,407 188 95 do 26 105 41 101 a New York. do ...do • · 175 36 445 Cochineal Hides and skins... Fruit, limes, oranges Barb wire, wire rope.. Canned goods Car wheels, railroad iron, and material. Copper 1. Cotton piece goods Dry goods Furniture Glycerine Hardware ……………………. Horseshoes, nails, spikes. ....do ....do New York, and Europe. New York Europe..... New York ..do ......do ... • Iron truck…...... Iron plates and bars…………….. .............do Iron pipe ... ......do Ores Rosin Rubber goods Whisky Wine Sundry merchandise.. Total Treasure value ་ 150 1,342 459 4 4 248 1,097 2,520 257 956 3, 473 .... ... ..... Coast........... New York !......do .. .do .... ......do .do ...... New York, and Europe. 15,552 551 112 28 48 3 20,438 20, 430 11,388 23, 105 30, 100 31, 517 35,042 36,720 33, 945 $2,584, 361 $2, 280, 579 $2, 200, 510 $1,730, 318 $1,550, 665 Asphaltum + Boilers... Brandy New York Coast........ New York • Borax........ Barley ..... do....... ...do……………. Barb wire and wire goods.. Coast.. OUTWARD. 46 1,255 1,272 Beef and pork…...... Beer Bullion lead, copper and bullion. Car and railroad materials Corn ...... Canned goods Coffee Flour.... Green fruit. ..do..... Coast... ....... New York 1 .. 417 105 87 10,780 DONGA .... .do........... do..... do..... .do... ......do...... Groceries and provisions........do... 304 221 29 101 1,054 4, 942 ... a 214 4 947 47 26 1,245 163 10 12, 468 330 605 236 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement showing inward and outward tonnage, Panama line, etc.—Continued. OUTWARD-Continued. Articles. Points of origin. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Hides and skins.... ..do....... 34 132 Iron and steel….... ..do..... 242 Iron pipe Lead........ Malt.. Lumber.... ...do....... 194 New York... 2, 483 162 Coast..... 377 ... ..... ....do..... 114 • 2, 917 Machinery 363 606 Mustard seed.... New York... 111 Nails Coast......... 44 Pigs, poultry, sheep do..... 7 Ore ...do... 143 Rags New York... 1,067 1,516 Sugar Coast...... 7 83 Silk goods........ ..do...... 44 Wine New York... 5,645 5, 480 Wool ...do....... 344 Wheat...... Coast......... 817 608 Sundry merchandise Coast and 11,721 47, 421 55, 902 15,793 53, 108 New York.. Total 36, 661 47, 421 55, 902 51,066 53, 108 Treasure value Coast.... $48, 940 $33, 669 $91, 755 $251, 807 $80, 788 - Outward and inward tonnage, 1885 to 1889, China line. OUTWARD. Articles. Points of destina- tion. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Animals and poultry Japan 136 166 335 610 784 Barley, pearl. China 40 31 68 23 59 Beans and peas. China and Japan.. 427 158 76 66 75 Beef and pork ......do ...... 221 144 108 108 58 Canned goods. General (China, In-| 401 244 164 242 244 dia, and Japan)... Flour.... China 17,831 18, 952 18, 996 13, 554 15, 241 Fruit and vegetables... General (China, In- 322 295 256 177 171 dia, and Japan) Ginseng China.. 168 Grain ..... Japan 33 Groceries and provisions... General (China, In- 596 579 dia, and Japan)... Hay......... Hoofs and horns..... Leather.... Liquors Lumber Janan 19 do 37 .do 160 172 ....do 57 ...do .... 53 107 Machinery and castings..... General (China, In- 41 121 PER RENTER 75 106 85 44 35 16 16 22 910 660 445 15 5 8 14 76 88 71 51 213 226 220 64 182 121 110 72 71 121 119 dia, and Japan) 141 57 Oil..... Japan 25 63 26 9 22 Quicksilver China and Japan.. 2 31 79 ..... Sundry merchandise Sundry Chinese merchan- General (China, In- *dia, and Japan) China 2,272 3,340 1,645 825 1,916 957 1,124 723 1,100 1,052 dise. Totals Treasure................. ... 23,798 25,761 24, 142 18, 192 20,709 ..... $10, 373, 502 $8, 192, 680 $6, 876, 859 $8, 032, 312 $6, 905, 541 NOTE.-By "Chinese merchandise" is meant shrimps and shrimp shells (sometimes running as high as 500 tons per steamer), dried fish, old junk (especially wire rope, used for making nails) old glass (used for glazing purposes), abalones, clocks (once a large tradle), and corpses, The rates for this article of merchandise are: $51 for body dead within a year; $30 for body after being interred for more than one year, and $10 if shipped as bones in sealed box. CALIFORNIA. 237 Outward and inward tonnage, 1885 to 1889, China line-Continued. . INWARD. Articles. Points of destina- tion. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Beans.. 114 108 139 74 Coffee* 199 193 87 326 Curios 540 665 998 1,204 Gambier and indigo * 96 46 66 54 Gunny bags and cloth. 487 2,950 925 Hemp and jute 812 282 1,861 Nut oil...... 676 487 447 3,723 2,935 519 Opium (prepared and crude).. 21 14 9 35 Rice........ 7,156 7,014 5,845 5,650 9, 408 Silk goods and raw 919 998 1,024 1,182 Silkworm eggs......... 5 Spices..... 148 115 245 167 Sugar †.. 1, 148 19 36 15 Sundry merchandise ... 6,582 6, 685 8, 433 9, 665 Tea and tea dust... Total............ Treasure.............. 4, 924 8,747 7,037 7,317 20, 245 6, 048 23, 827 28, 323 27, 152 32,866 35, 701 ..... $260, 195 $336, 737 $745, 122 $336,500 * Chiefly Java. + Chiefly manila. Chow-chow, bamboo, matting, plants and trees, rattan, tapioca, tobacco, etc. Statement showing freight tonnage of Pacific Mail Steamship Company's steamer San Blas, from San Francisco for Panama and way ports, sailing November 13, 1889. In transit from China and Japan: Champerico......... Acajutla....... To- ..... Mixed ton- nage. Tons. Ft. 3 26 27 41 33 Panama.. Callao...... Total..... Through to Europe and South America: Tumaco.......... Manta.... Guayaquil...... Callao.......... Valparaiso....... Aspinwall.. Coast: Total.... Mazatlan...... San Blas...... Manzanillo...... Acapulco....... Salina Cruz (via Acapulco)...... Tonala (via Acapulco). San Benito (via Acapulco). Ocos (via Acapulco)…………….. Champerico...... San José de Guatemala. Acajutla (via Acapulco) La Libertad………………….. La Union (via Acapulco).. Amapala (via Acapulco). Corinto (via Acapulco) San Juan del Sur (via Acapulco). Punta Arenas (via Acapulco)... Panama.......... Stores: Panama.. Total ...... Through to New York: Slow.. · .... .....UU 10. 4 12 50 18 11 19 1 150 17 32 37 2 2 18 198 13 126 33 37 18 13 19 37 2i 126 11 294 11 56 19 37 21 135 16 182 10 46 28 162 21 9 32 42 12 69 23 18 10 32 4 84 36 1,513 25 25 38 1,539 23 271 3 238 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement showing freight tonnage of Pacific Mail Steamship Company's steamer San Blas, -from San Francisco for Panama and way ports, sailing November 13, 1889-Continued. SUMMARY. In transit, from China and Japan.... Through, to Europe, South America, etc....... Local, to Panama and coast.... Total............ Through, to New York... Aggregate..... BIO COCOS Tons. Ft. ..... 50 18 198 13 1,539 23 1,788 14 271 3 2,059 17 Statement showing freight tonnage of Pacific Mail Steamship Company's steamer Colima for Panama and way ports, on her voyage from San Francisco, sailing October 31, 1889. In transit from China and Japan : Mazatlan...... San José de Guatemala.... Panama.. Guayaquil..... Callao Acajutla..... ....... Punta Arenas...... Valparaiso ... Total Through to Europe and South America: Tumaco..... Manta..... Guayaquil Callao...... ....... Valparaiso.... Aspinwall...... London Total....... Coast: Mazatlan.. Acapulco.... Amapala. Champerico..... San José de Guatemala.. Acajutla.. La Libertad..... La Union..... Corinto..... Punta Arenas.. Panama... Stores: Panama..... Total Through to New York: Slow. To- ..... SUMMARY. In transit, from China to Japan......... Through, to Europe, South America, etc..... Local, to Panama and coast...... Total.. Through, to New York........... Aggregate...... .... Mixed ton- nage. Tons. Ft. 2 30 1 9 43 32 29 1 21 1 9 5 5 51 20 3 1 ..... 215 32 36 14 37 30 12 -290 12 85 11 52 21 • 41 27 33 36 510 12 138 2 235 4 12 G 90 173 209 479 19 16 1,600 35 259 4 Tons. Ft. 51 20 290 12- 1,600 35 1,942 27 259 4 2,201 31 CALIFORNIA. - 239 Statement showing freight tonnage of Pacific Mail Steamship Company's steamer City of Peking, from San Francisco for Japan and China, sailing January 22, 1890. To- Mixed ton- nage. Tons. Ft. 13 16 In transit from New York: Yokohama Local, to direct ports: Hongkong- Flour ... Merchandise..... Yokohama Parcels Total...... .... Through to transfer ports: East India ports......... China coast ports....... Hiogo.........……………….. Nagasaki Shanghai..... Total...... In transit, from New York... Local, to direct ports.... Through, to transfer ports. Aggregate....... Flour: To Hongkong... To other ports... Total........ ten 1,781 32 142 34 64 10 2 1,988 38 27 22 2 30 11 22 9 6 34 18 .... 85 18 SUMMARY, Passengers carried to and from San Francisco, Panama and China Lines. Outward : Cabin.... Steerage..... Asiatic steerage. Total.......... Inward: Cabin... Steerage... .... Direction. Asiatic steerage............. Total...... Tons. Ft. 13 16 1,988 38 85 18 2,087 32 1,781 32 26 38 1,808 30 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1,462 1,613 1,243 1, 193 8,095 6,945 5,509 11,052 9,700 7,850 1,495 1,142 1,098 1, 134 1, 191 1,447 4, 103 2,901 6, 430 5,539 1,746 1,715 1,365 1,610 8, 147 4,064 1,587 1,589 1,532 1,803 2,012 2, 108 6,568 7,026 974 11, 258 7,389 9,958 | 10,657 4,614 240 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED UNITED STATES. Statement showing freight tariff of Pacific Mail Steamship Company from San Francisco to Mexican, Central American, and South American ports. [n. o. s., not otherwise specified.] Articles. [Measurement means 40 cubic feet and weight 2,000 pounds=1 ton.] Central America. Mexico. Colombia. South America. Amapala, Corinto, San Juan del Sur, Punta Arenas. Ocos, Champerico, San José de Guatemala, Acajutla, La Liber- tad, La Union. Port Angel, Salina Cruz, Tonala, San Benito. San Blas, Manzanillo, Acapulco. Mazatlan. Buenaventura, Tamaco. Ecuador: Esmeraldas, Bahia, Manta, Guayaquil. Peru: Payta, Pimentel Eten, Pa- casmayo, Salaverry, Callao, Chili: Iquique, Tocopillo, Antofa- Pisco, Chala, Mollendo, Ilo. gasta, Taltal, Caldera, Carrizal- Bajo, Coquimbo, Valparaiso. Panama. Agricultural implements.......meas... $18.00 $18.00 $18.00 $12.00 $8.00 $18.00 $24.00 $24.00 $28.00 $28.00 Ales and porters..... ....do...... 12.00 12.00 12.00 10.00 Beer (bottled, casks, or cases)...do 10.00 10.00 10.00 8.00| Boilers (weight or measurement, ship's option): Under 2,000 pounds... 2,000 to 6,000 pounds... 6,000 to 12,000 pounds. Bees in hive...... 8.00 12.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24.00 8.00 10.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 11.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00! 32.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 17.00 12.00 25.00 32.00 32.00 40.00 40.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 24.00 16.00 32.00 40.00 40.00 48.00 48.00 ...each... 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Bags (coffee and sugar-bales)..meas... 12.00 12.00 12.00 10.00 Brooms (cases)..... Broom corn (compressed) Bran ...do... 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 ....do...... 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 weight... 27.00 27.00 27.00 18.00 Barley (large lots same as wheat) Corn 4.00 6.00 12.00 12.00 15.00 15.00 8.00 12.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24.00 8.00 15.00 24.00 24.00 28.00 28.00 8.00 15.00 24.00 24.00 28.00 28.00 12.00 27.00 40.00 40.00 50.00 50.00 weight... 18.00 18.00 14.00 12.00 8.00 18.00 24.00 24.00 28.00 28.00 8.00 15.00 28. CO 28.00 32.00 32.00 Beans and peas (dried in sacks) weight.. 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 Cinnamon .do. 35.00 35.00 35.00 25.00 15.00 35.00 48.00 48.00 60.00 60.00 ..do..... 12.00 12.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 12,00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24.00 | .each... 70.00| 70.00 70.00 55.00 45.00 70.00 (*) (*) (*) (*) weight... 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 meas... 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 .do...... 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 weight... 12.00 12.00 12.00 10.00 Cement (barrels).... Cattle......... Crockery (common) Canned goods...... Coal....... Castings (see Stoves)... Doors ....... Dry goods.. Flour... do...... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 meas... 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 8.00 12.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24.00 8.00 15.00 28.00 28. Col 32.00 32.00 8.00 15.00 28.00 28.00 32. CO 32.00 8.00 12.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 8.00 15.00 24.00 21.00 28.00 28. CO 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 8.00 14.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 8.00 15.00, 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 ....do...... 16.00 16.00 16.00 12.00 8.00 16.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 ..weight... 32.00 32.00 32.00 30.00 16.00 32.00 48.00 48.00 60.00 60.00 do...... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 weight... 14.00 10.00 13.00 12.00 Fruit (green) owner's risk.......meas... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 Fruit and vegetables (canned)...do...... 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 Furniture (common) Fungus..... Fire crackers (on deck, owner's risk), ..... Fire brick...... Garlic..... Groceries (n. o. 8.) Horses... Herring Hops...... .....meas... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 weight... 11.00 11.00 11.00 10.00 meas... 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 ......do...... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 ...each... 110.00 110.00 90,00 85.00 .meas... 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 do...... 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 ..do...... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 Honey (in tins or barrels).........do...... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 .......do...... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 Hay (compressed, 18 pounds per cubic foot). Hardware…….. Iron (bar, band, hoop, gated.. Jewelry (1 per cent, on tion) Leather Lath.... ... Liquors (n. o. s.)... Lumber........ Lard. ..... ... weight... 25.00 25.00 25.00 20.00 sheet, corru- ..... ...weight.. 13.00 13.00 13.00 11.00 value in addi- meas.. do per M... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 2.50 meas... 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00. ....per M... 24.00 24.00 20.00 16.00 .weight... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 ... Merchandise (general ship's option) weight or measurement ...... Malt 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 8.00 11.00 20.00 20.00 21.00 21.00 8.00 15.00 28.00, 28. 00: 32.00 32.00 8.00 18.00. 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 (*) 65.00 110.00 (**) (*) (*) 8.00 15.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 8.00 15.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24.00 8.00 18.00 25.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 8.00 18.00 32.00 32.00 40.00 40.00 15.00 25.00 40.00 40.00 50.00 50.00 8.00 13.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 7.00 7.00 10.00 10.00 8.00 15.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 16.00 20.00 32.00 32.00 40.00 40.00 8.00, 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 weight... 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 10.00 15.00 25.00 25.00 30.00 30.00 * Valuable, by special contract. CALIFORNIA. 241 Statement showing freight tariff of Pacific Mail Steamship Company from San Francisco to Mexican, Central American, and South American ports-Continued. [n. o. s. not otherwise specified.] } Articles. [Measurement means 40 cubic feet and weight 2,000 pounds=1 ton.] Central America. Mexico. Colombia. South America. Amapala, Corinto, San Juan del Sur, Punta Arenas. Ocos, Champerico, San José de Guatemala, Acajutla, La Liber- tad, La Union. Port Angel, Salina Cruz, Tonala, San Benito. San Blas, Manzanillo, Acapulco. Mazatlan. Panama, Buenaventura, Tumaco. Ecuador: Esmeraldas, Bahia, Manta, Guyaquil. Peru: Payta, Pimentel, Eten, Pa- casmayo, Salaverry, Callao, Chili: Iquique, Tocopillo, Antofa- Pisco, Chala, Mollendo, Ilo. gasta, Taltal, Caldera, Carrizal- Bajo, Coquimbo, Valparaiso. Matches (in tins, on deck, owner's risk).. Match-wood ... Machinery (weight or measurement, ship's option). Machinery, large (weight or measure- ment, ship's option) Musical instruments (released), meas... Moldings Nails Nuts Oats........... Oil, coal (when taken) Oils (in tins or barrels Onions (bags or boxes) Opium Paints (in tius) Plated ware (1 per cent., on dition) Potatoes (bags or boxes) Quicksilver Rice (in mats). Sheep (for mutton) Safes: Under 2,000 pounds ...... 2,000 to 6,000 pounds 6,000 to 12,000 pounds Sago…..... Salt Salmon (barrel or case) Silk Shooks... .....meas... $18.00 $18.00 $18.00 $12.00 $8.00 $18.00=28.00 28. 00'$32.00 $32.00 .do... 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 8.00 12.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24.00 18.00 18.00 18. 00 12.00 8.00 18.00 28.00| 28.00 32.00 32.00 (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32. co 32.00 meas... 15.00| 15,00| 15.00 10.00 8.00 15.00 24.00 24.00 28.00 28.00 .weight.. 13.00 13.00 13.00 11.00 8.00 13.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 meas... 15.00, 15.00 15.00 10.00 8.00 15.00 21.00 24.00 28.00 28.00 weight... 22.00 22,00 22.00 18.00 12.00 22.00 40.00 40.00 50.00 50.00 meas... 22.00, 22.00 22.00 12.00 10.00 22.00 35.00 35.00 45.00 45.00 .do..... 15.00, 15.00 15.00 12.00 S.00 15.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 ...do..... 15.00: 15.00 15.00 12.00 8.00 15.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 value...1p.ct. I p.ct. 1 p. ct. 1 p.ct 1 p.ct. 1 p.ct. 2p. ct. 2 p.ct. 2 p. ct. 2.p.ct. meas... 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 8.00 15.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 value inad- .. meas... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 ...weight... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 ...do...... 15.00 15.00 15,00 12.00 .....do... 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 .each... 5.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 ..per M... 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.50 meas... 27.00 27.00 27.00 18.00 ..do...... 12.00 12.00 12.00 10.00 weight... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 8.00 18,00 28.00 28.00 32,00 32.00 8.00 18.00 28. 00 28.00 32.00 32.00 8.00 15.00, 28.00) 28.00 30.00 30.00 8.00 15.00| 24,00| 24.00 28.00 28,00 2.50 5.00 (*) (*) (*) (*) weight.... 18.00 18.00 18.00 11.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 ..do..... 25.00 25.00 25.00 17.00 12.00 25.00 32.00 32.00 10.00 40.00 ...do...... 32.00 32.00 32.00 21.00 16.00 32.00′ 40.00) 40.00 48.00 48.00 .do...... 25.00 25.00 25.00 18.00 12.00 25.00 40.00 40.00 50.00 50.00 ...do... 12.00 12.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 12.00 20.00 20.00 24.00| 24.00 .......meas... 15.00 15.00 15,00 12.00 8.00 15.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 Sash and blinds (owner's risk)...do.... 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 8.00 15.00′ 24.00 24.00 28.00| 28.00 Shingles 2.00 3.00 6.50 6.50 9.00 9.00 12.00 27.00 40.00 40.00 48.00 48.00 8.00 12.00 20.00 20.00 24.00] 24.00 8.00 18.00 24.00 24.00 28.00 28.00 meas... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 ...do.... 16.00 16.00 16.00 12.00 8.00 16.00 24.00 24.00 28.00] 28.00 ..:do... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32.00 ..do.... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 8.00 18.00 28,00|| 28.00) 32.00) 32.00 weight... 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 8.00 15.00 24.00 24,00 28.00 28,00 Treasure (sealed packages) .....value...1 p. ct 1 p. ct. 1 p. ct. 1 p.ct. 1 p.ct. 1 p.ci. 2p.ct. 2p.ct. 2 p.ct. 2p.ct. Vegetables (n. o. s.,owner's risk)meas.. 18.00, 18.00 18.00 12.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32.00] 32, 00 Wire, barbed..... 8.00 12.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24. 00 Woodenware 8.00 18.00 28.00 28,00 32.00 32.00 8.00 18.00 28.00 28.00 32,00 32.00 Shrimps (in bags) Spices (see Cinnamon) Stoves Tobacco....... Tea...... Tallow Willowware do..... | 12.00 12.00 12.00 10.00 do..... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00] do 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 Wagons (knocked down; set up, special rate) Wheat........ ...... meas... 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 weight... 12.00 12.00 12.00 10.00 Wines and bitters (California)... meas... 10.00 10.00 10.00 8.00! Wine (foreign) ...meas.... 15.00 15.00 15,00 12,00 8.00 18.00 24.00 24.00 28.00 28.00 8.00 12.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 21.00 8.00 10.00 20.00 20.00 24.00 24.00 8.00 15.00 28.00 28.00 32.00 32,00 I C 90-16 * Same as boilers. 242 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement showing freight tariff of Pacific Mail and Occidental and Oriental Steamship Com- panies, from San Francisco to China, Japan, and East Indian ports. Hiogo, Articles. [Weight means 2,000 pounds and measure- ment 40 cubic feet = 1 ton.] Yoko- Naga- Vladi- hama. zaki, VOS- Shang- tock. Hong- Swa- kong. tow. Foo- Amoy. chow. hai. Abalones (in bags)......... weight... $14.00 $14.00 $12.00 $16.25 | $17.00 $17.75 Agricultural implements...... Ales, porters, and beers... meas….. 12.00 12.00 .do...... 10.00 10.00 $17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 15.60 10.00 11.50 15.50 16.50 Barley....... weight... 10.00 10.00 15.00 10.00 14.25 15.00 15.75 Barley (pearl) do.... 12.00 12.00 12.00 16.25 17.00 17.75 Beef and pork... ..meas... 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 Boilers (weight or measurement, ship's op- tion) Under 2,000 pounds... 12.00 ..... 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 2,000 to 6,000 pounds...... 18.00 18.00 23.60 18.00 .... 22.50 23.50 24.50 6,000 to 10,000 pounds. 25.00 25.00 30.60 25.00 29.50* 30.50 31.50 Bran.... weight... 16.00 16. CO 16.00 20.25 21.00 21.75 Beans and pease (dried, in sacks)......do .... 12.00 12.00 12.00 16.25 17.00 17.75 Canned goods (n. o.s.).. .meas... 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 Castings A Cattle....... weight... ......each.. 12.00 12.00 17.00 70.00 70.00 Clocks.. meas... 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.25 70.00 (*) (*) J2.00 16.50 17.50 17.00 17.75 (*) 18.50 Doors...... Dry goods........ Fish (in bags)....... Flour... do...... 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 .do...... 12.00 12. CO 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 ..weight... 12.00 12.00 12.00 16,25 17.00 17.75 ..do..... 10.00 10.00 15.00 10.00 14.25 15.00 15.75 Fruit (green) .meas... 13.00 13.00 18.60 13.00 17.50 18.50 19.50 Fungus. weight... 20.00 20.00 20.00 24.25 25.00 25.75 Grain (n. o.s.). ..do...... 10.00 Ginseng do...... Glass (old). .do..... 10.00 15.00 35.00 35.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 14.25 15.00 15.75 35.00 39.25 40.00 40.75 8.00 12.25 13.00 13.75 Hardware (weight or measurement, ship's option). Herring... meas... Honey (in tins or barrels.) do...... 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 12.00 17.60 17.60 12.00 12.00 16.50 16.50 17.50 18.50 17.50 18.50 12.00 16.50 17.50 18,50 Hops (in bales)...... do..... 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 Hoofs and horns (in boxes). ....do..... 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18,50 Horses... .each... 150.00 | 150.00 150.00 Horses (stallions). ..do...... 200.00 200.00 200.00 8 8 Hay(compressed, 18 lbs. per cu. ft.)..weight... Iron (bar, band, hoop, sheet, corrugated), 25.00 25.00 25.00 29.25 30.00 30.75 weight... 10.00 10.00 15.00 Ivory ....weight... 20.00 20.00 10.00 14.25 15.00 20.00 24.25 25.00 15.75 25.75 Jewelry (1 per cent. on value in addition), meas .. 15.00 15.00 20.60 15.00 19.50 20.50 21.50 Junk (old).... weight... 10.00 10.00 15.00 8.00 12.25 13.00 13.75 Laths .per M... Lead.. .weight... Liquors (n. o. s.) Lumber.... option) Machinery (large). .... Malt..... Melon seed Metal (old).... Moldings Leather (rolls, 18 lbs. to cu. ft.)...........do. Machinery (weight or measurement, ship's Matches(in tins, on deck,owner's risk)meas.. Meats (in barrels)………….. Musical instruments (released)..........do... Merchandise, general (n. o. s., weight or measurement, ship's option).. .weight... .meas... 8.00 10.00 10.00 25.00 25.00 8.00 8.00 15.00 10.00 14.25 15.00 15.75 25.00 29.25 30.00 30.75 ...meas... 12.00 per M... 20.00 12.00 17.60 20.00 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 20.00 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 (t) (†) (t) (十​) (†) (†) (†) .weight... 15.00 15.00 15:00 19.25 20.00 20.75 15.00 15.00 20.60 15.00 19.50 20.50 21.50 do..... 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 12.00 12.00 12.00 16.25 17.00 17.75 ......CO ..... ..... tion)..... Quicksilver Under 2,000 pounds Nails...... Oats... ...... Oil cake.... Oil (barrels) Paints (white lead or zinc, dry or in oil, weight or measurement-Ship's option).. ...weight... Potatoes (in bags) ......... Plated ware (1 per cent. on value in addi- Quicksilver, 100 flask lots... Safes: 2,000 to 6,000 pounds.. 6,000 to 10,000 pounds....... Sugar Salmon (barrels or cases).. .weight... 12.00 12.00 17.CO 12.00 12.00 17.60 10.00 10.00 15.00 ..do...... 16.00 16.00 12.00 12.00 ......meas... ..per gallon... .06 10.00 12.00 16.50 17.50 14.25 15.00 15.75 18.50 17.60 16.50 .06 10.00 14.25 15.00 16.00 20.25 12.00 .06 15.75 21.00 21.75 17.50 18.50 10.00 10.00 13.00 13.00 15.60 10.00 13.00 15.50 14.50 17.25 18.00 18.75 16.50 .meas... 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 .... per flask.. ...do.... .75 .75 .75 .60 .60 .60 …………………………………….. weight... ...do...... ...do...... .meas... Salt....... ....weight... 12.00 12.00 17.00 12.00 18.00 18.00 23.00 18.00 25.00 25.00 30.00 25.00 12.00 12.00 17.00 12.00 16.25 17.00 12.00 12.00 17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 10.00 10.00 15.00 10.00 14.25 15.00 10.25 17.00 17.75 22.25 29.25 30.00 23.00 23.75 30.75 17.75 18.50 15.75 *Large lots by special contract. +Same as boilers. CALIFORNIA. 243 Statement showing freight tariff, etc.-Continued. Hiogo, Articles. [Weight means 2,000 pounds and measure- ment 40 cubic feet=1 ton.] Naga- Vladi- Yoko- hama. saki, VOS- Shang- tock. Hong- kong. Swa- tow. Foo- Amoy. chow. hai. Seaweed......... Sheep .do...... $14.00 .each... $14.00 $12.00 $16.25 $17.00 $17.75 20.00 20.00 Shingles per M... 6.00 6.00 20.00 6.00 (*) (*) (*) Shrimps (in bags) weight... 14.00 14.00 12,00 16.25 17.00 17.75 Shrimp shells (in bags)….………. Soap .do...... 10.00 10.00 8.00 12.25 13.00 13.75 .meas... 12.00 12.00 | $17.60 12.00 16.50 17.50 18.50 Vegetables (owner's risk). Wheat..... Wine (California) Wire (barbed) ....weight... 13.00 ....do..... ..weight... 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 ……..meas….. 12.00 12.00 13.00 18.60 13.00 17.50 18.50 19.50 15.00 10.00 14.25 15.00 17.60 12.00 17.00 12.00 15.75 16.50 17.50 16.25 17.00 18.50 17.75 Cal- Bom- cutta. bay. * Large lots by special contract. EAST INDIAN AND SOUTHERN PORTS-Freight Tariff continued. Articles. Bata- Peka- via, longan, Sama- Pa- rang, dang, Soura-Macas- baya. sar. Saigon, Singa- Pe- Manila Bang- pore. nang. kok. Agricultural implements .....meas... $22.00 $24.00 $18.00 $16.00 Ales, beer, and porters Beef and pork Beans Canned goods.... Flour... $16.00 $16.00 ...do..... 20.00 22.00 16.00 14.00 14.00 do..... 22.00 24.00 18.00 16.00 16.00 18.00 .do..... 22.00 24.00 18.00 16.00 16.00 18.00 .do..... 22.00 24.00 18.00 16.00 16.00 18.00 weight... 18.00 20.00 14.00 13.50 12.50 13.00 $18.00 $22.00 $24.00 16.00 20,00 22.00 22.00 24.00 22.00 24.00 22.00 24.00 18.00 21.50 Hardware ( (weight or measure- ment-at ship's option) Herring ..meas... Hops (in bales) ...do..... Meats (in barrels.)……….. do..... 22.00 24.00 Honey (in tins or barrels) ......do..... Merchandise, general (n. o. s., weight or measurement-ship's option Salmon (barrels or cases).....meas... Wine (California)........... Passenger rates and distances, Pacific Mail route, south from San Francisco to Valparaiso. 18.00 16.00 22.00 24.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 22.00 24.00 18.00 16.00 16.00 18.00 22.00 24.00 18.00 16.00 16.00 18.00 22.00 17.00 24.00 18.00 16.00 16.00 22.00 24.00 18.00 22.00 24.00 22.00 24.00 24.00 18.00 22.00 24.00 16.00 18.00 22.00 24.00 18.00 16.00 16.00 22.00 24.00 18.00 16.00 16,00 18.00 22.00 24.00 do... 22.00 21.00 18.00 15.00 16.00 18.00 22.00 24.00 18.00 22.00 24.00 San Francisco to- Mazatlan, Mexico... San Blas, Mexico.... Manzanillo, Mexico. Acapulco, Mexico ... Port Angel, Mexico Salina Cruz, Mexico. Tonala, Mexico..... San Benito, Mexico.... Ocos, Guatemala Champerico, Guatemala San José de Guatemala, Guatemala. Acajutla, Salvador La Libertad, Salvador La Union, Salvador ....... Amapala, Honduras.. Corinto, Nicaragua... San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua. Punta Arenas, Costa Rica... Panama, Colombia...... Miles. Cabin. Steer- age. 1,326 $65.00 $30.00 1, 446 70.00 35.00 1,582 75.00 37.50 1,850 85.00 42.50 2,057 90.00 45.00 - 2, 138 90.00 45.00 2, 218 90.00 45.00 2,320 90.00 45.00 2,341 100.00 50.00 2,363 100.00 50.00 2, 139 100.00 50.00 2,499 100.00 50.00 2,537 100.00 50.00 .... 2,641 100.00 50.00 2,662 100.00 50.00 2,685 105,00 52 50 2,725 105.00 52.50 2,793 105.00 52.50 3,254 | 115.00 57.50 244 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Passenger rates and distances, Pacific Mail route, south from San Francisco to Valparaiso— Continued. Through rates to- Buenaventura, Colombia..... Tumaco, Colombia ... Esmeraldas, Ecuador Manta and Ballenita, Ecuador........ Guayaquil, Ecuador Payta, Peru Pimentel, Eten, and Pacasmayo, Peru Salaverry, Peru...... Pisco, Peru.………….. Callao, Peru..... Mollendo, Peru..... Arica, Chili Pisagua and Iquique, Chili Cobija, Chili Antofagasta, Chili ...... Caldera, Chili...... Huasco, Chili..... Coquimbo, Chili Valparaiso, Chili Miles. Cabin, Steer- age. 3,463 $144.00 $67.50 3,550 15.00 69.50 3,650 166.00 74.50 3,720 173.00 76.50 3,877 195.00 79.50 4,108217.00 84.50 4, 150 222.00 86. GO 4, 170 221.00 87.50 4,528 231.00 90.50 1,625 239.00 92.50 4,683 261.00 99.50 4,885 265.00 100.50 4, 986 269.00 102.50. 5,017 274.00 105.50 5, 162 277.00 107.50 5,398 282.00 107.50 5,538 286.00 109.50 5,557 290.00 109.50 - 5,752 297.CO 110.50 OCCIDENTAL AND ORIENTAL STEAMSHIP COMPANY. Outward and inward tonnage, 1885 to 1889. China line. Articles. OUTWARD. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Animals and poultry 141 847 368 1,403 625 Barley (pearl). 39 26 90 27 80 Beans and pease 258 94 97 69 73 Beef and pork.... 188 69 107 115 66 Canned goods..... 181 216 256 180 405 Flour......... 15, 459 19, 826 19,828 13, 396 19,966 Fruit and vegetables.. 292 193 251 150 333 Ginseng 94 104 83 88 89 Grain..... 510 42 25 25 19 Groceries and provisions 405 431 572 526 614 Hay 8 25 10 12 11 Hoofs and horns.. 32 45 69 60 106 Leather Liquors Lumber 118 125 207 144 252 ...... 29 50 143 67 80 49 136 1 67 2 Oil....... Machinery and castings Quicksilver Sundry merchandise...... Sundry Chinese merchandise... Total...... Treasure........ 7 35 127 194 96 40 40 33 40 62 22 128 68 877 2,513 1,003 691 1,276 1,711 1,578 1,779 1,014 1, 414 20, 490 26, 418 25, 177 18, 366 25,589 $6, $33, 788 $7,774,167 $7,338, 141 $7, 461, 125 | $10, 218, 525 INWARD. Beans Coffee...... Curios 8-1 54 93 68 209 262 46 251 693 1,156 124 1,172 106 160 1,066 Gunny bags and cloth........ Gambier and indigo Hemp and jute Nut oil.....…………. Opium, prepared and crude.... Rice Silk, raw, and silk goods.. ► 41 75 62 90 191 665 1,866 844 3,437 3, 139 549 372 1,636 4,583 3, 126 699 581 480 624 968 11 13 9 5,133 717 7,214 1,059 5,381 1,088 17 7,827 21 10, 265 995 1,364 Silkworm eggs Spices....... 101 .... 137 63 120 1 99 Sugar Sundry merchandise Tea and tea dust..... Total......... Treasure...... 19 4 16 31 52 6, 277 5,051 9,741 9, 151 10,498 12, 190 7,068 9, 912 7,337 11, 938 19, 813 29, 139 $174,507 $176, 570 29,937 $352,855 36, 923 44, 686 $128, 800 $10,700 CALIFORNIA. 245 Passenger rates, Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company, Japan and China Line. Cabin. Outward. Homeward. Steerage. Outward. San Francisco, to or from- Servants. Return P. O. First class. Eu- ropean. First Asiatic. class. Euro- pean ser- vants. Eu- ropean. Asiatic. Yokohama, Japan. Hiogo, Japan $200.00 $133.33 $50.00 $150.00 $100.00 $85.00 $51.00 210.00 140.00 52.50 158,00 105.33 91.00 53.50 Nagasaki, Japan.. Chefoo, China.. Shanghai, China... Tientsin, China Chinkiang, China Hankow, China..... 226.00 150.66 56.50 167.00 111.33 101.00 57.50 256.00 170.66 65.50 195.00 130.00 118.00 66.50 ..... 245.00 163.33 61.50 173.00 115.33 113.00 62.50 265.00 176.66 67.50 202.00 134.66 123.00 68.50 250.00 163.33 70.00 185.00 121,00 130.00 -71.00 275.00 163.33 66.00 205.00 122.00 130.00 67.00 Kiukiang, China Fusan, Corea..... 270.00 163.33 235.50 157.00 Gensan, Corea... 246.00 164.00 Jinsen, Corea 246.00 164.00 Vladivostock, Siberia....... 258.50 172.33 64.00 Hongkong, China...... 225.00 150.00 66.00 200.00 122.00 59.00 178.50 62.50 187.00 124.66 62.50 187.00 197.00 50.00 168.75 130.00 67.00 119,00 106.00 60.00 112.50 63.50 124.66 112.50 63.50 131.33 119.50 65.00 112.50 100.00 51.00 Amoy, China 250.00 160.00 50.00 183.75 118.50 110.00 55.00 Canton, China 228.00 151.30 50.60 (*) (*) 101.30 51.60 Chefoo, China...... 295.00 180.00 70.00 218.75 131.50 130.00 66.00 Macao, China Swatow, China Foochow, China Shanghai, China Batavia, Java. 275.00 165.00 50.00 193.75 120.00 115.00 65.00 228:00 151.00 50.50 (*) (*) 101.00 51.50 260.00 165.00 57.00 193.75 123.50 115.00 58.00 240.00 157.00 50.00 178.75 117 50 107.00 53.00 325.00 205.00 70.00 243.75 153.75 120.00 71.00 Samarang, Java 345.00 220.00 75.00 268.75 170.83 125,00 76.00 Sourabaya, Java.. 375.00 235.00 75.00 268.75 169.17 125.00 76.00 Bangkok, Siam 295.00 196.67 50.00 130.00 60.00 Saigon, Cochin China 265.00 170.00 55.00 110.00 56.00 Taiwanfoo, Formosa 285.00 170.00 50.00 198.75 122.50 120.00 61.00 Tamsui, Formosa....... 285.00 170.00 50.00 198.75 122.50 120.00 61.00 Bombay, Hindostan Calcutta, Hindostan Colombo, Ceylon Manila, Philippines Penang, Straits Settlements... Singapore.Straits Settlements 385.00 250.00 325.00 216.67 360.00 236.00 275.00 165.00 300.00 193.33 275.00 185.00 105.00 328.75 212.50 155.00 106.00 65.00 243.75 162.50 135.00 66.00 91.00 303.75 198.50 141,00 92.00 50.00 218.75 127.50 115.00 59.00 Thursday Island... 365.00 220.00 Adelaide, South Australia 435.00 255.00 Brisbane, Queensland .... 400.00 237.50 70.00 223.75 64.00 198.75 100.00 308.75 182.50 135.00 378.75 100.00 313.75 142.50 125.00 71.00 132.50 115.00 65.00 160.00 101.00 217.50 190.00 136.00 200.00 175.00 101.00 Cooktown, Queensland 365.00 220.00 100.00 308.75 182.50 170.00- 101.00 Port Darwin. Queensland 325.00 200.00 Townsville, Queensland. 375.00 Melbourne, Victoria.... Sydney, New South Wales 90.00 225.00 100.00 425.00 250.00 130.00 415.00 245.00 130.00 268.75 162.50 150.00 91.00 318.75 187.50 170.00 101.00 368.65 212.50 180.00 131.00 358.75 207.50 180.00 131.00 *Not issued. Return of passenger traffic of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company from January 1, 1885, and by months from January, 1889, to June 30, 1890. Year. Departure from Arrivals at San San Francisco. Francisco. Cabin. Steerage.] Cabin. Steerage. 1885........ 1886...... 1887..... 1888.. Total...... 165 5,047 229 5,498 298 6,522 359 5,455 466 6, 513 455 7,945 415 5,681 487 8,793 1,344 23,763 1,530 27, 691 246 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Return of passenger traffic of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company, etc.—Con- tinued. January. February March..... April. May June July... August 1889. 1890. Month. Departures from Arrivals at San San Francisco. Francisco. Departures from Arrivals at San San Francisco. Francisco. September. October November Cabin. Steerage. Cabin. Steerage. Cabin. Steerage. Cabin. Steerage. 43 150 35 59 32 86 32 92 27 18 59 377 46 251 49 43 41 133 48 265 96 172 29 156 119 31 271 49 44 29 141 ..... 23 408 127 145 48 302 8282R8 122 138 53 524 73 157 83 169 54 508 101 163 ..... 40 258 59 118 54 514 53 177 162 1,372 57 271 73 ..... .... 1,190 33 100 22 435 46 174 628 5,714 732 1,514 238 1, 195 350 1, 163 December Total..... Cargo (in tons) carried by steamships owned and chartered by Occanic Steamship Company of California during 1889. Australia. Alameda. Mariposa, Zealandia. Umatilla (char- tered). Inward. Outward. Inward. Outward. Inward. Outward. Inward. Outward. Inward. Outward. 1,236 1,169 505 1,245 1,809 1,297 1,038 1,071 674 873 1,329 819 1,699 1,356 1,251 1,507 1,176 1,123 1,312 1, 143 1,010 3, 191 1,705 581 1,690 1,598 1,257 1, 147 $29 740 1,654 1,159 358 1,601 1,676 1,393 1,367 1,311 566 571 1,517 1,710 1,167 1,715 1,383 1,069 1,283 1,429 1,321 1,648 · 1,225 1,556 13, 654 11,837 4, COL 5,371 3,085 5, 335 3, 109 6, 187 6,523 4,967 25,591 9, 372 8,470 9, 296 11, 490 Total cargo, 1889, 64,219 tons. Cargo (in tons) carried by vessels owned by Oceanic Steamship Company of California during the year 1889. W. H. Dimond. J. D. Spreckels. W. G. Irwin. Consuelo. Anna. |Out Inward. Outward. Inward. Outward. Inward. Outward. Inward. Outward. Inward. Outward. ard. 665 645 408 139 578 654 435 271 370 141 680 506 409 60 566 570 416 133 371 121 690 563 403 267 586 381 439 91 362 71 713 554 347 421 581 697 429 413 345 347 601 719 451 223 524 444 469 5 375 160 769 533 385 128 617 27 513 Сл 5 351 636 204 69 289 335 511 435 385 188 4, 145 3,960 2, 169 2,012 3, 197 3,954 2, 623 2,275 1, 461 1,594 8, 105 4, 181 7, 151 4,898 3,055 Total cargo, 27,390 tons. CALIFORNIA. 247 Cargo (in tons) carried by vessels owned by J. D. Spreckels & Bros. during the year 1889. Alex. McNeil. Alden Bessie. Geo. H. Douglass. Inward, Outward. Inward. Outward. Inward. Outward. 1,677 485 1,210 1, 165 502 346 1,695 107 1,223 1, 152 438 401 1,284 1,550 1,150 1,250 453 411 1,220 242 371 191 4, 656 2,142 3,583 4,787 1,831 1,529 6, 798 8,370 3,360 Total cargo, 18,528 tons, } 1 CHAPTER III. COMMERCE OF SAN FRANCISCO. Movements of treasure and passengers-Imports and exports of tea, coffee, sugar, rice, hops, coal, quicksilver, and produce-Receipts from the North-Complete lists of San Francisco's exports and imports for 1889-Tonnage and charters-Clearances and customs receipts. The history of San Francisco's commerce is so largely that of California, and it is so unaffectedly the chief item in the State's trade, that the following space may well be given to it with the assignment of no other reason. The tables given herewith tell their own story of progress in plainer language than whole pages of letter-press: Mexico British Columbia.. China. Japan. Central America Hawaiian Islands Australia French Possessions Elsewhere..... Totals........... ...... TREASURE. Imports. From- .... 1889. 1887. $3,053, 981 587,504 $2,929, 312 489, 761 7,772 32, 000 51, 686 24,579 3,981, 336 33, 435 8, 259 7,558,140 1,164, 770 36, 969 17, 675 117,507 3,735, 824 37,216 8,751, 446 To China- Mexican dollars Bullion ...... Gold coin.. 1889. $10,140, 380 4,419, 352 373, 323 Shipments. 1887. To China- Mexican dollars....... Bullion Gold coin.... Gold dust 10, 356 Gold dust. -$15, 033, 411 $1,815, 709 3, 643, 800 475, 660 9, 924 To Mexico- $8,945, 093 Mexican dollars....... Foreign silver.................... Gold coin..... 5,000 3,600 To New York- Bullion United States silver. 4,000 4,000 4, 100 Gold coin ...... .... 3,000 12,700 To Japan- Bullion 11,000 2,844, 600 Mexican dollars............. 415,000 To Mexico- Gold coin.... Mexican dollars... 39, 335 4,000 3,259, 600 To Honolulu- 43, 335 To Japan- Cold coin........ 1, 160, 400 Bullion Mexican dollars... 1,762, 650 2,000 Mexican dollars..... Nickel 5-cent pieces 180,000 1,000 1, 163, 400 To Honolulu-Gold coin.... To Central America— 1,942, 650 300, 450 To Colombia- Bullion 19,000 Gold coin………….. United States silver coin... 1,550 Foreign silver... Foreign silver... • 5,000 5,046 37,002 Gold coin...... 15,315 10, 046 To Central America- 72, 897 Bullion..... 1,300 Mexican dollars..... 6, 200 To Bombay- Bullion..... To Calcutta- Bullion 957, 400 United States silver coin.. Foreign silver. 1,900 31,834 Gold coin.... 134, 760 251,500 To Valparaiso— To Bombay-Bullion...... Foreign silver. 175, 994 3,648, 250 9,936 To Calcutta-Bullion To Australia- 433,750 United States silver coin.... 41 To Penang-Mexican dollars.. To Apia-Mexican dollars...... 116,000 5,000 Grand total...………………………………………………............ 20, 670, 885 Grand total……………….. 15, 631, 568 248 Healdsburg. Calistoga Fulton Co Santa Rosa. Oakville. Comates. ! Puta Creek Madison.Woodland. 1 SACRAMENTO. Washington Winters. Davisville. Sonoma Cr PACIFIC Petaluma Sonomas NAP ¿Dixon. Yountville. Batavia. Nap Creek Vacaville Elmira. Fairfield. Suisun. Doral Napa Junction. NORTH PACIFIC COAST TOMALES BAY mento Rive Brighton. Elk Grove. Cosurin ver. R. Galt. Valleto. SAN PABLO Taylorvill BAY San Rafael Bolina Saucelito. Quentia Pinole. Benici cia Martinez. Lak Grove. San Pablo SAN FRANC scờ San Miguel San Brund San Mateo. Nortonville. BERKELEY Claremont ofjedmon Temescal OAKLAND New York. Sch. San Summersville. MT DIABLO. Alamo. Fayette. Walnut Creek Danville. ALAMEDA. FRANCISC S.P.R.R RUTH Mills' College. San Ramon San Leandro. Dublin San Lorenzo A.R Joaquin River. Brentwood. Byron. PACIFIC Lodi CENTRAL STOCKTON. athrop Altamont Tracy. Haywards. CARA ut den. Pleasanton. Decoto. Alvarad Niles. Redwood City Spanishtown Oak Grover Santa SUNOL. Centreville. Newark. LIVERMORE. Arroyo del rvington. Valle Mission San Jose. Agua Caliente. viso. Milpitas. ISAN JOSÉ. MAP SHOWING R. R. SYSTEMS OF SAN FRANCISCO AND SURROUNDINGS. Pescadero. Los Gatos S, P. R.R. Lexington. Felton. SANTA CRUZ. ١١١١١١ CALIFORNIA. PASSENGER MOVEMENT. Arrival and departure of passengers by sea. From or to- 1889. 1888. 249 Arrived. Departed. Arrived. Departed. Panama. British Columbia.. 3,434 3,085 3,678 2,723 China and Japan 1,758 1,308 1,516 1,710 Other countries.. Australia, Honolulu, New Zealand, etc Mexico 3, 167 8,715 20,848 10, 686 ..... 4, 232 2,541 4,866 2,636 498 213 282 132 166 94 159 114 Totals...... 13, 255 15,956 31, 349 18,001 1S$5...... 1886...... 1887.... 1888..... 1889 Total arrivals and departures for 1885-1889, inclusive. Year. ✔ ..... Arrivals. Depar- tures. .... SU 22, 498 22, 160 20, 201 22, 193 42, 594 19, 888 31, 319 18, 001 13, 255 15,956 TEA. Imports of tea from China and Japan during 30 years, commencing January 1, 1860, and ending December 31, 1889. China. Japan. Totals. Year. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1860 1861 965, 513 1,233, 381 $265, 292 179,287 $35, 474 1, 144, 830 $300, 766 307, 903 124, 236 25,067 1,357, 616 1862 1, 430, 163 322, 970 423,734 204, 015 1863... 46,305 1, 634, 178 470, 039 1,822, 585 439, 435 382, 633 105, 678 1861 2, 205, 218 545, 113 1,388, 408 364, 820 464, 796 127, 545 1865 1 1,853, 204 492, 365 700, 760 178, 333 923,456 236, 737 1,624, 216 1866 1, 042, 499 415, 070 291, 389 1,293, 650 435, 188 1867. 2, 336, 149 1,334, 060 726,577 445, 696 552, 070 188, 560 1868. 1,886, 730 876, 282 634, 246 241, 492 1,277, 862 447, 686 2, 154,144 1869. 725, 430 689, 178 201, 264 1,283, 023 1870 ..... 1871 1872 1873 981, 919 8, 215, 439 5,709, 895 4, 104, 972 313, 969 2, 137, 144 1874 2,828, 570 8, 633, 221 2,512, 660 1,529, 130 1,096, 480 1875 1,881, 651 1876 1,095, 800 518, 926 340, 391 7,710, 389 6, 881, 628 8, 431, 804 10,386, 331 17, 990, 578 17,556, 236 440, 106 746, 043 3, 136, 827 2,768, 507 3,276,557 4,066, 758 6, 491, 368 5,904, 480 2, 008, 453 641, 370 3, 119, 063 15,925, 828 12, 581, 523 12, 536, 776 13, 214, 901 19,872, 229 1,060, 012 6,770, 148 5, 281, 167 4,805, 687 5, 163, 238 7,010, 294 18,652, 036 1877 4,721, 858 6, 244, 871 1,550, 014 13,507, 258 3,906, 085 18, 229, 116 1878. 3, 249, 082 5, 456, 099 1, 148, 461 13,867, 586 3,384, 630 1879.. 17, 116, 668 5, 884, 856 4, 533, 094 2,035, 813 11,092, 816 4, 289, 169 1880 ... 19,977, 672 4, 997, 527 6, 324, 982 1,513, 583 17,081, 997 1881 22,079, 524 5,278,766 1,526, 907 1882 4,701, 588 1,209, 870 1883 4,775, 129 1,098, 209 1881 2,039, 691 467, 546 1885 1,581, 606 805, 773 12,704, 741 19,469, 028 17, 194, 448 8, 536, 660 5, 205, 178 1886 2,035, 023 411, 134 6,904, 729 1887 2,307, 186 394, 632 5,759, 475 1888. 1, 951, 672 349, 210 5,743, 389 1889... 1,598, 767 272, 934 5,860, 239 4, 674, 437 4,257, 461 4, 444, 458 3,048,575 1, 287, 971 737, 476 888,901 746,895 642, 305 656, 851 17,983, 507 24, 170, 616 21, 969, 577 10,576, 371 6, 786, 784 8,939, 752 8,066, 661 7,695, 061 7,459, 106 4, 146, 784 6, 188, 020 5,784, 368 5,651, 328 1,755, 517 1,043, 249 1,300, 035 1, 141, 527 991, 515 929, 785 Totals 81, 460, 708 28, 388, 214 223, 742, 781 61, 444, 100 305, 167, 509 86, 832, 314 [NOTE.-One explanation of the marked diminution of the imports dating back to 1883 is found in the deflection of the tea trade to northern Pacific ports.] 250 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Exports of tea in 1889. Mexico Hawaiian Islands. Central America.. British Columbia. Tahiti.......... South America.... Eastern points... Miscellaneous. Totals... Mexico...... Hawaiian Islands.... Central America... British Columbia.. Eastern points.... Tahiti..... Elsewhere....... Totals Central America Java..... Mexico East Indies China.... Miscellaneous Totals Countries. a ..... Exports of tea for 1888. Countries. ....... ISS9. 1898. Pounds. Pounds. 48,470 88,519 25, 599 19,494 18,560 18, 481 17,313 13, 205 6, 412 8,517 4,091 1,280 8,918 630 6,343 .... 122, 355 113, 537 COFFEE. Imports for 1888 and 1889. Countries. Exports for 1887 and 1885. Countries. Central America East Indies .... Mexico ........ China...... Miscellaneous Totals Totals, 1887. ...... Pounds. Value. 38, 549 $5,352 19, 494 5,374 18, 181 3,547 13, 205 2,937 8,918 1,585 8,547 2,204 6,343 2, 114 113, 537 23, 113 * 1888. 1889. Pounds. …………. | 20, 656, 218 395, 897 761, 428 Pounds. 18, 896, 315 596, 460 578, C07 ..... 229, 971 45, 759 500, 297 22,039, 243 20,571, 079 Pounds. Value. 20, 606, 248 $2, 603, 441 761, 428 108, 200 395, 887 59, 865 229, 971 39, 180 45, 759 6, 841 22, 039, 243 2,817, 527 19, 506, 870 2,513, 820 CALIFORNIA. 251 Mexico Australia British Columbia........... Hawaiian Islands Japan......... New Zealand........ Apia. Tahiti. Pacific Islands. Eastern points.. Miscellaneous Totals Mexico British Columbia.. Australia Hawaiian Islands.. Eastern points…...... Tahiti • Elsewhere.. Totals .... Exports by sea for 1888 and 1889. Countries. Exports by sea for 1888. Countries. } 1889. 1888. Pounds. Pounds. 555, 997 575, 587 160, 234 110, 015 139,617 222, 406 31, 998 83, 271 11, 548 8.014 5,561 5,612 11, 098 2, 194 799 50,877 7, 764 924, 574 1,061, 018 Pounds. Value. 575,587 $86, 527 222, 406 38, 029 110, 015 18, 633 83, 271 14, 262 50, 877 7,987 11,098 1,738 7,764 1,476 1, 061, 018 168, 652 [NOTE.-The overland shipments to eastern poin's aggregate 2,057,920 pounds, thus making total exports by sea and rail 3,118,938 pounds. SUGAR Imports for 1887, 1888, and 1889. Hawaiian Islands..... Philippine Islands. East Indies Central America China..... Totals... Total, 1887.. Countries. Hawaiian Islands...... Philippine Islands.. Central America China.... Totals, 1888.... Totals, 1887... Imports for 1887 and 1888. Countries. 1888. 1889. 222, 985, 519 61, 775, 000 252, 464, 098 4,860, 30-1 680, 286 290, 301, 109 290,301, 55, 461, 840 11,758, 764 3,529, 186 595, 916 323,809,804 216, 964, 854 Pounds. Value. 222, 985, 519 61,775,000 4,860, 304 680, 286 290, 301, 109 216, 964, 854 $10,378, 243 1,590, 790 178, 086 16, 408 12, 163, 527 8,863, 918 252 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Exports of sugar by sea in 1888 and 1889. Hawaiian Islands. British Columbia………………….. Tahiti.... Eastern points.. 5 Japan.. Panama..... Mexico.... Pacific Islands. Apia .... Central America Asiatic Russia China Miscellaneous Totals..... Eastern points.... British Columbia Hawaiian Islands.. Japan... Tahiti Mexico... Panama. Asiatic Russia Central America, Pacific Islands Elsewhere Totals...... Countries. Exports in 1888. Countries. ... 1888. 1889. Pounds.'t Pounds. 808, 531 1, 203, 998 1,732, 314 970, 825 247, 236 393, 471 25,076, 201 315, 130 398, 209 184, 115 129,737 178, 917 182, 208 174, 882 29, 820 24, 169 15, 253 16,591 14, 897 60, 436 14, 486 1,604 10, 660 → 28,691, 947 3,491, 747 Pounds. Value. 25,076, 201 $1, 153, 067 1,732, 314 808, 534 101, 378 58,673 398, 209 247,236 182, 208 129,737 60, 436 26, 538 17,050 12,965 9, 215 4,337 16,591 1,075 29, 820 2,086 10, 660 846 28,691, 917 1,390, 228 [NOTES.-The overland shipments in 1888 to Eastern points amount to 79,902,640 pounds, making the total shipments by sea and rail 108,594,587 pounds. The overland shipments in 1889 amounted to 110,484,000 pounds. An explanation of the exceedingly small shipments of sugar in 1889 as compared with those of 1888 lies in the fact in 1888 four vessels with full cargoes of sugar were cleared for New York, while during the past year not one was dispatched from this port.] RICE. Imports by sea for 1887, 1888, and 1889. China Hawaiian Islands Japan Miscellaneous Totals.. Total, 1887.... China Hawaiian Islands Japan.......... Miscellaneous Totals, 1888 Totals, 1887 Countries. · Imports for 1887 and 1888. Countries. 1888. 1889. 36,712, 453 12, 432, 200 36,064, 340 48, 333 15,765 49, 208, 751 9,977, 700 2, 174, 285 5,512 48, 221, 837 40, 753, 043 Pounds. Value. 36,712, 453 12, 432, 200 48, 333 15,765 $623, 313 558, 682 743 353 ..... 49, 208, 751 40,753, 043 1, 182, 991 1,019, 492 CALIFORNIA. 253 = Central America Panama.. Tahiti Mexico Pacific Islands Apia..... British Columbia.. Hawaiian Islands Montana...... Miscellaneous Totals...... Panama Central America Mexico Tahiti Pacific Islands British Columbia.. Hawaiian Islands Elsewhere..... Totals........ Exports of rice by sea in 1888 and 1889. Countries. 1888. 1889, Pounds. Pounds. 470, 871 650, 237 1,287, 951 617, 560 336, 488 442, 031 142, 458 94, 794 59, 407 44, 660 23,997 36,926 15,704 31, 584 5,606 2,600 40, 630 2,409, 315 1,897, 189 Exports for 1888. Countries. Pounds. Value. -1, 287, 951 $23, 323 470, 871 9, 108 142, 458 2,755 336, 488 4,868 59, 407 1,026 36, 926 1,510 31, 581 677 40, 630 859 2,409, 315 41, 126 [NOTE.-The overland shipments were 739,420 pounds, which, with the shipments by sea, make the total exports for the year 3,148,735 pounds. ] Australia... Eastern points... Central America.. Japan........... Quebec, Canada. British Columbia New Zealand..... India Hawaiian Islands…….. China Mexico.......………… Various Totals......... HOPS. Exports by sea in 1888 and 1889. To- 1888. 1889. Pounds. 168, 853 Pounds. 211,757 108, 505 10,055 16, 217 27,669 13, 390 12, 445 6, 105 12, 129 11,678 10, 632 29, 083 5,751 4,893 5, 233 5, 564 3,536 2,025 2,619 1,474 375, 051 291, 587 [NOTE.-Overland shipments for 1888 were 6,959,710 pounds, making total exports from State 7,234,764 pounds; for 1889 they were 6,346,500 pounds, making total exports from State 6,641,087 pounds. Total exports by sea and rail for two years, 13,875,851 pounds. ] 254 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. COAL. Imports of foreign coal for twenty-one years. British Colum- bia. Great Britain. Australia. Chile. Other coun- tries. Total. Year. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. 1869.. 16,779 $97,784| 13, 446 $38, 983 70, 319|$159, 796 $34, 473 433 $1, 607 100, 977 $298, 170 1870.. 13, 979 84, 457 28, 673 79, 142 81, 251 182, 753 7, 350 34, 244] 2, 612 21, 155 136, 865 401, 751 1871.. 16, 004 92,093 55, 478 152, 013 38, 751 38, 751 84, 125| 4, 179 21, 972 345 998 114, 757 351, 201 1872.. 23, 574 1873.. 32, 327 1874.. 62, 672 133, 772 28, 059| 111, 234| 110, 111| 255, 465| 2, 644| 10, 823 1, 826 12, 234 166, 214 543, 528 178, 504 57, 156| 281, 715 91, 100 310, 401 400 2,255 1, 519 10, 429 10,429 182, 502 783, 304 324, 362 46, 932 199, 447 107, 010 403, 860 1,252 7,950 217, 866 935, 119 1875. 62, 110 1876.. 101, 572 1877.. 98, 842 1878.143, 241 1879..165, 102 1880..178, 334 1881..153, 541 1882.. 144, 816 1883.. 117, 842 326, 588 65, 932 228, 188 139, 164 522, 792 183 1,138 267, 1001, 078, 706 522, 555 116, 886 317, 927 129, 097 502, 102 3, 203 456. 004 *76, 750 193, 214|| 92, 768 607, 427 46, 722 120, 935 137, 684 517, 186 643, 380 31, 911 74, 899 77, 522 318, 613 638, 990 61, 779 638, 990 61, 779 103, 019 103, 019 51, 137 195, 620 488, 641 267, 940 593, 298 125, 780| 351, 373 496, 692163, 643 403, 881 165, 353 487, 905 423, 831155, 102| 363, 676| 150, 318| 447, 407 1884.. 254, 2001, 039, 997 138, 295 322, 238 153, 192 457, 967 1885.. 217, 848 854, 799 182, 998 476, 058 167, 567 413, 164 1886.. 183, 056 784, 419,166, 937 311, 200 198, 081 604, 394 1887..251, 668 986, 128108, 168 214, 791| 159, 602 405, 467 1888.298, 5151, 414. 742 107, 000 241, 136 280, 903 793, 308 1883.. 381, 4C01, 593, 543| 43, 678 100, 220 383, 285| 865, 340 9 3, 840 351, 404|1, 356, 223 1275, 6191, 021, 892 8, 655 2,611 31 327, 6561, 245, 579 274, 535 1, 036, 890 291, 150 937, 629 547, 261 1, 483, 312 473, 8021, 388, 478 400, 137 1, 223, 569 548, 479|1, 822, 813 68, 4131, 744, 021 548, 074|1, 703, 015 519, 4451, 636, 407 706, 826j2, 491, 542 732, 963 2, 579, 305 10, 408 42, 156) $1,500 20, 202 * Exclusive of some cargoes arriving and not clearing, and some not entered. Exclusive of some rot entered. 9, 799 696 345, 943 7 259 †26, 73. 6, 895 790 7 21 Exclusive of several cargoes not entered. $ Japan. Imports of eastern coal for twenty-nine years. Year. Cum Anthra berland. Total. cite. Year. Cum- Anthra. berland. cite. Total. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1861... Tons. 2,157 Tons. 26, 960 39, 032 1876.. Tons. 1862 11, 711 3, 354 36, 648 12, 661 40,002 1877.. 25, 373 1863... 11, 500 3,816 22, 306 36, 657 40, 183 32, 806 1878.. 1861.. 9, 900 5, 661 11, 737 41, 676 50, 393 1879.. 93, 6.7 1865.. 1,778 2, 516 22, 795 23, 759 28, 285 1880.. 24, 543 1866 20, 720 19, 185 2,891 19, 787 22,678 39, 903 1881... 1867.. 7, 9.7 13, 620 62, 507 13, 123 70, 104 26, 745 1882... 1868. 15, 874 2,427 30, 413 24, 304 3.1, 840 39, 273 1883.. 1869. 16,555 9, 774 76, 725 33, 316 43, 590 43, 200 1884. 1870... 25, 047 3, 402 13, 486 22, 518 31, 940 1885.. 33, 533 1871... 8, 035 5, 667 21, 000 11, 450 17, 147 29, 035 1886.. 12, 243 1872.. 8, 151 5, 115 14,709 22, 860 17, 358 1887. 1873.. 26, 675 8,857 18, 285 1,901 27, 152 28,579 1888... 1874... 1875. 23, 164 16, 172 12, 671 6, 039 28, 813 29, 203 1889... 14, 100 12, 026 15,711 5.877 30, 126 21, 588 Imports of Pacific coast (United States) coal for twenty-nine years. Years. Seattle. Belling- Coos ham Bay. Bay. Rocky Moun- tain. Mount Diablo. Total. Tons. Tons. 1861.. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 8, 136 1862. 4, 628 6, 620 11, 245 19, 384 1863... 2, 815 23, 402 9, 175 37,062 1864... 1, 186 43, 198 9, 736 53,559 1865. 1,300 37, 458 48, 494 12, 270 1866... 1, 615 60, 540 74, 425 11, 475 1867... 1,753 84, 024 97, 232 8, 615 5, 235 1868. 109, 990 123, 840 13, 886 1869... 10, 594 133, 839 158, 299 20, 552 14,758 1870... 148, 722 13, 976 181, 082 2, 171 1871... 129, 760 4, 546 185, 907 20, 924 26, 731 1872... 133, 484 14, 120 185, 685 4, 100 30, 321 1873. 1,809 163, 322 13, 572 210, 672 11, 210 37,898 1874... 1, 904 170,000 7,818 234, 581 17,499 1875..... 48, 581 363 205, 256 62, 119 279, 547 10, 410 29, 078 53 142, 808 244, 498 CALIFORNIA. 255 Imports of Pacific coast (United States) coal for twenty-nine years—Continued. Years. Seattle. Belling. Coos ham Bay. Rocky Moun- Mount Bay. Diablo. Total. tain. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1876. 1877... 1878... Tons. Tons. 86, 047 21, 280 39, 965 194 108, 846 256, 332 101, 088 10, 475 30, 296 134 97, 674 239, 667 113, 005 1879... 2,720 29, 023 20 122, 411 267, 179 136, 012 (*) 43, 297 1880. 134, 739 314, 048 120, 473 1881... 36, 905 55 161, 400 318, 833 145, 173 18, 357 1882... 20, 621 114,000 298, 151 146, 181 54, 120 1883. 15, 215 102, 356 317, 872 163, 986 137, 420 1884.. 24, 525 76, 162 403, 093 174, 131 136, 898 25, 217 1885... 77, 485 413, 729 170, 938 150, 241 1886.. 27, 699 5,920 361, 798 174, 561 144, 579 1887. 42, 168 25,000 386, 308 245, 681 220, 597 17, 100 531 1888... 1889 298, 515 483, 912 247, 769 44, 979 112 591, 375 191, 775 108, 853 49, 770 1,591 441, 992 * Tacoma. Mexico China... New York….. Central America. New Zealand Australia.. British Columbia Japan South America Total. QUICKSILVER. Exports to all countries, by sea, in 1888 and 1889. Countries. 1888. 1889. Flasks. Value. Flasks. Value. 5, 042 6, 458 $203, 870 4, 619 $204, 720 272, 612 3,770 160, 890 430 733 31, 020 311 13, 090 105 25 990 13 508 10 400 6 225 CORRE 64 18, 000 2, 879 4, 731 10 425 11 469 25 1, 050 15 475 16, 368 683, 605 5, 279 232, 749 PRODUCE. Receipts of the leading articles of California produce at port of San Francisco during years ending November 30, 1887, 1888, and 1889. Articles. 1887. 1888. 1889. Wheat.. Flour.. ... Barley ..centals.. quarter sacks.. centals.. 8,949, 594 3, 417, 030 2,552, 007 Oats Beaus ..do.... 172, 892 10, 969, 242 3, 772, 923 3, 332,961 147, 228 12, 137, 304 5, 238, 435 sacks.. 412, 891 Corn..... 276, 058 ...do…….. 139, 369 182, 326 Rye.. · • centals.. 27, 304 19, 411 Potatoes. Onions. .sacks.. 992, 731 1, 137, 181 2, 248, 537 95, 377 390, 974 195, 098 46,429 1, 137, 418 .do.... 134, 035 153, 550 Hay ..tons.. Wool Hops Mustard seed.. Bran Middlings Hides • ...number.. 111, 063 128, 884 160, 824 123, 885 .bales.. 86, 793 80, 203 82, 344 ..do.... 15, 258 16, 927 12, 231 .sacks.. 37,776 27, 652 26, 827 do... 410, 408 460, 511 511, 884 .do... 101, 004 133, 159 179, 629 114, 216 Pelts.. Buckwheat. Flaxseed Alfalfa Pease. 139, 092 109, 305 bundles.. 15, 293 18, 598 25, 552 .sacks.. 2,293 4, 421 3, 518 .do... 6, 880 1, 531 2,612 ..do……. 1, 733 4,060 3, 633 .do.... Straw Honey Raisins. 4,899 7,429 5,793 ..tons.. 7,290 7,212 .cases.. ..boxes.. 13, 490 12, 450 5, 116 11, 228 110,034 145, 618 140, 313 256 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES DAIRY PRODUCE. Receipts of butter, cheese, and eggs at port of San Francisco during years ending November 30, from 1886 to 1889, inclusive. 1886. 1887 1888.. 1889 Year. RECEIPTS FROM THE NORTH. Butter. Cheese. Eggs. Pounds. Pounds. 9, 955, 500 4, 103, 400 Dozen. 1,667, 030 9, 550, 500 3,803, 200 1, 391, 645 8, 161, 100 3, 339, 000 2, 175, 625 11, 084, 300 4, 242, 400 2,652, 133 Statement showing receipts of certain produce at San Francisco, from California, Oregon, and Washington in 1889. Months. California. Wheat (centals). Oregon, etc. California. Flour (1 sacks). Oregon, etc. Barley (centals). California. Oats Wool Hops (centals). (bales). (bales). Oregon, eto. California. Oregon, etc. California. Oregon, etc. California. Oregon, etc. Jan.. Feb... Mar Apr May June July 1, 109, 970| 31,003 1, 550, 249| 36, 364 647, 77025, 842 897, 150 21, 789 955, 591| 31, 744 836, 682 52, 909 624, 997 62, 756|| 440, 181 40, 581| 441, 977 33, 323 406, 875| 29, 350 435, 409, 34, 341 369, 818 45, 705 420, 424, 16, 858 477, 653 Aug 1,040, 532 42, 023 591, 918 14,019 9,734 119, 519 101, 144 89, 604 95, 113 121, 081 76, 494 202, 626 461 2, 473 66, 204 468 38, 964 215 724 421 52 171 318 390 1,274 4, 797 47, 585| 2,309 263 442 107 859 44, 29618, 643 433 75 35 2,276 32, 40413, 786 4, 511. 1, 442 27, 148 7, 61913, 670 130 20 26 364, 381 Sept 824, 717 29, 615 417, 440 6,510 439, 476 Oct.. 1,261, 903 90, 695 481, 748 15,582 274, 103 Nov 1, 273,099 64, 863 368, 867 46, 225 207, 415 Dec.. 1, 621, 145 27, 217 496, 625 36, 730 114, 403 5, 992 19, 861 22, 263 37,15, 908 2220, 361 42, 215:10, 281 16, 781 71, 609 5, 057 4,983 25, 391 1,036| 43, 277 8, 210 5, 980 240 4, 372 1, 529 456 16 27, 007 8, 0c3 454 3,903 G 480 4,161 373 222 1, 805 504 210 715 324 Totals Aggregate 12, 643, 805 516, 850,5, 348, 935|328, 9582, 208, 359 1, 797,96, 207488, 363|79, 666,28, 647|12, 313| 1, 775 13, 160, 655 5, 677, 893 2, 210, 156 584, 570 108, 313 14, 088 Statement showing receipts of principal articles of produce and merchandise from Oregon, Washington, and Alaska in Ico7, 1888, and 1889. Wheat Flour. Barley Oats Corn --- • Rye. Bran. Middlings Wool.... Норв. Potatoes Flaxseed. Salmon. Salmon. Tallow Hides Pelts Articles. 1887. 1888. 1889. centals.. quarter sacks.. centals.. 1, 249, 144 1, 400, 705 317, 215 328,864 514, 100 540, 428 4, 408 .do... 223, 534 627 414, 293 2,397 556, 928 .do.... 6, 174 77 ảo 414 677 sacks.. 35, 101 do.... .bales.. 8, 182 23.522 ..do………. 381 90, 126 8,013 25, 018 1, 318 69, 624 4,815 31, 819 160, 821 sacks.. 94, 659 112, 345 1,803 ..do 51,348 86, 226 86, 264 .barrels.. 12, 228 25, 890 12, 414 cases.. 318, 771 497, 504 837, 860 C ..number.. ..bundles.. ..pounds.. 73.600 47, 500 563 55, 552 62, 913 35, 362 6, 728 6, 290 60, 822 CALIFORNIA. 257 FOREIGN IMPORTS. List of leading imports into San Francisco, by countries, for the year ending December 31, 1889. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] Articles. AUSTRALASIA. Value. Dollars. Articles. Value. BELGIUM-continued. Dollars. Free: Cocoanuts 344 Drugs, n. e. s - Coffee, 40, 150 pounds Fruit, n. e. s Gum, n. e. s. 72,428 pounds. Hides • 7,498 4, 565 28 7,899 41, 677 Horses, 12. Ores Seed 9, 268 243 2,285 Dutiable-Continued. Meat, prepared.... Musical instruments. Olive oil, 3,347 gallons. Paints and colors Paper. Paper pulp, 555,550. Pickles and sauces Plums and prunes, 500 pounds Sardines 2,498 98 3, 341 5, 631 2,733 5, 512 53 83 3, 706 Soap grease, 111,652 pounds 'T'in, pig, 2, 203.309 pounds. Whalebone, 10,225 pounds Wood, not manufactured... Dutiable: Coal, 303,285 tons. 5, 026 Soap, n. e. s.... 3,038 452, 245 Silk, manufactures.. 24, 176 17, 802 Spirits, 34,923 gallons 35, 890 610 Brandy, 5,348 gallons. 13, 689 Stone 1, 119 865, 340 Tobacco, n. e. 8. 266 Cotton, n. e. s 513 Drugs, n. e. s... 4, 275 Fruits, preserved.... 429 Glycerine, 10,630 pounds 854 Leather belting 1, 145 Meat, preserved. 252 Silk, manufactures of 174 Metals 260 Wood, n. e. s.. 273 Wool: Clothing Cloth, 21,764 pounds. Wine, bottles, 9 gallons.. Vegetables, prepared Wine: In bottles, 6,399 gallons In casks, 20,958 gallons. Champagne, 239 dozen Wood, manufactures of Wool: cloth, 2,498 yards.. yarn, 698 pounds... Woolen dress goods, 91,242 yards 22, 082 1, 673 15 Zinc, 168,338 pounds 10,199 1, 4'9 4, 010 2, 516 437 19, 590 6,737 2,853 39 BRAZIL. Free: ASIATIC RUSSIA. Cocoa, 26,847 pounds.. 2, 653 譬 ​Free: Furs 72, 617 BRITISH EAST INDIES. Dutiable: Free: Fish, n. e. 8 44 Cocoa, 49,340 pounds Cotton, 10,970 pounds 9, 342 902 BELGIUM. Coffee, 242,612 pounds. 34, 972 Free: Drugs 656 Argols, 102,600 pounds 13, 602 Gums, n. e. s., 78,269 pounds 9, 265 Fruits, n. e. s 124 Gambier, 578,143 pounds.. 27, 467 Mineral water, 15,650 gallons. Hides... 6, 336 269 Sulphur, 111 tons 2, 431 Farinaceous 22,670 Dutiable: Nutmegs. 42,836 pounds... 18, 879 Bottles, demijohns, etc. 26, 923 Pepper, 291, 110 pounds.. 40, 520 Cement, 6,956 barrels.. 6, 637 Spices, n. e. 8. 96,404 pounds. 14, 581 Cotton, n. e. 8……. 72 Shellac, 88,640 pounds. 6, 122 Chicory, 96,836 pounds Clay, 109 tons... Cheese, 6,372 pounds Coke, 660 tons. Drugs, n. e. s Earthenware: Decorated... All other.. Fancy goods, n. e. s………… Flax, manufactures of... 889 2,325 8, 498 Firearms. 3, 561 2, 991 2, 905 1,022 517 1,576 185 Dutiable: Bags.. Burlaps. Flax Jute.. Pickles Preserved fruits Saltpeter, 264,289 pounds. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Tin, 183, 640 pounds 36, 687 Tea, 39,110 pounds 5, 923 821, 252 99, 270 10, 998 140, 743 54 1, 640 7,722 Glass- Free: Plate, silvered, 17,978 pounds.. 9, 019 Plate, unsilvered, 78, 175 pounds Anthracite coal, 3,195 tons.. 35, 106 26, 827 Furs.. Plate, n. e. s 154, 635 9, 469 Hides.. Plate window, 6,148,700 pounds 43, 692 86, 767 Ore, silver Gloves. 17,054 7, 198 Paper stock India rubber. 497 37 Jewelry. Wood, unmanufactured……. 1,374 94 Dutiable: Leather 222 Barley, 3,751 bushels. ... Iron, n. e. s Iron, scrap, 198 tons Machinery. Marble.. Metals, n. e. 8.. Iron, bars, 316,297 pounds. Steel hoops, etc., 234,090 pounds Steel ingots, 5,196,520 pounds Wire rods, 9,169,208 pounds. 90—17 IC 90 1,980 591 Coal, 374,512 tons 1,523, 726 1,345 Cotton, n. e. 8. . 125 2, 931 Earthenware, decorated……. 64 421 Fish, n. e. s. 108 5,379 3, 242 4,364 Iron, scrap, 50 tons.. 250 Metals, n. e. 8 19 Lumber, 556 M feet.. 6, 932 -- 41,372 Lumber, n. e. 8. 403 100, 366 Rice meal, 977,700 pounds... 15, 796 258 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 FOREIGN IMPORTS-continued. List of leading imports into San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Valus. BRITISH COLUMBIA-Continued. CHINA-Continued Dollars. Dollars. Dutiable-Continued. Dutiable-Continued. Spirits, 396 gallons. 404 Rice meal, 145,788 pounds 2,728 Silk... 173 Sugar... 601, 903 Vegetables, n. e. 8.. 138 Silk 271, 389 Wool cloth, 3, 398 yards. 4, 222 Seeds, n. e. s.. 10, 809 Wool knit goods.. 25 Spirits, 86,004 gallons 24, 653 Wool, n. e. s.... 26 Tobacco 29, 746 Wood, n. e. 8 34 Vegetables- prepared.. 11, 716 CENTRAL AMERICA. natural state.... 21, 361 Free: Wood, n. e. s 8, 835 Cocoa, 2,100 pounds 286 Coffee, 18,460,560 pounds. 2,650, 775 CUBA. Wood, not manufactured... 30, 504 Dutiable: Dutiable: Cigars, 156,258 pounds. 448, 451 Sugar, 3,462, 161 pounds 122, 507 Paper.. 70 Spirits, 825 gallons.. 2, 662 CHILE. Free: Tobacco, leaf, 176,084 pounds Tobacco, n. e. 8.. 69, 430 1, 383 Coffee, 2,500 pounds.. 429 Soda nitrate, 2, 133,739 pounds.. 277, 923 DUTCH EAST INDIES. Pig tin, 6,476 pounds... 1,500 Free: Dutiable: Coffee, 345,979 pounds.. 53, 943 Iron, scrap, 527 tons.. 2,993 CHINA. Free: Coffee, 429,791 pounds. 83, 749 Drugs, n. e. 8. · 23, 782 Eggs, 106,800 dozen 5,574 Farinaceous 67, 179 Fruits, n. e. s.. 7, 131 Free: Gambier, 27,975 pounds 1, 466 Gums, n. e. s., 6,333 pounds. 989 Cocoa.. Pepper, 33.333 pounds Pig tin, 703 pounds Spices, 8,208 pounds Dutiable: Sugar, 4,240,474 pounds ECUADOR. Cocoa, 323,205 pounds. Coffee 302 3,819 134 1, 191 106,342 35, 876 2,720 Hides.. 7, 324 Nutmegs, 11,661 pounds. 4, 249 ENGLAND. Pepper, 173,313 pounds. 22, 674 Free: Raw silk, 855,231 pounds. ... 2,879, 109 Spices, 55,793 pounds. Tea, 1,598,767 ………. Wood, not manufactured Dutiable: Almonds, 9,891 pounds. Bags.. Bottles Brushes. Breadstuff's Candy Cigars, 1,145 pounds Clothing- 16, 696 9,419 7,769 2,819 82 Farinaceous 167 684 Fruits 4,688 939 Horses, 7... 5, 017 314 Oakum, 632 hundredweight 4, 267 479 Seeds 4, 676 1,710 Sheathing felt .. 5, 845 853 Spices, 5,455 pounds 1,075 1, 294 Dutiable: Cotton 28, 249 Wool 23, 908 Almonds, 7,700 pounds Anvils, 270,490 pounds Brushes.. 1, 245 9, 610 Cotton, n. e. g 29, 920 4,372 Copper, manufactures of. Bags... 324 66 Bottles.. Drugs, n. e. 8. 29, 305 15, 117 Earthenware, decorated Brandy, 6,409 gallons 14, 047 · 8, 942 Buttons. Fans.. 4, 148 3,565 Feathers, artificial Burlaps... 3, 195 60 Breadstuffs Fancy goods, n. e. s. 219 2, 611 Coal, 21,023 tons Fire crackers 52, 955 30, 097 Fish, n. e. s... Cement, 209,315 pounds 205, 554 57, 038 Fruits, preserved Cotton cloth, bleached, 136, 116 yards 13, 745 6, 768 Furs Cotton embroidery 61, 366 16, 755 Flax thread…… Cotton knit goods. 14, 345 2, 914 Glassware, n. e. s.. Cotton, n. 6. 8.... 61, 721 638 Iron, n. e. s... Cheese, 27 pounds 19 870 Jewelry, etc Cutlery 15, 408 1, 302 Leather, n. e. 8 Chains, 91,895 pounds 3, 031 327 Meats Chicory, 37,148 pounds 960 25, 008 Metals, n. e. s Cocoa, 19, 160 pounds 5,355 11, 069 Coke, 22,121 tons Nuts, n. e. s 75, 649 2,960 Corks.. Nut oil, 271,640 gallons. 11,548 123, 402 Corsets Opium, prepared, 44, 649 pounds 7,507 305, 596 Opium, crude, 8,842 pounds 25, 917 Oranges 1,958 Paper.. Pickles, sauces.. 21, 795 22, 608 Pipes 628 Rice, 34,535,276 pounds Clay, 164 tons Champagne, 129 dozen Clocks Drugs, n. e. s.. Dolls Earthenware, decorated 1,770 2, 112 28,878 1,867 62, 724 1, 140 597, 275 Earthenware, n. e.s…… 154, 695 7,685 272, 934 Anthracite coal, 7,549 tons Bleaching powder, 557,600 pounds Drugs Diamonds. · CALIFORNIA. 259 ། FOREIGN IMPORTS-continued. List of leading imports into San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. ENGLAND-continued. FRANCE. Dollars. Dutiable-Continued, Free: Firearms 16, 276 Fans.. 997 Fish, n. e. s 1, 308 Fruit, preserved 1, 474 Flax, n. e. s 207, 267 Dutiable: Furs 90, 613 Argols, 595,123 pounds. Drugs Fruit, n.e.s Mineral water, 430 gallons Almonds, 4,405 pounds Dollars. 71, 742 Fancy goods 2, 491 Beads.. Ginger ale, 16,750 dozen 7,010 Buttons Glass, silvered, 5,390 pounds 2, 155 Bottles 695 5, 141 2, 169 719 256 4,806 4,314 Glass, n. e. s.. 18, 304 Glass, fluted and rough, 156,740 Brandy, 18,751 gallons. Brushes pounds. 5,043 Gloves. 7, 167 Hair. 189 Chocolate, 88 pounds. Cocoa, 11 pounds. Corsets.... 3,8595 5, 276 46 8 5, 979 India rubber. 794 Cotton cloth, 74,487 square Jewelry.. 645 yards.. 6, 394 Leather, sole... 179 Cotton embroidery 4, 0474 Leather, n. 6. s 5, 609 Cotton (knit goods). 6, 934 Lead.. Lead, manufactured Meats Marble 1,278 Cotton n. e. 8. 50, 592 1, 858 Calf skins. 10, 411 1,522 Cutlery 1, 458 521 Champagne, 19,908 cases. Metals. 17, 739 Cheese, 15,847 pounds. 2, 123 Metals, pig iron, 8,111 tons 111, 938 Clocks.. 6, 279 Metals, scrap iron, 8,683 tons.. 93, 488 Drugs 7,965 Iron bars, 1,913,521 pounds.. 25, 779 Dolls 5,718 Metals, sheet, plate, etc., 97,839 Earthenware (decorated) 7,057 pounds.. 255 Earthenware, n. e. S.. 5,246 Metals. n. e. s.. 11, 172 Fans 4,471 Metals, steel ingots, 15,461,345 Fancy goods, n. e. s.... 4, 004 pounds... 135, 308 Fish 36 Metals, wire and wire rope, 1,088,973. Flax, manufactured. pounds 53, 892 Files Metals, steel hoops, 1,429,958 pounds 25, 233 Fruits (preserved) Metals, tin plate, 45,733,309 pounds 305, 989 Firearms Machinery. 25, 870 Furs.. 24, 824 79 1,088 483 1,459 Malt liquors, bottles, 65,856 gallons. 46, 068 Glycerine, 2,032,422 pounds 164, 674 Malt liquors, casks, 19, 143 gallons.. 10, 811 Gloves... 26, 931 Matches 349 Glass, silvered 9,820 square Musical instruments.. 112 feet Needles... 432 Glass n. e. 8.. Opium, crude, 64,939 pounds 202, 567 India rubber Olive oil, 8,150 gallons 9, 299 Iron, steel, n. e.s.. Ore, iron, 61 tous.. 2, 525 Jewelry Paint. 36, 533 Leather, n e. 8 Pickles 16, 977 Marble Pipes. 46 Musical instruments 3,637 23, 612 1,683 39 2, 196 13, 208 20 1, 817 Paper. 17, 769 Metals, n. e. s. Paper, pulp, 1,352,400 pounds 13, 474 Meats Precious stones 3,678 Olive oil, 29,244 gallons.. Perfumery. 1, 279 Suda, sal and ash, 4,195,158 pounds Plums and prunes, 3,434 pounds 31,995 Pickles... Soda, caustic, 2,453.748 pounds 39, 019 Perfumery Soda, bicarbonate, 223,061 pounds.. 2, 030 Paper 30, 250 7, 100 29, 213 480 892 9, 148 3,947 Salt, 10,488,837 pounds 39, 266 Paints. Stone 7,352 Pipes Soap, fancy, 761 pounds 264 Precious stones... 3,886 102 34, 393 Silk. 51, 722 Sardines... 88, 875 Spirits, 11,035 gallons 15, 020 Silk. 157, 567 Spices. 4,532 Spirits, 12,453 gallons 16, 510 Sardines 10, 190 Soap, 1,321 pounds Sponges 1, 583 Soap, all other Sumac, 95,130 pounds. 754 18, 369 2,335 Tobacco Seeds 1,576 Vegetables (prepared) 4, 122 16, 489 Tar, 550 barrels 2,788 Vegetables n. e. s... 994 Vegetables 828 Watches. Wine (casks), 16, 100 gallons. 11, 446 606 Wine (bottles) 11,417 dozen Wine, casks, 53, 268 gallons 43, 008 42, 863 Wine bottles, 1,220 dozen Wood, n. e. S... 3, 813 5,486 Wool clothing.. Wood, n. e. s 14,987 7,162 Wool clothing Wool cloth, 131,203 pounds 155, 773 6, 901 Wool cloths, 188,365 yards Wool dress goods, 720,138 square 236, 117 yards... Wool dress goods, 737,671 yards.. 168, 813 156, 323 Wool knit goods. 21, 523 Wool shawls.. Wool shawls... Wool knit goods.. 6, 171 2,751 4, 529 Wool n. e s.... Wool manufactures, n. e. 8. 3,393 8, 313 Watches.. 1,092 260 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. FOREIGN IMPORTS-continued. List of leading imports into San Francisco, 1889—Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. GERMANY. Dollars. Free: American merchandise, returned- spirits, 1,025 gallons 759 yards Drugs, n. e. s 767 Gut strings. Wool, clothing. 5, 126 Mineral water, 60,910 gallons GERMANY-continued. Dutiable-Continued. Woolen dress goods, 7,801 square Wool, manufactured, n. e. s.. Dollars. 1,709 17, 373 8, 296 24, 842 Painting, 1.. 13, 610 Paper stock. 1, 443 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Potash, muriate, 340,000 pounds... 5, 694 Free: Seeds * 6, 279 Bananas Dutiable: Coffee, 27,473 pounds Brushes 94, 371 5, 413 8, 257 Drugs, n. e. s Buttons. 8, 806 Fruits Bottles 46,796 Hides.. Beads.. 1, 657 Cement, 35,128 barrels 37,957 Chicory, 525,505 pounds. 14, 628 Chocolate, 873 pounds. 147 Dutiable: Clay, 49 tons ... 485 Molasses, 59,893 gallons. Rice, 9,862,700 pounds. Cotton, n. e. 8 Sugar, 249,315,406 pounds. 347 1,400 83, 019 6,788 450, 561 13, 355, 421 110 Cocoa, 610 pounds. 364 Fruits, preserved 3,261 Corsets 9, 662 Fancy goods. 34 Cotton, bleached, 2,453 yards. 176 Jewelry 34 Cotton thread, 977 pounds. 618 Metals, n. e. 8 582 Cotton embroidery. 648 Oranges... 10 Cotton, knit goods. 103, 679 Silk, manufactures of. 210 Cotton, n. e. 8 21, 569 Candy 24 Spirits, n. e. s., 338 gallons.. Vegetables. 400 895 Champagne, 71 cases. 725 Wood, n. e. 8 80 Chains, 31,828 pounds Clocks. 1, 823 1, 548 Wool, clothing. 21 Cigars, 53 pounds ... 81 Cheese, 184,553 pounds.. 23, 934 ITALY. Cutlery. 18, 270 Dutiable: Drugs 8, 605 Bottles 233 Dolls 81, 862 Earthenware, decorated 13, 926 Earthenware, n. e. 8 . . 9, 351 Cheese, 31,259 pounds. Drugs Earthenware, decorated 5, 169 1, 428 33 Fancy goods. 3,270 Fancy goods 726 Furs.. 5, 864 Fish, n. e. s 390 Fish, n. e. 8... 3, 142 Marble 23, 113 Fruits, preserved 638 Musical instruments 77 Fans... 3, 321 Olive oil, 71,884 gallons 72, 278 Flax, manufactured.. 6, 929 Paper manufactures 97 Flax, n. e. 8. 5, 891 Pickles 5 Gloves. 5, 328 Rice, 5,512 pounds 159 Glass, plate, silvered, 9,555 square Spirits, 3,627 gallons. 5,329 feet... 3,680 Soap, n. e. 8 --- 4,328 Glass 31,950 Vegetables, prepared.. 27 Hops, 54, 150 pounds. 19, 063 Wine, in casks, 1,032 gallons 689 India rubber.. 1, 557 Iron, pig, 50 tons.... 797 Wine, in bottles, 4,270 dozen Wood, n. e. 8 12,073 249 Iron, 8 crap, 1,977 tons .. 43, 325 Iron, bars, 1,392,418 tons. 22, 097 Jewelry 913 IRELAND. Leather.. 3,365 Dutiable: Metal... 22, 779 Musical instruments. 36, 810 Bottles Cotton, n. e. 8 185 749 Meats, prepared 1, 110 Drugs, n. e. s.. 4 Machinery.. 6, 506 Flax, n. e. 8 58, 126 Malt liquors, casks, 231 gallons………. 248 Ginger ale, 200 dozen.. 57 Malt liquors, bottles, 6,692 gallons 3, 331 Matches 1, 164 Malt liquors, in bottles, 2,724 gallons Spirits, 61 gallons... 1,550 102 Paints. --- 13, 371 Wool, cloth, 336 yards 353 Paper and manufactures of... Paper pulp, 479,520 pounds.. 92,503 13, 547 Pipes 5, 900 JAPAN. Perfumery 1, 504 Free: Sardines and anchovies.. 30 Seeds 494 Stone .. 160 Silk, manufactures of ……. 22, 868 Spirits, 28,583 gallons.. 14, 699 Tobacco. 1, 214 Wine, in casks, 98 gallons Wine, in bottles, 672 dozen…. 131 2,227 Wood, manufactured, n. e. 8 7,908 Wool, cloth, 8,980 pounds.. 10, 652 Du iable: Wool, knit goods 22, 824 Coal, 4,540 tons.. Wool, yarn, 31,781 pounds..... 19, 720 Drugs, n. e. 8. Hides. Seed Silk, raw, 2,833,902 pounds Silk waste, 8,100 pounds Sulphur, crude, 3,261 tous…. Tea, 5,860,330 pounds Whalebone, 1,851 pounds Wood, n. e. 8 Cotton, n. e. s 3, 364 1, 166 4, 210 10, 288, 765 3, 486 33, 553 656, 851 22, 861 2, 811 20, 202 20, 365 CALIFORNIA. 261 FOREIGN IMPORTS-continued. List of leading imports into San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. JAPAN-continued. OTHER ISLANDS AND PORTS. Dollars. Dollars. Dutiable-Continued. Free: Drugs 1,736 Dolls 1,756 Cocoanuts Seeds.. 30, 398 969 Earthenware, decorated 29, 713 Fans 932 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Fancy goods. 2,347 Free: Furs.. 31 Coffee, 69,523 pounds... 11, 091 Jewelry 725 Dutiable: Leather 3,985 Hemp, 2,136 tons.. 485, 107 Lead, manufactured 294 Matting 6, 963 Metals, n. e. s 7,151 Nut oil, 3,936 gallons.. Free: 1, 579 Oranges 2,217 Sugar, 59,515,200 pounds. SCOTLAND. Bleaching powder, 21,800 pounds 157, 600 Paper, manufactures of……. Seeds. 7,889 Pipes. Dutiable: 79 Rice, 2,200,188 pounds.. 38,044 Bottles Rice meal, 3,516,800 pounds. 50, 764 Coal, 12,727 tons Seed.. 913 Coke, 502 tons Silk 150, 673 Cotton, n. e. s 443 506 129 25,548 1, 641 3, 168 Spirits, 586 gallons 477 Wood, n. e. s 8, 306 Flax.. MEXICO. Free: Coffee, 578,007 pounds.. 65, 701 Iron, pig, 2,690 tons.. Drugs, n. e. 8. Earthenware, n. e. s.. Earthenware, decorated Ginger ale, 200 dozen 118 4, 019 89 31,933 185 31,749 Drugs, n. e. 8.... Fruits, n. e. s 9,550 3, 166 Iron, n. e. s.. 10 Metals, n. e. 8 821 Fish, n. e. s 189 Guano, 1,863 tons... 8, 110 Hides 18, 676 Ore, silver. Silk 537, 349 Pepper, 1, 156 pounds 116 Plumbago, 1,040 hundredweight 947 Plaster Paris, 1,440 tons. 2, 160 Malt Liquors (casks), 3,110 gallons.. Malt liquors (bottles), 1,400 gallons. Pipes. Steel, ingots, 52,457 pounds Steel, hoop, etc., 2,917,794 pounds Spirits, 1,944 gallons.. 2, 169 488 754 124 866 47, 033 1, 647 Seeds... Stone.. 20 9, 073 Shell 14, 726 Wool cloth, 15,111 yards.. 17, 748 Spices, n. e. s., 15,912 pounds 1, 335 Dutiable: Wool dress goods, 61,747 yards. Wool, n. e. s. 11, 022 1, 867 Cigars, 382. 255 TAHITI. Copper, manufactures of….. 100 Free: Earthenware, n. e. s. 44 Flax.. Cotton, raw, 56,850 pounds. 9, 652 21 Cocoanuts.. Fruits, preserved. 45, 546 54 Hides. Fruits, n. e. s………. 1,227 44, 879 Shells • Fish, n. e. s 95, 204 634 Metals, n. e. 8 Vanilla beans, 8,067 pounds. 12, 774 23 Wood, n. e. s 953 Meats, n. e. 8. 148 Dutiable: Oranges 6, 619 Fish, n. e. s. Pape, manufactures of... 514 Precious stones 31, 085 Vegetables, n. e. s.. 13 Fruits, preserved……… Metals.. Oranges 28 2, 107 438 3,294 262 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. FOREIGN IMPORTS. Value of imports of merchandise into port of San Francisco from all foreign countries dur- ing the calendar years 1887, 1888, and 1889. From- 1889. Dollars. 1888. 1887. Dollars. China Hawaiian Islands Central America. Great Britain France.. Japan. Mexico.. Germany. • South America... French Possessions Australia British Columbia. East Indies Italy. Spanish Possessions Belgium Asiatic Russia Cuba.. All other countries.. Total imports Total imports by rail* 5, 353, 361 14, 074, 151 2,810, 010 4, 634, 581 1,755, 343 11, 438, 830 816, 048 1, 179, 766 335, 251 182, 039 1, 621, 931 i, 911, 475 1,663, 373 149, 337 Dollars. 6, 337, 771 11, 208, 684 2,795, 869 5, 849, 032 1, 671, 355 9, 717, 003 6, 392, 175 9, 405, 180 2,816, 975 4, 442, 726 1, 540, 971 9, 669, 965 709, 880 457, 003 1, 008, 554 955, 783 290, 997 312, 360 139, 275 169, 396 1, 380, 158 1,673, 208 2,070, 880 117, 848 1, 453, 535 1,310, 509 2,081, 653 2, 152, 869 592, 655 922, 278 490, 129 103, 258 87, 690 532, 523 455, 334 474, 069 52, 718 20, 615 204, 379 51,288, 309 48, 609, 200 41, 606, 685 3,981, 726 3, 147, 904 1, 130, 291 88,855 292, 384 *Included in above totals. Imports by American and foreign vessels brought to San Francisco in 1888 and 1889. 1889-- Steam.. Sail... Totals. 1888. American. Foreign. $13, 720, 282 $15, 810, 857 12, 956, 868 8, 800, 302 26, 677, 150 24, 611, 159 25, 152, 031 23, 457, 169 Statement showing leading imports by sea in 1888 and 1889. Articles. 1888. 1889. Articles. 1888. 1889. Bags Bagging .bales. do.. 29, 805 26, 318 Fish- 1, 438 222 Boots and shoes .cases - Building materials— 9, 374 24, 891 . Salmon.... .bbls. Do...... half bbls. Do.. ..cases. Lumber .feet. Candles.. boxes. Cement .barrels. Cigars cases 43 Cordage, coil, etc 5,652 406, 358, 950 | 476, 506, 931 883 2, 177 373, 199 222, 390 2, 092 18, 245 Fire brick....number. 11, 560 2,797 541, 461 1, 419, 500 7,546 2, 644 829, 198 2, 119, 248 Do.. ..tons. Flour, Oregon, quarter 56 288 sacks.. 563, 260 406, 153 Fruit, etc.- Coal- Fruit ..cases. 32, 548 26, 256 Anthracite and Cum- Cocoanuts..number. 549,000 berland ...tons. 29, 203 811, 165 Australian.. ...do.. 280, 403 21, 588 303, 285 Oranges do. 621, 000 188, 166 Do. ..boxes. Coos Bay. ...do.. 11, 084 16, 315 44, 979 4, 770 Bananas...bunches. English 77, 653 81, 867 ..do.. 107, 133 21, 023 Canned goods...cases. 59, 605 92, 860 Seattle .do.. 298, 118 191, 775 Hemp, foreign... tons. 3,860 2,756 British Columbia do. 298, 515 381, 460 Hides ..number 36, 141 37, 665 Tacoma .do.. 274, 769 198, 853 Hides, Oregon and Scotch do.. 9, 968 Japan.. .do.. 10, 408 12, 727 4,540 Washington.... 54, 409 67, 867 Hops, Oregon ...bales. 1, 315 722 Coffee- Ivory pounds. Java and Sumatra, 1, 200 8, 530 Jute ..tons. 4, 091 lbs. Manilla do.. Hawaiian.. ...do.. Central American, 1,062, 449 5, 200 868, 591 69, 523 27, 473 Malt liquors.. ...bbds. 3, 115 176 65 Do.... .casks. 3, 220 607 lbs 23, 079, 753 19, 038, 567 Mexican • Rio... .do.. 32, 630 ..do.. 298, 870 345, 990 Do Do Do.... Matting. Matches. .barrels. · 7,369 2 161 .cases. .half bbls. ..rolls. .cases. 8, 994 10 26, 939 7,999 430 17, 633 631 118 Cotton, raw .......do... 297, 130 80,742 CALIFORNIA. 263 Statement showing leading imports by sea in 1888 and 1889-Continued. Articles. 1888. 1889. Articles. 1888. 1889. Metals- Salt--Continued. Iron, bar ..number. 82, 140 27,850 English. ..tons. 400 Do bundles. 81, 120 67, 204 Sardines .boxes. 13, 195 Iron pipe...... pieces. 65, 639 78, 159 Sisal and other vegeta- Do.. ...bundles. 57, 830 87,517 ble fiber ..tong. Iron sheets ...number. 4, 230 7,990 Soap Do.... .bundies. 1, 538 Spices.. Iron plates ..pieces. 62, 062 9,586 Spirits- Iron pig. ..tons 23, 136 17, 112 Absinthe Tin pig- .ingots. 20, 867 21, 981 Brandy. ..boxes. pounds cases. ..casks. 31, 267 757, 665 135 15, 036 1,0663 35, 340 756,719 1,729 147 Tin plate Steel. Do Steel plates.. .boxes. 287, 528 435, 118 Do... .cases. 2,216 cases - 17, 095 547 Do ..octaves. 105 2, 012 349 1, 843 601 .bundles. 17, 718 8, 889 Do...... half bbls. 5 1,392 8,808 Bitters.. ……….cases 435 3, 483 Steel blooms... 14, 829 15,729 Gin. ..casks. 111 357 Zinc.. cases. 100 Do barrels, etc. 23 105 Copper. .packages. 543 374 Do ..octaves. 495 330 Copper bars. 82 30 Do... cases. 1,805 2,525 Lead -packages. 490 Rum... ..barrels. 400 260 Yellow metal....c.ses 166 39 Do. ....casks 18 Nails .kegs. 90, 133 69, 724 Do... .packages. 28 32 Do... .boxes. 1, 673 3,890 Whisky casks.. 218 5 Naval stores- Do... barrels. 9,920 4,980 Oakum bales. 3, 211 4,332 Do....half barrels. 151 17 Pitch.. .barrels. 1,900 1,231 Do Rosin ...do.. 12,961 11, 384 Do …….octaves. cases. 2 174 1, 655 1, 695 Tar... ..do.. 680 1,220 Do ..packages. 5,766 1, 505 Oil-coal .... cases. 177, 609 360, 246 Sagar: Do barrels 60 90 Manila -pounds. China cases. 46, 957 30,025 Hawaiian .do.. Lard.....barrels. 225 859 China ..do.. Olive. ..cases. 10, 007 17,865 Central America.d.. 675, 301 4, 261, 707 61, 775, 000 223, 025, 111 59, 515, 200 249, 315, 406 601, 903 3, 462, 161 Whale....barrels. 15, 9111 12, 126 Tea: Various do.. 6, 800 7, 035 China do.. 2,007, 568 1, 508, 767 Do.. cases. 824 850 Japan ..do.. 5,687, 493 5, 860, 339 Opium. ..boxes 2, 628 1,518 Paper cases. 3, 376 2,407 Tobacco... Do. Plaster.. ..bundles. 6, 146 26, 385 barrels. 10, 590 6,995 Provisions— Cheese.... packages Hams, Oregon...do…. Lard, Eastern ..tes. Quicksilver.flasks, No Rice- East Indies......do.. Do.......packages. Wheat, Oregon.centals Whalebone....pounds. 18, 236 cases. 10 29 30, 110 7,303 1, 148 805, 631 542, 235 260, 218 225, 533 1,820 3 997 Wool.. bales. 29, 438 26, 109 55 Wine... .casks. 514 778 200 10, 178 798 2,993 Do..quarter casks. 166 158 Do......half casks. 225 26 Do ..octaves. 954 1, 234 China Hawaiian pounds. 38, 838, 601 34, 535, 276 Do... cases. 37, 194 28, 269 .do.. 12, 010, 700 9,862, 700 Do... baskets. 735 Southern... ..do.. Japan. ..do.. Salt- English.. ..sacks 957, 250 102, 433 237, 360 2,200, 188 Do hogsheads. 26 130 75 90, 574 100, 230 Do. Wire Yeast powder -packages. .do.. .do. 2,079 57, 981 942 100, 878 3 EXPORT TRADE. Complete list of the exports from San Francisco for the year ending December 31, 1889. Articles. Value. Amsterdam. Dollars. Canned goods, 5 cases.. 10 Canned fruit, 345 cases 1,380 Total 1,390 Apia. Arms and ammunition, 9 cases.. Beans, 168 centals. Beer, 26 cases……. Beer, 160 casks.... Beer, 44 barrels... Books, 5 cases. - Brooms, 11 packages. Baking powder, 8 packages Articles. Apia-Continued. Value. Dollars. Boots and shoes, 13 cases.. Bread, 282,560 pounds. Building material- Lumber, 1,113,305 feet. Cement 258 13, 351 22,812 17 Shingles, 85 thousand 94 Pickets, 15 thousand.. 240 291 Posts, 507, number 63 389 Doors, 162, number. 677 247 Various, 155 packages. 861 1, 689 Cereals- 624 Flour, 515 barrels 2,495 69 Wheat, 6 centals. 9 36 Drugs, 12 packages 143 36 Dry goods, 14 packages 2,515 264 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. Complete list of the exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. 2 Apia-Continued. Apia-Continued. Dollars. Dollars. Dry goods, 9,923 yards.. 603 Stoves, 12 packages.. 147 Duck, 2 packages. 49 Starch, 2,960 pounds. 158 Fruit- Canned, 337 cases Raisins, 5 packages Sewing Machines, 2. 46 1, 176 Safes, 5 425 73 Sago, 48 pounds 4 Dried, 250 pounds. 25 Saddlery, 3 packages.. 34 Fish- Stationery, 3 packages 126 Canned, 87 cases.. 415 Tea, 1,276 pounds. 291 Codfish, 1 case 6 Twine, 8 packages. 109 Varions, 5 packages 11 Sirup, 8 cases. 102 Glassware, 6 packages.. 46 Soap, 40 cases.. 100 Groceries, 112 packages. 792 Tobacco, 1,284 pounds. 598 Gin, 240 gallons.. 87 Wire, 3 coils.. 31 Canned goods, 368 cases. Cigars, 2 cases.. 1,379 Wine, 2,393 gallons. 1, 539 139 Wine, 90 cases 296 Crockery, 11 packages Canned meats, 872 cases 115 Vinegar, 1 barrel 15 2,592 Wire goods, 4 packages... 45 Coffee, 4,601 pounds. 906 Clothing, 5 cases 998 Candles, 15 boxes. 38 Meal, 2,171 pounds 109 Wagon material, 5 packages. Woodenware, 31 packages. Total 18 220 82, 241 Machinery, 123 packages. Metals- 228 IN TRANSIT. Fuse, 5,000 feet Iron, 4 packages Notions, 1 package.. Nuts, 1 sack.. Nails, 94 kegs.. Honey, 3 cases.. Furniture, 73 packages Hops, 310 pounds · Hardware, 108 packages Lampstock, 104 packages 42 71 Cigars, 2 cases 80 15 307 Asiatic Russia. 15 438 26 45 1, 906 Arms and ammunition, 74 packages. Agricultural implements, 222 packages Baking powder, 2 packages.. Belting, 1 roll 2, 520 5, 309 28 84 608 Bread, 30,880 pounds 1,696 Liquors, 20 packages. 116 Boots and shoes, 52 cases. 2, 181 Cider, 31 cases 91 Cordage, 40 coils.. 340 Paints, 93 packages. 723 Cotton, 10 bales 105 Powder, 250 pounds. 55 Candles, 30 boxes... 87 Powder, 176 cases.. 370 Crockery, 12 packages.. 214 Paste, 4 packages.. 29 Canned goods, 89 cases 430 Pearl barley, 1 box 5 Canned meats, 80 cases.. 337 Paper, 2 packages... 17 Clothing, 2 packages 88 Pickles, 61 packages.. 87 Cereals: Provisions- Flour, 11, 212) barrels. 43, 886 Butter, 1,357 pounds 229 Dry goods, 107 packages 10, 032 Bacon, 1,688 pounds 239 Dry goods, 3,261 yards 282 Cheese, 99 pounds 16 Drugs, 13 packages. 330 Ham, 1,674 pounds. 236 Lard, 3,060 pounds Various, 110 packages. Miscellaneous merchandise. Rice, 4,667 pounds. Rubber goods, 2 packages.. Naval stores- Tar, 10 barrels. Oars, 191, number Oakum, 6 barrels. Boat, 1 Turpentine, 50 gallons.. Turpentine, 3 cases. Various, 25 packages. Potatoes, 240 packages.. Oils- Coal 1,000 cases Cocoanut, 348 gallons • 302 Effects, 1 package... Fruits: 30 818 · 150 129 *** CENG822 Canned, 45 cases.. 207 Dried, 7,671 pounds. 664 Green, 50 packages.. 75 Furniture, 13 packages.. Fish: 126 68 33 Various, 250 packages. Groceries, 649 packages Glassware, 5 packages. Hardware, 428 packages. Honey, 6 cases 1,050 3, 005 - 41 5,148 35 20 Hats, 1 package. 63 Hops, 882 pounds 126 186 Leather, 14 rolls……. 577 Laths, 70,000 M. 245 5, 459 Machinery, 171 packages. 3, 315 144 Miscellaneous.. 1, 133 Onions, 66 packages. 66 Notions, 10 cases 406 Sugar, 15,253 pounds. 858 Nails, 29 cases……. 145 Salmon, 732 cases.. 4, 514 Oils: Salmon, 205 barrels 1, 055 Salmon, 14 half barrels. 64 Spirits- Whisky, 1,422 gallons 1,485 Whisky, 26 cases. 246 Coal, 250 cases. Naval stores: Boats, 2 . Rosin, 25 barrels Paints, 226 cases". 650 296 174 1, 461 Brandy, 187 gallons.. 179 Powder, 250 pounds 100 Brandy, 18 cases... 160 Provisions: Rum, 42 gallons. 58 Lard, 240 pounds. Various, 3 packages. 9 Butter, 12,102 pounds 26 1, 891 CALIFORNIA. 265 EXPORT TRADE-continued. Complete list of the exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Asiatic Russia—Continued. Australia-Continued. Dollars. Provisions-Continued. Dollars. Groceries, unspecified, 18 packages .934 Beef, 3,991 pounds.. 307 Ham, 1,100 pounds Various, 65 packages. Saddlery, 5 packages. Soap, 625 boxes Salt, 145 tons Salt, 1,020,000 pounds. Stoves, etc., 21 packages.. Spices, 26 packages. Stationery, 97 packages Woodenware, 56 packages. Wine, 736 gallons Building materials: Lumber, 153.500 feet.. Glassware, 16 packages 800 160 Germea, 264,800 pounds 4, 403 713 Gambria, 45 packages 941 225 Honey, 20 cases 125 593 Hay, 50 bales 62 1, 112 Hats, 60 cases 126 6, 100 Hides, 593 bundles 5,457 201 Hops, 201,473 pounds.. 22, 597 596 Hardware, 366 packages 17, 564 729 Jewelry, 18 cases 4, 694 463 Live stock: 533 Poultry, 1 coop 60 Horses, 7.. 4, 200 3,076 Leather, 428 rolls.. Bricks, 12,000 M. Shingles, 10,000 M Coal, 354 tons. Vegetables, 1 package.. Total 31, 193 96 Lamp stock, 10 packages. 325 20 Liquors, 18 packages. 683 2,836 Miscellaneous 12, 295 2 Millstuff, 146 packages. 554 Metals: 109, 399 Steel, 174 packages.. 1,378 Australia. Iron pipe, 78 packages. Iron, 2 packages Machinery, 2,070 packages Meal, 6,400 pounds Middlings, 20 sacks 230 96, 734 422 18 2,000 Arms and ammunition, 339 packages... Agricultural implements, 70 packages. 4,716 661 Building material- Lumber, 6,229,996 feet. Doors. 25,188. Laths, 360 M. Nuts, 317 packages.. 1, 118 201, 630 Notions, 275 packages. 18, 420 63, 801 Nails, 28 kegs 221 1, 329 Nails, 3 cases.. 90 Moldings, 1,158 bundles.. Pickets, 21,960 ... Various, 14 packages Beer, 14 barrels. Beer, 634 casks 1, 400 365 860 140 Needles, 1 package. Onions, 9,929 packages Naval stores, boat 1 .. Oils: 2,693 8,485 150 6, 448 Beans, 303 centals. 689 Lubricating, 5 cases. Whale, 17,124 gallons... 11 5, 352 Books, 124 cases. 16, 407 Belting, 13 rolls 2, 302 Benzine, 2,200 gallons Various, 51 packages. 286 160 Brooms, 11 packages 530 Quicksilver, 10 flasks 425 'Broom corn, 710,027 pounds 28, 352 Bran, 4,555 sacks.. 2, 255 Print material, 421 packages Pickles, 2 cases 10, 9ავ 6 Borax, 8,017 pounds 650 Plated ware, 6 packages. Baking powder, 12 cases Boiler composition, 800 gallons. 318 Paints, 273 packages. 739 2,347 340 Provisions: Bags, 1 barrel ……. 20 Coffee, 156,560 pounds. 31, 356 Beef, 2,400 pounds. Champagne, 5 cases.. 50 Cordage, 1 coil 70 Cereals: Flour, 40,521 barrels 181, 996 Oats, 31,172 centals……. Barley, 30,933 centals Corn, 7,089 centals Wheat, 361,793.16 centals. 42, 421 8, 298 Paper, 31 packages.. 35, 633 Rubber goods, 93 packages.. 516, 943 Salmon, 62,935 cases.. Canned goods, 3, 190 cases Pork, 4,000 pounds Cheese, 257 pounds. Ham, 7,747 pounds Lard, 240 pounds. Various, 152 packages. Casings, 200 packages. 3, 674 2, 409 2,860 354, 377 352 200 44 620 24 800 10, 452 Salmon, 75 barrels. 802 Canned meats, 706 cases. 2, 627 Salmon, 1,280 half barrels Clothing, 61 packages 5, 368 Spirits, brandy, 1 case 7,625 5 Cigars, 14 cases 1,638 Stationery, 26 packages Confectionery, 211 packages. 5, 786 Cider, 10 cases 35 Dry goods, 35 packages 5, 621 Drugs, 779 packages 27, 983 Effects, 43 packages... 2,235 Furniture, 72 packages Fuse, 20 cases 2, 107 666 Fish: Cod, 9,070 cases Canned, 9 cases Skins, 219 packages. - Sewing machines, 25 Sirup, 285 cans. Sirup, 200 barrels Safe, 1... Shrimps, 29,872 pounds Seeds, 37 packages Saddlery, 5 packages. 2, 194 2, 090 875 1, 631 949 60 4,350 1, 051 932 19, 120 Shooks, 1,399 bundles 720 43 Stoves, 1 case Various, 4 packages. Salt, 2 packages.. 70 33 Shells, 1 package 15 22 Tobacco, 1,605 pounds. 800 Fruits: Tea, 108 pounds. 32 Canned, 36, 125 cases 127, 348 Dried, 123,624 pounds. Twine, 5 packages 100 11, 997 Tin plate, 8 boxes. Green, 29,383 boxes 132 42, 960 Vinegar, 1 barrel.. 14 Raisins, 3,517 packages 7,284 Wagon material, 15 packages 1, 115 266 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. Complete list of the exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Australia-Continued. Boston-Continued. Dollars. Dollars. Wire, 3 coils 920 Borax, 82,303 pounds Wooden ware, 1,465 packages 3, 414 Wine, 5 cases 23 Wine, 1,516 gallons 868 Clothing, 2 packages.. Fruits: Canned, 1,650 cases Dried, 79,440 pounds 5, 532 75 Total 2,088, 003 Flax fiber, 102,617 pounds Flax fiber, 646 barrels IN TRANSIT. - Leather, 249 rolls Machinery, 42 packages……. Miscellaneous merchandise 6, 800 9, 853 4,688 24, 906 7,604 4, 150 4, 520 Books, 4 cases.. Cigars, 2 cases Agricultural implements Building material, various, 8 packages Effects, 16 packages.. 951 1,356 Notions, 2 packages. 100 762 Salmon, 279 barrels 3, 374 186 Wine, 204 gallons .. 97 2, 100 Fish: Wool, 3,726,254 pounds.. 1,087, 364 Various, 2 packages. Salt, 5 packages. Miscellaneous 228 26 Total 1,666, 356 GO 600 Bridgeport, Connecticut. Hardware, 140 packages 2, 303 Machinery, 406 packages 18, 403 Salmon, 16,381 cases. Wine, 307 gallons... 160 92, 395 Salmon, 965 barrels 22, 107 British Columbia. Salmon, 464 half barrels.. 2, 718 Salmon, 64 kits... 192 Arms and ammunition, 455 packages. Total. 157, 538 Agricultural implements, 162 packages Asphaltum, 333 barrels 14,777 1,074 703 Beans, 1,186 centals Baltimore. 2,757 Baking powder, 780 packages Books, 28 cases. Wine, 2, 682 gallons 6, 615 1,990 1,370 Bags, 4 bales Batavia. Building material : Fruits, canned, 879 cases 3, 543 Bran, 4,440 sacks. Borax, 791 pounds... Lumber, 4, 175 feet 85 2,264 64 2,576 Canned goods, 15 cases 50 Moldings, 3 bundles. 48 Honey, 7 cases 46 Plaster, 1,617 barrels Meat, 20 barrels 4, 632 250 Bricks, 13,500 .... 602 Salmon, 484 cases 2,924 Various, 10 packages 2, 178 Beer, 520 casks 4, 967 Total 6, 813 Beer, 30 cases 88 Beer 530 barrels 5, 221 Belgium. Beer, 12 kegs 42 Boots and shoes, 206 cases 7,996 Books, 4 cases Lumber, 56 M feet.. 80 Bread, 25,271 pounds. 1, 335 890 Brooms, 20 packages 282 Wheat, 154,433.83 centals 205, 200 Belting, 15 packages 654 Boiler compound, 50 cases.. 25 Total.. 206, 170 Bluestone, 726 pounds. 42 Bark, 195 sacks 175 Belknap, Montana. Cereals: Flour, 3,904 barrels. 16,767 Sugar, 20,600 pounds 1, 500 Barley, 3,301 centals 3,503 Corn, 1,771 centals Big Sandy, Montana. 2,262 Wheat, 254 centals. 411 Oats, 211 centals 700 Cordage, 5 coils 150 Canned goods, 636 cases 3, 415 Sugar. 30,300 pounds 2,200 Canned meats, 1.024 cases. 4, 421 Clothing, 26 packages.. Total. 2, 350 Cordage, 98 coils 951 2,927 Cigarettes, 3 cases 184 Bombay. Coffee, 166,851 pounds. 31, 779 Champagne, 336 cases.. 1, 295 Brandy, 50 gallons 80 Confectionery, 53 packages 790 Canned fruits, 497 cases. 1, 951 Coal, 69,429 pounds 6, 004 Cheese, 427 pounds 44 Cider, 404 cases 1, 560 Effects, 4 packages 325 Cider, 7 barrels 127 Canned goods, 22 cases 90 Coke, 25,400 pounds. Salmon, 10 cases 60 Cars, 54 226 31,282 Total 2,550 Boston. Beans, 3,400 centals 6, 518 Beeswax, 3 cases. 85 Beeswax, 4,122 pounds . 1,000 Cigars, 3 cases Candles, 334 cases. Crockery, 18 packages Cooperage, 20 packages Dope, 71,250 pounds. Dry goods, 19,075 yards Dry goods, 197 packages Drugs, 801 packages.... 270 714 189 180 2, 138 • 1,178 12, 860 11, 162 CALIFORNIA. 267 EXPORT TRADE-continued. Complete list of the exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. British Columbia—Continued. British Columbia—Continued. Dollars. Duck, 16 packages 474 Oils-Continued. Express, 503 packages. 20, 217 Lubricating, 2,209 gallons.. Eggs, 170 cases. 1, 115 Cocoa, 6,412 gallons Effects, 502 cases. 9,370 Sperm, 99 gallons Dollars. 730 2, 837 51 Fish: Benzine, 60 cases 108 Canned, 1,739 cases. 8, 534 Coal, 7,615 cases i Dried, package.. Cod, 316 cases. Various, 177 packages.. Salt fish, 23 packages 3 Lard, 184 gallons. 774 463 Lard, 2 cases.. Linseed, 30 gallons... 102 Fruits: Canned, 2,255 cases.. 8, 165 Dried, 108,332 pounds 9, 726 Green, 4,371 packages. Raisins, 1,158 packages. Furniture, 122 packages 4,360 2,050 4, 041 Feed, 14,965 sacks. Fuse, 96 M feet 10, 583 413 Fuse, 15 cases.. Furnishing goods, 2 packages. Groceries: Unspecified, 748 packages. Glassware, 182 packages .. Ground Barley, 5,853 sacks.. 343 141 3, 540 1,990 4,313 Glue, 18 barrels.. Hops, 15,413 pounds Hats, 96 cases.. 401 2, 302 4, 811 Hay, 168 bales……. Honey, 388 cases Hardware, 4,670 packages. Jewelry, 1 package 1,931 53, 805 238 407 Various, 140 packages Nut, 432 gallons.. Benzine, 14, 100 gallons. Olive, 60 cases Olive, 120 gals Paste, 1,110 packages Paints, 309 packages. Pickles, 517 packages. Potatoes, 971 packages.. Platedware, 6 packages Provisions: - Bacon, 2,856 pounds. Casings, 5 packages Butter, 207,666 pounds Cheese, 12, 208 pounds.. Lard, 11,470 pounds. Hams, 444 pounds.. Pork, 10, 958 pounds Beef, 8,092 pounds Various, 534 packages Paper, 134 bundles. Pearl barley, 695 boxes. 5,750 142 16 21 1.900 272 1, 256 129 111 968 4,335 570 916 166 310 219 31, 448 1, 945 962 74 1,282 Live stock: Mules, 3. Powder, 15,210 pounds 195 Powder, 3 cases Horses, 4... Poultry, 14 coops Liquors, 173 packages. Leather, 194 rolls.. Lampstock, 28 packages Malt, 1,478,173 pounds.. Meal, 355,566 pounds.. Middlings, 242 sacks.. 1,300 119 · 971 6, 922 Rice, 21,484 pounds.. 660 Powder, 1,208 kegs. Printing material, 132 packages.. Quicksilver, 11 flasks. Rubber goods, 567 packages. 27, 114 8,337 2, 033 Syrup, 325 cases. 596 3, 599 979 978 1,049 23 2, 103 4,833 468 811 19, 242 1, 650 Syrup, 174 barrels.. Syrup, 698 kegs Marble, 304 pieces.. 3,999 Salmon, 2 kits... Millstuff, 2,025 packages 4, 813 Soda, 78,942 pounds 863 1,076 1, 733 6 Miscellaneous merchandise. 22, 951 Soap, 107 boxes... 793 Machinery, 459 packages. 31, 243 Stationery, 212 packages. 5, 427 Matches, 1,162 tins…. 1,527 Metals: Sugar, 983,091 pounds 57, 683 Seeds, 309 packages Iron pipe, 1,139 packages.. 1, 829 6, 868 Iron pipe, 5,599 packages. Stoves, 280 packages. 2,092 16, 068 Steel, 564 packages.. 5, 638 Copper, 10,550 pounds. 1, 918 Copper, 2 packages Lead, 132,139 pounds 187 6, 891 Zinc, 10,114 pounds Rails, 525. Naval stores: Oars, 102 bundles Anchors, 346. Rosin, 60 barrels Boats, 3... Tar, 22 barrels Oakum, 343 bundles. Pitch, 118 barrels Nails, 648 kegs.. Nails, 102 cases Nuts, 162 packages.. Notions, 122 cases. 672 840 Saddlery, 149 packages Salt, 521,413 pounds Salt, 432 sacks Spirits: Whisky, 164 cases. Whisky, 812 gallons. Brandy, 39 cases. 4, 427 3,390 938 Brandy, 176 gallons Turpentine, 27 cases Turpentine, 1,710 gallons 125 Various, 1 package. 1,078 Shooks, 1 bundle. 822 Safes, 2. 1,280 Sealskins, 50 sacks.. 1,321 2, 107 161 425 130 10 130 4,000 499 Sewer pipe, 13,673 packages 8, 208 261 Spices, 175 packages. 237 Sewing machines, 176 1, 688 Shrimps, 6,624 pounds.. 431 Skins, 8 bales Various, 176 packages 2,284 Onions, 523 packages Oil cake meal, 437 sacks Oils: Nut, 16 cases.. Whale, 10 gallons Whale, 20 barrels 1, 512 4, 615 701 82 3,003 279 1, 313 2,987 511 Sago, 18,010 pounds Starch, 729 packages. Shelis, 8 packages.. Tea, 24,935 pounds Tin plate, 11,009 boxes 1,525 50 34 6, 089 40,492 Tobacco, 50,172 pounds 17, 249 721 Twine, 265 packages 32, 076 Tin, 255,470 pounds 36, 479 185 Tapioca, 18,223 pounds. 922 5 350 Vegetables, 764 packages Vinegar, 44 barrels.. 1, 814 249 ... 268 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. Complete list of the exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. 1 Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Wire, 607 coils. Woodenware, 311 packages British Columbia—Continued. Wagon material, 146 packages Wire goods, 307 packages. White lead, 1,980 pounds. Wine, 13, 115 gallons.. Wine, 566 cases Butaritari—Continued. Dollars. Dollars. 3, 713 Building material: 1, 311 Lumber, 49, 262 feet... 882 2,274 Lime, 1 barrel... 2 257 Various, 2 packages 18 313 Boots and shoes, 2 cases 65 8, 563 Bread, 8,800 pounds. 415 2, 481 Bags, 50 bales.. 170 Cereals: Total 901, 613 Flour, 87 barrels.. 541 IN TRANSIT. Barley, 70 centals Wheat, 4 centals. 90 6 Corn, 4 centals.. 5 Brandy, 214 gallons.. 460 Crockery, 7 packages. 82 Cigars, 3 cases. 344 Cigars, 1 case.. 80 Cotton, 14 bales. 1, 500 Canned meats, 657 cases 2,700 Clothing, 3 packages.. 183 Canned goods, 17 cases 48 Dry goods, 13 packages 1, 309 Cigarettes, 1 case. 35 Drugs, 8 packages 271 Coffee, 1,108 pounds. 208 Fish: Candles, 7 boxes.. 39 Effects, 26 packages. Various, 3 packages Earthenware, 34 packages 100 2, 320 2, 189 Glassware, 3 packages. 200 Groceries, 159 packages. 186 Furniture, 1 package 100 Hardware, 23 packages 817 Liquors, 90 cases Metals: Iron bars, 428……. Marble, 4 packages. 3, 103 216 44 Hay, 5 bales Opium, 600 pounds 240 Paint, 40 packages 500 Hats, 5 cases Paper, 1 package 34 Liquors, 2 packages. Printing material, 6 packages. 160 Manufactures of metal, 2 packages.. 14 Tar, 20 barrels.. 180 Seeds, 10 packages 15 Miscellaneous merchandise 434 Cordage, 9 bales. Clothing, 3 packages. Cider, 4 cases... Dry goods, 58 packages Dry goods, 1, 000 yards Drugs, 43 packages Furniture, 6 packages Groceries, 274 packages. Glassware, 10 packages. Honey, 1 case • Hardware, 118 packages. Lamp stock, 8 packages. Meal, 300 pounds. . Miscellaneous Notions, 24 packages. Paper, 1 package 280 55 12 5,690 30 1,261 44 920 90 8 12 1,788 56 150 100 18 670 516 ... 23 Machinery, 33 packages.. 33 Onions, 25 packages.. 31 Manufactures of wood, 3 packages 230 Naval stores: · Rice, 9,600 pounds 1,600 Boats, 7. 930 Soap, 1 box Stationery, 1 package. - Soda, 3,142 pounds Tea, 2,000 pounds Manufactures of cotton, 17 packages.. Tin plate, 7,935 boxes. Twine, 373 packages. 50 Various, 3 packages. 183 37 Paints, 96 packages. 301 92 Powder, 100 pounds. 38 475 Powder, 22 kegs………. 110 2,930 Potatoes, 126 packages. 189 19, 208 9, 433 Wool, 73,886 pounds.. Total Calcutta. Canned fruit, 198 cases.. 1, 025 Hops, 5,751 pounds. 900 Effects, 1 package.. 160 Rice, 65,540 pounds Notions, 1 package. 100 Sirup, 4 cases.. Salt, 1,362 pounds.. Total 2, 185 Salt, 3 sacks Cedar Rapids (Iowa). Borax, 24,576 pounds.... 1, 196 Butaritari. 14, 372 61, 952 Oils: - Coal, 126 cases Various, 16 packages Provisions: Butter, 1,654 pounds.. Beef, 22,260 pounds Cheese, 295 pounds. Ham, 494 pounds.. Lard, 1,420 pounds. Various, 9 packages.. 206 268 477 1, 057 56 97 142 36 1,442 15 18 15 Soap, 17 boxes Sugar, 3,554 pounds. Spirits: 80 226 Gin, 215 cases.. 479 Brandy, 20 cases. 160 Whisky, 10 gallons. 20 Arms and ammunition, 28 cases 243 Salmon, 180 cases 965 Beans, 3 centals Brooms, 2 packages. Beeswax, 37 pounds Beer, 102 casks 7 Tin plate, 3 boxes.. 28 6 Twine, 4 cases... 82 9 Tobacco, 18, 144 pounds 5, 029 1, 022 Books, 2 cases Building material: Cement, 6 barrels. Shingles, 52 M... Laths, 6,250... 40 White lead, 2,600 pounds. Wire goods, 2 packages.. 140 15 Wooden ware, 30 packages. 173 24 Canned fruit, 12 cases. 36 96 Vinegar, 1 barrel.... 16 8 Wine, 215 gallons... 144 CALIFORNIA. 269 EXPORT TRADE-continued. Complete list of the exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Butaritari—Continued. Central America—Continued. Dollars. Dollars. Wine, 47 cases 274 Cars, 8 880 Tea, 108 pounds. 27 Copperas, 11,802 pounds. Cider, 2 cases 220 17 Total 32, 113 Dry goods, 340 packages 13, 350 Dry goods, 314 yards 176 IN TRANSIT. Duck, 8 packages 350 Drugs, 291 packages 5, 215 Cigars, 2 cases 175 Effects, 225 packages.. Fish: 6, 192 Canada. Beans, 21 centals.. $50 Canned fruit, 666 cases 3, 080 Dried fruit, 73,585 pounds 5, 942 Effects, 14 packages. 200 Honey, 20 cases 144 Hops, 12,445 pounds... 1, 203 Leather, 153 packages.. Machinery, 21 packages Matches, 50 tins. Nuts, 11 sacks Notions, 1 package Raisins, 75 packages Skins, 1 bale. Wine, 306 gallons Wine, 3 cases ………. Wool, 55,950 pounds Total Central America. Arms and ammunition, 112 packages Agricultural implements, 130 packages. - Boots and shoes, 160 packages 6,-149 1, 025 Canned, 602 cases Codfish, 643 cases.. Codfish, 37 packages Dried, 2 packages Various, 60 packages Fruits: Canned, 696 cases Dried, 5,481 pounds Raisins, 879 packages Green, 1,358 packages. 2, 812 1, 710 194 17 187 3, 163 644 3,254 70 Furniture, 1,262 packages 32 Fuse, 427,000 feet 75 Fuse, 61 cases.. 94 40 230 20 Glue, 26 barrels 12,571 Furnishing goods, 8 packages.. Groceries, unspecified, 649 packages.. Glassware, 248 packages.. Hardware, 3,324 packages.. 4,605 3, 273 2, 515 27, 048 2, 106 1, 066 286 Hops, 18,293 pounds 30, 925 Hats, 42 packages 408 38, 326 3, 411 2, 862 Hay, 431 bales.. Hides, 1 bundle Jewelry, 10 packages. Live stock: Dogs, 5.. Horses, 21. Cows, 20 1, 157 19 2, 917 100 5, 198 1, 283 Bran, 20 sacks 11 5, 535 Brooms, 95 packages.. 693 2, 165 2, 003 Bread, 56,825 pounds. Poultry, 9 coops. 165 4, 641 Hogs, 9. 235 Building materials: Lampstock, 138 cases.. Lumber, 1,396, 157 feet. 1,482 33, 502 Doors, 124 Liquors, various, 322 packages 1, 354 1, 036 Leather, 4 rolls. Shingles, 165 M 78 233 Metals: Moldings, 2 bundles 127 Iron, 2,150 packages.. 5,287 Ties, 40,904 12, 290 Iron pipe, 2,314 packages. Coment, 648 barrels. 7,216 2,348 Lead, 11,353 pounds. 674 Bricks, 294 M... 2, 314 Steel, 168 bundles Plaster, 1 barrel……… 2,558 3 Copper, 14 packages Various, 489 packages 167 4, 206 Beer, 1,347 casks.. 14, 139 Beer, 1,427 barrels 12, 904 Copper, 202 pounds Rails, 94. Machinery, 2,803 packages 28 451 Beer, 3,805 cases 47, 107 16, 190 Belting, 38 rolls.. Meal, 22,445 pounds 474 3,480 Millstuff, 5 sacks.. Bags, 229 bales….. 15 2,816 Matches, 64 tins Books, 115 cases 984 8, 295 Middlings, 205 sacks Beans, 3,012 centals.. 170 7,866 Baking powder, 46 packages 570 Malt, 884,992 pounds. Marble, 24 packages Borax, 200 pounds.. ... 18 Miscellaneous Coke, 7,260 pounds. 64 Cigarettes, 4 cases.. Nuts, 74 packages. 221 Coffee, 1,410 pounds.. Cereals: Notions, 358 packages. 16, 813 752 46,635 688 12, 692 245 Nails, 602 kegs. 2, 001 Nails, 171 cases Flour, 131,060 barrels Wheat, 29,577 centals 650 610, 752 Naval stores: 4, 761 Barley, 531 centals... 482 Corn, 10,120 centals Turpentine, 759 gallons Turpentine, 4 cases 491 20 11, 733 Tar, 103 barrels Oats, 748 centals 530 901 Canned goods, 1,343 cases... Oakum, 3 bales 10 6, 417 Anchors, 34. Canned meats, 252 cases 433 1, 081 Cordage, 131 coils. Rosin, 52 packages. 157 5, 182 Pitch, 9 barrels Clothing, 7 packages.. 44 2, 903 Confectionery, 87 cases Boats, 11.. 16, 200 1, 275 Oars, 40 bundles Coal, 104,701 pounds 575 968 Candles, 543 boxes Various, 180 packages 1, 198 1, 464 Oils: Champagne, 14 packages.. Crockery, 170 packages.. Chinese goods, 3 packages.. 153 3,774 Coal, 4,230 cases 8, 576 Lard, 1,384 gallons……. 786 50 Lard, 10 cases. 73 270 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. Complete list of the exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Central America—Continued. Central America—Continued. Dollars. Oils-Continued. Dollars. Olive, 13 cases.. Wire goods, 7 packages 141 89 Linseed, 2,849 gallons Wine, 44, 108 gallons.. 34, 392 1, 536 Wine, 2,514 cases Linseed, 11 cases. 10, 092 33 Lubricating, 8,469 gallons. Nut, 1, 100 gallons. Nut, 3 cases.. -- Cocoa, 2,250 gallons. Benzine, 80 gallons. Cocoanut, 206 gallons Naphtha, 17,740 cases Gasoline, 1,546 gallons Various, 140 packages Onions, 390 packages.. Paste, 698 packages. Paints, 749 packages.. Paper, 132 packages Pickles, 303 packages 556 Total. 1,097, 662 109 55 IN TRANSIT. 1,075 58 83 Dry goods, 155 packages 4, 722 363 1,776 Rice, 1.880 pounds... Bags, 7 bales.. Manufactured wool, 10 packages Miscellaneous merchandise 22, 260 362 2, 806 32 156 788 Wooden ware, 15 packages 1,608 5,983 Total 230 25, 596 2, 689 1, 365 Ceylon. Powder, 165,750 pounds. 20, 709 Potatoes, 5,381 packages 6, 534 Groceries, 1 package. Plated ware, 1 package 1, 050 Wino, 2 cases.. Pearl barley, 18 packages 29 Printing material, 32 packages. 1, 315 Total 9 8 17 → ∞ Provisions: Butter, 6,635 pounds 1,770 Cheese, 13, 878 pounds. Charlestown (Massachusetts). 2,649 Hams, 30,041 pounds • 3, 989 Wine, 49 gallons... 30 Lard, 13, 848 pounds 1, 403 Bacon, 1, 560 pounds. Beef, 2,420 pounds. Pork, 248 pounds Various, 79 packages.. Quicksilver, 31 Ĥlasks Kice, 642,878 pounds Rubber goods, 78 packages.. Spirits: Whisky, 303 cases. 227 Chicago 144 21 Borax, 365,046 pounds. 28, 637 431 1, 461 Brandy, 2,929 gallons.. Canned fruit, 400 cases 5, 274 1, 420 14, 238 Canned goods, 621 cases. 3, 815 5, 965 Dried fruit, 157,700 pounds... 15, 403 Salmon, 970 cases 4,820 3, 882 Salmon, 70 barrels 770 Whisky, 5,452 gallous · 11, 693 Miscellaneous 93 Brandy, 39 cases 285 Nuts, 448 sacks Brandy, 1,311 gallons. 3, 669 3, 159 Wine, 6,815 gallons. Salmon, 3 kits. 29 Salmon, 464 cases……… 2,840 Soap, 64 boxes. 235 Stationery, 167 packages 7,004 Total Chile. 4, 108 67,709 Sewing machines, 36 packages. 1,239 Spices, 561 packages 13, 336 Stoves, etc., 114 packages 1,850 Seed, 94 packages 1,295 Starch, 9,422 pounds. 517 Safes, 24.. 2,222 Shooks, 4,383 bundles 3, 451 3 Effects, 2 packages Hardware, 2 packages Lumber, 8 M feet Notions, 2 packages. Saddlery, 5 packages. Stationery, I package. Wheat, 16,555 centals. 125 100 130 5 541 50 Sirup, 2 kegs Soda, 28,357 pounds. 23, 177 707 Sugar, 30,226 pounds 1, 941 Total 24, 118 Salt, 861 pounds 16 Salt, 1 sack 2 IN TRANSIT. Sirup, 1 case. 6 Skins, 1 bale Shrimps, 503 pounds Saddlery, 122 packages. Sago, 5,170 pounds... Tallow, 262,655 pounds Tea, 23,178 pounds Twine, 18 packages Tobacco, 12 pounds. Tin plate, 13 boxes.. Tin, 912 pounds 17, 139 41 143 Dry goods, 1 package. Miscellaneous 5,988 294 Total 200 10 210 4, 065 China. 2,220 4 Arms and ammunition, 39 packages. 2, 449 173 Beans, 3,189 centals 7,780 250 Tapioca, 25 pounds... Vinegar, 23 barrels. Vegetables, 50 packages.. 324 Wooden ware, 440 packages 5, 487 Wagon materials, 370 packages. 14, 208 Wire, 4,289 coils. 18,858 White lead, 25,849 pounds.. Beer, 6 barrels.……….. 1,278 Beer, 2 casks.. Bread, 25,216 pounds. 2, 882 2 Boots and shoes, 5 cases 245 165 Baking powder, 171 cases. 770 Brooms, 24 packages 249 Books, 53 cases Beer, 60 cases... 9, 319 387 84 21 CALIFORNIA. 271 EXPORT TRADE-continued. Complete list of the exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. China-Continued. China-Continued. Dollars. Dollars. Bags, 8 bales... 270 Naval stores : Bones, 13 boxes 3,500 Oars, 8 bundles 70 Bran, 13 sacks 8 Various, 2 packages.. 46 Boiler fluid, 1,000 gallons. 500 Oils: Building material: Lumber, 11,000 feet.. 230 Doors, 10 153 Laths, 220 M………… 69 Various, 17 packages. 208 Cigars, 2 cases 28 Crockery, 6 cases Dry goods, 45 packages. Canned goods, 1,435 cases.. Canned meats, 1,610 cases . Cigarettes, 9 cases Clothing, 40 packages... Coffee, 162 pounds Confectionery, 24 cases Cider, 61 cases Cider, 55 kegs. Cordage, 32 coils. Chinese goods, 7 cases Cereals: Flour, 360,601 barrels Oats, 593 centals.. Dry goods, 2,035 yards Drugs, 212 packages Effects, 575 cases Electrical appliances, 95 packages. Fish: Canned, 146 cases Codfish, 1,752 cases 212 6, 253 5, 912 32, 641 12,000 Provisions: 762 2,430 Lard, 1,027 gallons Whale, 6,400 gallons... Onions, 16 packages.. Pearl barley, 9.924 boxes. Paste, 108 packages... Pickles, 29 packages Butter, 9,988 pounds Cheese, 79,365 pounds.. Ham, 28,281 pounds. Bacon, 27, 198 pounds.. 150 2, 615 19 11, 080 240 110 2, 901 10, 671 4,053 3,949 22 Lard, 780 pounds. 81 1,030 170 Beef, 36,913 pounds 2,046 Pork, 23,882 pounds………. 2, 132 19 2,032 Various, 1,384 packages.. 11, 713 Potatoes, 2,699 sacks. 3, 469 7 Paper, 5 packages…. 528 Paints, 3 packages. 32 1, 646, 246 Rubber goods, 9 packages 337 929 4,38) 276 Safes, 2 100 Spirits: Whisky, 164 gallons.. 527 5,055 Whisky, 27 cases 274 Brandy, 5 cases 55 Soap, 231 packages. 337 Sugar, 4,189 pounds. 357 750 Starch, 5,436 pounds. 476 5,061 Stationery, 2 packages 93 Codfish, 24 packages.. 71 Shrimps, 823,815 pounds 77,710 Salt, 22 packages.. 178 Shrimp shells, 3,235,046 pounds 40, 299 Dried, 1,460 packages. 16,925 Seeds, 7 packages.. 151 Various, 1,979 packages.. 23, 293 Sewing machines, 14………. 433 Fruits: Salmon, 1,006 cases. 5,771 Canned, 2,735 cases 12, 815 Salmon, 60 kits.. 108 Dried, 19.506 pounds Raisins, 215 packages. Green, 5,427 packages. Feed, 2 sacks Furniture, 125 packages. 1, 490 Salmon, 1 half barrel.. 6 1. 069 Shells, 946 packages.. 21, 202 10, 685 Sirup, 40 kegs 84 3 Sirup, 118 cases.. 600 4,050 Spices, 5 cases 49 Fish boues, 287 boxes 16,000 Saddlery, 3 cases.. 173 Groceries, 528 packages. 4, 607 Stoves, etc., 36 packages.. 596 Ginseng, 225,352 pounds 609, 548 Salt, 4 sacks.... 5 Glassware, 2,076 packages. 6, 894 Salt, 3,800 pounds.. 32 Horns, 61 sacks .. 150 Twine, 1 case…. Hay, 135 bales... 13 312 Tallow, 106 pounds. 68 Hops, 3,022 pounds. 333 Tea, 20 pounds.. 7 Honey, 104 cases 473 Hardware, 293 packages. Vegetables, 324 packages 851 6, 097 Vinegar, 11 barrels 55 Ivory, 7 packages. 3, 621 Jewelry, 1 package…. 576 Live stock: Cows, 18 1, 313 Leather, 27 rolls Woodenware, 26 packages Wire, 24 coils.. - Wagon material, 3 packages Wire goods, 10 packages. 2, 516 325 51 59 1, 962 Wine, 3,710 gallons Lampstock, 390 packages 2,254 8, 272 Wine, 30 cases Liquors, 13 packages.. 116 158 Metals: Total.. Solder, 6, 692 pounds.. 2, 677, 670 1,009 Brass, 7,548 pounds 300 IN TRANSIT. Lead, 350 pounds. 90 Copper, 20,220 pounds. 2,000 Iron, 1 package Bread, 5 packages 5 Bags, 3 bales.. Meal, 26, 518 pounds. 51 150 1,059 Machinery, 726 packages Clothing, 1 package. 100 28, 102 Cigars, 5 cases Malt, 42,909 pounds 1,208 934 Drugs, 5 packages Miscellaneous merchandise. 1,826 51, 626 Marble, 33 packages Dried fruit, 12 packages. 280 1, 098 Millstuffs, 69 packages…. Dried fish, 53 packages 300 182 Dry goods, 1 package 200 Nails, 73 kegs... 247 Fungus, 136 sacks Nuts, 41 sacks 289 Notions, 11 cases……………………. 481 Hardware, 1 package Miscellaneous merchandise 1, 919 107 2, 580 272 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. Complete list of the exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. China—Continued. Value. Articles. Value. England. Dollars. Metals: IN TRANSIT-continued. Copper, 6,000 pounds.. Asphaltum, 4 barrels 50 Dollars. Bark, 4, 389 sacks. 6, 660 100 Bark, 25,400 pounds. 254 Manufactures of wool, 1 package 50 Beeswax, 1,903 pounds.. 400 Manufactures of wood, 2 packages. 200 Boiler fluid, 53, 190 gallons.. 26, 595 Manufactures of cotton, 13 packages... 400 Books, cases 200 Bran, 905 sacks 200 Total 9, 776 Bags, 4 bales... 422 Boat, 1... 122 Concord (New Hampshire). Brandy, 66,451 gallons. 43, 005 Canned goods, 825 cases 2,830 Wool, 93,097 pounds..... 18, 000 Cotton, 239 bales... 16, 284 Coffee, 437 pounds.. 52 Corea. Copper matte, 125 sacks.. 2,000 Copper, 59,595 pounds.. 4,000 Bread, 242 pounds. 10 Champagne, 221 cases.. 2,984 Effects, 3 packages.. 280 Canned fish, 2 cases.... Cereals: 19 Fruits: Canned, 5 cases 30 Barley, 246,698,058 centals. 311, 933 Raisins, 2 packages 3 Flour, 77,001½ barrels……… 307, 050 Canned goods, 4 cases.. 13 Wheat, 3,617,628.51 centals... 4,898, 515 Drugs, 2 packages.. 63 Drugs, 64 packages.. 912 Dry goods, 1 package. 24 Effects, 50 cases. 4,595 Honey, 1 case…. 8 Furni ure, 34 packages . Fruits: Cereals: Flour, 1 barrel.... Canned, 65,021 cases 6 Groceries, 1 package. Miscellaneous 6 155 Dried, 56,090 pounds French goods, 17 packages. 300 285, 295 2,000 131 Provisions: Groceries, 10 packages.. 40 Bacon, 66 pounds 12 Grease, 33,840 pounds 4, 690 Cheese, 376 pounds. 59 Honey, 2,098 cases. 19, 469 Lard, 180 pounds. 19 Lumber, 1,245 M feet. 22, 216 Hams, 245 pounds. Lumber, 115,566 cubic feet 40, 000 36 Paste, 4 packages. 3 Leather, 10 rolls 360 Pickles, 1 package 3 Liquors, 42 packages. 126 • Sirup, 2 cases……… Jam, 92 tons. 11, 229 22 Canned meats, 8 cases Mustard seed, 573,432 pounds 11, 530 37 Miscellaneous 233 Total 789 Notions, 2 packages 125 Prima vera logs, 290 750 Pickles, 258 packages. 1,710 Ore, 179 sacks. 898 40 Ore, 8,570 pounds Orchilla, 120 bales Shells, 4,631 packages. 430 1,300 115, 176 4, 707 1 Denmark. Wine, 50 gallons Detroit (Michigan). Bark, 441 sacks. 5,085 Spelter, 1,218 sacks Borax, 20,980 pounds. 1,600 Salmon, 357,585 cases Brandy, 160 gallons Total 314 Tinplate, 101 boxes. Tallow, 108,051 pounds... 6, 999 Wagon material, 2 packages. Wooden ware, 7 packages. Ecuador. Wine, 94 cases.. Effects, 1 package Bags, 5 bales.. Beans, 1,207 centals. Canned goods, 1 case.. Canned meats, 20 cases Flour, 27,638 barrels.. Potatoes, 40 packages. Miscellaneous 125 2, 525 4 Total Wine, 20,584 gallons. Zinc dross, 224, 410 pounds. 1, 921, 334 405 53, 465 48 500 10,432 675 5,610 8, 157, 490 88 150 121, 597 IN TRANSIT. 42 250 Books, 1 case…. Rubber goods, 1 package. 20 Rope, 1 box.. Spices, 3 packages Stationery. 4 packages. Tea, 1,080 pounds 162 Naval stores: Rosin, 2 barrels. Wine, 39 gallons *ga Nh Salmon, 32,922 cases.. 4 Wool, 12,414 pounds 66 19 Total. 60 188, 099 1,252 189, 411 12 Fanning's Islands. 30 Wine, 11 cases 50 Boats, 2. 352 Cordage, 2 coils.. 67 Total.. 125, 133 Drygoods, 4 packages. 111 Groceries, unspecified, 26 packages. 56 Easton (Pennsylvania). Hardware, 17 packages. 44 Lumber, 10,822 feet.. 179 Salmon, 350 cases.... 1, 838 Oars, 15.. 30 CALIFORNIA. 273 EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Fanning's Island-Continued. Germany-Continued. Dollars. Dollars. Tar, 1 barrel . 6 Glassware, 12 packages 500 Wine, 15 gallons.. 29 Canned goods, 33 cases 417 Effects, 23 packages 3,210 Total.. 874 Fish, cod, 7 cases 23 Fruit- Fargo (N. Dakota). Canned, 204 cases 840 Cauned fruit, 327 cases.. 1, 200 Horns, 48 sacks Fiji Islands. Canned goods, 85 cases Canned fruits, 236 cases Canned meat, 5 cases Canned fish, 35 cases. Cereals, flour, 70 barrels... Honey, 1 case. 418 982 ·· 25 -212 345 Dried, 937 pounds. Raisins, 1 package….. Honey, 1,065 cases Liquors, 104 packages.. Logs, 500 Machinery, 3 packages. Metal, copper bars, 20. Notious, 4 packages Phosphates, 112 tons.. 3, 475 200 1,000 255 2,800 80 54 3 140 8, 764 1,500 6 Machinery, 2 packages Nuts, 1 sack Paint, 25 packages. Salmon, 598 cases Salmon, 8 balf barrels. 100 Stationery, 1 package. Skins, 65 bales 7 Salmon, 548 cases 475 Shells, 1,300 packages .. 500 3,288 10, 039 3, 313 Tea, 30 pounds... 60 Wine, 22,702 gallons Shrimps, 96 pounds Provisions, various, 19 packages. Wine, 178 cases · 12 Wine, 185 cases 10 7,846 927 27 400 Total 68, 993 Wine, 180 gallons. Total.. 80 IN TRANSIT. 6, 485 Notions, 1 package.. 200 Fort Benton (Montana). Ore, 6, 470 pounds 500 Clothing, 2 packages... 110 Total.. 700 Rice, 2,509 pounds 150 Sugar, 168,854 pounds.. 12, 380 Gloucester (Massachusetts). Total 12, 640 Canned fruit, 104 cases 624 Salmon, 280 cases. 1,580 France. Salmon, 150 barrels 3,254 Beans, 7 centals 35 Total. 5, 458 Fruits- Canned, 3 cases 12 Great Falls (Montana). Dried, 400 pounds 48 Cereals Sugar, 70,700 pounds.... 5, 175 Wheat, 385,788.11 centals 565, 517 Effects, 2 packages.. 230 Hawaiian Islands. Groceries, 1 package 18 Hides, 1 bale 122 Arms and ammunition, 502 packages... 14, 745 Lumber, 125 M feet 2, 150 Agricultural implements, 196 packages 4,229 Wine, 178 gallons 122 Asphaltum, 4 barrels 42 Wine, 3 cases 13 Beans, 4,537 centals.. 9, 795 Baking powder, 1,745 packages 10, 910 Total. 578, 145 Bran, 104,753 sacks.. 50, 496 Brooms, 909 packages.. 4, 239 Fall River (Massachusetts). Brandy, 5 gallons.. Wine, 103 gallons Bread, 691,095 pounds... 41, 666 Boneblack, 253,340 pounds.. 3,065 10 Bone meal, 1,181,840 pounds.. 12, 471 10 Bricks, 1,325 thousand 13, 839 Building materials: Total.. 60 Lumber, 1,490,659 feet... 28, 829 Lime, 17,070 barrels 24, 834 Georgia. Cement, 310 barrels 1, 102 Plaster, 74 barrels.. Brandy, 266 gallons 510 Doors, 2,211... Molding, 40 bundles. Germany. Railroad ties, 42,499 Laths, 100 bundles.. Bark, 398 sacks 5,922 Shingles, 5,383 thousand • 261 3, 491 506 8, 932 363 9, 023 Books, 1 case.. 20 Posts, 111, 159.... Boneblack, 914,281 pounds 4, 100 Various, 1,021 packages. Beeswax, 11,221 pounds.. 2,220 Books, 332 cases.. Brandy, 4,604 gallons 3,804 Beer, 5,224 barrels Barley, 4,801 centals.. 3,600 Beer, 2,815 casks Copper bars, 918 2,750 Beer, 250 kegs...... Coffee, 200 pounds 44 Beer, 625 cases Dry goods, 8 packages 200 Boiler composition, 12,500 gallons... 13, 422 9, 942 6, 333 45, 847 26, 568 563 4, 549 600 I C 90-18 274 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Hawaiian Islands-Continued. Hawaiian Islands—Continued. Dollars. Bags, 650 bales Dollars. 31 756 Belting, 40 rolls. Meal, 336,817 pounds.. 3, 457 Miscellaneous merchandise. Borax, 673 pounds. 50 Boots and shoes, 2,682 cases. Matches, 147 packages.. 8, 533 72, 495 815 115, 151 Cereals: Barley, 126,124 centals 102, 526 Flour, 45, 273 barrels……. 208, 823 Machinery, 6,739 packages. Marble, 36 packages Millstuffs, 10,832 packages 212, 585 692 12, 368 Metals: Corn, 3,719 centals 4,839 Lead, 25,074 pounds Wheat, 7,105 contals 1, 414 9,705 Iron, 1,760 packages. Oats, 24,936 centals. 6, 916 32, 055 Canned meats, 6.457 cases Iron pipes, 6,455 packages 29, 433 21, 650 Canned goods, 5,322 cases Copper, 25,207 pounds…. 5, 606 32, 870 Candles, 3,341 cases Steel, 609 packages 4, 169 2, 770 Zinc, 1,000 pounds 164 Coffee, 17,621 pounds 7,260 Brass, 459 pounds 93 Cigarettes, 127 cases 11, 974 Naval stores: Cigars, 158 cases 24, 450 Rosin, 35 barrels 253 Champagne, 356 cases... 3,965 Turpentine, 41 cases 232 Cordage, 1,743 packages... 16, 325 Turpentine, 740 gallons 437 Confectionery, 229 packages 2,892 Tar, 125 barrels 639 Clothing, 194 packages. 22, 430 Oakum, 33 bales. 154 Crockery, 206 packages 4, 749 Oars, 159 bundles. 415 Cooperage, 372 packages 257 Boats, 8 .. Coal, 30 tons - - - - Coal, 134,530 pounds. Coke, 1,621 pounds Cider, 40 cases Cars, 52 cases. Cotton, 3 bales 3,006 610 1, 194 Various, 636 packages. Pitch, 10 barrels 14, 261 67 12 Nails, 3,034 kegs 10, 319 167 Nails, 210 cases.. 37, 914 Nuts, 257 sacks 269 Notions, 762 packages.. Oils: Coal, 11,213 cases. Olive, 138 cases 1,285 1,707 31, 260 26, 773 741 Eggs, 215 cases... Express, 162 cases 1,479 15, 147 Effects, 297 packages 11, 425 Drugs, 2,215 packages 49, 145 Lard, 7,678 gallons Dry goods, 2.893 packages. 3,530 389, 014 Lard, 50 barrels 1, 380 Dry goods, 268.301 yards 21, 587 Linseed, 815 gallons.. 570 Duck, 111 packages.. 2,206 Linseed, 80 cases. 124 Fish: Lubricating, 24,279 gallons. 4,709 Canned, 2,634 cases 15, 873 Whale, 380 gallons 149 Cod, 1,357 packages 4,745 Nut, 2,100 gallons.. 1,250 Codfish, 4,245 packages 13, 690 Gasoline, 5,330 gallons 962 Salt, 452 packages. Dried, 667 packages. Various, 1,833 packages.. 3, 383 7,485 9,478 Petroleum, 326 cases 153 Cocoa, 527 gallons 238 Cocoa, 1 case... 6 Fruits: Canned, 4,098 cases - 12, 020 Dried, 69,939 pounds Raisins, 939 packages 5,875 4, 467 Sperm, 80 gallons.... Green, 10,482 packages. 13, 678 Naphtha, 480 gallons. Nut, 150 cases……. Sperm, 267 gallons Kerosene, 1,000 gallons. 12 800 165 12 230 Feed, 620 sacks 491 Onions, 4,563 packages 4,820 Furnishing goods, 158 packages 18, 092 Oilcake meal, 782 packages.. 1,057 Furniture, 3,308 packages. 45, 276 Provisions: Fuse, 67,000 feet 258 Butter, 152,988 pounds 30, 622 Fuse, 14 cases.. 178 Cheese, 100,967 pounds. 11, 805 Fertilizers, 69,455 sacks.. 119, 709 Lard, 287,320 pounds 27, 078 Groceries, 2,905 packages 13, 200 Ham, 187,920 pounds... 27, 196 Ground barley, 11,480 sacks.. 8, 516 Bacon, 50,909 pounds 6, 947 Glassware, 1,231 packages 19, 300 Beef, 35,696 pounds 1,828 Glue, 24 barrels.. 154 Pork, 53,171 pounds.. 5, 653 Hardware, 10,111 packages 154, 647 Various, 2,460 packages. 14, 170 Hay, 39,323 bales. 60, 439 Paste, 4,029 cases 4,207 Hops, 4,579 pounds.. Hats, 577 cases. Honey, 182 cases 534 Paper, 3,445 packages 22, 141 23, 977 1, 060 Powder, 72,991 pounds 9, 730 Powder, 772 packages. 2, 346 Hides, 1 bale.. 187 Pickles, 803 packages 2, 168 Live stock: Paints, 855 packages 8,370 Hogs, 1,868... 21,566 Pearl barley, 217 boxes. 286 Poultry, 55 coops 1, 107 Plated ware, 41 packages 5, 864 Sheep, 100. 500 Potatoes, 21,528 packages.. 21, 792 Horses, 175 20, 285 Printing material, 160 packages 7, 245 Mules, 242 37, 386 Rubber goods, 389 packages 13, 534 Cows, 35... 6, 892 Rice, 5,606 pounds 75 Lampstock, 438 packages 3,741 Soap, 6,732 packages 26, 106 Leather, 782 rolls 35, 288 Shells, 110 packages Liquors : Salt. 520,235 pounds. Various, 256 packages.. 2,077 Salt, 818 packages.. 768 2, 659 1, 644 Jewelry, 55 packages 16, 678 Skins, 12 packages. 672 Middlings, 15,237 sacks 13, 304 Sewing machines, 346 packages 11, 155 CALIFORNIA. 275 EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Value. Articles. Articles. Value. Hawaiian Islands—Continued. IN TRANSIT-continued. Dollars. Dollars. Safes, 27.. 8, 637 Notions, 12 packages Shrimps, 103, 296 pounds 15, 697 Shrimp shells, 9 packages. 102 Stationery, 1,001 cases Manufactures of metal, 70 packages. Manufactures of cotton, 680 packages.. 316 151, 273 4,086 35, 095 Machinery, 4 packages 857 Sirup, 202 cases.. 981 Sirup, 3 barrels.. Manufactures of wool, 162 packages 32 Sirup, 64 kegs.. 258 Seed, 460 packages.. 3,881 Shooks, 5,538 bundles · 3,592 Sugar, 1,293,666 pounds 92, 763 Starch, 35,556 pounds 1,836 Salmon, 3,010 cases. 17, 104 Provisions: Salmon, 2,311 barrels. 29, 090 Salmon, 658 half barrels. 3, 377 Salmon, 246 kits.. 618 Saddlery, 593 packages. 29, 942 Spices, 805 packages.. 2,490 Stoves, etc., 610 packages 7, 774 Sago, 5,373 pounds 229 Soda, 65,827 pounds 1, 133 Silks, 12 packages Spirits: Steel, 101 packages Whisky, 3,566 gallons. Whisky, 1,755 cases 7,057 19, 935 Brandy, 51 cases Brandy, 769 gallons Shrimp shells, 45,500 pounds. 1,523 348 388 Tea, 38,156 pounds Manufactures of wood, 128 packages Miscellaneous, merchandise Manufactures of glass, 8 packages. Nut oil, 50 cases. Printing material, 15 packages Paper, 2 packages.. Ham, 150 pounds.. Various, 3,636 packages Rice, 12,752 pounds. Rubber goods, 4 packages. Saddlery, 1 package Skins, 1 bundle Stationery, 45 packages. Tea, 800 pounds Tobacco, 4,000 pounds Various oil, 2 packages Vegetables, 185 packages Wine, 4 cases 21, 473 1, 308 20, 286 160 200 · 1, 420 110 36 5, 996 350 1,447 100 449 5, 243 1,596 1, 156 259 1,880 33 9, 723 Twine, 155 packages. Tobacco, 269,904 pounds. 3,589 115, 899 Total 850 20 298, 550 Tin, 474 pounds... 120 Tinplate, 61 boxes. Hartford (Connecticut). 1, 186 Tapioca, 2,322 pounds. 128 Flax fiber, 153 bales.. Vegetables, 1,922 packages. Wine, 96,288 gallons Vinegar, 1,211 barrels Wire, 663 coils Woodenware, 1,080 packages Wagon material, 1,849 packages White lead, 75,444 pounds.... Wire goods, 215 packages. Wine, 383 cases . Wooldust, 200,000 pounds. 18, 421 4,422 2, 180 69, 630 4, 610 Wool, 687,906 pounds 5, 546 6, 979 10,874 Total.. 6, 134 313, 856 319,990 Ireland. Bran, 1, 246 sacks 634 Total 1, 472 802 3, 452, 754 Bread, 464 pounds 32 IN TRANsit. Arms and ammunition, 11 packages.... Agricultural implements, 4 packages . Boots and shoes, 12 cases. Boats, 2. Cigarettes, 4 cases. Coffee, 7,000 pounds. Canned fruit, 1 case Cereals- Flour, 348,556 barrels Barley, 81,337 centals... Wheat, 6,967,067. 32 centals Lumber, 2,340,500 feet Machinery, 5 packages. 400 900 140 4 1,399, 743 548 105, 485 219 9, 513, 026 1, 972 40, 071 Boat, 1 40 410 Bags, 993 packages 31, 038 Beans, 433 centala 510 Miscellaneous . Notions, 1 package. 18 10 Books, 2 cases 190 Eggs, 250 cases 385 Canned meats, 16 packages. Iron, 4 packages Paper, 10 packages 15 34 180 Shells, 1 package 2 Cigars, 110 cases.. 15, 294 Saddlery, 3 packages 114 Cigarettes, 11 cases 861 Cordage, 1 coil... 13 Iron, 319 bundles 480 Champagne, 3 cases.. 78 Clothing, 18 packages.. Shooks, 284 bundles. Tobacco, 7,560 pounds Wooden ware, 20 packages Wine, 5,199 gallons 200 3,780 10 2, 333 3, 960 Wine, 1 case 9 Drugs, 183 packages 1, 141 Glassware, 13 packages. 855 Total...... Gin, 1 case.. 11, 067, 370 12 Groceries, 4 packages. 116 IN TRANSIT. Lampstock, 1 package. 20 Dry goods, 206 packages.. 38, 667 Coal, 20,000 tons Fish: Various, 304 packages.. 6, 650 770 Effects, 4packages.. 288 Furniture, 9 packages Japan. 2,700 Hardware, 35 packages 5,820 Hats, 14 cases. Jewelry, 3 cases. Leather, 5 rolls 677 399 Liquors, 91 packages Arms and ammunition, 275 packages Agricultural implements, 15 packages. Belting, 4 rolls 1, 085 Bones, 30 sacks 484 Books, 65 cases 16, 208 673 406 55 5, 644 276 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. List exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Japan-Continued. Japan-Continued. Dollars. Dollars. Bark, 867 sacks. 795 Naval stores-Continued. Brooms, 14 packages.. 289 Various, 157 packages Beans, 34 centals. 76 Onions, 14 packages Borax, 399 pounds 33 Oils : Bread, 24,878 pounds 821 Baking powder, 152 cases. 2,058 Beer, 6 barrels 75 Beer, 3 casks 38 Boots and shoes, 1 case 5 Plated ware, 7 packages Boiler fluid, 300 gallons 60 Provisions: Bags, 31 bundles. 2,400 Cereals- Flour, 25,745 barrels. Oats, 126 centals………. Canned goods, 1,181 cases. Canned meats, 1,597 cases. 115, 575 171 7,233 5, 131 Coffee, 11,379 pounds. 2,058 Lard oil, 102 gallons.. Lubricating, 6,957 gallons. Coal, 2 cases Various, 35 packages Butter, 61,654 pounds Cheese, 21,563 pounds Hams. 35,793 pounds. Bacon, 10, 187 pounds Lard, 10,272 pounds.. Beef, 16,502 pounds Pork, 15,491 pounds. 3, 167 1, 146 11, 285 14 46 1,969 3 571 2,676 5, 211 1,470 1,076 838 1,316 Cigarettes, 107 cases 13, 723 Various, 1,217 packages. 10, 721 Clothing, 58 packages. 3, 462 Paste, 90 packages. 105 Crockery, 18 packages 566 Paints, 19 packages.. 253 Confectionery, 25 packages 406 Pickles, 75 packages. 82 Candles, 60 boxes 225 Paper, 6 packages 72 Cordage, 2 coils 278 Cider, 14 cases 58 Pearl barley, 43 boxes.. Champagne, 185 cases 3, 115 Coal, 1,200 pounds 15 Spirits: Cigars, 3 cases.... 51 Dry goods, 60 packages. 3, 797 Rubber goods, 35 packages Printing material, 221 packages Brandy, 50 cases Whisky, 1,028 gallons. 6, 308 2,290 73 250 2, 127 Drugs, 264 packages. 10, 436 Whisky, 181 cases Effects, 89 packages.. 5, 018 Soap, 2,240 boxes.. Fish: Dried, 3 packages.. Canned, 138 cases. Codfish, 77 cases.. Various, 114 packages. Fruits: Canned, 1,679 cases Dried, 8,542 pounds Green, 1,258 packares. Raisins, 167 packages. Furniture, 66 packages Groceries, 817 packages. Glassware, 25 packages. Germea, 800 pounds. Glue, 1 barrel.. - 2, 033 2,225 Sewing machines, 3. Seeds, 16 packages. Sugar, 212,760 pounds. Saddlery, 3 packages Spices, 4 packages Salt, 120 pounds. Salt, 56 sacks Salmon, 169 cases Starch, 1,388 pounds Skins, 51 packages.. Sirup, 31 cases Stones, 9... Stationery, 313 packages. 20 672 246 243 8,983 784 874 Sirup, 85 kegs 6, 070 200 23 70 Safe, 1. Hardware, 361 packages 14, 874 Sago, 796 pounds... Hoofs, 3,174 sacks. 6, 511 Tobacco, 14,296 pounds. Hops, 14,638 pounds. 3, 001 Tapioca, 188 pounds Hay, 22 bales.. 59 Vegetables, 8 packages. Hats, 17 cases…. 1, 380 Horns, 52 sacks 125 Honey, 77 cases. 362 Jewelry, 8 packages 9,621 Vinegar, 17 barrels Wagon material, 7 packages Wooden ware, 14 packages. Wine, 19,618 gallons.. Leather, 4,403 rolls 200, 612 Wine, 263 cases. Lamp stock, 84 packages 1,758 Wire, 43 coils. Liquors, 4 packages. 49 Live stock: Total.. Dogs, 2 55 Poultry, 121 coops Cows, 274.. 5,408 27,760 Hogs, 9 · 1, 467 39, 779 105 490 16, 218 244 18 4 109 947 126 5, 132 278 209 155 2,326 775 49 - 3, 770 9 23 147 472 447 7,006 1,321 1, 642 628, 357 IN TRANSIT. Miscellaneous Machinery, 565 packages Meal, 15.676 pounds.. Millstuff, 44 packages 170 14, 275 16,983 Cigars, 5 cases... 1, 443 Dry goods, 2 packages. 300 -593 Miscellaneous 156 172 Notions, 18 packages. 48 Marble, 21 packages 105 Stationery, 2 packages.. 300 Malt, 9,805 pounds 188 Metals: Total 2,247 Iron, 74 packages……. 1, 508 Iron pipe, 20 packages 400 Steel, 4 packages 700 Kirkee. Nuts, 27 packages. 281 Notions, 33 cases Nails, 576 kegs. 2, 022 1,862 Naval stores: Pitch, 33 barrels... 210 Canned goods, 22 cases. Salmon, 4 cases Total 88 90 62 28 1 CALIFORNIA. 277 EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Kotta Badja. Marshall Islands-Continued. Canned fruit, 61 cases. Dollars. 244 Dollars. Canned goods, 464 cases. 1,682 Canned goods, 2 cases. 8 Canned meats, 939 cases 2,211 Salmon, 5 cases 30 Champagne, 6 cases.. 81 Total 282 Dry goods, 67 packages Duck, 16 packages. 11, 563 304 Drugs, 58 packages 634 Fish: Lawrence (Massachusetts). Wool, 138,612 pounds 28, 500 Lewiston (Maine). Brandy, 24 gallons Sugar, 25,500 pounds.. 48 1,900 Canned, 28 cases Cod, 1 case.... Various, 2 packages.. Fruits: Canned, 86 cases . Dried, 2,019 pounds 113 6 4 296 249 Raisins, 8 boxes Wine, 366 gallons.. 206 Green, 12 packages Furniture, 29 packages Total 2,154 Groceries, unspecified, 13 packages Glassware, 16 packages. Hardware, 83 packages 1, 267 Lynn (Massachusetts). Hats, 1 case. Hay, 40 bales Leather, 755 rolls 5,960 Leather, 1 roll Lamp stock, 13 packages Lowell (Massachusetts). Wool, 45,374 pounds.. 27,000 Minneapolis (Minnesota). Liquors, 1 case.. Machinery, 2 packages Miscellaneous merchandise. Metals, iron, 5 packages.. Nuts, 1 package - Nails, 39 kegs.. Brandy, 300 gallons. 606 Wine, 3,213 gallons.. 1, 530 Total 2, 130 Montevideo (Uruguay). Lumber, 53 M feet. 806 Wheat, 122,785.95 centals... 169, 583 Oils: Total 170, 383 Moodysville. Nails, 10 cases Notions, 25 packages Naval stores: Oakum, 4 barrels Tar, 1 barrel... Boats, 2.. Turpentine, 1 case Anchors, 5. Oars, 48 packages Coal, 160 cases Cocoa, 816 cases. Onions, 62 packages Provisions: 172 2, 057 - • Hardware, 4 packages 512 Butter, 1,311 pounds Cheese, 879 pounds Mt. Vernon. Wine, 47 gallons - 25 Beef, 15,529 pounds Ham, 122 pounds.. Bacon, 391 pounds Lard, 480 pounds... Various, 11 packages. 1, 034 186 Marshall Islands. Pork, 2,207 pounds. Paints, 7 packages.. Arms and ammunition, 3 cases. 50 Potatoes, 550 packages. *********** 5 8 28 28285822 18 Beans, 4 centals. 7 Pickles, 46 packages 160 Bran, 43 sacks 20 Rubber goods, 3 packages 119 Baking powder, 7 cases 38 Salmon, 102 cases 496 Books, 11 cases 126 Salmon, 5 barrels 38 Bags, 11 bales. 126 Shells. 1 package.. 23 Beer, 40 kegs 134 Seeds, 1 package.. 4 Beer, 245 casks.... 2,366 Stoves, etc., 1 package 2 Bread, 75,312 pounds.. 3, 127 Soap, 339 boxes 543 Boots and shoes, 10 cases 476 Building materials: Doors, 12 packages. 29 Lumber, 61,031 feet.. 1, 664 Cement, 12 barrels. 40 Spices, 12 packages Sugar, 8,980 pounds.. Salt, 3,100 pounds. Stationery, 4 packages. Sewing machines, 8 cases -37 395 18 16.3 • 207 Shingles, 25,000 44 Tea, 2,364 pounds... 145 Bricks, 7,000 . 78 Twine, 12 packages.. 438 Various, 12 packages 64 Tobacco, 21,233 pounds Cereals, flour, 88 barrels 5, 341 416 Vinegar, 6 barrels. 34 Clothing, 4 packages. 741 Coffee, 1,623 pounds. Vegetables, 20 packages .. 45 267 Wire, 3 packages 14 Cider, 22 cases. Cigars, 1 case.. Cordage, 19 coils. Crockery, 5 packages Crockery, 14 packages · ធម៏វិវឌ 65 69 145 382 Woodenware, 10 packages Wine, 51 cases Wine, 75 gallons Total..... 30 204 50 47, 173 278 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. IN TRANSIT. Mexico-Continued. Dollars. Dollars. Anchors, 1 package……. 46 Beer, 3,358 barrels. 32, 546 Beer, 122 cases... 884 Beer, 2, 278 cases Brandy, 13 cases.... 134 Bark, 145 sacks Cigars, 1 case.... 72 Bran, 441 sacks Champagne, 10 cases 86 Books, 29 cases Cigarettes, 1 case.. 110 Beans, 825 centals.. Dry goods, 5,978 yards 709 Borax, 8,828 pounds. Fish: Canned, 30 cases 384 Bread, 184,604 pounds.. 12, 906 101 1, 014 707 1, 620 701 20, 474 Gin, 138 cases. 634 Bags, 702 bales. 16, 311 Hardware, 60 packages. 142 Brooms, 107 packages... 918 Liquors, 30 cases 120 Broom corn, 13, 216 pounds. 592 Matches, 10 tins 350 Baking powder, 177 cases 1, 137 Miscellaneous 9 Belting, 85 rolls.. Oils: Linseed, 265 gallons 145 Boots and shoes, 105 packages 6, 248 2,695 Paint, 6 packages 96 Rice, 67,202 pounds.. 1,673 Spices, 1 package. 8 Sugar, 4,109 pounds. 165 Total... 5, 185 Wheat, 2,106 centals. Barley, 111 centals. Mutokd (Caroline group). Oats, 2,102 centals Corn, 621 centals Bluestone, 475, 152 pounds. Boiler composition, 655 gallons. Cereals: Flour, 5,429 barrels 25, 049 25, 735 2,950 109 2,545 230 745 Canned goods, 394 cases.. 2,298 Arms and ammunition, 1 package 40 Canned meats, 449 cases. 2,212 Building material: Lumber, 10,000 feet 150 Coffee, 537,395 pounds.. 105, 580 Beer, 8 barrels.. 125 Candles, 11,444 boxes 2, 157 Bread, 2,960 pounds. 148 Cordage, 871 coils.. 1,715 Boots and shoes, 1 case 24 Crockery, 108 packages 1,999 Cereals: Flour, 24 barrels 96 Cigars, 9 cases 2,306 Crockery, 4 packages. Dry goods, 17 packages Furniture, 29 packages Glassware, 1 package. Hard ware, 17 packages. Hats, 1 case.. 75 Confectionery, 24 packages 297 868 Coal, 1,800,462 pounds. 5, 764 83 Coke, 374 tons 5, 212 10 Champagne, 19 cases ... 312 1, 131 Clothing, 8 packages.. 375 26 Liquors, 18 packages 196 Cider, 11 cases Miscellaneous 268 Cotton seed, 50,114 pounds. Cigarettes, 1 package. 668 24 78 Notions, 2 packages. 157 Cars, 40 8, 183 Oils, various, 1 package 8 Cooperage, 82 cases 210 Paints, 11 packages 83 Dry goods, 888 packages. 65, 338 Potatoes, 25 packages.. 35 Dry goods, 55,461 yards. 4,333 Provisions: Duck, 66 packages.. 2,662 Beef, 2,400 pounds 200 Drugs, 2,017 packages 46, 798 Various, 13 packages 162 Eggs, 8 cases.. 100 Rice, 2,600 pounds 52 Effects, 68 cases……. 3, 067 Spirits, whisky, 106 gallons.. 200 Express, 28 packages.. 628 Soap, 8 boxes 34 Fish: Sugar, 4,335 pounds... 243 Stoves, etc., 6 packages 100 Tobacco, 3,755 pounds 768 Wooden ware, 10 packages. 36 Cod, 231 cases - Total 5, 323 Canned, 506 cases. Cod, 6 packages. Various, 17 packages. Salt, 1 package... Fruit: Canned, 109 cases. 2, 659 Dried, 10 packages. 32*** 120087 Mexico 496 Arms and ammunition, 563 packages.. Asphaltum, 28 barrels Dried, 39,193 pounds.. 3, 105 31, 921 Green, 8,728 packages.. 12, 345 231 Agricultural implements, 35 packages Raisins, 1,786 packages. 5, 220 6, 019 Building material: Fuse, 340 packages. Fuse, 3,708 M feet. 8,977 Lumber, 2,789,982 feet. 63, 851 Doors, 21. Furniture, 570 packages.. 85 Laths, 34 M. Groceries, 1,028 packages. 18, 840 15, 299 120 Cement, 2,167 barrels 7, 676 Moldings, 10 bundles... 25 Shingles, 1.101 M.. 2,583 Lime, 123 barrels 200 Ties, 16,474 7, 413 Plaster, 80 barrels 42 Piles, 3,200.... 1,933 Bricks, 102,433 . 1,089 Rails, 242 558 Various, 192 packages 236 Beer, 197 casks 2,240 Glassware, 1,023 packages Ground barley, 20 sacks.. Glue, 6 barrels.. Hay, 3,645 bales.. Hardware, 12,736 packages. Hops, 1,696 pounds. Hats, 37 cases. Honey, 3 cases. Jewelry, 29 cases Live stock : Horses, 2.... Cows, 4. 1 13, 839 9, 807 35 97 4,816 120, 208 311 1,301 84 10, 793 700 220 1 CALIFORNIA. 279 EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Amount. Value. Mexico-Continued. Dollars. Live stock-Continued. Poultry, 1 coop. 35 Dog, 1. 50 Leather, 37 rolls.. 3,573 Lamp stock, 160 packages. Liquors, various, 245 cases Metals: 2, 836 957 Mexico-Continued. Provisions-Continued. Lard, 26,448 pounds. Bacon, 4,511 pounds... Various, 135 packages Quicksilver, 4,769 flasks Rubber goods, 214 packages. Dollars. 2,367 935 844 209, 385 8,748 Rice, 134,153 pounds.. 2, 836 Lead, 15,751 pounds. 1, 211 Soap, 97 boxes. 573 Rails, 2,714.. 6,858 Stationery, 343 cases 10, 777 Steel, 1,293 packages.. 8, 345 Soda, 141,906 pounds... 4, 093 Iron pipe, 6,091 bundles... 20, 967 Spices, 545 packages.. 9, 621 Iron, 4,717 packages……. 13, 640 Stoves, etc.. 115 packages. 2, 179 Zinc, 1,775 pounds.. 249 Shooks, 13.114 bundles. 20, 017- Copper, 1,684 pounds... 259 Sugar, 165,645 pounds.. Miscellaneous merchandise. 34, 063 Salt, 6,130 pounds Marble, 59 packages... 816 Salt, 52 barrels.... Malt, 26,517 pounds. Machinery, 9,903 packages. Matches, 4 tins 761 Seed, 111 packages.. 225, 428 Sago, 66,391 pounds 6 Skins, 106 packages. Meal, 6,725 pounds.. Millstuff, 153 packages Middlings, 16 sacks 245 Sulphur, 85,005 pounds 11, 591 62 37 1, 172 3, 476 981 1, 242 Salmon, 542 cases……. 16 Salmon, 2 kits. 19 Tar, 153 barrels Oakum, 85 barrels Nails, 1,390 kegs Nails, 311 cases Nuts, 168 packages Notions, 80 cases. Naval goods: Boats, 23... Rosin, 29 barrels. Turpentine, 678 gallons Oars, 101 packages. Anchors, 47 packages Pitch, 25 barrels Various, 5 packages.. Turpentine, 2 cases Oils : Coal, 3,025 cases.. Linseed, 1,427 gallons Polar, 2,000 gallons. Sperm, 1 case... Nut, 369 gallons. 5, 914 Sewing machines, 258 cases. 9, 921 1, 777 Saddlery, 87 packages. 2, 844 1, 633 Starch, 66,826 pounds 2,735 3, 241 Safes, 25. 1, 959 Shrimps, 229 pounds. 44 491 Sirup, 2 packages... 10 4, 642 Spirits: 262 386 Whisky, 1,026 gallons... Whisky, 34 cases... 1, 167 187 1,089 Brandy, 198 gallons. 395 346 Brandy, 11 cases. 46 478 Gin, 30 cases…. 90 91 Shells, 1 package.. 50 66 Twine, 28 packages. 478 14 Tea, 22,386 pounds 6, 493 Tallow, 257,783 pounds.. 9, 545 6, 103 Tobacco, 5,103 pounds. 2, 134 781 Tin, 793,611 pounds. 4, 291 900 Tin plate, 118 packages. 686 3 Vegetables, 288 packages. 536 217 Vinegar, 74 barrels. 655 Nut, 10 cases... Lard, 1,583 gallons. Whale, 281 gallons.. Lubricating, 110 cases Petroleum, 255 gallons. Petroleum, 125 cases Olive, 15 cases Naphtha, 2,647 gallons - Cocoa, 16,492 gallons. 33 Wire, 1,571 coils... 21, 441 670 Wagon material, 827 packages. 12, 035 111 White lead, 9,570 pounds. 471 312 Wooden ware, 909 packages…. 5, 202 Lubricating, 9,161 gallons. 2, 126 Wire goods, 31 packages. 2,269 139 Wine, 713 cases.. 2,988 1,412 91 3,008 Wine, 52,891 gallons. 32, 607 Wool, 205 pounds. 20 591 Total... Cocoa, 25 barrels. Various, 1,115 packages. Linseed, 17 cases…. Olive, 20 gallons. 1,803, 678 503 .. 958 IN TRANSIT. Various, 10,806 gallons... 769 219 Dry goods, 57 packages. 90 Polar, 50 cases Opium, 24 pounds. 225 142 Hats, 5 cases…. Sugar, 1,680 pounds.. Cigars, 12 cases. 2,896 2,875 200 2, 231 Onions, 3,502 packages.. Paste, 5,133 packages. 4, 694 Bags, 20 bales……… 600 5, 350 Glassware, 3 packages 50 Paint, 518 packages. Paper, 399 packages. Potatoes, 6,781 packages Plated ware, 12 packages Powder, 807,248 pounds 4, 116 6, 659 Groceries, 8 packages.. Effects, 1 package. 12 150 · 8, 383 Fish, various, 1 package.. 6 918 Oils, various, 20 packages 46 Printing material, 31 packages Pickles, 104 packages. 171, 529 1,285 Hardware, 65 packages.. 857 Rubber goods, 19 packages.. 816 377 Miscellaneous 118 Pearl barley, 1 box.. 2 Provisions; Manufactures of cotton, 1 package.. 105 Pickles, 1 package. 2 Beef, 200 pounds 11 Butter, 26 834 pounds. Paste, 1 package 3 5,618 Quicksilver, 100 flasks Cheese, 15,152 pounds. 4,600 1,820 Tea, 756 pounds... 138 Ham, 19,278 pounds 2, 809 Rice, 33,500 pounds... 481 Pork, 358 pounds. 37 Tobacco, 100 pounds.. 20 280 · İNTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. IN TRANSIT—continued. Value. Articles. Value. Marquesas Islands-Continued. Dollars. Dollars. Vegetables, 32 packages... 145 Salt, 6,212 pounds 46 Wool, manufactured, 38 packages... 690 Saddlery, 4 packages.. 116 Salt, 2 sacks. 6 Total...... 16, 737 Spirits: Brandy, 95 gallons 148 Marquesas Islands. Arms and ammunition, 2 cases. Whisky, 22 gallons. 33 Spices, 5 packages. 10 Brooms, 6 packages Beer, 8 barrels Beer, 5 casks.. Boots and shoes, 4 cases.. 171 Beans, 8 centals Bags, 11 bales Bread, 10,014 pounds 307 Building material, lumber, 3,064 feet.. Cereals: 12522558 Tobacco, 92 pounds 40 Tea, 74 pounds.. 20 Twine, 5 packages 80 Vegetables, 25 packages.. 68 Wine, 2,244 gallons... 881 Total 15, 066 IN TRANSIT. Flour, 112 barrels 480 Beer, 2 casks 21 Barley, 39 centals Beer, 12 cases 68 Canned goods, 162 cases. 577 Canned fish, 4 cases 28 Canned meats, 88 cases…. 247 Cigars; 1 case 61 Fruits: Dried, 9 cases Fuse, 1 case.. Hops, 28 pounds. Cider, 5 cases Confectionery, 1 package. Coffee, 270 pounds. Cordage, 32 coils Dry goods, 43 packages Dry goods, 11,138 yards Drugs, 6 packages... Fish: Canned, 18-cases Cod, 9 cases Various, 23 packages.. Dried, 265 pounds Groceries, unspecified, 404 packages. Hardware, 201 packages. 6 Dry goods, 2 packages 121 3 Dry goods, 6,513 yards 382 57 Oils: 490 3,611 Linseed, 60 gallons... Lard, 54 gallons. 32 75 669 Liquors, 20 packages. 95 47 Hardware, 8 packages 155 48 40 Potatoes, 6 packages.. Notions, 6 packages.. Matches, 10 tins.. 5 267 249 113 Onions, 3 packages.. Rice, 8,262 pounds. 2 207 24 51 Total 1,771 2 1, 144 Macassar. 3 1,723 Canned fruit, 21 cases 84 Lamp stock, 6 packages. 52 Leather, 1 roll 5 Massachusetts. Miscellaneous. 162 Notions, 4 packages…. 162 Brandy, 20 gallons. 38 Nails, 33 kegs 99 Wool, 169,395 pounds. 29, 400 Naval stores: Wine, 197 gallons. 110 Oars, 66 packages 323 Tar, 2 barrels 12 Total..... 29, 518 Anchors, 2 packages 11 Oakum, 1 båle 5 Maine. Oil: Nut, 52 gallons. 18 Coal, 170 cases... Various, 1 package Cocoa, 101 gallons.. Onions, 42 packages Potatoes, 249 packages Powder, 20 pounds Paste, 14 packages Paints, 5 packages. Provisions: Beef, 639 pounds Butter, 505 pounds Cheese, 417 pounds.. Ham, 642 pounds. Lard, 120 pounds. Pork, 78 pounds Various, 2 packages. Pickles, 3 packages Paper, 1 package. Salmon, 36 cases Salmon, 5 barrels.. 332 Canned goods, 232 cases.. Wine, 1,138 gallons 3 38 Total 696 272 972 34 360 Manila. 5 13 Arms and ammunition, 4 packages…. 170 99 Bread, 164 pounds. 25 Beans, 85 centals 307 44 Cereals, flour, 10,250 barrels 47, 158 106 Canued goods, 65 cases 257 49 Canned meat, 15 cases.. 101 89 Drugs, 30 cases 134 11 Fish: · 6 Canned, 1 case 4 7 Cod, 75 cases 200 9 Fruits: 11 Dried, 78 pounds 8 211 Canned, 20 cases 100 46 Groceries, unspecified, 1 package 11 Salmon, 7 balf barrels 69 Honey, 16 cases 110 Salmon, 19 kits... 118 Leather, 12 packages 464 Sugar, 6,770 pounds 351 Provisions: Soap, 141 cases 396 Lard, 125 pounds 11 Sewing machines, 8 cases 200 Ham, 7,171 pounds 1, 032 1 CALIFORNIA. 281 EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Manila-Continued. New Zealand—Continued. Dollars. Dollars. Provisions-Continued. Salmon, 40 kits........... 95 Bacon, 447 pounds 60 Salt, 131 sacks 80 Pork, 25,300 pounds. 1,836 Seeds, 14 packages….. 558 Pork, 100 barrels 2,000 Butter, 500 pounds 150 Cheese, 2,609 pounds 381 Saddlery, 1 package. 276 Saddlery, 6 packages Stationery, 8 packages Shrimps, 1,932 pounds Twine, 1 package 367 375 384 27 Salmon, 20 cases.. 141 Tea, 72 pounds.. 15 Wine, 10 cases 85 Tobacco, 3,996 pounds.. 1,030 Wooden ware, 6 packages. 10 Total 54, 990 White lead, 291 pounds 102 New Zealand. Agricultural implements, 14 packages Wagon material, 33 packages Wire, 2 coils Wooden ware, 8 packages. 927 - 35 28 188 Baking powder, 2 packages Books, 112 cases... Beans, 77 centals. Beer, 10 barrels Beer, 2 casks. 9 165, 808 1,073 Wine, 324 gallons 9 Wine, 2 cases 11, 700 163 Total 100 25 IN TRANSIT. Bread, 600 pounds... Broom corn, 38, 961 pounds Building material, lumber, 5,710 feet Confectionery, 10 packages 50 2, 101 Agricultural implements, 1 package 310 Cigars, 1 case 200 Sewing machines, 15 ……. Cigars, 3 cases Canned goods, 240 cases. Clothing, 10 cases 314 800 Total 638 327 211 1, 177 975 Canned meats, 171 cases.. Cereals, flour, 20 barrels. Coffee, 6,092 pounds. Cordage, 1 coil Champagne, 1 case………………. Drugs, 131 packages. Dry goods, 11 packages 1, 011 New Jersey. 95 1,285 Brandy, 24 gallons 53 194 Canned fruits, 315 cases... 1, 655 12 Hides, 22 bundles 8, 600 Salmon, 325 cases 706 Wine, 1,063 gallons 1, 047 1,950 466 Dry goods, 2,655 yards. Eggs, 1 case.. 173 5 Total 5, 181 Effects, 14 packages. Fish: Canned, 37 cases. Cod, 125 cases Fruits: Green, 1,683 packages 609 Norway. 18 342 Wine, 474 gallons 191 3,712 North Carolina. Dried, 44, 158 pounds 3, 818 Canned, 4,104 case 15, 740 Wine, 199gallons 150 Raisins, 1,020 packages 2, 650 Furniture, 14 cases 1,600 New York. Glassware, 8 packages.. 180 Germea, 12,000 pounds 400 Antimony, 10,771 pounds. Hardware, 86 packages 3, 100 Asphaltum, 652 barrels Hides, 1 bundle 50 Antonite, 20,000 pounds.. Hops, 12,465 pounds. Jewelry, 1 case. Live stook, poultry, 12 coops Leather, 2 packages.. Metals, steel, 20 packages. Machinery, 1,075 packages. Millstuffs, 10 packages. Miscellaneous merchandise Notions, 23 cases.. Naval stores, boats, 4 Onions, 4,079 packages. Oils : Whale, 2,349 gallons... Various, 5 packages.. 1,900 Books, 87 cases. 80 Bags, 7 bales... 1,250 6, 287 1,000 7,982 200 - 500 Boiler composition, 48,000 gallons. 24, 000 960 Beeswax, 13,474 pounds. 2,966 400 Borax, 3,903,202 pounds 33, 356 Beans, 17,743 centals. 318, 598 41, 825 63 Building material : 2, 187 2, 098 Moldings, 1 bundle. 350 Bran, 74 sacks.. 3, 689 Bitters, 100 cases. 973 Cider, 295 cases 54 Shingles, 1,280 M……. Cereals, barley, 295,770 centals Compound, 14 barrels 100 2,465 171 2,000 293, 606 1,000 200 Provisions : Cocoa, 16,820 pounds 3,523 Ham, 330 pounds. 57 Lard, 600 pounds... Boneblack, 3,794, 198 pounds 28, 026 30 Bone dust, 461,000 pounds 2, 100 Various, 71 packages 599 Copper, 31,506 pounds... Casings, 231 packages. 4, 505 3, 017 Crockery, 6 packages. 440 Paints, 61 packages 424 Canned goods, 10,881 cases 39, 550 Paper, 10 packages 1,095 Plated ware, 1 package Copper cement, 98,010 pounds. 29, 925 44 Printing material, 26 packages.. Copper ore, 3,758,464 pounds.. 42,950 569 Quicksilver, 112 flasks. Clothing, 193 packages... 10, 700 1,063 Rubber goods, 114 cases.. Chinese goods, 5 packages 300 1, 613 Champagne, 25 cases.. 150 Salmon, 5,998 cases. 35, 644 Dammer, 37 pounds.. 633 282 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. New York-Continued. Dollars. Dry goods, 47 packages 3,276 7,722 Articles. Value. Pekalogan. Dollars. Butter, 384 pounds... 96 Fruit, canned, 20 cases 80 Fish, canned, 1 case 9 Canned goods, 5 cases.. 35 20 14 39 Total 293 Drugs, 842 packages Effects, 328 packages. Earth, 22, 000 pounds Fruits: Canned, 59,972 cases Dried, 142,644 pounds Furniture, 8 packages. Fish, cod, 175 cases. Glue, 1,670 barrels Glassware, 41 packages Hides, 239 bales --- 29, 107 200 232, 090 12, 702 1,100 2, 201 26, 755 Ham, 139 pounds. Pickles, 5 kegs.. Salmon, 5 cases. 8,737 Penang. 22, 896 Hides, 5, 252. 14,500 Hardware, 421 packages Fruit, canned, 1,252 cases. 4,823 19, 409 Horns, 1,528 sacks 4, 573 Honey, 501 cases.. Canned goods, 20 cases.. Provisions, butter, 200 pounds 80 60 3,080 Hops, 10 pounds. Ivory, 6 packages. 1 1, 050 Leather scrap, 1,217 sacks. Notions, 3 packages... 243 1, 266 Salmon, 880 cases. Lead, 16,982 pounds. 4,900 849 Wine, 104 gallons 52 Liquors, 90 packages.. -- 503 Wine, 2 cases.. 12 Leather, 26 rolls 2,500 Life-preservers, 278 278... 6, 573 Total Miscellaneous merchandise... 10, 171 8, 404 Machinery, 370 packages. 15, 055 Peru. Mohair, 48 bales 5,056 Mustard, 1,678,361 pounds. 55, 537 Boots and shoes, 1 case……. 30 Nails, 88 cases.. 219 Naval stores, various, 40 packages.. Confectionery, 1 case. 10 150 Drugs, 11 cases. 372 Notions, 6 packages.. 152 Cereals: Oils, whale, 69,927 gallons. 19, 806 Flour, 328 barrels Ore, 3,301,665 pounds. 1, 494 23, 697 Wheat, 123,091. 70 centals.. Paints, 54 packages 176, 127 568 Effects, 1 package. 100 Printing material, 12 packages 340 Fruit: Pitch, 10 barrels... 150 Canned, 200 cases. 800 Quicksilver, 430 flasks 18, 000 Dried, 205 pounds 16 Rags, 7,191 bales. 100, 526 Rubber goods, 24 packages 2,000 Rape seed, 25,781 pounds Rosewood, 14 logs 537 7,650 Stationery, 9 cases.. 831 Shells, 1,089 packages.. 9, 784 Safe, 1.. 75 Nails, 12 kegs. Spelter dross, 26 packages 1,500 Saddlery, 2 packages. Spices, 362 packages 10, 925 Salmon, 43, 614 cases 240, 232 Salmon, 142 half barrels 1, 280 Salmon, 80 barrels... 840 Spirits: Brandy, 260,219 gallons 297, 623 Brandy, 4 cases 37 Rum, 78 barrels. 4, 680 Whisky, 100 gallons. 500 75 Hardware, 9 packages. Lumber, 14,811 feet Malt, 487,960 pounds Metals, iron pipe, 286 packages. Machinery, 51 packages Miscellaneous Pearl barley, 4 boxes Seed, 11 packages... Shrimps, 55, 709 pounds. Quicksilver, 15 flasks. Rubber goods, 1 package Twine, 1 package. Tobacco, 2,460 pounds Tea, 1,620 pounds. Vegetables, 4 packages.. Total - 211 2, 394 · 10, 502 2,825 1, 330 1, 337 36 22 218 6, 426 475 129 70 490 590 70 203, 676 Tea, 1,280 pounds 175 Tobacco, 5,550 pounds. 2,775 IN TRANSIT. Tin, 832,797 pounds 6, 381 Tin plate, 405 boxes. 1, 214 Bags, 72 bales... 1,093 Tea dust, 19,362 pounds. 484 Machinery, 63 packages 3,767 Vinegar, 213 barrels……. 2, 893 Provisions, various, 8 packages 78 Wooden ware, 193 packages. 809 Seeds, 2 packages.. 7 Wine, 3,672,589 gallons. 1,440, 883 Wool, 4,230 pounds. 855 Wine, 632 cases Wool, 4,514,036 pounds White lead, 62, 627 pounds.. 2,759 811, 977 4,800 Total. 7,800 Philadelphia. Total 4, 000, 638 Borax, 21,893 pounds.. 1,600 Brandy, 595 gallons.. 1,073 Padang. Drugs, 2 packages.. Fruit: 191 Canned fruit, 214 cases. 856 Canned, 1,161 cases. 4,500 Salmon, 10 cases. 65 Dried, 55,885 pounds. 6, 188 Flax, 274 bales.. 13, 094 Total 921 Salmon, 1,825 cases 16, 080 Wine, 16,277 gallons 7,526 Peabody (Massachusetts.) Wool, 69,254 pounds 31, 000 Skins, 86 bundles...... 936 Total 81, 255 CALIFORNIA. 283 EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania). IN TRANSIT. Dollars. Dollars. Borax, 63,759 pounds……………. 4,958 Gin, 31 cases 94 Liquors, 5 packages.. 220 Providence (Rhode Island). Oils, linseed, 5 gallons. 37 Rice, 4,000 pounds 125 Canned fruit, 322 cases 1,600 Total 476 Raleigh (North Carolina). Samarang. Wine, 100 gallons..... 75 Rio de Janeiro. Fruits, canned, 150 cases. Salmon, 100 cases 600 600 Wheat, 233,529.24 centals Lumber, 126 M feet... 380, 894 2, 190 Total 120 Saigon. Total Rangoon. 380, 894 Flour, 156 barrels 85 Scotland. Canned fruit, 13 cases Raratonga (Harvey Islands). Beans, 3 centals 40 Canned fruit, 800 cases. Effects, 2 packages.. 3, 200 105 Wine, 55 cases 248 Total 3,553 Siam. 10 Building material, lumber, 10,053 feet 180 Baking powder, 1 package.. 4 Bags, 3 bales 17 Beer, 5 casks 49 Bread, 2,840 pounds.. 421 Canned meats, 2 cases. Cereals, flour, 50 barrels 210 Canned fruit, 15 cases…. Canned goods, 51 cases Cordage, 8 bales... Dry goods, 5 packages.. Fish, canned, 2 cases... Fruit: Dried, 10 pounds.. Raisins, 1 package. Groceries, 6 packages.. Hardware, 2 packages.. Lamp stock, 1 package. 288 Furniture, 2 packages. 5 307 68 Flour, 3 barrels 828 15 2 2 41 Glassware, 3 packages. Fish, various, 1 package Provisions: Ham, 50 pounds. Various, 10 packages. Meal, 1,000 pounds... · 141 Miscellaneous 4 Matches, 1 tin. རྒྱུུདྡྷ་ྲཏྟས སྐྲཧྨ་ླས ༠༠ ༠ Metals, iron, 1 package. 3 Paste, 3 packages. Meat, 50 pounds 2 Soap, 1 box 325 Notions, 2 packages.. 279 Sewing machines, 2 33 Naval stores, oars, 4 bundles. 43 Oils, coal, 11 cases 20 Total 581 Onions, 8 packages 11 Paste, 4 packages.. 3 Paints, 1 package.. 4 Singapore. Powder, 150 pounds.. 68 Potatoes, 44 packages.. 48 Boiler fluid, 259 gallons 75 Provisions: Provisions: Butter, 185 pounds. 37 Butter, 1,000 pounds.. 300 Bacon, 68 pounds.. 8 Cheese, 351 pounds. 51 Beef, 1,820 pounds 160 Ham, 258 pounds. 40 Cheese, 21 pounds. 4 Ham, 120 pounds. 10 Rice, 96 pounds 5 Canned meats, 33 cases Canned goods, 64 cases.. Canned fish, 5 cases. 154 282 34 Salmon, 16 barrels. 116 Fruit, canned, M cases. 7, 121 Salmon, 1 case. 6 Hardware, 21 packages 2, 101 Sirup, 1 case Honey, 1 case 6 7 Spirits, whisky, 21 gallons. 30 Notions, 1 case. 32 Soap, 49 boxes 159 Salmon, 805 cases 4, 712 Salt, 1 package. 2 Wine, 35 gallons 18 Salt, 50 pounds 2 Wine, 9 cases 39 Sugar, 258 pounds 17 Tin plate, 2 boxes. 14 Total.. 14, 965 Twine, 3 packages.. 69 Tea, 145 pounds.. 36 Sourabaya. Tobacco, 1,000 pounds 200 Vegetables, 3 packages 9 Canned fruits, 1,230 cases Wooden ware, 1 package. Vinegar, 1 barrel... 4,805 5 Miscellaneous merchandise. 3 2 Salmon, 554 cases 3,290 White lead, 250 ponnds.. Total 15 Total 8, 098 3, 684 1 1 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 284 EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. South Sea Islands. St. Vincent (Minnesota). Clothing, 2 cases.. Switzerland. Wine, 5,062 gallons 2,000 South America (unspecified). Honey, 1 case.... Machinery, 6 packages.. 200 Hats, 2 cases 1,500 Tasmania. Miscellaneons merchandise. Dollars. Bread, 22,700 pounds. Canned fruit, 6 cases. Canned goods, 51 cases. Canned meat, 120 cases 1,739 23 Tahiti-Continued. Cereals-Continued. Oats, 10 centals Dollars. 53 142 Canned goods, 1,269 cases.. 5,900 513 Sugar, 7,800 pounds.. Total St. Paul (Minnesota). Canned meats, 1,401 cases. 5, 236 509 Cigars, 8 cases 532 Candles, 168 boxes. 338 2,926 Coffee, 6,614 pounds.. 1, 171 Cordage, 100 coils.... 5, 359 Confectionery, 43 packages 290 Cigarettes, 1 case. 19 Borax, 95,735 pounds.. 6, 956 Clothing, 22 packages 1, 546 Cauned fruit, 1,820 cases. 6,635 Crockery, 108 packages 1, 390 Sugar, 65,026 pounds.... 5, 029 Champagne, 4 cases.... 30 Cider, 10 cases.. 29 Total 18, 620 Dry goods, 363 packages St. Vincent (Cape Verde Islands). Drugs, 229 packages... Fish: Wheat, 23,035.33 centals. 29, 945 Lumber, 15 M feet 250 Total 30, 195 Dry goods, 226,985 yards Duck, 43 packages Cod, 135 packages.. Canned, 217 cases.. Various, 77 packages Fruits: Canned, 228 cases. Green, 108 packages.. Dried, 3,668 packages Raisins, 54 packages Furniture, 510 packages Fuse, 12,000 feet Glue, 1 barrel.. .. Feed, 425 sacks Groceries, 390 packages. Glassware, 211 packages Hops, 260 pounds Hardware, 939 packages Jewelry, 1 package Lamp stock, 61 packages. Liquors, 31 packages 37,506 17,319 1, 674 3, 561 710 1,562 322 721 233 310 120 3, 197 15 368 30 1,771 1, 116 60 12, 434 9 86 45 573 154 55 Leather, 27 packages 581 Notions, 3 packages. Salmon, 200 cases Salmon, 10 half barrels. Tobacco, 68 pounds Total 200 Metals: 1,260 Lead, 8, 009 pounds 526 60 Iron, 332 packages 799 15 Iron pipe, 159 packages. 869 Steel, 24 packages 60 1, 565 Machinery, 78 packages 4,118 Malt, 7,146 pounds 147 Tahiti. Meal, 3, 060 pounds. 15 Arms and ammunition, 16 packages.... Agricultural implements, 5 packages.. 161 105 Middlings, 4 sacks.. Marble, 3 packages Miscellaneous 4 168 6, 625 Bran, 602 sacks 417 Millstuff, 2 packages. 7 Beans, 644 centals.. 1,677 Nails, 97 kegs.. 430 Brooms, 31 packages. 420 Nails, 131 cases 407 Building material: Notions, 42 packages 2,272 Pests, 100.. 12 Nnts, 11 sacks. 63 Lumber, 887,563 feet 17,851 Naval stores: Laths, 6 M feet.... 18 Turpentine, 25 gallons. 146 Shingles, 174 M 265 Turpentine, 10 cases.. 57 Cement, 140 barrels. 527 Tar, 11 barrels... 95 Doors, 317.... 848 Auchors, 7...... 17 Lime, 7 barrels.. 11 Oakum, 20 packages 89 Various, 177 packages 804 Oars, 331.. 580 Beer, 40 barrels.. 769 Various, 35 packages 323 Beer, 104 casks. 966 Oils: Beer, 80 cases 476 Coal, 3,433 cases 7,786 Books, 1 case 11 Lard, 52 gallons.. 40 Boots and shoes, 88 cases 3,208 Linseed, 410 gallons... 298 Baking powder, 33 packages. 172 Various, 557 packages 1,862 Bags, 61 bales. 703 Olive, 5 cases 29 Borax, 24 pounds 4 Onions, 403 packages 590 Bread, 466,879 pounds 17, 688 Opium, crude, 856 packages. 1, 860 Cereals: Paints, 216 packages.. 1,984 Barley, 4,879 centals 4,277 Paper, 103 packages.. Wheat, 879 centals. 1, 117 Paste, 210 packages. Flour, 10,606 barrels • 45, 246 Potatoes, 1,988 packages.. 1, 210 312 2,332 CALIFORNIA. 285 EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Tahiti Continued. IN TRANSIT-continued. Powder, 820 pounds.. Pickles, 15 packages.. Provisions: Dollars. 164 Dollars. 47 Drugs, 47 packages... Eggs, 2 cases.. 2, 118 5 Butter, 3,532 pounds.. 6, 554 Cheese, 1,484 pounds. Beef, 11,327 pounds. 1, 647 709 Bacon, 713 pounds. 100 Fruit, canned, 51 cases Groceries, 10 packages. Glassware, 8 packages.. Hardware, 41 packages. Gin, 20 cases 475 445 121 1, 821 42 Ham, 9,912 pounds 1,488 Hats, 1 case 6 Lard, 33,394 pounds. 3,323 Jewelry, 2 packages. 121 Pork, 7,335 pounds 586 Leather, 10 rolls. 886 Various, 65 packages. Printing material, 3 packages Plated ware, 1 caso. Rice, 443,092 pounds.. Rubber goods, 25 packages. Salmon, 1,200 cases Salmon, 168 half barrels. Salmon, 104 barrels. 213 Liquor, 49 cases. 186 309 11 Metals: 7,233 549 Metals, manufactured, 255 packages.. Iron, 7 packages.. Lead, 1,358 pounds.. 2,607 288 46 6, 753 Zinc, 999 pounds 50 829 Matches, 21 tins. 514 729 Miscellaneous. 3,616 Salmon, 75 kits.. Sirup, 2 cases Soap, 2,084 boxes 156 Nails, 6 kegs 69 7 Nails, 32 cases. 40 8, 188 Notions, 11 eases. 738 Salt, 67,952 pounds Salt, 64 sacks 492 Notions, 28 packages.. 1,561 70 Onions, 1 package.. 3 Stationery, 91 cases. 1,377 Oils: Sugar, 374,072 pounds. 26, 183 Linseed, 249 gallons.. 129 Sewing machines, 197 5,084 Various, 3 packages. 145 Saddlery, 62 packages……. 1, 508 Paints, 38 packages.. 350 Stoves, etc., 112 packages 1, 335 Paper, 6 packages.. 459 Soda, 2,437 pounds. 66 Potatoes, 12 packages.. 9 Starch, 290 pounds. 20 Sirup, 100 cases.. 35 Spirits: Brandy, 18 cases. Whisky, 245 gallons.. Twine, 62 packages Tea, 9,165 pounds Tobacco, 560 pounds. 108 357 Saddlery, 3 packages. 1, 633 1, 510 223 Tin, 145 packages... 39 Tallow, 194 pounds. Provisions: Various, 11 packages Rice, 62,065 pounds... Salt, 10 sacks.. Stationery, 1 package Tea, 354 boxes... Tobacco, 1,000 pounds. Tin plate, 5 packages.. 1, 303 1, 450 25 67 94 609 150 19 12 Vegetables, 22 packages. 106 Tin plate, 8 boxes. 98 Vinegar, 2 barrels... 7 Vegetables, 388 packages. 660 Vinegar, 13 barrels.. 74 Wire, 2 coils Wagon material, 266 packages 2, 302 Wooden ware, 113 packages. 702 Wire, 257 coils 1,475 Wooden ware, 50 packages. Wool, manufactured, 4 packages Total 380 73 65 Wire, 39 yards... 48, 648 182 White lead, 8, 750 pounds. 586 Colombia. Wine, 14,198 gallons.. Wine, 7 cases. Total 6, 435 30 Asphaltum, 10 barrels 30 Bran, 224 sacks 127 339, 409 Beans, 1,686 centals.. 5,760 Building material: IN TRANSIT. Lumber, 167,762 feet. 3,795 Doors, 3.. 140 Anchors, 50.. 59 Various, 33 packages... 411 Brandy, 10 cases Books, 1 case 80 Beer, 27 barrels. 270 4 Bread, 5,594 pounds 30 Beer, 175 casks · 1,837 100 Bags, 8 pounds 423 Beer, 236 cases 1,267 Beer, 8 casks 96 Boots and shoes, 3 cases.. Beer, 15 cases…. Boots and shoes, 44 cases. Boiler comp., 500 gallons... Brooms, 30 packages... 157 2, 152 250 18 795 Cereals: Cigars, 1 case... 522 Flour, 17,983 barrels Confectionery, 3 cases.. 82, 280 75 Oats, 265 centals. 261 Canned goods, 4 cases 41 Canned meats, 4 cases. Canned goods, 4 cases. 18 125 Canned meat, 75 cases. 204 Clothing, 23 packages. 3, 952 Clothing, 2 packages Cotton manufactures, 252 packages 108 59, 789 Chinese goods, 35 packages. 423 Champagne, 40 cases 498 Drugs, 24 packages Cordage, 46 coils.. 878 251 Dry goods, 15 packages. Cigars, 4 cases 4, 216 350 Effects, 19 packages.. Fish: Cod, 21 cases.. 6, 275 Fish, salt, 1 package 15 Canned, 20 cases.. 270 Fruit: 145 Dry goods, 171 packages. 5,909 Dry goods, 28,717 yards 1, 548 Canned, 65 cases Raisins, 76 packages Green, 147 packages 256 598 202 286 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORT TRADE-continued. List of exports from San Francisco, 1889-Continued. Articles. Value. Articles. Value. Colombia—Continued. IN TRANSIT-continued. Dollars. Groceries, unsp., 137 packages... 741 Miscellaneous Hay, 353 bales 685 Hardware, 18 packages... 551 Honey, 1 case 6 Hops, 88 pounds 30 Manufactures of wool, 192 packages Manufactures of metal, 4 packages. Manufactures of cotton, 66 packages. Manufactures of wood, 277 packages.. Iron pipe, 2 packages 115 Notions, 13 packages. Miscellaneous merchandise.. 988 Printing material, 1 package. Meal, 1,380 pounds.... 29 Paints, 3 packages Machinery, 59 packages 2, 359 Paper, 2 packages. Potatoes, 6,025 packages Millstuff, 2 packages Metals, iron, 262 packages Nuts, 5 packages... Onions, 1,569 packages Pearl barley, 2 boxes. Printing materials, 9 packages. Provisions, butter, 1,200 pounds Quicksilver, 15 cases Rice, 696,855 pounds. Rub er goods, 1 package. 2 Silk, 19 packages. 446 Tea, 22,890 pounds 57 Tapioca, 15 pounds. 1,018 Vegetables, 21 pounds. 7, 167 14 278 Total - 268 475 Wooden ware, 37 pounds.. West Concord (New Hampshire). Dollars. 1,576 3, 168 100 3,020 5,870 2,131 50 80 37 2, 100 5, 654 30 260 800 148, 011 13, 679 10 Wool, 51,868 23, 500 Salmon, 70 cases……. 380 Sugar, 206,143 pounds.. 15, 061 Wilkes Barre (Pennsylvania). Spices, 15 cases. 97 Shrimps, 13,099 pounds.. 1,577 Salmon, 350 cases 1,890 Paper, 9 packages.. 117 Spirits: Wilmington (North Carolina). Whisky, 46 cases. 420 Various, 30 packages. 90 Wine, 3 cases 15 Seeds, 3 packages.. 24 Sirup, 1 case. 4 Valparaiso. Twine, 3 packages. 528 Tea, 550 pounds. 212 Effects, 1 package 100 Vegetables, 422 packages.. 1,374 Lumber, 3,000 feet 60 Wine, 1,451 gallons.. Wine, 5 cases……. Wooden ware, 6 packages.. 733 Miscellaneous 275 24 Notions, 4 packages. 400 308 Wheat, 17, 916. 03 centales. 26, 043 Total 163, 845 Total.. 26, 878 IN TRANSIT. Vermont. Beans, 29 centals... 71 Salmon, 80 barrels 1, 040 Books, 2 cases……. 251 Bread, 600 pounds. 40 Washington. Canned meat, 167 cases Cigars, 1 case Drugs, 47 packages 200 60 Wine, 1,480 gallons 814 520 Dry goods, 922 packages 73, 813 Wales. Effects, 1 package.. 100 Groceries, 37 packages. 110 Wine, 21 gallons 16 Glassware, 10 packages 300 Provisions, various, 4,075 packages 7,224 Webster (Massachusetts). Rice, 1,709,726 pounds. 46,272 Spices, 88 packages 150 Wool, 22,230 pounds.. 12, 227 CALIFORNIA. 287 Exports of merchandise from San Francisco to all countries by sea in 1886, 1887, and 1888. Countries. 1887. 1886. 1888. Great Britain. New York, etc……. Hawaiian Islands.. Australia.. China Mexico.. Central America South America France British Columbia. Japan Tahiti $20, 253, 856 2,872, 364 3, 018, 774 1,301, 633 3, 644, 337 1, 188. 941 $16,557, 760 $18, 012, 816 6,654, 221 6, 606, 793 2, 814, 397 2, 777, 603 1,007, 675 1, 700, 507 3,082, 345 2,570, 202 1, 400, 605 1,409, 230 692, 022 98, 661 1, 110, 611 1,332, 826 233, 416 291, 650 2,707, 750 152, 780 2, 468, 735 952, 850 775, 684 798, 798 586, 186 761, 150 702, 644 New Zealand………… 419, 300 358, 213 354, 611 Panama 143, 623 150, 272 196, 803 Belgium.. 170, 786 248, 619 227, 433 Asiatic Russia.. 251, 846 A pia 166, 861 160, 920 139, 608 Philippine Islands. 66, 263 79, 807 Germany 56, 475 89, 354 Pacific Islands 223, 842 69, 169 118,661 Cape Verde Islands. 118, 428 35, 906 39, 352 Canada... Java.. 5,751 4,966 6, 469 India. 12, 750 9, 774 19, 840 Penang Fiji Islands. Switzerland Norway 13, 176 10, 151 3,000 3, 063 16, 374 Saigon.. Various Totals. 2,216 2,888 574, 745 39, 149, 553 2, 804 27, 254 35, 856, 061 40, 241, 038 A REVIEW. Statement showing imports of merchandise into San Francisco from 1853 to 1856, inclusive. Article. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. Grain. Flour.. Rice.. Beans. Bread. Do.. bags.. 740, 000 190,000 sacks and barrels.. *11, 700 499, 000 218, 000 49, 300 36,700 bags.. 420,000 168, 700 bags and barrels.. 198,000 348,000 103, 000 43, 000 45, 000 ..casks.. 61,000 23,700 8, 300 800 Apples, dried.. Do.. Raisins. Coffee Tea... Sugar, refined and domestic Sugar, foreign and raw. .cases.. 35, 300 6, 000 800 barrels.. 10, 500 7,700 6, 800 • packages.. 3,400 5,300 4,000 5, 400 boxes.. 36,000 49, 000 19, 300 38, 600 ..bags.. 63,000 128, 500 66,500 85,000 ..chests.. 97, 400 162, 200 53,000 53.400 barrels.. 87,400 40, 000 34, 700 70,000 Beef Pork. Bacon. Bacon.... bags 167, 000 118,000 ...barrels.. 126, 000 16, 300 10,500 barrels.. 51, 200 32, 700 .tierces and barrels.. 9, 100 9, 500 Hams Butter... Do.. Lard Candles. Tobacco. Do... Liquors, alcohol. Liquors. Whisky. Brandy. Do. Wine. · Do.... Champagne. Dry goods Do.... Blankets. Shoes.. Powder. boxes.. 9,400 5, 200 1, 600 .casks.. 41, 000 29, 800 21, 300 ...casks.. 93, 700 40, 400 38,000 · cases.. 28, 700 10, 600 4,500 kegs.. 83, 000 34, 400 20,000 .boxes.. 173, 900 86, 000 133, 600 .bales.. 4,600 12, 900 3,800 92,700 157, 600 9,000 28, 500 5, 300 1,900 22, 900 9,000 57,900 41, 000 273, 000 2, 100 1,000 1,700 .cases.. 29,000 2,100 20, 300 26,000 casks.. 29, 000 13, 500 7,500 10,000 11, 800 - cases.. 16, 500 6, 000 7,300 ..barrels.. 20,000 18, 000 13,000 12,000 ..casks.. 21,700 30,000 9, 500 11, 900 cases.. 8,000 7, 100 7,700 barrels. 7,000 56,000 11,500 6, 700 16, 800 17, 300 cases.. 157, 000 59, 200 123, 700 .do.. 130, 300 34, 000 16, 300 26, 000 bales.. 35, 200 20, 000 18, 500 17, 000 .cases.. 36, 600 36, 300 20, 500 ..bales.. 4,000 19,000 31,600 1,900 1, 300 2,000 · cases.. 67,500 60, 700 82, 000 Lumbert. Do... Coal. ..kegs.. 87,400 15,000 9, 000 .thousand feet.. 35,600 35, 500 58,000 62,000 32,000 .. .pieces.. 38, 400 400, 000 182, 000 66,000 tons... 82, 000 67, 500 86, 000 2,230 65,000 *Oregon wheat. Not including shingles, clapboards, etc. 288 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Wheat Oats... Barley. Flour, California's exports of merchandise from 1854 to 1856. Grits and bran, Potatoes. Hides. Skins. Tallow. Wool. Lumber... Quicksilver. *Chiefly to Peru. Articles. 1854. 1855. 1856. bags.. 5,000 .do.. ..do.. 3,200 83, 000 49,000 23, 000 *13, 00 15, 600 73, 000 bags and barrels.. bags.. 58,000 116, 000 5, 000 †74,000 12,000 5,000 ba:8.. 20,000 12,000 .number.. 44, 000 112,000 170,000 ..bales.. 1,600 5.000 .barrels.. 500 1,700 bales.. 1, 100 2, 500 4, 000 M teet.. 3, 200 2,500 1, 200 .flasks.. 21,000 27, 200 §23, 700 + Chiefly to Australia. Besides large quanties of shingles, etc. ŞOver half to Mexico, rest to Peru, China, and New York, and a little to Australia. In 1853, 18,800 flasks were shipped. Arrivals and clearances of vessels in San Francisco's trade from 1853 to 1856. 1856. 1853. 1854. 1855. Countries, etc. Arrivals. Clear- ances. Arrivals. ances. Clear- Arriv Clear- als. ances. Arrivals. Clearances. | No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. No. Tons. No. Tons. |No. | Tons. United States Atlantic ports 344 260, 845 25 30, 580 153, 313 14 8,637 147, 870 128149, 370 7 6,002 United States Pacific ports. 110 64, 668 726 137, 860 586 138, 100 189, 635 1,034 138, 149 860137, 456 Whalers. 11 2,545 7 1, 835 3 650 7 1, 921 3, 609 2, 535 12 2,879 18 3,855 Russian north western ports 6 1,883 5 1,481 5 2,527 9 4,797 British Colum- bia 20 3,695 21 4, 654 21 3, 765 24 4,976 3 537 5 638 Mexico 44 7, 177 72 16, 369 26 3, 977 36 8,065 8, 065 3, 626 15, 043 38 5, 531 43 Nicaragua. 32 30,262 28 26, 472 26 31, 614 25 28,957 13 15,574 8,873 1418, 052 Central Amer- ica. 3 797 1 182 2 349 Panama 45 54, 526 Ecuador Peru.. Chile 11 2, 117 127 37, 137 39 53,859 2 446 269|169, 022 126 40, 921 34] 54, 121 33 52, 991 26 49,903 26 50, 627 4 689 124 82, 458 7 879 59 56, 573 12, 396 13,492 39 13, 492 6, 409 11 3,985 21 8, 502 Australia 9 3,179 52 14, 428 19 6,854 40 10,292 5, 986 15, 309| 11 3, 375 29 12,558 Manila 6 2,402 21| 15, 930. 7 2,031 19 17,620 Hawaii 47 7,052 56 16, 479 40 8,426 52 13, 893 10, 169 10, 720 31 6, 683 42 15, 555 Other Pacific Islands 21 2,499 28 5, 600 15 2,551 14 2,287 3,705 2,913 287 22 2,522 15 1.971 East Indies. 9 3,683 68 41, 750 10 3,983 34 28,805 China. 55 24,329 Brazil 1 392 2 95| 58, 207 95 58, 207 686 58 31, 160 117 91, 987 17, 626 43] 27, 110 79 72, 734 5 2,049 Spain 1 181 Italy 1 369 France 31 10, 415 Great Britain 81 35, 334 Holland 6 3, 417 4,562 22, 114 3, 030 • 18 25, 833 7,619 21 11, 729 1 900 Hanse towns 15 Denmark 1 8,399 330 7 2,815 • Statement showing total values of San Francisco's export trade from 1855 to 1889 inclusive. Year. Value. Year. Value. Year. Value. 1855 $4, 189, 611 1867 1856 4, 270, 516 1868 $22, 465, 903 22,943, 340 1879 1880 $36, 564, 328 35, 563, 286 1857. 4,369, 758 1869 20, 888, 981 1881 53, 664, 352 1858. 4,770, 163 1870 17,848, 160 1882. 51, 752, 428 1859. 5,553, 411 1871 13, 951, 149 1883. 45, 860, 068 1860 8, 532, 439 1872... 23, 793, 530 1884.. 37, 163, 916 1861 9,888, 072 1873 31, 160, 208 1885 36,075, 912 1862 10, 565, 294 1874 28, 425, 248 1886 1863. 12, 877, 399 1875. 33, 554, 081 1887 39, 891, 558 35, 615, 257 1864 13, 271, 752 1876. 31, 314, 782 1865 14, 554, 496 1877... 29, 002, 393 1888 ... 189... 40, 815, 161 47.274, 09 1866 17, 303, 818 1878.. 34, 155, .94 CALIFORNIA. 289 Statement showing total values of San Francisco's import trade for 1857 and from 1868 to 1889 inclusive. Year. Value. Year. Value. Year. Value. 1857 1868.. $6,397, 354 1875 $35, 703, 784 1883 $39, 828, 817 18, 723, 738 1876 37, 559, 018 1884 35, 679, 853 1869 19, 714, 001 1877.. 32, 276, 653 1870 19, 733, 850 1878 35, 565, 139 1885.. 1886 34, 044, 405 39, 582, 541 1871. 28, 736, 646 1879 34, 121, 417 1837 41, 606, 684 1872 39, 704, 754 1880 37, 240, 514 1888. 48, 609, 200 1873 33, 159, 149 1881 • 1874.. 31, 529, 708 1882 38, 554, 923 44, 348, 545 1889.. 51,288, 306 TONNAGE AND CHARTERS. The merchant marine of California on the 30th of June, 1884, consisted of 875 ves- sels, the aggregate tonnage of which amounted to 233,440 tons. There were engaged in domestic commerce 683 vessels, the tonnage of which amounted to 116,074 tons, and in foreign commerce 192 vessels, the tonnage of which amounted to 117,366 tons. There were 39 vessels built in the State during the last fiscal year, the tonnage of which amounted to 6,301 gross tons. The tonnage built consisted entirely of wooden vessels. The total tonnage of vessels entered at seaports of California from foreign countries during the fiscal year referred to above amounted to 935,459 tons; the ton- nage entered at San Francisco amounted to 834,560 tons, or 95 per cent., and the ton- nage entered at all other ports amounted to 50,899 tons, or 5 per cent. of the total ton- nage entered. Tonnage of vessels belonging to California during each year ended June 30, from 1869 to 1884, inclusive. A Year. Tons. Year. 1869 148, 776 1875 1870. 156, 788 1876 1871 133, 301 1877 1872 141, 314 1878 1873 147, 866 1879 1874 .. 166, 434 1880 Tons. Year. Tons. 181, 287 1881 202, 907 204, 535 1882 211, 126 190, 076 1883 230, 168 183, 286 1884 • 233, 440 200, 319 202, 114 Statement showing gross and net tonnage of San Francisco vessels for 1837, with totals for Permanent registers: Sail Steam Whale fishery… Iron vessel, steam Temporary registers: Sail Steam Iron vessel, steam Steel.. Permanent enrollments: Classification. 1886. Tonnage. Vessels. Gross. Net. 101 35, 302. 09 9 6, 105. 20 29, 991.92 3,876. 20 6 3, 021. 66 2, 244. 49 4 11, 269. 49 7, 544. 79 15 Sail 429 Steam. 129 Iron vessel, sail 1 Iron vessel, steam Steel.. 4 997.35 5, 383. 63 1 827.51 Temporary enrollments: Sail Steam... Iron vessel, steam. Licenses under 20 tons: Sail, coasting trade. Steam, coasting trade Iron.... Total.. 9 4302 22 325 17, 287.51 3, 683.92 19, 290. 46 1, 160. 28 83, 714. 44 49, 214. 00 3, 302.32 415.85 11, 339. 05 985. 46 373.80 13, 606. 59 2,590.22 5, 018. 40 648.90 79, 181. 98 36, 330. 72 917. 49 3, 127. 12 620.01 3, 145. 30 293.30 7, 168. 02 853.28 178.59 13.53 75 19 1 27.05 818 253, 701. 10 197, 380.85 839 247, 010. 45. 182, 750.47 1886 ... [NOTE.-There are at present about 580 vessels in the coasting trade, aggregating about 156,000 tons gross, and about 132,000 tons net.] α I σ 90-19 290 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Arrivals at San Francisco of sail tonnage from domestic Atlantic, and foreign ports`in 1888, with totals for 1887. Europe.... Australia... British Columbia. Domestic Atlantic ports. Hawaiian Islands. China and Hong-Kong Japan Society Islands. Philippine Islands.. South America. East Indies Miscellaneous Whaling.. - Fishing.. Total 1887.. United Kingdom British Columbia. Australia.. Hawaiian Islands. Philippine Islands Society Islands Mexico New York.. Marshall Islands Panama Hong-Kong. France Peru.. From- Vessels. Tonnage. 159 248, 861 131 196, 943 70 102, 626 51 78,566 130 64, 221 16 13, 637 11 10, 788 13 4,034 11 17, 908 8 6, 931 6 8, 800 21 4, 471 42 12, 525 9 1,777 678 372, 088 589 714,288 Clearances from San Francisco of sail and steam vessels 1889. To- Sail. Steam. No. Tons. No. Tons. 226 366, 898 79 98, 369 154 228, 859 13 22, 932 14 25, 275 117 49,999 14 23, 325 1 1, 69£ 15 4,351 22 7, 436 26 11, 361 17 28, 505 4 501 33 57, 930 3 4, 030 37 92, 572 7 11, 145 4 3, 545 7 1,897 5 589 4 5, 912 13 803 39 10, 400 9 4,818 16 847 10, 654 1 838 3 389 3 5, 323 1,007 5 1, 113 2 3, 669 6 1,779 1 295 1 186 1 857 625 654, 011 289 448, 292 Central America Gilbert Islands Belgium Whalers Hunting and fishing Foreign to domestic Germany Caroline Islands Brazil Chile Samoan Islands Uruguay Asiatic Russia. Fanning Islands. Cape Verde Islands Total.. CUSTOMS RECEIPTS. Monthly custom receipts paid into the United States Treasury at San Francisco from 1882 to 1889, inclusive. Months. January February March. April. May June July. August September October November December Total.... 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. $742, 042. 13 732, 702. 28 $708, 811. 11 965, 742. 17 $694, 209. 74 $417, 912. 94 520, 998. 42 398, 025. 31 798, 129.95 773, 301. 69 593, 358, 34 494, 878. 30 821, 135. 51 706, 508.72 456, 275. 84 483, 758.40 808, C83. 87 663, 514. 16 672, 212.60 481, 586. 93 605, 177. 52 987, 749. 17 533, 363. 29 466, 619. 66 1,076, 390. 51 741, 500. 35 619, 468. 52 507, 049. 48 868, 429. 12 | 1, 113, 830. 49 898, 591.46 581, 375. 85 679, 771. 41 793, 865. 06 589, 211. 82 562, 629.82 980, 518. 36 827, 026.92 848, 314. 54 488, 800.49 559, 736. 22 873, 418. 23 554, 087.60 616, 540.23 733, 348. 34 804, 715. 00 562, 886. 24 466, 462. 52 9,406, 464. 229, 959, 983. 07 6, 742, 078.41 5,855, 619. 93 CALIFORNIA. 291 CUSTOMS RECEIPTS-continued. Monthly custom receipts paid into the United States Treasury, etc.-Continued, January February March. April May June July.. August. September October - November December Total.. Months. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. $604, 198.76 522, 100.64 457,069.18 459, 111.45 472, 794. 39 $560, 484.60 $687, 386. 08 $629, 917.45 434, 873. 07 737, 381. 87 611, 485. 26 428, 441. 72 639, 575.26 832, 972. 61 514, 382. 35 517, 641.96 578, 434. 17 618, 164.91 735, 725. 41 629, 982. 68 572, 460. 69 530, 986. 231, 588, 619. 79 700, 940. 49 496, 567. 25 634, 585.70 962, 695. 99 897, 507. 16 510, 463. 57 688, 253.08 590, 541. 69 514, 061. 57 498, 213.56 588, 261. 69 1,032, 232. 66 1,093, 022. 35 686, 731.88 587, 719. 48 576, 533. 24 388, 078. 58 622, 013. 52 588, 877. 08 516, 168. 08 492, 287. 25 483, 337.68 834,900. 12 632, 270. 80 784, 130. 41 6, 199, 896. 02 | 6, 612, 324. 50| 7,696, 577.74 9, 257, 796. 16 No better place than this can be found for a statistical review of San Francisco's growth, and no better way of showing that growth can be found than by the presenta- tion of the following table, showing the assessed valuation of San Francisco's real estate and personal property: Year. Real estate. Personal property. Total. Year. Real estate. Personal property. Total. 1850-'51. $16, 849, 054 1851-'52 11, 141, 463 $4,772, 160 2,875, 440 1852-'53 15, 676, 356 2, 805, 381 1853-'54 14, 048, 150 4,852, 000 1854-'55 28, 925, 220 5,837, 607 1855-'56... 27, 002, 725 5,073, 847 1856-'57 26, 173, 284 4, 194, 970 $21, 621, 214 14,016, 903 18, 481, 737 28, 900, 150 34, 762, 827 32, 076, 572 30, 368, 251 1857-'58 ... 22, 970, 741 12, 426, 335 35, 397, 176 1858-'59 ... 19, 501, 150 11, 224, 800 1859-'60 1860-'61 ... 20, 696, 220 9, 323, 002 25, 283, 685 10, 683, 814 1861-'62 31, 871, 897 1862-'63 1863-'64 37,016, 102 43, 116, 538 9, 973, 222 29, 540, 554 34, 002, 627 1864-'65 47, 292, 903 33, 443, 262 1865-'66.. 49, 127, 312 39, 129, 145 1866-'67. 53, 485, 421 43, 214, 976 1867-'68 58, 207, 862 51, 152, 969 | 1868-'69 ... 1869-'70.. 63,631, 721 42, 782, 308 | 69,776, 603 44, 282, 908 30, 725, 950 30, 019, 222 35, 967, 499 41, 845, 119 66,556, 656 77, 119, 165 80, 736, 165 88, 266, 457 96, 700, 397 109, 360, 826 106, 414, 029 114, 759, 511 1870-'71.. 1871-'72.. 1872-73. 1873-'74 .. 1874-'75 .. 1875-'76.. 1876-'77 .. 1877-78. 1878-'79. 1879-'80. 1880-'81 1881-'82.. 1882-'83 1883-'84. 1884-'85.. 1885-'86 .. 1886-'87 .. 1887-'88 $75, 145, 717 | 76, 124, 556 180, 571, 640 180, 571, 640 | 168, 053, 818 162,080, 605 | 169, 914, 327 190, 221, 003 $31, 246, 159 28, 900, 988 108, 011, 617 44, 154, 717 102, 035, 99, 160, 814 70, 041, 340 $106, 391, 876 105, 625, 539 288, 583, 257 212, 208, 535 689 264, 116, 294 269, 105, 141 260, 262, 343 191, 845, 560 62, 894, 640 254, 740, 000 191, 078, 781 52, 298, 380 243, 377, 161 190, 389, 410 54, 246, 350 244, 635, 760 155, 870, 296 55, 720, 758 211, 600, 664 151, 930, 702 50, 396, 712 202, 327, 414 155, 845, 563 164, 024, 687 57, 914, 865 59, 398, 287 171, 433, 126 56, 634.860 175, 564, 352 54, 321, 973 213, 760, 428 223, 422, 974 228,067, 986 230, 386, 325 191, 594, 054 60, 368, 428 251, 962, 482 210, 953, 360 61, 757, 646 272, 711, 006 1888-'89 .. 240, 819, 652 65, 153, 068 305, 972, 720 The next table shows the annual revenue and expense of the city government, with rate of taxation for the past 25 years: Year. Rate [Revenue. Expenses. of taxation. Year. Revenue. Expenses. Rate of taxation. 1865-'66 1866-'67. 1867-'68 1868-'69 $2,569, 220 2,828, 858 3,061, 892 3, 491, 020 $1,437, 281 $3.12 1878-'79 1, 766, 565 3.10 1879-'80 1,788, 586 3.00 1880-'81 $6,775, 518 5, 661, 616 5, 013, 147 $5, 528, 352 5,844, 245 $2.24 1.99 2,459, 210 5, 948, 632 2.21 3.05 1881-'82. 3,866, 855 4,871, 319 1869-'70 3,920, 697 2, 684, 433 1.80 3.08 1882-'83 5, 245, 993 5, 267, 818 1870-'71 3, 764, 346 1.80 2, 819, 617 2.84 1883-'84 5, 173, 378 4,913, 349 1871-'72 2,925, 651 1.69 3, 062, 766 2.97 1884-'85 1872-'73 3,502, 294 3,273, 515 1.50 1885-'86 4,526, 725 4, 166, 444 4,879, 675 1.57 4, 217, 984 1873-'74. 1.01 3, 398, 520 3, 430, 808 1.60 1886-'87 3, 369, 763 1874-'75 4, 195, 537 1.05 4, 630, 219 4, 435, 257 2.09 1875-'76.. 4, 651, 274 5, 216, 469 1. 60 1876-'77 5, 347, 340 4, 534, 100 2.12 1887-'88 1888-'89 1889-'90 1877-'78 4,808, 887 3,592, 566 5, 845, 296 5, 165, 618 3,885, 817 1. 14 5, 125, 059 5, 257, 634 4,391, 025 1.00 1.00 1.83 292 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The following figures show San Francisco's annual real estate sales since 1848: Year. Amount. Year. Amount. Year. Amount. 1848 $58, 500 1862 $42, 561, 761 1876 $24, 000, 000 1849 4, 921, 450 1863 46, 071, 920 1877 18, 550, 000 1850 27, 676, 346 1864.. 56, 707, 201 1878. 14, 583, 000 1851 42, 582, 695 1865 45, 308, 227 1879. 10,318, 000 1852 46, 586, 134 1866 44, 364, 393 1880 13, 390, 000 1853 57, 331, 024 1867. 23, 000, 000 1881 12, 233, 000 1854 51, 328, 653 1868 33, 000, 000 1882 15, 127, 000 1855 45, 161, 731 1869 29, 500, 000 1883 15, 876, 000 1856 50, 697, 434 1870 12, 000, 000 1884 13, 321, 000 1857 48, 976, 692 1871 13,500,000 1885 14, 651, 000 1858. 1859 1860.. 47, 548, 026 1872 13, 100, 000 1886.. 16, 000, 000 47, 640, 462 1873 12, 400, 000 1887 20, 500,000 42, 325, 916 1874.. 24, 000, 000 1888 24, 396, 000 1861 40, 676, 758 1875 35, 900, 000 1889 33, 000, 000 The bonded debt of San Francisco in 1865 was $5,000,394, of which nearly $2,000,000 was for the aid of various railroad enterprises. The reduction in the amount has been steady, as the following figures show: Years. 1866-'67. 1867-'68. Amount. Years. Amount. Years. Amount, 1868-'69.. $4,748, 667 4, 554, 200 4, 709, 100 1874-75.... 1875-'76. 1876-'77.. $3,732, 500 1883 4,322, 500 1884 4,322,500 1885 1869-'70... 4, 606, 500 1870-'71.... 3,624, 200 1871-'72... 3, 461, 000 1878... 1879. 1880 4, 219, 500 1886 $3,171,000 2, 574, 000 2,455, 000 2,346, 500 4, 161, 500 1887 2, 251, 000 3,863, 000 1888 1872-73. 3, 237, 000 1,875, 500 1873-'74. 3, 725,000 1881. 1882 3, 521, 500 1889 1, 801, 000 3, 351, 500 The operations of the San Francisco Clearing House affords a substantial and reliable index of the volume of business in the city. The subjoined table gives the monthly operations for the past 2 years and a comparison, by years, from 1876 to 1889: January. February March.. April. May June July... August... September October November. December Totals Increase in 1889 .. # Months. COMPARISON BY YEARS. 1889. 1888. $69, 546, 821 58,555, 638 $63, 373, 433 63, 457, 972 67, 011, 263 65, 697, 735 64, 706, 134 61, 867, 516 70, 651, 204 70, 592, 543 67, 897, 824 66, 093, 189 71, 298, 952 67, 615, 420 73, 933, 017 74, 022, 812 71, 480, 773 82, 022, 519 72, 825, 124 73, 456, 882 70, 525, 357 87,702, 944 71, 937, 722 73, 849, 311 843, 386, 151 6,650, 197 836, 735, 954 Year. Amount. Year. Amount. Year. Amount. 1889 $843, 386, 151 1884. 1888.. 836, 735, 954 1883 1887 829, 181, 930 1882 $556, 857, 691 617, 921, 854 629, 114, 120 1879 $553, 953, 956 1878. 1877. 715, 329, 320 519, 948, 804 1886 642, 221, 492 1881 1885. 562, 344, 738 1880. 508, 696, 832 486, 725, 954 1876 476, 123, 238 1 PART IV. AGRICULTURE. CHAPTER I. General and descriptive. CHAPTER II. Fruit growing in Cali- fornia. CHAPTER III. Field and factory. CHAPTER IV. The cereals. CHAPTER V. Live stock. CHAPTER VI. Dairy, field, and garden. CHAPTER I. GENERAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. California's area-Topographical peculiarities-Varied productions-Crops of 1889-Development of resources-Extensive shipments-Home consumption-Vegetable gardening-The climate of California-Remarkable features-The rainy season-Meteorological tables-Records of forty years. California is one of the largest States of the Union. It has an area of 155,000 square miles, or, in round numbers, 100,000,000 acres. This area is equal to that of all the great Middle States of the Union, which have a population of 12,000,000 peo- ple. It extends through ten degrees of latitude in the southern half of the temper- ate zone, between the frozen north on the one hand and the torrid south on the other, and it has every advantage of geographical position. It borders for 1,000 miles on the great peaceful ocean, on whose shores more than one-third of the world's popu- lation dwells. This extended shore line has two of the largest and best-sheltered harbors of the world, which invite and afford shelter for the merchant marine of all nations. The northern half is bisected by two great navigable rivers. The San Joa- quin, rising in the south, flows north, and the Sacramento, having its sources in the extreme north, flows south, till the two meet and pour their waters into the Bay of San Francisco. The valleys of these two streams form one of the largest drainage basins of the continent. Its area is given in the United States topographical reports as 58,000 square miles. These valleys are of great beauty and fertility. They en- raptured the Jesuit and Franciscan fathers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centu- ries; they extorted the highest praise from the American pathfinders and explorers in the first half of this century, and they were so rich and beautiful, that they made the gold-seekers willing exiles from their native States. Flanking these great valleys are two high mountain ranges, running south and north. On the west is the Coast Range, the rounded domes of which overlook the Pacific Ocean for over 700 miles. On the east are the Sierra Nevadas, whose high crests and pinnacled peaks form the eastern part of the State. TOPOGRAPHICAL PECULIARITIES. From this physical conformation there is every topographical feature known to earth. There are wide fertile valleys for those who prefer the lower levels, sloping uplands, and foothills for the dwellers at the mountain's feet, and deep valleys and lofty elevations for those who love the lights and shadows of the great mountains. 293 294 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No other part of earth presents a more varied panorama of beauty and grandeur than is found in this golden State. To the west the great sea rolls her crested waves against jutting cliffs or over pebbly beaches and long stretches of glistening sands. The gently rounded domes of the Coast Range and the lofty summits of the Sierra overlook picturesque valleys and forest-parked plains. Shasta and Lassen, the silent sentinels of the north, lift their heads into the regions of eternal silence. The great rivers flow through the grain-laden valleys, shining in the sun like ribbons of silver set in cloth of gold. Innumerable streams from their mountain sources dash through narrow gorges, pour in glimmering cataracts down precipitous mountain sides, and whirl in silent eddies at the feet of wide-branching forest monarchs. Great woods darken the mountain sides, and evergreen oaks beautify the valleys. But the varied and picturesque beauty of the State is not its most distinguishing characteristic. It is in its climate that it differs from all of its sister States and Territories. Here in the wide valleys and on the seacoast there is a continual suc- cession of spring and autumn, leaving no room for winter. It is hard for the Eastern home-seeker to understand that on the same parallel of latitude where he lives half of the year amidst snow and ice, there is a country without winter, where the flowers bloom outdoors through the winter months, and where the field-worker has the whole year for outdoor labor. Such an exceptional climate, in such high latitudes, is in- comprehensible to the stranger. That the intending settler may be able to compre- hend the facts of our climate, the causes are given in brief. Everyone knows that the Gulf Stream, rising in the Caribbean Sea and flowing north and west to the coast of northern Europe, makes the British isles, in high lati- tudes, not only inhabitable, but gives them a more temperate climate than that of New England, 12 degrees farther south; that it makes France, on the same parallel as icebound Labrador, the land of the vine and the fig. + So it is here. There is in the Pacific Ocean a warm river which risés under the torrid sun of the Indian Ocean, and sweeping around the earth's great circle, washes the whole western coast. The air currents, always from the ocean, come over valley and hillside tempered from this warm ocean river. There is, however, a more potent factor in causing our exceptional climate than this ocean stream. Starting from the western point of the Alaskau peninsula, fully 1,500 miles west of San Francisco, there is one continuous high mountain running southeast into Mexico. This barrier deflects all the Arctic blasts to the east and gives us only the warm winds from the ocean. The protection afforded by this great. mountain wall is illustrated on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad. Auburn is on the west or protected side of the barrier, and Truckee, only 80 miles away, is on the eastern or unprotected side. Truckee has heavy falls of snow and ice forms of considerable thickness. Auburn has a winter- less climate; oranges and lemons hang on the trees all through the winter months, and flowers bloom in her gardens in the open air the year round. VARIED PRODUCTIONS. This exceptional climate gives the State a list of productions of a vastly more va- ried character than is known to any of her sister States or Territories. Every pro- duction of the temperate or semitropic zone is found here. The pine and the palm, the maple and the magnolia, the apple and the apricot, the pomegranate and the plum, the orange and the lemon, and the fig and the citron do as well here as they do anywhere on earth. Every kind of grape that ever ripened under the sun gives an abundant return for the labor of the vineyardist. Cotton, tobacco, and the mulberry tree of Asia and Europe grow luxuriantly here. It was once said of one of the sunny spots of earth that "It is better to be a worm and feed on the mulberry trees of Daphne than to be a king's guest," and it is probably true that the sunny climate of California produces as tender and delicate a repast for the silkworm from our mul- berry trees as the groves of Daphne furnished. It is a well-established fact that the semitropic climate of California grows abundantly those products which are denied by a harsher and less hospitable climate to other portions of the United States. There is no doubt that if, as a nation, we are to produce our own wines, it must be due to California. The same may be said of citrus fruits, olives, and olive oil, rai- sins, prunes, and nuts, and we are large importers of many other products which our California soil and climate are eminently adapted to produce. As showing the wide range of our products, the following figures are given of the principal crops of California in 1889: CALIFORNIA. 295 The crops of 1889. Wine product gallons.. 15, 000, 000 Barley crop. Raisins and dried grapes.....boxes.. 1,600,000 Flour shipments. .centals.. 10, 000, 000 ...barrels.. 1, 000, 000 Prune crop- Canned goods shipment pounds.. .do.... 18, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 Green deciduous fruit shipments, pounds. Dried fruits shipped east...pounds.. Bean crop.. 50, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 Value of cereal, hay, and root crops.. $60, 000, 000 Orange crop. Hop product. Wool product Wheat exported boxes.. 1, 000, 000 .pounds.. 4, 200, 000 .do.... 35,000, 000 .centals.. 12, 450, 000 .do.... 35, C00, 000 4 DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES. The development of the resources of the State forms one of the most interesting and instructive chapters of the history of the marvelous progress made by the United States in the present century. When the American occupation of the State took place, 40 years ago, it was one vast grazing ground. The tillage of the soil was little known. The reverend fathers had some gardens in which they grew vegetables, and there were a few small orchards and vineyards in the southern and middle portions of the State around the old missions. When the rush of the gold seekers came in 1849 and 1850 breadstuffs had to be imported to the coast for their support, and it was years before the State produced the food to feed its own population. The first tillage was along the streams, on the alluvial soils, and it was then believed that these were the only lands which would yield an adequate return for labor. The cereals were the first food plants which were produced on the lands back from the streams, and the exper- iments of their cultivation on the higher lands of the valleys were made with doubts and misgivings as to success. The introduction and practice of summer fallowing dissolved these doubts and gave such an impetus to grain growing as within twenty years placed California within the front rank of wheat and barley growing States. Vegetable growing followed grain growing to the higher valley lands and on the foothills, and from being an importer of food products California became a large ex- porter. Fruit growing on an extended scale dates back hardly more than a decade. Enough has been done in tree and vine cultivation to prove that this is the natural home of all kinds of tree fruits and grapes, but the efforts were only in the direction of local supplies. The varieties of fruit and grapes were of the most common kinds, and the wine manufactured met with little favor either at home or abroad. The last ten years has wrought a complete revolution as to the quantity and quality of orchard and vineyard products. The choicest varieties of trees and vines have been brought here by our enterprising horticulturists from every soil and climate under the sun, and from the experience gained by home experiments and by the study of the horti- culture of all countries our orchardists and vineyardists have become as skillful as any in the world. The advance made in vine growing and in wine making has been marvelous. Our wine, which nobody wanted ten years ago, is now in demand in the Eastern States and is even meeting with favor in Europe. EXTENSIVE SHIPMENTS. The building of the transcontinental railways opened the markets of the country west of the Missouri River to our orchard, vineyard, and garden products. That market we now monopolize without competition. The extent of the present and fu- ture demand for our products in that market may be judged from the immense area of the country, and the rapidity of its development in wealth and population. Fol- lowing upon our occupation of this intro-montane market came the demand for our fruits, wine, and vegetables in all the States to the Atlantic coast. There are now in the State from 160,000 to 200,000 acres of vineyards, and the officers of the viticul- tural commission estimate that the manufacture of wine this season will reach over 20,000,000 gallons. Last year we produced the equivalent of 1,600,000 20-pound boxes of raisins, and this year the product will be considerably larger. The improvement in the quality of the raisin and in the manner of packing for market has more than kept pace with the increase in amount, till now our raisins of all grades compare favorably with those of foreign countries and have the first call in the Eastern mar- ket. The shipments of green fruits to the East last season reached nearly 3,000 car- loads of 10 tons each, and showed a large increase over any previous season. This fruit goes to almost every section of the Eastern States, and the demand for it is rap- idly increasing every year. It is not only in the Trans-Missouri country and in the Eastern States that our green fruits are in demand. Some of our orchardists are making large shipments of fruits to the islands of the Pacific and to Australia and New Zealand. ! 296 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. HOME CONSUMPTION. As large as are the volumes of the green-fruit shipments they are small compared to the quantities which are used by the 1,500,000 people of the State, and by our canners and dryers. During the past few seasons the number of dryers and canneries which have been established has been very large. Many of the canneries are large establishments, employ several hundred people each, and put up thousands of tons of fruit. The amount of fruit canned each year aggregates over 50,000,000 pounds. Dryers and evaporators have been built in all the fruit districts, and in some of these districts the bulk of the crop has either been cured by them or sun-dried. Our canned and dried fruits are used by the merchant and naval marine of all nations and by people in many countries which have a climate that forbids fruit growing to advantage. This market is growing wider and wider each year, and we may expect these kinds of fruits soon to go wherever the sails of commerce whiten the seas. VEGETABLE GARDENING. Vegetable growing has within the past 10 years assumed large proportions. There is not more than one month in the year in which some kinds of vegetables do not mature here. While we have 11 months in which vegetables mature, the great Eastern States, with a population of nearly 60,000,000 people, have little more than 3 months in the year in which they have fresh vegetables of their own production. There is no other considerable portion of the United States which has one-half of the time for the continuous maturing of fruits or vegetables which California has. It fol- lows that during a considerable portion of the year we can and do furnish the East with her fresh vegetables as well as with fruits. The larger portion of the Rocky Mountain country is not adapted to farming or gardening, and we furnish that sec:ion with vegetables the year round. There is hardly a town in all that vast region now rapidly increasing in wealth and population to which we do not ship vegetables. To the country east of the Mis- souri River we ship our garden products in carload or trainload lots during the several months of the year. These shipments are rapidly gaining in volume and the areas to which we ship are continually widening. The season of shipment to the country east of the Missouri and Mississippi is from October to June. These shipments go as far east as Cleveland and Cincinnati. THE CLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA. There are essentially two climates in California-the land climate and the sea cli- mate. The latter derives its low temperature from the ocean, the water of which along the coast stands at from 52° to 54° all the year round. The evenness of the ocean temperature is owing to a steady current from the north, which is accompanied also by winds in the same direction during the entire summer season, or rather from April to October inclusive. Almost daily during this period a deluge of cold, damp air of the same temperature as the ocean over which it has passed is poured upon the land. It is mostly laden with mists and dense clouds, which it deposits at the foot- hills and on the slopes of the highlands, or carries a short distance into the interior wherever there is a break in the land wall. The land climate is as nearly as possible the opposite in every respect. In summer and autumn it is hot and dry. It undergoes various modifications from the configu- ration of the surface of the earth. Even the mountains which retain the snow to a late period present a high temperature in the middle of the day, and the presence of snow on their summits in June is owing to the great mass which has accumulated on them rather than to cold weather. A large district of territory lies between the juris- diction of the two climates and is subject to their joint influence. It is composed chiefly of valleys surrounding the bay of San Francisco and penetrating into the in- terior in every direction. There is no climate in the world more delightful than these valleys enjoy and no territory more productive. While the ocean prevents the con- tiguous land from being scorched in summer it also prevents it being frozen in winter. Hence ice and snow are not common in the ocean climate. The difference in temper- ature is comparatively slight between summer and winter. The absence of warm weather in the summer months is characteristic of the coast climate and strikes the stranger forcibly. The most ordinary programme of this climate for the year is as follows, beginning with the rainy season: The first decided rains are in November or December, when the country, after having been parched with droughts, puts on the garb of spring. In January the rains abate and vegetation advances slowly with occasional slight frosts. February is springlike, with but little rain. March and April are pleasant and showery, with an occasional hot day. In May the sea breeze begins, but does not give much annoyance. In June, just as warm weather is about to set in, the sea breeze comes daily and keeps down the temperature. CALIFORNIA. 297 REMARKABLE FEATURES. This sea breeze continues through July and August, occasionally holding up for a day or two, permitting the sun to heat the air to the sweating point. In Septem- ber the sea wind moderates and there is a slight taste of summer, which is prolonged into the next month. The pleasant weather often lingers in the lap of winter, and is interrupted only by the rains of November or December. Though the nights in the interior are not so uniformly cool, yet there are few localities, even in the valleys, where they are too warm for sleeping, even though the day temperature may have reached 100°. This is a remarkable feature of the climate of the Pacific States, and it has an important bearing upon the health, vigor, and character of the population. THE RAINY SEASON. In speaking of the rainy season, strangers will not infer that the rain is perpetual, or nearly so, during that time. The term is employed only in contrast with the dry season, and it implies a possibility rather than the actual occurrence of rain. In more than half the winters there is not a drop beyond the necessities of agriculture, and even in the seasons of most rain much pleasant weather is interspersed. If the winter be not extraordinary it is generally regarded as the most pleasant season of the year. In the intervals of the rain it is bright, sunny, and calm; it is spring rather than winter. The grass starts as soon as the soil is wet. At Christmas nature wears the green uniform almost throughout the entire State, and in February and March it is set with floral jewels. The blossoms increase in variety and profusion until April, when they are so abundant in many places as to show distinctly the yel- low carpeting on the hills for miles distant. In the Atlantic States the storms of approaching winter put a stop to the labors of the farm, and force both man and beast into winter quarters. In California it is just the reverse. The husbandman watches the skies with impatient hope, and as soon as the rains of November and December have softened the soil every plow is put in requisition. Nothing short of excess or deficiency of rain interferes with winter farm- ing. The planting season continues late, extending from November to April, giving an average of nearly 6 months for plowing and seeding, during which the weather is not likely to interfere with outdoor work more than in the six spring and summer months of the Eastern States. Owing to the absence of rain harvesting is conducted in a manner which would confuse the ideas of an Atlantic farmer. There are no showers or thundergusts to throw down the grain or wet the hay or impede the reaper. The hay dries in the swath without turning. The grain remains standing in the field awaiting the reaping machine, it may be for a month after it is ready to cut, and so it remains when cut, awaiting the thrasher. When thrashed and sacked the sacks are sometimes piled up in the fields a long time before removal. In Sep- tember or October the great grain-growing valleys may often be seen dotted over with cords of grain in sacks, as secure from danger from the weather as if securely housed. Owing to the absence of severe frosts the gardens around San Francisco supply fresh vegetables all through the winter. New potatoes often make their ap- pearance in March, and even earlier. In May the potatoes are full grown and the largest weigh a pound or more each. Many of the interior valleys are subject to ma- larious fevers, but not generally of a severe type. The various forms of disease which prevail elsewhere are found here, but they present no peculiarities worthy of comment. Insanity and diseases of the heart and blood vessels are frequent, but this is due rather to moral and physical causes than to climatic influence. The relation of the climate to pulmonary affections presents its most important aspect. Many persons threatened with lnng disease, or but slightly affected by it, have regained their health and vigor by immigration to this State. METEOROLOGICAL REcords. Average cloudiness in California and in the Eastern fruit regions; also average total num- ber of clear days annually. California. San Francisco.. Los Angeles. San Diego. Red Bluff Sacramento Oroville.... Nicolaus Average Clear cloudiness. days. Eastern and Southern States. Average Clear cloudiness. days. 4. 1 147 New York 5.1 100 3.4 171 Philadelphia 5.0 106 4.2 122 Baltimore 5.0 109 2.8 228 Rochester, N. Y 6.9 71 2.5 240 Cleveland, Ohio. 5.7 81 (*) 264 Grand Haven, Mich 5.6 92 (*) 248 Jacksonville, Fla. 4.4 124 Augusta, Ga 4.6 127 New Orleans 4.8 112 *No record. 298- INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. ! Mean monthly humidity. Rochester, N. Y Grand Haven, Mich Fresno, Cal.. Red Bluff, Cal Places. June. July. August. 67.9 68.5 68.4 73.5 73.1 77.2 51.8 45.5 38.0 42.2 34.0 35. 3 In 19 years our first light frost has occurred in the latter part of October for 16 years, 2 years in November, and 1 year on September 30. The temperature was close to 40 in most years, only once dropping as low as 33. In all these years the first killing frost has occurred in November, except 3 years near the last of October. The temperature went down as low as 27, twice down to 28, three times down to 29, three times to 30, five times to 31, and the remaining years from 34 to 42 above zero. The last light frost occurred twice in March, thirteen times in April, and four in May, the temperature in only one year reaching as low as 31, being generally near 40 above zero. The last killing frost occurred five times in January, six times in February, six- teen in March, and twice in April. The temperature reached as low as 24 once, 26 once, 27 four times, 28 three times 29 three times, 30 once, 31 five times, 32 once, above zero. First fruit-tree blossoms appeared twice in January, sixteen times in February, and once in March. It would not be possible to give to the intelligent inquirer any better data than these tables from which to judge our climate. Our lowest valley temperature of 17 or 18 degrees above zero, occurring at wide intervals only, would be serious to oranges and possibly to olives if continued for many days; but it does not so continue except for a few hours, and thus no damage accrues. It is a low temperature continuing long enough to freeze the tree that destroys it, and this we do not have. The exceptionally cold wave of 1888 did no serious injury at Riverside in the south, or at Oroville in the north. Practically we have but two seasons, the rainy and the dry. In the rainy season, November to April, all grasses and grains grow and mature, and are ripe by May to July. Our fruit trees enjoy a short season of rest, but are in full leafage in March and April, and often blossom as early as February. This brief outline may aid in realizing how different California is from all other States in the Union. An impression has gone abroad that in winter months California experiences almost constant rain and consequent gloomy and forbidding weather. This impres- sion will be dispelled by examination of the following table, compiled from United States Signal station observations. Sacramento is chosen to illustrate this point as being central and having a United States Signal station, and as fairly representing the weather in the greater part of the valley region. Rainy and cloudy days at Sacramento for eleven years. Spring months. Summerm Fall months. Winter months. Years. Rainy. Cloudy. Rainy. Cloudy. Rainy. Cloudy. Rainy. Cloudy. 1878... 1879.. 1880. 1881.. 1882... 1883. 1884... 21 19 32 19 27 19 16 10 25 16 24 12 032320 0 13 0 5 12 1 16 0 14 27 23 8 6 1885. 11 1886. 26 1887.. 17 1888. 19 Baba 6 3 .1 25 12 0 0 7322044QT 4 46 37 12 20 18 6 29 21 3 47 47 8 36 28 6 12 8 9 3 19 17 17 34 20 1 22 20 1 0 7 3 31 33 10 4 4 9 9 30 31 Eleven years 245 152 26 17 121 72 326 280 • i CALIFORNIA. 299 1878 1879. 1880 1881 1882. 1883.. 1884. 1 Rainy and cloudy days at Sacramento for eleven years-Continued. Years. Totals in year. Rainy. Cloudy. Years. Totals in year. Rainy. Cloudy. 73 **8*785 74 60 1885. 68 49 1886 60 46 1887.. 65 1888 79 53 50 26 Eleven years 55 49 62 #BAK 2552 44 33 42. 54 709 521 Average rainy days in spring months. Average cloudy days in spring months.. Average rainy days in summer months Average cloudy days in summer months 13.9 Average rainy days in fall months Average cloudy days in fall months. Average rainy days in winter months. 7.3 3.2 2.2 • 8 9.7 • 5 Average cloudy days in winter months. 8.4 Rainfall in inches at San Francisco from 1st of July, 1849. Season. July. August. September. October. November. December. Total six months. January. February. March. April. May. June. Total six months. Total sea- son. 1849-'50. 3. 14 1850-'51.. .33 1851-'52. 1852-'53.. 1853-'54.. 1854-'55.. 8.66 .92 1. 03.21 | 2. 12 7.10 .80 5.31 13. 20 .04 .46 .12 2.28 2.32 .01 .15 2.41 .34 .81 6.20 18.00 8.34❘ 1.77 4.53 1.05 2.30 .72 .54 1.94 1.23 10.46 .58 .14 6.68 19.31 3.92 1.42 4.85 5.22 3.88 8.04 3.72 3.67 4.77 46 15. 10 33.10 .67 5. 10 .26 .32 7.98 7.40 18.44 5.37 .38 15.95 35.26 3.51 3. 12 .02 .08 18. 65 23.87 1855-'56.. .67 5.76 6.43 1856-'57...02 07.45 .45 2.79 3.75 7.08 1857-'58.. .05 93 3.01 • 4. 14 8. 13 1858-'59. 05.16 • 12.74 .69 6.14 2.45 8.59 4.36 9.78 1.28 6.32 4.64 9.40 .50 1.60 1.62 5.00 1.88 19.96 23,68 2.94 .76 .03 15.23 21.66 .02 .12 12.80 19. 88 1.83 5.55 1.55 .34 .05 13.68 21.81 3.02 .27 1.55 12.44 22.22 1859-'60. .02 .03.05 7.28 1860-61...21 .91 1861-'62.. .02 1862-'63.. 1863-'64.. .03 4.38 1864-'65.. 21 .01.13 8.91 15.94 1.57 8.95 1.64 1.60 3.99 .58 6. 16 7.86 2.47 3.72 4.08 4.10 9.54 40 .13 2.35 2.55 1.80 6.68 3. 14 2.86 .09 13.32 22.27 .51 1.00 .08 11.86 19.72 13.66 24.36 7.53 2.20 .73 .74 .05 35. 61 49.27 2.90 3.63 3.19 2.06 1.61 .23 10.72 13.62 1.83 1.52 1.57 78 • 5.70 10.08 5. 14 1.34 .74 .94 .63 • 8.79 24.73 1865-'66. 24 26 4. 19 • .58 5.27 10.88 2.12 3.04 .12 1. 46 1866-'67.. 1867-'68.. • .11 04.20 17.66 .04 22.93 3.35 15.16 18.62 5. 16 7.20 1.58 2.36 16.30 34.92 3.41 10.69 14.34 9.50 6. 13 6.30 2.31 .03 .23 1868-'69.. 1869-'70.. 1870-'71.. 24.50 38.84 .15 .12 1.29 .03 1371-'72. 1872-73.. .03 11 14 21 · · 1873-74...03 .15 68 • 1.18 1.19 4.31 6.91 .43 3.38 3.84 3. 72 16.74 20,60 2.62 7.25 10.22 1.31 10.12 12. 29 4.34 5.67 6.35 3.90 3. 14 2. 19 .08 .02 15.68 21.35 3.89 4.78 2.00 1.53 .20 12.40 19.31 3.07 3.76 1.29 1.93 21 • 10.26 14. 10 4.22 6.97 1.64 1.10 .16 .02 14. 11 34.71 2. 17 4.85 4.24 .78 .52 .01 1.83 3.55 .08 7.80 18. 02 1.04 .34 .08 11.69 1874-'75.. 23.98 .08 2.73 5.92 .28 9.01 6.97 .20 1.08 .02 .11 1.01 9.39 18.40 1875-'76.. 1876-'77.. .01 .02 .22 .26 2.69 .23 6.73 3.08 10.03 6.41 3.96 4.37 1.04 .18 02 • 15.98 26.01 3.21 4.36 1. 14 .91 .25 .13 6.79 1877-'78.. 1878-79...01 .οι • 1879-'80. 02 • 1.58 1.38 2.37 62 1.19 .52 .02.63 2.25 10.00 4.33 10.69 10.75 4.26 .96 .12 .01 26.79 31.12 .62 2.97 4.23 4. 67 8.26 2.29 2.13 .01 21.59 24.56 6. 31 9.23 2.27 1.96 1.82 10.02 1880-'81.. · .05 .33 12.33 12.71 8.69 4. 65 1881-'82.. 1.08 .90 2.00 .22 17. 15 26.38 .69 17.15 29.86 .25 .54 1.94 3.85 6. 58 1.68 2.96 1882-'83.. 3.45 1.22 .21 .04 9.56 16.74 .26 2.66 4. 18 2.01 9.11 1.92 1.04 3.01 1.51 3.52 1883-'84.. .42 1.48 1.60 .92 4.42 3.94 6.65 8. 24 6. 33 .23 2.57 1884-'85.. . .01 11.01 27.96 20.12 04 32.38 .33 2.55 .26 • 1885-'86...06 .11.72 11.78 7.68 10.86 2. 53 4.99 17.66 7.42 .30 1.01 3.17 .01 .19 7.24 18.10 .24 1886-'87.. 1887-'88.. 23 01 1.48 84 • .01 .29 1888-'89.. .01 .01 .98 .13 .99 3.99 2.07 4.63 1.90 9.24 3.34 4.63 6.81 .94 3.60 5.80 10.92 1.28 .72 7.78 2.07❘ 5.28 .37 .01 15.39 33.05 .84 2.30 .06 .07 14.41 19.04 .11 .38 .27 12.11 16.76 .96 2.17 .03 11.94 22.86 An average of 23.39 inches for each year from 1849 to 1889. 300 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Table showing extent and yield of some of the principal agricultural products of California by counties. IN 1870. [From Assessors' reports.] Counties. Beans. Potatoes. Hay. Acres. Alameda Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Acres. 650 Bales. Alpine.... 6, 430 1,300 81, 800 5 7,000 150 11, 600 Amador 75 2,500 5 1,000 1,000 Colusa 275 200 6, 030 4,000 4 Contra Costa. 120 30 2,000 210 10,000 Del Norte 4, 200 3, 340 10,000 100 16, 960 3 13, 900 18, 650 52 El Dorado 123 15, 905 628 10 1, 199 Fresno Humboldt Inyo. Kern 162 182 16, 820 5, 223 11 4,875 130 100 47, 690 3 3, 640 2,555 91 3, 467 1, 141, 100 20 2,950 5,967 175 40 6,000 10, 000 30 Klamath.. 1, 200 20,000 110 5,500 800 50 1, 200 Lake.... Lassen……….. 1,500 100 3,000 1, 200 4,800 20 1, 520 4, 561 3 6, 475 Los Angeles 1,200 Mariposa 54 2, 400 36 4,854 3, 514 5, 652 1, 400 120, 400 2,800 5 7,700 150 60 • Mendocino. 2,700 6, 000 10,000 Merced 50 Mono. Monterey 2,500 2,000 50 80,000 75,000 137,000 2,500 2,000 1 2,500 20 91 4,476 690 20, 620 1, 580 1, 940 Napa 2, 015 141, 220 450 120 6 170 30 Nevada. 3, 400 8, 115 11, 270 180 Placer 3, 400 8,000 10, 000 113 Plumas. 4, 072 6, 471 6, 665 68 Sacramento 5,085 12, 030 12, 865 406 13, 110 752 San Bernardino 99, 016 25, 872 24, 716 45 San Diego 1,800 50 100 1. 5,000 1,240 2,500 San Joaquin 2,000 75 3,750 300 600 65 San Luis Obispo.. 1, 820 200 1, 400 12,000 800 8,000 8,760 6,000 San Mateo.. 600, 000 4,000 1, 200 8,000 60, 000 6,800 Santa Barbara.. 640, 000 15, 607 15,000 24,000 365, 040 1, 020 3,095 Santa Clara 10,950 55, 627 850 16, 225 1,470 Sierra Santa Cruz Siskiyou 106,500 15, 670 25, 340 357 6, 214 496 52, 018 3, 310 1,146 89 8, 410 6, 820 20 510 600 Solano Sonoma 78,000 68,000 275 5,500 300 12, 690 14, 690 7, 110 120,000 11, 345 35 656 4,500 Stanislaus 250,000 25, 250 13 650 Sutter 8,000 50 1,660 17 1, 209 Tehama Trinity Tulare... 11,077 43, 600 7,800 12,247 8 800 60 1,005 5, 400 6, 940 30 500 120 12,000 1, 200 1,800 38 1,037 47 15, 600 Tuolumne 1,946 2,000 250 2, 200 210 15,000 Yolo... Yuba... 12, 000 14, 500 312 12, 480 105 12, 480) 13, 490 14, 745 40 1,000 130 10, 400 12, 941 9, 700 Total 23, 459 563, 201 34, 931 3,647, 315 460, 018 685, 449 CALIFORNIA. 301 Table showing yield of some of the principal agricultural products of California by counties -Continued. IN 1870-Continued. [From Assessors' report. } Counties. Butter. Cheese. Wool. Honey. Wine. Brandy. Alameda. Pounds. 80, 410 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Gallons. Amador 6, 570 Gallons. 250, 600 2, 960 34, 300 4, 780 Calaveras.. 2,000 865 14, 000 1,400 Colusa.. 20, 110 30,000 12,000 513,000 11, 200 58, 300 136,000 950 9, 360 Contra Costa. 1, 000, 000 25,000 220, 940 Del Norte.. 41, 676 130, 260 42,600 8, 900 70,000 El Dorado 300 2,850 2,050 137, 330 Fresno. Humboldt Inyo. 16, 970 15,729 3,268 20,975 109, 972 1,300 750 492, 200 11, 180 73, 120 1,256 43, 230 4,000 2, 800 Kern 5,000 300 6,000 Klamath.. 1,000 814, 586 3,000 Lake. 6,000 478 30,896 Lassen.. 65, 600 56, 488 6, 245 Los Angeles 40, 216 3.840 1,568 Mariposa 33, 200 9,700 1,570,000 Mendocino.... 8,000 168,000 1,064, 000 500 59, 600 75,000 117, 600 15,000 Merced 9, 800 1,000 274,000 5,000 Mono 3,000 500 4, 190 Napa Monterey Nevada Placer Plumas. Sacramento. San Bernardino…. San Diego San Joaquin San Luis Obispo. San Mateo... Santa Barbara. 2, 720 10,000 2,000 108, 780 1, 793, 800 594, 587 82, 800 180,000 8, 200 6,000 2,800 25, 300 7,300 3, 800 1,200 297, 070 3,990 11, 390 2,300 50,000 938 1, 200 151, 420 170, 950 7,609 173, 128 1,400 5, 496 10, 042 1,685 829, 205 73,300 323, 330 28, 200 12, 440 170, 369 3,250 6, 365 98, 540 21,600 5,600 45, 300 150,000 9, 500 200, 000 4,500 15,000 241, 000 ... 500,000 210, 000 2,000 2,500 37,000 500,000 400 350,000 800 230,000 9, 056 1,200 Santa Clara. 25,000 1, 291, 306 425, 300 10,000 Santa Cruz 2, 375, 440 100, 002 506 50,000 60, 052 6, 275 Sierra Siskiyou Solano 31, 366 60,000 12,000 830 72, 300 14,000 13, 360 75, 580 16, 700 1, 200 56,000 1,000 3, 100 1,200 36, 721 4,000 Sonoma.... Stanislaus Sutter.. Tehama Trinity 12, 640 4,500 221,000 850, 250 1,025 284, 321 200, 250 256, 832 5, 960 1, 850 5,000 750,000 950,000 9, 250 48, 963 19, 000 24, 200 200 43, 954 180 29,000 2, 150 992, 783 15, 075 2,460 31, 215 50,000 560 1, 544 Tulare. 10, 525 1,500 Tuolumne Yolo... Yuba.. 975,000 21,000 18, 900 107, 500 90,000 1,000 157 8, 855 58,000 3,500 201, 425 4, 650 5, 400 70, 000 3,200 84, 700 75,000 12,500 5,500 1, 150 Total 4, 419, 627 5,488, 266 12, 292, 230 468, 185 3,795, 227 157, 946 302 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Table showing extent and yield of some of the pricipal agricultural products of California by counties-Continued. IN 1880. [From Assessors' report.] Counties. Oats. Corn. Potatoes. Hay. Acres. Alameda. Bushels. | Acres. Bushels. Acres. 1,900 Bushels. | Acres. Alpine. 44, 000 Bales. 3, 100 73, 150 3,240 197 3,337 23, 199❘ 24, 250 38,850 Butte. 52 92 1, 345 200 1,700 Calaveras. 1,550 1, 105 71, 550 60 173 | 45, 000 43,000 Colusa. 350 8,750 320 640 | 15,000 15, 000 154 Contra Costa 4, 600 1,850 20, 050 45, 500 25, 051 230 Del Norte 6, 900 893 307 11, 985 4, 465 | 45, 230 67, 845 78 El Dorado 1, 650 82 215 1,068 25 2, 221 375 Fresno 74 254 3,752 8, 063 600 Humboldt Inyo.. 9,000 4, 400 7, 198 260, 774 3,000 364 10, 225 1,706 4, 714 3, 890 317 18, 987 7,724 1,296 Kern 24, 776 74 241 3,040 80 2,400 5,967 Lake 1, 420 31, 260 162 310 8, 414 386 9, 699 19, 486 472 Lassen. 13, 423 210 10, 933 5, 644 606 20, 000 7,578 60 Los Angeles... 1,500 200 1,200 15, 200 150 18, 595 3,000 Marin 20,000 800, 000 2,000 6, 000 1, 478 6,500 28, 328 13, 000 Mariposa 1,617 3, 425 5, 389 22 385 43 725 Mendocino…. 69 137 3, 511 9, 200 250, 600 2, 469 3,254 580 Merced 13, 940 2,450 1,920 | 14, 600 25, 400 200 600 399 Modoc.. 3,990 163 34319, 168 600 22, 550 2,682 38 640 340 Mono.. 510 | 24, 100 40,000 Monterey. 150 300 5, 123 62, 571 12,000 12,000 Napa 1,537 16, 375 1, 587 1,738 571 12, 810 Nevada.. 1,598 40, 593 123 1, 040 10, 914 14, 248 30 120 Placer. 2, 602 2, 602 25 Plumas 55 3,200 5, 150 Sacramento 2,900 65, 000 54,800 San Bernardino…. 100 3,908 3,000 500 700 17,000 12,500 12, 714 1, 430 3, 720 | 44, 360 39, 432 167 19 San Benito... 1, 033 16 500 San Diego 15,000 600 1,100 4,000 7,500 211 416 1,276 San Francisco 4,475 515 352 4,185 30 3, 809 San Joaquin 350 2, 600 200 San Luis Obispo 1, 007 3,750 31, 910 700 1,333 35,000 5,000 11,000 8,000 12, 500 San Mateo.. 30, 075 939 8,800 264, 000 200 8,000 Santa Barbara. 8,000 1, 691 20,000 10, 175 16,712 20,000 30, 000 30 500 2, 079 59, 086 258 701 Santa Clara.. 5, 319 650 16, 250 7, 176 152 3,800 706 Santa Cruz 1,768 | 48, 868 97, 736 609 10, 724 1, 488 19, 481 332 Shasta... 3, 127 2.680 4, 244 828 5, 860 68 675 50 147 Sierra.. 6, 978 7, 205 150 1,500 45 100 Siskiyou. 2,600 72, 800 11, 640 260 5, 460 77 525 Sonoma 8,000 17,950 4,000 40,000 Stanislaus. 60,000 1, 000, 000 6,000 5,000 40,000 50,000 Sutter 250 5,000 234 1,500 11, 130 38 60, 000 1,000 Tehama.. 128 4,500 5,731 1,500 61, 100 30,000 800 16,000 100 Trinity 300 60,000 218 7, 691 54 1, 620 56 44 685 Tulare 6, 620 90,000 60, 000 1,370 1,500 39, 000 450 280 Tuolumne 6, 600 13, 200 560 9,000 80 1,600 360 Ventura 1,440 22,800 21,000 3,500 140,000 400 Yolo 1,200 12,500 1,000 30,000 400 Yuba 1,400 15,000 20, 000 635 13, 970 110 2,078 211 619 8, 721 8, 144 • Total 58,814 1, 435, 772 51, 878 2, 631, 271 34, 143 124, 496 703, 802 873, 308 CALIFORNIA. 303 Table showing yield of some of the principal agricultural products of California by counties-Continued. IN 1880-Continued. [From Assessors' report.] Counties. Butter. Cheese. Wool. Honey. Flour. Corn ground. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Alameda.. Pounds. Barrels. Bushels. 189, 000 Alpine....... 41, 000 1,500 29, 200 35,000 12,000 Butte... 2,000 380,000 Calaveras 22, 500 124,900 2,000 24,000 Colusa. 285,000 2, 910 3, 889 Contra Costa 318, 920 2,600 210, 314 18, 530 Del Norte.... 85,000 2, 540 4,000 260, 550 250 24, 750 El Dorado 2, 160 500 75 130, 950 8, 800 79, 880 Fresno Humboldt 1,238, 082 575 96, 750 1,400 Inyo.. 352, 980 1, 225 3.000 12, 865 Kern 27,600 4,000 2,425 19, 790 J, 475 1,984 Lake 2, 126, 346 300 2, 624 7, 200 8,000 Lassen 52, 000 24, 000 Los Angeles... 202, 179 200,000 600 12, 200 2,000 450,000 3,500 85,000 1,000 55,000 Marin 2, 717, 890 3, 468, 680 48, 000 68, 318 110,000 Mariposa 1,950 Mendocino 158, 230 Merced 1, 650, 000 600 21,000 900 Modoe.... 1,300,000 19,000 42,000 6, 400 1, 200 Mono... 10, 200 150, 000 20,000 250 Monterey 7,500 17, 000 55,000 Napa 850,000 3,500 157, 350 7,500 Nevada 30,000 500 140, 659 15, 100 7,000 Placer.. 150 6, 000 328, 551 Plumas.. 3,000 235,000 6, 000 Sacramento... 20,000 3,500 2,200 385,000 800 San Benito... 378, 450 40, 000 350,000 San Diego. 175,000 17, 780 11,000 15, 095 San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo.. Santa Barbara . Santa Clara.. Santa Cruz 2,000 415, 790 2,500 4,300 2, 150 2,500 170, 000 175,000 5,000 272, 014 109, 625 163, 037 1, 135, 126 786, 552 15,745 1,076, 382 59, 000 75,000 7, 126 6,378 100 3,000 71, 025 500 714, 200 6, 500 88, 795 5,000 71,700 55, 988 36,000 16, 610 9,800 Shasta... 50 Sierra... Siskiyou 8,800 60,000 25,000 32,000 40, 350 1,000 2,900 16,000 300 3,000 130, 000 1,000 Solano Sonoma 160,000 900 2,600 Stanislaus 3, 000, 000 125,000 274, 137 Sutter 500,000 22, 000 1, 000, 000 2,500 100, 000 Tehama 810, 600 12,000 10, 000 28,000 Trinity 1,525, 000 50,000 8,000 Tulare.. 27, 300 443, 850 Tuolumne 959, 695 21, 030 1,000 24, 000 Ventura Yolo . Yuba. 200,000 1,000 15,000 1,000 600, 000 3,000 10,000 800 6,000 5,000 75,000 6,000- 107, 630 16, 667 Total 11, 274, 002 2, 188, 230 20, 821, 798 662, 415 2,280, 429 289, 999 304 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. - Estimated annual product, acreage, and value of the potato, hay, corn, and wheat crops of California from 1868 to 1889, inclusive. [Compiled by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.] Potatoes. Hay. Year. Acreage. Production. Home value. Acreage. Production. Home value. Acres. Bushels. 1868... Dollars. Acres. 23, 800 Tons. 2, 142, 000 1869... 1, 199, 520 338, 345 19, 200 450,000 1870.... 2,400,000 Dollars. 6,750,000 1,896, 000 303, 225 12, 317 470,000 1,823, 000 1871.... 2, 461, 050 416, 891 11, 032 617, 000 1,677, 000 5, 969, 000 30, 303, 900 1872... 1,526, 070 415, 503 32, 203 536,000 1,900,000 11, 711, 600 1873.. 2, 147, 000 413, 333 25, 454 620, 000 800, 000 9, 672, 000 1874.. .2, 380, 000 520, 438 22, 400 713, 000 1875.. 2, 688,000 11, 764, 500 2,983, 680 458, 357 29, 166 641, 700 3, 500, 000 9, 683, 253 1876. 3, 290, 000 492, 857 32, 000 690, 000 4, 000, 000 11, 447, 100 1877... 3, 320, 000 629, 629 32,000 850, 000 3,200,000 9, 868, 500 1878... 2, 400, 000 622, 222 38, 400 560,000 4,377, 600 8, 400, 000 4, 290, 018 1879.. 39, 700 4,247, 900 2,761, 135 1880. 39, 300 5,502, 000 4,346, 580 1881. 620,000 756, 380 698, 613 1, 271, 000 16, 027, 310 1, 232, 900 12, 242, 697 52, 697 1,257, 558 15, 996, 138 4, 479, 245 3, 583, 396 1882... 53, 751 798, 830 1,078, 421 13, 156, 736 4, 434, 453 1883. 2,660, 672 806, 818 1, 121, 558 51,826 4, 440, 906 14, 580, 254 2,664, 541 1884. 871, 363 1, 307, 015 58, 664 16, 338, 063 5, 573, 000 1885. 57, 491 4,887, 000 1886... 60, 910 4, 753, 000 3, 343, 800 3,078, 643 3, 136, 980 930, 000 1, 395, 000 939, 300 1, 127, 160 1887.. 63, 378 5,070, 000 2, 889, 900 1888.. 967, 479 1, 160, 975 1,296, 231 1, 509, 268 60, 843 (a) 4, 442, 000 2,709, 399 1889... a No reliable data, but no increase. b No reliable data, but increase of 15 per cent. (a) 1, 184, 195 (b) 1, 539, 454 (b) 14, 382, 450 12,962, 340 10, 564, 307 17,356, 582 18, 519, 632 Corn. Wheat. Year. Acreage. Production. Home value. Acreage. Production. Home value. 1868 1869.. Acres. 27, 111 Bushels. 1, 220, 000 31, 521 1870. 30, 870 1, 305, 000 1,099, 000 1871... 24, 578 1872... 40, 000 1,400,000 934, 000 Dollars. 1,220,000 1, 174, 500 1,318, 800 1,083, 440 1, 400, 000 Acres. 1, 050, 000 Bushels. Dollars. 21, 000, 000 21, 630,000 1,098, 901 20, 000, 060 18, 600, 000 746, 052 14, 175, 000 15, 592, 500 1, 523, 363 16, 757, 000 23, 627, 370 2,098, 360 1873... 25, 600, 000 37, 561 1,540, 000 28, 416, 000 1, 124, 200 2,592, 889 1874..... 44, 668 21, 504, 000 1,617, 000 28, 385, 280 1, 584, 660 2, 150, 000 1875... 28, 380, 000 41, 322 1,500,000 28,096, 200 1,605, 000 1876 2, 163, 636 23, 800, 000 48, 484 28, 084, 000 1,600,000 1,712, 000 2, 307, 692 1877.. 30, 000, 000 51,667 1, 550,000 34, 200, 000 1,472, 500 2, 315, 789 1878... 22, 000, 000 100, 500 28, 600, 000 3, 467, 250 2,080, 350 2, 470,000 1879. 41, 990, 000 100, 500 43, 249, 700 2, 814, 000 2, 223, 060 2, 500, 000 1880.. 35, 000, 000 80, 650 2, 580, 800 43, 050, 000 1, 961, 408 2, 117, 350 1881.. 96, 700 33, 877, 600 2,633, 000 32, 22, 496 1882.. 98, 634 2,790, 900 2,053, 740 2,372, 265 2, 367, 200 31, 406, 000 32, 348, 180 2,767, 000 1883... 36, 046, 600 100, 607 2, 464, 800 32, 441, 940 2,095, 080 2,794, 000 1884. 36, 322, 000 160, 000 36, 322, 000 1885.... 155, 200 1886. 156, 752 4,800,000 3,840, 000 4, 262, 000 2,880, 000 2,611, 200 2, 642, 440 3, 360, 000 44, 320, 000 31, 910, 400 2, 822, 400 26, 592, 000 3, 104, 640 1887... 36, 165, 000 156, 752 17,816, 640 26, 400, 450 4, 703, 000 2, 868, 830 2,766, 235 1888... 30, 429, 000 155, 184 22, 517, 460 4,314, 000 3,019, 800 2, 351, 300 1889... 158, 288 28, 451, 000 24, 183, 350 4, 464, 000 2,544, 322 3, 291, 820 1890... 159, 871 43, 781, 000 4,396, 000 30, 646, 844 2,857, 694 2, 426, 730 29, 121, 000 22, 131, 778 CALIFORNIA. 305 Table showing the number of live stock in California (by counties) in 1880. Counties. Horses. Mules. Total horned Sheep. Goats. catile. Hogs. Alameda.. Alpine.. 9, 419 300 550 20 Amador 8, 693 520 26, 266 100 578 4, 662 130 Butte.. Calaveras. 6, 950 1,760 10,900 96,000 2,700 2, 102 101, 500 60 Colusa.. 6, 491 57,000 83 2,263 6, 276 3, 234 Contra Costa 5, 615 159, 987 96 7,699 441 13, 104 Del Norte 10,975 15, 070 227 557 103 6, 250 El Dorado 3, 575 1, 361 250 979 2, 344 89 Fresno. 12, 171 22, 999 1,672 4,765 2, 730 366 Humboldt . 15, 600 412, 691 4,831 5, 116 Inyo 1, 150 27, 815 181, 810 189 1,569 6, 543 239 Kern 7,035 8, 773 500 3, 166 1, 735 667 Lake 30, 240 361, 133 1, 291 14, 028 51 Lassen 3, 516 19, 399 1, 003 5,995 6, 431 Los Angeles.. 204 20, 097 25, 864 2,000 10, 173 1, 330 770 Marin 13, 910 402, 419 2, 443 18, 99J 69 Mariposa. 29, 893 1,036 Mendocino.... 1,767 6, 349 256 5, 932 79, 870 47 4, 411 9, 001 Merced 395 12, 313 279, 747 1, 830 Modoc.. - Mono. Monterey Napa Nevada.. Placer.. Plumas.. Sacramento. San Benito San Bernardino. 4,364 6, 590 9, 061 9, 627 268, 440 5, 011 6, 590 268 19,892 36, 833 1, 944 200 3,090 9, 200 5, 577 1,345 18,226 105, 089 4, 289 514 8, 117 42, 501 2, 901 119 4, 438 3,876 3, 004 232 6, 457 73, 611 2, 055 1,775 100 12, 150 8, 373 2,326 3, 355 7,400 10, 000 9, 520 992 380 14, 820 139, 551 170 3,580 14, 919 232 7,910 50, 593 San Diego 2,390 300 2, 671 10, 175 53, 116 600 3, 314 5, 220 325 San Francisco 10, 186 115, 404 San Joaquin... 10, 774 2, 816 85 5, 450 416 San Luis Obispo.. 14, 328 137 1, 390 1, 868 13, 244 127, 488 4,387 13,500 170 San Mateo.. 32, 728 120, 662 318 Santa Barbara. 3, 683 14, 728 186 8,339 609 900 Santa Clara.. 3, 720 351 3, 351 11, 926 119, 572 Santa Cruz Shasta. Sierra 8, 325 148 12, 883 18, 951 23, 475 3, 326 9,729 74 6, 044 1,377 4, 925 2,215 228 10, 208 43, 580 6, 166 779 Siskiyou.. Solano Sonoma.. Stanislaus Sutter. Tehama Trinity 72 10, 951 2,876 555 3,620 317 700 28, 900 33,000 5,856 599 1, 600 7, 891 58,804 10,329 6, 565 460 27,641 162, 935 7,094 1,774 2,051 18, 120 2,563 181, 733 765 4,390 768 9, 816 4, 211 33, 698 4,880 25 1,010 12, 676 12,009 223, 332 Tulare.. Tuolumne 1,500 346 7,590 4,000 35,000 6, 815 1,000 531 10, 750 191, 939 Ventura Yolo. Yuba. Total... 3, 154 195 18, 378 5,710 9, 660 2,565 1, 950 224 2,500 2,288 111, 018 437 7,000 1, 200 20, 308 10,000 100, 000 3, 159 381 9, 028 49; 398 143 20,000 4,738 238, 581 31, 660 590, 966 4, €88, 855 31, 545 462, 340 I C 90--20 ^ 306 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Prices of principal farm products of the State for a series of years. [The price of wheat and barley given elsewhere.] Corn. Wool. Hay. Potatoes. Apricots. Peaches. Prunes. Year. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Raisins. Unit. Price. 1860 Cental $2.25 Pound 1865 .do 2.50 -2.75 ...do $0. 12. 23 .15 -.19 1870 ..do 1.35 -1.40 ...do .16 Ton $10.00-12. 50 ..do.. 25. 00-32.50 ..do.. Cental $0. 50 -1.00 Pound. $0.16 Pound. $0.15 .30 .do 3.25 -3.50 .do .05 .10 ..do .02.03 11.50 ..do 1.50 .do 08 .121 Box... 1.00 -2.00 1871 .do 2.00 -2.05 .do 28 -.40 ..do.. 15. 00-21.00 ..do 1.00 -1.20 .do .03 .05 Basket .50 -1.00 1872 .do -- 1.65 -1.75 ...do 50 -.55 ..do.. 7.00-16.00 .do 1.623-1.87..do .06 .08 ...do .25 - .50 1873 ..do 1.25 -1.273 ..do .20 -.24 ..do.. 14. 00–12. 50 ..do 1.00 -1.50 ...do J 03 05 ...do 20 - .50 Lb. $0.08- 121 1874 .do 2.00 ..do .do.. 10.00-14.00 .do 1.25 -1.75 ..do .01.03 Box.. 65 -2.00 1875 .do 1.37-1.40 ..do .13 -.27 .do.. 12.50-17.50 .do 1.00 -1.62 Box... 1. 25 -1.50 ..do 1.00 -2.00 1876 do 1. 124-1.25 ..do 09 -.20 .do.. 9.00-13.90 ..do .40 90 ..do .75 -1.25 Basket .35 .60 1877 .do 1.85 -1.90 .do 10 -.32 do.. 16.00-24. 00 .do 1.25 -1.75 ..do .75 -1.25 .do -- .60 -1.25 Ponnd. ..do $0.12}-. 17 Box 2.00-4.00 .10 -.17 -- ..do. 2. 50-3.25 1878 ..do 1.90 -2.10 do .11.25 ..do.. 6. 50-14.00 ...do 1.00 -1.75 ...do 1.00 -1.50 ...do .35 -1.50 .do.. 1.00-3.00 1879 .do 1880 ..do .70-.85 ..do .11 -.27 ..do.. 5.00-11.00 .do .40 -.55 .do · .50 -.90 ..do .25.90 ..do .07 -.10 .do…. 1.00-1.75 1.10 -1.40 ...do .17 -. 33 .do.. 7.00-12.00 ..do 65 -1.00 Pound. .05 .05 Box... 1.00 -1.50 .do .12.13 ..do.. 2.00-2.50 1881 .do 1.05 -1.17...do 17 32 do.. 7.00-12.50 .do .70 -1.00 ...do .03. 04 Basket. .60 -1.15 .do .. 11. 14 ..do.. 1.25-3.75 1882 ..do 1.673 .do .15 27..do.. 12.00-16.00 do .85 -1.15 ...do 1883 .do .01 03 - Box... .40 -1.00 1.50 -1.60 .do .. .13 1884 .do 1.55 -1.62 .do 11 22 • 1885 ..do 1.17-1.22 do .10 -.20 1886 do .90 -1.15 ..do .10 -.24 1887 do 1. 121–1. 22§ ...do .10 -.27 ..do.. 1888 .do 1.25 -1.55 .do .07 18 1889 .do 1.15 -1.25 do 12 25 ..do.. ..do.. 24 ..do.. 6.00-14.00 ..do..] 10.00-16.50 ..do.. 7.00-14.00 .do ..do.. 6.50-14.00 . do 8.00-16.00 ...do 8.00-14.00 .do do 50 -1.00 Basket .60 .75 Basket. 40 - .80 ..do ... do 08 -.10 ..do.. 2.50 .08 -.10 ..do.. 1.50-2, 00 .. .do .60 -1.20 ...do .40 .65 ...do .40 75 do 40.70 ..do 60 -1.20 50 - .95 25 - .60 5.00-10.00 .do .70 -1.40 1890 .do 1.10 -1.25 .do .13 -.23 ..do. 7.00-15.50 -- ..do 1.00 -1.75 Box.. Basket do Box. ...do .15 .25 90 -1.55 ...do .35 .50 09 -. 12..do.. 1.50-1.75 ...do .04 -.05 ...do.. 1.00-2.25 Box.. .75 -1.15 .do .03 -.04 ..do.. 1. 25-2.25 .25. 60 .50 75 25 .40 -- -- 1.00 -1.50 Basket .35 65 .do Box... 30 60 Pound .01 .03 do 08 - 10 ..do.. 1.25-3.00 W 30 60 .do 08 -.09 ..do.. • .do 04.12.do.. - .do .06 -.08 ..do.. 1.25-1.90 .90-2.35 1.10-2.25 1 DEL NORTE, SISKIYOU MODO HUM SHASTA ASSEN ONE WIT MAP SHOWING DECIDUOUS FRUIT PRODUCING REGION OF CALIFORNIA. N E V CHAMA PLUMAS DER RA ADA ER RADOX ALPINE OLUMNE ARIBOSA SAN FRANCISCO M N DECIDUOUS FRUITS. A ULARE KERN D N Y A SAN BERNARDINO MOJAVE DESERT. BARA SANTA BARBARA San Miguel Sant Cruz ta Rosa LOS ANGELES ISLANDS OF THE SANTA td B San Nich Santa Catar Santa Cro CHANNEL AN DIEGO SAN DIEGO. : CHAPTER II. FRUIT GROWING IN CALIFORNIĄ. Localities and their requirements-No special knowledge needed-The kind of tree to buy-Number and varieties-Preparation of the ground-How to plant and how to prune-Apples, pears, and cherries-Small fruits-Preparing, drying, shipping, and canning-Peaches and apricots-The prune-Nuts-The yields of 1889-'90-Citrus fruits-Oranges and lemons-Amounts and prices. In his admirable report upon California horticulture, Gen. N. P. Chipman, one of the best known and most experienced fruit growers in the State says: "In all the desirable fruit regions of this State will be found growing almost every variety of fruits. In some cases this is on an extensive scale, in others quite large, and in others small, but more or less trees of all varieties will be found advanced to fruitage. No one need be misled as to what fruit is adapted to a particular locality if he will take the trouble to inquire and faithfully note down the result of his information. So that when fruit growers tell you to plant that which is adapted to the soil and climate of the locality they tell you what is important and what it is within your power to learn. This caution can not be too deeply impressed on your mind. For instance, along the seacoast and within the influence of the trade winds or in the more moist atmosphere there prevailing, you will be more successful with some fruits than in the hot valleys of the interior, and vice versa, but you can readily learn these differences in advance by inquiry. "If you have a particular fancy to engage in any particular fruit find where it does well or best and there make your home. If you should desire to engage generally in profitable kinds of fruit, without preference as to locality, you can not go amiss; only when you come to plant be guided by what you see and don't strike out on untried lines; do your experimenting when you have an income and can afford it. I would suggest that you select for a home the place, all things considered, that seems to meet your social wants, or that will soon do so, and unless it is immediately on the coast or high in the mountains, you will find the place suitable for profitable fruit culture of some, indeed of nearly all, the many varieties adapted to our climate, almost anywhere in the State." NO SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED. One of the most successful fruit growers in California told me the secret of his suc- cess lay, he believed, in the fact that he began without knowing anything about the business. What he meant was, that he did not have to unlearn what most men must who come from the East. The planter must, however, not suppose that "Ignorance is bliss" in fruit growing. Our pioneer fruit growers have developed a system at once unique and yet based on sound sense and experience, but the princi- ples underlying it are now well known, or are attainable, and should govern the man who wants to start at the point we have reached and avoid the losses and discour- agements which would surely attend him if he attempted to follow the lights fur- nished him by observation elsewhere. THE KIND OF TREE TO BUY. Go only to a reliable nurseryman, who can be made to respond in damages should he sell you a seedling for a graft, or a clingstone when you want a free, or a prune when you want a plum. Except you irrigate your trees, or plant in exceptionally moist soil, do not be persuaded to buy any tree more than a year old. I know you bought 2 and 3 year old trees back East, but don't do it here. This advice applies, of course, only to deciduous trees. NUMBER OF VARIETIES. 307 My advice is to avoid planting many kinds of fruits, or many varieties of the same fruit. The local market generally is not what we must rely upon. This may be con- sulted, however, and often you will see where you can make money by supplying a 308 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. local demand. But generally our people are planting to ship, or dry, or can, and your eye must be on the foreign merchant. Often if you have enough of one variety you can dispose of it as a whole, whereas if your orchard were made up of many and few of each, no one could handle it, and this applies also to varieties of the same fruit. It is well to plant, of course, so that one crop will follow another. PREPARATION OF THE GROUND. It is of the highest importance to thoroughly plow and subsoil the land before planting. The practice of plowing as you would for wheat, or digging the hole large and intending to plow after planting, is the worst possible thing to do. We have long, dry summers and no rain after April or May. Deep plowing preserves the moisture, renders the land more easily cultivated, and gives the roots a chance to go down. No man deserves success or need expect it who will try to grow trees with shallow plowing. By deep plowing and thorough cultivation, after planting, he may safely plant in any of our valleys, and on our plain land and foothills without irrigation. By thorough cultivation let it be understood that you are to keep the cultivators running well into the summer. It is the true and only way to retain the moisture. HOW TO PLANT AND HOW TO PRUNE. If you have followed the advice as to deep plowing, not less than a foot deep, you do not need to be so particular to get a large or deep hole, because your ground is prepared around and beneath. Your trees should be planted so that the bad, after the earth has settled, will be just covered. Before planting, trim off all broken or bruised or long roots, and when the tree goes into its place see that the earth is firmly set around the roots and no air spaces left among them. After the tree is planted, which is supposed to be a straight stem, thrifty and vig- orous, cut it off within a foot of the ground so that your orchard will look more as if it had been staked off to be planted than as planted. Here is the pons asinorum of young planters. They remember the old orchard back home where they used to ride under the outspreading limbs and pick off the fruit or get a ladder to climb up to the first limb, and it is almost impossible to make them believe it is not butchery to cut these beautiful young trees, 6 feet high, to a foot's length. Many, when told, will persist in the old method, only to find their mistake in later years, and too late to be remedied. Some of our best orchardists advocate cutting down to 6 inches. The reason for this I will briefly state: We start the head low because the trunk is thus shaded from the hot sun, a necessary precaution; because the tree, when grown, will not yield to high winds; because the fruit is within easy reach and the tree can be more readily and cheaply pruned; because it is easier to fight insect pests; because we find that more trees to the acre headed low and kept well pruned back, will pro- duce more and better fruit than large, high, spreading trees, and fewer to the acre. The objection to low heads that the plow can not be used close to the tree is not sound, because by proper shaping of the lower limbs, we can plow close enough, and besides, too close plowing is dangerous to the root system and results frequently in wounding the trunk. The plow is an ugly tool to handle next the tree. We find that high pruning and a long body subjects the tree to borers, to sun scald, and diseases obviated by low heading. Upon this point no beginner should set up his judgment against the experience of our best orchardists. The first year with most trees do not rub off the buds below those you reserve for the head. They will push out foliage to shield your trees and the next year they can be cut off. If any appear to you too rank and to sap the trunk pinch off the tip. These directions apply to our unirrigated lands and lands not exceptionally moist, and I have in mind the more common deciduous trees such as prune, plum, apricot, peach, the nut trees, apples, pears, and the like. I am myself planting chiefly of the varieties above named. When I first came to this valley (the Sacramento) 11 years ago, the general belief was that peaches would not do well here, and quite recently it was thought they would not pay, even after it became known we could raise the best peach in the world, because peaches were grown in the East. The fact is apt to be overlooked that we have over 60,000,000 people in the United States to feed, and that they are increasing rapidly, while the area in the East where peaches can be successfully raised is quite limited; that our peaches come into market much earlier than theirs; that the supply East gives but small surplus for drying; that dried peaches are almost a prime necessity in domestic life; that abroad peaches are little known and only as a luxury; that the universal prosperity of our people makes it possible for them to indulge in the purchase of such fruits as can be furnished at reasonable prices. CALIFORNIA. 309 The peach in California is already an important factor in our fruit trade. It is easily handled, either as green fruit or in drying or canning. Trees 4 years old of proper varieties will yield from $1 to $5 per tree in value, and often a good return at 3 years old. Ten acres of good peach trees in full bearing will bring in more net reve-- nue than the best 100 acres in wheat, with much less labor. We make the mistake. generally of not discriminating as to varieties, and by having too many varieties. Select only a few kinds and the best for canning and drying, and you may rely on good returns every year. Don't pick your peaches like the Chinamen generally do, by knocking them off the trees on the bare ground, green and ripe together, and gathering them up covered with dust. Do not raise fruit unless you are willing to take proper care of it. Plant of freestones the Muir, late and early Crawford, Sus- quehanna, Wager, and Solway. The Susquehanna and Solway for canning are pro- bably the best two; in drying, the Muir. In canning avoid a peach with much red at the pit, and for drying get a peach with small pit, fine meater and not over juicy- The clingstone has its advocates. As a rule it is sweeter than the freestone and finer meated, and modern tools for pitting make it almost as easy to prepare as the free- stone. The Orange cling and Tippecanoe for yellow clings are good enough; the Heath for white. Apricots are to my mind among our most valuable fruits. They are not grown out of California in the United States to affect the market, and to no great extent else- where in other countries. As canned fruit they are largely bought as fast as their merits become known, and they sell better dried than peaches. They are healthful, delightful to the taste, and are about the only fruit that retains its flavor and is as good canned as fresh from the tree. Only in late years have our people heard of them, much less tasted them, and to thousands of people in the East they are yet unknown. The market is almost exclusively for dried and canned, mainly the latter. They ripen rapidly, and growers must be prepared to take care of them. The can- ners will come and get them if there are enough to warrant it, but when we bring our trees into bearing we must have canning houses near home and be prepared to take care of our own fruit. The apricot is a vigorous grower, a liberal bearer, and yields large returns to the grower. The varieties planted heretofore have been Mon- park, Peach, and Royal, but some other valuable kinds are now on the market, among them Blenheim and Montgamet, The apricot bears about as soon as the peach. The prune does not make the vigorous and rapid growth at first that the apricot does, but makes a fine tree and ultimately bears abundantly. No more healthful or tooth- some dried fruit is to be found than the prune. We have foreign competition, mainly in France, but none on this continent. Civilized man has known the French prune for centuries, but the price has never allowed the fruit to be universally used. There are large profits in prunes at prices that will make it possible for all classes to use them freely, and such use will create an enormous demand. The prune at present is most extensively cultivated in Santa Clara County, though it also matures well in nearly every county in the State. The principal varieties grown are the French, Hungarian, and German, the first named being the favorite. As to soils, the peach, prune, and apricot require much the same to bring the fruit to perfection without irrigation. With irrigation almost any of our soils are good. Indeed, I have seen fruits growing in nearly all our soils, even including adobe, and I think no one can safely say that any particular fruit will not do well in any partic- ular soil, while it is, of course, true that certain soils are safest and best. APPLES, PEARS, AND CHERRIES. Good apples are scarce in this State. I think it is generally conceded that in our low valleys where the heat is greatest the apple does not flourish, and yet near Red Bluff there is a large orchard which, until the codlin moth took it, was producing fine apples, and at other places in the neighborhood good apples are raised. The best ap- ples come from the foothills and higher altitudes, but the profit is much decreased by cost of hauling to market. I have never seen a year yet in 10 years when we have not paid good prices for fall apples-we are now paying 2 cents a pound. Plant only a few of the best varieties, and unless you are near a market let these varieties embrace fall and winter apples. The foothill fruit has fine keeping qualities which the valley apples seem to lack. Plant but few kinds and of known value, such as the Spitzenberg, Baldwin, Yellow Newton Pippin, White Winter Pearmain, Smith's ~Cider, Yellow Bellflower, and for very early Red Astrachan and Early Harvest. The pear is becoming, indeed is, one of our most profitable fruits. The pear has almost disappeared in the East as an article of fruit commerce, and the yield is always precarious. The canning of pears on an extensive scale is left to California. Sum- mer pears should be gathered 10 days before they are ripe and autumn pears 2 weeks. Winter varieties may hang if they will until the leaves begin to fall. Of the summer pears there is no use planting any but the Bartlett. It is good for market or canning, large, buttery, with rich musky flavor, erect grower, bears young and 310 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. abundantly. Other good summer pears, such as Le Conte, Clapp's Favorite, Sou- venir du Congrès, are on the list, but their resemblance to the Bartlett is their chief recommendation, and why have an imitation when you can get the standard genuine? Of autumn pears plant Beurre Clairgeau. It is high flavored, valuable for market, bears transportation, ripens in October and November. The Easter Beurre and Winter Velis are favorite late varieties. The cherry does well in the Sacramento Valley, notwithstanding the impression prevails that they must grow within the influence of the sea. On the Bidwell ranch at Chico is a tree that has yielded 1,750 pounds at a crop, for which 5 cents a pound was paid Forty-eight such trees and such yield to the tree would show $3,850 to the acre. Such yield is phenomenal and would not be counted in an esti- mate of profits, but there is no doubt about cherries being profitable and well adapted to our climate and soil. Select good, well drained, sandy loam in as early exposure as you can. Cherries ripen in Tehama County earlier than further south, and about as early as at Vacaville. Black Tartarian, Black Eagle, Black Republi- can, Napoleon, and Centennial are the five best shippers. The Napoleon, White Tar- tarian, and Centennial are the canning cherries. SMALL FRUITS. The blackberry, raspberry, gooseberry, strawberry, and if we may class them as small fruits, table grapes, are all profitable fruits to grow and deserve separate atten- tion. Correct pruning is as necessary in the successful growth of the blackberry as in fruit trees. If you let your bush run up 6 or 8 feet, and bear the stock there, your bush has but a half formation; the long main stock is left unshaded; the fruit is up in the air and sun, and will burn and not mature. What is wanted is a stocky bush, not too high and not too low; if too high, the direct rays of the sun will burn the fruit, and if too low the reflected rays will also burn it. At 4 feet above the ground, pinch off the tips. The bush will then throw out laterals; pinch these off at about a foot. These will again throw out laterals, which should be picked off at a foot's length. You will thus get a compact, stocky bush, whose foliage will pro- tect the berries, and whose branches will not break, and you can easily cultivate your patch. The first year you get no fruit. The second year you prune as above, and now prepare for a rich, lucious harvest. Irrigation is essential, and you should never allow the ground to dry out. After each irrigation you should cultivate. The ground should be thoroughly manured every year. Your soil should be a rich sandy loam, the more moist the better. Of course, without manure you will have fine berries if the soil is good, but the best results are obtained only with manure. Plant 6 feet apart each way and only one root in a place, or twelve hundred and ten plants to the acre. Stake each separately if you can, and if not, set a post at each end of the rows and trail them well, and stretch a wire from post to post about 4 or 5 feet above the ground, on which to tie the runners, and support it at intervals with stakes. Raspberries are managed much the same, only they are planted more in a place and more closely together one way, and are headed back at 18 inches instead of 4 feet. The product of an acre of these two berries could astonish anyone not familiar with their prolificness. Wilson's Early and Kittatinny blackberries and Cuthbert (red) raspberries are recommended. PREPARING, DRYING, CANNING, AND SHIPPING. Nothing rewards so well as careful preparation for market. There will always be failures among fruit growers, as there are in all other occupations. One man will make money with sheep, and his neighbor with equal chances will lose. One man will succeed with wheat and another fail; and so one man will succeed with fruit and his neighbor may fail. Every step from planting the tree to marketing the fruit tells upon success or failure, and it becomes important that every step should be right. Generally the man who will take interest enough to plant well and prune and cultivate well, is the man who will take care of his fruit when it comes. Still there are some who plant and cultivate and prune well who do not know what to do with their fruit. If you are picking green fruit, pick it at the right time; put in good shape to be attractive to the eye; don't mix good, bad, and indifferent, but sort your fruit, and you may be sure your first-rate packages will bring more alone than all your crop mixed higgledy-piggledy, and you will have the balance left. In drying do the same. Keep the first-class fruit by itself. In the market dried fruit that has been first bleached will bring 3 to 5 cents more per pound and the extra cost will not be half a cent a pound. Extra nice fruit, or fruit well put up if not extra, will always sell, while often a mixture of good, bad, and worthless will not sell CALIFORNIA. 311 1 at all. Find out what forms of packages take best and adopt them. The package often sells the fruit. Be provident in looking ahead for your market, and make pro- vision for picking your fruit. If you can find a buyer for your green fruit at the or- chard let him have it unless you can see a clearer advantage in handling it yourself. As a rule the canners pay all they can afford. But you should always have it within yourself to take care of your fruit, and this needs no great outlay. By coöperative efforts we can always handle our fruit to profit if by no other way. PEACHES AND APRICOTS. The fruits which lead all others in extent of cultivation in California are the peach and the apricot. Of the former there are fully 5,000,000 trees in cultivation, and of the latter over 2,000,000. The peach is produced to perfection in every county of the State, while the apricot thrives in all but three or four. Santa Clara County has the largest number of apricot trees and Calaveras the largest number of peaches. The crops, which are always large, are disposed of in three ways. The earliest and the latest fruit is shipped East by fast trains, where it sells for good prices. The can- ners take a large quantity, while many million pounds are dried. The prevalent practice is for the producers to dry their own fruit. In the greater portion of the State the climate is such that peaches, apricots, and all other fruits are dried in the open air, with no other heat than that of the sun. Formerly much fruit was cured by machines of various kinds, it being deemed impracticable to produce the best re- sults without their aid. With the introduction of the practice of sulphuring, how- ever, the machines have been largely abandoned, and are now only used in those localities where the prevalence of moisture in the atmosphere prevents perfect curing. In drying in the open air peaches and apricots are cut in halves and spread upon wooden trays about 3 feet square, the cut side of the fruit being uppermost. After being cut, the fruit is exposed to the fumes of burning sulphur for half or three-quar- ters of an hour. The operation of the fumes prevents oxidation and preserves the natural color of the fruit, which otherwise would become very dark and unattractive in appearance during exposure to the atmosphere. From 2 to 4 days are required to thoroughly cure the fruit, which is then gathered up, dipped quickly in hot water to kill the eggs of any insects that may have been deposited upon it, and is then put in bins in a building, provided for packing, where it remains until the process of sweat- ing is completed. It is then packed in boxes and sacks and is ready for market. As will be seen from the figures presented elsewhere, the annual product of dried peaches and apricots reaches into the millions of pounds. Over 2,000 carloads of fresh fruit were shipped East last year, of which more than half was of the two fruits mentioned. Several hundred thousand cases were also canned. Both fruits bear at a remarkably early age. Two-year-old trees of both the peach and the apri- cot frequently have from 50 to 100 pounds of fruit, while from trees 7 to 8 years old as high as 700 and 800 pounds are gathered. They are also remarkably free from dis- ease, which makes them a great favorite with horticulturists. THE PRUNE. A branch of fruit culture in which an immense amount of progress has been made within a few years is the production of the prune. Although the first experiments were made but a short time since, the prospect even now is that the California prune will entirely drive the imported fruit from the market before many years shall have passed. Santa Clara County is the center of prune growing; and last year there were some 15,000,000 pounds produced there, while the entire output of the State was upwards of 20,000,000 pounds. At first it was supposed that good results could only be secured by closely imitat- ing the French prune-growers in their processes of curing. The opposite, however, has proved to be the case. The fully ripe fruit is gathered by shaking the trees, can- vas sheets being spread upon the ground to catch the fruit. It is then gathered up, and being put into wire baskets is dipped into boiling lye until the skin commences to crack. It is next plunged into fresh running water until the lye is washed away, and is then spread upon trays and dried in the open air. After being thoroughly dried the fruit is again dipped into hot water in which a small percentage of glycer- ine has been mixed. This gives the prunes a dark glossy appearance. They are then packed in cans, boxes, or sacks. During the past year California prunes have sold in the New York market for more than the imported of similar size, and at present there is a demand that can not be supplied, while prices have materially advanced. There are over a million prune trees now in bearing, and the acreage is being largely added to this spring. 312 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. FIGS. The fig has been cultivated in California from the earliest days of the mission occupation, although it has not been until a comparatively recent period that varieties of commercial importance were introduced. The common black or blue fig is the most widely grown, and while it is delicious in its fresh taste, as a dried fig it is very inferior. Many efforts have been made to secure the Smyrna fig, but so far they have proved unavailing. Several varieties of white fig have, however, been introduced, and from one of these, the white Adriatic, fruit has been cured that rivals the im- ported article both in quality and price. At present experiments are being made at raising trees from the seed of imported figs, but these have not progressed far enough to determine whether they will be successful. Fig culture is regarded by those who have studied the question as one of the coming industries which is bound to attain large prominence. NUT-BEARING TREES. The almond is a very profitable tree and we know that it will do well here. You want a strong bearer of thin-shelled nuts, which we have in the IX L and Nonpareil. Do not waste time on low-priced thick shells. These varieties named need no bleach- ing in our climate, but hull easily, and are bright and uniform in size. The English walnut takes naturally to our soil and climate and produces largely. The black wal- nut, chestnut, and hickory can also be successfully grown here. NUTS. Walnuts, almonds, chestnuts, and filberts are successfully cultivated in various portions of the State. The greater number of walnuts are grown in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara Counties, while the finest almonds are produced in the central part of the State. In walnut culture imported varieties are mostly cultivated, but of almonds the best results have been obtained from seedling varieties originated here. The leading almond grower of the State, A. T. Hatch, of Solano County, has several hundred acres in this nut, and has originated a number of varieties of great excel- lence and which compare in every respect with the imported nut. Statement of rates to the east on deciduous green fruit. [Rates in cents per 100 pounds; in carloads.] Destination. Service. Feb. 10, 1870. Apr. 15, 1870. Dates effective. Expedited freight train service. 10- car ship- ments.* July 1, 1870. June 1, 1881. Mar. 2, 1882. Sept. 15, 1883. Mar. 15, 1885. July 29, 1885. June 16, 1887. June 21, 1887. Oct. 11, 1887. June 14, 1888. June 10, 1889. June 14, 1888. June 10, 1889. Freight.. 400 300 225 185 175 180 140 140 110110 Passenger 550 425 425 350 350 355 255 255 210 210 Freight... 450 325 250 200 192 192 140 140 125 125 Passenger 600 475 475 400 384 384 285 285 250 250 Freight. 450 325 250 200 200 200 150 150 125 125 600 475 475 400 400 400 300 300 250,250 475 425 257 257 257 400 625 625 514 514 514 Omaha... St. Louis. Chicago Passenger New York..... Freight.. Passenger - 112 112 1763 1761 225 (225 125 125 250 250 125 125 250 250 f165 190 190 200 200 200 203 $$200 312 (1) 3123260 200 * Approximated passenger train time. Special rate. Cancelled January 16, 1888. §July 11, 1888. Cost per acre (one hundred trees)—deciduous fruit. Plowing (subsoil) and harrowing.. Trees. Planting and pruning. Plowing and cultivating.. $4 15 5 10 First year. Pruning Plowing and cultivating.. Second year. 34 2 10 12 CALIFORNIA. 313 Pruning Cost per acre (one hundred trees)-deciduous fruit-Continued. Plowing and cultivating.. Third year... Pruning. Plowing and cultivating. Fourth year. Cost of four-year-old orchard. Apples Apricots. Asparagus Blackberries. Cherries: White. Black Currants. Gooseberries Grapes Nectarines Pears.. Peaches Peas. Plums Quinces CANNED GOODS. Pack of canned fruits and vegetables for the season of 1889. Raspberries.. Strawberries. Total. Miscellaneous: Pie fruits.. Tomatoes.... Jams and jellies. Total Grand total………. 1875.. 1876.. 1877... 1878... 1879.. Imports of canned goods at San Francisco for 15 years. Cases. 67, 674 1880 95, 273 1881 100, 583 1882 130, 501 1883 110, 657 1884 Cases. 124, 070 1885.. 156, 306 1886.. 203,075 | 1887.. 182, 083 1888... 106, 243 1889... • 10 best thing $3 13 4 10 14 73 Cases. 6,000 40,000 5,000 5,000 50,000 30,000 5,000 15,000 40,000 5,000 100, 000 150,000 25,000 50,000 6,000 3,000 20,000 555, 000 25,000 150,000 30,000 205, 000 760,000 Cases. 133, 479 260, 096 190,000 278, 024 281, 477 Shipments of canned goods by rail, in pounds, for 1889, giving points of shipment. Months. San Francisco. Oakland. Sacramento. San José. me ton. Stock- Marys- Los ville. Angeles. Colton. June. July Pounds. 403, 160 Pounds. 2, 072, 080 Pounds. 41, 850 Pounds. Pounds.] Pounds. Pounds, Pounds. 3, 768, 980 1, 190, 440 23, 000 August 363, 940 1,006, 400 6, 418, 690 22, 750 September. 738, 350 1,893, 500 20, 500 4, 132, 440 478, 560 October.. 711, 760 103, 740 1,995, 010 120, 500 2, 820, 560 546, 430 November 319, 380 24, 870 2, 116, 610 63, 300 1, 695, 850 359, 880 31, 340 December 211, 000 815, 260 108, 620 1, 021, 000 31, 050 January February March. 166, 420 30, 170 564, 200 64, 900 439, 420 93, 790 104, 370 47,530 283, 630 69, 460 358, 400 1,890 52, 150 3,040 825 268, 160 April May 89, 490 24, 050 241, 690 27,370 338, 390 77, 360 194, 770 88,700 208, 460 323, 330 97, 840 35,750 29, 130 31, 550 51,910 2,480 32, 300 Total. 21, 899, 820 In 1887-'88... 24, 269, 430 10, 818, 460 | In 1886-'87 14, 317, 040 5, 474, 440 3, 162, 520 2, 964, 770 | 4, 618, 170 2, 628, 440 9, 481, 130 9, 328, 290 5,483, 470 1, 645, 010 293, 310 637, 165 3, 210 2,290 904, 070 64, 340 576, 660 403, 010 84, 600 น 314 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Total shipments of canned goods for 1889. - By rail By sea Cases. 529, 760 264, 832 Total 794, 592 Shipments of fresh, dried, and canned fruits by rail for 18 years. Years. Fresh. Dried. Canned. Years. Fresh. Dried. Canned. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 1871. 1,832, 310 1881... 7, 248, 300 1872. 2,074, 420 Pounds. 18,768, 200 2,039, 972 182, 090 1882... 7, 919, 340 4,532, 350 25, 163, 190 1873.. 2,896, 530 678, 580 1883.. 19, 222, 580 3,097, 950 1874. 26, 397, 700 5,029, 840 457, 290 1884.... 11, 996, 070 2, 103, 350 1875. 21, 695, 740 2, 993, 720 548, 227 759, 040 1885... 45, 386, 740 5,794, 160 1876. 28, 949, 380 4, 201, 730 630, 770 1,529, 910 1877.. 3, 818, 310 730, 710 1, 731, 530 1886.. 1887. 49, 665, 650 6, 113, 970 30, 636, 710 50, 732, 990 | 16, 648, 520 1878.. 56, 009, 130 2,866, 420 259, 170 1879... 3, 126, 400 1,761, 750 1880... 3, 141, 500 412, 480 1,700, 930 3, 111, 680 6,707, 650 1888... 53, 741, 670 | 19, 759, 140 39, 281, 340 1889.. 60, 706, 990 32, 801, 130 40, 183, 725 Statement showing fruit shipments by kinds and quantity for past 5 years. Kinds. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Pounds. Pounds. 1, 400, 000 150, 000 1, 823, 000 150, 000 80,000 650, 000 100,000 Pounds. 2, 000, 000 125,000 800, 000 1,050, 000 585, 000 50,000 175,000 55, 000 Pounds. 1,750,000 75,000 750,000 3, 000, 000 450,000 40, 000 600, 000 150,000 3, 200, 000 90,000 600, 000 150,000 1,250,000 750,000 1,500,000 1,050,000 600, 000 500,000 518, 000 275,000 250,000 · Pounds. 3, 000, 000 100, 000 350,000 4, 600, 000 240,000 25,000 160,000 2,600,000 75,000 1, 000, 000 450,000 15, 000, 000 200, 000 500, 000 3,500,000 200,000 50,000 200,000 4, 000, 000 100,000 1,500,000 500,000 200, 000 French prunes German prunes Apples Peaches... 2, 100, 000 Plums, bleached.. 1, 139, 000 Pears 100, 000 Grapes Nectarines, bleached Apricots Figs Walnuts Almonds Peanuts.... Value of California's fruit crop in 1880. County. Value. County. Value. County. Value. Alameda $480,000 Mendocino.. Calaveras 75,000 Merced • $12, 500 28,000 Santa Barbara... 1, 665 Santa Clara 500, 000 Colusa 2,555 Modoc Contra Costa.. 40, 175 Napa.. Del Norte.... 2,500 Nevada 4, 171 El Dorado... 120,000 Plumas 5,000 Humboldt.. 2,000 Sacramento .. 450,000 820 214, 671 Shasta Sonoma Stanislaus….. Sutter.. Santa Cruz…. 11, 625 Inyo 2, 750 San Bernardino . 8,500 Tulare Kern 9, 830 San Diego... 10, 285 Lake 5, 260 San Joaquin Los Angeles 655, 000 San Luis Obispo 10,000 5, 275 Yolo Yuba.. 8. 815 100,000 4, 550 20,000 80,000 250,000 22, 456 Mariposa 2, 910 San Mateo 2,000 Total... 3, 148, 313 CALIFORNIA. 315 Number of fruit, nut, and berry trees and plants in California in 1870. Apple. Peach. Pear. Plum. Cherry. Nectarine Quince. Alameda 88, 700 Alpine 12,900 33, 400 20, 750 29, 200 100 1,150 2, 110 50 Amador. 31, 300 18,000 Calaveras 6, 000 5, 400 2,300 980 30,000 2, 100 16, 400 Colusa 5,360 3, 110 40, 000 1,166 228 52 50,000 Contra Costa 4,000 2,500 800 35, 200 1,000 18, 800 Del Norte.. 8, 720 3,500 3, 100 290 9, 556 300 1,610 190 474 El Dorado. 439 500 15 23 90, 741 40, 973 Fresno 11, 426 6, 532 18, 605 2, 914 213 Humboldt. 2, 937 1,014 442 318 93 80 49, 420 35 556 Inyo Kern... Klamath 1, 015 2, 044 1,336 55 550 700 125 75 28 50 15 500 800 150 300 110 80 4, 700 55 2,000 400 Lake - 500 220 93 11, 143 65 6, 001 Lassen 1, 791 2, 431 362 82 126 5,512 Los Angeles 2, 617 358 474 64 38 127 7, 100 Mariposa.. 11, 100 5, 200 200 150 400 6,000 Mendocino 6, 800 1,100 900 400 200 100 25,000 100 Merced... 22, 000 3,000 2,100 640 370 4, 200 180 7,422 Mono... 3,271 2, 144 602 576 650 247 112 6 Monterey 100 31, 740 Napa... 13, 517 19, 970 31, 220 1. 185 59, 465 561 93 Nevada 26, 310 17,870 6, 410 10, 470 855 24, 500 12, 875 Placer.. 3, 806 1,430 2, 566 1,578 780 55, 971 510 Plumas. Sacramento San Bernardino 35, 864 19, 871 11, 773 5, 283 3,781 3, 410 2, 170 567 337 155 55 15 92, 329 27 95, 238 32, 823 19, 632 San Diego 8, 200 7,725 14, 320 3,988 3, 811 795 1,430 110 San Joaquin 4,900 29,000 385 294 530 47, 000 San Luis Obispo... 30,000 9,000 475 6,000 395 200 280 2,000 San Mateo.. 2,000 1,250 1,000 1,000 1,000 300 100 15,000 50 Santa Barbara. 1, 500 300 1,500 1,000 26, 016 1, 200 Santa Clara 13, 000 1,000 560 9, 315 1,000 1, 107, 840 3,008 Santa Cruz. 83, 650 1, 017 75, 260 3, 400 25, 890 20, 430 50, 669 5, 880 1, 580 Sierra 4, 914 7,980 4, 727 2, 503 109 70, 810 Siskiyou Solano. 5, 100 530 981 389 390 87 37, 500 15, 840 107 2,080 1,600 1,240 512 29, 461 Sonoma. 2,264 500 12, 611 5, 721 260, 320 Stanislaus. 50, 500 4,820 350 304 14, 250 38, 760 3, 450 7,856 985 Sutter. Tehama 6, 080 3, 408 890 675 190 95 19, 299 11, 284 75 4,392 4, 620 595 Trinity. 11, 054 26, 010 1, 123 779 9,412 10, 150 804 17,930 752 Tulare 7,000 413 1,575 980 400 22, 250 116 Tuolumne 75, 559 130 5, 867 1, 176 342 Yolo... 5, 300 397 4,800 687 4, 600 3, 100 Yuba.. 23, 638 2,250 34, 912 1, 150 7, 665 1, 450 3,942 2,647 37,863 6, 023 885 26, 715 8, 860 5, 950 1, 883 2,220 2,900 Total... 2,446, 523 835, 321 356, 252 243, 058 122, 864 31, 110 43,397 Apricot. Fig. Prune. Almond. Walnut. Raspberry. Strawberry. Alameda 3,280 Alpine 1, 314 4, 730 7,380 1,750 716, 400 6, 110, 500 Amador 1,850 Calaveras 1,300 2,000 260 1,650 400 11 14, 300 400 Colusa 45 100 903 950 Contra Costa. 675 2,500 550 175 740 260 Del Norte 700 120 109, 000 300,000 400 340 7 2,500 El Dorado... 4 5, 200 600 1 42 602 Fresno 921 34 43, 300 380 7, 100 492 175 Humboldt.. Inyo Kern.. Klamath Lake... Lassen Mariposa. Mendocino Merced... 225 2, 137 17 154, 290 88 25 1,750 5 10,400 22 65 35 10 25, 150 300 240 LO LO 5 44, 820 30 5 2 100 · 42 194 158 275 40,000 8,000 15,000 56 269 218 Los Angeles 196 40 87 1,850 2,000 4,818 110 630 5, 100 400 300 6,000 20 70 2,000 70 972 Mono... 4, 081 10, 000 18 104 188 281 6,000 1,500 16, 137 30,000 146, 300 2, 000, 000 150,000 4,776 Monterey 1, 182 201 280 Napa... 213 3, 180 396 154 Novada 1, 895 830 2,100 170 2,990 2,700 800 1, 180 810 860 Placer.. 280 4,000 421 540 271 Plumas 1,998 871 284 697 7 Sacramento 1 5 12, 697 San Bernardino 4, 257 606 4,874 830 19, 758 San Diego. 640 225 685 315 930 San Joaquin.. 385 230 21,000 50, 536 2, 454 18,706 749 370, 562 15,000 170,000 171, 600 18, 465 2,750 300 3,500 500 300 5,000 500 475 2,000 30,000 316 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Number of fruit, nut, and berry trees and plants in California in 1870—Continued. Apricot. Fig. Prune. Almond. Walnut. Raspberry. Strawberry. San Luis Obispo... 300 350 San Mateo.... 100 300 1,000 20,000 50 Santa Barbara. 100 500 550 4, 901 1, 200 Santa Clara 8, 400 2,500 18, 785 ... 8, 650 6, 070 1,300 Santa Cruz Sierra Siskiyou Solano. Sonoma Stanislaus. Sutter... 1,700 15,000 120, 500 6, 750 525 2,500 2,750 811 291 3, 260, 500 322 163 1,092 40 31, 166 11 17 12 20 312 11,000 44 22 137 12, 946 9,800 4, 297 178 3,950 1,420 3,852 1, 395 350 3,250 1, 575 450 200 4,300 560 40 12 4,983 2, 924 101 Tehama Trinity 1, 706 1,851 614 722 716 32 23 63 315 76 154, 800 5,700 60, 000 3, 200 150, 800 25,000 900 228, 160 Tulare Tuolumne.. Yolo... Yuba...... Total... 1 1 1,355 6,000 1,868 96, 000 950 2,200 3,526 3,070 4,550 2,300 78, 238 51, 606 185,000 70,000 1, 200 120,000 14, 414, 090 Number of fruit trees growing in California in 1889, exclusive of nuts, berries, and citrns 39 305 1, 012 350 175 470 2,700 215 3,337 2, 310 1,150 40 4, 165 698 14,000 19, 059 59, 478 58,300 1, 112, 341 fruits. County. Trees. County. Trees. County. Trees. Alameda 500, 816 Alpine.. Amador. 1,300 121, 950 Merced Modoc 120,000 Sierra • 150,000 Siskiyou 4,830 8, 224 Monterey 18, 000 Solano Butte 639, 724 336, 480 Napa.. 324, 865 Sonoma Calaveras 949, 779 95, 500 Nevada Colusa.. 150, 233 Placer 215,-588 470, 508 Stanislaus 42, 148 Sutter. Del Norte... 244, 507 12,000 Sacramento 548, 450 Tehama Contra Costa 228, 750 San Benito 71, 735 El Dorado Trinity 284, 917 21,000 314, 023 San Bernardino 2,368, 559 Tulare Fresno.. 387, 215 281, 545 San Diego Humboldt Inyo Kern. Lake... Marin... 380, 176 Tuolumne. 16, 250 49, 06v San Joaquin 227, 865 Ventura.. 456, 109 - 32, 282 San Luis Obispo 38, 325 Yolo 136, 623 85,000 San Mateo 31,750 Yuba 85, 649 96, 340 Santa Barbara 24, 130 44, 817 Santa Clara ……. 1,590, 860 Total.... Mariposa Mendocino 12, 662, 646 22, 432 Santa Cruz…. 283, 120 10, 000 Shasta 139, 212 CITRUS FRUITS. THE ORANGE, The cultivation of the orange in California was first undertaken by the founders of the missions in the latter part of the eighteenth century. The first American settlers in California found trees at San Gabriel, Los Angeles County, which were in full maturity and the age of which no one knew. In 1850-'60 some extensive orchards were planted around Los Angeles and about the same time experiments were made in San Bernardino and elsewhere. These orchards matured without difficulty and pro- duced fruit which sold for good prices. The period from 1865 to 1875 was marked by a heavy immigration to this State, and many were encouraged by the large profits realized to engage in orange culture, Los Angeles and San Bernardino being the favored counties. In 1871 the settlement of Riverside was commenced in the last-named county, and orange culture was followed upon a large scale. In 1876 the Department of Agriculture sent to Riverside two trees which had been imported from Bahia, and which were said to be of a choice variety. When these trees fruited it was found that the oranges bore a peculiarity known as the navel mark and that they were of exceptionally good quality. The skin was smooth and richly colored, as well as being very thin; the fruit was seed- less, and was juicy and of remarkably fine flavor. It was in all respects superior to other oranges then cultivated, and as a result it was sought largely for budding upon other stock. The fame of the Riverside Navel, as it was called, quickly spread, and now this is the favorite variety for planting. The fruit commands from 50 to 100 per cent. better prices than seedlings or other budder varieties, and is eagerly sought by all who have ever been so fortunate as to have partaken of it. DEL NORTE ISISKIY MAP -SHOWING SHEEP-RAISING AND ORANGE- GROWING REGIONS 4 OF CALIFORNIA. SHEEP. ¿MONNINE ORANGES. N E V мо SHASTA | LASSEN MENDOCINO HUMBOLDT R TEHAMA COLUSA PLUMAS BUTTE 1001 SIL RA D A R AP NOMA MARIN บ SAN FRANCISCO INTO MEN XELD AMADOR A CALAVER ALPINE SOLANO, CONTRA COSTA ¡SAN JOAQUIN ALAMEDA SANTA CLARA SANTA CRUZ ANISLAUS 迦 ​ERCED TUUMNE IMARIPOSA AN BENITO MONTEREY M O N • FRESN TULARE A N - O SAN BERNARDINO KERN SAN OBISPO S VENTU OS ANG ITURE SANTA BARBARA San Miguel LOS ANGELES Santa Cruz. Santa Rosa ISLANDS OF THE SANTA Santa Bar San Nicho Santa Catal Santa Cr RBAR RA CHANNEL SAN DIEGO SAN DIEGO. CALIFORNIA. 317 ! The large profits obtained by the producers of choice oranges have greatly stimu- lated the cultivation of the fruit, and trees have been planted liberally in various portions of the State. While the greater portion of the orchards are in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties, oranges are now successfully cultivated as far north as Butte and Tehama Counties in the Sacramento Valley. The reasons why this may be done are set forth in the following tables of temperature: Comparative statement, showing average temperatures of the Italian, Floridian, and Cali- fornian citrus belts. Naples.. Rome Florence Pisa Genoa San Remo.. C Mentone. Nice. Cannes. Jacksonville Pensacola.. Sanford... Poway. Riverside... Los Angeles.. Santa Barbara Sacramento. Auburn.. Colfax Nicolaus Marysville. Princeton... Oroville... Chico. Places. ITALIAN CITRUS BELT. ture. Average Average Average tempera- winter yearly ture, tempera- tempera- coldest ture. Lowest tempera- ture. month. SEMI-TROPIC FLORIDA. с 61.3 48.5 47.0 60.7 46.9 45.0 58.8 44.3 44. 0 60.4 46.4 45.8 60.4 44.9 44.0 60.1 48.9 48.0 23.0 60.9 49.0 48.7 23. 0 59.5 47.8 40.9 59.5 49.6 48.8 20.0 69.5 58.7 57.4 19.0 68.4 55.7 54.1 16.0 71.0 58.0 55.0 28.0 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CITRUS BELT. 50.3 50.2 48.4 21.0 61.0 50. 4 49.7 26.0 60.5 50.0 52.0 23.0 61.1 54.0 52.9 30.0 THE CITRUS BELT OF THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY, 60.2 48.3 47.0 18.0 59.7 46. 2 44.0 18.0 59.5 46. 0 43. 1 18.0 62.0 50.9 47.0 18.0 64.2 50.0 48.7 18.0 62.8 48.2 47.0 18.0 64.9 52.0 49.4 20.0 63.8 47.0 44.6 18.0 62.4 46.8 45.2 18.0 63.8 47.8 45.4 18.0 Red Bluff Redding The orange is not successfully grown in localities near the coast, and it is almost every where subject to the attacks of several insect pests which require constant attention to combat. A few years since the cottony cushion scale became so preva- lent that the existence of all the orange trees in the State was seriously threatened. This pest had been imported from Australia, and to that country search was directed for some parasite or insect enemy of the scale. Such an enemy was found in the Fedalia cardinalis, which was imported over a year ago, and by the propagation of which the ravages of the white scale have been effectually checked and many orchards which had been attacked have been saved from destruction. The price of oranges varies from $1 to $3 a box, according to variety and quality. 318 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The amount produced in the different parts of the State and the distribution of the groves is shown in the accompanying tables: Orange crop of 1889-'90. Boxes. Riverside Boxes. Los Angeles, outside of Pasadena and Pomona.. 340,000 Ventura 15,000 Santa Barbara San Diego. 450,000 2,000 Oroville..... 2, 860 30, 000 Yuba Anaheim. 5,000 35,000 Placer Pomona... 2,500 22, 000 Santa Clara. Redlands and Old San Bernardino.. Pasadena San Bernardino, Colton, and Highland.. Ontario and vicinity Santa Ana, Orange, and Tustin. 1,000 30,000 Fresno. 500 20,000 Sutter..... 300 2,000 Solano 150 86, 000 25, 125 Total 1,069, 435 It is now expected that the crop of 1890-'91 (the harvest extends from December to May) will be fully 50 per cent. larger than for the previous season. Los Angeles.. San Bernardino Orange. San Diego.. Santa Barbara Ventura.. Acreage of mature orange trees. Acres. 13, 150 Butte 11, 489 Placer.. 2, 322 Yuba 1,000 Other central counties 100 200 Total... Acreage of orange trees, including those planted in spring of 1890. Acres. Riverside 8,700 Butte Los Angeles, ontside of Pomona and Pas- Placer.. adena 11, 450 Fresno San Diego. 3,500 Tulare Pasadena 3,500 Santa Clara Santa Ana, Orange, and Tustin 2,500 Ventura... San Bernardino, Highlands, Rialto, Colton, and vicinity 3,000 Sutter... Sacramento Redlands and Old San Bernardino 3, 320 Solano. Ontario and vicinity 1,575 Santa Barbara Anaheim.. Pomona 1,000 Other counties. 3, 100 Yuba 1, 200 Total.... Acres. 1,500 500 200 1,000 31, 461 A Acres 2,400 1,500 600 500 200 300 200 100 50 300 1, 200 50, 195 The exports of oranges from this State are constantly increasing, the figures hav- ing assumed an unusual magnitude during the past 10 years; first, because of the repeated failure of the Florida crop; and, second, because of the rapidly increasing area in which it is found that the conditions of soil and climate are both conducive to the successful culture of the fruit. Los Angeles County: Los Angeles Winthrop... Vernondale Dodsworth……. Tropico... Oranges shipped in 1888-'89. San Bernardino County: San Bernardino.. Riverside Colton. Redlands Ontario Boxes. 4, 030 260,661 5, 656 15, 169 600 3, 650 Boxes. 23, 412 46, 281 40, 940 13, 008 20,988 Alhambra. 39,596 Highlands San Gabriel. 24, 442 Savannah... Other places 14, 363 5, 281 Pomono. 16, 500 Total Rivera 31, 310 295, 047 Other counties: Lamanda Park... 15, 500 Orange.. Pasadena 92,896 43, 400 Santa Barbara Duarte.... 17,000 29, 140 San Diego. Azusa 10, 250 11, 160 Ventura. Other places 30, 807 10, 886 Total Total... 400, 847 131, 032 CALIFORNIA. 319 " Los Angeles. San Bernardino. Other counties. Total.. 1 Oranges shipped in 1888-'89-Continued. SUMMARY. LEMONS. Boxes. 400, 847 295, 047 131, 032 826, 926 The cultivation of the lemon has not received as great attention as that of the orange, owing to the difficulty of curing the fruit so that it could be prevented from prematurely decaying. A method of doing so has now been discovered, however, and as a result many are yearly engaging in the industry. Acreage of lemons in 1890. Los Angeles County. San Diego Santa Ana . Riverside. San Bernardino, outside of Riverside.. Butte.. Ventura Santa Barbara Elsewhere Total Number of lemon and orange trees in California in 1870. 1, 540 500 200 250 125 100 100 100 100 3, 015 Counties. Lemon Orange trees. t trees. Counties. Lemon Orange trees. trees. Alameda 88 64 San Joaquin Amador.. 130 120 San Luis Obispo Calaveras 10 28 San Mateo Colusa 10 20 Santa Barbara 1,200 Contra Costa.. 35 80 Santa Clara Del Norte.... 6 4 Santa Cruz.. El Dorado 8 Sierra.. Fresno 10 Solano ដកខ្លួនឆ 30 50 50 15 1,508 167 60 1 81 Kern. 15 53 Sonoma 40 Napa... Lake... Merced Monterey'. Nevada 15 Stanislaus 10 Los Angeles 3,700 34,000 Sutter 10 5 Tehama.. 47 Tulare 374 24 50 Tuolumne 15 120 Yolo · Placer Sacramento San Bernardino San Diego... 40 62 Yuba དྷམྦྷས 21 60 8 14 129 150 70 12 217 · 60 250 275 542 415 875 Total 7,381 38, 991 290 233 Lemon Orange trees. trees. Assessors' statement of bearing lemon and orange trees in California in 1889-'90. Counties. Lemon Orange trees. trees. Counties. Alameda 162 379 San Joaquin 250 Butte 280 506 San Luis Obispo 20 6 Calaveras. 50 150 Santa Barbara. 1, 014 315 Colusa 25 250 Santa Clara 591 2,287 Contra Costa. 15 55 Santa Cruz. 5 8 Kern Lake... Los Angeles. Mariposa.. Merced.. 19 16 Shasta.. 2 5 2 Sonoma 1,000 3,000 30, 250 192, 900 Stanislaus. 209 17 39 Tulare 5 58 124 53 Tuolumne. 100 200 Monterey ... 15 Ventura.. 300 150 Napa... 58 Placer.. 520 1,038 Yolo Yuba.. 100 500 54 202 Sacramento 155 440 San Bernardino 2,640 9, 050 Total... 38, 328 214, 658 San Diego 870 2, 517 CHAPTER III. FIELD AND FACTORY. Wine, brandy, raisins, and hops; beet-sugar; olives and olive oil-Cotton, flax, and wool-Condition of the wine interest of the State--Estimates of vintage-Acreage and product-Wine exports and receipts-Brandy distillation-Output and exports-Assessed and real values-The raisin industry-Tables of crops, acreage, and shipments-The hop crop-Receipts by years-The growth of the beet-sugar industry-Mills and product-Cotton growing-Estimates of production and cost-Experiments in California-Cultivation of flax-Production of California wool-Tables of clip and shipments. The wine interest of the State is in a more promising condition at present than for some time past. Notwithstanding the introduction of choice varieties of grapes and more careful methods of vintage, the price of wine had steadily decreased for many years, until in 1888 the lowest limit was reached, many thousands of gallons being sold for as little as 8 or 10 cents a gallon. Since then, however, there has been a change for the better and prices have considerably appreciated, good new red and white wine now selling for 15 to 25 cents a gallon, while older vintage bring propor- tionately better rates. The stagnation in the wine market has entirely stopped the planting of new vine- yards, and there is little probability that there will be any considerable increase of acreage for several years. It is estimated that there are at present 150,000 acres of wine grapes in the entire State. The acreage has remained nearly stationary for some time, the losses from disease and destruction by discouraged vintners nearly equal- ing the new vineyards planted. It is expected that the coming vintage will be fully 20,000,000 gallons. Last year, owing to the expected continuance of low prices, many wine grapes were dried and sold as a low grade of raisins. But with a continuance of present favorable prospects there will be a full wine crop in 1890. Some large shipments have been made directly from the vineyard to England from the southern part of the State during the year, and with good satisfaction, the first orders being followed by subsequent and larger shipments. Number of grapevines in California in 1870. Counties. No. vines. Counties. No, vines. Counties. No. vines. Alameda Amador. 138, 200 1, 190, 000 Mariposa.. Mendocino 150, (00 25,000 Calaveras 368,000 Merced 180,000 Santa Cruz……. Sierra.. Siskiyou Colusa 125,000 Contra Costa. 371, 800 Monterey Napa... 198, 600 2, 172, 900 Del Norte... 38 Nevada El Dorado... Fresno. Humboldt... Inyo Kern.. Klamath Lake... Lassen... Los Angeles 1,584, 391 Placer 12, 600 Plumas 450,000 813, 514 16 Tehama. 360 Sacramento 1,948, 756 10,000 San Bernardino 495, 000 Trinity Tuolumne 7,000 San Diego 30,000 1,378 San Joaquin. 750,000 Yolo Yuba 30, 979 3, 438 San Luis Obispo Solano Sonoma Stanislaus. Sutter.. 312, 000 12, 200 57,000 1,491, 300 3, 960, 850 240, 000 296, 820 642,997 20, 096 1, 450, 000 546, 350 490, 000 100,000 Santa Barbara.. 596, 000 Total.. 26, 479,983 4, 137, 400 Santa Clara... 1, 100, 000 WINE PRoducts. Wine product for a series of years. Year. Gallons. Year. Gallons. Year. Gallons. Year. Gallons. 1865 2, 000, 000 1872 3, 000, 000 1879... 7,000,000 1885.. 11, 000, 000 1866 2,250,000 1873 2,500,000 1880... 10, 200, 000 1886.. 18, 000, 000 1867 2,500,000 1874.. 4, 000, 000 1881... 8, 000, 000 1887.. 15, 000, 000 1868. ·4, 000, 000 1875 4, 000, 000 1882... 9,000,000 1888. 17, 000, 000 1869. 3, 000, 000 1876 4, 000, 000 1883. 8, 500,000 1889. 15, 500, 000 1870 3, 800, 000 1877 1871.. 4, 500, 000 1878.. 4, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 1884.. 10, 000, 000 1890.. *20, 000, OCO * Estimated. 320 DEL NORTE SISKIYOU MOD HUMBOLDT MEND R O SHASTA TEBA LASSEN N E MAP SHOWING CATTLE-RAISING AND WINE- PRODUCING REGIONS OF CALIFORNIA. CATTLE. WINE. MATEO OL CONTRA COSTA LAMED PLUMAS BUT E SACTO .. SIERE C DA ER ELDORADOX MADOR SAN JOAQUIN STANISLAUS AVERAS ALPI RCED SA GLARA CRUZ, ANTBEN 3 R OLUMNE IMARIPOSA SAN FRANCISCO V M ONO TUAR SANTA BARBARA San Miguel KERN ENTURA N So Santa Rost LOS ANGELES ISLANDS OF THE SANTA Santa Bar San Nicho Santa Catal Santa Cremer FE CHANNEL D SAN BERNARDINO SEEN DIEGO SAN DIEGO. CALIFORNIA. 321 Wine products of 1889, by counties and districts. Napa. Sonoma Alameda and Contra Costa. Santa Clara and Santa Cruz………. Sacramento and northern counties San Joaquin and Amador. Fresno. Los Angeles and San Bernardino. Other counties Total.. Counties. Gallons. 3, 000, 000 1,750,000 1, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 1,500,000 400,000 2, 100, 000 3, 000, 000 750,000 15, 500, 000 1879 1880. 1881 1882 Year. January February March April May June July Receipts of wine at San Francisco for past 11 years. Gallons. Year. Gallons. 3, 364, 607 1883 3, 588, 904 4,935, 222 4, 430, 095 1884... 1885 1886 4,858, 628 4,818, 439 1887 1888 5, 895, 110 1889 6, 155, 408 Year. Gallons. 8,496, 344 8,852, 611 10, 452, 301 The receipts of wine at San Francisco for 1888 and 1889, by months. Month. 1888. 1889. Month. Gallons. Gallons. 688, 633 803, 893 779, 960 August 788, 950 1, 009, 380 766, 560 944, 817 959, 505 908, 740 982, 055 September. October.. November December.. - 785, 840 1, 169, 280 814, 710 948, 310 WINE EXPORTS. The exports for 1889 were the largest in the history of the trado. Wine exports by sea. 1888. 1889. Gallons. Gallons. 813, 680 919, 150 665, 745 888, 849 641, 224 797, 011 441, 793 779, 765 304, 126 702, 306 8, 852, 611 10, 452, 301 1889. 1888. To- Gallons. Cases. Value. Gallons. Cases. Value. New York, etc……… 3,510, 340 825 $1, 392, 302 Central America 3, 052, 755 39, 317 2,766 42, 233 45, 683 British Columbia. 1, 244 3, 026 $1, 266, 200 13, 088 46, 077 549 11, 024 12, 782 342 Mexico 51, 887 9, 563 736 34, 657 51, 084 641 Japan 19, 142 31, 403 448 8,383 Honolulu 30, 266 214 100, 203 14, 106 464 73, 481 Europe 66, 667 492 56, 434 55, 734 326 27, 663 62, 662 248 Panama - 36, 112 885 26 550 6, 055 54 China... 2,887 3, 201 42 2, 255 Other countries.. 7, 780 9 21, 025 3,573 288 -10, 920 8, 816 215 5, 944 Totals 3, 814, 852 6, 470 1, 603, 468 3, 314, 550 6, 485 1,472, 299 I C 90——————21 322 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Wine exports by rail. Month. 1889. 1888. Month. 1889. 1888. Gallons. Gallons. January. February March Gallons. Gallons. 224, 396 214, 788 August 314, 577 338, 745 220, 253 230, 125 September ... 469, 059 310, 955 365, 603 744, 865 October April May.. June July 465, 776 282, 122 · 395, 208 273, 814 November 516, 173 267.348 497, 905 285, 160 December 392, 103 365, 346 252, 635 231, 613 232, 771 358, 862 Total.. 4,346, 459 3,903, 743 Combined exports. 1889. 1888. Gallons. By sea from San Francisco.... By rail from the State... Total Gallons. 3,831, 027 3,401, 477 4,346, 459 3,903, 743. 8, 177, 486 7, 305, 190 The above statement includes cases. Exports of wine for 26 years. Year. Gallons. Year. Gallons. Year. Gallons. Year. Gallons. 1864... 190, 000 1871.. 693, 600 1878 1, 780,000 1884 3, 356, 900 1865... 200,000 1872... 578, 700 1879 2, 181, 300 1885 4, 230, 300 1866. - 342,000 1873... 500,000 1880 2, 362,700 1886 5, 182, 600 1867.. 215,000 1874 633, 550 1881. 1,623, 700 1887 6, 299, 500 1868.. 359, 000 1875... 1,012, 000 1882 2,901, 000 1888 7,305, 190 1869... 452, 000 1876... 1870... 590,000 1877... 1,065, 400 1, 430, 600 1883 3, 159, 200 1889 8, 177, 486 The following table shows the decrease in importation of foreign wines at San Francisco for a period of 15 years: Year. Gallons. Year. Gallons. Year. Gallons. Year. Gallons. 1875... 666,537 1879.. 374, 292 1883. 173, 481 1887 102, 628 1876. 1877... 1878. 626, 537 1880... 281, 578 1884.. 103, 323 1888. 106, 122 331, 123 1881... 248, 180 1885 179, 659 1889. 453, 398 90, 954 1882. 303, 635 1886. 84, 288 REAL AND ASSESSED ACREAGE. While the actual acreage in wine grapes may be roundly estimated at 150,000 acres the assessment schedule falls far below these figures, as the following table shows. So, too, it will be found in the tabies of the assessed valuations of brandies and wines to be hereafter given that there is a marked discrepancy between the figures there quoted and those in the table of the wine product previously presented. CALIFORNIA. 323 Alameda Amador Butte.. Calaveras Colasa Contra Costa. Del Norte ... El Dorado.. Fresno Inyo Kern Lake.. Mariposa Mendocino Merced. Monterey Napa.. Nevada Placer... · Sacramento San Benito ... San Bernardino San Diego San Joaquin. San Luis Obispo. San Mateo... Santa Barbara…. Santa Clara………. Santa Cruz Shasta.... Siskiyou. Solano.. Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter.. Tehama. Trinity. Tulare Tuolumne Ventura. Yolo.. Yuba..... Total.. Assessment schedule for 1889. Table. Wine. Raisins. Total. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. 250 3, 345 3,595 40 950 990 506 111 295 912 200 1, 180 20 1,400 531 21 552 350 3, 450 3, 200 6 6 300 1,485 183 3, 800 12, 182 1,785 16, 165 16 25 41 100 450 950 1,400 64 200 400 1, 460 500 200 2,060 500 265 13, 630 13, 895 215 1, 814 380 484 2,678 1,525 5, 138 225 6, 888 17 133 150 13, 787 609 278 4,107 4, 994 920 1, 107 429 2, 456 432 426 858 80 700 780 543 11, 375 320 1,025 1, 345 99 140 147 386 4 1,075 20, 805 2, 160 21, 880 550 94 51 504 649 427 2, 145 2, 572 200 200 4,350 2,495 6, 845 925 385 800 2,000 1, 200 4, 000 215 16, 553 66, 176 21, 053 135, 305 Against these figures may be quoted the following estimate by a competent author- ity of the acreage of all kinds of bearing vines, wine and raisin : 1885.. 1886. 1887. 1888.. 1889.. BRANDY. Acres. 65,000 75,000 110,000 150,000 180,000 The distillation of Californian brandy began in a crude way and on a small scale in the last century, and continued to be an obscure branch of local industry until 1857, when it shared the attention then given to the cultivation of the grape. There was a prospect that it would soon rise to much importance, when it received a setback by the imposition of an internal-revenue tax of $2 on every gallon produced, and the business has not yet recovered from the depression, though the tax has been reduced to 90 cents. One effect of this burden, however, has been to discourage the produc- tion of an inferior brandy, such as was made in early days from pomace piquet, un- salable wine and other refuse. The better the brandy the less, relatively, is the tax. The quantity of brandy distilled in 1880 was about 450,000 gallons, estimated to be worth $1.15 a gallon. 324 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1879 1880.. 1881. 1882 Year. Receipts of brandy at San Francisco for the past 11 years. Gallons. Year. Gallons. Year. Gallons. 94, 768 ||1883 133, 725 ||1884 131, 7111887 112, 2651888 256, 104 227,585 497, 108 150,028 1885 133, 9561886 157, 1521889 180, 453 Receipts of brandy at San Francisco for 1888 and 1839, by months. Months. Jannary. February. March. April. May. June July. 1888. 1389. Months. 1888. 1889. Gallons. 16, 860 Gallons. Gallons. 2,160 Gallons. August 35, 710 7,630 27, 040 September 16, 880 16, 390 33, 545 October 26, 380 17, 129 9, 685 35, 405 November... 71, 590 13, 510 19, 724 11,670 December 98, 868 5, 380 56, 687 13, 640 85, 860 28, 680 14, 080 Total. 227, 585 497, 108 In 1882 there were 351,080 gallons of brandy exported from San Francisco and 400,000 gallons were shipped in 1889. The exports for 11 years ending with 1889 aggre- gated 3,000,000 gallons. Exports of brandy from San Francisco in 1888 and 1889, by sea and rail, in quantity and value. BY SEA. 1889. 1888. To- Gallons. Cases. Value. Gallons. Cases. Value. Eastern States. 239, 389 1 Central America. 1,263 42 $325, 721 3, 275 1 68, 226 1,636 5 $131, 978 118 Mexico 5, 321 71 146 245 19 593 Europe → 71, 394 12 Other countries. 854 240 43, 906 2,963 22, 202 1 22, 222 1,598 122 4, 115 Total 312, 971 295 376, 011 93, 907 265 164, 229 January February March.. April. May June July BY RAIL. Month. 1889. 1888. Month. 1889. 1888. Gallons. Gallons. 4,938 22, 701 24, 226 14, 779 23, 867 12, 762 ... 30, 231 21, 162 4,831 13, 824 Total... 195, 8:4 361, 945 Gallons. Gallons. 14, 688 10,933 14, 731 28, 817 24, 681 32, 270 28, 514 30, 402 14, 610 12, 129 6, 267 7,935 149, 907 8,474 August September October November December. COMBINED EXPORTS. By sea from San Francisco.. By rail from the State.. Total. The above statement includes the cases. 1889. 1888. Gallons. 313, 703 Gallons. 94, 437 195, 824 361, 945 509, 527 456,382 CALIFORNIA. 325 Assessed value of brandies and wines made in California in 1889. Brandies. County. Wines. Gallons. Value. Gallons. Value. Alameda Amador Butte... Calaveras Colusa.. Contra Costa Del Norte.. El Dorado Fresno Humboldt. Inyo. 1 49, 450 $98, 900 489, 200 ... $48, 920 5,000 3, 650 1,250 4, 650 5, 670 10, 175 12, 660 10, 000 2, 580 11,349 10,000 10, 640 160, 500 1, 060 2, 112 562 12, 840 337 1, 040 950 24, 260 19, 272 3,890 16, 425 449, 080 23,000 60, 085 23, 040 Kern Lake 1, 135 1,215 7,000 7,082 Lassen Los Angeles. Mariposa. Mendocino 446 550 41, 200 4,800 55 212 108, 637 20, 490 485, 920 826 61, 490 1, 653 3,000 ... 600 Monterey. --- Napa Nevada. 6, 517 13, 034 10,000 11, 300 43, 200 12, 960 4, 225, 004 Placer. Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino…… San Diego 100 338,000 150 5,950 1, 400 8, 700 300 1,785 ધ 063 30, 175 4, 450 6, 090 18,750 2,440 450 10,000 1,000 2, 640 5, 280 144, 200 28, 849 San Francisco 1, 768 1, 758 6, 497 1, 840 San Joaquin... 700,000 711, 208 2, 400, 000 San Luis Obispo 4, 018 244, 717 San Mateo.. 4, 462 4, 018 4,996 68, 040 10, 206 Santa Clara. 5,375 Santa Cruz 143, 065 5, 375 143, 065 1,857, 560 Shasta.. Siskiyou Solano. 100, 000 2,459 4, 977 4,950 3, 180 130, 030 12,960 3, 030 6, 335 Sonoma. Stanislaus.. Sutter Tehama 5, 270 4, 743 200, 000 20, 010 43, 080 30, 156 2,946, 370 235, 709 125 187 25, 500 210 6, 378 535 Trinity. Tulare.. 465, 000 96, 500 105 315 Tuolumne Ventura. Yuba.... Total.. 520 1,000 1,300 5, 300 1, 500 2,500 200 4,955 400 5, 200 1,225 3,750 520 9, 910 1, 746, 890 1,286, 058 13, 727, 474 1, 245, 051 Assessed valuation of brandies and wines made in California during the past 20 years. 1870... 1871.... 1872.... 1873... 1874. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.... 1878... 1879... 1880... 1881. 1882.. 1883. 1884. 1885.. 1886. 1887.. 1888.. 1889. Year. Brandies. Wines. Gallons. Value. Gallons. Value. 157, 946 3,795, 729 $623, 506 266, 555 165, 097 379, 910 536, 853 395, 749 436, 925 1, 156, 252 $1,588, 961 1, 282, 194 255, 450 2,376, 585 369, 973 124, 890 267, 368 2, 604, 567 381, 355 106,858 116, 368 108, 431 1, 274, 966 4, 138,-217 610, 047 1, 260, 653 2,393, 140 389, 100 626, 243 2,744, 600 368, 329 276, 213 917, 307 2,019, 964 349, 766 (*) (*) (*) (*) 934, 130 934, 130 2,370, 395 474, 159 257, 727 174, 577 (*) 248, 272 456, 686 906, 451 1, 746, 890 * No report. 379, 169 1, 192, 172 (*) 3, 204, 068 638, 936 3, 644, 765 886, 285 1, 167, 974 1,552, 726 | 1, 368, 180 (*) 4,757, 899 (*) 1,000, 136 10, 152, 769 1,357, 764 9, 216, 192 1,483, 595 1,286, 058 13, 727, 474 1, 245, 051 326 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES, THE RAISIN INDUSTRY. The development of raisin production in California is one of the most remarkable features of the growth of this State. The first raisins produced were made from Muscat grapes in Sacramento County in 1862.__ Only a small quantity were produced, but they were of fair quality and sold well. For some reason, however, the idea was not pushed, and nothing further was done for several years. Subsequently some large Muscat (raisin grape) vineyards were planted in Yolo County, and it was from there that the first shipments noted in the appended tables were made. In 1873-74 several hundred acres of raisin grapes were planted at Riverside, in San Bernardino County, and about the same time large plantings were made in Fresno and Los An- geles Counties. As will be seen from the tables submitted, the growth of the raisin industry has been rapid from its commencement. The general practice of the owners of raisin vineyards is to dry the fruit themselves and then dispose of it to large packers who are provided with the means for handling it in a proper manner. The average price paid the producer is 5 cents a pound, which gives him a profit of $75 to $250 an acre, according to the age and condition of his vineyard. Raisin-making is now one of the most promising industries in the State, and it is being engaged in extensively in Tulare, Kern, aud other counties. The raisin shipments from California began about 1872, when a few boxes were sent east by one or two adventurous spirits, but it was not until about the year 1880 that the exports assumed anything like importance. importance. The growth of the trade is clearly and briefly shown in the following statement: Shipments of California raisins during term of years. Year. Quantity. Year. Quantity. Year. Quantity. Pounds. Pounds. 1874. 220 1880. 300,000 1885 1876... 68, 440 1881. 900, 000 1886 Pounds. 9, 400, 000 14, 060, 000 1877. 239, 260 1882 1,500,000 1887 16, 000, 000 1878.. 192, 890 1883 4, 000, 000 1888 20, 500,000 1879. 942, 770 1884 7, 100, 000 1889.. 32,678, 000 Table showing development of raisin production. Year. Boxes. Pounds. Year. 1873 6,000 120,000 1882 1874 9,000 180,000 1883 1875. 11,000 222, COO 1884 1876... 19,000 380,000 1885 1877 32,000 640, 000 1886 1878... 48, 000 960, 000 1887 1879. 65,000 1,300,000 1888. 1880 75,000 1, 500, 000 1889 1881 90,000 1, 800, 000 Boxes. Pounds. 115,000 2,300,000 125, 000 2,500,000 175,000 3,500,000 475,000 9, 500, 000 703, 000 800,000 1,250,000 14,060, 000 16, 000, 000 20, 500, 000 1, 633, 900 32, 678, 000 The California raisin crop of 1889 was produced in the following localities: Localities. Localities. Santa Clara……… Sutter.. 20-pound boxes. Fresno City shipments 532, 000 Other localities in Fresno County Riverside... 99, 600 Orange Butte.. 225,000 San Joaquin Ontario and vicinity 39, 000 Redlands, Highlands, etc., including dried grapes. 71,000 Colusa. San Diego 150,000 Ventura. Yolo... 130,000 Solano Los Angeles, including dried grapes.. 125,000 Kern Hanford 35,000 Merced, (crop includes dried grapes).. 25,000 Tulare and Porterville... 20,000 Placer 40,000 Shasta. Stanislaus Total. Tehama, including dried grapes 20,000 20-pound boxes. 17, 800 15,000 10, 000 10,000 10, 000 8,000 7,500 5,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 1, 633, 900 DEL NORTE SISKIYOU моросі SHAS I LASSEN ENDOCIN HUMBOLDT R LTY MAP SHOWING RAISIN AND PRUNE PRODUCING REGIONS OF CALIFORNIA. N E V TEHAMA MATEO O SANT SANTA CRUZ CRUZ PLUMAS (BUT FE ALDENTO SAC W SIERRA ADA CER ELDORADO AMADOR SAN JOAQU VERAS ALPINE CALAVERAS (STANISLAUS MER TUOLUMNE IMARIPOSA S MARIN SAN FRANCISCO S BENIT MONTEREY, M ON TU RE KERN N OBISPO LUIS SANTA BARBARA 受 ​RAISINS. PRUNES. N LOS AN VENTURA JUL San Miguel Sa ta Rosa LOS ANGELES 2-1SLANDS OF THE SANTA an San Nicho Barba Santa Catal Santa Co SAN BERNARDINO BA-CHANNEL SAN DIEGO SAN DIEGO. CALIFORNIA. 327 Table showing the old and the new raisin grape acreage. Localities. Old. New. Localities. Old. New. Fresno Los Angeles San Bernardino 22,000 10,000 Porterville 400 800 10, 000 Ventura 200 200 4,350 1, 200 Solano 500 San Diego... Merced Tulare City Yolo • 6,000 2,000 Yuba. 300 300 1,860 2,500 Sutter.. 600 400 600 4,000 Stanislaus. 50 500 4,500 1,000 Shasta 200 Hanford.. Tehama. 1,200 2,500 200 Orange. 230 3,000 2,500 Placer 350 Santa Clara 1,500 Kern.. 100 4,000 Totals.. Colusa 58,440 34, 600 300 2,000 Butte 58,440 700 250 San Joaquin.. 500 250 Grand total in 1891 93, 040 HOPS. The hop crop of California for 1889 was as follows: County. Acreage. Bales. County. Acreage. Bales. Alameda 178 671 Sacramento Amador 3 15 San Mateo 1, 190 18 11, 200 60 Calaveras 5 21 Santa Cruz……. 186 1, 060 Kern 60 439 Shasta 12 44 Lake 104 640 Sonoma 998 6, 400 Los Angeles 15 134 Sutter... 185 900 Mendocino 1,050 6, 316 Yolo . 315 2, 540 Merced... 15 103 Yuba..... 230 2,450 Monterey 17 194 Napa.. 44 315 Totals.... 4,735 34, 200 San Joaquin 110 700 In the 9 preceding years the product was as follows: Year. Bales. Year. Bales. Year. 1880 1881 1882 8, 540 1883 8, 913 1884 14, 227 1885 27, 962 1886 41, 231 1887 26, 183 1888 ނ The receipts of hops at San Francisco for the past 14 years were as follows: Year. Bales. Year. Bales. Year. 1876.. 18, 805 1881 1877 .. 14, 105 1882 1878.. 12, 930 1883 16, 486 22, 456 19, 097 1886 1837 1888 1879... 1880.. 10,982 1884 11, 939 1885 23, 465 1889 15, 116 Bales. 28, 411 34, 753 35,000 Bales. 26, 235 15, 548 17, 909 14, 608 The overland shipments of hops in 1889 aggregated 6,686,510 pounds. The total overland shipments of hops in 1888 aggregated 6,991,520 pounds. The exports by sea in 1889 aggregated 280,494 pounds, against 359,117 pounds in 1888. BEET SUGAR. The manufacture of beet sugar has progressed to such an extent in California that it may be said to be an unqualified success. It was first commenced in Alameda County some 20 years ago, when a factory was established at Alvarado with a capac- ity of about 300 barrels daily. Subsequently other factories were started in several places, but none were maintained for any length of time. Several years ago a dis- astrous explosion crippled the Alameda establishment, but the company was reor- ganized and now operations are carried on upon quite an extensive scale. 328 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Last year 9,000 tons of beets were worked up, and 3,000,000 pounds of refined sugar were made. Upwards of 900 acres of beets were cultivated, and a uniform price of $4.50 per ton was paid without regard to the percentage of sugar contained in them. The crop was only about two-thirds of its usual average, having been cut short by the early rains. It was, however, satisfactory to the farmers, who report an average net income of $40 to $60 an acre, which is more than could be realized from any other annual crop. Some of the beet growers who own no land pay as high as $25 an acre rent annually for the privilege of using it. This year 1,500 acres will be cultivated from which a crop of 30,000 tons is expected. Tenders were made of more than twice the acreage, but the factory can not handle so large a crop. Sixty men are employed at the works during the season and over $100,000 is paid out annnally for beets and other supplies. The sugar is all refined and granulated, and is sold here side by side with the cane product, no distinction being made. The success of the Alvarado works attracted the attention of Claus Spreckels, who is extensively engaged in sugar cane growing in the Hawaiian Islands and has a large refinery in this city. In 1887 he visited Europe and made a thorough study of all the processes connected with the manufacture of beet sugar. He then purchased the necessary machinery and erected a factory at Watsonville, in Santa Cruz County, at a cost of about $500,000. He purchased seed of the sugar beet, which he distributed among the farmers, together with full instructions as to the methods of cultivation. Ten evaporators, weighing over 500 tons, were imported from Germany. The main building is 65 by 282 feet. The engine and boiler house, 50 by 200 feet, is detached and contains 10 huge boilers and 3 Pitchford Corliss engines and pumps. These, with 3 immense sheds, each 20 by 1,000 feet, for the reception and storage of the beets, 10 artesian flowing wells, one of which is 5 feet in diameter, and an electric light ap- paratus for illuminating the grounds and buildings, cost $500,000 and constitute a plant capable of reducing 500 tons of beets to sugar per day. The storage bins are V shaped, underneath which runs a stream of water about a foot square. When beets are wanted they are forked into this swiftly flowing canal, washed and floated to the main building, where an inclined screw 6 feet in diameter elevates them to the upper story into an iron cylinder with steel knives that speedily reduce them to pulp. In less than a year from the date of the conference at Watsonville Mr. Spreckels had the sugar factory in operation. He thus describes the first season's run at Wat- sonville in a statement read by him before the Senate Tariff Committee in 1889: "Operations were commenced on October 20, 1888, and continued until December 20. During this period there was received at the factory from 1,000 acres of laud under cultivation 15,000 tons of beets, an average of 15 tons to the acre, for which the farmers were paid an average of $5.25 per ton. The highest yield was 40 tons to the acre, the average crop in Germany being 20 to 25 tons. The average of saccharine contained in the California beets was 11 per cent. as against 10 to 14 per cent. in Ger- many. Some of the California beets yielded 20 per cent. and over. The result of the season's operations was 1,640 tons of raw sugar, which netted a profit of $29,930, or nearly $20 per ton. This does not allow for wear or tear of machinery, aud represents a return of 7 per cent. on the outlay for machinery and the construction of the fac- tory." This result was considered very satisfactory to the farmers, who had no experience in cultivating beets, and was a better showing than the European farmers made al- though they have the experience of years to guide them, and have reduced the cost of production to a minimum. It is estimated that the cost of production and delivery at the Watsonville factory was about $11 per acre. The average yield being 15 tons per acre, which brought $5.25 per ton at the factory, it follows that the farmers of Pajaro Valley netted $67.75 per acre from their beet crop in 1888. German farmers spend $15 per acre on fertilizers every third year. The expenditure of $500,000 in the erection and equipment of the Watsonville fac- tory sent a great deal of money into circulation in that town, where $70,000 per month was disbursed. It also gave employment in the iron trade in San Francisco, while the farmers employed a small army of boys in thinning out the beets during cultivation. The extra labor employed by the farmers in hauling beets to the factory was also considerable. The factory employed 135 men. The following recapitulation of the working expense of the Watsonville Beet Sugar Factory during the campaign year of 61 days, ended December 19, 1888, will show how other industries were benefited: Freight of sugar to San Francisco, $2,936.75; coal, $17,267; coke, $1,758; fuel, crude oil, $11,356; wood, $990; lime rock, $1,789; sugar bags, $1,740; soda, tallow, $69; labor, etc., $21,092; beets, $73,631.70. The limestone was burned in kilns at the factory. CALIFORNIA. 329 C The season of 1889. at the Watsonville Beet Sugar Factory was rather disappointing, as the crop did not come up to expectations. The farmers, however, were satisfied, and their ex- perience in 1888 enabled them to economize in various directions. The yield was 13,500 tons of beets from 2,000 acres, for which the factory paid an average of $5 per ton. The sugar output was 1,650 tons, for a run of 47 days. The Pajaronian, pub- lished at Watsonville, says, in its issue of October 31, 1889: "It is the exception to find a beet farmer who will claim that he did not make money on his crop this year. The expense of cultivating the crop has been much less than it was last year, and farmers now have the handling of the crop down to a thorough system. We have conversed with several farmers who have stated that their beet crop has netted them handsomely, and that they have never cultivated a more satisfactory crop. The price therefor was fixed, there were no delays in the delivery, and when the beets were all in the coin therefor was forthcoming. It is a crop without storage, insurance, and interest charges." The yield of beets, however, was very unequal and the season was late. For ex- ample, F. Thurwachler, of Watsonville, planted 10 acres, which netted $12.98 per acre. J. B. Anderson also netted $69.21 per acre on a 10-acre patch. This was above the average. The success of the Watsonville factory was so pronounced at the close of the first season that the Messrs. Spreckels organized and incorporated the Occidental Beet Sugar Company of California, with a capital of $5,000,000. Claus Spreckels and his son, John D. Spreckels, took the majority of the stock, the balance being subscribed by local capitalists. The new organization resolved to build and operate 10 beet fac- tories of equal capacity as the one at Watsonville. This would absorb full $5,000,000 in buildings and plant, and as only special parts of the machinery would be made in Germany, the enterprise would give employment to California foundries and machin- ists. The monthly expenditures of the 10 refineries would not be less than $1,000,000, exclusive of the price of beets. The factories would produce 50,000 tons of sugar annually, which would require 500,000 tons of beets. Preparations are now being made by another company to erect large beet-sugar works in San Bernardino County. Tests have been made which show that the beets can be successfully cultivated there, and that they contain a high percentage of sugar. Still another factory is to be erected at Salinas, in Monterey County, and much interest is taken in the subject all over the State. The estimated product of beet sugar in California during the past 7 years has been as follows: Year. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886.. Pounds. Year. 1,200,000 1887. 2, 134, 273 1888. 1, 343, 148 1889 1,688, 258 Pounds. 572, 466 4, 280, 000 5, 170, 000 OLIVES AND OLIVE OIL. Olive culture is another industry of which great things are expected. This has passed the stage of experiment, and California olive oil and pickled olives have already established a reputation for excellence. There are several extensive maturo olive plantations, notably those at Santa Barbara, San Diego, and San José. Great in- terest has been taken in this branch of horticulture, and there are several thousand acres of young trees now in cultivation in various portions of the State. From the experiments so far made it is shown that the olive thrives in nearly all parts of the State. There are fine bearing groves in Shasta County, at the extreme northern limit of the Sacramento Valley, and equally prosperous ones at San Diego, over 700 miles farther south. OLIVE OIL. In the production of olive oil California is comparatively alone, no other States ex- cept Florida and Georgia having paid much attention to this branch of business. The olive was introduced into the southern part of the United States over two centuries ago from Portugal and the Bermudas. The leading olive-oil countries of the world are France, Italy, and Spain. These countries contribute the bulk of the supplies consumed in the United States. The article is used in various ways, for med- { ་ 330 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. icinal, salad, illuminating, and lubricating purposes. The first pressing is known as virgin oil, and is used for medicinal and salad purposes. Of that description the United States imports from 250,000 to 300,000 gallons per annum, at a cost of $350,000 to $500,000. Of the lower grades of olive oil we import 150,000 to 360,000 gallons per annum, at a cost of $100,000 to $200,000, all of which could be made in California. Ellwood Cooper is regarded as the pioneer in the cultivation of the olive in Califor- nia and in the manufacture of olive oil. He began operations in this line in Santa Barbara County in 1872. Five years ago he had an orchard of 60 acres and 6,000 trees, many of which had then been bearing for several years. The crop is largest every alternate year. Mr. Cooper made 14,000 bottles of olive oil in 1883 and about 20,000 bottles in 1884. Since then the industry has been further extended. The oil is put up in quart and pint bottles, and compares favorably with the best imported descriptions. The manufacturing process is simple. The chief requisites are care and cleanliness. The fruit must be hand-picked and be free from bruises. It is then partially dried and afterwards reduced to a pulp. The pulp is put in cloths and placed in the presses, the liquid being drained into tanks and allowed to settle. The top is then drawn off, filtered, and classified, ready for bottling. Number of olive trees in California in 1870. Counties. Trees. Counties. Trees. Counties. Trees. Alameda 380 Placer... Amador 25 Sacramento 192 30 Santa Cruz.. Solano.... Calaveras 2 San Bernardino 96 Sutter... Contra Costa 100 San Diego.. 300 Tehama El Dorado. 3 San Joaquin 6 Tulare Kern... 7 San Luis Obispo. 500 Yolo Los Angeles.. 2,000 San Mateo 15 Yuba Merced.. 7 Santa Barbara 31, 501 Monterey 42 Santa Clara 155 Total.... 11 15 1 7 24 16 48 38, 486 Assessors' statement of bearing olive trees in California in 1889-'90. County. Trees. County. Trees. County. Trees. Alameda 940 Napa.. 8 Butte 45 Placer.. 101 Calaveras 32 San Bernardino 48 Santa Cruz. Souoma Veutura.. 5 500 100 --- Colusa 10 San Diego.. 2, 461 Yolo 75 Contra Costa. 16 San Joaquin. 75 Yuba... 2 Kern... 2 San Luis Obispo. 100 Los Angeles 3,000 Santa Barbara 3,885 Total.. 13, 024 Mariposa.. 3 Santa Clara.. 1, 616 COTTON. Much interest is at present being taken in the possibilities of cotton culture in Cal- ifornia. This is simply a revival of an old idea, which has been heretofore exploited. Many years ago cotton growing was quite largely experimented with, and a consid- erable quantity of the staple was produced. There was a difficulty in finding a mar- ket however and as a result the industry was practically abandoned. Recently a mill has been established at Oakland which will use cotton, and owing to the efforts of its promoters a considerable acreage of cotton will be cultivated this year. From the results of various experiments made from 10 to 20 years ago the cost of cotton production has been stated as follows: Estimate made by Col. J. M. Strong, of Merced County (who had been a planter for several years), on the basis of 200 acres in 1872: Twelve hands, $25 per month Feed of team. Feed of hands Extra gathering. Ginning and baling. Blacksmithing Total expenses for 200 acres. Total expenses for 1 acre $3,600.00 500.00 1,500.00 500.00 500.00 100.00 6, 700.00 33.50 CALIFORNIA. 331 Estimate of Mr. J. B. Haggin, as the result of the cultivation of 59.12 acres of cotton in Kern County in 1880: Plowing.. Irrigating Hoeing Picking Ginning and baling. Burlap Rope and twine Seed.... Total.. In addition to the above the following expenses are considered: Hauling to depot Railroad freight. Commissions Storage.. $104.50 120.50 295.50 578.00 99. 61 32.78 23.05 33.48 1, 287.42 12.37 108.14 10.70 24.88 Total cost.. Sales at from 12 to 14 cents per pound.. Balance above cost Cost per pound to make and bale at ranch. Cost per acre to make and bale………. Cost per pound to make, bale, and deliver in San Francisco Net profit per acre 1, 443. 51 1, 990. 05 546.54 0.08 21.77 0.09 9.24 It will be noted that no allowance is made in either of the above estimates for the cost of fertilizers, which is a large item with the southern cotton planter, and would unquestionably prove so here in a short time. The rich bottom lands of California may produce a few crops of cotton without fertilization, but it appears to be generally conceded that better results can be obtained from the cultivation of other crops upon any land that is at all adapted to cotton. Superintendent Rutherford, of the California Cotton Mills described in the section on manufactures, says that several of the farmers of the State who have tried the ex- periment of cotton culture have been gratified at the result. Among others he refers to Mr. Davis, of Madera, who planted 200 acres in cotton and succeeded better than he would in wheat. Cotton has been grown successfully in the great Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and in nearly every portion of the State which is protected from raw, cold winds, and fogs. The latter are very detrimental to cotton growing. Cot- ton should be grown where it is warm, the hotter the better so long as moisture is procurable by the roots, which grow quite deep, or is supplied by irrigation. Along the lower foot-hills of Napa, Sonoma, Lake, Tulare, Kern, Merced, and San Diego Counties, fine cotton has been recently grown which places its successful culture be- yond experiment. One of the greatest objections to cotton planting in California is the supposed scarc- ity of labor for cultivating and picking. This objection is not so real as it may seem at first, the facts being that cotton planting and culture requires no more labor than does the culture of corn; and the picking costs less than the picking of grapes or fruits of any kind. As cotton picking comes on in the months of October, November, and December the same laborers who were employed during the summer months in the orchards and vineyards could be utilized. This would to some extent solve one of the problems agitating the public mind: "What shall we do with our farm labor- ers after the harvest has been gathered in?" The farmer who plants cotton on a portion of his land will find work for his laborers after his fruit has been picked or his corn gathered in. The California Mills Company have lately distributed two carloads of up-land cot- ton seed to the farmers of the State in order to induce them to try the experiment of cotton growing in the full confidence that it will redound to their mutual advantage. The cultivation of cotton would also be of great benefit, as was already shown, to the farm laborers of the State. Instead of paying only about $5 dollars per acre for labor the farmers would be able to pay $15, with the still further benefit that the laborer's services would be required for the greater part of the year. FLAX. Situated on the grounds of the California Cotton Mills is a small flax mill known as the Pacific Flax Mills. It occupies a temporary wooden structure quite close to the waters of the bay. The mill was started in November, 1887, and for some time, like most new ventures, had a precarious existence. It is now on a paying basis and has enough to do to keep pace with the demand. The mill is under the management of Messrs. Brice and Center, the latter of whom devotes his time chiefly to the work of the mill. The capital stock is placed at $50,000. 332 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. There are 300 spindles operated, employing 20 hands, of whom 14 are women, 4 boys, and 2 men. The capacity of the mills is from 800 to 1,000 pounds of twine per day. They manufacture sewing twines, polished twines, spring twines, and sash cords. The heavy flax twines are principally sold to paper mills and bardware men. They also manufacture hemp twines which are sold to dry goods men and also to hardware dealers for tying heavy parcels. About 25 per cent. higher wages than is paid in the cotton mill is given to women working on fine flax twine. In all other respects the wages are similar to those quoted for the California Cotton Mills. The superintendent of the California Cotton Mills, Mr. Rutherford, is of the opinion that there is a splendid field for a large flax factory on this coast. From 300 to 400 tons of flax twines are used annually in the States and Territories of the Pacific coast. The twine is used for sewing the mouths or openings of grain, flour, potato, and ore bags and of wool sacks. About 40,000,000 grain bags are required to contain the grain of the entire Pacific Coast and at 2 yards of twine for each bag they would require 80,000,000 yards of flax twine. In the year 1888 there was brought to San Francisco by rail 968,850 pounds of twine and netting. In the following year, 1889, this was increased to 1,411,270 pounds. According to Mr. Rutherford the most of this was flax and hemp twines. But the same obstacle presents itself as in the cotton mills for the successful opera- tion of a flax mill, viz, the want of supply of the raw material at home. Farmers will not cultivate flax for the same reason that they object to cotton, that it requires too much care and attention; or in other words, there is too much bother about it. Flax has been and is successfully grown in the neighborhood of Alviso, Pescadero, Half-Moon Bay, and San Luis Obispo. In the counties bordering on the ocean, where cot- ton will not grow, flax can be grown successfully and profitably. The flax now grown in the State is cultivated for the sake of the seed, which is sold to oil-refiners. The fiber is either burned or sold to mattress-makers. The fiber required for flax is of a different period of growth, and the manager of the Pacific Flax Mills said it would pay our farmers well to raise flax for them. The mills import their flax from the province of Ontario in Canada and also from Ireland. Hemp they get from Ken- tucky, and some from Mexico. They pay from 12 to 14 cents per pound for flax. Some from Ireland of a higher grade costs 15 cents per pound. Hemp costs from 11 to 111 cents per pound. As the building or shed in which the machinery is placed is quite small it is overcrowded, and should business continue to prosper as at present the company will have to erect a factory better adapted for the purpose. The work is not as clean as in the cotton mill, and for that reason is not as agreeable to the employés, especially the women. To supply the home demand alone with flax twine would require an immense factory where several hundred hands could find employ- ment. The following extracts from a letter written by the directors of the cotton mills to Mr. George Hussman, of Napa, has some pertinent points: "We believe considerable quantities of flax have been grown for many years along the coast counties of San Mateo, Monterey and Santa Barbara, chiefly for the seed which is sold to the San Francisco Oil Mills. We offered to import the best selected seed from Belgium if our farmers would plant it and give it careful attention, but our proposal was not well entertained. "In the prosecution of this industry we received sample lots of flax from Oregon and Idaho, which were good specimens of the fiber, and proved conclusively that the best quality of flax could be produced in those regions. The sample from Moscow, Nez Perces County, Idaho, was excellent; but our success in getting the farmers thor- oughly interested in the proper cultivation of flax for fiber was not sufficiently en- couraging to induce us to persevere in the effort to develop this industry. "Several hundred tons of manufactured flax material in the form of twine and rope are used on this coast annually, all imported. We see no reason why the whole of this might not be profitably grown and manufactured here." WOOL. The production of California wool for 1889 was as follows: Spring clip (54,821 bags)…. Spring, shipped from interior. Fall clip (28,519 bags)... Fall, shipped from interior Pulled wool, shipped from State…………. Wools bought outside of San Francisco by California mills. Wool remaining in interior. Total Pounds. 17,816, 800 3, 573, 510 9, 992, 100 1,501, 870 2, 426, 900 1, 300, 000 150, 000 36, 761, 180 CALIFORNIA. 333 The production for a number of years has been as follows: Production of California wool. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 1854 1855... 1856 175,000 1866. 8, 532, 047 1878 300,000 1867 10, 288, 600 1879 40, 862, 091 46,903, 360 600, 000 1868 14, 232, 687 1880 46,074, 154 1857 1, 110, 000 1869 15, 413, 970 1881 42, 076, 639 1858. 1, 428, 000 1870. 20, 072, 660 1882 40, 529, 119 1859... 2,378, 000 1871 22, 187, 188 1883 40, 818, 690 1860. 3,055, 327 1872 24, 255, 468 1884 37, 415, 330 1861... 3, 721, 998 1873 32, 155, 169 1885 36, 56¹, 390 1862.. 5, 990, 300 1874 39, 356, 781 1886 38, 509, 160 1863 6, 268, 480 1875 43, 532, 223 1887 31, 564, 231 1864 1865. 7,923, 670 1876 56, 550, 973 1888. 32, 569, 972 8, 949, 931 1877 53, 110, 742 1889 36, 761, 180 The receipts of wool at San Francisco from California and Oregon were as follows: January February. March.... April. May Jane July... 1889. From California. From Oregon. 1889. Bales. Bales. 287 90 696 August.. 140 September 2, 319 265 October 19, 499 368 November. 12,908 3,760 December 8, 428 13, 401 9, 019 5,778 Total... From California. From Oregon. Bales. Bales. 4,455 1,318 8, 334 452 10, 836 485 5, 776 232 1,071 233 83, 019 27, 158 Being a total from both sources of 110,177 bales. The following table shows the total receipts for the past 14 years: Year. 1876.... 1877... 1878... 1879.... 1880.. 1881. 1882. Bales. Year. 175, 358 164, 022 1883.. 1884... 140, 604 1885.. 144, 986 188i. 140, 058 1887 142, 384 1888. 134, 403 1889. Bales. 110, 393 120, 076 117, 107 112, 255 114, 313 110,228 110, 177 The outward movement from the State by rail during 1889, as reported by the Southern Pacific, was as follows: Month. Grease. Pulled. Scoured. Pounds. January February March April May June. July .. August.. September. Pounds. Pounds. 497, 360 94, 280 358, 250 232,570 107, 750 56, 700 296, 380 120, 460 30, 230 941, 770 128, 750 21, 290 2.020, 720 86, 550 154, 590 2,958, 030 111, 190 237, 710 2, 800, 470 61, 300 294, 360 657, 510 31, 500 109, 380 October.. 1, 197, 380 13, 930 76, 590 November December. 1, 326, 250 119, 280 959, 550 2,069, 340 65, 390 694, 580 975, 390 128, 516 551, 080 Total 15, 973, 180 1,066, 910 3, 547, 310 334 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Of the above, shipments were made from interior points as follows: January February March. April. May. June July. · August... September. October November. December Total ... Month. Grease. Pulled. Pounds. 43, 800 Pounds. 94, 280 43, 060 90, 120 112. 540 91, 540 743, 580 128, 750 1, 134, 280 58, 140 646, 490 111, 190 641, 200 50, 440 208, 560 14, 680 708, 300 13, 939 393, 230 69, 100 200, 340 38, 890 130, 300 57,800 5, 005, 680 818, 860 Shipments by sea during 1889, as far as reported through the custom-house, were as follows: By sailing vessel Panama steamers Canadian steamers Total by water. Pounds. 3, 191, 535 110, 202 5, 867, 779 9, 169, 516 The entire outward movement for a series of years appears as follows, greaso wool and scoured being given separate as far as reported: 1889. 1888. 1837 1886 1885. 1884. 1883 1882 Year. } Grease. Scoured. Total. Pounds. 22,081, 096 Pounds. Pounds. 7, 517, 310 29, 628, 406 24, 910, 226 7, 147, 390 32, 057, 616 24, 656, 114 4, 569, 090 29, 225, 204 30, 818, 114 3, 375, 250 34, 193, 364 38, 384, 052 4, 166, 190 42, 550, 242 29, 760, 797 4,844, 150 35, 753, 821 29, 149, 536 6, 117, 920 5, 276, 450 34, 604, 947 41, 871, 741 34, 425, 986 DEL NORTE SISKIYOU моросі MENDOCINS SHASTA LASSEN TEHAM K NAP SAN FRANCISCO TEO BUTTE E N CONTR fost LAME SACTO ISAN ELDO AMADOR CALAVE STANISLAUS SANTA CLAR MERCED BEN NTER ISAN LUMNE RE OBISPO MAP SHOWING WHEAT AND TIMBER GROWING REGIONS OF CALIFORNIA. WHEAT. TIMBER. E ייה A D A E BARBARA I San Migue TURA Cruz Santa Rosa LOS ANGELES ANGELE ISLANDS OF THE SANTA BARBARA San Santa Ba Nic Santa Catal Santa CHANNEL SAN BERNARDINO SAN DIEGO SAN DIEGO. CHAPTER IV. THE CEREALS. Statistics of Wheat and Flour, Barley, Oats, Corn, and Rye-Early Wheat-growing-Mechanical Aids- The Cultivation of Barley, Oats, aud Corn-Acreage and Yield of Cereals in California, by Counties. in 1869-'70, 1879-'80, and 1889-'90-Assessed Values and Actual Crops-Inaccuracy of Assessors' Reports-Commercial Calculations--Exports and Arrivals of Wheat, Flour, Barley, and Oats- New Crops-Freight Rates. The production of cereals in California is one of the most important industries in California, and merits the attention that is bestowed upon it. The fact that wheat- growing has here reached a more advanced stage of development through the adap- tation of machinery operated by steam than in any other part of the world is one of which every Californian may well be proud. The full details of the utilization of steam power in the wheat field are given, that being one of the most interesting fea- tures of the industry. It will be seen that over 4,000,000 acres are devoted to cereal production in California, but large as that area is it is insignificant by the side of the fact that of the 60,000,000 or 70,000,000 acres of arable land in the State less than 10,000,000 are in actual cultivation. WHEAT. Prominent among the industries of California, as among those of the entire coun- try, stands wheat culture. It was the golden product of the vast wheat fields of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys that first gave notice to the world that Cali- fornia possessed possibilities in the development of agriculture that have since thrown the riches of her mines far into the shade and which have at the same time revolu- tionized the methods of the wheat farmer. From the time when the first pioneers left the rocker, the sluice-box and the pan for the plow, harrow, and reaper, down to the present moment, the production of wheat has been one of the most prominent and favored pursuits of the California agriculturist. It was not without many misgiv- ings that the first crops of wheat were planted by the American settlers. That a crop could be matured upon which frequently no rain fell after the 1st of March or April, was not deemed possible. When it was remembered that the absence of rain for so short a space as 2 weeks in the wheat fields of the East produced a drought, and that 4 weeks of dry weather under ordinary circumstances would inevitably prove disas- trous to the prospect for a remunerative crop, it seemed little short of folly to think it possible to successfully raise wheat upon a large scale, where for at least 2 months of the growing season no rain at all fell, and the entire average annual fall is barely 50 per cent. of the amount considered absolutely necessary elsewhere for the success- ful maturing of a crop. It was little wonder under these circumstances that the idea that agriculture of any kind could be successfully followed here was so slow in taking root, and the surprise of the first wheat-growers at the immeuse crops produced under what they supposed were the most adverse circumstances, was all the greater since nothing but failure had been expected. EARLY EXPERIMENTS. The first wheat-growing experiments were confined to the moist bottom lands along the rivers, and the crops raised were marvelous, running from 40 to 60 bushels to the acre, and in exceptional cases even higher than that. As soon as the fact had been demonstrated that wheat could be produced here even more successfully than in many portions of the East, numerous farmers were found ready to at once engage in farming upon a large scale, and it was not long before California wheat began to make itself heard from in the markets of the world. From the river bottoms the wheat fields extended out upon the plains, and it was quickly found that the dry, parched and apparently worthless soil could, with proper treatment, be made to yield immense crops of wheat and other cereals. It was learned that the rainy season, with its alternate periods of storm and sunshine, was 335 336 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 exactly what was needed for successful grain growing upon a large scale. While the eastern farmer must either sow his grain in the fall and then watch anxiously lest it be "winter killed," or hurry in a spring crop that may be entirely ruined by a couple of weeks' drought, the California grain-grower has all the time from Sep- tember or October until the 1st of April in which to put in his crops. With a single exception in the 35 years that wheat has been grown here, there is no trouble in put- ting in all that is desired, the rains only delaying operations for a limited period at a time, and indeed being welcomed because of leaving the soil in better condition to plow subsequently. The grain-grower in many portions of California enjoys still another advantage over the eastern farmer. While it is possible that there may not always be sufficient rainfall to mature a good crop, this difficulty may be overcome with certainty in those localities where irrigation is practiced upon an extensive scale. At the time when grain is to be planted irrigation of orchards, vineyards, and gardens has ceased, and as a consequence the water in the canals is almost entirely unutilized. This is the grain-grower's opportunity, if he be so disposed. The surplus water can be turned upon the land that is to be devoted to wheat culture, and kept running thereon until the soil is thoroughly saturated to a depth of several feet. A few days may be necessary to dry the surface sufficiently to admit of its being plowed, but with a single irrigation of this kind a good crop can ordinarily be raised. Many times when the crop dependent upon the natural rainfall is a total failure, that grown upon land that has been thoroughly saturated beforehand yields the largest kind of returns. 7 IRRIGATING. Wheat and other grain is sometimes irrigated after being planted, and with good results. When this is done the check system is used. The field is divided by low embankments into a series of checks or levels at different elevations. The water is turned into one check, and allowed to run until the surface is entirely covered. The embankment is then cut and the water turned into the next lower check, and so on until the entire field has been supplied. This process, however, is not neces- sary when thorough saturation has taken place before the seed is planted. From two to four times as much grain to the acre can be raised upon sandy soils in locali- ties of ordinarily moderate rainfall by the use of irrigation than are produced with- out it. It is over a century since wheat-growing was first introduced into California, the records showing that as far back as 1778 crops were grown at the San Diego mission, which were of surprising size in proportion to the amount of seed so wn, 720 bushels being harvested from 24 bushels of seed. The wheat fields were extended in company with the missions, and wherever one of the establishments was located wheat-growing was at once engaged in. All along the coast the grain was found to grow most abundantly. There were no plows in those days, but the ground was simply scratched with a piece of wood or wooden harrow, yet at San Luis Obispo crops that were fifty- eight fold greater than the seed were harvested. At Soledad an increase of eighty- nine fold was noted, and at San José as high as one hundred and seven fold in one year and sixty-five the next from a volunteer crop were reported. After the Ameri- can occupation wheat-growing was the first agricultural pursuit which engaged the attention of the disappointed gold-seekers, and the crops produced by some of the pioneer farmers were most remarkable. In the Pajaro Valley as high as 82 bushels have been harvested from a single acre. In the Sonoma valley 80 to 88 bushels per acre have been raised, while fields containing thousands of acres have been known to average 40 bushels to the acre. At present crops are raised which fully equal this amount, but this excessive result is obtained only upon the rich bottom lands along the principal streams and upon the reclaimed tule lands of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. Indeed, the tule lands will average more than 40 bushels to the acre. EASTERN AND WESTERN METHODS. There has been considerable comment upon the decrease in the average wheat yield of the State since the industry first attained large proportions. This decrease, how- ever, is more apparent than real, and is caused by the immense area of sandy soil in the southern San Joaquin valley and elsewhere that is now seeded to wheat annually, and which never under any circumstances yield as liberal returns as the river-bottom lands, where the heavy crops were produced that made California famous as a wheat- growing State. As a matter of fact, the farmers on those rich soils maintain that the average return is fully as high as it ever was with them, and that the apparent decrease in average result is entirely due to the light crops in sandy soils with scant rainfall. CALIFORNIA. 337 The Eastern farmer draws-a line of distinction between winter and spring wheat, but no such difference is known here, and even when these varieties have been im- ported for seed they soon lose all distinctive characteristics. In different localities different varieties of grain are favored. The kind cultivated most largely are the Proper, Chile, Club, Australian, and Sonora. The first two named are the leading varieties and constitute the bulk of the crop now produced. There are three natural laws which the wheat-grower in California has to contend with and which are productive of more or less loss. These are the absence of suffi- cient rainfall, the prevalence of smut, and the occurrence of rust. Discussing the subject of wheat-growing, one of the best posted agricultural writers in the State says: Hardly two farmers agree as to the true way of putting in grain in this part of California; while the one will advocate early seeding as the only proper one, the other will hold that late plowing is preferable, while a third party considers summer- fallowed grain as the only profitable way. Again, as to the quartity of seed to be used, some will advocate 30, 40, and 50 pounds to the acre, while others again can not understand how anyone can expect to reap a profit of anything less than 80 to 100 pounds to the acre. And so on in almost every department relative to the prac- tice of grain-farming the opinions are thus diversified. While one farmer plows his grain in, the next neighbor always seeds broadcast, while his neighbor again uses only the drill. The difference in these opposite views and practices is no doubt covered by the fact that at some time or other each one of these different farmers has had great success with some particular method. Some time the season favored some way of grain-sowing, and every farmer who at that particular time practiced that particular way had good success, while their neighbors with some other method did less well. "There are two reasons why the grain on summer-fallowed land, even in the very best condition, should be seeded after the first rain. The seed of the wild weeds which cover the ground everywhere will then have sprouted, and the seeding, har- rowing, or better, the turning over of the top soil, will kill the young plants or bury the seed that has not yet sprouted. The turning under of the wet top soil is also of immense importance, as it gives the young grain the wettest part of the soil for the roots to grow in, while otherwise the wettest soil would remain on the top and cause a heavy and early crust. It is the weeds and the crust that are the bane of every bunch of growing grain, and with them out of the way balf success is insured. With a substratum of moisture to draw on, the summer-fallowed grain will stand twice as long as the grain that was seeded dry. The wettest part of the soil will here remain uppermost, and when during a coming drought the top moisture has evaporated there is little below to keep the grain alive. The principal reason that the later-sown grain in many instances makes a better showing than the dry summer fallow is that the wet top soil was turned under and saved for the critical period during the drought. "Should we venture upon some safe rules for the guidance of the grain farmer they would be these: "First. Summer-fallow the land deep, not less than 6 to 8 inches. "Second. Re-plow the land immediately after the first fall of rain, and by all means harrow well. "Third. Seed on ordinary land 40 pounds to the acre, or, if an abundant rainfall is certain, twice as much or more. All the grain must be bluestoned. "Fourth. Cover the seed well and deep. "Fifth. If a heavy crust is formed at any time before the grain has begun to joint, break the same, either by harrowing or rolling. "Sixth. Remember that half a section well done may prove profitable, while three or more sections badly put in are likely to become a poor investment. "If these rules would be carefully considered by every grain farmer we would have but few failures of crops." MECHANICAL AIDS. Where engines are not used there are teams of twenty-two to thirty-two horses or mules all hitched together and operating the same machinery, thus harvesting and sacking from 20 to 25 acres a day. Others use headers and have the grain thrashed subsequently by steam separators of the ordinary type. Plowing is done usually with six-horse teams, but sometimes traction engines are put at this work, too, plowing, har- rowing, and seeding at one operation from 50 to 100 acres every 24 hours. The seeding and harrowing is nearly always done at the same time and with the same team that does the plowing-one operation for all. The soil is easy to cultivate and the work is done at a very low cost indeed, but it is not always done as well as it ought to be. The aim frequently is to get the greatest possible acreage in, not to get the grain in in the best way possible. Where such engines of production are used it will readily be understood that large areas are included in single wheat ranches. Many growers I C 90--22 338 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. have ranches of 20,000 acres and upwards, while 5,000 acres or less is regarded as a comparatively small farm. Where horses are used it is considered an average day's work to plow, seed, and harrow 7 acres daily all at one operation. Upon this basis grain-growing costs as follows for each 7 acres: Hire of 6-horse team 1 day. Hire of driver for same... ... 18 pounds of barley per animal, at 1 cent 26 pounds hay per animal, at one-half cent.. Board of driver per day Harvesting and thrashing 7 acres per day, at $2 Seed, 40 pounds per acre.. Sacks, at 9 cents, 7 per acre, 7 acres. Hauling to market, 6 miles, $1 per ton.. · Total cost of production and marketing 7 acres of wheat. $1.40 1. 15 1.08 .78 .50 14.00 2.80 4.41 3.38 29.50 The first successful attempt to harvest grain by the use of steam-power was made by G. S. Berry, of Visalia, Tulare County, to whom belongs the credit of having demonstrated that wheat could be raised in this State and delivered at tide water at a total cost of not more than half a cent a pound. The first use to which the gentle- man named adapted steam-power was in the construction of a traction engine with which to operate a combined harvester and thrasher. This machine had heretofore been operated by horse or mule power, from twenty to thirty-two animals being re- quired to haul it. When steam was used the harvester was arranged so as to cut a swath 40 feet wide, two sickle bars or knives being used. One was put directly in front of the machine, and was 16 feet long, and the other is attached at the side and is 24 feet in length. Each knife has a separate reel, and the two are attached to each other by hinges. One draper carries the grain from each knife to the separator. There are two traction wheels to the engine, each of which is 6 feet in diameter and has a face 4 feet in width, which is corrugated, so as to prevent slipping on the ground. The engine of 40 horse-power is directly over the wheels, so that the greatest weight is carried by them and not drawn. This engine furnishes the motive power and operates the header, a smaller one running the separator. Both are supplied with steam from the same boiler. The separator is on a frame hinged to the main machine, and, like the header is supported by wheels on the outside. The fastening together of the different parts by hinges makes the harvester, notwithstanding its great size, extremely flexible. And although the header covers a width of 40 feet, the use of two knives or frames connected by hinges enables the header tender, with a single lever, to cut the stand- ing grain at any height desired. The knives can be made to cut the straw a few inches above the ground or may be lifted 2 feet above, and by reason of the hinge joint the header follows the unevenness of the hog-wallow lands without missing any of the grain. The headed stalks of grain are carried by the draper to the thrasher, a feeder pass- ing it into the cylinder, where it goes through an ordinary separator. The straw is separated from the grain and passes over a chute to the platform near the furnace, where it is used for fuel. The surplus passes into a receptacle, which, when filled, is discharged of its load instantaneously. This is done that the straw may be gathered from the field more readily, for this same machine in winter has the separator and header detached, and is then used for plowing. This straw is then gathered and used for fuel. From the separator the grain passes into a machine where it is thoroughly cleaned, and thence to an elevator, and from it into sacks, which are sewed up and thrown upon the ground to be gathered up subsequently by teams. An awning covers the whole machine, so that the men employed are in the shade all the time. Seven men are employed, including one engaged in hauling water and another in gathering the sacks of grain, which are dropped in the field as soon as they are filled and sewed. These sacks are hauled at once from the field to the place where they are to be piled or stored. The average amount of grain harvested daily is 90 acres, while for several days as high as 115 acres have been covered. Having demonstrated that steam made the operation of harvesting far less expen- sive than it would otherwise be, the next step in natural sequence was to utilize the same motive power in seeding or in harvesting. This was found perfectly feasible, and for several years the steam plows have been at work to great advantage. Ordi- narily five gangs of four plows each are attached to the engine, each being attached at the side or immediately to the rear of the others. The plows used are 10 inches in width and the furrows are made at least 5 inches deep. Each separate gang is at- tached to the engine with a chain, while they are also fastened to each other laterally by chains, so that they can not spread apart, and none of the surface of the field is missed. The machine is run night and day, no stop being made for any purpose. Two gangs of men are employed, five men to each gang. Three are required to manage the engine and the plows and two to haul water and straw for fuel. No stop is made to supply these articles, the wagons containing them being driven alongside ! 339 CALIFORNIA. 1 and unloaded while still in motion. At night two locomotive headlights are used, one in front and the other in the rear, so that the engineer may at all times watch the plows. A "driver" sits in front and governs the course of the machine by a tiller attached to two small guide wheels. When the soil is in passable condition to work, from 70 to 80 acres are put in daily, though when the condition is exactly right seven gangs instead of five are operated, and a correspondingly greater amount seeded. Besides plowing the land, each gang has a seeder and harrow attached, so that at a single operation the entire process of planting is completed. In addition, whenever * the surface is so uneven as to need leveling, an apparatus is attached which does this work perfectly, and at the same time the seeding and harrowing is accomplished. EXPENSES AND DRAWBACKS. From accounts carefully kept for a series of years the result of the use of steam in seeding and harvesting wheat has been that the expense for putting in the crop upon each hundred acres has averaged but $35. The seed cost $60 and the harvesting $30. The entire expense for the area mentioned has averaged as follows: Plowing and seeding Seed... Harvesting Sacks.... • Interest on machinery. Interest on cost of land Total....... $35.00 60.00 30.00 56.00 17.50 30.00 228.50 } The average receipts for the period were 840 pounds to the acre, or a little less than the average as shown heretofore for the entire State. The cost of production is thus $2.283 an acre, or .27 of a cent per pound. The freight to tide-water from the point of shipment (which is the greatest distance from which grain is shipped by rail in this State-251 miles from San Francisco), is .20 of a cent per pound, making a total cost of .47 of a cent for laying wheat down at the side of the ship. The expense of transportation is less in proportion to the distance hauled, so that the figures given represent the outside cost of grain-raising in California where steam is used solely as the motive power. The outside cost of raising wheat where the labor is performed by contract and horse power is used is given as follows by those who have been engaged in the business: Plowing and planting Heading and stacking. Threshing.. Bags. Hauling to shipping point. Rental of land. Freight to selling point. Commissions and charges. Total cost COST OF RAISING WHEAT PER ACRE. $1.90 1.50 1.35 .80 1.08 3.02 1..73 .35 11. 73 The cost of plowing with gang-plows is $1. 25 per acre, the seeding and harrowing making up the balance of the $1.90. With a crop of 866 pounds to the acre (the aver- age) and the present price at San Francisco, say $1.35, this would give a return of $11.70 an acre, or barely enough to cover the cost of production. The urgent neces- sity for the use of every available means for reducing the cost of production by the introduction of labor-saving devices is thus made fully apparent. STEAM PLOWING AND COST. Another traction engine in use on the tule lands of the Sacramento Valley is at- tached to two 12-inch two-gang plows. Although the soil upon which the tests were made had never been plowed, and was therefore a tough, fibrous mass of roots and sod, the machine traveled at the rate of 44 miles an hour. It was run night and day, and allowing for stoppages for fuel, water, etc., an average of 50 miles was covered in the 24 hours. The gangs used cut a swath of 8 feet in width, and in each mile, therefore, turned over an acre, or 50 acres for the day's work. To do the same work by horse power would require at least 64 head of good horses or mules. Three cords of wood are used daily, and a barrel of crude petroleum is also used in the same period for fuel. 340 ; INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The force of men employed in running the machine is as follows: Engineer, day shift.. Fireman, day shift Water-hauler, day shift Wood-hauler, day shift Engineer, night shift Fireman, night shift. Water-hauler, night shift. Total salary list. . The other daily expenses of the concern are as follows: Cutting 3 cords wood. One barrel crude petroleum Keeping 8 horses Interest on investment in machinery, horses, etc Board of 7 laborers • Daily pay. $2.50 1,50 1.00 1.00 2.50 1.00 1.00 10.00 $3.00 2.50 4.00 1.00 3.50 14.00 Total The total cost per day of plowing by steam is therefore $24, or $1 an hour. An aver- age of 50 acres daily is plowed, which would make the cost per acre less than 50 cents. To plow the same amount by the ordinary method would involve an outlay as follows: Wages of 8 men Keeping eight 8-horse teams. Board of 8 men.. Interest on investment in machinery Blacksmithing, horseshoeing, etc Total $8.00 32.00 4.00 2.25 1.75 48.00 It thus follows that it costs exactly twice as much to plow by horse power as by steam. It must also be borne in mind in this connection that the test spoken of was upon the worst possible kind of soil-the heavy, unbroken tule land. Upon clear upland that has been already cultivated, from 50 to 100 per cent. more work could unquestionably be performed. GRAIN SACKS AND THEIR DRAWBACKS. One of the heaviest items of expense to which the California wheat-growers is sub. jected, and which does not have to be borne by the farmers of the grain-growing portions of the East, is the necessity for providing sacks for his grain. It is estimated that 10 per cent. of the value of the crop is consumed annually in the purchase of these sacks. At the East the grain-grower provides himself with wagons which are perfectly tight and will not allow any of the wheat to escape. In such vehicles the grain is hauled to the railroad station, where it is put into an elevator and thence into cars, on which it is hauled to shipping points on tide water. Much of the grain that goes to Chicago is discharged from cars into elevators, then shipped in sailing and steam vessels through the lakes to Buffalo, again elevated and loaded into canal boats, transported to New York, where the canal boat lies alongside the Atlan- tic steamer in company with a floating elevator, and the grain is then transferred to the hold of the steamship for transportation in bulk to its European destination. The economy in handling the grain in this manner without the use of sacks effects a great saving over the California methods. Here each sack has to be handled many times before it reaches the hold of the ocean vessel. The process is something like this: The sacks are gathered up from the field, where they are dropped by the combined header and thresher, loaded into wagons and hauled to the granary, sometimes being taken directly to the warehouse at the railroad when not too far away. Ordinarily, however, the sacks will have been handled at least twice before they reach the warehouse. Here they are again handled and stacked up in immense piles and in due time handled again and put on the cars. After reaching tide-water they are handled again twice over before they are put on shipboard, and finally come to rest in the hold, and it is doubtful if much grain leaves California that has not been lifted by niain human strength at least ten times in the passage between the thresher and the hold of the ship. All this expenditure of human muscle, together with the heavy tax for the sacks, which hold 100 to 125 pounds each, must of necessity be borne by the farmer, since he is obliged to sell his grain in the foreign market side by side with that which has been handled entirely by steam at infinitely less cost. CALIFORNIA. 341 It is claimed that this primitive method of handling grain (for that is exactly what it is) is made necessary by the danger of shipping grain in bulk for so long a voyage as the one from this port to Europe. However this may be, the grain-growers of Ore- gon and Washington have revolted, and the elevator system is now being introduced there, an immense establishment having recently been completed at Portland, while others are to follow at various points on the sound. If it be practicable to handle grain in bulk in the States named, it certainly is not apparent why the same thing can not be done here, and the onerous tax for sacks, with the expensive methods of handling grain in that manner, be entirely abolished. RUST AND SMUT. Two of the worst enemies that the California wheat-grower has to contend with are the prevalence of rust and smut. Rust takes place when there is an excess of mois- ture in the atmosphere. Late rains or excessive fogs will cause this, and for these reasons localities too close to the ocean are avoided by wheat-growers. There is, of course, no remedy when the rust makes its appearance. The grain may be cut for hay, which is about the only use to which it can be put, though even then it is of inferior quality. As a preventive of smut the process called blue-stoning is almost universally fol- lowed. The seed wheat is thoroughly soaked in a solution of blue vitriol and water, after which it is dried and planted. When this is done there is no danger of the disease making its appearance. Many wheat-growers practice this custom regu- larly, even when the smut has not appeared, but simply as a preventive. BARLEY. The importance of the barley crop in California can be learned from the fact that the annual product of this grain is more than twice that of any other State, and that fully one-fourth of the entire amount produced in the United States comes from this section. While the crop as commercially reported is about 16,000,000 bushels annually, this by no means represents the actual product. A peculiarity of California is that immense amounts of barley are used in the feed- ing of horses, hogs, and cattle, and that the part played by oats in the East is almost entirely filled here by barley. Many farmers raise large quantities of this grain, which they consume entirely upon their own ranches, and hence it never finds its way into any of the channels from which crop statistics are collected. Many thousands of acres are also cultivated each year for hay, the bulk of the hay used in this State being made up of barley cut while the grain is in the milk. For this reason the sta- tistics become still more misleading, for frequently a large acreage appears with a small product of grain. This cuts down the average yield, while the fact is that a large part of the area is cut for hay, but does not appear so in the statistics. California barley has a high reputation among brewers, and the exportations made are almost entirely for their benefit. Two kinds of barley are grown here-the bearded and the bald, or Chevalier. The latter variety selis for the best prices, but is not produced to so great an extent as the common bearded. The cultivation of barley is carried on by the same methods as that of wheat, and what has been said of that cereal is true in great measure also of this. San Bernardino, Monterey, San Joaquin, and Ventura are, as will be seen, the lead- ing barley producing counties of the State. Los Angeles is credited by the asses- sors' returns with the production of but a small amount of this grain, but the con- trary is the actual truth. That county has a tremendous acreage of barley, but so much of it is consumed at home that no mention of it occurs in the assessment rolls. CORN. California has never made any pretensions as a corn-growing State, but at the same time no inconsiderable amount of this grain is produced. An industry that adds be- tween $3,000,000 and $4,000,000 annually to the wealth of a State whose population is barely 1,500,000 may well lay claim to consideration as being of no small impor- tance. According to the reports of the national Department of Agriculture the corn crop of California ranges from 4,700,000 to 5,400,000 bushels annually. Owing to the lack of facilities for gathering accurate statistics, however, these figures must be taken with many grains of allowance. They are based entirely upon returns made by county assessors, which are notoriously inaccurate by from 25 to 100 per cent. Another difficulty in reaching a correct idea of either the corn or the barley crop is in determining the amount used for home consumption. A large share of the prod- uct of both these cereals is used for fattening stock, and hence no return is ever 342 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. f made to the assessor. The bulk of the corn crop of California is produced in the southern counties, and it finds its way to market almost entirely in the shape of live pork. The crop reports made to the assessors do not include this grain, for when the assessment is made (March 1) it has all been fed out, and hence no account of it is taken. It will not be out of the way to put the probable yield of corn in the State at least 50 per cent higher than the returns given by the Department. In further proof of the correctness of this assumption, the report gives the aver- age yield per acre of corn in California as 30 bushels. No California farmer who raised a crop of corn and harvested so small an amount as that would ever think of putting in a second one. The bulk of the corn crop is produced in Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, and Kern Counties, and, except in the lat- ter county, without the use of water for irrigation. The corn-grower who does not harvest at least 60 bushels, and from that up to 125 and even more, from each acre does not put in a second crop. Land that will produce corn at all will also produce far better returns than are possible from an average of only 30 bushels to the acre of that cereal. Notwithstanding these evident mistakes, however, even upon the showing made by the Department reports, the California corn-grower is much better off than his competitor of the Mississippi Valley. With the crop in this State averaging 30 bushels an acre, in Kansas it is less than half as much, in Iowa it is 25 bushels, in Illinois it is 19, in Indiana 20, in Texas 17, in Missouri 22, and so on through all the corn States. The price of corn, too, in California is as much better as the average crop is larger. It is 61 cents a bushel here, while in Nebraska it is only 30, in Kansas 37, in Iowa 35, and so on. Certainly the California corn-grower has little to com- plain of when his story and that of his Eastern competitors are understood. There are certain anomalies in connection with the production of corn in California which are exceedingly difficult for the Mississippi Valley corn-growers to understand. The simple, unadorned fact that it is possible to raise large crops of corn here without a drop of rain between seed time and harvest, and even without the aid of irrigation to the smallest extent, sounds incredible, and justly so. Yet such is the fact. Hun- dreds of thousands of bushels of corn are raised in this manner every year in the south- ern coast counties. The land devoted to this crop is plowed during the winter months and the weeds not allowed to grow, in order that all the moisture that falls may be preserved. In the spring, at the final plowing, the seed-bed will be deep and in fine tilth, with the moisture well beneath the surface. Corn planted in soil so prepared springs up quickly and grows rapidly. One or two cultivations are all that is needed to keep the weeds down, and no further attention is bestowed until harvest when, as already stated, from 60 to 120 bushels and more to the acre reward the cultivator. In Kern and in parts of Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties irrigation is prac- ticed, and the results may be seen in the accompanying sketch of a Kern County corn- field, which yielded over 100 bushels to the acre, and which was the second crop grown upon the same land within a year. OATS AND RYE. Of these cereals only a small amount is produced in California. Oats have never been a favorite crop in this State, nor are they largely used in the feeding of horses as at the East. The early settlers here found the Spaniards using barley altogether for horse feed, and they followed the example, which has been maintained ever since. The greater portion of the oats is shipped abroad. The amount of rye grown here is very small. The first large shipment of this grain ever made from California took place last year. ASSESSORS' STATEMENTS. The following figures are for 1890, and are taken from reports made by the asses- sors of the various counties to the State authorities. They are furnished through. the courtesy of E. W. Maslin, secretary of the State board of equalization. The figures are those given by the county assessors, and are the only statistics upon the subjects which are made up from anything but guesswork. In many cases, however, they fall very far below the actuality, as will be seen by comparison with other fig- ures elsewhere. [NOTE.-As a wheat-producing State California was first mentioned in the census reports of 1860, at which time the percentage of that grain grown here was only 3 per cent. of the total crop of the country. In 1870 the records show that the percent- age of yield had exactly doubled, the actual amount harvested being 17,396,522 busheis. In 1880 the yield had again almost doubled, being over 29,000,000 bushels, and the State was seventh in the list of wheat-producers, while she stood first in the amount of barley grown.] CALIFORNIA. 343 Statement showing acreage and yield of cereals in California, by counties, in 1869–70. Wheat. Barley. Oats. Counties. Corn. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Alameda 58, 712 Alpine Amador 30 2,300 983, 946 600 39, 210 613, 940 4,300 110,290 530 100 12, 960 2,500 200 35, 400 2,300 4,000 20 600 Calaveras 44, 300 60 775 1, 600 870 6, 215 1, 300 26, 300 Colusa.. 1, 730 19 50,000 72 280 750, 000 25,000 6, 980 500,000 Contra Costa... 400 51, 155 8,000 300 750,940 | 154, 020 6,000 Del Norte 310, 360 2,000 301 49, 420 190 5,740 124 El Dorado... 3,990 3,890 493 18, 520 790 14 8,320 410 271 Fresno 2,816 182 5, 180 28, 050 1, 326 112 4, 610 2,070 Humboldt 39, 540 27 1,232 711 667 37,967 13. 970 740 Inyo.. Kern Klamath Lake... Lassen 29, 410 3, 812 600 25,000 228, 175 240 800 9, 742 30,000 275 850 1,300 40,000 2,000 2,500 50,000 50 200 1,000 590 5,000 300 4,000 200 4,880 2,700 100 96, 088 2, 769 63, 545 235 713 5,600 467 12, 167 Los Angeles- 3,588 7,500 2,360 2,000 - 7, 837 82, 934 1, 278 34, 861 21 300 9,000 9, 700 812 Mariposa 291,000 350 80) 10, 500 10, 200 5,000 2,035 Mendocino 6,000 300 30, 700 9,000 50 431, 000 Merced... 10,000 200,000 200, 000 40,000 2, 100, 000 250 1, 000, 000 100, 000 Mono... 800,000 300 312 9,000 400 3,980 674 Monterey 15, 600 208 68, 327 5,601 8 1, 093, 400 34, 412 479, 400 600 5,000 12,000 92 Napa 929, 084 310 33, 900 9, 200 200 576, 300 Nevada.. 3, 720 6, 150 81, 840 795 600 23, 850 15,000 1, 395 900 41, 850 Placer. 35,000 3, 400 7,851 101, 802 102, 000 200 5, 183 10,000 57, 400 Plumas. 677 8:0 2,490 20 13, 589 200 746 Sacramento 14, 231 1,411 41, 775 7,114 104, 403 32, 410 San Bernandino. 604, 403 3,200 1, 201 24,000 27,656 2, 491 San Diego.. 6,700 90, COO 79, 405 3,000 15, 000 2,600 65,000 San Joaquin 1,200 6,000 70,000 300 774, 200 San Luis Obispo. 20,000 6, 000 305, 600 2 3,000 260 700 60,000 3,000 18, 200 San Mateo ………. Santa Barbara 60,000 17,000 500 490, 000 18, 500 16,000 580,000 14, 800 10, 901 320, 200 160 95,000 30, 968 Santa Clara 619, 567 8, 000 515 98,445 1, 225, 790 4, 058 20, 715 Santa Cruz 13, 670 295, 260 347, 500 3, 300 - 6, 360 132, 410 75, 800 627 Sierra. Siskiyou 4,252 151, 205 14, 670 2,299 945 9, 840 13, 441 93, 718 1, 174 860 19, 022 33, 690 575 135, 800 11, 785 Solano... 2, 400 58,200 134, 812 3, 200 76, 840 2,089, 686 Sonoma.. 15, 869 466, 070 1,840 135, 520 2, 167, 250 45, 200 100 1,050 17, 320 Stanislaus 230, 927 3,300 15, 169 260, 000 2,240 1, 240, 000 360, 350 3, 580 Sutter... 45,000 540, 000 105, 200 45, 386 633, 295 340 Tehama 14, 982 404, 457 8,900 609 25, 210 12, 371 609, 000 914 Trinity 11,000 211, 000 25, 360 120 1,000 700 140 15,000 120 Tulare. 1,800 3, 395 100 23, 960 1,500 40 Tuolumne 5,000 133, 150 2,500 1,000 80 550 11, 000 500 Yolo.... 10, 000 200 Yuba.. 102, 179 9, 193 1,384, 300 118, 483 730 3,000 1,001 15, 680 110 33, 155 292, 460 2, 750 25 900 100 14, 563 286, 950 2,850 971 22, 230 798 2,340 Total 1,478, 891 17, 396, 522 696, 001 9, 605, 321 113, 269 3, 836, 880 | 57, 364 | 1, 452, 319 1 344 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement showing acreage and yield of cereals in California, by counties, in 1879-'80. Wheat. Counties. Barley. Oats. Corn. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels, Alameda Alpine 36, 032 179 620, 758 39,075 1, 213, 820 Amador 2,386 Butte 2,936 48, 323 1, 458 32,766 113 1, 139 3, 410 37, 573 236 3, 291 5,985 8 127, 189 101, 054 235 31 822 Calaveras 2, 244, 770 23, 288 1, 191 807 516, 474 40, 695 418 Colusa. 16, 256 1,926 13, 700 261, 381 47, 294 13 330 Contra Costa. 4, 537, 504 39, 939 1,325 206 31, 210 71, 870 899, 558 7,295 176 · Del Norte.. El Dorado. Fresno. Humboldt. Inyo Kern. - 1,267, 016 9, 674 3,600 851 501, 880 15, 735 56 1,360 1,280 37, 455 995 55 54 1, 530 200 20, 777 4,830 42 1, 137 20, 474 22, 911 1, 360 1,710 57 1, 166 190, 923 13 9,504 414 118, 527 - 3, 437 414 84, 532 10, 053 2,629 9 1, 525 94, 848 205 8, 817 354, 785 30, 004 624 1,686 6,887 35, 45 16, 313 791 Lake. 85,682 22, 538 6, 151 1,682 8, 296 119, 571 33, 213 80 Lassen. 173, 842 2,400 4, 551 1, 694 124, 300 35, 046 4,773 352 10, 243 Los Angeles 75, 361 755 1, 950 29, 349 37, 073 19, 277 1,465 Marin.. 316, 042 38, 823 33, 126 15 405, 708 330 2, 603 76 Mariposa. 55, 520 1,470 1, 499 37, 554 22,771 752, 104 337 1,031 26, 937 Mendocino 4,476 1, 314 8,899 26, 239 12 255 Merced 166, 666 30 3, 544 720 101, 829 67,975 Modoc 296, 308 2,843 80, 288 884 10, 181 88,036 20, 526 4,301 25 30 Mono 78, 335 571 3, 956 91, 325 15,715 774 11 Monterey 200 20, 883 8 295 440 3, 925 69,022 12 250 Napa 779, 286 35, 426 33, 653 825, 550 Nevada 611, 445 3, 363 88,362 488 5, 753 130, 844 14, 978 304 1, 014 22, 250 Placer 3, 235 543 1, 664 10, 632 11, 751 1, 165 Plumas 183, 517 26, 871 5, 594 32 41, 722 665 68, 275 1, 129 873 Sacramento. 21, 217 14, 524 160 16 4,879 535 44, 123 2,574 San Benito.. 804, 631 87,797 30, 547 650, 448 32, 223 871 22, 745 San Bernardino. 837, 271 10, 469 3,928 192, 462 149, 550 2, 558 41 8, 046 San Diego ... 45, 582 299 4,076 82, 563 6, 720 8, 929 San Francisco 60, 650 774 3, 573 23, 136 45, 330 77 958 410 San Joaquin 349 3,500 8, 017 44 201, 461 440 San Luis Obispo 3,529, 511 32, 669 796, 409 130 10, 618 2,820 San Mateo.. 173, 531 2, 333 9,658 205, 869 68, 890 937 10, 767 219, 084 13, 405 458 Santa Barbara 16, 705 349, 644 13, 503 18, 492 7,376 132, 473 265,955 118 Santa Clara.. 13,598 245, 667 1, 380 24 38, 623 330 Santa Cruz Shasta.. Sierra Solano • • • Siskiyou Sonoma. Stani-laus 6, 330 39, 820 648, 055 29, 613 3,167 123, 795 716, 860 12,060 260 4,771 291, 049 261 5, 945 176, 804 10, 391 934 6, 267 21, 513 99, 610 6, 762 1, 768 87, 303 43, 873 677 308 22, 039 59 689 391 1,590 1,172 107, 588 1,082 2, 320 2,042, 533 32, 222 571,493 127 2, 015 443 98, 370 742, 123 3, 598 114, 013 16, 685 3, 268 106, 350 112 11, 126 ´256, 007 172, 445 2, 615 68, 625 1,642, 892 5, 961 Sutter.. 19,559 312, 882 3, 015 158,829 74, 338 1, 205, 883 14, 830 378 Tehama 365, 086 13, 655 84, 254 243 5, 916 1, 386, 228 1,596 Trinity 14, 967 261, 838 28, 935 298 1, 071 9, 114 24 14, 185 750 14 Tulare.. 220 165 28, 131 371, 081 3,626 30 Tuolumne 3,661 980 69, 200 6 160 4,055 62, 824 Ventura 2,558 2,535 46, 255 41, 018 69 8, 479 113, 497 1,885 24 28, 171 373 Yolo.. 551, 289 40 115, 369 300 2,086, 550 9, 121 18, 320 Yuba. 519, 479 148, 485 55 28, 134 1,480 359, 967 714 11, 057 218, 458 10,090 1, 461 23, 210 603 12, 220 Total 1, 832, 429 29, 017, 707 586, 350 12,463,561 49, 947 1, 341, 271 71, 781 71, 781 1, 993, 325 CALIFORNIA. 345 Statement showing acreage of cereals in California, by counties, in 1889-'90. Counties. Acres in corn. 1 Acres in wheat. Acres in oats. Acres in barley. Alameda Alpine Amador Butte.... 21,265 175 450 630 20, 967 460 1,318 25 4,560 75 12,970 Calaveras. Colnsa. Contra Costa Del Norte 92, 208 24, 619 650 2, 240 8,500 200 403, 008 215 48, 683 1, 512 77,915 1, 900 Fresno El Dorado Humboldt Iuyo. Kern 60 1,500 300 110 2, 597 2,002 179, 512 526 20, 564 25, 792 36, 242 19, 450 570 200 399 681 571 1, 105 Lake 12,000 25,000 15,000 Lassen. 720 3, 370 360 Los Angeles 5, 200 4, 200 Marin 50, 760 35, 200 19, 400 Mariposa 343 523 417 Mendocino. 639 634 5,078 Merced. Modoc.. 20,000 8, 500 240,000 52,000 1,500 Mono Monterey. Napa 45, 800 38, 400 33, 000 500 1,800 120,000 7,500 75,000 1,500 Nevada Placer Plumas - Sacramento... San Benito. 8, 653 1,976 5, 847 1, 168 3,061 1,235 587 16, 249 2,865 9, 670 500 2, 800 2, 100 БОС 78, 100 415 38, 460 5, 375 San Bernardino. 46, 600 50 16, 915 25 San Diego 3,551 103, 587 893 San Joaquin.. 14, 026 1, 550 30, 447 2, 0x4 San Luis Obispo. 290, 805 417 108, 920 2,915 San Mateo. 98, 385 4, 246 48, 360 765 Santa Barbara. 1, 825 2,916 3, 720 530 Santa Clara. 71, 427 38, 149 3,268 Santa Cruz Shasta.. Sierra .. Siskiyou. Solano Sonoma Stanislaus 17, 240 115 20, 370 185 5, 126 4, 920 3, 110 14,051 2,025 1,121 6, 215 18 150 1,000 1, 850 9, 554 3, 646 5, 360 25 57, 624 191 35, 720 670 15, 820 4, 728 13, 159 11, 317 Sutter 283, 182 425 33, 149 Tehama 123, 929 368 21. 935 127 2,755 Trinity 91, 410 3, 100 27, 810 49 Tulare... Tuolumne 10, 098 500 200 500 349,000 375 €3, 425 1,620 Ventura 4,000 800 2,000 Yolo.. Yuba.. 2,637 58, 734 5,843 155, 000 20, 000 28, 375 800 1,271 11, 060 65 Total 3, 104, 088 115, 601 1, 166, 218 93, 382 1 346 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement showing assessed yield and valuation of cereal crops in California, by counties, i in 1889-'90. Wheat. Oats. Counties. Barley. Corn. Centals. Value. Centals. Valuo. Centals. Value. Centals. Value. Alameda. Alpine. 1,200 470 $1, 200 69, 360 Amador.. $587 $52,020 1,800 $1,800 Butte... 222, 348 1,500 Calaveras. 222, 348 1, 295 35, 547 940 28, 448 900 Colusa 439, 580 3, 620 380, 460 3,745 600 Contra Costa. 638, 544 45, 020 27, 020 638,541 2, 120 645 1,825 Del Norte... 19, 940 11, 964 Fresno 80 17,860 80 18, 635 Humboldt 3, 960 3, 365 380 250 Inyo 9, 120 6, 425 1,730 1, 460 920 2,316 540 Kern 675 440 13, 220 585 13, 220 3,685 3, 855 Lake.. 2, 455 2, 455 262 Lassen.... 262 2,080 1, 674 1, 674 Los Angeles 2,080 1,980 1,980 34, 040 1, 795 34, 040 1,795 Marin. 52, 010 500 16, 985 500 24, 340 8,080 Mariposa 800 495 Mendocino 2,280 5,935 3, 025 5,342 Merced 675 57,540 675 51, 785 276 207 Modoc 13, 768 6, 240 6, 268 10, 326 1, 154 Mono.. 1, 175 4, 740 5, 744 62 130 67 151 Monterey 40 51, 200 85 30, 720 Napa 194, 560 61, 975 58, 370 64, 975 1, 960 Nevada 1,274 2,500 1,500 4,420 4, 420 Placer 7,270 6, 038 Plumas. 6, 220 760 4,287 760 4,810 • Sacramento.. 3, 390 1,060 88 510 1,060 $8, 510 1,500 San Benito . 1,500 11, 600 8,700 19, 910 89, 135 2,900 100 3, 315 50 San Bernardino 1, 800 48, 330 19, 415 1, 260 340 170 San Diego. 47,318 9, 608 18, 927 9, 606 San Francisco 11, 855 341, 543 5, 855 160 341, 543 149 San Joaquin 847, 500 814, 916 San Luis Obispo.. 116, 680 11, 760 58, 340 6, 505 San Mateo 10, 500 5, 155 235 560 235 280 200 250 Santa Clara. 1, 355 12, 240 2, 710 9, 775 Santa Cruz 51,920 2,400 31, 152 660 4, 125 660 170 250 Shasta.. 2,690 5, 355 2, 845 100 5,350 90 250 250 Sierra 6, 853 5, 251 250 250 870 870 480 Siskiyou. 10, 780 480 8,025 Solano 3,920 2,940 3, 960 2, 580 101, 620 101, 620 Sonoma. 74, 672 7,980 37, 836 7,980 Stanislaus Sutter 4,320 3, 888 9, 215 7,329 138, 650 124, 785 2, 680 2, 384 8,432 5, 902 200 215, 500 140 177, 852 Tehama - Tulare... 28, 240 75, 057 15, 560 720 75, 057 540 63,220 50, 582 Tuolumne 1,000 17, 000 1, 183 12, 707 1,000 1,500 100 Ventura. 150 Yolo.. 112,400 39, 340 272, 700 272,700 22, 535 13, 521 Yuba 22, 100 81, 760 13, 754 67,030 5, 400 2,980 Total... 4,006, 211 3, 796, 552 32, 453 26, 530 1,059, 479 534, 624 69, 786 42, 601 CALIFORNIA. 347 1869-'70. 1879-'80*.. 1880-'81 1881-'82. 1882-'83. 1887-'88. 1888-'89. 1889-'90. Total acreage of cereals in California for stated years. Wheat. Oats. Barley. Corn. 1,478, 891 113, 269 696, 001 57, 364 1,832, 429 49,947 586, 350 71, 781 2,678, 227 58,814 677, 573 54, 878 2, 613, 663 72, 721 401, 492 119, 021 3,076, 659 85, 160 686, 603 124, 041 2. 624, 488 70, 614 988, 951 93, 802 2,870, 615 86, 447 1, 135, 560 85, 015 3, 104, 088 115, 601 1, 166, 218 93, 382 x * Professor Hilgard's estimate in Tenth Census. Assessed value and yield of unclassified cereal crop of California from 1872 to 1883, in- Years. 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 clusive. Centals. Value. Years. Centals. Value. (*) 1,688, 340 $1,255, 211 1878 759, 720 2, 921, 473 1879... 1, 475, 320 $682, 062 1, 160, 742 611, 980 821, 213 1880... 1,429, 840 1, 547, 672 1, 002, 160 1, 302, 206 1881.. (*) 381, 060 1, 261, 120 549, 821 1,078, 568 1882 5.943, 720 6, 590, 315 1883 2, 587, 920 3, 586, 263 * None given. Assessed value and yield of classified cereal crop of California from 1884 to 1889, inclu- sive. Wheat. Oats. Years. Barley. Corn. Centals. Value. Centals. Value. Centals. Value. Centals. Value. 1884.. 2,025, 812 | $2,428, 807 31, 872 1886.. $37, 233 482, 278 4, 296, 343 $567, 384 46, 145 4, 120, 668 27, 017 19, 079 $37, 554 1887.. 1888... 1889.. 301, 104 3, 518, 745 246, 543 3,589, 091 79, 082 13, 890 15, 886 44, 566 888, 793 4, 249, 170 604, 767 2, 967, 454 130, 035 20, 951 24, 829 84, 922 1,526, 105 4,006, 211 885, 924 3,796, 552 65, 568 32, 453 26, 530 48, 513 1,059, 479 534, 624 69, 786 42, 601 ASSESSED AND ACTUAL CROPS. All the preceding tables, with the exception of that for 1879-'80 are made up from the figures furnished by the different county assessors. In forwarding certain of them, E. W. Maslin, secretary of the board of equalization, before referred to, says: 'The returns before 1880 are not worth anything and even since then with all my care and persuasion and threats, the assessors will take no interest in reliable statis- tics. The area of grain sown before 1880 was returned by the surveyor-general. It was only guess work." In another communication to me he says: "I wish to impress upon your mind that the figures are far from correct. I have been 10 years vainly striving to get assessors to take some interest in obtaining absolutely correct data. I am thoroughly discouraged. The citizen will not make a true return to the assessor for obvious reasons, and the majority of the assessors do not understand the value of statistics. You perceive that some assessors fail to make any statement whatever, and I am persuaded that in the majority of cases the assess- ors simply guess at the matter." The statement for 1879-'80 is taken from Professor Hilgard's report on the "Agri- cultural Features of California" prepared for the Tenth Census in 1883. In this state- ment it will be seen that the wheat crop is set down at 29,017,707 bushels produced on 1,832,429 acres. Calculating the bushels at 60 pounds, this means 17,410,624 centals, yet for this same year the assessed crop of all the cereals of California was the ridiculously small amount of 1,429,840 centals, or nearly 16 millions below Hil- gard's estimate. Yet Hilgard's estimate, far beyond the assessed value though it is, does not approach the commercial estimate for the same year. The figures kept by the X 348 - INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Chamber of Commerce place the crops of 1879-'80 at 34,150,000 centals; or nearly double the Hilgard estimate and something like the trifle of 33,000,000 centals above the assessors' returns. This one instance would be sufficient to show the criminally slipshod manner in which the statistics of California's crops are kept in the very counties in which the crops are grown. One more, however, may be given. The assessors' returns for the year 1889-'90 give the wheat crop as 4,006,211 centals, and that of barley at 1,059,479 centals. According to the table made out with considerable care by the Journal of Com- merce which is hereafter given, the wheat crop for the same year was 30,196,509 centals, and that of barley 9,895,897 centals. No better instance of the absurdity of the assesser's returns can be furnished, however, than the fact that the acreage of wheat in California in 1889-'90 was returned at 3,073,527 acres, while, as we have seen, the wheat crop was given at 4,006,211 centals, which means a yield of a trifle more than 1 cental per acre, when, as a matter of fact, the average yield throughout the State was 9.23 centals. Subjoined are two estimates of the yield of wheat in California for a series of years. The first is from the San Francisco Merchants' Exchange, and the second is that pre- pared by the San Francisco Journal of Commerce: Commercial estimates of California's wheat crop. Season. Crop. Centals. Season. Outturn. Average yield to the - acre. 1877-'78... 1878... 22, 825,000 || 1878-79... Centals. 16, 000, 000 Centals. 1878-'79.... 1879... 19, 801, 000 1879-'80.. 18, 500, 000 8.89 10 1879-'80.. 1880 .. 34, 150, 000 1880-'81... 35, 000, 000 16.67 1880-'81. 1881... 20, 600,000 1881-'82... 22, 700, 000 9.79 1881-'82 1882... 21, 000, 000 1882-'83. 22, 000, 000 7.59 1882-'83. 1883... 20, 100,000 || 1883-'81. 21, 000, 000 7.50 1883-'84. 1884... 28, 830, 000 1884-'85 30, 400, 000 8.94 1884-'85. 1885... 15, 177, 980 1885-'86.. 17, 800, 000 6.57 1885-'86.. 1886.. 21, 394, 380 1886-'87. 24, 000, 000 7.06 1886--'87. 1887... 17, 315, 380 1887-'88. 18, 400, 000 5.58 1887-'88.. 1888... 18, 613, 080 1888-'89 1889-'90.. 19, 600, 000 6.33 30, 200, 000 9.74 As another means of contrasting the assessor's returns with the statistics gathered by less prejudiced and more active investigators, the two following tables are given showing the acreage and yield of wheat and barley in California in 1389-'90, as pre- pared by the San Francisco Journal of Commerce: [N. B.—The cental is at present the unit in California, although it will be found that the earlier reports employ that of the bushel.] Acreage and yield of wheat in California, by counties, in 1889-'90. Counties. Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa - 77, 915 Del Norte El Dorado. Fresno.. Humboldt. 60 2, 597 169, 512 20, 564 Acres. Yield. Counties. 21, 265 450 4,560 Centals. 202, 018 4, 050 47, 880 Sacramento San Benito……… San Bernardino · 92,208 875, 976 San Diego 8, 500 75, 437 San Joaquin.. 403, 008 4, 936, 800 760, 171 600 San Luis Obispo San Mateo Acres. Yield. Centals. 78, 100 702, 900 46, 600 502, 600 3,551 98, 385 1,825 Santa Barbara 14, 026 290, 805 37, 286 126, 234 2, 181, 038 836, 173 14, 600 71, 427 642, 843 Inyo. 399 Kern. Lassen Los Angeles Marin.. Mariposa.. Mendocino Merced.. Modoc Mono... Monterey Napa.. Nevada * Tuolumne. Ventura..-- 8, 653 + 3, 061 Yolo - Yuba. Placer 16, 249 167, 568 Plumas. *2, 800 33, 600 Totals.. * Estimated. 12,000 6, 220 50, 760 23, 373 1,625, 608 215, 827 4,389 114, 000 Santa Clara. 17, 240 189, 640 Santa Cruz.. Shasta 5, 126 51,260 14, 051 154, 561 Sierra. 150 1,800 Siskiyou 9, 554 100, 317 343 639 * 20, 000 240,000 45, 800 * 500 120,000 57, 000 520, 290 3,254 6, 550 180,000 1, 980, 000 434, 900 4,750 1,350,000 77,877 Solano.. Sonoma Sutter.... Tehama.. Trinity. Tulare 57, 624 Stanislaus. 15, 820 283, 182 633, 864 174, 020 2, 548, 638 123, 929 1, 306, 205 91, 410 • 10, 098 349,000 4,000 2, 637 155,000 1,086, 920 90,072 2,879, 250 34, 500 23, 733 1,801, 875 28, 375 3, 101, 088 269, 562 30, 196, 509 † Cut for hay. CALIFORNIA. 349 Acreage and yield, by counties, of California's barley crop of 1889-'90. Counties. Acres. Yield. Counties. Acres. Yield. Centals. Alameda Alpine. 20, 967 460 Centals. 230, 637 San Joaquin 108, 920 5,270 Amador.... San Luis Obispo 763, 440 48, 360 12, 970 437, 240 136, 185 San Mateo Butte.. 3, 720 24, 619 233, 891 30, 860 Santa Barbara Colasa 48, 683 38, 149 499, 000 Santa Clara Del Norte 20,370 300 2,850 372, 416 193, 430 Santa Cruz · El Dorado. 3, 110 31, 250 2, 002 22, 500 Shasta Fresno.. 6, 215 36, 242 55, 335 326, 178 Sierra.. Humboldt. 1,850 19, 450 223, 400 18, 500 Inyo Siskiyou 5, 360 60, 640 571 6, 281 Solano Kern.. 35, 720 25,000 330, 395 Sonoma Lake 13, 159 130, 870 3, 370 34, 830 Stanislaus Lassen ⭑ 33, 149 4, 200 306, 631 40, 950 Sutter Los Angeles 21,935 35, 200 388, 190 231, 285 Tehama.. Marin Mariposa Mendocino.. Merced 27, 840 417 5,078 3, 245 236, 640 Trinity 200 * 8, 500 † 52, 000 37, 787 76, 500 260,000 1,950 Tulare 63, 425 570, 855 Modoc Mono • - 33, 000 Napa Monterey Nevada. 1, 800 75,000 5. 847 587 232, 500 16, 650 637,500 46, 776 Totals Placer 9, 670 77, 360 Plumas * 2, 100 18, 900 Sacramento 38, 460 Tuolumne Ventura Yolo .. Yuba Carry over from 1888-'89, according to the produce exchange report on July 1, 1889 .. 2,000 19, 500 58,734 20,000 646, 074 185, 800 11, 060 87,850 1, 166, 218 9, 895, 877 2,052, 630 306, 880 San Benito .. 16, 915 169, 150 San Benardino 103, 587 907, 056 San Diego.... 30, 447 Totals for season of 1889'-90.... Equal in tons.. 241, 380 11, 948, 507 597, 475 * Estimated. + Includes some rye. Seeded for hay. Average price of No. 1 white wheat, spot, each year since 1870-'71 to 1887-'88. Per Per Year. Year. Year. cental. cental Per ceutal. 1870-'71... $2.201 1876-'77. $1.921 1882-'83. $1.73 1871-'72... 2.34 1877-'78... 2.18 1883-'84 1.64% 1872-'73. 1.761 1878-'79.. 1.672 1884-'85. 1.31% 1873-74. 2.051 1879-'80. 1.82 1885-'86 1.43 1874-75.... 1.62 1880-'81. 1.423 1886-'87 1.52 1875-'76... 1.931 1881-'82. 1.60 1887-'88.. 1.401 EXPORTS AND RECEIPTS. Exports of wheat from 1874 to 1889 inclusive, in centals, with value. Years. Centals. Value. Years. Centals. Value. 1889 1888 1887. 12, 115, 075 11, 720, 100 9, 064, 145 $16, 641, 194 48, 318, 477 14, 714, 321 1881. 1880. 20,006, 540 9, 452, 099 $30, 821, 996 15, 243, 378 1879 10, 540, 197 19, 258, 457 1886. 15, 832, 155 21, 443, 167 1878 8, 062, 287 14, 462, 182 1885 11, 842, 242 16, 428, 985 1877 4, 931, 437 11, 020, 343 1884. 12, 158, 714 17, 329, 448 1876 9, 967, 941 17, 034, 758 1883 12, 960, 540 22, 978, 530 1875 7, 505, 320 14, 025, 802 1882 18,756, 239 31, 355, 452 1874 8, 054, 670 14, 144, 150 January February March April May June.. July Exports of flour from San Francisco, by barrels, in 1839. Month. Barrels. 90, 773 100, 999 95, 610 August. September. October 89, 302 73, 451 82, 679 106, 363 November December Total Month. Barrels. 116, 435 81, 920 120, 752 63,466 109, 200 1, 130, 950 350 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Exports of wheat, in tons, from 1860 to 1889. Year. Tons. Year. Tons. Year. Tons. Year. Tons. 1860. 19, 088 1868... 190, 188 1876 1861. 306, 823 1884 76, 496 1869.. 564, 133 218, 726 1877 1862. 525, 885 1885 • 42, 592 786, 621 1870... 243, 199 1878. 199, 871 1886. 1863. 52, 182 567, 016 1871.. 178, 592 1879.. 499 805 1887 1864.. 53, 561 600, 250 1872.. 70, 219 1880. 526, 344 1888 1865. 1866. 1, 268 433, 938 1873.. 491, 134 1881... 668, 388 1889 51,975 1874... 363, 662 650, 432 1882.. 1, 128, 031 1867. 181, 809 1875.. 439, 667 1883 730, 130 Statement showing countries to which flour was exported in 1889 by sea only. To- United Kingdom China. Central America……. Hawaiian Islands. Australia Ecuador Japan Panama Society Islands Asiatic Russia Philippine Islands. Mexico British Columbia Barrels. To- 434, 429 Samoan Islands 364, 489 130, 783 45, 324 40, 755 20, 302 26, 203 16,715 11, 962 11, 213 10, 250 4,380 3,985 • Marquesas Islands Marshall Islands .... Gilbert Islands. Fiji Islands... Saigou. Harvey Islands. Fanning Islands. Caroline Islands East Indies... Corea Total Exports of flour, with value, from 1874 to 1889, inclusive, by sea only. Barrels. 534 175 108 95 70 62 50 37 24 3 1 1, 130, 950 Year. Barrels. Value. Year. Barrels. Value. 1874.. 535, 695 $3, 042, 900 1882 1875 497, 163 2,476, 151 1883 959, 889 1, 246, 218 $4,808, 201 6, 220, 627 1876 508, 143 2, 560, 759 1884. 1877 434, 684 2,691, 691 1885. 1878 489, 462 2, 614, 764 1886 1, 201, 761 1,298, 169 1, 124, 615 5, 288, 575 5,326, 258 4,372, 965 1879 .. 511, 600 2, 548, 586 1880 .. 560, 770 2,754, 267 1881. 785, 078 3,569, 190 797, 232 822, 347 1, 130, 950 Statement showing countries to which flour, wheat, barley, and oats were exported in 1889 by by sea only. 1887 3, 409, 963 1888. 3, 392, 182 1889 4,754, 859 To- Flour. Wheat. Barley. Oats. Barrels. Centals. Centals. New York. Great Britain Centals. 295, 424 434, 429 10, 583, 302 352, 962 China. 364,489 587 Japan. 26, 203 56 Hawaiian Islands. 45, 324 6,732 138, 953 British Columbia 24, 001 3,986 193 8,026 Mexico 4,380 229 Central America. 1,796 - 130, 783 32, 101 539 128 Panama. 16,745 205 Pacific Islands. 1,063 6 43 Russian Possessions in Asia. 11, 213 South America 29, 302 563, 914 Manila 10, 250 Tahiti 11, 962 771 5,733 110 Belgium 154, 434 France Australia Cape Verde Islands. 385, 789 40, 755 364, 798 23, 035 30,934 * 31, 167 Other countries.. Total 66 1, 130, 950 12, 115, 075 832, 843 58,080 } 351 CALIFORNIA. Total exports of flour, wheat, barley, and oats, from 1876 to 1889, inclusive, by sea only. 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881 1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1877 1878.. 1879. 1880 1881. Year. Flour. Wheat. Barley. Oats. Barrels. Centals. Centals. Centals. 1, 130, 950 12, 115, 075 832, 843 58, 080 822, 347 11, 720, 100 1,027, 803 35, 617 797, 232 9, 061, 145 415, 351 29, 883 1, 124, 615 15, 832, 155 723, 648 25, 569 1,298, 169 11, 842, 242 171, 369 30, 734 1, 201, 761 12, 158, 714 455, 363 1, 246, 218 28, 912 12, 960, 540 183, 876 31, 553 959, 889 18, 756, 239 183, 955 785, 078 28, 507 20, 006, 540 101, 390 22, 740 560, 770 9, 452, 099 470, 612 511, 600 15, 376 10, 510, 197 587, 057 11, 507 489, 462 8, 062, 287 303, 969 434, 684 31, 927 4, 931, 437 90, 330 4, 514 508, 143 9, 967, 941 351, 897 3, 721 Exports of bread from San Francisco from 1877 to 1889. Year. Pounds. Year. 1, 104, 079 1882 1,805, 558 1, 501, 144 1883.. 1881 1,897, 757 1885 1, 586, 089 1886 Pounds. Year. Pounds. 1,681, 058 1887 1, 912, 268 1888 1, 717, 521 1,662, 612 1, 937, 295 1889 2,058, 352 1,957, 998 1,920, 074 The computation of the barley exports as made by the trade papers of San Francisco is somewhat different from the preceding figures, which were collected by the Chamber of Commerce. The figures collected by the papers are somewhat in excess of those collated by the chamber, and were as follows: Exports of barley in centals from San Francisco, with value from 1878 to 1889. Year. 1878 1879.. 1880.. 1881 1882 1883. Centals. Value. Year. 447, 097 862, 678 | 1,047, 000. 00 $580, 970. 15 1884 1885 1,078, 441 1, 226, 397. 27 1886. 367, 190 550, 100.00 1887 228, 268 319, 157.00 1888 229, 100 304, 046.00 1889 Centals. Value. 689, 227 $762, 007.06 95, 365 403, 303.00 952, 193 1, 258, 000. 00 452, 528 541, 322.00 1,707, 502 2,279, 225.00 973, 168 1,066, 895. 00 Receipts of wheat and flour at San Francisco from 1855 to 1890. Years. Wheat. Flour. Years. Wheat. Flour. Centals. Qr. sacks. Centals. 1855-'56... 1856-'57... 1857-'58... 1858-'59.... 452, 773 Qr. sacks. 337,036 170, 591 131, 359 1873-'74. 8, 183, 236 565, 730 1874-'75... 9, 837, 660 230, 030 448, 419 127, 312 1875-'76. 6, 653, 728 413, 640 475, 568 266, 614 1876-'77.. 11, 155, 601 1859-'60.. 515, 014 974, 436 370, 876 1877-'78 1860-'61. 4, 283, 297 2, 164, 320 379, 456 491, 237 1878-'79. 1861-'62. 10, 710, 291 2,596, 808 .. 1, 451, 465 445, 078 1879-'80... 1862-'63.. 1, 890, 777 599, 300 1880-'81 1863-'64... 11, 565, 132 15,706, 788 2,712, 992 2,716, 445 1864-'65. 1865-'66... 1866-'67.. 1867-'68. 1868-'69. 1, 843, 840 509, 163 2, 142, 212 5, 218, 536 5, 011, 194 6, 341, 383 397, 192 246, 683 667, 374 1, 201, 585 824, 696 831,920 1869-70.. 6, 565, 066 684, 433 1870-'71... 4,780, 253 483, 653 1871-'72... 2, 395, 008 586, 998 1881-'82 1882-'83... 1883-'84. 1884-'85... 1885-'86.. 1886-'87 1887-'88. 1888-'89... 1889-'90. 21, 063, 733 14, 929, 712 12, 489, 581 17, 677, 073 12, 852, 831 16, 675, 365 3, 227, 242 4, 028, 209 5,091, 272 5, 215, 592 4,834, 154 4, 987, 044 10, 633, 270 4, 100, 460 12,698, 910 4, 448, 152 1872-'73. 11, 148, 500 13, 160, 655 5,676, 892 915, 960 1 352 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Receipts of barley at San Francisco from 1876 to 1889, inclusive. Year. Centals. Year. 1876. - 1877. 1878.. 1879... 1880... Centals. Year. Centals. 1,907, 058 1881. 780, 425 1882... 1,571, 954 1883. 1, 244, 835 1, 548, 162 1, 416, 468 1,768, 39 1884. 1,907, 058 18-5... 1, 841, 145 1, 111, 123 1886.. 1887 1888.. 1889. 2,095, 810 2, 070, 130 2,864, 665 2,258, 642 Date of arrival of new wheat at tide waler each year since that cereal was first produced in quantily, and price obtained for the same. Date. Price. Date. Price. Date. Price. July 14, 1859.. $1.90 to $2. 00 June 9, 1870 $1. 70 to $1. 80 June 7, 1881.. $1. 25 to $1. 40 July 3, 1860. 1.50 1.55 June 23, 1871... 2.30 2.37 June 6, 1882 . 1.67 July 24, 1861. 1.50 1. 62 June 10, 1872.. 1.80 1.85 June 19, 1883 1.65 July 11, 1862. 1.62 1.65 June 7, 1873.. 1.75 1.80 June 30, 1884 1.45 July 25, 1863….. 1.50 1.60 June 11, 1874... 1. 65 1.67 June 3, 1885 1.423 July 9, 1864. 2.80 2.95 June 2, 1875…….. 1.65 1.67 June 5, 1886 1.25 June 12, 1865 2.20 2.25 June 9, 1876 1.75 June 11, 1887 1.86 June 25, 1866 1.50 1.60 June 2, 1877 .. 2.40 June 15, 1888 1.311 June 17, 1867 1.65 1.70 June 13, 1878 1.70 May 24, 1889. 1.40 June 18, 1868 1.90 2.00 June 20, 1879. 1.65 June 15, 1869 1.40 1.45 June 24, 1880. 1.30 Date of first receipts of barley for a series of years past and the price brought. Date. Price. Date. Price. Date. Price. June 19, 1870 $1.20 June 30, 1877 $1.55 July 9, 1884 $0.90 June 12, 1871 1.57 June 11, 1878 .80 June 16, 1885. 1.25 June 6, 1872.. 1.40 June 30, 1879 .75 May 27, 1886 1. 10 June 5, 1873 1. 10 June 24, 1880 .683 June 4, 1887 1. 15 June 9, 1874 1.45 June 21, 1881 .90 June 5, 1888 June 20, 1875 1.35 June 12, 1882 1.65 June 1, 1889 .923 .75 May 30, 1876.. .90 June 25, 1883 .95 Receipts of oats, rye, and corn, at San Francisco from 1876 to 1889, inclusire. Year. Oats. Rye. Corn. Year. Oats. Rye. Corn. Centals. Sacks. Bags. Centals. Sacks. 1876.. 344, 977 20, 184 214, 215 1883... Bags. 393, 636 40, 252 1877.. 324, 978 157, 660 10,810 1884.. 582, 518 63, 927 1878... 393, 852 23,981 128, 994 1885... 685, 970 62, 326 1879.... 348, 854 38, 486 164, 003 1886.. 529,225 33, 226 1880.. 207, 269 267, 191 29, 247 1887. 469, 479 27, 253 1881. 411, 859 319, 062 28, 278 1888.. 608, 641 28, 515 1882.. 430, 617 222, 801 40, 724 230, 341 1889.. 587, 741 50, 969 216, 152 BURLAP SACKS. As was mentioned in the opening paragraphs, all grain produced in this State is handled and shipped in burlap sacks holding 100 to 125 pounds. The imports of these sacks into San Francisco for a series of years have been as follows: Year. Imports. Consump. tion. High- Low- est est price. price. Year. Imports. Consump- tion. High- Low- est est price. price. Number. Number. Cents. 1870.. 5,711, 000 6,500,000 131 Cents. 91 1871 7, 014, 000 5, 400, 000 13 11 1880 1881 • Number. Number. 32, 342, 00030, 023, 023 Cents. Cents. 112 39, 615, 000 | 27, 000, 000 9 1872 13, 512, 000 | 12, 500, 000 18 14/ 1882. 18, 036, 689 25, 000, 000 10 8 1873.. 8, 028, 080 | 10, 328, 000 16 12 1883 25, 985,000 37, 821, 000 833 1874... 16, 052, 830 15, 052, 883 131 113 1884.. 31, 821, 000 29, 500, 000 7/3/18 5 1875. 12, 550, 000 13, 250,000 12 912 1885.. 26, 580,000 35, 000, 000 5/1/ 4/ 1876 15, 940, 967 | 20, 888, 467 13 8 1886 25,800,000 32, 953, 000 10 43 1877. 1878.. 10, 637, 860 | 21, 940, OCO 13, 666, 900 | 24, 101, 969 12 1887 21,723, 000 | 33, 090, 000 81 51 14/1/2 8 1888. 31, 243, 00030, 000, 000 82 61 1879.. 17, 536,000 38, 111, 550 11 7 1889. 26, 318,000 34,318, 000 CALIFORNIA. 353 FREIGHT RATES. No better place can, perhaps, be found than this for presenting two or three tables on the subject of grain freights. Average vessel rates per ton for past nine harvest years upon all charters. 1888-'89. 1887-'88. 1886-'87. 1885-'86.. 1884-'85.. 1883-'84. Years. Wood. Iron. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1 8 3 1 12 7 1882-'83. 1 5 6 1 62 1881-'82.. 1 6 1 1 8 2 1880-'81.. 1 9 3 1 12 6 1 14 2 1 18 0 1 5 8 1 14 8 Highest Lowest. Years. Wood. Iron. £ 8. d. £ s. d. 2 3 6 2 6 9 3 5 7 3 7 3 3 69 3 13 0 3 6 9 3 13 0 156 1 6 2 Railroad freights from interior points to San Francisco average $2.50 per ton for distances of 200 miles and over. Highest and lowest rates paid for wheat ships per ton in each month of past two years. [Rate based on that from San Francisco, United States, for Cork, United Kingdom.] Months. 1889. Wood. Iron. 1888. Wood. Iron. Highest. Lowest. Highest. Lowest. Highest. Lowest. Highest. Lowest. $ £ s. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d. £ 8. d. £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d. £ s. d. January February 2 2 6 2 0 0 2 2 6 2 0 0 1 4 6 1 3 9 1 7 .6 1 3 0 1 15 6 1 10 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 6 1 1 9 1 6 3 1 2 6 March. 1 15 0 1 63 1 16 6 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 9 1 2 6 April. 1 5 0 1 5 0 1 12 6 1 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 3 1 3 0 May 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 11 3 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 1 1 3 June. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 9 1 12 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 1 1 6 July 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 6 1 8 0 1 15 0 1 2 8 1 11 3 1 2 6 August 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 9 1 12 6 1 10 0 September. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 1 15 0 October.. 1 15 0 1 15 0 1 18 9 1 12 6 November 1 13 9 1 10 0 1 17 6 1 15 0 December.. 1 12 6 1 12 6 1 17 6 1 12 6 1222N 1 9 0 2 1 3 1 10 0 0 0 1 15 0 2 1 3 1 17 6 2 2 6 1 15 0 2 0 0 1 17 6 2 6 1 15 0 2 1 3 1 17 6 1 9 1 13 9 2 2 6 1 17 6 Highest 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 Lowest 1 5 0 1 3 9 1 19 1 1 3 I C 99--23 CHAPTER V. LIVE STOCK. Farm animals in California-Sheep and their fleece-The wintering of horses-Swine and goats- Tables showing number and value of horses of all kinds, cattle, calves, hogs, poultry, cows, work oxen, sheep and lambs, mules, jacks and jennies, and goats in California, by counties, in 1889-Table showing number of live stock in California, by counties in 1870, and 1880. The mildness of the winters west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains is favorable to the growth, health, and early maturity of farm animals; and they do not anywhere multiply more rapidly without shelter or cultivated food than in the valleys of California. SHEEP. The dry climate and these open valleys of California, like those of Spain, are well adapted to the sheep, especially the Spanish merino variety, which does much better than the heavier French and English breeds. When irrigation and horticulture super- sede the present system of wheat farning on dry soils in California, the long wool sheep will come into more favor. It is the custom in many parts of California to shear twice a year; the spring fleece averaging 4. and the fall fleece 3 pounds "in the grease." Scouring makes a reduction of 62 per cent. in the spring, and 69 per cent. in the fall clip, The Oregon annual fleece weighs 6 pounds, and loses 60 per cent. in scouring. The Oregon wool has a longer staple than the California, but is not so fine, and both are steadily improving, or at least the wool of eastern Oregon is grow- ing finer in fiber, while that of western Oregon is growing coarser, and probably, also, longer. A very serious drawback to the California wool is the bur, which detracts 10 per cent. from its value. HORSES. Our slope north of Mexico has about 700,000 horses, and their average value may be about $35. Thoroughbreds are numerous, and California is making strenuous efforts to excel England and Kentucky in breeding fast horses. The warm winters are ex- tremely favorable to the continuous growth and training of the horse, and these are of much service in developing speed as tested under the rules of the turf. While the trotters and thoroughbreds are in special favor, the Norman and Clydesdale horses, needed to obtain a stock of large and active horses, serviceable for heavy draft, have not been neglected. SWINE AND GOATS. While California has one-eighth of the sheep, she has only one-fiftieth of the swine in the United States. The northern coast will probably do better than California with swine. The mountains and the chaparral of California are better suited to the goat than to any other domestic animal. The Angora goat has been imported direct from Asia Minor, and the coast has probably 2,600 of pure blood, but after 20 years of experience with them, the opinion prevails generally that there is no profit in breeding them for the fleece, 354 CALIFORNIA. 355 Number and value of horses of all kinds in the State in 1889. Thoroughbred Graded. American. Counties. Common. Colts. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Alameda. 103 $30, 900 500 $50,000 9, 260 $163, 000 20 Alpine. $1,200 820 120 4, 680 $20, 500 Amador 90 14 2,750 925 31, 725 1,800 1,953 92, 565 839 Butte... 7 2,310 2, 018 19, 895 161, 440 3,866 173, 910 Calaveras. 1, 913 2,581 99, 425 54, 404 181 18,695 Colusa. 975 10 3, 200 6, 066 22, 320 260, 620 1,170 106, 611 Contra Costa…….. 35 2,684 17,500 1,502 69,980 150, 200 4, 780 240, 243 531 Del Norte. 9,558 3,640 94, 640 235 16, 380 296 El Dorado 9, 470 108 3, 415 2,517 110, 435 663 Fresno.. 21 9, 650 15, 830 2,334 157, 857 Humboldt 9, 336 369, 1783, 417 9 4,900 75, 124 1,564 156, 400 | 3,305 Inyo. 165,250 1,312 65 | 12, 240 26, 855 1, 295 52, 113 | 2, Kern. 31 2,464 59, 343 948 10, 10, 2001, 213 12, 169 95, 827 4, 072 Lake... 138, 454 2, 058 3 2,800 49, 505 445 42, 275 | 2,050 90, 875 856 Lassen.. 130 15, 550 23, 435 672 Los Angeles 50, 400 6, 743 179, 095 1,917 203 85, 875 23,507 22, 840 997, 985 Marin 1 5 1,750 4, 699 985 41,720 113, 340 842 71, 660 Mariposa 487 19 2, 200❘ 1, 196 31,428 19, 770 304 Mendocino..... 13, 735 619 2 900 4,519 214, 178 10, 135 559 61, 675 Merced 1, 359 36, 212 1, 284 Modoc .90, 7954, 242 167, 538 1,981 12 4,250❘ 5, 782 127, 275 4, 183 44,613 174, 875 Mono. 2, 188 16 2,450 29, 567 181 11, 635 Monterey Napa Nevada... Placer. 1, 203 30,003 519 8 7,810 33 13, 535 6, 518 3, 742 225,515 225, 515 5, 592 · 32 7, 700 214, 7302, 938 67, 205 8, 150 173, 250 1,835 57, 344 6 1,010 1,046 71, 970 1,050 37, 230 761 21 6, 600 15,990 1, 165 95, 370 Plumas 2, 251 81, 683 1, 1, 175 112 13, 700 32, 145 1, 434 73, 970 Sacramento 674 155 42, 625 485 77,600 21, 980 4, 921 345, 145 225 San Benito 10 5,000 5,625 | 2,860 40 5,700 74, 360 2,265 San Bernardino. 136, 940 | 7 8,500 3, 414 147, 320 841 San Diego 81, 920 1, 967 329 59, 870 | 2,964 82, 335 44 9, 1953, 047 8,995 1, 303 119, 412 1, 814 24, 823 San Francisco 112, 336 3, 111 79, 416 | 1, 930 14, 561 31, 820 San Joaquin.. 930, 900 48 | 24, 000 San Luis Obispo. San Mateo Santa Barbara. 4,523 316, 610 9, 245 83 16,035 305, 085 4, 814 5, 706 181, 553 122, 850 2,100 110, 406 6 3, 750 3,271 720 76, 305 1, 737 89, 990 70, 638 58 799 16, 240 5, 684 147, 784 22, 695 2,408 Santa Clara.. 132, 440 60 | 28, 375 1,382 24, 876 7,750 Santa Cruz Shasta.... Sierra Siskiyou 620,000 2,664 20 5, 600 79, 920 3, 193 1, 528 107, 420 96, 285 | 2,186 75, 720 815 16 2, 550 8,925 1,384 81, 165 3, 139 10 1,750 91, 795 917 1, 311 26, 515 29, 238 299 15,900 8 512 2,500 2, 346 134, 657 7, 260 5, 611 135, 385 Solano 30 | 12,000 12,000 1,788 1, 719 89, 400 27, 491 2, 516 Sonoma 226, 440 634 92 | 59, 800 15, 850 2,531 526 68, 380 87,585 7,140 Stanislaus 449, 820 31 10, 709 5,520 290, 352 1,746 52, 380 1,221 Sutter. 113, 553 28 9, 590 1, 234 2, 960 111, 400 1,875 Tehama 98, 644 23 4,700 46 10, 913 2, 161 149, 270 Trinity 4 1, 379 1, 866 89, 392 38, 720❘ 2, 165 66, 501 1,200 101 8, 585 63,770 | 1, 259 1,032 Tulare.. 33, 024 32, 733 53 19, 150 90 Tuolumne 1, 918 1,800 5 1,250 1,300 52, 000 550 Ventura 10 Yolo.. 3,400 38 28,950 Yuba. 1 1,000 20 3,375 1,823 5, 199 433 149, 975 10, 912 34, 750 138, 940 | 2,394 385, 960 484, 965 7, 937 400 154, 229 7, 200 120, 1852, 102 66, 395 2, 252 71, 960 47, 530 | 2,757 124, 265 1, 134 26, 905 Total 1, 433 509, 864 60, 618 2,867, 552 152, 691 8, 920, 155 84, 149 3, 032, 678 91, 249 2, 212, 725 356 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Number and value of cattle, calves, hogs, and poultry in California ín 1889. Poultry. Counties. Beef cattle. No. Value. Stock cattle. Calves. Hogs. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Doz. Value. Alameda 975 $14,375 Alpine.. 20 6,840 | $102, 600 1,628 400 $8, 140 400 Amador 3, 200 400 43 870 2,000 Butte.. 6, 436 86, 510 1, 620 3,660 $10, 150 $8,100 80 210 312 1, 866 60 Calaveras. 9, 070 180 136, 050 104 2,538 2, 080 20, 304 2, 524 Colusa. 5,795 5, 090 69, 540 3,486 1,716 17,430 5,248 8, 529 7, 146 25, 587 Contra Costa 85,752 2, 371 2, 102 13, 570 6, 305 6, 512 17, 534 43, 013 Del Norte 97, 680 3,942 55, 478 2, 892 8, 676 4, 610 El Dorado 、 1, 197 18, 440 14, 196 707 4, 222 3. 245❘ 16, 225 794 2, 854 1,876 Fresno.. Humboldt Inyo. 49,915 297 3, 491 441 9, 641 | 39, 39, 438 34, 910 925 1,582 5, 295 500, 988 4, 711 947 23, 675 31, 564 15, 669 6, 972 244, 632 17,826 9, 656 160 48, 280 1, 329 4,827❘ 6, 645 14, 481 2,589 Kern 9, 000 4,919 9, 188 90,000 4, 127 588 11, 760 11, 760 20, 635 2,017 4,824 | Lake 65, 114 1,037 2, 508 781, 368 8, 375 610 41, 875 3, 050 Lassen.... 2,938 6, 864 33, 783 1,792 470 221 10, 966 2, 354 Los Angeles 4, 420 4, 550 18, 044 10, 763 180, 440 8, 143 1,446 721 40, 715 4,338 12, 355 17, 100 1, 407 2,814 Marin. 197, 565 464 4, 531 37, 440 1,392 5, 770 Mariposa 5,028 75, 872 3,250 183 3, 359 25, 186 7,623 | Mendocino 5, 952 19, 330 | 27, 442 14, 708 | 36, 180 83, 328 390 1,013 294 5, 215 1, 365 5, 180 1, 505 Merced... 8, 595 4, 515 131, 884 426 3,545 211 23, 462 1,278 5, 275 6, 723 18, 491 16,746 Modoc 257, 948 1, 448 6, 752 4. 344 320 41, 411 6, 400 30, 249 4, 721 11, 922 Mono.... 307, 667 12, 813 1,973 130 65, 784 2, 813 2, 866 5, 340 Monterey 53, 316 913 4, 606 188 10, 925 Napa 163, 875 6, 450 150 4, 500 25, 800 2, 094 Nevada. 5, 562 5,862 668 5, 235 969 158 68, 525 2, 560 5, 089 16, 640 4, 125 3,305 12, 375 Placer 36, 860 1,256 131 9, 390 803 2,600 2,518 2,575 Plumas Sacramento.. 33, 133 1,991 14, 065 477 9, 540 3,357 1, 517 6, 183 13, 651 3,295 710 15, 620 23, 098 5, 919 2,898 991 12, 725 3,085 | 15, 425 858 2,221 4, 290 8, 884 815 6, 130 3,236 San Benito 98,000 547 4, 710 1, 641 35, 325 | 17, 531 15, 160 San Bernardino 220, 495 45, 480 6, 428 4, 440 557 38, 155 18, 770 12, 811 2, 659 7,694 San Diego .. 76, 940 5, 140 2, 313 2, 344 5, 860 132 11, 565 2, 614 1,937 23, 430 San Francisco .. 337, 337 9, 685 2, 111 4, 126 210 San Joaquin 8, 980 26, 054 8,444 2, 487 3,699 2,093 6, 601 24 480 2, 153 19, 094 14,970 San Luis Obispo. 190, 940 3, 021 362 15, 120 | 6, 496 | 40, 101 14, 521 29, 042 426, 357 San Mateo. 7,961 23, 883 203 5,608 3,025 3, 761 16, 900 Santa Barbara 54, 465 2, 850 18, 180 985 5,748 17, 244 3, 477 | 10, 431 4,924 19, 482 1, 769 6. 108 Santa Clara. 272, 748 595 1,684 6, 736 2,985 270 5,910 12, 955 2, 128 6, 384 155, 460 Santa Cruz 5,340 1, 900 9, 402 37, 380 4,850 3, 172 14, 550 Shasta... 41, 235 899 5, 180 | 25, 900 4,515 125 1,684 2,575 8, 625 6, 360 970 104, 619 Sierra 2,717 4,845 17, 047 25 500 7, 225 1, 199 18, 452 13, 965 1, 640 762 4,680 Siskiyou. 4, 535 84 437 430 10, 470 19, 751 292, 720 Solano 7,864 4, 100 63, 606 4, 979 82, 000 4,800 14, 369 967 65, 205 Sonoma 6, 550 2,925 52, 400 6,950 380 7,600 3, 712 13, 900 51, 788 Stanislaus 3,856 19, 280 80 1,800 16, 310 3, 106| 12, 424 8, 123 52, 192 122, 345 Sutter 3,250 31, 653 3, 905 15, 680 60 7,279 1, 112 4, 294 21, 837 52, 448 2,587 Tehama 2, 133 7,761 15, 270 970 19, 395 7,786 4,780 17, 026 71, 697 Trinity 2, 396 2,496 7,592 11, 980 25 7,924 500 23, 773 4, 135 62, 025 1, 858 5, 573 Tulare 1, 205 12, 050 55 285 660 5, 690 29, 273 309 299, 456 Tuolumne 8, 022 1,545 41, 969 10,473 36, 909 2,000 958 30,000 400 Ventura 2,000 2, 645 2,000 5, 000 9, 056 800 Yolo..... 116, 091 942 8, 215 4,000 4, 547 253 Yuba.. 62 6, 495 1, 650 13, 643 4, 670 4, 203 66, 795 55, 515 1, 764 3, 510 1, 924 5, 290 27, 960 | 10, 256 30, 885 1,718 6, 350 10, 355 3,070 7,340 350 1, 050 Total 15, 730 325, 451 574, 936 7, 209, 258 188, 626 1, 157, 556 209, 182 694, 132 109, 367 373, 716 f CALIFORNIA. 357 Number and value of cows and work oxen in California in 1889. Counties. Thorough- bred. American. Graded. Common. Work oxen. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Alameda 190❘ $9,500 Alpine.... 7,250 $145,000 895 $35, 800 1,600 | $15, 600 8 $160 160 Amador 2,400 2,800 61, 350 Butte.. 47 19 1, 330 2,257 1,760 Calaveras 60, 777 144 16 1,260 7, 200 Colusa. 3,013 60, 260 35 32 2,600 1,050 2,735 Contra Costa 58,997 56 Del Norte.. 4, 200 5,916 118, 320 El Dorado 3, 182 64, 250 72 3,659 2,220 Fresno 76, 750 70 2, 330 85 Humboldt 5, 215 4, 649 121, 140 131. 28 1,980 Inyo.. 11, 744 235, 862 5, 720 315 12 650 8 15,510 410 Kern 803 22 1, 980 16, 060 26 850 2, 832 Lake 56, 640 Lassen.... 1, 902 38, 760 60 21 725 Los Angeles. 1, 524 30, 480 1, 060 54 1,500 Marin 11, 220 298, 440 3 8 400 45 24, 982 Mariposa 500, 756 22 3 150 267 Mendocino. 8, 010 1, 100 12 6 300 900 Merced... 4, 501 109, 330 391 26 1, 300 1,780 Modoc... 44, 500 14, 145 8 475 1, 430 Mono 28, 272 49 5 250 10,915 Monterey 561 Napa 2, 130 11, 230 5 175 42, 600 5, 937 106, 865 75 6,000 4, 585 9,700 Nevada. 31 2,835 2,472 Placer 58, 140 32 14 670 3, 055 1, 125 65, 529 Plumas. 19 152 825 3, 448 68, 960 1,855 Sacramento. 130 57 7,800 7,510 2,160 San Benito. 165, 220 115 3,900 15 1,500 140 3, 732 San Bernardino. 62, 180 4, 200 35 San Diego 3,500 128 2, 315 51 2, 630 816 San Francisco 27, 090 3.411 1,271 86, 130 67 1, 775 31, 286 1, 819 San Joaquin. 5, 807 36, 635 39 160, 387 850 40 San Luis Obispo 4,000 5, 046 126, 150 San Mateo……. 20,847 416, 940 115 6, 190 8 160 Santa Barbara. 10, 016 217, 180 287 14, 350 44 Santa Clara. 6, 143 1, 160 153, 575 135 9,420 8,725 Santa Cruz 218, 125 Shasta 4, 984 99, 570 4 300 Sierra 3, 203 129 64, 092 3,875 6 195 92 966 Siskiyou 21, 975 2,850 57 4,975 Solano 3, 144 131 78, 220 3, 743 85 4, 250 257 5, 731 Sonoma. 126, 082 7, 155 78 7, 020 Stanislaus 16,985 339, 700 527 15, 810 7 350 128 2, 382 Sutter 56, 691 5, 120 15 1, 385 2,009 48, 750 Tehama. 110 13, 915 1,761 Trinity 44, 025 17 425 Tulare.. 18 90 4,990 Tuolumne 6,481 1 900 140, 321 405 9, 625 49 1,570 100 59 1, 755 Ventura 890 22, 250 1,483 50 Yolo... 20 1,000 Yuba 4, 553 36, 402 103, 215 1,500 1 60 60 2,839 Total 1, 800 1,861 125, 365 154, 882 3, 359, 012 93, 842 2,094, 352 | 8, 330 153, 400 3,200 118, 548 | 53, 740 177 5,315 с 358 INTERNAL COMMERCE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. f Number and value of sheep and lambs in California in 1889. Imported or fine. Graded. Counties. Common. Lambs. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Alameda. 300 Alpine. $1, 200 4, 200 Amador 380 $1,200 .100 $570 $200 240 120 Butte... Calaveras. Colusa Del Norte... 2,500 4, 495 6, 735 3,500 32, 816 41, 020 6, 028 1,507 21, 184 31, 775 8, 200 Fresno Contra Costa El Dorado Humboldt 400 1,200 2,050 79, 150 108, 725 6, 410 3,205 62, 150 10, 876 162 162 700 1, 051 8,715 33 165 17, 037 13, 065 34, 304 235, 219 358, 494 624 83, 031 Ioyo.. Kern 1, 700 139, 357 174, 196 2,000 42, 457 850 2,815 3, 517 Lake Lassen... Los Angeles. Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced.. 292, 004 464, 287 5, 604 28, 002 20, 146 30, 264 14, 618 152, 282 21, 927 213, 195 8, 743 213 365 112 4,910 125 23, 932 35, 898 264 8, 350 4. 175 1, 210 158, 352 237, 528 13, 195 6, 597 Modoc..... 92, 495 134, 119 35, 676 17,838 Mono.. 20, 114 29, 881 Monterey 287 318 Napa 9, 250 13, 875 Nevada 26, 575 45, 709 3, 862 1,931 Placer 2, 365 3,385 45 450 Plumas. 41, 663 62, 052 8,307 Sacramento 943 1, 414 390 5,850 4,300 9, 640 San Benito. 11, 825 4, 164 4,820 16, 300 21, 450 San Bernardino 13, 430 20, 065 6, 130 San Diego 32,000 48,000 3, 015 8, 600 San Francisco 12, 150 26, 628 34, 659 6,551 2,630 San Joaquin.. 1, 536 314 5, 940 1,570 San Luis Obispo 29, 332 43, 998 7,924 1, 518 3, 962 3,777 San Mateo 9, 197 12, 095 2,915 1,457 Santa Barbara 821 74, 182 1,785 100 100 111, 273 Santa Clara 467 2, 335 Santa Cruz 1,880 2,820 45 45 Shasta... Sierra. 455 15, 540 725 22, 810 9 4 Siskiyou 87 130 Solano 28, 752 170 43, 678 1,700 40, 100 70, 175 Sonoma 335 3, 350 2,000 3, 740 500 7,480 Stanislaus 127, 620 191, 430 11, 300 4, 400 Sutter 12, 495 44, 371 55, 556 16, 228 107 5, 650 8, 114 577 Tehama. 30, 823 46, 239 1, 721 8, 605 300 75 Trinity 152, 782 229, 173 12, 354 112 6, 177 392 14,922 Tulare. 22, 383 210 105 Tuolumne 178,820 281, 474 Ventura 4, 600 6, 900 1,200 600 Yolo.. 40, 053 65, 839 280 1, 960 1, 100 825 660 2, 640 Yuba 38, 258 59, 835 75 300 27, 336 41, 005 Total 5, 367 33, 745 343, 281 536, 763 2, 041, 396 3,071, 668 268, 026 156, 372 CALIFORNIA. 359 Number and value of mules, jacks, jennies, and goats in California in 1889. Mules. Jacks and jennies. Goats, common. Counties. Goats, Angora. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Alameda Alpine.. 250 $17,500 6 $60 100 $200 50 $300 15 350 Amador 148 6, 165 1 200 1,842 1, 650 Butte.. 2,289 136, 340 20 5, 820 997 997 200 400 Calaveras. 90 4. 790 45 745 3,683 2,760 220 290 Colusa.. 4, 290 506, 670 88 11, 185 1, 481 2,260 Contra Costa 290 17,400 Del Norte 38 2, 190 El Dorado 57 2, 815 13 190 7,629 8,790 Fresno Humboldt 2, 173 123, 091 47 6, 460 768 750 703 37, 735 3 900 544 €60 Inyo... 373 11, 434 35 1,795 4, 701 4,701 16 95 Kern 965 50, 195 8,973 1. 269 1, 219 Lake 149 8,910 10 3, 100 1, 019 1,049 Lassen 207 7,915 14 1, 390 Los Angeles. 1,781 86, 935 74 1, 510 510 685 Marin 22 1,050 Mariposa 128 3,456 38 541 1, 042 521 Mendocino. 1,575 340 1,575 14,530 20 2,300 2,269 2,269 Merced 2, 004 129, 385 42 3,860 966 966 Modoc 470 15, 311 49 10, 915 273 273 Mono. 49 1,550 2 400 Monterey 109 5,450 10 275 200 300 400 Napa. 2,000 485 36, 375 15 2, 625 932 Nevada 1,398 74 3,460 6 355 985 985 Placer 208 12, 190 3 45 1, 606 Plumas 1, 606 26 970 5 75 55 85 Sacramento…. 352 29,920 19 3,800 San Benito: 1,800 2,700 129 4,385 32 230 399 310 San Bernardino . 304 15, 200 43 344 500 500 San Diego 593 27,730 39 679 1,365 San Francisco 1,391 142 5,785 50 San Joaquin 370 2,754 198, 288 56 San Luis Obispo 11, 480 130 > 130 320 10, 990 13 853 483 497 San Mateo 56 2,720 195 195 Santa Barbara…. 736 35, 328 21 420 Santa Clara... 203 11, 170 10 200 124 185 Santa Cruz 102 3,995 18 180 124 125 Shasta.. 361 16, 144 17 2, 495 Sierra.. 4,367 4, 568 77 3, 885 392 565 Siskiyou 1,076 40, 240 60 8, 620 468 602 Solano 1,710 145, 350 75 150 Sonoma 415 19,9_0 37 703 275 Stanislaus 275 110 3,985 220 271, ('47 75 Sutter 13, 777 1,260 98, 900 5 10 Tehama.. 1, 381 108, 680 25 Trinity 3,470 219 314 285 11, 400 2 500 Tulare. 1, 377 81, 551 60 6, 985 Tuolumne 1,991 1,783 73 3, 650 45 450 Ventura 153 155 270 13, 600 Yolo... Yuba 2,272 231 221, 340 15, 250 22 24 12, 450 24 1, 350 160 160 Total.. 38, 197 2,440, 633 1, 226 132, 733 46, 130 50, 109 2,571 4,880 1 360 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Number and value of horses in California for years 1870 to 1889, inclusive. Thoroughbred. Graded. American. Common. Colts. Year. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value: 1870.. 1871* 237,992 1872... $263, 036 $1,908, 605 $4, 271, 210 $256, 866 $367, 308 1873.. 8, 495 771, 960 1874.. 438 127, 426 1875... 490 123, 721 1876... 375 110, 690 1877... 3, 185 512, 443 1878.. 2,535 450, 015 1879.. 2,370 423, 729 67, 462 61, 978 4, 500, 386 67, 837 | 73, 344 | 4,914, 150 65,477 | 4,730, 286 65, 203 3,837, 597 65, 1923, 739, 273 3,742, 883 151, 220 4, 135, 329 38, 992 641, 883 4, 623, 052 149, 735 4, 190, 584 45, 682 771, 919 146, 039 3, 960, 093 | 44, 046 698, 761 |149, 414 4, 048, 719 | 35, 420 649, 360 143, 851 3, 892, 866 | 37, 274 582, 791 147, 312 3, 844, 722 | 38, 411 611, 367; 138, 467 3, 601, 503 34, 691 551, 691 1880... 536 148, 648 58,478 1,818, 357 1,818, 357 83, 312 4, 733, 150 82, 873 2, 187, 968 | 41, 655 772, 430 1881*.. 1882.. 654 153, 677 64, 913 1,999, 639 85, 633 4, 979, 254 71, 8282, 010, 580 48, 615 985, 807 1883... 807 247, 654 61, 392 2,216,900 2, 216, 900 92, 249 92, 249 5,754, 183 74, 754 2, 341, 353 | 51, 843 1,072, 291 1884... 730 313, 952 56, 127 2, 155, 178 87, 883 6, 532, 257 42, 243 |1,460, 501 | 56, 741 | 1, 422, 085 1885* 1886... 1, 130 364, 904 82, 568 3, 172, 247 107, 268 7, 333, 472 67, 036 2. 487, 183 67, 416 1,798, 169 1887... 1, 006 425, 366 79, 739 3 863, 898 | 97, 128 97, 128 6, 924, 624 88,614 3,084, 635 88, 898 | 2, 101, 056 1888... 1889.. 1,264 539, 000 87,406 1, 433 509, 864 60, 618 3, 177, 089 2,807, 552 122, 773 8, 158, 091 152, 691 8, 920, 155 70, 792 2,470, 153 | 84, 482 | 2,135, 785 84, 149 3, 032, 67891, 249 | 2,212, 725; Imported or fine. Graded. Year. Number and value of sheep and lambs in California for years 1870 to 1889, inclusive,. Lambs. Common. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No, Value. 1870.. 3, 178, 371 1871* 1872.. $2,291, 591 1873... 66, 618 299, 350 1874. 319, 825 911, 052 1875.... 118,645 438, 022 1876... 3, 658, 626 3,794, 324, 4,886, 510, $5,797, 503, 8,928, 574 8, 562, 361 $388 659 1, 146; 377, 829, 137 1, 636, 935. 685, 013 27,597 9, 625, 198 | 1, 314, 389 164, 786 756, 329 5, 369, 606, 1877.. 11, 464 66, 646 8, 019, 418 | 1, 009, F22 519, 754 5,437, 020 4,355, 431 1878.. 187, 637 693, 925 351, 806 272,692 3,808, 490, 5,082, 803 1879.. 16, 401 483, 663 52, 661 226, 041 4, 266, 319 4, 262, 801 1880... 6,375 38, 451 625, 675 259, 537 703, 276; $425,1, 273, 3 777, 705 1881* 5,307, 525 635, 632 319, 160 1882.. 9, 610 70, 238 1, 185, 328 1,578, 392 3,047, 850 3, 890, 303 1883.. 43, 072 11, 010 55, 911 1884 1,3,537 67, 659, 81, 145 | 1,051, 612 257, 582 466, 247 172, 290 3, 153, 099 4,359, 905 334, 230 183.754 3, 287, 060 1885* 4, 946, 121 368, 494 202056 1886 12 083 47, 695 761, 261 | 1, 140, 726 2, 352, 416 3, 319, 707 1887 4, 148 342, 523 30, 221 166, 211 320, 049 594, 551 2, 561, 309 3,817, 248 1888. 4,993 23,465 395, 713 7 191, 288 314, 868 602, 651 2, 315, 269 3, 473, 578 1889. 5, 367 33, 745 343, 281 307, 440 148, 737 536, 763 2, 041, 396 3, 071, 668 268.026 156, 372 Number and value of cattle, calves, hogs, and poultry for years, 1870 fq 1889, inclusive; Beef cattle. Stock cattle. Calves. Year. Hogs. Poultry. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. 1870... 266, 413 19, 448 248, 656 1871* 369, 696 1,502, 375 1872. $6, 1873... 64, 276 1874... 30, 308 1875.... 43, 956 1876... 22, 798 379, 433 940, 904 $6, 949, 904 725, 141 445, 132| 6, 068, 759) 486, 730 417, 469 4, 536, 845 742, 997 478, 216 4, 940, '859 374, 3833,941, 364 I 161,783|1, 1 118, 305 $436, 423 080, 402| 262, 229 645, 602 253, 122 $712, 984 794, 912 713, 124 107, 871 584, 092 279, 344 781, 084 108, 712 1877 16, 702 277, 130 532, 495 403, 256 3,533, 385 323, 620 946, 619 98, 999 474, 611 1878.. 22, 890 420, 562 356, 164 3,571, 028 430, 147 1, 234, 480 83, 879 423, 559, 1879... 14, 047 243, 014 290, 207 2, 946, 621 380, 2011, 005, 715 $248, 937 359, 2911 74, 767|| 356; 104 76,.304311, 434 " 59, 708 297, 584 64, 578 291, 430 59, 684 259- 84, 204 393, 322 1880. 12, 966 239, 166) 324, 022. 3, 369, 325 379, 484 835, 135 96, 055 62, 389 1881*. 1882. 1883. 1,884,. 1885* 1886. 451, 650 477, 4241, 050, 686 80. E 154 278, 690 17, 646 16, 943 17, 025 277, 267 314, 194 3, 616, 965 96, 270 487, 428 316, 753| 386 508 342, 317| 5, 063, 152| 108, 466|| 696, 050 358, 4931, 0~~) 509, 028 365, 289 6, 367, 770 121, 3311, 076, 332 418, 207 791, 800 25 334, 377 85, 959 343, 828 1887. 11, 145 15, 022 1888. 14, 882 1889,- 15, 730 257, 355 446, 601, 6, 805, 007| 159, 483/1, 103, 916 354, 468 503, 435|| 7, 417, 123| 108, 3881, 981 351, 836 517, 165) 7, 398, 446) 186, 082/ 325,451 574, 936 7, 209, 238 198 ,2201 4,629, 150 90, 513 343, 682 95, 193 393, 472 392,879 935 342, 479 909, 788 699, 473 93, 148 371, 267 93, 026 668, 106 - 310, 753] 244, 620 644, 280 99, 265 361, 451 026|1, 1, 157, 556 239, 182 694, 132 694, 132 109, 368 373, 716 *No report. CALIFORNIA. 361 } Number and value of cows and work oxen for years 1870 to 1889, inclusive. Oxen. Thoroughbred. American. Graded. Commom. Year. No: Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. 1870 283, 947 1871* 266, 413 1872 $37, 810 $4,360, 019 $732, 907 $487, 374 1873... 721 59, 655 168, 544 4, 293, 387 38, 871 876, 735 1874. 640 • 49, 177 147, 119 3, 388, 162 51,001 918, 018 1875. 628 43, 965 154, 896 3, 320, 360 7,711 5, 951 $348, 358 350, 071 255, 295 51, 971 910, 568 1876... 393 38, 489 6, 576 136, 716 3, 035, 909 260, 440 59, 116 1,060, 632 6, 122 255, 619 1877... 758 55, 478 132, 259 2, 761, 314 63, 940 930, 493 1878.... 765 52, 750 5,878 239, 355 138, 240 2,831, 120 60. 006 1,031, 623 5, 611 1879... 728 41, 809 215,936. 141, 488 2,757, 865 48, 841 834, 672 1880. 628 4, 689 35, 685 111, 846 2, 191, 359 72, 938 1, 381, 562 1881* 4, 419 165, 535. 148,840, 1882.. 1,043 51,971 1883... 1,593 | 103, 820 98,746 98,677 1,955, 170 184. 1885* 1886... 1887... 1888... 1889. - 1, 428 | 100, 886 132, 534 2, 372, 562 3,715, 140 89, 797 |1, 8u9, 012 103, 264 2, 198, 803 3, 916 135, 243: 63, 555 1,617, 172 3,817 (*) 98, 283 (*) 3,879 | 152, 805, 3,215 127, 334: 1,706 | 119, 170 116, 970 4, 244, 532 53, 487 1, 282, 330 10, 834 255, 585 2, 425 2, 611 154, 153 | 152, 689 3, 514, 266 104, 602: 85, 762 |2, 014, 983 4, 192 2, 549 104, 800 164, 559 3, 051 134, 088 3, 102, 886 113, 350 61, 142 1,428, 109 1,861 | 125, 365 | 154, 882 3, 359, 012 93, 842 2,094, 352 52, 542 1, 131, 411 8, 330 3, 141 110, 896; 153, 100 3,200 118,518) Number and value of mules, jacks, jennies, and goats in California for years 1870 ta 1889, inclusive. Mules. Year. nies. Jacks and jen-Goats, common. Goats, Angora. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No.. Value. 1870.. 27, 561 24, 097 1871*.. 1872... $1,025, 413 $31, 305 1873... $87, 396 23, 174 1, 184, 079 1, 014 $38.752 39,759 51, 259 1874.. 112, 734 22, 003 1,094, 522 827 29, 054 56, 676 1875. 123, 116. 23, 141 1, 127, 547 953 39, 490 66, 938 1876... 1,24, 703 23, 349 1, 162, 304 706 28, 343 1877... 84,358 119, 366 23.453 1, 128, 265 862 23, 689 91, 420 1878.... 100, 227 23,812 1,165,054 882 30, 216 81, 272 1879... 101, 981 24, 263 1,333, 899 912 1880. 38, 675 | 80, 109 98, 351 24, 864 1,340, 294 947 1881* 53,322 86, 502 91, 961 9, 347 27, 258 1882. 25, 118 1, 475, 041 1,397 1883.. 78, 152 89, 840 90, 612 2,788 27, 389 1, 736, 420, 1,073 6, 702 1884. 118,046 | 58, 772 61, 557 10, 850 30, 507 2, 335, 489 1, 209 17, 030 1885. 132, 473 66, 827 74, 170 4, 221 1886.... 33, 328 2, 390, 018 1, 431 1887.. 132, 777 52, 636 49, 535 9, 344 34, 665 2, 430, 896 1,203 1888 132, 220 65, 244 73, 354 36, 589 2,406, 198 1, 131 127, 383 1889. 54, 449 60, 922 38, 197 2, 440, 633 1,226 132, 733 46, 130 50, 109 2,591 4,818 864 5,784 13, 478 12, 592- 3,714 4.880 *No report. > ! 362 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. : Table showing number of all kinds of live stock in California, by counties, in 1870. Counties. Goats. Hogs. Chickens. Turkeys. Geese. Ducks. icke Hives of bees. Cows. Calves. Alameda Alpine 32, 960 300 100 Amador 58,700 1,000 4, 580 100 1,120 6, 970 394 4,950 125 Batte 3, 150 250 14, 500 2, 618 240 1,850 1, 100 950 300 2, 150 1, 400 Calaveras 2,097 Colusa 6, 800 140, 070 1, 400 480 1, 019 392 27,756 2, 009 1, 513 Contra Costa. 500 40 14, 400 1,000 Del Norte 21, 300 1,360 940 1, 120 540 918 El Dorado... 2,803 8, 720 8 6,500 69 114 701 156 4,638 940 792 9, 122 - Fresno 711 430 514 612 7,375 20, 260 Humboldt... Inyo Kern 8,880 3,580 2,872 1, 200 83 712 385 8,850 18, 885 30,000 75, 215 875 240 260 223 50 500 11, 317 3,000 200 100 30 20 3,781 6, 700 1,000 8, 450 650 381 Klamath 47 257 200 50 900 Lake.. 3,000 48, 925 5, 222 10 5 18 25 1 10, 564 800 20,920 583 Lassen 2, 009 580 578 228 1, 081 Los Angeles.. 7, 234 1, 647 1, 456 211 32 128-1 10 6, 100 2,816 Marin. 39, 200 2, 467 1, 840 520 3,000 2,800 3,800 3,550 Mariposa 1,500 10,000 Mendocino 15,000 2,000 300 1,000 8 31, 000 1,800 Merced.. 30,000 3,000 1,810 200 2,700 500 880 2, 560 7,000 5,000 Mono 2,000 6,000 300 1, 100 500 18 230 11, 320 1,030 10,000 20 Monterey 10 49 9 1,637 8, 609 672 653 48, 600 728 Napa... 911 280 12,700 1, 280 3, 315 8, 89 18, 900 4, 042 Nevada 6, 200 570 1, 500 3, 190 250 3, 410 6, 700 Placer.. 3, 500 2, 650 375 480 325 1,933 10, 395 Plumas... 48, 805 3,250 2, 165 7, 163 241 481 1, 096 2,739 882 892 5, 371 96 Sacramento .. 13 167 68 42 9,858 2, 804 2, 808 41, 123 San Bernardino 7,697 1, 935 1, 519 77 San Diego... 2,220 1,578 7,755 120,000 6, 997 650 425 2, 150 450 912 1, 139 2, 550 7,036 2,300 San Francisco. 1,500 1, 100 900 500 1, 785 1,663 San Joaquin. 960 15,000 60, 000 San Luis Obispo.. 6,000 1,500 2.000 200 6,000 1,000 50,000 4,840 5,500 2,000 San Mateo .. 500 2,000 900 10 1.800 20, 000 8,000 20,000 250 Santa Barbara. 250 400 340 495 1, 281 5, 250 1,650 50, 900 521 Santa Clara 152 1, 401 502 1,950 2,750 2,923 102, 690 1,796 Santa Cruz.. 1,400 3,000 3, 670 215 3,221 1,200 5,960 12, 360 3,790 340 313 Shasta 283 167 2,803 1,565 Sierra. 1 896 746 218 114 Siskiyou 3×7 127 1,700 6, 000 21, 240 1,470 1, 110 594 Solano 820 50 1,000 5, 100 15, 961 71, 496 3,800 8, 467 Sonoma 1, 508 4, 129 374 175 16, 346 4, 641 60, 500 3,845 Stanislaus... 2,850 6, 000 3,940 420 3,000 15, 381 27,000 28, 226 4, 600 700 Sutter. 450 860 36 11, 614 1, 200 900 22, 580 2,804 231 131 Tehama 441 3.472 8 11, 000 19, 200 Trinity Tulare 8,000 2, 177 200 240 320 6, 340 600 8, 064 100 75 200 351 642 4 9, 098 3,000, 410 7,468 Tuolumne. 2,238 603 713 560 1,500 2,550 12, 459 12,000 8, 428 5,775 184 Yolo .. Yuba.. 524 442 18, 193 7,535 2,900 41, 726 1,600 3, 250 573 518 346 6, 449 25,800 13,000 2,869 670 1,500 540 4, 009 2, 132 Total... 24, 097❘ 369, 696 |1, 304, 649 114,212 29, 543 53, 971 24, 835 283, 947 | 248, 656 CALIFORNIA. 363 Table showing number of all kinds of live stock in California, by counties, in 1870-Cont'd. Counties. Beef cattle. Oxen. Neat cattle. Sheep. Horses. Mules. Bulls. Asses. Alameda 1, 690 432 17, 797 41, 330 7, 240 850 76 Alpine.. 17 500 50 1, 570 475 25 30 Amador 1,300 160 5,070 8, 500 2,950 370 60 Butte. 20 Calaveras.. Colnga Contra Costa Del Norte... El Dorado . 2,370 272 6, 155 4,300 2,500 210 39 20, 265 181, 891 8, 058 625 · 9, 304 46 25,000 29, 000 6,820 600 430 35 1,030 99 2,905 1, 053 656 94 44 1 3,974 301 10, 739 9, 336 2, 340 177 Fresno 9 56 13, 370 180 119, 265 141,870 Humboldt 6, 088 680 500 75 3. 327 464 27,622 Inyo. 11, 098 6, 192 434 225 15 7,818 100 9, 618 500 3,500 450 Kern 20 150 4, 651 244 59, 042 165, 768 Klamath.. 5, 618 270 62 1,800 85 3, 268 20 600 Lake 4.00 9 2,655 56 7,778 13, 994 Lassen 1,766 168 25 5 6, 382 86 11, 751 Los Angeles.. 1,826 19,000 450 27,000 572, 000 Marin 2, 073 14,000 229 3 3, 100 200 360 Mariposa 5,000 300 Mendocino 10, 850 27,000 1, 600 250 100 3,000 300 16, 730 90,000 Merced 7,800 2, 250 430 8,000 30 500 34, 100 138, 243 Mono.. 1, 782 350 1, 737- 4,280 15 28 3,888 28 728 39 Monterey 16 24, 036 15 78 37, 045 197, 167 Napa 9,097 488 20 4,000 80 10, 320 9, 800 Nevada. 5,700 510 80 40 2,700 630 10, 805 4, 665 2,756 Placer 158 25 4 2,879 243 9, 298 26, 193 Plumas 2, 239 137 43 26 2, 112 +116 9, 261 3, 402 Sacramento 1,281 123 89 8 3,991 172 19, 147 107, 256 San Bernardino. 8,859 519 232 6, 200 27 175 11, 32J San Diego 41, 200 7, 200 620 95 15, 273 35 447 19, 288 San Francisco 67, 178 5, 634 527 120 515 San Joaquin 11, 343 250 San Luis Obispo 21, 937 53, 572 11, 903 1, 141 20,000 12 1,000 61, 500 110,000 San Mateo.. 8,000 300 500 1, 400 150 160 11,551 750 Santa Barbara 2,800 256 15 4,829 20 149 9, 697 286, 968 Santa Clara 5,390 494 258 2, 420 54 460 23, 925 Santa Cruz 40,000 9,750 1, 200 340 2. 401 5 320 6, 089 735 Shasta 2, 193 125 11 Sierra 1,407 218 Siskiyou 4,795 687 910 96 2, 220 18 420 12,000 28, 000 Solano 9, 820 1, 140 460 742 33 41 16, 248 49, 875 Sonoma 7, 950 1, 560 1, 049 434 45, 090 Stanislaus 64, 208 ∞ 8 11, 088 1, 125 36 600 2,700 Sutter 170, 000 3, 400 600 5, 733 16 11, 398 24, 390 Tehama 5, 943 437 800 7 110 10, 250 144, 000 Trinity 6, 400 2, 013 831 11 146 2, 029 200 Tulare. 540 176 28, 162 186 3 58,439 231, 839 Tuolumne 8,735 428 1,550 178 45 10, 501 Yolo 13, 200 3,870 275 1, 644 128 11, 260 40, 285 Yuba. 9, 773 1, 167 3,976 298 193 17 10, 460 24, 444 3, 975 378 150 11 Total. 256, 015 10, 398 876, 766 3, 178, 371 237, 992 27, 564 9, 050 2,256 ! 1 4:4 CHAPTER VI. DAIRY, FIELD, AND GARDEN. Dairy produce: butter, cheese, and eggs-Hives and honey-Tables of receipts, prices, and values- Honey crop for 5 years-Feed stuffs-Yield and values-Acreage in hay and statistics of crop- Beans received and exported-Vegetables, yield and shipments. The farmers of our slope have not neglected the enviable reewards offered in the most highly civilized countries, for skillful dairy management. The experienced in- formation of England, Switzerland, Holland, Sweden, Italy, and New York in the production of butter and cheese, as well as the cows which give the richest milk and the most of it, the Jerseys, Holsteins, Durhams, and Americans, are to be found here. California makes 7,000 tons of butter and 1,500 tons of cheese, at present, annually Most California cheese is good; much of the butter excellent. There is no impor- tant novelty in the processes used by our dairymen; but some of the features of dairy management are peculiar in consequence of the quality and situations of our pas- tures. The relatively small area of land moist through the year, the high value of such soil for the cultivation of fruits and kitchen vegetables, and the difficulty and, in many places, the impossibility of getting a continuous growth of green and nutri- tious grass in the summer and fall from the dry fields have induced the California dairymen, generally, to depend entirely on the indigenous pasture for feeding their COWS. The fall and early winter are periods of greatly diminished production. The cheese production of California has few peculiar features. Most of the cheese- makers are in San Luis Obispo, Monterey, Lake, Mendocino, Sonoma, and Santa Clara Counties, in situations not well adapted to the production of butter. Most of the Californian cheese is made by the owners of the cows, and is produced without skimming the milk. It is sold while new, usually for more than 14 but often as low as 10 cents a pound at wholesale. There are a few factories which take the milk from a number of farmers in the vicinity and make it into cheese for them; but many of the cheese dairymen have so many cows that they produce as much as does an average factory. Good imitations of limberger and Swiss cheese are made in Sonoma County. BEES. Much of California resembles Greece, the classic land of the bee, and some of the. honey made on our coast mountains has, it is said, the same peculiar flavor of that of Hymettus, considered the best of Greece. The number of hives or stands in Cali- fornia is about 75,000, and the honey yield ranges from 400 to 2,000 tons. The ex- penses of one "bee-ranch" for a year are thus stated, viz: 400 patent stands, $800; 550 boxes for honey, $165; wages and board equal to one man for 18 months, $630; hauling hives and honey, $195; packing cases, $165; sundries, $45; total $2,000. The receipts were $4,950 from comb honey, $550 from strained honey and wax, and 400 new swarms, worth $6,000, leaving a profit of $7,500 for the year. DAIRY PRODUCE. The yield of butter and cheese for 1870 and 1880 has already been given in the com- prehensive tables of the principal agricultural products of California by counties in 1870 and 1880. In addition to these tables the following figures are given, showing the receipts of these articles, as well as of eggs, at the great central market during the last year: Receipts of California butter at San Francisco in 1889. Month. Pounds. Month. January February. March. April May .June July... 364 --- 662, 000 666, 300 1, 121, 700 1, 391, 600 1,360, 800 1, 201, 900 936, 200 August.. September October November. December Total Pounds. 1, 155, 000 804, 000 744, 300 600, 300 454, 100 11,098, 200 -CALIFORNIA. 365 Receipts of California butter at San Francisco for the past thirteen years. Year. 1889... 1888... 1887.... 1886... 1885.. 1884. 1883.. Pounds. Year. 11, 098, 200 1882. 6, 76, 700 1881 9, 547, 100 1880 9, 950, 500 1879.. 8, 619, 600 1878.. 10, 294, 600 11, 234, 500 1877... Pounds. 12, 831, 690 12, 398, 600 8, 810, 800 10,438, 500 8, 885, 690 11, 109, 800 Highest and lowest prices for best California butter in San Francisco in 1888 and 1889. January February March April May June.. July August September October November December.. Month. January. February. March.. April. May. June... July August... Month. Receipts of cheese at San Francisco for 1889. Month. Pounds. 297, 100 264, 200 430,000 516, 200 September. October.. November. December 524, 900 357, 800 Total 1889 404, 900 444, 900 1889. 1888. Cents. Cents. 30 to 22 471 to 40 22 19 371 40 18 13 21 17 25 26 18 20 27 281 18 19 26 27 18 221 27 30 22 29 32 28 31 35 34 424 30 35 40 35 35 25 35 40 25 21 40 29 Total receipts of cheese at San Francisco for past twelve years. Year. 1889. 1888. 1887.. 1886... 1885. 1881. January February. March.. April. May June Pounds. Year. 4, 272, 000 1883. 3, 321, 700 1882. 3,989, 400 1881 4, 103, 400 1880... 3,657, 500 1879... 6, 455, 300 1878... Pounds. 268, 000 289, 600 261, 100 183, 500 ← 4, 272, 000 Pounds. 5,803, 600 7, 207, 800 5,905, 600 3, 892, 000 4, 639, 400 4,041, 600 Prices of California cheese at San Francisco in 1889. Price per pound. Cents. 6 to 15 Month. Price per pound. Cents. 5 to 10 Month. ICO LO LO LED LO 6 13 5 12 July August... September 5 101 October 5 9 November. 5 83 December 8 111 71 101 6 ~~0 122 11 366 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Receipts of eggs at San Francisco for 1889. Month. January February March. April. May June.. July.. Dozen. 208, 460 August... 244, 245 September... 262, 643 October 396, 880 November. 299, 020 December 272, 105 236, 265 Total. Month. Receipts of eggs at San Francisco for past ten years. Year. 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 Dozen. Year. 2, 665, 933 1884 2, 221, 015 1883 1, 391, 745 1882 1,677, 030 1881 2,778, 281 1880 HONEY. Dozen. 192, 445 118, 370 133, 345 179, 525 122, 630 2,665, 933 Dozen. 2,984, 448 3,074, 945 4,910, 108 5,437, 966 - 3, 431, 575 The product of California honey by pounds in 1870 and 1880 has already been given in the large tables placed at the end of the first chapter of this section. Below will be found supplementary statements taken from the various county assessors' reports: Number and value of beehives in California for term of years 1870 to 1889, inclusive. Beehives. Beehives. Year. Year. Number. Value. Number. Value. 1870 24, 835 1880. 1871 59, 925 $72, 332 1881.. 1872. $15, 433 1882 1873 47, 806 16, 408 39, 215 74,712 1883 1874 65, 375 19, 516 104, 756 53, 478 1884 1875.. 52, 610 25, 587 60, 174 101, 690 1885 1876. 38, 776 115, 047 1886 1877. 99, 325 119, 129 52, 532 96, 762 1887 1878... 59, 517 58, 016 99, 409 81, 973 1888 1879.. 52, 543 77, 887 70,996 111, 415 1889 55, 043 65, 244 The assessor's statement for 1889 gives the following as the number of beehives and their value: Counties. Beehives. Value. Counties. Beehives. Value. Alpine. 50 $75 Sacramento 50 75 Butte 30 30 San Benito -- 125 65 Calaveras 190 190 San Bernardino 5, 140 5, 140 Colusa. 48 123 San Diego.. 14, 947 15, 497 Contra Costa 135 270 San Joaquin.. 641 641 Del Norte………. 70 107 San Luis Obispo... 182 182 El Dorado. Fresno.. Inyo 140 140 San Mateo 30 30 4, 110 4,110 Santa Barbara. 3, 115 3, 115 1, 453 2,906 Santa Clara 225 225 Kern. 1,250 2,500 Shasta 294 294 Lake.... Los Angeles Mendocino Merced... Modoo.....……………… Mono. Monterey Nevada Placer.. Plumas. 40 40 Siskiyou 454 1, 352 13, 871 15, 065 Sonoma 95 95 50 50 Stanislaus. 200 250 34 34 Sutter...... 100 75 54 216 Tehama • 229 343 157 183 Tulare 1,176 1,316 510 510 Tuolumne. 200 200 128 185 Ventura • 9, 311 9, 311 191 226 48 76 Total. 55, 043 65, 224 CALIFORNIA. 367 The receipts of honey at San Francisco have been as follows: Year. 1878... 1879... 1880.. 1881. 1882.. 1883. Pounds. Year. 3,463, 200 1884.. 773, 441 1885... 1, 148, 800 1886... 736, 562 1887. 616, 600 1888... 681, 150 1889.. Pounds. 2, 107, 050 1,200, 000 1, 371, 450 809, 400 1, 500, 000 1, 192, 000 The honey crop for the past 5 years was as follows: Honey, strained... Honey, comb. Beeswax 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Pounds. 1,500,000 750,000 60,000 Pounds. 6, 000, 000 800,000 80,000 Pounds. 1, 000, 000 250,000 25,000 Pounds. 3, 000, 000 300,000 20,000 Pounds. 2,000,000 200,000 30,000 FEED STUFFS. The yield of hay in bales in 1870 and 1880 will be found in the tables at the end of the first chapter of this part. Subjoined is a statement from the assessor's books showing the yield in tons and value of the hay crop of 1889: Counties. Tons. Value. Counties. Tons. Value. Alameda. 10, 252 | $102, 520 San Benito. Alpine 5, 341 150 1, 200 18, 265 San Bernardino 843 Butte 4, 215 345 3, 450 San Diego 5,795 Calaveras 14, 384 178 1,780 San Francisco.. Colusa 3,000 11, 316 290 1, 745 San Joaquin Contra Costa. 2, 441 1, 080 5, 940 12, 205 San Louis Obispo Del Norte.. 1, 639 5,796 70 460 San Mateo €67 El Dorado.. 22 4,360 290 Santa Clara. Fresno Humboldt.. Inyo Kern... 10, 741 1,252 6, 530 64, 580 Santa Cruz……. 238 1, 433 509 4, 019 Shasta... 441 333 3, 616 759 Sierra.. 121 1,210 3, 306 Siskiyou 627 Lake... 3, 455 165 1, 325 Solano.. 671 Lassen.... 2, 659 13, 295 4, 026 Sonoma Los Angeles 9, 376 1, 360 37, 155 10, 080 Stanislaus 635 Marin.. 350 1, 925 5,080 Sutter... 123 Mariposa 776 204 3,770 Tehama. Mendocino. 278 386 3,860 1, 365 Trinity. 220 Merced Modoc Mono 2, 432 682 7,052 Tulare 2,697 7,940 9, 194 26, 472 Tuolumne 100 645 1,500 1, 531 Ventura. Napa.. 773 1, 245 3,865 8, 715 Yolo Nevada 90 .620 83 1, 160 Yuba.. 39 Placer Plumas Sacramento 790 379 3, 431 535 2,458 Total 79, 362 840 434, 933 7,770 1869-'70.. 1880-'81... 1881-'82 1882-'83 Year. Total acreage of hay in California. Acreage. Year. Acreage. 460, 018 1887-'88 567, 103 703, 802 1888-'89 743, 947 706, 070 1889-'90. 823, 430 698, 549 368 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES: ! Receipts of hay at San Francisco. Year. Bales. Tons. Year. Bales. Tons '1872 1873. 390, 405 47, 724 1881 391, 706 58,459. 47, 598 1882 1874 473, 496 55, 484 74, 934 1883 1875 410, 452 81, 473 53, 705 1884 1876 81, 315 682, 496 78,319 1885 1877. 80, 456 546, 195 62, 391 1886 1878 102, 541 614, 302 68, 903 1887. 1879.. 581, 371 116, 380 64, 819 1888 1889 127, 236 67, 273 1889 123, 586 San Francisco Shipments of beans by rail in 1889 in bags. (Oakland ¡Sacramento :San José….. Los Angeles. Total The value may be given at $500,000. Shipments of beans by rail and sea in season of 1888–89 by centals. July August September October November December. January. February March April · May June. Total. Total, 1887-'88... 94, 103 484 3,398 1, 625 105, 240 209, 850 From San Francisco. From Cali- fornia. Foreigu by To Atlantic sea. by sea. By rail. 1888. 1,486 1,678 672 971 857 1, 406 4, 622 1,005 1, 287 34, 154 247 1, 851 23, 531. 200 1,923 18, 840 1889. 637 2,258 13, 239 989 09 5, 489 996 2, 136 8,058 705 3, 723 230 762 3, 251 1,265 7,855 19, 168 10, 137 20, 059 135, 604 22, 424 95, 151 172, 078 Receipts of beans have been as follows: Year. 1876... 1877... 1878... 1879. 1880.. 1881 1882. Bags. Year. Bags. 116, 037 1883. 311, 234 80, 587 1884. 269, 143 213, 992 1885. 349, 946 230, 573 1886.. 458, 194 83, 267 1887.. 262, 629 283, 271 1888... 269, 629 192, 204 1889.. 370, 699 [NOTE.-Tables of acreage and yield of beans by bushels in 1870 and 1880 may be found in chapter 1, Part IV.] CALIFORNIA. 369 VEGETABLES. The acreage and yield of potatoes (in bushels) in California in 1870 and 1880 were given in the tables at the end of chapter 1, Part IV. The receipts of potatoes at San Francisco (in sacks) for the past 14 years were as follows: Year. 1876... 1877... 1878... 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882. Sacks. Year. 822, 227 814, 785 1883.. 1884. 815, 801 1885.. 839, 851 1886. 814, 037 1887. 829, 590 1888... 938, 260 1889.. The receipts of onions have been as follows: 1887. 1888. 1889 Sacks. 1, 015, 774 873, 006 1, 202, 307 1,079, 593 1, 302, 224 1, 225, 577 1, 351, 480 Year. Shipments of potatoes, onions, and other vegetables for five years. 1886. Sacks. 145,522 159, 079 161, 147 1889. 1885. 1887. 1888. Pounds. Onions Potatões 521,000 Pounds. 3, 594, 440 6, 283, 400 9, 363, 560 Pounds. 2,016,000 11,091, 600 Pounds. Pounds. 1, 469, 950 Other vegetables 17, 830, 210 6, 588, 800 12, 440, 870 20, 040, 770 12, 928, 450 Total... 13, 393, 200 24, 404, 870 33, 148, 970 32, 228, 610 31, 000, 000 I C 90——24. 1 PART V. MANUFACTURES. 'CHAPTER I. Review of Development of CHAPTER II. Selected industries. Manufactures. CHAPTER I. REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTURES. Inception and growth of manufactures in California-Unique conditions and results-Chinese labor-Census figures-Natural gas-Tabulated details-Manufactories of San Francisco, the value of their products, and number of men employed from 1879 to 1890-Wages paid and hours of employment in all branches of labor in California-Table of comparative wages-Manufactures of Oakland, Santa Clara, and San Diego. No better résumé of the inception and growth of manufactures in California bas been made than that which will be found in the twenty-fourth volume of H. H. Ban- croft's History of the Pacific Coast. From advance sheets of this work, furnished me by this gentleman, the following information is presented: "It has long been predicted by political economists that the manufacturing inter- ests of California will eventually surpass both mining and agriculture in volume and value of output. Although this prophecy has not as yet come to pass, its fulfillment, notwithstanding many obstacles, would appear by no means improbable, in view of the ever-increasing supply of cheaper labor and capital, of superior facilities, and of the steady, if slow and in some directions still inadequate, demand for manufactured goods of home production. "The main check here interposed has been in the high cost of labor, weighing alike on the production of raw material and on refining processes, and opening wide the portals for goods from Eastern and European factories. Certain advantages re- mained with California, by reason of the long distance from these sources of supplies, brought in early days by the circuitous routes over the Isthmus or round Cape Horn, which involved loss of time-then of exceeding value-and high freights, particu- larly on bulky and dangerous articles, both presenting a wide margin for the appli- cation of costlier and inferior local efforts to the vast resources near at hand. An impetus was accordingly given to saw aud flour mills, fisheries, and other primary branches of industry. “The sudden expansion of a vast traffic gave rise to wagonmaking and shipbuild- ing, the latter embracing the putting together and the repair of steamboats, which added important departments to foundries and cognate establishments for the supply of mining implements. The large amount of repairs required was sufficient to give a foothold to a number of enterprises, and so to strengthen their means, capacity, and skill as to permit the acceptance of large special orders, and in time to prepare stock for the trade. UNIQUE RESULTS. "To the obstacle of high wages came that of novel features and conditions, both of which the self-reliant American undertook to overcome with characteristic energy and originality. Thus, in mining, a number of methods were evolved of such impor- tance and scope as to revolutionize the industry and extend operations to unparalleled magnitude, notably in placers and deep mines. Instance the development of the sluice from the tom, rocker, and pan, and of the hydraulic pipe, which enabled one man to perform the labor of hundreds, and undertake tasks that once appeared impossible, thus opening to enterprise new fields and hitherto neglected regions. A demand rose in consequence for peculiar implements and machinery, suggested by obstacles and * 371 372 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. requirements as they occurred. This served to retain for California their manufac- ture, and to attract foreign orders for apparatus alone invented and understood here. 'Thus it is that the foundry business of San Francisco acquired a vast importance notwithstanding the high cost of labor and the necessity of importing the raw ma- terial. The dry climate and special wants called for ditches, aqueducts, and wind- mills, which gave wider opportunities for mills and shops, and led to such inventions as the inverted syphon and peculiar frames. Deep mines demanded novel and strong machinery for sinking, and hydraulic pumps, air compressors, and hoisting gear, to overcome heat, water, and distance. Different kinds of ore, crumbling, rebellious, or mixed with tenacious substances, had to be treated on different plans, and crush- ers and amalgamators multiplied. New explosives were introduced for blasting, and extended here to submarine operations. A high-pressure accumulator facilitated the use of hydraulic power. Rolling-mills found their origin in the accumulation of old rails, which could not profitably be exported. The lead brought to light in the search for precious metals gave an opening for shot towers and lead works. The difficulty of mountain transport, and the irregular topography of San Francisco, sug- gested wire-rope ways and cable roads, which overcame the obstacles presented by hills and ravines. "The V-flume did a similar service for lumbering, by giving easy and cheap access to mountain timber scores of miles distant from available points, and hitherto value- less. The loading chute remedied the lack of good shipping places; the adjustable saw tooth proved of great importance for saw mills; and the triple circular saw, the logging, gang-slicing machines, the guides and levers, were designed in particular for manipulating the enormous and valuable redwood and other trees of the State all assisting to raise the lumber industry within its different limits to an extraordi- nary magnitude and excellence, the fountain head for a number of others. “In agriculture, the straw-burning machine, the combined harvester, the multiple gang-plows, and a number of other improvements, have tended to reduce the cost of field work fully 50 per cent., and to make California conspicuous for vast and cheap operatious. Her superior wheat encouraged the grinding of flour to the extent of more than a dozen million dollars, largely for export. The fine malt and hops, and the difficulty of introducing beer by sea in good condition, favored breweries, whose production in 1888 exceeded $4,000,000. Fine and abundant fruit, vegetables, and salmon led to the establishment of numerous canneries, which sustained several vin- egar factories, and consumed a large proportion of the $7,000,000 worth and more of sugar from the local refineries. Proximity to the Hawaiian Islands for raw sugar was a fostering factor. The excellence of the chestnut-oak bark raised tannery prod- ucts to $3,500,000, and brought a foreign demand, which extended to saddlery, shoes, gloves, and belting, with a total outturn of more than $6,000,000. The abundance of tallow and other substances account for soap factories. A fine quality of wool and a substantial weft sustained the mills against many adverse influences. Simplicity of fabrication and nearness of sources for raw material built up jute and bag facto- ries, while paper mills found an abundance of good straw and rags. The discovery of antimony brought type foundries to the front. The risk and cost of transporting crockery and glassware gave an opening for potteries and glassworks. The posses- sion of quartz promoted a special branch of jewelry. The lead joint for water pipes, the pneumatic clock, and the photography of animals in motion are also among Cali- fornia's inventions. A number of other devices might be named which have contrib- uted to her fame, and to the increasing development of her resources. CHINESE LABOR. "The general wealth has maintained large orders at high rates for domestic pur- poses, so as to support many otherwise impracticable industries. A number of others are due entirely to Chinese, whose cheap and in many respects undesirable labor is largely forced upon the country by white workingmen. High wages have been sustained by a variety of causes, such as the fascinations of the gold fields, cheap lands, and other undeveloped resources, the falling off of im- migration, and the indolent and unyielding habits among a large class, fostered by interruptions from seasons and unstable conditions. These drawbacks, especially the irregularity, affected employers seriously, and compelled them to have resource to Chinese. To a certain stage, the latter have undoubtedly been a useful and even necessary element, for without their aid must have been deferred the construction of railroads to facilitate the introduction of white labor, the opening of ditches, recla- mation of land, the planting of vineyards and the establishment of many manufac- tures, such as woolen mills, which all help to provide more employment for superior white men and for capital. But before the Chinese came it was said that the Indians were degrading labor, when white men were too lazy to work. "The gold excitement with its immense influx of people soon dissipated this idea by a healthy democratic feeling, the maintenance of which is particularly desirable in CALIFORNIA. 373 a republican country. In California it would tend to redeem the youth, which on the plea of shunning the labor-leveling Chinese, is drifting into deplorable idleness, vagabondage, and lawlessness, which retard progress and desirable immigration and deter capital from opening new avenues for employment and wealth. "Among other obstacles may be mentioned a high rate of interest, the larger prof- its of elementary industries, the lack of water-power in eligible quarters, the cost of transportation, the high value of good sites, and doubtful land titles, scanty popu- lation, unsettled conditions, the limited quantity of iron and hard wood, and the high price of coal. CENSUS FIGURES. "The civil war gave a decided impulse to industries, by increasing the cost and risk of transportation. But the opening of the overland railway undermined many kinds of business by bringing cheap markets so much nearer, and it disturbed many more by unsteady rates and other attendant insecurity. The speculative spirit of Californians had, moreover, tempted to many undertakings, with insufficient capital and experience, and the consequent failures spread discouragement and lowered in- dustrial credit. Nevertheless, progress has been rapid for so young a State, dating properly from 1849, and this in face of so many obstacles and the naturally slow un- folding of manufactures. The development of California leading manufactures is best compared by an examination of the census reports. That of 1860 enumerates nearly 1,450 establishments, with a capital of $11,000,000, employing 6,400 hands, pay- ing $5,500,000 in wages, using $11,000,000 worth of raw material, and producing goods to the value of $23,500,000, of which San Francisco produced $19,600,000. Flour leads with over $4,600,000; lumber, $3,900,000; sugar, $1,586,000; machinery, $5,575,000. The rest all fall below the million, save liquor. This order was very nearly main- tained in 1870. "By 1870 the establishments numbered 3,980, with $40,000,000 capital, 25,400 hands, receiving $13,000,000 in wages, using $35,000,000 of material, and producing $66,000,000 worth of goods. In 1880 the figures had risen to 5,890 establishments, with $61,000,000 capital, 43,700 hands, $21,000,000 wages, $72,600,000 of raw material, and $116,200,000 of products, fisheries excluded, increased to $160,000,000 by 1889.” Put into tabular form the progress of California's manufactures can be seen by the following statement showing the value of the manufactures, and the total amount paid in wages in the manufactures: 1860.. 1870... 1880.. 1890.. Year. Amount paid in wages. $5,500,000 13, 136, 722 21, 065, 905 35, 000, 000 Value of product. $23, 500, 000 66,594, 556 116, 218, 973 165, 000, 000 SAN FRANCISCO'S MANUFACTURES. It has been the custom to consider the proper date of comparison in reviewing San- Francisco's progress as the year 1849. It will be seen, however, by the following re- view of 25 years taken from a recent issue of the Chronicle, that, in manufactures at least, some remarkable changes have taken place since 1865. The article in question, says: "It is certain that the first settlers of San Francisco, whatever may have been their belief as to the future of the city, did not have the least idea that it would ever at- tain prominence as a manufacturing center. If the question of manufactures was ever considered, it was generally dismissed as impracticable, since the high cost of labor, fuel, and raw material were apparently insuperable obstacles to the profitable conduct of manufacturing enterprises of any kind. In spite of these drawbacks, however, men were not wanting before many years had elapsed who were willing to devote their money and talent to enterprises of various kinds, and while success has not attended all the experiments which have been undertaken, still the results, on the whole, have been of the most gratifying character, as may be imagined from the one fact that at present the annual product of the manufactures of the city exceeds a hundred million dollars in value. "When the youth of San Francisco in 1865 is considered, the progress which had been made in manufactures at that time was nothing short of marvelous. There were in that year between 300 and 400 establishments in the city which were engaged in the various lines of metal working, and employment was given therein to over 2,000 bands. 'The Union Iron and Brass Works was the principal establishment of the kind. 374 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. It was the pioneer iron working establishment of the city, and was founded in 1819 by James and Peter Donahue. In 1865 it had passed under the control of H. J. Booth & Co. Over 275 men were employed in this establishment alone. "Next in point of age comes the Pacific Iron Works, located on First street near Mission, and founded in 1850 by Egery & Hinckley. In 1865 Roddard & Co. were the proprietors, and 125 men were employed. Immense quantities of mining ma- chinery were turned out of this establishment. "The Fulton Foundry of Hinckley & Co., at 45 to 49 First street, was started in 1855, and in 1865 employed 55 men in the manufacture of machinery of all kinds. "The Vulcan Iron Works, at 137-139 First street, was established in 1851, and made a specialty of locomotives and similar machinery. Upward of 250 men were employed here and a large amount of noteworthy work was done. "The Miners' Foundry, on First street, between Howard and Folsom, employed 150 hands, and produced a large amount of mining machinery. "The Golden State Iron Works, on First street, near Market, owned by Palmer, Knox & Co., employed 50 men and manufactured steam-engines, mining machinery, etc. "Other iron working establishments of note were the California Foundry, at 16 Fremont street; the Phoenix Works, at 6-8 Battery street; the Pioneer Works, at Battery and Jackson streets; the Eureka Works, at 41-43 First street; the Coffey & Risdon Boiler Works, and the Portland Boiler Works, at 311-313 Mission street. "In 1865 there were several establishments in the city for the reduction of ores of the precious metals. The most extensive at that time was the San Francisco Gold and Silver Refinery, on Brannan street, near Seventh. The building was 60 by 130, and was owned by Kellogg, Hewston & Co., of 416 Montgomery street. w "The San Francisco and Pacific Sugar Refinery was a large institution_in_1865, having been incorporated in 1862. George Gordon was the manager, and R. Feuer- stein the commercial agent. The buildings of the company were at Harrison and Eighth streets, and were the largest structures in the State at the time devoted to private uses. They were of brick, five and six stories in height, and were one of the features of the city of which all San Franciscans were proud. The company refined over 1,000 tons of raw sugar monthly in 1865, and turned out every four weeks 5,000 barrels of white sugar, 2,500 barrels of yellow or crushed sugar, and 35,000 gallons of sirup. Two hundred and fifty hands were employed. "The Bay Sugar Refinery, a rival concern, had in 1865 just completed a building at Union and Battery streets, and put in a plant sufficient to turn out 50,000 pounds of refined sugar daily. "The Pioneer Woolen Factory was incorporated in 1862, and began operations in their factory at Black Point. About 100 hands were employed at the beginning and 3,000 pounds of wool were consumed daily. "The Mission Woolen Factory was started in 1861, and had an extensive establish- ment on Folsom street, between Fifteenth and Sixteenth. Some 240 hands were em- ployed, and 800,000 pounds of wool were worked up annually. Fabrics of the finest kind were made here and met with ready sale. "The San Francisco Cordage Manufactory, at the Potrero, was established in 1856 by Flint, Peabody & Co., but in 1865 had passed into the hands of Tubbs & Co. The buildings and plant were extensive, and 50 hands found employment, who turned out 2,000,000 pounds of cordage during the year. "The Pacific Glass Works was also located at the Potrero, and employed some 50 hands. The company was organized in 1862 with $125,000 capital, and began work in 1863. All sorts of glasswork were made and the business promised well at the date under consideration. The largest distillery on the Pacific coast was that conducted by J. B. Dow, on Mission Creek, between Brannan and Folsom streets. From 60,000 to 75,000 gallons of liquor was produced monthly, consuming over 1,000,000 pounds of grain of all kinds. "The wire rope manufactory of A. S. Hallidie & Co., at the foot of Taylor street, North Beach, was, in 1865, as now, one of the most important manufacturing estab- lishments on the Pacific coast. The progress that has been made in this branch of industry can be learned from the fact that in 1865 it was considered a triumph of in- genuity to manufacture a cable three-quarters of a mile long, while at present there is practically no limit in this direction. Cables 8 and 10 miles long are turned out frequently now for the use of the cable roads of this city, while telegraph cables of any length can be made. "The California Wire Works was in operation in 1865 at 412 Clay street, and had a good reputation for the character of its work. "A summary of the manufacturing industries in operation in this city in 1866-'67 shows that a large amount of progress has been made, and that San Francisco was destined to become, as it now is, the manufacturing center of the Pacific coast. The Pacific Woolen Mills, located on Folsom street, near Nineteenth, were first put into - CALIFORNIA. 375 operation in 1866, and employed nearly 400 hands, who turned out over half a mil- lion dollars worth of goods annually. The Golden City Chemical Works began operations the same year with a large capital, employing a good force of hands. The San Francisco Glass Works was also started up under the most favorable aus- pices, and the Linseed Oil and Paint Works also began operations at the same time. Altogether, something like $3,000,000 capital was invested in various manufacturing enterprises in this city in the single year under discussion." NATURAL GAS. The discovery of natural gas in the State has in some districts infused new life into manufacturing industries. Especially is this true of Stockton, where, during the past 2 years, several wells of large capacity have been tapped. Natural gas has been known there since 1858, but it was not put into practical use until 6 years ago, when a farmer struck a flow and lighted and heated his home with it. It is still more re- cently that manufacturers have experimented with natural gas. Now there are half a dozen deep wells costing from $2,500 to $10,000 each, and giving from 25,000 to 96,000 cubic feet of gas daily. The Crown Flouring Mills, a five-story concern with a daily capacity of 1,500 barrels; its warehouses and water front are lighted by natural gas, and the surplus is burned under the big boilers of the mill, making a saving to the establishment of $250 a month. The well and fixtures cost less than $3,000. Five wells within the limits of Stockton have been completed at a cost of $26,000, and have a daily yield as follows: Paper mill. St. Agnes Academy Haas well. Crown Mills. Northern well.. Total daily yield……. Feet. 12,000 2,000 96, 000 25,000 40,000 175,000 The gas is nearly pure hydrogen, and therefore has more heating power than the eastern bicarbonated hydrogen. Experiments show that a 45-horse power engine can be run with Stockton natural gas as fuel for 75 cents per day. TABULATED DETAILS. While it is comparatively easy to generalize estimates, it is most positively diffi- cult to secure anything like definite statistics concerning the manufactures of the State. Although the county assessors are required by law to make exact statements of the manufactures of their respective counties they, with one or two exceptions, fail entirely to do so. The most noteworthy exception to this rule of derelection is the assessor of San Francisco. The tables furnished here with are drawn up from his reports, and, in a very measurable degree, present a fair picture of the condition of manufactures in his city and county. This is all the more fortunate, because San Francisco is still the great manufacturing center of the State. Alameda, Sacramento, Santa Clara, Los Angeles, and San Diego Counties, however, and especially the lat- ter two, have made wonderful increase in this direction during the past few years. The record of that increase is shown as well as possible in this division of my report, but it would need the establishment of a bureau akin to that of the census to secure complete returns. TABLE A.--Showing the manufactories of San Francisco, the value of their products, and the number of men employed (1879, 1884, and 1889): 1889. 1884. 1879. Industry. Men No. Value of products. em- No. ployed. Value of products. Men emi- No. ployed. Value of products. Men em- ployed. Agricultural imple- ments... 3 $175,000 115 1 $250,000 65 1 Artificial stono $120,000 50 manufactories... 20 700,000 140 Bags 3 650, 000 150 Barrels. 26 1,250,000 575 Billiard tables 4 90,000 ON CD CD C 2 260, 000 80 3 2, 000, 000 340 3 75 3 330,000 19, Oun 250 27 5 25 1, 700, 200 225 160,000 130 5 Boots, shoes, and 40, 000 30 slippers 162 5, 000, 000 3, 300 138 5, 000. 000 Boxes (cigar) 3,000 56 4 1,780,000 2,900 410,000 375 3 Boxes (paper) 400, 600 260 3 135,000 170 6 130, 000 100 3 75,000 100 4 Boxes (wooden) 30,000 40 7 1,000,000 400 7 1, 000, 000 310 5 Brass foundries 8 475,000 875,000 250 310 8 535,000 350 8 500,000 277 1 376 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE A.-Showing the manufactories of San Francisco, etc.—Continued. 1889. 1881. 1879. Industry. No. Value of products. Men em- No. Value of Men ployed. products. em- No. Value of Men ployed. products. em- ployed. Breweries 24 $3,950,000 700 Brooms and brushes 12 200, 000 115 16 Candles.. 2 250,000 150 Carriages and wag- ODS 48 1,200,000 500 Chemicals 5 165,000 35 Cigars 260 6,900,000 4, 500 223 Clothing. 6, 000, 000 2,500 Coffee, spice, and yeast powder 13 2, 000, 000 150 Cordage and rope 1 -- 700, 000 200 *2° 8°27 C- 31 $2,400,000 450 44 $2, 000, 000 350 337, 000 127 9 322, 000 132 355, 000 70 3 450,000 120 200, 000 290 36 250,000 160 350,000 35 3 600,000 72 7,478 200 4,000 3,750,000 1,900 12 3,000,000 4,000 900, 000 16 1, 500, 000 115 600, 000 150 1 Crackers. 500,000 100 3 950, 000 250 1,200,000 195 4 Cutlery 100,000 125 55,000 25 55, 000 65 2 Dry docks 53, 000 37 3 8 21 3 Electric machinery 21 1 15,000 35 10,000 20 1 Elevators 130,000 40 5 25,000 35 75,000 30 Flour and feed mills. 17 3,950, 000 375 190 12 22 70,000 25 136 Foundries and iron- works. 40 7, 000, 000 4,375 17 6, 000, 000 2,400 15 Fringe.. 2,750,000 1,100 6 400,000 150 21 86,000 81 5 Fruit preserving. 75, 000 52 9 3,250,000 1,000 12 1,600,000 2,000 9 Furs 1, 100, 000 1,600 6 320,000 150 3 500, 000 170 5 Furniture. 250,000 50 19 1,250,000 840 10 2, 380, 000 1, 350 18 Fireworks 1,500,000 1,500 1 35,000 10 Gas 2 12, 000, 000 520 2 460 1 400 Glass 4 1,250,000 180 4 230,000 205 3 Gloves. 215,000 168 12 Glue.. 22 710,000 750 12 230, 000 160 5 120,000 175,000 200 30 2 117,000 41 1 Gutta-percha and 100,000 15 rubber 2 20,000 6 2 Hats and caps 24,000 8 1 10, 000 5 6 450,000 150 18 275,000 80 18 300, 000 150 Harness 51 1, 335, 000 500 50 1, 150, 000 440 50 Ice 900, 000 350 1 14,000 5 3 90,000 15 2 Ink and mucilage.. 75,000 27 1 36,000 15 1 18,000 P 13 1 7 Jewelry... 16 1, 000, 000 160 16 650,000 175 16 500, 000 150 Laundries (white) 106 1, 050 105 935 Laundries (Chinese). 301 2,700 186 1,300 Lead and shot.. 1 200,000 30 } 600, 000 130 Linseed oil... Maccaroni 27 2 122, 000 65 2 715,000 60 1 680, 000 50 7 125,000 60 4 190,000 70 5 132,000 30 Malt houses. 4 3, 800, 000 125 6 160, 000 100 6 600,000 40 Marble works. Match factories Mirror factories Musical instruments Potteries. 30 275, 030 125 35 290,000 180 20 500, 000 200 1 · 55,000 85 3 200, 000 19 150,000 1 110,000 3823 40 80 422 100,000 120 6 525,000 40 190,000 9 2 150,000 10. 40, 000 25 2 10,000 6 20 Provisions 2 2, 000, 000 260 Rolling mills 1 1,300,000 800 1 1, 868, 000 540 1 1, 150, 000 350 Rubber stamps………… 8 52, 000 33 Safes and vaults. 2 42,500 20 4 95,000 20 4 150,000 75 Saws 1, 130,000 40 2 122,000 41 1 100, 000 30 Shipyards 6 2,765, 000 300 4 500,000 200 Shirt factories 35 1, 000, 000 2,400 7 1, 000, 000 2, 550 20 500,000 1,000 Silverware 3 350,000 40 3 150,000 45 3 150,000 50 Soap 23 9.50, 000 275 17 715,000 130 20 2, 000, 000 2,50 Salt works 4 153, 000 40 3 250,000 32 3 180,000 40 Sash, door, and blinds 12 Soda-water works . 13 Solder and Babbitt works Sugar refineries Tanneries 23 23 ~~* 5, 000, 000 1,550 15 5, 010, 000 1, 550 15 4, 600, 000 1, 200 100, 000 130 2 100,000 20 2 11, 000, 000 420 2 8,700,000 360 2 5,308, 000 250 1, 450, 000 300 43 1,700,000 335 43 1, 378, 000 300 Tin ware and cans.. 6 1, 000, 000 600 4 525,000 180 Trunks... 3 90,000 205 Type foundries. 3 60, 000 50 3 34, 500 85 2 50,000 46 Vinegar and pickles 6 175,000 85 2 255, 000 22 2 180,000 20 White lead….. 1 360,000 50 1 290, 000 75 1 250,000 Windmills ون 3 40,000 50 Wire works Wool scouring and grading Woolen mills. Totals.. 1 950,000 200 21 2 41,000 16 2 360, 000 50 1 25,000 260,000 3983 75 68 62 4,500,000 175 1, 110, 000 750 2 1,900, 000 1,500 1,500,000 700 1,455 103, 764,000 1,455 103, 764, 000 36,842 1, 151 36, 812 1, 151 51, 581, 500 34, 246 1, 490 44, 143, 000 22, 163 CALIFORNIA. 377 TABLE B.-Statement showing the manufactories of San Francisco in 1890, the value and amount of their products, and the number of hands employed. Industry. Agricultural implement manufactories. No. Labor employed. 3 80 Amount of products. Value of products. $145,000 Artificial stone manufacto- ries. Axle grease manufactories a. Bag manufactories. Barrel manufactories b.. 21 180 910,000 4 20 men and boys 80, 000 3 140 men, women, and boys 12, 500, 000……. 625, 000 22 550 men and boys... Barrels, half barrels, and kegs made yearly, 1,400,000. Bed spring manufactories c.. 1 24 men and boys.. Bedding and upholstering factories. 14 270 men and boys.. 72, 500 770, 000 Bellows manufactories. 3 5 men and boys.. 200.. Belting manufactories 5 100 men Billiard table manufactorios 4 85 men and boys.. 550. Boot, shoe and slipper manu- factories. 165 Men, women, and boys (white) 1,600, (Chinese) 1,400. Box manufactories (cigar).. 4 325 men, women, and boys. Paper box manufactories 6 100 men, women, and boys. Wooden box manufactories d. 7 420 men and boys. Brass foundries.... 8 300 men and boys. Breweries e..... 24 730 men.. 618,150 barrels Broom manufactories. 8 150 men and boys. 8,400 300, 000 65,000 4, 500, 000 260,000 130,000 1, 010, 000 450,000 3,987, 500 200,000 Brush manufactories 4 50 men and boys Candle manufactories. 2 120 men and boys Carriage and locomotive car 1 22 men and boys 120,000 boxes. 125 tons.. spring factory. Carriage and wagon mann- 50 525 men and boys.. 2,000 factories. Chemical works ƒ……. 5 35 men and boys Cigar manufactories g. Clothing manufactories • Coffee, spice, and yeast pow- der factories h. Coffin manufactories. Coppersmiths. Cordage and rope manufac tores i. Cracker manufactories j. Cream tartar works.. Cutlery manufactories. 357 3,500 men, women, and boys, 275 white. 13 281 .00 3 2,750 men, women, and boys. 164 men and boys. 30 men and boys 60 men 200 men and boys. 265 men and boys.. 1 50 men 6 50 men 2 40 men 1 8 men Electric manufactories 2 75 men Elevator manufactories. Flour and feed mills- 5 40 men.. 18 400 men and boys. Dry docks (floating) k Dry docks (stone) 7 Nitric acid produced, 250,000 pounds. 110,677,865 cigars, 40,000,- | 4, 155, 000 000 cigarettes. Coffee ground and roasted, 8,500,000lbs.; spices and yeast-powder, 1,500,000 lbs. Hemp rope manufactured, 3,500 tons. 400 tons... 100, 000 200,000 650,000 1,000,000 110,000 70,000 240,000 37,500 1,500,000 170,000 6,250,000 2, 100, 000 60 elevators. Flour, 375,000 tons; hom- iny, 300 tons; buckwheat and rye flour, 600 tons; oat meal and groats, 3,100 tons; corn meal and farina, 1.800 tons; feed-barley, 22,500 tons; cracked wheat, 900 tons; split pease, 200 tons; graham flour, 6,000 bar- rels; cracked corn, 1,750 tons; ground feed, 9,000 tons; pearl-barley, 360 tons. 80,000 675, 500 60,000 27, 500 3,750,000 a Resin consumed annually, 2,500 barrels; fat consumed annually, 47,000 pounds; chemicals con. sumed annually, 48,000 pounds. b Horse power of engines, 100; barrels made for sugar refineries, 740,000; sirup kegs made by tub and pail factories, 35,000. c Copper wire, used, 400 tons. d Horse power of engines, 700; lumber used yearly, 30,000,000 feet. e Hops consumed yearly, 1,100,000 pounds; barley consumed yearly, 65,000 tons. f Nitrate soda used, 300 tons; sulphur, 1,200 tons. g Tobacco manufactured into cigars and cigarettes, yearly, 2,235,450 pounds. h Chocolate made annually, 510,000 pounds. i Horse power of engines, 250. j Horse power of engine, 100. k Capacity of first, 4,400 tons; second, 200 tons. 7 Length of excavation in solid rock, 450 feet; depth, 120 feet; width of entrance, 30 feet; capacity of length, 90 feet; capacity of drawing, 22 feet; width of top, 120 feet; tubular boilers of 4-inch tubes, 4; capacity of pumps for cleaning per hour, cubic feet, 325, 368; dimensions of each boiler, inches in diameter, 25; fire surface of boilers, 38,000 square feet. 1 378 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE B.-Statement showing the manufactories of San Francisco, 1890—Continued. Industry. No. Labor employed. Amount of products. Valne of products. Foundries and machine shops, boiler and iron works. 40 4,000 men and boys Fringe manufactories.. 6 150 men and women Fruit-preserving factories 8 900 men and women Fruits and meats put up, dozen cans, 5,000,000. Fur manufactories.. 6 150 men and women Furniture manufactories a 21 940 men and boys... Fireworks 1 10 men and women. Gas works. 2 620 men.. Glass staining, cutting, and bending works. Glass works b Glove manufactories Glue manufactoriesc... Gutta percha and rubber fac- tories. Hat and cap manufactories. Harness manufactories Ice manufactories d.. Ink and mucilage manufɔ0- tories. Japanning and galvanizing factories. 3 60 men and boys... Jewelry mannfactories Laundries (Chinese). Laundries (white). Last manufactories.. 1222 12 120 men and boys.. 750 men and girls. 43 men and boys. 450 tons 10 men.. 090 10 200 men and women. 50 500 men... 520,000 1,250,000 2 25 men. 4,630 tons. 18, 500 1 16 men. 37, 000 4 28 men and boys... 200, 000 16 150 men. 950, 000 290 101 2,500 inen 1,025 men, women, and boys. 2 20 men. 212 2,100... 2,500 tons.. $5, 500, 000 400, 000 3, 000, 000 320,000 1,500,000 35,000 12, 000, 000 900, 000 350,000 800, 000 170, 000 25,000 Lead pipe and shot factory e 35 men. Linseed-oil works... Malt houses 60 men.. 4 65 men. Marble works 30 125 men... Macaroni and vermicelli fac- 7 60 men and boys tories.f Match factories. 3 125 men and boys Mirror manufactories... 3 43 men Musical instrument manufac- 19 100 men and boys. tories. Okum manufactory. 1 12 men Oilcloth manufactory 1 20 men and boys Onyx manufactory. 1 4 men. Potteries 1 20 men Provision-packing factories. 5 240 men. Rolling millg. Rubber-stamp manufactories. Safe and vault worksh….. Saw manufactories i Shipyards $4,500 tons oil cake {1,250,000 gallons 25,000 tons grain malted annually. 140,000 boxes macaroni and paste. 2,500,000 packages 100,000 square feet 550 pianos and organs………. 9,000 bales 20, 250 350, 000 95,000 800,000 7, 850, 000 280,000 122, 000 62, 500 200,000 162, 500 35, 000 825 men. Beef packed, 8,000 barrels; | pork packed, 6,000 bar- rels; 1,250,000 pounds ham and bacon packed; 1,200,000 pounds lard packed; 2,250,000 pounds tallow. 20,000 12,000 100,000 1, 300, 000 1, 325, 000 1 8 40 men. 220 men. 3 100 men.. 5 250 men. 2,550 men and women. 4 40 men and boys. Number of steamers, barges, and other ves- sels built, 29; tonnage, 8,500. 16,000,000 pounds.. Run of tons, 7; number of tons annually, 20,000. 57, 500 40, 000 140, 000 1,750,000 990, 000 500,000 2, 800, 000 150,000 Shirt manufactories 40 Silverware manufactories... 4 60 men... - Soap factories.... 23 240 men.. Salt works... Sash, door, blind, and finish- 10 1,400 men and boys... ing factories. j Soda-water works 7 150 men.. Solder and babbitt works. 2 25 men... a Lumber used annually, 9,250,000 feet. b Furnace, 1; pots, 6. c Neat's-foot oil made annually, 24,500 gallons. d Capital invested, 25,000. e Horse power of engines, 100. ƒ Flour used annually, 8,500 barrels. g Horse power of engines, 700: scrap iron used annually, 22,000 tons. ʼn Bar and plate iron used annually, 40 tons; steel used annually, 65 tons. i Horse power of engines, 50; steel used annually, 17,500 tons. j Horse power of engines, 800; lumber consumed annually, 11,000,000 feet. 4,500,000 125,000 110,000 CALIFORNIA. 379 TABLE B.-Statement showing the manufactories of San Francisco, 1890-Continued. Industry. Sugar refineries... No. Labor employed. 2 800 men. Amount of products. Value of products. Sugar (raw) used, 90,000,- ($20,000,000 000 pounds; sugar (white) made, 50,000,000 pounds; sugar (yellow) made 27,000,000 pounds; sirup made, 425,000 gal- lons. Hides of all kinds, 1,500,- | 2, 500, 000 000. Tanneries a.. 23 775 men. Tinware, tin box and can fac- tories. 6 2,000 men and boys Trunk and valise manufac- 3 180 men. 4,500,000 225,000 tories. Type foundry. 1 120 men. Vinegar and pickle factories. 6 120 men. White lead mannfactory. 1 55 men Windmill manufactories.. 3 50 men. Wire and wire rope manufac- tory b. 1 250 men. Vinegar made annually, 970,000 gallons; pickles preserved annually, 120,000 gallons. 3,100 tons Number of mills and casks made annually 1,000. 40,000 200, 000 265, 000 60,000 900, 000 Wool scouring and grading mills. 6 150 men 13,000,000 pounds Woolen mill e 1 125 men. Blankets made annually, 10,000 pairs; cloth, tweed and flannel, made, 300,000 yards. a Horse power of engines, 1,460; bark used annually, 15,000 cords. b Horse power of engines, 535; wire consumed annually, 11,000 tons. 3,250,000 350, 000 c Number of power looms, 6; cards set, 6; spindles, 5,000; wool used (clean), 300,000 pounds annually. TABLE C.-Statement showing wages paid and hours of employment in all manufactures (and other branches of labor) in California. Per hour. Per day. Per week. Per month. Occupation. Acid-makers Agricultural implement works. Artificial flower makers (men) Artificial flower makers (women) Artists on stained glass (men) Asphaltum workers.. Assayers.. Awning-makers (men) Axlegrease-makers (nien) Axlegrease-makers (boys). Bag-makers, cotton (men) Bag-makers, cotton (girls and women). Bag-makers, cotton (boys).. Bag-makers, paper (men). Bag-makers, paper (boys). Bag and satchel makers. Bakers Bakers, cracker .. Ballastmen Barbers Bartenders . Basket-makers Cts. Cts. Ct8. Maximum. Minimum. ཚེ |Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. $3.00 $2.00 $2. 20 $17.50 $12.00 $13. 20 5.00 2.00 2.50 Hours. 10 9.00 6.00 9.00 10 81 7.00 3.00 5,00 10.00] 5.00).. 3.50 2.50 3.00 9 $150 $40 $75. 00 8 18.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 12.00 8.00 7.00 7.50 10 10 • • 15.00 9.00 12.00) 7.00 3.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 4. 00 26.00 12.00 12.00 7.00 5.00 6.00 10 10 10 10 10 3.50 2.00 3.00 9 75 40 50.00 14 3.00 2.50 2.50 9 30 3.00 10 15.00 10.00 12. 00 12 100 40 50.00 14 2.50 2.00 2.00 10 380 İNTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. ! TABLE C.-Statement showing wages paid and hours of employment, etc.—Continued. Occupation. Maximum. Per hour. Per day. Per week. Per month. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Hours. Boat-builders.. Bedspring-makers.. Bell hangers.. Belting-makers, leather. Billiard-table makers. Blacking-makers (men). Blacking-makers (boys) Blacksmiths Blacksmiths (helpers) Bleachers (oil).. Boatmen Cts. Cts. Cts. • $2.00 $1.00 $1.50 4.00 2.00 3.00 $24.00 $12.00 $18.00 20.00 12.00 15.00) 10 10 10 3.50 1.50 2.75 3.50 3.00 15.00 6.00 12.00 6.00 3.00 4.50 12.00 5.00 7.50 21.00 18.00 21.00 9 9 10 10 $75 $75 $75. 00 10 9 50.00 Boiler-makers 4.25 3.00 3.25] 10 Bookbinders Bookbinders (apprentices) Bookfolders (girls and women) Bookkeepers Boot and shoe makers. 24.00 15.00j 18. 00; 12.00 3.00 9.00 10.00 5.00 6.00.. 15.00 10.00 12. 00 10 10 9 200 40 9 10 Box-makers, cigar (men). Box-makers, cigar (women).. Box-makers, cigar (boys) Box-makers, jewelry and fancy (men). • Box-makers, jewelry and fancy (girls and women) Box-makers, jewelry and fancy (boys).. Box-makers, packing (men). Box-makers, paper (men). Box-makers, paper (women girls) Box-makers, paper (boys).. Brass-finishers Brass-molders Brass-spinners Brewers.- Brewers (cellarmen) Brewers (washers) Brick-burners Brick-makers 3.00 2.00 2.50 10 9.00 6.00 7.50 10.00 3.00] 7.50). 21.00 10.00 15.00 10 10 10 6.00 4.00 5.00 10 5.00 3.00 4.00 15.00 10.00 12.00 10 10 2.50 2.50 2.50 10 9.00 3.00 5.00 6.00 4.50 5.00 10 10 3.50 2.50 3.00 10 3.00 10 3.00 2.00 2.50] 10 90 50 60.00 12 90.00 12 60 50 50.00 12 35 25 30.00 9 35 30 35.00 9 Bricklayers 5.50 5.00 5.00 Broom-makers (men). 200 1.50 1.75| Broom-makers (women and girls)... 9 10 Broom-makers (boys). Brush-makers (men) Brush-makers (women and girls) Brusu-makers (boys) Butchers.. Butchers 9.00 9.00 6.00 7.00 21.00 10.00 15.00 6.00 7.00 91 10 9 9.00 6.00 7.00] 7.50 5.00 6. 00 91 91 125 50 85.00 10-14 75 40 50.00 Cabinet-makers Calkers... Candle-makers 3.50 2.50| 3.00| 5.00 4.00 4.50 12 9-109 15.00 12.00 13.50 Can-makers (men). Candy-makers (men). Candy-makers (women and girls).. Candy-makers (boys) Can-makers (women and girls).. Can-makers (boys) Cannery (men) D Cannery (women and girls). Cannery (boys) Car conductors.. Car drivers………. Car gripmen Carders Carpenters. Carpenters, ship and steam- boat. Carpet beaters Carpet layers... 5. 00 4,00| 4.50| 3.00 2.25 2.50 4.00 3.50 3.50| 24.00| 15.00] 20.00' 3.00 8.00 3.00 5. 50 10.00 3.00 7.00 21.00 9.00 13.00] 8.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 5.00 6.00 20.00 9.00 12.00 99 999 999 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 7.00 4,50 5.00 10 5.00 4.50 5.00 10 2.00 13 2.25 2.00 2.00 2.70 2.50 2.50 4.00 2.50 3.50 13 13 32.00 25.00 10 9 9 10 10 CALIFORNIA. 381 TABLE C.-Statement showing wages paid and hours of employment, etc.—Continued. Occupation. Carpet sewers (men).. Carpet sewers (women) Carpet weavers. Carriage-makers Carriage painters... Carriage trimmers Carvers, furniture.. Carvers, marble Carvers, stone.. Carvers, wood Catchers.. Cement-makers .... Chair-caners (women). Chair-caners (boys) Charcoal burners Chemists... Chocolate-makers Cigar-makers Cigar packers.. Clerks, retail stores Cloakmakers (men) Cloakmakers (women) Coffee and spice milla (men). Coffee and spice mills (woin- en and girls). Coffee and spice mills (boys). Compositors Confectioners Cooks (men).. Cooks (women) Coopers Coopers (apprentices). Coppersmiths Copyists Cotton-loom fixers: Cotton mills (men) Cotton mills (women). Cotton mills (boys and girls). Cotton pickers. Per hour. Per day. Per week. Per month. Hours. Cts. Cts. Cts. $2.00 $1.00 $1.50 9 $10.00 $3.00($10. 00{ 20.00 10.00 15.00 9 10 5.00 2.25 3.00 10 4.00 2.00 3.00 10 3.50 2.00 3.00 10 4.50 4.00 4.50 9 6.00 4.00 5.00 9 30 6.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 9 9 3.00 2.00 2.50 10 $60 $45 $50. 00 10 9.00 3.00] 6.00 8.00 3.50 6.00 10 10 40.00 10 150 40 75.00 8 6.00 2.00 2.50 20.00 14.00 16.00! 15.00 10.00 11.00 15.00 12. Co) 15.00} 25.00 10.00 15.00 9.00 3.00 7.50 20.00 14.00 16.00 6. CO 4.00 6.00 9.00 7.00 8.00} 10 10 10 12 9 9 15.00 100 40 60.00 100 50 75.00 35 20 25.00 21.00 15,00 18.00! 10.00 5.00 7.50 3.75 2.25 3.00 A ARRAH 20$ 10 10 10 10 12 11 10 10 10 4.00 1.00 2.50 9 2.75 2.00 2.50 10 20.00 9.00 12.00 10 10.00 6.00) 7.50 10 6.00 3.60 4.80 10 12.00 10 18.00 11.00 13.00 10 10 10 9 9 9 Cotton weavers Cordage works (men) 37 173 17 Cordage works (boys).. 12 12 12 Cracker bakers.. 2.50! Cracker bakery (men) Cracker bakery (women and girls).. Cracker bakery (boys) Cream-tartar refiners Curriers.. 3.00 1.50 2.50 10.50 4.50 7.50 10.00 4.50 7.50 9 12.00 10.00 11.00 9 18.00 12.00 15.00 10 Cutlers. Dairymen 24.00 18.00 18. 00 10 40 25 25.00 12 Demijohn coverers Distillers... 12.00 7.00 8.50 10 Draftsmen, architectural 150 401 50.00 100 12 30 50.00 8 Draftsmen, mechanical Draymen.. Dressmakers 5.00 3.00 3.25 2.50 1.00 1.50 9 Dressmakers (apprentices) i 15.00 12.00 15. 00 6.00 3.00 4.00 11 10 10 Drovers 40.00 Druggists Druggists, manufacturing. Dyers 100 30 60.00 125 60 16 80.00 81 Electrotypers Engineers, civil .. Engineers, locomotive ► Engineers, marine Engineers, mining.. Engineers, stationary Engravers, gold and silver.. Engravers, lithographic Engravers, wood 35.00 12.00] 21.00 21.00 10.00 15.00 10 10 10.00 5.00 7.50 5.00 3.00 Farriers. File-makers Firemen, locomotive 150 75 125 75 100 85.00 12 30.00 15.00 21.00 10 6.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 2.00 3.50 2.75 15.00 10.00 12.00 25000088 2 10 10. 75 50 60.00 382 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Occupation. TABLE C.-Statement showing wages paid and hours of employment, etc.—Continued. Maximum. Per hour. Per day. Minimum. Average. Per week. Per mouth. Average. Hours. Cts. Cts. Cts. Firemen, marine Firemen, stationary. Fishermen Florists Florists (boys) $60 $40 *50, 00 75 50 60.00 122 |$1.00 $2.50 $3.00 90 65 75.00 10 35.00 10 Flour packers... Frame makers Frame ornamenters Fringe and tassel makers. Fringe and tassel makers.. Fringe and tassel makers.. Furniture finishers and pol- ishers.. Furriers (men).. Furriers (women and girls) Furriers (boys).. Galvanized-iron workers. Galvanized-iron 3.00 2.50 2.75 10 3.50 2.50 3.00 10 4.50 3.50 4.00 10 $18. 00 $10. 00|$15. 00 8.00 3.00 6. 00 10.00 3.00 7.50 10 10 10 3.00 2.50 3.00 9-10 15.00 10.00 12.50 7.00 3.00 5.00 3.50 10 10 10 4.50 3.00 3.50 27.00 18.00 21.00 9 workers (apprentices) 12.00 4.00 8.00 9 Galvanizers.. Gardeners Gasfitters.. 3.00, 2.00 2.50 4.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 3.00 3.50 9 10 9 # Gasfitters (helpers) 7.00 4.00 5.00 9 · Gas-house men.. Gilders Glass benders. Glassblowers Glass cutters……. 3.00 2.00 2.50 3.50 3.50 3.00 3.00) 3.50 10-12 10 10 40.00 25.00 30.00 8 Glass embossers 3.00 3.00 3.50 3.00 3.00) 10 10 Glaziers.. Glovemakers (women) Glass grinders.. Glass, stained, artists on Glass stainers Glaziers, lead Glove-cutters (men). Gold and silver platers. Gold and silver platers (ap- prentices) Gold beaters Grainers Grainers (helpers) 3.50 3.00 3.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.50 5.00 3.00 3.50] 10 8 9 10 10 18.00 12.00 16.50 12.00 6.00 7.50 91 93 00 20.00 14.00 15. 00 9 8.00 9 14.00 9.00 11.00 91 5.00 2.50 8 8 Granite-cutters. Grinders Grinders, saw 4.50 2.50 3.50 9 4.00 3.50 4.00 Gunsmiths Hack drivers. Hairdressers (men)……… Hairdressers (women). Hair workers (men) • Hair workers (women). Harness-makers... Harness-makers (apprentices) Hat and cap makers (men) …. Hat and cap makers (women) Hatters Hatters' trimmers (women) Heaters Herders Hod carriers, bricklayers' Hod carriers, plasterers'. Hookers 30.00 18.00 18.00 21.00 15. 00 18. 00, 10 10 93 2.00 1.50 1.75 60 50 52.50 12 25.00 15.00 20.00 9 15.00 5.00 10.00 9 25.00 15.00 20.00 9 20.00 5.00 8.00 9 20.00 10.00| 13. 50| 10 10.00 5.00 7.50 10 18.00 7.50 10.00. 9 9.00 4.50 7.50j 9 52.00 25.00| 30.00| 10 18.00 6.00 10.00 9 17.00 10.00 15.00 10 50,00 10-14 3.00 3.50 9 8 3.00 2.00 2.50 10 Horse-collar makers. 3.00 2.00 2.25 10 Horseshoers.. 4.00 3.00 3.50 10 Hosiery and underwear fac- tory (men) 35.00 18.00 26.00 10 Hosiery and underwear fac- tory (women) ………. 15.00 3.00| 6. 00 10 Hosiery and underwear fac- tory (boys) Hostlers Ink and mucilage makers ……. 6.50 3.00 15.00 12.00 12.00 6. 00 10 60 30 50.00 14 10 Iron chippers 2.50 10 Iron molders 3.251. 10 CALIFORNIA. 3.83 Occupation. > TABLE C.-Statement showing wages paid and hours of employment, etc.-Continued. Per hour. Per day. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Per week. Per month. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Cts. Cts. Cts. Iron workers Ivory turners Jewelers Leather belting makers Leather belting makers Japanners t Joiners... Joiners, ship and steamboat Jute mill employés (men) - Jute mill employés (women). Jute mill employés (boys and girls) Lapidaries Lastmakers. Lathers Laundry (men). Laundry (women) Lead glaziers. - - Lead pipe makers Lead Sinelters (boys)... $3.50 $1. 75 $3.00 3.50 2.00 3.00 10 $24.00 $18.00 $18.00 27.00 12.00 21.00 10 9 10 4.00 3.00 3.50 9 5.00 4.00 4.50 9 4.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 3.00 3.501 3.00 2.00 2.00 22.50 6.00 12.00 11.00 6.00 7.50 6.00 3.00 21.00 15.00 18.00 *25.00 *3.75 *7.50 *6.75*1.50 *5.00 30.00 18.00 18.00 20.00 12.00 15.00 10 10 4.50 10 10 10 9 10-11 10-14 10 10 10 4. 00 10 Lithographic artists 8.00 6.00 7.00 8 Lithographic engravers 6.00 4.00 5.00] 8 Lithographic printers.. Lithographic transferers Locksmiths... Loggers. Lime burners Lumbermen Macaroni factory employés.. Machinists. Maltmen --- Marble carvers.. Marble cutters Marble letterers. Marble polishers 25.00 12.00 15, 00 32.00 25.00) 30,00 15.00 12.00 12.00 10 10 10 $70 $30 $40.00 60 45 50.00 100 30 40.00 11 10 11 50.00 10 • 3.501 3.00 3.25 10 90.00 12 6.00 4.00 5.00 9 3.50 2.50 2.75 9 4.00 4.00 4.00| 9 2.50 2.00 2.00 9 Marble sawyers.. 3.00 2.00 2.00 10 Match-makers.. 25.00 9.00 12.00 10 Mathematical instr u ment makers.... 5.00 2.50 3.50 9 Mattress-makers. Mattress-makers, wire.. Messengers, telegraph (boys) Metal spinners. 3.00 2.00 2.50 5.00 3.00 2.50 2.50 10 1.50 1.00 1.00 9.00] 6.00] 6.00j 10 15 12 13.50 10 12 9 Millers Millwrights 4.00 3.50 3.50 Miners, asphaltum 2.50 2.00] • Miners, coal. 2.75 2.25 Miners, gold, hydraulic 3.00 2.50 Miners, gold, placer 3.00 2.50 Miners, gold, quartz 3.00 2.50 Miners, granite... 2,50 2.00 Miners, gravel 3.00 2.50 Miners, iron 3.00 2.50 Miners, marble 2.50 2.00) Miners, quicksilver. 4.00 3.00 Miners, silver Mirror polishers Mirror silverers. Model makers. Molders, brass Molders, iron Nailers.. Netters (men) Nurserymen Oil bleachers Oil boilers. Oil pressers Oil refiners Oystermen 3.00 2.50 4. Ou 3.50 3.50' 3.00 3.50 3.25 3.25' 9.00 3.50 7.00, Paiuters.... Painters, carriage 3.25 2.25 2.25 3.25 2.25 3.00 ... 3.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 2.00 3.00 Painters, fresco 10.00 3.00 6.00 12.00 10.00 10.00 20.00 12.00 15.00 10 80 50 60.00 10 9 10 10 10 25.00 3.50 2.50 3.00 10 75,00 10 10 • 85 30 40.00 10 9 10 8 Hours. 384 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE C.-Statement showing wages paid and hours of employment, etc.—Continued. Occupation. Maximum. Per hour. Per day. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Cts. Cts. Cts. Per week. Per month. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Hours. Painters, sign and ornamen- tal.. Paper hangers Paper-makers (men) Paper-makers (boys) Paper rulers Pattern-makers Pavers .. Photographic operators Photographic printers. Photographic retouchers. Piano-makers (men). Piano-makers (boys) Picture frame makers. Pipe-makers Planing-mill men.. Plasterers Plumbers Plumbers (helpers).. Platers, gold and silver. Platers, gold and silver…….. Porters Pork packers.. Potters Powder-makers Printers, job (men) …. Printers, job (women and girls) Printers, job (boys) Rattan chair makers Refiners, oil. Riggers Kivermen $6.00 $4, 00 $5. 00 4.00 2.50 3.00 $24.00 $15.00 $18.00 8 9 $100 $30 $50,00 12 30 25 30.00 12 24.00 15.00! 18.00 10 4.00 3.25 3.50 4.00 9 4.00 10 35,00] 15.00| 25.00 25.00 15.00| 20.00 20.00 10.00 15. 00 24.00 12.00 18,00 6.00 7-8 7 9 10 10 3.50 2.50 3.00 10 30.00 18.00 18. 00 10 · 4.00 2.50 3.001 5.00 4.00 5.00 10 D 8 4.00 3.00 3.50| 9 7.00 4.00 5.00 20.00 14.00 15.00 9 9 8.00 9 75 40 60.00 10 100 37 60.00 11 15.00 10.00 10.50 10 25.00 12.00 10 30.00 14.00 20.00 10 12.50 2.10 7.00 6.00 3.00 3.00 10 10 ► 3.50 3.00 3.00! 3.25 2.25 3.00 10 10 5.00 3.15 3.50 9 50.00 Rollers Roofers 5.00 3.00 3.50 4.00 3.00 3.00! 10 10 Ropemakers (men) Ropemakers (boys) 37회 ​17회 ​17회 ​121 10 TO Saddlers.... 24.00 15.00 18.00 10 Sailmakers 24.00 18.00 21.00 9 Saleswomen. Salt-makers Sailmakers (apprentices) Sailors, coast. Salesmen, retail. Salt refiners... 12.00 5.00 7.50 9 1125 40 250 60.00 12 60 75,00 10 20.00 3.00 5.00 10 60 50 90 50.00 10 90.00 10 Sash, door, and blind makers. 3.00 2.50 3.00 9 Servants (men). Servants (women) Saw grinders. Sawmakers Sawyers.... Sawyers, marble…….. Scourers, wool.. Scrap pilers.. Seamstresses . Sewer builders Sewing machine operators (women) Sheet iron workers. Sheet iron workers, galvan- ized.. Ship and steamboat carpen- ters.. 4.50, 3.00 3.50 27.00 18.00 21.00 4.00 3.50 4.00 10 6.00 3.00, 4.00 10 3.50 2.00 3.00 10 3.00 2.00 2.50 10 1.75 1.00 1.50 20.00 20.00 20.00 8.00 2.50 6.00 10 10 9 40 30 25.00 35 15 20.00 3.00 2.00 2.50 10 8.50 2.50 6. 10 9 L 4.50 2.50 3.00 9. 9 5.00 4.00 4.50 9 Ship and steamboat joiners 5.00 4.00 4.50 9 Shipsmiths. 4.25 3.00 3.25 9 Shipwrights.. 5.00 4.00 4.50 9 Shoemakers. Shoemakers (apprentices) Shotmakers. Showcase makers. Silversmiths Silversmiths (apprentices). Spinners, cotton.. 15.00 10.00 12.00 10 10 30.00 18.00 18.00] 91 4.00 3.00 3.00 10 24.00 15.00 18.00 10 ... 9.00 3.00 6.00 10 20.001. 10 CALIFORNIA. 385 7 TABLE C.-Statement showing wages paid and hours of employment, etc.—Continued. Occupation. Spinners, cotton (women, girls, and boys). Spinners, brass.. Spinners, jute (mel)…………. Spinners, jute (women, girls, and boys) Spool silk factory employés (men) Spool silk factory employés (women and girls). Spool silk factory employés (boys) Soap-makers Soap packers(boys and girls) - Soda works employés. Stainers, glass. Stair builders Steam fitters.. Steamship men. Stereotypers Stevedores Stocking-makers (women and girls). Stone carvers Stone-cutters... Stone letterers Straw hat makers Surveyors Suspender-makers (women and girls) Suspender-makers (boys). Tack and brad makers. Tailors Tailors (cutters). Tapners. Teamsters. Teasers · Telegraph operators (men). Telegraph operators (wo- men) Telegraph messengers (boys) Tin can makers (men)…. Tin can makers (women and girls). Tin can makers (boys) Tinsmiths. Tinsmiths (apprentices) Tool finishers.. Tool-makers... Per hour. Per day. Per week. Per month. Hours. Cts. Cts. Cts. $7.50 $6.00 $7.00 10 |$3.00 $2. 00|$2. 50| 10 20.00 10 299 7.50 7.50 10 $125 $100.00 10 • 9.00 3.60 6.00 6.00 3.00 3.75 15.00 12 00] 13.50 9.00 7.50 8.00 10 10 10 • 99 - 10.00 5.00 8 5.00 3.00 3.50 4.00 3.50! 3.50 4.50 2.50 3.50 9 9 9 70 $25 20.00 12.00 15.00 10 55 5.00 9 9.00 6.00 7.00 10 6.00 4.00 5.00 4.50 2.50 3.50 4.00 9 9 4.00 9 18.00 12.00 15.00 10 10.00 5.00 7.50 12 9.00 6.00 7.50 10.00 6.25 8.00 9 · 0 4.00 2.50 3.50 10 20.00 12.00 15.00 19 45.00 20.00 30.00 0 15.00 12.00 15.00 11 15.00 12.00 15.00 18 - 100 65 65,001 9 901 60 84.00 21.00 9.00 13.00] 70 50 15 12 13.50 56.42 10 10 8.00 5.00 6.00 3.50 3.00 3.00] 8.00 5.00 6.00 30.00 12.00] 20.00| 10.00 3.50 7.00 10 3.50 3.00 3.00 Turners, iron... Trimmers, carriage Trunk-makers (men). Trunk-makers (women and girls).. Trunk-makers (boys) Turners, wood. Typecasters. Typesetters (men) Typesetters (women) Typewriters (men). Typewriters (women). 3.50 2.00, 3.00 • 16.00 12.00 14.00] 8.00 7.00 7.50 9.00 5.00 7.50 24.00 18.00 18.00 3.50 3.00 3.25 21.00 12.00 15.00 15.00 9.00 550500 oZZZZZZZ 350 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 8888888 80 30 50.00 80 25 40.00 Umbrella-makers (men).. Umbrella-makers (women) Umbrella-makers (boys) Underwear, ladies', cutters (men) 3.50 10 18.00 6.00 11.00 12.00 6.00 9.00 10 10 4.00 3.00 3.50 9 Underwear, ladies', makers (women) Upholsterers 3.50 2.50 3.00 Varnish-makers (men) D Varnish-makers (boys). Vaqueros... Wagon-makers. Waiters.. 8.50 2.50| 6.00 20.00 12.00 15.00] 5.00 3.00 4.00) 9 10 - 10 10 50.00 10-12 5.00 2.25 3.00 10 75 45 45.00 11 Watch-makers 25.00 15.00 20.00 • 9 I ℃ 90— -25 386 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE C.-Statement showing wages paid and hours of employment, etc.-Continued. Occupation. Per hour. Per day. Per week. Per month. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Maximum. Minimum. Average. Hours. Weavers, carpet... Weavers, cotton (men, women, girls, and boys) Weavers, jute (women, girls, and boys)..... Well borers, artesian. Wheelwrights.. Cts. Cts. Cts. {$20.00 $10.00 $15.00| 11.00 6.00 7.50 7.50 4.00 6.00 |$5.00 $3.00 $3. 50| 5.00 2.25 3.00 White lead makers (men) 2.50 1.50 2.00 White lead makers (boys). $30 $20 $25.00 Whiteners 3.50 2.50 3,00 Wine-makers.. 150 65 75.00 Wire drawers Wire (barb) fence makers…. Wire cleaners Wire rope makers. 10.00 ཋ ཋ ཋཋསྐཋཋཥྭཱཏྟཱཏྟིཾ 12.00 10.00 11.00 18.00 15.00 17.50 15.00 10 • 10 10 Wire weavers Wire workers. Wood carvers... 21.00 15.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 13.00 10 10 Wood carvers, furniture Wood cutters.. Wood engravers. 30 3.00 4.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 2.00 3.50 9 9 65 25 30.00 10 8 (women) Wooden ware workers Woolen mill employés (men). Woolen mill Woolen mill employés (boys) Wool graders.. · 15.00 7.50 10.00 41.50 9.00 15. 00, 10 11 employés Wool scourers. Wool sorters 4.00 2.50 3.00 3.00 1.50 2,25 20.00 2.50 12.50 6.00 9.00 6.00 4.50 5.00 20.00 11 11 125 100 100.00 10 10 10 TABLE D.-Statement showing comparison of the weekly wages paid in California with other States and European countries. Industries. Cali- New fornia. York. Illinois Penn- (Chi- syl- Maine. vania. cago). Ger- many. Bel- France. gium. Building trades. Bricklayers $30.00 $20.00 $24.00 $15.00 $16.50 $4.21 $5.74 $4.56 Carpenters 21.00 14.00 16. 50 12.00 10.50 4.11 6. 20 4.07 Gasfitters.. 20.00 12.00 18.00 12.00 --- 4.08 6.07 5.00 Masons 30.00 18.00 24.00 15.00 16.50 4.07 5.33 5. 22 Plasterers Plumbers Painters..……. Roofers.... Slaters. Other trades. 30.00 18.00 27.00 15.00 16.50 20.00 16.00 16.50 15.00 4. 43 6.34 4.66 4. 26 6.10 5.46 18.00 12.00 4.82 18.00 12.00 16.50 12.00 10.50 20.00 14.00 21.00 12.00 4.28 5. 65 4.97 4.20 5. 65 4.98 Bakers.. Blacksmiths Bookbinders. 18.00 7.00 21.00 13.00 21.00 14.00 16.50 12.00 15.00 10.00 8.00 3.90 5.48 4. 28 9.50 10.50 4.00 5.81 5.38 12.00 4.20 5.17 5. 35 Brickmakers 8.75 10.00 7.40 7.50 9.00 3.98 5.82 4.25 Brewers 18.50 15. 00 12.00 4.43 4. 67 Brass founders. 18.00 10.00 16.75 12.00 4.38 6.54 6.02 Butchers 12.50 8.00 16.00 9.00 3.32 4.82 4. 31 Cabinetmakers 21.00 12.00 15.00 15.00 10.50 4. 25 6. 14 5.66 Confectioners... Cigar-makers. 12.00 12.00 10.00 12.00 12.00 15.00 10.00 10.00 3.43 4.85 5.03 9.50 3. 63 4.69 6.28 Coopers 20.00 12.00 18.00 9.00 3.97 5. 58 5.17 Cutlers. 24.00 10.00 12.00 3.90 5. 16 5. 28 Cab and carriage. Distillers... 10.00 9.00 10.00 15.00 9.00 3. 21 4.82 3.92 12.00 3.56 7.00 5.00 Draymen and teamsters --- 15.00 10.00 12.00 9.00 9.60 2.96 5.57 3.77 Dyers Engravers Furriers* 15.00 20,00 7 to 12 13.00 16.50 16.00 24.00 8.88 3.45 5.83 6.15 5.12 7.35 6.42 10.00 15.00 4.20 7.00 6. 35 CALIFORNIA. 387 TABLE D.-Statement showing comparison of the weekly wages paid, etc.-Continued. Industries. Cali- New fornia. York. Illinois Penn- (Chi cago). Maine. syl- vania. Ger- many. France. Bel- gium. Other trades-Continued. * Gardeners Hatters.... Horseshoers'. Jewelers $18.00 $9.00 24.00 13.00 21.00 13.00 20.00 11.00 13.50 $12.00 $3.78 $5.11 $3.91 21.00 $15.00 4.36 5.50 4. 60 18.00 3.61 5.89 5.62 5. 21 6.24 6.84 Laborers (plasterers) 18.00 10.00 15.00 9.00 2.91 3.23 3.02 Hod carriers. 18.00 11.00 10.50 8.00 $8.40 2.92 3.13 3.22 Masons. 18.00 10.00 10.50 7.50 3. 15 3.23 3.09 Strikers (blacksmiths). Plumbers' assistants t 18.00 9.00 10.50 7.00 2.94 4.72 3.29 Lithographers. 25.00 7.00 10.00 12.00 † 5.70 6.00 2.72 3.61 2.93 5.59 7.07 5.86 Millwrights 24.00 14.00 30.00 4.18 6.74 5.00 Machinists 20.00 10.00 15.00 4.60 4.60 Potters. 15.00 10.00 12.00 3.60 4.78 4.86 Printers 20.00 13.00 12.00 9.00 6.64 5.94 Pattern-makers. 21.00 12.00 15.00 Teachers (male) 19.99 13.00 35.00 7.50 7.00 7.74 Teachers (female) 16.03 11.00 Saddle and harness. 13.50 11.00 12.00 12.50 12.00 3.69 5.70 5.51 Sail-makers.. 18.00 12.00 15.00 2.85 6.04 .4.56 Stevedores. 24.00 12.00 19.00 5, 70 6.72 4.36 Tanners 12,00 15.00 9.00 4.00 5.18 5.81 Tailors 18.00 12.00 15.00 4.30 5.02 5,58 Telegraph operators.. 15.00 19.00 5.12 6.92 6.35 Tinsmiths 15. CO 11.00 12.00 13.50 3.55 5.46 4.40 Industries. Eng- Canada Hawai- land Switz- Den- Scot- Ire- Italy. (Ot- ian and erland. mark. land. land. tawa). Islands. Wales. Building trades. Bricklayers $4.20 $7.56 Carpenters $5. 21 $7.00 $7.50 $7.22 $18.00 $30.00 4.00 7.66 4.74 7.00 7.73 6,97 11.60 20.00 Gasfitters.. 3.40 7.6€ 5.01 5.90 6.44 7.47 13.50 24.00 Masons 3.60 7.68 5.27 5.36 7.53 7.12 13.50 24.00 Plasterers 5. 04 7.80 5.03 6.79 6.72 7.12 13.50 27.00 Plumbers 3.60 7.90 5. 18 6.90 7.23 7.47 13.50 24.00 Painters 4. 20 7.35 2.99 8.00 6. 57 13.50 24.00 4.20 7.10 4.35 4.00 6.85 Roofers Slaters.. Other trades. Bakers. 4.00 6. 17 3.88 4.80 6.32 6.53 10.50 23.00 Blacksmiths. 3.60 7.37 5.20 4.82 6.32 7.07 10.50 27.00 Bookbinders 3.80 6.77 4.68 4.82 7.29 7.22 10.00 16.00 Brewers Butchers Brickmakers Brass founders. Cabinetmakers 5.00 7.00 4. 43 5,90 5.83 6.41 8.10 8.00 6. 85 3.78 3.75 5.34 7.30 15.00 4.60 7.47 4.92 4.82 6.72 7.34 5.50 4. 66 4.37 6.08 6.81 9.60 12.75 3.40 7.68 7.70 5.00 6.08 7.22 11.40 19.50 Confectioners. 3.75 6. 84 5.84 6.80 9.85 10.00 Cigar-makers... 3.00 6.07 3.30 5.09 Coopers.. 2.60 7.50 4.80 4.82 6.08 6.81 9.00 Cutlers.. 3.80 7.00 8.00 4.60 6.32 8.03 Cab and carriage makers 2.50 5. 15 3.84 4.80 4. 86 4. 26 8.40 2.50 Distillers.. 4. 20 4.02 6.00 Draymen and teamsters. 1.50 5.37 3.84 3.22 4.49 4. 26 8.40 2.50 Dyers 3.60 6. 18 4.91 4. 29 5.56 4.86 7.00 Engravers 6.60 8.38 6.35 8.00 7.29 8.27 15.00 19.00 Furriers * 4.60 8.52 4. 63 5. 36 7.50 8.03 14.00 Gardeners 4.00 5.80 3.83 4.00 4.86 4.86 8.00 Hatters.. 5.20 6.10 3.84 7.29 7.30 12.00 Horseshoers Jewelers.. Laborers (plasterers). Hod carriers. Masons. 5.20 6.35 4.65 4.82 6.80 6.21 12.00 24.00 3.80 8.76 6. 35 5.36 6. 56 8.00 12.00 19.00 1.70 5. 27 3.40 3.86 4. 65 3.53 13.50 12.00 1.70 4.94 2.99 4.30 4.65 3.40 8.40 11.00 1.70 5.07 3.50 4.29 4.65 3.65 8.40 11.00 Strikers (blacksmiths) Plumbers' assistants 3.40 5.30 4.43 4.82 4.63 3.79 7.00 17.50 1.70 4.69 3.36 2.80 4.86 3.38 8.40 10.50 Lithographers…….. Millwrights... 7.07 5.51 5.50 7.53 7.71 12.00 6.97 6.30 6.00 7.41 7.30 12.00 * Men and women. † Boys. 1 388 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE D.-Statement showing comparison of the weekly wages paid, etc.-Continued. Industries. Eng- Italy. and land Switz- Den- Scot- erland. mark. land. Ire- (Ot- land. Canada Hawai- ian tawa). Islands. Wales. Other trades-Continued. Machinists $4.82 $4.00 $7.79 $12.00 Potters.. $5.20 $5.20 5.76 4.02 4.38 Printers.. 4.60 7.17 5.93 5.36 $7.89 8.52 11.00 $25.00 Pattern-makers. 7.41 7.79 31.00 Teachers (male). 5.00 9.00 10.41 18.69 8.52 6.00 23.00 Teachers (female). 7.70 3.00 Saddle and harness makers. 6.63 5.00 5.00 5.58 6. 15 7.00 19.05 Sail-makers.. 2.80 7.02 4. 82 6. 08 8.03 Stevedores. 2.00 8.44 5.00 4.12 5.40 12.00 Tanners 2.20 6.38 4.92 5.09 6.80 5.45 8.25 Tailors 4.00 7.40 6.50 6.36 7.77 6.70 9.00 21.50 Telegraph operators. 5.20 7.65 6.70 13.00 8.87 8.50 Tinsmiths 6.60 6.56 4.40 6.70 6.56 6.04 8.00 18.00 TABLE E.-Statement of some of the principal manufactures of Oakland. Value of plant. Labor. Wages. Value of output. Capacity. Judson Iron Works Pacific Iron and Nail Co California Cotton Mills.. California Hosiery Co 500, 000 600,000 250 men and boys. *18, 000 $525,000 350 men and boys *$10.000 $500,000 60 ton of tacks and 1,000 dozen files per month. 25,000 kegs of nails. 370,000 †275 men, women, $195,000 California Jute Mills.. 250,000 and boys. 400 men, boys, and *8,000. 3,000 spindles. girls. Heller's Shirt Factory. 130 hands. *8,000. Planing mills (nine) 316 men. +632, 000 Wentworth Boot and Shoe 100 hands Factory. 600 pair per day. Tanneries (two).. 12,000 37 hands... 190,000 18,000 hides. Flouring mills (four).. 60,000 Paint and oil works (three). $350,000 Potteries (three) 750,000 Starch works... 25,000 820,000 460, 000 13,000 1,400,000 gallons. Beet sugar 300,000 *4,000 20,000 tons of beets. Brickyard. 200, 000 300 men. -- Breweries (four) 20,000 20,500,000. 32,000 barrels per year. * Monthly. † One hundred and twenty-five of these employed at home. ‡ Annually. MANUFACTURES OF SANTA CLARA. The manufacturing interests of Santa Clara County are but moderately extensive, although the opportunities for such industries are many, and excelled by no other section of the State. On account of the attention which has recently been paid to fruit, the leading factory interests of the county are represented by canneries, driers, and wineries. Aside from this there are various factories for supplying the local de- mand for agricultural implements, wagons, carriages, etc. The San José Agricul- tural works is among the leading institutions of the kind in the State. The San José Woolen Mills is also prominent, employing in the neighborhood of a hundred hands, and manufacturing $200,000 worth of goods annually. The Lick Paper Mills, Joseph Enright's Foundry, tanneries, breweries, a silk factory, box factories, glove factory, machine shops, planing mills, cigar factories, etc., complete the list. Of the brew- eries, the Fredericksburg sells not less than $200,000 worth of beer aunually, and has a large export trade. But there are numerous openings here for various kinds of manufacturing enter- prises. It is the opinion of experts that natural gas abounds in the valley, and the right kind of an effort would doubtless result in its discovery in sufficient quantities to materially cheapen the cost of manufacturing. Such a discovery would make San José a leading manufacturing town of the Pacific Coast. CALIFORNIA. 389 ! The attention of people familiar with various lines of manufacturing, and having capital to invest therein, is called to San José; and correspondence with the Board of Trade solicited. The Santa Clara Valley is rapidly filling with people, and in a few years San José will be the center of a population of a quarter of a million people. The home consumption of most manufactured products would justify the establish- ment of many more factories now, and the prospective increase of population, and superior facilities for exportation hold out extraordinary inducements. Among the many advantages which Santa Clara Valley possesses there is none of greater importance than that which results from its proximity to the vast pine and redwood forests of the Santa Cruz mountains. These afford an almost exhaustless store of wood for fuel, and timber and lumber for building purposes. The sawmills in the mountains give employment to a large number of men and form an important industry. The lumber sawed out from the logs is carried to the planing-mills in the valley where it is made into doors, sash, blinds, moldings, and all manner of orna- mental and architectual work. There are many mills and much capital in San José engaged in this business, the most extensive plant being that of the Santa Clara Valley Mill and Lumber Company. The president and principal owner of this company, William P. Dogherty, esq., has been always prompt in promoting every enterprise for the general good of the city and county. He is in the truest sense a representative Californian, and his mill, fitted with the most improved machinery and doing the best kind of work in great variety and on a large scale, is one of the representative industries of San José. MANUFACTURES OF SAN DIEGO. Among the principal manufacturing enterprises of San Diego may be mentioned the watch factory at Otay, about 10 miles below the city. The main building is of brick, three stories high, and equipped with the latest improved machinery, driven by an automatic Westinghouse engine, which also furnishes incandescent electric lights for the buildings and the residents of the town. The factory has a maximum capacity of 600 hands, and many of the workmen have been brought from the East. On Coronado Beach an iron foundry has been established, which gives work to a large number of hands, and has successfully bidden against institutions of other parts of the State, A box factory is also in operation on that side of the bay, and is turn- ing out thousands of fruit packages, in which ranch products from every part of the county are being shipped to market. The wire cloth and nail factory at Roseville, near the head of San Diego Bay, em- ployes a large number of hands, and runs at present ten wire cloth looms, and several nail machines, and, by the excellence of the product, is rapidly driving the imported articles out of the home markets. As soon as more machinery can be placed, material for export will be manufactured. A water-pipe manufactory is a new institution. Reduction works are running night and day at the suburb of National City, and, in addition to reducing ores from the mines of San Diego County, ores are treated from the the Lower California mines, and even from the towns of Calico and Barston in San Bernardino County. • CHAPTER II. SELECTED INDUSTRIES. Wearing apparel: Boots, shoes, clothing.-Textile fabrics: Wool, cotton, silk, jute.-Furniture: Uphol- stery, carpets, sash, doors, blinds, billiard tables, pianos.-Hardware: Metal works, iron, steel. nails.-Chandlery: Soap, candles, paints, varnish, drugs, chemicals, oils.-Building material: brick, lime, plaster, cement, planing mills.-Meat and drink: Flour mills, sugar, slaughtering, meat pack ing, canned goods, beer.-Unclassified: Cooperage, windmills, leather, tanneries, carriages, wagons, tobacco, cigars, ship building, paper, powder, cordage, twine, jewelry, box making. WEARING APPAREL. In clothing there has been an abatement in the importation to the coast, when com- pared with the increase in population, from 7,000 cases in 1876 to 5,700 in 1878, 1879, and 1880, and 7,500 in 1881, the last year showing also a largely augmented local manufacture, reaching about $3,500,000 by nearly 2,000 hands, of which $1,500,000 were from home fabrics. Yet no organized clothing factory can be said to exist. In 1882 only two substantial firms devoted themselves to ready-made suits, but the work was given out by contract, as was the case with a number of smaller houses. Most of it was done by Chinese firms, and a portion by small coöperative bodies of whites. Eastern factories have the advantage of subdivided labor. Of ducks and denims $750,000 worth are made, against $75,000 imports. There was an overall factory run- ning in 1888. The foreign export, 553 cases in 1881, is increasing. The demand for oil clothing is limited by the dry weather and by rubber competition to $60,000 for the coast, 90 per cent. of which is made at San Francisco, partly with the aid of two patents for imparting black color and incombustible properties. Of the $10,000,000 worth of cotton fabrics imported, somewhat over half may be classed as "domestics," most of which is made into garments at San Francisco and the rest imported, including the finer grades of women's goods. Dry goods and other shops control the contract work, yet there are several shirt factories, where the larger proportion of labor is white, 450 out of 650. The production is fully 37,000 dozen, worth $600,000, about half to order; imports three-fourths more. The introduction of neckties reach the large sum of $1,000,000, only one-eighth of which is made at San Francisco, by 4 factories, with 30 to 35 hands. The material is imported for these as well as for the $20,000 worth of suspenders made by two young houses. BOOTS AND SHOES. California entered upon the manufacture of boots and shoes at a very early period in its history, but the exact date is not at hand. The business has continued uninter- ruptedly from the start, and appears to have expanded from year to year in a degree commensurate with the increased wants of the State and country. The industry has not been without its trials, however. These have been mainly from the competition of Eastern manufacturers, who have always looked upon Cali- fornia as a dumping ground for their surplus. All through the years of the vitiated currency system at the East, lasting frem 1862 to 1879, there was the additional draw- back of two measurements of the dollar. In that interval the eastern paper dollar varied all the way from 35 cents to par. While a dollar of labor here meant 100 cents to the dollar in coin, it meant in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania anything from 100 cents to 35 cents. Of course, it was all uphill work to contend against these odds, together with the additional disadvantages of higher priced labor here then, before, and since. The only offset has been the utilization of Chinese labor, to the use of which some were compelled to go, or else close their factories. This necessity it was that brought the Chinese element into the local factories. These laborers were quick to pick up the main features of the trade, and then by way of reciprocating the kindness of their white employers in instructing them, they started factories of their own and began to undersell the white-labor factories. From the very first until now California has been largely dependent upon Massa- chusetts, Pennsylvania, and other Eastern States for supplies of this kind. Even as far back as 1853 the records show the importation of 67,557 cases of boots and shoes into San Francisco. Allowing 12 pairs to the case, there were 810,681 pairs of boots and shoes landed here by the Cape Horn ships in 1853. Considering the limited population here at that time, it must be confessed that there was a laudable desire to have the people well shod. 390 CALIFORNIA. 391 Opened as a mining country, California in its early years called for a peculiar class of footwear, including large lines of rubber goods. Long-legged boots were then much more prominent than they have been in subsequent years. Coarse goods formed the bulk of the imports in the 50's. The wear was rapid and the profits large. The market was overstocked. The greed of shippers and importers often reacted on themselves. Fortunately the goods were not perishable, and by holding on supplies were eventually worked off, and if not without much profit, there was seldom but little loss. The imports of boot and shoes for the past quarter of a century have been as fol- lows: 1864 1865. 1866 1867 1868 1869. 1870 1871 1872. 1873.. 1874 Cases. 39, 815 1877.. 38, 875 1878... 47, 349 1879.. 66, 672 1880. 68, 709 1881 36, 029 1882 48, 831 1883 48,686 1884 59, 620 1885 34, 667 1886. 51, 216 1887 44, 911 Total twenty-four years.....……. Cases. 49, 094 54, 920 51, 985 54, 114 64, 911 62, 933 55, 500 40, 500 42,000 73, 100 80, 400 1,263, 605 1875.. 1876.. 48, 966 In San Francisco the bulk of the mannfacturing trade is carried on, and the Chinese firms occupy a large field in the business. The Eastern manufacturers send large con- signments of fine shoes there, but in the common grades find a limited market, as the business of local firms is too well established to leave much room for the outsider. In San Francisco there are 162 factories, including the small shops where boots, shoes, and slippers are turned out. These give employment to 3,300 hands, though the majority of the workmen are Chinese. It is estimated that there are 1,500 white men, women, and children in the factories and 1,800 Chinamen. In few other trades have the Asiatics so strong a hold, and the situation in this case is due to the skill and rapidity with which the Chinamen work. They hold wages down to a minimum, but there is no organization among the white workmen sufficiently strong to force them out of the business, as has been done to a great extent in the cigar trade. The value of the boots and shoes turned out by the San Francisco factories is placed at $5,000,000. WOOLEN FABRICS. The woolen industry of California is at present on the decline and the outlook is not hopeful. Millions in capital have been invested in the business, but the return was not sufficient to warrant the operation of more than two-thirds of the mills. Various causes are assigned for this condition of affairs, and chief among them are high wages, the high price of coal, and high freight rates. It is true that all classes of manufactures labor under similar disadvantages, but the disparity between the cost of production in California and the expense of turning out the same goods in the East is particularly noticeable in this industry. The result has been that Eastern manufacturers undersell the local producers, to the ruination of California trade. State Labor Commissioner Tobin, who has made a very thorough investigation of the business since the first of the year, makes the following exhaustive report: "A little over a year ago the following woolen mills were running in California: The Pioneer Woolen Mill, manufacturing blankets, cassimeres, dress goods, beaver overcoating, flannels, shawls and carriage robes. It had 37 sets of carding machines, 150 looms, 13,000 spindles, 120 knitting, and 18 sewing machines. It gave employ- ment to about 700 men and women, and had a paid-upcapital of $1,000,000. This mill was established in 1856, and was, therefore, entitled to be called the Pioneer Woolen Mill of California. Before the construction of the Pacific railroads it did a flourish- ing business, and for many years after made considerable money. The Golden Gate Woolen Mill, of San Francisco, manufacturing blankets, cassi- meres, cloths, tweeds, flannels, robes and shawls. It has 6 sets of carding machines and 36 looms; capital invested, $400,000. The California Hosiery Company, of Oakland, manufacturing hosiery and knit underwear, had 3 sets of carding machines. It employed over 100 operators, and had a paid up capital of $212,500. "Marysville Woolen Mill, manufacturing blankets, flannels, and tweeds, has 7 sets of carding machines, 26 looms, and 1,320 spindles. It employs over 100 hands, mostly Chinese. Capital invested, $200,000. This mill was established in 1867. For the years 1886 to 1889 it turned out 265,000 yards of flannel and tweeds and nearly 20,000 pairs of blankets. Total value, $213,000. "Los Angeles Woolen Mill, manufacturing blankets and flannels, has 1 set of carding machines, 9 looms, and 260 spindles. 392 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. "Merced Woolen Mill, manufacturing blankets, flannels, and cloths, has 5 sets of carding machines, 20 looms, and 960 spindles. Capital, $250,000. Napa Woolen Mill, manufacturing blankets and flannels, has 2 sets of carding machines, 10 looms, and 16 sewing machines. Capital, $100,000. Thirty-five hands employed. "Petaluma Woolen Mills, manufacturing flannels and blankets, has 2 sets of card- ing machines and 11 looms. Twenty-two hands are employed. "San José Woolen Mill, manufacturing blankets, flannels, and cloths, has 6 sets of carding machines, 24 looms, and 1,920 spindles. It employs 60 hands. Capital, $400,000. 'Santa Rosa Woolen Mill, manufacturing navy-blue flannels, cassimeres, and blankets, had 3 sets of carding machines and 6 looms. It employed 40 hands. "Stockton Woolen Mill, manufacturing blankets and flannels, had 2 sets of carding machines, 9 looms, and 800 spindles. "Woodland Woolen Mill, manufacturing blankets, flannels, and cassimeres, had 2 sets of carding machines. Capital, $100,000. "Altogether we had in California 12 woolen mills, running 76 carding machines, with a capital of from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000. At present only half that number are running, with a capacity of only 28 carding-machines. This is less than half what we had 10 years ago. According to the United States census for 1880, Califor- nia had 9 woolen mills, having 60 sets of carding machines, 138 knitting machines, 16 sewing-machines, and 18,740 spindles; capital invested, $1,676,500; number of employés, 835. "The Pioneer, of San Francisco, by far the largest in the State, having 37 sets of carding machines, or half of the capacity of all our woolen mills, has closed down, thereby throwing 700 employés out of work. "The California Hosiery Company, at Oakland, has closed its doors, and more than 100 hands have been thus deprived of their means of living. "The Los Angeles, Santa Rosa, Stockton, and Woodland mills are not now running, and of course a large number of weavers, spinners, etc., are deprived of work. It becomes, therefore, a question of grave import as to what the causes are why woolen manufactures can not thrive in California. To ascertain the facts an investigation was set on foot by the Bureau, with the following results: "All of the managers, superintendents, etc., of woolen mills who were interviewed concurred in saying that over or excessive production of woolen goods was the first or primary cause. This is borne out by the statistics published relating to the woolen manufacture and consumption last year. According to Bradstreet there were no less than 61 failures of woolen manufacturing concerns during the year 1889, with assets amounting to $5,651,000, and liabilities $8,149,000. For the previous year, 1888, there were 49 failures, with assets amounting to $1,723,000, and liabilities to $3,101,000. On the other hand, the quantity of woolen manufactured goods imported into the United States largely increased during those 2 years. According to a report issued from the Treasury Department the average imports for 10 months each year from 1884 to 1888, inclusive, amounted to $37,973,262, while in 1889 the amount rose to 47,167,423. The woolen mills of California have a producing capacity far in excess of the local demand. "In the woolen mills, in consequence of excessive production, a large amount of stock has to be carried on hand. Goods are sold at from 3 to 4 months' credit. Wool must be paid for on delivery. Hands must be paid off weekly or monthy. Conse- quently a large amount of ready money is required to keep the mill in running order. According to William Harney, of the Golden Gate Woolen Mill, of San Francisco, manufacturers in the East can be accommodated with loans at from 4 to 5 per cent. per annum, interest payable annually, while in California they have to pay as high as from 7 to 8 per cent. per annum, interest payable monthly. As to the second rea- son given-higher wages paid to employés-the following classification of the average rates of daily wages paid in different States is taken from the first annual report of the Commissioner of the United States Department of Labor (1886): Average rate of daily wages. States. Adult Adult male. female. Youth. States. Adult Adult male. female. Youth. Maine $1.42 $0.96 $0.71 Delaware New Hampshire.. $1.63 $1.27 1.61 1.15 $0.61 Maryland.. 1.47 .93 Vermont... 1.31 .50 1.11 .59 North Carolina... 1.07 .70 Massachusetts 1.35 .43 1.03 .69 Kentucky 1.69 .79 Connecticut .60 1.46 .96 .54 Indiana. 1.42 .97 New York.. .62 1.38 .94 .61 Illinois 1.65 .80 New Jersey .52 1.21 .83 .50 Iowa. 1.81 1.07 .67 Pennsylvania. 1.65 1. 10 .70 California 2.45 .75 CALIFORNIA. 393 "From this it would appear that California pays the highest rate of wages and North Carolina the lowest. Just as Eastern manufacturers are able to outrival the West by paying a lower scale of wages to their employés, so are those of the South able to compete successfully with the former by paying a still lower rate of wages. According to the same report, while a wool-carder in California is paid $1.75 per day, he receives $1.25 in Connecticut and only 50 cents in North Caroiina. If Connecticut can undersell California, North Carolina can to a far greater degree undersell Con- necticut. "Notwithstanding the great disparity between the wages paid here as compared to other places, the managers of some of our largest mills informed me that the question of wages is not such a serious drawback as it would appear to be. It must not be supposed, however, that the condition of the California woolen mill operative is, on account of higher wages, better than that of his fellow worker in the East. On the contrary, in many of the woolen factories in the New England States the operatives are treated with such care and consideration in the way of living, such as comfortable cottages at low rent, depots for cheap household supplies, etc., that they can live far more comfortably on a lower scale of wages than in California, which has not pro- gressed in this line. "Next, as to the third reason given, viz: The higher cost of fuel in California. I learned from Williams, secretary of the California Hosiery Company, that the cost of coal here was on an average about three times higher than in the East. For many of the Eastern mills hard lump coal can be bought for less than $3 a ton and screen- ings for less than a dollar. In Oakland coal costs from $7.50 to $8.50 per ton, and the Hosiery Company had to pay out about $4,000 a year for fuel. Mills in the vicinity of coal mines in Pennsylvania can get the screenings gratis. "Mr. Heyneman, manager of the San Francisco Pioneer Woolen Mills, said the cost of fuel in high-coal times added 5 cents a pound to the price of production, and averaged during the year 3 cents. In the East it averages only from 1 to 13 cents. "Although not given as one of the reasons why California woolen manufacturers can not compete with Eastern, still it must be borne in mind that freight rates on raw material, as well as manufactured goods, are also much higher in California than in the East. The superintendent of the Hosiery Factory of Oakland told me of an experi- ence he had in Siskiyou County, where he found that whilst it cost $1.94 per cwt. for the railroad transportation of raw wool to Oakland, the same would be carried to Boston, about 6 times the distance, for $1.50 per cwt. No wonder then that, laboring under all the disadvantages herein enumerated, woolen manufacture has not been a prosperous or even paying industry in California. Still, the time may not be far dis- tant when there will be a market for all the goods that could be manufactured by every mill that was ever started in California. COTTON FABRICS. While the woolen industry in California has been something of a failure, the man- ufacture of cotton goods has prospered. According to Labor Commissioner John J. Tobin's report for 1890, there is but one factory on the entire Pacific coast, and that is the California Cotton Mills, located at East Oakland. Of this concern the State commissioner's report says: "The ground upon which the factory stands covers 6 acres, and was purchased in 1883 by the present superintendent, Mr. William Rutherford, at one-fourth of its present market value. He drafted the plans of the buildings and superintended their construc- tion. The mills were set in motion in 1885. All the buildings, eight in number, are of brick and one story high. They present a front of 400 feet and a depth of 300 feet, and cover about 2 acres of ground. The main building has a frontage of 339 feet and a depth of 150 feet. The location is healthy, bordering on an estuary of the bay, and access can be had both by rail and water. The number of cotton spindles operated is 4,000, and jute spindles 1,020. All of the machinery is of the latest and most improved pattern, and cost about $200,000. The California Cotton Mills manufacture cotton sail, sewing, seine, and wrapping twines; also carpets, horse blankets, sail cloth, and rope of various varieties. Their specialty is however seamless bags, made either of cotton or of jute, or of both com- bined. Besides the foregoing, they supply cotton batting, candle wicking, etc. Dur- ing the past year they manufactured 200 tons of small twine. The California Cotton Mills supplies the market in its specialties for all the States and Territories along the Pacific coast. There was for some time considerable cause of complaint on the part of the proprietors and employés of the mills that convict labor at San Quentin was not confined to the manufacture of grain bags, but branched out into lines that com- peted with them. Fortunately for the California Mills this is no longer the case, and the result has been that a large trade has been developed in the manufacture of jute ore bags, which are shipped in large quantities to Idaho and Montana. In conse- quence of this, the factory had to be largely increased in capacity and in machinery. 394 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. • There will also be required a far larger quantity of raw jute than heretofore, so that the mills will become a cotton and jute factory. The total amount of production for the year ending July 5, 1889, was $286,955.18. The amount paid for the raw mate- rial, cotton, during the same period was $125,701.47. Paid for jute, $29,875.05. Paid for coal and oil, $16,891.51. Paid for dyestuffs, $3,239.42. Amount paid for wages, $71,004.02. To show how the mills have advanced in prosperity during its 5 years of existence it is only necessary to point out that the production in 1886 was $128,- 908.25, while in three years after, as shown above, it amounted to $286,955.18; an in- crease of far more than double. "Since it started the directors have been obliged to extend the factory building year after year, at the same time increasing the machinery and of course the number of opera- tives. At present they are putting in machinery for the manufacture of horse blankets. They have also lately put in an electric dynamo which will furshish thirty electric lights of 2,000 candle-power. The entire machinery is run by a Corliss engine of 500 horse-power. Like the managers of the woolen mills, those in charge of the California cotton mills have reason to complain of the high cost of fuel. Coal costs them on an average $7 per ton, and as they use between 5 and 6 tons per day it amounts to nearly $1,000 per month. They have to pay taxes not only on the land and buildings but also upon all the machinery in the factory. "In Eastern and Southern cotton mills, as a general rule, they are not subjected to such taxation, and on that account have therefore a great advantage over our local industries. Machinery should at least be exempt from taxation. One of the greatest difficulties met with at first was the want of skilled help. Out of 100 employed only 20 had any previous training. "At the present time there are 190 employés in the California cotton mills, of whom 65 are men, 20 boys, 85 women, and 20 girls. The wages of the men run from $1.65 to $3.50 per day, women from $1 to $1.80, and boys and girls from 50 cents to $1. These rates of wages are considerably higher than what is paid in other States, and the result is that the superintendent receives applications for work almost daily from operatives in other mills, especially from the Southern States. The superintendent states that what they have most to contend against are the lower wages and longer hours in other cotton mills, especially those in the South. In the California mills the hours are 60 per week or an average of 10 per day, while in the mills of the Southern States they run from 11 to 13 hours per day. In none of the Southern States has cotton manufacture advanced so rapidly as in North Carolina. The number of mills has increased from 49 in 1880 to 80 in 1888. The capital invested is more than $4,000,000, the number of spindles operated over 200,000, and they consume more than 30,000,000 pounds of cotton. As North Carolina is then one of the most pros- perous in the line of cotton manufacture, it is fair to take that State as a test of the wages paid and hours of labor in Southern cotton mills. "From a table given in the report of the labor commissioner of North Carolina for the year 1887 the following is taken: Hours of labor, per day, from 11 to 12. Spin- ning department, wages of foremen from $1.25 to $2 per day; weaving department from $1.50 to $2.25. Assistant foremen from 75 cents to $1.25 in the former, and from $1 to $1.50 in the latter. Men get from 50 cents to $1 in different departments, and women from 40 to 60 cents. Here is a sample of a return from a manufacturer in Alexander County of North Carolina: 'Labor is abundant, but not very reliable. We employ 8 men at wages ranging from 75 cents to $1.50 per day; 17 women, at 331 cents per day; 3 children, at 25 cents per day. Pay wages weekly; house rent and fuel free to all employés.' "From this it would appear that a woman operative in a cotton mill in North Car- olina is paid at the rate of 3 cents an hour. In a large mill in Cabarrus County, North Carolina, employing 300 hands, the hours of labor are 12 per day. The following is the scale of wages: Lapper and card rooms, men per day, 65 cents; drawing, 50 cents; women the same; spinning department, foreman, $2.00; assistant foreman, $1.25; women spinners, 10 cents per side; doffers, boys, and girls, 40 cents; spoolers, women, 40 cents; warpers, women, 75 cents; quilling department, foremen, $2; women, 50 cents; weaving department, foremen, $1.75; assistant foremen, women, $1; weavers, per cut of 54 yards, 25 cents; twisters, men and women, 75 cents; folders, men, 75 cents; balers, men, 65 cents; dyers, $1.25; firemen, $1; machinists, $1.25; watchman, 70 cents; carpenters, $1.25." "The following is the sehedule of wages paid to the employés of the California cotton mills: "Head foreman, $4.50; assistant foreman, $2.50; lapper and card rooms (men), per day, $2.20; drawing (women), $1. Spinning: Assistant foreman, $2.50; women, 25 cents per side; doffers (boys and girls), 50 cents per day. Spoolers: Women, $1.75 per day (piecework); warpers, $1.35. Weaving department: Foreman, $4; assist- ant foreman, $2.50; women (piece work, average), $1.50; folders (men), $2; balers, $2; dyers, $3.75; firemen, $2; machinist, $3.50; assistant machinist, $2.50; watchman, $2; carpenter, $3.50; laborers, $1.50 and $2. CALIFORNIA. 395 SILK INDUSTRY. According to the United States census for 1880 there were four silk manufactories in San Francisco, with a capital of $159,300, employing 148 hands, 104 of whom were women. The total amount paid for wages in 1879 was $40,700; value of materials, $78,625; value of products, $155,075. There was also a silk factory in San José. The quantities of silk in products in California for 1880 were 9,500 pounds of sewing silk and twist and 4,650 pounds of trimmings and small goods. The value of the buildings was placed at $16,400 and the value of the machinery at $62,000. There were 24 hand looms, 200 winding, clean- ing, and doubling spindles, 150 spinning and twisting spindles, and 754 braiding spin- dles. At present, 1890, there are only two silk factories in the State, both in San Francisco. One of these is the pioneer factory in California. It was started in San José in 1874 and removed to San Francisco in 1882. Tram, iringes, and floss are manufactured. Dyeing is also carried on. Last year $8,000 worth of raw silk was worked in the factory and $17,000 worth of goods were manufactured. The proprietor employs 11 girls who earn from $3 to $5.25 per week, working 10 hours per day. The Carlson-Currier Silk Manufacturing Company, of San Francisco, manufacture machine twist, sewing, knitting, and embroidering silk and floss; capital, $125,000. The factory contains 9 frames raw silk winders, 3 silk doublers, 10 spinning frames, 2 silk stretchers, 20 spooling machines, 2 large soft silk winders, 3 Oneida pickers, 1 printing machine, etc. This factory is affiliated with, though independent of, the the Eastern silk manufacturing firm of Belding Brothers. Two of the Beldings are directors in the Carlson-Currier Company. Since the factory started, in 1880, it has steadily grown and prospered. The sales in 1880 amounted to $82,226.12; in 1889 they reached $254,395.85. The amount of raw silk worked averages 2,200 pounds per month. There are 90 hands employed in the factory-75 women and 15 men and boys. Women earn from $5 to $6 per week; be- ginners $3.75. Girls can fill about 3,000 spools each per day. The factory is on the top floor, and is well lighted and ventilated. Many attempts have been made to establish silk factories in California, but from various causes have failed. The last of these was called the Pacific Silk Factory, located at San José, which was started in 1882, for the manufacture of silk cloth. The proprietors were A. F. Sauffrig- non and H. X. Van de Casteele. A stock company began the enterprise and failed, and these two gentlemen took hold in 1883. It prospered for a while, but on the death of Mr. Sauffringnon, the practical member of the firm, it succumbed. This factory had 21 looms, and 21 men and women were employed in weaving. Wages, piecework, averaged about $1.50 per day. Seven of the looms were run by hand power, the rest by steam. Grosgrain and satin weavers earned from $1.50 to $2 per day. The factory was a small woolen structure. Two or three attempts were also made in a small way to establish silk weaving in San Francisco, but without success. The Western Manufacturing Company, for the manufacture chiefly of silk ribbous, was incorporated March 13, 1876, with a capital of $1,000,000, divided into 10,000- shares. A large factory was built in Visitation Valley south of San Francisco. The officers were H. R. Mann, president; D. L. McDonald, vice president; Joshia Hand, secretary, and Geo. C. Bode, treasurer. The superintendent was Mr. Warburton. After an existence of about 2 years this factory stopped running, having lost over $50,000. About $200,000 of the capital stock was paid up and when an additional assessment was levied the stockholders would not come to time and the plant, etc., remain on their hands to this day. The shareholders refused to shoulder the losses and give further time to the experiment.. There is little doubt that this enterprise was handicapped from the start. The very machinery, which was not of the best and most improved kind, was allowed to rust and become otherwise injured in the warehouse where it was stored in San Francisco, according to one of the shareholders. For a time the factory turned out marketable goods, but from loose management Eastern manufacturers were able to sell the same article in San Francisco at lower prices. Raw silk imported into San Francisco was sent East to be spun and then brought back to be weaved into ribbon instead of having the entire process carried on at home. They had but very few experienced hands at the start. Seven-eights of the employés had no previous knowledge of the business. Under such circumstances it could not be expected that they could manufacture goods of a character to compare with the old established Eastern factories. There was an effort made to place this factory and its machinery, etc. (now lying idle and of course daily depreciating its value), in the hands of practical Japanese silk workers, but up to the present nothing has been accomplished. 396 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The California Silk Manufacturing Company opened a factory in 1870 in South San Francisco for the manufacture of thread, tram, and organzine. Capital $100,000. In 1873, having become insolvent, it fell into the hands of its principal creditors, Messrs. Rodgers, Myers & Co., to whom it owed a large sum for raw silk. The factory was burned down in 1882 and no attempt has been made since to re- build and resume business. About 100 hands were employed in the factory and about $180 a day was disbursed for wages. About $150,000 worth of silk goods were sold during the last year of its existence. The factory not only never paid any dividends to the stockholders, but was not able to get out of debt. Mr. Myers, one of the late proprietors, said the factory was mismanaged from the very start. Instead of buying the ground and paying for building, machinery, etc., for cash, the company paid for almost everything partly in shares of stock and partly in cash, with the usual result of having to pay exorbitant prices. The men in immediate charge of the business were inexperienced, and the goods manufactured did not, consequently, come up to the Eastern standard either in cost or finish. The factory could turn out about $200,000 worth of goods in the year, but it was not patronized by home consumers. The dry-goods merchants and tailors dealt with the company extensively, but the boot and shoe makers held aloof. There can be no question that the failure of this factory was the result of mismanagement and want of experience. There was imported through the San Francisco custom-house for the year ending June 30, 1889, silk manufactured goods valued at $742, 133. For the same time there was imported 3,343,731 pounds of raw silk, valued at $11,131,370. Through the New York custom-house for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, there was imported 1,984,797 pounds of raw silk, valued at $7,408,647, making a total through both ports of 5,328,528 pounds, valued at $18,540,017. According to the United States census of 1830 the amount imported through New York and San Francisco for that year was 2,562,236 pounds, valued at $12,024,699. There was an increase, therefore, of more than double the quantity and 50 per cent. in the value of raw silk imported in 1889 over 1880. JUTE MILLS. The California Jute Mill, situated at East Oakland, is the only jute mill, except the mill at San Quentin prison, on the Pacific coast. It was established in 1865 as a cot- ton mill, and was changed to a jute mill in 1869. The works came under the present management in 1883. The California Jute Mill is owned by a joint-stock company. The capital is $240,000, divided into 1,200 shares at $20 per share. Two hundred thousand dollars have been invested in plant and machinery. The mill contains 126 looms and 1,900 spindles. The grounds cover an entire block of 300 feet square, the old wooden buildings being torn down and new buildings of brick constructed. They are of the L shape, the principal one having a frontage of 300 feet on one street by 150 feet on another. The warehouse is 60 by 120 feet, and the reser- voir 66 by 60 feet. The articles manufactured in the mill are grain, ore, wool, sugar, rice, coffee, borax, bean, and twine bags, fleece, fine and sewing twine, matting, hop cloth, and burlap of 40, 45, 50, 54, 60, and 76 inches width. The mill has its own dyeing and baling departments, a hydraulic press being used for baling purposes, 1,000 bags being put in each bale. Then the hoops are put on, and the goods are ready for market. To keep the mill running requires about $250,000 worth of raw material and manufactured goods constantly on hand. The output, supposing all the jute was turned into grain bags, would be equivalent to 45,000,000 bags, which at 8 cents each would amount to $360,000. The total sales of last year's production amounted to $325,000. Amount of jute work, 8,289 bales, averaging $15 per bale, or $124,335. Wages of employés for 1889, $96,448. At present there are 338 persons employed in the mill, of whom 218 are white and 120 Chinese. The working hours are from 6.50 a. m. to 5.50 p. m. Wages of boys are from 50 cents to $1 per day; girls from 40 cents to $1.25. Most of the operatives are paid by the piece; weavers earn from $1.50 to $2 per day; spinners from $1 to $1.40; bag-sewers 65 cents to $1. The Chinese earn from $4.50 to $7.50 per week. High- est wages paid to men $22.50 per week; lowest, $7.50; average, $12 per week. According to the rules posted in the workrooms a fine of one quarter of a day's The foremen and forewomen are all white wages is imposed for dilatoriness. persons. The boys employed are a mixture of races-white, black, and yellow. Their ages are from 10 to 18 years. Until the law went into effect prohibiting the employ- ment of children under 10 years, there were children working in the mill as low as 8 years of age. The majority of the boys and girls are from Portugal or the Azores Islands. Their work consists in removing empty bobbins from the spinning frames and replacing them with full ones. Girls are chiefly employed in bag-sewing and pil- ing. In the latter they earn 40 cents a day. CALIFORNIA. 397 The mill has its own machine shop, fitted up with iron and wood turning lathes, circular saws, and all the machinery necessary to at once repair any part of the works that break or get out of order. The high price of fuel is a cause of general complaint among the industries of Cal- ifornia. In the California jute mill fuel costs between $800 and $900 per mouth. For the month of February, 1890, coal cost the mill $40 per day. Seattle coal screenings cost $4.85 per ton, and lump coal averages about $6.75 during the year. In good seasons it takes about 40,000,000 grain bags to supply all the States and Territories of the Pacific coast with grain bags alone. The purchasing agent at Cal- cutta of several importing firms states that San Francisco received about 30,000,000 jute bags last year from India. The number of wool bags is about 150,000. The in- crease in exports of jute, raw and manufactured, from British India was from 5,206,570 cwt. in 1876, to 10,348,900 cwt. in 1883, or 98 per cent. The jute mill at the San Quentin State prison was started May 1, 1882. The plant consists of 100 looms, 1,936 spindles, and necessary preparing and spinning machinery, bag sewing and hemming machines, hydraulic press-all driven by steam-power. The amount invested in the plant was $249,385. The cost of erecting a similar plant at present would be approximately as follows: Cost in England of the preparing, spinning, weaving, and finishing machinery necessary to run 100 looms Freight per sailer and duty on same. $70,000 Hydraulic press 30,000 Engine (of say 350 nominal horse-power and boilers) 1,500 Shafting and pulleys.. 20,000 Belting 15,000 Labor (placing machinery) 3,000 Building a one-story brick, 160 feet by 250 feet, not including engine and boiler rooms, with truss roof, covered with tin, and concrete floor, water pipe, etc... 5,000 50,000 Total cost of plant 191, 500 In the operation of such a factory it was found indispensable, in order to make the necessary repairs continously required, to attach a small machine shop and foundry and carpenter shop. The cost of tools and machinery necessary for these would amount to about $15,000. All the jute used in the manufacture of bags and burlaps is obtained from India, and its price is very fluctuating, depending on quality, condi- tion of the crops, demand, etc. The prices paid by the prison during the last 6 years have ranged from 2.77 per pound, the lowest (1885), to 5 cents per pound, the highest (1883). The average price this year has been about 41 cents per pound at ship's tackle in San Francisco, cost, freight, duty, and insurance paid. For the full operation of a plant similar to the one described it will require from 357 to 400 prisoners, under the superintendence of at least three competent foremen (free). The engineer and fire- men of machine and carpenter shops should also be free men. The output of the mill with its force, if engaged on grain bags alone, and working, say, 9 hours per day, should be 7,000 to 7,500 bags per day, and the running expenses, in- cluding cost of fuel, oil, repairs, flour, glue, in fact everything necessary in the manu- facture of jute, excepting the cost of the raw jute itself, will be from $2,500 to $3,000 per month. The duty on jute used at San Quentin prison during the past 3 years is approxi- mately as follows: For the year ending June 30— 1887... 1888... 1889... Progress of jute manufacture at San Quentin. $9,000 11, 250 15,000 Fiscal Manu- facturing year ending June 30- Value of expenses, Jute used. jute used. exclusive Fuel. of value Salaries Burlap paid to num- manu- em- of raw jute. ployés. fac- tured. Gross amount of sales. Profit. ber of prison. Average ers employed. Bales. Pounds. 1887...4, 695. 00/1, 856, 347 1888...6, 275.00 2,509, 726 1989...7, 818. 053, 127, 176 Dollars. 66, 548. 10, 82, 945. 32, 110, 001.05 Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Yards. Dollars. Dollars. 36, 805. 17| 8, 348. 41 7, 380. 002, 180, 047 48, 648. 17 13, 514. 81 9, 379. 902, 951, 414 69, 841. 26 26, 697. 79 12, 115. 263, 619, 015 131, 625. 23 17, 240. 03 *360 180, 047. 46 51, 120.82 +502 273, 510. 41 80, 926. 86 +711 One shift. One shift, 8 months; two shifts, 3 months. Two shifts. 398 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The number of grain bags made for the year ending June 30, 1889, was 3,052,433. Besides bags and burlaps there was also manufactured 4,148 pounds of three-ply twine, and 121,809 pounds of five-ply twine, of which amount 47,694 pounds were used in sewing bags and 4,250 pounds in baling goods. The California Cotton Mill Company, at East Oakland, worked $29,895.05 worth of raw jute last year, principally in making ore bags. They have built a large addition to the factory (in which jute bags will be exclusively manufactured) and invested a large amount in jute machinery. We will therefore have three extensive jute factories running in California, viz, two in East Oakland, operated by free labor, and one at San Quentin by convict labor. No Chinese are employed at the cotton mill, but there is still a large number employed at the Oakland Jute Mill. There are three establishments, all located in San Francisco, where jute burlap is made into bags. One of the three, Ames and Dietrich, imported 2,500,000 yards of burlap from India last year, as much as the mill production of a 100-loom mill. The second, Neville & Co., imported last year 1,500,000 yards of burlap and 3,500,000 bags. They manufactured 500,000 grain bags last year. The third, Anderson & Co., manu- factured 250,000 grain bags last year. There are 50 men and boys and 80 women and girls employed at present in the three establishments, but the work is not confined to the making of bags, but also includes flour sacks, etc. The first two are also extensively engaged in the manufacture of tents, awnings, etc. The wages paid to girls are from $3 to $6 per week; sewing women from $6 to $9. The average is about $1 per day. Boys, $5 to $9 per week. Men jute sewers average $15 per week. Hours of labor are from 7 a. m. to 5:50 p. n., or, allowing half an hour for lunch, 10 hours per day. Ames and Deitrich are now erecting a large es- tablishment in which they propose to enter more extensively into the manufacture of bags, and in which more than double their present force will find employment. If the duty on raw jute should be removed by Congress a great impetus would be given to the manufacture of jute bags on this coast, and immediate work could be found for hundreds of women and girls. FURNITURE. Owing to the scantiness of suitable woods, and the high wages, half of the furniture is still imported, much of it in sections, to be fitted here. One half the wood used comes from Oregon and Washington. California primavera is becoming a favorite for its fine wavy grain. The laurel is beautiful, but is used chiefly for veneering. Alaska cedar promises to take a prominent place. Redwood has the advantage, aside from its many good qualities, of receiving almost any stain for imitating dark woods. With this growing appreciation and lower wages, the manufacture is increasing, favored by the high freight and equable clime. The first decided impulse to furni- ture making was given by the war of 181, and San Francisco had in 1888 fully two dozen factories, employing 1,000 hands, with $750,000 in wages, and producing over $3,000,000 worth of finished material. The records for 1889 give only $1,250,000 as the output for that year. Finer molding and gilding of frames is done in San Fran- cisco, and partly the silvering of mirrors. Home decoration is exceptionally large, and over a dozen firms supply artists' material. UPHOLSTERY AND CARPETS. The abundance of wealth in the community gave impulse to a taste inherited in the colder Eastern States for home comforts and embellishments. This applies rather to the towns, for in the country the outdoor life fostered by the climate gives another direction to the taste, as noted especially among Spanish Californians. In early days a rich harvest was reaped by upholsterers, and by 1860 a regular factory was opened for superior upholstery. The Union war decided numerous well-to-do persons to re- main permanently in California, and the subsequent mining speculation fostered lavish expenditure, until the demand for high goods has here become larger in proportion to the population than in other States. The business in 1888 was still controlled by furniture manufacturers, and most of the material was imported, but the high rate on such goods insures the local industry. The better furniture is stuffed with curled hair and moss; inferior with gray hair, soap-root or eureka-hair, excelsior, wool, and tow. Only two of these are produced here: the shoddy or patent wool, in 1881, to the amount of more than 400 tons; and 300 tons of soap-root fiber, resembling horse hair when prepared, and recommended as cool, lasting, and healthy. The total value of the material for filling exceeds $400,000, of which nearly two-thirds is from local sources. San Francisco employs about 350 hands on mattresses and bedding, producing goods worth at least $1,000,000, including, perhaps, $100,000 worth of pillows, although most of the feathers used are imported from the East or from Germany. CALIFORNIA. 399 ! Of late years most of the springs for mattresses are prepared by three San Francisco firms, employing in 1881, 200 hands, using 600 tons of imported wire worth $120,000, and producing springs to the value of $200,000. One firm makes woven wire mat- tresses. Comforters are gaining in favor, owing to their lightness and cleanliness. One factory produces $2,500 worth per month, one-tenth of the total in use; the fill- ing is cotton batting. Four houses clean feathers, mostly imported, by patent proc- esses, and make pillows. The first factory carpet, a three-ply, was made at the San Francisco Mission mills in 1864, but like ingrain carpets, their manufacture proved unprofitable. Of rag carpets the largest San Francisco house produces only 10,000 yards per year. Factories have been started at Vallejo and Red Bluff for carpet lin- ing. Tulle matting is used to some extent, but cotton batting saves the carpet more. The sand-laden breezes of San Francisco assist to sustain several carpet-beating houses. SASHI, DOORS, AND BLINDS. Factories for the manufacture of sash, doors, and blinds were started in California 25 years ago. One of the earliest was established in 1867 at Truckee. Another was put up at Chico, Butte County, and also one at Red Bluffs. Sacramento, Los Angeles, and other interior cities manufacture considerably in this line, and Oakland has two large establishments employing several hundred men. As in most other lines, how- ever, San Francisco is the center of this business and twelve factories are located there, while most of the others have agencies in that city. These mills give employ- ment to 2,000 men, and the value of the manufactures reaches $6,000,000 annually. Nearly 15,000,000 feet of lumber are consumed, and engines of 1,500 horse-power are required to work the material into shape. The interior mills send some of their prod- uct to San Francisco. In some cases this comprises a large proportion. The re- mainder goes into the immediate neighborhood of the mill. The San Francisco mills sell most of their product for home consumption and much of it is consumed in that city. They also supply interior points from the southern to the northern extreme of the State, and shipments are made in land to points outside of the State boundaries. There is also some export trade with foreign countries. Australia is probably the best customer in this line. Last year over 34,000 doors were sent hence to the colonies of a value of $59,800. There was also door stock and mold- ings for the same market to the value of about $20,000. Mexico takes about 10 per cent. of what Australia buys in this line here. The various islands of the Pacific are cus- tomers of the same kind, but on greatly reduced lines. But it is upon domestic rather than foreign customers that our manufacturers rely for custom and an extension of their business. Imports from the east have been almost entirely cut off, though in early years they were heavy. The following table will show the large decrease from 1864 to 1870 in the importation of eastern products which at the latter date began to disappear from the California market: 1864 1865. 1866. 1867.. 1868.. 1869... 1870.. BILLIARD TABLES. Doors. Blinds. Sash. Number. Bundles. Packages. 56, 418 1,616 5, 855 50, 597 2,755 4,883 15, 239 2,816 2, 212 2, 932 960 2, 159 3, 681 2,027 2, 601 5,732 3, 165 2,958 1, 838 1, 818 1, 486 The manufacture of billiard tables was early encouraged by the great demand. P. Liesenfeld, the earliest existing firm, began in 1855. In the following year (1856) there were two more, and in 1860 there were five, with $30,000 sales. By 1870 the sales had trebled from six factories. A dozen years later the figures had risen to $200,000, with a small export. The make is fully equal to eastern. One establish- ment turns billiard balls. PIANOS. Pianos claim nine-tenths of the millions annually spent on musical instruments. Two-thirds are imported; the rest, of 800 pianos, 200 house organs, some guitars, and other instruments, occupy 150 men and a capital of three-quarters of a million, in making cases and putting together the parts manufactured elsewhere by special fac- 400 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. tories. The first Californian piano is credited to Jacob Zech, a six octave square piece, made at San Francisco in 1856. The first upright piece was turned out by G. Rudolf in 1865. The demand for organs is only one fourth that of pianos, mostly imported, but the local manufacture is increasing. Church organs were first made by Jos. Mayer, in 1856, followed by the Schöwsteins, the factory of J. Bergström, dating from 1864, being the largest and best known. Some fourscore organs have been constructed at from $1,000 upward, partly for export. Of minor instruments the annual produc- tion amounts to $10,000, or one-fourth of imports. Guitars and violins were first made at San Francisco by C. Stumcke in 1857. METAL WORKS, In other metal branches a dozen coppersmiths turn out articles worth over $250,000, whereof sufficient is exported to balance the small import. J. Macken opened the first shop about 1852. A number of brass foundries produce a large variety of metals to the value of $300,000 at San Francisco alone by 300 hands. W. T. Garrett started the first works in 1850. His sinking and steam pumps are well known. The largest bells on the coast came from his shop. Lead works were first opened by T. H. Selby in 1865, stimulated by the abundance of lead and antimony. In 1881 the production of sheets, bars, pipes, wire, bullets, etc., exceeded 5,000 tons, worth $800,000, and 150 hands were employed. In the plumbing business about $750,000 is invested, with products half as much larger and equivalent to the imports of chandeliers, hardware, etc. The sale of tinware equals that of plumbers' products, two-thirds being local ware. The tin comes from Australia, which sent 750 tons in 1881, a doubling of former im- ports, due to increased canning operatious. For the latter branch alone 150 men were employed, one-half Chinese. Fully half the tin ware has been made in San Francisco, since 1860, prior to which Sacramento employed nearly one hundred hands, sustained by the mines. G. H. Tay & Co., established in 1848, own the largest factory. Of galvanized iron, only small articles are made here, by two dozen hands. Cornices and other architectural ornaments consume some 700 tons of coated sheet iron an- nually and employ at times over 150 hands. Japanning work does not exceed $40,000, the imports being equal. Metallic signs represent $10,000. The California Electrical Works were the sole manufacturers of the coast in 1881 of telegraphic and electrical instruments to the value of nearly $75,000. Nickel plating is also done, and electrical works are rapidly increasing in number. Gilding and silvering are done to the value of $100,000, largely for battery plates, employing three dozen hands. The nickel plating is worth $15,000. Plated ware proper is imported to the value of about $750,000. The gold-beating factory of 1853 has alone survived the shops since opened, and it produces only a small part of the $150,000 worth of leaf sold. IRON AND STEEL. The manufacture of iron and steel is one of the most extensive industries in Cali- fornia, and the various products, embracing nearly everything from nails to war- ships, have an aggregate annual value of about $10,000,000. In 1849 the first foun- dry, scarcely more than a blacksmith shop, was opened by Peter Donahue in San Francisco. From this small beginning has grown what now is known as the Union Iron Works, and in addition to this plant there are now nearly fifty others, most of them located in San Francisco and a few scattered through the interior of the State. The history of the Union Iron Works is interesting, as showing the great and rapid growth of the industry on the coast, almost entirely crowding out eastern imports, except in the case of machinery, which naturally finds a profitable market in certain directions, although California machine shops turn out quantities of fine work. Donahue's small foundry grew constantly until 1865, when the firm name was changed to Prescott, Scott & Co., and under this title continued on the original site until 1885, when the demands of business made it necessary to secure larger quarters and the concern was moved to South San Francisco, where a tract of 15 acres was secured and large brick buildings were erected. They are complete in their appoint- ments, and in addition to the foundry and machine shops there are ample facilities for handling and building vessels. The stone dry dock is a large affair, best de- scribed by the following figures: Length of excavation in solid rock. Depth Width of entrance. Width of top. Tubular boilers, 4-inch tubes.. Capacity of pumps per hour. Total cost of work. ..feet.. 450 .do... 120 ...do... 30 120 4 .cubic feet.. 325, 368 $675, 500 .do... ..number.. CALIFORNIA. 401 In the foundry and machine shops about seven hundred people are employed, whose wages aggregate nearly $350,000 per annum. The product of the works includes mining machinery, stationary engines, boilers, hoisting apparatus, steel ships, etc. The United States cruisers Charleston and San Francisco were built at these works, and at this writing contracts for other men-of-war are on hand. Another large concern is the Pacific Rolling Mills, established at San Francisco in 1865, with a capital of $1,000,000. At the annual meeting in 1890 the capital stock was doubled for the purpose of enlarging the plant, and the mills will be fitted with new machinery of late design. The history of the concern is one of constant pushing against obstacles, though the men at its head, including William Alvord, James G. Fair, N. Luning, Edward Coleman, and L. C. Breese, have been equal to the task of carrying on the enterprise. At the outset there was a limited field to work, and but little business in sight. By vigorous work, however, the mills have widened their territory and increased their business facilities until they represent one of the most important features of the iron industry in California. The Pacific Rolling Mills man- ufactured the first steel rails used on the streets of San Francisco, and have since turned out thousands of tons of this work. In the building of Government cruisers contracted for by the Union Iron Works, they have played an important part, furnish- ing many huge castings, though their work has attracted but little public attention, as the contractors naturally figure as the chief actors. Quartz mills, cable-road work, bar and rolled iron and steel, steel rails, rivets, and horseshoes are included in the scope of the works, and the establishment is now in a prosperous condition. The machine shops of the Central Pacific Company at Sacramento are among the oldest in the State and employ several hundred men. Though established by, and operated in the interest of, the Central Pacific Railroad, the Sacramento Rolling Mills do a great amount of outside work and cut an important figure in the iron trade. About 8 years ago Egbert Judson, and others who were interested in the iron-ore deposits in the northern part of the State, and who had begun the manufacture of pig-iron under a corporation known as the Iron and Steel Company, conceived the idea of perfecting their business by the establishment of a rolling mill and machine shop. The outcome of the project was the erection at West Berkeley in 1882 of the Judson Manufacturing Company. The business was started with a capital of $1,810,000. Their specialties include nails, tacks, horseshoe nails, files, hinges, railroad spikes and bolts, and bridge, work. They also manufacture agricultural machinery, and, with Baker & Hamilton and the Benecia Agricultural Implement Works, control most of the California trade in this line. ༄ In other lines of ironwork there are a number of prosperous establishments. Payne's Bolt Works, established at San Francisco in 1871 by William and G. L. Payne, are the only special works of the kind on the coast. They turn out the best class of work and are rapidly growing. In the line of tools the Pacific Saw Manufacturing Com- pany takes an important place, and the California Tool Works at San Francisco ope- rates a large factory and produces a wide variety of work. The William T. Garrett Company makes a specialty of pumps, blowers, brasswork, bells, and small machin- ery, and has a large establishment in San Francisco. The American Machine and Model Works and the California Horseshoe Company, both located at San Francisco, are developing a large trade in their respective lines. In the manufacture of pig-iron the State is also advancing, though the first furnace on the coast was erected in Oregon. Washington soon afterward took up the industry. These enterprises have been maintained with more or less regularity ever since. The former has been known as the Oswego Iron Company, and the latter as the Puget Sound Iron Company. Both have sent a portion of their product to San Francisco. In 1882 California received over 3,000 tons of pig-iron from Oregon, the largest quantity up to that time, and larger than for any subsequent year. In 1887 these receipts from that source fell to 300 tons, and last year to 50 tons. They have since ceased alto- gether. The Puget Sound Company has been more regular and more important in its supplies. It sent 2,500 tons in 1887 and 2,200 in 1888. It is still sending down a small consignment by nearly every steamer. The Puget Sound Works were rebuilt and enlarged in 1882. They are now the largest and most important on the coast, though the product sent to San Francisco is too small to have much bearing on con- sumptive wants or prices. The iron, however, gives good satisfaction and the yield can be greatly increased. The manufacture of pig-iron in California was commenced within the past decade. Deposits of iron ore in the State have been known for many years. Delay in opening and working these deposits has been simply a question of expense. As long as the consumers can get the pig-iron from abroad cheaper than its cost in California there is no inducement to spend time and money in developing the industry. However, an attempt in this line was made in 1881 by the incorporation of the California Iron and Steel Company, with a capital of $2,675,000 in 26,750 shares, and $1,601,000 subscribed and paid up. The first directors were Egbert Judson, Irving M. Scott, A. P. Hota- ling, B. B. Redding, and G. W. Gibbs. A large tract of mineral land was secured in I σ 90-26 402 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Placer and Nevada Counties. Furnaces were erected, and the town of Hotaling estab- lished in Placer County, with twenty or more dwellings. The works were destroyed by fire soon after they began operations, but were immediately rebuilt. The enterprise can not be said to be a success, though credited with a product of 1,000 tons of pig- iron in 1882, 5,200 tons in 1883, and 2,200 tons in 1884, and 1,750 tons in 1885. The furnaces have not been in blast for the past three years. Most of the pig-iron melted in San Francisco has come from Europe. The need of ships to take away wheat has enabled iron mongers in England and Scotland to get low rates of transportation on their product to this market. This, of course, has dis- couraged the erection of furnaces on this coast and especially in this State. The imports of pig-iron at San Francisco for the past quarter of a century ending Decem- ber 31, 1888, were 348,112 tons, of which 20,971 tons came from Europe, and only 2,165 tons from the Atlantic States. The great diversity in quantity between the respective sources is not due altogether to quality, but to the lay-down cost in this market. The foreign iron is stronger, but this not the only element of its popularity. Lower prices in Europe and cheap transportation to this market have more than overbalanced the duty as against free iron. The consumption of eastern and foreign pig-iron in California for the past decade has averaged from 16,000 to 18,000 tons per annum, and is steadily increasing. Over five thousand men find employment in the foundries, machine shops, and boiler and iron works of the State. The annual consumption of pig iron is 15,400 tons; bar iron consumed, 17,000 tons; rivets used annually, 600 tons; horse power of engines, 3,000; aggregate value of products, $9,000,000. NAILS. Though nails are a necessity in every well-ordered community, it took California many years to inspire her capitalists with enough courage to undertake their manu- facture. Men would as soon undertake to build up a town on a barren spot without food and clothing as without nails. So when the hardy pioneers set out from the Atlan- tic States in 1849 to the Pacific coast, they looked to the ship's manifest to see that nails was one of the items of freight. Of course, they knew they could get along in this climate for a time in teuts and other makeshifts for dwellings; but those who intended to settle down to business and abide here realized that permanent habita- tions required the permanent use of nails. Sometimes the market was overstocked, and the early inhabitants can recall the winter when kegs of nails were used as step- ping stones through the water that covered the intersection of Montgomery and Cali- fornia streets. In the early fifties the local consumption of nails was 4,000 to 5,000 kegs per month. The imports of nails at San Francisco in 1853 were 105,156 kegs, against 42,125 kegs in 1854, and 97,166 kegs in 1855. A nail factory for California was agi- tated some years before the idea crystallized. The establishment of the Judson Manufacturing Company across the bay in 1882 hastened the culmination of the other enterprise. The people of Oakland about that time were doing their best to encour- age the establishment of local manufactures within their city limits, and very liberal concessions of water front and grounds were offered. These offers were considered much more favorable than any promise on the other side of the bay, and so the Oak- land people secured several industries that ought to have been located at San Fran- cisco. The Pacific Iron and Nail Company was incorporated in 1882 with a capital of $500,000 in 5,000 shares, all of which have been paid up. An eligible site was immedi- ately secured on the water front near the foot of Market street, Oakland, and substan- tial buildings were erected the same year. The principal building, in which the nail machines are located, is two stories in height. The factory was started in February, 1883, with about 50 machines for making cut nails and spikes, each having a daily capacity of about 200 pounds. The new factory started off under favorable auspices. There was a disposition among the hardware dealers and builders to throw business in its way. The product was pronounced equal in finish and strength to the best eastern and in some respects better adapted to our woods and needs, because lighter, and therefore a greater num- ber to the pound. They were made from blended iron and steel. At the end of the first year it was found that over 100,000 kegs had been made and most of them sold. The effect of the new undertaking was shown in diminished imports at San Francisco that year. For the previous two years these imports had averaged over 230,000 kegs per annum. In 1883 the imports were reported at a little over 175,000 kegs, of which 85,900 kegs came by rail and 89,600 kegs by water. The imports have never since been so large as that. Few local manufacturing establishments have shown such immedi- ate and pronounced results on the volume of importations. In connection with other local industries the nail factory has had to labor under the disadvantage of high-priced labor, capital, and fuel, as well as to haul most of its raw product from a long distance. The labor question has often disturbed the CALIFORNIA. 403 harmony of its movements and the volume of its business. In the 7 years of its ex- istence there have been several strikes, but they have not been long continued, and are supposed to have been satisfactorily settled. At the time the factory was started its estimated capacity was 600 kegs per day. In 1885, the daily capacity was reported as 900 kegs, and about that time there was a proposition to add more machinery so as to increase the capacity to 1,500 kegs daily. În 1887, the number of machines reported in operation was 95. The sales for 1888 were reported at 300,000 kegs. A wire plant was introduced that year, costing $75,000, also a puddling mill and 4 new furnaces. Since then the daily capacity has been 1,500 kegs cut nails and spikes, 150 kegs wire nails, and about 15 tons annealed wire. It is reported that 340,000 kegs nails were made at the factory in 1889. It has given employment at times to as many as 300 persons, and at no time during its normal operation have there been less than 200 at work. SOAP AND CANDLES. The manufacture of soap dates back to the earliest days of the State's history, though the first products were of the very coarsest varieties. It required but little capital to carry on the business, and before the first manufacturer got his wares fairly to the people he had half a dozen competitors. Good prices were the inducement. At the close of 1853 castile soap was quoted in a wholesale way in this city at 25 cents per pound. The best is not worth more than one-half as much now, while good brown castile has long been quoted at about 7 cents to 73 cents. Thirty-five years ago Hill's Pale No. 1 was quoted here at 10 cents, chemical olive 12 cents, and brown 7 and 8 cents. Present quotations are not over 50 per cent. of the above prices. Factories in this city multiplied rapidly between 1850 and 1860. There were more of those establishments here 25 and 30 years ago thau now. Most of them, however, were small affairs. Competition has since closed up many of these. Improved means of manufacture have called for larger outlays of capital, more economy and system in working, with the natural result of centralizing the business in fewer and stronger hands. There are now twenty-three soap factories within the limits of San Francisco, though there are about forty firms manipulating the business. All kinds of soap are made at these factories. While in early years only the more common varieties were made, for the past decade or more the finest varieties known to the trade have been turned out. Many attempts were made on castile and other toilet descriptions before final success crowned the efforts. We are now making a good_article of castile soap, which is sold freely in competition with the best Marseilles. For a time it was difficult to compete with the best eastern toilet soaps in quality and price. But this has at last been accomplished. Some one connected with the Columbia Soap Works, established here in 1880, demonstrated that as good soap could be made here as elsewhere. This was particularly shown in the toilet descriptions turned out by that factory. While most of the soap factories of San Francisco are fairly representative estab- lishments in volume and quantity of the product, it is probably true that the Standard Soap Company is the largest of this kind in this State or on this coast. The business to which this company succeeded was started in a modest way in this city in 1860. The first works were located in a corrugated-iron building on Sansom and Broadway. This building was constructed in the east and brought here in sec- tions by sail and then put together. Subsequently the business was removed to Sac- ramento street, between Front and Davis, running through to Commercial street. The factory and salesroom remained in that locality until about 1875, when those interested incorporated (April 9) as the Standard Soap Company. About that time a site of 5 acres on the water front at West Berkley was secured and the factory was removed to that point, where a three-story building was erected, covering the full width of the property with the bay on one side and railroad facilities on the other. This building has been filled up with the most approved appliances for soap-making. The company makes all its own boxes, prints its labels, owns a steamer for trans- portation of supplies to and from San Francisco, and has a large salesroom in that city. The local factories enjoy a large trade with inland points, not only in Caliifonia, but in all the adjacent States and Territories. This trade is steadily expanding as the country becomes more settled. While there is nothing to prevent the estab- lishment of soap factories in all large towns of the interior, these communities are content to allow the business to concentrate at San Francisco, where all the raw ma- terials, shipping facilities, and capital converge to insure the best product and the best returns. The local product, however, does not begin to meet the demand, and there has always been a heavy importation from the east and Europe. In 1853 the quantity received was about 115,227 boxes. The imports for the next 404 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. few years are lacking. Since January 1, 1864, the quantity annually received has been as follows: Year. Boxes. Year. Boxes. Year. Boxes. 1864 47, 450 1873 1865 58,290 1882 17, 769 1874. 35, 209 42, 231 1883 1866. 32, 364 1875 31, 665 1867 31, 290 1884 14, 158 1876.. 33, 700 46, 866 1885 1868 17, 645 46, 600 1877. 44, 423 1886 1869 26, 605 77, 100 1878 29, 486 1887. 1870 62, 550 76, 500 1879 1871 23, 765 31,775 1880 1872 22, 227 1881. 23,759 33, 120 Total.. 906, 547 The imports for the past 3 years show increased consumption of eastern and foreign soaps. The heavy influx of eastern people who have come here to reside in the last few years may account for this exhibit. The imports for the past 12 years are about 25 per cent. larger than for the previous 12 years. To offset this there is some foreign demand and the shipments hence to foreign markets in 1889 were about 20,000 boxes, principally to Asiatic Russia, Japan, and the Hawaiian and Society Islands. PAINTS AND VARNISH. In the manufacture of paints California has made rapid progress in the past 25 years, its chief product in this line being white lead. The heavy yield of lead from the Eureka and other districts of Nevada has given San Francisco many advantages in this trade. The Pacific Oil and Lead Works, established in 1867, was the first concern to enter the field. Machinery for grinding lead in oil was put up in 1868, and worked for years, or until others took up the industry exclusively. The Pioneer White Lead Works, owned by Whittier, Fuller & Co., were established in 1877, since when the Pacific Oil and Lead Works has made no white lead, though the corporate title of the works remains as before. The Pioneer white lead factory has now been in continuous operation for 11 years. It has been the aim of the proprietors to produce a superior article and at a price that will defy competition from all other sources. The fact that a large and growing business has been developed for their product, extending from British Co- lumbia on the north to Mexico on the south, may be considered conclusive evidence of success. It is not to be inferred from the foregoing that only California-made white lead is used on this coast. That is far from the fact. Imports of this character are still kept up, and probably always will divide the field with local manufactures. Up to 1870 all our Eastern domestic white lead came from the Atlantic seaboard by water. Consignments of this article first took the overland route in 1874, when the factories at Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis entered the field as competitors with the Brook- lyn and Philadelphia factories. Later on Omaba and Salt Lake became shippers. Naturally this fierce competition for the California trade worked heavy reductions in prices. In many cases the outside product was sold at loss. It required a heroic ef- fort to keep up local manufactures in this contest for supremacy, but the owners of the Pioneer factory were equal to the emergency, and they now have a well-estab- lished, if not a very remunerative, business as their reward. In 1866 Atlantic white lead sold here at 15 to 20 cents. In 1867 the outside rate was 15 cents, in 1868 it was 13 cents, and after that 11 cents. For the past few years the range has been 6 to 9 cents, and for the past year or two 6 cents has been the outside figure for large lots. In addition to the Pioneer White Lead Works there are several other establish- ments and agencies for the manufacture or sale of white lead, paints, and varnishes. We have, for example, the Germanic Lead Works and the Union White Lead Works, The California Paint Company and White Lead and Color Works, the Pacific Color Works and the Pacific Rubber Paint Company. There is almost an endless variety to the paint business, not only in colors but in character. The materials can be had in original forms or in combinations, and in packages to suit. Besides colors for ordinary work, there are paints made here for special service, such as roofs, metals, and floors. There are also establishments for the manufacture of varnishes of all descriptions. These include the California Varnish Works, San Francisco Pioneer Works, and the Occidental Varnish Works. The White Lead, Paint and Varnish Works of San Fran- cisco employ over two hundred men, and report a product of about $500,000 per annum, CALIFORNIA. 405 GLASS. Glass is not among the largest of California's industries and a great amount of the glassware used here is imported from the east. There are two factories here, namely, the San Francisco and Pacific and the Oakland. The factory in San Francisco employs about one hundred and twenty-five hands and turns out a product of over $100,000 in value per annum. The business last year was an improvement over 1888, and is ex- pected to be still better this year. The factory has a capacity for 8 tons per diem. The product embraces green and amber glassware in all shapes and styles. Some of the patterns are very handsome. Of course all our window and plate glass still comes from Europe, chiefly from Belgium. The first cost of these imports is over $300,000 per annum, to which must be added freight and duty. We have an abundance of inaterial for the manufacture of window and plate glass, as well as glassware of all descriptions, and it is to be hoped the industry will find greater development here in the next 10 years than it has in the past decade. There are over a score of firms already engaged in glass bending, cutting, embossing, engraving, and staining. These firms employ quite a number of operators and their combined manufactures show an esti- mated value of about $800,000 per annum. DRUGS AND CHEMICALS. Though the drug business is highly profitable, the manufactories in California are few and of no great extent. In Berkeley and San Francisco prosperous acid works are in operation which con- sume large quantities of nitrate imported from Peru and sulphur from Japan and Spain, together with a large amount of the latter found in the State. The annual imports are about 10,000 tons of nitrate and 7,000 tons of sulphur. The output of the State of drugs and chemicals is valued at $750,000. The borax fields of California are large and profitable. One of the early references to the deposits in this State is found in the Mining Review of 1865 as printed in the Bulletin in January, 1866. The discovery was made in Clear Lake, in Napa County, afterwards called Borax Lake. The deposits were said to be large and of a purer quality than that found anywhere else in the world. A company was formed and several tons gathered weekly and sent to San Francisco, whence the surplus after supplying the home demand, was sent abroad. The home demand at that time was said to be 30 or 40 tons per annum, while the total consumption of the United States was probably not over 1,000 tons per annum. Borax Lake has been abandoned for larger and more remunerative fields. Acres of deposits have since been discovered and worked in Inyo and San Bernardino Counties in this State and in Nevada. Large refining works have been established in Alameda County and other points; a consid- erable amount of capital has been employed and free shipments have been made for years to the Atlantic States and elsewhere. The receipts of borax at San Francisco in 1889 were over 2,000 tons. This total compares as follows with previous years: 1876. 1877... 1878... 1879... 1880. Tons. 2, 571 1881-. 1,770 1, 331 1882. 1883.. 819 1881.. 2, 004 1885.. Tons. 2,000 2, 118 1886... 1887.. 2,434 18 8 2, 854 3, 218 1889... Tons. 3, 865 3, 906 3,792 2, 168 Though the receipts in 1889 were the smallest since 1882 the shipments were heavy and the exports by rail from the interior aggregated 5,056,390 pounds, valued at $333,131, a tremendous increase over 1888, when the shipments were 1,962,540 pounds, valued at $130,234. OILS. Though of but comparatively recent development, the petroleum interests of Cali- fornia are of much more importance than is generally supposed to be the case. The principal sources of supply are understood to be controlled by the Pacific Coast Oil Company and the Mission Transfer Company. These "principal sources" of the crude material are in Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, though the oil has been found in less paying quantities in several other counties, both north and south of San Francisco. The Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce estimates the production of the southeru counties at 35,000 barrels per month, or 420,000 barrels per annum. Ventura county produced 232,703 barrels in 1888 against 121,335 barrels in 1887. One-half of the Ventura county product is sent to San Francisco, while the remainder is con- sumed in the southern counties. The principal wells now in successful operation are in the vicinity of Santa Paula, Ventura County, Newhall and Puente, Los Angeles 406 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. County, and Alma and Half Moon Bay, San Mateo County. There are a score or more of flowing wells at these points, some of which are yielding quite satisfactor- ily. Following is the production of California for the past 11 years. ' 1879. 1880.. 1881.. 1882. Gallons. 568, 806 1883.. 1, 763, 215 1884.. 4, 194, 102 1885. 5,402, 671 | 1886... Gallons. 6, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 8,760,000 1889. 10,910, 000 1887... 1888. Gallons. 18, 500, 000 17, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 The imports of kerosene for the last 4 years were as follows: • 1886. 1887... 1888... 1889.. Gallons. 5, 444, 100 7,472, 960 4, 578, 570 7,600,000 The first attempts at well boring in California were made in the early sixties, and were attended with heavy losses resulting in a temporary abandonment of the indus- try. Work was resumed in 1876, and has since been continued uninterruptedly to the present. The product reported above since 1879 represents crude oil. Though the total for 1888 is 1,500,000 gallons less than in 1887, the yield for the past decade is 99,078,900 gallons, or an average of 909,890 gallons per annum. According to a sur- vey of the oil fields in the southern counties in 1877 the deposits were found in area 60 miles long by 8 miles wide. This is probably not one-half of the area where earth oil exists in this State. The Pacific Coast Oil Company was organized and incorporated in 1878. The offi- cers are George Loomis, president; D. G. Schofield, vice president; Charles B.Wheaton, secretary. They have the largest oil refinery on the Pacific coast and manufacture illuminating and lubricating oils, gasoline, benzine, naphtha, and gas distillate. The capital is $1,000,000. The site of the works is on Alameda Point, opposite San Fran- cisco, where they have an extent of 15 acres. The establishment has a capacity for refining 500 barrels of crude oil per day. There are about 25 tanks, containing 75,000 barrels of oil, and an average of 300 barrels of crude material are daily received from the company's wells near Newhall, Los Angeles County, which is brought up by the company's own tank cars. About 30 men are employed at the works and 40 more at the wells and along the line. The Mission Transfer Company, with a capital of $500,000, embraces or transacts business for the following concerns: Hardiston & Stewart (capital $1,000,000), Sespo Oil Company (capital $500,000), and the Torre Canyon Oil Company (capital $250,000). It owns a refinery with large tanks and cars at Santa Paula and has 100 miles of pipe laid. The tank capacity of the works at Santa Paula is 100,000 barrels, and the refining capacity 300 barrels per day, though the flow of the wells is from 500 to 800 barrels a day. These companies own over forty wells in Ventura County and are continually exploiting new territory. Much of the oil 18 pumped a distance of 20 miles to the seacoast and loaded direct into vessels at the wharf. At San Francisco the company has a 7,000-barrel tank at the Potrero. A market is found on the coast for nearly all the output, including illuminating and lubricating oils, naphtha, ben- zine, gasoline, and gas distillate, though quantities of asphaltum are shipped east. The pay-roll of the company amounts to about $6,000 per month. The refining of whale oil in San Francisco has been carried on in a small way for many years. In 1882 there was incorporated in this city the Pacific Steam Whaling Company, and as a natural outgrowth of that corporation another followed 2 years later, which is known as the Arctic Oil Works Company. This was the first time corporate capital had taken up this industry outside of New Bedford. The capacity of the San Francisco Works is 150 barrels refined oil daily, to produce which 300 barrels crude oil must be manipulated. The capital stock of the concern is $1,000,- 000. In the summer season 30 men are employed at the works, and during the win- ter from 100 to 150, while from 400 to 500 more are employed on the companies' ships and wharves during the whaling season. Eleven steamers and two sailing vessels cruise after whales, and the product of the works is limited only by the catch. The product for the past 3 years was as follows: 1887. 1888. 1889 Total... Year. Whale oil. Sperm oil. Barrels. 32, 614 Barrels. 380 15, 9113 256 12, 126 210 60, 651 846 CALIFORNIA. 407 In New Bedford there are from 18 to 20 vessels employed in the business, but the works are not as extensive as those of the Arctic Oil Works of San Francisco. Ac- cording to the report of the U. S. Treasury Department ending June 30, 1889, there was imported into New Bedford 347,845 gallons of sperm oil valued at $253,249 and 26,186 gallons of other whale oil valued at $10,309. San Francisco for the same year imported 14,223 gallons of sperm valued at $5,541 and 485,591 gallons of other whale oil valued at $90,037. Thus the total imports of New Bedford were 374,031 gallons and those of San Francisco 499,184 gallons. San Francisco has long been doing something in the manufacture of linseed oil. This enterprise was first introduced here about a quarter of a century ago. The experi- ment stage was similar to that of all like industries, poor remuneration for the large expenditure of time and money. The Pacific Coast Oil and Lead Works was started in the spring of 1867, by John and L. W. Benchley and P. B. Bruner. Oil is made both by the old hydraulic process and by the French steam process. The factory is an important link in the manufacturing enterprises of San Francisco. It has not made California entirely independent of Eastern linseed oil, but it has saved a good many thousand dollars for local disbursements which were previously sent out of the State. The raw material is drawn from India and South America. The quality of the linseed oil produced is fully the equal of the best imported. Cocoanut oil and castor oil are also made at the Pacific Coast Oil and Lead Works. The manufacture of the former was commenced in 1872 and of the latter in 1868. Castor oil is made from the castor bean, a small amount of which has been produced in the southern counties of California, but most of those used at the mill have been imported from Calcutta. It is possible, however, to produce enough castor beans in the State to entirely supply the San Francisco mill, but considerable care is required in culti- vation, and especially in picking time. Any section of the State that is good for the- raising of corn is also good for the castor bean. Of course the consumption of castor oil is limited, being used almost entirely for medicinal purposes. The San Francisco mill can supply the entire Pacific-coast demand, but it has not been able to shut out all products of Eastern makers. The local demand for cocoanut oil is almost exclu- sively met by the San Francisco mill. The Pacific islands furnish large quantities of the raw material, principally in the form of cobra, the name for dried cocoanut. There are two grades of cocoanut oil made here, one of which is used largely in the manufacture of soap and the other as an illuminant and for kindred purposes. Though California's oil productions are great, the imports are also heavy and are increasing. Receipts for the past two years. & Kerosene Nut oil. Lard oil.. Linseed oil Cotton-seed oil.... Gasoline. Kind. 1888. 1889. · ..cases.. gallons..4, 578, 570 | 7, 600, 000 46, 957 30,025 .gallons.. 125, 347 199, 180 .do.... 248, 430 146, 970 ..do... 18, 641 29, 280 .do... 434, 300 434, 240 The oil trade is growing, the acreage of castor beans is constantly increasing, and new petroleum fields are continually coming to light. In another decade this will be one of the leading industries of California. BRICK. Brick are made in all parts of the State, from San Diego to Siskiyou. For various reasons Marin County is the center of the industry. It is near to San Francisco and has water transportation between the source of supply and the point of demand. The California brickyards furnish about 75,000,000 brick per annum. The yards are established on the coast, bay, shore, river banks, or near railways, so as to reduce the item of carriage to the lowest possible point. The summer season in this State is eminently favorable to this class of business. There are no fears of sudden rains to come down on fresh-laid brick; the hot sun rapidly dries the molded clay, and the brick are soon made ready for burning. The preliminaries up to this point are prac- tically the same as they have been up to the past 50 years, and so is much of the after work. In most cases the brick are put into kilns with arches for fires, these fires being kept up night and day for about a week. An exception to this rule, so far as the burning process is concerned, is found in the case of the Patent Brick Company's works, just north of San Rafael, in Marin County. Here the brick are burned in patent ovens. There are four of these, costing $29,000 408 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. apiece. They are, of course, better heat containers than the temporary sidings placed on brick kilns. The brick are burned more evenly, more thoroughly, and more economically than in the old way. These works are the most extensive in the State, and are capable of supplying all the wants of this vicinity. But the owners find plenty of competition, patent brick being not only sent out from other parts of Marin County, but also from Santa Clara County 50 miles to the south. Pressed brick for fronts are made here as the demand requires, the consumption being limited. The recent introduction of stone in facings has somewhat diminished the inquiry for pressed brick. But there will always be a demand for them. The quality offering is first class, though thus far only of a single color. LIME, PLASTER, AND CEMENT. The center of California's lime industry is Santa Cruz County, which has since the early fifties been producing a superior article. Forty years ago lime was quoted at $5 a barrel, and the output was limited. Now the best material averages about $1.50 a barrel and the shipments reach as high as 200,000 barrels annually. Santa Cruz County gives employment to about 200 men in this business, and the yearly product will foot up over $250,000. Plaster has been manufactured in the State for the past 15 years. Previous to that time it was imported from New York State, and the receipts here are still heavy at prices averaging 50 cents more than the local product. The gypsum from which the California article is obtained comes from the island of San Marco off the coast of Mexico. Of this, 2,500 tons were imported last year. As early as 1862 the manufacture of cement was begun in this State. A good deposit was discovered near Benicia, and shortly afterward the Benicia Cement Works was incorporated. In 1865, 6,000 barrels were produced, and a year later the output was doubled. Subsequently as much as 20,000 barrels was made, which had the tendency of materially decreasing the imports from the East. Recently, however, the works have been abandoned, and California now produces nothing in this line. There is a great opportunity, however, for a profitable business, as one firm alone has im- ported 300,000 barrels from England during the past 15 years. For the past year the receipts from England, Germany, Belgium, and New York amounted to 400,000 barrels, which cost the State about $1,500,000. A late dispatch from Los Angeles conveys the information that a cement factory is to be established there with a capacity of 400 barrels a day. PLANING MILLS. In connection with lumber manufacture have sprung up a number of planing mills for preparing frames, casings, doors, sashes, balustrades, cornices, and other orna- ments, with special factories for several branches. The redwood is admirable for these purposes in being easily worked, and as it does not warp, crack, or stain, the export demand extends to these manufactures. The first planing mill is ascribed to Hutton on Market street, San Francisco, the second to Meigs, at North Beach, both soon after 1850. The first sash and door factory is claimed by Marysville for 1854. There were in 1888 a score of mills with a capital of $1,000,000, employing 1,500 men, and producing nearly $5,000,000 worth of articles. Petaluma claims a special stair- building factory. The progress of San Diego finds an illustration in the rapid suc- cess of the Enterprise Planing Mills, although established only in 1885. FLOUR MILLS. One of the earliest industries of the coast was the conversion of wheat into flour. Oregon was the pioneer in the business, having been settled some years before Cali- fornia, though in this State the inception of the industry dates back to the early fifties. At first the Argonauts were compelled to import their flour from the East, and at times paid as high as $40 a barrel, though better flour has since been made here for $4 a barrel. The mills here have not all been prosperous, and some have been compelled to close, but not in recent years. One of the earliest establishments, which is still in existence, was the Golden Gate Mill, built in San Francisco in 1852 by Conro & Co., with a capacity of 300 barrels a day. The business passed into the hands of Horace Davis in 1860, and has since re- mained in his possession. It is a five-story brick concern, fitted with improved machinery, and having a capacity of 1,000 barrels a day. After selling the Golden Gate property Mr. Conro established the Golden Age Mill, but it subsequently passed into other hands, and in 1885, owing to excessive competition, it was compelled to close. Of the older mills there were the Pacific Flour Mill, the Commercial Mills, the Eu- CALIFORNIA. 409 reka Mills, and other smaller concerns, all located at San Francisco. The largest feed mill in the State is the Deming-Palmer establishment at San Francisco. The product of all the present concerns is good, and it is rarely that poor California-made flour finds its way into the market. Outside of San Francisco the milling interests are extensive, and the largest mill in the State is located at South Vallejo. It started with a capacity of 150 barrels a day, and in 1864 it was increased to 650 barrels. In 1874 Starr & Co. built an ad- ditional mill at the same point with a daily capacity of 800 barrels. In 1883 the mills were rebuilt and enlarged and the French roller process introduced. The mill designated "A" has a capacity of 1,400 barrels per day and the mill quoted "B" is fitted with stones and rollers and has a daily capacity of 800 barrels. Starr & Co. started out early to supply flour to the English market and have built up a large trade in that direction. The business was incorporated a few years ago and a new building was erected on the opposite shore in Contra Costa County which has room for machinery capable of turning out 6,000 barrels per day, but the demand has not made it necessary to use all this space or power. Other towns have mills of considerable size, notably Oakland, which has two, Stockton two, Sacramento three, Marysville one, and Los Angeles two. The Central Milling Company, organized in 1886, controls eleven mills in Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Benito, and San Luis Obispo Counties, which have an aggregate capac- ity of 2,400 barrels per day. The total capacity of the mills of the State is as follows: Daily capac- Name of mill. Location. Daily capac- Name of mill. Location. ity. ity. Golden Gate. Golden Age. San Francisco . .do Barrels. Barrels. 1,000 Capitol... Los Angeles 300 609 ..do 250 National .do 400 Buckeye Marysville. 500 Genesee.. do 400 Santa Clara City Santa Clara 300 Yosemite... ...do 300 Victor.. Victor • 300 Del Monte. ...do 350 San Louis Obispo.. .... San Louis Obispo. 250 Splivalo Starr "A" .do Vallejo 300 King City do 150 Starr "B' .do 1,400 800 Lodi. Lodi 200 San José City San José.. 300 Star Mill Port Costa. 2,000 Los Gatos Los Gatos 200 Stockton City Stockton.. 1, 200 Empire. do. 150 Crown ..do 1,000 Gilroy. Gilroy 300 City. Pioneer Sacramento do 500 Golden Sheaf. do 200 500 Castroville Castroville 150 Phoenix ..do 500 Others at minor 2,600 Salinas Salinas. 400 Samms Oakland 300 ...do 300 points. Total. 18, 700 Sheridan Sheridan. 300 SUGAR. The manufacture of sugar is one of the great industries of California and the product of its refineries is worth millions of dollars annually. The late George Gordon was the first to enter into the business and about 1860 he and others estab- lished the San Francisco Refinery. Claus Spreckels and his associates started the Bay Refinery at San Francisco about 1863. The product of these with another known as the Pacific was, in 1865, 51,297 barrels, an insignificant figure compared with the out- put of to-day. The Pacific and San Francisco refineries united a year later, and Spreckles disposed of his interest in the Bay and started the California Refinery. The competition was sharp and continued, and had the effect of closing out the Gol- den Gate Refinery, which started at San Francisco and lived only a few years. In 1870 the manufacture of beet sugar (which is treated at length below) was begun at Alvarado and subsequently at Sacramento and Soquel. The California Refinery occupies a ten-story brick building in South San Francisco, which cost $600,000. Its machinery is of the latest design, and its equipments throughout are complete. The property covers nearly an entire block, and is at this time the largest in the country. The American Refinery was closed early in 1890 by an order of the court, because it was a member of the Sugar Trust. When in opera- tion, however, it ranks second in the value of its product, and is an important fac- tor in the sugar trade of the United States. The refineries of California send their sugars as far east as the Missouri River and to all the territory from the Mexican to the Canadian lines. Our reciprocity with the Hawaiian Islands has helped to build up this trade, and within the past fifteen years 410 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. the sugar product of the islands has been increased from 20,000,000 pounds to 200,000,- 000 pounds. Some idea of the magnitude of the business may be formed by reference to the importation of raw sugar at the port of San Francisco for the past three years. Manila. Sandwich Islands China Central America Eastern Bect. Java Total. Imports. 1887. 1888. 1889. Pounds. 4 480, 000 203, 400, 715 600, 680 9, 761, 219 64, 920 572, 400 Pounds. 61, 775,000 223, 025, 111 675, 301 4, 261, 707 389, 902 Pounds. 59, 515, 200 249, 315, 406 601, 903 3, 462, 161 24, 650 -5, 170, 000 4, 280, 000 7,518, 290 4, 240, 474 214, 880, 000 301, 925, 329 322, 329, 794 The entire sugar refinery business of the State is summarized in the following table: Imports. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Sandwich Islands Pounds. 103, 842, 000 Pounds. Pounds. Manila. 20, 598, 562 128, 859, 965 21, 392, 561 155, 143, 670 15, 533, 273 Pounds. 214, 101, 487 4, 480, 000 Pounds. 203, 400, 715 4, 480. 000 Batavia Pounds. 223, 025, 111 61, 775, 000 7,518, 290 Pounds. 249, 315, 406 59, 515, 200 4, 210, 474 China, Formosa, and Swatow 4, 157, 392 1,197, 107 Central America. Peru Mexico.. Total raws…. 1,932, 296 600 1, 725, 862 43, 417 8, 115 412, 420 6, 960, 957 16, 720 4, 144 577, 985 588, 034 7, 948, 272 9, 773, 898 601, 903 9, 263 Refined from Eastern States.... Total Exports by sea.. Stock of raws on hand at the end of the year... Deliveries of sugars, exclusive of beet, for 675, 301 4, 261, 707 3,462, 161 130, 574, 267 153, 183, 610 178, 071, 184 227, 117, 007|218, 242, 647|297, 255, 409 317, 135, 144 276, 580 133, 140 3,629, 720 2, 191, 580 61, 920 389, 920 24, 650 134, 203, 987 155, 374, 870 178, 347, 764 227, 250, 147|218, 307, 567 297, 545, 329/317, 159, 794 3,736, 935 2,434, 018 3,743, 712 6, 186, 000 23, 284, 517 3, 805, 088 3, 467, 025 11, 524, 934 1,824, 391 9, 434, 500 4, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 the consumption of the Pacific Slope....123, 734, 534 162, 641, 395 383, 520, 878 |200, 457, 550|292, 120, 241|313, 692, 669 550 29 The beet-sugar industry will be found fully described in the agricultural chapter entitled "Field and Factory.". SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING. It is comparatively a short time since meat packing has attained dimensions which warrant its classification as a separate industry, but since its inception the increase has been steady and strong. In her early years California was entirely dependent on outside resources for her salt and cured meat and lard. Most of these supplies were brought from domestic Atlantic ports in sailing ships via Cape Horn. A voyage of four to six months often resulted in an unpresentable condition of consignments, but there was no alternative. Rusty pork, wormy hams, and rank lard were not unfre- quently results of unfit condition of consignments at the start, faulty packing or cur- ing, bad stowage and prolonged voyage. Some of these consignments had to be dumped into the bay upon arrival, and thousands of dollars were lost. The ship- ments were frequently in excess of the demands of the market, and heavy losses were the result. Fancy prices led to duplications of invoices, and radical fluctuations fol- lowed excessive arrivals. While at times back in the fifties meats sold here at double the prices paid in the East, at other times they were relatively cheaper here than in any other part of the country, even cheaper than they are here to-day. It will be of interest to know and put on record the volume of these imports at CALIFORNIA. 411 San Francisco a quarter of a century ago. The Prices Current and Shipping List of December 30, 1854, gives the imports of that and the preceeding year as follows: Beef.. Pork • Bacon Bacon Bacon • Hams Hams Hams Lard Lard.. Lard 1853. 1854. .barrels.. 16, 281 10, 521 .do... 51, 159 32, 678 tierces, casks, hogsheads.. 8, 400 6, 822 ..barrels.. 697 2, 663 ..boxes, packages.. 9, 371 5, 240 ..tierces, casks.. 29, 523 20, 105 .barrels.. 11, 342 9, 264 packages.. 827 419 barrels.. 1, 797 596 ....kegs.. 43, 144 13, 699 cases.. 38, 443 20, 129 In a small way California did something toward furnishing her own meat as early as 1854, and in the latter part of that year, hogs on foot sold in this State at 5 to 8 cents, and beef and mutton were correspondingly low. Though pork raising in this State looks small as compared with some other States, we are making a fair show and some progress. In 1865 it was estimated that there were only 24,000 hogs slaughtered in this State, averaging 180 pounds each. In Nov- ember of that year the prices for Eastern pork in this market were as follows: Prime, $30; mess, $40; and clear, $42 per barrel. The range for mess pork in Chicago, during the same year was $32 to $35, so that $40 was not an outrageous price, though in sub- sequent years it might be so considered. Three years before, mess pork sold in Chi- cago in November at $9.50 to $10.75, while in November, 1878, it was down to $6.45 to $3.50. It will thus be seen that the article is subject to violent fluctuations. If there be any profit in the minimum prices, there must be large returns in the more fortu- nate years. The number of hogs slaughtered in California during the past 14 years was as fol- lows: 1876... 1877... .175,000 1881. 225,000 | 1882.. .160,000 1886.. 340,000 .375,000 ..300,000 .270,000 1878. 1879... 1880... .240, 000 .255,000 .280, 000 1883... 1884.. 1885.. 260,000 1887.. 1888.. 230,000 ..270,000 1889. 320,000 The quantity of hams, bacon and lard made during the past 4 years was as follows: Hams Bacon.. Lard 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. .pounds.. .do... .do... 6, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 7,500,000 13, 500, 000 5, 200, 000 7,200,000 11, 700, 000 4, 500, 000 4,580, 000 7,100,000 3,750,000 In addition to this large home product the value of which is worth about $2,000,000 per annum, the following imports were received: Imports. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Hams. Bacon pounds.. 5, 421, 140 .do... 1, 810, 570 4, 730, 600 1,277, 050 Lard... .do... 3, 427, 760 5,713, 850 Pork and beef.. do... 707, 470 410, 680 Butter. .do... 660, 150 1, 110, 700 Cheese Eggs .do... ..do.. 1, 137, 420 1, 707, 400 3,940, 030 1,070, 010 8, 425, 290 514, 250 4,082, 850 2,365, 410 6, 380, 896 6, 898, 343 6, 710, 010 4,311, 140 7,049, 640 8, 508, 550 Mackerel, kits... 490, 500 1,230, 500 1, 954, 230 7,936,380 Mackerel, half barrels.. Cod, cases } Meat in bulk .do... 2, 911, 780 .do... 4, 979, 490 3, 584, 840 3,579, 820 12, 367, 950 10, 307, 191 This industry is constantly growing, and though it is true that our people have not given the same amount of attention to it as have those in some other States, it is not because there are insuperable barriers to be overcome. It is rather because the 412 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. people have fancied that there were other more profitable avenues for their capital. But the market is on the increase, which will of necessity make the development of the trade unusually profitable for the next few years. Already California bacon commands preference over Eastern when it can be had, and the same remark applies to local lard, since Eastern lard is so badly adulterated. In addition, a syndicate headed by Peter E. Iler, of Omaha, and Obed How, of Chicago, two of the largest stockholders in the Armour Company now operating mammoth stock yards and packing houses at Chicago, Kansas City, and other points, has concluded to establish a concern of even larger proportions near San Francisco. To this end 3,000 acres have been purchased near Baden, San Mateo County, for $776,000. Twelve hundred acres will be used for the stock yard cor- porations, while the remainder, it is declared, will be devoted to the shops, round houses, and car houses of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company, which is said to be largely interested in the deal and which will make the founding of this enter- prise the signal for its long-expected entrance into San Francisco. Besides the three stock-yard corporations with a combined capital $3,550,000 there will be established a stock-yard banking company with a capital of a quarter of a million. The 3,000 acres purchased will be divided as follows: Twelve hundred acres will be used by the different stock-yard corporations already organized in San Francisco, and the other 1,800 acres will undoubtedly be used for the shops and roundhouses of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, which will be extended from Mojave on to San Fran- cisco with all possible speed. The following companies have been organized in Chicago and in Kansas City to oper- ate the immense establishment in San Francisco. The Stock-Yard Land Company, capi- tal $2,000,000; the Abatory Company, for butchering, with large chilling and freezing houses, capital $300,000; Stock Yards Banking Company, capital $250,000, and lastly the Stock-Yard Company, capital $1,000,000. The last company includes the stock yard proper. Miller & Lux will remove their butchering business to the new yards. The packing company will compete not only for the coast trade in canned, pickled, and packed meats, but it will secure the trade of the South seas, the Hawaiian Islands, Alaska, Central and South America, and China and Japan. No company ever started ont with a greater field. With its advantages it can easily obtain the trade of all the countries mentioned, besides supplying the hundreds of steamers and sailing ves- sels which annually leave San Francisco. It is estimated that within a year the busi- ness of the packing company will rival that of the Union Stock Yards of Chicago and will outstrip those of Kansas City and Omaha. CANNED GOODS. The canned goods industry is one of the largest and most important in the State. This is so because of the large fruit yield, and no little pride is taken in the results of the process, which has of late been much improved and facilitated. A general interest in this industry may well be felt, as the California canned goods are of exceedingly wide distribution. It is not known who put up the first canned goods in California, but the business was established in San Francisco in the early 50s. D. R. Provost is credited with being one of the first in the field, if not the pioneer. He commenced as a manufac- turer of pickles and vinegar in an iron building which is still standing on the south side of Washington street, about Midway between Battery and Front. He after- wards opened a cannery on the same spot. Cutting & Co. were also pioneers in this industry, having first manufactured canned goods in San Francisco in 1857. All the other existing factories came into being at subsequent dates. There are 7 large canneries in San Francisco, including 3 that put up fish, as well as fruits and vegetables. The really busy season lasts only a few months, but there is work from early spring until December. One of the canneries put up 70,000 cans daily in the height of the season last year, and the best record during that interval was 83,000 cans in 14 hours. The cannery alluded to reported a pack of 261,000 cases last year, and every order filled. Wages in the canneries vary from $6 to $12 per week. There are canneries in all the prominent towns and cities of the State, and new ones are coming into exist- ence every season. Between San Diego and Sitka there are upwards of 200 canneries, most of which are owned or controlled directly or indirectly by San Francisco capi- talists. This list includes about 100 salmon cauneries in this State, Oregon, Wash- ton, British Columbia, and Alaska. The complete figures of the pack and trade in canned goods of all kinds, except salmon, will be found in the agricultural chapter entitled "Field and factory." The statistics of the salmon pack are given in the special fisheries." CALIFORNIA. 413 BEER. It was in 1852 that the first brewery was established in California. In that year J. Gundlach, now a prosperous wine merchant, put up a small establishment in San Francisco. From this modest concern the brewing industry of the State has developed into large proportions, and in almost every town of any considerable size is to be found at least one brewery, and not infrequently more. In the entire State there are 174 establishments producing malt liquors, but the greater part of these are on a small scale. The State, however, produces sufficient beer for its own consumption, and exports large quantities to the Pacific States, Hawaii, Mexico, and South America. The capital invested in the industry aggregates $11,150,000 and the product is valued at $6,690,000. Over 1,100 men find employment in the business, most of whom live in San Francisco. Following is a complete list of the breweries of California, with their locations and products: Brewery. Location. Annnal product. Brewery. Location. Annual product. Barrels. Barrels. Schuler Becker... Alameda. Altaville · 1,500 Wagner. Napa City 1,000 500 Tageli.. Nevada City. Bogner. Conrad. Weber. Alturas. 500 Gehrig ....do 500 1,000 Anaheim 500 Hoskin.. ....do 500 - - - Auberon. 10,000 Weiss.. ..do 1,000 Gnauck Benicia.. 1,500 Hieronimus North Bloomfield 500 Gerckens. Benton 500 Brou.. North San Juan .. 500 Munzinger Bishop Creek 500 Kraunn & Dieves Oakland 16,000 Boca Boca.. 14, 000 Ringgenberg. ...do .. 5,000 Carian Bodie. 500 Schoenfelder. ....do 10,000 Bader. Cherokee 500 Westermann & Co ..do .. Croissant Chico. 1,000 Schroder Oleta.. 7,000 500 Faig Clayton. 500 Gerst Oroville 1,000 Reger Cloverdale.. 500 Bruizing Pine Grove 500 Bixel. Columbia 500 Popp.. Placerville. 1,000 Mayhoffer Crescent City 500 Schlacher Point Arena 500 Schorner & Ober- Dixon 500 Schlatter. Quincy 500 holzer. Hadler.. Redwood City ... 2,000 Bosch.. Downerville 500 Kress ...do 500 Nessler.. ...do 500 Wolff. Sackett's Gulch 500 Mallons & Traus- Dutch Flat 500 Buffalo Brewing Co. Sacramento... 500 7- dale. Gebert... ..do 1,000 Kappler... Etna. 500 Knauer ..do 10,000 McAleenan Eureka. · 3,000 Nicolaus Sacramento……. 10,000 Woelfel. do. 500 Ruhstaller .do 14,000 Maulbach & Beck- Forest Hill 500 Scheld ....do 5, 000 strum. Wahl ....do 6,000 Fulcher Fort Bidwell. 500 Fautz. St. Helena 1,000 Bussel Gibsonville 500 Lurz & Menke Salinas 2,000 Casey Gilroy 500 Binkleman Grass Valley 1,500 Frank... ....do 1,000 ...do Fitz & Hall…….. ...do - 1,000 ...do Hodge, Thos., & Co.. Haiz ..do Greenwood 500 Brunig. ...do 500 Chicago Brewery • ...do Muller. Groveland 500 Enterprise ...do Schubert. Half Moon Bay 500 Golden City. Booken Haywards 2,000 Hagemann.. Palmstag. .do. 1,000 Hayes Valley Muller, Carl. Healdsburgh 500 Hibernia. Bartoldus & Co .. Albion Brewery Bavaria Brewery. Broadway Brewery San Francisco 18,000 6, 000 500 50,000 30,000 500 25,000 4,000 20,000 San Andreas 500 1,000 ...do do • ...do ..do Buscher. Hollister 500 Jackson. ..do 40,000 Herschle Ione City. 500 Lafayette do 12,000 Kotter Iowa City 500 Milwaukee……. ....do . 18,000 Strohm Jackson 500 National ..do 40,000 Grazer Johnsville. 500 North Beach ...do Laurenzi.. .do ... 500 Pacific ....do 1,000 12,000 Smith Lakeport. 500 Phoenix.. ..do 500 Jordan Livermore 1,000 San Francisco... ..do 20,000 Lubken Lone Pine 500 Sierra Nevada…. ..do 1,000 Beck Main & Zobelei Westernhagen, Los Alamos 500 South San Francisco ...do 12,000 Los Angeles. ...do 16, 000 Union. ..do 8,000 500 United States . ....do 50,000 William & Co. Washington. ..do 25,000 Linck.. Lower Lake 500 Wieland ....do 120, 000 Mann ..do 500 Willows. ..do 14,000 Sieber.. Marysville 1,500 Fredericksburg San José. 60,000 Ducher Mayfield... 1,500 Herman. ..do Munz Middletown 500 Scherer ..do 500 12,000 Saronski Mendocino.. 500 Wisser & Sanders... San Juan 500 Sorensen Modesto 1,000 Theysohn.. San Leandro.. 500 Himmighofer & Su- essdorf. Bergischicher..... Mokelumne Hill.. 500 Wiegand & Keller Goeil.. San Luis Obispo . 1,000 San Rafael.. 1,000 Monterey... 500 Lauck... Santa Clara. 3,000 414 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. LIST OF BREWERIES OF CALIFORNIA.-Continued. Brewery. Location. Annual product. Brewery. Annual Location. product. Barrels. Barrels. Pepin & Keym.. Peter & Walti. Haltinner Santa Cruz do 1,000 Minahan & Plage- Vallejo 1,500 3,000 mann. Santa Rosa 1, 500 Widemann & Roth- ..do………. --- Gehring.. Hanselt Fischer 3,000 Sheep Ranch 500 enbusch. ..do 500 Tuchen Vallicita. 500 Sierra City.. 500 Hammer Visalia 500 Joos. ..do .. 500 Burton... Watsonville *500 Mughe Sisson 500 Palmtag ..do... 2,000 Baumann. Sonora. 1,000 Meckel. Weaverville 500 Rothenbush……. Stockton.. 1,500 Hofburg West Berkeley. 8,000 Runge.. Susanville 500 Goeppert Woodland.. 3,000 Rabolt Sutter Creek. 1,000 Junker. Yreka... 500 Wolff Deininger. Table Rock. Vallejo 500 3,000 Klempp Yuba City 1,000 COOPERAGE. Cooperage is impeded by the insufficient supply of coopers, and the necessity for im- porting hoops and staves for superior casks. Much redwood and other soft material is used. The chief demand is for wine, liquor, and beer, and especially for wine casks. In 1881 there were on the Pacific coast, nearly all in California, about 100 shops with over 500 men, producing some 200,000 casks and kegs for such liquors, worth $900,000; 350,000 barrels and half-barrels for sugar, worth $210,000; 35,000 barrels for provisions, valued at $55,000, and 95,000 powder kegs, worth $43,000, making a total of $1,206,000. To this must be added the value of ship cooperage, about $40,000, and of lime and cement barrels, $25,000. Tubs, chests, and the like were made by three woodenware factories, two of which were in San Francisco, and one in Sacramento, producing nearly $200,000 worth. The first was Elam & Howe's of 1852. Armes & Dallam opened the first in Sonoma in 1853, and were alone in 1864 for a time. Trays and ax handles are imported. Of late four establishments manufacture bungs and faucets, one of metal. SODA WATER. Of soda the coast consumed 10,000,000 bottles, worth $330,000. Though readily manufactured, a number of special works exist, several of which yield 100 to 150 dozen bottles a day. WINE. The statistics relative to the manufacture of wine will be found in the agricultural chapter entitled “Field and Factory.” WINDMILLS. The States of California. Nebraska, and Kansas take the lead in the United States in the number of windmills used. There are perhaps 10,000 to 12,000 mills set up in the State, in every populated section and in every valley in which a human habita- tion has been erected. Eventually California may exceed Holland both in number and variety, for there is a demand for many over a small space of country, while here a mill is almost a necessity on every ranch, and on many ranches there are a dozen. The prevalence of the coast winds is, without doubt, the creator of the business of constructing mills. The demand is particularly good in San Mateo and Alameda Counties, in which every Chinese vegetable grower must have a well and a mill to carry him through the dry season. There are six manufacturers on the coast and numerous agents. Those who are actually producing mills are, Woodin & Little, of 509 Market street; H. H. Bodwell & Son, of 211 Mission street; F. W. Krogh, of 51 Beale street; the Pacific Manufac- turing Company, of 934 Mission street; C. F. W. Schramm, El Dorado street, and Byron Jackson, 625 and 634 Sixth street, all of San Francisco. These six firms have about fifty or sixty men at work collectively, and their mills are in demand all over the State. The Althouse Mill in particular, made by Woodin & Little, has found a market in every section in which mills have been set up. The combined value of the mills produced is about $60,000 annually. A fair inquiry comes from the South at present, but the principal market is in the North. The iron used in the mills is manufactured here, and the pine used comes from Ore- CALIFORNIA. 415 gon. Only the best material is used, and in its construction the fine workmanship required must be done cheaply. Tank manufacturing is an accessory to mill work. The tanks sent out by the mill- makers are cheap and durable. About 15,000 water tanks are sent out by the shops, and the value is above that of the bare mills. In former days a mill cost about $150, but the manufacturer had a limited field. Now that competition is sharp the price has run down to $90, and it costs only $300 to set up a mill and its fittings complete. The average life of a mill is about 15 or 17 years. Only of late the demand has been great, and the manufacturers think that the total number is not far from 10,000. A considerable number, perhaps 200, Eastern mills of various patents are sold throughout the State. Every manufacturer of any importance has an agent on the lookout for business, but in all not over $20,000 is taken from this coast annually from this source. All of the tanks used with these mills are made in this city. LEATHER MANUFACTURED. Though California produces a large amount of leather, the imports, especially oí the finer varieties, are considerable. Much of it is used in the manufacture of gloves, trunks, harness, belting, and hose. Belting and fire hose have been made here for the past quarter of a century. The pioneer firm in this business is H. N. Cook, of San Francisco, who inaugurated the enterprise in 1862. Four years later his father became associated with him and re- mained in the business until his death in 1870. During that partnership, the firm name was M. M. Cook & Son, but previously it was H. N. Cook, which has also been the title since 1870. Another firm in the business is A. O. Cook & Son. This house has been in existence since 1876. Both firms have capital and facilities for a large business in these lines, and employ from 35 to 40 men, and the annual product is valued at from $150,000 to $200,000. There are two or more other firms engaged in the manufacture of these goods. Harness-making was one of the earliest industries of the city, and its development has kept pace with the wants of trade. There are several firms engaged in this line of business. Perhaps the most noteworthy is that of Main & Winchester. This is one of the very few firms of 1849 that has been continuously in the same business for nearly 40 years without the least change in its title. The firm employs 250 men. There are altogether fifty-one harness firms in San Francisco, employing 500 hands, and turning out $1,335,000 worth of material. The manufacture of trunks has, been carried on in California, for about 25 years. Two hundred men are employed in the business, and the annual products of the State exceed $1,000,000. Gloves are manufactured by twenty firms in California, which give employment to 300 hands, and turn out annual products valued at $360,000. TANNERIES. 7 Tanneries were established in California at an early date, probably in the fifties. Previous to their establishment all our hides were shipped to New York and Boston by Cape Horn ships. Some of these in early times used to take large quantities as re- turn freight. In fact the shipment of hides and tallow was one of the earliest features in the commerce of San Francisco. The hides were gathered from points along the bay and coast and brought to this city, and there placed aboard the large New York ships lying in the stream. At first California tanners had to depend entirely on the local market for custom for the leather made by them. They still have to do this to a considerable extent, but the local demand in the meantime has been greatly in- creased. In a commercial trade review for 1865 mention is made of the shipment during the year from San Francisco of the first consignment of leather with satisfac-~- tory results. In the following year the exports were 650 packages, valued at $35,000. That was the best record in this line up to that date. In 1867 the tax of 5 cents on manufacturers was reduced to 3 cents, and the shipments for that year were 1,938 packages, valued at $98,000. The following table shows the condition of the tanning business in San Francisco, its chief center: Tanneries in operation Hides tanned... Men employed Bark used (cords) Value of product.... 1887. 1889. 20 23 200,000 255, 000 4,000 250 $1,100,000 $1,450,000 4,500 300 416 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. In addition to the home product over a million dollars' worth of leather is imported, chiefly at San Francisco, for the bulk of the manufacturing is done there. For the past 3 years the receipts have been steadily on the increase, as the following table shows: 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 Year. Amount. Value. 4,907, 890 $981, 578 1885 6, 468, 900 5,957, 070 5, 469, 840 4, 695, 470 1,293, 780 1886 1, 191, 414 1887 1,093, 968 939, 094 1888 1889.. Year. Amount. Value. 4, 466, 740 5, 223, 660 4,896, 000 6, 134, 000 6, 517, 200 $893, 348 1, 044, 732 979, 200 1,226, 800 1, 303, 440 In 20 years the leather export trade has increased from less than $100,000 to nearly $1,000,000. Japan has always been the best foreign market for California tanners, but shipments are made to Australia, Asiatic Russia, China, France, British Columbia, Hawaiian Islands, and Mexico. The shipments overland to the East amounted in 1889 to nearly $700,000, six-sevenths of which went from San Francisco. CARRIAGES AND WAGONS. The manufacture of carriages and wagons in California was begun at an early date, the material for the same being largely imported, ready to be put together upon ar- rival. Scarcely a ship arrived from New York or Boston between 1850 and 1860 that did not have a consignment of wagon stock of some kind. Later on we began to work out the stock from raw material in this State. A quarter of a century ago, the leading local manufacturers in this line were H. Casebolt, R. S. Eells & Co., Kim- ball & Co., and O. F. Willey & Co. The trade has shown considerable growth in the last few years, and in 1889 there were in San Francisco forty-eight firms in the business, employing 500 men and boys, whose annual product was 1,700 vehicles of an aggregate value of $1,200,000. The manufacture of carriages and wagons in California is not confined to San Fran- cisco. There is not a large city or town in the interior of the State but what has one or more factories of this sort. We find such establishments in Oakland, Peta- luma, Sacramento, Stockton, San José, Los Angeles, and other cities. The Lowell Manufacturing Company of Oakland is run on a liberal scale as to variety and number of vehicles made. Some of the interior shops have been in existence for 30 to 40 years. There are those engaged in this line of manufactures in Sacramento and Stockton whose names were familiar in the trade in the early sixties. The list of those en- gaged in this work in Los Angeles is quite extensive, probably larger than any other of the interior cities. The various parts of a carriage or wagon in a manu- factured state are to be had in all large cities, and it is the putting of these parts together that constitutes a large portion of this line of manufacturing in California. We still import large quantities of the carriage stock in a more or less finished shape, as well as a large number of fully finished vehicles of all kinds. There are many dealers here in these Eastern manufactures. The manufacture of street cars has received considerable attention in this State. Henry Casebolt was a pioneer builder in this line here, commencing in 1865. He not only built the Sutter street-car line of San Francisco, but also the cars that were first used on that line. Most of the cars now in use in California were built in this State, and this entire industry with us is the outgrowth of the past 30 years. There are two or three establishments for the manufacture of street cars in San Francisco. Others have been made at the car shops at Oakland, Newark, and Sacramento. Some have been sent out of the State. TOBACCO AND CIGARS. The cigar industry of California takes its place in the first rank in the matter of hands employed, and represents a large amount of capital. Cigar-makers early found employment in the State, and until a few years ago the business flourished, Chinamen being chiefly employed in the factories. They did good work and at a price far below what a white man could live on. Gradually white laborers were crowded out, and the situation grew serious for them. At length the Cigar-makers Union took the matter in hand, and waged such vigorous war on cheap labor that the manufacturers were compelled to recognize their demands, though at a CALIFORNIA. 417 loss. In the last few years the business has suffered a marked decline, as shown by the following report of State Labor Commissioner J. J. Tobin: According to statistics furnished by the Internal Revenue office in San Francisco the number of cigar factories that were under bond December, 1888, amounted to 348, while during the year following 120 bonded themselves and tried to carry on business. The outcome of their enterprise is contained in the fact that no less than 111 closed out and retired from business during the same year, 1889. The number under bond January 1, 1890, was 357, an increase of 11 in one year. This would appear to the uninitiated to mean an increase instead of a decrease in the industry, which can easily be explained by saying that the increase of population has correspondingly increased the number of small jobbers and manufacturers. Many of the cigar-makers have opened small places for themselves in their eagerness to gain a livelihood, and doing a small manufacturing business must be bonded according to law. The condition in production, however, is lessened greatly, as can be readily seen by the data herewith submitted. Cigarette manufacture has suffered a like decline. The value of stamps sold during the 9 years ending with 1889 was $36,182.12. Contrasted with 1881, the revenue receipts for the year 1889 show a falling off $80,187.98 or 69 per cent. This showing is not the consequence of a moral movement among our people to check cigarette smoking, but a proof of the fact of successful Eastern competition. The following table is the sale by months for the same period : Amount of cigarette stamps sold at San Francisco. Month. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. January. $562.80 $819.97 $310.63 $192.55 $218.00 $282.00 $122.00 $201. 75 $227.25 February 655. 23 618.20 314.65 137.00 269.75 260.75 126,00 146.00 262.50 March 1, 037. 81 495.78 217.07 136. 50 295.05 180.48 232.78 144.25 250.00 April. 1, 042.12 669.03 53.73 137.65 254.70 242.08 234.37 155.75 172. 11 May. 965. 74 645.23 253.95 191 25 238.25 232.50 253.13 126.05 85. 65 June 1.421.63 613.55 124. 46 247. 25 254.00 175.50 245.60 96.50 125.00 July. 1, 392.97 530.64 173.85 230.88 211.85 159.34 288.00 105.50 76.40 August. 1,520. 40 817.79 177.75 204.00 235.92 210.25 291.91 114.55 131.80 September 1, 436. 93 518. 77 195.50 207.25 186. 25 1€4.00 209.00 72.00 111.00 October November. 1, 319. 50 402. 15 296. 25 245, 25 331.00 200.34 186.66 121.35 103.00 December 859.25 715.93 451. 15 199.66 209.00 288. 78 109.83 158.28 83.50 81.00 349.65 202. 25 201.50 267.81 133.25 244. 50 277.50 102.63 Total.... 12, 930. 31 7, 021.91 2, 519.75 2, 340. 08 3, 051.48 2,350.32 2, 595. 23 1, 644.70 1,728. 34 Table showing the number of factories, pounds of tobacco used, number of cigars and cigarettes manufactured, in California for 6 years; also the increase and decrease by years for the same period. Year. Accounts reported. Tobacco used. Cigars re- ported manufac- ported tured. Cigar- ettes re- Tobacco. Cigars. Cigarettes. manufac- tured. In- De- crease. crease. Increase. Decrease. In- crease. Decrease. Pounds. 1884.. 323 | 3,929, 126| 1885.. 324 3, 810, 215 1886.. 334 3, 009, 171 1887. 383 2,822, 722 1888.. 370 | 2,881, 608 1889.. 408 2,747, 177 Number. 151, 245, 386| 5,584, 582 678, 180 163, 722, 196 118, 911|12, 476, 810 193, 230 137, 679, 023 26, 500 801, 044 26, 043, 173 3, 539, 200 127, 402, 392 4,067, 200 186, 449 (10, 276, 631|4, 040, 700] 137, 293, 535 4, 840, 930 58, 886 9, 891, 143 773, 730 133, 733, 415 3, 419, 560 134, 431 3,560, 120 Number. Pounds. Pounds. Number. Number. Number. Number. 3,372, 470| 373, 551 3, 565, 700 1,421, 370 This was a natural increase from 1880 to 1881, inclusive, and we were destined, no doubt, to become one of the leading cigar and cigarette manufacturing cities. The year 1882 brought with it labor trouble and the anti-Chinese movement and opened wide the door for Eastern competition. The Eastern manufacturers took advantage of this state of affairs and flooded our importing houses with their goods with better success than was anticipated. That the cigar industry has rapidly developed and is I C 90-27 418 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. still on the increase in the United States can readily be seen from the following, taken from the census of 1880: 1860.. 1870.. 1880. Years. Tobacco. Cigars. Hands em- Capital. Wages. Hands em- Capital. Wages. ployed. ployed. 18, 859 $9,494, 405 | $3,571, 294 7,977 $3,035, 555 21, 799 13, 555, 814 5, 216, 633 | 26, 049 11, 368, 516 9, 098, 709 32, 756 17, 207, 401 6, 419, 024 53, 297 21, 698, 549 $2,531, 354 18, 464, 562 In California, however, the trade of the jobbers has been increased at the expense of the manufacturers. SHIP BUILDING. With an extensive and widely settled coast line, full of resources, ship building received an early impulse. Sailing craft had been constructed for bay traffic before the United States occupation. The gold fever with its attendant unfolding of com- merce gave a start to shipyards during the winter of 1848-49, Benicia launching several steamboats, and Sacramento a scow during the late summer. Williams, the builder, made one at Sausalito for $2,000, the lumber being hand sawed. Napa also claimed a launch in 1849, after having constructed craft in 1841 and 1845. Stockton had its first sloop in 1850. In the sixties ship-building became common, and at Lindsay Point 44 vessels, of which 24 were steamboats, were launched 1864-78. Along the coast several places joined in the industry. Santa Cruz since 1848; Bolinas, Tomales, Point Arena, Mendocino, all figured; Humboldt Bay taking the lead however, launch- ing a steamer in 1854. The first ocean steamer built entirely in California is said to have been the Del Zorte, with 187 feet of keel, 18 staterooms, etc., launched at San Francisco December 14, 1864. The boilers were also made at San Francisco, but the engine was taken from an old steamer, the Republic. The census of 1880 credits California with 62 ship-building establishments with a capital of $1,800,000, employing 534 men, wages $589,000, using 6,700,000 feet of lum- ber, 3,000,000 pounds of metal, and producing 221 boats and vessels, made and repaired, valued at $1,800,000. Of these 21 were new vessels of 7,361 tons, valued at $771,000, from 13 establishments, employing 181 men, using 4,000,000 feet of lumber. Repairs to the value of $969,000 were done on 40 vessels; 200 boats came from 9 establishments, value about $57,500. In 1882, California built 8,000 tons of the 17,000 for the Pacific coast, the average size of vessels being 250 tons; 4 ocean steamers were launched. The construction is about as cheap here as in the East, for higher wages are balanced by cheaper timber, easier to work, at least in the timber region. The best lumber at San Francisco comes from Puget Sound. For fitting most of the material must be imported. In 1889 the prospects of this industry were encouraging, several_large vessels being completed, including the iron steamer Pomona, of 1,200 tons. Three- masted schooners, suitable for the lumber trade, could be built in California cheaper. than in Maine. With larger vessels, however, California is at a disadvantage, the cost of a 1,000-ton ship being about $72.50 per ton against $65 in Maine. The railway company at Oakland has a large shipyard, and at San Francisco there are several. A dry dock was completed in the summer of 1851 at the foot of Second street, San Francisco, the brig Sidi Hammet entering to receive the first coppering in California, the Hawaiian Islands having so far done such work. Tonnage of vessels built in California during each year ended June 30, from 1869 to 1884, inclusive. Year. Tons. 1869 1870 1871. 11, 549 10, 316 2,450 1875 1876 1872 ... 1873.. 1874.. 853 2,987 1877. 1878 1879 7,081 1880 Year. Tons. Year. Tons. 5,746 1881. 4,556 8, 557 1882 6, 998 4, 785 1883. 9, 047 5, 824 1884 4, 092 3,860 5,795 Total 95, 396 CALIFORNIA. 419 Alent. Matthew Turner.. Schooner Propeller Lydia.. ..do New vessels built on the Pacific coast and documented at the port of San Francisco in 1889. Rig. Propeller Do. Do.... Schooner Name. Lakme. Sea Queen Hermosa · Paddle steamer.. J. D. Peters. Paddle steamer.. Propeller C. T. Hill……… City of Stockton.. Kodat Gertie Storey. Bertha.. Do... Do.. Do.. Elsie Do... Ella Roheffs Do... Printer... Do... Hattie Gage Do... A foynnk Do.. Sloop Propeller Jennie.. Volcano Builder. T. H. Peterson... Boole & Beaton... Gordon & Fraser. W. D. Delaney A. Hay D. Marcusi J. Burns.. C. G. White.... Matthew Turner.. Boole & Beaton... ..do T. A. McDonald C. G. White. Boole & Beaton. Matthew Turner.. Where built. Port Madison, Wash.. San Francisco. ...do... Stockton --- San Francisco. Stockton.. San Francisco.. do.. Benicia... San Francisco. .do.... Hoquiam, Wash San Francisco". ...do... Gross Net tonnage. tonnage. 529.40 401.18 111. 15 55. 58 313.42 249. 17 880.70 788. 07 140.22 13*. 21 936.82 857.07 24.35 12. 18 73.38 36. 69 596.71 449. 06 65. 73 37.06 64.68 36.06 110.75 55.03 69.97 42.05 65.73 37.69 Benicia. 74.11 50.75 .do... 14.08 13.38 ...do. 38. 14 19.07 ....do 39.46 37.51 Salmo.. John Dickie San Francisco. 57.71 35.08 Do... Do... Francis Cutting Gordou & Fraser.…………ão…. 91.08 59 79 Collis Union Iron Works……..do………. 205.53 102.77 Eva Bender Bros Acme……… Sloop Propeller Schooner Propeller Do.. Schooner Propeller Schooner - Lizzie Belle W Reliance Melvino Paddle steamer..] Alvira Paddle steamer.. Wm. Seward Schooner Do..... Paddle steamer..] Schooner Do.... Do... Propeller Sloop. Paddle steamer.. Schooner Paddle steamer..] Nettie Sundborg.. Pinole Arthur I Maggie Ross.. Pride of Wood Is.. Zinfandel.. Hattie G. B. Richardson…. Record Margaret C.... Jacinto ... Ida W. Chiapas C. G. White. Matthew Turner.. ...do John Ross. F. C. Lauritzen J. D. Damon G. W. Knease C. G. White. A. Hay C. G. White W. H. Young C. G. White. Boole & Beaton.. C. G. White. Matthew Turner.. William Munder.. A. Hay ..do……….. Pleasant Point, Oreg Wood Island. San Francisco……. ..do... ...do. ..do.. Sacramento San Francisco ..do.... ...do.. Benicia. H. Hay ...do. 22.38 15. 63 William Munder.. .do... 36.87 35.04 A. Hay ...do.. 81. 87 80.63 George Knight ..do.. 294.66 275.91 ..do. 66.68 63.35 Benicia 81.64 77.56 129.26 122.81 252.72 173. 81 19. 63 18. 65 329.15 270.36 12.96 12.42 65.03 61.78 141.63 105.94 58.63 55.71 - 235. 40 182.42 32.93 16.47 ... 42.61 • 24.59 14.58 13.86 94.21 47.11 San Francisco. 36. 87 35.04 ..do... 469.69 433.58 Schooner Do.. Do... Do... Total - H. C. Wright Fairhaven, Cal . 290.45 275.93 Golden Shore.. Olga Hall Bros. Port Blakely, Wash. 699.07 664. 12 E. W. Bendixon. Eureka, Cal 498.60 473. 67 Silver Wave Bender, Oreg. 28.31 26.90 8, 544 05 7,091.52 A notable event of the past year was the launching of the cruiser San Francisco, from the Union Iron Works. PAPER. Paper-making in California was begun a few years after the coming of the forty- niners, and as early as 1856 straw paper was manufactured with considerable success. The pioneer in this industry was the late S. P. Taylor, whose sons have since carried on the business. The works are in Marin County, a few miles north of San Rafael. The locality has become known as Taylorville, and the never-failing stream of pure water which flows by as Paper Mill Creek. Ever since the business was founded at that point it has been carried on uninterruptedly, despite all discouragements and drawbacks of every nature. of every nature. From a small beginning and an outturn of only straw paper, the enterprise has been developed into one of the largest and best appointed paper mills west of Chicago. The production of manila paper was added some years ago, followed by the manufacture of printing paper. A new mill was erected in 1883, and supplied with new machinery of the latest pattern, increasing the capacity, and improving the quality of the product. The new mill was put in operation March 1, 1885, and has given general satisfaction. Of late years only manila and printing paper have been made at the Taylorville mill. These, however, are made in great variety, so as to meet all the wants of the trade. The shades are various, with light, medium, and heavy quality. The same parties make straw paper at their mill in Soquel, Santa Cruz County, which is known as the South Pacific Coast Mills. One of the most important concerns is the Lick Paper Manufacturing Company, 420 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. whose mills are located near Agnew's Station, Santa Clara County. Though time, fire, and the march of progress have greatly altered the appearance of the place since the time of its pioneer founder, there is yet remaining much, which for years to come will associate his name with it. The Lick mills, now the largest in the State, were founded in 1852, being then solely fitted for the manufacture of flour. In 1852, Mr, Lick's interests having been enlisted in the cause of the Paine Memorial Society of Boston, he showed his generosity and desire to benefit the organization by executing to its management a deed of gift of the mills, the mansion near them, and over 100 acres of fertile land surrounding them. The society, however, soon saw fit to convert the property into cash, the firms of M. Waterman & Co., and Blake, Robbins & Co., becoming joint owners. They were already possessors of the paper mill at Saratoga, and not caring to engage in another branch of manufacturing, took out the grist grinding machinery and fitted up their new purchase as a paper mill, running their two establishments in conjunction. As such the Lick mills continued until 1878, when the property again changed hands, being purchased by its present owner, and doing business under the firm name of A. D. Remington & Co. From 1878 to 1882 the new owners continued to manufacture paper bags and manila paper, which was what the establishment was best fitted for, with the appliances at hand. The business done, however, was a flourishing one, and though the capacity was nothing like what it has since become, it was nevertheless a thriving institution and one with which its owner had every reason to be satisfied. Up to July 7, 1882, a hitherto uninterrupted course of prosperity was suddenly and disastrously interrupted, the entire establishment being consumed by fire except one brick structure built by Lick as a granary. The calamity was a serious one, but was soon turned to good account, for in rebuilding all the machinery introduced was of the most improved design, and the capacity was doubled. Under the old arrangement the amount of paper which could be manufactured was about 3,500 pounds daily, while now the daily product is frequently 8,500 pounds. There is in round numbers, $500,000 invested in the Lick paper mills and the monthly expenses of the enterprise amount to $15,000. A force of 60 men, boys and girls, is employed, and there are no Chinese about the place. About 8 tons of stock is consumed every day, by far the greater portion of which is imported from Europe. The paper manufactured is of various styles and qualities, newspaper work being a prominent factor. A specialty with the company is the manufacture of paper for packing perishable fruits, in which it has achieved great success. This paper requires a combination of qualities to in- sure the best results, and while being sufficiently strong for hard service must possess a peculiar looseness of texture and absorbing quality which will enable it to take up all the moisture given out by the fruit during shipment, and it is quite different from any other. The other paper mills in California are the Corralitos Mill at Corralitos, Santa Cruz County; Stockton Mill at Stockton; Lick Mill at Agnew's, Santa Clara County; and the Los Angeles Mill at Los Angeles. This makes six in all. The number is the same as it was 4 years ago. The plant, however, has been increased during the in- terval, and the capacity of all is probably larger than it was then. The mill at Cor- ralitos is a consolidation of two similar enterprises, one of which was formerly known as the Eagle Mill at Point Arena, and the other as the Caledonia Mill at Saratoga. The Corralitos Mill is engaged in the manufacture of straw paper and straw boards, which has been its output since its establishment in 1882. The Stockton Mill was started in 1875 and rebuilt in 1877. It is mainly devoted to the manufacture of printing paper, supplying one of the daily papers of this city with enough for its editions. The mill at Los Angeles was erected in 1884. It is the last added to this list of manufactories. It is classed as a straw-paper mill, and meets a want for that section of the State. The daily capacity of the above six mills is roughly given as follows: Printing paper. Manila.. Sɩraw. Total Pounds. 30, 000 10,000 20,000 60,000 The total is practically the same as reported 4 years ago, and is probably under the limit. It means 18,000,000 pounds per annum for 300 working days. The receipts of California-made paper at San Francisco for 3 years are as follows: 1886.. 1887... 1888.. Reams. 119, 700 221, 200 261, 700 This shows that if the California mills were producing 60,000 pounds per diem 4 years ago, they are doing better than that to-day. In addion to local product, Cali- CALIFORNIA. 421 fornia has always imported large quantities of paper. Roughly, these imports have varied from 15,000 to 120,000 packages for the past 20 years. During 1886, 1887, and 1888 the imports by rail alone were as follows: 1886. 1887... 1888... Pounds. 17, 681, ono 18, 796, 000 21, 063, 000 One of the drawbacks to more complete success in the manufacture of paper in Cali- fornia has been the limited quantity of stock. This obstacle has been felt in other portions of the country as well. It used to be a popular notion that rags were necessary for the manufacture of cer- tain kinds of paper, and they are still used in such manufacture, but not exclusively, nor so largely as in former years. It is fortunate that other substances have been found and utilized. It is evident that there are not enough rags to supply the mills at present. Yet rags are both im- ported and exported annually. Shipments are even made from San Francisco de- spite the cry of a want of paper here. It is found that paper can be made from a va- riety of vegetable matter. Jute butts are imported from the East Indies by the man- ufacturers of manila. A good article of paper suitable for newspaper work is made from a mixture of rags and wood, in which the latter forms about 90 per cent. 'A very large business has been developed In the manufacture of wood pulp for use as paper stock. This invention, like all others of great value, was born of necessity. But for its use as paper stock it is difficult to understand how the wants of the print- ing and newsreading world could have been supplied. Wood pulp has greatly cheapened the price of printing paper. Before the war, when rags were the chief component of news paper, the price in New York was 9 to 10 cents. It is now 4 to 5 cents. The best wood pulp is offered at 4 cents on the dock in New York, and un- bleached at 3 cents. There are several varieties and shades, long fiber and short fiber. The ordinary article is short fiber, and is simply ground wood. That put through the chemical process, sulphite or soda, has a long fiber and is more or less silky in texture. The pulp is made largely in Belgium, Germany, and Great Britain, and is subject to duty when imported into the United States. It is only during the past few years that it has attracted much attention in this country. Its importation in quantity at San Francisco is of still more recent date. Three years ago we find there was about 80,000 pounds imported from Belgium, 80,000 pounds from Germany, and 112,000 pounds from England. In 1888 the imports were as follows: Belgium Germany England Total.. Ponnés Value. 1, 166, 700 1, 800, 000 1,722, 600 4, 689, 300 $11,700 22, 000 17, 800 51,500 Nothing has yet been done in the State in the way of making writing or wall paper. POWDER. Powder is one of the manufactures in which the large cities of the State have no part, except that of supplying the capital with which the business is carried on. There is a large demand for the product, however, owing to the mines and the love of hunting which seems an inherent characteristic of Californians. In early years all the powder used on this coast came from the East. Agencies for Dupont's and Hazard's powder were established here as early as 1850, and have been maintained ever since, though of late years the quantity sold here has been small. Laflin & Rand's powder was introduced here in 1873. That firm then controlled a number of mills at the East, and were credited with making 700,000 kegs per annum. In 1853 the imports of powder at San Francisco were 160 barrels, 11,393 kegs, and 3,518 cases. The brands then on the market were Dupont's, Hazard's, and Whipple's, in kegs and canisters, the first-named two being quoted at $2.75 in kegs and 50 cents in canisters, and the last-named at $2.50 and 40 cents respectively. This was the condi- tion of the market on the 1st January, 1854. Before the ending of that year blasting powder was selling at $10 per keg, while sporting powder was only 40 cents. At that time people were more bent on mining than on sporting. The imports for 1854 were 338 barrels, 6,377 kegs, and 2,239 cases. Decreased supplies in 1854 and increased de- mand from the mines were the influences that made the radical difference between the values at the beginning and end of the year. 422 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The following table of powder imports is interesting, as it clearly shows the ra- pidity with which the home product is occupying the field: Barrels Kegs. Cases Form. 1853. 1854. 1864. 1884. 160 11, 393 338 6,377 3, 518 2, 239 87,943 9, 229 7, 680 2,000 乎 ​It was about 1864 that the first powder plant was erected. Powder Works, which started with a capital of $200,000. This was the California A site was secured on the San Lorenzo River, a few miles this side of Santa Cruz, and buildings erected and machinery placed for the manufacture of powder. The location was well chosen, and is still retained. It is isolated and yet convenient to the arteries of commerce. The works were enlarged in 1865 and the capital increased in 1866 from $200,000 to $300,000. For the first year and a fraction that the works of the California Company were in operation the product was 69,150 kegs blasting and 600 cases sporting. All that time Eastern blasting was selling at $4 to $4.25 for 25-pound kegs. In 1866 the California Company produced 72,915 kegs and 333 cases. The consumption of blast- ing powder was at that time estimated at 120,000 kegs per annum. The best evidence that the new enterprise had met with favor is found in the fact that opposition works were early proposed and were established in the summer of 1866, near Olema, Marin County, by Hayward & Coleman, of San Francisco. The works cost $63,000 and had a reported capacity of 200 kegs daily. Hayward was then, as now, engaged in mining, and was therefore a good customer for his own powder. Nevertheless, the presence of two companies in this branch of manufacture, where, a little over 2 years before there had been none, led to competition and irregularity of prices. In 1867 the Olema mill was credited with 30,000 kegs blasting aud 2,000 kegs sporting. Not to be outdone, the capacity of the California works was increased in the spring of 1867 from 300 to over 600 kegs per day. The product for the last nine months of that year was 150,000 kegs. The Giant Powder Works, started in 1868, were blown up in 1869, but immediately rebuilt, and were soon after making 50,000 pounds monthly, selling the same at $1 for No. 1 and 50 cents for No. 2. In 1872 the parties controlling the patent under which the Giant Company was operating organized the Atlantic Dynamite Company and established works in New Jersey so as to supply that part of the country. Both companies have continued in active existence from that day to the present time and both have been fairly remunerative ventures. In 1878 the California Powder Works Company established the manufacture of Hercules powder, a high explosive, at Cleveland, Ohio, and later the same company introduced the manufacture of the same description in this State at Powning Station, Contra Costa County. A large demand has since developed for Hercules powder. It is reported that the company made 4,000,000 pounds of this description in 1888. The railroad people take large quantities annually. The California is not only the oldest powder company in the State but it has the most extensive works, and has been generally the most successful as evidenced by the regularity and liberality of its dividends, which of late years have been paid upon a capital of $1,500,000. In 1878 the Vulcan Powder Company removed its business from Reno, Nev., to this State. A tract of 255 acres was secured in Contra Costa County, and works erected, the first of the kind in that county. Now six companies have works located in that county. In fact it is the county seat of the powder business. The powder works in Contra Costa County are controlled by the California, Ex- celsior, Granite, Safety Nitro, Tonite, and Vulcan Companies. The Giant Company's works are at Fleming Point, Alameda County. The works of the California Vigorit Company are in Marin County, near Olema, started in 1867. Powder is therefore made in four counties of the State. The Excelsior Company has not done anything since 1883. There are two or three other powder corporations in the same fix. Powder is now being made here by four companies at five different locations. Powder is exported from San Francisco to Australia, Asiatic Russia, British Co- lumbia, Mexico, Central America, and the Pacific islands. The value of these exports in 1888 was about $120,000, of which Mexico is credited with $86,000. The chief de- mand comes from the interior of the State and from adjacent States and Territories. The shipments out of the State by railroad in 1888 were 1,210,400 pounds, of which 708,800 pounds went from Sacramento and 403,300 pounds from Oakland. For 3 years or more, there was a compact among the companies as to price and product, but for the last 2 years the field has been open to all. CALIFORNIA. 423. CORDAGE AND TWINE. For a dozen years after their arrival here the pioneers imported all the rope used. As in the case of nails, a ship coming from New York did not carry a complete cargo unless a quantity of rope was stored in the hold. Among the imports of 1852 were 13,323 coils and 15,612 packages of cordage. After depending on Eastern supplies for many years, some of San Francisco's enter- prising citizens began to agitate the manufacture of cordage here. It was found that the hemp for this purpose was just as near San Francisco as New York-in fact nearer. So in 1862, the San Francisco Cordage Company was incorporated by Hiram Tubbs and others This has been a close corporation from the start, Tubbs & Co. having had the management of the business since its inception. From a modest beginning in 1862, the San Francisco Cordage Company has grown to be one of the largest and best equipped in the country. Improvements have been added from time to time as needed. The first took place in 1865, when a 1,600-foot walk was constructed, capable of turning off a 1,200-foot rope. In 1868 the buildings were enlarged and new machin- ery added. In 1871, apparatus for tarring rope was introduced. In 1872, an iron fire- proof warehouse and spinning building were constructed and new machinery placed, increasing the capacity of the works 75 per cent. These last changes were prompted by the announcement of opposition. This opposition came into existence by the incorporation, in 1872, of the Pacific Cordage Company with a capital of $2,000,000. The Pacific Cordage Company's works were located in Alameda, and the first rope was made there in May, 1873. For a couple of years or more there was a lively competition between the two companies. The Pacific Cordage Company ceased business in 1877 by mutual agreement, after having lost much money. Since 1877, as well as previous to 1873, the San Francisco Cordage Company has had the field to itself, yet it has not been able to exclude the product of Eastern fac- tories, though it is said to have a capacity for supplying the wants of all the Pacific States and Territories. It makes all sizes and varieties, and the quality is equal to the best received from abroad. We have been importing cordage from the At- lantic States right along every year for 40 years, and from present appearances we shall continue to do the same thing for the next 40 years. Since 1871 these imports by water have varied from 6,000 to 20,000 coils and pack- ages per annum. The imports for the last 10 years were: 1880. 1881. 1882 (4,058,410 pounds). 1883 (1,676,941 pounds). 1884 (2,508,049 pounds) 1885 (2,022,428 pounds) 1886 (1,315,330 pounds) 1887-By sea. By rail. 1888-By sea……. By rail... 1889-By rail.. By sea... · - ..coils.. .do.... 4, 015 4, 041 6, 303 2, 017 11, 985 7,939 7,404 7,639 18, 468 3, 606 4,954 12, 372 2,247 23,000 packages.. 10,728 pounds.. 1, 750, 410 .packages.. 5,652 pounds.. 2, 753, 820 do... 1, 409, 350 packages.. 18, 245 Sisal cordage from Australia was first imported in 1874. Both manila and sisal have since been continuously on the market. The quantity of cordage annually dis- tributed at San Francisco is about 18,000,000 pounds, of which the local factory fur- nishes one-half. The price of 11-inch for the past quarter of a century has varied in this market from 11 to 193 cents. The local trade gives employment to 200 men and boys. About 3,500 tons of cordage are turned out annually, bringing a revenue of $700,000. JEWELRY. The manufacture of jewelry was fostered toward the close of the forties by miners who desired specimens polished, set or made into chains or rings. Abalone shells and quartz soon became a specialty sought by all visitors. Barrett & Sherwood sent quartz work to the world's fair at New York in 1853. Of the total jewelry sales, $3,000,000, only one-fourth represents local manufacture, which is of admirable design and workmanship. Owing to the growing demand for plated goods, the sale of silverware is limited to $200,000, fully one-half imported. Never- theless a few establishments work up 50,000 or 60,000 ounces of silver per year. Half a score of shops do lapidary work, valued at $150,000 exclusive of material. A watch case factory was advertised in 1860; now several exist. A 424 UNITED STATES. INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE • BOX MAKING. Box making is rapidly growing with the increase in drying and canning of fruit and fish, and the export of fresh fruit. There are several factories at San Francisco, and one each at different places. Aside from the above, two-fifths of the product is required for soap, candles, sugar, and crackers. There are special cigar-box factories at San Francisco, turning out nearly 3,500,000 boxes a year, worth over $300,000, 60 per cent. being twentieths (to hold 50). In 1881 over 200 workers were employed, a quadruple increase since 1870. A dozen persons made jewelry boxes, worth $25,000. Nearly double the value are imported. A ! PART VI. CALIFORNIA'S MINERALS. CHAPTER I. Gold mining. CHAPTER II. Minor minerals. CHAPTER I. GOLD MINING. A living industry-pioneer yields-the golden days of '49-early methods-the hydraulic system- quartz and drift mining-mechanical appliances and improvements-cost of working-list of all the principal quartz mines of the State-tabulated statement of the character of ores, works, and power-cost of mining and milling-men employed and wages paid. The idea that the mineral recources of California are confined to gold is one that is entertained by many people; while even to those who have something closer than a general idea of the mineral rescources of the United States the extensive character of California's mineral product will be in the nature of news. Silver, lead, copper, coal, iron, quicksilver, chrome, antimony, manganese, borax, building stones, gypsum, kaolin, infusorial earth, platinum, soda, marble, ocher, petroleum, salt, cement, graphite, bituminous rock, asbestus, clays, cobalt, slate, phosphates, lime, mineral paint, sulphur, lithographic stone, mica, onyx; these are but a few of the mineral substances whose exploitation adds to California's wealth. Gold, however, still main- tains the lead, and will therefore receive first and separate attention. A LIVING INDUSTRY. Gold mining in California is, in many minds, still associated with a flannel-shirted, long-booted, gambling class of doubtful manners, who with pick, shovel, and pan found fortunes in the mountain streams of the Far West. The impression prevails, too, that gold mining as an industry is "played out." It will be the object of this arti- cle to show that both of these impressions are erroneous. It is not necessary to retell the old and much-emblazoned story of James W. Marshall's wonderful, or rather wonder-working discovery in that Coloma millrace on the January morning of 1848, and the parable may be taken up by saying that from 1849 to 1851 gold was a drug. Though its par value was $16 per ounce, its purchasing power was so far reduced that it required one-sixteenth of au ounce to buy one potato, one onion, or one pound of flour, while a glass of whisky was valued at as much fine gold dust as a man could hold between the thumb and finger, called a "pinch." The financial and mon- etary world was appalled and shaken to its base by California's extroardinary out- put. Europe became alarmed; a plethora of the noble metal was feared, and for a time the idea was strongly entertained of demonetizing gold. The yield of gold was something extraordinary. At first the general gains of the miners, though great, were small compared to what shortly afterward were collected. PIONEER YIELDS. By comparing different accounts, and endeavoring to form from them something like a fair average, it is found that from $10 to $15 worth of gold dust was at first about the usual proceeds of an ordinary day's work. But while that might have been the average, well-authenticated accounts describe many known persons as av- eraging from $100 to $200 a day for a long period, and numerous others are said to have earned as high as from $500 to $800 a day. If, indeed, a man with a pick and · pan did not make a fortune rapidly he moved off to some place which he supposed 425 426 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. might be richer. When the miners knew a little better about the business and the mode of turning their labor to account the returns were correspondingly increased. At what were called the "dry diggings" particularly the yield of gold was simply enormous. One nugget of pure metal was found of 13 pounds weight. The common instrument at first made use of was a butcher's knife. Afterward the pick and shovel were used. The auriferous earth, dug out of ravines and holes in the sides of mountains, was packed on horses for 1, 2, or 3 miles to the nearest water to be washed. An average price of this washing dirt was $100 a cartload. In one instance five loads sold for $752, which after washing yielded $16,000. Cases occurred where men carried the earth in sacks on their backs to the watering places and collected $800 as the proceeds of their labor. Individuals made their $5,000, $10,000, and $15,000 in the space of only a few weeks. One man dug out $12,000 in about 6 days. Three others obtained $8,000 in a single day. But these, of course, were extreme cases. Still, it was undoubtedly true that a large proportion of the miners earned such sums as they had never seen in their lives and which 6 months before would have appeared like the wildest fable. EARLY METHODS. The washing was effected by putting the earth in a pan or bowl, mixing water with it, and violently shaking the contents. A peculiar shake of the wrist, best understood and learned by practice, threw the muddy water and earthy particles over the edge, while the heavy metal sank to the bottom. Repeated washing, assisted by breaking the hard lumps of earth with the hand or a trowel, soon extri- cated the gold from its covering and carried away all the dirt. After the pan came the rocker or cradle, and Long Tom; but if none of these implements were at hand, then the nuggets were dug out with sticks or the hands, or anything that could be used. The fine scales of gold were washed out in Indian baskets, clay cups, old straw hats, or any rude apology for a dish, or the dry sand was exposed on canvass to the winds or diligently blown by the breath. From the butcher knife, pick, pan, shovel, rocker, and Long Tom to ground sluice and drift mining was but a natural sequence. Then as the places becaine impoverished the genius of the irrepressible Yaukee was called into play in order to profitably work the immense auriferous deposits of pliocene gravel that filled our ancient river channels. CAVING DOWN THE BANKS. The hydraulic system was introduced. Streams of water under very great pressure were used to break up the hard gravel and convey it to the channel where the gold was to be caught. Enormous reservoirs were constructed, thousands of miles of ditches were built, and magnificent roads laid. By the use of ingenious contrivances water was given a pressure sometimes as high as 500 feet and a velocity of 160 feet per sec- ond. With this the base of the hills was washed away and the summit caved down. Great rocks of hundreds of pounds weight were tossed about like straws in the current. Whole mountains were moved in this way and the very topography of the country changed. The history of hydraulic mining in California, when it comes to be written up, will be full of wonders. ANCIENT RIVER BEDS. So long as the rich surface placers lasted there was little inducement to seek for their origin; but as they declined, the more enterprising of the miners commenced tracing these alluvial deposits to their sources. The researches thus undertaken led to some remarkable and astonishing discoveries. In many instances the gravel, be- ing worked in open river beds, was found to burrow abruptly into the sides of high mountains, and then it was realized that the stream which had accumulated the treasure belonged to a past geological period and that its bed had been filled ages ago by a stream of very different character-a solid instead of a liquid stream; in other words, a lava flow. Numerous instances have occurred where such an extinct river bed has received successive lava flows, oue superimposed upon another, with auriferous gravel be- tween, showing that the river resumed, as nearly as may be, its original channel after each invasion of molten rock. The yield of gold from these ancient streams, locally known as "dead rivers"-a most apt expression-has been immense, for they must have been mighty floods, draining huge areas, and during their long and active lives they were ceaselessly helping to accumulate the scattered riches contained in the surrounding rocks, these riches being liberated by the action of frost and thaw and rain and snow and sun, whose combined effect disintegrated the quartz veins that carried the gold. CALIFORNIA. 427 Thus nature, working in her own slow and seeret way, collected into comparatively narrow limits, ready for the use of man, the gold which had been disseminated through millions of tons of rock, probably in such small proportions as not to repay the cost of extraction by human methods. More than that the precious metal actually under- went a certain degree of refining at the same time, the accompanying base metals having been dissolved out and washed away. FEDERAL RESTRICTIONS. Hydraulic mining added largely to our annual output, until 1876 litigation com- menced between the farmer and the miner. A bitter fight in the Federal courts en- sued, which resulted in favor of the agriculturists. It must be understood, however, that hydraulic mining has not ceased in Cali- fornia. Although enjoined in the tier of counties extending from Shasta to Cala- veras, formerly its most active sites, it is still carried on elsewhere in the State, the counties of Siskiyou, Trinity, aud Del Norte being now the theater of its principal operations. In this northwestern angle of the State gravel-washing by the hydraulic process is not only tolerated but it constitutes there the principal branch of mining, being prosecuted quite largely and with good results along the Trinity and the Kla- math Rivers and their tributaries, where the conditions for this class of operations are exceptionally good. As there seems to exist in that region no valid objection to washing by this method, it will not likely be interfered with either by the courts or the General Government. DRIFT MINING. But the palmy days of hydraulic mining are over, for the present at least, and the rich surface mines of the old pioneer days have been exhausted, and people have turned their attention to other methods. These are drift mining, quartz mining, and river-bed mining. Drift mining which seems to have gained a remarkable impetus since the suspension of hydraulic mining, is conducted as follows: The prospector having come to the conclusion that there is a bed or deposit of gold-bearing dirt, quartz, or gravel within the recesses of a certain, hill, seeks the easiest way to get at it. If a vertical shaft from the top of the mountain be considered the shortest direct road to prospect for the treasure, then such a shaft is sunk. If the pay dirt is thought to be best reached by a horizontal tunnel through the side of the mountain, then such a tunnel or drift is run with such ramifications or drifts as occasion may call for. The auriferous gravel taken out is treated according to its character. It is a comparatively cheap form of mining, and so far it has been found just as re- munerative to undermine a mountain as to wash it away. In hydraulic mining the whole mass is washed. In drift mining, only the lower and richest stratum of the de- posit is handled, the poorer gravel being left. Drift miuing, now comparatively in its infancy, is bound to assume considerable prominence. It is of most importance now in Placer, Nevada, and Sierra Counties. It really is a revival, having been pur- sued to a considerable extent early in the history of the State, and then abandoned for the hydraulic style. During the past 9 or 10 years, however, it has been resumed, with very satisfactory results, and it was carried on during the past year, with un- usual vigor. Already it has done a good deal to replace the millions added to the arnual production of the State under the old system, and drift mining will, in future years add scores of millions to the wealth of the world. Drift mining, indeed, is now regarded as about the most safe and certain branch of the business extant. Through the employment of machine drills and more powerful explosives both the cost and length of time required for opening this class of deposits have been greatly reduced. The engineering difficulties that formerly attended this work have also been much diminished, a better acquaintance with the position of the old channels-under the lava-capped divides or ridges, making it possible now to drive the exploiting tunnels almost always on the right level. This class of deposits has come to be sought after, and where open to location are speedily taken up. A vast amount of exploratory work has been projected and much commenced, a large number of shafts and tunnels being in operation. Work long suspended on partially completed structures has been resumed, while operations on the productive mines are being pushed with energy. Some of these drift mines already employ from one hundred to two hundred men, their gross yearly output varying from $150,000 to $300,000. Most of the claims, however, are operated with a much smaller working force. The number of men employed ranging from ten to fifty, the production being correspondingly small. deposits sought by drifting rest for the most part in the "dead river" channels be- fore referred to. The Although drift mining was carried on extensively in California before the suppres- sion of hydraulic mining it has attained more prominence since that time. Some 428 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. claims formerly worked by hydraulic process are now being worked by drifting. Drift mining is mainly resorted to in those districts where the deposits are covered by an overflow from volcanic sources, though in many instances the bottom stratum (sometimes the intermediate strata) has been drifted out of banks not capped by lava. The system also takes the place of hydraulic mining in places where water is scarce or there is no dump room, and where the deposits are low, and it would be impracticable to move the whole by piping. The system is carried on more like vein mining than hydraulicking, although it is only used in gravel. The deposit is opened by tunnel, shaft, or incline, developed by "breasting" or crosscutting, and the pay streak taken ont. The pay streak generally consists of about 3 feet of gravel lying immediately on the bedrock, with the upper portion of the bedrock itself to a depth of from a few inches to sometimes 3 feet. The gravel is shoveled into band- cars and wheeled to the mouth of the tunnel, or loaded in buckets or "buggies" and carried to the bottom of the shaft and hoisted out. The gravel is washed in sluices, though sometimes the cement is crushed in stamp mills. In the underground work- ings careful timbering is required, and in breasting out the gravel, pillars are left protecting the main galleries, or square sets of timbers are introduced, which are filled with waste. In most places blasting is practiced, but in many mines the gravel is soft-picking ground, and pumping is often required. The conditions which determine the expense of mining on this plan vary widely. Favorably situated deposits, requiring neither hoisting nor pumping appliances, can be worked at extremely low cost; but if the ground is loose, water troublesome, and pay irregularly disposed, the expenses are increased. Thus, while gravel yielding a trifle over $1 per yard is profitable under certain conditions, in other localities an average of $3, $4, $5, and $6 per yard will barely cover expenses. Where a pay channel has been found, or is surmised to exist, a tunnel is driven to develop it. This tunnel must be run in such a manner as to drain all parts of the mine, and its location is therefore a matter of the greatest importance. Before com- mencing such a work, which may require years for its completion and cost large sums of money, every precaution should be taken to ascertain the exact position of the channel. Want of knowledge on this point has caused disastrous failures in but too many cases. As the channel can often be found only by means of tunnels, the risk of undertaking drift mining is apparent. In those fortunate instances in which the channel is disclosed on the surface and rises as it enters the hill, the tunnel is ruu along its bed, partially in the bedrock. Otherwise the tunnel is driven below the channel or through the rim-rock, being located with such a grade that the deepest part of the workings will be above it. In some claims shafts have been sunk and the gravel drifted out has been raised through these shafts to the surface. This method is quite common in Australia, but comparatively rare in California. When a tunnel has been properly located and the channel opened, drifts are run through the pay-ground on both sides and the material is breasted out regularly, timbering being employed as the work may require. Shafts must be sometimes raised to the surface for the sake of ventilation. The gravel is removed through the tun- nel by means of a tramway and carried to the mouth, where it is dumped on floors and then washed in the sluices. When too firmly cemented to work it is crushed in stamp mills just as quartz would be. The deposits of gravel under the lava-capped divides as a rule contain only a nar- row winding course of pay gravel, which may be worked only by underground drift- ing, and can not be exposed for prospecting without the outlay of a large amount of capital. The position and course of the pay channel is a matter of vague conjec- ture. The narrow channels are filled with pay gravel to the depth of a few feet only, and are, as a rule, covered by a large deposit of barren volcanic material from 1 to 3 miles in width, and from 500 to 1,000 feet in depth. The surface of this extensive volcanic capping offers no definite clew for the loca- tion of the hidden channel. The locator may satisfy himself that a pay channel ex- ists somewhere under the volcanic capping, but he can not determine the position within one-fourth of a mile or frequently within one-half of a mile or more. Even if the precise location were known, the channel could not be worked profit- ably through shafts sunk from the surface, owing to the large flow of water in the channel course and to the comparatively small pay of the gravel per ton. These channels can only be worked profitably through long bed-rock tunnels placed low enough to drain the ground. Such tunnels have to be driven through hard rock, seldom less than 2,000 feet and often as much as 5,000 feet, before tapping the pay channel, and involve an expense of from $25,000 to $100,000. To justify such an expense, it is necessary that the individual or company running such tunnel should own at least 1 or 2 miles length of pay tunnel. Owing to the uncertainty of the position or course of the channel, this usually involves the holding of from 500 to 1,000 acres of ground. CALIFORNIA. -429 PRINCIPAL DRIFT MINES. The Forest Hill divide, Placer County, the Butte Creeks and the Magalia district in Butte County, and the vicinity of Bald Mountain in Sierra County, continue to be the sites of the principal drift operations in California, the business in the first- mentioned locality having, during the past year, undergone a considerable expansion. In nearly all the central and northern counties more or less drift mining is practiced, very little being carried on south of Calaveras County. For exploiting this class of deposits several long tunnels have lately been run, one of these driven by the May- flower Company on the Forest Hill divide, and but recently completed, having a length of 5,000 feet. The Breece & Wheeler tunnel, in the same neighborhood, is 7,000 feet long, while the tunnels driven in the Mountain Gate and Hidden Treasure Mines, further up the divide, have each a length of 8,000 feet, there being elsewhere in the State several of these structures equally long. The cost of driving these tunnels ranges from $6 to $15 per linear foot, the average cost being about $10. While the gravel extracted from the Breece & Wheeler Mine yields at the rate of $9 per carload of 1 ton, this is more than three times as rich as the average throughout the State, and much above the average grade heretofore taken from this mine. Though the Mountain Gate and Hidden Treasure affords each a large amount of material, it does not, taken altogether, yield over $2.50 per carload. The number of men employed in this class of mines varies from half a dozen or less to 150. Very few of them, however, employ over 100 hauds, generally about 20 or 30. The number of carloads taken out daily ranges from 4 to 8 per man, the average being about 6. A good deal of this drift gravel has to be crushed with stamps before the gold can be recovered from it. This class of material is, however, apt to be rich, render- ing its reduction profitable notwithstanding the increased cost of working it. The principal difficulty to be contended with in the prospecting for a drift mine is the drainage of the underground water flow. This is, of course, practically nothing through a tunnel lower than the channel bed. If the tunnel be too high and it be neces- sary to sink shafts or inclines from it to the channel, a flow of water is almost certain to be encountered. If the shafts or inclines be of no great depth and the flow of water small, a bucket on the windlass or a hand pump will keep the water down so that it will not interfere with work. It is more often the case, however, that not only is the flow too great to be handled by the simple means indicated, but even steam pumps of considerable power prove inadequate to lift it, rendering it impossible to get to the bottom of the channel. It is then necessary to run a lower tunnel, abandoning the work already done, though, drainage secured, it may be subsequently utilized for ventilation. With a shaft or slope the problem of drainage is a very important one, and is, as regards appliances, affected by the uncertainty regarding what the ulti- mate depth of the slope or shaft will be, and what amount of water will have to be handled. As a fact, all of the preliminary work of developing a drift mine, till pay ground is located and opened up, is prospecting. Practically, the tunnels, shafts, slopes, and drifts that have been used in prospecting are ultimately utilized for the working of the mine, as far as it can be worked profitably by means of them. The output of gravel from a drift mine is measured by carloads; the size of the cars is not, however, uniform, so a comparison must take this difference into account. The cost of breaking out the gravel independent of the expenses of handling it after- ward, or those connected with the opening of the drifts and gangways, timbering, and track, is controlled by the hardness of the gravel, expense for powder and candles, and the rate of miners' wages. The tabulated figures will show the cost in several mines, and furnish fair comparative data for estimating: Name of mine. Car- Candles Powder loads per ton. per ton. per pick. W Weight carload tons. Total weight broken out. Rate Cost Cost miners' per per wages. carload ton. Dardanelles Paragon Red Point.……. Hidden Treasure Manzanita $0.02 $0.40 1.50 014 1.35 2.70 1.30 1.95 $3.00 $2.55 2.00 $1.95 3.00 2.25 1.12 011 25 2.70 1.00 2.70 3.00 1.27 1.27 01 013 4.30 4.30 1.40 1.00 4.30 3.00 71 71 6. 82 2.50 52 37 The following examples taken from the report of the State mineralogist of Cali- fornia will show expense and yield of several drift gravel mines: The Manzanita Mine, located in 1850, is 1 mile north of Nevada City, Nevada County. The claim covers an area of 212 acres. The general course of the lead is here northwest and southeast. The tuunel, 3,000 feet in length, and constructed at 430 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. a cost of $104,000, cuts through quartz, gravel, and cement. The bed-rock is granite, as are also the only bowlders found in the mine. The average depth of the gravel drifted out is 4 feet. One hundred carloads of 1 ton each are being taken out and washed in sluices daily. All the drifts are thoroughly timbered with pine, found near by, aud costing 4 cents per running foot. A very little water is met with. The mine employs 25 men, at $2.50 per day. Besides the tunnel, the company has con- structed 11 miles of ditch and flume and laid down 3,000 feet of 22-inch iron pipe. A piece of ground, 11,000 by 150 feet, drifted out here some 20 years ago, yielded $3,500,000. The output of this mine while being worked by hydraulic process, amounted to $1,500,000. The go'd is worth $17.60 per ounce. The gravel bank is, in places, 400 feet deep, and a large area remains to be worked. Altitude Course of lead.. Length of tunnel Cost of tunnel Nature of pay gravel Nature of bed-rock.. Depth of gravel drifted Number of men worked Wages.. • 2,675 feet. northwest by southeast. • 3,000 feet. $104,000 free, quartz. granite. .4 feet. ..25 $2.50 per day. The Hidden Treasure is near Damascus, Placer County. This mine has been worked 10 years. The cars, of which there are four trains of sixteen cars each, are drawn into the mine by horses and come out by gravity, the grade being such as to make a brake necessary to prevent too high speed. The bed of the channel is slate. The gravel, which is of a loose character, is drifted to the depth of 6 feet, from 300 to 400 carloads, averaging 1 ton each, being extracted daily by the labor of 135 men, at $3 per day each for whites and $1.75 per day for Chinese, and yielding about $1.50 per carload. Quartz bowlders are abundant. The gravel is dumped into a chute and falls to the washing floor, whence it is washed into the sluices by a stream of water from a hose and nozzle under a pressure of 20 feet. There are two sets of sluices, with an intervening drop of 15 feet, the first set being 300 feet long, the second much longer. These sluices are lined with blocks of spruce and worn-out car wheels, the latter, being good riffles for coarse gold ore, are used in the upper sluices. A little quicksilver is used near the lower end to retain fine gold. According to report this mine has paid dividends regularly for 10 years. Altitude. Length of tunnel... Nature of pay gravel Nature of bed-rock Depth of gravel drifted……. Length of time worked……. Number of men employed. Wages, whites... Wages, Chinese.. · 3, 610 feet. 8,000 feet. .free. slate. 6 feet. 10 years. 135 $3 per day. $1.75 per day. The Breece & Wheeler Mine, near Bath, Placer County, has gravel averaging $9 per carload, but it is cemented and must be crushed in a mill. The following figures show results and costs: Altitude.. Length of tunnel Cost of tunnel. Nature of pay gravel. Nature of bed-rock. Width of pay channel.. Depth of channel drifted Pay per car (2 tons) Number of carloads.. Gross daily product.. Number of men in mine. Wages. Number of men on outside work Number of men in mill Wages in mill ……. Number of stamps. Weight of stamps Drop of stamp. Drops of stamp. Duty of stamp Kind of screen Size of screen. · 2,800 feet. 7,500 feet. $8 per foot. .cement. slate. 50 feet. 7 feet. $9 27 per day. $243 20 to 25 $3 per day. 3 $3 to $3.50 1 10 850 pounds. 10 inches. 85 to 95 per minute. 9 tons in 24 hours. iron wire, mesh of an inch. 48 by 24 inches. QUARTZ OR VEIN MINING. So far as productiveness and extent of operations go, however, quartz or vein mining is the leading branch of the business of gold mining in Califorùia, fully two- thirds of the gold product of the State being obtained from auriferous ores, This CALIFORNIA. . 431 branch of mining, says an authority, is spread over the entire length and nearly the entire breadth of California, being pursued to some extent in three-fourths of the counties of the State. This industry employs about 4,000 stamps or their equivalent, some of the crushing being performed by arrastras, roller mills, and similar devices. Of the above number it may be calculated that 3,500 stamps are constantly in active service. Estimating that these stamps crush 10 tons of ore per day for 300 days in the year, there results an annual total of 2,100,000 tons of ore crushed. As this ore will average nearly $7 per ton, the yield amounts, at the lowest calculation, to $13,000,000 per annum. Mechanical appliances.-That this product will be steadily increased for many years to come there is good reason to believe. Nevada, Amador, and Sierra remain the leading quartz mining counties of the State, their annual output amounting to $3,000,000, $2,000,000, and $1,500,000, respectively. The new impetus in quartz min- ing is due to the introduction of water-power, improved mechanisms, appliances, and processes. Through the use of these aids the tendency is constantly toward the work- ing of poorer ores and other low-grade material, so much so that mines not long since considered worthless are now being operated with profit. Gold-bearing quartz is now being milled in this State and made to pay, that yields a total of less than $2 per tou, the conditions in such cases being, of course, exceptionally favorable. Then, too, invention is ever on the rack to discover new means of reducing rebellious ores, the steady resultant being an ever increasing output of gold. Again, science has been called in and the extraction of gold from sulphurets is no longer a mere mechan- ical process, but involves intricate and delicate operations known to metallurgists. RIVER-BED MINING. The interest displayed in river-bed mining is on the increase year by year, and promises to add materially to the future output of the State. River-bed mining con- sists in diverting the rivers and other large streams wholly or in part from their nat- ural channels, with a view to working the gravel found in their beds. While this business is pursued on most of the larger streams in the mining regions of California, the scenes of the largest operations are Scott, Salmon, and Klamath Rivers in Siski- you County. This, too, is a revival of another of our primitive methods of mining, having been extensively practiced here in early days. Their beds having been pretty well worked out, many of the streams were abandoned years ago. Afterward there was a general return to the business, it having been found that the beds of these streams had again become enriched through the influx of tailings from the mines being worked along and adjacent to their banks. Lastly, the tailings that were formerly suffered to run to waste are now saved, and treated with good and sometimes highly remunerative results. The waste matter from the hydraulic mines, which in many instances has accumulated in great quan- tities along the outletting chanuels, is being in various localities subjected to a rewashing, and made to yield satisfactory wages. In like manner many of the old ore dumps are being sorted over, and cullings reworked, the latter yielding often more metal under the new processes than was obtained from the ore at its first hand- ling. It will be necessary now to introduce a few figures, but these will not be numerous, although they are very heavy. In the first place, California's yield of gold from 1848 to 1889, inclusive, is, as nearly as can be ascertained, about $1,200,000,000, although estimated by some to be $1,500,000,000. California still supplies more than one-half the gold produced in the United States, and is still the great gold-producing country of the world. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE MINES. It is every year becoming more difficult to find out the actual yield of California because of the increasing number of private mines, mines which are neither listed on the stock and exchange boards nor incorporated. The Journal of Commerce, in its mining review for 1888, gives the following list and location of 127 mines: Shasta, 3; Yuba, 4; Calaveras, 6; Placer, 3; Lake, 1; Lassen, 1; San Bernardino, 1; Mariposa, 1; El Dorado, 4; Tulare, 1; Stanislaus, 1; Colusa, 1; Monterey, 2; Sierra, 9; Ama- dor, 15; Plumas, 7; Siskiyou, 27; Butte, 3; Trinity, 8; Tuolumne, 1; Alameda, 1; Nevada, 12; Napa, 1; Mouo, 13; Humboldt, 1. These mines, though, are only those whose offices and headquarters are known, and it is safe to say there are at least 150 mines of which the public never hear anything. They are private undertakings, and are quietly conducted by capitalists who sit back and enjoy the earnings. The old order indeed changeth. The romance of mining in California has ceased, and the pursuit of gold is now followed as a steady occupation and legitimate busi- ness much the same as that of agriculture and manufactures. But gold mining in 432 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. California is by no means a thing of the past. While it is not anticipated that the yield of gold will be restored to what it was in pioneer times, there is good reason for believing that it will amount in the next 10 years to very nearly half as much as was ever taken out in any one year, say, $30,000,000 at the least, and that something like that sum will for an indefinite period thereafter be maintained; and more, through exploration the field of practical operations is every year growing wider and wider. New deposits are being discovered, new means of exploitation adopted, and new progress made. WORKING OVER OLD MINES. Within the past few years the introduction of water-power instead of steam for pumping, hoisting, and milling has greatly cheapened both mining and milling, and rendered it possible to operate quartz mines previously unprofitable. In a few instances electricity is being used as power, this being generated by water-wheels and dynamos at some distance from the works. Another factor in cheapening work is the railroad which now extends in many directions, making supplies in the mining camp much cheaper than formerly. Moreover, supplies of all sorts are less expensive than they were ten years ago, and labor costs less. The climate of the State is such as to aid the miner. In nearly every portion work can be carried on all the year round without intermission. Quartz mines abandoned as valueless ten and twenty years ago are now reopened and paying well for the reason that ore can be worked so much more cheaply and that there are plenty of mills and works to handle the ore. The era of extravagance is passed and it is perfectly well known what ore will or will not pay in any particular locality. There are also regions where work was abandoned twenty or thirty years ago, where of late men have again gone in and opened mines. In some of these counties, notably San Diego, San Bernardino, and Inyo on the south, and Shasta, Trinity, and Siskiyou on the north, a great deal of work has been done of late years reopening old mines and developing new ones. But new mines are formed every year in all the counties of the gold belt; and men start work on claims they have held for years. Those most familiar with the quartz mines are confident that the future of the quartz industry of California promises much more than has been done in the past. The nomadic population, roving from one camp to another, has disappeared, and the miners remain settled more than formerly. The working miners do not own their own claims as they did in the days of placer diggings, but ordinarily work for wages in mines owned by companies or individ- uals. Most of these miners own "prospects" or claims upon which they may do more or less work as occasion offers; but these prospects and claims are always for sale. It takes capital to develop, open, and equip an ordinary quartz mine. There are some thousands of these undeveloped prospects which may or may not be paying mines when properly opened. There have been no radical changes in the methods of mining or milling for many years, the improvements being mainly in details and in the more careful handling of the ore. The modern California gold mill is usually built in such a situation that the ore can be delivered by car or wagon at the upper part, where it is dumped against™ an inclined "grizzly," and the finer ore passing through the interstices of the grizzly, falls directly into the main ore bin. The coarser ore (too large to pass through the grizzly) is screened off by gravity into the coarse ore bin, from which it is drawn by gravity directly into the rock-breakers, or it falls upon a floor in front of the rock- breakers. By these it is crushed, and falls into the main ore bins. From the main ore bins the ore passes through gates into the "self-feeders," which supply it auto- matically to the batteries or stamps. Quicksilver is fed at intervals to the mortars of the battery, and coming in con- tact with the native or."free" gold of the finely crushed ore ("pulp "), forms with it an amalgam. This amalgam is caught partly by the copper plates in the battery and partly upon the amalgamated or silver-plated copper plates, after it has issued through the screens of the mortars. The amalgam is "cleaned up" periodically and retorted. Retorting consists in the sublimation of the quicksilver, the vapors of which are condensed in water and the quicksilver collected. The residual gold is in a porous state. It is melted with fluxes in crucibles and cast in ingots. The pulp from which the free gold has been extracted by amalgamation passes over concentrators of various mechanical devices. These concentrators effect a separation of the auriferous sulphurets from the worthless gangue. In California the concen- trated sulphurets are treated by the chlorination process. In some other sections of the country the sulphurets are sold to smelting works. The gold ores of California carry on an average 2 per cent. of sulphurets. The concentrated sulphurets assay on an average from $60 to $90 per ton in gold, with from a trace to several dollars in sil- The Custom Chlorination Works of California charge $20 per ton for the treat- ver. CALIFORNIA. 433 ment of sulphurets, and return 90 per cent. of the assay value. Under conditions ordinarily favorable, a plant treating 6 to 9 tons per 24 hours can reduce the sulpha- rets at a cost of $8 to $10 per ton, extracting 90 to 94 per cent. of the assay value of the gold. This, in brief, is the method by which the gold ores are beneficiated. The main fea- ture of late is the almost universal use of concentrating appliances by which the sul- phurets, formerly allowed to run to waste, are saved and ultimately treated by an- other process. Chlorination works for treating these sulphurets are established in various parts of the State and either work them for the miners or buy them at stated prices per ton according to assay value. COST OF WORKING. The relative cost of working the various classes of gold deposits by methods appli- cable to the respective classes is estimated by authorities as follows: Auriferous vein.. Drift mining Miner's pan Rocker Sluices Hydraulic methods Class. Per ton of material treated. $3 to $10. 75 cents to $4. $5 to $8. $2 to $3. 75 cents to $1. 1 to 8 cents. It would be impossible within the space devoted to this article even to mention by name all the mines in California, much less give any details connected with them. Those desirous of seeing detailed descriptions are referred to the official annual re- ports of the State mineralogist of California, William Irelan, jr., San Francisco. THE PRINCIPAL QUARTZ MINES. The following table will give a fair idea of the principal quartz mines of the State, showing, as it does, those supplied with reduction works. This list does not include all the mills, many of which do "custom" work and are not connected with any mine. They crush ore brought to them for certain rates per ton. For instance, there are eleven mills in Butte County, with one hundred stamps. But in that county quartz is subordinate to gravel interests, though quartz is mined at Forbestown, Wyandotte, Cherokee, Brown's Valley, Merrimac, Yankee Hill, Inskip, and Oregon City. There are in all the mountain counties hundreds of small mines, more or less developed, not enumerated in these tables: I C 90-28 434 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Name. } Statement of the principal quartz mills and mines working in California in 1890. Character of ore. Character of works. Power. Cost of mining per ton. Cost of milling per ton. Men em- Wages per ployed. diem. Amador County. Plymouth Consolidated South Cosmolitan..... New London Loyal Lead Gover. ► Bunker Hill Keystone South Spring Hill Quartz.. Quartz and slate. ...do Hard quartz ....do ...do 160-stamp mill Water $2.34 $0.39 $2.50-$5.50 Hoisting works Steam 13 2.50- 3 00 • Hoisting works and 40-stamp mill 10-stamp mill.. .do 18 2.50- 3.00 Water 2.50 1.45 £3 3.00 Free milling.. 20 stamps, 11 concentrators do 2.50 1.00 39 2.00- 3.00 40 stamps, 16 concentrators Water and steam 3.35 .60 78 2.75 ..do 40 stamps, 28 concentrators. .do 4.00 75 109 2.50- 3.00 North Star. Sutter Creek Wildman 30 stamps, 2 concentrators, 1 dynamo. Hoisting works Water 2.50 .65 60 2.00- 3.00 Free milling Quartz. · Gravel. Quarts and slate. Lincoln Live Oak Kennedy Zeile.. Amador Gold Mine Amador Queen Moore Mammoth Lambingo. Mahoney (Hector). Oneida Nevills Free milling. ..do ..do Quartz. Free milling Quartz.. Pumps and 2 stamps 40 stamps, 16 concentrators. 40 stamps, 16 concentrators 60 stamps, 2 rock-breakers 20 stamps 10-stamp mill.. 10-stamp mill. Derrick and lifts. 40-stamp mill. 10 stamps 10 stamps 10-stamp mill. Hoisting works, 10 stamps 40 stamps Water .95 1.11 8 -d. 2.50 Water and elec- 3.00 .60 25 1.50- 3.00 tricity. Water do 3.00 1.65 6 2.50 ...do 3.00 .69 81 2.50- 4.00 Water and steam 107 2.00-3.50 Water 2.00 45 30 *2.75 .do 1.75 .80 Water and steam 1.00 .50 19 2.00 1.00 †30 1.25- 3.00 Water 180 1.25 Water and elec- tricity. Water .do 15 Calaveras County. 20.stamp mill ..do Water and steam $1.50 .85 29 | $2.00- 2.50 Water 2.05 .40 30 . 5-stamp mill. .do 1.10 9 2.00-2.75 2.50- 3.00 10-stamp mill. ..do 2.00 1.75 12 2.33- 2,75 • 30-stamp mill. Steam 3.00 1.00 54 2.00-3.25 10-stamp mill ..do 3.05 1.50 18 2.00- 2.50 • 40-stamp mill Steam and water. 80 2.00- 2.50 · 5-stamps and Dodge pulverizer. .do 1.75 48 2.50- 3.00 Low pulverizer Water 1.50-2.00 .4110 28 2.00- 3.00 Huntington mill .do 12 2.25-2.50 Kendall mill Steam 1.50 1.50 7 2.50 Utica. Stickles Suffolk Sheep Ranch Ilex McCraight Esmeralda. Lockwood. Angels Quaker Buena Vista. Quartz with sulphurets. ...do ..do Free miling with sulphurets Free milling. Free milling with sulphurets.. Free milling and concentrating. ..do Free milling do do Cotusa County } Manzanita.. Free gold with sulphurets. 10-stamp mill Steam 17 2.75 El Dorado County. Josephine. Free milling. 20-stamp mill. Water .85-1.00 16 2.00- 3.00 ¡ Union Consolidated ....do 10-stamp mill. Steam 1.00 .50 19 2.00- 3.00 Taylor. do ...do. Water 3.00 1.20 16 2.00- 2.50 Vandalia. Free milling with sulphurets.. 5-stamp mill. Steam 1.65 1.50 14 2.50-3.00 Big Canyon . Free milling 20-stamp mill. Water .70 .60 19 1.50- 4.00 Gopher & Boulder do do do .20-1.50 23¹ 2.00-2.50 Melton do 15-stamp mill. ...do 2.00 .85 15 2.00- 3.00 - 1 Rose of Oregon Consolidated do 10-stamp mill. ..do 1.50 1.20 9 2.50-3.00 Pacific. ..do 20-stamp mill ....do 2.50 .75 Epley Consolidated. .do 2.00 Superior ..do Church do Zentgraft. ..do 10-stamp mill. .do ..do. Water and steam. 2.00 17 2.50- 3.00 Water 2.00 1.17 25 2.00- 3.00 .do 3.00 26 1.75-2.50 Fresno County. Abbey. Quartz. 10-stamp mill. Hanover .do 5-stamp mill. Providence Free milling. Dodge pulverizer • Sampson.... Quartz.. Kendall mill. [ Confidence Mine d'Or de Quartz Mountain Last Chance. Josephine. Lassen County. Quartz and slate 5-stamp mill Quartz with sulphurets. 60-stamp mill. Quartz with sulphurets. Quartz. 10-stamp mill 20-stamp mill. Steam 62 2.50 ...do 20 2.50 ...do 1.50 10 3.50 .do 2.00 9 2.50-3.00 ....do 3.00 7 3.00 ..do ..do 2.50 10 2.50- 3.00 que ...do 3.00 65 2. 50- 3.00 CALIFORNIA. 1 Evening Star Golden Eagle Free milling Quartz.. 10-stamp mill. 5-stamp mill. Water • $5.60 6 2.34 Steam 3.00 $1.25 6 2.80- 3.00 Mariposa County. Hite Free milling 40-stamp mill. Water 2.00 25 31 1.75- 3.00 Red Cloud ..do 22-stamp mill. Steam 2.25 .60 .23 2.00-3.25 Mary Harrison ..do 1.50 Hathaway Bondurant. ..do 10-9tamp mill. Steam 3.00 15 1.75- 3.00 Cranberry. do 2 arrastras 4.00 5.00 9 1. 75- 3.00 Napa County. Palisade Quartzose silver Nevada County. Champion. Nevada City. Free-milling. ..do • • 10-stamp mill. 10-stamp mill. .do. Water 4.00 ..do 8.00 6 3.00- ዩ: 50 * Average. † Whites. ‡Chinese. Steam 12 2.00 435 } 436 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Name. Power. Cost of mining per ton. per ton. Cost of milling Men em.. ployed. Wages per diem. Statement of the principal quartz mills and mines working in California in 1890—Continued. Nevada County-Continued. Character of ore. Character of works. Union North Banner Idaho Original Empire.. North Star. Crown Point. Brunswick Orleans Omaha Consolidated Yuba Blue Bell Washington Spanish.. Delhi Gaston Ridge. Quartz with sulphurets Quartz 5-stamp mill Water $0.75 19 4 $3.00 $2.50 3.00 Free milling 35-stamp mill. .do $8.44 173 3.00- 5.00 ...do 40-stamp mill. .do 5.00 168 2. 50- 3.00 ...do 30-stamp mill. ..do 5.00 184 2. 50- 3.00 ..do 10-stamp mill. .do 10.00 19 ..do .do Quartz.. Free milling • 20-stamp mill. do 2.50 16 2.75-3.00 2.50-3.00 8-stamp mill. .do 12 2.50 • 10-stamp mill. .do 60 2.75- 3.00 15-stamp mill. .do 2.20 .80 17 Quartz 10-stamp mill .do 2.00 80 32 3.00 3.00 Excelsior Rising Sun Live Oak Plumas Eureka. Green Mountain Plumas County Co Rocky Glen.. Mayflower.... Buttes Placer County. St. Lawrence Morning Star. Plumas County. Quartz Free milling ...do Quartz... .do do Free milling Quartz and sulphurets.. Quartz. Free milling 20-stamp mill. .do 2.00 40 34 3.00 4 Huntington mills. .do .25 25 16 1.50- 3.00 18 stamp mill. .do 1.25 75 20 2.50- 3.00 10-stamp mill. Steam 2.50 36 3.00 do... Water 42 3.00 4-stamp mill. .do 12 3.00 10-stamp mill. do 1.25 1.25 15 3.00 Quartz. 5-stamp mill. Water 15-stamp mill .do ..do Gravel and cement. .do 20-stamp mill. 10-stamp mill. • Steam 5-stamp mill. Water 17 2.50 3 2.50 30 3.00 16 2.50- 3.50 45 1.75- 3.00 મ 60-stamp mill. Water 3.41 .481 200 †40.00-50.00 ..do. ..do .55 65 2.50 ...do Pacific.. 24-stamp mill. ..do 1.50 1.00 30 2.50 ..do 20-stamp mill. ..do 1.00 .75 9 Crescent. 2. 50- 3.50 Free milling • 16-stamp mill. ..do 2.50 2.00 San Bernardino County. Waterloo Barter.... Hawley Quartz (silver). do 75-stamp mill. 10-stamp mill. do Steam • ...do ..do San Diego County. Ready Relief Stonewall. Free milling .do 10-stamp mill. 60-stamp mill. Steam 3.00 .do 20 100 I 26 3.75 6 3.00 11 00- 3.00- 3.50 2.50- 3.00 3.00-3.50 3.00-3.50 1 CALIFORNIA. 437 Calumet Shasta County. Riley & Bliss America Central Lost Confidence Celestine · · Quartz with sulphurets.. Quartz - Free milling. do. Silver, gold, and sulphurets Quartz and sulphurets. Quartz. Mammoth Gladstone Trinity Lucky Bart Quartz Mountain West Point · White Oak. ...do Quartz with salphurets. Quartz.. ..do .do .do 24-stamp Paul mill 10-stamp mill Water .60 2.50 ..do 5-stamp mill.... .do 1.00 .70 2 Huntington mills ..do 3.00 2243 20 1.50-2.50 21 1.50- 2.00 15 2.00- 2.50 2.00-2.50 20-stamp mill. .25 30 1.50-2.50 5-stamp mill. Water 4.00 1.50 8 2.50-3.50 2.00 9 1.50 4.00 4 1.75 · 50 2.50 3.00 2.50 . 25 3.00 1.25 6 LO CO MD C 2.50 2.50 3 2.50 Sierra County. Sierra Buttes Free milling. 80-stamp mill. Water 3.50 209 +50.00 Young America do 40-stamp mill. ...do 2.00 .75 125 +50.00 Rainbow · Gold Bluff Quartz and sulphurets. 10.stamp mill. ..do 27 3.00 Free milling 12-stamp mill. ..do 1.50 1.50 18 3.00 Trinity County. Bartrad Brown Bear Bully choop Group · Quartz and sulphurets 10-stamp mill. Steam 4.50 1.50 24 +50.00 .do 15-stamp mill. ..do 4.50 1.50 38 2.50-3.00 Free milling. · 10-stamp mill. .do 1.00 25 2.00-2.50 Golden Chest North Star ... ..do ..do 5-stamp mill. Water 16 2.00-2.50 5-stamp mill. do 1.50 Tuolumne County. San Guisseppa. - · Patterson... Madrid Experimental Gulch App Heslip Gem . Black Oak Free milling. .do ..do • • .do Arrastra Water 10-15 ► 4.50 4 1.50- 2.50 20-stamp mill. .do .. 18 1.50- 3.50 5-stamp mill. .do 60 4 2.50- 3.00 10-stamp mill. do 70 12 2.00- 2.85 ...do 5-stamp mill. do 50 4 3.00 ..do 25-stamp mill. .do 2.00 5.00 16 2.00- 3.00 do 10-stamp mill. do 2.00 1.45 8 3.00 Buchanan Quartz with sulphurets.. Free milling · 10-stamp mill. Steam 56 2.75- 3.00 20-stamp mill. ..do 3.00 1.25 60 3.00-3.25 Kanaka. ...do 4-stamp mill. Water 1.00 1.00 7 3.00 Golden Treasure.. ..do Huntington roller mill Steam 12 3.00 Longfellow ..do 2.00 12 3.00 • * For both mining and milling. † Per month. CHAPTER II. THE MINOR MINERALS. Other products than gold-The working, yield, and condition of mines of quicksilver-Chrome-Borax- Coal-Petroleum-Asphaltum-Building stone and cement-Salt-Copper-Asbestus-Ochre-Min- eral paint-Slate-Manganese-Lime-Sulphur-Marble-Iron-Graphite-Mica-Aium-Lead- Pumice stone-Infusorial earth-Nitrate of soda-Onyx-Gypsum-Platinum. In the introduction to the preceding chapter a list of the principal mineral prod- ucts, other than gold, was given, and in this will be found a reasonably condensed description of the working of these products. It is to be noted that many of these, such as quicksilver, chrome, and asphaltum, are not mined in other portions of the United States, while most of the rest are mined on a large scale. The record of nearly a billion and a quarter in gold alone puts California at the head of the list of our bullion-producing regions, but these other minerals add very materially to the wealth of the country. QUICKSILVER. Quicksilver was discovered in California some years before the famous discovery of gold by Marshall in the tail race of Sutter's mill. On two occasions, in 1824 and in 1835, men put up small mills to extract silver from the ores found at New Almaden, Santa Clara County, not knowing the ores were mercurial only. Then in 1845 Andres Castillero, a Mexican officer, on his way to Sutter's Fort, passed through Santa Clara, and was shown some of this mysterious ore. By a crude test he determined the oré to contain quicksilver, and took up the claim which resulted in the famous New Al- maden mine, beginning work by retorting the quicksilver in gun barrels. Other de- posits in the State have been found in part by systematic prospecting and in part by accident. The Redington mine was found by making excavations for a highway. The Sulphur Bank, as its name implies, was worked for sulphur for some time before the presence of the underlying mercury was suspected. Up to 1874 and 1875 there were few mines at work, but in those years the price advanced greatly and stimulated production and the discovery of deposits. None of those found grow richer with depth, but most of them are but imperfectly developed. The greatest mine in the State-and in the United States-is the New Almaden, the production of which far exceeds all others. Following is a list of the quicksilver mines of California and the counties in which they are situated. Abbott, Colusa County. Altoona, Trinity County. American, Lake County. Bacon, Lake County. Bella Union, Napa County. Buckeye, Colusa County. Callifornia, Yolo County. Cerro Bonito, Fresno County. Cloverdale, Sonoma County. Enriquita, Santa Clara County. Guadalupe, Santa Clara County. Great Eastern, Sonoma County. Great Eastern, Lake County. Great Westeru, Lake County. Kentucky, Sonoma County. Little Panoche, Fresno County. Los Prietos, Santa Barbara County. Manhattan, Napa County. Manzanita, Colusa County. Mount Jackson, Sonoma County. Napa Consolidated, Napa County. New Almaden, Santa Clara County. New Idria, Fresno County. Oakland, Sonoma County. Ocean View, San Luis Obispo County. Richacho, San Benito County. Pope Valley, Napa County. Rattlesnake, Sonoma County. Redington, Napa County. San Juan Batista, Santa Clara County. St. John, Solano County. Stayton, San Benito County. Sunderland, San Louis Obispo County. Oceanic, San Luis Obispo County. Wall Street, Lake County. There are few districts in the world besides those of the Pacific slope in which mercurial ores are met with in such abundance as to be of great commercial impor- tance. The Almaden mines in Spain take first rank and those of Idria in Austria yield largely. Some mercury is also produced in Tuscany and some in China. There is one mine at Steamboat Springs, in Nevada, and one or two in Oregon of small im- portance. Outside of these mentioned the principal mines of the world are within the borders of the State of California. Moreover, investigation proves that nearly every mineral association and mode of occurrence known to exist elsewhere is repeated in California, so that the mercurial deposits of the Pacific slope admirably represent those of the world as far as known. The mines here are all in what is known as the Coast Ranges. 438 CALIFORNIA. 439 } In the hills back of the wide and fertile Santa Clara County are the New Almaden, Euriquita, and Guadalupe mines, and this district has been much more productive than any other in North America, and since 1850 it has yielded about four-fifths as much metal as the Almaden of Spain. The New Almaden is at an elevation of 1,700 feet above sea level. The mine has been worked since 1845, but the operations were in a small way, and no records of production were kept before 1850. The mines have been the most productive in the world, with the exception of the Almaden of Spain. The mines are developed to a depth of 2,300 feet, and the workings extend horizontally over an area 1 mile square. About five hundred men find steady employment-the work being actively prosecuted throughout the year. From the 1st of January, 1864, to the 31st of December, 1889, the number of feet in the drifting and sinking in the mines of the company, as shown by the records, amounted to 46.34 miles, at a cost of $2,067,862.63; this does not in- clude the excavation made in extracting ore during the period named, nor any expenses for the same, while for the ground opened up during the previous period (from 1850 to 1864) 15 miles more of drifting and sinking can be added. The reduction works consist of eight furnaces, include the most perfect methods for working quicksilver ores, and may be considered the most complete and perfect in every respect in the world. The ore or vein matter just as it is broken in the stopes of the mine is run out in ore cars on an elevated tramway, and screened before it falls on to the dressing floor, where it is subjected to a system of classification of four grades, from coarse to very fine. More than two-thirds of the product of the mine is in the form of "smalls,” or The method of treatment must therefore be adapted to this fact. fine ore. Quicksilver has not been reduced at New Almaden in retorts for very many years, although most of the standard works on metallurgy so state. The first attempt at quicksilver reduction was made by treating the ore in whalers' trying vats, but iron retorts were soon introduced. The retort process necessitated crushing all the ores in order to mix them them with lime and was so expensive that only rich ores would pay for treatment. As a consequence, even before 1850 attempts were made to treat the ores by roasting and condensing the quicksilver from the products of combustion, and this method, with many improvements in detail of apparatus, is in use to-day. The first furnaces were badly constructed, but experience soon led to the type of in- termittent furnace, afterwards widely used in California. This was a great improve- ment on the old retort system but had many disadvantages, the most serious of which was the difficulty of treating the fine ore. The tierras or fine ore had to be mixed with clay and made into sun-dried bricks before they could be roasted at all in the furnaces then used. As the tierras from which the adobes were made were poor ores, the expense of making them largely reduced the profit of treating these ores. The next important improvement was the introduction of the continuous course ore fur- nace in 1874, and with this the economical treatment of the coarse ore was satisfac- torily accomplished. But there was still a serious problem to solve, as two-thirds of all the ore had still to be worked into adobes. This problem was solved by the in- vention of the Huttner and Scott furnace. This must be regarded as the most im. portant contribution to the art of quicksilver reduction that has originated in Cali- fornia. It utilizes a series of inclined shelves placed in the opposite sides of a narrow vertical shaft to retard the descent of a column of fine ore. In the same structure are combined a number of ore chambers, and there are devices for regulating the passage of the products of combustion and for effecting the dis- charge. A number of improvements have been made over the original, and now with the improved furnace plant the economical treatment of fine and medium ores is accomplished. While improvements have been going on in furnace construction, very many forms of condenser have also been tried. Those devices which have been successful are now in use and there are several forms, each furnace having its own condensing system and no two of the systems are arranged exactly alike, although all on the same general principles. The quicksilver resulting from the condensation of the mercurial fumes is put into iron flasks, holding 764 pounds each, ready for the market. The same general features of reduction obtain among the other quicksilver mines of California, with such mod- fications as may seem necessary. : 440 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Production of quicksilver at New Almaden for thirty-seven years and three months, from July, 1850, to December 31, 1889. Dates. Total pounds ore roasted. Total flasks Percent- quicksilver age yield of quick- produced. silver. July, 1850, to June, 1851.... July, 1851, to June, 1852. July, 1852, to June, 1853. July, 1853, to June, 1854. July, 1854, to June, 1855. July, 1855, to June, 1856……. July, 1856, to June, 1857... July, 1857, to June, 1858. July, 1858, to Oct., 1858. Nov., 1858, to Jan., 1861.. Feb., 1861, to Jan., 1862. 4,970, 717 23, 875 36.74 4, 643, 290 19, 921 32.82 4,839, 520 18, 035 28.50 7, 418, 000 26, 325 27.03 9, 109, 300 31, 860 26.75 10, 355, 200 28, 083 20.74 10, 299, 900 26, 002 19.31 10, 997, 170 29, 347 20.41 3,873, 085 10,588 20.91 Feb., 1862, to Jan., 1863. 13, 323. 200 34, 765 19. 96 Feb., 1863. to Aug., 1863 .. 15, 281, 400 40, 391 20.22 Sept., 1863, to Oct., 1863. 7, 172, 660 19, 564 20.86 Nov., 1863, to Dec., 1863. 2, 346, 000 5, 520 18.00 Jan., 1864, to Dec., 1864... 2, 359, 300 4, 447 18.65 Jan., 1865, to Dec., 1865. 23, 277, 600 42, 489 13.96 Jan., 1866, to Dec., 1866... 31, 948, 400 47, 194 11.30 Jan., 1867, to Dec., 1867... 26, 885, 300 35, 150 10.00 Jan., 1868, to Dec., 1868. 26, 023, 933 24, 461 7.19 Jan., 1869, to Dec., 1869... 29, 405, 530 25, 628 6.66 Jan., 1870, to Dec., 1870. 25, 458, 175 16, 898 5.07 Jan., 1871, to Dec., 1871. 21, 097, 700 14, 423 5. 23 Jan., 1872, to Dec., 1872. 22, 034, 700 18, 568 6.44 Jan., 1873, to Dec., 1873... 21, 416, 600 18, 574 6. 63 Jan., 1874, to Dec., 1874. 17, 330, 375 11, 042 4.87 23, 454, 000 Jan., 1875, to Dec., 1875..... 9, 084 2.96 31, 106, 200 Jan., 1876, to Dec., 1876. 13, 648 3.35 33, 316, 950 Jan., 1877, to Dec., 1877 20, 549 4.71 37, 231, 300 Jan., 1878, to Dec., 1878. 23, 996 4.93 Jan., 1879, to Dec., 1879... 36, 942, 225 15, 852 3.28 55,065, 135 20, 514 Jan., 1880, to Dec., 1880.. 2.85 61, 354, 850 Jan., 1881, to Dec., 1881. 23, 465 2.92 64, 141, 135 26, 060 Jan., 1882, to Dec., 1882.... 3.10 72, 147, 200 Jan., 1883, to Dec., 1883. 28, 070 2.97 77, 162, 500 Jan., 1884, to Dec., 1884.. 29,000 2.87 79, 251, 000 Jan., 1885, to Dec., 1885. 20,000 1.93 79. 069, 300 Jan., 1886, to Dec., 1886 Jan., 1887, to Dec., 1887.. Jan., 1888, to Dec., 1888. Jan., 1889, to Dec., 1889……. 21, 400 2.07 81, 398, 690 18, 000 1.69 64, 151, 300 20,000 2.38 56, 352, 780 18, 000 2.40 56, 015, 900 13, 100 1.74 Totals and average 1, 280, 057, 520 893, 888 5.37 Product of Enriqueta from 1860 to 1863, 10,571 flasks. Total product of all the mines on the company's property, 904,459 flasks of 763 lbs. each, or 69, 191, 113 lbs. This table shows a steady decline of the percentage of the ores of this, the most important mine in the State. For the year 1889, the average percentage yield was 1.74 per cent., or 34.80 pounds of quicksilver for every ton of ore worked. Of the total expenses of producing quicksilver at New Almaden in 1889, $418,000, there was paid for labor $327,000, or over 78 per cent. of the cost of production; and for supplies, $87,000. The wages paid at this mine are as follows: Laborers in stopes. Per day. Per day. $2.00 2.80 2.00 1.75 Timbermen (including captain). Carpenters.. Blasters.. Surface mining $3.20 3.04 2.75 Miners on yardage contract.. Laborers on surface.. Firemen 1.50 In 1878 California had some thirty producing quicksilver mines; in 1887 she had but ten; and in 1889 there were only eight. The decrease was largely owing to the decline of prices, since at the prevailing prices many of the mines could not be worked. The following table shows the yearly production of quicksilver in California for thirty-nine years and also the prices. A careful examination of the table will show that the prices during all that time have ruled in accordance with the California production; as the product increased, prices declined; as it decreased, prices in- creased; when the production for a term of years was uniform, the price practically remained so, taking into consideration the surplus stock and occasional unexpected demand. CALIFORNIA. 441 ર T ļ Amount, production, and prices of quicksilver in California, from 1850 to 1889, inclusire. Year. Number Highest Lowest of flasks. price. price. Year. Number Highest Lowest of flasks. price. price. 1850.. 7,723 $114.75 $84.15 1872... 31, 621 1851.. $66.95 27,779 $65.00 76.50 57.35 1873.. 27, 642 91.80 68.85 1852.. 20,000 61.20 55.45 1874. 27, 756 118.55 1853. 91. 80 22, 284 55.45 55.45 1875.. 50, 250 118.55 49.75 1854... 30, 004 55.45 55.45 1876... 75, 074 53.55 34.45 1855... 33,000 55.45 51.65 1877... 79, 396 44.00 30.60 1856.. 30, 000 51.65 51.65 1878.. 63, 880 35.95 29.85 1857.. 28, 204 53.55 45.90 1879.. 73, 684 34.45 25.25 1858.. 31, 000 49.75 45.90 1880. 59, 926 34.45 27.55 1859.. 13,000 76.50 49.75 1881.. 60, 851 31.75 1860.. 27.90 10,000 57.35 49.75 1882.. 52, 732 29.10 27.35 1861... 35, 000 49.75 34.45 1883. 46, 725 28.50 26.00 1862... 42,000 38.25 34.45 1884... 31, 913 35.00 26.00 1863... 40, 531 45.90 38.25 1885... 32, 073 32.00 28.50 1864. 47, 489 45.90 45.90 1886.. 29, 981 39.00 * 32.00 1865.. 53, 000 45.90 45.90 1887. 33, 800 48.00 1866.. 36.00 46,550 57.35 45.90 1888.. 1867.. 33, 250 48.00 37.00 47, 000 45.00 45.90 1889.. 1868. 25, 650 50.00 40.00 47,728 45.90 45.90 1869... 33, 811 45.90 45.90 Total 1870. |1, 514, 070 118.55 25.25 • 30, 077 68.85 45.90 1871. 31, 686 68.85 57.35 The following table shows the production by year and aggregate of all the quick- silver mines of California from 1850 to the end of 1889. This table was originally prepared by Mr. J. B. Randol, of the New Almaden Mine, at the end of 1883. From his yearly tables since that time the table has been completed to date: ? 442 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Year. 1 Statement, by mines, of the number of flasks of quicksilver produced in California from 1850 to 1889, inclusive. St. John. Altoona. ‡ Oceanic. Oakland. California. Sunderland. Cloverdale. Abbott. Manhattan. § Buckeye. 1850 7, 723 1851 27, 779 1852 15, 901 1853 22, 284 ► 1854 30, 001 1855 29, 142 1856 27, 138 1857 28, 2041 1858 25, 761 1859 1, 294 1860 7,061 1861 34, 429 1862 39, 671 444 1863 32, 803 852 1861 42, 489 1, 914 800 1865 · 47, 194 3, 515 1866 35, 150 6, 525 2,254 · · • ► 1867 24, 461 11, 493 7, 862| · 1868 25, 628 12, 180, 8, 686| 1, 122 1869 16, 898 10, 315 5, 018 1, 580 1870 14, 423 9, 888 4, 546 1, 220 1871 18, 568 8, 180 2, 128 1, 970 1872 18, 574 8, 171 3,046 1, 830 1873 11, 042 7,735 3, 294] 340 1,955 1 - 1874 9, 084 6,911 6, 678 -573 1, 122 1, 645 1875 13, 648 1876 20, 549 1877 23, 996 1878 15, 852 8, 432 7, 513 5, 372 3, 342] 3, 384| 7,272 9, 183 8, 367 7, 381] 4, 322| 6, 3169, 39910, 993 6, 241 5, 856 5, 138 6, 686 9, 465 9, 072 1, 940 1, 743 4121, 927 P 573 300 2, 229, 1, 060 4,963| 3,049 1,075 1, 366| 1879 20, 514 1880 23, 465 1881 26, 060 1882 28, 070 1883 29,000 1884 20,000 1885 21, 400 4, 425 4, 516 9, 24915, 540 3,209 2, 13910, 706| 6, 670| 2,775 2, 194111, 152 5, 228 1, 953 2, 171 5, 014 1, 138 1, 606 1, 894 2, 612 1,025 881 890 1,144 6, 333 3, 605 1,325 6, 442 4, 416| 275 1,279 533 387|1, 683|1, 979|2, 358|2, 150 9651, 5701, 028|1, 43€| 505 1, 4631, 3172, 5751, 395|1, 516| 7351, 2911 836 1, 534 1, 679 1, 6151, 640| 472 116 1, 455 1, 2901, 919 7791, 505'1, 110 245 166 422 18 26 976 407 128 150 271 250 100 439 466 268 150 158 17 6, 241 5, 552 1, 065 208 最 ​5, 179 6, 842 2, 124 · 84 3, 869 5, 890 1, 669 • 1, 179 3, 292|||4, 307) 332 385 1,296 35 3, 469 3, 406 4461 Mount Jackson. Bacon. Bella Union. American. Porter. Wall Street. Rattlesnake. Bradford. Various mines. tion of California Total yearly produc- mines. 4, 099 7,723 27, 779 20, 000 22, 281 30, 004 3, 858 33, 000 2, 862 30,000 28, 204 5, 239 31, 000 11,706 13, 000 2, 939 10,000 571 35,000 1, 885 6, 876 2, 286 42, 000 40, 531 47, 489 2, 261 53, 000 · 2, 621 46, 550 • 3, 184 112 47,000 47, 728 33, 811 30, 077 840 31, 686 · 31, 621 - · - 3,276 27, 642 27, 756 65 65 74 3, 591 50, 250 1, 161 75, 074 100 250 79, 396 63, 880 84 73, 684 59, 926 - 376 60, 851 · J • 241 52, 732 101 46, 725 7 31, 913 392 32,073 1 CALIFORNIA. 443 1886 1887 1888 1889 18,000 1,406 20,000 1,490| 18, 000 13,100 409 1,449 1, 949 5, 247| 735 673 1,890 1, 416 5, 674| 689 1, 320 1,000 126 2, 161 800 2,150 525 5,024 550 $4,500 1, 151 1, 350 · • • · · • · G 786 29,981 1, 543 3,818) 1, 700 455 992 500 3, 380 33, 250 25, 650 1. 909 99, 683, 3+255, 91959, 28260, 31418, 9658, 5987, 2577, 8315, 6532, 2,272 2721, 597 300 271 Total...1904, 359 129, 909 99, 236 83, 3+2 55, 919 59, 282 60, 314 18, 097,14, 965 8, 598 7, 257 7, 3916, 831 5, 653 2, 7772, 661 2, 2721, 415 873 597 300 271 250 200 139 657, 091 63, 551|1,554,070 * Production from 1858 to 1866-17,455 flasks; no yearly details obtainable-included in production of various mines. † Yearly production previous to 1875 not obtainable; estimated at 20,000 flasks, included in production of various mines. Some was produced prior to 1875, but no record kept; estimated production previous to 1875, 1,000 flasks, included in production of various mines. Yearly production previous to 1876 not obtainable; estimated at 3,591 flasks, included in production of various mines. Yield of the Etna Mine is included from 1884 to 1888 (inclusive) with the Napa Consolidated. T Including the Kentuck Mine, which produced 54 flasks in 1876. 1 1 ! 1 444 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. CHROMIUM. Chromic iron ore is found in great abundance in California, deposits having been discovered in several counties. The principal producing counties are those of San Luis Obispo, Placer, Del Norte, and Alameda, but some has also been shipped from Shasta, Sonoma, and Napa. The chromic iron found in this State is of good quality,: carrying good percentage of the oxide, and commanding full prices in Baltimore, to which it is mostly shipped, though some goes to Boston and to Philadelphia. This ore is generally found in irregular masses or deposits, disconnected and im- bedded in the country rock, and varying in weight from a few pounds to several hun- dred tons. In some sections considerable areas are found to contain these isolated bunches of ore, some large and others small, and as soon as a "burrow" is worked out it is abandoned and search made for another bed or patch. The chrome industry of California has steadily declined of late years, much less being shipped than formerly. In 1882 the ore was worth in Baltimore about $40 per ton, with slight variations, according to percentage of chromium oxide. For the past 2 or 3 years it has been worth about $20 per ton in Baltimore. Since the exhaustion of the Maryland beds of chrome this substance is not pro- duced in the United States outside of California. The traffic has amounted to some 5,000 tons per annum, and might easily be doubled were not so much imported from the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, and Asia Minor, where it is produced by slave labor, and by foreign ships finds easy access to our markets. Turkish ores make the com- mercial standard of 50 per cent., while California ores, with rare exception, do not average more than 40 per cent., though some run as high as 60 per cent. The chrome miners of California contend that the duties on this substance should be at least $10 per ton, in which case the chrome industry of the United States might be brought to some magnitude. As it is, the duty is $3 per ton, and, competing with the foreign ores, the native, even from its most favorable deposits, cau barely be made profitable when freight from California to Baltimore, Boston, and Philadelphia is paid. The poorer classes of ores can not be worked under present conditions. The following will show the actual cost of production and transportation of Cali- fornia chrome ores from the most favorable deposits in the principal places of supply San Luis Obispo County (on private land): Royalty to owner of land $2.00 Cost of mining (hand labor). 3.00 Placer County (on railroad land)—Continued: Ship's freight to New York Insurance and charges.... $5.00 1.00 Hauling to railroad station.. 2.50 Rail and steamer freight to San Fran- 20.95 cisco 3.85 Best ores, 521 per cent. : Toll .05 Del Norte County (on Government land): Ship's freight to New York... 5.00 Mining by hand labor. 3.00 Insurance and charges... 1.00 Hauling to schooner 3.00 Margin for profit.. 2.60 Schooner freight to San Francisco ་ • 4.50 Hauling to ship (and toll) .75 20.00 Ship's freight to New York 5.00 Being for average ores 47 per cent.: Insurance and charges.. 1.00 Placer County (on railroad land): Royalty to railroad company. .25 17. 25 Mining by hand labor.. 3.00 Margin for profit... 2.75 Hauling to railroad (long distance, toll roads) 8.00 20.00 Railroad freight to San Francisco. 3.00 Average ores, 45 per cent. Hauling to ship (and toll) .70 InAlameda these charges are somewhat lessened, owing to nearness to railroad and tide water; but the deposits are scattered and not so extensive as some others. Lately works have been established in Alameda County, where the ores are treated before shipment to Baltimore, in order to deliver them in standard grades and save handling at the point of destination. By buying ores of all grades of the miners, these works can sample and sort the ores into grades to suit buyers exactly. It is thought this will increase the output of chrome ores in California. The following table shows the quantity and value of the California product for several years: 1882 1883. 1884.. 1885 Production of chrome iron ore in California from 1882 to 1890. Years. Value in Quantity (long tons.) California. 2,500 $50,000 1886 2,500 60,000 1887 2,000 35,000 1888.. 2,700 40, 000 1889. Years. Quantity Value in (long tons.) California. 2,000 $30,000 3,000 40,000 1,300 13,000 1, 600 16,000 CALIFORNIA. 445 In 1887 rail shipments were increased by favorable rates. The spot value (that is, in California) is about $10 per ton, more or less, according to grade and character of ore. BORAX. No considerable deposits of borax have been found in the United States outside of California and Nevada. The producing fields are on the borders of these two States, and the circumstances under which the mining is carried on are such that it is im- possible to segregate the relative products. The owners are mainly California men, and no attempt has been made to keep separate the statistics relating to the two States. For the purpose of clearness, therefore, the fields and business will be de- scribed as a whole in this article. The industrial and commercial history of borax in California and Nevada shows that it has been marked by disappointment and loss almost from the first; and, al- though a profit has been made, it was nothing to what was expected. The late John A. Veatch, a close student and observer, as early as 1856 detected the presence of boracic acid in certain mineral springs, and visited many other springs and salines, until, after many disappointments, he found a deposit of borax on a marsh or pond on the borders of Clear Lake, Lake County. This was not mere luck or accident, but the result of diligent search and examination of various locali- ties. In this deposit he found large solid crystals imbedded in the mud, and the marshy soil was also impregnated with the salt. A company was formed and work commenced, though a very wasteful method was adopted. They greatly overestimated the quantity of the larger crystals at the start; and the crystals reproduced themselves much more slowly than was expected. Still they produced about 300 tons a year, for some years, which was sold for 25 cents per pound. The stock of crude material rapidly shortened, however, and the dis- covery of more extensive deposits reduced the price; so they ceased operations. In a measure the same mistake of overestimating the deposits was made by those who located the new fields in Esmeralda County, Nev., and San Bernardino and Inyo Counties, Cal. Moreover, up to that time the prices of the salt ruled from 28 to 35 cents per pound, but between 1872 and 1874 it dropped to 64 cents in San Fran- cisco. This was due to exaggerated reports of the richness of the deposits, which alarmed forein dealers and inanufacturers, the market becoming thus demoralized. The deposits were by no means as fruitful as expected, and the substance did not re- produce itself in the marshes as quickly as anticipated. Another thing, too, being in- experienced, the producers did not place their borax on the market in good merchant- able shape, from which they suffered some discredit. Competition also came into the question, and many companies curtailed operations or ceased altogether. Before the end of 1879 the production of borax had fallen off over 70 per cent. from the largest amount previously made; but with an advance in prices in 1880 several works started up again, and others following at prices further improved, the industry attained the proportions which it stili maintains. The manufacturers on the Pacific coast labor under many disadvantages not ex- perienced in India or Peru. Labor and other factors of production are high. The borate fields are in desert regions, several hundred miles inland from the principal shipping place at San Francisco; and when arriving there, the product must be ship- ped long journeys to reach the markets of the world. There is this to say, however, the domestic borax is preferred to the imported, being usually superior to corresponding grades. The leading uses of borax are in welding (for which the greater part is consumed in iron and steel manufactures); in refining metals as a crucible flux; by packers in preserving meats; and as a detergent for household purposes. The annual production of borax on the Pacific coast is given in the following table: Years. Pounds. Years. Pounds. Years. 1876 5, 180, 810 1877 3,727, 280 1881.. 1882 4,045, 405 4, 236, 291 1886 1887.. 1878 2,802, 800 1883 1879. 1880 1, 584, 966 3, 860, 748 1884.. 1885 6,500,000 7, 000, 000 1888.. 1889 8, 000, 000 Pounds. 9, 778, 290 11, 000, 000 7, 589, 000 7,600,000 These figures are not absolutely correct, but can not be far out of the way. There is no official record of the product made by the various companies, and round num- bers have been adopted in estimating. The employment of more precise figures is impracticable, owing to the practice of individuals and small companies in the borax fields making a few tons of borax and selling it to local merchants, who in turn dis- 446 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. pose of it to buyers and consumers in San Francisco. None of these parties keep any account of these small lots. The sudden falling off of production from 1887 to 1888 was the result of a combi- nation entered into the latter part of 1887 with a view of restricting and regulating production. By reason of this movement, expenses have been curtailed and better prices realized, rendering the business fairly profitable; a condition which it had not attained for many years. The larger portions of the important deposits are in the hands of a few companies. Of the borax crop of the United States it is estimated that 70 per cent. comes from California and the remainder from Nevada. With the prevailing low price the consumption of borax is increasing, while new uses are constantly being found for it. In this extended consumption the producers have some hope. It is probable that the California and Nevada companies will keep up their product and even slightly increase it for some time to come. It is not likely, however, that any of the unimproved salines, of which there are several, will be utilized at once, there being nothing to encourage further investments in the busi- ness at present. Only the practice of the strictest economy has enabled existing companies to continue operations at the present time. The salines which produce the borax consist of alkali flats occupying the centers of large basins which receive the drainage of the country around and have no outlets. From midsummer until late in the spring when the snow commences to melt in the mountains, these saliniferous lands are apt to be dry, orly shallow lanes occupying the points of greatest depression. At other times of the year portions are covered with water to the depth of a foot or two. Over large sections of these flats exist deposits of common salt, carbonate of soda and borax, the latter being generally found in the form of borate of lime or soda. The former is found at many spots imbedded in these marshes from 1 to 4 feet below the surface. It crystallizes in long silky fibers which gather into balls from an eighth of an inch to 2 or 3 inches in diameter. These globular masses have the luster of white satin, and when dug up readily separate from the soil. The borate of soda mixed with sand and other impurities accumulates on the surface in a dark colored incrustation an inch or two thick. This crust when dry, being hard and brittle, can be easily detached from the moister ground beneath and broken into fragments. Often times the borates occur as an efflorescence on the surface, or embedded in the ground. In other places beds of borate of lime are found and during the dry season the de- posit, through accumulations of the salt coming up from below, suffers marked en- largement, swelling up as if undergoing a process of fermentation. The method employed in manufacturing the salt at the refineries in the fields is about as follows: The crude material as collected from the marsh is placed in large receivers and is there dissolveď with steam, after which the mass is run into galvan- ized iron tanks, inside of which are suspended plates of like metal. Here the borax crystallizes on the surface of the metal, a process which is effected in about 6 days. When completed the fluid is drawn off with siphons, after which the crystals are re- moved and packed for market. With some slight variations this is the method gen- erally adopted. The output in 1880 could have been larger had the companies so desired. The higher prices and good home and Eastern demand have naturally brought into life more companies, especially in Inyo County. A new refinery has been recently erected in Alameda County, on the Bay of San Francisco, but it is intended mainly to refine the product from a new discovery near the southeast corner of Oregon. COAL. Nothwithstanding the variety of the mineral resources of California there is a re- markable scarcity of what is so abundant elsewhere-coal. No true coal of anthra- cite formation has ever been found in the boundaries of the State. At Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County, the only field of any extent, the coal is very soft and is mainly used for steam purposes. The Ione coal fields, Amador County, furnish an inferior lignite. Many discoveries of coal are announced from time to time, but very few of them turn out to be mines. The State receives most of its supplies from Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Australia. The only places in the State where coal is mined on a commercial scale are in the counties of Amador, Contra Costa, Fresno, Alameda, Los Angeles, and San Diego. The most important mines are those at 'Mount Diablo. The Ione Valley mines supply liguite to the Southern Pacific Rail- road Company. The mines at Livermore, Alameda County, are now being opened on a larger scale than heretofore, all three of the beds being now worked. CALIFORNIA. 447 The coal product of the State for the past 2 years was as follows: Empire mine, Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County Pittsburgh, Mount Diablo. Ione Valley, Amador County Chaney mine, Elsinore, San Diego County. Fresno County mines Corral Hollow and Livermore mines, Alameda County All others.. Total 1888. 1889. Tons. Tons. 22,000 38,000 34, 795 33, 718 24, 404 30,000 5,000 3,000 3,000 1, 801 85,000 111, 718 These amounts are in tons of 2,000 pounds. For the Empire, Pittsburgh, and Ione Valley mines the figures are from the books of the companies. The rest are esti- mated. In the counties of Shasta, Sonoma, and Solano coal has been found, but the condi- tions are not such to warrant any extended developments of the claims. The coals mined in San Diego, Fresno, and Alameda Counties do not find their way to markets outside of those counties. That of Amador County is used chiefly, if not entirely, by the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. PETROLEUM. The petroleum fields of California, where oil is found in merchantable quantities, are almost exclusively in the southern part of the State; yet the oil has been dis- covered in other parts but not in sufficient quantity to warrant much expenditure. It is found in the following counties: Alameda, Colusa, Humboldt, Los Angeles, Men- docino, Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Ventura. The production of petroleum in this State has been steadily increasing, as is shown by the following table of product in barrels of 42 gallows: Year. Barrels. Year. Barrels. Year. Barrels. 1878. 15, 227 1879 19, 858 1832.. 1883.. 1880.. 42,399 1884. 1881.. 99, 862 1385.. 128, 636 142,857 262, 000 325.000 1880 377, 145 1 87.. 1888 1889 378, 572 300,000 350,000 California is now the third in the list of petroleum-producing States, following Pennsylvania and New York. The principal oil belt of the State, so far as develop- ment and production are concerned, may be said to commence at Santa Paula, in Ventura County, and to extend thence in a southeasterly direction about 60 miles to Puente, in Los Angeles County, taking in the Sespe and other wells in Ventura County, Pico Cañon, Newhall, etc. This belt has a variable width of 2 or 3 miles, there being many oil indications and deposits on either side of it. Although the existence of petroleum was known in California from the time of its first settlement by the whites, it was not until after the Pennsylvania oil discoveries that the surface deposits were at all prospected. In 1866 a number of companies were organized, a large amount of money was spent, but no considerable deposit of oil was found, although the prospecting operations were conducted in all the coun- ties of Humboldt, Colusa, Contra Costa, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Los Angeles. It was in the latter county that the most promising field was developed. After a year or two the deposits were abandoned and laid so practically for 10 years. The opinions of Whitney and other eminent geologists to the effect that no such deposits as those developed in Pennsylvania would be found added to this discouragement. This opinion was based on the absence in California of extensive coal beds. The tilted condition of the rock, consisting largely of slate, was thought not to admit of the retention of large quantities of oil in pools, such as occur in the horizontal sand- stone strata of New York and Pennsylvania. Practical experience has proven these theories to have been erroneous. About 1875 the oil business of California began to revive and several wells com- menced to yield from 10 to 40 barrels a day. From this time the output has steadily increased, until, as stated, California comes now third on the list of producers in the 448 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. United States. Pipe-lines have been laid from the wells to tide water or railroad stations, and refineries have been built and operated. The life of an oil well in California has not yet been determined, none of the larger producing wells having as yet failed. While it costs twice as much to sink a well in this State as in Pennsylvania, the value of a producing well is three times as much in the former as in the latter State. In addition to the larger operators, numbers of small companies and individuals continne the work of prospecting and opening wells. The deepest wells are those of the Pacific Coast Oil Company, in the Pico district, near Newhall, where they have sunk to a depth of 1,600 to 1,800 feet. This company. controls many thousands of acres of the oil regions in different counties. There was no perceptible increase in the flow of the California wells in 1889, but toward the close of the year more wells were being bored, some of which give promise of being quite productive. The chief source of supply continues to be Los Angeles and Ventura Counties. The product of 1889 aggregates about 350,000 barrels of 42 gallons each. As an illuminant the California oil is objectionable owing to its containing a super- abundance of carbon, but as a lubricant and fuel it has superior qualities. The base of the Eastern oil is paraffine while California petroleum base is asphaltum. This lat- ter is the principal reason for its superior quality for fuel purposes and lubricants. The Pacific Coast Oil Company refines about all their product for gas. It is largely used for gasoline stoves and gas-works, while the other companies sell their product in the crude for fuel and lubricating purposes. This company bored four new wells in 1889, which are active producers, and are now (May, 1890) engaged in boring five more wells. The Mission Transfer Company has bored several wells which are pro- ducing and is engaged on others. Those interested in details concerning the oil flelds of California are referred to the seventh annual report of the State mineralogist of California which treats the subject exhaustively. ASPHALTUM. Asphaltum is produced in the United States in merchantable quantity in Califor- nia only, though occurrences are reported in other parts of the country. Although there are several deposits in different parts of the State which are called "asphaltum," they are really "brea," or bituminous rock, the material not showing the conchoidal fracture and having the fixed bitumen of true asphaltum. Thus far there are only two deposits of the true asphaltum discovered and worked. One of these is near Port Goleta, Santa Barbara County, and the other is in Canyon Diablo, San Miguelito ranch, Ventura County. The latter deposit was discovered in 1888 and possesses many points of interest. The amount of fixed bitumen makes it specially valuable for certain purposes. This amount is 24.40 per cent. The mineral is unusually hard and tough. It be- gins to soften at 2120 F.; become waxy at 2480; begins to volatilize at 347°; but is not liquid and begins to melt at 383°. It is not affected by salt water or gases, and is only decomposed and destroyed by combustion. The stone, clay, and asphaltum lie in separate masses clearly defined. At many points of outcrop the veins of asphaltum are formed in thin edges and points which widen rapidly into the earth, presenting the appearance of having been squeezed up through or between firm walls and oozing out at surface where it took irregular forms. The downward course of the mine shafts shows frequent lateral interruptions or asphaltum veins, but no vertical breaks in the veins after penetrating a short distance from the surface, indicating that the present mining is being done upon the main body. The asphaltum contained in this deposit is of a dryness (freedom from oily or other semifluid matter) unknown in any other asphalt deposit in the world. The process of upheaval must have been from great depth, as the present openings of the mine now worked are at an elevation of 1,300 feet above sea level. In the course of its upheaval the bituminized mass has been forced between side walls of hard clay and rocks and at some points the lighter volatile portions which doubtless formed part of the mass, have been squeezed out and have flown off in other directions. This process is believed to have been auxiliary to a gigantic natural distillation of the original soft mass acted upon by great heat beneath the crust of the ocean bed, the volatile portions flowing off through fissures of loose earth, and the heavier por- tion condensed on approaching the earth's surface, and depositing or precipitating this bed of asphaltum. A further evidence of this theory is found in the multitude of "tar springs" found from 3 to 20 miles from this deposit, from which tar springs, brea or oil more or less impure and largely impregn ted with naphtha, are still oozing. This deposit is supposed to be very extensive. The mining has been done by open cuts working upon a few prominent outcrops. Since the discovery in 1888 the output to May 18-9 is some 1,800 tons. Some days 50 tons a day are taken out. As soon as CALIFORNIA. 449 the tunnel now being driven is completed the output will run from 25 to 40 tons per day. Ŏwing to the bituminous richness of this asphaltum and its peculiar union with lime, iron, and silicates, it is, when used for paving, reduced three to eight times its original bulk with the sand of the locality where the pavement is laid. When thus reduced it possesses great strength and is perfectly water tight, gas and acid proof. It is used for lining sides of tanks, reservoirs, levees, canals, ditches, etc., and for coating sea-walls and other masonry, being absolute proof against fresh or salt water. It is also used for coating pipes and piles, and for roofing. Of late there has been a great demand for this material all over the Pacific coast and even from Eastern cities and abroad. Mr. R. A. Kershaw, agent for the asphaltum shipped from Port Goleta, Santa Bar- bara County, says the shipments in 1889 amounted to 800 tons, about 1,000 tons less than in 1888 and 250 tons less than in 1887. In the latter year the Spring Valley Wa- ter Company was a large consumer, using the substance for lining water pipes. The price has fallen of late, being $5 per ton less at the end of 1889 than it was in 1888. ANTIMONY. California is the principal producer of antimony in the United States, but the industry is not one of magnitude. It is found in the McCloud district, Merced and San Benito Counties, in Siskiyou County, and in Ventura County. The San Emedio mine in the latter county is the most important one, and was located in 1872, having been worked in a desultory way ever since. There are large quantities of ore, but most of it is of a low grade. It averages from 30 to 35 per cent. antimony, accord- ing to the owners. The ore is principally sulphuret of antimony. A furnace has been built, and more or less money expended, but the enterprise failed to be remuner- ative, and work has been suspended for some time. A similar enterprise attended with not unlike results occurred at the Stayton mines in San Benito County. The cost of transportation to available markets, added to the cost of production, left no margin of profit. The antimony works in San Francisco buy small lots of ore when they can procure it of a proper grade, but they will not smelt any of less than 55 to 60 per cent. The market for the product is in New York. Owing to the high price of antimony, and its scarcity, all made in San Francisco was consumed on the coast in 1889. The factory in San Francisco was run to full capacity, and even then was not able to meet the demand. The output of metallic antimony for the past 4 years was as follows: { # ་་ 1 1896. 1887.. Years. Tons. 35 1888. 75 1889.. Years. Tons. 85 100 * BUILDING STONES. The more general use of stone for building purposes of late years has brought Cal- ifornia's resources in this line prominently forward and caused the successful working of many quarries. The finest business structures in San Francisco and in several other of the large cities of the State have been in either whole or part built of Cali- fornia stone. Owing to the nearness to the metropolis, the quarries of Alameda County first gained prominence, that of J. D. Farwell, near Niles, having been worked for about 30. years. The first use of the stone was in cemetery work monuments, etc. In this county there are three quarries near Hayward's and one near Altamonte. In Napa County near Calistoga there is a quarry of fine-grained stone which dresses well. In San Luis Obispo County there are several quarries, only two having been opened, one near Los Varos Creek and the other a short distance from Bismo. Like the Napa stone it is soft when first quarried but hardens on exposure. In San Mateo County a quarry is opened near Redwood City and another near Coleman. This stone is desirable for building purposes. In Santa Clara County three prominent quarries are opened, viz., the Goodrich, the Stanford, and the Flynn. The former has been worked for 24 years. It is from the first two that the stone used in build- ing the Leland Stanford, jr., University is quarried. In Santa Cruz the crystal- line limestone is used for building purposes. In southern California several quarries have been opened in the past few years. The marble used for building is else- where described. The granite quarries of Penrhyn and Rocklin, Placer County, turn out immense quantities of stone. There are also granite quarries in San Diego, San Bernardino, Santa Cruz, and Los Angeles. Granite is found in nearly every county of the State. I C 90-29 1 J ~ 450 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. CEMENT. Within the boundaries of California are all the ingredients to produce both nat- ural and artificial hydraulic cement, yet the State imports about 325,000 barrels a year, which is largely used in the construction of the tubes or tunnels for cable rail- ways. At present, however, no cement is being made in the State. In the portion of California bordering the ocean the mass of limestones is more or less impregnated with clays and magnesia. In some sections they are as soft as chalk, but none attain the hardness of the mountain limestone. In every section where limestones are found on this coast, it may be noted that clay and shales are found in close proxim- ity. The major portion of the deposits are free from the injurious sulphate of lime. In proximity to the town of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, are extensive deposits of soft concretionary limestone, which material as a cement ingredient is very good. Works were established and produced a great deal of cèment, but litigation closed the works some years since. A good Portland cement has also been made at Benicia, Solano County, but no work has been done there for some years. It is evident, however, that cement can be made of California materials superior to most of those imported, because the silica, alumina, and iron in the materials used, are in more correct proportions. The Cali- fornia cements are slow in their initial set, but continue to improve long after the others cease to show a marked increase, as proven by the tests for tensile strength. The cement industry promises to be placed upon a permanent footing by the recent discovery in San Diego County of a good deposit of concretionary limestone resem- bling precipitated carbonate of lime. From this deposit cement has been made at the crude works in San Diego and the product laid as sidewalk with satisfactory results. Experts say that this cement corresponds very closely to the celebrated English cement sold under the brand "K. B. & S." A company has been organized to develop this industry upon a large scale. With the plant secured it is expected that the annual product will reach about 5,500 barrels; but this is only a small pro- portion of the requirements of California. The plant will be erected in Jamul Val- ley, San Diego County and will use about 60 tons of raw material per day. SLATE. It is only within the past few years that any of the deposits of slate have been sys- tematically opened in California, although their existence has been known for a long time. It has been found in the following counties, Siskiyou, Placer, Butte, Nevada, Mono, Trinity, and El Dorado. The principal quarries are in the latter county in the vicinity of Placerville. It is said that there is no better nor tougher slate in the United States than that quarried at Chili Bar, on the south bank of the American river, near Placerville. The slates from there are sold at about $7.50 per square. Water power is used to drive the machinery for sawing and planing when they make mantels, billiard-table tops, etc. The slate splits readily and no trouble is expe- rienced in getting plenty of one-sixteenth inch thickness. The slate is now being quarried for use as roofing mainly and is coming into favor among builders for that purpose. This quarry is owned by the California Slate Company. At present 50 men are employed, but this number is to be increased to 100 to meet the growing demand. This industry is a comparatively new one, but it is claimed by those in a position to know that it will in time be one of great importance. The company can with proper appliances enlarge the output of the quarry to 1,000 "squares" of roofing slate, and at an expense of $3.50 per square deliver it on the cars at Placerville. LIME. There is scarcely a county in the State where limestone is not found and burned. The principal supply, however, comes from the counties of Santa Clara and Santa Cruz. The ordinary pot-kilns are commonly used, though at some places the perpet- ual kilns have been adopted. The Guadalupe Lime Company, on the eastern slope of the Santa Cruz mountains, in Santa Clara County, has a perpetual furnace about 60 feet high and surmounted by a smokestack 60 feet high. This kilu consumes about 5 cords of wood in 24 hours, producing 160 barrels of lime in that time. The output of lime in California in 1889, was 350,000 barrels. The Hawaiian Islands took more in 1889 than in the previous years, but the coast consumption, which was large at the beginning of the year, fell off very considerably towards the close. This was due to the heavy and unprecedented rains which commenced in October and continued with only a few days cessation, until the end of the year. The building operations in the southern part of the State were less active and the latter part of CALIFORNIA. 451 the year showed a large falling off. There is an abundance of lime to supply all the local demand and considerable quantities are exported from California every year. MARBLE. Marble has been found in the following localities in California: Brights Valley, Kern County; Latrobe road, Amador County; Ione, Amador County; Erskine Creek, Kern County; and also in various parts of the counties of Butte, El Dorado, Hum- boldt, Placer, San Bernardino, San Diego, Solano, Tuolumne, Mariposa and Inyo. In the latter is the principal quarry of the State. It is at the foot of the Inyo moun- tains, 5 miles from Keefer. The marble obtained is fine grained and hard, takes a good polish, and is a handsome and durable stone. In these quarries the largest mass is white, but in different strata they also find black, blue, blue and white, mottle blue, striped white and purple, veined purple and yellow, moss agate, and yellow. After penetrating the top stratum or slide the bed is found in unbroken condition. This marble is a dolomite or magnesian limestone, composed of carbonate of lime and car- bonate of magnesia in nearly equal parts. It has a clean clear crystallization, not excelled by any marble on the market. The company owning this quarry have a water-power plant on the Truckee River where they saw, turn, polish, and finish the marble. Blocks of any required size may be obtained. This marble is now largely used on the Pacific Coast, more especially for building purposes. ONYX. Onyx has been found in Solano County and in San Luis Obispo County. The In the vicinity of Musick, in the latter county, is a ledge of this material which is being opened. The onyx ledge runs athwart the ridge, and faces of from 20 to 45 feet in height have been opened on the ledge on each side of the ridge, the northern one showing a brilliant white mass of rock in seams of two to sixteen inches thick, standing nearly perpendicular. The southern opening is half a mile from the first, of similar formation, but showing rock of various colors, of yellow, green, blue, golden, white and other shades, giving it high value for ornamental work. ledge is 16 feet thick. A few tons have been dragged down the mountain and shipped to San Francisco where it is sawed into slabs and polished. It is found, however, that to finish the stone it must be shipped abroad, where the necessary skilled labor is cheaper. In a rough state the material readily sells for $100 per ton. In New York it can be worked and polished by hand labor at $1.50 per day; in France and Italy at 50 cents per day, and in Belgium for 25 cents per day; but it costs $3 to $4 per day in San Francisco. Some of the most beautiful of the stone brings high prices for special uses. PUMICE-STONE. Nearly all the pumice stone used in the United States comes from Italy, with the exception of small lots placed on the market from the deposits at Lake Honda, San Francisco County, Cal. About 60 to 70 tons a year come from this deposit. Two- thirds of what is used in San Francisco comes from this deposit. Pumice-stone of merchantable quality is also found at Little Owens Lake and other localities in Inyo County. GRAPHITE. Graphite (or plumbago) has been found in several places in California, but no profitable mining has been carried on for some years. The Sonora mine in Tuolumne was worked some time since, but not of late. The substance has been found at Gas- quet, 18 miles northeast of Crescent City, in Del Norte County; and also in Siskiyou and in Los Angeles Counties. GYPSUM. Gypsum is found in the counties of San Bernardino, Kern, San Luis Obispo, Ven- tura, and Santa Barbara. The deposits in the latter county are on the south side of Point Sal, about half a mile from the landing. A number of openings have been made on the property. The gypsum occurs as a vein, having a head-wall and foot- wall of clay slate. The mineral can be mined and placed on vessels at Point Sal for about $2 per ton. In the absence of fertilizing companies there is no demand for gypsum. That ex- tracted by the Union Salt Company from their salt is now used for ballasting the company's local railroad. The deposits of gypsum in various parts of the State are left intact for the want of a market. 452 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. SALT. Although there is no rock salt mined in the State, California has for many years been a large producer of salt, the substance being obtained from the evaporation of sea-water. The largest works for this purpose are along the shores of San Francisco Bay on the Alameda County side. The companies own large tracts of low-lying marsh land which is traversed by "sloughs" or creeks and indented by lagoons which at low tide contain little or no water. The lands are divided by dikes into numerous reservoirs into which the tide flows when it is desired to fill them. The evaporating reservoirs of the companies cover an area of many thousand acres. The larger of the reservoirs or lagoons cover from 100 to 300 acres. The water is let into the upper reservoir by small gates and is left there for 3 or 4 weeks, when it is dis- charged into the next, whence, after remaining for the same length of time it is passed on to a third, then a fourth, and finally a fifth, the lime and magnesia being precipitated in the last two and left in the bottom. After this the brine is drawn off into smaller ponds where further evaporation takes place and the salt crystallizes. When the finer grades of salt are to be produced the tanks or reservoirs are floored with planks, the whole being also inclosed with boards. When the deposit is com- pleted the salt is raked into heaps, shoveled up and carried off to be piled in heaps, where it is left to weather at least one rainy season, whereby the crystals are whit- ened, purified, and rendered fit for the market or for grinding. Where a specially pure article is wanted the cleanest of the brine is pumped by windmills into tanks and the process of evaporation is there completed. Salt springs and marshes are met with in various parts of California, and more or less salt is made for local consumption in Marin County, Los Angeles, and San Diego Counties. At the larger works the white men receive as wages from $50 to $60 per month and board, and the Chinese $1.25 per day and board themselves. The production of salt in California is shown in the following table: 1885 1886.... 1887... Year. Tons. 30,000 1888. 27,000 28,000 1889. Year. Tons. 30, 000 30, 000 As stated, most of the salt made in California comes from the works in Alameda County, on the shores of San Francisco Bay; but between 3,000 and 4,000 tons are made elsewhere, the bulk coming from the works near Dos Palmas, San Diego County. The salt from that source is disposed of in southern Catifornia and western Arizona, none of it reaching the San Francisco market. The output of the salines of San Francisco Bay would have been much larger had not the several companies owning these properties coöperated to restrict and regulate the production, a policy consid- cred necessary by the small profits formerly realized from these works. For the past few years the quantity produced has not varied for these reasons. By not increasing the quantity manufactured in 1889, the large surplus carried over from 1888 went into consumption, owing to a marked increase in the demand due in part to the improved quality of the salt, that of the union salt companies being equal to that of the Eng- lish imported. It is the intention of the pooled companies to continue to regulate the production so they will not have much to carry during the rainy season, owing to the loss in damp, rainy weather. SULPHUR. No sulphur mining is now carried on in California, although there are known de- posits in Lake and Mendocino Counties. Some 20 years ago merchantable sulphur in considerable quantities was produced on the shore of Clear Lake, Lake County. Works for distillation of the crude material were put up, but the cheapness of the commodity imported from Japan rendered operations unprofitable. At no other place have the deposits of sulphur been utilized. There is an abundance of the raw material, but the Japanese furnish California with refined for less than it can be made here. The consumption in this State is steadily increasing as the fruit industry develops. NITRATE OF SODA. Deposits of this salt have been found near Calico, San Bernardino County, but the extent is undetermined, although fine samples have been shown. CALIFORNIA. 453 ALUM. Alum appears in the form of an efflorescence on argillaceous rocks in Silver Moun- tain district, Alpine County, but the deposits are too light to be of practical value. The substance has also been found on Howell Mountain, Napa County. Some of the springs of the Geyser group, Sonoma County, and also small springs near Owens Lake, carry a small percentage of alum. Certain clays found in Santa Clara and and Calaveras Counties have a strong taste of alum, but no valuable deposits, from a commercial point of view, have yet been found in California. COPPER. Copper is found in almost every county of the State, though very few of the veins or deposits are worked. Until the past few years, when copper rose in price, most of the few mines were closed down or were worked on a small scale only. Since the rise in price, however, these claims are worked more vigorously. The Union Copper Mining Company, whose mines are at Copperopolis, Calaveras County, are working their mine, and have been doing so since 1887. The mine was discovered in 1861, but was long idle. Since June, 1887, a good deal of work has been done; machinery has been put up and copper made. In 1889 they only worked until May, owing to a cave-in in the mine. They took out from January to May 1,500 tons of ore going about 15 per cent. copper, and yielding 225 tons of pure copper. They have put up a new plant for leaching and smelting works. The Newton Copper Mine, Amador County, after having been idle for many years, was started up again a year or so ago. The ore is a mechanical mixture of iron and copper pyrites, sometimes slightly oxidized. The ore is roasted in heaps for about 6 months, about 2,000 tons being placed in each pile. The base of one of the roasting heaps is 24 feet wide and 280 feet long. Every 16 feet on each side is a flue for draft, 16 inches high and 18 inches wide, and a similar one at the center of each end of the heap. These flues are built of brick, loosely piled outside of the base of the heap, and terminate exteriorly, the main flues through the pile-made by the arrangement of the wood employed as fuel. A chimney 6 by 6 inches in the clear is placed vertically in the center of a longitudinal flue, or at con- venient intervals, for promoting draft. A wooden trestle, sustaining the car track at desired height, is placed over the whole length of the heap for assisting in distri- bution of the ore in arranging the pile. This is burned in roasting the heap and is replaced by another, when a second heap occupies the place of the first one. After the ore has been sufficiently roasted, the surface of the pile is subjected to spraying with water in various parts, so long as any copper solution is formed. The solution then passes through sluices 2 feet wide and 1 foot deep, containing scrap iron, and suf-` ficient length of sluices are provided to allow precipitation of all the copper, and to prevent the solution, after passing the last sluice, from giving a reaction for copper by ammonia test. The resulting impure precipitate, termed cement copper, is dried over a furnace and shipped in sacks to the East by way of San Francisco. In these large roasting heaps great care is taken to make the draft, when the heaps are burning, most effective and under best control. For this purpose, in con- structing the pile, the cordwood, which is placed on the bottom every 16 feet, is laid crosswise of the pile in sufficient quantity to form a horizontal flue from side to side, connecting with a longitudinal horizontal flue of wood running from one end of the pile to the other. All of the flues terminate with horizontal brick flues on the out- side. The spaces between the flues of wood are filled with brush about 1 foot in depth. A center vertical flue, constructed of boards, connects with the main central flue, and assists in carrying off sulphurous acid and in promoting draft. About 6 inches or 1 foot of wood and brush, traversed with horizontal flues, as represented, constitutes the first layer, over which is piled about 14 feet of coarse ore. Then a second layer of wood and brush, 2 or 3 inches thick, is arranged, over which is placed a couple of feet of ore. Then another layer of fuel, principally brush, is placed over this; then about 2 feet of ore; then about 2 feet of fine ore for covering. Thus there are three different layers of wood and brush, conveniently arranged for securing draft or keeping it under control. All of the ore as it comes from the mine is dumped from cars, which run over a trestle that stands over the pile, on top of the first or bottom layer of wood and ore. A similar arrangement of brush and wood is made, connecting with the outside of the pile as before. The precipitating sluices are three in number, about 200 feet in length, with partitions every 16 feet, reaching nearly to the top of the sluice, and the solution is constantly passing over them. The cement copper is run into a vat and washed before drying. It is intended to keep four piles of 2,000 tons of ore each roasting at the same time. Fresh iron is put into the sluis every 24 hours and mixed with the old supply, the heaviest iron being placed at the upper end. The sluices are cleaned up when full of cement copper, perhaps once each month. 454 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The average wages at the mine per day are $2.50 and for outside work, $2; and about 12 or 15 men are employed. In 1889, this company produced but 30 tons of cop- per cement, or 24 tons of pure copper. The Penn Chemical Works (formerly the Campo Seco Mine) are in Calaveras County. The ore is a sulphuret of copper and iron, carrying a trace of zinc sulphuret, but no arsenic or antimony. The average ore carries about 8 per cent. copper, by as- say, Swedish process. Clay and quartz are of frequent occurrence as gangue. The ore is first roasted in heaps, varying in quantity from 100 to 1,000 tons, the size of the piles being a matter of convenience. About 1 cord of ordinary pine wood is consumed in roasting 100 tons of ore. One man is employed to pile the ore, as dumped from the cars, and his duty is to arrange in pile form 50 to 75 tons of ore per day. Wood is used only at the bottom of the piles, being conveniently arranged for purposes of draft. After the ore has roasted in heaps, for about 4 months, it is removed in cars, passed through a large rock breaker, in combination with a certain percentage of bisulphate of soda, automatically elevated and fed into a rotary horizontal furnace, 28 feet in length and 5 feet in diameter, inside measurement, revolving very slowly. The fur- nace is an octagonal cylinder in shape, and, at each one-eighth revolution, the pul- verized ore, resting on beds successively horizontal, is turned over, and fresh surfaces are presented to the action of heat and air. The throat of the furnace, wherein the ore enters, is smaller than the discharge end. The fire enters the larger or discharging end, opposite the end to which the ore is supplied. Bisulphate of soda, a waste product from the acid works, is procured for little over the price of freight from San Fran- cisco. The part of the process after leaving the rock breaker is entirely automatic until the re-roasted ore is consigned to the leaching vats. By this method it is claimed that fully 90 per cent. of the copper contained in the ore can be extracted. The ore passes from the roaster into a large brick chamber, thence is removed to cool- ing floors, and subsequently to leaching tanks. The works are supplied with three leaching tanks, 16 feet square, capable of hold- ing 20 tons each, and they have together a leaching capacity of 50 tons per day. The last trace of soluble copper salt is in solution in 12 hours after water is introduced in the tanks. A permanent gravel filter 6 inches deep is prepared in the bottom of the tanks. This is covered with broad slats, placed near to each other, that the solid residue, after leaching, can be easily removed by shoveling. These filters re- main for years, and are in perfect order for subsequent leaching operations. After the solution has been drawn off, the solid residuum, conveyed to convenient situations, is allowed finally to undergo a natural decomposition, and, in course of years, yields, by constant spraying with water, its last atom of copper value. The precipitation is principally performed at these extensive works in large barrels, holding about 4,000 gallons each, by aid of sheet iron as a precipitant. Three hours only are required to effect entire precipitation. It is said that, by this method, 1 pound of iron will pre- cipitate nearly 1 pound of copper, while by the old process, where stationary tanks or sluices are employed, 2 or 3 pounds of iron are required for depositing 1 pound of copper from solution. The barrels are provided with safety valves, for the escape of hydrogen gas generated in course of precipitation. It has been observed that 1 cord of pine wood is consumed in roasting 100 tons of ore in heaps. This roasted ore sub- sequently requires one-eighth of a cord of wood to 1 ton of ore while being further treated in the rotary furnace; or, in all, 13 cords of wood is nearly the amount for 100 tons of ore. Fourteen men are employed underground, 2 on the outside, and 4 Chinamen. In the mine, men receive $2.50 per day, as compensation; on the out- side, $2. Chinamen are employed at $1.374. The leaching works are inclosed in a commodious building, 60 feet wide and 130 feet long, with floors on different levels. The two precipitating barrels are 24 feet long by 6 feet in diameter, inside measurement, run upon six trucks, and make three revolu- tions per hour. The staves of the barrels are of wood, 6 inches thick. They require about one horse-power each. One Chinaman attends the rock breaker, and receives $1.37 per day. One Chinaman, at same compensation, attends the revolving bar- rels, and four fill and discharge the leaching vats. It is proposed to produce ingot copper, 98 to 99 per cent. fine, from the cement, and suitable furnaces for melting and refining the cement have already been constructed. This plant, just described, is the only one of the kind on the Pacific coast. The works are systematically arranged and are very extensive and complete. Everything is constructed with a view to permanent work. These works produced, in 1889, 91 tons of ingot copper and 42 tons copper cement, or a total of 124 tons pure copper. The San Francisco Copper Company, of Nevada County, produced in 1889, 80 tons cement, equal to 64 tons pure copper. This company roast the ore in heaps and leach on the piles, conducting the copper sulphate to precipitating sluices. From 20 to 30 men are employed at tlic ordinary prices mentioned for the other mines. The few other companies in the State are estimated to have made in 1889 an ag gregate of 140 tons of copper, pure. + CALIFORNIA. 455 Owing to the high price of copper, all the ingot sold in San Francisco market, and also the bulk of the copper cement, were marketed for manufacturing bluestone. Large quantities of this are used in Nevada and other silver-producing States. When copper was low in price the bluestone manufacturers used old scrap, but with the high prices they found it cheaper to use copper cement. IRON. Notwithstanding the variety of the mineral resources of the State of California, iron, which is mined in so many other States, is not mined there. A mine at Clipper Gap, Placer County, was worked for a few years and furnaces erected, but a disas- trous fire and litigation over the property closed the works. While iron deposits have been found in several of the counties of the State, none of them with the excep- tion noted have been worked. The cause for this lies mainly in the fact that coal is scarce and poor, and without good fuel there is no inducement to work the iron de- posits. All the iron used in California is imported from the Eastern States or abroad. MICA. Deposits of mica are found in nearly every county of California. As a general thing, however, it is of a somewhat inferior quality, though some quite clear and large sheets have been discovered. The local market is quite limited, and there is little or no encouragement for miners to open the deposits they find. That which is found in the market comes from the large dealers in the Eastern States, and as they prepare it in the commercial sizes wanted, there is no opening to introduce the home product in California. Therefore, little or no mica mining is done in California, notwithstanding the abundance of the mineral. PLATINUM. Platinum is found in many of the placer washings of California, notably in the by- draulic mines, though very little of it is saved. No platinum in place (that is, as a lode) has yet been discovered, its occurrence being confined to the placer deposits. The method of mining is analogous to that of placer gold, with the exception that the appa- ratus for saving platinum depends upon gravity alone, and not upon gravity and amalgamation. The black-sand deposits of Cold Bluff, Humboldt County, contain this substance in small quantities, and it is also taken from the sands of the placers in Siski- you County. It could be obtained from many of the hydraulic washings, should there be a profitable demand, but as it is, not more than 100 ounces a year are collected and sold in the San Francisco market. LEAD. For some years California has produced little or no lead. The argentiferous lead ores are found in Inyo, Mono, and adjoining counties, but no smelting works have been operated for a long time. The Selby Lead Smelting Works of Port Costa obtain the product from several of the Pacific Coast States, notably Nevada, but receive lit- tle from California. In the beginning of 1890 steps were taken to start up the old lead mines and works at Cerro Gordo, Inyo County, but thus far there has been no product. ASBESTUS. Asbestus is mined in the counties of Placer, San Diego, and Butte, in Califor- nia, and is found, but not mined, in the counties of Tulare, Yolo, and Mariposa. The demand for this substance is limited or many other mines would be opened in California, for there are many known localities. It is principally used for making fireproof materials, especially jacketing for steam boilers and pipes. Only certain grades of the material is purchased from the miners, and this is ground up and formidd into a nonconducting paste of a mortar-like consistency and then applied to the pipes or boilers. Some of the asbestus found has a long, silky fiber, but most of it is more like soapstone in character. The mining of this substance is rather difficult, and the prices paid are so small that there has been little inducement to open the deposits which have been found; moreover the local demand is light. The raw material is worth from $25 to $35 per ton in San Francisco. Recently works have been put up in San Diego County, at Pacific Beach, a few miles from the city of San Diego, by the John D. Hoff Asbestns Company, which is working a deposit of asbestus found in the San Jacinto Mountains. The long-fiber 456 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. asbestus from this deposit is said to be worth when prepared $135 per ton. Transpor- tation is difficult, for the asbestus has to be packed on burros for 7 miles, 5 miles of which are up hill. Each animal carries a load of 200 pounds. From this point it is taken in teams 15 miles further. A wagon road is to be built, however, and the works themselves may be moved nearer the mines. This San Diego County mine is probably the best in the State; at any rate, its product is being utilized. The annual product of this substance in California is only a few hundred tons. The fine quality imported from Canada has lessened the market for that from Cali- fornia; but it is thought the home product will be increased hereafter. The product of California for 1889 is set at 200 tons by the principal dealers, which is about the annual average yield. MANGANESE. The ores of manganese have been discovered in many places in the State of Cali- fornia, but of late mining for the substance has not been considered very profitable. It is found on the island of Red Rock, in San Francisco Bay, at Corral Hollow, Alameda County; near Tomales, Marin County: near Sarta Rosa, Sonoma County; 12 miles from Tracy, San Joaquin County; in the San Rafael Mountains, 7 miles from Santa Inez, Santa Barbara County; and at Bergessa district, near mouth of Peni- tencia Creek, Santa Clara County. It is used chiefly in oxidizing linseed oil, in making petroleum gas, and for making chlorine gas at the chlorination works in the gold-mining regions. There is plenty of ore to be had, but the consumption is limited, and this regulates the supply. The principal dealer in this ore in San Francisco puts the annual output of the State at an average of about 1,500 tons. Many of the known deposits would be worked more freely if there were a demand sufficient to warrant it. ton. 1 OCHRE. The largest manufacturers in this State report the product of ochre in 1889 as 400, The quality is good and finds a ready sale alongside the best known favorite Eastern brands. There is no good reason why California ochre should not be entirely used on the Pacific coast to the exclusion of the Eastern, for it has, so far as tests and experience go to show, qualities that commend it to general use. MINERAL PAINT. There is no mineral paint manufactured in California, notwithstanding there is an abundance of the raw material from which to manufacture. Mr. Wood, of the firm of Whittier, Fuller & Co., states that a sample from a deposit in the southern part of the State was sent to his firm, and under the most severe test of their expert it was pronounced superior to the very best Eastern metallic paint. It had four times the strength. This gentlemen says that this industry offers a good field for investors, but the firm with which he is connected has its hands full for the present. The consump- tion of mineral paint on this coast is steadily increasing, as is the export trade. The latter promises to grow into large proportions as shipping facilities increase. A few miles from Casa Blanca station, on the Riverside division of the California Central Railroad, San Bernardino County, is a deposit of the so-called mineral paint, which is a sort of compact variety of red ochre, which, on being placed in water, very quickly crumbles and falls into small fragments in a manner suggestive, by its rapid- ity, of the way in which well-burned quick-lime slacks. Some mineral paint has been manufactured from a deposit of oxide of iron found about 1 mile from Tyrone, Sonoma County. INFUSORIAL EARTH. Infusorial earth is found in deposits in several counties of the State, but the best is that from Los Angeles County. Formerly more or less was mined and used in the manufacture of giant powder; but now that wood pulp is utilized in its stead, none is mined except for polishing powder, so the amount is small. PART VII. CHAPTER I. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. California forests-The Redwood belt-Gigantic trees-Distinctive methods of logging - Railways, snakes," and flumes-The tan-bark industry-Value of the chestnut oak-Lumber possibilitie. Destructive agents and wasteful methods-The beginning of the industry-The San Francisco trade-Receipts of the Central Market-Prices-Local limitations-Shingles and ties-Receipts and consumption-Exports by sea and rail-Lumber cut-List of sawmills. The heavy forests of California are confined to the coast range, the eastern and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and the group of mountains joining these two ranges in the northern part of the State. The most important trees of the coast range forests are the redwood and red fir. The tide-land spruce and hemlock of the northern coast range extend as far south as Cape Mendocino, although less generally multiplied and less valued than in Oregon and Washington. The chestnut oak, of which the bark is used largely in tanning, is still common in the coast forests of the northern part of the State. The most valuable forest of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada is confined to a belt be- tween 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, consisting of the sugar pine, the yellow pine, and the red fir. Small, scattered groves of the Big Trees stretch along the southern portion of this belt. The western slopes of these mountains below 4,000 feet eleva- tion are more or less densely covered with various species of pine of little economic importance, while the broad valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers lying between the coast range and the Sierra Nevada, are covered, except at the south, with an open growth of oaks, often of immense size, although of little value except as fuel. The eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada are covered with a heavy forest in which yellow pines are the prevailing and most important trees. South of latitude 36° 30′ the forests, both of the Sierra Nevada and the coast range, become gradually less heavy and less valuable than those covering the mountains farther north. Two degrees still farther south they are open and scattered and have little economic value. The pine and fir forests, however, The pine and fir forests, however, which cover the upper slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges, are important on account of their isolated condition in a region destitute of tree covering, and supply a consider- able local market with lumber. The northeastern and nearly all the southern and southeastern portions of the State are almost entirely destitute of forest covering. Oaks and occasional pines and junipers are, however, dotted over the low mountains of southwestern California, and willows and cottonwoods line the banks of the streams. Forests of pine crown the highest ridges of Inyo County and other mountain ranges rising from the desert east of the Sierra Nevada, while arborescent Yuccas form upon the Mohave plateau an open forest more remarkable in the strangeness of its growth than in economic value. THE REDWOOD BELT. The most valuable block of timber now standing in California-and perhaps in the world is that known as the redwood belt. This belt originally extended from the banks of the Pajaro River, which empties into Monterey Bay to about 2 miles south of the Oregon border. The belt seldom comes down to a mile of the ocean, nor often crosses the outer coast divide so that for purposes of rough characterization the ridge summit and the shore line may be considered the limits on the east and west. The term "belt" when used in connection with the red wood is perhaps more strictly applicable than as applied to forest areas in general; nevertheless it should simply be understood as designating the area within which more or less heavy growths of redwood occur, without implying either an exclusive or an uninterrupted develop- ment of this stately tree. Throughout the belt, for instance, a more or less consider- able percentage of other trees will be found interspersed with the red wood and often 457 458 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. completely dispersing it. In fact, in the more southern portions of the belt the red- wood is almost exclusively confined to the river bottoms and cañon slopes for a very limited distance up their sides, this marked adherence of the tree to cañon bottoms and their immediate vicinity being characteristic throughout the belt, but becom- ing less and less rigidly maintained the farther north one goes. Few trees equal the red wood in economic value. No other forest can compare with this in productive capacity, and no other great body of timber in North America is so generally accessible or so easily worked. Single trees capable of producing 75,000 feet of lumber are not uncommon, while a yield of from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 feet of lumber per acre is by no means rare. REDWOOD LOGGING. The redwood interest is so peculiarly Californian, and the operations are conducted in such a distinctive manner, that a few words of description will not be out of place here. Nearly if not quite all the methods used are peculiar to the section of country lying west of the Rockies, and are so different from those in vogue in the East that only those having made personal inspection have any very well-defined idea of just how the thing is done. The character of the country and size of the trees are such that redwood must be handled in an entirely different manner from almost any other timber. The tools used in felling are the ordinary cross-cut saw, usually from 10 to 12 feet in length, ax, wedges, and sledgehammer, but most of the work is now done by saws, the ax being but little used, as the insertion of the wedges serves the pur- pose of giving free play to the saw. The average height at which trees are cut is about 8 feet from the ground, and the reasons for this are numerous. In the first place, a tree with a swell butt would be too large to handle at the butt end if cut off lower down, and even if so done would, in a great many instances, be practically worthless. Then again, the tree is less apt to split when felled, and the work can be done much more rapidly, easier, and conse- quently much cheaper than would be possible were the tree cut nearer the ground. The redwood district being very hilly, a good deal of care is necessary in felling the timber, the rule usually followed being to fall a tree up-hill, no matter which way it may happen to lean. The logs are cut from 16 to 24 feet in length, the aver- age being 18 feet, although the bulk of the lumber sold measures only 16 feet. Ex- tra lenghts are cut only on special order. As in other sections of the country, log- ging railways play an important part in lumbering operations, being largely used in trausporting logs to the mill, and in many cases to carry the lumber from the mill to tidewater or the place of shipment. Where the railroad runs into the tract of timber . being cut, donkey engines are used to load the logs on the trucks and for other heavy work usually done by horses or oxen. Another way to get logs to the railway or direct to the mill, and which is used ex- clusively in this section of the country, is what is commonly known as "snaking." This manner of handling logs is confined to that portion of the country where rail- ways would be either impracticable or impossible. On entirely level ground it does not pay to "snake" logs more than a quarter of a mile, for the reason that it is much cheaper to run a railroad directly into the timber. Oxen are generally used, although in some instances horses are better adapted for the work. From twelve to fourteen of these oxen constitute a team, which is handled by one man, and if he be a good driver he can command a salary of $150 per month. At the starting point stands a man known as the "sniper," who sizes up the logs and decides which way they will ride to the best advantage, and they are hitched accordingly, one behind the other. The road is prepared beforehand by removing every obstruction, however light, and before many loads have passed over it will be an exact fit for an ordinary sized log. In preparing the road should there be the misfortune to strike a piece of level ground, a sort of skidway is constructed, over which hauling is made comparatively easy by a man whose sole business is to go a short distance in advance of the load and scatter a liberal amount of grease on these skidways. Should the road rise the least particle, tanks are placed at short intervals, from which water is obtained and thrown upon the road, thereby relieving the strain upon the team. Six or eight logs are a good load for the average team, and it is really wonderful the way timber can be hauled in this manner. On a round trip taking an ox team, say, ten hours, thirty- five minutes will be about the time required to land the logs at the pond or mill, the balance of the time being taken up with the return trip. Horses will do the work much more rapidly, but in a less satisfactory manner. Nearly all the redwood is shipped by water, the Pacific Ocean being the only out- let at present, although Sonoma County lumber is shipped by rail; but as the output in that county is limited, and the market is confined to the immediate vicinity, it does not cut much of a figure in the red wood supply. These shipments are, if pos- sible, made direct to point of destination; but when that can not be done, the proù- uct is reshipped at San Francisco, or some other large coast port. CALIFORNIA. 459 LUMBER FLUMES. What are known as lumber flumes are being quite extensively used in the northern and northeastern portion of this State for the carrying of lumber from the mills to the point of shipment. In the majority of cases flumes are used where other methods of transportation would be impracticable, if not well-nigh impossible, but in many instances they are constructed in order to lessen the cost of transporting the lumber from the mill to the railroad station from whence it is to be shipped. On a 40-mile flume, for instance, the cost of transporting 1,000 feet of lumber that distance is about $2, when the cost by team is fully $9. From this it will be seen that in cer- tain portions of this coast flumes are far better, both practically and financially, than any other method of transportation. These flumes are for the most part all constructed alike, aud are known as the V flume, being made of 20-inch boards, which are battened on the outside wherever a joint occurs, and a piece is laid across the bottom of the flume inside and about 4 inches from the V joint to prevent boards getting stuck in the bottom, and to give a full movement to the water. It is 5 feet across the top and at a height above the ground depending entirely upon the character of the country it traverses. The sup- port is termed staging, and on top of this framework is a sort of bracket in which the flume proper rests. These flumes sometimes run for quite long distances at an angle of from 30 to 45 degrees, and in order to check the fall of lumber and prevent it doing any damage a long stretch of level flume always follows one of these falls, and the water resumes its normal velocity. At the lower end of the flume the lumber is thrown out on skidways, and from there.loaded on tranı cars and carried to point of piling or to where it is reloaded for shipment. A first-class flume can be put into operation for $5,000 a mile, the cost of those now in use ranging from $3,000 to $15,000 a mile. They will carry 100,000 feet of lumber and 50 cords of wood a day without being pushed. For operating one man is required for every 5 miles of flume and there is a walk-way constructed along the entire length for their use. water runs at an average speed of 5 miles an hour. The THE CHESTNUT OAK TAN BARK. (( The industry of gathering tan bark from the chestnut oak referred to above deserves separate attention, both because of its extent and uncommon character. It is esti- mated that there is used annually in this State about 30,000 cords of the bark of the "tan "" or chestnut" oak in the preparation of leather. The special variety thus named affords the greatest proportion of "taunin" for this purpose than any of the family of the querca. The trees are found on this coast mixed with the redwoods, and growing in clumps, their range extending as far north as Portland, where they are replaced by hemlocks. This variety is easily distinguished by the shape and texture of the leaf, which is broadly lanceolate, the edge not being as deeply undu- lating or serrated as that of the "pin," "white," and other oaks. The acorn crop, too, is very different from those of other varieties in that it is not smooth, but densely covered with a fuzzy growth, giving the whole a certain resemblance to a Russian skull-cap banded with fur. The leaves are of a dull, light green on the upper sur- face, and covered with a whitish fuzz below. While the trees vary greatly in size, yet the average for "peeling" is about 2 feet in diameter at the base, and run up to a height of 60 or 70 feet, and are quite branch- ing, making a fine shade tree. The bark is thick and deeply furrowed. Any time after the middle of May up to the last of July this bark peels freely. By the end of July the acorn is fully developed, the sap ceases to run, and then the bark begins to cling to the wood, so that the peelers can not strip it off readily. This "shutting down," as it is called, commences on the branches, the last sections of bark that can be stripped off being nearest the ground. Men who make it a business to collect the bark search the redwood forests for a "likely " grove, and then purchase the right to cut the trees from the owner of the land. Sometimes a quarter section is bought in the lump, sometimes by the cord. The average price paid equals about $5 per cord, and when the bargain is completed the "peelers" go to work. Entering the purchased area, a tree is felled and all the bark peeled off in sections 4 feet long. With an ax, or kind of crow-bar called a "stripper," the bark is taken off in as large pieces as possible. This saves labor in the first place, and then as the bark dries and rolls up, the larger the pieces the larger the rolls, which re- semble gigantic sticks of coarse cinnamon, and as these are corded up, the holes sell as well as the bark. The purchaser does not object to this, as the thicker and heavier the bark, the greater the proportional amount of tannin that can be extracted from it. The bark being stripped off, dries, in a measure, quite quickly, and the packers bring in their strings of jacks, who clamber about the hillsides, jumping the fallen trees, forcing their way through the chaparral and patiently packing out to the : 460 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. ' trail the heavy bark. There is always a camp established at the end of an availa- ble wagon road, and to this a second string of mules carry the bark. A word should be said in favor of these much-abused animals. They are made ready for their long day's work by having a pile of twenty grain sacks arranged on their backs as a blanket. If there are sore places to be favored, holes are cut through enough of the sacks to prevent pressure. On the blanket is placed a sawhorse-shaped pack-saddle, which is secured by two cinches around the body, a breeching aft and a breaststrap forward. The arrangement thus becomes an integral part of the animal. Suspended from the horns on each side of this saddle are "hooks," as they are called, being irons bent. On these are piled the cylindrical pieces of bark, and on the top X of the saddle still more arranged, until from one-fifth to one-sixth of the cord is in place. The whole is then firmly lashed and the mule is ready for his trip. A string of eight or ten are then connected with each other by leading ropes from the saddle of the one to the head of the next one behind. Sometimes a mule will not "lead" well, and then a "patent breeching" is used. This is the sole of an old shoe through which four or five short nails are driven. A hole is bored through each end, and the arrangement is fastened to the breeching of the refractory mule, the other end to the leading rope. When the animal hangs back the "patent" persuader is brought up flat against the rear of his anatomy, spurring him forward. The packer rides behind the string, and as they toil over the dusty, narrow, crooked trail for 2 or 3 miles their approach to camp is announced by the volume of objurgation poured out on the stubborn animals. The moment the cunning creatures reach the " dump" they make the welkin ring with their persistent appeals to be unloaded. Each one knows his appointed place and the order in which he should be relieved of his load. If one is passed by it is not an uncommon occurrence to see him deliberately sit down on his haunches. This brings the load of bark on end and makes it necessary for his packer to loosen the lashings as soon as he can. Then the mule gets up, shakes him- self, kicks his nearest neighbor, and walks on to have a comfortable wallow in the warm dust. From the camp the bark is hauled to the tanneries, where it is passed through rotary knives that cut it up, and then it is ready for the vats, in which it gives up its tannin. To give an idea of how great is the drain upon the forests on the coast to supply the demand for tan-bark, the following figures are given: To supply the 30,000 cords used annually about 180,000 trees are felled. As they grow, these are found on an area of not less than 75 square miles. Every year the peeler" has to penetrate further into the forest to get the bark. The trees that he cuts down are not utilized in the great majority of cases. The wood perishes quickly, and it may be said that the waste during the last 10 years in fuel-the tan-bark is highly prized as such-has amounted to not less than 400,000 cords, which, at $8 per cord, the average price, represents something over $3,000,000 absolutely thrown away. The bark is worth now $16 and $16.50 per cord, and as the trees grow freely on the poorest soil, a little calculation will show that no better use could be made of wild lands in the mountains of Sauta Cruz and elsewhere than to plant them with this valuable tree. Unless this is done, in a few years there will be no tan-bark oaks. LUMBER POSSIBILITIES. It would be impossible to set down the lumber possibilities of California with any- thing like exactness; still some interesting figures can be furnished. In a computa- tion recently made by the Southern Pacific Company, it was estimated that this State contained 11,000,000 acres of timber region, and this at an average product of 5,000 feet per acre would give 55,000,000,000 feet. This includes redwood, and so immense is the productiveness of this belt that if the estimate of the State board of forestry is correct the redwood yield is nearly a half of the whole. This estimate places the total acreage of redwood at 1,002,100 acres. Deducting from this 176,300 acres of very sparsely clothed land there is left a net area of 825,800 acres of good and fair lands. Putting the product in lumber at an average of 25,000 feet per acre, the result would be 20,645,000,000 feet of redwood lumber. In California the lumbering operations are even more extensive than in Washington or Oregon. It has been calculated that fully 150,000,000 feet of red wood, fir, and pine come into San Francisco every year that have been cut in California, the same statis- ticians (in the Southern Pacific Company) putting down the annual cut in this State at 500,000,000 feet. This into 55,000,000,000 (the total lumber stock in feet) will go 110 times, which would mean that at that rate we might look for the exhaustion of our timber lands in a little over a century. But in this calculation no account is taken of fires, damage by cattle, inaccessibility, fuel, increased demands, and waste- ful habits-factors which would very considerably reduce the time limit. CALIFORNIA. 461 DESTRUCTIVE AGENTS. Speaking of the reckless manners of the loggers, Professor Sargent says: "The forests of California suffer from wasteful methods of cutting. Only the best and most accessible young trees are cut; often a noble pine, capable of produc- ing 25,000 or 30,000 feet of lumber is felled, a few split shingles made from the butt cut, and the rest of the tree left to rot upon the ground. The preference of the railroad companies for split rather than sawed redwood ties causes an immense and needless waste of this valuable timber. A great amount of material under the most favorable conditions is wasted in splitting out ties, and when trees, after being cut are found to split badly they are abandoned and left to waste. WASTEFUL METHODS. Already California is beginning to show the effect of the demands that have been made upon her lumber fields, as the following reports made to the forestry board will show : In Alpine County one-quarter of the forests have been cut, the timber left standing being black and yellow pine and white and red fir. From El Dorado County fully 300,000,000 feet have already been manufactured for building purposes, beside im- mense quantities for fuel, fence posts, railroad ties, shakes and mining timber. Over a tenth of the available forests have been cut. In the western half of Napa County a large portion of the forest timber has been cut; in the eastern half very little. In In the foothill portion of Placer from one-half to two-thirds have been cut off. the higher mountains, from one-quarter to one-half, according to the accessibility of the timber. It is estimated that fully 40 per cent. of the redwood has been cut in Santa Cruz, as well as that proportion of the pine, madrona, alder, willow, and oak. One-fifth of the live oak in Santa Barbara has been left; and the inaccessible bod- ies of conifers only remain. Sonoma has lost 50 per cent. of all its timber. The increasing demand for Western lumber is a very serious proposition. Railroad building is going on all over the Union and every mile that is built in the Central and Western States must be tied from Pacific coast lumber. How much lumber these ties require may be easily calculated. There are in round numbers 150,000 miles of railroad now in operation in the United States, each mile of which requires 2,700 ties, or 405,000,000 ties. Each of these ties is 6 feet long by 8 inches, and it will be seen at a glance by the practiced arithmetician that this represents a prodigious amount of lumber. Mining operations are going on, and that means lumber, and from every- where comes the cry for more wood. The loudest cry comes from outside the State, and in that lies our great interest. From this time on it is certain that the West will supply most of the lumber and shingles for all the region this side of the Missouri. Nebraska is making heavy de- mands on us, and so is Colorado, while Texas helps keep our lumber mills busy. Lumbermen on this coast are now shipping to Philadelphia, Oregon red cedar is going to Boston, we have heavy orders from Chicago, and New York will take all we can give her. But Pacific coast lumber goes further afield than the East, and the foreign trade with South America, Australia, the Sandwich Islands and China, is assuming very large proportions. The stock may be immense, but the demand is becoming prodigious. DESTRUCTION BY FOREST FIRES AND ANIMALS. Next comes the question of fires. The amount of timber-land so destroyed every year is something appalling. In 1880 no less than 10,274,089 acres were burned, rep- resenting a loss of $25,462,250. Of this extent California lost 356,815 acres, Oregon 132,320 acres, and Wyoming 37,910 acres, a total loss to the coast of 527,045 acres. Reckoning this land as being of an average productiveness of 5,000 feet per acre, it means a loss of 2,635,225,000 feet of lumber more than the whole cut. These fires are constantly increasing, and last year the coast must certainly have lost 700,000 acres of burned forest lands, representing 3,500,000,000 feet of lumber. The permanence of the mountain forests of the coast, and especially of California, is severely endangered moreover, by the immense herds of sheep, cattle, and horses driven into the mountains every year at the commencement of the dry season to graze. From the foothills to the highest alpine meadows every blade of herbage and every seedling and shrub and tree is devoured. Young trees are barked and ruined, and only the most rigid and thorny chaparral shrubs are liable to resist the attacks of these ravenous herds. The sharp hoofs of sheep winding around the steep accliv- ities tread on the roots of grasses and other plants and loosen the surface of the stony 462 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATEIS. soil, which, deprived of its protection, is gradually washed into the valleys, choking the streams and preparing the way for the disastrous torrents which must follow the destruction of the Sierra forests; and this destruction is certain if the practice of using them indiscriminately as sheep-pastures is continued. The life of any forest in which all young trees are destroyed as soon as they appear above the surface of the soil is limited, of course, to the life of the fully grown individuals which compose it. Cut down these, and there are no young trees to replace them. THE BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRY. Lumbering is one of the oldest and most important industries in the State, and antedates the admission of California into the Union. The manufacture of lumber in California can be traced back to 1838, when the whipsaw was the instrument for making boards from trees. One of the early lnmber dealers was James Dawson, of Sonoma. The first sawmill erected in California was at Bodega Bay, in 1843, by Ste- phen Smith, a ship captain, who had visited that point 2 years before, and who then became impressed with the idea of the industry which he afterwards carried out. It is a singular coincidence that the first sawmill in Oregon was erected in 1843 by Joseph Gale. It was in 1851 that the Port Madison mill, on Puget Sound, was erected by E. J. Herrick. Now Puget Sound is skirted with the largest and best equipped mills in the world, and the center of the lumber trade of the Pacific coast. ~ James Peace put up the second mill in California in San Mateo County in 1845. The lumber mill in California of the greatest historic interest was erected in 1847 at Coloma, above Sacramento, on the American River. This is known as Sutter's sawmill. It was put up under the impression that there would be an immediate and active demand for lumber for that section. The cutting of a water way between the mill and the river, for the purpose of getting power to run the machinery, resulted in one of the most important discoveries ever made in California, or for that matter on this continent. When the water was let into this cut it came with such force as to carry away portions of earth and sand. James W. Marshall, who had the con- tract for erecting the mill, undertook the removal of this loosened earth, and in so doing discovered particles of a glittering substance, which he secured. This was on the 19th of January, 1848. Two weeks later he carried 6 dwt. of these glittering par- ticles to Captain Sutter, which an examination showed to be gold. This was the origin and discovery of gold in California. The story has been often told before, but it is always interesting. It is mentioned here, because so closely identified with the lumber trade of the State. The discovery was unfortunate for the mill, which was immediately forsaken for the more profitable industry of gold-washing, but the re- sult has added many millions to the world's supply of metallic money. • There was a mill at Sausalito in 1849, the nearest to San Francisco then or since. The fifth sawmill was erected in Humboldt County in 1850. Henry Wetherbee, a pioneer in the business in that section, has told how it came about. In this case mining preceded lumbering. The mines in Trinity County attracted considerable attention in 1850, but it was difficult to get supplies to the camps. Flour was $1 per pound, and other food articles in the same ratio. It was thought best to establish a trading post on the coast, and construct a wagon-road 40 miles across the mountains to the mines. The late Samuel Brannan headed a party for that purpose. The gen- tlemen thought they could build up a town at some point on the northern coast of California that would rival San Francisco. When off Eel River, Mr. Brannan and others went ashore in a small boat. Indians were plentiful, and they surrounded the newcomers, and soon cut off all the brass buttons from the military coat worn by Mr. Brannan. The party could not return to the schooner and the latter made a landing farther north, when the company was reunited. The point was Humboldt Bay, where the first sawmill was built in 1850. This section has long been the center of the redwood-lumber industry of the State. The census for 1852 credits Butte with 3 steam and 11 water-power mills; San Francisco with 5; Marin with 4 steam mills, producing 9,000,000 feet a year, eapital, $150,000; Yuba 18 mills, producing the same quantity; capital, $81,000; Nevada had $129,000 in mills; Mendocino, $66,000, of which $6,000 represented water-power, and Calaveras $60,000. THE SAN FRANCISCO TRADE. A CENTRAL MARKET. San Francisco has always been the central market of the coast from which the products of the forests, not only of California, but of Oregon and Washington, have been distributed. It therefore follows that while the southern ports have of late done a large lumber business, the pulse of the trade beats at San Francisco, } CALIFORNIA. 463 RECEIPTS. The receipts of lumber at San Francisco for the first few years of the industry are not at hand. Since January 1, 1853, however, the returns have been kept with con- siderable accuracy, and the following figures, compiled by the Pacific Coast Wood and Iron, are generally accepted as correct: Receipts at the port of San Francisco of all kinds of lumber, and from all points, from 1853 to 1889, inclusive. M feet. M feet. 1853 1854... M feet. 41, 821 1866.. 134, 846 1879 231, 209 54, 639 1867. 166, 942 1880 .. 214, 385 1855 - 56, 639 1868. 197, 672 1881.. 251, 742 1856 36, 135 1869 241, 944 1882 261, 714 1857 39, 640 1870. 226, 005 1883.. 276, 772 1858 40,989 1871 191, 480 1884. 297, 234 1859 71, 194 1872 236, 869 1885 321, 745 1860 75, 441 1873.. 203, 329 1886 298, 898 1861.. 105, 874 1874 253, 280 1887.. 328, 663 1862.. 99, 250 1875 306, 321 1888 406, 359 1863 108, 653 1876 309, 160 1889. 476, 507 1861. 112, 147 1877 286, 758 1865 136, 438 1878... 258, 814 The "all points" referred to in the title of the above table include all sources in California, Oregon, and Washington, these being so mingled in the data that it is impossible to separate this State's receipts from those outside of it. It may be taken for granted, however, that while California, as has been shown, yields a great variety of lumber, the bulk of the receipts at this port from the interior and coast mills of California is the redwood. That and pine, which chiefly comes from Oregon and Washington, make up the great portion of the lumber receipts, as may be seen from the following table: Receipts of redwood and pine separately at San Francisco from 1864 to 1889, inclusive. Year. Pine. Redwood. Total. Year. Pine. Redwood. Total. 1864.. 1865 .. 1-66. Feet. 63, 000, 000 67, 000, 000 64, 000, 000 Feet. 40, 425,000 53, 818, 000 59, 215, 000 1867.... 85, 000, 000 70, 739, 000 1868.... 103, 000, 000 80, 618, 000 1869... 135, 852, 000 90, 463, 000 1870.... 122, 292, 000 83, 871, 000 Feet. 103, 425, 000 120, 818, 000 123, 245, 000 155, 739, 000 183, 618, 000 226, 315, 000 206, 163, 000 1877.. 1878... 1879... Feet. 159, 742, 000 148, 054, 000 124, 313, 000 Fect. 104, 241,000 Feet. 263, 983, 0 0 93, 547, 000 241, 601, 000 87,404, 000 1880... 1881.. 1882... 114, 348, 000 80, 390, 000 130, 524, 000 95, 414, 000 138, 738, 000 97, 265, 000 211, 717, 000 194, 738, 000 225,938, 000 236, c03, 000 1871.... 104, 203, 000 77, 193, 000 1872.... 126, 755, 000 94, 221, 000 1873... 1874... 117, 449, 000 70, 9£5,000 181, 396, 000 220, 976, 000 188, 394, 000 1883... 1884 145,375,000 105, 274, 000 250, 649, 000 177, 305, 000 101, 078, 000 278, 383, 000 139, 856, 000 92, 326, 000 232, 182, 000 1885... 1886.. 1887 182, 999, 000 113, 165, 000 296, 164, 000 197, 381, (.00 100, 006, 000 297, 387, 000 209, 908, 981 118, 693, 590 328, 602, 571 1875.... 1876... 163, 695, 000 116, 253, 000 161, 338, 000 116, 018, 000 279, 948, 000 277, 356, 000 1888... 258, 286, 418 138, 235, 710 396, 522, 128 1889... 301, 891, 861 161, 258, 329 473, 153, 193 The following table is an enlargement of the last three years of the preceding, and shows the receipts of pine and redwood by mouths in 1887, 1888, and 1889: Pine. Redwood. Mouth. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1889. 1888. 1887. January Feet. 18, 835, 932 | February March A pril May June. 21, 528, 000 Feet. 12, 001, 224 19, 859, 370 19, 571, 000 20, 325, 389 Feet. 21, 917, 000 8, 856, 000 16, 936, 672 Feet. 12, 970, 994 12, 462, 000 12, 679, 313 39, 882, 568 17, 635, 627 16, 817, 000 17,762, 907 32, 979, 608 23, 946, 421 12, 545, 000 15, 018, 080 27, 353, 547 24, 545, 660 21, 6i9, 000 14, 145, 729 July 22, 334, 000 20, 954, 608 12, 825, 374 13, 659, 733 Augnst... 21, 872, 000 24, 310, 657 17, 158, 883 11, 502, 549 September 23, 466, 000 27, 900, 062 20, 898, 200 12, 622, 012 October... 24, 282, 000 26, 107, 000 22, 519, 000 November 22, 537, 209 20, 093, 000 December 27, 353, 000 20, 607, 800 17,835, 616 19, 981, 236 14,091, 430 9, 774, 882 14,568, 700 Total 301, 894, 864 258, 286, 418 Feet. 9, 136, 078 5,612, 494 10, 559, 292 6, 104, 000 10, 833, 350 3,681,000 18, 446, 473 9, 479, 125 7,488, 527 13, 649, 485 16, 761, 790 6,913,976 209, 908, 981 161, 258, 329 138, 235, 710 118, 693, 590 Fect. 4, 622, 311 6, 698, 751 9, 532, 036 12, 754, 311 15, 484, 564 11, 901, 015 12, 504, 704 14, 888, 695 12, 786, 577 12, 290, 000 12, 503, 577 12, 246, 169 464 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. PRICES. The prices of the two great lumber staples, pine and redwood, have not been sub- jected to any very startling changes, as the following table will show: Range of prices in pine and redwood from 1863 to 1889, inclusive. [The quotations given are per thousand feet in the rough of both varieties.] Year. Pine. Redwood. Year. Pine. Redwood. 1863. $17.50-18.00 - $16.00-18.00 1877 $17.00-18.00 $17.00-18.00 1864.. 16.00-18.00 16.00-20.00 1878 16.00-17.00 1865 16.00-18.00 16.00-18.00 1879 14.00-16.00 16.00-17.00 16.00-17.00 1866 20.00-22.50 20.00 1880 16.00 16.00 1867 18.00-20.00 18.00-20.00 1881. 16.00-18.00 16.00-18.00 1868 18.00-20.00 20.00-22.00 1882. 18.00 18.00 1869. 16.00-18.00 20.00-22.00 1883 18.00 18.00 1870 17.00-18.00 18.00-20.00 1881. ´15.00-18.00 18.00 1871.. 14.00-16.00 17.00-18.00 1885. 14.00.16. 00 16.00 1872... 19.00-20.00 19.00-20.00 1886.. 1873 16.00-19.00 20.00 1887 1874 15.00-18.00 17.00-18.00 18-8 1875 1876 18.00 18.00 17.00-18.00 17.00-18.00 1889 14.00-18.00 20. CO 13.00-20.00 14.00-20.00 17.00-18.00 20.00 14.00-16.00 15.00-17.00 LOCAL LIMITATIONS. In 1864 an association was formed for the purpose of bracing up the market, but in 1866 it went to pieces without having done either good or harm. Business continued fairly active until 1370-'71, when labor troubles put a check on building operations and lumber took the usual tumble following such occurrences. There was slight in- crease in prices again in 1873. The market was devoid of interesting features until 1877-'78, when cutting was the order of the day, and mill men were thankful when they realized the bare cost of production. The following year showed no improve- ment, but from that time until 1834 a gradual and most gratifying increase was ex- perienced, 1883 being particularly lively, on account of the immense amount of building ing operations carried on in that year. The year 1885 was uneventful, prices not advancing or business increasing until 1886, when they changed somewhat for the better. Under the influence of the build- ing boom in the southern part of the State the market was very active in 1837, and prices advanced very materially, but the reaction came the following year, and both business and prices took a drop. Up to the present the market for the Pacific coast product has been so limited that local causes have very materially affected the whole market, but in the future it is hardly probably that such will be the case. The great- est decline in prices that ever occurred in this market happened in the gold fever days, when lumber that had been selling for $360 a thousand feet dropped in a very short time to $5 and was shaky at that figure. SHINGLES AND TIES. Other than pine and redwood the principal cnts are of spruce, ash, maple, cedar, laurel, and oak. Shingles and railroad ties also form an important factor in the lum- ber market, the following table giving- Receipts of shingles and railroad ties at San Francisco, by months, for the past 3 years. Shingles. Month. Railroad ties. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1889. 1888. 1887. January February. March... April. May. June July... August.. Number. 5,887, 000 8, 100, 000 5, 401, 750 8, 365, 750 9, 631, 000 11, 401, 500 10, 185, 200 17, 098, 000 Number. 16, 647, 000 Number. 3,735, 500 Number. 21, 951 5,068, 750 5,810,000 2,546, 000 32, 755 Number. 94, 913 35, 907 Number. 18, 000 28, 100 6, 006, 000 14,700 63,689 12, 109, 500 14,905, 506 7,486, 000 11, 799, 500 85, 015 1, 400, 000 20, 451 123, 913 8, 938 1,002, 400 20, 225 174, 709 53, 319 751, 800 62, 422 149, 953 86, 860 6,389, 355 79, 477 231, 413 10, 130, 000 108, 751 6.577, 036 September.. 61, 431 356, 220 8,823, 500 205, 701 15, 681, 000 4, 973, 000 October 63, 052 515, 374 13, 757, 000 175, 293 16, 739, 000 4,314, 000 231, 724 November. 268,767 8,866, 000 147, 268 December. 5, 588, 500 11, 352, 000 | 11, 352, 111 16, 618,250 | 10, 008, 500 73, 653 151, 019 101, 503 Total... 113, 375, 200 145, 336, 900 56, 689, 500 80, 225 762, 066 110, 739 2,306, 616 74, 788 1,093, 536 CALIFORNIA. 465 RECEIPTS AND CONSUMPTION. The following table will prove interesting as showing the receipts and consumption of redwood in the San Francisco market for the past 27 years, from 1863 to 1888, in- clusive: Year. Receipts. Consump- tion. Year. Receipts. Consump- tion. 1863 1864. Feet. 46,039, 217 40, 425, 472 Fect. 43, 022, 597 Feet. Feet. 1877 104, 240, 834 107, 330, 749 41, 591, 177 1878 93, 546, 786 90, 827, 814 1865 53, 818, 074 53, 037, 753 1879 87, 403, 729 88, 122, 653 1866 59, 245, 335 60, 174, 310 1880. 80, 390, 297 80, 731, 664 1867 70, 738, 738 66, 665, 954 1881 95, 414, 556 93, 565, 989 1868 80, 617, 767 84, 754, 183 1882 97, 265, 434 94, 606, 063 1869 90,462, 709 81, 899, 095 1883 105, 273, 843 103, 195, 515 1870 83, 870, 673 87,706, 213 1884 101, 077, 891 103, 941, 105 1871 77, 193, 265 75, 295, 952 1885. 113, 164, 940 115, 253, 922 1872 94, 242, 408 89, 782, 618 1886. 100, 006, 316 1873 70, 914, 837 1874 92, 325, 576 1875 1876.. 116, 252, 814 116, 018, 070 73, 870, 244 95, 545, 490 110, 231, 073 113, 011, 014 1887 1888 .. 1889. 118,693, 590 138, 235, 710 161, 258, 329 98, 246, 316 118,695, 589 135, 782, 415 152, 001, 620 The falling off of the San Francisco consumption in 1836 was due, in a great meas- ure, to the unusual demands made by the southern portion of the State, surplus stock being then readily disposed of in that section. In fact it seemed almost impossible to manufacture it rapidly enough to supply the demand. Mills were compelled to run night and day, and, as has been mentioned elsewhere, unusually good prices were realized for the product. In 1888 the unusual demand from the south having partially ceased, the consump- tion in the central market came back to its normal state, where it has since con- tinued. EXPORTS. The California export trade in lumber has long been an extensive one, but as in the case of the imports the data were not carefully kept in the first few years. Up to 1870 the exports can only be given in feot without the values attached: Exports of all classes of lumber from San Francisco from 1853 to 1869, inclusive. 1853. 1854.... 1855... Feet. 706, 000 3, 169 000 1859... 1860... Feet. 4,635, 396 | 1865. 3, 979, 777 1 1866 2, 457, 212 1861... 3, 321, 446 1856.. 1, 203, 211 1862... 8, 690, 325 1867. 1868... 1857... 2,797, 259 1358... 3, 285, 985 1863.. 1864. 6, 838, 212 10, 961, 559 1869... Fect. 12, 443, 199 7,825,000 5,755, 182 7,601,700 8, 509, 167 From 1870 up to date the figures are more comprehensive, and include both values and quantity, as may be seen by the tables given hereafter. The total amount of exports from 1853 to 1869, inclusive, was nearly 95,000,000 feet, an average of over 5,500,000 feet a year. In 1870 and the three following years fully 50 per cent. of the exports went to South America, but in 1874 that market took very little, and as a result the exports of that year show a falling off from the figures of the year previous of nearly one-half. From this time until 1881 trade continued to grow in a substantial manner. principally caused by the increased demand in Australia, and latterly in Europe and Mexico. The banner year in regard to lumber experts from San Francisco was 1882, the princi- pal buyers being Australia, Mexico, and Europe. The Mexican and Australian demand dropped suddenly, and in 1883 the bulk of the trade went to Europe. Another heavy increase was experienced in 1884, and over one-half of the total shipments that year went to Great Britain. A slight falling off was shown in 1885, but in 1886 and 1887 the European demands fell off nearly 50 per cent., and the aggregate amount of exports was materially reduced. The great increase in home consumption was also another cause for the decrease in exports. In 1888 Australia took more than one- third of the entire export shipment, Great Britain following a long way in the rear. The Australian shipments fell considerably in 1889, while those to England went forward, the other ports remaining about the same. I C 90——————30 466 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. + From 1870 to 1887 the lumber exports from San Francisco in feet and values were as follows: Year. Feet. Values. Year. Feet. Values. 1870 13, 679, 652 $245, 216 1879 1871 16, 501, 075 $316, 485 17, 590, 854 312, 570 1880.. 14, 370, 796 1872. 307, 006. 16, 517, 171 309, 325 1881. 18, 269, 157 1873 393, 283 17. 415, 287 350, 024 1882 22, 094, 393 1874.. 515, 974 9, 036, 799 176, 956 1883. 14,876, 396 1875 332, 236 10, 024, 189 202, 912 1884... 20, 231, 584 1876. 189, 642 10.781, 220 199, 894 1885. 19, 266, 070 1877.. 413, 935 13, 874, 327 267, 333 1886... 15, 352, 649 294, 403 1878.. 14, 596, 422 289, 374 1887. 15, 911, 000 428, 008 The figures for 1888 and 1889 can be given in greater detail and that the Cali- fornia export trade in lumber is far-reaching is proved by the following table, show- ing the destination and value of the export for these two years. Lumber exports from San Francisco, by sea, for 1888 and 1889. 1889. To- 1888. F'eet. Value. Feet. Value. Mexico Panama……………. Central America… Russian Asia …. China.. Navigator's Island. Hawaiian Islands Australia.. New Zealand New York British Columbia 2, 520, 619 177, 433 1, 298, 534 153, 500 $57, 054 4, 171 33, €28 2, 839, 263 13, 806 1, 717, 549 $57,488 578 46, 325 3, 126 3, 500 79 4,000 80 37,500 1, 302 971, 165 18, 999 532, 229 10, 937 1, 527, 545 28, 342 1, 388, 016 27, 105 5, 663, 103 179, 718 10, 269, 428 330, 824 5, 016 160 15, 665 *102, 078 719 2,325 England 4,893 South America. 4,931, 937 553 101, 675 2, 917 355 † 3, 841. 808 79, 910 Society Islands 346, 067 6, 415 182, 842 5, 188 France. 929, 830 17,924 722, 551 16, 866 Belgium 124, 000 1,140 † 640, 820 11, 360 Marquesas Islands.. 37,000 600 † 42, Ou0 Mar-hall Islands…….. 31, 086 469 62, 070 840 1,276 69, 522 Gilbert Islands 1,658 77, 121 1, 693 Fanning Island. 36, 337 726 8,500 175 Cook Islands. 10, 822 179 Manila 10, 053 181 25, 053 678 Elsewhere † 11, 000 220 25,000 673 Total 18,877, 482 457, 481 22, 535, 716 596, 243 The total for 1889 includes dunaɩge lumber as follows: England, 3,397.000 feet; Brazil, 126,000; France, 124,000; Australia, 92.000; Peru, 54,000; Uruguay, 53,000; Belgium, 37,000; Cape Verde Islands, 15,000; Chili, 11,000; China 4.000. * Dunnage lumber. Mostly dunnage lumber. January*. February Marchf. April. May. June July Augusti. September October By months the exports for 1889 were as follows: Feet. Value. 976, 371 427, 523 1,652, 073 $22, 175 8, 667 30, 154 612, 928 12, 273 1,463, 739 42, 055 1,677, 767 1, 413, 960 1,043, 376 1,067, 425 3, 575, 575 46,220 22, 533 22, 303 25,689 November... December.... Total *And 61,385 cubic feet redwood, $21,000. to England. 97, 362 1,848, 616 41,516 1, 912, 042 38, 034 17, 671, 425 408, 981 And 349 primera logs, $8,500, to New York. And 54,211 cubic feet redwood, $19,000, to London-an extra value of $48,500, which, added to the $408,981, make a total value of $157,481 for the exports of 1889. CALIFORNIA. 467 LUMBER EXPORTED BY RAIL. The above figures are made up of shipments of lumber to foreign countries, and do not include other shipments known here as exports. Prior to 1874 there were no shipments east by rail, 560,000 feet going forward in that year. For the next 2 years, however, there were no lumber shipments overland, the rail exports up to 1889, in- clusive, being as follows: 1874 1875 1876. 1877. 1878 1879. Feet. 560,000 1880... Feet. 930, 000 1886 none. 1881. 2, 350, 000 1887 none. 1882. 4,050,000 1888 240,000 1883.. 1, 120, 000 1889 205, 000 1884... 470, 000 300, 000 1885.. 550, 000 Feet. 4, 000, 000 1, 100. 000 915, 000 1, 330, 000 By months they were in 1889 as follows: January February March April May June. July Feet. 40,000 August 40,000 September 170,000 October 90,000 November 160,000 December.. 250,000 130,000 Total Feet. 70,000 60,000 130, 000 100,000 90,000 1, 330,000 The large shipment in 1882 was due to the fact that special efforts were then made to secure trade east of the Rockies, but this movement was not followed up in a man- ner calculated to increase the demand; on the contrary, the idea seemed to prevail that it could take care of itself, and as a result it dropped in 1884 to 470,000 feet. A rate war, supplemented by good and rapid service, had the effect of bringing the 1886 figures up to a round 4,000,000, dropping the following year to 2,000,000 in con- sequence of the southern demand, taking about all the lumber that could be manu- factured. Still another drop in 183, but in the latter part of that year several par- ties commenced preparations to increase this class of trade, and the result of these efforts is shown by the fact that the shipments for the first six months of the present year are only 173,000 feet less than for the whole year 1888. The people having the matter in band now say there will be no let up in their efforts until they create a wide demand for their product in the East. From the railroad office the following figures are sent as being the lumber exports eastward: From San Francisco From the interior.. Total Lumber exports by rail. 1889. 1888. 1887. Pounds. 2, 731, 500 168, 800 Pounds. Pounds. 3,827, 020 5,742, 080 751, 230 1,091, 590 2, 900, 300 4, 578, 250 6, 833, 670 The exports of shingles during 1889 were 20,018,926, valued at $38,227. 468 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. FROM OTHER PORTS. From the port of Eureka, in Humboldt County, fourteen cargoes were dispatched during the year to the following countries. Hawaiian Islands Australia Peru... Tahiti Mexico Total... Feet. Valuo. 2, 724, 720 $40, 632 1,077, 669 310, 020 24, 054 7,417 194, 454 3, 951 229, 161 4,059 4, 536, 024 80, 113 Exports from all Pacific coast ports for the year have been as follows: Washington Oregon San Francisco Eureka Trinidad.. Total British Columbia Total Feet. Value. 118, 508, 046 934, 505 $1, 320, 079 10, 500 17, 671, 425 408, 981 4, 536, 024 461, 740 80, 113 8, 500 142, 111, 740 1,828, 173 6, 143, 376 68, 091 148, 255, 116 1,896, 261 A few years ago it was thought that a large trade in California redwood for Great Britain might be built up, A syndicate was formed to purchase a considerable tract of red wood forest in Humboldt County, together with sawmills, wharves, aud other accessories. The first vessel left January 23, 1883. The clearances, cargoes, and values for that and the five following years, were as follows: 1883... 1884... 1885. 1886... 1887.. 1888. Total TIIE LUMBER CUT. Vessels. M fect. Value. 2742-1 650 $16, 200 4, 441 114, 800 2,811 581 76, 700 14, 500 326 8,000 824 22,900 16 9, 633 253, 100 The lumber cut on the coast for 1889 was very large and may be estimated as fol- lows: Washington Oregon California -- Miscellaneous Total, 1889... Total, 1888.. Total, 1887. Feet. 1, 000, 000, 000 400, 000, 000 450, 000, 000 80, 000, 000 1, 930, 000, 000 1, 580, 000, 000 1,370, 000, 000 Or about 2,000,000,000 feet. The output for Washington is on the estimate of the Seattle Intelligencer, which values it at $13,000,000, and also claims 900,000,000 shingles to have been made in that State. The total value of the coast output is not less than $26,000,000. CALIFORNIA. 469 THE REDWOOD CUT. As was mentioned in a preceding portion of this chapter the chief redwood districts at present in operation are in Humboldt and Mendocino Counties. The cut for 1888 was as follows: HUMBOLDT COUNTY. MENDOCINO COUNTY. 8, 000, 000 Name. Feet. Excelsior Redwood Company 19, 000, 000 John Vance……. 15,000,000 Isaac Minor. Minor, Kirk & Co... Chandler, Johnson & Co... 7, 000, 000 8, 500,000 14, 000, 000 21, 000, 000 9, 000, NOV 10, 000, 000 Humboldt Lumber Mill Company……. Dolbeer & Carson.. Occidental Mill. - Flanigan, Brosnahan & Co.... Falk, Hawley & Co………. Eel River Valley Lumber Company. Pacific Lumber Company.. Wyman Murphy.. Total... 9, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 151, 500, 000 Name. Caspar Lumber Company. Gualala Lumber Company. Big River Lumber Company Albion Mills. Navarro Mill Company Samuel Blair.. Whitesborough. Greenwood .. Callonera.... Garcia... J. S. Kimball. Gill & Gordon Little River. Salmon Creek.... Total Fect. 15, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 9, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 4,000,009 3,500,000 3,500,000 111, 000, 000 Total cut of two counties 262,500,000 feet. The redwood cut of 1889, as divided among the various mills of these two counties, was as follows: The redwood cut for 1889. Humboldt County. Mendocino County. Name of mill. Season's cut. Name of mill. Season's cut. Excelsior Redwood Company. 23, 000, 000 Gnalala Mill 14, 000, 000 John Vance….. 20, 000, 000 Fort Bragg Redwood Company 18, 000, 000 Delbeer & Carson. 20, 000, 01 0 Albion Mill Company. 12, 000, 000 Pacific Lumber Company 20, 000, 060 Navarro Mill Company. 9, 000, 01 0 McKay & Company.. 11, 500, 000 Samuel Blair……. 9, 000, 000 Humboldt Lumber and Mill Com- pany.. Caspar Mill Company 7,700,000 10, 000, 000 Mendocino Lumber Company • 7, 000, 000 Isaac Minor. 8, 500, 000 Garcia Mill Company 6, 000, 000 Eel River Valley Lumber Company. 8, 000, 000 Gill & Gordon .. 4, 000, 000 Elk River Lumber and Mill Com- pany... J. S. Kimball... 4, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 Callonera Lumber Company 3, 000, 000 Flanigan, Brosnahan & Co... 6, 000, 000 Greenwood Mill.. 3, 000, 000 Chandler, Johnson & Co 5, 000, 000 Total feet.. 96, 760,000 Total feet... 140, 000, 000 The principal pine lumber mills of the State are situated in the Truckee Basin, the following being the cut there for 1889: Pine cut in the Truckee Basin for 1889. Boca Mill Company. George Shaffer Pacific Lumber and Mill Company. Richardson Bros.... E. Ellen... Truckee Lumber Company Lewison & Smith O. Lonkey Essex Mill Company. Total Mill. I Feet. 7, 000, 000 5, 500, 000 5, 000, 000 3,500,000 3,500,000 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 2,500,000 36. 000, 000 470 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED UNITED STATES. The following is a list of the sawmills operating in the State of California: Name. Henry Weatherbee Towle Bros Aptos Mill. Located at- Albion.. Alta.. Aptos Arcata. ....do County. Mendocino. Placer. Santa Cruz. Humboldt. Minor, Kirk & Co.. John Vance Chas. R. Dow. Frank McGuinness. M. A. Carmichael.. Creaser & Spratt Z. H. Bulpit. Chas. Wildason…. Chandler, Johnson & Co Humboldt Lumber Mill Co Boca Mill Company. Boulder Mill Co. Comstock & Duffey. O. R. Harmor. S. H. Chase & Co……. E. B. Morrell. A. M. Leach H. D. Barton. Jas. Covell... Bartlett Springs Bieber do Big Pine... Bishop Creek do Blue Lake ..do Boca.. Boulder Creek. do ..do ..do do Brownsville Do. Lake. Lassen. Do. Inyo. Do. Do. Humboldt. Do. Nevada. Santa Cruz. Do. Do. Do. Do. Yuba. Tulare. Mendocino. Camp Badger. Caspar... Shasta. Cassel Caspar Lumber Co. Harris & Jones Sierra Lumber Co... A. E. Irish W. B. Hayford Aryes & Nelson D. A. Rider & Son Little Valley Lumber Co Geo. W. Hobron A. M. Coburn.. N. P. Dillon Chico do... Christine Cleone.. Colfax Con Cow.. Corralitos. Coulterville. Cramer.. ..do Crescent City ..do . Diamond Springs Downieville Butte. Do. Mendocino. Do. Placer. Butte. Santa Cruz. Mariposa. Tulare. Do. Del Norte. Do. El Dorado. Sierra. · Hobbs, Wall & Co A. M. Simpson. Joseph Bryant & Son... Shaughnessy & Sullivan. B. Pauley D. Cole Duncan Mills Lumber Co. Hilton & Cary.. Gowan Bros A. Markham... Bailey & Anderson W. N. Dale & Sons. Friend & Terry Geo. Geisendorfer Parrott & More W. B. Rawden Treasure Bros.. H. D. Bendixsen --- · Excelsior Redwood Co.. - ..do ... Do. do Do. Duncan's Mills Sonoma. ...do Do. ...do Do. ...do Do. Flanigan, Brosnahan & Co.. Dunsmuir Edgwood Emigrant Gap. do Etna. Etta ... Siskiyou. Do. Placer. Do. San Bernardino. Sierra. do Eureka ..do do Do. Humboldt. Do. Do. N. P. Tonningson... Dolbeer & Carson.. Occidental Mill.. John Vance Union Mill and Lumber Co Chas. A. Rice.. Fort Bragg Redwood Co.. Eel River Lumber Co C. E. Fuller J.J. Musick & Sons. Grover Bros Pudding Creek Lumber Co ……. W. Murphy. Robert Noble. Whitehurst & Hodges. Isaac Minor L. E. White…... S. P. Hoskin Central California Lumber Co. Gualala Mill Co... J. B. Armstrong Guerne & Murphy. The Westover Mill. Borden & Hatch... W. H. Joy M. P. Moxwell & Bro W. Cornelison John Whitmore do Eureka. lo Felton. Fort Bidwell…. ...do Fort Bragg do Fortuna do. Freestone Fresno.. Georgetown ..do Gilroy Glendale.. Greenwood .. Grizzley Flats Gualala. ..do .... Guerneville. do... ..do · Half Moon Bay Igerua Healdsburgh Junction City. Janesville • Uo. Humboldt., Do. Santa Cruz. Modoc. Do. Mendocino. Do. Humboldt. Do. Sonoma. Fresno. El Dorado. Do. Santa Clara. Humboldt. El Dorado. Do. Mendocino. Do. Sonoma. Do. Do. San Mateo, Sonoma. Siskiyou. Lassen. Trinity. CALIFORNIA. 471 3 List of the sawmills operating in the State of California—Continued. Dwight Sherwood Mark Wyatt... R. H. Evans H. C. Boggs F. D. Tunis Packer & Son….. Glenwood Lumber Co.... Valentine & Sandy S. Coombs.... 2 Name. Loma Prieta Lumber Co……. James Dunn. M. Doon .. R. G. Montrose. Frank Clark. J. M. Dollar Diadem Mining Co Mendocino Lumber Co. C. A. Loomis. J. C. Kuncksens T. S. Cleland Harris & Jones Mott M'f'g Co . Red Cross Lumber Mill Co Cole & King. John Manuel Navarro Mill Co Geo. F. Cooper H. & F. Cooper Lóuis Yoss F. Souchet North Fork Lumber Co.... B. F. Glynn H. C. Farnham J. A. Pearch Located at- County. Kelseyville Lake. Kernville.. Kern. Do. do .. Lakeport do La Porte... Laurel Lewiston Little River Loma Prieta Long Beach Lovelock Lundy Mariposa Markham. Meadow Valley.. Mendocino Milford Mohawk.. Monterey. Moore's Station Mott... do. Mountain House Murphy's. Navarro Nevada City ...do do North Bloomfield .. North Fork……. Occidental. Ontario Orleans Lake. Do. Plumas. Santa Cruz. Trinity. Mendocino. Santa Cruz. Los Angeles. Butte. Mono. Mariposa. Sonoma. Plumas. Mendocino. Lassen. Plumas. Monterey. Butte. Siskiyou. Do. Sierra. Calaveras. Mendocino. Nevada. Do. Do. Do. Fresno. Sonoma. San Bernardino. Humboldt. J. C. Morrison. W. D. Shelly Rowell & Faruham J. N. Howard M. R. Dudley. John Nelson F. Mace. F. M. Whitmore.. J. and J. Blair Baughman & Co W. V. Clark……. Sierra Lumber Co……… Fulton & Berry. Hanson & Co Walker & Banta. McNair Bros... Milford Land and Lumber Co.. Jas. Fleming H. A. Gurnsey Hook & Sauerkrap. F. L. Talmage Tyler Bros. & Co. W, E. Van Slyko & Co Strawberry Valley Lumber Co. Grover & Co……. Geo. Olive & Co -- Pacific Lumber Co.. Garfield & Haj es Leary Bros... H. S. Stewart.. Sissons Mill & Lumber Co Bailey Bros Del Norte Commercial Co. Benjamin Joy. Empire Mill Co W. H. Chamberlin. Bremner & McCrimmou Peter Vogt.... P. B. Fitzsimon Bennett & Reid : Oro Fino. do Oroville.. Paradise. Petrolia Pike City Pine Grove do. Placerville.. Plymouth Rail Road Flat • Red Bluff. Redwood City .do. Riverside. Rocky Point. Salmon Creek San Bernardino.. ...do ...do ...do ...do .do San Jacinto.... Santa Cruz .do Scotia Sierra City... ...do Sissons .do Smith River do Smith's Ranch Sonora. Sugar Pine Susanville do Sweetland Toll House Siskiyou. Do. Butte. Do. Humboldt. Sierra. Amador. Do. El Dorado. Amador. Calaveras. Tehama. San Mateo. Do. San Bernardino. Sierra. Humboldt. San Bernardino. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. San Diego. Santa Cruz, Do. Humboldt. Sierra. Do. Siskiyou. Do. Del Norte. Do. Sonoma. Tuolumne. Do. Lassen. 1 0. Nevada. Fresno. J. W. Humphrey & Co. W. Ockenden ...do ...do Smyth & McCardle Truckee Lumber Co.... Lewison & Smith .. do Truckee Pacific Lumber and Wood Co ...do ..do Do. Do. Do. Nevada. Do. Do. ! 472 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. List of the sawmills operating in the State of California-Continued. Richardson Bros... Geo. Shaffer. F. Ellen. Usal Redwood Co... L. A. Young. S. Comstock. W. H. Lessley……. Tarr Bros.. White & De Hart.. C. W. Hudson. G.B.Jumper Geo. Geisendorfer D. McCarthy J. V. Woodcock D. A. Rider & Sons Wages Creek Mill Co... L. E. White.. Salmon Creek Mill Co.. Name. O. N. Atkinson & Sons………… Wheeler & Co... H. F. Hatch…. Located at- County. Truckee ...do Nevada. Do. ..do Do. Usal Mendocino. Upper Lake Lake. Visalia Tulare. Volcano ..do Watsonville Weaverville ..do ... Weimer West Point. --- ..do Westport do Whitesboro. .do ... Whitmore Willits.. .do Amador. Do. Santa Cruz. Trinity. Do. Placer. Calaveras. Do. Mendocino. Do. Do. Do. Shasta. Mendocino. Do. PART VIII. THE FISHERIES. CHAPTER I. A general review. | CHAPTER II. Special industries. CHAPTER I. A GENERAL REVIEW. California fishing stations-The sea products of the different counties-Fish and fishermen in San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Mateo, San Francisco, Contra Costa, Solano, Sonoma, Marin, Humboldt, and Del Norte-Immense variety of fish-Methods of capture-Condition of industry. The following account of the fisheries of California is taken in a condensed form from the admirable report on "The fisheries of the United States," prepared through the coöperation of the Commissioner of Fisheries and the Superintendent of the Tenth Census, and issued in Washington in 1887. The succeeding chapter is devoted to special piscatorial industries. SAN DIEGO COUNTY. Beginning at the southernmost county of the State it is found that most of the out- side fishing in San Diego is carried on in San Diego Bay. There are no authentic ac- counts of the productiveness of the past fisheries of this county. There is no doubt that the number of fishes in San Diego Bay has been greatly reduced by the constant use of fine-meshed seines by Chinamen. Large fishes of all species are becoming rare, and this is especially noticeable in the case of the "bastard halibut," or flounder, large individuals of which are now very seldom caught. There is no reason, however, to believe that the abundance of the outside fishes has been materially changed by fishing. The fisheries carried on at San Diego 15 years ago were more extensive than at the present time. The advent of Chinese fishermen, who compose three-fourths of the total fishermen in this county, may be regarded as the cause of the decreased in- terest in the chief fisheries. The principal fish caught are the redfish, barracuda, bonite, albicore, yellow-tail, Jew fish, bluefish, roncador, smelt, herring, sardine, mullet, perch, bass, whitefish, and flounder. Smelt, mullet, herring, roncadores, and flounders are taken by means of seines, and in all parts of the bay throughout the year. These fisheries are prosecuted chiefly by the Chinese. Redfish are caught with hook and line at a distance of one-half to 3 miles from the shore. The whale fishery once of importance, is now abandoned. Oysters and clams occur, the former in small quantities, the latter, especially the "Razor Clam," in great abundance; and quantities of crawfish are taken by the Chinese fishermen. Great interest is taken by the Chinese in abalone fishing, the shells of which are ground and polished and sent eastward for ornaments and other purposes. The meat of the abalone is salted and dried, and sold at 5 cents a pound; much of it was shipped to China when it was more plentiful. The dried abalone is nearly half as heavy as the shell. The Americans do not eat the meat of abalones, but certain Indian tribes at some of their secular feasts, consume large quantities of it. Sea turtles are occasionally taken along the coast, but their capture is not suffi- ciently frequent to have established a market. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. The chief fishing grounds of this county, are San Pedro anchorage, and the creek, which are all visited by fishermen from Newport, Anaheim Landing, Wilmington, Salinas Ranch, and Santa Monica. The most important of these is Wilmington. To 473. 474 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. this port belong four lateen-rigged boats, two or three skiffs, which go to the "creek” and three Chinese junks, aggregating 6 tous, which combine hook and line fishing with the gathering of abalones. At Newport the only regular fishing, is that prose- cuted for the capture of the oil-shark, in which fishery men from Wilmington, West- minster, and elsewhere join. The men employed in the salt factories at Salinas Ranch engage in fishing when time permits, and their fish are sold in Los Angeles. Sea lions abound along the coast and are a source of considerable annoyance to the fish- ermen in robbing the nets of fish; they are occasionally shot for their oil. Crawfish are not regularly caught as there is no established market or price for them. The oil-shark fishery, which is confined to the lagoons, was at one time largely car- ried on in Los Angeles County. Ten years ago some 3,000 gallons of oil were made at Newport, and a large quantity at Anaheim Landing; the amount produced has lately fallen off very much; the oil as simply tried out and strained through coarse sacking. The oil-shark enters the lagoon for reproductive purposes, and is taken with hook and line, small fish being used for bait. Large hooks are used in order to prevent smail sharks and other fish from swallowing them. The products of this fishery could be greatly increased by the use of seines, but the expense would also be increased and lack of capital forbids the attempt. These sharks average 4 to 4 feet in length and weigh about 40 or 50 pounds each. They yield from two-thirds of a gallon to a gallon of oil. They breed in June, July, and August, runs taking place from May to August. In 1880 the run was a small one, only 170 having been taken at Anaheim Landing up to July 20. In 1879 150 were taken at one haul of the seine. The fins of this shark alone are dried and sell for 12† cents per pound. Cleaned shark fins from China are worth $2.25 a pound, and uncleaned from San Diego 30 cents a pound. SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, In the county of Santa Barbara, the most important fishing town is Santa Barbara. Goleta, and Carpentaria come next in order of importance. There are a few small places in addition, but scarcely any fishing is done there. No stationary apparatus is used by the fishermen of Santa Barbara. There are about 15 gill nets, the greater number of them about 240 by 15 feet, having a 2-inch mesh. These are chiefly used in winter, when the fish stay in deep water. Besides having six seines, averaging 300 by 12 feet, with a half-inch mesh, there are also baskets of set lines, each with 146 hooks. These are used chiefly from April to October. The best bait is crawfish flesh, and for the capture of crawfish bonito is preferred as bait; any flesh, fresh or salt, will do. Their own species also makes a very good bait. There are several small sailboats at Santa Barbara which are usually laid up from November until March, the winter fishing being done in smaller boats with gill-nets. In the summer they fish extensively for barracuda. The abalone fishing at Santa Barbara is important, but this is discussed in the chapter on the Chinese fishermen. A few men are engaged hunting the sea-otter, but it is not an extensive business. The hair seal and sea lion are very abundant on Anacapa and other adjacent islands, where they are hunted only for their oil. Two or three species of eatable clams occur at Santa Barbara, but no scallops or oysters are taken. Nearly all the crawfish sold in San Francisco come from Santa Barbara, about 90 tons being taken annually. A cannery for the purpose of canning crawfish was started at Santa Barbara in 1877, but it failed owing largely to mismanagement. Fifty-one miles west of the town of Santa Barbara is Cajo Viego, where is estab- lished the only whaling company in the county. One formerly at Goleta is now abandoned. The company at Cajo Viego consists of 20 men in winter and 18 in From October, 1879, to February, 1880, this company captured 20 whales, yielding oil to the value of nearly $8,000. summer. SAN LUIS OBISPO. At Port Harford, which is the port for San Luis Obispo, the principal town of San Luis Obispo County, there are fishermen who fish with skiffs and seines of 1-inch mesh, 300 feet long and 16 feet wide; their fish are sold in San Luis Obispo for about 6 cents a pound, and the neighboring farmers are glad to exchange produce for fish for their own consumption. Their summer catch exceeds their winter catch by 100 pounds. Still fishing and trolling is carried on in the summer by three of the whale fishermen in the San Luis Bay. On Pecho Rancho, 2 miles north of Port Harford, an abalone fishery is carried on by a few men, and 5 miles farther north is another one of the same sort and size. At Port Harford also are several persons engaged in catching and drying fish, the chief species taken being holeontus. At Moro is a shallow bay with a very narrow entrance. Into this bay, mullet, CALIFORNIA. 475 flounders, smelt, and surf fishes run in considerable numbers during the spring and summer. The seine and hook and line are then vigorously plied. There is also a carp pond at Moro which has been very successful. The gathering of abalone shells is quite an important industry in this county also, being carried on chiefly at Port Harford, San Simeon, and Cayucos. There are two companies of whalers in San Luis Obispo County. One of these is at San Simeon, the other at Whaler's Point, about half a mile north of the landing at Port Harford. The first mentioned consists of several men, most of whom are from the Azore Islands. This camp has been in existence since 1865. Their outfit consists of 4 whale boats, 2 of which are worth $150 each, and the others $175 and $200 re- spectively. They also have two swivel guns, made in Eugland, and worth $200 each, and two bomb guns, made in New Haven, and worth $50 each. Their bomb lances are made in Norway, and the harpoons are manufactured at San Mateo. The entire outfit is worth from $1,000 to $1,500. The other camp, at Whaler's Point, consists of 21 men, all of whom save one Ameri- can are from the Azores, as are the men at the other whaling station. They own three boats of New Bedford make. The other items of their outfit are identical with those of San Simeon, the whole being worth about $1,500. This company was established in 1868 or 1869. The men belonging to both companies are discharged in summer and a new set is hired in the fall. Since 1865 whales have been scarce and shy. At Whaler's Point in 1878 eleven whales were taken; in 1879, nine; the season of 1880 began very poorly. There was a whale fishery carried on at Point Surbut some years ago, but it is now abandoned. MONTEREY COUNTY. Monterey is now, next to San Francisco, the most important salt-water fishing sta- tion in California. The coast is shut off from the interior by a high range of moun- tains (Sierra Santa Lucia), ruuning parallel with and close to the sea. No profitable fishing is possible along this region; farther north, however, these mountains ter- minate in the Pacific Carmelo, behind which the Carmelo River flows into the Car- melo Bay, whose coves form a harbor for whaling and fishing boats. North of this bay the range of hills forming the eastern watershed of the Rio Carmelo approaches the sea, ending in two points, Cypress and Pines, which separate the small bay of Carmelo from the much larger but very similar bay of Monterey. The lower end of Monterey Bay is, then, sheltered by the Point of Pines from southern and western storms and makes a fair harbor, being well situated for fishing and whaling. There is no regular fishing done at Carmelo, but in the river of that name a great many trout are taken and sold in Monterey at 123 cents a pound. In the spring, sal- mon ascend the river and are taken by the farmers. In the summer the water in the river is low and a bar is formed across its mouth, causing many young salmon to be- come landlocked. These are easily caught by the farmers aud whalers at Carmelo. At Pescadero is a colony of Chinese who settled there 17 years ago. They have several boats, all home-manufactured, broad, flat, and clumsy. In the fall they salt and barrel quantities of auchovy, which are used for bait the next season. Most of this bait is furnished by the colony at Soquel. At Punta Alones, 1 iniles west of Monterey, is another Chinese settlement, some- what larger than that at Pescadero. Both men and women catch and dress the fish, the latter being performed with a heavy hatchet-like knife. This colony has been settled 22 years. One of the colony is an American citizen and speaks English well. From 200 to 800 pounds of fish are shipped daily to San Francisco. Both of the colonies now considered dry an immense quantity of abalone meats and sell the shells. At certain seasons many tons of devilfish, squids, etc., are thus prepared. In 1873 fish were very abundant at Monterey, but the bay has been overfished and there is a great decrease in the abundance of certain species, especially the flounder. There is also a colony of Italians and another of Portuguese. The former use sail- boats and skiffs. They own 250 pieces of seine, each 240 feet long. With some they catch smelt, with some barracuda, and with others salmon. They have 25 gill nets and 50 bunches of set lines, in the former of which are chiefly caught rockfish, blue- cod, and rock trout. With the set lines the red rock is taken in deeper water. This mode of fishing is chiefly practiced by the Portuguese and Chinese. The Portuguese have the same number of boats as the Italians. Most of their fishing, as above sug- gested, is done with set lines; hence the species most commonly taken by them is the red rockfish, the price of which, when cleaned, is 6 cents. Most of the others obtain only 3 and 4 cents per pound. In Monterey County are two whaling companies-one at Carmelo, the other at Monterey. The former own 4 boats and in 1879 they took 1 finback, 3 humpbacks, and 3 gray whales. There are a great many fine whales on this part of the coast, but the sea is so rough in winter that for months the men dare not venture out. 476 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. The Monterey Company was started in 1855. In 1879, 14 whales and 2 basking sharks were captured. Four boats belong to this company also. At Monterey various sorts of crabs are abundant, which are never shipped and seldom eaten. SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. The beach of Santa Cruz County is for the most part sandy or shoaly, and running parallel with and north of it are bluffs of considerable height; these in some places are extended as ledges or reefs under the sea. About the reefs most of the gill-net and hook and line fishing is done. There is no harbor along the coast of the county. During the prevalence of northerly winds, or during calm weather, a landing may be made anywhere. During the southwest winds the surf is very heavy at all points, and no one ventures out in small boats. In severe storms even steamers can not land at Santa Cruz. There are three fishing towns on this coast-Santa Cruz, Soquel, and Aptos. At Santa Cruz are lateen boats, sloop-rigged boats, some skiffs and dories. Little fishing is done in winter by fishermen located there; they take advantage, however, of smooth, and therefore favorable, intervals. At summer, great quantities of rock- fish, sea bass, and barracuda are taken and shipped to San Francisco. The Santa Cruz market, important in summer, is also supplied. There is now an entire lack at this place of abalones, seaweed, and other similar products. Very little seining is done here. Surf fish, barracuda, etc., are taken in gill nets, and rockfish on set lines. In 1878, 102,733 pounds of fish were caught here, the largest catch being in September; none were taken in January, February, or March. The above number netted 85,611 pounds. The amount of fishing done at Soquel is greater than at Santa Cruz. Most of the fishing is done with gill nets, and the bulk of the catch consists of sea bass and bar- racuda. Sharks are very abundant here, and many are taken for their oil. Two great basking sharks, having become entangled in the dip nets, were taken not long ago. A basking shark yields from 130 to 160 gallons of oil. Occasionally a man- eater is obtained; one taken a few years ago contained a sea lion weighing 100 pounds. Shad have become quite abundant on Soquel Reef, and most of those sent to the San Francisco market come from this place. The average profits of the fisher- men are greater here that at any other place on the coast, except, perhaps, at Mon- terey. At Soquel there is one large gill net, 450 feet long and 45 deep with a 4-inch mesh. In 1878, 61,045 pounds of fish were caught here, netting 50,871 pounds. The largest catch was in December; no fish were taken during January, February, and March. At a point between Soquel and Aptos are about fifty fishermen, who ship their catch to San Francisco and San José, especially in summer. Fish not so sent are dried and sent by steamer from Soquel to San Francisco. In 1878, 80,818 pounds were caught at Aptos. These netted 67,349 pounds. The largest catch was in September; there were none taken in January, February, or March. Thus it is seen that in 1878, 244,596 pounds were taken in Santa Cruz County, netting 233,831 pounds. SAN MATEO COUNTY. The fisheries of this county are very inconsiderable. The towns along the ocean— Pescadero, San Gregorio, Purissima, and Half Moon Bay-are all too small to offer any local market, and their means of cominunication with the interior are so imper- fect that they can not compete with Monterey and Santa Cruz in supplying the San Francisco markets. The towns along the bay shore are small, and the shore itself is unfavorable for fishing. In supplying the San Francisco markets they could not com- pete with fishermen living in San Francisco who go down the bay in their boats and return when they have a load On the bay side of San Mateo County there is only one town which contains any fishermen. Here a company of 12 Chinamen seine in the bay and salt and dry their fish for the Chinese market of San Francisco. Both San Mateo and Redwood City are principally supplied by fish peddlers from San Francisco, who sell along the road from San Francisco to San José. Nearly all of the bay shore of this county consists of a mud flat, bare at low water; behind this flat lies a salt marsh. This marsh ren- ders fishing unfavorable to the local fishermen. An attempt is being made at Pescadero to stock ponds with native salmon and trout. These ponds are located 3 miles up the Pescadero Creek. They will also be stocked with carp. These are easier to raise and bring a good price, being preferred especially by the Germans. Tourists from San Francisco fish here for salmon in its season. The run of salmon up the creek is said to have been lessened, owing to the seals, twenty or thirty of which are often observed, in spawning season, to take up a position at the mouth of the stream, almost entirely preventing the salmon from running up. Those which escape alive, when caught, bear marks of the seal's teeth. * CALIFORNIA. 477 At Purissima there are no professional fishermen, but a good deal of hook-and-line fishing for salmon is done in Purissima Creek by tourists from San Francisco, and also by inhabitants of Half Moon Bay. There is some hook-and-line fishing done at Half Moon Bay, and also at Gregorio Creek, but there are no professional fishermen. SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY. Most of the fish, other than salmon and sturgeon, sold in the markets of San Fran- cisco and neighboring cities are obtained by fishermen resident in the city of San Francisco. The salt, canned, or otherwise preserved fish used on the Pacific coast, except that consumed by the local markets or shipped directly from Astoria, pass through the hands of San Francisco firms. For fishing products generally, on the Pacific coast, the market of San Francisco is the only one of importance. Four principal modes of fishing are carried on here: (1) Ordinary fishing by means of seines, gill-nets, and hook and line in San Francisco Bay and along neighboring shores of Marin and San Mateo Counties, outside of the bay. The great majority of the San Francisco fishermen are engaged in this mode of fishing, but the profit is very small, as the bay has been almost depleted of fish. (2) The fishing with trawl-lines outside, chiefly in the neighborhood of the Farallones. This fishery is still profitable, although the fishermen go every year into deeper water, which shows that the more shallow bottoms have been overfished. The fish taken in this manner are chiefly the differ- ent species of red rockfish. (3) The "paranzella" fishing, at present the most pro- ductive of all, which is discussed below; and (4) the purse-net fishing for shrimp and small fish, pursued by the Chinese colonies. Before presenting a discussion of each of these four modes of fishing, a short account of the boats engaged is given. Also will be added a general history of the San Francisco fishermen, each nationality having been treated separately elsewhere. There are at present about 85 fishing boats in San Francisco; 55 are lateen- rigged boats of various sizes, but all are called large, as distinguished from small ones rigged with sprit-sails, and used only for hook-and-line fishing. The large boats pay $6 per month for wharf privileges; the small ones pay $1 per month, with the under- standing that boats pay nothing when not working. There are about 5 or 6 large boats engaged in line fishing for rockfish. These prosecute no other fishery. During the summer, and when not too rough in winter also, they go to the Farallones. When they dare not venture so far, they fish along the coast or do nothing. The small boats never venture out so far, but in summer they often run north along the coast as far as Point Reyes, and on the south to Half Moon Bay. During the winter they rarely venture out of San Francisco Bay. Many of the boats suit their fishing to the time of the year. At present there are from 25 to 35 seines in use on the bay, most of these hauling on the Contra Costra and Alameda sides. The San Francisco fishermen constantly violate the State law concerning the size of mesh in their seines. The fishermen of San Francisco all live near the end of Vallejo street, about the Vallejo-street wharf. The most of them are Italians, with some Slavonians, Greeks, Portuguese, and Spaniards. Scarcely any are Americans or of Germanic races. Few of them can read; two-thirds or more are unmarried, and live in mean lodgings about the wharf, and eat in the different chop-houses and other places of low grade in the neighborhood. This region has been the fishermen's quarter since about 1850; the population changing greatly each year, some shipping as seamen and others taking their places, and others leaving entirely the San Francisco fisheries. The present great depression is driving many away. Every spring a considerable number go to the Columbia River. There are about 200 men in San Francisco who depend entirely on fishing for sup- port, 300 or 100 others who live chiefly by fishing, and nearly 1,000 more who occa sionally fish in the intervals of other jobs. About 200 fishermen own interest in the boats, the rest are hired by the trip, and are at other times waiting for a job. About 1,500 women and children are dependent on fishermen. The fishermen who have no families rent rooms in the fishermen's quarter and cook for themselves. The fish taken in the bay are chiefly herring, surf-fish, brown rockfish, sturgeon, salmon, smelt, etc. For many years the bay has been systematically overfished with nets of such small mesh that probably the bay does not contain one-twentieth the number of fish that it did 25 years ago. One immediate result of this was that fish became scarcer in the markets of San Francisco, and the price rose accordingly. This rise has been neutralized by the bringing of fish in large quantities from Monterey and Tomales Bays, and by the inauguration of the trawl-line and "paranzella" fish- ing outside. The fishermen lay most of the blame for the destruction of their business on the "paranzella" fishermen who catch and throw away great numbers of small fish, be- sides enough large ones to keep the markets well supplied. The small fish thrown away by these fishermen are, however, not the young of fishes on their way to enter } 478 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. ++ and stock the bay, as the fishermen usually claim, but for the most part deep-water fishes of no economic value, which do not enter the bay. Six or eight lateen boats, of about 5 tons each, go out about the Farallones, Point Reyes, and elsewhere, fishing with trawl-lines for rockfish. Each boat has 30 to 35 bunches of these lines, of which number from 5 to 30 bunches are laid out at a time, each hook being baited. These are anchored to buoys. Previous to 1876, fishermen working with seines for the San Francisco market made very good wages, occasionly running as high as $25 per night for each seine. In 1876, some of the fishermen secretly ordered a drag-net to be made, and took it out for trial without the other fishermen knowing it. The experiment was entirely successful, and the drag-nets have been used in San Francisco since. Their introduction natur- ally created quite a stir among the other fishermen, especially among those who had previously supplied the market with tom-cod and flounders. Threats were made to barn both drag-nets and the large boats which were used to pull them, and for sev- eral months it was necessary to keep watch over the "paranzellas." There is still a great deal of opposition to the use of these nets, fishermen com- plaining that by means of them so many young fishes, especially flounders, are de- stroyed that the fishing around San Francisco is thereby greatly injured. Fishermen say that they are in very general use along the shores of the Mediterranean. Sau Francisco is probably the only place where they have been introduced into this country. The boats are similar to those employed by Italians in other fishing, but larger. They are keeled, decked-over lateen, or, as some insist," catalonia"-rigged, and from 6 to 9 tons burden. They are intended to be stanch enough to stand the rough winter weather outside the harbor. When new, the boats, with rigging and everything complete, cost from $700 to $1,000 each. For net fishing it is necessary to have a smooth sandy bottom, with a convenient anchorage, affording sufficient protection from the prevalent winds. The only suit- able grounds within reasonable distance of San Francisco are from Point Reyes 10 miles to the southeast. During the winter, when southerly gales may be expected, the anchoring grounds are at Point Reyes, which affords sufficient protection from the storms. During the settled summer weather, when prevailing winds are from the northwest, a good anchorage is found near a group of small islands about 8 miles nearer San Francisco. They fish every day but Saturday throughout the year. One boat of each company remains on the grounds all the time, and is manned by 3 men, or, in winter, sometimes 4. The other boats, with 4 men each, alternate in carrying the fish to market. The boat that has carried the fish to market starts from San Francisco with the low tide the following morning, and reaches the anchorage sometime during the day. Nothing is done till early the next morning when, with the other boat of the same company, it proceeds to the fishing grounds. As soon as the morning breeze springs up, the net is set in the water and allowed to sink to the bottom in from 20 to 40 fathoms of water. Each boat takes a line-but little sail is made at first-and pull- ing obliquely away from each other they stretch the net. They then go slowly ahead, letting out rope according to the strength of the breeze. When the net is well "set" on the bottom, full sail is made and the net dragged for 3 or 4 miles. The sail is then lowered and each boat pulls in one wing of the net, running the rope over a block temporarily rigged up in the stern of the boat. As soon as the bag is reached it is pulled up alongside of one boat, the slit in the bag is opened, and the fish scooped out with a dip-net and ranged along the deck on each side. The remarkable fish are then chosen out and sorted and the remainder thrown overboard. On Thursdays the net is dragged twice to procure an extra supply for the Friday's market; on other days but once. Comparatively few of the fish are alive when taken from the bag, and probably none of those thrown overboard live. More than half the flounders caught are less than 8 inches in length and are thrown away. Most of these, however, are a small and nearly worthless species, and are adult fish. Fear of glutting the market is the only limit placed on the amount they take. The drag-nets destroy and waste immense quantities of fish, doubtless amounting to several hundred tons per year. Comparatively few of these, however, are imma- ture fish, and the greater part is composed of species unmarketable, either through small size or repulsive appearance. The drag-nets alone capture more fish than all taken in the bay by other modes, but do not, however, interfere in the least with the trawl-line fishing for rock-fish in deep water. Although considered as a temporary method these nets do but little harm, and have as yet probably not materially decreased the amount of fish in the vicinity of San Francisco, there is no doubt that, if continued long enough, they will do so. The use of them should be discontinued altogether, or the nets required to be of such coarse mesh as to allow the small fish to pass through, as it is certainly the most wasteful method of fishing. CALIFORNIA. 479 As soon as the "paranzellas" were introduced a large reduction took place in the price of such fish as they caught. Of course part of this is due to the same causes that have lowered the prices of all articles, but the greater part of the reduction was caused by the drag-nets. The Chinese fishermen in San Francisco County devote their attention to catching shrimp by means of purse-nets. Some small fish (herring, tomcod, sculpins, etc.) are taken with the shrimp and afterwards salted and dried. The amount of all other fish taken excepting shrimp is, however, inconsiderable. The seines are bag-shaped, deeper than wide, mostly about 10 by 25 feet, though some of them are larger. The mesh is 1 to 12 inches above, diminishing gradually to one-fourth inch in the rear part or bag, which, as in all Chinese nets, is closed with a "puckering string." The boats are long, rather narrow and sharp, flat-bot- tomed, very thick-sided, and heavy, being built by the Chinese themselves out of redwood lumber. They range from 12 to 25 feet in length. The shrimp are, when caught, put into live buckets made of basketware, with a covering of netting, also home-made. As elsewhere, the opening in the netting is closed by a sphincter or puckering string. These live shrimp are sold at 5 cents per pound. Those unsold are brought back and put into boiling brine. They are then taken out and put on the ground to dry, being spread out and turned over with a sort of broom, with the broom part at an angle with the handle, like a hoe. The ground is denuded of grass, and made bare and smooth, like a croquet ground, for the purpose of drying the shrimp. When dry they are taken and crushed under large wooden pestles, and then put through a fan- ning-mill which separates the meat from the shells. The fanning-mill is constructed on precisely the same principle as the kind used for winnowing grain. The edible part goes where the grain should, and the thin shrimp shells go off as chaff. The fanning-mill is built by the Chinese themselves, and is unpainted. This machine is about 8 feet long and 5 feet high. The pulverized meats are shipped to China or consumed in Chinatown. They are worth here 5 cents a pound. The shells are used for manure, most of them being shipped to China and sent far inland for use on the tea plantations. The shrimp shells are worth here about 25 cents per cwt. C CONTRA COSTA AND SOLANO COUNTIES. The counties of Contra Costa, on the south, and Solano, on the north, are separated by the Sacramento River. The fisheries of both counties are considerable, comprising most of the salmon fishing of the Sacramento, both for the canneries and for the city markets. Most of the sturgeon sent to the San Francisco markets also come from this region. As most of the fishing of the lower Sacramento is done by fishermen who move from place to place and have no permanent residence in either county, it will be convenient to consider these two counties together. SONOMA COUNTY. The coast of Sonoma County has no bay especially suitable for fishing, and there are, so far as we know, no persons who make their entire living by this means. At Fort Ross and at Duncau's Mills are several men who fish during the summer, and who occasionally send boxes of fresh fish by rail to the San Francisco market. In the fall salmon run in Russian River and are taken in some numbers. The total annual catch of Sonoma County can not exceed 10,000 pounds. In the interior of the county are many carp ponds, some of which have proven very profitable. MARIN COUNTY. The proximity of Marin County to San Francisco affords a steady market for its fisheries, which are, therefore, of considerable importance. Nearly all the fish taken are shipped directly to San Francisco. They are placed in long wooden boxes, head up. These boxes are a foot deep, and are capable of holding from 100 to 150 pounds of fish; the average capacity is 125 pounds. Over the fish are placed large wet cloths or sacks; the object of these is to keep the fish moist. Most of the fish are taken in Tomales Bay, a long and narrow inlet extending lengthwise through the county. The fish taken in this bay are chiefly the different embiotocoids and the flounders and smelt, with some black rockfish. In this county · there are seven active fi hing towns-San Rafael, San Pedro, Angel Island, Bolinas, Point Reyes, Marshall's, and Hamlet. The fisheries of San Rafael, the largest town in the county, are of but-little importance, the town being placed at the head of a very shallow, muddy bay, most of which is bare at low tide. The market of this place is supplied almost entirely by San Francisco. At the town of San Quentiu there are no fisheries, the market of that place, as also in part that of San Rafael, 480 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. being supplied by Italians, who fish on the Estrero, a mile or two southwest of San Quentin, with gill-nets and seines. Along the coast near Point San Pedro are two colonies of fishermen, who fish chiefly for shrimp, which are sent to San Francisco. At Angel Island is a colony of fishermen who are engaged in shrimp fishing. About Angel Island, Richardson's Island, and Sausalito the Italian fishermen from San Francisco haul their nets, but none of them, it is believed, make their home on the north shore of the bay. The fisheries spoken of as being prosecuted at Point Reyes are, more strictly speak- ing, carried on all the way from Point Reyes to the Golden Gate and the Farralones, the fishermen rarely going ashore at Point Reyes. Between those points fishermen from San Francisco fish with sweep-nets and set-lines. Near the head of Drake's Bay also fishing is carried on with seines and gill-nets. These catch about 50,000 pounds a year. Their catch is chiefly smelt. At Marshall's are a few fishermen, who fish principally at night, and send their fish to the city on the morning train. The fisheries have been extensive on Tomales Bay since 1874. For 6 years previous to that date the fish were sent from Tomales Bay to San Francisco by way of Petaluma. Overfishing has of late caused a great decrease in the abundance of the fish. In summer from 1,000 to 2,000 pounds of fish were daily shipped to Marshall's, the yearly average being 150,000 pounds. The fisheries of Hamlet are carried on by three companies, chiefly Italians. The fish, of which forty-eight boxes a day have been shipped, are sent from Hamlet to San Francisco, a box holding about 120 pounds. The coast of Mendocino County is rocky, without indentations or large streams. There are no fisheries of any im- portance anywhere within its borders, and no regular fishermen. The total annual catch can not exceed 3,000 pounds. • HUMBOLDT COUNTY. The fisheries of Humboldt County are chiefly carried on in Humboldt Bay, about Eureka, and in Eel River. Three kinds of fish are principally taken-flounders, sal- mon, and sharks. The bay is evidently gradually filling up with deposits. It has now a series of mud flats, some entirely bare, others partly so, at low water, with deep channels between them. The bottom is composed of sediment, there being no rocks excepting some ballast heaps, and on these rocks the fish are caught. The mud flats and channels serve as spawning grounds for great numbers of flounders. This bay can be easily and rapidly exhausted of its fish, and had it a more ready market it soon would be. The history of the flounder fishing, dependent entirely on hook and line, sufficiently shows this. As it is, although the bay produces at certain seasons of the year great quantities of fish, it is lacking in variety. It is claimed that the fish are of poor quality (except the salmon), owing to the nature of the bottom. Fishing in Humboldt Bay is good during only the fall and a portion of the winter, and in consequence there are but few resident professional fishermen. There are but a few Italian fishermen on the bay, the majority being Americans (including a few English, Irish, and Scotch). Often some of the Columbia River fishermen come here during the salmon season. Since 1857 and before there has been a colony of Chinese fishing in the bay with nets. Some years ago their net was destroyed. Fishermen claim that they fished all the "sole" out of the bay. Most of their fish were dried in the usual way and sent to San Francisco. Flounder fishing begins about October. Humboldt Bay used to be the spawning grounds for immense numbers of the large flounder. The fish were so abundant as to completely line the bottoms of the deep channels between the mud flats, and would bite at a hook with extreme voracity. Some flounders were caught weighing 10 pounds. It is possible that, owing to the small number now caught, this species will hold its own, but it can never be so abundant as it once was. The shovel-nosed shark, caught for its oil, was in the early days of Eureka, from 1858 to 1868, extensively caught in Humboldt Bay. This fish entered the bay at "bulling" season, about the middle of April, and remained until the end of August. At one time 50 or 60 men were engaged in the capture of the fish and trying out of the oil from its liver. This oil, in the absence of coal (not then discovered), was used largely for illuminating purposes. Much was shipped to San Francisco, where it was used for oiling machinery and adulterating other oils. In one season a man made 700 gallons of oil, which he sold for the average price of $1.25 a gallon. These sharks are from 6 to 8 feet long and yield from 3 to 8 gallons of oil apiece. The fe- males yield more oil than the male, and females with eggs yield more than at any other season. The sharks can only be caught at highest tides, when they are taken with hook and line in the deep channels between the mud flats, or they may be harpooned in shallow water. The best bait for sharks of this kind is salted seal. Seal meat is CALIFORNIA. 481 full of oil, which spreads out over the water's surface and attracts the shark's atten- tion. They have been seen to follow a narrow streak of oil till they reached the line, when they instantly went down for the bait. It is thought that their sense of smell guides them. } DEL NORTE COUNTY. In Del Norte County there is no sea fishery of any importance. There is a fall salmon fishery in Smith River, at which 500 barrels of salmon are salted. The total annual catch of fish outside of the salmon fisheries does not exceed 3,000 pounds. I C 90-31 CHAPTER II SPECIAL INDUSTRIES. Pacific coast salmon-Pack of the Sacramento River, the Columbia, the Fraser, Skeena, and other British Columbia streams, and of Alaska-Extraordinary development of the latter-Exports of canned salmon for a term of years-Cod fishing: Beginning of an important industry, annual sta- tistics of the cod-fishing fleet-The whale fisheries, their growth and decline, catch for 16 years-Walrus hunting-The mollusks: oysters, clams, mussels, and the abalone-Fur seal-Coast mackerel. THE SALMON INDUSTRY. It is just twenty-four years ago that the first salmon cannery was put in operation on this coast. William Hume is credited with inaugurating this enterprise. It was located on the Sacramento River, and did a small but profitable business. Two years later he started the first salmon cannery on the Columbia River, Oregon, packing that year 4,000 cases. From that small beginning has been developed an important trade, the pack of the coast now averaging over 1,000,000 cases per annum. At first, the Sacramento River furnished the bulk of the Salmon packed on this.coast, but of late years that stream has furnished but few fish compared with the total number caught. Whether this be the result of the shallowing of the waters of the river by the débris from hydraulic mining, or other causes, is not clear. It is known and conceded, however, that the river for the present can not be depended upon for any material supply. In ratio with the diminishing of the catch has come a lessening in the number of canneries. In the year 1885 the number of establishments packing salmon on the Sacramento was seven, and each year one has dropped out of existence, and at the present time there are but three canneries located on the river, the establishments being the following: The Carquinez Packing Company, at Benicia; the Sacramento River Packing Company, at Chipp's Island; and the Scotchler & Gibbs Packing Company, at Black Diamond. The Sacramento River fish are of a light color, and do not compare favorably in trade with the Columbia River fish, but they are considered superior to the Alaska article. The demand for the Sacramento River salmon each year is, however, fully equal to the pack, the exports being mainly to England. The annual catch of the Sacramento River fish for the past 7 years has been as fol- lows: 1883 1884.. 1885.. 1886. Cases. 160,000 1887 72, 000 48, 500 43, 700 1888. 1889. Cases. 40,000 50,000 57, 300 With the lessening of the Sacremento supplies, canners looked about for other sources and began to fish in the Columbia River and in other streams in Oregon and Washington and British Columbia. Up to 1886, as will be seen by the following table, the pack on the Columbia has increased, but of late years it has grown smaller, the latest report being that many of the full streams emptying into this river have been fished out: 1866.. 1867 1868... 1869... 1870.... 1871.... 1872.. 1873.. 1874... 1875.... 1876... 1877 Salmon pack of the Columbia River for the past twenty-four years. Cases. 4,000 | 1878 18, 000 1879 28,000❘ 1880 100,000 1881. 150,000 1882 200,000 1883 250,000 1884 250,000 1885 Cases. 460,000 480.000 530, 000 550,000 541, 300 629, 400 350,000 1886. 375,000 1887 450,000 1888 460,000 | 1889 . 620,000 553, 750 770, 350 373, 800 368, 000 328,000 The catch in the Fraser, Skeena, and other British Columbia waters cuts but little figure in the San Francisco trade, most of the product being shipped direct to ports 482 CALIFORNIA. 483 in England and Canada. Some occasional invoices, however, have been forwarded by way of this port. The fish are smaller sized than those caught in the Oregon rivers. Catch of British Columbia salmon for the past eleven years. 1879... 1880... 1881... 1882. 1883. Cases. 57, 394 1885. 61,156 1886. 173, 800 1887.. 249, 400 1888... 177, 412 1889... 138, 947 Cases. 107, 088 163, 004 202, 011 316, 015 414, 400 1884.. Late information from the Skeena River canneries report that a prodigious run of salmon is being enjoyed-the best in years. Owing to the shortness of hands the fish in stock is more than can be handled. One cannery had to throw away as many as 300 or 400 fish for this season. The run on the Naas is said to be not so good. Two Skeena canneries each have 110,000 cases packed. The other canneries on the river will average about 8,000 cases each. In looking about for new salmon-fishing grounds, canners have had their attention directed to Alaska, and thus far with favorable results notwithstanding its great dis- tance from the distributing markets of the world. Barreled salmon had been received in San Francisco for many years, but it was only seven years ago that attention was paid to canning salmon in that territory. 1883 1884 Pack of Alaska salmon from 1883 to 1889 inclusive. Cases. 36,000 1887. 45,000 1888. Cases. 190, 200 440, 000 1885... 1886. 74, 800 1889.. 120, 700 675,000 This is pretty rapid increase, and if we can do as well for the next seven years Alaska alone will furnish as much as the whole coast has averaged in the past seven. The success is all the more remarkable because in prosecuting the Alaska fisheries it has been necessary to send up complete outfits in the spring, and to take all the risks of having the men and the supplies advantageously used. This means the chartering of a vessel for a long period, as the vessel must remain idle off the coast of Alaska until the close of the packing season in order to bring down the pack. The entire pack of canned salmon on the coast, that is, in California, Oregon, Wash- ington, British Columbia, and Alaska, for the past fourteen years has been as follows: Cases. 1876. 1877.. 1878... 1879... 1880... 1881... 1882. Cases. 475, 600 504, 800 638,000 1883... 1884. 1885... 539, 600 1886 679,500 1887 911, 100 994, 800 1888.. 1889.. 1, 106, 600 985, 295 835, 713 933, 354 997, 890 SALMON PACKED IN 1889. 1, 189, 372 1,650,000 Statement showing the salmon pack of the Pacific coast in 1889, with specified locality of catch: British Columbia: Fraser River Skeena River.. Naas River.. Rivers' Inlet. Alert Bay Alaska Columbia. Cases. 304, 000 Cases. 58,250 19, 413 25,750 6, 987 414, 400 675,000 328, 000 Sacramento River Miscellaneous: Shoalwater Bay Gray's Harbor. Nehalem. 22, 800 31,000 57, 300 Tillamook Nestucca. Alsea... Suislaw. Coquille Umpqua. Coos Bay Rogue River.. Eel River.……….. Puget Sound.. Total pack 6, 000 9,000 6,000 12,000 12,000 10,000 15,000 7,000 22,000 11,000 12,000 175, 300 1,650,000 Say 484 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. January.. February. March April May June.. July. August... September. October November December Totals. EXPORTS. Exports of canned salmon in 1887 by months and value. Months. Cases. Value. 4, 512 16, 474 1,743 $24, 256 80, 846 9,001 8,706 42, 608 1, 890 10, 262 3, 982 22, 090 3, 776 22, 196 4,529 27, 472 25, 841 154, 712 51,039 295, 706 18, 973 111, 700 45, 002 264, 358 186, 467 1,065, 254 Exports of canned salmon in 1887 by countries and value. Great Britain New York and Eastern points Australia... New Zealand.. Hawaiian Islands.. Taliti... Panama Apia.. China.. Mexico Java.. Central America.. Fiji... India South America Pacific Islands.. Penang France Medan. Asiatic Russia. Manila Japan Totals December, 1887.. January February March. April. May. June July. Augnst. September October November... Totals... Countries. Cases. Value. 99, 186 $556, 643 38, 106 222, 823 30, 422 175, 398 8,329 49, 565 2, 464 14, 651 1,766 9, 555 1,600 9, 232 1,087 6, 278 786 4,826 522 3, 124 685 4,376 395 2,263 460 2,718 225 1,230 135 756 62 332 50 320 25 150 20 150 8 43 25 180 159 641 186, 467 1,065, 254 Exports of canned salmon in 1888 by months and value. Months. Cases. Value. 45, 002 19, 219 $624, 358 116, 589 7,342 1, 324 1,049 876 3, 167 44, 000 8, 367 6, 066 5, 555 20, 102 48, 800 310, 037 2, 460 15, 083 106, 011 623, 117 76, 640 431, 232 105, 935 612, 597 417, 855 2,457, 039 : CALIFORNIA. 485 Great Britain. Australia. New Zealand Hawaiian Islands China ... Japan. Java New York Tahiti. Colombia.. Central America. Mexico India.. Apia Fiji Islands France.. Tasmania Penang Pacific Islands Totals. Exports of canned salmon in 1888 by countries and value. Countries. Cases. Value. 353, 394 $2,073, 181 30, 927 183, 684 6,686 41, 844 2,218 14, 192 891 144 5,929 850 1,238 7,974 18, 162 505 104, 220 3, 060 1, 154 7, 109 546 3,224 419 2, 514 41 254 585 3, 514 397 2, 147 200 1, 200 135 895 130 781 83 518 417, 855 2,457, 093 Exports of canned salmon in 1889 by countries and value. Great Britain. New York, etc……. Australia... New Zealand Hawaiian Islands... Society Islands Navigator Islands. Central America Panama Mexico. East Indies China and Japan Germany Fiji Islands. Elsewhere Totals. San Francisco, canned San Francisco, pickled. Interior, canned. Total Countries. Cases. Value. 351, 192 $1, 894, 165 42, 559 243, 928 63, 356 6, 357 2,969 356, 092 37, 459 50, 297 1,283 9, 112 837 5, 663 505 3,338 70 465 2,976 380 2, 664 17,496 1, 122 6, 688 648 3, 325 643 3, 451 335 2, 293 475, 317 2, 636, 361 Shipments by rail in 1889. Pounds. 7,567, 780 1, 227, 210 320, 900 9, 115, 890 COD FISHING. Among the notable and increasing industries of San Francisco must be mentioned that of cod fishing, which has grown from slight beginnings in 1863-64 into a well- established business, with large capital permanently invested and employing several hundred men. The first cod bank of the North Pacific was discovered in 1863 by the crew of the Timandra, which was returning from the Amoor River, whither she had been with a cargo of merchandise from San Francisco. While becalmed in the Okhotsk Sea near Saghalien, her crew commenced fishing for pastime and ended with catching 30 tons of codfish for business. These were dried on Yerba Buena Island, in San Francisco Bay, and sold at 14 cents per pound. This success led to the fitting out of 7 vessels in 1865, and they returned with 470,000 fish, or 700 tons. The catch was profitable, and the business increased until 1870 when 21 vessels took 1,265,500 fish, or 1,850 tons. The quantity overstocked the market, and since that time the industry has consider- ably fluctuated, as the tables furnished at the conclusion of this article will show. 486 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 LOCATION OF BANKS. Notwithstanding the fact that the banks are in the North Pacific, the codfisheries are really a San Francisco enterprise, that city being the "home office" of the indus- try. The principal codfish banks of the North Pacific are in the Bering Sea, the vicin- ity of the Shumagin Islands, and the Okhotsk Sea, which last, the largest known cod- fishing ground, attracts most of our codfishing vessels and now produces more than three-fourths of our catch. The Bering Sea, though extensive in its cod banks and abounding in fish, is neg- lected, because the fish are abundant in other places more conveniently accessible. The distance to the Bering Sea is 3,500 miles, the trip down taking about 21 days. The distance to the Shumagin Islands from San Francisco is about 2,500 miles, and the trip down is usually made in about 15 days. It is 4,000 miles to the Okhotsk Sea and two vessels from that source have come down in 20 and 24 days, respectively. All the codfishing vessels of the Pacific are owned in San Francisco, and bring their catch to curing and packing houses near that city. The methods of fishing and of sending the fish to market are not the same for the Shumagin banks, where the fishing boats spend the year, as for the Okhotsk, to which latter bank the vessels make a trip every season, spending 5 months, of which 2 are occupied in catching fish. METHODS OF CATCHING. The fishing at the Shumagin banks is in shallower water than in the Okhotsk; the depth from 40 to 50 fathoms in the latter and from 20 to 40 fathoms at the former grounds. Angle or hand lines, as they are called, are used exclusively in the Okhotsk fisheries and trawl lines and occasionally hand lines at the Shumagin Islands. A line 28 fathoms in length, and several of these joined together with hooks attached at intervals of 3 or 4 feet are called a trawl line. The trawl hooks are 3 inches long, with a width from point to shank of 1 inch. The trawl lines, often 600 fathonis in length, are drawn up once in 4 hours and the catch secured. An angle or hand line has two hooks, kept apart by a piece of wire, and a lead sinker weighing 3 pounds. Every fisherman manages two lines, one on each side of him, drawing one while he lets down the other. The use of the hand line instead of the trawl in the Okhotsk fisheries is caused by sand fleas, small crustaceans, which there attack and devour the fish on a trawl line before it can be drawn. Each fisherman is supplied with a dory, or small boat, 14 feet long, similar to a canoe. Some of the dories are supplied with sails, and others with oars only, and all anchor while fishing. In these dories the fishermen leave the vessel at the break of day and are off for the fishing grounds, which may be 200 yards or 5 miles distant. They return at dark with the day's catch, though occasionally, owing to the foggy weather, they can not find their vessel and are obliged to pass the night in the do- ries, or land on some unknown shore and await the coming of the morning light. A small quantity of bait is taken from San Francisco with which to begin operations; with this the fishing is commenced, and the herring, salmon, and sculpins, which are secured at times on the hooks, serve for bait for the remainder of the time. PACIFIC VARIETIES. The average weight of codfish of the North Pacific fisheries is 3 pounds, and the maximum 11 pounds; while one-half pound is the minimum net weight after clean- ing. The fish caught in the Okhotsk fisheries are long and thin, while those at the Shumagin Islands are short and thick. There are at least two species of cod in the Pacific. TREATMENT. The cod caught are treated in a manner similar to that employed in the Newfound- land fisheries; that is, no cleaning is done by the fishermen, their exclusive duty being to fish and attend to their lines. The "dress gang" consists of a throater, header, and splitter. The codfish, after being brought on board, are first passed to the throater, who cuts their throat, and nearly severs the head from the body; thence to the header who removes the head, opens the fish, and takes out the viscera; and lastly to the splitter, who takes out the backbone and flattens out the fish. The catch is salted and packed in nests in the hold. Nesting is placing one fish inside of another, in a manner similar to nesting pails or buckets. By this system a larger quantity can be stored in a given space than by packing indiscriminately in bulk. Fishermen are paid according to their catch, at the rate of $20 for one thousand fish. The dress gang receive from $25 to $30 per month, with the exception of the splitters, who receive $45 or $50 per month. These wages include board, the owners of vessels ČALIFORNIA. 487 furnishing everything. At Kadiac Island and vicinity, where some codfishing is done, natives are employed at 75 cents or $1 per day to head, split, and salt the fish. Those caught near the Shumagin Islands are the best of the Pacific cod, and superior to those of the Labrador coast, while the finer specimens are equal to the best of the Newfoundland fisheries. The life of the Shumagin fisherman is one of ease when compared with that of his Atlantic brother. The numerous coves and inlets furnish a convenient refuge when heavy weather renders it necessary to quit fishing; and as the season lasts only during the summer months it is not probable that codfishing in the Pacific will ever be attended by the risk of life and the many discomforts in- separable from that occupation on the other side of the continent. The number of vessels of the codfishing fleet have never been the same for two con- secutive years, the business fluctuating with the demand for fish. When a good season has been experienced and a large catch secured, the industry is stimulated, and the next year the fleet is enlarged by additional vessels which are sent out. When a poor catch is the result of a season's fishing, some of the vessels seek other business. The current prices to the trade are 5 cents for the ordinary quality, and 5 cents for the selected. The boneless fish sell at 64 cents. The principal houses engaged in the codfishing industry on the Pacific coast are those of Thomas W. McCollam & Co., Lynde & Hough, A. Anderson & Co., and N. Bichard, each having a large drying yard and warehouses near San Francisco, with a capacity to store 1,800 tons of fish. As the fishing season lasts only 5 months, it is necessary to store a year's supply in extensive warehouses, which are not required on the Atlantic coast, where the fishing season lasts longer and the catch comes in small lots, which are soon sold and replaced by others. Lynde & Hough began cod- fishing in the Pacific in 1865. The curing department and warehouse is at California City, in Marion County. A large number of detached buildings, with all the neces- sary appliances, constitute the curing establishment, which is most complete in every detail. The warehouse, built on a strong wharf, is 140 feet long by 100 feet wide and two stories high, with a platform on three sides for receiving and discharging cargoes. The drying frames, or flakes, are at the south side of the warehouse in the open air, where the beneft of the sun and wind may be freely had; the latter being much preferable to the former for drying purposes. McCollam & Co. have a station on one of the Shumagin Islands, to which a large schooner makes three trips every season from San Francisco, taking up salt, pro- visions, and other supplies, and bringing down the catch. In this way a constant and regular supply of fresh-caught fish is secured, doing away with the necessity of keeping a large stock at San Francisco. Their curing establishment at Pescada Landing, opposite Sausalito, consists of a warehouse 120 feet long by 100 feet wide, a wharf 30 by 100 feet, flake-yard 100 by 180 feet, and 2 boarding houses, each 20 by 30 feet. The remainder of the codfishing industry on this coast is in the hands of A. Anderson & Co. and N. Bichard, the latter of whom has a curing and drying estab- lishment on Kershaw's Island, near Sausalito, in San Francisco Bay. The codfishing industry has not advanced since 1878, and indeed there has been a steady diminution of the catch each year since that time. This, however, is not owing to any falling off in the immense deposits of the Pacific, the greatest in the world, but by the competition of Easterners restricting the consumption and keeping down the price. We have a good export trade in which Australia takes the lead, shipments there hardly ever averaging less than a thousand boxes monthly. The following tables, were prepared for this report by the McCollam Fishing and and Trading Company: Statistics of the codfish catch for 1875, and for from 1880 to 1890, inclusive. SEASON OF 1875. Rig. Vessel. Tonnage. Grounds. Crew. Catch in fish. Schooner Undaunted Do... Alfred Adams 85 Shumagin Islands ...do 16 Do... Wild Gazelle.. 114 ...do Do... Do.... Dashing Wave... Page... 149 ...do. 110 ..do.. 29220 46,000 56,000 93,000 Total 18 362, 000 95,000 72,000 488 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Statistics of the codfish catch for 1875, and for from 1880 to 1890, inclusive-Continued. SEASON OF 1880. Rig. Vessel. Catch in Tonnage. Grounds. Crew. fish. Schooner Alfred Adams 85 Pirate Cove Station, 3 trips. 7 139,000 Do... Wild Gazelle 114 Shumagin Islands, 2 trips 20 149, 000 Do.. Arago 180 Okhotsk Sea... 25 125,000 Do... Page... 110 ....do 18 60, 000 Brig Barkentine Do... Glencoe.... 179 .do 25 120,000 Constitution…….. 247 ...do .do.. 35 .... 165, 000 Fremont... 328 Do... San Luis... 273 ...do ..do 40 220,000 35 225,000 Total. 1,203, 000 SEASON OF 1881. Schooner Alfred Adams 85 Pirate Cove Station, 3 trips.. 7 154,000 Do... Wild Gazelle. 114 Shumagin Islands 7 - 75,000 Do.. Page.. 110 ...do 18 68,000 Do... Barkentine. Constitution. Brig Barkentine Do...... Total Arago Glencoe Fremont.... San Luis. ...do.... 328 ....do... 273...do. 180 Okhotsk Sea 25 90,000 247 ...do.... 35 185,000 179 25 103, 000 40 201, 000 35 185, 000 1,061, 000 SEASON OF 1882, Schooner Do... Ariel Wild Gazelle 120 Shumagin Islands.. 18 114 Pirate Cove Station, 3 trips Do... Page... 110 Shumagin Islands. 18 878 49, 000 203,000 31, 000 Do... General Miller .do.. 18 Lost Do... H. L. Tiernan 153 ...do.. 20 Ashore Do... Dashing Wave. 149 ...do... 20 60,000 Do... Adrianna ..do... 18 54,000 Do.. Isabel. 176 Bering Sea 25 50, 000 Brig Tropic Bird. 177 .do.. 25 82,000 Schooner. Arago... 180 Okhotsk Sca.. 25 111,000 Barkentine San Luis 273 ...do.... 35 185,000 Brig Glencoe 179 ...do.... 35 . . . . Barkentine Do.... Fremont Constitution 328 ..do…... 247 .do.. 40 204, 000 35 72, 000 14,000 Total 1, 241, 000 SEASON OF 1883. Schooner Wild Gazelle 114 Shumagin Islands. 16 85,000 Do... W. H. Stevens 147 ....do.. 20 77,000 Do.... Wild Gazelle 114 ...do.. 16 90,000 Do... Frances Alice 175 ..do.... - 20 60, 000 Brig Tropic Bird... 177 Bering Sea. 25 90,000 Schooner Do.... Do... Barkentine.. Schooner Do. Do.. Barkentine Do... Schooner John Hancock. 148 ..do... 25 80,000 Bonanza 135 Shumagin Islands.. 20 52, 000 Isabel 185 Okhotsk Sea .... 22 105, 000 Fremont. 323 ..do.. 42 -- 186,000 Dashing Wave 149 Shumagin Islands.. 20 44,000 Una 199 Okhotsk Sea 30 " 118, 000 Arago.. 186 ...do…. 25 96,000 Constitution 243 ...do. 35 150,000 San Luis. 273 ....do. 40 150,000 Brig Schooner Total Hera... Glencoe... Czar 369 ...do. 40 190,000 179 ....do………. 22 95,000 144 Shumagin Islands. 16 60,000 3, 260 434 1,735, 900 CALIFORNIA. 489 Statistics of the codfish catch for 1875, and for from 1880 to 1890 inclusive-Continued. SEASON OF 1884. Rig. Vessel. Tonnage. Grounds. Crew. Catch in fish. Three-masted | Hera 369 Okhotsk Sea 40 135,000 schooner. Bark Brig H. W. Almy 299 Bering Sea. 35 185,000 Tropic Bird 177 Okhotsk Sea ….. 25 82,000 Schooner Barkentine Do .. Schooner Czar 137 Shumagin Islands.. 17 249,000 Fremont 328 Okhotsk Sea 40 118,000 J. A. Falkinberg 295 ....do 40 136, 000 Arago 177 ..do 25 80,000 - Three masted John Hancock 148 Bering Sea and Shumagin 25 96, 000 schooner. Islands. Schooner Barkentine Dashing Wave 141 ..do 20 85,000 San Luis 290 Okhotsk Sea 35 90,000 Do.. Constitution.. 247 ..do 35 104, 000 Schooner Frances Alice 131 ...do.. (via Apia) 12 40, 000 Brig W. H. Meyer 246 ..do 30 90,000 Do.. Schooner Glencoe Isabel 179 ...do 25 42,000 176 ...do 25 90,000 Total 3, 340 429 1,622, 000 ! SEASON OF 1885. Schooner Do.. Czar. 137 Shumagin Islands. 15 68, 000 Arago 177 ...do ... 20 50,000 Do. John Hancock……. 148 - ...do 16 64, 000 Do.. Dashing Ware….. 149 ....do .... 16 100,000 Bark Helen W. Almy 264 Bering Sea 35 182,000 Schooner Isabel... 185 Shumagin Islands. 18 85,000 Barkentine Constitution 243 Okhotsk Sea 35 120,000 Brig Tropic Bird.. 177 ..do ... 20 79,000 Schooner Frances Alice 175 Shumagin Islands. 18 35,000 Barkentine San Luis... 273 Okhotsk Sea... 35 118,000 Do... Fremont. 323 .do.. 35 135,000 Do... Jane A. Falkinberg. 299 Bering Sea 35 120,000 Schooner Czar 137 Shumagin Islands. 15 120,000 Do... ...do 137 ....do.. 15 98,000 Total 2, 821 328 1, 374, 000 SEASON OF 1886. Barkentine. Do.. Do... Do Schooner H. W. Almy Fremont.. Constitution San Luis. J. A. Falkinberg Dashing Wave Schooner Czar 137 Pirate Cove and Sauak stations, 3 trips. Do.. Dashing Wave... 141 Shumagin Islands Do.. Isabel 176 Bering Sea. Do. Frances Alice 131 ..do Do.. John Hancock. 148 Shumagin Islands. Bark 299 Bering Sea 328 Okhotsk Sea.. 40 9 265, 000 23235 20 58,000 92,000 12 69,000 41, 000 170,000 140, 000 247 ....do 25 273 ....do 35 295 ...do do... 40 Do.. Arago 141 Shumagin Islands. 180 Okhotsk Sea... 2245 84,000 102, 000 100, 000 20 50,000 60, 000 Total 2,496 311 1,231,000 K SEASON OF 1887. Schooner. Do... Jno. Hancock. Isabel 148 Shumagin Islands. 25 176 ..do Do... Czar... 137 Pirate Cove and Sanak stations, 3 trips Do... Dashing Wave. 141 Shumagin Islands. Barkentine Constitution 247 Bering Sea Schooner. Arago. 180 Shumagin Islands. - KL POUR 80,000 25 80,000 9 20 299,000 78,000 Barkentine . Fremont 328 Okhotsk Sea Do... J. A. Falkinberg 295 ....do... Total 1, 652 25 40 40 157, 000 219 1, 135, 000 35 185,000 76,000 180,000 490 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATEŠ. ! Statistics of the codfish catch for 1875, and for from 1880 to 1890 inclusive-Continued. SEASON OF 1888. Rig. Vessel. Tonnage. Grounds. Crew. Catch in fish. Schooner. Czar 137 Pirate Cove and Sanak station, 9 301, 000 3 trips. Do.. Dashing Wave. 141 Shumagin Islands. 20 70,000 Do.. Arago... 180 ..do 25 103,000 Barkentine. Constitution 247 Bering Sea. 35 191,000 Do... Fremont.. 328 Okhotsk Sea... 40 175,000 Do... Falkinberg.. 295 ...do………. 40 110,000 Schooner Isabel 176 Shumagin Islands. 25 Lost Do.... Eliza Miller... Pirate Cove.. 7 71, 000 Total 1,501 201 1,051, 000 SEASON OF 1889. Schooner. Czar 137 Pirate Cove and Sanak stations, 3 strip. Do Do.. Barkentine Do... Dashing Wave. 141 Shumagin Islands Arago 180 ..do Fremont.. 328 Okhotsk Sea J. A. Falkinberg 295 ..do Total 1, 081 SEASON OF 1890-(June 1). 9 325,000 20 95,000 25 65, 000 40 170.000 40 157, 000 144 812, 000 Schooner Do.... Do..... J. Hancock…. Do..... Arago. Do.... Vanderbilt Czar.. Dashing Wave 137 Pirate Cove and Sanak stations 9 *115, 000 141 Shumagin Islands. 100, 000 20 80, 000 148....do 25 (1) 180 ..do 25 (†) 98 Bering Sea.. 15 (†) Barkentine Falkinberg Do... Fremont.. Total 295 Okhotsk Sea.. 40 (t) 328 ..do 40 (†) 1,327 174 *One trip to date. † Пave not yet returned. Record of the North Pacific codfish trade from its inception to 1889, inclusive. Year. No. of vessels. Fish caught. Year. No. of vessels. Fish caught. 1865 7 1866.. 18 1867 19 469, 400 724,000 943, 400 1878 12 1, 190, 000 1868 10 1869. 19 608, 000 1,032, 000 1879... 1880. 1881 13 1, 409, 000 8 1, 203, 000 8 1,061, 000 1882.. 14 1870.. 21 1, 265, 500 1883 17 1,241,000 1, 735, 000 1871... 11 772,000 1884 15 1, 622, 000 1872... 5 300,000 1885.. 14 1,374,000 1873 7 550,000 1886 12 1, 231, 000 1874 6 381, 000 1887 1875 5 362, 000 1888 1876... 10 758, 000 1889. 00 30 LO 8 8 5 1, 135, 000 1,051, 000 812, 000 1877.. 10 750,000 THE WHALE FISHERIES. Soon after the first settlement in New England, its ungrateful soil drove many of its inhabitants to sea for a support, and they found a large reward for their skill as. shipbuilders and mariners in whaling. Their success commanded the admiration of the Europeans in the middle of the last century. When Edmond Burke, within a CALIFORNIA. 491 month before the battle of Bunker Hill made his great speech to the British Parlia ment in favor of a conciliatory policy towards the colonies, he found one of the chief topics for his praise of the Americans in their whaling fleet. In a passage that will never grow stale, he said: "No sea but what is vexed by their fisheries. No ciimate that is not witness to their toils. Neither the perseverance of Holland, nor the activity of France, nor the dexterous and firm sagacity of English enterprise ever carried this most perilous mode of hardy industry to the extent to which it has been pushed by this recent people-a people who are still, as it were, but in the gristle, and not yet hardened into the bone of manhood." At that time Massachusetts had 300 whaling vessels averaging 90 tons each, three- fifths of them employed in the North, and the remainder in the South, Atlantic. The Revolutionary war reduced the business to relative insignificance, but it soon began to revive after peace and independence was secured. FIRST WHALERS IN THE PACIFIC. In 1791, six American whalers appeared in the Pacific and made such favorable reports of their work that there was a rapid increase in the number. The war of 1812 drove most of them from the sea, but after 1815 they returned with increased force; and a few years later began to appear on the coast of California. When Cap- tain Beechey entered San Francisco in November, 1826, with an English exploring vessel, he found seven American whalers anchored at Sausalito, a favorite place of resort for them. They found fresh water there, cut firewood on Angel Island, and sent boats occasionally to San Francisco for supplies of various kinds. Their ac- counts of San Francisco Bay, and of the climate and soil of the surrounding country, gave rise to the American desire for the acquisition of California. The whalers in the North Pacific continued to increase until 1855, when they had reached the number of 500, and nearly all had their ports of rendezvous and refitting in the Hawaiian Isl- ands. In 1854 the catch of 525 whalers included 60,000 barrels of whale and sperm oil, and 700 tons of bone. Once in 4 years each vessel returned to her home port, which, for most of them, was New Bedford; and the sailors who had managed to economizę their shares often obtained enough on a single cruise to enable them to acquire a comfortable home. DECLINE OF THE INDUSTRY. After 1855 there was a gradual decrease in the number, until the beginning of the civil war, which occurred at the time when the large supply of petroleum began to supersede whale and sperm oil for illuminating and lubricating purposes. Most of the whalers in the North Pacific were then withdrawn from the business. Of those which remained in 1865, the rebel cruiser Shenandoah burued 34; and in 1871, 32, aud in 1876, 14 were lost in the ice of the Arctic. The whalers continued to rendezvous in the Hawaiian Islands till 1865, when they began to come to San Francisco, where supplies could be obtained a cheaply as in Honolulu. One of the motives of the change was that the Hawaiian Government would not allow a whaling vessel to carry a native of the islands away without giv- ing a bond in the sum of $600 for his return. Now, all winter in San Francisco. The whaling industry is not pursued now by the Californians with so much energy as it was a hundred years ago by the New Englanders, because it now yields less profit. Massachusetts has a harsh sky, a sterile soil, and no mines; while in the last century whales were abundant near her coast and in all the oceans; and oil and bone were relatively much more valuable than in our day. The whales have become scarce and wild, and must be chased into the ice, where twice within the last 10 years con- siderable portions of the whaling fleet were lost. It is true that California is not adding much to the number of her vessels engaged in this chase; but while she occu- pies a nearly stationary condition, Massachusetts has for the last quarter of a century been rapidly retrograding, for she has not now one-third so many vessels in the whale fishery as she had in 1855. WHALING IN THE PACIFIC. The whaling of the North Pacific is now exclusively in the hands of the Americans, and all, or nearly all, the vessels make up their crews and discharge their cargoes in San Francisco. This port has, however, been the place of rendezvous for the New England whaling ships for less than 10 years, and whether it will succeed in main- taining its monopoly is very doubtful. At present it has the only large supply of sailors on the coast, and the only large stock of such articles as whaling vessels re- quire; but the time is not far distant when Portland, Seattle, and Victoria will have everything that whalers need, and they have the advantage of being much nearer 492 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. to the whaling ground. San Francisco has, however, many attractions which they can never equal. It is not probable that whaling will entirely desert San Francisco as it has deserted the Atlantic ports of France, south of latitude 46 degrees, where it once had its chief seat. The shore, sperm, and Arctic have been the three main divisions of the whaling indus- try on our coast. The gray whale is found near the shores of California and Lower California in the winter, and can be taken there with less effort than in any other place. To pursue him is the main purpose of the shore whaler, who lives either in his ship or on the land. The land whalers have stations on the shore, the men go- ing out in whaleboats and towing their victims to an anchorage, where the blubber is tried out. The sperm whale prefers the warm portions of the ocean, where he can be taken at any time of the year. Ship whaling for the gray has been unprofitablo for years, and nothing is now done in it. The Okhotsk was for a long time the best place for taking the right and bowhead whales, but has been exhausted, and the ships go to the Bering or Arctic Sea, spending the season, from March to November, in their cruise. SHORE WHALING" IN CALIFORNIA. In 1851, Captain Davenport, an old whaling master living at Monterey, observing the number of whales passing the harbor, organized a company of men to engage in whaling while living on the land. He had a whaleboat in which he sallied out when his game came in sight, and, having killed his victim, towed it to the shore, where he had tackle for taking off the blubber, pots for trying it out, and cabins for his party. He was successful, and his example was imitated at a dozen places, from Cape Mendocino to Point Abanda, in Lower California, some of the stations being main- tained for 15 years with profit. All are abandoned save those at San Luis Obispo, Point Conception, and San Simeon, each of which has a score of men and takes on an average about 500 barrels of oil in a year, though the catch varies greatly. Tho business is in the hands of the Portuguese almost exclusively. From April until September the men engage in farming near the stations, but em- ploy a lookout, and when he announces the appearance of a whale they take to their boats; and from October until March they spend in their boats, going out every day if not stormy, to a distance of eight or ten miles from land, to watch for their game. Monterey has a crew regularly engaged in the common fishery of the bay, who go out to attack whales coming in sight, but do not watch for them. The boats of the land whalers are of the same size and pattern as those used by the Arctic whalers. The oil from the land stations is now nearly all gray and the gallon is worth 5 cents less than that from the Arctic. The number of whales is steadily decreasing, and those passing the shore of California are becoming more timid, so that the business of land whaling will probably cease within ten years. These land companies pay a premium to their captain and mate, usually $200 or $300 a year-the term of mutual engage- ment-and divide the remainder of the not receipts equally among all the members. The whale is still first attacked by throwing a hand harpoon, fastened to a boat by a line, as in the last century; but of recent years an additional and very effective weapon has been found in the bomb lance, an iron tube 20 inches long and an inch in diameter, loaded with powder, and prepared to explode soon after striking. When the harpoon has taken hold, the bolt is at once shot into the whale from a gun, and the explosion often disables the victim or kills it immediately; if not, others are fired at every good opportunity, until a dozen may be spent on a single whale. The average number may be three. The bomb costs $4, and is considered indispensable for the equipment of every whaleboat. In the chase of the California gray, called the "devil fish," because of its violent lashing of the water and its fury in attacking boats, the harpoon is shot from a gun, which throws a bomb at the same time. The gun enables the boat to remain at a greater distance, and thus relieves the whale fish- erman from the chief danger of being struck by the first sweep of the tail. The har- poon gun is not considered necessary in attacking the bowhead and right whales. WHALES OF THE NORTII. The whales of the North Pacific are the gray, the finback, the humpback, the fin- ner, the bowhead, the right, the sulphur, and the sperm. The gray, or California gray, is found only in the Pacific, north of latitude 20 degrees, and is most abundant near the American coast. It is a migratory animal, spending its winters on the edge of the torrid zone, and its summers in or near the Arctic, traveling southward from October to January, inclusive, and northward from May to Angust. There is no method of ascertaining the time that any one whale requires for making its semi- annual voyage of 4,000 miles. It was the opinion of Captain Scammon that about 10,000 whales visited the coasts of California and Lower California in 1874, and the number passing so near the land as to be visible from the shore whaling stations was $ 493 CALIFORNIA. then forty daily in the middle of the "down season," or period of southward migra- tion. The female, when about to give birth to her calf, in December or January, seeks the shallow water of a bay or inlet on the ocean side of lower California, where, if not disturbed, she will remain, with brief visits to the open water, for sev- eral months. She suckles hor calf for six or eight months, and watches over it with maternal solicitude and a devotion that often costs her life. The yield of gray in oil is 20 barrels on the average, but has risen in a large female to 70. The female reaches a length of 45 and the male 35 feet-one instance, at least, in nature, of feminine superiority. In its migrations the gray likes to keep near the land, and when it has reached the regions where it spends its months of rest, it seeks water either shallow or not very deep, and these habits, different from most other whales, have led to peculiar methods of killing it. According to Captain Scammon the number which visited the coast of Lower California annually, was 30,000 in 1854, and 10,000 in 1874, a rapidity of decrease justifying his fear that ere long this mammal will be "numbered among the extinct species of the Pacific." The bowhead or polar whale, the chief object of the whaler's pursuit in the North Pacific, has an average length of 45 feet, and yields 100 barrels of oil and three- quarters of a ton of whalebone, The best Pacific whaling grounds for the bowhead are now in the Arctic, but formerly were in the Okhotsk, and some are still found there and in the Boring Sca. The humpback is a larger whale and has a more extended range than the gray. It is found in both great oceans, on both sides of the equator, and in the North Pacific, instead of restricting itself to the vicinity of the American continent; it also visits the waters near China. THE CATCH OF 1887. Oil and whalebone brought to San Francisco by the whaling fleet for season of 1887. Vessels owned in San Fran- cisco. Oil. Whalo- bone. Vessels owned in New Bed- ford. Oil. Whale- bono. Bbls. Pounds. Bbls. Oroa Boluga 2, 800 Pounds. 47,000 Cape Horn Pigeon. 657 1,500 5,000 29,000 Josephine... Thrasher. 1,375 2,500 14,000 38,000 J. A. Howland. 780 Narwhal 1, 087 18,000 13, 500 Abram Barker 675 Ilidalgo Balena.. Grampus. Wanderer Coral. J. A. Hamilton Bounding Billow Sea Breeze.. Ino.. Hunter. E. F. Herriman Northern Light Stamboul. 1, 275 22, 400 13,500 Mary and Susan………… 750 1,972 24, 000 18, 500 Young Phoenix.. 600 800 14,000 C. W. Morgan 13,000 1, 350 11, 000 600 6, 000 Ohio Second. 670 7,500 3,000 450 10, 600 - • • 480 1, 100 700 8,000 15, 000 1,500 12, 800 Lydia Fleetwing. William Bayliss. Belvidere... Lucretia Ohio 800 8,000 690 15,000 • 450 9,000 1, 400 20,000 • 1,000 17,000 65 · 540 1,500 5,000 Reindoor. 860 • 1, 120 16,000 19, 400 Lancer 685 10, 200 160 2,800 Androw Hicks Eliza .-- Francis Palmer 800 600 8,000 13,000 Mars.. 385 241 4,000 Ocean 6, 000 Illon Mar... 450 700 15, 000 11, 000 18, 624 305, 100 Total Now Bedford ships' catch. 14, 442 Total San Francisco ships' 221, 100 catch.. 18, 624 305, 100 33,066 526, 200 NOTE.-Market value of oil at 25 cents per gallon... Market value of bone at $1.90 per pound…. Total value..…………….. $261, 985 1, 220, 180 $1,482, 165 494 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE CATCH OF 1888. Oil and whalebone brought to San Francisco by the whaling fleet for season of 1888. Vessels owned in San Fran- cisco. Oil. Bone. Vessels owned in New Bod- ford. Oil. Bone. Bbls. Pounds. Orca. Beluga.. Bbls. Pounds. 1,700 35,000 Cape Horn Pigeon • 875 9,700 900 10, 360 Josephine... Thrasher.... Narwhal. 850 10, 000 450 8,000 J. A. Howland. 540 14, 400 600 9,000 Abram Barker. Balena 100 1,000 20,000 Mary and Susan Grampus. 2,300 700 226 5,000 Young Phoenix... Jesse H. Freeman. 2,300 250 4,000 Rosario C. W. Morgan 525 4,500 11, 087 Ohio Second.. J. A. Hamilton. 240 4,500 1,700 Lydia. Alton. 550 40 2,000 Hunter. William Bayliss. 5, 400 750 15, 400 500 12,000 Belvidere Hidalgo. 600 7,500 60 4,000 Bounding Billow Lucretia... 150 3,700 200 8, 500 Reindeer... 450 Sea Breeze…. 10, 500 475 13, 000 Lancer. --- Northern Light... 225 8,700 175 3,500 Mars... 450 E. F. Herriman 350 3, 500 10, 000 Ocean. 527 Stamboul. 222 4,000 John and Winthrop. 11,000 250 Eliza... 400 14,000 Tamerlane. 70 Coral. 400 5,000 Andrew Hicks.. 610 Helen Mar. 12,400 300 Triton.... 50 Ino.. 6, 100 Lagoda.. 80 J. P. West. 2,200 240 5,000 Total Total 7,890 8, 176 135, 200 185, 047 Total New Bedford ships' catch.. Total San Francisco ships' catch. Total. • NOTE.-Market value of oil at 35 cents per gallon. Market value of bone at $2.25 per pound.. Total value.... THE CATCH OF 1889. Oil. Bone. Barrels. Pounds. 7,890 135, 200 8, 176. 185, 047 16, 066 320, 247 $168, 693 720, 555 889, 248 Oil, bone, and ivory brought to San Francisco by the whaling fleet for season of 1889. Arrived. Vessel. Oil. Bone. Ivory. Bbls. Lbs. Lbs. July 22 Lagoda Aug. 28 Thomas Pope. Sept. 9 John and Winthrop. Oct. 9 Coral 15 Stamboul... 25 C. W. Morgan 27 1,600 39, 390 293 30,000 7,700 1,100 13,000 625 7,000 600 6,000 31 Lydia Nov. 1 3 3 J. P. West. 30 Cape Horn Pigeon.. Alton... Sea Breeze J. A. Howland.. 750 8,000 960 10, 600 790 7, 200 1,900 200 (*) (*) (*) 310 6, 200 3 Hunter a 158 3,200 100 3 Reindeer 380 7,700 5 Belvidere. 125 3, 850 5 Lancer 149 4, 205 11 M. H. Thomas 1,500 400 11 Rosario.. 100 3, 120 100 11 Northern Light... 300 6, 200 12 Wanderer 110 2, 035 12 Abraham Barker 125 2,700 12 | Grampus. 165 5, 040 12 Josephine 12 Jane Gray. 13 60 1,366 100 1, 400 Balena.... 225 5,600 CALIFORNIA. 495 THE CATCH OF 1889-Continued. Oil, bone, and ivory brought to San Francisco by the whaling fleet, etc-Continued. Arrived. Nov. 13 Hidalgo 13 Narwhal 13 Orca... 14 14 15 15 Jas. Allen Andrew Hicks Thrasher.... J. H. Freeman b 15 Wm. Bayliss. 15 A. Knowles. Lucretia c. Point Hope Station d Vessel. 16 Triton.. 17 La Ninfa e. • 18 B. Billow 18 Alexander. 18 Alaska f · 18 Beluga. 18 Ocean Pacific Steam Whaling Station g 19 Helen Mar 21 23 26 2222*** Mars 21 Eliza Tamerlane.. Wm. Lewis h E. T. Herriman 26 Sea Ranger i. Total Oil. Bone. Ivory. Bbls. Lbs. Lbs. 400 700 14, 100 260 4, 200 90 8,800 3,800 836 18, 500 155 3,200 85 2,200 50 1,300 4, 200 3,900 200 10 2, 100 (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 1,500 10,000 247 4,500 8,000 90 3,600 160 5, 200 (*) (*) (*) 130 1,565 64 1,700 175 5,000 300 1,000 13,000 150 3,500 14, 127 310, 371 9, 200 * Clean. a And two bear, two mink, and twenty-two fox skins. b And one hundred and twenty-six skins. c Lost in the Arctic and bone brought down by the Thomas Pope. d Brought down by the Thomas Pope. e And one hundred and twenty fox skins. ƒ And one hundred fur skins. g Brought down by the John and Winthrop. h And one hundred and ten fur skins. i And ten fox and four bear skins. NOTE. The catch of sperm oil is steadily diminishing. In 1887 it was 380 barrels; in 1888 it was 256 barrels; and in 1889 it was 210 barrels. THE CATCH OF SIXTEEN YEARS. Statement showing catch of bone, oil, and ivory, together with number of vessels of the Pacific whaling fleet from 1874 to 1889, inclusive. 1874... 1875... 1876... 1877 1878.. 1879.. 1880... 1881. 1882... 1883. 1884. 1885... 1886... 1887... 1888.... 1889... Year. 1 No. of vessels. Oil. Bone. Ivory. Barrels. 11 10,000 12 16, 300 Pounds. 86, 000 157,000 Pounds. 7,000 25, 400 7 2,800 8, 800 7,000 20 13, 900 139, 600 74, 000 21 9,000 73, 300 30,000 22 17,400 127, 000 32, 900 20 23, 200 339, 000 15, 300 26 21,800 354, 500 15, 400 30 21, 100 316, 600 17,800 37 12, 300 160, 200 23, 100 40 20, 373 295, 700 5,421 43 24, 844 451, 038 43 37, 260 304, 530 6, 564 2,850 41 33, 066 526, 200 44 16, 066 320,247 48 14, 127 310, 371 9, 200 496 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. WALRUS HUNTING. Whaling vessels now generally devote part of their time, when they can not find larger game, to the walrus, which they kill with a rifle. Each full-grown walrus yields, on an average, 20 gallons, worth $7, and 35 pounds of ivory, worth $21, making the gross value of each animal about $28 at present prices. At least three out of four killed, however, are lost, for they sink almost immediately, if they are in the water, which they generally succeed in reaching, if shot on the ice or on the beach. The wal rus furnishes a considerable portion of the food supply of the Esquimaux, and its de- struction must make it more difficult for them to support themselves. Of the twenty vessels in the North Pacific whaling fleet of 1880, fifteen killed the walrus. The ani- mal is most abundant in the ice-fields of the Arctic, but is frequently seen on the shores of Alaska as far south as the southern side of the peninsula. MOLLUSKS. OYSTERS. Oysters are found on our coast from Central America to Alaska, and there are con- siderable beds of them in many of the bays and inlets, especially in Yaquina, Tilla- mook, and Shoalwater Bays, in Natard's Inlet and in Puget Sound. Humboldt and Coos Bays, however, are exceptions; for no oysters have been found there, perhaps because they receive too much fresh water, or have muddy bottoms on which the oyster spawn can not live. The largest and most palatable of the indigenous Pacific oysters have their home in the Gulf of California, but the extensive beds there have little commercial value as they are remote from the centers of population and wealth, and there is no regular, swift, and frequent communication to transport the delicaté bivalves to the market before spoiling. These beds may continue to remain for many years undisturbed, while we send large sums every year to New York for our supplies. The first attempt to supply San Francisco with Pacific oysters was made in 1850 by Captain Feltstead, who took a cargo from Shoalwater Bay. They died before reach- ing the market, but Anthony Ludlum repeated the experiment the next year, and made a success of it. Shoalwater Bay supplied all the fresh oysters to the Californian metropolis for 10 years, but the bivalves there were nearly all killed in the winter of 1861-62, either by too much cold or too much fresh water. The oyster men then turned their attention to a small bed in Natard's Bay, an estuary 50 miles south of the Co- lumbia River; but as the entrance was small, they soon abandoned that place for a larger bed in Yaquina Bay, in latitude 44° 40'. This bed and one near Olympia, were the chief reliance of the San Francisco market for several years, until a new growth of young oysters could occupy the Shoalwater bed. The annual catch at the latter place is now about 3,000 sacks of 100 pounds each, while it is 12,000 at Olym- pia, and 600 at Yaquina. Half of the Olympia catch goes to the San Francisco mar- ket. There are about 1,500 of the Oregon or Washington oysters in a bushel, and 50 of them are required for a plate of stew, which is sold in the San Francisco restaurants for 25 cents. The annual oyster crop of Shoalwater Bay was $200,000 about 1870. The completion of the Central Union Pacific Railroad in 1869 made a change in the oyster market, by making it possible to bring the New York oysters alive across the continent. They were brought when a year old-less in size than a silver quarter of a dollar, 1,500 of them in a bushel-and planted in San Francisco Bay, which proved to be remarkably well fitted to fatten them, though the mud bottom would not per- mit their spawn to live. At the end of the first year, 600 fill a bushel, in 2 years, 300, and in 3 years, 200. The experiment was so successful that they were brought by the car load to the number of 40,000,000 in a year. The fattening-beds first used are north of the Golden Gate, but these, perhaps be- cause of the occasional excess of fresh water from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, are now abandoned, or at least in much less favor than the beds on the southern arm of the bay. In San Francisco there are three or four firms, each having 200 acres of oyster beds, all of which are between high and low tide, so that they are bare every day. They are covered with shells or stone, for the oyster does not thrive in the mud. Each bed is surrounded by a fence of pickets 6 inches apart, costing $500 a mile, to protect the mollusk against the stingray, a flat fish from 8 to 24 inches across, which is very fond of the bivalve, and would soon clean off a bed if allowed free access. This enemy is not more than 2 inches thick and could easily pass between the stakes if he could or would turn himself edgewise, but he never does. After he has once been fenced out, the oysters are safe so long as the stakes are not disturbed. It is on account of this enemy that the beds are above low tide. The bottom can be inspected every day, to ascer- tain whether a stingray has entered, and if so, he can be caught and killed without & 497 CALIFORNIA. serious difficulty. These fishy gourmands are not in the bay during the rainy season, perhaps because the water is then too brackish for them; but their presence, for at least half the year, may be the cause of the scarcity of indigenous oysters in the bay and coves of California. After oysters have been planted 3 years in San Francisco Bay, and have grown so that 200 of them make a bushel, they are gathered and divided into two qualities, the first selling for $3 and the second for $2 by the 100. The total annual sales of the New York transplanted and Oregon and Washington oysters in San Francisco amount, at wholesale prices, to $1,000,000; and the capital invested in the oyster beds is $300,000, and in boats, tools, etc., $100,000 more. The number of men-em- ployed is about 100. Those who tong, sort, and pack for shipping receive $35 per month and board, the wages being about 10 per cent. higher here than in the East- ern oyster fisheries. Large oysters have been brought in ice from New York to San Francisco, but not in quantities large enough to deserve more than mere mention. Several attempts have been made to send the oysters of the Gulf of California to San Francisco by sailing vessel and steamer, but all proved unprofitable. Those few of the mollusks which arrived in good condition were received with favor, but the great majority died on the way. It is not improbable that the Mexican oyster would multiply in the bay of San Diego and in that of Santa Margarita, on the west coast of Lower California; and the time is perhaps not far distant when better accommodations can be provided on the steamers for the Mexican oysters than they had when sent on their travels before. Nearly 300 tons of canned oysters are sent from Baltimore and New York to the Pacific coast annually. CLAMS. Clams are numerous on the beaches of our coast, and are of many different species, varying much in size, flavor, and toughness. They are especially abundant in Wash- ington, British Columbia, and Alaska, and the supplies there will probably become valuable at no distant time for exportation. The only Pacific clam market from which we can get any definite information is that of San Francisco, which demands 475 bushels at $1.25 a bushel by wholesale every average week. When opened and sold raw, at retail the price is 25 or 30 cents a gallon. Most of the San Francisco clams come from the bay beach of San Mateo, where clam diggers are employed at wages of $30 a month and board. The boatmen employed to bring the catch to the city get $60 a month and board. Eastern long-neck clams, introduced from New York, have established themselves in the bay and multiplied, so that they make up a considerable part of the catch in some places. The supply of these clams amounts to 400 bushels weekly, and the wholesale price is 75 cents a bushel. Tomales and Monterey Bay have a different clam, more palatable, but smaller and more difficult to dig. This supply, mostly from Tomales, 75 bushels a week, is sold for $3 a bushel. Attempts to introduce it into San Fran- cisco Bay have failed. Limantour Bay, under the shelter of Point Reyes, has a clam as large as a large saucer, but it is accounted tough and tasteless. MUSSELS. Several species of salt-water mussels are abundant along the California coast. The San Francisco market requires 400 bushels a month, and pays $1.25 a bushel for them to the gatherers. The best supply comes from the pickets driven in the bay, about the oyster grounds, to keep out the stingrays. THE PEARL OYSTER. The pearl oyster is found on both shores of Lower California, but the only profit- able fishery has been on the eastern shore. The business began in 1850 and has been maintained ever since, with varying success. The average annual yield has been about $50,000, half the value in pearls and half in mother-of-pearl shells. Before 1870, 350 divers were employed, but about that time submarine armor was introduced, and in 1874 the yield was estimated to be $300,000, two-thirds in the shell and one-third in pearls. It was the opinion of men familiar with the oyster beds that if this method of working were long pursued, the marketable shells would become so scarce that the fishery would cease to pay. The relative value of the pearl has decreased, and on account of the increase of travel the divers have better opportunities to sell stolen pearls than in previous centuries, so that the profits of the employers are less now than when Mexico was under the Spanish dominion. There are fisheries for the pearl oyster in the Bay of Panama and its vicinity, and beds also at several places along the western coast of Central America. At Panama a submarine boat has been used with success in obtaining the pearls. I C 90-32 498 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE ABALONE. The saucerlike shell of the abalone or sea-ear, sometimes a foot and generally, as seen in the market, 7 inches across, when polished artificially on the outside, the inside being polished by nature, is one of the most brilliant of shells, showing bright colors beautifully arranged with a high luster. It is well adapted in its natural form for purposes of ornamentation, and is also cut up to make jewelry, buttons, handles for knives, parasols, etc. Three kinds are known to the dealers: The first has bluish and greenish colors intermingled with white, and is found along the shores of Lower Cali- fornia and Mexico; the second has red colors, and extend from Mendocino to Mon- terey; the third, a white abalone, is found from Monterey to San Diego. About 170 tons are exported to China and Europe annually for manufacture into buttons, and bring from $40 to $80 a ton, perhaps $10,000 for the whole shipment. Most of the abalones are obtained by Chinamen, who use a light crowbar to tear them from the rock to which they attach themselves between high and low tide. The meat when dried has the form, size, color, and almost the hardness of a colt's hoof, but is used for food and sells for about 5 cents a pound, most of it being sent to China. FUR SEAL. The records of the fur-seal catch have for years been unvaryingly the same, so far as the Alaska Commercial Company's figures are concerned. In every case the limit of 100,000 skins has been lived up to-no more and no less. The only variation in the total catch of the coast is that in the returns from Cape Flattery and Puget Sound and Bering Sea. The returns of the fur-seal pelts brought to this port during 1888 and 1889 may be taken as examples: 1888. Cape Flattery and Puget Sound.. 1889. Bering Sea.... Seized by revenue cutters... Alaska Commercial Company's catch.... 100, 6, 502 21, 000 6, 429 100,000 Off Cape Flattery, British Columbia, and the Bering Sea... 27, 286 Alaska Commercial Company's catch.... 100, 000 Total Total 127, 286 Value of the raw pelts, at $5 each ........ 133, 931 $669, 655 Value of the raw pelts, at $5 each.. $636, 430 The kill of the Alaska Commercial Company, unfortunately, is but a small factor in the work of decimation now going on in the Northern Sea. In the year 1888 25 English and 10 American schooners were engaged in the sealing business. They captured an average of 2,000 skins each, or 70,000 in all. For each seal captured it has been frequently privately admitted that 5 escape, the majority escaping only to have the privilege of dying in freedom. The number killed would thus be 350,000, Now, of these, it is estimated that three-fourths are females. If this estimate is accepted, over 260,000 mother-seals were thus killed in 1888 alone. The fur-seal, unlike the hair-seal, keeps well off the coast, unless drifted in by cur- rents while asleep. Of those thus drifted near the coast, it is estimated that Indians kill 50,000, of which they secure about half, or 25,000. They spear most of their catch. We have thus a total of 400,000 seals killed for 112,000 secured. Of these 400,000 three-fourths are females. The aggregate annual destruction, therefore, is about 700,000. There was a time when the fur-seal was common on the coast of California, but the industry now is practically extinct. During the period of the Russian occupa- tion of Ross or Bodega, California, some lively hunting of the fur-seal was done among the Farallone Islands, a few miles southwest of San Francisco. The follow- ing brief table is taken from the work of Techmainov: Fur-seals taken on the Farallones, California coast. 1824. 1825. 1826... 1828.. 1,050 1829.. 455 1831.. 290 1832.. 210 1833.. 287 205 118 54 According to Prof. D. S. Jordan the chase of the fur-seal was conducted until quite recently from San Diego. They are sought for chiefly in the Guadaloupe Islands. Most of them are killed by shooting, but sometimes they are dispatched with clubs. Their skins are sold in San Francisco at $4 and $6 each. The carcass is thrown away. About $10,000 worth of the skins of fur-seal from this region were sold in San Fran- cisco in 1879. Reports brought down from Konishoi Island July 28 indicate that the 1890 season will be an unusually good one. a CALIFORNIA. 499 MACKEREL. A new industry which is springing up in Southern California, and which promises to develop into great proportions, is mackerel fishing. Last year W. H. Maurice, an enterprising produce jobber of Los Angeles, saw the fine opening which existed, and started some men to catching mackerel off Catalina Island and salting them in ap- proved fashion. About 20 barrels were put up, and these, utilized as samples, made such a favorable impression that it was determined to put up a supply for the trade this year. year. The season's pack has already commenced at Catalina, and it promises to be very successful. The only trouble with the fishers is an embarrassment of riches. The schools of fish encountered are so vast that it is impossible to draw a net around one. Hon. S. G. BROCK, Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department. THOS. J. VIVIAN, U. S. Treasury Expert. } • ERRATA AND ADDENDA TO REPORT ON CALIFORNIA. In the compilation of such a vast amount of statistics as is contained in the accom- panying report on the commerce and resources of California it has been found im- possible to avoid some errors in facts and figures. Desiring to bring the report down to the latest possible date, the following errata and addenda are presented. ERRATA. On page 126, in line 14 from the bottom, instead of "It was provided in an act," should be "It was subsequently provided." On page 126, in the sixth line from the bottom of the page, after the words "United States," insert "of one thousand dollars each, bearing six per cent. interest annually, the interest." On page 127, in the eighth line from the top, leave out the words "free of charge," and insert, after the words "troops and freights," this phrase, "at fair and reason- able rates, the whole compensation to be retained by the Government in payment of bonds and interest." On page 127, tenth line from top, between the words "bonds" and "each" insert the words "and interest." Page 127, on the twenty-seventh line from top, should be "25 miles," instead of "20 miles." Page 141, eleventh line from the top, instead of "from Government," should be "from corporations and individuals." On page 252, the imports of rice by sea in pounds in 1889 should be as follows: China Hawaiian Islands. Japan. Miscellaneous Total.. 34, 535, 276 9,862, 700 2,200, 188 5, 512 46, 603, 676 Page 258, coffee imports from Central America should be, "Coffee, 18,896,315 pounds, value $2,739,965." Page 258, under the head of "China," three lines from the top of right-hand column, the value of the sugar as given should be the number of pounds, 601,903, the real value of which is $24,000. On page 262, in the "Statement showing the leading imports by sea in 1888-'89," the coffee brought from Central America in 1889 should be 18,896,315 pounds, while the Mexican imports for the same year should be 578,007 pounds. On page 262, the value of imports by sea from all foreign countries into San Fran- cisco for 1889 should be as follows: China Hawaiian Islands Central America Great Britain France Japan ...... Mexico Germany South America. French Possessions. Australia British Columbia East Indies Italy Spanish Possessions Belgium Asiatic Russia Cuba All other countries Total imports... 98a $5, 179, 725 14, 002, 957 2, 893, 262 3, 390, 238 1, 398, 999 11, 374, 238 746, 434 967, 356 324, 094 1,425, 912 171,223 1,806, 783 1,309, 934 126, 493 653, 798 550, 754 72, 661 521,996 197,098 47, 113, 865 986 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. On page 289, in the "Statement showing total values of San Francisco's import trade," the values for the last four dates should be as follows: 1886 1-87 1888 1889. $36, 244, 093 38, 458, 781 44, 627, 474 47, 113, 865 On page 295, in the crop of 1839 the wine product should be 15,500,000 gallons, and. the prune crop should be 20,000,000 pounds. On page 295, in the twelfth line from the bottom, instead of 1,600,000 should be 1,634,000. On page 300, the total bales of hay should be 699,899. On page 301, the total pounds of butter should be 5,019,634. On page 320, in the seventh line from the top of the text, instead of "fifteen to twenty-five cents a gallon," should be "twenty to fifty cents a gallon." On page 320, in the eleventh line from the top, instead of "150,000 acres," should be "200,000 acres." Make the same correction on page 322, in the fifth line from the bottom, and on page 323, in the estimate given. On page 322, in the total of "Combined exports" the exports of wine by sea from San Francisco in 1889 and 1888 should respectively be 3,814,852 gallons and 3,344,550 gal- lons, while the totals should be 8,161,311 gallons for 1889 and 7,248,023 gallons for 1888. On page 324, in the table of "Combined exports," at the bottom of the page, the exports of brandy by sea from San Francisco for 1889 and 1888 should respectively be 312,971 gallons and 93,907 gallons, while the total should be 508,795 gallons for 1889 and 455,852 gallons for 1888. On page 325, the total number of gallons of brandy in the first table for 1889 should be 1,698,890, while the total number of gallons of wine should be 13,727,378, the value of which should be $1,243,691. On page 326, in the eighteenth line from the top of the text, insert the word "Fresno" before "Tulare, Kern, and other counties." On page 334, the "Outward movement of wool" given in the last total for 1889 should be 22,209,592 pounds of grease wool, making the total outward movement for that year to be 29,756,902 pounds. On page 342, in the second line above the note at the foot of the page, the words "they fall very few below" should be "they fall very far below." On page 346, the total centals of wheat should be 3,879,877, and of barley should be 1,054,579. On page 347, at the top of the page, the total acreage in wheat for 1869-'70 should be 1,468,888 acres; 93,450 acres in oats; and 57,064 acres in corn. On page 347, in the "Table showing the assessed value and yield of classified cereal crop of California from 1884 to 1889" the output of wheat for 1889 should be 3,879,877 centals, and of barley should be 1,054,579 centals. Make the same cor- rection on page 348, in lines 6 and 7. On page 348, in the ninth line, "30,196,509 centals" should be 30,091,809 cen- tals." On the twelfth line, "3,073,527 acres" should be "3,104,088 acres." On the thirteenth line, "4,006,211 centals" should be "3,879,877 centals." On page 348, in the last totals, the acreage should be 3,099,978 acres, and the yield should be 30,001,809 centals. On page 349, the totals in the acreage and yield of California's barley crop for 1889 should be 1,149,718 acres and 9,892,807 centals, while the total for the season with the carry-over added should be 11,945,437 centals. On page 350, the total number of barrels of flour in the second table should be 1,121,950. Insert the same number of barrels of flour for 1889 in the two following tables and in the first table on page 351. On page 358, the total number of imported sheep should be 4,055; and the total number of common sheep should be 2,096,331, of the value of $3,050,668. Make the same correction for the year 1889 in the middle table on page 361. On page 365, the total receipts of cheese at San Francisco for 1889 should be 4,242,200 pounds. On page 366, the number of bee-hives in California for 1889 should be 59,073 and the value thereof should be $65,242, On page 367, the total yield of hay for 1889 should be 80,600 tons, of the value of $434,731. On page 391, the total of the table of imports of boots and shoes for twenty-four years should be 1,264,803 cases. On page 410, the total importation of raw sugar for 1889 should be 218,879,934 pounds. On page 412, on the third line above the sub-head "Canued goods," instead of "it is estimated that within the year," should be "it is estimated that within a few years." 1 ERRATA AND ADDENDA TO REPORT ON CALIFORNIA. 98c On page 414, in the seventh line of the paragraph on cooperage, instead of the total of $1,206,000 should be $1,208,000. On page 423, in the next to the last line of the article on cordage and twine, should be "about 4,500 tons of cordage." On page 457, in the eighth line from the top of the text, instead of "northern parts of the State," should be "the northern and central parts of the State." On page 463, in the total for 1889, in the middle table, instead of "473,153,193," should be "463,153, 193." On page 468, the total number of vessels cleared should be "seventeen" instead of "sixteen." ADDENDA. It should be stated in explanation of the appearance of the names of many inland towns in the "Complete list of exports from the harbor of San Francisco," com- menced on page 263, that while these various inland places are all reached from some convenient seaport, the goods are billed through to the inland destination. Sugar, for instance, is sent to Belknap, Mont., via Portland, Oregon; borax is sent to Detroit, Mich., via Victoria, B. C.; wool is sent to Hartford, Conn., via New York; brandy is sent to New Jersey, via New York; wine is sent to Washington, via Phila- delphia; and so on. At the conclusion of the article on vegetable gardening given on page 296, the statement should be made that "The Eastern shipment of vegetables for 1890 was quite 3,000 carloads, while the shipments for 1891 will certainly exceed this amount." On page 300, after the table found thereon, a note should be inserted that "The above table shows how unreliable the assessors' reports are, an unreliability that has been referred to elsewhere. San Joaquin's assessor, for instance, states that the total potato yield of that county was seven bushels per acre for two hundred acres only, while the assessor of Tulare, an adjacent county, estimated his crop at 332 bushels to the acre." It should be stated that the totals given on pages 305, 315, 345, 355, 356, 357, 358, and 359 are from the assessors' reports, while that given on page 343 is from the census returns, that given on 344 is an estimate by Professor Hilgard, and those given on 362 and 363 are compiled from various sources. On page 330, after the table giving the assessors' statement of bearing olive trees in California in 1889-'90, there should be a note to the effect that "It can be taken for granted, notwithstanding the assessors' returns, that there are at present from sixty to seventy-five thousand olive trees in California." On page 367, after the introductory paragraph of the total of the feed stuffs, there should be given a note to the effect that "The figures following should only be taken as being relatively correct, while the yield per acre is placed at a ridiculously small rate." Reference should also be made here to page 304. On page 369, the following note "In review" should find a place: "Truck gardening has assumed considerable importance in California of late years, and increasing areas are being given each season to the leading vegetables. Asparagus is one of these to which considerable area has been devoted, and it is safe to say that there are in Santa Clara and Alameda Counties and along the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers truck farms which have an aggregate of nearly a thousand acres of this vegetable. Besides the sugar beet large quantities of the table beet are raised, while string beans are grown in such quantities that extensive shipments are yearly made east. Thousands of barrels of cucumber pickles are put up every year and hundreds of tons of spinach or kale are raised. The egg plant is a speciality in California and is grown largely in almost every district. Celery is also profusely grown. The watermelon area of California is very large, San Joaquin County having patches that aggregate more than two thousand acres. Muskmelons are also grown in great bulk. The area planted in potatoes has already been referred to, and it may be mentioned in addition to what has been said that there is one man in Los Angeles County who has a field of six hundred and forty acres under cultiva- tion in the tuber for Eastern shipment. The area in sweet potatoes is to be measured by the tens of thousands of acres, as is also that of tomatoes." MAY 20, 1891. THOS. J. VIVIAN. STATEMENTS SHOWING THE FOREIGN COMMERCE, TONNAGE MOVEMENT, AND TONNAGE OF THE MERCHANT MARINE OF THE PACIFIC COAST FROM 1870 TO 1890, ARRANGED GEOGRAPH- ICALLY BY STATES, TERRITORIES, AND CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. Prepared by the BUREAU OF STATISTICS, TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 1047 1048 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES No. 1.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Alaska during the years ending June 30, 1875, and 1880 to 1890, inclusive. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. · 1880. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Articles. Free of duty. Animals Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 40 Art works, n.e.s.: Paintings, statuary, fountains, and other works of art, the production of American artists.. 10 Books, and other printed matter.. 1 Chemicals, drugs, and dyes, n. e. s.: All other. 29 Coffee 407 17 12 12 8 5 Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s.. 2 7 Furs and fur skins, undressed Tea. Household and personal effects and wearing apparel in use, and imple- ments, instruments, and tools of trade of persons arriving from foreign countries, etc 8,000 1,700 5 150 460 50 228 50 40 40 74 6 Tin, bars, blocks or pigs, grain or granulated All other free articles 265 155 34 3 16 4,327 475 410 504 4, 533 6, 171 10, 467 8,780 2,325 669 3 83 4,367 8, 475 410 585 4,573 6,253❘ 12,596 9,412 2, 383 Total free of duty Dutiable. Animals. 192 163 499 185 50 35 215 52 Art works, n. e. s.: Paintings, ete 8 13 Books, maps, engravings, etchings, etc 19 20 Breadstuffs 392 23 183 1 5 7 34 29 3 Brushes 8 Buttons, except of brass, gilt, or silk, and button-molds, etc. 5 7 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc., n. e. s. Soda- Caustic All other salts of • All other chemicals. Total Clocks and watches, and parts of Coal, bituminous. Copper, and manufactures of…………………………. 1 40 2 43 20 9 110 10 36 43 20 9 150 10 2, 36 63 8 128 6, 099 802 3, 126 434 2,329 49 2,854 8, 465 5, 67319, 070 17, 150 IMPORTS INTO ALASKA. 1049 1 1 Cotton, manufactures of: Cloths 2 17 171 . Clothing, ready-made, etc. 24 80 D Knit goods, stockings, hose, half hose, etc. All other manufactures of 4 .. 188 1 34 34285 33 89 17 1 152 14 57 32 9 Total. 30 268 1 51 171 139 99 166 Earthen stone and china ware 17 10 8 48 48 123 121 171 Fancy articles 3 3 3 7 Fish, n. e. 8.: Anchovies, and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise All other Total .10 8 5 8 5 La 10 15 42 100 192 170 40 15 42 100 192 170 40 Flax, hemp, jute, and other vegetable substances, and manufactures of: All other. Fruits, including nuts, n. e. 8.: Preserved fruits · All other 52 12 35 1 30 8 93 104 129 86 16 2 92 93 104 129 86 16 11 112 46 1 Total. Glass and glassware: Bottles, vials, demijohns, etc. All other. Total 31 14 31 14 3 3 1 195 4 1 195 4 Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Bar iron, rolled or hammered. Ingots, etc 92 Tin plate, terne plate, or taggers' tin . 1, 382 Cutlery 11 • 42 . Fire arms.. 22 503 1, 488 1, 014 1, 650 2, 051 Machinery 9 All other.. 79 268 184 13 Total 90 268 206 13 75 નાન 823 15 228 48 627 10 មន 12 11 823 15 731 1,536 3,065❘ 1,672 2, 062 Jewelry, and manufactures of gold and silver 56 41 Leather, and manufactures of: Leather of all kinds Gloves, kid and leather. All other Total 41 10 29 65 61 10 29 65 41 61 10 12 5 30 139 LO 5 42 10 139 1050 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Malt, barley No. 1.—Values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Alaska, etc.—Continued. Articles. Dutiable-Continued. Malt liquors: In bottles or jugs Marble, stone, and manufactures of. Metals, metal compositions, and manufactures of. Musical instruments and parts of Oils, n. e. s. : Fixed or expressed: Other. All other. Total. Paints and colors Paper, and manufactures of. 1875. 1880. 188.1. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 103 67 362 583 592 504 26 105 400 8 15 20 7 28 22 14 24 15 154 86 17 50 2 10 4 34 2 4 10 34 151 Meat products Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products: Dairy products } 1, 681 1, 133 1,347 1, 740 2,018 {2, 387 4, 671 4,806 1,268 1, 113 814 704 23 12 17 Total 1,681 1, 133 1,347 1, 740 2,018 2,387 4, 694 4,806 1,280 1, 130 814 704 Rice, n. e. s. 9 Salt.. 39 51 15 82 3 1.0 Soap 2 145 1 Silk, manufactures of. 23 Spices, ground 19 56 78 Spirits, distilled, and spirituous compounds: All other. 6 376 67 9 Sugar, molasses, sugar candy, and confectionery: Molasses. • 47 Sugar, Dutch standard in color, not above No. 13, tank bottoms, etc Sugar candy and confectionery 27 104 21 222 18 74 32 17 2 Total 151 21 101 18 32 2 17 Tobacco, and manufactures of: Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots, etc. 250 All other..... Total ; 荒 ​12 250 12 6 31 6 31 IMPORTS INTO ALASKA. 1051 Vegetables: Pickles and sauces • All other: In their natural state or in salt or brine Prepared or preserved.. Total Wines: In bottles.. In casks Total Wood, and manufactures of: Lumber- Boards, planks, deals, etc Other lumber Manufactures of— • Cabinet ware and house furniture All other. 3 13 . 237 396 278 73 194 3 8 50 10 12 :00 3 22 5 80 6 24 LO 237 396 278 73 194 13 23 53 27 80 6 35₁ 10 12 35 45 80 57 53 57 53 10 12 9 76 20 120 25 2,136 42 51 11 37 8 18 145 32 43 72 62 16 22 34 86 33 4 80 31 198 83 94 83 175 44 51 26 234 56 2, 565 26 422 ས༥ 12 5 17 Total Wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, etc.: Clothing, ready made, and other wearing apparel, except shawls and knit goods 15 102 80 Cloths 76 50 79 139 55 70 189 Knit goods. 14 175 148 3 46 Yarns.. 5 All other. 122 15 141 26 190 753 231 1,006 924 1, 439 Total 175 15 141 79 165 15 245 828 423 1, 168 1,129 1, 663 Zinc, spelter, or tutenegue, and manufactures of. 6 2 All other dutiable articles 583 217 770 138 63 20 16 10 96 334 37 Total value of dutiable merchandise Total value of merchandise free of duty 4, 762 669 3, 029❘ 10, 888 4, 117 6, 470 4, 010 8, 359 9, 679 | 3 .83 4,367 8, 475 410 585 4, 573 Total value of imports of merchandise. 5, 431 3, 032 | 10, 966 8,484 14, 945 4, 420 | 8, 944 14, 252 18, 636 28, 211 12, 383 | 15, 615| 23, 397 6, 253 12, 596 9, 412 28, 211 32, 809 22, 194 2, 383 24, 577 1 INTERNAL COMMERCE - OF THE UNITED STATES. 1052 No. 2.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Alaska during the years ending June 30, 1875, and 1880 to 1890, inclusive. Animals: Hogs Horses Mules Articles. 1875. 1880. 1881. .1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 35 | 2,875 730 3, 605 35 • Total Breadstuffs: Barley Oats. Wheat 61 590 Bread and biscuit Wheat flour All other breadstuffs Total 4 • ❤ 6, 612 943 540 32 7,217 1,565 Brooms and brushes 2 Candles 78 Chemicals, dyes, drugs. etc.: All other 117 Clocks and watches Coffee and cocoa, ground or prepared, and chocolate 68 Cotton, manufactures of: All other. 262 20 Earthen, stone, and china ware...... 77 Fancy articles 208 Fish: Codfish, etc. Other fish, dried, smoked, or cured 232 1, 650 11 Pickled. 22 Salmon- Canned. Other Shell-fish- Oysters. Other Total 13 30 18 200 50 10 7 40 3 78 955 527 1, 213 1, 111 3 10 2 90 81 955 567 1, 303 1, 454 50 48 12 60 30 42 45 4 2833 31 23 10 60 81 35 7 70 43 232 1, 650 11 80 11 39 142 .21 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM ALASKA. 1055 Flax, hemp, and jute, manufactures of- Cordage All other Total Fruits. Apples, green or ripe. Fruits, preserved- Canned All other green, ripe, or dried fruits 40 40 D Total Glass and glassware 181 438 123 619 123 58 Hops - Honey India rubber and gutta percha, manufactures of: 'Boots and shoes. · 4 179 Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Fire arms. 21 Nails and spikes.. 36 • Saws and tools. 106 Scales and balances 15 All other. 87 76 Total 268 76 Leather and manufactures of: All other leather. Manufactures of- Boots and shoes. Harness and saddles All other.. Total 88 490 110 628 Lime and cement Oils: Animal: Whale and fish 920 230 Mineral, refined, etc.: Illuminating. Vegetable 4 4 Total 8 920 230 Paints and painter's colors. 1 Paper, manufactures of.. 124 6 ❤ 6 • • • 30 9 8 26 15 92 124 22 17 8 92 133 48 32 4 75 13 32 32 • 87 • · 12 19 • L 4 12 19 3 6 3 6 ་ 1 A 1054 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. -1889. 1890. No. 2.-Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Alaska, etc.-Continued. Articles. Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products: Meat products- Beef products- Canned Salted or pickled. Bacon Hog products- Hams Pork, salted or cured Laid All other meat products. Dairy products- Butter..... Cheese. Milk Total Salt Soap, toilet and other Spices, ground or prepared Spirits: Whisky Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. 20 46 71 133 271 70 3 26 } 780 1,887 420 387 235 599 771 198 315 206 260 244 25 36 312 134 153 286 318 17 127 330 289 80 48 264 207 126 42 21 11 170 76 120 1, 205 2, 328 1, 097 1,155 1, 091 1, 743 1, 555 26 20 6 All other Total Sugar and molasses: Sugar, refined All other 1, 627 32 1, 659 18 21 70 60 Total 21 70 18 60 Tin, manufactures of 2 45 Tobacco and manufactures of- Leaf Manufactures of All other Total 10 10 40 4 44 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM ALASKA. 1055 { Vegetables: Onions. 8 Pease and beans 8 30 53 80 Potatoes 38 16 18 Vegetables, canned 6 14 15 All other, including pickles 429 50 Total 473 66 8 48 11 68 88 Vinegar 1 Wine: In bottles. 3 Not in bottles. Wood, and manufactures of: Lumber- Boards, deals, and planks. 60 45 All other lumber 50 • Timber: Logs and other timber 150 • Manufactures of ..... 4 189 25 Total 114 381 Wool, manufactures of: Wearing apparel All other Total Articles not elsewhere enumerated Unmanufactured articles. • Manufactured articles Total value, exports of domestic merchandise a Includes $24,451, furs and fur skins. b Furs and fur skins. 25 145 2, 076 680 2,221 680 42 | 31, 543 4, 165 a24, 901 667, 303 | c38, 520 c38, 520❘ d28, 321 261 23, 730 7, 161e22, 002 5, 981 3, 96320, 048 4 200 4, 682 56 69, 183 38, 520 28, 393 8, 438 24, 468 8, 022 7, 336 23, 499 200 4, 682 42 c Includes $35,943, furs and fur skins. d Includes $25,593, furs and fur skins. e Includes $20,736, furs and fur skins. f Includes $20,043, furs and fur skins. 1056 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 3.— Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, during the years ending June 30, 1870, 1875, and 1880 to 1890, inclusive. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] Articles. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1t82. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Free of duty. Animals.. Dollars. Dollars Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Art works, n. e. s. : Paintings, statuary, fountains, and other works of art, the production of American artists Books and other printed matter, n. e. s. Chemicals, drugs, and dyes, n. e. s.: All other Coffee Farinaceous substances, and preparations of. Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s.: Pananas. Cocoanuts -------- All other Total. Furs and fur skins, undressed Hides and skins other than fur skins. Articles, the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States returned. 5, 477 | | Dollars. Dollars. 2,365 2,556 Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. 3, 563 120 4, 942 103 4, 569 601 1, 285 6, 462 4,816 9, 198 8, 207 15, 923 9, 306 5, 703 100 445 58 200 50 • 13 33 443 146 115 11 84 574 478 11 220 402 428 576 496 258 740 1,027 75 17 70 252 20 350 6 593 278 3 5 61 115 162 943 298 3 11 61 115 2, 397 648 16 42, 318 2,417 285 1, 601 318 173, 529 | 185, 617 163 2, 132 243, 344 | 135, 579 620 100, 030 18, 016 8, 069 522 254 Household and personal effects, and wearing apparel in Ivory: Animal use, and implements, instruments, and tools of trade of persons arriving from foreign countries and of citizens of United States dying abroad. 1,504 485 1, 133 2, 710 5, 554 8, 163 Oils, n. e. s. : Fixed or expressed. 6, 920 9, 285 13, 923 20, 922 23, 615 29, 689 38 • 63 86 Seeds, not medicinal Spices, unground: All other Tea Tin, bars, blocks, or pigs, etc. Wood, unmanufactured Articles admitted free under reciprocity treaty with Пa- waiian Islands : Fruits and nuts Rice. ... Molasses Sugar, brown All other free articles Total free • • 3 263 2 22 28 258 20 479 135 332 49 254 30 17 14 475 1, 101 845 407, 017 495 2,699 9, 987 6; 422 7 7, 313 4 2, 442 50 23 951 103 60 30 4, 621 92 356 133 43 3, 728 75 226 1,533 386 4, 000 3, 339 3, 391 922 2, 274 3, 237 108 2, 135 233 164 956 895 1,995 1, 579 3,277 9, 715 | 9, 228 22, 979 | 23,049 66, 107 202, 899 | 624, 627 | 285, 761 | 181, 186 | 152, 783 29, 307 IMPORTS INTO WASHINGTON. 1057 Animals Art works, n. e. s.: Paintings in oil and water colors, and statuary · 296 181 516 425 3,852 27,056 13, 879 1,685 6,752 4, 108 1, 845 877 1, 622 22 14 8 6 202 12 35 16 88 I C 90——67 Books, maps, engravings, etchings, and other printed mat- 2 4 ter · 143 ✪ Breadstuffs.…………………………………………. 143 25 7 53 68 254 160 202 19 8998 191 116 129 7 20 Brushes 288 29 147 635 69 775 80 26 11 86 115 4 Cement..... 17 11 2,280 2, 939 7,400 68, 279 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines: Opium- Crude Prepared for smoking 4 5, 040 764 Soda- Carbonate, including sal soda and soda ash 391 Caustic 1, 381 All other chemicals 204 102 355 30 1, 500 127 197 251 591 87 141 62 199 468 1, 346 Total. 102 359 30 127 197 251 591 87 141 5. 102 1, 354 672 4, 227 Clocks and watches, and parts of 8 3 15 52 2,819 4,359 3, 739 3, 609 1, 212 2, 515 1, 989 2,000 927 2, 848 24,999 411 14, 290 77 6 29 357 40 16 1, 141 2, 354 98 1 150 337 Dutiable. Coal, bituminous Copper, and manufactures of Corsets. Cotton, manufactures of: Cloths. 3 12 43 5 56 Clothing, ready-made and other wearing apparel, not including knit goods 22 12 12 320 127 251 154 47 537 286 459 Knit goods: Stockings, hose, half hose, shirts and draw- ers, and all goods made, fashioned, or shaped on knit- ting machines or frames or knit by hand Embroideries, laces, insertings, trimmings, and lace win- dow curtains 41 2 60 385 120 308 28 104 116 117 All other.. { 28 8 29 1,145 63 172 215 237 300 31 1, 259 1,538 Total. 186 320 28 116 128 437 299 496 399 419 573 2, 806 2, 445 Earthen, stone, and china ware: China, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, stone, and 81 84 201 218 916 crockery ware 14 57 4 45 193 23 3, 990 3, 669 286 All other. 20 229 2, 816 3, 345 | 11, 537 Total.. 14 57 4 45 193 23 367 84 221 447 3, 732 7,335 15, 206 Fancy articles: Dolls and other toys.. Fans, except palm leaf All other } 5 43 12 125 527 226 50 65 25 117 57 65 4 2 138 196 300 7 7 10 11 212 445 395 Total. 50 65 25 117 57 65 16 50 24 11 475 1, 168 921 1058 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 3.—Values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, eto.—Continued. Articles. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1882. 1881. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dutiable-Continued Fish, n. e. s. : Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil, etc 66 All other 4 3 62 15 9 70 240 384 364 118 200 1, 031 1, 232 Total. 4 3 62 15 9 70 240 384 364 118 200 1, 031 1, 298 Flax, hemp, and jute, and other vegetable substances, man- ufactures of: Bags and bagging, and like manufactures Burlaps, except for bagging for cotton All other Total Fruits, including nuts, n, e. 8. : Oranges... Preserved fruits.......... All other fruits. Nuts Total. Fars, dressed on the skin, and manufactures of fur. Glass and glassware: Bottles, vials, demijohns, carboys, and jars, empty or 10 4, 469 565 930 302 96 112 680 53 401 976 48 195 4 13 2,869 312 96 112 680 53 401 976 48 760 4 13 8, 268 2 53 767 74 131 47 33 87 33 329 20 19 7 4 10 44 1 8 200 607 89 396 76 683 19 32 190 5 416 74 36 33 329 20 19 7 97 175 281 39 564 1,006 1, 722 100 3 180 20 16 6 27 45 7 162 1,756 filled Cylinder, crown, and common window glass, unpolished. Plate glass, fluted, rolled, or rough All other Iron, wrought and cast... Total Iron and steel, and manufactures of : Pig iron · Scrap, fit only to be remanufactured— Bar iron, rolled or hammered.. Bars, railway. Hoops, bands, strips, sheets, and plates of steel. Ingots, blooms, slabs, billets, and bars of steel, and steel in forms n. e. s Tin plate, terne plates, or tagger's tin (a) (a) (a) (a) (α) (a) 23 43 45 1242 229 175 487 29 68 2 131 158 15 19 84 6 225 9 7 62 8 145 51 201 158 15 19 84 6 248 52. 52 74 237 320 567 10,942 5, 012 10, 908 25, 719 354 96 75 1, 824 20 177 188 115 38 358 226 62 45 50 175 135❘ 168, 498 67, 527 3, 409 3 3, 328 13, 398 1 1059 IMPORTS INTO WASHINGTON. Manufactures of, n. e. s- Cutlery Fire arms Machinery All other Total. t 3 2 48 6 7 27 3 10 65 72 6 67 176 68 78 13 160 380 359 1, 300 108 3, 663 1, 329 324 466 778 176 5, 141 3, 816 518 10, 329 600 32, 893 2, 347 6, 446 1, 694 324 514 822 358 5, 141 4,498 968 | 21, 627 177,865 112, 766 44, 997 93 46 2 49 109 31 36 114 53 42 38 36 Jewelry, manufactures of gold and silver, and precious stones. Leather, and manufactures of: Leather of all kinds..... Gloves, kid and leather. · All other Total Malt liquors: In bottles or jugs 35 5 85 211 12 34 62 125 211 12 34 7322 3 3 21 55 4 121 135 96 210 446 384 230 2, 854 125 137 99 231 501 388 230 2, 854 246 275 300 493 Not in bottles or jugs Total 2, 025 123 125 726 285 99 80 1, 564 1,095 2, 042 4 2, 025 123 125 99 80 300 497 726 285 1, 504 1,095 2,042 Marble and stone, and manufactures of. 257 16 110 '87 20 105 31 Metals, metal compositions, and manufactures of, n. e. s Musical instruments and parts of 685 117 24 64 1, 254 72 4 14 33 77 218 35 180 215 893 5, 040 358 56 18 22 140 3, 661 Oils n. e. s. : Vegetable, fixed or expressed- Olive..... Other All other Total Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products: Meat products Dairy products. Total Rice. Salt Seeds, not medicinal, n. e. s.. Silk, manufactures of. Soap.. Spices, ground.. 6 7 3 43 1, 528 601 1, 427 2, 110 7,255 1, 058 1, 058 399 4, 585 8, 198 13, 145 5,087 2, 536 3, 179 7, 567 738 907 2, 791 2, 331 2 2, 110 7,255 1,058❘ 4, 585 8, 204❘ 13, 195 6, 615 3, 140 4, 606 8, 025 1, 137 3,698 2, 333. 130 19 11 1, 206❘ 12, 489 2, 054 829 115 350 102 68 475 145 62 90 1,969 629 145 130 19 11 1,206❘ 12, 489 2, 199 891 205 350 2, 071 697 620 137 240 107 8, 684 33, 987 13, 469 9, 441 2, 505 414 77 10, 450 6, 549 18, 886 180 118 34, 158 52 2, 120 226 17 62 46 1, 330 11, 287 28 42 8 4 8 169 187 72 82 2, 838 66 189 612 586 122 1,030 2, 195 5, 524 1 8 3 11 10 6 4 601 : a Included in "All other glass and glassware. 11 i 1060 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 3.—Values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, etc.-Continued. Spirits, distilled: Bandy. All other. Articles. Dutiable-Continued. Total Sugar, molasses, sugar candy, and confectionery: Molasses Sugar.. Sugar candy and confectionery Total Tobacco and manufactures of: Leaf. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. {1, 858 58 1, 1, 830 427 682 997 1,276 101 375 284 809 1,763 1,515 1, 353 1,557 1, 508 947 2, 459 4, 176 4,352 8, 003 1,858 1,830 427 682 997 1,276 910 2, 138 1, 799 2, 910 5, 684 5, 299 10, 462 141 6, 421 73 7 6, 569 73 6 40 25 200 8 110 75 74 86 6 51 54 51 4 25 3 లు 40 31 251 8 164 51 79 105 89 2 30 186 129 79 27 207 15 10 15 1 29 60 281 38 36 190 118 418 3 236 15 10 45 60 281 224 165 190 197 445 566 35 32 77 12 242 2,241 16 645 167 216 157 30 216 2,058 747 69 67 42 98 85 113 16 1, 958 271 315 276 140 543 4, 412 62 104 104 196 372 252 11 117 6 104 33 68 45 52 68 103 110 104 104 229 440 297 72 79 220 29203 123885 215 556 947 35 112 219 250 668 1, 228 29 20 595 }2, 296 1,810 390 49 502 280 271 { 11 129 258 573 646 42 90 690 178 363 1, 003 889 1, 593 2,296 390 49 531 300 866 90 701 307 621 1,576 1, 535 3, 445 Cigars, cigarettes, and cheroots All other manufactures of... Total.. Vegetables: Pickles and sauces All other- In their natural state, or in salt or brine. Prepared or preserved. 24 60 Total. 24 60 Wines: Champagne, and other sparkling. Still wines- .In casks In bottles Total. Wood, and manufactures of: Boards, deals, planks, and other sawed lumber.. Cabinet ware and house furniture... All other manufactures of... Total. IMPORTS INTO WASHINGTON. 1061 Wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, and other like animals, and 4, 665 87 2,588 77 7 81 52 21 95 758 1, 570 16 508 67 177 680 190 37 16 8888 320 93 39 55 62 20 9 19 8 5 7 3 6 105 536 4 387 501 63 63 105 356 15 30 11 613 9 246 87 554 861 111 79 808 467 218 811 5,061 839 2,836 1, 059 2, 340 7, 570 676 40 1, 147 1, 113 4, 405 717 610 319 535 2,063 3, 301 24, 935 33, 208 | 21, 677 7,800 13,036 28,097 72,392 71, 864 35, 137 36, 048 62, 057 226, 232 208, 719 | 275,982 1, 579 3,277 9, 715 9, 228 22, 979 23,049 66, 107 202, 899 | 624, 627 285, 761 181, 186 181, 186 152, 783 29, 307 | 34, 787 24, 954 17, 515 22, 264 51, 076 | 95, 441 137, 971 238, 036 | 660, 675 347, 818 | 407, 418 361, 502 305, 289 | manufactures of: Unmanufactured 342 48 Manufactures of- Clothing, ready-made, and other wearing apparel, except shawls and knit goods Cloths. 5 18 Dress goods, women's and children's 162 Knit goods Yarns All other Total. All other dutiable articles. Total value of dutiable merchandise Total value of merchandise free of duty Total value of imports of merchandise 1062 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. No. 4.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, during the years ending June 30, 1870, 1875, and 1880 to 1890, inclusive. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] Articles. Agricultural implements. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 145 316 37 Dollars. 2,707 2, 230 Dollars. 4, 231 Dollars. 592 Dollars. 9, 176 Dollars. 7, 630 Dollars. 3, 114 Animals: Hogs.. Dollars. 1,345 Horses Mules 9, 521 10, 159 4, 544 8, 223 6, 487 26, 325 3,282 9, 059 13, 799 16, 319 11, 000 8,886 10, 308 2,150 14, 939 13, 477 12, 922 4,321 22, 947 24, 440 74, 713 All other. Total. 3, 210 19, 218 9, 370 2, 675 11, 070 15, 031 2, 200 32, 105 2,295 820 102, 639 450 42, 130 12, 346 600 9, 052 1, 860 12, 728 23, 789 48, 740 70, 255 60, 424 95, 879 75, 570 81, 777 57,762 138, 485 66, 499 | 25, 776 25,776 22, 100| 25, 736 52, 313 83, 059 158, 767 95, 961 116, 007 102, 179 112, 145 ter Breadstuffs: Barley Bread and biscuit. Corn Oats.. Wheat Wheat flour. Books, maps, engravings, and other printed mat- 102, 789 20 80 760 932 4, 141 2,403 5, 102 6, 823 6, 213 10, 116 45 2,,373 660 2, 552 6, 459 774 534 15 240 2,979 3, 326 348 74 5,041 2, 420 10, 689 9, 428 299 583 5,817 48 10, 287 115 202 325 5, 748 4, 152 163 6, 681 3, 501 5, 693 16, 665 16, 167 3, 972 25, 214 5, 127 1, 472 3,079 | 71, 893 295, 625 All other Total. Broom corn 2, 924 89, 005 14, 717 49, 808 31, 360 | 36, 016 205, 009 6, 418 94, 312 1,088 621, 553 1, 1, 962 946, 827 | 315 1, 321, 354 155, 502 901 146, 322 183, 117 162, 017 7,688 118, 632 3, 420 966 246, 145 82, 190 7,569 136, 864 15, 890 15, 640 45, 327 32, 865 37, 685 27, 868 22, 344 8, 236 3, 885 69, 589 | 41, 604 | 47, 090 179, 901 484, 325 271, 628 270, 876 438, 112 171, 487 896, 654 2,059, 723 1, 477, 267 Brooms and brushes 230 719 200 Candles 13 46 265 514 15 93 2, 714 1, 251 552 Cars, passenger and freight, etc Carriages and horse cars, and parts of 207 1, 047 590 748 681 + 14 1, 106 182 1, 965 1, 087 1,150 1, 664 1, 107 268 223 251 200 3, 785 6, 073 8,478 6, 030 470 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines: All other. Clocks and watches. 5,727 9,449 3,:00 2,023 502 3,000 4, 500 170 237 451 12, 991 5, 191 12, 562 13, 410 9, 577 7,901 11, 144 8, 221 Coal: 1,066 472 774 1, 256 728 590 838 429 Anthracite . Bituminous 325 638 626 700 80 2, 112 987 168 2,637 4, 629 3, 4:36 1, 547 1,216 77 631 Total. 700 80 2, 112 987 2,962 5, 267 4, 061 1, 517 Copper, and manufactures of. Coffee and cocoa ground or prepared, and choco- late 1,216 245 631 380 95 125 554 1,488 2, 031 568 615 52 45 384 582 174 1,.690 1. 254 745 1, 161 568 2,393 1, 642 1 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM WASHINGTON. 1063 * 44 Uncolored. 1, 148 300 4, 731 Wearing apparel.. All other manufactures of -- 688 459 1, 941 558 1,970 1, 627 1, 131 4, 109 13, 367 2,090 144 2,787 3, 902 570 1, 296 21, 045 3, 881 13, 534 12, 735 2, 397 Total. 2, 320 8, 411 503 ,1, 700 1,970 4, 109 14, 355 22, 986 15, 161 18, 597 7,418 Earthen, stone, and china ware 8, 088 12, 292 Fancy articles.. 7 Fertilizers 28 2 148 1,218 458 1, 742 643 392 1, 654 1,173 1, 116 1, 781 1, 861 4, 918 2, 329 300 320 22 1, 795 1, 424 Fish: 10 Cotton. manufactures of: Cloths- Colored Salmon- haddock, hake, and pollock Other fish, dried, smoked, or cured Pickled Canned 2,000 156 1,500 1,955 2, 134 5,430 403 160 2,281 27 45 450 61 21 7 902 170 43 44 106 895 88 Oysters Other Other Shellfish- All other fish Total. Flax, hemp, and jute, manufactures of: 8,730 8, 250 6, 236 12, 884 1,000 835 315 2, 545 36 5, 550 90 7, 247 510 112 1, 054 1, 179 1, 466 2, 094 4, 283 1,989 1, 471 2, 934 1, 399 864 243 66 258 268 103 15 16 4 10 130 859 522 137 2, 510 268 2, 554 4, 036 3, 015 7, 528 14, 757 12, 116 10, 738 19, 409 2, 464 7,049 7, 538 Bags Cordage.. 210 1, 194 1, 081 498 178 50 370 53 All other 200 881 755 299 585 100 127 280 318 4, 556 1, 589 3,488 1, 949 1, 726 1, 932 777 3,040 1,878 2,338 Total 585 278 127 368 4, 926 1, 999 5, 563 3, 512 2, 729 1, 057 4,989 4, 269 Fruits, including nuts: Apples, green, or ripe. 91 46 Fruits preserved- 1, 365 1,701 960 3, 679 6, 551 2, 906 3, 674 10, 946 3,227 Canned 60 8 317 1, 113 Other 2, 604 3, 743 273 1, 167 682 828 All other green, ripe or dried 330 268 317 682 230 1, 813 538 1, 238 2, 985 Nuts 5, 060 769 67 385 5 1, 959 8, 135 8, 312 10, 356 4,350 10, 072 4, 442 738 43 Total. 742 1, 912 538 2,112 4, 667 7,874 5, 853 15, 825 15, 453 14, 659 8, 706 22, 592 8, 102 Glass and glassware. 7 95 39 70 2, 143 Gunpowder and other explosives 5, 122 15, 001 16 1, 404 10, 234 447 | 10, 946 10, 398 77 Hay...... 30, 807 5, 732 2,078 5, 221 5,975 6, 376 6, 047 5,728 3,870 27, 594 536 313 630 133 8, 313 272 708 Honey 1, 748 2, 387 879 34 280 Hops 78 13 516 120 226 34 200 2,602 899:2 61 177 26 33, 020 6, 497 Codfish, dried smoked, and cured, including 1064 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 4.-Valucs of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, etc.— Continued. Articles. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. All other. India rubber and gutta percha, manufactures of: Boots and shoes. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 653 3,000 78 3, 208 613 6, 510 5, 657 6, 686 6, 623 87 872 2,050 2, 159 3,994 2, 053 Total. Ink, printers' and other. Instruments and apparatus for scientific pur- poses, including telegraph, etc. 3, 895 10,828 4, 287 17, 191 1, 506 653 3,000 165 4, 080 2,663 8, 669 9, 651 8, 739 10, 518 15, 115 159 522 364 575 403 1, 375 18, 697 346 75 1, 735 723 2, 400 9, 808 697 Iron and steel and manufactures of: 3, 419 1,741 1,259 Pig iron.. Bar iron.. 1,400 652 Castings, n. e. 8…………--- 8. 3, 102 186 861 53 30 Fire arms 11 300 418 1,523 1, 401 Nails and spikes Machinery, n. 6. 8……………….. 468 e. s 197 100 1, 203 300 2, 115 1,693 679 14, 210 2,686 3,569 1, 324 521 683 1, 200 4,395 9, 260 14, 538 11, 425 Plates and sheets of iron and steel. 129 8, 739 3,539 30 9, 730 21, 275 11 2,153 39, 247 1,099 610 97 6 467 Railroad bars or rails Printing presses, and parts of.. 1, 158 1, 017 1, 455 915 634 145 134 6, 903 227 1, 256 1, 518 230 Saws and tools 1,027 1, 776 108 1, 415 Sewing machines and parts of. Wire. Scales and balances. Steam engines and parts of- Fire engines Locomotive engines. Boilers and parts of engines. Stoves and ranges and parts of. All other manufactures of iron and steel.. 88 180 48 1 2,242 1, 068 5, 673 2, 324 5 6, 057 9, 719 6, 452 300 5, 571 610 484 259 339 305 50 55 146 110 429 1, 105 430 223 32 1,400 95 1, 571 48 530 2,000 3,000 24, 500 10,000 350 340 2, 538 1, 794 480 4, 965 1,265 200 2, 918 1, 327 1, 426 23 175 725 791 30 1, 771 65 484 343 1, 461 1,703 280 840 1, 158 32, 949 26, 799 2,428 51, 130 30, 268 33, 189 12, 080 36, 117 34, 754 Total. 300 2,328 1,753 2, 641 6, 202 60, 891 75, 560 91, 382 49, 295 50,952 51, 182 Jewelry and manufactures of gold and silver. Lamps, chandeliers, and all devices' and appli. ances for illuminating purposes. Leather and manufactures of: Leather- Sole All other. 72, 473 97, 239 153 755 25 18 6 253 1,690 3, 103 1, 069 1,699 2, 120 3, 938 346 686 409 123 160 25 128 484 60 2, 603 258 563 771 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM WASHINGTON. 1065 ? Boots and shoes Harness and saddles. All other. 79 407 735 2,950 13, 046 136 100 480 100 2,486 1, 037 1,889 505 11, 212 2,049 16, 192 10, 488 11, 772 15, 310 160 70 352 730 2,326 3, 158 735 1, 118 120 630 447 489 759 695 Total. 720 260 550 507 3, 919 5, 531 18, 154 16, 479 20, 771 11, 515 13, 749 17, 223 Lime and cement. 2, 191 700 410 410 2,524 4, 654 9, 249 Malt liquors: 5, 192 3, 054 1, 235 2,005 1, 943 In bottles Not in bottles 1, 459 5 3,285 21 4, 943 33 7,066 4,793 276 1, 747 172 504 3, 513 465 836 5, 006 Total. 21 33 1, 459 281 5, 032 5, 115 7, 066 5, 297 3,978 5, 8.12 Marble and stone and manufactures of. 12 60 90 Matches 305 699 921 392 13 479 9 Musical instruments. 22 17 3 2, 485 26 1,357 Naval stores: (Rosin, tar, and turpentine). 100 630 775 6, 523 10, 018 3,998 3, 705 6 3, 403 1,582 59 51 10, 227 7 3, 071 Manufactures of- Oils : Animal- Whale and fish. Other 8 All other · Mineral, refined or manufactured- Illuminating Vegetable.. 272 4 834 31 5 70 397 135 1, 057 9 457 6, 819 713 4, 120 355 593 180 886 13, 081 33, 907 35, 426 44, 663 34, 323 215 37, 146 27, 894 34 257 908 1, 057 295 1, 123 685 1, 993 120 4,729 1, 639 4, 758 344 1, 814 134 Total. 4, 120 355 593 180 2, 430 13, 414 36, 129 37,055 46, 981 40, 850 41, 005 40, 318 Paints and painters' colors. 80 Paper and manufactures of 446 1,220 5, 144 125 2,905 24 1, 216 1, 976 2, 334 Plated ware.. 8 1,871 2,265 8, 471 10, 648 15, 211 8, 671 9, 225 Provisions: 53 277 19 193 458 665 1, 448 7, 791 1, 425 Meat products- Beef products- Beef, canned Beef, salted or pickled 230 883 1,255 745 1, 455 533 2, 569 Tallow 304 18 129 8 6, 008 11, 732 62 240 906 649 963 512 Hog products- 571 183 239 Bacon Hams 1, 914 5, 965 7,103 § 1, 906 2,811 16, 778 16, 546 35, 479 24, 980 35, 371 160 897 35, 070 Pork, pickled 6,997 32, 407 8, 000 11, 575 26, 379 11, 215 65 160 10, 468 820 9, 490 27,977 1,750 24, 086 Lard 610 378 1, 642 3, 170 173 163 146 All other meat products. 2, 328 7, 479 17, 793 13, 876 160 744 12,380 160 208 13, 747 541 Dairy products- 1, 140 16, 624 27, 458 883 2,379 3, 765 21, 288 4, 152 2, 673 3, 450 18, 221 15, 865 Butter 143 3,349 780 541 360 5, 431 Cheese 5,799 14, 299 5, 392 4,337 270 547 198 1,975 742 Milk 1, 905 1,085 1, 299 309 370 1, 292 2, 608 5, 990 229 365 108 136 17 2,752 72 2323 Total.. 4, 059 | 10, 552 8, 153 4, 005 6, 380 35, 791 14, 240 89, 976 70, 962 68, 006 69, 582 116, 782 114, 394 1066 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 4.-Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, etc.— Continued. Articles. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Quicksilver Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Salt Dollars. Dollars. 2,294 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 23 60 Seeds 8 281 151 202 1, 105 324 Silk, manufactures of.. 424 221 106 565 414 543 626 2, 719 42 2, 871 Soap, toilet and other 11 913 65 3, 260 739 3,542 12 39 Spices, ground or prepared. 35 2 219 491 345 144 397 99 361 166 220 878 383 1, 033 989 10 Spirits: Whisky 342 436 200 100 20 All other 96 128 3, 675 1, 514 1, 266 1,238 820 145 596 2, 714 181 396 98 11 Total.. 342 436 200 100 20 96 273 4, 271 4, 228 181 1, 662 1, 238 831 Stationery, except of paper Straw and palm leaf, manufactures of. 472 9 283 2,274 827 910 3,589 666 1,099 60 879 1, 382 60 156 Sugar and molasses: Sugar, refined Candy and confectionery • All other Total Tin, manufactures of. Tobacco, and manufactures of: 12271 43 14 36 3,954 4, 780 21 6 377 693 1,295 815 2, 519 1, 086 600 137 796 29 29 576 1, 623 5, 407 3, 794 2, 611 4, 001 3,-409 4, 641 929 72 43 989 2,316 10, 656 9, 389 5, 130 5, 087 4, 009 4, 799 127 99 1 61 171 905 6, 582 479 1, 623 3, 184 344 Cigars..... Leaf, including stems and trimmings 45 80 Cigarettes.. 147 806 152 1, 115 643 ----- 40 All other manufactures of. 433 1,573 38 3, 199 1, 461 319 231 1, 413 22 10 8 319 9, 059 15, 288 11, 738 11, 913 4,857 11, 788 6, 422 Total 83 231 10 155 319 10, 298 17, 013 16, 052 13, 374 5, 819 13, 241 6, 524 Vegetables: Onions 53 Pease and beans 15 331 302 449 1, 193 265' 428 600 1, 917 Potatoes 534 556 279 423 55 184 Vegetables, canned. 1, 851 51 768 578 289 4, 045 5, 530 4, 189 9, 191 834 3, 508 217 All other, including pickles 171 1, 418 17 710 1, 508 1, 235 2,677 951 721 203 691 146 24 1, 534 753 557 2,980 597 219 107 94 Total. 55 2, 087 768 895 345 6, 620 8, 627 6, 986 16, 320 3, 070 5,060 1, 615 3,480 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM WASHINGTON. 1067 Vessels, sold to foreigners Vinegar Wax, bees' 6, 200 | 22, 100 20 1,800 2,325 3,000 16, 800 300 4, 400 29 44 86 204 119 36 81 19 14 12 900 NOG 25 Wine: In bottles Not in bottles. Total. Wood, and manufactures of: } 50 117 35 250 12 275 136 70 +18 221 239 987 198 50 70 565 256 1 239 250 12 1,262 334. Lumber- Boards, deals, and planks. Shingles 186, 657 150, 470 224, 645 294, 441 511, 298 901, 121 748, 023 3,505 3, 505 742, 045 985, 091 All other lumber. 4,387 7, 794 972, 978 8, 438 9, 628 6, 642 11, 399 Timber- 1, 416 3, 232 5, 243 4,800 a12, 443 5, 996 795, 838,1, 248, 249 | 1, 207, 853 3, 255 2, 030 17, 471 16, 049 20, 882 55, 185 34, 567 28, 530 Sawed and hewed. 4,377 52, 863 8, 713 35, 446 1, 167 Logs and other timber 100 61, 471 Manufactures of- 2,776 986 3, 003❘ 48, 593 9, 128 6, 076 10,477 16, 321 772 5, 687 3, 067 Doors, sash, and blinds 2, 652 3, 303 Moldings, trimmings, etc Household furniture. All other... 1,828 118 - 897 891 678 100 464 4, 754 50 50 233 390 941 2, 021 2, 116 939 837 16, 211 1, 760 28, 826 4, 072 2, 444 35, 516 1, 673 25, 454 3, 240 16, 323 8, 844 25, 196 23,-484 10, 306 13,349 7, 262 10, 898 Total. 365 2,389 10,789 263, 379 164, 681 239, 383 312, 715 583, 389 939, 566 813, 609 835, 372 1, 102, 044 1, 056, 577 855, 166 Wool, and manufactures of: 1, 346, 065 1, 268, 858 Wool, raw 1, 350 Wearing apparel. 20 76 } 639 3, 383 All other manufactures of. 876 7,816 10, 826 232 320 3,879 25, 526 1, 854 19, 298 1, 439 5, 017 15, 384 10, 984 6, 662 16, 206 3, 529 30, 395 2, 045 8.987 5, 411 1, 433 9, 933 Total. 2, 575 1, 670 3,879 1, 854 2, 078 5, 017 16, 260 24, 012 55, 997 28, 285 19, 778 8, 095 21.288 All articles, n. e. 8. : 4,852 Unmanufactured articles 2, 530 40, 474 Manufactured articles 6,395 21, 813 48, 923 51, 589 8, 489 25, 150 69, 218 598 52 162 44, 854 2,083 44, 736 2, 959 80, 373 3, 493 9, 818 6, 380 4, 009 4, 273 67, 753 7,982 39, 367 Total value of exports of domestic mer- 13, 806 chandise 427, 604 395, 330 361, 449 446, 795 876, 121 1, 770, 219 1, 482, 0351, 877, 485 482, 035 1, 877, 485 2, 121, 344 2, 121, 344 1,769, 209 1, 769, 209 2, 249, 157 4, 065, 7603, 320, 775 a Includes firewood, $24. 1068 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. } No. 5.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Oregon, Oregon during the years ending June 30, 1860, 1870, 1875, and 1880 to 1890, inclusive. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 25 1 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Free of duty. Animals Articles, the growth, etc., United States, re- turned Books, etc Chemicals, 21 Farinaceous substances. Fruits Household and personal effects, and wearing apparel in ase, and implements, instruments, and tools of trade of persons arriving from foreign countries, etc..... 1,582 Spices, unground Tea All other free articles. Total free of duty 6, 224 7,827 Dutiable. Animals, n. e. s Breadstuffs Art works, n. e. s.: Paintings, etc... Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc., n. e. s.: All other. Cement. Coal, bituminous Copper, and manufactures of. Cotton, manufactures of: All other. Earthen, stone, and china ware..... Fancy articles: Fans... All other Total. Fish, n. e. s.: All other. 13 50 5 5 26 6 14 10 272 265+ 973 250 4 79 79 748 30 30 55 69 748 272 109 430 113 1, 086 250 · - 87 31 10 1 827 } 349 32 • 14 4 87 662. 5, 313 1,400 1, 294 2, 780 178 2, 713 7, 746 9,042 7,063 14, 250 139 13,.651 7, 110 10, 682 9, 095 201 53 26 52 52 256 1 85 1 2 1 2 2 996 13 47 63 174, 227 Flax, hemp, and jute, and other vegetable sub- stances and manufactures of: Cordage All other. Total. Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s Glass and glassware.. 198 1, 303 1, 501 610 24 33 1, 657 1, 657 6 Iron and steel, and manufacturers of: Pig iron.. 1, 677 Bar iron.. 16 602 926 39 Old scrap 61 9 Ingots, blooms, slabs, etc 98 Tin plates, terne plates, etc. Wire and wire rope, etc…. 940 21 26, 884 | 160, 609 | 175, 779 82 39 All other. | 175, 779 258, 509 157, 577 152, 029 153, 839 153, 839 30 27 53 217, 055 217, 055 104, 218 | 105, 560 119, 316 45 Leather, manufactures of Total Jewelry. • Metals, metal composition, etc Musical instruments 1,099 21 26, 982 160, 738 177, 486 258, 509 157, 577 152, 029 153, 928 217, 055 | 104, 263 106,162 | 120, 281 5 7 L • 3 108 75 · 1 IMPORTS INTO Oregon. Oils, n. e. s.: Vegetable, fixed or expressed: Other 4, 006 2 171 219 165 All other, 306 Total. 4,312 2 171 219 165 Paper, and manufactures of. 459 15 31 35 Provisions: Meat products.. 1, 239 32 108 Rice. 1,274 38, 711 11 884 6 75 Salt 5, 928 800 1,813 2,685 1, 265 682 432 1, 072 588 1,578 Seeds, not medicinal, n. e. s 33 3 Silk, manufactures of 19 39 9 9 2 Spirits, distilled and spirituous compounds: All other. 895 22 23 75 104 Spices..... Sugar, molasses, sugar candy, and confection- ery: Molasses Sugar Sugar candy and confectionery. Total. 292 124, 016 35 15 33 6 · 124, 371 35 21 1069 1070 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES, No. 5.-Values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Oregon, Oregon, etc.-Continued. Articles. Dutiable-Continued. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1800. Tobacco, and manufactures of Vegetables. Wines Wood, manufactures of: Cabinetware All other. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 194 73 309 4 65 29 62 10 27 177 10 10 33 50 469 469 27 177 10 10 33 50 Total. Wools, bair of the alpaca, goat, and other like animals, and manufactures of: Dress goods, women's and children's Cloths All other 8 10 5 Total. All other dutiable articles. 8 15 17, 501 23 247 75 53 74 459 Total value of dutiable merchandise Total value of merchandise free of duty.. 1, 936 1,936 206, 016 7, 827 1, 591 28, 276 | 164, 500 748 182, 451 269, 403 | 167, 911 | 161, 057 161,057 272 109 430 113 170, 847 1,086 231, 188 112, 445 250 117, 591 305, 818 Total value of imports of merchandise... 1, 936 213, 843 1,591 1,591 28, 276 28, 276 165, 248 165,248 182,723 182, 723 | 269, 512 168, 341 161, 170 171 933 | 231, 438 112, 445 117, 591 305, 818 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM OREGON. 1071 1 No. 6.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Oregon, Oregon, during the years ending June 30, 1860, 1870, 1875, and 1880 to 1890, inclusive. n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] C Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Agricultural implements. 3, 830 Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Animals: Hogs Horses 3,230 2,325 1, 550 300 Mules 525 All other 32, 774 371 136 Total 38, 854 1, 921 300 136 Books, maps, engravings, etc.. 1,513 568 Breadstuffs: Barley 794 60 Bread and biscuit. 635 571 Oats 603 Wheat.. 23, 175 754, 815 Wheat flour 15, 368 All other breadstuffs 95, 964 180, 146 135 741, 912 155, 703 256, 743 1,504, 783 42,840 501, 582 311 748, 232 226, 424 899, 226 125, 244 393, 727 9, 088 410, 568 89, 358 427, 998 61, 934 414, 942 68, 765 846, 664 242, 254 345, 221 148, 522 Total 15, 368 121, 306 934, 961 898, 186 299, 583 2,096, 686 074, 656 1, 024, 470 402, 815 499, 926 489, 932 483, 707 1,088, 918 493, 743 Candles Carriages and parts of……. Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc., n. e. 8.: All other, 4 250 215 298 Clocks and watches...... 30 Coal, anthracite 191 Copper, and manufactures of. 168 • Cloths, colored Cotton, manufactures of: Cloths, uncolored All other Total Earthen, stone, and china ware / Fancy articles 257 · 31 834 63 351 834 60 10 } 1072 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. No. 6.—Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Oregon, Oregon, etc.-Continued. Articles. Fish: Fish, pickled 86 Salmon: Other fish, dried, smoked, Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. or cured. a68 a23, 337 Ja1, 052, 773 al, 164, 212 a1, 835, 483 Ja1, 730, 162 6, 458 6, 513 6, 413 36 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1, 388 115 Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 100 Canned Other 1,486, 992 1, 493, 422 200 819, 695 803, 817 4 684, 916 587, 475 867, 651 All other fish. 1, 772 Total 86 8, 298 | 29, 850 1,059, 1861, 164, 2121, 835, 433 1, 730, 1981, 488, 495 1, 493, 722 819, 695 803, 821 684, 916 587, 475 867, 651 Flax, hemp, and jute, manufac- tures of: All other 39 Fruits: Apples, green or ripe 14, 306 2, 551 224 152 35 Fruits, preserved- All other 30 All other green, ripe, or 1,300 2,400 dried 3, 437 5, 170 Total 14, 306 6, 018 224 1,300 7,722 35 Glass and glassware. 165 Gunpowder and other explo- sives. 177 India rubber and gutta percha, tta manufactures of: Boots and shoes } 440 51 All other Total 440 51 23 23 Iron and steel, and manufac- tures of: Bar iron 58 Castings, n. e. s 6 110 · Fire arms. 200 Machinery, n. e. s 269 • • • • 967 · Nails and spikes. • • 32 D · Sewing machines and parts of....... 45 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM Oregon. ? *1073 I C 90- 68 Steam engines and parts of- Boilers and parts of en- gines Stoves and ranges and parts سمجھو 100 of. 40 All other manufactures of 2, 115 2,765 160 151 100 967 160 110 151 Total Leather, and manufactures of: Leather, all other... Boots and shoes Harness and saddles. All other manufactures of Total Malt liquors: .. 40 3, 583 922 145 4, 690 In bottles Not in bottles 30 Total 30 Matches 72 Oils, n. e. s. : Whale and fish Illuminating.. Total Paper and manufactures of Provisions (comprising meat and dairy products): Beef products- Beef Tallow Hog products- Bacon Hams. Pork. Lard. All other meat products. Dairy products- Butter.. Cheese Total 18 18 16 16 150 1, 488 225 60 883 8, 005 76 + 32 101 ,3, 065 11 180 156 6, 478 5, 520 318 55 7, 522 | 17, 176 180 287 113 113 68 · 68 @ Includes salmon, canned. 13, 200 13, 200 252 252 612 612 1074 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. น No. 6.—Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Oregon, Oregon, etc.—Continued. Articles. Salt. Soap: All other Spirits: Whisky Sugar and molasses. Tin, manufactures of. Tobacco: Cigars All other Total Vegetables: Onions. 1800. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1 Dollars. Dollars.|Dollars.| Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 20 267 134 361 · 23 8 281 253 534 561 Potatoes · 1999 60 18 10 Vegetables, prepared. 16 All other 3 Total 621 37 10 Vessels sold to foreigners. Vinegar 200 6 Wood, and manufactures of: Lumber: Boards, deals, planks.. Shingles 916❘ 14, 234 5, 053 8, 075 1, 391 141 155, All other lumber Timber: Logs and other timber.. Manufactures of: 236 2, 141 a 46 7,870 229 4, 485 a 60 7,000 32, 092 200 49, 882 12, 820 69, 160 45, 037 391 765 100 5,600 5 Mouldings, trimmings, etc.. Household furniture. All other 275 284 115 200 450 86 1, 077 138 252 85 70 100 Total 1, 191 16,996 7, 438 13, 876 200 8, 549 4,550 7,000 32, 292 1, 077 50, 135 12, 905 69, 230 45, 780 19 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM OREGON. 1075 Wool, and manufactures of: Wearing apparel All other manufactures of. 976 4, 490 8, 963 Total 97❘ 13, 453 All articles, n. e. 8. : Unmanufactured articles.. Manufactured articles. 34, 651 888 13, 562 Total value domestic ox- ports... 197 32 25 95 $6 10 761 1, 005 |113, 126 218, 053 972, 981 | 1, 973, 221 | 1, 463, 995 | 3,950, 179 | 2, 709, 404 2, 519, 965 1, 928, 829 |1, 320, 698 |1, 357, 281 1, 182, 231 1, 745, 7531, 409, 955 a Firewood. b Includes wearing apparel of all materials. ! ? 1 1 1076 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. No. 7.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Willamette, Oregon, during the years ending June 30, 1875, 1880 to 1890, inclusive. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] Animals Articles, the growth, produce, and manufacture of United States returned. Art-works, n. e. s.: Paintings, statuary, fountains, and other works of art, the production of American artists Books, maps, engravings, etchings, and other printed matter, n. e. s Chemicals, drugs, and dyes, n. e. s.: All other gums and gum resins - Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. | Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 30 513 209 15 10 12 410 54 4, 230 5,809 1, 041 373 17 4, 260 2,729 24 5 2 223 127 174 390 Articles. Free of duty. Lime, chloride of, or bleaching powder. Mineral waters, all not artificial Soda, nitrate of 26 52 143 229 417 262 736 897 1, 814 2, 137 781 836 1, 148 1, 306 252 581 1,097 1, 569 Farinaceous substances, and preparations of, n. e. s Bananas All other Coffee Total Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s. : All other Total Hides and skins, other than fur skins. Household and personal effects, and wearing apparel in use, and implements, instruments, and tools of trade of persons arriving from foreign countries, and of citizens of United States dying abroad Oils, n. e. s.: Fixed or expressed Volatile or essential 3 154 49 1, 317 306 1, 205 1, 871 364 588 52 493 615 195 154 192 1,546 723 1, 467 3, 443 2, 409 3, 711 2, 441 1, 881 1, 764 1, 764 5, 899 1, 229 4, 452 1, 156 3,249 85 1 2, 892 3,277 5, 289 204 18 297 77 334 2 646 905 603 297 77 334 206 664 905 603 1 414 6, 712 8, 613 1, 577 10, 426 9, 318 Total Seeds, not medicinal, n. e. s 410 1,670 2,709 3, 487 919 4, 405 4, 220 4, 587 1, 480 1, 829 3, 648 7, 628 13 4 8 1 11 27 65 59 13 4 8 1 11 27 124 5 LO 47 261 137 204 259 IMPORTS INTO OREGON. 1077 Spices, unground: Nutmegs Pepper All other Total 1 Tea.. Tin, bars, blocks, or pigs, grain or granulated Wood, unmanufactured, n. e. s - Articles admitted free under reciprocity treaty with Hawaiian Islands: Fruits and nuts.. Rice Molasses. Sugar, brown · All other Total All other free articles. 137 211 228 1 57 188 131 585 239 439 57 188 131 722 240 1,245 1, 565 5, 006 13, 063 6, 386 7,018 1, 543 4, 065 4, 529 1, 397 5, 676 37, 391 433 481 13, 267 10, 816 467 38, 819 42 10 3 25 150 118 21 12, 571 139, 713 2, 696 9, 789 1, 911 3,000 709 2,510 1, 929 1, 461 4, 099 2, 004 493 2, 495 504 2, 125 2, 550 46,527 1, 103 392 4, 001 3 12 • 154, 255 3,898 58, 248 7, 146 9, 005 2, 510 2, 999 2,125 2, 550 2, 324 429 2,466 4, 006 8, 263 2, 588 3, 323 737 3, 636 2,170 3, 514 11, 588 | 162, 728 3, 384 17, 120 80, 497 25, 131|| 36, 544 24, 490 29, 505 56, 355 27, 159 39, 932 71, 621 Total free of duty. Dutiable. Animals, n. e.,8 10 51 16 38 5 Art works, n. e. s., Paintings in oil, or water colors, etc.. Books, maps, engravings, etchings, etc...... 148 20 62 16 11 34 206 441 59 146 107 6 131 121 342 73 Breadstuffs 279 676 350 77 932 Brushes 1,084 3, 080 3 4 28 575 Buttons, except of brass, gilt, or silk, and button molds and 9 269 569 27588 25 11 12 21 747 10 181 336 27 19 236 88888 436 1, 295 811 97 1 295 342 466 button materials, etc 2 9 Cement. 2 61, 048 10, 328 7, 351 23, 945 39, 856 4, 145 47, 634 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines, n. e. s.: Soda- Carbonate, including sal soda and soda ash 198 1, 243 793 3, 301 2, 861 Caustic. 4, 414 4, 438 1, 240 4, 245 1,392 447 839 934 3, 312 5, 022 1, 441 All other salts of. 1, 547 1,638 1,857 3, 019 1, 929 2, 379 382 427 i, 335 828 4, 652 All other 1, 992 1,483 1,500 1, 027 851 416 281 142 2, 511 264 901 1, 966 3, 601 1, 422 4, 610 9, 615 9, 106 13, 710 6, 949 Total. 479 3, 862 4, 665 8,849 7,099 11, 554 9, 200 10, 369 16, 816 13, 728 14, 955 16, 887 Clocks and watches, and parts of. Coal, bituminous... Copper, and manufactures of. Corsets 66 4 242 8, 112 21, 464 23, 200 37, 429 57, 977 77, 449 66, 224 850 18 21 30 47 156 284 86, 723 54 62, 534 45, 518 1, 876 97, 234 149 36, 798 11 t 1078 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 7.— Values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Willamette, Oregon, etc.-Continued. Articles. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dutiable-Continued. Cotton, manufactures of: Cloths Embroideries, laces, insertings, etc. Clothing, ready made, and other wearing apparel, not in- cluding knit goods.. 9 220 Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars.| Dollars. Dollars. 7 248 37 57 78 58 40 1, 303 601 166 108 131 10 All other Knit goods: Stockings, hose, half hose, shirts, drawers, etc., and all goods made, fashioned, or shaped on knit- ting machines, etc.... 5 92 сл 358 2,957 3,706 441 272 13 1, 570 44 6 436 644 1,417 2, 610 3, 200 5, 546 4, 919 2, 247 4, 196 146 1, 781 5, 115 7, 016 Total 1,071 1, 424 4, 217 3, 317 5, 721 5, 149 2, 401 4, 632 3, 167 5,,527 7, 295 7,889 Earthen, stone, and china ware: All other China, porcelain, parian, and bisque, earthen, stone, and crockery ware..... 2, 610 8,827 7,555 4, 250 21, 612 { 43, 342 6, 833 2,247 3,885 29, 122 9, 144 18, 963 1, 165 40, 545 945 79, 439 910 77, 134 5, 252 Total 2, 610 8, 827 7, 555 4, 250 21, 612 50, 175 11, 391 22,848 30, 287 41, 490 80, 349 82, 386 Fancy articles: Dolls and other toys... Fans, except palm leaf 1 All other Total 222 223 1 1,358 2, 456 4, 572 82 102 2,947 118 249 30 2 11 662 968 802 385 509 591 2, 381 2, 694 3, 026 4, 106 82 102 118 249 415 512 603 3, 739 5, 812 8, 566 7,855 Fish, n. e. s.: All other Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise 498 250 1 600 1, 632 2, 165 3,972 5, 207 1, 782 2, 091 Total 53 2, 781 3, 447 4,356 748 600 1, 632 2, 165 3, 972 5, 207 factures of: Flax, hemp, jute, and other vegetable substances, and manu- 1,782 2, 002 53 2, 781 3, 447 4,350 Unmanufactured: Hemp, and substitutes for. Manufactures of flax, hemp, and jute, etc.: 6, 789 3, 585 6, 300 6, 525 Burlaps, except for bagging for cotton .. All other Bags and bagging, and like manufactures. 6, 997 102, 442 74, 344 301 708 3 424 9 50, 149 98, 083 1,796 8, 380 1, 489 62, 997 2, 718 4,346 18, 409 18, 139 2,972 56, 678 14, 142 964 Total 4, 970 1, 379 5, 225 7,625 2, 629 98, 083 15, 169 7,931 18, 409 18, 139 11, 594 3, 161 14, 688 1, 803 5, 234 216, 894 154, 112 IMPORTS INTO OREGON. 1079 ; 470 296 1, 570 8, 696 606 1,999 Preserved fruits 23 49 10 All other fruits 1,215 811 1, 402 1, 440 3,782 1, 533 340 926 283 1, 510 2, 018 2, 189 Nuts 261 50 143 175 376 80 303 195 1,279 472 5, 062 481 Total 1,215 811 1, 402 1, 440 3, 782 2, 193 470 1,372 283 1,880 3, 818 7,748 Furs, dressed on the skin, and manufactures of fur 15 11 1 48 26 Glass and glassware: Bottles, vials, demijohns, carboys, etc... Cylinder, crown, and common window, etc Plate glass- 429 8, 226 310 12, 439 5, 081 2, 176 972 1, 729 2,442 3, 028 Fluted, rolled, or rough.. Unsilvered Silvered. · All other Total Hops.. 4, 511 11, 731 6, 921 11, 560 6, 206 34, 195 430 26 1, 046 388 1., 246 6 8 858 2,299 592 488 478 916 916 2, 588 4, 089 13, 297 2,299 5, 673 3,636 2,207 6,386 17,588 21, 489 46, 790 2, 550 Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Pig iron.. 595 1,035 Scrap, fit only to be remanufactured- Iron, wrought and cast.. 4, 612 13, 906 42, 907 64, 312 8, 342 3, 102 3, 781 14, 924 15, 848 17, 910 Steel 4, 222 178 160 29 3 19 48 11, 550 Bar iron, rolled or hammered. Bars, railway... 4, 235 118 619 2, 071 5 593 35, 951 Ingots, blooms, slabs, billets, etc. 370, 929 89, 975 3,497 187, 901 5 7,609 393, 491 980 Tin plates, terne plates, or taggers' tin 43 Manufactures of, n. e. s.- 11, 747 10, 016 14, 185 31, 446 36, 250 43, 721 34, 252 45, 516 59, 954 54, 438 78,447 | 160, 688 Cutlery 7 2 11 13 Machinery 32 42 2 997 513 2, 384 2, 092 4, 136 8, 921 All other. 137 603 5, 581 1, 546 Total 62, 851 14, 527 12, 717 | 404, 288 | 149, 736 14, 170 8, 585 24, 322 652 961 2,150 1,786 3,893 515 90, 005 | 132, 426 43, 431 51, 184 68, 862 264, 638 503, 443 200, 594 Jewelry, manufactures of gold and silver, and precious stones. Leather, and manufactures of: Leather of all kinds. Gloves, kid and leather. All other manufactures of Total 4 36 6 6 19 52 30 42 55 233 311 37 376 654 82 8 223 681 38 21 138 1, 119 14 13 9 40 17 540 223 38 21 220 14 13 8 46 416 1, 352 1, 659 Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s. : Oranges. 1080 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 7.-Values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Willamette, Oregon, etc.-Continued. Articles. Dutiable-Continued. Malt liquors: In bottles or jugs. Not in bottles or jugs. Total Marble and stone, and manufactures of Metals, metal compositions and manufactures of, n. e. s Musical instruments, and parts of Oils, n. e. s.: Vegetable, fixed or expressed- Olive Other All other Total Paints and colors Paper, and manufactures of. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. 17, 386 6, 374 8,722 17, 687 28,990 8, 608 6, 199 Dollars. | Dollars. | Dòllars. | Dollars. | Dollars. | Dollars.| Dollars. Dollars. 10, 803 11, 055 156 13, 425 503 20, 226 292 11, 902 17, 386 6, 374 8,722❘ 17, 687 10, 803 29, 146 8, 608 6, 199 11, 055 13, 928 20, 518 11, 902 202 940 708 903 534 229 16 66 157 494 310 8 6 90 190 3899889 58 1, 205 1,263 329 15 108 453 947 41 1, 388 87 4,368 2,269 3,34€ 457 637 5 41 166 46 10 1 4, 675 2, 034 177 2, 044 9, 337 9, 023 10, 279 1, 642 4, 070 9, 767 188 12, 085 3, 070 5, 023 3,297 4, 500 11, 126 2,900 1,500 2, 062 9, 776 109 8, 592 4, 680 3, 676 12, 126 12, 573 12, 366 14, 789 15, 196❘ 12, 668 1, 865 10, 029 10, 185 8, 592 681 152 2,231 359 290 1, 558 457 698 204 611 330 750 1, 114 9.5 920 2, 356 1, 448 3, 077 396 2, 066 140 2,673 2,976 3, 359 313 868 288 187 539 138 166 1 1, 091 1, 317 2, 973 6 313 868 288 539 187 138 172 1 1, 091 1, 317 2,973 17, 742 17, 391 60, 947 117, 262 78, 492 125, 708 12, 524 20, 967 70, 179 18, 323 15, 436 17,970 30, 733 61, 318 33, 184 17, 153 27, 775 56, 289 27, 868 111 19, 803 60 102 36, 980 158 20, 417 236 24 72 1, 058 220 714 457 1, 621 1,185 14,741 629 2, 399 3, 274 1, 001 1, 293 353 8, 790 21, 876 33, 055 1,031 26, 117 1 3 47 155 13 70 352 7 16 6 752 865 1,069 1,246 2,281 857 562 2,035 1, 158 6, 107 1, 244 2, 520 633 5, 139 5,308 4,327 248 4, 901 2,091 7, 191 7, 687 4, 110 2, 984 3, 271 5, 265 8, 351 9, 090 4, 804 5, 996 5, 870 6, 936 8, 349 13, 744 5, 354 3, 617 7,598 5, 513 10, 442 9, 090 Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products: Meat products. Dairy products } Total Rice Salt.... Seeds, not medicinal, n. e. s.. Silk, manufactures of. Soap Spices, ground Spirits, distilled, and spirituous compounds: Brandy All other Total 1 1 1081 IMPORTS INTO OREGON. Sugar, molasses, sugar candy, and confectionery: Molasses 656 Sugar, Dutch standard in color: 1 27 1 Sugar candy and confectionery. Not above No. 13 and tank-bottoms sirups, melada, etc. 188, 615 Above No. 13 and not above No. 20. 418 1, 788 1, 396 2,209 3, 657 159 844 15 917 1,376 460 42 13 352 153 148 208 169 6 87 6 139 202 817 Total 189, 313 431 1, 941 1, 544 2, 417 3,826 165 932 21 1,056 1,605 1, 639 Tobacco, and manufactures of: Leaf Cigars, cigarettes, and cheroots. 148 317 132 All other manufactures of. 410 7, 013 9, 399 10, 388 49 256 771 674 850 1,736 708 2, 302 830 35, 408 1,426 57, 487 2,281 98, 261 2,966 Total 49 256 903 1, 084 998 2,053 7, 721 11, 701 11, 218 36, 834 59, 768 | 101, 227 Vegetables: Pickles and sauces All other: 3,282 781 2, 633 420 4,872 6, 260 5, 614 In their natural state, or in salt or brine. Prepared or preserved... 39 81 302 27 5, 296 463 1, 923 5 1, 127 2, 147 2,675 1, 436 112 316 17 772 1, 286 2, 041 Total 39 81 302 27 11, 253 1, 366 4,872 442 6, 771 9, 693 | 9, 091 Wines: Champagne, and other sparkling.. Stillwines: 543 306 102 5, 029 3,604 3, 055 1, 418 In casks 597 369 350 542 In bottles.. Total 867 892 185 374 3, 336 496 484 727 617 666 656 1,211 1, 054 1, 285 616 1, 381 581 2,747 3, 336 1, 081 1, 090 967 1, 208 2, 066 2,409 1, 341 6, 688 4, 100 5, 052 4, 746 Wood, and manufactures of: Boards, planks, deals and other sawed lumber Cabinetware and house furniture............ 10 652 168 185 975 492 All other manufactures of.. 1, 536 380 113 584 811 903 1, 152 922 1,237 312 395 213 1, 036 2,717 3,290 Total 652 168 975 492 1, 536 1, 617 425 979 1, 034 1, 939 3, 869 4,397 Wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, etc., and manufactures of : Unmanufactured 2, 467 859 646 Manufactures of: 1, 194 2,591 991 3, 658 8, 086 Clothing, ready made, etc., except shawls and knit goods 21 Cloths 44 36 9 505 59 342 232 214 3, 342 4, 296 4, 560 Dress goods, women's and children's. 2,373 1,217 203 172 169 348 29 Knit goods.. 15 23 8 33 2 1,160 8 Yarns 2 80 55 19 All other 774 604 42 218 278 660 964 125 85 17 982 61 140 1, 440 Total 107 2, 685 1,137 729 1, 648 691 2,842 3, 459 4, 582 4, 560 8, 338 10, 649 1082 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 7.—Values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Willamette, Oregon, etc.—Continued. Articles. Dutiable-Continued. Zinc, spelter or tutenegue, and manufactures of. All other dutiable articles Total value of dutiable merchandise. Total value of merchandise free of duty. Total value of imports of merchandise. 1 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. 280 263 4,367 6, 225 Dollars. Dollars. 132 14,962 21, 571 12, 002 4,325 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 149 54, 882 Dollars. Dollars. 5, 555 6, 008 443, 176 | 130, 750 11, 588 593, 067 | 458, 228 407, 999 | 620, 601 | 252, 896 162,728 17, 120 80, 497 25, 131 36, 544 24, 490 353, 391 29, 505 328, 492 7, 473 328, 492 | 605, 170 |1, 56, 365 27, 159 16, 445 13, 441 222, 931 | 924, 927 39,932 71, 621 454, 764 293, 478 610, 187 538, 725 538, 725 433, 130 433, 130 657, 145 277, 386 382, 896 384, 857 632, 329 1, 262, 863 996, 548 1 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM OREGON. 1083 No. 8.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Willamette, Oregon, during the years 1875, and 1880 to 1890, inclusive. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] 247 Articles. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. } Agricultural implements.. Dollars. 389 Dollars. 340 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 199 Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Animals: Hogs Horses 50 300 127 All other 50 300 127 125 158 125 125 158 125 79 118 1, 515 79 118 1, 515 Total Books, maps, engravings, etchings, and other printed matter. 27 3 175 266 + Breadstuffs Barley. 587 550 32 Bread and biscuit 4,327 1, 201 471 1,837 368 62 2922 52 230 432 478 265 368 Oats 3,742 1, 323 244 155 337 91 45 134 125 Wheat.. 1, 150, 917 4, 455 1,858 3, 236, 383 Wheat flour All other breadstuffs, etc. 463, 052 1, 620 797, 850 327 1, 708, 755 4, 618, 330 2, 209, 869 2, 810, 867 1, 299, 526 1, 795, 307 [1, 412, 526 1, 561, 093 272 47 306 3, 339, 153 4, 517, 367 701, 779 1, 199, 331 2, 174 4, 152 3, 601, 707 3, 335, 406 2, 910, 842 1, 494, 313 1, 262, 533 1,904, 450 1, 853, 916 1, 407, 974 1, 449 1, 336 995 14, 175 Total 1,623, 658 4,037, 084 3, 009, 855 6, 416, 226 3, 623, 100 4, 372, 360 4,043, 427 5, 721, 379 5,097, 947 4, 599, 674 4, 816, 780 | 3, 282, 378 Brooms and brushes. 265 Candles. 140 19 15 56 56 71 90 Carriages and horse cars, and parts of. Cars, passenger and freight, for steam railroads. 98 150 55 60 50 756 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines. 4, 716 256 850 31 41 33 112 14 539 Copper, and manufactures of 1, 254 1,222 1, 400 5 ΟΙ 5 2,500 50 Cotton, manufactures of: Wearing apparel 360 All other 24 680 1,655 944 44 241 874 3 Total 24 680 1,655 944 44 601 874 3 Earthen, stone, and china ware 8 16 1 Fancy articles 137 6 7 220 12 150 214 150 214 424 18 1 1084 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. A 1 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. Fish, dried, ote: Dollars. Dollars. Other fish, cured, etc....... Codfish, including haddock, hake, and pollock. No. 8.—Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Willamette, Oregon, etc.—Continued. Articles. Dollars. $ 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1883. 1884. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars: Dollars. Dollars. 5 15 a783 Pickled fish Oysters. Other. Salmon- Canned Other · Shell fish- All other fish. Total Flax, hemp, and jute, manufactures of: 10, 026 a9, 883 5, 402 a46, 653 a43, 333 a2, 700 2, 957 14 6 3 525 1, 968 913 520 250 210 47, 405 1,400 4,350 14 8 6, 618 120 83 100 20 20 20 41 108 35 150 5, 356 10, 892 15, 285 46, 753 46,310 3, 240 500 48,846 4,495 20 525 8, 859 6, 209 20 70 40 25 28 12 110 53 12 Bags. 6 Cordage All other 178 290 Total 178 6 200 Fruits, including nuts: Apples, green or ripe. 379 73 220 717 869 140 401 565 552 423 840 4, 948 Fruits preserved- Canned 18 2,000 23 176 Other 2 6 All other green, ripe, or dried fruits 3, 313 3, 222 1, 872 1,391 742 4 54 48 212 766 2968 20 81 46 134 533 30 1,500 337 131 773 6, 694 Total 3, 710 3, 297 4,092 2, 131 1, 787 150 661 J, 391 1, 104 1, 133 1, 643 13, 148 Glass and glassware 306 120 27 30 630 15 58 78 186 Gunpowder and other explosives. 1, 091 16 12 Hay 169 20 · India rubber and gutta percha, manufactures of.. Ink, printers', and other. 84 227 413 16 13 Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Pig iron Castings, n. e. s.. Firearms Machinery, n. e. s.. 80 269 2 172 11 73 62 Plates and sheets of iron and steel 1 148 1, 119 215 3,950 Printing prosses and parts of.. Saws and tools... 28 936 250 482 22 6, 573 → • 80 a Included "oysters, canned." • 1085 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM OREGON. Sewing machines and parts of 39 30 60 40 20 Steam engines and parts of- Boilers and parts of engines. 300 40 35 Stoves and ranges, and parts of 170 617 100 121 All other manufactures of iron and steel 1, 444 1, 929 563 841 163 1, 360 178 1, 043 500 800 13, 163 Total 1, 565 2, 643 064 901 1, 939 1, 696 447 1, 043 5, 080 40 2,240 19, 776 Jewelry and manufactures of gold and silver. Lamps, chandeliers, etc.... 20 * 255 Leather, and manufactures of: Leather: Sole 106 Manufactures of- Boots and shoes Harness and saddles Total Lime and cement Malt liquors: In bottles Not in bottles. Marble and stone, and manufactures of Musical instruments. Naval stores (rosin, tar, etc) Oils: Animal: Whale and fish Mineral, refined or manufactured- Illuminating. All other Vegetable Total 142 128 575 131 64 186 1,846 194 1, 846 336 259 64 761 1, 963 150 151 117 117 257 1,050 28 860 702 32 19 * • 100 10 229 16 543 D 13,000 413 30 00 202 54 46 15 មគ 190 15 459 57 4, 226 454 56 3 30 60 258 72 13, 061 603 516 4, 680 18 56 390 593 253 227 44 131 189 37 50 77 218 82 184 Paints and painter's colors Paper, and manufactures of. Provisions, (comprising meat and dairy products): Meat products- Beef products- Beef, canned · 19 43 Beef, salted or pickled 564 361 6889 97 26 47 700 Tallow 124 Hog products- Bacon. 8, 159 Hams 3, 773 { 2, 828 870 3, 395 1, 674 114 970 511 71 2, 152 373 357 1,050 75 215 1, 294 473 33 124 Pork, salted or cured. 1, 074 2,665 180 96 200 Lard.. 698 715 78 145 181 18 208 731 814 60 7 All other meat products 1, 678 335 6, 222 411 4 317 35 307 18 628 1086 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 8.—Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Willamette, Oregon, etc.-Continued. Articles. Provisions, etc.-Continued. Dairy products- Butter.. Cheese....... Milk. Total Salt. Seeds Soap, toilet and other. Spirits: Whisky • All other Total Straw and palm leaf, manufactures of Sugar and molasses: Sugar, refined Candy and confectionery .. All other Total Tin, manufactures of 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1,098 115 371 40 22 9 335 216 111 54 260 94 63 47 101 Dollars. Dollars. 173 8 28 171 90 12, 327 13, 654 3, 721 2,346 5, 321 1,.897 1,087 3, 493 2, 602 393 992 4, 582 9 -- 84 37 89 65 75 47 141 277 170 14 26 28 1, 267 291 63 11 58 1,267 349 63 11 19 4 7 13 262 131 92 1 16 16 13 41 17 5 23 278 144 146 9 28 91 2 96 96 31 34 31 136 Tobacco, manufactures of: Cigars 14 35 Vegetables: Onions. 2 5 148 19 Pease and beans.. 14 24 63 Potatoes 148 259 475 17 Vegetables, canned 1, 997 76 43 10 23 10 All other, including pickles. 6 Total 150 2,256 81 518 164 66. 97 20504 5 77 7 10 17 26 19 10 171 19 126 47 / 279 5 6 381 88 16 45 279 Vinegar. 7 36 Wine: In bottles 125 Not in bottles. {{ 30 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM OREGON. 1087- Wood, and manufactures of: Lumber- Boards, deals, and planks 8, 149 Shingles... 4, 474 3, 029 10, 177 13, 602 1, 610 36, 737 385 1,845 10, 160 11, 235 22, 323 12, 540 Shooks, box and other All other lumber 150 Timber- 1,087 315 51 780 · 1,000 1, 200 Sawed and hewed. Logs and other timber Manufactures of- 1, 450 1,000 550 1,400 2,300 469 115 Household furniture. 1,036 745 All other 374 71 2, 140 297 5, 495 250 682 646 182 35 34 100 17 346 1,070 1,237 180 322 247 9, 145 Wool, manufactures of: Total Wearing apparel. All other manufacturos. Total 9, 482 8, 787 4, 438 11, 297 17, 242 2, 147 43, 358 3,280 11, 022 14, 039 23,570 24, 122 a384 a15 a76 1, 239 268 879 25 1,239 652 894 76 16 75 75 250 25 250 All other articles, n. e. s. : Unmanufactured articles Manufactured articles 852 760 6, 983 2, 925 3,962 3, 191 2, 090 2, 077 619 1, 201 624 64 7220 524 210 2,815 207 72 94 401 245 Total value exports.. 595 96 2,772 59 2,344 1, 672, 811 4, 097, 254 3, 082, 694 6, 486, 387 3, 655, 133 4, 383, 498 4, 142, 156 5, 737, 060 |5, 135, 019 4, 619, 115 4, 858, 592 3, 370, 815 | + a Includes "wearing apparel of every material." No. 9.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Southern Oregon, Oregon, during the year ending June 30, 1881. Articles. Wood, and manufactures of: Boards, deals, and planks.. Total value of domestic exports. NOTE.-No transactions during any year except 1881. 1881. Dollars. 4, 125 4, 125 * 1088 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1890, No. 10.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the State of Oregon during the years ending June 30, 1860, 1870, 1875, and 1880 to 1890, inclusive. Articles. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Animals Free of duty. Articles, the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States returned Art works, n. e. s.: Paintings, statuary, fountains, and other works of art, the production of American artists Books, maps, engravings, etchings, and other printed matter, n. e. s Chemicals, drugs, and dyes, n. e. s...... Coffee Farinaceous substances, preparations of, n. e. s.... Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s Hides and skins, other than fur skins. Household and personal effects, and wearing apparel in use, and implements, instruments, and tools of trade of persons arriving from foreign countries, and of citizens of the United States dying abroad Oils, n. e. s Seeds, not medicinal Spices, unground………. Tea.. Tin, bars, blocks, or pigs, grain or granulated. Wood, unmanufactured. Articles admitted free under reciprocity treaty with Hawaiian Islands.. All other free articles. Total free of duty Dolls. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. • · 30 209 15 35 12 410 54 4, 230 5,822 1,041 373 17 4, 260 2,729 LO 5 2 1, 881 24 513 127 21 151 5, 899 192 1, 546 723 1, 467 224 3, 443 390 2,414 3, 716 2, 441 223 1, 7C4 4, 452 303 1, 182 91 3,249 85 2,892 344 200 664 1 414 6, 712 8, 613 1, 577 3,277 905 10, 420 1, 764 1, 229 5, 289 603 9, 318 1,582 410 13 1,670 45 2, 709 3,759 919 4, 670 4, 220 5, 560 1, 730 8 1,829 3, 648 7, 628 1 11 27 47 124 439 57 1, 245 1, 543 261 192 137 204 259 1, 565 131 5, 006 4, 065 1, 397 13, 063 433 6, 465 722 240 481 7,097 467 4, 529 5, 676 37, 391 13, 207 10, 816 38, 819 42 10 3 25 150 154, 255 3,898 | 58, 248 7, 146 6, 224 9, 005 2,,324 2,510 429 3, 214 4, 006 8, 293 2, 618 3, 378 2,999 806 2, 125 2,550 3, 636 2, 170 3,514 3, 384 7,827❘ 11, 588 162, 728 17, 868 80, 769 25, 240 36, 974 | | | 24, 603 30, 591 56, 605 27, 159 39, 932 71, 621 Animals, n. e. s Dutiable. • • Art works, n. e. s.: Paintings, etc. Books, maps, engravings, etchings, etc Breadstuffs Brushes Buttons, except of brass, gilt, or silk, and button molds and button materials, etc. Cement · 87 41 51 16 48 5 148 16 11 34 206 441 6 131 121 342 មុនន 20 62 25 11 12 21 59 147 107 747 10 181 336 73 279 676 27 436 1,295 811 827 350 77 932 1, 084 3, 080 3 4 28 19 97 1 295 575 9 269 569 236 342 466 2 9 2 • • · 64,048 | 10, 328 7,351 23, 945 | 39,856 4, 145 47,812 IMPORTS INTO OREGON. 1089 06 D I Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc., n. e. s Clocks and watches, and parts of... Coal, bituminous Copper, and manufactures of Corsets Cotton, manufactures of. - 349 479 3,862 4, 665 8, 521 7,099 | 11, 554 9, 214 | 10, 373 66 662 16, 816 | 13, 728 4 14, 955 5,313 9, 512 139 850 22, 758 18 25, 980 21 25, 980 | 40, 142 | 30 65, 723 | 86, 491 47 156 73, 287 100, 973 284 76, 185 242 52,628 1, 876 16, 887 149 107, 918 45, 893 54 201 Earthen, stone, and china ware... 1, 071 11 1, 424 4, 217 3, 317 5, 774 5, 175 2,453 4, 684 3, 167 256 Fancy articles 2, 610 8, 827 5, 527 7, 295 7, 555 7,889 250 21, 61250, 175 22 11, 392 | 22, 848 30, 287 41, 490 Fish, n. e. s 82 80, 434 82, 386 102 120 249 415 996 Flax, hemp, jute, and other vegetable substances, and manufactures of: 748 600 1, 632 2, 178 4, 019 5, 207 514 1, 845 603 2,092 3, 739 5, 812 8, 566 7,855 53 2,781 3, 447 178, 583 Unmanufactured 69 Manufactures of 6, 789 3,585 6, 300 6, 525 6, 997 Fruits, including nuts 1,501 98, 083 8, 380 102, 442 4,346 18, 409 | 74, 344 11, 839 5, 069 3, 161 7, 691 616 Furs, dressed on the skin, and manufactures of fur 1, 239 1, 803 5, 234 811 1,402 1,446 3, 782 2, 193 114, 452 79, 768 470 372 283 1, 880 3, 818 Glass and glassware 15 7,748 11 ] 33 Hops 8, 696 606 1,999❘ 13, 217 2,299 48 26 5, 673 3, 636 2,207 6, 386 17, 588 21, 489 46,790 Iron and steel, and manufactures of. Jewelry, and manufactures of gold and silver. 1,099 62, 872 | 39, 699 565, 626 327, 222 2, 550 348, 514 290, 003 195, 460 205, 059 4 285, 917 368, 901 609, 605 Leather, and manufactures of.. 41 320, 875 7 223 Malt liquors 38 6 21 6 19 52 30 42 55 233 311 220 14 13 8 Marble and stone, and manufactures of. 17,386 46 416 Oils, n. e. s Metals, metal compositions, and manufactures of, n. e. 8. Musical instruments, and parts of... 6,374 202 8,722 | 17, 687 10, 803 | 29, 146 8, 608 6, 199 11, 055 13, 928 940 708 903 534 1, 352 20, 518 58 1, 205 1, 263 229 16 66 157 15 111 453 494 1,388 310 8 114 329 4,368 1, 659 11, 902 2, 269 3, 346 90 265 189 947 41 4,312 Paints and colors 4, 680 67 3,676 12, 126 | 12, 575 | 12, 537 | 457 637 15, 008 15, 361 12, 668 681 1, 865 10, 029 Paper, and manufactures of 152 2,231 359 290 1, 558 10, 185 457 698 611 Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products 459 1, 239 201 750 935 330 1, 114 920 1,.463 3, 077 8, 592 2,356 427 2, 101 140 2, 673 313 Rice 868 288 571 187 2,976 246 172 Salt.. 1, 27438, 711 | 17, 753 1 1, 091 17, 391 60, 947 117, 262 78, 492 78, 492 126, 592 126, 59220, 973 1, 317 | Seeds, not medicinal, n. e. s 5, 928❘ 12, 524 70, 254 18, 323 18, 770 34, 997 15, 436 | 30, 733 | 19, 838 61, 318 3, 359 2,973 56, 285 27,775 | 29, 133 29, 133 20, 485 111 37, 41221, 489 Silk, manufactures of.. 60 102 158 15, 329 236 34, 637 24 105 223 19 Soap 1, 097 457 714 1, 621 629 1, 194 2,408 1, 031 3, 274 1, 003 1, 293 353 8, 790 21, 876 26, 117 Spices, ground.. 47 104 155 3 13 352 • Spirits, distilled, and spirituous compounds.. 70 7 16 6 752 895 Sugar, molasses, sugar candy, and confectionery Tobacco, and manufactures of 4,804 65 5,996 5, 870 6, 936 8, 371 13, 767 5,429 124, 371 189, 313 3, 617 7,598 5, 513 431 1, 911 1,579 2,452 3, 826 186 932 21 194 49 Vegetables 256 1, 056 903 1,069 10, 442 1,605 1,246 9, 090 1, 084 998 1, 639 2, 053 7, 721 73 11, 763 39 11, 218 36, 834 Wines 81 302 59, 768 27 101, 227 4 11, 318 1, 365 309 of: Unmanufactured Manufactures of.... Wood, and manufactures of.... Wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, etc., and manufactures Zinc, spelter, or tutenague, manufactures of. All other dutiable articles Total dutiable Total free and dutiable 3, 336 4,882 442 1, 081 6, 771 1, 096 967 1, 208 9, 693 9, 091 2,066 2,409 1.341 469 679 168 6, 688 1, 152 4, 100 5,052 502 4, 746 1, 536 1, 617 435 1, 012 1, 084 1, 939 3, 869 4,397 ཚན་ 2,467 859 646 8 122 1, 191 218 2,591 991 278 729 1, 002 3, 653 3, 086 691 2,842 280 2,265 263 1, 991 132 3,575 149 4, 683 7, 563 17, 501 4,390 6, 2:5 14, 962❘ 21, 571 51, 957 12, 002 4,325 5, 608 6, 008 7,473 16, 445 13, 900 1,936 206, 016 411, 767 1,936 213, 813 456, 355 159, 020 321, 754 757, 567 640, 679 677, 402 788, 512 413, 953 524, 238 559, 680 717, 615 1, 340, 5221, 230, 745 775, 435 721, 448 702, 642 825, 486 438, 550 551, 829 616, 285 744, 774 1, 380, 454 1,302, 366 1090 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 11.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the State of Oregon during the years ending June 30, 1860, 1870, 1875, and 1880 to 1890, inclusive. Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1881. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dolls. Dolls. Dollars. Agricultural implements. 3, 830 389 Dollars. 340 Dollars. 199 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Animals: Hogs 3,230 50 Horses 2, 325 1,550 300 300 127 Mules 525 All other 32, 774 371 136 Total 38, 854 1, 921 300 186 300 127 Books, maps, engravings, etc... 1, 513 276 125 158 125 79 118 1,515 125 158 125 79 118 1, 515 3 175 834 247 Breadstuffs: Barley 794 587 610 32 Bread and biscuit.. 635 4,327 1, 772 471 1, 837 368 62 223 52 230 432 478 Oats 603 3, 742 Wheat Wheat flour 15, 368 | 95, 964 All other breadstuffs and preparations of 135 23, 175 1, 905, 732 643, 198 1, 620 1, 323 3, 978, 295 1,965, 498 953, 553 1, 342, 366 | 244 155 337 91 45 265 134 368 125 4, 455 327 272 6, 123, 063 2, 958, 101 2, 386, 889 1, 638, 950 358 Total 995 15, 368 121, 306 2, 558, 619 4, 935, 270 3, 309, 438 8, 512, 912 4, 597, 756 5, 396, 830 4, 446, 242 6, 221, 305 5, 587, 879 5, 083, 381 5, 905, 698 3, 776, 121 306 3,710, 093 3, 732, 880 4, 927, 935 4,029, 705 1,686, 337 710, 867 1, 288, 689 1, 556, 247 2, 174 4, 152 1, 449 3,750, 348 1, 331, 298 1, 336 1,858 3, 757, 506 2, 199, 137 2, 146, 7041, 556, 496 14, 175 Brooms and brushes 265 15 Candles.. 4 Carriages and horse cars, and parts of 250 215 Cars, passenger and freight, for steam railroads Chemicals, drugs, and medicines. Clocks and watches.. Coal, anthracite..... Copper, and manufactures of 150 298 4,716 256 30 · 191 168 56 71 55 60 140 19 98 90 756 50 850 31 41 33 112 14 539 1, 254 1,222 1,400 56 5 5 2,500 50 Cotton, and manufactures of : Cloths, colored 257 Cloths, uncolored. 31 All other 834 24 680 1, 655 1, 007 44 601 874 3 150 214 Total 834 24 680 1, 655 1,295 44 601 874 3 150 214 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM OREGON. 1091 60 1 8 137 10 5 16 20 7 12 222324 18 424 Fish, dried, etc.: Codfish, including haddock, } bake, and pollock. 5 15 } Other fish, cured, etc Fish, pickled 86 a88 6, 458 a24, 120 a1,062,656 a1,210,865 a1, 878,766 a1,732,862 16, 539 11,815 2, 957 566 1, 388 14 6 525 3 1,968 913 115 100 Salmon : Canned Other Shellfish- · Oysters All other fish 1, 487, 242 1, 540, 827 210 1, 600 824, 045 8 803, 831 684, 916 4 594, 093 120 867, 651 Other Total 83 1, 772 86 8, 298 100 20 20 41 108 35 40. 742 1, 074, 471 1, 210, 965 | 1, 881, 743 1, 733, 438 1, 488, 995 1, 542, 568 150 5, 356 1,542, 568 824, 190 803, 841 685, 441 596, 334 873, 920 Earthen, stone, and china ware..] Fancy articles Flax, hemp, and jute, manufac- tures of Bags Cordage 20 All other 39 178 Total 39 178 70 40 25 28 12 110 53 12 6 290 6 290 Fruits: Apples, green or ripe. 14, 306 2, 551 603 73 220 869 869 140 401 565 552 423 875 4, 948 Fruits, preserved- Canned 18 2,000 23 176 Other 30 1, 302 2,400 6 48 All other green, ripe, or dried. 3, 437 3, 313 3, 222 1, 872 6, 561 742 4 212 766 39880 81 46 40 134 533 30 1,506 337 131 773 6, 694 Total 14, 306 6, 018 3,934 4, 597 4, 092 9, 853 1,787 150 661 1, 391 1, 104 1, 133 1, 678 13, 148 Glass and glassware 165 306 120 27 30 630 15 58 78 186 1, 091 Gunpowder and other explosives. 177 16 12 Hay 169 20 India rubber and gutta percba, manufactures of 44) 84 51 227 Ink, printers' and other 16 13 223233 413 Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Pig iron 80 269 Bar fron 58 Castings, n. 8. 8 ....... e, 6 2 172 11 1 148 3,950 110 936 Firearms 200 73 Machinery, n. e. 8.……. s 209 62 967 1, 119 250 Nails and spikes. 32 • a Includes salmon, canned. 1092 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 11.-Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the State of Oregon, etc.—Continued. Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1881. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Iron and steel, and manufactures of-Continued. Plates and sheets of iron and steel Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 215 482 6, 578 Printing presses, and parts of.. 22 Saws and tools. 28 80 Sewing machines, and parts of 45 39 30 60 40 20 40 35 Steam engines, and parts of: Boilers and parts of en- gines 100 300 Stoves and ranges, and parts of. 40 170 617 100 121 All other manufactures of iron and steel. 2, 115 1, 441 1, 929 563 841 163 1,360 178 1, 043 660 800 13, 314 gold and silver Total Jewelry and manufactures of Lamps, chandeliers, etc... … … …. Leather and manufactures of: Leather- 2,675 1, 565 2, 743 664 1, 868 1, 939 1, 696 447 1,043 5, 210 150 2, 240 19, 927 20 255 Sole 142 All other • Manufactures of- 40 Boots and shoes 3, 583 211 Harness and saddles 922 1, 846 194 131 64 575 186 All other 145 Total 4,690 1, 846 336 372 64 761 Lime and cement 1, 963 150 Malt liquors: In bottles Not in bottles 30 34 Total 30 34 106 252 151 117 117 509 1,050 28 860 1, 433 21 28 888 860 1, 346 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM OREGON. 1093 Marble and stone, and mauufac- tures of Matches Musical instruments Naval stores-Rosin, tar, etc Oils: Animal-Whale and fish. Mineral- Illuminating.. All other Vegetable Total . Paints and painters' colors Paper, and manufactures of Provisions, comprising meat and . 72 543 100 10 19 229 26, 200 413 46 60 202 54 46 190 459 15 15 57 4, 226 454 56 3 46 60 258 72 26, 261 603 516 4, 680 18 56 390 593 150 1, 488 253 227 44 131 189 37 50 77 218 82 184 dairy products: Meat products- Beef products- Beef canned 225 19 43 Beef'salted or pickled. 561 361 97 26 689 47 700 Tallow 60 124 Hog_products- Bacon 883 Hans. 8, 005 8, 159 3,849 { 2,828 938 3, 395 1, 674 114 970 511 71 373 357 1, 050 75 215 1, 294 473 33 2, 152 124 Pork, pickled 32 1, 074 2, 665 180 96 200 Lard. 101 3, 065 698 715 78 145 184 18 208 731 814 60 7 All other meat products. 11 515 6, 378 411 4 317 35 307 18 1, 678 628 Dairy products- Butter.... 6, 478 5,520 1, 098 115 22 335 216 111 54 260 173 Cheese 318 371 95 9 94 63 47 101 • 8 Milk. 28 171 90 Total 7,522 | 17, 176 12, 507 13, 941 3, 721 2, 414 5, 321 1, 897 1, 087 3,493 2, 602 393 992 4, 582 Salt.. 20 9 • Seeds. 84 37 89 65 Soap, toilet and other. Spirits: Whisky 267 170 131 14 26 25 75 47 141 277 28 361 1, 267 291 63 11 96 All other D Total 58 361 1, 267 349 63 11 96 Straw and palm leaf, manufac- tures of. Q 19 31 1094 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED -STATES, No. 11.-Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the State of Oregon, etc.- Continued. Articles. i 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Sugar and molasses: Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Sugar, refined.. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 4 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1 7 13 Candy and confectionery All other 262 131 92 Total Tin, manufactures of 23 23 8 136 1 16 16 13 41 17 10 5 23 278 144 146 17 34 34 9 28 91 Tobacco, and manufactures of: Cigars 281 All other 253 Total 534 Vegetables: 35 35 2 2 14 14 Onions 561 2 5 148 Pease and beans Potatoes == 19 24 63 60 18 158 259 475 17 Vegetables, canned 16 All other, including pickles 1, 997 76 43 10 23 10 3 6 Total 621 37 160 2, 256 81 518 164 66 97 23524 5 77 17 7 == 26 10 171 19 126 47 279 5 6 381 88 16 45 279 Vessels sold to foreigners.. 200 Vinegar 6 Wine 125 7 30 36 Wood, and manufactures of: Lumber- Poards, deals, and planks. 916 | 14, 234 13, 202 12, 549 7, 154 18, 017 18, 087 Shingles 8, 610 68, 829 1, 845 1, 391 60, 042 24, 055 91, 483 57, 577 144 540 Shooks, box, and other 150 All other lumber 236 2, 141 a1, 133 544 a 60 51 980 Timber- · 1,000 1, 591 Sawed and hewn. Logs and other timber. 2,300 765 100 7, 050 1,000 550 1, 405 469 115 Manufactures of: Moldings, trimmings, etc. House furniture 115 275 284 1,036 745 574 521 2, 140 5, 495 All other.... 1,327 820 182 86 1, 489 297 646 35 34 100 17 346 1, 070 180 407 317 9, 245 Total 1, 191 16, 996 16, 920 22, 663 8, 763 19,816 21, 792 9, 147 75, 650 4,357 61, 157 26, 914 92, 800 69,902 יי } 1 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM OREGON. 1095 Wool, manufactures of: Wearing apparel All other... • 97 64, 490 384 15 76 8, 963 1, 239 268 879 75 Total 97 13, 453 1, 239 652 894 16 75 F 25 25. 250 250 All articles n. e. s.: Unmanufactured articles 34, 651 888 852 760 6, 983 Manufactured articles 3, 122 619 624 524 210 13, 562 3, 962 3, 191 2, 090 2, 109 1, 201 64 207 2220 72 2,815 104 ! 426 245 191 59 3, 533 3, 349 Total value, domestic ex- ports 218, a Includes firewood. 113, 126 218, 053 2, 645, 792 6, 070, 475 4, 550, 814 10, 436, 566 6, 364, 537 6, 903, 463 6, 070, 985 7, 057, 758 6, 492, 300 5,801, 340 6, 604, 345 4,780, 770 b Includes wearing apparel of every material. ! ( 7 { " 1 1096 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. ? No. 12.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchan- dise imported into the custom districts of Humboldt, Cal., during the years ending June 30, 1884 to 1890, inclusive. Articles. Free of duty. Articles the growth, produce, or manufac- ture of the United States returned Coffee.. Household and personal effects, etc Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s. : Bananas.. Total free of duty.. Dutiable. Coal, bituminous.. Copper, and manufactures of. Glass and glassware. Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Scrap, fit only to be remanufactured Iron, wrought and cast. Spirits, distilled. Sugar, molasses, sugar candy and confec- tionery.. Wood, and manufactures of: 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. |Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 115 201 24 24 319 200 200 6, 373 1. 322 5,710 4,868 2,830 4, 586 1, 349 258 355 54 24 221 Cabinet ware and house furniture. All other dutiable articles 20 Total value of dutiable merchandise.. Total value of merchandise free of duty. 6,373 1,707 5,710 5, 425 2,830 4,586 1,349 24 319 200 Total value of imports of merchandise. 6, 373 1, 731 5, 710 5, 744 2,830 4,586 1, 549 No. 13.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Humboldt, Cal., during the years end- ing June 30, 1883 to 1890, inclusive. Articles. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1837. 1888. 1889. 1890 Breadstuffs: Bread and buiscuit Wheat flour All other Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 218 168 • · Total Fish: Salmon, canned Other fish dried, smoked or cured Shellfish: Oysters Other Total 21 407 2, 121 475 395 140 10 2,666 475 Fruits: Apples, green. 25 16 Preserved 862 450 Total 862 450 25 16 India rubber and gutta percha man- factures 146 Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Nails and spikes. Saws and tools.. 210 All other Total 143 186 210 329 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1097 No. 13.--Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of Humboldt, Cal., etc.-Continued. Articles. Leather, manufactures of: Boots and shoes... Harness and saddles Total • Oils : 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 496 384 880 Vegetable... Paints and painter's colors Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products: Beef, canned 64 180 97 213 All other Total Soap.... Vegetables: Canned Potatoes All other Total Wood, and manufactures of: Lumber- 44 4 48 46 3333 57 130 54 51 Boards, deals, and planks ..161, 317 202, 069 155, 370 152, 806 100, 534 124, 970 116, 372 Joists and scantling.. 96, 114 6, 503 Shingles. 3, 399 3,768 1,049 3,356 483 723 4, 581 895 1, 646 3,528 651 All other lumber.. 956 2,376 3, 963 614 151 Timber- 6, 889 815 1, 125 Logs and other timber.... 3,377 100 520 11 Manufactures of— Doors, sash, and blinds….. Moldings, trimmings, etc 2,273 1, 166 5, 143 31, 148 2, 425 6, 500 Total 171, 123 218, 255 200, 549 163, 270 1,734 1,380 9, 017 4,700 |113, 576 141, 467 122, 757 500 3, 696 5, 275 108, 051 Wool, manufactures of: 510 Wearing apparel.. All articles not elsewhere enumer- ated: Unmanufactured articles Manufactured articles Total value of exports of do- mestic merchandise... 26 60. 31 171, 123 224, 464 201, 500 163, 295 113, 576 142, 207 | 122, 757 108, 051 1098 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 14.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchan- June 30, 1860, 1870, 1875, and Animals, n. e. s Articles. Free of duty. Articles, the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United States, returned.. Art works, n. e. s.: Paintings, statuary, foun- tains, and other works of art, the production of American artists Books and other printed matter, n. e. 8 …………………. Chemicals, drugs, and dyes, n. e. s. : Argal, or argol, or crude tartar, and argol dust Dye woods, in sticks....... Gum8- Cutch, or catechu, and terra japonica, or gambia... All other gums and gum resins, n. e. s. Lime, chloride of, or bleaching powder. Mineral waters, all not artificial Soda, nitrate of. Sulphur, or brimstone, crude Vanilla beaus.. All other Total Cocoa, or cacao, crude, and leaves and shells of. Coffee.. Cotton, unmanufactured Farinaceous substances, and preparations of, n. e. s. Fertilizers: Guano. Phosphates, crude or native, for fertilizing purposes. Total Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s. : Bananas Cocoanuts All other.. Total Furs and fur skins undressed. Hides and skins, other than fur skins.. Household and personal effects, and wearing apparel in use, and implements, instruments, and tools of trade of persons arriving from foreign countries, and of citizens of United States dying abroad India rubber and gutta percha, crude Ivory: Animal Oils, n. e. s. : Fixed or expressed Volatile or essential Whale and fish - Total.. Ores: Gold bearing. Silver bearing Total Seeds, not medicinal, n. e. s.... Silk, unmanufactured: Raw, or as reeled from the cocoon Waste, and all other .. Total [n. e. s. signifies not 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. Dollars. 35, 038 Dollars, Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 100, 058 63,995 86, 074 114, 919 1, 147 319 14, 201 15,763 2,081 1,788 7,405 9, 387 2,792 1, 435 280 39, 502 1,223 16, 203 9, 387 9, 924 6, 188 17,890 9, 061 101, 765 59, 607 326, 494 17,850 28, 324 16, 253 49 17, 522 149, 349 170, 605 193, 368 1,484 17, 802 299, 106 279, 962 602, 568 11, 916 44, 983 688, 743 37, 896 346 3,737 2, 143, 237 | 2,831, 379 | 1, 884, 304 65, 335 70, 585 203, 908 51 734 51 734 439, 828 391, 893 509, 689 160, 285 235, 140 276, 776 10, 057 53, 048 77,060 101, 430 90, 693 390 25, 724 517 3,743 15, 890 22, 312 13, 614 22, 312 29, 504 8.716 2, 022 2, 495 1,051 318, 041 603, 264 10, 037, 099 9, 281, 838 318, 041 603, 264 10, 037, 0999, 281, 838 IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1099 · dise imported into the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., during the years ending - from 1880 to 1890, inclusive. elsewhere specified.] 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 39, 053 Dollars. 10, 510 26, 863 14, 611 14, 242 Dollars. 12, 244 Dollars. 79,926 123, 042 75, 261 56, 287 82, 694 156, 314 192, 870 267, 358 42, 211 106,781 2,528 3,279 8, 299 8, 693 2,247 11, 256 1, 464 2, 178 16, 201 26,856 99, 806 14, 139 5, 074 15, 891 7, 188 8,948 10, 633 13, 446 124, 466 112, 110 78, 039 133, 051 130, 319 191, 041 81, 279 92, 272 28, 719 15, 880 33, 152 35, 204 16, 699 27, 137 15, 016 36, 275 17, 263 13, 969 22, 129 25, 224 4, 462 13, 057 24, 386 9, 316 38, 106 6, 989 10, 654 31,965 18, 436 27, 984 14, 443 7.149 19, 014 431, 145 18, 036 8, 530 361, 403 15,934 16, 112 182, 959 19,579 15, 135 151, 234 117, 748 24, 374 24,572 167, 697 30, 814 112,598 255, 833 35, 375 33, 937 263, 929 54, 517 248, 429 6, 191 50, 521 280, 185 274, 424 12, 974 78, 732 112, 811 9, 552 57, 925 66,066 9, 319 87, 391 67, 198 23, 115 123, 343 20,027 71,955 14,749 108, 243 96, 506 1, 030, 442 658, 375 85, 684 536, 712 432, 426 547, 901 631, 976 645, 391 614, 455 57, 065 23, 142 604, 358 38, 435 73, 117 2,064, 025 1, 784, 023 117, 85J | 44, 759 2, 012, 221 252, 265 234, 617 46,668 2, 073, 623 1, 843, 413 2, 454, 907 | | 101, 195 66, 493 101, 871 70, 586 2, 523, 494 53, 121 91, 136 3, 146, 074 3, 163, 344 61, 010 17, 665 20, 680 63, 560 66, 945 54, 356 89, 422 94, 766 115, 314 83, 533 7, 250 4,360 4, 200 4, 200 7,250 4,360 58, 101 61, 645 46, 206 63,540 43, 945 109, 724 62, 590 137,860 90, 983 19, 146 19, 298 90, 004 107, 105. 60, 535 22, 278 86, 864 15, 501 27,923 98,794 26, 794 27, 390 140, 787 129, 022 206, 314 149, 450 151, 048 278, 842 204, 641 315, 302 233, 289 224, 037 357, 713 376, 589 447, 865 308, 426 269, 022 281, 612 181, 953 167, 770 313, 204 170, 881 385, 996 252, 475 352, 235 247, 525 256, 666 57, 741 1, 630 86, 136 66, 640 138, 428 293 113, 804 77, 361 120 137, 245 154, 020 108, 921 381 942 448 335 783 2, 920 2,920 47, 825 443 326, 192 606, 262 482, 289 326, 192 654, 087 482, 732 6, 770 6, 526 10, 949 16, 411 18,003 21, 050 24, 272 20, 219 21, 179 | 9, 307, 269 9,931, 825 7, 956, 008 48, 662 8, 416, 547 11, 783, 287 12, 280, 076 12, 069, 430 11, 131, 370 13, 111, 502 44, 742 27, 432 4, 235 31, 274 4,701 7, 805 9,307, 2699, 931, 825 8, 004, 670 8, 461, 289 11, 810, 719 12, 284, 311 12, 100, 704 11, 136, 071 13, 119, 307 | 1100 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 14.- Values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. Free of duty-Continued. • છે Spices, unground: Tea Nutmegs Pepper All other Total Tin, bars, blocks, or pig, grain or granulated Wood, unmanufactured. Articles admitted free under reciprocity treaty with Hawaiian Islands: Fruits and nuts... Rice Molasses.. Sugar, brown All other Total All other free articles.. Total free of duty Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 345, 810 5, 183, 426 6, 048, 746 | 6, 303, 827 114, 682 149, 430 248, 123 1, 193 31, 766 92,075 54, 959 106, 431 13, 266 20, 600 281, 615 386, 321 18, 374 34, 328 • 32, 704 1, 248, 444 110, 528 534, 973 9,570, 617 253, 791 1,010, 472 1, 346, 653 | 25, 686, 295 26, 391, 243 3, 992, 045 | 4, 924, 995 1, 135 1,402 4,306, 435 | 5, 367, 646 Dutiable. ... Breadstuffs Books, maps, engravings, etchings, and other printed matter, n. e. s. Animals, n. e. 8 Art works, n. e. s.: Paintings in oil or water- colors, and statuary 29, 430 119 72 359 30, 419 14, 694 15, 008 10, 310 23, 429 30, 774 14, 683 14, 678 Brushes 11, 124 19, 030 39, 602 24, 211 25, 082 Buttons, except of brass, gilt, or silk, and button molds and button materials made in patterns or cut for buttons exclusively Cement 5, 427 2,766 12, 609 14, 038 10, 693 10, 683 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines, n. e.s: Glycerine... Opium- Crude Prepared for smoking 126, 810 496, 167 951, 273 Soda- 693, 412 Carborate, inc'd sal soda and soda ash. Caustic.. 13, 072 21, 910 65, 811 50, 549 69, 832 All other salts of 17, 012 78, 644 56, 217 39, 484 All other 40, 308 17,972 11, 144 6, 056 5, 172 167, 910 174, 020 118, 082 634, 434 Total 18, 244 373,950 832, 614 1, 187, 265 943, 218 Clocks and watches, and parts of.. Coal, bituminous... 30, 496 47, 490 16, 901 Copper, and manufactures of. 108, 801 Corsets.. 1,797 397, 476 20, 697 4, 600 1, 105, 7241, 038, 836 1, 130, 492 | 93, 587 8,367 7,748 19, 543 Cotton, manufactures of: Cloths Clothing, ready-made, and other wearing- apparel, not including knit goods. Embroideries, laces, insortings, trim- mings, and lace window curtains. 230, 583 132, 938 117,082 19, 364 21, 498 189, 470 59, 417 107,748 105, 036 89, 607 Knit goods: Stockings, half hose, shirts, drawers, and all goods made, fish- ioned, or shaped on knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand. All other manufactures of 19, 838 11, 641 151, 704 139, 240 20, 589 21, 821 18, 095 351, 170 233, 115 87,745 107, 531 Total 473, 353 695, 229 597, 185 232, 734 236, 731 Earthen, stone, and china ware: China, porcelain, parian, and bisque, earthen, stone, and crockery ware.. Decorated or ornamented……. 72, 133 203, 402 281, 971 248, 086 236, 621 All other Total 72, 133 203, 402 281, 971 248, 086 236, 621 IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1101 imported into the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., etc.—Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1898. . 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 14, 873 7,861 Dollars. 23, 643 Dollars. 22, 662 35, 720 - 20, 227 32, 733 35, 978 71, 296 25, 803 57, 290 56, 872 12, 085 86, 751 21, 511 76, 438 68, 161 38, 645 38, 523 37, 479 29, 909 107, 465 52, 679 116, 450 118,597 145, 501 149, 895 123, 873 4,746, 3306, 006, 642 3, 595, 646 885, 458 412, 604 275, 156 237,043 1, 268, 438 | 1, 178, 761 1. 165, 315 161, 472 842, 395 43, 209 232, 827 976, 474 53, 999 78, 504 80, 261 40, 493 327, 998 41, 998 462, 198 455, 284 335, 517 63, 109 86, 348 30, 985 26, 763 37, 943 489, 085 608, 310 23, 328 6, 784, 121 5, 522 36, 298 6, 980, 448 3,999 555, 476 401, 908 359, 042 20, 603 8, 921 7,239 7,100, 952 8, 194, 753 | 9, 165, 904 | | 485 381, 860 548, 707 14,712 6, 417 9, 255, 351 10, 260, 048 |12, 078, 518 762 9, 761 494, 166 6, 148 498, 554 9, 314 11, 549, 828 861 7, 328, 819 | 7, 666, 998 | 7,677, 516 | 8, 605, 582 | 9,532, 185 8,605, 582 9,532, 1859, 651, 923 10, 815, 934 12, 588, 593 | 12, 058, 557 615, 429 466, 773 244, 136 152, 274 140, 715 254, 948 121, 093 280, 686 237, 486 26, 472, 935 27, 978, 491 23, 698, 642 22, 350, 99226, 820, 301 28, 201, 507 29, 765, 014 31, 257, 679 32, 340, 345 2,217 123 45 21 158 669 378 17, 693 7,116 2, 749 16, 480 11, 110 8, 134 16, 694 20, 105 25, 674 26, 599 24, 891 24, 873 22, 556 27,788 24,999 24, 076 24, 920 19, 329 34, 228 12, 822 29, 259 3, 207 29, 692 5, 084 8, 207 4,831 17, 775 6, 789 12, 768 15, 583 6, 494 19, 420 15, 216 20, 347 12, 031 13, 542 7,794 18,763 13, 043 15, 614 232, 659 72, 252 19, 544 16, 354 68, 179 14, 440 214, 703 412, 267 190, 152 284, 006 75, 933 39, 195 51, 452 60, 512 74, 376 100, 454 149, 019 1,078, 977 2, 644, 345 9, 366 46.942 102, 370 295, 749 43, 993 238, 381 447, 531 222, 174 417, 031 234, 080 583, 386 553, 839 644, 204 269, 586 70, 850 70, 397 47,790 108, 120 37.136 56, 64( 73, 200 32, 482 28, 475 41, 678 48, 007 34, 416 9, 911 11, 972 51,695 43, 567 27,004 8, 402 70, 921 2, 640 43, 950 262, 855 380, 660 3, 158 52,576 106, 070 4, 482 86, 810 7, 793 2,439 96, 647 2,055 87, 041 86, 163 97, 829 103, 029 1,459, 729 3, 164, 020 324, 036 772, 916 795, 553 1, 345 2,296 3, 119 1,575, 162 18, 511 1, 246, 973 1, 621, 020 11, 987 11, 345 3,732 3, 744 7,960 5, 413 7, 821 1,810, 064 1, 612, 210 1, 889, 634 | 4, 155 12,756 1, 787, 867 2,842 1,086, 640 | 1, 079, 480 | 1, 145, 466 | | 1,030 853, 912 14, 959 2, 606, 840 12, 510 2, 344, 348 429 775 13, 123 434 16, 997 18, 581 23, 843 27, 079 40, 168 40, 862 22, 920 21, 670 19, 293 18, 766 19, 937 22, 152 20, 997 97, 793 84, 040 68, 895 51, 911 24, 611 22, 346 38, 097 47, 396 27, 085 30, 950 108, 613 78, 135 87,251 115, 926 94, 156 140, 660 25, 619 5,828 5, 284 164, 972 166, 036 186, 726 150, 556 121, 912 123, 463 224, 844 110, 729 198, 411 104, 361 140, 785 158, 147 169, 209 187, 080 328, 552 168, 787 317, 456 249, 061 573, 074 471, 006 392, 611 453, 898 455, 145 515, 676 286, 326 283, 336 153, 425 85, 596 86, 397 161, 824 116, 495 140, 586 105, 227 119, 918 88,757 119, 411 103, 085 121, 869 125, 697 171, 190 286, 326 283, 336 315, 249 190, 823 175, 154 219, 580 262, 446 245, 615 290, 601 1102 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 14. Values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. Dutiable-Continued. Fancy articles: Dollars. Dolls and other toys. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 18, 590 Fans, except palm leaf. All other 14, 283 176, 151 202, 010 200, 421 204, 025 Total 32, 873 176, 151 202, 010 200, 421 204, 025 Fish, n. e. s. : Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil, or otherwise. 36, 372 All other 50, 650 95, 622 39, 514 5, 391 144, 974 50, 502 50, 564 72, 738 Total 41, 766 144, 974 101, 152 146, 186 112, 252 Flax, hemp, jute and other vegetable sub- stances, and manufactures of: Unmanufactured- Hemp, and all substitutes for hemp. Jute 248, 095 403, 516 227, 531 290, 214 23, 937 33, 380 112, 123 175, 534 8, 622 943 174 All other L Total Oranges.. Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s. : Sisal grass, and other vegetable sub- stances Manufactures of flax, hemp, or jute, or of which flax, hemp, or jute shall be the component material of chief value- Bags and bagging, and like manufac tures Burlaps (except for bagging for cot->146, 770 ton) 996, 389 | 2,091, 011 | 1, 629, 349 | 1,773, 157 180, 150 | | 1, 253, 106 2, 519, 407 1, 969, 177 | 2, 238,905 Preserved fruits. 22, 611 All other fruits.. Nuts... 7, 152 63, 266 140, 408 145, 775 99, 930 136, 771 13, 253 Total 106, 312 Furs, dressed on the skin, and manufactures of fur... 9, 784 43, 368 3, 016 Glass and glassware: 983 1,230 Bottles, vials, demijohns, carboys, and jars, empty or filled. 254 Cylinder, crown, and common window- glass, unpolished Plate glass- 7, 135 189, 979 135, 878 29, 662 74, 803 Fluted, rolled, or rough... 4, 471 Unsilvered.. 2,362 270 1, 995 53 115, 890 Silvered 144, 115 23, 780 21, 024 8, 649 All other 14, 431 8,425 8, 670 9, 475 90,256 52, 392 49, 773 42, 409 Total 10, 112 409, 245 349, 178 111, 910 149, 706 Hops... Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Pig-iron... Scrap, fit only to be remanufactured. Iron, wrought and cast 14, 852 186, 926 208, 406 35, 338 149, 586 716 Steel.. 35, 317 99, 485 93, 672 Bar iron, rolled or hammered 1,816 17, 592 Bars, railway 27, 453 350, 143 56, 360 Hoops, bands, strips, sheets, and plates of steel. 45, 025 243, 907 120, 103 1, 132 98,804 232, 334 Ingots, blooms, slabs, billets, and bars of steel and steel in forms n. e. s.. Tin-plates, terne plates, or taggers' tin.. Wire rods (rivet, screw, nail, and fence), round, in coils and loops, of iron or steel Wire, and wire rope and strand, iron and steel.. Manufactures of, n. e. s.- Cutlery Firearms Machinery All other. Total 150, 006 164, 931 2, 582 192, 714 330, 751 60, 716 397, 964 95, 006 815, 497 19, 497 10, 147 4, 068 67, 205 626, 936 189, 293 1,899, 153 | 1, 366, 760 75, 429 48, 671 12, 446 33, 707 14, 076 32, 161 42, 049 37, 249 362, 279 152, 288 851, 0651, 699, 846 209, 702 IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1.03 imported into the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., etc.-Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 50, 127 Dollars. 77, 031 Dollars. 65, 784 Dollars. 68, 912 9, 540 72, 899 116, 219 5,070 77, 497 10, 803 85, 282 94, 630 21, 989 46, 010 26, 455 43, 869 19, 972 34, 276 13, 436 41, 034 52, 090 38, 924 42, 813 116, 219 94, 630 105, 707 125, 970 110,863 131, 935 151, 444 136, 393 141, 561 78, 510 121, 034 67, 421 202, 363 89, 051 186, 274 85, 851 106, 519 170.280 122, 938 63, 035 49, 596 106,605 93, 493 75, 842 58,506 84, 453 51, 027 280, 873 307, 308 237, 701 152, 086 135, 447 182, 361 181, 444 191, 058 144, 520 390, 463 35, 261 298, 453 + 147, 188 175, 109 111, 821 50, 354 192, 008 77, 805 460, 623 90,879 46, 664 544, 923 439, 670 118,557 153, 334 78, 379 234, 089 107 4, 570 9, 718 227, 879 1, 139, 637 1, 627, 992 1, 905, 599 881, 934 589, 167 736, 780 1, 030, 348 850, 917 756, 933 163, 832 236, 496 18, 340 -306, 275 50, 112 345, 775 24, 785 130, 645 105, 017 273, 406 203, 875 452, 083 328, 956 370, 708 2,053, 826 2, 254, 406 1, 764, 9581, 472, 537 1, 143, 539 1, 345, 536 | 2, 231, 603 | | | 1, 917, 910 1, 331, 516 22, 189 17, 199 7,588 12, 367 158,845 226, 420 27, 494 22, 207 14, 234 14, 426 25, 351 17, 275 110, 218 23, 694 71, 262 27,076 24, 851 45, 920 26, 501 56, 181 48, 338 30, 253 58,835 69, 295 10, 150 16, 350 77, 387 38, 111 14,954 8, 658 208, 239 140, 921 89, 009 108, 592 138, 256 123, 526 129, 821 36, 702 20, 229 30, 428 71, 884 47, 808 41, 817 84, 967 119, 355 92, 314 25, 723 41, 606 29, 967 39, 433 78, 215 57, 221 94, 371 144, 118 171, 586 140,785 234, 606 82, 458 114, 574 160, 708 140, 680 103, 895 5, 058 2, 184 5, 601 6, 061 31, 677 6,986 12, 487 3,274 15, 113 37, 487 17,810 37,277 3,797 12, 772 7,173 11, 045 19,518 10, 292 51, 133 9, 339 55, 339 84, 191 12, 454 34, 677 99, 208 8,909 41, 790 14, 171 86, 650 16, 230 65, 838 17, 033 63, 209 72, 042 80, 875 62, 312 268, 841 296, 510 261, 678 415, 539 210, 475 248, 917 391, 382 368, 155 319, 461 4,570 16, 906 29, 567 18, 710 9, 826 111, 338 251, 279 228, 377 84, 212 111, 892 98, 265 224, 244 206, 075 172, 521 90, 894 247, 906 247, 228 172, 633 104, 463 197, 308 445, 843 197, 956 227, 413 96, 125 171, 077 96, 937 29, 341 1,746, 219 36, 214 1,771, 657 36, 979 19, 198 104, 617 47, 037 78, 153 29, 270 7,491 1, 219, 724 58,775 2,684 2, 081 14, 244 74, 477 63, 092 141, 604 378, 849 117, 412 18, 489 707, 119 8, 381 1,082, 831 206, 096 475, 410 289, 289 476, 487 463, 383 238, 496 798, 504 805, 125| 1,094, 918 99, 330 1,246, 353 19, 732 14, 531 24, 134 39, 353 123, 236 179, 002 23, 267 20, 922 30, 965 18, 861 57, 013 55, 274 61, 970 30, 796 20, 809 6,920 28, 499 49, 215 23, 798 • 47, 666 23,968 36, 417 39, 925 36, 774 36, 704 6, 378 301, 885 17,891 5, 372 241, 831 22, 074 38, 332 26, 042 28, 025 15,000 111, 844 3, 233 13, 610 72,570 161, 978 51.886 126, 941 100, 605 86, 513 87,522 67,977 28, 252 3, 281, 573 4, 219, 277 1, 385, 426 1,097, 054 940, 928 1, 539, 602 3, 422, 360 2, 311, 952 2,245, 688 1104 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 14.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchan Articles. Dutiable-Continued. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. Jewelry, manufactures of gold and silver, and Dollars. precious stones.. Dollars. Dollars Dollars. Dollars. 18, 285 47,977 170, 994 14, 371 25,800 Leather, and manufactures of: Leather of all kinds 3, 489 Gloves, kid and leather 11, 055 · 5, 046 All other manufactures of.. 71,982 16, 170 329 34, 178 71, 440 111, 953 71, 802 91, 782 Total 42, 713 154, 477 128, 123 72, 131 91, 782 Malt, barley Malt liquors: In bottles or jugs. Not in bottles or jugs.. 59, 433 48, 008 329, 159 45, 008 51, 420 Total 107, 441 329, 159 45, 008 51, 420 Marble and stone, and manufactures of 369 Metals, metal compositions, and manufactures 34,959 12, 863 29, 495 of, u. e. 8………….. 10, 028 Musical instruments and parts of.. 68, 048 31, 672 26, 057 18, 855 36, 920 73, 348 23, 201 17,368 Oils, n. e. s. : Vegetable, fixed or expressed- Olive Uther. All other.. Total Paints and colors Paper, and manufactures of.. Provisions, comprising meat and dairy prod- 12, 451 69, 411 54, 616 77,405 35, 878 118,202 201, 886 162, 180 57, 378 52, 420 154, 659 17, 511 3, 428 5, 333 6, 306 105, 707 205, 124 259, 930 244, 918 213, 385 2, 961 57, 699 42, 844 29, 2f2 16, 006 43, 734 46, 492 97, 354 69, 514 63, 432 ucts: Meat products. 15, 818 Dairy products 10, 877 } 209, 624 70, 011 79, 666 72, 850 Total 26, 695 209, 624 70, 011 79, 666 72, 850 Rice Rice, granulated, or rice meal. 575,000 1,013, 265 980, 284 1, 134, 016 Total 575,000 1,013, 265 980, 284 1, 134, 016 Salt 31, 259 58,420 Seeds, not medicinal, n. e. s.. 39, 346 38, 684 49, 940 255 70, 789 Silk, manufactures of 73, +22 250, 495 600, 484 Soap 283, 587 179, 167 8,458 231, 233 7, 184 Spices, ground 20, 789 26, 575 122,767 65, 107 68, 724 Spirits, distilled, and spirituous compounds: Brandy 345, 583 All other. 175, 812 208, 047 163, 611 135, 771 132, 984 Total 521, 425 208, 047 163, 611 135, 771 132, 984 Sugar, molasses, sugar candy, and contec- tionery: Molasses 20, 961 11, 150 Sugar, Dutch standard in color— 8, 621 117 371 Not above No. 13, and tank bottoms, sirups, melada, etc.... Sugar candy and confectionery 1, 023, 858 2,545 2,654, 592 1,425 2, 343, 479 3,026 325, 046 2,837 882, 665 2, 533 Total Tobacco, and manufactures of: Leaf Cigars, cigarettes, and cheroots. All other marfactures of.. 1, 047, 364 2, 667, 167 2, 355, 125 328,000 885, 569 7,963 665, 481 → 29, 651 141, 292 264, 702 8, 527 1, 031 762 213 17,296 7,698 4, 462 17,027 51, 260 42, 698 Total 703, 095 414, 521 35, 354 59, 720 47, 373 IMFORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1105 dise imported into the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., etc.—Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1826. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. 87,531 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 71, 525 Dollars. 70, 032 Dollars. 77, 921 Dollars. Dollars. 46, 610 24, 946 46, 183 41, 450 103, 831 8,832 29, 596 22, 748 39, 560 1, 195 31, 689 133 16, 044 37, 014 28 11, 065 32, 540 14, 118 7,716 71, 189 29, 612 15, 248 18, 861 24, 212 50, 704 67, 320 64, 534 42, 945 60, 554 63,366 36, 897 29, 373 81, 216 59, 371 41, 637 117, 945 110,341 91, 816 124, 592 120, 141 80, 034 199 204 68, 291 79, 174 |{ 61, 279 77, 344 90, 543 50, 444 110, 615 8, 255 6, 407 104, 061 6, 351 64, 740 4, 263 5,972 15, 753 6, 530 68, 291 79, 174 69, 534 83, 751 96, 894 54, 707 116, 587 119, 814 71, 270 25, 301 17, 620 23, 080 84, 733 27,796 19, 271 27, 841 17, 505 75, 586 60, 218 61, 362 26, 627 → 28, 235 30, 424 28, 496 38, 800 63, 486 36, 479 94, 247 69, 195 93, 867 63,058 205, 116 43, 646 55, 032 54, 409 41, 175 73, 749 74, 463 49, 576 240, 724 85, 082 107, 909 69, 164 214, 573 76, 882 2,001 189, 321 80, 249 72, 039 3, 357 197, 403 44, 006 65, 879 126, 746 101, 922 2, 636 176, 942 2,500 140, 143 11, 038 572 316, 477 185, 729 308, 155 277, 039 268, 067 142, 761 185, 171 260, 019 267, 461 36, 179 39, 408 34, 472 106, 108 50, 630 94, 047 48, 921 47, 214 45, 585 57,735 59, 841 46, 587 72, 548 62, 205 65, 586 103, 049 155, 804 114, 889 52, 704 56, 394 68, 955 68, 149 41, 093 41, 705 13, 380 48, 150 29, 668 20, 432 51, 395 17,548 41, 626 28, 272 30, 727 38, 085 52, 704 56, 394 82, 335 97, 817 61, 525 59, 253 76, 422 82, 122 79, 711 911, 785 1,003, 310 1, 120, 924 | 728, 989 618, 106 779, 623 469, 474 9, 141 19, 319 782, 512 23, 401 603, 251 37, 417 62, 362 59, 568 911.785 1, 003, 310 1, 120, 924 | 738, 130 637, 425 803, 027 506, 891 814, 874 662, 819 32, 236 38, 559 23, 301 36, 524 10, 763 46, 599 41, 053 225, 711 47, 391 382, 316 183, 429 38,360 26, 138 449, 525 25, 604 30,872 65, 067 586, 630 19, 061 745, 604 48, 735 464, 096 626, 818 168, 426 19, 926 112, 088 23, 283 866, 495 742, 133 19, 445 69, 181 10, 700 20, 170 691, 345 17, 882 5,954 13, 109 18, 335 5,509 27,407 15, 736 5, 316 12, 186 161, 313 199, 333 48, 916 72, 768 46,006 94, 570 55, 635 110,825 63, 567 75, 708 68, 836 205, 483 66, 517 117, 218 109, 061 105, 191 161, 313 199, 333 143, 486 183, 593 121, 714 261, 118 180, 785 177, 897 171, 708 4, 254 1,005 95, 768 3, 167 532, 853 2,291 848, 674 3,069 749, 421 2, 068 98,935 535, 144 851, 743 755, 743 466, 472 1, 735 469, 212 562, 219 2, 03 564, 254 20, 467 1, 906, 883 1, 873 1, 647 - J22, 340 | 1, 908, 530 1, 294, 326 1, 350 1, 295, 676 9, 513 98,659 1, 643 16, 196 80, 434 14, 358 69, 450 9, 816 38, 843 28, 583 327, 698 33, 624 348, 344 50, 526 362, 081 16, 224 43, 829 427, 680 44, 193 78, 812 401, 129 130, 252 50, 949 431, 752 36, 811 36, 144 54, 292 146, 641 41, 796 61, 985 454, 356 461, 987 451, 873 508, 320 516, 085 603, 800 I C 90-70 1106 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 14.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of mer Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. DUTIABLE-Continued. Vegetables: Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Pickles and sauces... Dollars. Dollars. All other- In their natural state, or in salt or brine.. 4, 102 189 Prepared or preserved. Total 4, 102 189 Wines: Champagne, and other sparkling. 133, 575 Still wines- In casks 142, 176 411, 604 306, 435 144, 948 In bottles... 95, 472 56, 301 428, 584 294, 128 116, 098 108, 458 Total... 332, 052 840, 188 600, 563 261, 046 203, 930 Wood, and manufactures of: Boards, planks, deals, and other sawed lumber.. Other lumber. 693 11, 158 Cabinet ware and house furniture ... 5, 793 91, 131 All other manufactures of 88,416 53, 631 } 80, 607 115, 918 Total 70, 582 91, 131 89, 109 80, 607 115, 918 Wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, and other like animals, and manufactures of: Unmanufactured Manufactures of— Clothing, ready made, and other wear- 3,035 53, 493 45, 428 230, 333 ing apparel, except shawls and knit goods Cloths 180, 028 309, 150 Dress goods, women's and children's.. 42, 453 27, 649 177, 642 Knit goods.. 490, 835 510, 097 83, 477 11, 000 4,899 Yarns 18, 240 60 78, 518 2,800 297 All other 175, 982 429, 845 107, 925 44, 683 74, 659 Total Zinc, spelter or tutenegue, and manufactures of.... All other dutiable articles 364, 921 1, 108, 639 998, 905 216, 101 413, 959 82 1, 105, 066 47, 301 a2,131, 515 34, 184 331, 206 5, 944 349, 349 6,337 421, 927 Total value of dutiable merchandise.. Total value of merchandise free of duty 6, 118, 572 |1, 248, 444 15, 447, 576 (15, 106, 626 534, 973 | 9,570, 617 9, 535, 456 11, 552, 452 25, 686, 295 |26, 391, 243 Total value of imports of merchandise ..7, 376, 016 15,982, 549 24,677, 243 35, 221, 751 37, 943, 695 a Coffee, 667,567. Tea, 781,267. : ? IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1107 chandise imported into the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., etc.—Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 61, 795 Dollars. 50, 671 Dollars. 36, 737 Dollars. 46, 141 61, 727 55, 220 39, 320 210 152 45, 403 33, 823 33, 311 38,634 37, 413 31, 323 36, 924 24, 487 32, 225 44, 182 25, 389 24, 505 32, 697 28, 580 210 152 144, 611 115, 817 94, 535 110, 164 123, 156 120, 142 112, 082 108, 165 144, 833 109, 865 130, 067 228, 424 193, 707 331, 457 192, 555 143, 762 97, 013 180, 180 94, 780 71, 333 193, 361 70, 564 56, 919 76, 934 74, 513 70, 161 52, 481 55, 914 49, 512 77, 077 62, 125 91, 228 372, 735 337, 123 262, 127 316, 547 233, 680 256, 545 380, 014 325, 996 172, 197 3,088 14, 283 2, 619 4,342 67 3,998 200 314 1,205 12, 583 90, 866 2, 940 2,496 6, 960 2,799 2, 008 100, 755 7, 192 72, 924 5, 564 873 68, 463 65, 333 66, 171 77, 939 71, 039 6, 927 -402 7,574 61, 396 103, 910 105, 349 79, 688 79,765 76, 523 72, 049 93, 891 75,846 76, 299 412, 733 394, 482 521, 031 16, 574 6, 409 19, 309 11, 391 9, 946 1, 614 26, 892 46, 442 42, 355 30, 045 62,823 81, 392 64, 633 84, 114 50, 255 377, 065 66, 669 283, 041 305, 240 172, 771 547, 334 204, 668 430, 275 78, 496 352, 223 394, 429 269, 758 86 403, 777 445, 522 109, 312 2, 461 41, 224 328, 396 38, 052 35, 566 26, 340 52,758 43, 072 8,056 2,818 60, 454 27, 324 117, 564 14, 836 18, 749 37, 142 27,518 43, 658 38, 611 50,858 30, 563 40, 033 708, 867 798, 106 697, 884 870, 670 691, 329 835, 366 1, 173, 402 | 1, 031, 804 901, 731 15, 136 36, 500 23, 466 746, 834 745, 113 349, 942 6, 329 328, 457 2, 141 248, 525 5, 030 291, 681 8,775 332, 299 8, 574 366, 513 11, 619 295, 098 14,528, 701 26, 472, 935 17, 724, 039 27, 978, 491 12, 159, 056 12, 689, 358 |10, 321, 816 23, 698, €42- (12, 506, 201 |22, 350, 992 16, 927, 891 26, 820, 301 17, 168, 081 16, 410, 878 |28, 201, 507 |29, 765, 014 31, 257, 679 32, 340, 345 41, 001, 636 45, 702, 530 35, 857, 698 35, 040, 350 37, 142, 117 40, 707, 708 46, 692, 905 48, 425, 760 48, 751, 223 1108 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 15.—Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported 1870, 1875, and from [n. e. s. signifies not Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. Agricultural implements. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 17,974 36, 892 30, 740 35, 719 Animals: Hogs. 150 Horses 6, 163 12, 907 Mules 4, 495 5,750 3,400 26, 821 31, 300 All other. 50, 989 40, 926 1,589 3,296 11, 425 33, 005 22, 871 Total 6, 234 9, 046 14, 825 116, 978 108, 004 Books, maps, engravings, and other printed matter 3, 202 17, 677 31, 690 57, 786 51,971 Breadstuffs: Barley Bread and biscuit. 139, 301 51, 204 473, 907 536, 538 Corn... 16, 680 31, 792 45, 610 74, 743 99, 822 98 412 Oats 239 96, 016 22, 358 Rye... a329, 902 20, 535 80, 607 14, 803 26, 111 Wheat 40 16 51, 567 524 Wheat flour…… All other breadstuffs, and preparations of, used as food Total 449,057 | 8, 221, 915 |13, 407, 691 |20, 346, 691 18, 760, 362 380,005 1,644, 944 | 2, 166, 608 | 2, 495, 252 | 2,899, 014 2, 934 31, 240 61, 966 119, 578 98, 619 1, 178, 676 10, 090, 179 15,813, 941 |23, 672, 557 |22, 443, 348 Broom corn Brooms and brushes Caudles Carriages and horse cars, and parts of 2,800 9, 322 19, 291 23, 970 48,825 7,515 16, 369 36, 469 Cars, passenger and freight, for steam rail- roads Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines: 8,817 16, 322 29, 479 52, 458 { 37, 815 36, 383 51,843 58,230 Ginseng. All other. 575, 293 503, 727 536, 308 39, 296 69, 035 300, 470 179, 378 279, 412 Coal: Total Clocks and watches.. Anthracite.. 39, 296 69, 035 875, 763 683, 105 815, 720 18, 960 167, 712 196, 718 93, 993 Bituminous. 475 850 8, 289{ 1, 110 561 5, 815 5, 047 Total 475 850 8, 289 6, 925 5, 608 Coffee and cocoa, ground or prepared, and chocolate 300 3,708 Copper, and manufactures of. 8, 515 16, 889 17, 770 b 16, 612 54, 847 87, 126 | 41, 536 42, 174 Cotton, manufactures of: Cloths- Colored Uncolored Wearing apparel.. All other manufactures of . Total Earthen, stone, and china ware.. Fancy articles Fertilizers Fish: ing haddock, hake, and pollock.. Codfish, dried, smoked, and cured, inclnd- Other fish, dried, smoked, or cured Pickled fish... Salmon- Canned Other 72, 841 10, 701 32, 649 245, 996 101, 678 8, 129 1, 308, 196 8, 523 17,328 (c) (c) (c) 673 93, 271 88,240 (c) 260, 974 241, 796 (c) 1,077, 040 319, 510 112, 101 129, 412 379, 980 2,627, 032 8, 367 4, 643 17,438 7,572 18, 815 33, 343 65, 637 59, 083 76, 519 1,990 2, 137 28, 671 4, 159 4, 015 1, 419, 571 855, 923 1, 149, 114 23, 073 20, 017 10, 300 8, 280 10, 810 a Includes other small grain and pulse. b Including brass. DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1109 from the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., during the years ending June 30, 1860, 1880 to 1890, inclusive. elsewhere specified.] 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. 43, 369 Dollars. 51, 113 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 62, 288 Dollars. Dollars. 42, 342 23,556 Dollars. 21, 240 17,358 17, 311 23, 234 7,022 90, 348 6, 543 11, 612 25, 949 29, 389 63,968 53, 415 68, 879 37, 727 34, 452 30, 903 47, 430 33, 991 32,296 24, 835 61, 585 55, 746 43,300 18, 860 30, 714 27, 210 29, 017 67, 516 53, 920 36, 285 105, 197 24, 355 13, 849 30, 090 20, 319 79, 553 20, 076 27,075 28, 723 74, 512 172, 010 149, 266 241, 434 93, 110 112, 716 171, 361 132, 457 120, 430 253, 907 78, 104 70, 613 61, 510 50, 329 65, 406 93, 331 100, 468 120, 487 79, 465 142, 754 283, 135 337, 083 345, 416 98, 419 162, 334 113, 500 724, 798 129, 110 303, 784 106,097 849, 661 17, 005 99, 658 581, 107 61, 018 101, 985 28, 193 92,408 38, 579 1,000 24, 333 101, 025 18, 382 109, 190 57,998 28, 476 91, 542 53, 418 41, 935 38, 911 40, 630 54, 739 42, 932 1, 232 41, 037 35, 562, 489 25, 531, 435 19, 146, 784 4, 178, 983 5, 481, 3455, 957, 401 99, 328 104, 767 126, 556 40, 138, 557 31, 636, 228 25, 779, 807 107, 162 64, 706 988 68, 435 848 21, 143, 253 5, 359, 533 118, 676 15, 817, 024 |17, 067, 849 4, 184, 4123, 871, 956 115, 373 151, 171 27, 246, 405 20, 438, 801 21, 989, 167 17, 122, 401 25, 006, 944 | 23, 785, 011 30, 251 13,054, 884 20,063, 328 18, 022, 425 3, 343, 121 3, 715, 298 4, 692, -83 194, 777 174, 015 226, 581 23, 123 44, 093 48, 927 29, 609 37,815 29, 255 13, 224 40, 863 9, 356 35, 222 55, 865 9, 658 36, 384 56, 173 12, 515 59, 179 12, 928 70, 628 79, 260 12, 600 29, 232 15, 185 72, 461 42, 212 78, 354 42, 817 24, 802 34, 043 31, 329 34, 538 54, 217 48,013 60, 777 133, 930 53, 442 38, 070 22, 397 60,955 36, 052 27, 413 31,282 21, 392 478, 320 846, 258 600, 025 745, 089 326, 572 264, 829 998, 332 678, 345 373, 937 653, 270 364, 212 603, 613 310, 737 335, 382 605, 233 249, 933 257, 997 291, U20 804, 892 1, 111, 087 973, 962 1, 109, 301 1, 309, 069 1, 013, 727 903, 203 861, 610 896, 323 28, 078 24, 303 18, 252 13, 871 21, 174 51, 264 36, 153 28, 500 31, 804 1,250 6, 671 1, 342 1, 133 2,298 7,783 10, 828 14, 092 16, 736 12, 225 10, 461 35, 012 12, 849 7,921 9, 125 11, 961 16,390 16,736 12, 225 10, 464 35, 012 12, 849 27, 601 26,558 23, 703 65, 081 27, 192 52, 793 26, 565 91, 373 33, 813 41, 712 41, 156 30, 814 34, 843 15, 644 47, 353 42,697 25, 733 19, 704 153,462 2,032, 503 (c) 119, 719 66, 374 70, 941 135, 073 1, 461, 144 149, 390 610, 908 131, 651 250, 975 138, 970 3,324 111, 894 (c) 930, 990 83, 674 49, 016 458, 564 545, 652 95, 802 112, 187 345, 673 30, 702 347, 194 44, 820 219, 261 35, 025 279, 492 301, 825 357, 336 375, 129 2, 644, 529 2, 126, 515 1, 106, 629 | 718, 126 453,460 1,472, 059 464, 178 541, 126 522, 018 21, 213 29, 861 21, 264 13, 643 82, 166 20, 457 109, 303 23, 248 96, 964 20, 140 73, 545 21, 764 16, 278 62, 325 35, 053 95, 818 82,998 37,472 65, 876 33, 381 61, 544 32,900 81,976 36, 527 91, 609 131, 703 126, 468 855, 622 961, 670 18, 231 38, 995 24, 320 80, 884 28, 131 22, 862 58, 198 54, 800 61, 461 42, 073 50, 202 40, 698 11, 369 61, 461 6, 046 53, 347 10, 290 45, 158 42, 300 740, 645 555, 538 64, 874 55, 798 924, 826 26, 116 798, 524 60,956 815, 417 48, 433 2,671, 170 44, 389 2,289,807 54, 881 • Included in wearing apparel, manufactures of wool. 1110 INTERNAL-COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 15.-Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise Fish-Continued. Shell-fish- Oysters Other Articles. シ ​All other fish Total Flax, hemp, and jute, manufactures of: Bags Cordage All other. Total Fruits, including nuts: Fruits, preserved- Canned Other - Apples, green or ripe All other, green, ripo, or dried fruit Nuts し ​Total Glass and glass ware....…………… Gunpowder, and other explosives Hay Honey Hops 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. Dollars. Dollars. 3, 457 58, 567 Dollars. 5, 133 Dollars. 3, 334 Dollars. 6, 334 V. 27, 088 82, 041 1,435, 004 867, 537 1, 175, 258 India rubber and gutta percha, manufactures of: Boots and shoes All other Total Ink, printers' and other... Instruments and apparatus for scientific pur- poses including telegraph, telephone, and other electric.. 11, 920 26, 277 51, 102 22, 668 830 33, 990 7,312 4, 998 6,808 11, 920 27, 107 58,414 27, 666 40, 798 120 8,037 12, 001 25, 185 26, 221 } 18, 600 66, 174 184, 090 175, 242 17, 519 33, 352 43, 885 59, 195 120 44, 156 111, 530 253, 160 260, 658 5, 747 17,943 36, 321 29, 219 43, 152 7, 323 65, 240 60, 381 127, 802 288, 062 7, 269 10, 041 32, 670 39, 012 923 5,058 6, 710 21, 867 28, 236 202 3,208 8, 508 15, 075 2,742 5,982 11, 815 21, 485 46,564 51, 023 2, 944 9, 190 29, 993 61, 639 62, 838 17, 716 5, 993 5, 762 Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Pig iron Bar iron 860 1, 109 Castings, n. e. s 3, 381 7, 118 7, 350 14, 206 16, 106 Firearms 400 1, 663 10, 347 8, 777 8, 044 Machinery, n. e. s 71,760 1 27,032 173, 204 42, 673 Nails and spikes.. 70, 471 126, 979 297, 522 Plates and sheets of iron and steel. 9, 696 721, 457 11, 613 26, 652 31, 202 28, 081 Railroad bars or rails... Printing presses, and parts of 4, 445 5, 917 9, 714 13, 279 15, 020 Saws and tools 219 3,241 14, 683 Scales and balances Sewing machines, and parts of. Steam engines, and parts of— Fire engines.. Locomotive engines Stationary engines.. Boilers and parts of engines 9,280 28, 739 24, 959 24, 666 12, 435 13, 691 10, 665 14, 425 21, 876 21, 016 46, 515 63, 415 200 496 3,000 35, 774 1, 640 16, 213 43, 343 33, 268 Wire Stoves and ranges, and parts of……. 1,150 11, 716 28, 901 7,719 22, 585 9,036 18,753 All other manufactures of iron and steel.. 241,096 164, 156 198, 704 427,076 524, 991 Total.. 259, 878 386, 067 510, 668 1, 118, 850 1, 590, 257 Jewelry, and manufactures of gold and silver Lamps, chandeliers, and all devices and ap- pliances for illuminating purposes 1, 128 4, 996 3, 497 32, 336 27, 064 7,955 18, 067 17, 569 15, 094 Leather- Leather, and manufactures of: : Sole All other Manufactures of- Boots and shoes Harness and saddles. All other Total } 2,594 11, 909 180, 646 52, 047 99, 104 15, 100 29, 620 101, 555 128, 222 107, 058 6, 536 84, 909 14, 946 92, 518 22, 056 30, 642 9, 111 45, 220 31, 762 33, 093 43, 921 110,685 164, 188 341, 522 215, 791 310, 383 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1111 exported from the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., etc.—Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. 7,919 Dollars. 10, 021 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 12, 386 111, 522 Dollars. 10, 010 198, 557 Dollars. 13, 510 224, 586 Dollars. 13, 873 12, 735 17, 084 218, 789 22, 650 185, 414 211, 963 231, 719 4, 504 8,329 12, 300 886, 403 1,036, 155 1, 039, 911 | 923, 142 1, 265, 721 | 1,181, 731 | 1, 174, 650 | 3, 081, 295 2,694, 355 9, 027 23, 090 40, 866 32, 276 53, 501 21, 707 31, 812 34, 991 6, 764 26, 071 21, 589 27, 622 12, 493 32, 409 39, 010 12, 806 22, 414 16,069 41, 571 23, 298 51, 341 29, 275 23, 188 15, 613 12, 110 47, 630 65, 994 53, 645 65, 230 83, 196 83, 391 80, 593 78, 773 102, 461 22, 506 41, 823 37, 996 60, 840 78, 208 26, 118 44, 325 57, 614 81, 191 290, 309 314, 724 303, 890 297, 709 407, 596 341, 783 648, 645 6, 632 744, 268 58,809 64, 185 6, 931 671 542, 832 51,802 68, 979 16, 856 1,399 450 500 5, 163 5, 380 7,918 7, 169 371, 624 420, 732 393, 688 434, 160 509, 591 369, 971 698, 583 807, 762 639, 110 43, 263 62, 735 58, 609 44, 551 42, 485 56, 738 51,833 38, 682 51, 213 210, 520 302, 249 257, 064 49, 285 375, 271 144, 442 91, 369 123, 558 67, 468 181, 949 60, 609 232, 928 59, 709 51, 641 78, 261 293, 949 54, 882 133, 501 99, 838 81, 231 39, 855 37, 916 30, 697 79, 561 45, 451 3, 452 28, 223 33, 235 63, 501 30, 211 15,925 20, 968 39, 716 30, 627 5, 313 16, 171 16, 133 17,926 71, 053 17, 439 52, 245 13,397 48, 210 16, 728 55, 688 9, 737 46, 299 19, 116 61, 608 56, 470 57, 746 65, 974 76,366 68, 416 64, 343 73, 614 63,738 78, 005 73, 198 67, 483 85,090 8, 888 7,576 7,087 11, 083 13, 084 10, 217 8, 923 5, 931 6, 240 24, 368 13, 831 8, 417 14, 428 25, 683 18, 915 50, 567 315 19, 904 320 38,484 881 1,305 4,083 31, 833 86 630 26, 515 12, 251 41, 933 8, 645 1, 429 15,771 5, 179 11, 737 606 25, 877 8, 530 44, 336 117,482 28, 314 35, 341 13, 490 158, 995 69, 716 1, 012, 486 35, 420 178, 624 601, 029 480, 924 31, 327 47, 201 436,295 32, 917 16, 208 22,956 443, 634 27, 240 462, 431 21, 207 719, 483 17, 651 616, 416 23, 148 667, 477 27, 056 4,018 24, 791 8, 193 25, 339 24, 039 6, 232 31, 830 21, 498 8, 362 6, 497 3, 738 3, 406 10, 124 6, 465 6,700 8,988 54, 327 9, 635 9, 910 1, 408 3,718 10, 080 29, 530 80, 263 6, 111 34, 694 4, 795 51, 897 687 15, 011 37,760 12,522 20, 209 10, 548 8,492 31, 650 27, 313 70.408 10, 219 37, 440 37, 371 8,756 47, 979 71, 778 62, 831 8, 232 53, 984 14, 135 16, 176 28, 956 45, 413 10, 400 36, 226 32,879 32, 436 12,500 56, 323 950 47, 166 44, 129 1,500 26, 174 25, 318 20, 018 12, 289 7, 615 5, 649 40, 027 8, 600 25, 394 29, 332 13, 170 22, 800 7,477 12, 401 29, 755 33, 298 4,400 46, 824 33, 637 38, 052 25, 039 29, 648 46, 603 13, 811 17, 019 40, 399 9, 453 14, 036 3, 844 13, 991 533, 941 7,022 20, 386 583, 289 436, 074 13, 662 346, 980 27, 050 28,529 296, 178 367, 602 34, 620 405, 873 372, 018 58,034 1, 900, 422 | 1, 645, 685 | 1, 325, 266 1,325,266 53, 451 381, 256 1, 186, 9321, 048, 141 | 1, 133, 456 1, 395, 632 1,378, 082 1,594, 049 95, 814 84, 320 57, 388 47, 285 24, 846 10, 837 43, 504 13, 928 17, 320 30, 242 13, 616 19, 870 22, 088 26, 375 24,517 19, 190 91, 233 103, 370 97, 478 11, 562 176,246 11, 211 173, 103 65, 269 259, 183 85, 423 278, 451 15, 349 257, 602 1,000 175 279, 272 182 124, 854 122, 294 130, 267 106, 159 53, 907 63, 154 105, 005 52, 788 128, 959 51,306 45, 490 107, 835 59, 805 46, 320 127, 379 38, 41: 48, 386 128, 673 29, 338 38, 968 34, 404 46, 319 27, 264 60, 574 27, 330 27, 015 332, 862 18, 412 359, 834 384, 213 442, 656 374, 181 463, 792 453, 584 458, 490 487, 113 1112 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 15.-Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise Lime and cement Articles. Malt liquors: In bottles. Not in bottles Total Marble and stone, and manufactures of Matches.. Musical instruments. Naval stores (rosin, tar, turpentine, and pitch) Oils: Animal- Whale and fish Other Mineral, refined or manufactured- Illuminating All other Vegetable Total. Paints and painters' colors Paper and manufactures of Plated ware Provisions (comprising meat and dairy pro- ducts: Meat products- Beef, canned. Beef products- Beef, salted or pickled. Tallow 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1880. Dollars. 8, 639 Dollars. 4, 171 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 9.523 15, 961 18, 300 1,282 1,360 2,807 163 38, 311 1, 103 66, 053 3,218 7,729 6, 975 1, 445 2,463 6, 025 46, 070 73, 028 2, 544 2, 635 33, 861 8, 291 2, 411 8, 533 15, 682 10, 274 5, 511 8, 111 14, 467 12, 946 19, 895 14, 285 661 1,034 1,252 2, 022 1,291 6, 339 3, 086 12, 609 162 10, 560 1,288 22, 714 4, 687 8, 252 7,075 39, 673 73, 783 37 77, 387 56, 990 4,700 6, 365 479 9, 686 3,892 6, 705 8, 148 11, 201 44, 563 78, 178 105, 665 125, 010 7,547 4, 559 24, 597 8, 096 51, 171 30, 400 86, 373 40, 631 82, 932 1, 371 108, 334 1, 450 10, 947 13, 868 - - - - 11, 020 5, 652 33, 125 28, 036 Hog products- Bacon 25, 097 54, 724 6, 585 1,879 49, 199 59, 473 Hams... 71, 532 17,431 40, 607 62, 997 16, 001 Pork, pickled 15, 685 46, 344 Lard.. 6, 363 8, 816 21, 826 All other meat products 41, 917 . 38, 749 21, 649 30, 028 62, 040 Dairy products— 12, 247 43, 260 108, 261 67, 197 100, 066 Batter 45, 963 Cheese. 63, 324 68, 312 90,075 Milk.... 6, 803 126, 592 20, 775 29, 883 21, 910 11, 778 27, 802 18, 356 29, 679 35, 425 Total 218, 017 165, 804 274, 266 474, 023 572, 373 Quicksilver. 258, 682 Salt.. 511, 619 708 Seeds.. 3, 976 1,029, 664 1, 250, 455 1, 070, 593 | 2,992 Silk, manufactures of …. 3, 621 18,658 3, 260 16, 602 8, 256 33, 438 Soap, toilet and other. Spices, ground and prepared 8, 521 12, 423 26, 159 17, 816 18, 987 Spirits: Whisky 40, 270 All other 19, 771 44, 468 10, 511 2, 533 1,250 } 38, 988 49, 119 Total.. 50, 814 22, 304 45, 718 38, 988 49, 119 Stationery, except of paper. Straw and palm leaf, manufactures of.. Sugar and molasses: Sugar, refined Candy and confectionery. 22, 783 All other Total 1,727 24, 510 52, 753 888 5, 504 59, 145 86, 828 2,405 111, 854 166, 054 4, 768 5, 838 282, 747 5, 096 8, 612 371, 980 121, 718 180, 504 Tin, manufactures of.. 2, 493 1, 571 3,708 7,966 8,059 Tobacco, and manufactures of: Cigarettes.... Leaf, including stems and trimmings. Cigars. 307 461 8,400 2,725 4, 729 10, 451 34, 648 4, 268 39, 275 All other manufactures of... 32, 213 50, 689 57, 099 77,876 77, 184 Total...... 32, 520 55, 879 75, 950 115, 249 120, 727 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1113 exported from the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., etc.-Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. 25, 627 Dollars. 33, 839 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars, 24,358 22, 926 Dollars. 20, 918 Dollars. 27, 035 Dollars. 27, 041 33, 382 40, 375 47, 075 66, 480 85, 743 4, 294 98, 432 2,993 87,305 136, 693 3, 023 2, 032 138, 770 22,985 149, 014 18, 397 169, 279 3, 697 10, 151 51, 369 19, 508 69, 473 88, 766 100, 464 110, 290 155, 090 142, 467 159, 168 5,994 188, 787 8, 437 8, 982 15, 132 12, 673 5, 072 5, 514 - 7,198 18, 189 8,608 25, 661 6, 455 25, 850 11, 761 6, 772 16,598 12, 527 11, 748 14,793 15, 854 14, 788 8, 301 13, 317 6, 446 13, 839 12, 275 1,032 21, 654 2,701 1, 784 2,656 3,674 1, 890 565 999 229 20, 105 11, 227 11, 736 6, 689 41, 831 5, 168 27, 609 4, 486 37, 769 5, 270 88, 303 1, 175 23, 099 2,997 24, 975 5, 159 83, 466 6, 586 82, 709 6, 951 64, 197 12, 225 73, 047 16, 845 96, 209 21, 953 70, 258 1,126 23, 590 58,519 196 8, 112 63, 180 7,205 71,815 1, 287 4, 273 6, 526 2,562 9, 308 23, 634 11, 837 17, 120 123, 611 22, 168 116, 145 21, 002 103, 659 148, 011 135, 667 141, 863 175, 627 119, 370 124, 341 134, 044 136, 583 124, 899 128, 561 56, 832 133, 924 53, 609 71, 971 70, 148 16, 480 49, 260 108, 024 20, 165 55, 982 100, 865 23, 468 55, 800 79,762 14, 906 54, 501 16, 263 48, 440 19, 948 55, 484 18, 404 10, 929 10, 511 45, 416 36, 298 34, 706 38, 442 28, 619 32, 694 24, 234 56, 910 16, 829 15, 907 22, 593 3, 174 29, 872 15, 591 51,510 43, 986 16, 180 62, 650 57, 268 7,452 97, 734 29, 559 56, 804 43, 180 89, 500 14, 930 26, 126 40, 481 45, 571 45, 195 25, 617 67, 177 21, 305 64, 046 16, 166 61, 719 44, 252 47, 929 14, 233 37, 093 47, 610 15, 697 42, 091 47, 413 44, 558 51, 910 31, 326 45, 490 58, 090 15, 827 46, 977 55, 715 19, 821 99, 116 40, 907 109, 879 35,-858 15, 031 46, 098 16, 479 95, 307 41, 691 80, 658 58,357 42, 739 70, 595 40, 861 80, 670 41, 356 75, 930 98,789 155, 123 127, 673 151, 941 24, 258 107, 569 32, 475 103, 771 37, 607 89, 671 37, 040 37, 268 28,594 101, 913 39, 178 37,775 92,771 32, 572 31, 853 37, 910 40, 198 33, 420 49, 447 31, (02 40, 496 32,873 29, 157 509, 241 583, 632 609, 128 608, 056 474, 332 538, 477 462, 732 403, 280 519, 443 923, 730 957, 139 416, 955 6, 743 191, 976 206, 456 5, 765 10, 677 227, 375 17, 451 9, 739 468, 385 22, 776 9, 565 271, 136 23, 453 8,076 180, 654 14, 601 28, 227 13, 939 15, 313 18, 251 14,878 9,599 15, 610 7,578 33, 208 17,960 12, 212 23, 539 6, 091 25, 286 23, 448 23, 894 9, 721 31, 481 10,769 43, 880 9, 981 9, 857 40, 345 5, 774 42, 551 5, 867 8, 316 46, 658 10, 295 8, 265 9, 863 51, 287 70, 028 { 48, 532 47, 098 48,484 16, 391 52, 654 9, 154 44, 332 14, 288 43, 178 6, 515 59, 336 4+, 270 51,400 51, 287 53, 379 70,028 64, 923 56, 252 62, 772 59, 169 88, 602 94, 578 112, 715 56, 546 48, 434 47, 489 1, 347 43, 450 1, 765 42, 192 1, 443 50, 908 578 60, 482 3, 284 3,203 4, 970 232, 527 110,997 92,070 6, 710 5,581 200, 286 10, 019 188, 140 12, 056 121, 604 10, 021 240, 260 8, 689 11, 036 207, 005 16, 274 17, 431 161, 139 17, 238 11, 104 11, 969 13, 860 2, 323 244, 818 14, 195 2,882 13, 461 4,826 129, 705 120, 400 227, 545 211, 145 152, 895 253, 687 224, 082 10, 071 179, 426 7,855 7,506 5, 132 12, 066 4, 704 12, 565 4, 240 8, 960 3, 132 54, 876 101, 204 5, 947 10, 225 10, 666 41, 154 16, 532 37, 086 7,358 32, 547 4,802 104, 347 { 25, 803 5,792 14, 803 40, 288 8, 643 11,631 25, 976 15, 272 26, 204 88,576 23, 678 22, 617 87, 126 29, 253 104, 575 25, 910 101, 312 24, 278 105, 913 125, 365 159, 212 151, 448 142, 288 150, 690 141, 970 162, 182 172, 636 165, 944 183, 271 197, 826 1114 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 15.--Valucs of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. Vegetables: Onions.. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Pease and beans 2,336 4, 193 6, 638 7,353 6, 77 4 Potatoes Vegetables, canned. 16, 991 38, 024 51, 162 31, 825 44, 902 All other, including pickles 7,910 13, 718 8, 547 12, 052 6, 697 10, 865 14, 486 15, 869 Total 19, 327 56, 824 82, 383 62, 211 79, 597 Vessels sold to foreigners.. Vinegar 7, 400 74,900 Wax, bees' 2, 116 802 1,485 1, 127 2, 808 Whalebone Wine: In bottles Not in bottles Total.. Wood, and manufactures of: • Lumber- 1, 130 1, 322 4, 236 11, 719 60 9, 516 4, 275 20, 900 33, 025 109, 615 50, 571 20, 900 33, 025 109, 615 50, 571 Boards, deals, and planks. Joists and scantling 127,980 264, 011 164, 995 276, 881 Shingles 282, 078 Shooks, box and other. 10, 080 10,830 15, 306 23, 802 28, 594 All other lumber 8, 812 6, 971 5, 296 7, 699 325 Timber- Sawed and hewed. 81, 869 27, 808 84, 949 Logs and other timber Manufactures of— Doors, sash, and blinds. Moldings, trimmings, etc • Household furniture.. All other 1,500 49, 985 243, 543 193 3, 510 15, 608 33, 247 47, 642 54, 182 117,968 27, 957 36, 616 128, 579 146, 200 106,515 211, 793 Total.. 199, 589 499, 765 613, 576 599, 648 740, 746 Wool, and manufactures of: Wool, raw .. Wearing apparel 2, 400 719 723 a 252, 599 All other, manufactures of a 129, 899 a 148, 067 a 85, 476 a 122, 814 7, 897 34, 602 38, 836 47, 993 Total 252, 599 137,796 185, 069 125, 031 171, 530 Unmanufactured All articles, n. e. s.: Manufactured Total value of exports 79, 680 375, 526 332, 690 130, 677 132, 171 254, 167 102, 970 113, 320 184, 557 164, 190 |3, 649, 277 |13, 385, 991 |23, 266, 395 |31, 845, 712 34, 412, 580 a Includes wearing apparel of all materials. DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1115 { exported from the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., etc.—Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. 8, 446 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 9, 566 Dollars. 10, 661 Dollars. 15,793 17, 188 Dollars. 12, 348 10, 351 41, 305 62, 586 12, 110 51, 414 22, 098 57, 114 34, 618 53, 377 47, 587 47, 674 49, 154 38, 456 41, 100 18, 720 20, 734 57,318 47, 744 19, 161 45, 392 25, 279 52, 245 43, 235 57,919 15, 433 11, 272 57, 451 15, 081 50, 012 27, 699 39, 079 21, 753 28, 606 17, 047 7,205. 10, 020 11,920 99, 713 94, 949 133, 795 180, 511 183,760 178, 782 162, 986 145, 057 163, 778 3, 500 26,000 3,000 | 24, 250 1. 867 2,883 3, 101. 3, 465 1, 717 4, 218 4,589 800 5, 254 218 738 7,350 176 3, 430 3, 945 5, 570 5,948 5,073 1,820 44, 150 53, 501 20, 077 25, 331 18, 313 15,760 43,795 24, 614 46, 197 23,456 77,696 151, 128 24, 579 160, 899 195, 119 198, 946 44, 150 53, 504 63,872 71, 528 96, 009 166, 888 185, 513 218, 575 223, 525 525, 436 387, 604 429, 293 470, 639 20, 217 4, 423 72, 861 35, 846 43,283 35, 583 22, 230 21, 327 14,804 21, 116 11, 127 8,985 25, 498 15, 562 6, 450 264, 379 10, 506 12, 464 132, 942 6, 886 82, 302 13, 434 18,771 15, 732 130, 858 29, 774 61, 611 20, 351 82, 924 60, 682 2,303 15, 838 2,748 14, 322 136, 346 3,063 258, 247 2, 673 428, 008 3, 403 531,287 25, 966 458, 056 82, 401 132, 272 119, 718 98,878 48, 371 136, 879 34, 585 97, 788 158, 856 34, 860 90, 239 186, 711 28, 363 143, 038 19, 014 108, 156 14, 168 289, 375 149, 333 11, 135 280, 403 157, 951 73, 056 152, 249 65, 986 163, 579 81, 505 86, 551 180, 610 69, 787 55, 237 66, 077 1, 305, 319 1,045, 133 941, 757 869, 663 783, 280 719, 603 865, 220 976, 277 909, 033 212 272 100 532 a 110, 9'7 580 a i65, 678 18, 077 134, 957 167, 449 44, 611 121, 156 41, 228 97, 256 25, 081 113, 071 26, 722 98,388 27, 845 101, 432 23, 155 12, 362 6, 108 8, 630 155, 740 207, 178 160, 138 194, 703 149, 581 138, 488 125, 433 104, 496 110, 062 95.286 204, 231 155, 201 86, 772 115, 411 52, 544 250, 697 40, 281 132, 779 61, 813 230, 870 48, 502 101, 093 94, 592 127,890 127, 419 54, 776 202, 321 52, 772, 340 44, 139, 303 36, 194, 488 37, 082, 520 29, 564, 561 32, 027, 995 27, 207, 609 37,043, 100 35, 962, 078 1 ). WE 1116 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. No. 16.-Statement showing the values of imports from the principal and all other foreign countries into the customs district of San Francisco Cal., during the years ending June 30, 1869 to 1890, inclusive. (Gold and silver coin and bullion included prior to 1880.) Countries. Europe. Dollars. Austria-Hungary Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 32, 037 Belgium.. 14, 224 106, 494 France 98, 868 51, 025 2, 833, 741 Germany 2, 745, 024 1, 349, 210 5, 045 32, 128 1, 820, 866 Dollars. 19, 655 Dollars. 26, 799 Dollars. 21, 082 Dollars. 4, 066 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 2, 972, 814 Great Britain and Ireland: 737, 924 716, 200 306, 138 313, 617 773, 077 2, 548, 258 566, 177 2,006, 152 1,492, 738 1, 083, 767 474, 306 458, 630 298, 567 811, 720 409, 333 941, 492 298, 635 England.. 3, 291, 752 Scotland 4, 034, 298 945, 996 Ireland. 781, 682 Italy 113, 104 107, 451 3, 269, 868 497, 785 51, 142 3, 997, 270 593, 115 108, 210 6, 008, 029 5,408,446 5, 257, 776 4,376, 667 4, 235, 665 1, 206, 059 112, 114 Netherlands. 10,447 542, 624 107, 735 813, 334 102, 055 349 220, 767 83, 254 153, 621 99, 957 2, 401, 448 166, 765 77,380 2, 407, 937 229, 117 89, 689 1, 242 Russia on the Baltic and White Seas Russia on the Black Sea 1, 881 525 1, 314 2, 006 Spain. 85, 098 37, 474 a 5, 327 a 70, 636 Total. 8, 159, 152 8, 542, 460 5, 525, 168 6, 900, 776 | 11, 091, 748 11,091, 9, 200, 039 8, 674, 705 6, 636, 122 5,886, 904 3, 937, 282 3, 966, 870 North America. British Possessions. 984, 298 British Columbia. Mexico.. 2, 332, 473 Central American States: 825, 592 4, 196, 505 996, 421 3, 631, 903 1, 584, 880 2, 329, 495 1, 565, 809 4,369, 747 1, 521, 818 4, 684, 125 2,075, 816 3, 716, 424 2, 145, 310 4,337, 087 1,746, 593 5, 578, 820 1, 956, 451 4,347, 174 1,857, 242 4, 296, 51+ Costa Rica Guatemala Nicaragua.……………………. 572, 354 548, 725 1, 185, 101 1, 323, 045 1, 770, 795 Salvador 2,637, 725 2,262, 771 1, 408, 892 2, 564, 481 2,710, 025 2, 103, 307 West Indies: British West Indies Cuba Total. 300 344, 864 4, 234, 289 376, 395 5, 947, 217 321, 428 6, 134, 856 396, 320 5,633, 740 | 8, 062, 730 356, 379 72, 417 8, 916, 085 14, 120 8, 069, 131 17, 636 7,908, 925 207 9, 890, 101 9, 013, 650 8, 237, 19.s South America. Argentine Republic Brazil 61, 009 59, 019 Chlie 51, 663 187, 256 95, 777 Colombia. 223, 042 62, 169 78, 823 128, 560 Peru.. 23, 293 1,076, 046 62, 508 100, 061 5, 935 40, 922 83, 382 96, 463 2,340 93, 692 47,585 Total. 1, 256, 125 856, 848 1, 144, 844 676, 255 586, 993 156, 388 162, 674 166, 122 149, 188 159, 365 760, 210 761, 209 1, 018, 265 668, 156 284, 918 225, 182 266, 183 232, 570 255, 828 853, 932 808, 808 IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA, 1117 Asia and Oceanica. China b French Possessions in Oceanica c1,850, 658 c1, 804, 604d3, 921, 210 29, 817 134, 984 | 87, 639 10, 004, 341 9,789, 172 6, 961, 657 4, 710, 362 4, 062, 662 4, 182, 097 7,610, 377 East Indies: 261, 936 264, 231 9, 438, 766 139, 926 149, 416 173, 384 134, 580 253, 195 171, 042 British 747 115, 806 8, 559 Dutch. 61, 370 481, 907 74, 806 162, 220 32, 568 172, 254 317, 409 Hongkong 290, 150 623, 388 860, 586 816, 015 220, 358 122, 150 80, 471 351, 420 192, 253 143, 951 British Possessions in Australasia 127,059 233, 641 151, 176 Hawaiian Islands 177, 825 767, 793 c545, 208 | 502, 574 c1, 078, 437 671, 514 1, 130, 061 574, 980 934, 080 646, 079 901, 114 Japan 1,048, 908 1, 109.890 683, 286 997, 879 532, 819 1, 112, 663 1, 937, 803 1,873, 857 Russia, Asiatic. 5, 985, 892 5, 516, 035 4, 445, 985 4, 669, 302 | 11, 909, 103 11, 909, 103 2,268, 003 10,876, 433 534, 804 2,308, 093 5, 430, 918 Philippine Islands (e) (e) (e) All other countries in Asia. (e) 149, 307 (e) 59, 301 108, 832 (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) 529, 318 3,047, 368 6, 769, 216 78, 905 (e) 28, 830 3, 833, 411 5, 478, 327 7,233, 705❘ 19, 163, 660 18, 941, 921| 13, 028, 592 11, 441, 328 18, 194, 349 19, 003, 820 17, 408, 077 21, 024, 581 Total. All other countries. Spanish Possessions, all other All other islands and ports.. Total. Total imports a Includes Russia, Asiatic. b Including Hongkong e Included in "all other Spanish Possesssions." f Includes Philippine Islands. ƒ510, 525 95, 399 605, 924 ƒ 604, 207 117, 048 721, 255 ƒ 383, 466 89, 447 472, 913 | 18, 088, 901 21, 834, 103 20,384, 907 f879, 497 f1, 041, 257 81, 672 964, 169 1, 041, 257 33, 330, 501 | 39, 422, 604 f869, 709f1, 246, 136 |ƒ1, 113, 515 |ƒ1, 319, 584 |ƒ1, 280, 372 8, 713 ƒ 989, 527 878, 422 1,246, 136 32, 248, 320 29,697, 483 1, 113, 515 34, 085, 481 1, 319, 584 36, 316, 237 1, 289, 372 32, 502, 313 989, 527 35, 046, 879 c Including British East Indies. d Including Hongkong and Singapore. 1 1118 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 16.-Values of imports from the principal and all other foreign countries into the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., etc.—Continued. Countries. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1880. 1887. 1688. 1889. 1890. Europe. Belgium.... Dollars. Dollars. France. - · Dollars. 250, 849 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.: 213, 504 192, 018 346, 849 Germany 776, 284 197, 562 363, 818 616, 718 736, 602 1, 240, 252 1, 002, 611 679, 031 Great Britain and Ireland: 262, 504 1, 614, 521 299, 312 1, 423, 283 1,525 713 1, 674, 321 679, 989 695, 080 462, 539 805, 500 775, 624 858, 541 1,023, 234 England. Scotland. 2,076, 248 3,238, 498 4,861, 838 5,642, 545 2,741, 621 2,992, 258 139, 058 2,670, 509 3, 441, 749 Ireland 212, 159 5, 783, 073 600, 073 4, 239, 065 56 ɔ, 761 385, 429 275, 030 Greece ..... 55, 032 157, 877 95, 201 97, 054 311, 246 66, 560 54, 288 67, 923 112, 989 34, 419 202, 613 279, 021 103, 222 Italy 66, 752 Dollars. 759, 716 1, 606, 381 1, 050, 033 Dollars. 577, 298 1, 583, 346 1, 109, 213 4, 474, 451 130, 634 43, 288 2,267 Spain. 45, 302 119, 348 55, 249 80, 843 171,506 42, 321 58, 826 23, 532 166, 470 32, 256 228,058 27, 918 25, 189 11, 833 Total. 3, 309, 126 4,557, 190 7,872, 935 8, 485, 996 4,605, 959 6, 285, 141 5, 346, 932 6,398, 322 9, 689, 538 8, 033, 224 8, 146, 288 North America. British Possessions: Quebec, Ontario, etc British Columbia. Mexico Central American States: 1, 008, 999 308, 676 1,092, 473 488, 681 927, 499 586, 763 973, 183 305, 067 1,053, 624 341, 751 15, 956 1, 323, 440 291, 998 1,940 1, 156, 536 291, 217 1, 145, 140 381, 949 1, 350, 852 600, 421 1,868, 083 889, 783 Costa Rica Guatemala 149, 049 340, 564 Nicaragua.. 2,699, 512 1,871, 747 1,883, 214 1,740, 191 1, 885, 133 940, 345 2, 186, 424 1, 527, 677 354, 037 1,038, 410- 439, 744 1,203, 880 West Indies: Salvador Cuba 7, 172 857,052 17,981 761, 543 2, 771 1, 227, 683 1, 319, 509 Total 4, 017, 187 3,452, 901 3, 397, 476 3, 018, 441 3, 280, 508 378, 987 4, 196, 805 402, 243 3,805, 554 405, 947 481, 070 477, 624 3,970 1, 866, 116 734, 132 736, 513 1, 223, 593 4, 036 973, 637 489, 713 4, 580, 801 5,055, 244 6, 198, 623 6, 031, 710 South America. Brazil Chile Colombia 80, 802 77, 580 Ecuador. 143, 760 1,075 10, 175 73, 998 41 46, 657 245, 676 9, 244 8, 099 34, 845 968 43, 660 262, 703 2, 653 255, 355 294, 821 1, 046 5, 643 Peru Uruguay 30, 156 263, 753 Venezuela. All other ports in South America Total. 110, 958 341, 333 321, 218 1,874 9, 249 480, 206 393, 730 42, 066 49, 679 132, 692 194, 709 67,934 235, 358 91, 292 53, 228 44, 900 28, 809 22, 405 39, 092 542, 415 381, 104 42, 357 210, 862 44, 881 ❤ 239, 590 357, 242 396, 546 311, 236 339, 721 IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1119 China a Asia and Oceanica. French Possessions in Oceanica East Indies: British Dutch.. · Hongkong British Possessions in Australasia. Hawaiian Islands Japan Russia, Asiatic. Philippine Islands; • · Turkey in Asia Total. Africa. } 12, 015, 614 174, 729 10,472, 022 396, 153 9,624, 482 11, 167, 960 171, 573 6, 820, 249 290, 045 408, 090 5, 900, 238 387, 659 6, 824, 054 299, 299 6, 124, 739 267, 032 *5, G62, 560 116, 399 6, 785, 744 162, 431 4,862, 563 171, 552 1, 163, 928 1,765, 365 818, 671 738, 893 • 1, 703, 003 192, 668 1, 233, 061 1,690 492, 079 780, 255 5, 527, 569 9, 169, 397 89, 727 (b) 1,709, 503 1, 989, 563 7, 499, 171 7,866, 946 8, 658, 439 | 10, 505, 078 92, 291 1,489, 919 7, 911, 766 8,093, 672 100, 527 70, 786 (b) (b) (b) (b) 4, 447, 045 9, 079, 971 91, 295 (b) 27, 464, 662 28, 200, 488 | 28, 574, 135 | 32, 660, 702 26, 690, 153 | 23, 596, 758 | 27, 750, 041| 29, 371, 343 1,398, 030 11,057, 457 11, 057, 457 | 10, 365, 390 1,382, 723 12, 847, 075 12, 847, 075| 8,712, 913 87, 090 2, 053, 651 31, 510, 612 | 33, 836, 096 151, 092 1,519, 067 12, 313, 338 11, 858, 981 103, 258 1, 560, 755 33, 836, 096 34, 181, 719 19,290 891, 909 9, 642 1, 154, 921 20, 781 1, 630, 522 26, 547 1, 390, 561 413, 908 1, 641, 113 1, 0C4, 777 8,847, 836 6, 101, 596 101, 726 859, 407 9, 773, 693 1, 602, 424 8,743, 091 9, 918, 559 9, 807, 329 96, 794 252, 152 105, 274 370, 284 87, 727 1, 165, 980 575 British Possessions in Africa and ad- jacent islands Total. All other countries. Spanish Possessions, all other. All other islands and ports.. Total 8, 319 8, 319 c319, 818 c 780, 921 610, 862 c 74, 821 602, 063 319, 818 1,391, 783 676, 884 c 245, 976 749,000 994, 976 c 686, 867 213, 107 c 750, 784 32, 646 46, 581 51, 785 899, 974 750, 784 32, 646 46, 581 51, 785 Total imports 35, 221, 751 37,943, 695 41, 001, 636 45,702, 530 35, 857, 698 35, 040, 350 37, 142, 117| 40, 707, 708 46, 692, 9№5 | 48, 425, 760 | 48, 751, 223 | a Including Hongkong. b Included in "all other Spanish Possessions. c Includes Philippine Islands. " } 1120 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 17.—Statement showing the total values of domestic exports to the principal and other foreign countries from the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., during each year ending June 30, from 1869 to 1890, inclusive. (Gold and silver coin and bullion included prior to 1883.) 2 Countries. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. Europe. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Belgium. Great Britain and Ireland: France Germany England Ireland Russia on the Baltic and White Seas. 976, 423 1, 168, 379 2,500 950 Dollars. 87, 200 8, 662 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 4, 484 34, 967 300, 752 203, 350 1 4, 445 385, 771 730 238, 257 | 11, 697, 586| 19, 404, 975 12, 143, 586 421, 355 727, 545 129, 637 30, 518 6,522, 321 | 18, 946, 636 | 18, 551, 988 | 15, 611, 665 | 14, 349, 430 18, 595, 717 13, 125, 882 21, 303, 399 12, 274, 173 Spain Total. North America. British Columbia.. 410, 929 Mexico 334, 631 388, 168 Central American States: 964, 881 720, 107 914, 391 510,957 937, 633 566, 661 1, 238, 926 539, 838 1,070, 540 676, 140 1, 103, 707 882, 600 1,016, 235 701, 015 1,053, 054 Costa Rica …….. 938, 693 1,481, 442 882, 585 1,259, 487 Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua. Salvador West Indies: British 959, 457 530, 881 298, 627 691, 538 606, 431 969, 696 693, 891 540, 074 925, €81 1, 034. 428 983, 591 15, 460 6, 618, 18319, 001, 547 | 19, 059, 090 Dollars. 415, 306 1, 980, 990 438, 091 6, 931, 992 9, 562, 653 16, 001, 881| 14, 588, 417 | 20, 603, 402 | 10, 671, 595 | 19, 329, 032 Dollars. Dollars. 62, 572 838, 102 1, 169, 583 188, 292 189, 729 6, 603, 362 3, 627, 640 ་ a 495 Total. 2, 335, 267 1, 585, 619 1, 631, 186 2, 140, 128 2, 412, 513 1,919 2, 581, 993 2, 473, 738 2, 438, 909 2,679,750 3,454, 563 3, 125, 666 South America. Argentine Republic Brazil Chile. 65, 273 93, 997 Colombia Peru.. Uruguay All other countries and ports in South America Total 69, 494 422, 838 66, 631 13, 092 24, 591 603, 535 886, 202 571, 912 275, 109 1, 206, 693 258, 272 1,658, 014 82, 827 257, 475 4, 984, 550 183, 105 78, 401 3, 529 17, 223 76, 102 51,944 229, 547 43, 653 175, 777 191, 287 174, 739 2,069, 313 167, 499 990, 925 114, 399 118,573 469, 561 519, 130 414, 950 318, 935 12, 940 215, 938 402,050 18, 820 28, 899 12, 563 1, 718, 916 34, 460 2, 448, 771 15, 277 2,047, 966 5, 324, 852 2, 500, 785 1, 274, 002 745, 908 634, 393 476, 987 581, 020 1,037, 370 20,000 80, 913 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1121 China Asia and Oceanica. French Possessions in Oceanica. East Indies: British Dutch Hongkong. • • Hawaiian Islands Japan - Russia, Asiatic. Philippine Islands b 6, 286, 247 b4, 639, 2012, 774, 315 c 213, 703 123, 668 6, 545, 526 1, 128, 118 935, 629 140, 882 126, 722 151, 479 221, 118 219, 596 232, 912 284, 294 339, 219 1,684, 731 d 300, 081 8, 029, 560 272,679 61, 779 6, 771 5, 246 11,500 46, 381 1, 943; 690 327, 971 11, 816 11, 970 British Possessions in Australasia. 5,080, 698 3, 803 7, 017, 887 745, 651 7, 143, 567 462, 249 8,875, 932 147, 848 13,793, 772 192, 811 8,422, 144 372, 744 399, 217 5, 800, 187 488, 536 594, 548 557, 278 534, 750 604, 424 831, 189 488, 843 946, 001 437, 287 459, 675 2, 151, 419 491, 202 914, 865 590, 375 985, 240 4,271, 190 1,026, 444 7, 431, 669 1, 326, 658 1, 451, 985 750, 202 488, 770 1,851, 656 1,297, 519 66, 930 (e) (e) All other countries in Asia (e) (e) (e) 121, 246 (e) 157, 280 165, 186 (e) (e) 106, 627 (e) 97, 777 (e) 1, 120, 292 2, 005, 645 538, 495 122, 469 (e) 10, 437 Total.. 9, 954, 106 6, 708, 761 4, 663, 306 | 11, 769, 115 | 14, 737, 042 | 10, 622, 551 9, 572, 925 | 11, 120, 954 | 19, 594, 500 | 20, 406, 578 | 11, 870, 565 Africa. I O 90. 71 British Possessions in Africa and ad- jacent islands. 147, 006 15,000 56, 290 All other countries. 11, 500 199, 550 55, 658 Spanish Possessions, all other 69, 584 All other islands and ports, 55, 511 30, 251 247, 337 13, 350 182, 757 15, 050 83, 960 138, 532 41, 730 141, 446 59, 743 36, 260 51, 820 11, 160 42, 945 189 56, 414 25, 148 70, 520 36, 452 Total 129, 937 252, 341 139, 471 174, 783 388, 783 49, 610 26, 210 98, 144 84, 891 122, 340 Total exports 79, 397 130, 126 27, 533, 518 32, 186, 02120, 791, 414 26, 243, 061 38,716, 497 | 33, 563, 846 33, 563, 846 28, 949, 886 28, 867, 564 43, 488, 479 | 35, 392, 703 | 35, 548, 417 a Includes British Honduras. b Includes Hongkong. • Includes French possessions in America. d Includes possessions in Africa and adjacent islands. • Included in Spanish possessions, all other. 1 1122 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. } No. 17.—Values of domestic exports to the principal and all other foreign countries from the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., 1869 to 1890-Cont'd. Countries. Europe. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Belgium. France Dollars. 523, 990 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars; Germany 1, 336, 710 733, 945 101, 786 3, 018, 409 1,089, 434 1, 585, 051 674, 841 433, 603 179, 620 251, 193 45, 650 759, 517 3, 347, 794 D Great Britain and Ireland: 108, 212 England.. 6, 365, 266 Scotland Ireland.. Gibraltar. 9, 299 7,878, 985 9, 160, 995 | 10, 641, 787 7,787 13, 276, (98 | 12, 540, 836 | 22, 287, 487 | 16, 741, 446 8,855 338, 638 6, 825 816, 445 533, 151 222, 427 2, 508, 026 172, 316 3, 210, 385 690, 465 68, 776 109, 572 13, 423 29, 736 6,807, 471 9,987, 983, 11, 709, 271| 196, 555 | 14, 367, 710 | 13, 835, 676 5, 237, 773 Italy Netherlands. 216, 771 144, 621 11, 563, 334 62, 884 5, 192, 852 57, 430 5, 226, 171 55, 900 6,337, 807 67, 760 9, 256, 433 | 14, 349, 579 85, 239 10, 541, 222 9, 440, 520 Azore, Madeira, and Cape Verde Islands O 190, 952 266, 810 129, 793 40, 383 €9, 128 30, 195 Total. 21, 610, 276| 21, 264, 851 38, 014, 492 29, 092, 72723, 971, 801 25, 141, 162 18, 074, 038 19, 577, 569 19, 577, 56914, 935, 849 | 24, 067, 081 | 21, 547, 158 North America. British Columbia. 723, 447 Mexico Central American States: 1,246, 021 947, 611 2,200, 796 1,082, 623 2, 327, 481 1, 358, 478 2,222, 587 1,259, 696 1, 403, 012 1, 082, 271 1, 431, 799 930, 646 1, 100, 281 739, 676 1, 209, 675 685, 395 1, 442, 314 704, 007 1,385, 735 721, 864 1, 564, 731 Costa Rica Guatemala 77, 103 119, 786 221, 304 ► 191, 354 Honduras Nicaragua. Salvador 262, 341 1,041, 231 302, 985 860, 346 464, 491 503, 532 759, 914 201, 914 620, 648 920, 812 1, 000, 665 761,895 38, 759 42, 916 115, 648 120, 036 84, 888 61, 524 67, 605 72, 910 89, 671 96, 489 245, 824 257, 891 347, 785 322, 620 373, 058 Total. 3, 010, 699 4, 008, 753 4, 170, 048 4, 501, 877 3,663, 373 3, 275, 965 2,716, 478 2, 740, 534 3,349,877 | 3,316, 955 3, 663, 592 South America. 1 Brazil Chili Colombia 45, 193 1, 893 18, 082 43, 375 Ecuador 132, 859 46,728 163, 359 20, 283 513, 077 117, 891 219, 855 3, 740 169, 187 53, 651 152, 511 223, 530 180, 347 286, 019 Peru 194, 754 66, 358 216, 673 207, 065 139, 565 99, 889 Uruguay. 510, 117 14, 589 65, 651 77, 788 11, 815 12, 015 37, 453 7, 728 60, 618 135, 950 America, All other countries and ports in South 16, 179 119, 853 3,780 98,740 170, 382 14, 449 46, 170 5, 222 13, 247 5, 128 2,280 13, 412 Total. 732, 618 180, 543 308, 810 237, 624 287, 401 316, 310 228, 085 467, 965 400, 809 549, 889 1,084, 396 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1123 Asia and Oceanica. China 185, 713 French Possessions in Oceanica. 2,265, 933 2, 154, 299 1, 585, 496 769, 403 194, 625 East Indies: 318, 656 482, 092 355, 068 99, 385 369, 060 1, 055, 016 378, 393 158, 539 120, 222 340, 965 267, 317 392, 059 301, 002 British 328, 753 99, 950 329, 102 8, 100 Dutch. 3, 916 7, 380 15, 742 14, 282 13, 554 Hongkong, 2,790, 614 British Possessions in Australasia. 2,675, 243 801, 184 904, 679 Hawaiian Islands 1,625, 942 Japan 2, 030, 356 669, 235 485, 437 Russia, Asiatic. 386, 722 900 2,741, 713 1, 382, 041 2,758, 543 3,085, 473 1, 427, 216 2,885, 320 497, 901 6, 396 2, 379, 939 1, 331, 608 2,706, 397 1, 279, 396 2, 346, 594 69, 519 16, 277 33.480 1, 180 1, 235 2,899, 233 3, 235, 027 2, 489, 117 2, 674, 932 2. 410, 015 1, 436, 096 2,661, 652 1, 138, 505 1, 583, 576 2, 377, 923 2, 982, 643 100, 170 Philippine Islands. (α) 203, 912 (a) 108, 511 (a) 121, 234 (a) 388, 243 138, 576 (a) 2, 667, 249 2, 972, 959 681, 104 115, 912 (a) 472, 631 751, 292 822, 427 151, 207 117, 150 149, 922 889 48, 805 647, 485 105, 905 99 16,774 2,766, 294 1, 669, 766 3,908, 665 617, 713 t 122, 425 Total 6, 375, 583 8, 888, 132 9, 887, 797 9, 979, 980 8, 114, 697 8, 160, 758 8, 338, 993 8,995, 601 8, 422, 729 8, 996, 841 6, 977 9, 537, 666 Africa. British Possessions in Africa and ad- jacent islands 21, 359 Portuguese Possessions in Africa, etc.. All other countries in Africa Total. 21, 359 225, 579 85, 139 247, 657 310, 718 247, 657 79, 207 92, 545 92, 545 79, 207 All other countries. Spanish Possessions, all other. 11, 938 All other islands and ports 10, 598 2, 814 19, 021 83, 239 29, 236 70, 301 69, 877 77, 524 138, 195 159, 089 114, 472 167, 119 Total.. 95, 177 70, 301 80, 475 80, 338 157, 216 188, 325 114, 472 167, 119 98, 345 98,345 112, 334 129, 266 Total exports. 112, 334 31, 845, 712 34, 412, 580 52, 772, 340 | 44, 139, 303 36, 194, 488 | 37, 082, 520 | 29, 564, 561 |2, 027, 995 27, 207, 609 27, 207, 609 | 37, 043, 100 可 ​129, 266 35, 962, 078 a Included in "Spanish Possessions, all other." } R 1 1124 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 18.-Statement showing the total values of merchandise shipped between San Francisco and New York, via the Isthmus of Panama, during each year ending June 30, from 1870 to 1890, inclusive. 1870.. 1871... 1872. 1873.... 1874... 1875. 1876.. 1877... 1878... 1879.... 1880... 1881. 1882 1883.. 1884. 1885... 1886.. 1887. 1888. 1889... 1890.. Year ending June 30~~ Value of merchan- dise received at San Francisco from New York. Value of merchan- dise shipped from San Francisco to New York. Domestic. Foreign. Domestic. Foreign. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 15,334, 945 2,938, 462 104, 302 9, 391, 607 1,991, 491 100, 825 6, 652, 917 86, 646 1, 610, 449 198, 329 2, 991, 907 6, 755, 785 5,779, 428 4,278, 330 3,284, 821 3,932, 191 2,719, 871 50, 710 2, 222, 648 294, 036 1, 435, 344 277, 774 192, 264 114, 043 1, 252, 546 1,522, 392 66,472 24, 060 199, 347 8, 529 1, 165, 330 13, 761 44, 167 1,532, 840 50, 775 61, 194 1, 418, 557 62, 052 2,647, 714 315, 351 2,685, 833 12, 104 808, 705 1, 268, 746 1, 192, 822 7, 188 2, 154 2, 176, 188 2,696, 198 1,039, 225 958, 315 1, 240, 292 1, 450, 275 90 1,270 15, 194 76, 951 2, 144, 720 17, 119 58,404 4, 560 1, 154, 794 3, 407 1,075, 991 16, 661 1,745, 701 194, 225 58,035 1, 990, 334 137, 502 2, 946, 345 77, 005 2,685, 504 52, 448 2, 299, 414 30, 812 940, 638 2,089, 554 9, 458 47, 971 968, 955 43, 062 No. 19.—Statement showing the total value of gold and silver shipped between San Fran- cisco and New York, via the Isthmus of Panama, during each year ending June 30, from 1870 to 1888, inclusive. (No shipments since 1888.) Year ending June 30- Value of gold and silver shipped from San Francisco to New York. Year ending June 30— Value of gold and silver shipped from San Francisco to New York. 1870... 1871... 1872... Dollars. 216, 546 68, 264 1, 278, 096 1880... 1881. 1882... 1873. 1,377, 987 1883.. 1874... 293, 249 1884. 1875... 937, 035 1885. 1876... 452, 340 1877... 1,026, 888 1887.. 1878... 1,627, 630 1888. 1879... 686, 081 Dollars. 167, 300 405, 561 1886... 399, 300 245,-150 106, 481 11, 000 IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1125 No. 20.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Wilmington, Cal., during the years ending June 30, from 1883 to 1890, inclusive. Articles. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Free of duty. All other free articles. Wood, unmanufactured, n. e. 8………. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 3, 264 Total Dutiable. 22 20 5, 013 1, 906 20 8, 277 1,906 Animals, n. e. s. Books, maps, engravings, etchings, and other printed matter Cement.. Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medi- Carbonate, including sal cines, n. e. s. : Soda- soda and soda ash. Caustic All other Total 1 17, 375 20 25 1 4 7,658 11, 960 2, 195 1,815 2, 082 745 764 1, 070 2,630 787 180 2,082 4,755 1, 834 2,810 787 10 Clocks and watches, and parts of Coal, bituminous Cotton, manufactures of: 77, 669 185, 640 184, 826 (193, 800 336, 391 413, 711 433, 479 169, 791 Clothing, ready made. Embroideries, laces, insert- ings, trimmings, and lace window curtains. Knit goods: Stockings, hose, half hose, etc .. Total 2 4 6 9 4 142 13 Earthen, stone, and china ware. 8333 Fancy articles 10 Flax, hemp, jute, and other vege- 1.701 2 1 5 table substances, and manufac- tures of.. 6 17 Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Pig iron ... 1, 462 Tin plate, terne plate, or tag- 2,087 1,132 3, 469 2, 263 ger's tin 6, 207 3, 747 Bars, railway. Cutlery.. 43, 932 3 All other 15 Total Jewelry, manufactures of gold and silver, etc Leather, manufactures of: . 18 7, 669 5, 834 1, 132 | 47, 401 2,263 3 126 86 Gloves.. All other Total Metals, metal compositions, and manufactures of, n. e. s.. Salt Silk, manufactures of... Spirits: Brandy All other Wines Total 17 12 2 19 12 15 1, 642 2, 391 48 37 25 30 31 54 85 33 1126 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 20.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of Wilmington, Cal., etc.—Continued. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Articles. Dutiable-Continued. Wood, manufactures of: Boards, deals, planks, etc Other lumber.. Timber, sawed and hewed……… Cabinet ware and house furni- ture All other manufactures of.. Total Wool, and manufactures of... All other dutiable Total value of dutiable mer- chandise.. Total value of merchandise free of duty.. Total value of imports of merchandise.. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 420 79 30 4 239 Б4 54 1,277 5, 399 420 343 2 665 30 2 3 61 2 94 2,276 769 2 22 80, 671 216, 113 |187, 328 206, 957 341, 082 474, 574 449, 722 | 169, 955 20 8, 277 1,906 80, 671 216, 113 |187, 348 206, 957 341, 082 482, 851 451, 628 169, 955 No. 21.-Statement showing the values of principal and all other articles of domestic mer- chandise exported from the customs district of Wilmington, Cal., during the years end- ing June 30, from 1883 to 1890, inclusive. Animals Breadstuffs: Barley Corn.. Wheat... Articles. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 100 450 605 274 220 4,800 122, 971 211, 928 143, 792 151, 711 | 33, 3,452 33,825 Wheat flour... Total 4,800 122, 971 211, 928 147, 244 151, 711 | 34, 430 Fruits: Canned All other Total Honey All other unmanufactured articles. Total value of exports of do- mestic merchandise... 274 220 7, 145 10, 842 12 7, 145 10,842 33, 600 12 919 9,600 4,800 123, 071 252, 673 167, 686 152, 630 | 34, 442 724 220 IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1127 No. 22.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of San Diego, Cal., during the years ending June 30, 1875, and from 1880 to 1890, inclusive. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] Articles. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Free of duty. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Animals, n. e. s Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. • Articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United States returned 1 994 Dollars. 7, 251 Dollars. 3, 812 Dollars. 3,343 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | 3,279 1, 458 19, 433 18, 295 Books and other printed matter, n. e. s... 33, 175 36, 766 41, 332 107, 096 39, 734 72, 795 66, 310 115, 374 155, 183 92,583 2,095 150 Coffee. 2, 902 600 2, 940 2,400 5 200 2 34 240 82 72 20 Chemicals, drugs, and dyes, n. e. s........ Fertilizers: Guano Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s.: Bananas Cocoannts All other Total Furs and fur skins, undressed. Hides and skins other than fur skins Household and personal effects and wearing ap- parel in use, and implements and tools of trade of persons arriving from foreign countries, and of citizens of United States dying abroad. India rubber and gutta percha, crude Oils, n. e. s.: Whale and fish. Ores: Gold bearing. Silver bearing Total Seeds, not medicinal, n. e. s Wood, unmanufactured, n. e. s All other free articles. Total free of duty. } 82 11 115 201 1, 503 75 201 i, 700 86 370 540 151 1, 142 2, 413 1, 409 1, 529 300 300 I 100 10 433 717 1, 273 838 250 68 8988 25 60 575 20 100 1,926 5, 264 4, 658 15 1, 248 9, 392 24, 100 130 680 130 10, 072 24, 100 5 9 435 9 19, 403 2,097 38, 110 173 997 138 756 80 80 1, 492 1, 373 2, 312 813 15, 837 165 10, 375 1, 088 664 42, 243 47, 315 113, 333 48, 637 77, 138 73, 586❘ 137,726 178, 579 155, 539 1128 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 No. 22.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of San Diego, Cal., during the years ending June 30, 1875, and from 1880 to 1890, inclusive-Continued. Articles. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dutiable. Animals, n. e. 8 Dollars. 12, 012 Dollars. Books, maps, engravings, etchings; and other 14, 675 Dollars. 17, 941 Dollars. 12, 089 Dollars. 13, 100 Dollars. 14, 095 Dollars. 14, 686 Dollars. 11, 009 Dollars. Dollars. 13, 800 | Dollars. Dollars 15, 170 9, 138 printed matter, n. e. 9.-- Breadstuffs 10 15 48 20 26 Cement 31 59 21 4 11 Clocks and watches, and parts of Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc., n. e. s.. 61, 108 52, 785 739 1262 Coal, bituminous - 6, 660 71, 768 103, 621 Copper, and manufactures of 32 155, 631 7, 360 99, 805 1,728 7, 354 6, 889 30, 244 97, 054 113 300 45 213, 547 165 • 17, 015 8 295 48, 331 1, 834 5 194, 873 159, 088 53 Cotton, manufactures of: Cloths 4 2 LO parel, etc Embroideries, etc. Clothing, ready made, and other wearing ap- Knit goods: Stockings, etc.. All other.. Total Earthen, stone, and china ware: China, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, stone, and crockery ware.. All other Total Fancy articles: Dolls and other toys All other 14 36 14 36 4 5 6 41 3 2 12 2 18 5 25 61 60 1 816 6 1, 311 1, 428 239 60 1 2, 127 1, 428 245 Total Fish, n. e. S.: Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise..……………… All other. Total 31 31 18 1 19 21 20 3 20 962 100 764 505 44 11 1,089 60 1,062 761 505 44 11 1, 089 60 ་ IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1129 Flax, hemp, jute, and other vegetable substances. and manufactures of: Unmanufactured Manufactured Total Fruits, including nuts, n. e. 8.: Oranges.. Preserved fruits All other Total Glass and glassware: Bottles, vials, demijohns, carboys, and jars, empty or filled. Cylinder, crown, etc Plate glass- Fluted, rolled, or rough. All other Total Iron and steel, and manufactures of: 101 143 7 2, 061 5 5 101 143 7 2, 061 5 LO 5 40 806 56 26 1 33 10 1,794 633 3, 330 64 42 14 264 341 26 1 33 61 52 1, 818 1, 703 3,727 Pig iron Scrap, fit only to be remanufactured- Iron, wrought and cast Bar iron Bars, railway. and steel in forms n. e. 8.. Ingots, blooms, slabs, billets, and bars of steel, Tin plates, terne plates, or taggers' tin Wire, etc... Cutlery Manufactures of, n. e. 8: All other Total Leather of all kinds, and manufactures of Malt liquors: In bottles or jugs Not in bottles or jugs. Total 449 2, 146 505 361 954 2,507 1, 163 6, 992 2, 029 22, 303 976 5, 588 143 4 2, 673 689 8, 302 27, 694 6, 564 4, 541 10, 102 1,462 494 3,225 413, 466 95, 774 4,886 4,323 308, 038 1,593 325 12, 148 6, 843 301 45 40, 188 4 13, 628 10, 512 1 17 346 458, 835 114, 288 4 325, 009 26, 574 6, 860 7 27 52 1 1, 219 2,097 1,503 187 1,219 2,284 1, 503 1130 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 22.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchandise imported into the customs district of San Diego, Cal., during the years ending June 30, 1875, and from 1880 to 1890, inclusive-Continued. Articles. Dollars. Dollars. Marble and stone and manufactures of Metals, metal compositions, and manufactures of, n. e. s 11 Musical instruments, and parts of. 103 Oils, n. e. s.: Vegetable, fixed or expressed-Olive. Paints and colors Paper and manufactures of .. 1875. 1880. . 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 2 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 5 Dollars. 1 95 498 27 143 2 23 1,065 1, 596 2, 377 283 643 1 22 16 Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products: Meat products. 46 3 282 163 1,238 Dairy products • Total 46 3 282 163 1, 238 Salt 84 159 Silk, manufactures of. · Soap · Spices, ground.. Spirits, distilled and spirituous compounds: All other 28 48 Sugar, molasses, sugar candy, and confectionery. 28 91 65 23 30 110 2, 152 485 1, 048 112 87 110 2, 264 572 1,048 19 39 28 53 12 50 3 2 660 2, 897 982 55 99 968 50 567 15 Tobacco and manufactures of: 1 Leaf Cigars Total Vegetables: Pickles and sauces...... All other, etc..... Prepared or preserved. Total Wines: Still wines- In casks In bottles Total 175 175 119 119 6 60 248 60 0908 10 60 254 70 1, 888 4, 293 1, 543 17 52 674 11 1, 905 5, 019 1.554 } 159 105 7 159 112 Wood, and manufactures of: Boards, plauks, deals, and other sawed lum- ber All other manufactures of wood. Total. 36 15 36 15 14, 302 70 157 9, 233 13 14, 372 157 9, 246 Wools, hair of the alpaca goat and other like ani- mals, and mauufactures of: Unmanufactured 5, 872 810 98 118 5 608 1 Manufactures of- 9, 297 Clothing ready made, and other wearing apparel, except shawls and knit goods.. Cloths Knit goods All other Total All other dutiable articles Total value of dutiable merchandise. Total value of merchandise free of duty. Total value of imports of merchandise... 84 138 112 10 4 6 1 15 2 11, 305 5, 872 810 98 118 5 608 100 16 145 20, 714 6 830 47 , 1, 216 2,230 44 507 6, 644 4, 942 1, 419 25, 240 88, 134 122, 093 636, 649 237, 273 22, 556 22, 469 9 19, 403 38, 110 42, 035 42, 243 112,059 47,315 690, 082 113, 333 335, 435 48, 637 282, 126 77, 138 73, 536 137, 726 178, 579 155, 539 25, 249 107, 537 160, 203 678, 892 284, 588 135, 889 71, 106 119, 173 185, 595 827, 808 514, 014 437, 665 ; { IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1131 } No. 23.—Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of San Diego, during the years ending June 30, 1875, and from 1880 to 1890, inclusive. [n. e. s. signifies not elsewhere specified.] 1132 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Articles. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Horses Agricultural implements. Animals: Hogs.. Mules All other Total Dollars. Dollars. 17 Dollars. 100 Dollars. 11 Dollars. 110 Dollars. 17 Dollars. Dollars. 179 Dollars. 1, 417 Dollars, 4, 460 Dollars. Dollars. 5, 752 5, 365 521 246 4 20 11, 716 125 1, 690 465 6, 963 1, 105 1, 533 1,795 961 925 3, 312 43, 780 13, 244 460 310 280 1, 635 270 15 190 14, 980 111, 127 13, 740 10, 618 40, 756 37, 101 92, 461 68, 372 56, 580 66, 042 88, 183 113, 068 87, 128 33, 020 123, 768 14, 846 42, 756 37, 846 101, 305 69, 751 58, 128 68, 027 89, 144 116, 880 145, 908 56, 882 Books, maps, engravings, and other printed matter. 34 652 343 473 Breadstuffs: Barley 265 95 Bread and biscuit. 168 82 5 сл 1, 166 7, 269 2, 331 1,360 33 11 Corn 128 124 258 22 331 309 787 37 256 Oats 81 277 910 356 458 45 95 622 736 532 340 Rye..... 4 577 166 1.58 Wheat 12 Wheat flour. used as food All other breadstuffs, and preparations of, 14,701 2,231 48, 124 306, 886 463, 177 85, 311 49, 478 12 30 1, 868 38, 644 820 218 3, 031 912 977 243 3 497 1, 257 6, 042 3,767 1, 158 256 152 692 295 30 25 335 1,773 2, 441 2, 339 Total 16, 932 48, 977 310, 452 465, 987 87, 145 50,476 82 650 3, 724 19, 052 47, 930 6, 431 Broom corn Brooms and brushes 1 Candles 3 1 7 1 59 230 77 289 23 13 Carriages and horse cars, and parts of.. 100 37 82 18 19 205 464 379 688 50 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines. 500 1,393 8, 854 19, 294 8, 111 11 11 Clocks and watches 3 5 6 LO CO 25 4 498 2, 090 2, 516 4, 108 10 56 10 8 Coal: 1 Anthracite Bituminous 30 154 10 11 15 8 252 1, 216 5, 178 Total 10 11 15 8 282 1, 216 5, 332 ; Coffee and cocoa, ground or prepared, and chocolate Copper, manufactures of. 28 24 51 573 2, 398 3, 094 12 81 6 2,696 180 S DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1133 Cotton, manufactures of: Cloths- Colored Wearing apparel.. 21 Uncolored 24 25 196 32 85 66 142 29 6 210 6 461 1,210 536 109 669 2, 951 26 284 (a) (a) (a) (α) ૩ (a) 189 461 513 257 657 All other manufactures of. 13 47 8 3 176 1, 974 2, 125 2,383 Total 45 241 142 14 544 6 2, 308 5,974 2, 517 3,993 Earthen, stone, and china ware.. Fancy articles Fish: Codfish, dried, smoked, and cured, including haddock, hake, and pollock.. 10 Ба 3 1 25 1 2 1, 058 4, 123 138 318 26 100 8 1 44 99 58 111 Other fish, dried, smoked, or cured. Fish, pickled... Salmon- Canned Other.. Shellfish- Oysters. Other All other fish. Total 1 21 13 6 30 25 53 86 39 209 6 1 28 29 1 21 64 214 • 6 17 182 191 005 DA 850 353 69 86 92 4 168 116 205 798 547 776 Flax, hemp, and jute, manufactures of: Bags.... 31 469 23 2,354 Cordage All other Total 50 69 3 3 285 96 3 3 335 165 8 441 778 295 396 107 81 197 348 8 579 1, 328 515 2,098 Fruits, including nuts: Apples, green or ripe. 20 6 319 195 443 Fruits, preserved- Canned 4 18 47 266 1, 134 70 25 Other 8 6 3 23 38 43 All other, green, ripe, or dried. Nuts..... 77 20 52 80 11 4 1, 804 6, 352\ 250 2,892 4, 548 147 198 8828 Total 8 77 24 58 100 29 51 2,079 8, 078 3, 342 5, 257 Glass and glassware. Hay 4 ** 1 3 4 4 460 3,640 1, 105 609 Gunpowder and other explosives Honey Hops 8 59 95 3 3 367 513 1, 363 3, 443 48 26 579 508 342 235 618 5, 534 6, 105 1,804 6 89 244 77 9 3 96 · 10 110 a Included in wearing apparel under wool manufactures. 1134 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 23.—Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs districts of San Diego, Cal.—Continued. Articles. 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. India rubber and gutta percha, manufactures of: Boots and shoes Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 13 92 147 All other 140 560 183 469 Total 140 573 275 616 3 59 11 55 Ink, printers' and other. Instruments and apparatus for scientific pur- poses, including telegraph, telephone, and other electric Iron and steel, manufactures of: Bar iron Castings, n. e. 8..... ! 2 300 1, 962 371 359 3 178 159 27 522 31 17 224 2,278 577 40 2, 464 35 5, 168 4, 464 114 1, 814 1, 746 22, 774 21 13, 727 32 12,990 30 110 31 2,000 1, 628 1, 118 ... 97 2 1,032 284 730 14 1, 288 38 50 7 17 41 36 891 12 2, 037 8 1, 918 89 312 146 1,323 349 40 519 1, 414 650 972 1,000 450 1, 500 1,300 8 3,410 250 28 4, 623 24 1,160 4, 203 1, 850 1, 048 129 1,073 3 763 908 4, 475 4, 049 81 2, 306 21 3 96 4, 688 . 11, 343 8, 189 7, 039 500 29 1, 909 * 6, 154 159 150 1,992 670 13, 403 55, 321 38, 467 36, 401 • 54 5 21 279 1,217 131 384 Firearms Machinery, n. e. s. - - - - - . 500 Nails and spikes. Plates and sheets of iron or steel. Printing presses, and parts of.. Saws and tools. Scales and balances. Sewing machines, and parts of. Steam engines, and parts of- Stationary engines.. Boilers, and parts of Stoves and ranges, etc.... Wire All other manufactures of. Total Jewelry, and manufactures of gold and silver Lamps, chandeliers, and all devices and appliances for illuminating purposes. Leather, and manufactures of: Leather- Sole All other 1 1 • 462 1, 370 10 143 15 9 9 1 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1135 } ! Manufactures of- Boots and shoes 165 162 168 116 104 Harness and saddles 19 310 29 8988 205 1, 266 36 125 54 All other 1, 324 2,939 50 16 371 1, 266 5,681 402 4, 092 3, 806 440 Total 19 165 523 168 145 140 125 54 2, 150 5, 961 7,371 8, 347 i Lime and cement. 24 2 10 915 1, 615 238 2,260 Malt liquors : In bottles. P 19 7 11 Not in bottles Total 11 19 7 Marble and stone, and manufactures of. Matches 27 15 Musical instruments Naval stores (rosin, tar, etc) D Oils: Animal 503 1, 150 3, 323 1, 451 294 1, 540 294 1, 784 797 2,690 3, 617 3, 235 15 195 36 37 134 41 64 17 12 150 300 1, 065 33 20 2 12 221 46 Mineral, refined, etc.- Illuminating.. All other Vegetable.. Total Paints and painters' colors. Plated ware Paper, and manufactures of Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products: 27 10 47 18 612 9 6 36 12 2 3 6 381 2, 135 1, 796 2, 157 31 86 2 10 250 995 11 515 386 774 9 6 63 14 12 3 6 672 3, 263 2, 340 3, 929 3 45 729 1,504 104 261 23 9 87 61 9 1, 100 3, 432 1,231 1,729 3 43 70 Meat products- Beef products- Beef, canned. Beef, salted or pickled 64 20 38 225 21 40 418 164 5 109 Tallow 49 1, 538 1,613 Hog products- 2883 86 Bacon 12 16 184 129 60 21 759 2, 722 4, 596 3, 115 Hams. 30 528 2,426 1, 523 1,566 Pork, pickled. 18 45 37 21 110 204 374 Lard. 31 24 180 76 165 73 525 2, 570 All other meat products 2 838 3, 042 563 3, 614 238 Dairy products- Butter.. 42 32 12 1, 087 5,073 1, 943 2, 013 Cheese 7 7 35 106 618 236 260 Milk Total 3 94 261 1,272 703 939 60 50 40 564 262 424 106 3, 348 16, 052 14, 611 13, 890 40 1 1136 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 23—Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported from the customs district of San Diego, Cal.-Continued. Articles. Quicksilver. Salt Seeds Soap, toilet and other Spices, ground or prepared Spirits: Whisky All other Total Stationery, except of paper Straw and palm leaf, manufactures of. Sugar and molasses: Sugar, refined. Candy and confectionery. : All other Total 1875. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 68 118 4 11 2 56 138 184 165 2 1 211 623 195 1,089 43 28 54 53 2 15 15 315 682 107 87 207 406 63 229 44 25 209 2,302 428 180 19 18 173 736 167 144 19 44 18 25 382 3, 038 595 324 65 86 8 109 340 15 20 214 710 4, 130 4, 594 2,582 12 5 62 8 28 591 347 330 43 8 438 1. 192 910 519 28 226 596 347 330 43 8 1, 148 5, 384 5,504 3, 109 4 9 15 61 3 18 452 1, 001 225 686 Tin, and manufactures of Tobacco, and manufactures of: Leaf, including stems and trimmings 20 21 Cigarettes 20 114 140 All other 17 76 47 64 33 25 24 198 861 997 1, 953 Total 20 38 76 47 64 33 25 24 198 884 1,111 • 2, 093 Vegetables: Onions. Pease and beans Potatoes Canned All other, including pickles Total Vessels sold to foreigners Vinegar. Wax, bees' 4 17 21 34 9 669 39 95 12 43 175 75 109 25 22253 156 442 226 375 1,282 1, 321 404 677 1, 154 3, 686 1, 321 3, 036 270 779 237 181 7 24 2 38 231 748 460 566 19 47 216 98 850 73 132 2, 186 6, 937 3, 565 4,864 500 3 4 57 182 105 101 49 1 3 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1137 ! Wine: In bottles Not in bottles. Total Wood, and manufactures of: 16 20 83 16 20 83 60 92 893 520 1, 508 37 230 69 1, 014 152 2, 028 267 1, 083 Lumber- Boards, deals and planks.. Joists and scantling. 162 1, 647 1, 021 821 2, 581 340 9, 451 10, 996 6, 664 12, 744 Shingles 30 437 Shooks, box, and other 315 98 403 264 663 636 283 904 All other lumber. 15 41 14 15 $ 291 Timber-Logs and other timber 11 1, 546 73 336 426 30 1,002 255 2,675 Manufactures of- 31 1, 100 Doors, sash, and blinds. Moldings, trimmings, etc...... 115 73 2,671 3, 941 218 1, 004 Household furniture. 23 510 298 277 All other 616 353 245 3,829 195 10, 480 26, 258 6, 845 1, 822 260 12 1, 599 5, 035 2, 896 8, 504 Total 15 4 1,072 2,315 5,208 832 4, 810 707 25, 253 47, 833 19, 773 23, 588 Wool, and manufactures of: Wool, raw ... Wearing apparel.. All other manufactures of. Total a71 a199 α124 a51 75 11 34 27 75 82 233 151 51 6 11, 141 20, 102 9 118 148 1, 183 71 659 4, 083 2, 688 78 390 9 113 813 5, 266 13, 900 20, 870 All articles not elsewhere enumerated: Unmanufactured articles 36, 175 348 35 Manufactured articles 265 49 14 11, 902 2 5 2, 107 4,980 47 162 3 2 56 1, 780 2, 615 3,429 8, 367 5, 570 1, 761 Total value of exports of domestic mer- chandise 177, 630 64, 724 371, 810 515, 926 196, 414 124, 406 65, 654 71, 063 164, 633 363, 036 369, 027 247, 606 I c 90——72 a Embraces wearing apparel of every material. 1138 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 24.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchan- June 30, 1860, 1870, 1875, and [n. e. s. signifies not 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. 5 Dollars. 35, 038 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 100, 058 63,995 104, 369 148, 094 1, 147 319 14, 204 2,084 1,788 15,763 7,405 9, 387 1, 481 17,802 299, 106 279, 962 11, 916 44, 983 604, 663 37,896 688, 743 2, 143, 237 | 2, 831, 379 | 1, 884, 304 346 3, 737 65, 335 Animals, n. e. s. Articles. Free of duty. Articles, the growth, produce, or manufac- ture of the United States returned.. Art works, n. e. s.: Paintings, statuary, foun- tains, and other works of art the produc- tion of American artists - Books and other printed matter, n. e. s Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc., n. e. s Cocoa, or cacao, crude, leaves and shells of Coffee. Cotton, unmanufactured. Farinaceous substances, and preparations of, n. e. 8.. Fertilizers Fruits, including nuts, n. e. 8...... Furs and skins, undressed - Hides and skins other than fur skins Household and personal effects, and wearing apparel in use, and implements, instru ments, and tools of trade of persons arriv- ing from foreign countries, and of citizens of United States dying abroad... India rubber and gutta percha, crude.. Ivory Oils, n. e. s Ores Seeds, not medicinal, n. e. 8. 70, 585 203, 908 51 734 240 439, 828 391, 893 509, 690 160, 285 235,573 277, 493 10, 057 53, 048 77, 060 101, 430 90, 718 390 25, 724 3, 743 517 22, 312 29, 504 Silk, unmanufactured. • Spices, unground Tea. 8,716 2, 022 2,495 1, 054 318, 041 603, 264 10, 037, 099 9, 281, 838 Tin, bars, blocks, or pigs, grain or granulated. Wood, unmanufactured... 345, 810 | 5, 183, 426 6, 048, 746 | 6, 303, 827 All other free articles.. Total free of duty Articles admitted free under reciprocity treaty with Hawaiian Islands.. 1, 193 31, 766 114, 682 92, 075 149, 430 54, 959 248, 123 106, 431 32, 704 1, 248, 444 4,306, 435 | 5, 367, 646 110,528 253,800 1,010, 907 1, 348, 750 534, 973 9,570, 626 25, 705, 638 26, 429, 353 Dutiable. Animals, n. e. s. Art works, n. e. s.: Paintings in oil or water- 29, 430 12, 131 14, 747 18, 300 colors, and statuary Books, maps, engravings, etchings, and other 30, 419 14, 694 15, 008 printed matter, n. e. s Breadstuff's 10, 310 23, 429 30, 774 14, 683 14, 678 Brushes 11, 124 19, 030 39, 650 24, 211 Buttons, except of brass, gilt, or silk, and button molds, and button materials made in patterns or cut for buttons exclusively.. Cement. 5, 427 25, 102 2,766 12, 609 14, 038 10, 693 10, 683 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines, n. e. s. Clocks and watches, and parts of... 18, 244 373, 950 832, 614 Coal, bituminous.. 30, 496 47, 490 16, 901 1, 187, 265 4, 600 943, 218 7,748 108, 801 Copper, and manufactures of…….. 1,797 397, 476 | 1, 112, 384 | 1, 110, 604 | 1, 234, 113 Corsets 20, 697 93, 619 8,367 19, 543 Cotton, manufactures of.... Earthen, stone, and china ware 473, 353 695, 229 597, 199 232, 734 236, 731 Fancy articles 72, 133 203, 402 281, 971 218, 086 236, 621 32,873 Fish, n. e. s 176, 151 202, 010 200, 421 204, 025 Flax, hemp, jute, and other vegetable sub- 41, 766 144, 974 101, 152 146, 186 112,252 stances, and manufactures of: Unmanufactured 33, 380 Manufactures of. 256, 717 428, 396 339, 828 465, 748 Fruits, including nuts, n. e. s.. 146, 770 996, 389 2,091, 011 1, 629, 349 Furs, dressed on the skin, and manufactures 106, 312 1,773, 157 140, 408 of fur. 9, 784 Glass and glassware 16, 112 Hops · Iron and steel, and manufactures of. Jewelry, manufactures of gold and silver and precious stones... 189, 293 145, 801 43, 368 3, 016 409, 245 349, 178 1,899, 153 | 1,367, 106 99, 930 136, 771 983 111, 910 1,230 149, 706 851, 965 1, 699, 846 18, 385 Leather, and manufactures of.... 42, 713 Malt, barley 47, 977 154, 477 170, 994 14, 371 25, 800 128, 123 72, 131 91, 782 Malt liquors.. € 107, 441 Marble and stone, and manufactures of.... 329, 159 45,008 51, 420 369 34,959 12, 863 29, 495 IMPORTS INTO CALFORNIA 1139 dise imported into the customs districts of the State of California during the years ending from 1880 to 1890, inclusive. elsewhere specified.] 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 41, 047 Dollars. Dollars. 17, 761 30, 675 17,954 17, 521 Dollars. 13, 702 Dollars. 116, 692 164, 374 182, 357 96, 021 155, 489 222, 769 308, 244 422, 541 61, 644 199, 364 2,528 3,279 8, 299 8, 693 2,247 11, 256 1, 464 2, 178 16, 301 1,033, 344 26, 856 99, 80-6 5,074 661, 315 14, 139 539, 112 15, 894 432, 426 9,098 11, 233 57,065 547, 901 23, 142 38, 435 632, 176 2,064, 0251, 784, 023 | 2,012, 44, 759 645, 39.1 614, 457 46,668 2,012, 221 66, 493 73, 117 2,073, 623 101, 871 117, 859 1,843, 413 70, 586 252, 265 2, 455, 111 7, 188 13, 451 604, 392 53, 121 234, 617 2, 523, 494 101, 195 3, 146, 156 -91, 136 3, 163, 344 61, 010 17, 665 20, 680 63, 560 72 66, 945 54, 356 89, 422 81,766 115, 314 83, 533 140, 787 4, 200 278,842 190, 691 7,250 315, 302 206, 644 4,380 224, 137 149, 450 358, 986 376, 599 151, 249 206, 341 448, 703 308, 426 233. 375 269, 272 182, 323 281, 680 168, 310 170, 881 313, 355 252, 475 387, 138 354, 648 248, 934 258, 195 57, 801 86, 711 66, 660 138, 428 1, 630 113, 804 293 79, 287 120 142, 509 158, 678 110, 369 396 942 783 100 6, 770 6, 526 10, 949 9,307, 269 16, 416 9,931, 825 | 8,004, 8, 004, 670 8, 461, 289 11, 810, 719 107, 465 4,746, 330 6, 006, 642 | 118, 597 412, 604 43, 382 275, 156 54, 137 3, 595, 616 237, 043 78,504 7, 328, 819 | 7, 666, 998 | 616, 426 468, 265 7,677, 516 7,677, 516 245, 509 8, 605, 582 9, 532, 1859, 651, 923 | 153, 107 140, 715 26, 515, 178 28, 025, 806 23, 811, 975 22, 399, 693 26, 897, 439 28, 275, 362 29, 911, 017 31, 438, 164 32, 496, 084 326, 322 664, 159 18, 003 21, 050 24,272 20, 219 12, 284, 311 12, 100, 704 11, 52, 679 136, 071 13, 119, 307 116, 450 145, 501 149, 895 885, 458 1, 268, 438 | 123, 873 1, 178, 761 1, 178, 761 | 1, 165, 315 812, 395 161, 472 976, 474 232, 827 81, 017 40, 573 327, 998 42,078 462, 198 455, 284 335, 517 66, 373 88,660 46,822 255, 113 10, 815, 934 136, 481 12, 588, 593 283, 680 12, 058, 557 238, 150 2,920 506, 832 21, 179 14, 306 13, 223 14, 140 14, 686 11,009 13, 841 15, 328 9, 832 17, 393 17, 693 7,116 2,749 16, 480 11, 110 8, 134 16, 694 20, 105 25, 674 26, 599 24, 892 24, 873 27,814 22, 556 25, 030 24, 076 24, 921 19, 329 34, 238 12, 881 29, 278 3, 228 29, 700 8, 207 5,086 4,812 17, 775 6, 791 12, 768 6,789 15, 588 19, 420 15, 216 20, 347 12, 031 13, 542 7,794 18,763 13, 043 250, 034 15, 614 19, 544 1,459, 729 1,345 72, 252 16, 354 3, 164, 020 68, 179 324, 036 214, 703 14, 440 774, 988 481, 033 254, 897 2,296 800, 308 3, 119 1,730, 793 7,960 1,424, 447 25, 871 1, 820, 387 5, 413 1,088, 483 7,821 332, 357 1,083, 020 1, 146, 255 855, 746 13, 715 2, 003, 101 | 1, 841, 964 11, 458 2, 327, 947 4, 032 12, 801 2, 447, 955 14, 969 | 4, 155 3, 239, 778 3,744 1,288 12, 515 2,674, 576 594 328, 588 2, 842 775 317, 400 13, 123 487 249, 061 16, 997 286, 326 573, 074 18, 581 23, 843 283, 396 471, 006 27, 079 315, 249 392, 616 116, 219 190, 823 453, 898 455, 182 94, 672 175, 237 105, 707 221, 282 515, 750 280, 873 125, 970 264, 573 247, 043 308, 370 110,803 290, 846 238, 465 131, 954 151, 446 152, 591 136, 397 135, 491 182, 361 141, 586 181, 455 192, 147 144, 580 425, 834 348, 908 225, 136 627,992 158, 846 1,905, 599 | 1, 539, 965 265,988 158, 485 310, 565 226, 453 1, 206, 549 618, 527 208, 303 985, 054 633, 020 140, 921 1,034, 978 1, 615, 137 901, 638 | 89, 009 1, 284, 931 108, 644 1, 331, 538 140, 104 125, 229 36, 702 269, 795 133, 548 20, 229 299, 017 30, 428 71, 884 47, 808 261, 678 41, 817 415, 904 84, 967 210, 475 119, 355 248, 917 399, 684 3,740, 408 | 4, 333, 583 | 1, 393, 095 | 1, 097, 054 4,570 16, 906 29, 567 946, 762 395, 849 18,710 92,314 326, 025 1,540, 792 | 3, 794, 7702, 340, 789 87,531 9,826 2,252, 548 71, 525 70, 032 81, 216 77, 921 59, 371 46, 610 41, 637 24, 946 117, 945 46,186 110,341 91, 853 124, 592 41, 576 120, 187 103, 917 68.291 80, 098 79, 174 69, 534 25, 303 83, 751 199 17, 620 96, 894 23, 080 54, 707 204- 84, 733 117, 806 27,801 122, 098 19, 271 72, 773 27,841 17, 505 75, 587 1 1140 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 24.-Statement showing the values of the principal and all other articles of merchan- Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. Dutiable-Continued. Metals, metal compositions and manufactures Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. of, n. e.s Musical instruments and parts of. 10, 028 68, 048 31, 683 26, 057 Oils, n. e. s 18, 855 73, 451 23, 201 Paints and colors.. 105, 707 205, 124 259, 930 244, 918 Paper, and manufactures of 2, 961 36, 920 17,368 213, 385 57, 699 42, 844 29, 262 ucts Provisions, comprising meat and dairy prod- 16, 006 43, 734 46, 492 97, 354 69, 514 63,432 Rice. 26, 695 209, 624 70, 057 79, 669 73, 132 Salt. 575,000 1,013, 265 Silk, manufactures of 31, 259 58,420 980, 284❘ 1, 131, 016 39, 346 38, 684 Soap. 250, 495 50, 024 600, 484 283, 587 179, 167 7,184 234, 233 Spices, ground Spirits distilled and spirituous compounds Seeds, not medicinal, n. e. 8 20, 789 26, 575 122, 767 65, 107 521, 425 68, 724 208, 047 163, 639 135, 819 132, 984 255 Sugar, molasses, sugar candy, and confection- 70, 789 73, 822 8, 458 ery Tobacco, and manufactures of 1,047, 264 2, 667, 167 2, 355, 125 328, 000 Vegetables 703, 095 885, 569 414. 521 35, 354 59, 720 Wines 4, 102 47, 373 189 332, 052 Wood 840, 188 600, 563 261, 046 Wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, and other animals, and manufactures of: 70, 582 203, 930 91, 131 89, 115 80, 607 115, 918 Unmanufactured.. Manufactures of………… 3, 035 59, 365 46, 238 Zinc, spelter, or tutenegue, and manufac- tures of 364, 921 1,105, 604 230, 431 945, 412 170, 673 183, 626 82 All other dutiable articles. 47, 301 34, 184 5,994 1, 105, 066 | 2, 131, 515 331, 212 350, 179 6, 337 421, 974 Total value of dutiable merchandise... Total free and dutiable 6, 118, 572 15, 447, 576 7, 367, 016 |15, 982, 549 15, 131, 866 24, 702, 492 (35, 329, 288 9,623, 590 11, 674, 545 38, 103, 898 IMPORTS INTO CALIFORNIA. 1141 dise imported into the customs districts of the State of California, etc.-Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 60, 218 61, 457 26, 627 28, 235 30, 424 28, 496 39, 298 63,513 36, 479 94, 247 69, 195 94, 025 316, 477 185, 729 63,058 205, 116 308, 155 43, 646 277, 039 55, 032 36, 179 268, 067 54, 409 41, 177 39, 431 142, 761 34, 472 186, 236 50, 630 262, 396 106, 108 48, 921 268, 104 94, 047 45, 585 47, 214 59, 841 59, 331 46, 870 72, 548 62, 206 65, 586 103, 049 156, 826 114, 905 52, 867 57, 632 82, 335 97, 817 911, 785 61, 525 1,003, 310 | 1, 120, 924 59, 363 738, 130 78, 686 82, 694 32, 236 637, 425 80, 759 40, 360 23, 301 803, 027 506, 891 36, 524 844, 874 382, 316 449, 525 48, 990 662, 819 47, 391 586, 630 38, 379 745, 604 26, 177 464, 096 65, 095 626, 871 19, 926 866, 543 112, 088 23, 283 742, 182 19, 445 691, 420 69, 181 20, 170 10,700 17,882 5,954 18, 338 161, 341 13, 109 27, 409 199, 424 143, 509 5, 509 183, 623 16, 396 10, 763 121, 714 8, 213 13, 168 41, 053 261, 173 225, 711 180, 884 183, 429 25, 604 178, 950 30, 072 172, 275 19,064 48, 735 168, 426 98,935 535, 209 851, 743 755, 743 54, 292 146, 641 469, 212 61, 985 564, 475 | 454, 356 385 462, 047 1,022, 340 | 1,908, 580 1,295, 691 152 452, 127 144, 611 115, 817 508, 390 516, 085 372, 735 337, 242 94, 535 603, 800 110, 164 262, 157 125, 061 103, 925 316, 547 105, 403 233, 680 125, 161 256, 545 113, 636 79, 688 80, 205 380, 014 76, 523 326, 188 472, 309 72, 049 108, 928 76, 033 85,547 412, 851 394, 487 521, 031 296, 134 16, 574 403, 624 7,017 19, 309 176, 853 854, 096 11, 392 685, 528 9, 946 816, 160 1, 162, 026 | 1, 022, 064 10, 911 911, 536 15, 136 36,500 23, 466 6, 329 748, 050 2, 141 748, 620 355, 341 5,030 228, 457 8, 775 248, 663 292, 271 341, 219 15, 165, 350 8,574 372, 224 11, 619 296, 519 18, 041, 983 |12, 404, 028 |12, 900, 862 |10, 576, 518 12, 964, 767 18, 095, 377 41, 680, 519 46, 067, 789 36, 216, 073 35, 300, 555 37, 473, 957 17, 957, 824 16, 864, 308 41, 240, 129 48, 006, 304 49, 395, 988 49, 360, 392 1142 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 25.—Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise exported Articles. 1860, 1870, 1875, and from 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. Agricultural implements Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 17,974 36, 892 30, 757 35, 819 Animals: Hogs. Horses.. 150 6, 684 Mules 4,495 12, 907 5,750 15, 116 26, 946 32, 990 All other 925 51, 449 41, 236 1, 589 3,296 122, 552 46, 745 63, 627 Total 6, 234 9, 046 138, 593 131,824 150, 760 matter.. Books, maps, engravings, and other printed 3, 202 17, 677 31, 690 57, 786 51, 971 Breadstuffs: Barley Bread and biscuit... 139, 301 51, 204 474, 172 Indian corn……. 16, 680 31, 792 536, 633 45, 610 74, 776 99, 833 98 Oats 412 239 96, 097 Rye. a 329, 902 22, 635 20, 535 80, 607 14, 803 26, 111 Wheat. 40 16 Wheat flour 449, 057 Brooms and brushes Candles. All other breadstuffs and preparations of, used as food Total Broom corn. 98, 771 1, 178, 676 10,090, 179 |15, 830, 873 23, 721, 534 22, 753, 800 380, 005 51, 567 8, 221, 915 13, 422, 392 20, 394, 815 19, 067, 248 1, 644, 944 | 2, 168, 839 | 2, 495, 470 | 2, 902, 045 524 2, 934 31, 240 61, 966 119, 834 Carriages and horse cars, and parts of Cars, passenger and freight, for steam rail- roads Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines: Ginseng All other Total Clocks and watches. Coal: Anthracite Bituminous Total ... Coffee and cocoa, ground and prepared, and chocolate 2,800 9, 322 19, 294 48, 825 23, 970 7,515 37,848 16, 369 36, 492 36, 396 8,847 16, 322 29,529 52, 343 52.458 58,230 575, 293 39, 296 503, 727 69, 035 536, 308 300, 470 179, 389 279, 423 39, 296 69, 035 875, 763 683, 116 815, 731 18,960 167, 712 196, 718 93, 993 475 850 8, 289 1, 110 5, 815 561 5,057 475 850 8, 289 6, 925 5, 618 300 3,708 8, 515 b16, 612 16, 917 54, 847 17, 794 87, 126 41, 536 42, 174 Copper, and manufactures of Cotton, manufactures of: Cloths- Colored.. Uncolored Wearing apparel 72, 841 10,701 32, 649 101, 699 245, 996 8, 129 1,308, 392 8, 523 All other manufactures of (c) (c) (c) 673 93, 271 88, 240 17, 352 241, 828 (c) 260, 9741,077, 053 (c) Total 319, 510 112, 101 129, 412 380, 025 2,627, 273 Earthen, stone, and china ware Fancy articles 8, 367 4, 643 17,438 7,575 18, 816 Fertilizers 33, 343 65, 637 59, 003 76, 545 1,990 2, 137 28, 671 4, 159 Fish: Codfish, dried, smoked, and cured, in- cluding haddock, bake, and pollock Other fish, dried, smoked, or cured. Pickled fish. Salmon- Canned.. Other Shell fish- Oysters. Other All other fish……. Total 4, 015 58, 567|1,419, 571 23, 073 20, 017 10, 300 855, 923 8, 280 1,149, 114 1 19, 810 3, 457 5, 133 3, 335 6, 334 28 27,088 82, 041 | 1, 435, 004 867, 566 | 1, 175, 259 b Including brass. a Includes other small grain and pulse. DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1143 from the customs districts of the State of California during the years ending June 30, 1880 to 1890, inclusive. } 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. 43, 380 Dollars. 51, 223 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 62, 305 Dollars. 42, 342 Dollars. 23, 735 22, 657 Dollars. 21, 818 23, 063 28, 599 7, 022 6, 789 11, 616 25, 949 90, 813 70, 931 29, 389 53, 415 69, 984 35, 985 37, 727 47, 710 35, 786 30, 923 26, 470 62, 546 32, 296 56, 016 18, 875 46, 612 64, 311 146, 381 29, 207 74, 494 173, 669 36, 285 80, 760 24, 355 70, 429 45, 070 86, 361 108, 259 90, 171 140, 143 116, 301 107, 562 209, 856 250, 571 311, 285 151, 238 180, 743 260, 505 248, 837 266, 788 310, 789 78, 104 70, 613 61, 510 50, 329 65, 406 93, 365 101, 120 120, 830 79, 938 142, 922 283, 217 337, 088 345, 416 98, 547 113, 624 162, 334 725, 964 129, 586 311, 658 106, 119 852, 266 17,915 69, 204 99, 691 102, 294 582,687 28,651 24, 378 93, 195 38, 579 57,998 18, 477 101, 062 29, 098 109, 446 53, 452 92, 278 41, 935 1,000 40, 630 39, 443 42, 932 55, 079 1,232 36, 025, 666 25, 616, 746 [19, 319, 233 4, 179, 895 5, 482, 322 | 5, 957, 812 5, 359, 536 | 100, 020 105, 062 126, 607 118, 676 40, 604, 544 31,728, 173 25, 953, 661 |27, 458, 415 107, 162 41, 614 988 64, 872 5 68, 593 (21, 355, 193 848 (15, 960, 816 |17, 219, 590 13,090, 577 (20, 101, 4, 188, 361 3, 873, 2133, 349, 163 3, 719, 065 115, 398 151, 506 20, 586, 695 (22, 144, 602 -12 30, 251 972 18, 023, 245 4,693, 441 196, 550 176, 456 228, 920 17, 175, 883 25, 055, 148 23, 791, 662 23, 123 44, 093 48, 928 37,822 29, 609 29, 255 13, 224 9, 356 40, 863 55,965 56, 210 9, 659 35, 223 12, 574 36, 384 59, 261 70, 628 79, 278 13, 158 72, 461 29, 251 12, 677 78, 354 42, 417 15, 474 42, 817 25, 266 34, 043 31, 708 55, 610 56,867 35, 226 80, 071 53, 442 142, 041 38,070 22, 397 60, 955 36, 052 27, 413 31,282 21, 392 478, 320 846, 258 600, 025 326, 575 745, 089 264, 834 998, 332 373, 962 678, 345 364, 212 653, 270 310, 741 603, 613 335, 880 605, 233 252, 023 260, 513 804, 895 1, 111, 092 295, 198 973, 987 1, 109, 3011, 309, 073 | 1, 014, 225 905, 293 864, 126 28,078 900, 431 24, 309 18, 252 13, 871 21, 174 51, 274 36, 209 28, 510 31, 812 1,250 1, 342 1, 133 6, 682 2,298 7,798 10, 828 30 14, 100 16, 736 12, 225 154 10,716 36, 228 7,932 18, 027 9, 140 11, 961 16, 398 16, 736 12, 225 10, 746 36, 228 18, 181 27, 601 26, 558 23, 757 65, 081 27, 192 52, 793 26, 565 91, 373 34, 386 41, 712 43, 554 30, 844 37,937 15, 656 42, 781 25, 739 50,049 19, 884 153, 528 119, 719 66, 516 2,032, 532 70, 941 1, 461, 150 135, 073 149, 851 611, 118. 250, 975 132, 187 (c) (c) 3, 330 139, 079 83, 863 932, 200 2,931 458, 611 49, 016 26 545, 660 95, 802 112, 648 112, 563 284 345, 676 31, 215 347, 194 219, 261 45, 077 279, 668 35, 682 303, 799 359, 461 2, 644, 671 2, 126, 529 377, 512 | 1, 107, 173 718, 126 453, 466 1,474, 367 470, 152 543, 643 21, 238 526, 041 29, 862 21, 264 82, 266 13, 645 109, 311 20, 457 96, 961 24, 306 24, 263 16, 278 73, 545 21, 902 35, 053 62, 325 82, 999 37,790 95, 818 33, 381 65,876 32,900 61, 588 36, 527 82,075 91, 609 131, 703 126, 468 855, 622 961, 670 18, 231 38, 995 21 24, 320 81, 279 28, 189 54, 911 22, 862 58, 198 64, 464 61, 474 11, 399 53, 353 6, 046 10, 290 50, 267 45, 188 40, 786 25 42, 302 53 37 742, 852 556, 013 924, 826 64, 874 798, 563 55, 798 26, 116 60, 956 815, 626 48, 439 2, 671, 237 44, 399 2,290, 160 > 54, 950 7,919 10, 021 12,526 111, 532 10,010 13, 510 13, 937 12, 949 198, 557 224,586 17, 170 218, 795 22, 742 185, 431 245, 024 42, 073 231, 723 4,686 8, 520 12, 468 886, 424 1,036, 155 1, 042, 693 923, 617 1, 265, 721 1, 181, 939 1, 175, 448 3,081, 872 2,695, 131 c Included in wearing apparel, manufactures of wool. 1144 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 25.-Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise Articles. 1860. 1870. -1875. 1880. 1881. Bags. Flax, hemp, and jute, manufactures of: Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Cordage All other 11, 920 26, 277 51, 102 22, 668 33, 990 830 7, 312 5, 001 6, 811 Total 11, 920 27, 107 58,414 27, 669 40, 801 Fruits, including nuts: Apples, green or ripe Fruits, preserved- 120 8, 037 12, 004 25, 185 26, 221 Canned Other.. 18, 600 66, 174 184, 090 175, 242 Nuts.. All other, green, ripe, or dried.. 8 17, 519 33, 352 43, 885 59, 272 Total 120 44, 156 111. 530 253, 168 260, 735 Glass and glassware Hay Gunpowder and other explosives.. 5,747 17,943 36, 321 29, 223 43, 153 7,323 65, 240 60, 381 127, 802 288, 070 Honey 7, 269 10, 041 32,718 39, 038 Hops 923 5, 058 6, 710 21, 867 28, 236 tures of: India rubber and gutta percha, manufac- Boots and shoes.. All other 202 3,208 8, 508 15, 075 11, 815 2, 742 5,982 21, 485 46, 564 51, 023 Total 2, 944 9, 190 29,993 61, 639 62, 838 Pig iron Ink, printers' and other... Instruments and apparatus for scientific purposes, including telegraph, telephone, and other electric.. Iron and steel, manufactures of: 17, 716 5,993 5, 764 Bar iron 860 1, 109 Castings 3, 381 7, 118 7, 350 14, 206 · 16, 106 Firearms 400 1,663 10, 347 8,777 8, 044 Machinery, n. e. s 71, 760 27, 032 173, 204 42, 713 Nails and spikes.. 70, 471 127,479 297, 522 721, 492 Plates and sheets of iron and steel- 9, 696 11, 613 26, 652 31, 202 28, 102.. Railroad bars or rails Printing presses, and parts of……….. 4, 445 5, 917 9, 714 13, 279 15, 020 Saws and tools.. 219 3,241 14, 683 Scales and balances. Sewing machines, and parts of. Steam engines, and parts of- Fire engines Locomotive engines Stationary engines Boilers and parts of engines 9, 280 28, 739 24, 973 24, 716 12, 435 13, 691 10, 677 14, 425 21, 876 21, 016 46, 515 63, 415 200 496 3,000 35, 774 1, 640 16, 213 43, 343 34, 268 Wire... Stoves and ranges, and parts of... 1, 150 11, 716 28, 901 7,719 22, 585 9, 036 18,753 All other manufactures of iron and steel. 241, 096 164, 156 Total 259, 878 386, 067 198, 704 511, 168 1, 118, 879 | 1, 592, 166 427, 079 525, 754 Jewelry and manufactures of gold and silver. Lamps, chandeliers, and all devices and ap- pliances for illuminating purposes.. 1, 128 4, 996 7,955 3, 497 18, 067 32, 336 27,064 17, 574 15, 094 Leather, and manufactures of: Leather- Sole.. All other 2, 594 11, 909 180, 646 52, 047 99, 105 Manufactures of— {15, 100 29, 620 Boots and shoes 101,555 Harness and saddles... 128, 222 107, 058 85, 074 All other 6, 536 92, 680 14, 946 22, 075 30, 642 45, 530 9, 111 31, 762 33, 093 43, 971 Total 110, 685 164, 188 341, 541 215,956 310, 906 Lime and cement!.... Malt liquors: In bottles. Not in bottles. Total 8, 639 4, 171 9, 523 15, 961 18, 324 1,282 1,360 2,807 163 1, 103 3,218 38, 341 7,740 66, 072 6, 975 1, 445 2,463 6, 025 46, 081 73, 047 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1145 1 exported from the customs districts of the State of California, etc.-Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 9,027 Dollars. 23, 090 Dollars. Dollars. 40, 916 32, 276 53, 570 21, 738 31, 812 35, 460 26, 071 21, 612 7,049 27, 630 41, 364 12, 589 32, 850 12, 806 23, 192 16, 069 23, 298 41, 866 51, 737 29, 382 23, 269 15, 810 12, 458 47, 965 66, 159 53, 645 65, 230 83, 204 83,970 81, 921 79, 288 105, 559 22, 506 41, 823 38, 016 60, 840 78, 233 26, 124 44, 660 57, 809 81, 634 290, 313 314, 724 304, 752 305, 322 418, 485 6 342, 049 649, 779 6, 632 744, 338 58,829 6, 931 64, 237 674 51, 882 23. 38 68, 990 16, 860 542,857 43 203 6, 814 3, 392 12, 466 5, 413 5, 527 7,367 371, 648 420, 790 394, 650 441, 784 520, 509 372, 050 706, 689 811, 104 644, 367 43, 266 62, 739 58, 613 210, 579 44, 551 42, 485 302, 344 57, 198 257, 067 55, 473 49, 864 375, 271 144, 445 39, 787 91, 877 123, 925 51,822 67, 810 182, 462 60, 844 234, 291 59, 709 297, 392 51, 64İ 78, 879 105, 372 167, 104 87,336 54, 882 37, 952 81, 365 39, 865 31, 705 45, 451 3,696 28, 223 63, 581 33, 235 30, 220 15, 928 21, 064 39, 726 30, 737 5,313 16, 171 16, 133 17,926 71, 053 17,439 52, 245 13, 397 48, 356 16, 741 55, 688 46, 299 9, 829 19, 263 64, 748 57, 030 57, 929 66, 443 76, 366 68, 416 64, 489 73, 614 63, 738 78, 145 73, 771 67, 758 85, 706 8, 891 7,576 7,087 11, 083 13, 143 10, 228 8, 978 5,934 6,240 24, 368 13, 831 8, 417 14, 728 27, 645 19, 286 50, 926 315 19, 904 320 881 1,305 38, 487 4, 083 31, 833 86 12, 282 26, 515 630 8, 645 1,429 15, 949 5, 179 11, 896 606 25, 904 41, 933 117, 482 8, 547 35, 341 28, 538 44, 858 15, 768 1,017, 654 158, 995 70, 293 35, 420 604, 029 480, 924 31, 327 181, 088 47, 201 16, 240 438, 109 443, 634 37, 381 22,986 21, 207 464, 177 27, 354 17, 764 742, 257 23, 179 630, 143 29, 056 680, 467 4, 018 24, 039 8, 193 26, 565 6, 232 26, 457 32, 862 21, 498 8,362 6, 594 3, 738 6, 465 3, 406 8, 988 10, 126 6, 700 10, 365 10, 194 54, 327 2, 696 29, 537 3,718 34, 711 80, 263 10, 080 6, 149 52, 107 4,795 687 15, 049 37, 801 20, 245 12, 522 10, 548 32, 541 27, 313 8, 492 39, 477 70, 408 10, 219 8, 756 39, 289 71, 778 62, 831 8, 321 49, 302 53, 984 14, 447 28, 996 16, 322 45,932 10,749 37, 640 33, 529 33, 408 12,500 56, 323 950 47, 166 44, 129 26, 174 25, 318 20, 018 1,500 12, 289 7,615 5, 649 40, 027 8, 600 450 25, 394 13, 170 7,477 22, 800 29, 332 29,755 12, 401 46, 852 33, 298 1,500 38, 052 33, 645 5,700 25, 054 33, 058 13, 811 46,853 45, 022 18, 179 9,582 534, 849 3, 844 18, 239 15, 841 583, 370 7,022 436, 095 14,735 21, 431 346, 983 31, 525 296, 274 32, 578 372, 290 36, 926 417,-402 380, 207 1,906, 576 1,645, 844 | 1, 325, 626 | 1, 188, 924 388, 295 1, 048, 811 | 1, 146, 859 | 1, 451, 282 | 1, 416, 549 58,034 1,630, 453 53, 451 95, 814 84, 320 57, 388 47, 285 24,846 10, 891 13, 928 43, 504 17,320 30, 242 13, 616 19, 891 22, 367 27, 592 24, 648 19, 574 91, 233 103, 370 97, 478 176, 246 11, 562 173, 103 11, 211 259, 645 65, 269 85, 423 15, 349 143 279, 821 1, 015 257, 612 184 279,272 191 125, 022 122, 410 130, 867 106, 159 53, 907 105, 005 63, 183 129, 164 53, 208 45, 615 109, 101 128, 615 51, 306 46,374 132, 765 59, 805 49, 710 38, 411 41, 907 29, 338 34, 404 52, 003 64, 380 27, 280 27, 701 27, 417 18, 852 333, 030 359, 979 385, 233 442, 781 374, 235 465, 942 459, 545 465, 861 495, 460 25, 629 33, 839 24, 358 22, 936 20, 918 27, 950 28, 656 33, 620 42, 635 47,082 66, 480 85, 743 98,432 4, 294 2,993 87,305 137, 196 3,023 139, 920 2, 032 152, 337 22, 985 18, 691 170, 730 5,237 10, 448 21, 292 51,376 69, 473 88,766 100, 464 110, 290 155, 887 145, 157 162, 785 192, 022 ! 1146 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 25.-Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880.. 1881. Dollars. Dollars. Marble and stone, and manufactures of……. - Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Matches 2, 544 2, 635 33, 861 8, 291 8, 533 Musical instruments. 2, 411 15, 682 10, 301 14, 482 Naval stores (rosin, tar, turpentine, and pitch).. 5, 511 8, 111 12, 946 19, 895 14, 285 661 1,034 1,252 2, 022 1,291 Oils: Animal- Whale and fish Other..... Mineral refined or manufactured- Illuminating. All other Vegetable Total Paints and painters' colors Paper, and manufactures of Plated ware.. 6, 339 3, 096 12, 609 162 1,288 10, 560 22, 714 4,687 8, 250 7,075 39, 673 73, 792 37 77, 393 56, 990 4,700 6, 365 479 9, 686 3,892 6,705 8, 148 11, 201 44, 563 78, 178 i 105, 674 125, 016 7,547 4, 559 8, 096 24, 597 51, 171 30, 400 86, 373 40, 163 82, 955 1, 371 108, 343 1, 450 10, 947 13, 868 Provisions, comprising meat and dairy prod- ucts: Meat products- Beef products- Beef, canned. Beef, salted or pickled. Tallow.. 11, 020 5,652 33, 125 28, 036 Hog products— 25, 097 6, 585 54, 724 1, 879 49, 199 59, 473 Bacon.. Hams.. Pork, pickled } 71, 532 17, 431 40, 607 63,009 16, 027 • Lard... 15, 685 46, 344 6, 363 8,834 21, 826 All other meat products. Dairy products- Butter.. Cheese.. 41, 917 21, 649 38, 749 30, 028 62, 071 67, 221 12, 247 43, 260 108, 261 100, 066 45, 963 63, 324 68, 351 90, 075 Milk.... 6, 803 20, 775 126, 592 29, 883 21, 917 27, 802 11, 778 18, 356 29, 679 35, 425 Total Quicksilver Salt... Seeds... Silk, manufactures of Soap, toilet and other. Spices, ground or prepared. 218, 017 165, 804 274, 326 474, 073 572, 413 258, 682 511, 619 | 1,029, 664 | 708 3,976 1, 250, 455 | 1, 070, 593 2,992 3,260 8, 260 3, 621 18, 658 16, 604 33, 439 ... 8, 521 12, 423 26, 159 17,859 19, 015 Spirits: Whisky. All other Total Stationery, except of paper. Straw and palm leaf, manufactures of 40, 270 19,771 10, 544 2,533 44, 468 1,250 } 39,007 { 49,119 44 50, 814 22, 301 45,718 39, 007 49, 163 Sugar and molasses: Sugar, refined... Candy and confectionery All other 22, 783 52, 753 86, 828 111, 854 888 2,405 1,727 4, 768 5, 504 166, 268 5,850 282, 747 5, 224 8, 612 Total Tin, and manufactures of... Tobacco, and manufactures of: 24, 510 59, 145 371, 980 121, 816 180, 730 2,493 1, 571 3,708 7,970 8, 068 • Cigarettes ... Leaf, including stems and trimmings. Cigars 317 461 8, 420 2,746 4, 268 4,729 10, 451 All other manufactures of……. Total Vegetables: Onions.. Pease and beans Potatoes } 32, 213 34, 648 39, 275 50, 689 57, 099 77, 893 77,260 32, 520 55, 879 75,970 115, 287 120, 803 2, 336 4, 193 16, 991 38, 024 6, 638 51, 162 7,353 6,778 31, 837 44, 945 DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1147 exported from the customs districts of the State of California, etc.—Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 5,994 8, 437 Dollars. 8,982 12, 673 15, 132 5,073 5, 514 7,393 18, 189 Dollars. 8, 644 Dollars. Dollars. 6, 809 6, 455 25, 664 11, 769 11, 882 25, 850 12, 568 16, 598 15, 918 14, 793 8, 318 14, 938 6, 458 13, 617 14, 904 12, 308 21, 674 L, 032 2, 701 1, 784 2,656 3, 674 1,892 577 1,220 275 20, 105 11, 227 11, 736 6, 716 41, 831 5, 168 27, 609 4, 486 37,769 5, 270 88,303 1, 175 23, 099 3,007 24, 975 5, 206 6, 604 83, 502 7, 566 82, 721 64, 199 12, 225 73, 050 16, 845 96, 215 21, 953 70, 639 1, 126 23, 590 60, 654 198 8, 112 64, 976 1, 361 7,236 73, 972 6, 612 4, 273 2, 562 9, 319 23, 884 12, 223 18, 212 22, 683 123, 674 21, 776 116, 159 103, 735 148, 014 135, 673 142, 535 178,987 126, 681 119, 370 140, 512 134.047 125, 079 128, 618 56, 877 133, 924 53, 609 72, 032 70, 877 16, 480 49, 260 109, 741 20, 165 55, 991 100, 969 23, 468 56, 900 80, 023 14, 906 57, 933 16, 266 49, 671 19, 948 57, 213 18, 447 10, 999 10, 511- 45, 416 34,706 36, 362 28, 639 38, 442 24, 272 32, 715 16, 325 16, 829 22, 757 56, 959 29,872 3, 174 43, 986 15, 631 51,582 16, 185 62, 650 7, 561 57, 268 97, 734 29, 645 56, 801 44, 718 15, 114 91, 113 26, 255 40, 541 45, 540 45, 195 67, 177 25, 638 61, 046 22, 064 61, 719 18, 888 18, 829 44, 297 37, 130 47, 929 42, 091 48, 168 18, 812 52, 090 44, 558 49, 839 58,166 31, 326 47, 013 15, 848 48, 543 55, 880 19, 934 40, 907 · 99, 118 109, 879 · 35,931 15, 235 95, 311 46, 623 16, 853 80, 658 44, 261 58, 357 45, 781 70, 595 41, 475 81, 508 44, 919 98, 789 76, 168 157, 123 127, 705 24, 265 151, 941 32, 475 107, 581 37,642 104, 858 94, 744 37, 271 37, 040 39, 178 28, 594 103, 856 32, 666 37, 881 94, 784 38, 528 31, 853 40, 198 33, 656 49, 708 31, 262 41, 768 33, 576 509, 805 30, 096 583, 894 609, 600 608, 056 474, 438 541, 825 478,784 417, 901 923, 730 533, 333 957, 139 416, 955 6, 743 194, 976 5,776 206, 456 227, 375 10, 677 468, 385 17,451 9, 739 22,776 9, 567 271, 204 23, 453 8, 132 180, 772 28, 227 14, 739 13, 939 15, 497 9, 599 18, 462 15, 043 33, 831 15, 664 7,578 18, 013 12, 212 23, 734 23, 498 6, 091 26, 375 23, 909 9, 721 31, 496 10, 769 9, 857 44, 195 9, 981 41, 027 5,774 5,867 42, 658 8, 523 10, 701 8,328 46,745 10, 092 51,305 { 70,028 25 48, 532 47, 098 48, 484 16, 391 52, 863 9, 154 46,634 14, 288 43, 606 6, 688 45, 006 51, 567 51,305 59,516 53, 523 70, 053 64, 923 56, 252 62, 772 59, 551 91, 610 95, 173 113, 039 56, 546 8 48, 434 47, 489 1, 347 43, 450 1,765 42, 192 1, 443 50, 973 687 60, 568 3,624 3, 218 4,990 232, 527 6, 715 110,997 10, 019 92, 070 200, 286 188, 140 12, 056 122, 314 6, 172 10, 021 244, 390 9,036 11, 036 211, 599 16, 604 17, 431 163, 721 17, 281 11, 166 11, 977 14, 195 14, 298 13, 469 3, 515 3, 792 245, 414 15, 345 130, 052 120, 730 227, 588 211, 153 154, 043 259, 071 229, 586 10, 086 182, 535 7,916 7,509 5, 132 12, 084 5, 156 13, 566 4, 465 9, 646 3, 132 54,876 5,947 10, 225 10,666 41, 154 16, 532 37,086 7,358 32, 547 4,804 101, 251 104, 411 { 25, 803 5,792 14, 803 40, 288 8, 643 11, 631 25, 976 15, 272 26, 004 88, 609 87, 151 23, 678 22, 617 29, 273 104, 599 26, 024 101, 510 24, 418 106, 777 159, 259 126, 362 151, 512 144, 241 150, 723 141, 995 162, 206 172,834 166, 828 184, 382 199, 919 8, 463 9, 587 10, 695 15, 802 17, 193 41, 974 12, 504 57, 289 62, 625 10, 793 53, 452 51, 509 12, 336 47, 696 49, 179 34, 993 48, 956 22, 502 41, 192 58,472 39, 777 43, 912 51, 484 46, 713 60, 955 1148- INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 25.-Values of the principal and all other articles of domestic merchandise Articles. 1860. 1870. 1875. 1880. 1881. Vegetables-Continued. Canned Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. All other, including pickles.. 7,910 13, 718 8, 547 12,052 6, 697 10, 865 14, 493 15, 869 Total 19, 327 56, 824 82, 383 62, 230 79, 644 Vinegar Vessels sold to foreigners... 7,400 74, 900 Wax, bees 2, 116 802 1, 485 1, 127 Whalebone 1, 130 1, 322 4, 236 2, 808 11,719 60 9, 516 4, 275 Wine: In bottles. Not in bottles. Total Wood, and manufactures of: 20, 900 33, 041 109, 615 50, 591 20, 900 33, 041 109, 615 50, 591 Lumber Joists and scantling Boards, deals, and planks 127,980 264, 011 164, 995 Shingles 276, 881 Shooks, box and other 10, 080 162 282, 078 10, 830 15, 306 23, 802 28, 591 All other lumber. Timber: Sawed and hewed.. 8, 812 6, 971 5, 296 325 7,699 81, 869 15 27,812 85, 243 1,500 49, 985 243, 543 193 3, 510 15, 608 Logs and other timber. Manufactures of- Doors, sash, and blinds. Moldings, trimmings, etc Household furniture. 33, 247 All other. 47, 642 54, 182 117, 968 106,515 27, 957 36, 616 128, 579 146, 200 212, 409 Total 199, 589 499, 765 613, 591 599, 652 741, 818 Wool, and manufactures of: Wool, raw Wearing apparel 2,400 719 723 a 252, 599 All other manufactures of………. 129, 899 148, 067 85, 547 123, 013 7,897 34, 677 38, 847 48, 027 Total 252, 599 137, 796 185, 144 125, 113 171, 763 All articles not elsewhere enumerated: Unmanufactured articles Manufactured. 79, 680 332, 690 166, 852 132, 171 255, 575 375, 526 102, 970 113, 320 184, 571 176, 092 Total value of exports of domestic mer- chandise.. 3,649, 277 13,385, 991 23, 444, 025 31,910, 436 34, 784, 390 a Includes wearing apparel of all materials. DOMESTIC EXPORTS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1149 exported from the customs districts of the State of California, etc.—Continued. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 18, 720 Dollars. Dollare. 20, 734 19, 234 Dollars. 25, 279 Dollars. 15, 457 52, 245 Dollars. 57, 721 11, 274 15, 176 50, 791 27, 699 21, 753 39, 316 28, 787 17, 278 7,953 10, 480 12, 486 99, 929 95, 047 134, 775 180, 584 183, 892 180, 968 169,977 148, 622 168, 642 3,500 26,000 3,000 24, 250 1,867 2, 883 3, 101 500 3, 465 1,766 4, 222 800 4, 646 218 5, 436 738 5, 675 7, 350 176 3,430 3, 945 5, 949 5, 174 1,823 44, 238 53, 504 20, 077 25, 331 18, 318 15,820 43, 795 46, 197 25, 134 77, 696 23, 493 151, 220 24, 643 162, 407 195, 349 44, 233 199, 96C 53, 504 63, 872 71, 528 96, 009 167, 040 187, 541 218, 842 224, 608 1, 647 165, 368 632, 183 525, 436 628, 593 387, 604 226, 007 109, 985 26, 720 36, 161 5,472 135, 966 123, 036 46, 980 513 108, 858 39, 351 14, 804 25, 850 22, 222 1, 160 11, 142 23, 425 4, 984 8, 985 264, 377 6, 491 29, 662 132, 942 10, 520 16, 496 84, 689 6,886 14, 324 24, 280 13, 434 131, 575 15,762 62, 098 30, 025 27, 666 84, 741 2, 303 64, 482 15, 838 2, 748 14, 322 6, 440 136, 346 2,773 258, 247 3, 923 428, 008 25, 966 531,287 11 458, 056 31 1, 100 84, 674 137, 530 122, 216 49, 537 103, 283 158, 856 65, 733 142, 200 186, 956 41, 360 98, 506 143, 038 37, 403 289, 728 108, 156 24, 224 284, 232 149, 528 18, 162 73, 056 168, 431 91, 243 16,687 66, 246 178, 507 81, 517 88, 150 74, 822 170,424 58, 133 182, 432 1, 307, 634 1, 221, 464 1, 160, 844 [1, 075, 022 69, 581 | 947, 257 858, 432 1,054, 5201, 118, 807 1,040, 672 212 111, 041 44, 638 272 165, 729 41, 228 100 532 580 135, 467 25, 081 18, 083 167, 458 121, 269 11, 141 97, 404 26, 722 114, 254 27, 845 98,459 23, 814 16, 445 8,796 155, 891 207, 229 20, 402 101, 510 9, 020 160, 648 194, 712 149, 694 139, 301 130, 699 118,396 130, 932 95, 321 204, 278 155, 466 86, 821 115, 437 250, 859 52, 049 132, 842 42, 388 230, 872 101, 149 96, 372 66,823 130, 536 51, 931 135, 786 60, 346 · 204, 085 53, 288, 266 44, 511, 640 36, 666, 429 37, 602, 347 29, 966, 605 32, 458, 834 27, 747, 294 37, 535, 608 36, 317, 955 1150 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. } TONNAGE MOVEMENT OF THE PACIFIC COAST. No. 26.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered and cleared in the foreign trade. of the customs district of Alaska during each year, end- ing June 30, from 1868 to 1890, inclusive. Year. Entered. American. Foreign. Total. Cleared. American. Foreign. Total. 1868... 1869. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1,305 Tons. 888 2, 193 Tons. 734 1870.. 3, 092 2, 746 377 3, 469 3, 480 1,768 1871. 3, 035 63 866 1, 831 3, 901 3, 556 1872.. 4,813 605 454 5, 267 4, 161 1873.. 5,485 4, 277 447 227 5, 712 4, 724 4, 082 1874.. 3,940 227 660 4, 600 4,309 1875.... 9, 015 3, 312 660 3,240 12, 285 3, 972 1876... 6, 892 7,651 3,240 5, 051 11, 943 10, 891 7,566 1877.. 7,614 5, 080 7, 135 12, 646 14, 749 7,566 1878. 11, 747 7,004 8,900 20, 647 14, 570 11, 112 10, 132 1879... 5, 165 8, 682 15, 297 19, 794 11, 305 10, 132 5, 200 1880.. 6, 030 17, 335 15, 332 10, 497 9, 311 1881.. 11, 284 6, 030 21, 781 15, 341 9, 823 9,805 11, 146 1882. 6, 501 20, 969 16, 306 8, 377 1883.. 9, 461 6, 501 8, 073 17, 534 14, 878 8, 993 9, 424 8, 156 1884.. 1,828 17, 149 11, 252 14, 069 1885.. 5, 670 1, 841 2, 063 15, 910 7,733 10, 717 10, 024 2, 244 1886. 438 10, 162 12, 961 11, 916 12, 200 438 1887.. 12, 200 12, 354 13, 417 23, 479 - 13, 417 1888.. 23, 479 23, 124 29, 657 1889 1,733 23, 124 31, 390 37, 491- 1890 30,-484 1,466 478 38, 957 30, 962 29, 867 32, 209 478 32, 209 30, 345 29, 755 29, 755 No. 27.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered in the cus- toms district of Alaska from the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, 1871 to 1-90, inclusive. Countries. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Tons. British Columbia All other countries 4, 782 Tons. 5, 712 Tons. 4,600 Tons. Tons. Tons. 12, 285 | 11, 913 | 14, 701 14,701 Tons 20, 647 Tons. Tons. Tons. 19, 680 17, 335 | 11, 781 485 Total 5, 267 5, 712 4,600 94314, 20,647 12, 285 | 11, 943 | 14, 701 | 20, 647 | 19, 680 | 17, 335 | 11, 781 Countries. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Tons. British Columbia... 16, 306 All other countries Tons. 17, 499 35 Tons. 10,719 533 - Total.. 16, 306 17, 534 | 11, 252 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 7,733 10, 462 11,908 23, 479 31, 390 | | | | 292 Tons. Tons. 30, 345 32, 209 | 7,733 | 10, 462 | 12, 200 | 23, 479❘ 31, 390 | 30, 345 | 32, 209 །། 三 ​TONNAGE MOVEMENT OF VESSELS, PACIFIC COAST. 1151 No. 28.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels cleared in the cus- toms district of Alaska for the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, 1871 to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Tons. Tons. British Columbia.. 4, 724 5,705 Tons. 10, 891 All other countries Tons. Tons. Tons. 3,972 | 12, 616 | 14, 582 36 Tons. 19, 755 39 Total 4, 724 5,705❘ 10, 891 Tons. Tons. 15, 341 | 20, 969 3,972 12, 646 14, 618 19, 794 15, 332 15, 341 20,969 | | Tons. 15, 332 | Countries. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. All other countries in Asia British Columbia 35 889 14, 878 | 17, 499 | 15, 910 | 12, 072 | 11, 465 Total 889 11, 465 13, 417 23, 124 38, 957 14, 878 | 17, 534 | 15, 910 | 12, 961| 12, 354 | 13, 417 13, 417 | 23, 124 38, 957 | 30, 345 29,755 30, 345 29, 755 No. 29.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered and cleared in the foreign_trade of the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, during each year ending June 30, from 1870 to 1890, inclusive. Entered. Cleared. Year. American. Foreign. Total. American. Foreign. Total. Tons. Tons. 1870... 1871. Tons. Tons. 37,832 Tons. 6, 622 Tons. 44, 454 55, 242 39, 467 17, 134 25, 517 72, 376 1872.. 64, 981 58,763 79, 772 29, 108 10, 839 87,871 1873... 90, 611 93, 138 80, 981 21, 735 1874... 23, 566 114, 873 104, 547 96, 811 78, 609 25, 545 25, 324 1875... 103, 933 122, 356 109, 509 95, 134 29, 419 20, 081 138, 928 1876 115, 215 106, 668 138, 550 23, 365 17, 740 130, 033 1877.. *156, 290 141, 718 148, 780 25, 141 21, 219 166, 859 1878.. 169,999 155, 216 152, 828 29, 206 19, 195 181, 422 1879... 172, 023 167, 178 132, 216 30, 962 50, 651 198, 140 1880... 182, 867 134, 326 119, 245 55, 461 25, 822 189, 787 1881. 145, 067 128, 000 123, 153 29, 516 32, 353 160, 353 1882. 152, 669 135, 444 196, 293 30, 346 -- 31, 730 1883... 228, 023 165, 790 199, 659 215, 056 30, 162 39, 915 229, 821 1884.. 254, 971 226, 915 312, 090 1885.. 16, 386 52, 938 279, 853 328, 476 333, 694 354, 628 24, 865 1886. 26, 636 358, 559 381, 264 365, 198 373, 602 31, 187 47, 765 396, 385 1897.. 421, 357 411, 494 312, 317 56, 799 77, 845 468, 293 1888.. 390, 162 317, 606 552, 442 92, 102 22,989 409, 708 1889 575, 431 562, 327 652, 424 86, 753 1890 36, 707 649, 080 689, 131 756, 321 742, 737 59, 741 99, 835 856, 156 802, 478 814, 645 81, 101 895, 746 1 No. 30.—Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered at the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, from the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, from 1871 to 1890, inclusive. i Countries. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1152 1 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Europe Asia and Oceanica: British Australasia. Hongkong Japan Hawaiian Islands. China. All other .……………… Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 818 2,755 4, 579 2,796 1, 763 817 4,291 6, 169 1, 054 544 3,247 2, 576 2, 829 5, 190 6,375 12, 348 881 18, 426 832 647 18, 930 1, 504 473 526 1,570 661 4, 154 368 1, 388 815 410 2, 813 Total, Asia, etc 211 1, 726 1, 304 441 ,906 6, 035 8, 491 British Columbia Mexico Central America. 1,580 6, 108 6, 442 11, 546 11,000 16, 400 27, 166 22, 379 50, 907 65, 951 68, 961 68, 510 105, 467 135, 894 1, 267 147,842 1, 582 144, 432 144, 368 120, 441 607 3, 366 1, 831 South America: 260 511 Peru.. Chile 6, 434 15, 101 26, 066 All other 16, 954 1, 608 5, 661 1, 068 9, 844 6, 673 7, 283 6, 800 5, 526 7, 212 836 3, 153 Total, South America.. 3,979 2,299 6, 456 3,046 1, 369 1,707 731 721 367 8, 042 16, 169 32, 739 All other countries 27, 733 14, 580 11, 411 11, 157 7,825 9, 502 1, 736 Total 64, 984 90, 611 104, 517 103, 933 126, 719 159, 458 169,999 172, 023 182, 867 145, 067 { 1 1153 TONNAGE MOVEMENT OF VESSELS, PACIFIC COAST. No. 30.—Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered at the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, from the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, from 1871 to 1890, inclusive-Continued. I σ 90——73 Europe Asia and Oceanica: British Australasia. Hongkong Hawaiian Islands Japan · China All other Total, Asia, etc British Columbia. Mexico Central America South America: Countries. Peru..... Chile All other Total, South America.. All other countries. Total 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1,245 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1, 376 5, 542 5, 777 1, 199 3, 543 7,900 6, 340 6, 155 356 22, 598 36, 263 22, 307 25, 453 1,795 1,475 1, 831 9, 510 15, 757 20, 135 598 19, 172 2, 231 17, 422 7,832 13, 687 1,909 6, 277 968 17, 084❘ Tons. 12,595 8, 954 968 10, 525 2,025 5, 007 17, 605 4, 146 6, 220 5, 848 882 626 3, 800 4, 463 6, 746 7, 644 1,806 16, 341 21, 242 1, 414 3, 134 465 1, 543 2,207 3, 898 11, 989 2,232 1, 798 26, 895 281 33, 234 39, 515 40, 014 32, 361 56, 709 74, 333 28, 388 30, 122 119, 355 160,475 61, 039 102, 157 279, 282 4, 234 19, 429 326, 386 11, 113 341, 025 284, 830 1, 956 532, 176 850 628, 649 535 5, 333 1,348 402 2, 864 9, 065 698, 592 7, 374 609 196 708 6, 663 6, 808 1,057 11, 172 6, 977 8, 989 8, 038 5, 613 1,477 3, 897 5,757 4, 508 9, 843 6, 762 11, 691 679 649 4, 492 1, 611 3,997 1, 045 7, 156 5, 149 703 5, 524 2,185 11, 998 4, 995 13, 640 21, 608 5, 633 21, 421 22,783 21, 201 6, 202 13, 008 22, 517 43 243 694 2, 480 259 152, 669 228, 023 254, 971 328, 476 381, 264 421, 367 390, 162 575, 431 2, 510 689, 131 165 802, 478 ! $ 1154 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 31.—Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels oleared in the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, for the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, from 1871 to 1890, inclusive. Scotland. Ireland France Other countries in Europe. Total Europe. Asia and Oceanica : British Australasia. Countries. Great Britain and Ireland: England 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1, 328 1, 404 61.3 Tons. 613 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 356 1, 328 1, 404 013 356 613 Hongkong. 2, 488 2, 366 1,409 Hawaiian Islands. 9, 671 854 3, 398 818 5, 518 China 1, 486 6, 488 2, 337 10, 719 11, 562 6, 367 4,303 4,867 2, 661 All other countries 4, 558 3, 211 3, 305 3, 320 6, 375 5, 336 7,698 13, 088 408 343 Total Asia, etc 149 858 1,301 1, 671 285 646 15, 171 423 1, 164 14, 410 1, 280 343 10,856 11, 371 British Columbia Mexico 5, 556 22, 051 7,969 13, 197 15, 857 24, 435 28,966 2:2, 400 61, 292 71, 376 78, 469 90, 629 108, 409 135, 747 147, 489 South America: Peru.... Chile. 4.77 150, 424 142, 218 131, 479 607 603 346 12, 769 All other ..………. 26, 490 22, 562 12, 344 1, 626 4, 524 5, 269 9, 662 14, 365 11, 862 8, 515 5, 124 10, 726 9, 569 Total South America 952 10, 934 12, 001 1, 412 13, 802 3,046 1,755 340 1,838 4, 296 14, 395 31, 759 All other countries 36, 927 25, 158 13, 039 16, 198 20, 295 22, 935 18, 603 6, 134 367 Total 260 497 178 87,871 114, 873 122, 356 138, 928 130, 033 166, 859 184, 422 198, 140 189, 787 160, 353 6. A TONNAGE MOVEMENT OF VESSELS, PACIFIC COAST. 1155 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. No. 31.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels cleared in the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, for the priucipal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, from 1871 to 1890, inclusive-Continued. Countries. } Great Britain and Ireland: England... Scotland.. Ireland France. Other countries in Europe. Total Europe Asia and Oceanica: British Australasia. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1, 456 Tons. Tons. Tons. 2,588 794 5, 537 €, 166 1, 271 4, 141 2, 026 16, 890 800 4, 769 29, 494 18, 539 1, 476 1, 413 634 11, 725 1, 395 937 1,271 5, 597 1, 476 634 4, 614 794 13, 114 47, 385 37, 166 Hongkong 4, 896 13, 554 20, 272 22, 313 33, 231 Hawaiian Islands. 72, 163 1, 073 55, 394 884 60, 736 China 21, 963 3, 080 66, 718 20, 889 2,032 57, 201 812 17, 948 18, 017 12, 940 All other countries 895 16, 573 2, 994 15, 794 12, 198 402 12, 912 11, 977 1, 956 636 1, 695 1, 459 2, 286 743 841 Total Asia, etc. 5, 883 741 813 3, 182 2, 094 16, 533 2,686 594 28, 390 39, 969 52, 704 42, 359 50, 307 British Columbia 93, 304 78, 624 74, 461 83, 971 77, 014 Mexico 130, 131 164, 004 183, 595 292, 119 1, 970 314, 979 12, 269 341, 683 288, 359 4, 297 542, 661 943 673, 174 South America: 3, 873 728, 359 3, 218 1,270 4,838 4, 207 Peru.. Chile 3, 099 6, 896 7,870 All other 4, 620 2, 667 5, 079 9, 166 5, 158 24, 763 12, 920 3,990 7,966 15, 485 679 16, 552 9, 356 26, 041 2, 001 822 10, 680 Total South America 12, 278 26, 286 3, 188 27, 803 5, 721 2, 460 11, 084 11, 841 5, 299 12, 265 33, 660 21, 612 30, 430 All other countries 24, 819 36, 920 17, 130 45, 336 49,000 43 50 35 Total 1, 793 444 1, 452 165, 790 229, 821 279, 853 358, 559 396, 385 468, 293 409, 708 649, 080 856, 156 895, 746 1156 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 32-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered and cleared in the foreign trade of the customs district of Oregon, Oregon, during each year ending June 30, from 1868 to 1890, inclusive. Entered. Year. Cleared. American. Foreign. Total. American. Foreign, Total. Tons. 1868.. Tons. Tons. 1869. 6, 561 Tons. Tons. 1,576 Tons. 8, 140 7,057 1870.. 19, 214 1,215 1, 576 20, 429 8, 633 1871. 17, 535 21, 213 2,380 1,215 22, 428 19, 915 19, 465 1872 12, 522 3, 812 1, 004 20, 469 16, 334 1873.. 3, 865 12, 093 4,788 2,222 6, 087 16, 881 3, 578 1874. 1, 192 2, 795 2. 138 3, 330 6, 373 3,682 674 2, 346 1875... 674 6, 028 1876.. 2, 898 6,362 5, 860 8, 467 8, 758 14, 829 1877.. 1, 509 6,194 20, 626 6, 389 7,898 26, 830 6, 442 12, 191 9007 1878. 17, 256 21, 007 23, 698 33, 198 1879... 3, 205 9, 548 21, 087 8, 051 11, 256 30, 635 6, 286 1880. 7,349 23,874 10, 936 30.160 18 285 18, 862 1881... 2, 454 21, 890 48, 473 67, 335 24, 344 10, 276 673 45, 798 1882. 4,806 56, 074 5,479 11, 306 3, 461 1883. 25, 839 14, 211 29, 300 25, 517 31, 337 5,740 1881. 28, 061 91, 625 33, 801 122, 962 20, 011 3, 680 1885.. 31, 403 41, 562 61, 573 35, 083 22, 182 5,683 27, 614 1886.. 36, 072 49, 796 41, 755 8, 796 25, 569 35,003 1887. 57, 598 66, 391 60, 572 21, 431 5, 168 55, 399 1888... 45, 702 50,870 76, 830 11, 369 1, 176 66, 162 1889.. 14, 666 15, 842 77, 531 4, 489 1, 143 66, 738 1890. 24,826 25, 969 71, 227 19, 761 5, 134 81, 432 18, 851 23, 985 101, 193 8, 247 37, 527 45, 774 No. 33.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered at the customs district of Oregon, Oregon, from the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, from 1871 to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. · 3,812 3,064 | 2,138 670 982 631 Great Britain and Ireland Other countries in Europe.. Total Earope. Asia and Oceanica: British Australasia. Hongkong Hawaiian Islands. All other countries.. 4,482 3, 0642, 138 856 1,336 600 Total Asia, etc.. 856 1,936 British Columbia 10,996 1, 087 674 674 South America: Peru.. Chile All other countries Total South America.. All other countries Total 16, 334 6, 087 3,330 982 631 2, 005 4,515 1, 221 | 9, 693 2, 209 1, 293 1,229 300 1,759 1, 509 4, 215 694 5, 359 15,112 2,700 1, 801 906 841 7,426❘ 5,075 5, 285 7,317 12, 723 7, 118 16,391 21, 028 889 3, 407 | 1, 476 3531, 319 4,087 | 1, 680 518 1, 366 1, 370 581 | 3,481 652 518 1,370 581 10,975 3, 156 | 1,005 2,685 2, 103 674 8,758 7, 898 [23, 698 11, 256 18, 285 24, 344 TONNAGE MOVEMENT OF VESSELS, PACIFIC COAST. 1157 No. 33.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered at the cus- toms district of Oregon, Oregon, etc.-Continued. Countries. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Great Britain and Ireland. 1, 359 Other countries in Europe.... Tons. Tons. 5, 384 10, 103 558 Tons. Tons. | Tons. | Tons. Tons. Tons. 12, 568 | 8, 219 | 4, 011 | 7, 461 Tons. Tons.Tõns. 9, 689 14, 972 5, 907 Total Europe 1, 359 5, 942 10, 103 12, 568 8, 219 4, 011 7, 461 9, 689 14, 972 | | | 5, 907 Asia and Oceanica: British Australasia 2, 471 Hongkong. Hawaiian Islands. All other countries. 6, 340 10, 067 12, 448 2, 903 2,294 884 332 1,506 1, 163 4, 4142, 0251, 135 1, 163 | 4,414 30, 539 968 26, 213 1, 881 6, 848 1, 135 5, 824 812 276 1,390 5, 8842, 407 376 Total Asia, etc.. 2,471 9,797 14, 481 15, 689 5, 544 | 38, 203 29,755 2, 2607, 124 7, 214 British Columbia 673 1, 896 2, 823 | 2, 2,653 356 2,534 2, 458 1,003 I, 612 5,083 South America: Peru.... 878 8, 273 2,970 Chile 1,707 1,939 1,939 1,345 9, 178 5, 252 | 2,610 2, 890❘ 1, 436 1,436 1,272 All other countries 976 7,048 686 7,694 | 9, 835 | 4, 555 3,209 Total South America... 976 All other countries Total 8,755 1, 939 2, 909 25, 145 2, 910 | 4, 455 1, 264 | 2, 5,479 29, 300 33,801 35, 083 41, 755 No. 34.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels cleared from the customs district of Oregon, Oregon, for the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, 1871 to 1890, inclusive. 18, 057 | 7, 165 2, 890 1, 436 4,481 2,491 3, 589 4, 031 | 825 1,300 66, 394 50, 870 |15, 842 25, 969 23,985 Countries. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Great Britain and Ireland: Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 2, 970 3,745 2,430 | 3, 501 | 8,708 15, 378 1,065 2,042 9, 135 14,573 16, 040 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 11, 745 12, 098 7,862 20, 282 19,102 16, 702 40, 661 35, 517 741 1, 377 England Ireland France... All other countries in Eu- горе Total Europe Asia and Oceanica: Hawaiian Islands All other countries Total Asia, etc... British Columbia South America All other countries Total 4,035 3,745 4, 472 12, 636 23, 281 31, 418 24, 584 28, 144 | 59, 763 53, 596 900 1,587 1,038 | 1, 136 | 1, 828 2, 179 529 782 1,372 408 772❘ 1, 1,072 930 274 3, 289 1,059 670 | 1,183 | 3,959 | 2, 242 3, 613 236 a3, 770 670 3,079 1,587 1,038 1, 918 2, 357 1,780 1,702 1,346 8, 247 1,041 1,520 518 275 493 599 16, 881 | 6, 373 | 6, 028 14, 829 26, 730 33, 198 30, 635 30, 160 67, 335 56, 074 a Chile. 1158 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 34.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels cleared from the customs district of Oregon, Oregon, etc.—Continued. Countries. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888 1889. 1890. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Great Britain and Ireland: Tons. Tons. | Tons. Tons. Tons. England. 12, 999 38, 336 19, 611 15, 126 14, 528 Ireland.. 22, 082 16, 473 26, 981 22, 586 17,001 9,708 75, 679 36, 956 23, 792 23,792 33, 717 42, 958 France 42, 709 32, 271 42,709 63, 989 18, 596 1,301 4,848 1, 994 3, 312 3, 594 All other countries in Eu- 7, 019 rope 932 5, 455 1, 084 | | 6, 452 6, 486 | 2, 465 Total Europe...... 24, 008 (118, 863 (57, 499 46, 367 149, 329 71, 492 (68, 980 65, 311 | 93, 594 35, 597 Asia and Oceanica: Hawaiian Islands.... All other countries 335 1,249 688 320 1,989❘ 6, 297 1,482 1, 018 413 Total Asia, etc. 1, 584 668 1,989 1,989 6, 297 1,482 1,338 413 British Columbia 1, 509 2,515 2,749 South America.. All other countries. Total 1, 1952, 319 2,319 196 25, 517 122, 962 61, 573 49, 796 60, 572 76, 830 77, 531 71, 227 101, 193 45,774 540 637 900 269 5,338 3,542 800 2,024 5,074 | 1, 573 2, 088 5, 985 3,977 316 1, 135 3, 463 No. 35.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered and cleared in the foreign trade of the customs district of Willamette, Oregon, during each year ending June 30, from 1871 to 1890, inclusive. Entered. Year. Cleared. American. Foreign. Total. American. Foreign. Total. Tons. Tons. 1871... Tons. Tons. Tons. 6, 324 Tons. 507 1872... 6, 831 11, 784 7,669 3, 214 5, 113 14,998 12, 782 1873.. 15,059 10, 212 6, 018 14, 444 21, 077 1874. 24, 656 16, 615 11, 531 11, 925 14, 120 28, 540 1875. 25, 651 19, 996 23, 665 7,568 35, 103 43, 661 1876... 42, 671 11, 561 9, 297 29, 794 12, 797 41, 355 1877. 22, 094 19, 056 6, 816 35, 460 37, 680 54, 516 1878..... 44, 496 13, 416 10, 412 33, 650 25, 225 47, 066 35, 637 1879... 16, 648 11, 496 49, 042 45, 408 65, 690 1880. 56, 904 21, 028 5, 151 54, 854 54, 366 78, 882 1881... 59, 517 21, 823 66, 856 8, 413 49, 964 83, 679 1882.. 58,377 14, 032 41, 611 17, 424 101, 438 55, 643 1883... 118, 862 22, 001 11, 285 43, 091 28, 012 65, 092 1884. 39, 297 22, 771 3. 361 34, 132 35, 267 56, 903 1885.... 38, 628 18, 283 10, 648 55, 948 53, 365 74, 231 64, 013 1886... 31, 505 • 4, 243 89, 248 120, 753 58, 750 62, 993 1887... 23, 559 124. 145 5,806 147, 704 52, 919 58, 725 1288... 24, 411 3, 214 117, 577 30, 823 141, 988 34, 037 1889... 20, 813 10, 063 116, 088 136, 901 29, 762 1890.. 39, 825 2, 580 32, 789 105, 058 50, 582 137, 847 53, 162 20, 875 67, 460 88,335 } TONNAGE MOVEMENT OF VESSELS, PACIFIC COAST. 1159 No. 36.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered in the cus- toms district of Willamette, Oregon, from the principal and other foreign countries dur- ing each year ending June 30, from 1871 to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1872. 1871. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Tons. Tons. Great Britain and Ire- land 511 Tons. Tons. | Tons. | Tons. 4,823 | 3,971 374 1,938 2, 162 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1,522 3,039 6, 269 1, 700 All other countries in Europe Total Europe... 511 4,823 3,971 374 1,938 2,162 1, 522 3,039 6, 269 | 1,700 Asia and Oceanica: British Australasia Hongkong. 745 5, 741 1, 157 9, 201 1,949 6, 298 19, 081 9,782 20, 959 35, 058 2,335 2,561 12, 859 12, 859 | 15, 079 | 2, 308 Hawaiian Islands 300 956 1, 387 3, 294 | 2, 994 2, 144 3, 014 4, 011 2, 182 4, 480 Japan 566 468 1, 434 1, 852 1,263 China... 3,745 1,414 2,591 2, 644 1,027 3,948 All other countries. 846 674 934 776 8,915 2,783 Total Asia, etc.... 300 1,701 11, 439 5, 865 15, 458 12, 885 30, 033 30, 102 | 48, 162 49, 840 British Columbia 6, 020 6, 2585, 985 | Mexico 9, 297 3, 783 875 | 7,047 1, 652* 1, 071 2,610 269 South America: Colombia Peru... Chile.... 493 996 3,824 2,322 1, 561 3, 033 2,265 410 1, 1, 113 2, 229 Argentine Republic Brazil 3, 153 6, 539 3, 329 All other. 511 1,341 4,792 2, 311 1, 425 2,204 | 1,583 5, 903 709 Total South Amer- ica.. All other countries Total 6, 831 12, 482 24, 656 25, 650 42, 681 22,094 | 44, 496 | 35, 637 | 56, 904 |59, 517 3, 261 9, 239 20, 669 10, 632 1,425 2,204 4, 616 833 657 751 Countries. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 'Great Britain and Ire- land All other countries in Europe 2, 914 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 13, 075| 10, 525 | 3,645 8,717 7, 077 3, 589❘ 4, 129 Tons. 2, 883 Tons. Hongkong. Hawaiian Islands. 2, 372 Total Europe Asia and Oceanica : British Australasia. 14, 180 37, 045 15, 115 12, 863 4, 337 | 4,690 | 18, 589 | 5, 1893, 627 | 3, 356 18, 075 | 13, 439 3, 645 12, 306 11, 206 Tons. 8,987 | 12, 822 988 1,877 1, 117 3,871 10, 864 13,939 lons. Tons. 1, 197 10, 435 909 1,200 2, 106 11, 635 31, 781 | 23, 801 4,758 1, 815 1, 616 980 1,670 Japan 1, 914 514 7,499 1, 431 7,043 | 5, 921 814 814 1,000 2,735 'China. 5, 429 2, 591 3, 540 902 2, 390 964 3,722 1, 303 853 All other countries 679 4,732 1, 152 | 2, 373 2,242 3, 611 1, 712 803 4,822 Total Asia, etc.... 34, 170 65, 551 24, 746 18, 160 10, 93637, 153 34, 481 9, 108 | 12, 251 |14, 733 British Columbia 4,375 8, 568 7, 240 3,437 | Mexico 6, 480 4,385 5, 186 944 4,728 5, 293 | 16, 682 1, 042 1,590 1, 196 1, 383 2, 411 14, 010 3, 159 5, 099 South America: Colombia 1, 174 766 Peru.. 4, 666 2, 386 1,262 1,798 3,670 932 7,265 'Chile.. 3,586 3, 117 1, 841 1,460 1,250 | 1, 461 1, 969 843 Argentine Republic 16, 616 4,096 2,235 1,488 2, 134 849 Brazil 4, 023 1, 514 821 4, 726 1, 193 1, 295 2, 215 All other 1, 536 · 765 5,217 4, 076 2, 186 750 1,682 2, 408 1,597 Total South Amer- ica All other countries 8, 094 1, 074 Total 5, 813 | 18, 482|2, 624 | 2,061 34,195 | 17, 584 58, 377 118, 862 39, 297 38, 628 64, 013 62, 993 58, 725 34, 037 39, 825 53, 162 6, 811 3, 286 5, 627 6, 385 1,300 1160 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 37.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels cleared in / the customs district of Willamette, Oregon, for the principal and other foreign coun- tries during each year ending June 30, from 1871 to 1890, inclusive. • Countries. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876, 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons: Tons. Tons. Great Britain and Ire- land: England Ireland 2,817 4, 137 1, 326 1, 494 6, 343 8, 923 6, 473 19, 975 | 5, 657 21, 537 18, 410 19, 454 5,799 | 11, 937 | 22, 217|20, 593 27, 129 39, 237 44, 655 52, 692 | | | 300❘ 1, 287 666 670 2, 628 566❘ 1,672 670❘ 1, 757 All other countries in Europe Total Europe Asia and Oceanica : Hongkong. Hawaiian Islands.. All other .. 4, 143 5, 631 (12, 816 28, 898 | 27, 194 1, 187 575 2,447 27, 194 37, 864 34, 115 51, 749 66, 872 75, 732 1,630 1,072 1,697 836 2, 041 1,372 745 1, 153 842 2,259 670 1,415 1, 672 2,365 836 Total Asia, etc 9661, 957 3, 864 | 3, 429 13,447 3,686 3, 413 3, 771 3,087 3, 201 British Columbia South America.. 9,492 |13, 489 |12, 530 397 10, 428 9, 768 12, 966 9,538 9, 174 946 996 All other countries 7,806 | 9,746 1,117 236 Total... 14, 998 21, 077 |29, 210 42, 991 41, 355 54, 516 | 47, 066 | 65, 690 | 78, 882 88, 679 Countries. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Great Britain and Ire- 3 land: England 17, 584 18,960 7,374 12, 170 | 23, 23, 659 20, 855 Ireland 29, 625 32, 834 21, 481 46, 351 | 74, 976 106, 604 9, 438 105, 412 1,940 13, 388 13, 880 108, 080 | 90, 829 48, 569 All other countries in Europe 382 3,355 3, 868 3,051 3,800 4, 124 1,300 | Total Europe..... 47, 209 52, 176 28, 855 58, 521 101, 990 131, 327 117, 901 113, 820 108, 341 63, 749 Asia and Oceanica: Hongkong. Hawaiian Islands. All other 1, 695 | 3,011 | 5, 880 | 1, 079 2, 636 853 853 2,922 2,378 1,616 814 902 975 679 802 803 Total Asia, etc.... 1, 695 5, 647 | 6,782 | 1, 079 1,828 853 3, 601 2, 378 2,418 1, 617 British Columbia. South America Total 6, 739 7, 269 21, 266 14, 631 | 14, 654 | 15, 524 17, 971 18,489 25, 414 22, 783 | | 2,281 676 All other countries. 2,214 1, 671 1,839 186 55, 643 65, 092 56, 903 74, 231 120, 753 147, 704 141, 988 136, 901 137, 847 88, 335 No. 38.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered and cleared in the foreign trade of the customs district of Southern Oregon, Oregon, during each year, ending June 30, from 1877 to 1890, inclusive. 1877... 1878... Year. Entered. Cleared. 4 American. Foreign. Total. American. Foreign. Total. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1879... 1880. 1881... 1882.. 1883. 1884... 1885.. 732 732 181 181 136 599 599 820 1, 204 1, 204 967 967 175 175 1886. • 1887... 1888.. 1889... 1890... 403 403 · 136 820 TONNAGE MOVEMENT OF VESSELS, PACIFIC PACIFIC COAST. 1161 No. 39.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered and cleared in the foreign trade of the customs district of Humboldt, California, during each year ending June 30, from 1883 to 1890, inclusive. 1883... 1881.. 1885... 1886.. 1887... 1888.. 1889... 1890.. Year. Entered. Cleared. American. Foreign. Total. American. Foreign. Total. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 3,931 Tons. 1, 197 Tons. 5, 128 5, 115 2,315 4,220 2,148 7,263' 6,535 6, 790 1, 676 2, 458 4,878 4, 134 11, 668 6, 698 1, 265 2, 891 5,903 7, 168 3,851 1, 161 4,873 2,835 3,996 2, 912 2,383 636 5, 019 3,214 1,066 1, 829 4,506 2,895 3, 385 - 9,589 8,724 6, 297 7,720 2, 597 2, 225 395 4, 039 2,620 6, 636 5, 262 985 6, 247 No. 40. Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered at the cus- toms district, of Humboldt, Cal., from the principal and other foreign countries, during each year ending June 30, 1883 to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Asia and Oceanica: British Australasia. Hongkong. 292 2, 460 598 2, 893 2, 121 1,387 598 2,49 480 489 Hawaiian Islands.. 2, 717 2,985 2,488 2, 062 263 1,622 1, 549 1, 513 All other countries. 871 997 714 471 395 Total Asia, etc. 3,880 5, 445 3, 566 6, 441 3,098 3, 480 2, 147 2,207 Mexico 998 817 444 1,350 224 224 South America: Colombia 113 223 Peru... 218 Chile 250 273 568 All other.. 396 Total South America 250 273 568 727 223 All other countries 231 189 524 189 Total 5, 128 6, 535 4, 134 7, 168 3,996 5,019 2,895 2, 620 No. 41.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels cleared from the customs district of Humboldt, Cal., for the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, 1883, to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Tons. Asia and Oceanica: Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. British Australasia Hawaiian Islands.. 2,348 5, 462 2,888 3, 688 4,985 6, 334 2,072 3, 167 3, 931 3, 496 All other countries. Total Asia, etc.. 1, 105 2,340 2, 539 1,751 269 1, 201 3,265 149 5, 505 9, 150 7,057 7,439 5,855 5, 682 4,700 5, 605 Mexico 536 659 234 224 1,522 186 419 South America: Colombia 507 732 655 Peru. 298 273 426 Chile 218 218 265 1,222 747 860 396 1,255 Total 1,222 1,527 2,018 1, 051 218 516 1,520 All other countries 332 514 230 223 Total 7,263 11, 668 9, 589 8,724 6, 297 7,720 6, 636 6, 247 1162 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 42.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered and cleared in the foreign trade of the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., during each year end- ing June 30, 1850 to 1890, inclusive. Entered. Year. Cleared. American. Foreign. Total. American. Foreign. Total. Tons. Tons. 1850.. Tons. Tons. Tons. 47,950 Tons. 82, 914 1851. 130, 864 104, 266 101, 617 75, 862 140, 971 180, 128 1852... 245, 588 285, 558 123, 560 136, 485 114, 678 422, 043 1853... 238, 238 225, 762 115, 003 126.602 137, 817 352, 364 1854. 252, 820 292, 833 149, 260 111, 730 97,222 442, 093 1855... 208, 952 317, 499 125, 657 104, 335 1856. 47, 290 421, 834 172,947 263, 810 123, 576 58, 600 44, 776 322, 410 1857.. 168, 352 258, 312 47, 135 102, 639 46,603 305, 447 1858... 149, 242 213, 834 48, 917 100, 003 47, 172 262, 751 1859.. 147, 175 182, 405 43, 055 175, 051 46, 388 225, 460 1860. 221, 439 309, 249 45, 157 186, 466 48, 535 354, 406 1861... 235, 001 302, 285 49, 638 162, 121 43, 481 351, 923 1862... 205, 602 240, 687 38, 164 194, 392 37, 306 278, 851 1863. 231, 698 311, 000 203, 847 34, 867 52, 737 345, 867 1861... 256, 584 305, 374 46, 629 227,836 71, 722 352, 003 1865.. 299, 558 316, 825 59, 098 239, 907 81, 346 375, 923 1866. 321,253 329, 505 73, 274 · 218, 397 119, 733 402, 779 1867 338, 130 260, 203 211, 346 103, 806 99, 550 364, 009 1868... 310, 896 260, 413 103, 672 299, 676 113, 997 364, 085 1869. 413, 673 386, 203 334, 650 93, 835 109, C85 480, 038 1870.. 443, 735 418, 145 106, 419 247, 643 146, 340 524, 564 1871.. 393, 983 354, 011 139, 544 244, 496 108, 997 493, 555 1872... 353, 493 303, 899 106, 353 297, 190 126, 382 410, 252 1873.... 423, 572 355, 123 126, 675 320,803 227, 674 481, 798 1874.. 548, 477 416, 392 306, 084 214, 084 248, 107 630, 476 1875. 554, 191 364, 301 232, 222 370, 877 349, 561 596, 523 720, 438 1876. 423, 594 323, 415 342, 318 279, 064 747, 009 621, 382 1877... 430, 862 234, 787 378, 542 665, 649 345, 966 724, 508 1878.. 493, 631 333, 574 372, 857 251, 183 827, 205 624, 040 1879.. 426, 297 189, 364 356 255 283, 181 615, 681 639, 536 1880. 433, 471 314, 648 435, 83 748, 119 268, 071 1881... 704, 054 507, 590 270, 005 420, 704 386, 015 777, 595 1882. 806, 719 499, 292 357, 027 454, 218 865, 319 662, 685 1, 116, 903 1883... 535, 739 664, 680 376, 695 1, 200, 419 511, 103 887, 798 1884. 428, 720 507, 961 425, 529 936, 681 459, 031 1885. 884, 560 460, 667 424, 147 427, 518 453, 781 884, 814 881, 299 1886.. 518, 128 455, 103 423, 730 973, 231 350, 960 1887.. 774, 690 468, 324 351, 863 469, 026 820, 187 496, 028 965, 054 1888. 453, 716 463, 829 397, 984 557, 335 917, 545 955, 319 1889... 433, 094 505, 063 481, 539 938, 157 567, 164 1,048, 703 1890... 505, 003 559, 735 485, 713 1,064, 738 544, 825 1, 030, 538 521, 465 559, 509 1,080, 974 TONNAGE MOVEMENT OF VESSELS, PACIFIC COAST. 1163 h No. 43.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered in the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., from the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, from 1871 to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Great Britain and Ireland: England Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Scotland...…………. 40, 290 Tons. 67, 287 Tons. 63, 446 Tons. 39, 056 Tons. 72, 568 Tons. 62, 960 France 7, 046 14, 827 120, 384 21, 279 64, 713 14, 114 43, 426 17, 509 49, 556 Belgium 6, 235 22, 813 5,848 8, 240 36, 260 8, 289 12, 932 7, 202 6, 562 10, 736 Germany.... 456 416 5, 721 5, 753 329 3,490 4, 448 4, 110 All other countries in Europe 2, 170 1, 902 4, 148 1,923 1, 827 1, 962 2, 093 450 1, 580 2,832 3, 764 Total Europe 744 4,070 867 2, 779 693 56, 197 90, 280 97, 892 64, 962 98, 466 97, 220 Asia and Oceanica: 165, 234 83, 967 60, 013 67, 874 British Australasia Hongkong 46, 686 52, 064 68, 839 109, 323 182, 322 Hawaiian Islands. 14, 442 25, 930 132, 380 161, 728 48, 915 133, 617 30, 795 32, 922 132, 335 136, 706 Japan.... 27, 210 33, 572 44, 025 57, 969 29, 389 103, 966 13, 121 103, 566 11, 066 101, 289 China. 57, 814 54, 307 8, 634 16, 043 78, 579 83, 435 19, 668 21, 536 91, 977 British East Indies 3, 386 91, 346 966 59, 582 14, 604 8, 574 6, 495 1, 456 9, 393 Philippine Islands.. 207 2,829 1, 084 1, 792 1,956 All other 8, 785 2,288 31, 012 13, 302 3, 074 8, 008 9, 315 6, 586 7, 872 7, 797 8, 430 12, 742 25, 397 13, 873 10, 151 11, 941 12, 673 11, 817 10, 366 6, 534 8, 716 8, 218 6, 032 Total Asia, etc. 8, 178 8, 976 8, 214 1, 702 9, 252 161, 753 186, 995 262, 414 261, 371 341, 201 294, 856 British Columbia 324, 632 292, 044 310, 615 310, 210 Mexico 26, 268 37, 948 43, 966 47, 645 53, 947 Central America. 15, 737 11, 015 14, 351 117, 615 18, 008 20, 082 150, 573 158, 662 19, 484 185, 906 4, 214 19, 697 5,295 6, 219 16, 677 16, 122 6, 090 15, 215 4, 186 2,676 South America: Colombia Peru Chile Argentine Republic Brazil. All other Total South America All other countries Total entered.. 2, 867 3,000 1, 794 17, 708 2,802 76, 119 76, 024 80, 730 82, 681 118, 845 8, 467 5,247 88, 468 66, 487 31, 477 65, 559 34, 978 64, 509 1, 222 17,471 6, 233 1, 888 72, 811 10, 238 4, 724 6, 892 7, 628 6, 099 7,632 3, 139 33, 095 12, 678 7, 155 4, 422 4, 221 3, 585 443 1, 528 831 941 14, 566 269 40, 970 873 854 1, 866 787 781 4,353 5, 947 9, 645 160 513 661 10, 866 2, 699 7, 642 88,505 88, 291 118, 653 152, 955 198, 781 94, 952 94, 269 77, 534 ,88, 027 115, 949 819 • 412 1, 325 1, 086 4,370 960 3, 214 800 5, 210 3,605 353, 493 423, 572❘ 548, 477 554, 191 720, 438 621, 382 724, 508 624, 040 639, 536 704, 051 ì 1164 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 43.—Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered in the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., etc.—Continued. Countries. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Great Britain and Ireland: England.. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Scotland... Tons. 123, 333 Tons. Tons. 274, 070 Tons. 177, 574 Tons. 168, 189 Tons. France 147, 295 22, 055 134, 706 191, 905 57, 105 212, 320 25, 565 112, 856 Belgium... 23, 865 113, 135 27, 966 3, 558 6, 202 12, 821 21, 495 10, 520 8, 486 239, 934 Germany 3, 006 1, 115 1,472 413 835 860 11, 558 6, 568 All other countries in Europe. 7, 080 9, 607 1,509 5, 333 10,493 5, 026 15, 503 4, 124 3, 175 12, 866 15,782 1, 845 2, 050 1,536 7, 213 2,586 3, 387 12, 060 2, 154 29, 686 6, 644 Total Europe.. 3, 728 1, 114 975 1, 686 3, 163 153, 340 361, 174 227, 738 Asia and Oceanica: 207, 469 191, 913 155, 923 228, 314 250, 055 395, 342 139, 839 British Australasia Hongkong. 120, 752 165, 105 158, 164 166, 654 Hawaiian Islands.. 157, 906 116, 525 139, 002 156, 998 189, 574 119, 321 158, 922 253, 242 90, 168 Japan 96, 123 31, 856 88, 844 44, 036 106, 187 103, 554 57,378 China 76, 300 106,980 84, 010 15, 415 23, 479 79, 617 86, 689 12, 495 85, 583 18, 250 29, 904 British East. Indies. 11, 973 10, 238 207, 170 93, 262 90, 859 16, 051 1,999 12, 513 2, 569 Philippine Islands. ▲, 214 6, 301 21, 582 10, 865 11, 235 14, 870 4, 173 8, 362 15, 405 All other 11, 863 3,979 6, 818 4, 199 2, 319 13, 571 10, 985 7,412 · 56, 656 6, 318 7,511 4, 493 1,598 3, 373 9, 068 1, 180 Total Asia, etc. 1, 359 19, 361 7, 141 7,607 5, 943 4,393 9, 287 11, 211 9, 458 7,363 322, 085 392, 984 British Columbia 361, 788 376, 792 373, 599 354, 914 422, 023 378, 806 497, 012 434, 167 Mexico 180, 611 180, 613 159, 380 Central America 29, 835 190, 553 | 204, 918 192, 463 33, 702 206, 035 31, 734 236, 575 13, 022 12, 598 81, 906 362, 887 3, 236 13, 508 South America: Colombia.... Peru.... 4, 917 15, 072 5, 044 2, 744 15, 577 602 703 9,779 981 3, 038 4, 028 16, 784 2,880 63, 064 68, 316 56, 658 42, 613 Brazil Chile Argentine Republic All other 49, 190 9, 946 14, 318 49, 612 12, 404 78, 248 5, 443 67, 887 9, 080 1, 948 58, 169 53, 244 2, 776 10, 138 164 7,060 8, 947 2, 466 10, 271 623 616 2,691 7,054 2, 638 8, 790 6, 844 17,889 1, 084 7, 354 31, 360 10, 312 486 19, 227 10, 330 10, 652 11, 783 8, 576 Total South America All other countries. 5, 010 6, 642 5,236 2,011, 3,920 125 1, 359 5, 225 113,097 138, 606 95, 010 83, 878 79, 465 55, 015 89, 872 76, 802 66, 372 71, 682 4,515 4, 907 7,104 10, 102 Total entered.. 3, 229 2,265 3, 035 2, 321 1,005 2,299 806, 719 1, 116, 903 887, 798 884, 560 881, 299 774, 690 965, 054 955, 319 1,048, 703| 1, 030, 538 } TONNAGE MOVEMENT OF VESSELS, PACIFIC COAST. 1165 No. 44.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels cleared from the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., for the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30 from 1871 to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Great Britain and Ireland: England Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Scotland 69, 334 Tons. 34, 488 Tons. 212, 483 Tons. 163, 974 Tons. 188, 109 Tons. 171, 662 166, 599 Ireland 558 86, 400 110, 866 95, 787 France 55, 271 12,988 111, 466 104, 959 118, 591 Belgium. 1, 085 61, 540 170, 480 4, 474 52, 906 182, 073 229, 900 5, 462 Germany All other countries in Europe.. 1, 579 624 33, 916 22, 830 19, 707 839 1, 686 7, 892 941 919 258 1, 049 8, 997 517 828 Total Europe 124, 605 48, 561 324, 507 275, 610 308, 386 234, 143 363, 99 140, 403 Asia and Oceanica: 335, 796 358, 031 British Australasia. Hongkong.. 4,754 65, 522 5, 731 18, 195 27, 573 42, 108 Hawaiian Islands 9,403 42, 831 16, 733 6, 065 40, 555 11, 397 49, 864 Japan. 35, 347 14,980 23, 435 40, 145 40, 046 28, 908 36, 301 11, 359 97, 953 21, 621 74, 639 13, 300 69, 778 Philippine Islands. 51,495 17, 564 59, 555 79, 024 92, 998 23, 172 87, 895 26, 936 81, 269 22, 564 All other countries 6, 423 15, 204 67, 664 372 28 1, 725 18, 225 143 7, 385 8, 996 23, 471 23, 050 5, 105 10, 773 7,589 8, 949 7,996 12, 182 5, 124 Total Asia, etc.. 7,583 4, 585 116, 418 220, 531 125, 205❘ 143, 263 179, 243 175, 493 | British Columbia 199, 592 | 177, 605 159, 022 137, 215 Mexico 36, 561 55, 836 47, 918 57, 209 71, 468 Central America. 18, 507 24, 910 131, 627 133, 569 14, 087 175, 092 20, 672 146, 417 27, 259 171, 739 29, 748 4,306 2,725 2,759 19, 580 25, 338 18, 992 3, 035 2, 289 17, 426 3,060 1, 413 South America: Colombia Peru... Chile 2, 212 2, 857 4, 947 77, 081 77, 936 85, 073 79, 277 110, 736 27, 031 73, 008 73, 633 36, 691 25, 466 12, 356 66, 863 All other 5, 122 41, 089 63, 129 14, 883 77, 434 9, 916 28, 590 2, 527 24, 253 4, 530 13, 401 369 7, 957 776 265 2,828 1, 786 4,351 4, 231 396 501 674 640 926 459 344 Total South America 718 109, 499 127, 371 114, 852 96, 559 152, 868 89, 503 106,574 95, 806 77,465 All other countries Total cleared 86, 749 356 1, 864 410, 252 481, 798 1, 148 630, 476 175 5, 490 1, 985 596, 523 747, 009 665, 649 2, 482 827, 205 3,760 7,570 1,488 620, 216 748, 119 777,595 1166 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. { No. 44.—Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels eleared from the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., etc.-Continued. Countries. Great Britain and Ireland: England i Scotland Tons. i43, 151 Ireland France Tons. 149, 689 Tons. 169, 876 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 104, 226 Tons. Tons. Tons. 210, 148 148, 370 112, 134 372 69, 788 3, 794 82, 419 191, 907 284, 147 Belgium Germany... 430, 961 285, 853 3, 671 246, 338 1, 643 305, 055 207, 802 2, 328 65, 408 195, 53'7 6, 096 225, 135 199, 537 14, 610 275, 565 17,470 12, 788 60, 495 5, 429 All other countries 19, 958 29, 197 54, 605 3,249 65, 032 15, 742 15, 329 9, 659 1, 058 3, 958 6, 346 3, 078 Total Europe 5, 643 2,332 2, 152 7,967 880 1,270 5, 354 956 968 18, 620 838 2, 890 857 447, 096 712, 899 Asia and Oceanica : 487, 798 401, 555 545, 885 370, 040 401, 653 278, 884 426, 465 437, 405 British Australasia Hongkong. 37, 971 47, 858 34, 030 Hawaiian Islands. 53, 388 93, 917 32, 007 102, 629 40, 787 105, 830 28, 793 Japan 70, 468 99, 390 25, 844 83, 243 51, 759 34, 363 81, 139 37, 029 47, 261 87,090 Philippine Islands. 64, 913 97, 458 73, 012 111, 519 63, 949 84, 149 74, 546 69, 474 79, 699 All other countries 50 70, 255 1,300 6, 661 2,095 8, 564 5, 780 6, 160 Total Asia, etc.. 7,772 11, 925 8, 275 10, 692 8, 816 9, 512 6, 175 6, 329 6, 098 166, 296 190, 630 British Columbia 194, 581 203, 232 196, 617 194, 691 199, 941 284, 422 262, 093 197, 531 Mexico 155, 915 182,955 Central America. 155, 376 210, 037 26, 886 169, 206 37, 433 175, 301 209, 307 32, 263 12, 036 267, 607 2, 175 13, 244 286, 345 2,203 17, 007 South America: Colombia Peru... Chile 3, 890 14, 017 3, 414 13, 564 1,476 1,306 633 1, 725 21, 672 2, 149 347, 735 15, 956 2, 115 55, 322 68, 355 53, 745 42, 778 1, 280 43, 278 989 55, 021 1,808 71, 259 68, 180 55, 202 All other 366 442 4, 751 8, 916 2, 431 474 2, 674 546 2, 424 30 52 11, 652 18, 885 3, 026 Total South America. All other countries. 189 56, 568 2,452 2, 082 439 189 3, 423 15, 853 57, 148 69, 740 56, 047 51, 694 43, 752 57, 634 88, 101 89, 685 64, 325 76, 955 803 +, 559 6, 726 Total cleared 2, 846 3, 051 856, 319 | 1, 200, 419 936, 681 884, 814 973, 231 4, 208 820, 187 3,893 2,270 1,689 3,277 917, 545 938, 157 | 1, 064, 738 | 1,080, 974 TONNAGE MOVEMENT OF VESSELS, PACIFIC COAST. 1167 No 45.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered and cleared in the foreign trade in the customs district of Wilmington, Cal., during each year ending June 30, from 1883 to 1890, inclusive. Entered. Cleared. Year. American. Foreign. Total. American. Foreign. Total. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1883.. Tons. Tons. 9, 740 Tons. 6, 564 16, 304 1884.. 7,592 13, 372 3, 126 28, 969 10, 718 42, 341 1885.. 10, 718 12, 420 13, 179 31, 839 23, 138 45, 018 1886. 7,298 7,820 13,997 15, 118 36, 229 50, 226 1887.. 3, 113 24, 615 8, 806 64, 185 11, 919 1888. 88,800 12, 602 24, 018 19, 619 67, 546 36, 650 87,165 1889. 10,789 15, 900 37, 034 83, 105 47, 823 1890... 99, 005 7,425 20, 757 24, 088 28, 182 5, 150 29, 238 15, 317 2, 618 17,935 No. 46.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered the cus- toms district of Wilmington, Cal., from the principal and other foreign countries, dur- ing each year ending June 30, 1883 to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Great Britain and Ireland……. Tons. 6, 564 Tons. 3, 315 Tons. 3,662 Tons. 8, 811 Tons. 17, 672 Tons. Tons. Tons. 10, 917 2,363 Asia and Oceanica: British Australasia. 22, 672 29, 432 38, 905 | | 50, 311 51, 124 | | 80, 714 10, 161 Total Asia, etc British Columbia….. Mexico.. 22, 672 29, 432 38, 905 9,740 15, 677 10, 397 677 | 50, 311 51, 124 | 80, 714 10, 161 2, 510 20, 300 25, 106 | 517 9 | 15, 910 19, 040 37 South America: Peru Total South America... 1, 527 1, 527 All other countries.. 9 18 Total.. 16, 304 42, 341 45, 018 45, 018 50, 226 88, 800 87, 165 99, 005 29, 238 No. 47.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels cleared from the customs district of Wilmington, Cal., for the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, 1883, to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Tons. Tons. Great Britain and Ireland.. France... Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1, 490 2, 025 3,718 3, 191 3, 046 1,077 1, 864 772 Total Europe Asia and Oceanica: 1, 490 5, 071 4, 795 5,055 772 British Australasia. 3, 395 Hawaiian Islands. 2, 441 1,927 2,547 1, 299 603 Philippine Islands.. 1, 140 1, 163 987 1,908 Total Asia, etc…… 1, 163 4,382 3, 044 1, 927 3, 687 87 3,207 British Columbia. 8, 290 13, 994 Mexico 8, 497 156 2, 510 20, 810 29, 258 15, 761 973 Central America. Chile.. 1, 109 2,299 All other countries.. 1,550 1,570 1,479 511 5,077 13,595 17, 031 904 3, 157 4,515 1, 542 Total 10, 718 | 23, 138 23, 138 15, 118 11, 919 34, 348 47, 823 | 28, 182 17,935 1168 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 48.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered and cleared in the foreign trade in the customs district of San Diego, Cal., during each year ending June 30, from 1873 to 1890, inclusive. Entered. Year. Cleared. American. Foreign. Total. American. Foreign. Total. Fons. 1873.. Tons. Tons. Tons. 2,793 Tons. Tons. 1874.. 2,973 8, 824 4, 218 1875.... 441 4, 218 9, 265 613 13, 843 13, 843 1876... 613 698 732 997 441 1, 430 1877.. 1, 438 1,822 4, 160 1,024 2,816 1878.. 1, 981 6, 141 2,900 7,958 1, 981 4.881 1879.. 2, 622 10, 580 7,389 3, 802 1880... 1, 924 7,389 5, 726 2,827 8, 797 1,485 1881.... 7,279 4,312 16, 076 6, 761 9,842 2,847 9, 608 1882... 16, 211 26, 053 9, 837 26, 046 36, 672 11, 920 21, 757 1883. 62, 718 16, 381 11, 213 9, 654 25, 194 26, 035 1884. 36, 407 8, 780 568 3, 435 1885.. 1, 455 12, 215 2, 023 632 924 2, 672 1, 556 1886. 2, 672 822 5, 442 822 724 1887. 6, 166 378 13, 228 378 12, 133 1888... 1889... 25, 361 10, 382 3, 373 31, 318 86, 350 13, 755 117, 668 24, 317 46, 877 52, 487 71, 194 43, 310 95, 797 1890. 44, 625 55, 917 13, 818 23, 850 58,443 79,767 38, 039 4, 475 42, 514 No. 49.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels entered in the cus- toms district of San Diego, Cal., from the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, 1873 to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. Tons. Great Britain and Ireland.... All other countries in Europe. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 2, 556 Tons. 3, 429 Tons. Tons. Tons. 6, 293 476 Total Europe Asia and Oceanica: British Australasia All other 2,556 3, 429 6, 769 1, 981 1,065 1,010 5, 162 2,230 21 Total Asia, etc.. 1,981 1,065 1, 010 5, 162 2, 251 British Columbia. Mexico.... South America. Total.. 1,607 44 496 117 1, 236| 1, 529 202 5, 818 75 268 4, 621 10, 914 95 12, 225 360 2,793 7,614 All other countries. 152 2, 793 9, 265 613 1,438 6, 141 10, 580 5,726 16, 076 21, 757 Countries 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Great Britain and Ireland.... All other countries in Europe. Total Europe Asia and Oceanica: British Australasia All other... Tons. Tons. 30, 018 | 15, 443 1,685 11, 217 Tons. Tons. | Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1, 343 7, 761 7, 033 1, 681 с 1,246 41, 235 17, 128 1,343 9,442 8, 279 5,788 12, 010 877 1, 654 3, 681 11, 841 2, 594 42, 997 4, 049 32, 579 Total Asia, etc British Columbia.. Mexico... 13, 749 666 5,788❘ 12, 010 6, 266 1, 003 South America... 877 1, 6543, 681 | 11, 841 541 605 1,018 | 6, 643 42, 997 32, 579 1, 386 1,069 5, 556 6,621 7, 004 39, 463 3, 240 40, 118 5, 568 1, 280 33, 341, 15, 152 All other countries.. 30 2, 932 Total.... 62, 718 36, 407 2,023 2, 672 6, 166 25, 361 71, 19495, 797 | | 79,.767.: TONNAGE OF VESSELS BELONGING TO PACIFIC COAST. 1169 No. 50.-Statement showing the tonnage of American and foreign vessels cleared in the cus toms district of San Diego, Cal., for the principal and other foreign countries during each year ending June 30, from 1873 to 1890, inclusive. Countries. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. Tons. Great Britain and Ireland. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. | Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 291 1, 981 Asia British Columbia 918 934 | 2,064 | Mexico.... 1, 529 3,886 3, 951 6, 538 134 205 199 76 1,098 361 South America……… 6, 293 2,251 12, 225 360 4, 218 | 12, 791 583 All other countries. 1,295 2,405 628 Total.. 4, 218 13, 813 | 1, 430 | 2, 846 | 4, 881 7,389 4,312 6, 538 21, 757 Countries. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Tons. Great Britain and Ireland.. 8, 517 Tons. 1, 663 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 877 Asia 1, 129 6, 643 British Columbia. 3, 218 583 15, 086 9, 804 4, 757 Mexico.... 7, 004 7,949 -7,339 2,305 715 630 652 341 South America.. 7,869 39, 39, 463 39, 637 33, 442 15, 152 3,966 All other countries. 1, 150 127 33 49 170 37 2, 932 3, 673 Total. 26, 025 | 12, 215 | 1, 556 822 378 13, 755 | 71, 194 58,443 42, 514 TONNAGE BELONGING TO THR PACIFIC COAST. No. 51.-Statement of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to the customs district of Alaska, Alaska, showing the tonnage employed in the foreign and coastwise trade and in steam navigation, respectively, for each year ending June 30, from 1871 to 1890, inclusive. Year. Foreign trade. Registered. Coastwise trade. Steam. Aggre- Perma- nent. Tempo. rary. Enrolled Licensed and licensed. gate. under 20 tons. Regis- tered. Enrolled. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1871 373 373 1872 249 18 267 1873 278 67 315 46 1874. 278 67 345 46 1875. 252 30 282 46 1876.. 116 30 146 46 1877 152 30 182 46 1878... 126 30 24 180 46 1879 134 30 31 195 46 1880 120 30 21 171 46 1881 382 144 65 591 334 85 1882 75 85 46 74 280 131 1883 48 42 -, 23 83 196 42 23 1884 23 85 271 101 480 85 46 1885 341 157 498 131 1886 434 191 625 347 1887 35 429 167 631 368 1888 28 429 259 716 368 1889 28 346 295 669 284 1890 183 461 256 900 155 311 I α 90——74 1170 INTERNAL COMMERCE COMMERCE OF THE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 52.-Statement of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to the customs district of Puget Sound, Washington, showing the tonnage employed in the foreign and coastwise trade and in steam navigation, respectively, for each year ending June 30, from 1870 to 1890, inclusive. Year. Foreign trade. Registered. Coastwise trade. Steam. Perma- Tempo- nent. Enrolled Licensed and under licensed. 20 tons. Aggre- gate. tered. Regis- Enrolled. rary. Tons. Tons. 1870 1871. Tons. Tons. Tons. 5, 946 3, 108 Tons. 13, 284 Tons. 187 7, 186 22, 525 1872 3, 674 13, 484 1, 081 939 209 8, 522 24, 553 1873 1, 942 2,251 13, 400 587 218 24, 082 7,240 4,847 2,289 770 1874 11, 011 181 9, 023 23, 279 1875 3, 745 2,419 11, 388 689 186 4,809 24, 342 2,604 2,602 726 1876 16, 640 156 24, 209 5,934 2, 117 2,931 974 1877. 14, 643 206 10, 137 22,900 2, 434 2,971 1878. 16, 137 1,216 219 28, 927 10, 592 4, 110 3, 849 1, 437 1879 16, 121 178 31, 001 10,943 1880 2, 501 3,954 16, 325 1,337 185 29, 954 14, 081 3, 945 977 1881 13, 821 1,235 148 29, 030 13, 420 6, 135 4, 179 1, 413 1882 18, 301 162 38, 018 13,696 2,760 3,930 1, 334 1883 20, 482 134 37, 072 13, 491 2,767 7, 133 2, 843 1884 22, 943 212 43, 782 15, 461 10, 720 6, 096 1885 23, 522 1,768 244 20, 364 49, 950 6, 592 9, 983 2,244 1886 19, 117 312 49, 776 7, 144 11, 374 2,090 10; 354 1887 20, 054 338 42, 120 15,370 7,807 4, 427 2, 204 1888 29, 283 381 49, 461 11, 399 8, 324 7,480 1, 820 1889 45, 418 427 64, 724 9, 114 20, 154 16, 633 1890 32,282 2,241 470 69, 539 36, 398 14, 777 15, 219 3, 430 18, 466 609 70, 692 17, 574 3,406 No. 53.—Statement of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to the customs district of Oregon, Oregon, showing the tonnage employed in the foreign and coastwise trade and in steam navigation for each year ending June 30, from 1861 to 1890, inclusive. Steam. Year. Foreign trade. Registered. Coastwise trade. Perma- Tempo- nent. rary. Enrolled Licensed and under licensed. 20 tons. Aggre- gate. Regis Enrolled. tered. 1861 Tons. 420 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1, 114 1862 1, 534 1, 011 1863. 1864. 291 3,758 89 1865. 4,138 1,046 1,046 1866. 1, 103 6, 989 93 7, 082 1867. 6,500 1868 215 8, 536 253 9, 004 214 1869.. 651 7,973 649 9, 515 156 10, 971 1, 162 1870. 827 8, 664 593 9, 128 163 10, 711 454 1871 8, 509 529 1, 082 7,579 19 9, 209 1872 1, 082 7, 024 300 1, 231 1, 758 230 3, 519 293 1873.. 1, 134 300 667 1, 199 224 1874 2,390 78 520 300 589 1,057 202 2, 148 483 1875.. 300 589 1,707 187 2,783 1876 500 300 299 1,791 176 2, 566 552- 1877 300 1,376 254 1, 930 893 1878. 300 1, 390 272 1, 962 967 1879. 696 1, 655 215 2, 566 1880 1,021 768 1, 386 206 2, 360 967 1881.. 396 1,666 208 2,270 1882 1, 343 396 1, 248 1,871 255 3, 770 1, 435 1883 1, 249 1,887 296 3, 432 1884 1, 521 1,249 2,210 428 3,887 1,814 1885 1,249 2, 317 547 4, 113 1, 921 1886. 57 2, 166 593 2,816 57 1, 681 1887 337 2, 501 511 3,352 1, 977 1888 3,875 588 4, 463 1, 773 1889 1, 447 440 2, 852 652 5, 391 57 2,465 1890 656 763 1, 852 705 3,976 624 1,582 TONNAGE OF VESSELS BELONGING TO PACIFIC COAST. 1171 1884 No. 54.-Statement of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to the cus toms district of Willamette, Oregon, showing the tonnage employed in the foreign and coastwise trade and in steam navigation, respectively, for each year ending June 30, from 1872 to 1890, inclusive. Foreign trade. Coastwise trade. Steam. Year. Registered. nent. rary. Perma- Tempo-licensed. Enrolled Licensed and Aggre- under 20 tons. gate. Regis Enrolled. tered. Tons. Tons. 1872 1873. Tons. Tons. Tons. t Tons. Tons. 529 413 10, 193 31 11, 166 413 9, 028 942 674 15,791 1874 31 17,438 942 1, 086 14, 349 674 16, 123 1875 30 17, 769 1, 104 1,086 15, 076 1876.. 18, 886 30 20, 020 574 1, 234 15, 329 1877 21, 391 12 22, 637 705 1, 612 273 27,618 1878 12 29, 515 413 1, 199 17,509 22,314 274 1879 32, 812 24 34, 309 1, 839 27, 071 274 1880. 32, 953 " 56 35, 122 4, 669 27, 061 1881 1,190 30, 739 36 36, 634 237 4, 669 26, 862 1882 35, 871 29 40, 569 5,384 29, 691 673 1883 42, 051 28 48.136 7,392 2, 058 35, 131 1884 41, 342 122 48, 856 2, 705 11, 195 33, 955 1885 33, 357 197 44, 749 6, 300 3,947 31,786 1,332 1886. 44, 386 198 52, 216 287 5, 131 37, 123 1887 1,332 45, 129 229 51, 821 278 4, 442 1,332 37, 864 1888 38, 929 319 45, 022 278 6, 820 1,332 31, 941 1889 37,732 219 46, 103 5, 125 5, 125 1, 332 1890 35,998 30, 350 252 42, 707 5, 125 1, 332 4, 272 36, 591 29, 010 125 43, 173 4,272 29, 603 No. 55.-Statement of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to the customs district of Yaquina, Oregon, showing the tonnage employed in the foreign and coastwise trade and in steam navigation, respectively, for each year ending June 30, from 1884 to 1890, inclusive. 1885 1886. 1887 1888 1889. 1890 Foreign trade. ! Coastwise trade. Steam. Year. Registered. Perma- nent. rary. Enrolled Licensed.! and under Tempo-licensed. 20 tons. Aggre. gate. Regis- tered. Enrolled. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. | Tons. Tons. Tons. 1,258 37 1,295 1,258 1,258 49 1,307 1,258 1, 380 26 1,406 1, 406 3,296 37 3, 333 3,296 2, 177 26 2, 203 2,300 2,177 61 2, 361 2,300 1,418 60 1, 478 1, 418 : 1172 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 56.-Statement of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to the customs district of Southern Oregon, Oregon, showing the tonnage employed in the foreign and coastwise trade and in steam navigation, respectively, for each year, ending June 30, from 1874 to 1890, inclusive. 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878. 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 .1888. 1889 1890 Foreign trade. Coastwise trade. Steam. Year. Registered. Enrolled Licensed, Aggre- Perma- Tempo- nent. and licensed. licensed. gate. under 20 tons. Regis- tered. Enrolled. rary. Tons. Tons. 146 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 419 14 579 419 661 14 675 661 598 14 612 598 913 14 927 752 777 30 807 616 777 26 803 616 636 26 662 636 635 26 661 635. 635 26 661 635 694 12 706 694 774 93 867 774 1,423 131 1,554 1, 303 614 149 769 494 391 144 538 394 394 154 548 394 625 154 779 507 533 207 740 442 No. 57.-Statement of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to the customs district of Humboldt, Cal., showing the tonnage employed in the foreign and coastwise trade and in steam navigation, respectively, for each year ending June 30, from 1883 to 1890, inclusive. Year. Foreign trade. Registered. Coastwise trade. Steam. and Enrolled Licensed gate. Aggre- Perma- neut. rary. Tempo- licensed. 20 tons. under Regis- tered. Enrolled. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1883 Tons. 269 1, 592 13 1,874 1884 176 428 3,498 74 1885 4,000 1, 014 315 2,646 93 3, 054 1886 1, 014 315 294 2,895 93 3,597 1887. 1, 072 3, 042 93 3, 135 691 1888 591 4, 614 68 5, 303 573 1889 280 314 4, 201 52 4,847 1, 192 1890 247 3, 402 52 3, 701 1, 309 J. # TONNAGE OF VESSELS BELONGING TO PACIFIC COAST. 1173 No. 58.-Statement of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to the customs district of San Francisco, Cal., showing the tonnage employed in the foreign and coast- wise trade and in steam navigation, respectively, for each year, from 1850 to 1890, in- clusive. Year. Foreign trade. Registered. Coastwise trade. Steam. Enrolled Licensed Aggre- nent. Perma- Tempo- rary, and licensed. under 20 tons. gate. Regis- tered. Enrolled. 1850.. Tons. 15, 285 · Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 570 1851 15,855 9, 095 29, 312 91 a16, 155 1852 3,875 58,437 b6, 087 a50, 718 a5, 129 c39, 942 1853 c4, 968 101, 655 5, 457 c52, 399 b5, 422 1854 c41, 450 c4, 904 104, 210 22, 008 b24, 885 b6, 548 c49, 618 1855 c2, 748 99, 259 38,878 18,643 3, 810 c31, 594 1856 c3, 150 92, 265 35, 276 11, 611 18, 293 1857. b27, 226 14, 279 2,853 83, 648 14, 294 27, 423 19, 086 1858 b35, 721 14, 370 2,271 84, 501 12.828 27, 411 18, 105 1859 31, 976 11, 917 2, 321 79, 813 a25, 062 9,808 19, 449 10,826 1860 b33, 342 c2, 446 80, 299 18, 042 18, 002 19,806 1861 c35, 018 10, 215 a2, 128 74,994 18, 629 29, 922 21, 002 10, 787 1862 44, 830 1, 877 97, 631 37, 989 15, 964 25, 350 17,407 1863 37, 870 2,064 103, 273 41, 827 19, 095 31, 494 1864 42, 622 11, 373 2,257 118,200 25, 294 19, 907 18, 978 1865 46, 237 13, 600 1, 887 92,396 15, 004 15, 081 19, 162 1866. 30,870 12, 649 1,462 66,575 5.297 6,397 1867.. 10, 066 4,362 10, 955 354 20, 079 21,593 3, 458 68,289 1868. 53, 882 2,417 2, 135 145, 899 19, 629 18, 951 57, 220 19, 071 1869. 62, 609 2,215 141, 673 26, 747 42, 366 18, 529 1870 77, 391 21,531 2, 272 148, 776 34, 154 14, 784 1871 34, 955 85, 308 24, 545 2,371 156, 788 31, 939 11, 833 1872 9, 631 89, 316 30, 559 2,415 133, 301 36, 544 13, 977 1873 12, 114 90,247 35, 868 2, 410 141, 315 41, 592 16, 406 1874... 17,426 86, 475 34, 267 2,372 147, 865 35, 236 16, 822 1875 36, 039 91, 266 35, 575 2, 442 164, 983 33, 887 12,973 1876 39, 006 104, 383 35, 261 2,436 179, 712 31, 483 12,036 1877 51,823 116, 229 37, 417 2,447 201, 982 31, 907 1878 47, 115 106, 230 12,956 40, 713 2, 429 187, 681 31, 291 8, 804 1879 43, 635 105, 451 40, 140 1, 715 38, 039 182, 092 15, 176 1880. 57, 189 47,552 102, 324 1,758 199, 310 38, 628 1881. 61, 536 25, 165 99, 370 46, 641 1,605 201, 139 48, 591 28, 908 1882 54, 496 97, 267 46, 710 1, 499 201, 853 60, 794 30, 263 1883. 52, 153 44, 742 93, 608 1, 503 208, 058 68, 569 29,656 1884. 46, 240 45, 326 109, 462 1,594 225, 865 69, 505 1885 46,962 34, 102 109, 497 51, 645 1,709 227, 673 67, 504 40, 901 1886.. 52, 806 124, 819 54, 329 1, 747 246, 876 67, 783 1887. 45, 174 41, 810 128, 823 58,145 1, 634 243, 414 60, 465 41, 387 1888 40, 567 60, 369 144, 245 1, 423 246, 700 57, 577 1889 42, 766 41, 277 169, 303 1, 417 67, 911 271, 063 96, 256 42, 740 1890 64, 982 143, 496 70, 586 1,444 114, 615 306, 178 48, 979 49, 676 133, 863 69, 771 1,487 299, 641 47,970 70, 485 a Includes Sonoma. b Includes Sacramento. c Includes Sonoma and Sacramento. No. 59.-Statement of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to the customs district of Wilmington, Cal., showing the tonnage employed in the foreign and coastwise trade and in steam navigation, respectively, for each year ending June 30, from 1883 to 1890, inclusive. 1883 1884. 1885 1886. 1887 1888 1889 1890. Foreign trade. Registered. Coastwise trade. Steam. Year. Perma- nent. Enrolled Licensed and under Tempo- licensed. 20 tons. rary. Aggrc- gate. Regis- Enrolled. tered. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1,031 41 1,072 534 386 981 56 1, 423 386 148 764 68 832 237 835 85 920 308 612 1,037 89 1,738 308 2,440 159 2,599 506 1, 394 177 1, 571 820 1, 418 201 1, 619 820- - 1174 INTERNAL COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 60.-Statement of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to the cus- toms district of San Diego, Cal., showing the tonnage employed in the foreign and coast- wise trade and in steam navigation, respectively, for each year ending June 30, from 1874 to 1890, inclusive. Year. Foreign trade. Registered. Coastwise trade. Steam. Perma- Tempo- nent. Enrolled Licensed and licensed. Aggre- under gate. rary. 20 tons. Regis- tered. Enrolled. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1874.. 22 20 1,375 32 1, 449 858 1875 22 892 618 43 1, 575 647 148 1876 22 1,272 1,211 48 2, 553 835 148 1877 1, 074 1,233 88 2, 395 835 148 1878.. 202 934 58 1, 194 348 1879 203 730 76 1,009 148 1880 255 202 419 99 975 148 1881 58 228 705 63 1,054 148 1882 85 2, 019 835 99 3,068 221 1883 35 1, 194 129 1, 358 607 1884. 73 13 175 83 344 175 1885 73 251 57 381 102 1886.. 98 105 203 1887 119 1,240 1,047 114 2,520 409 1888 363 30 1,602 173 2, 168 165 872 1889 438 436 1,210 147 2,231 600 1,117 1890. 333 436 1,547 156 2, 472 GOO 1, 117 No. 61.-Statement showing the movement of tonnage of vessels between United States Atlantic and Pacific ports, via Cape Horn, during each year ending June 30, from 1886 to 1890, inclusive. Entered at San Francisco from- Baltimore . New Bedford New York Norfolk and Portsmouth. Philadelphia. Boston Gloucester Total.... Cleared from San Francisco for- New Bedford…. New York Total.. Entered at San Diego from— New York Baltimore 1886. 1887. 1888. 1880. 1890. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 3, 384 8, 606 14, 803 | 12, 141 | 23, 316 822 107 46,813 31, 879 | 55, 996 | 49, 388 1,870 7,380 13, 444 66, 254 9, 178 4, 051 8, 093 360 187 65, 491 50, 006 77, 969 | 76, 755 2,055 1, 396 87,791 1,654 12, 078 | 14, 250 | 27, 224 | 28, 046 13, 732 | 16, 305 | 28, 620 | 29, 1,267 23, 837 313 23, 837 3, 642 1, 474 1, 406 1, 476 Total... 3, 642 2,280 1,476 Entered at Willamette, Oregon, from New York 2, 169 1,272❘ 6,572 5, 542 7,832 Boston. Cleared from Puget Sound, Wash., for- Plymouth. 1,587 2, 963 New York 1,524 Philadelphia 1,878 1,524 977 Total... 3,111 1,878 5, 464 New York.. Entered at Puget Sound, Wash., from- 3,390 No. 62.—Statement showing the routes and description of steamers making regular trips between Port Townsend Routes. Termini. Sitka, Alaska. Portland, Oregon. Do.. do Intermediate ports. Lines. Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. .do Names of lines and owners. OWI Oregon Improveme Oregon Railway an Do... Port Townsend, Wash Do... ....do Do... ....do Portland, Oregon.. ...do Do... ...do Roche Harbor and Seattle do Do... Gray's Harbor, Cal. Tacoma, Wash San Francisco, Cal. Port Townsend and Seattle…. Do. ....do ...do Do. ..do do Porland, Oregon ..do Astoria.. Do... ...do ...do Do... ..do ..do Chehalis River, Wash.. ...do Gray's Harbor, Hoquiam, Aberdeen, Cosmopolis, and Montesano Union Pacific Steamship Co Pacific Coast Steamship Co. .do Union Pacific Railroad and Navigation Co .. Oregon Railway and Navigation Co ..do Portland and Coast Steamship Co Wells Line Pacific Coast Steamship Co... Various stockholde ...do ....do Portland and Ccast Getz Brothers & C C. H. Wells, agent. Frank Barnard, ag Various stockholde ....do Coos Bay, Oregon. ..do Direct Do... ....do ....do Corvallis, Oregon. Do... Tillamook Bay, Oregon Arcata, Cal. Do... Do... Crescent City, Cal ...do . ...do do ...do Commercial Line ...do Oregon Coal and Navigation Co……….. ...do ....do ...: ....do -- .do ..do Port Orford. - ...do ...do ....do ....do do Eureka Direct Eel River, Cal ...do Shelter Cove and Port Kenyon.. Fort Bragg, Cal. ..do Pacific Coast Steamship Co. Point Arena, Cuffey's Cove, Whitesboro, Little River, and Mendocino ..do Monterey, Cal. .do Newport Landing, Cal.. ..do Do..... ..do Amesport Landing, Santa Cruz, Pigeon Point, Moss Land- ing, Castroville, and Watsonville Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Simeon, Cayucos, Port Hard- ford, Gaviota, Santa Barbara, Carpenteria, San Buena- ventura, Hueneme, Redondo, and Wilmington ..do ..do ..do ..do San Diego, Cal ...do Port Harford, Santa Barbara, and San Pedro. do... Yaquina Bay, Portland, and Albany. Eureka and Fields Landing. .... Oregon Development Co Humboldt Steamship Co Pacific Coast Steamship Co. Nelson's Line. Various stockhold Truckee Lumber C Various stockholde ..do Charles Nelson, ag Hobbs, Wall & Co, Various stockholde do .do .do ..do .do ་ Face page 1174- -1 1 a Year in which vessel was { i A A ' Portland, San Francisco, and San Diego and other domestic ports, in July 1890 Steamers. Year in TS. which started. Flag. Name. Wood, iron, or steel. Screw Net or paddle. tonnage. Monthly or otherwise. Number of days con- sumed. Remarks. t Company. 1890 American... City of Topeka Iron Screw Navigation Co... 1886 ..do Geo. W. Elder. 3. a1882 do Queen .do Steel. ...do 746 1,225 Monthly do .. 10 Carries mail. 10 Do. do 1,672 a1881 ....do Al Ki. Wood... ...do Semimonthly 12 888 ....do ... 12 a1887 ....do 1889 ...do Cosmopolis Michigan ...do ... ...do 267 ..do 12 ...do ..do .... 468 Trimonthly. 4 1889 ..do • Signal ...do ...do 392 .do Steamship Co... 1888 ....do Alliance ...do. .co 213 Six trips per month.. agents 1890 ..do Haytien Republic... ...do ...do 780 · Trimonthly. 1890 do Jeanie ..do ...do 863 - Weekly it.. 1886 ....do Wilmington Iron ...do 752 Trimonthly 3 1877 ....do ... State of California.. ...do ...do 1,260 1880 ....do Columbia ...do ...do 1,746 ño ..do 1880 ...do Oregon ..do ...Go 1, 642 ...do • 1888 ...do · Caspar.. Wood.. ...do 234 ....do 1888 ..do Point Loma.. ...do ...do 221 ..do 1882 ...do Arcata..... ...do ...do 416 Weekly.. 1382 ..do Ajax... ..do .... ...do 534 ...do 1882 ..do Arago Steel ...do 620 ... ...do -S... 1880 ...do mpany, agent 1888 ...do Willamette Valley.. Truckee Iron .do 743 ..do Wood.. ..do 296 Trimonthly 3 1886 ....do Humboldt do do 293 Weekly 8 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 6 1877 ....do.. Corona.. Steel. ...do 966 ..do 6 t. 1888 ...do North Fork.. Wood.....….do ………. 244 gent 1889 ...do S 1877 ..do Crescent City….. Newport. ..do. ...do 199 • Weekly. ...do · ..do 183 Trimonthly. Trimonthly.. 1877 .do Coos Bay ..do ..do -- 194 Semiweekly 1877 ....do Gipsey..... ...do ...do 215 Weekly.. 8 - 6 8 3 5 1877 ..do Los Angeles ...do ...do ... ► 287 ....do 1877 ..do Eureka.. ...do. ...do 1877 ..do Pomona.. Steel.......do……… 514 952 .do ....do 1877 ....do Santa Rosa .. Iron .do 1,336 ..do LO LO LO LO 5 5 5 5 uilt. į ཨཱལཾཏཱ, … et showing the routes and description of steamers making regular trips between Port Townsend, Portland, San Francisco, and San Diego and foreign ports in July, 1890. diate ports. Domestic. Lines. Names of lines and owners. Owners. Steamers. Trips. Year in which started. Number Wood, Remarks. Flag. Name. iron, or steel. Screw or Net ton- paddle. nage. Monthly or otherwise. of days con- sumed. Oceanic Steamship Co Various stockholders... 1885 American... Alameda……… Iron Screw 1, 939 Four times per annum. 75 ..do do 1885 ...do Mariposa ...do 1, 939 ...do ...do Port Townsend, Seattle, and Tacoma. Port Townsend Port Townsend and S attle Port Townsend, Seattle, Whatcom, Fair Haven, - and Anacortes. ..do Camden Line Dunsmain's Line Canadian Pacific Rwy. Co Oregon Rwy. and Navigation Co.. Union Pacific Navigation Co do... Puget Sound and Alaska Steamship Co. Canadian Pacific Navigation Co.. ..do ..do 1885 Hawaiian.. Zealandia.. ..do ...do 1,713 do Pacific Coast Steamship Co…….. .do ..do 1877 American City of Puebla ...do ..do 1, 713 Every two weeks.. 1212129 Carries mail. 75 Do. 75 Do. 12 Do. ...do 1877 ..do Umatilla ..do 1877 ...do Walla Walla R. D. Chandler 1882 ..do · Empire... R. Dunswain & Sons 1880 British Wellington.. ..do ………. .do Wood Iron. ...do do ...do -- ...do 2, 168 2,168 ..do 12 Do. - ..do 12 Do. 526 1, 267 Canadian Pacific Ry Co 1888 .do G. S. Hinsdale. 1889 American Union Pacific R. R. Co a1883 do ..do a1871 ..do • Various stockholders. a1884 ..do Danube Lakme Olympian North Pacific. City of Kingston. do ...do ... 561 -- Wood Steel.. ...do Paddle.. Wood ..do Steel.... Screw 401 1, 083 Every three weeks. ...do ... Tri-monthly ...do Bi-daily 16 • 16 3 3 345 .do 816 Daily 1887 ...do Premier ...do ..do 602 Semiweekly 2212 Pacific Mail Steamship Co... .do ...do ..do ..do ...do Occidental and Oriental Steamship Co ...do ..do ...do ...do ..do Pacific Mail Steamship Co ..do ...do 1867 ..do City of Peking. Iron 1867 ..do · City of Rio de Janeiro.. do ...do ...do .. 3, 129 Every three months 72 2,275 do 72 1867 British China Steel. 1875 .do Belgic do 1875 ...do Gallic do ... · ...do ..do do.... --- 2,470 do 72 2,695 ..do 2, 691 ....do 72 1875 ....do . Oceanic.. Iron …..do . 2, 410 do 72 1850 American. Acapulco. ...do ....do 1850 do City of New York ...do ...do ...do 1,759 Every two months 1,964 ..do do ....do do ...do ..do 1850 ...do City of Sydney ..do ..do ... 1,966 do ... ...do 1850 ..ão Colima.... ...do ...do 2, 144 ...do do 1850 ..do San Blas. ..do. .do 1, 196 do ..do .. ..do do 1850 ..do San Juan ...do do 1,496 do 1850 ...do San José. Ado !...do ... 1,538 do Oceanic Steamship Co Pacific Coast Steamship Co. J. D. Spreckles & Brothers, agent.. Various stockholders 1881 ...do Australia. .do .......do ………. 1,938 Monthly 1877 ....do Newbern Wood .. The Mexican International Pacific and Gulf of California Steamship Co. do 1887 ...do ... Carlos Pacheco….. .do do... ..do 677 do ~~~~~~OAAAAAANN Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 10. 50 Do. 50 Do. 50 Do. 50 Do. 50 Do. 50 Do. 50 Do. 22 Do. 22 Du. 104 Tri-monthly 10 ..do .do 1887 ...do Manuel Dublan ..do do €39 Semiweekly 3 D.. a Year in which vessel was built. NOTE. The sailing vessels Coloma and Kitty also make regular yearly trips between Portland, Oregon, and Hongkong. ! t ? No. 63.-Státem Routes. Countries of desti- nation. Termini. Inter Foreign. Domestic. Foreign. Australia.. Sydney San Francisco Honolulu Do.... ..do ..do Do.... ..do .. .do British Columbia Victoria ...do Do... ....do ..do Do.. do ..do Vancouver .do ..do Do... Nanaimo.. do Do... .do ..do Do Vancouver Do... do Portland.. do Victoria Do.... Victoria Tacoma. Do... ..do .do. Do. ..do ..do Do. Vancouver ..do · China... Hongkong San Francisco Yokohama Do... do. Do... ...do Do.... ....do Do... ..do --- Do.. Colombia .do Do.. Do... ...do ..do ..do ..do Do.... do ..do Do... Do Do... do ....do · ...do ...do ....do ....do Hawaiian Islands…… Honolulu ..do • Mexico Do.. Do.. Guaymas Cerros Island.. Ensenada .do ..do do ..do ...do ..do ..do do ..do ..do Panama · ..do .do Mexican and Central Am can ports. ....do San Diego Ensenada, Mazatlan, Paz, and San José. Ensenada.. Face page 1174— 125° 90 120° 95° 110° 100° 105° 45 50 Great Red River T City Leanchei H Columbia R Kootenay Stephen Silver City A T T Canmore Castle Mounta N Radnor r PAC Kananaskis Bou Calgary Ο Strathmore Gleichen Crowfoot E Little Boy River Ꭱ R R Deer Southesk Tilley Langevin Chilco Lake Bute Inlet B R Lilloet Clinton Ashcroft pson Jervis Inlet ALASKA COUVER Strai ROUTE IN AND Cape-Flatte Nanaimo VICTORIA B Howe Sound Strait a Sim Juan de Hoko Pysht itayute o Lytton Great Harrison ANCO S Yale Nicomin Westminster Alpha Pt. Townsend New Dungeness Pt Gamble Lapush Whatcom Harbor Skagit Savonas CANADIAN Br. of Thompson R. T Sicamous Shuswap Kamloops Spences Bridge North Bend River Hope Agassiz • Custer Hamilton La Conner River R Columbia Shuswap Lake Donald Revelstoke Craigellachie Shuswap River Okanagan M Lake Princeton Methow R. Okinakane River Lower Arrow Lake Golden S Upper Arrow Lake B River SPO. I Colville Kaniksu ㄢ ​P 1 ALASKA I I Pt. Greenville Pt. Madison WaimaultA Clifton L. Union City Kent Centreville Snohomish Edmonds Snohomish Jc. Seattle New Castle Snoqual Renton Junction Phyallup berdeen Oakland Tacon Grays Harbor Hoquiam Pt. Brown Grays Har Coburg Elmas Denny Franklin Baby Conconully Ruby City Lake Chelan Badger N Ka-chess L. upo. Durham? Je Roslyn Clealum Spurlock OLYMPIA Montesana Meadow Bay Centre Willapa POUTE Oysterville on Little Falls PAC R Wilkeson w Hilmarst Carbonasburgh Yelm Prairie Penino Chehalis Napavine Cowlitz Cathlamet Castle Rocke Disappointment Columbia dan's Astoria Clifton Quinn Kalama Monticello Hunter's Mishawaka St. Helens Nehalent Garibaldi Cape Mears Tillamook Cape Lookout Oretowns Cape Foulweather Newport Holbrook Hillsborough Forest Grove N. Yam Hill Lafayette Sheridan Je Sheridan SILETZ IND RES. Little Elk Dallas Airlie Corvallis D Albany Collins Philemain Tidewatere Florence Gardiner Monroe Junction City Scottsburgh Empire City TO PORTLAND UNION PACIFIC LINE OREGON DEVELOPEMENT CO. TO PORTLAND & ASTORIA PACIFIC COAST STEAMSHIP LINES. COMMERCIAL C CANADIAN LINE PACIFIC TO GRAY'S HARBOR LINE I PORTLAND ALASKA, VICTORIA &c. TO VANCOUVER & CHINA F ī 40% PACIFIC MAIL TO CHINA OCCIDENTAL & ORIENTAL TO CHINA T Parkersburgh Cape Blanco Port Orford Ellensburgh O Eugene City Creswell O Comstock Oakland Roseburgh Myrtle Creek Nichols West Fork Chelco CAL Stoughton Vancouver ORTLAND Σ Mt Romier Corniche O NOR. PAC. St. Helens Simco Klikitat R Gilmer AKIMA RIVER P COLVILLE INDIAN RESERVATION Lincoln o McEntees Waterville G Moses L. T Crab C. Che-we lah o Hunters OKANE UR Davenport Kootenay Lake Lake Algoma Athol Hend Forreston NOR Trent Spokane Falls Wheatland. O Ο W N Harrington Cheney Sprague Harriston Ritzville Providence Twin Wells Selah Yakima Toppenish IND. RES. Yakima Mablo Goldendale Centrefo Fairview Cascades Dundee ortland میں Oregon Canby Woodburn Silverton Geirs SALEM Scio J Scio Lebanon Je Lebanon Brownsvill Montgomery Coburg Goshen Latham Yoncalla wilbur Dillard R Umpqua River Glendale MtScoff Woodville Alta Rogue Tackonsille Kerbyo Union to Waldo Point St. George Crescent City town Honoluau Klamath Happy Camp Couage Grove Oak Bar R Yreka Ojeanso Somes 73ar Trinidad Head Trinidad Blue Lake Big Ba Humboldt Cape Mendocino NCISCO & HUMBOLDT SAN FRANCISCO O Hood River Wyeth Bonneville MINHood M.Hood WARM SPRING Warm Springs ANDRES Mt Jefferson Camp Polk O McKinzie Bridge E Diamond Peak Palouse Je River Kiong Prosser Lake Eltopia Wallul COLUMBIA Coyote Willows Jo. Arlington Quinn's.. Des Chutes Dalles Moro River Desc Summer L. KLAMATH Et. Klamath IND. RES. Upper Klamath ford Lak Ashland Linkville Willow Creek O Condon Acton Heppner Lone Ro o Fossil Bridge Creek о Dayville o Prineville River DESERT Silver L. G Lake Summer Albert Lake Sprague River Lower Klamath Lakeview Lake Juniper Goose Pake Rhett Lake Cornell Mount Shasta Montague Gazele CENTRAL Cecalville Gibson Francis 18 Mt. Shasta Belvale Brogettville Delta Trini Bairo Pit Eureka Weaver V.. Salmon Cr. Singley's Shasta Burnolls Hay Fk. Clear C. Englewood Bridgeville Anderson Garberville Laytonville O Blocksburgh Hooker Harris Red Bluff Buckeye Sacrame Canby Jc. Cr Mar Kootenai Oreille Rathdrum Hauser Te Clark's Fork Coeur d'Alene Heron Geur Murray shall MissionAlene Rockard Spangle 9alte o COEUR C.DOA 'ALENG Mullan Rosalia Oakesdale Belmont Garfield Farmington HES. Palouse Moscow Endicott Vinona Je Linda Crosse Je Hooper Grang O Ripari Kahlotus I Star buck R.R 0.&W.T Pasco Jc. Eureka Escott aymo Sofford Center/vill Fulton& Umatilla Nolin SUMAFILY Pendleton Granite IND RES 30 & N. Colfax Co. Snake Pomeroy Hangman's DO Cr Camas Cr Genesee North Relief Lewiston NEZ PERCES Asotin Dayton Bolles Je Walla Walla use Tuscor River White Ping Burke Belknap Flathead River Ashley Flathead Thompson Louis V. TER Moose City Pierce City Kamai River Ronde Cottonwood RES о Fork Pittsburg Landing Elk Flat Hilgard Sta. Gold Mines Hamilton River Union Wallowa Telocasset North Powder Baker City Encina Ruthburg Durkee Canyon City Weatherby Soda Spring Riley o Harney L. Christmas or O MALHEUR IND. RES Harney Huntington Malheur L. Ontario River N Owyhee River River Old's Ferry Weiser O Payette Nyssa Parma Notos Snake Clear Mt.Idaho Freedom Florence Salmon Fork Water Elk City Weeks Dizie Paradise Qu'Appelle PACIFIC Yorkton Saltcoats T Langenburg River W CAN. Dong E S Parkbeg Lake PAC Moose Jau Belle Plaine Craven NGANADIANS Rush Lake, Ernfold Swift Current Mud H Old Wives T Alkali Lake Lakes 0 Qu' Appelle REGINA < کرے South co. Medicine Hat River R. Lethbridge Grassy L. R Lake Rive Irvine Pak-ogh-kec Forres R S Big Stick Lake Maple Creek Crane Lake H Saskatchewan S Se Gull Lake Goose Lake White Big Muddy Belly Milk Sullivan River M MIN. BLACKFEET AND RESERVATION. Fort Belknap Bickfoot GROS VEN TRE, PIEGAN, BLOOD, geney Piegan Mari as Conrad Fort Assinaboine River 2. INDIAN River Fort Galpin RIVER CROW Poplar Creek Agency B. Wolf Point MAN. RIVER Fort Peck Perma FLATHEA IND. RES. Duncan M Evaro Pelly Root Ft. St. Igna Ravalli Missoul Skalkalos Martina Arlee De Smet R Yreka o Missoula Stevens V. Belleview • Dupuyer Teton River Fort Benton Johnstown Fort Shaw Augusta Florence Dearborn Bear's Mouth col Drummond Gold Cr. M Garrison Deer Lodge City Phillipsburgh Rumsey Warm Sprs. Grants Anaconda dale Doolittle Gibbon River Stuart Silver Bow Hole Mission 0 R. R. River Sand Coulee Missouri Great Falls Dodge O M. Cora ISSOUR Judith Hughes- Stanford Chestnut N 3 Silver City Auer Rimini Wickes Boulder Val. 9 ville Neihart Eldorado Cameron. HELENA, Prickly Pear Je. Diamond Jefferson City Raders- burgh Butte City, Baxton Pipestones Moose Cr O N Deweys Keith's Spur Melrose o Wisdom Bannack O Warren Leesburgh о Tallyho. Salmon City LEM VAL M Morse Cre Payette R. Emmett • Johnson's Great Payette Round Valley Lake Deadwood Cape Horn Challis Gold Hill o Quartzburgh Idaho City BOISE CITY Caldwell Kuna Owyhee Bisuka Bonanza City Sawtooth Pine Grove Corralo Reverse Spring Mountain Crystal City Galena Houston Ketchum Gilman Hailey King Hill Bliss Takab 4 Tikura Pina Shoshone Apex ver Earle River Dillon Grayling U Copperopolis Wi River Carroll Fort Maginnis T. Lewistown Ubet • Oka City White Sulphur Spring Townsend Toston Magpie Sappingto P Harrison Nofris Lewis Strawberry Mine Salisbury O Meadow Cr. Virginia City Summit Red Rock NT Spring Hill Beaver Canon Richardson's Big Elk Melville Flatwillow. • Sahara Bercail Musselshell Hurst Shawmut Fort Hawley River Great Porcupine Creek Musselshell • Roundup Etchetah stone Livingston Big Timber Reedpoint Stillwater Park City Yellow NOR Brisbin Dailey's A Greyclift Springdale Chicory Sphinx Rosebu Cinnabar Gardiner Red Lodge River YELLOWSTONE AN SUper Dry Creek Hawgood Camas Market Lake Aroden Kimama Mauser Nameko Boonville Camp Henderson Flint City Silver Home Mountal Medbury McKenzie Finger Rock Springs River Rock Creek Albion Warner's Lakes Davis City Upper Lake Cedarville Ticeska Tanupa SHOSHONE Mountain City Mt.Connels Willow Creek o Spring City Mason's Cornucopia Middle Lake O O Derby's Lower Lake Bieber O Hayden Hill Riv-Alturas Lookout Eagleville Red Mountain Millo Buffalo Meadows O Bagle L.Horse Lake Merrill Vo Shingleton Susanville Lyonsville Tehama Richfield Soto Paskenta Kirkwood Germantown Anita O o Covelo Orland Chico Sherwand St. Fruth Jolm Org Willows Delavaa Mendocinottle Stony Albion Hough Spr3. Christine Arer Ukiah Boon V S Cloverdale Lakeport Littors Guerne V Ingram's Markham o Duncan' Mills H PAC Colusa Lees Yuba Cy V. Dunnigan Rumsey a Middl FR Calistoga Fulton Freestone ROUTE Santa Rosa Petaluma Marsha fael San Anselmo Quer Saucelito's SAN FRANCISCO TAROLLONE IDs. OCEANIC STEAMSHIP LINE TO HONOLULU TO HONOLULU & AUSTRALIA PACIFIC W. H. DIMOND'S JOHN ROSENFELD'S Madison Winters P-Vallaje Riv N.Jo lmin 10. ears Parnt Dixon hight's Honou Liegan Sheepshead mucca Cane Spring Haas Iron Point Golconda Tule Fairview Gem Tuscarora Island Mount. Columbia Owinza Minidoka Elbao City of Rocks Rock Spring o Independence Tulasco Bishop's Natchez Peko Tecoma Montello Pequop Blackfoot Ross For Michau Wapi Sunshin Naplata O Malta Eagle Rock Basalt Ert Hall Pocatella FORT HALL Inkom IND. RES. Arimo Swan o Beecher V. Malad City Lake Sta. Seco Kelton Ombey Matlin Terrace Bovine Lucin Ache Jy Corinne Blue Cr. O Keenan Pebble Crater Cammon Paris Preston Oasis Noverfe Lower Falls per Falls Hot Springs NATIONAL Basin Steamboat Sprs. RARK Bisi Yellowstone Lake ME: Sheridan Fort Bonnevi W River R Sintaluta 008e Mount Creek Assinib LONGITUDE WEST FROM GREENWICH. O Lake Keg Lake all Lake River Hawk Lake S Parrywood Manitou Eagle Sand Goose Lake Trout Lake River Cat Fish Lake River Vermillion Lake Sturgeon River Teriton brams L. Tache Raleigh Sturgeon L. Ignace Eng S English River Mimminiska L. Lake St. Joseph Albany Pickoocog an L. Savan Lake Kag IP 50 Summerberry Riv MAN. Whitewood Broadview Russel M Red Jacket Fleming Elkhorn Dauphin Solsgirth Lake Shoal Lake. Newdale WN Rapid City Virden Y Oak Lake Souris Riviere des TEAU DU COTEAU DU Mouse Burlington PAUL Deloraine Cub Bank Creek Mouse River Fort Stevensor MISSOURI River R. Alexander CAN. Bottineau q Lane Brondon Boissevain STURTLE MYS Dunseith ST. Willow A Minnedosa R. Sewell Sidney Glensbor Killarney LAKE St. Martins Lake Bad Lake LAKE Eagle Lake WINNIPEG Snow Shoe I TLake W MANITOBA Arden W. Bag P Holland CAN. Cartwright Crystal City Portage la Prairie Stonewall Poplar Point N. P. & M. Maryland PAC. Manitou か ​Carman R.W. Osborne Morden Rosenfeld Neche Gretna W. Selkirk Selkirk Monmouth Whitemout WINNIPEG Niverville Whit emout R. Telford L'Oisedu Kalmar English A Dufrost 6 Emerson R. St.John Boydton Elkwood Lemon O Langdon Hamilton Snyder Joi ette St. Elgin Vesta O Muddy Fort Buford Mingusville River Little Missouri Sentinel Butte Sully Springs Fryburg ST. Fort Berthol South Heart Dickinson Wakpa Palanatka Slim Butte Main Fit S Cherry C Empire White wood chardt Lacs Stanton Antelope Hebrona Ball W Minot Towner River Scriptown Walker T. R PAUL Island L. Rugby Jo. Knox 4 UL Leeds Villard Hannafor de Minnewankan Ft.Totten Sta. Sheyenne New Rockford T o The Lake Sykeston, T'ashburn BISMARCK Glenullen Curlew New Sale Sweet Briar Mandan Menoken Driscoll Steele Grandm or Moreau Stewarts о о о Melville Cando o Coolin Churches Big Devil's CUT HEAD Crary Embinus Pembina Thomas Park Riv Mapes Nora Conway Ujata WIND. Rouxburg Shawnee Larimore Northwood any. Barlow H Carrington Ottawa Coopers T.9 Pingree Tappen Medias Cleveland Mina, Hannaford Dazey Odell Sanborn Spiritw 4C CHI. Hatton Portland Rose V. Hope TOP Auburn MAN Thomp son PAUL Grafton May Minto Levant St.Vincent Hallock Donaldson Kennedy Stephen Argyle Humboldt Manvel Warren of Grand Forks the ADIAN Rat Portage THE WOODS Big Island Rainy RED LAKE UNCEDED INDIAN LANDS Angus Rockstad Shirley Red Lake R St. Hilaire Red L. Falls Crookston Carman, Grand Forks R. B Tilden O Edna Sundahl Lockhart Bxton Caledonia Kelso Halstead Hunter o Casselton Gree Moorhead Eri Page Ripon Tower R Marshall Harlem La Moure Valley Jo. Oakes M 2 West on Marna M. N. Colfax Nord MINN. cke Glyndon Barnes Faith Spangels Winnipeg Je Rothsay Ca-tiste & Vild Rice RED TAKE Lindsay Red Lake Fosston Fort Louise Fort St. Francis Lake River Deer Lake Pelican L. BOIS I. R. Vermillion Indian Agency WINIBIGOSHISH Cass L. Mississipp Source of Winnibigoshish L.Itasca Mississippi R. Delbait City Frazee Luce Leech L Park Shell Cy. Belica perham Rapiels Elizabeth Fer I.. Rapids Pine River New York Wadena FergussEagle R. Breckenridge 4 Battle. Daltor о Nicholson Staples Doffer L Parkton Muran vere Long Evansville Elbow Lake M Tintan Herman Star- Glenwood buck MIL. Morris Alexandri MAN. Bath Staff O R. Sauk Cen Westport R. Richmond Sta. S''R R RES. Deer Lake O Grand Rapids River Lake Embarr Louis RANGE Cloquet Duluth Fond du Lac Thomson Coetze Cromwell S Tama Kimberly Aitkin Beerw Bauk Rapids M & R W. Big Dry N Ridgelawn Newtono Tokna Dundee Glendive A Alright Riverside Myers Onster Clermont Huntley Billings aurel B PAC. nders River Sadie Horton Forsyth Hodg Hard Tron Bluff Milton Fallon Terry Morgan Ainslie Fort Keogh Miles City Hathaway River RIVE RANGE Missouri Muddy Fort Custer Maxwell, McDowell CROW IND. RES. Bull Grey Wind Em River Great Hot Springs Fort Thompson R. Horn Big Big Horn River Илон Beckton BIG HORN MI Camp Brown O Lander Montpeller Piney GOLD REGION Franklin Bea Logan Mendon StMarks City Hamilton" South Pass City Rock Point Lemston Binney Bingham River Little Powd Powder River Big Horn Fort McKinney Buffalo Thabing M Sta. I Fort Casper Three Crossings Sweetwater Border Cokeville Beckwith Sillem Twin Cr. Opal PAC. Granger Bryan River City Baxter Wilkins Salt Wells Laclede Thayer Black Buttes 0 Dug Springs PACIFIC Lukstown Honeyville Randolph Box Elder Brigham Willard Great Salt Bonne Hot Spra. Almao O Woodruff Almy Hampton Bridger Piedmont liard Evanston ahsatch River Greenville. awlins Batham Frewen Separation pton Patrick Monell Fable Rock R North Walcott Pow Fork N Ft.Fetterman Sweetwater Beulah North Douglas FREMONT Bridgerstown Wendover POWDER Alzada Fork G Wolffen's R. Rawhide Sprs. Camp Marchall Fort Laramie Medicine Bow Rock Creek. Miser yoming S Lookout Laramie City Laramie Rock Creek Cooper's Creek Lule Laramie Soda Lakes Kelly Chug Water Smithwick Edgemont Platte CHEYENNE Harrison Andrews Crawford Lawn Alliance Chadron Hay Sprs. о Rushville Irwin Niobrara Merriman Carlyle Reno potter Lakeside Bushnell Potter Pine Bluff Kimball Redington Potter Sta. Brownson Mirage Whitman B. Lamo O North Middle Loupena Riv. Tron Mount. Bear Spre Red Butte Sherman Buford Borie Savanne Royal City 1. Crystal Spr Pioche Her Bullionville Silver City Coyote Spring Hornet Spring O Las Vegas Ivanpah O Clover o Valley Hebron Black Rock Talesp Cedar Sprs. Fillmored Kanosho Joseph Pine Cr. Beaver Adamsville o Paragonah Spr. Parowan Cedar City Kanara V. Ephim Castle Gate A Farnham Suuny Side Grassy Trail Lower Cross. Huntington Station Manti Castle Dale Petty Salina Ferron City Richfield Yo Monroe Marysvale Cainesville Junction Tebbsdale Panguitch Johnson HENRY Escalante MTS. • Cannon V. Guninck Bellevue Glendale St. George Bunkerle St. Joseph Callgile Cave Eldorado City Sink of the Mojave or Soda Lake Hardyville Fenner Edson Danby Virgin City River Winsor o Beaverdam Hanging Rock Witches Pool Whittmore Cottonwood Dismoah Spr. Kanab o Pahreah Adair V. Jacobs Pools Navajo Spr. "Waterpocket 3 Desert Green River Moen Ava Solitude H Cottonwood Cisco Sagers Crescent Moab Mormon Fort River Grand Plainfield Golden City River Meeker Carbonate Glenwood Spra New Castle Parachute Excelsior De Crevasse C Bey GR Grand Je Kahnah Cran Delta Escalante La Sal Came V Rush Spr. Trout Spring. Moo-sha-nch Black Fall Cardiff Coal Mines Hauxhurst Jerome Park Colorow Montrose Emma Cr. Arking Lyons Loveland Longmont Sunset & P Cetary City raymous Konokmo Bed Cliff Massive Cy Aspen Scofield Crested Butte Te Cerro Summit Baldwin's Mines Malta Hayden Luena Vist Jack's Cabin Si Cimarron Needleton River B Ouray Gold Big Hill Dickey Morrison Bears Camp Bradle New Castle Jenney Stockade Beaver Creek o South Lane Cr. Butte 3 Minnese la City Dead ΟΙ D Central Cy. Woodville A Fort Abraham Lincoln N. Fk of Cannon Ball Cannon Piedmont River Fort Rice R Fort Yates STANDING ROCK date Glene PACIFIC McGuire Napoleon Williamsport Dayton INDIAN RESERVATION CHEYENNE AGENCY River o Winchester Winona Hoskins towa Ypsilanti Valley Montpelier Dickey Grand Rapids Edgerly Monango Ellendale ST.P. Westboro Long Lake Frederick La Grace Hillsview Campbell Bowdle Bango RIDGE INDIAN RESERVATION Creek Cheyenne Smithville View field Wood Patola Rapid City Rockford Custer LS Brennan Wakpa Creston Hermosa French Or. Fairburn Baker V.o Buffalo Gap Scranton Bennett Hot Spring Oelrichs Fork FREMONT A Forest Fort Bennett. Shicka White OGLALA INDIAN RESERVATION S. Fork Pine Ridge Agen Wayside Souro Mosser Dakota Je ELKHORN E O IN Fort Sully Le Beau Westport Leola Ordwa Ipswich Roscoe Aberdeen Laidac Неки Day Addison Leonard Sheldon Tisbon Columbia CHI. Rudol Grofton Loyalton Mansfield Hoven U Millard North Welland Gettysburg Onida 0 La Foon Faulkton V. Athol Orient Redfield Sedgwicko Braytom Harold Blunt Rousseau erre KIVE or Bad R. River hite Rive Highmore Tulare OCHY Miller Ree Heights Fort Hale Bonilla Wessington Wolsey York Brockway, Milnor Dwight Wahpeton Fairmount Rutland Newark Britton SISSETON AND Langford L. Traverse Andover M Frney St.Paul Ash ton Virgi Wessington Spr.o Gan Val. 4 H о Frankfort Crauden Woonsocket Chamberlain CHI, Lyon V. UPPER BRULE INDIAN Cody Sidney Lodge Pole Big Springs Ogallala Chappel Brule Platte Pickard uleshur oscoe Crookston RESERVATION Rosebud Ft. Niobrara River wana Kimball COWER MIL. White L. W BRULE WAHRETO Ft.Sisseton Brown's Val. IND. B Stone Bristol Wilmot Doland Waubay RES Dext Watertown Henry Elrod NO. Merton stlewood Ordway Jo Huron Iroquois Carthag Millbank Big Sioux Water De Smet Preston Diama Troy NOR. Graceville Ortonville Cy Big Stone Wilson PAC Anderson Benson Hancock MA Appleton Milan Watson f ん ​D George V R. ST. Pines Montideo Lac-qui-parl Boyd Hanley Durham w Toronto Bentall Arling- ton N.Elkton W'N Flandreau Madison Vilas Howard CHI. Letcher Plankinton Chanka Mitche an Mt. Vernon River Salem Canova Sioux F's Jo Canistota Emery Alexand Grand View thang Ft.Ran ANDRES River Springview MISSOUR Mabelo Carn RI Valentine Arabiag Wood Lake Johnstown Ainsworth ong Pine Sta. Newport Armoura Keya Paha Ο T CHI. Tripp MIL otland Marion Garret on CHI Celton Sioux Fa Yankton & ST. hester Cica Tyndall Running Waters Laura Knox V Agee St.Helena ED ST. P Trac Hadly Pipe Stone CHI.Avoca ager tonb Luverne ST. Ash Or. Lennox Rock Rap Canton 4 Eden CHI. Centre V. ST. P Niobrara Vermillion EIR P Ponca o Verdigris Harting Wakefield Creighton E. Randolph MOON Plainview Inman Lador Stuart Eminet O'Ne RAnselmo Erina Butka X Taylor Tay Broken Bow Paxton O'Fallon's North Platte Maxwell Brady I'd Irvine Grant Sedgwick Venanzo Holyoke Brook Iliff Sterling Merino las River E1310 Watts Keeler o Imperial Frenchman's Main Fork Snyder. DENVER Deer Trail Breckenria Greenland Castle Rock daro Weissport M. R Nathrop Schwanders Mantoni St. Elmo stock Ohio Parlin Cochen Lake Eureka Cilumet Monaro Hecli Jc. bour Sargent Wagon Wheel R Gap Shawano Mears Je Saguach Villa Carnero Cascade S. Fork & Dolores Rockwood Elbert os Gigante INDIAIN RESERVATION Fort Defiance Pueblo Grande Navajo Sprs. Sta. Billings Durango ewett Colina t о Ignacio O Silida Colors Canoa Cy Hot Sprs. West • Plaza Del Norte R Monte Vista Alamosa La Jara Sta Pagosa Sprs.Las Pinos GR Piedra RIO La Boca Juanita Rio Vavant Arboles Bloomfield Coxo Chama Dulce Monero Willow Cr Conejos Fork Clif Sprs. Widefield Florence Cactus Mt. Walsenburgh Veta Pass La Veta Placer Garland Melvin Bellevue Elizabeth Kiowa Cameron Sidney Falcon Agate Godfrey Bry A Manitou Je Limon France V Sanborn Franceville Je. Little Buttes Pinon Pueblo Chico Arkansas ford epesta Anderson V. Green Horn Salt Huerfang. Cuchara Santa Clara Apishapa ky Ford Mirage BURS South KAN. Haigler Wray ona Carson Sorrento D Ces Gaslin Somerset Curtis BUR. Burwell da River Thborn Ewing Neligh Harrington Pierce Norfolk Oakland Lindsay Albion Cedar Rapids SS NLcup Wood Greele C. Coburn Je Wayne -W ST Emerson Norfolk Je. &MO. K Scoa To. Sa Cen. Genoa B Janes V. Lourc Algernon Gothenb'g Plum C Ringold BUR. UN. Stockville Elwood Homervilleo, Afton Indianola MeCook Cen Cr ratton kleman Republican Gladstone Atwood Sherman ng- ton Arapahoe Las Animas First Viewlaremont Inman Robinson Haswel MO. La Junta Benton Timpas Iron Sprs. Thatcher Tyrone Brandon O Sappa MO. o & Noa Cedar Overton Elm Kearne St Pau Howard lgrade Fillerton RIV Grand Island Shelton PAC Kenesaw Minden MO Holdres-Graf Oxford Jc. Blooming Beaver Cy O Banksville Oberline Bassett Dallas! Cr Quick V Letriag Colby B Orleans Almena M Nton Norcatur V. Lenor Kenneth South St.Paul Wallace Sheridan Boaz Oakley Grinnell Carlton Towner ge-ro Caddoa Piston тамлахта CATCHISON Reid Holley's Buttes Cr Lon City Republican Ada Loup R.R St.Libory Platte Hastings Blue Hil h/V Stanton Cr 0 Doon Sacred Heart 2 Albany R. Sturgeon Forts River La Namaukan Seine Laky's HUNTERS ISLAND ២. ២ Lake Mille Lack Seiganagah Dake Arrow Gun Flint Long Lake Ely Birch L Lake Beaver Bay Bayfields Nordland Dog L. Fort William Arrow R L 0 Pigeon Gr Grand Marais Ashland Marengo semer Tronwood Black Sturgeon R Port Arthur Portage E Delaw Eagle Calur Franklin Houghton Robinson's Jones ACIFIC Mahtowap Braine Mille Lacs Fort Ripl Little Falls Royalton Cloud Atwater nar Luch Dassel E.St. Sturgeon Lake Kettle River Miller Hinckley Mora M. Grass L Milaca Cloud Princeton R. B. OUL Carlton Two Harbors Superior Washburn Super Ashland Jc. Douglas D White Birch RY OF MINS Pine City St.Croix Rush City Cambridge Harris Elk River INNEAPOLIS field Howard Hutchinsong Olivia Buffalo Lake Je. StewaGlencoe Hector PAULGibbon Redwood R. Anoka Benton Je. Shel Norwood ST. L. Henderson ren C New Ulm Falls Morgan Redwood Je. Mountain W W. Oshawa Reter L.Crystal Mer. Je. W endo M Gord Tron R Mtn. Mason Drummond Lake Side R. Superior Chicago Je. Grantsburgh Shell Lake Barronett CVF's Taylon's Centre Wyoming Turtle Lake Pine Barron SO Mellen SHO Sax Clif L SHO.& Hurley Cable Namekagon Penokee I Lake ChippewGlidden Phipps Hayward Court Oreilles Creek ISCONSIN Bear Creek Cameron Riv CHL Flambeau Weyerhaueser Butternut Willard Ingram River Newton Fewsville Baraga Taylor Min Nest Mater Goge Water meet uo Scott Monicqua WN Monic Fifield Rhinelander Harison Phillips Prentice Tomahaw STE. 8 M. & ATL Emet Ogema Wheeler Cartwright A Bloomer New Richmond illwater Bear Take IPCHI Glenwood Takened Je. Hudson ST.P PALL E. Auhar Hast Farmington Jordan Mankat Jc. Northfield Water CHI Cameron Red Wips a Faribault C E. Cady Ellsworth Arkan- 8aw aterford ambroba. Wabasha Midland W. Minn R Owatra Waseca Wells Jc. Mankato Eagle L No StJames Vernon Mapleto Cen Windom Heron I ST Prairie Je, PAU & INN. Lakefield Sherburne Jackson Fairmont Ellsworth Worthington Blue Earth Cy Sibley Sheldon Rock Val Orange Cy. Hawar den Jamest & 2 & ltom Lake Park Hartley Spirit L. CHI Spencer Panna Le Mars Cherokee Kingsley Correction •Marcy Boxington West Pt. Scribner Lost Columbus Schuyler David Cr M alparais Stromst lysses entral Marquette R Aurora Harvard Utica E- R Crete Clay CenFairmont B Vels n OrtoMb RIV Red Cloud Fairfield Strang Wil R De Witt Fairbusco Edgar R Hebron Superior Warwick Burr Oak Scandin Smith Cen. Phillipsbr. Heisler Mankato Fork Marvin Chicage Stockton Nunda UNIO Guz Millbrook Wa Keene Ogallais Collyer-lo-no Grainfield Farnsworth o Kendall cott Coolidge Syracuse Hartland Deerfield Cimarron Camp Nichols Amarillo Palo Salt Epworth 6 Garden Cy. Banner Smoky Cedar R. Jamestow DOMETE Osborne Dial W Belo MO Asher Solomon Barnard Lincoln Ellis Hays City Gorham Russell Wilson Wilcox McCracken A Hall Hollywo Crosse KAN. & K. C. Ness City Rush Burdette Pierce V. Belfast rron Arkansas "Whitman Montezuma. Hess Meade Centre West Plains Rabbit CHI. Ear O W N Cen G't Bend K& Larned Spear V TOPEKA Lewis River Elli Minneapolis Ellsworth UN Salina Chester Bell Clyde Fremon W A Wymore kao. Blair H Col Val Tion land Pan M Little MIL Ruthven Sioux 41 Siouar Elmore Esther V. Bancrofto Emmets b'g Algona ST. Easton NOR Humbold Des Moines M. Kap: Storm Rolfe Sta I NGalva Fonda IL.L.. Podge W Tara Sac W. Oy: Eads Lake Con Onawa I Wall L & Maple R Denison Dunlap California Neol Manilla Malvern Hastings A Gowrie NO. Jefferson Herndon MIL. Wells P. N.4 Dodge Highland Ramsey Cen Albert Lea Austin North wood Forest Cy. Manly Madison & Britt ermore K. Garner ST. Mason Luverne Cy Goldfield Colfax Chelsea Rib Thorp Medford Chippewa Falls Menomonee Claire CENford Eau Claire Spencer B. Fairchild enna Neillsville Parish Merrill W Crystal Ifon Riv. Eagle Flor Lake Iron Pine La P R. Crand Fost Lake Putt Je. Wolf Malcolm Antigo Trapp Elmhurst Aniwa 45 Wausau Eland Jo. Junction R. Mosinee Dexter Red Cedar Je. Maxville Merrillo Whitehall Cary W. & Pitts V. Alma Minec Black River Arcadia Falls Marshland Galesville Trempealeau M Onalaska Con C. oplin view Plainview Je MIL. Winong Chatfield Rochester Zumbrota Jouque MINN ST.Preston Lyfe Taop Osage Belmond M. arion Eagle Dows Gr. Plymouth Je Cresco Charles EN Cedar BUR La Crescent Caledonia M. Caledonia c Decorah Waukon Conover North McGregor Calmar R.W. Ossian Cy. PAUL Hampton New Sumne Union Clarksville &edar Hampton Carbon Webster GCEN Ο Perry Iowa F Vesper Jewell Jc. W'N Payton Boom R. Ackley R. Grundy Eldora Stony Cy W. C. W. Ames Angus & Junc. GI brook Cen. к. Waverly Waterlo Reinbe W R.Marshall' ST State Cen Pickering Madrid Clive Guthrie Audubon Cen a Waukee RY 40 Newburg Newton Monroe Summerset Sharon Lacma C Hamburg & Napier BLUFFS Carroll N CHI Manning Kikman Harlan AVOCA Carson Atlantic Menlo Quarry ROCK Cumberland Griswold Red Oak CB.DES MOINE Clarinda Jc. Shenandoah Corning Clarinda Bedford Gran Mdry Far Afton Winters Credinola P. LINCOL Roca Dunba Plats Amorth Nebrask Aubur Tecumseh Odell B R. I. Nemaha Salem Table Rock мо. Pawnee C Mary Axtell ton PAC. Voing Rulo R.T Falla W'N Cy Hiawatha R Hoton Atchison Hanover MO shin Greene af Haven Conving Holton P.Garrison Valley Loncordia Delphos Morgar V. Clay Miltonv June. Chapmard Abilene mon C Hope Hindsborg Ghese COL Little Riv Me Person Lyons Hutchinson St.John Pratts SANTA Kinsley Greensburgh Bucklin ROOK Coldwater Ashland b'gh ISLAND Pratt Cullison Haren Turon SE PAO River PAC Marion Lehigh Peabody Newton STA L. ET Halstead Wichita Kingman Norwich Lake Vinescan Avilla Byers good Creek Medicine Lodge w'N Clear Water Conway Spre Thy SO Attica Kiowa Alva Salt Plain of the Cimarron Fort Supply Spring Canadian Fork Margaret Washita Bed KAN ST Corwin Argonia KAN. Anthony Noel L. ellingto BUR. Grinn R. wle lef Winton & PAUL C. Elkader M M. Dyers Oelwein w Delaware ndepen Cedar Rapids Belle Plaine Lowa ell&. Thornb RB ARCENT - A Tomah Sparta C. Wilton Winona Je. &m Crosse Viroqua Early anchester Abarisa Ferry V. Elroy is. Val Jc. ver Shawano Tigerton Clinton V. Amherst Jc. Wannaca ST. Hortonve Grand Rap Centralia field Plover Winneconne Plain Wautoma ecedah Friend Lp Douglas Irontone Lisbon cet Berlin Mauston Packwaukee Lavalle Markeson o Portage Baraboo Prairie du Sac Richland Cen. Prairie du Chien Lancas- Wis Woodman Lone Hock Mazo Mineral Montage OP Platteg V. ter ST.E C R.K. Manie ina N.W B and Ripon Fo Fox ST. L. Bur Rio ST.P. ADISON ron 14 Wate N. W Way Jefferson Janes Hanover Albany Brhead Calamine Gratiot Dubghullsb' gh. Monticello N Cascade Bellevue Maquo- keta Galona & M Beloit Warren Rockton Savanna Kreepor Milton Eat Leton Clinto ST. Carted gria klord &A Belvic Dars Forreston W Sy Wheatl' De Wit Clinton Fulton Sterling C. Dixon C C. Paw Paw Shabbona Gene & T Stanwood TowaCy Emira Delmar Tipton Liberty PAC. Nichols Iowa. & Webster C. R. Eldridge Davenport Sigourney Museane Brighton Fair ock Islande Flonia Deock Barstow Rock BAmboy Mendota Rochelle La Salle C. Colona R. L B. Ottawa & Washington PAC Cable Orion Buda f Van Wert Chariton Albia ty B Leon Centre Humeston Moravia Ottumw TOWAR Winfield C. 14. Alpho Rios enona Streator R. Maz FE R. Birming PAC. Bethany Jc. Caines وة V Rehaby QU Paris Burlington Pleasant ham Peoria tone shnel La Cuba & Harp ORM Carthage Havana Vermont B. Wars Canton Rush V. Petersb Cr. Bluffs WAB. Hull V. P R A Thouse Pike Jackson C. Rood White Hall ersley C. Mt. Pulask Girard THO 40 IND.1 Ch Windsor annah Joseph Darlington Grand Altamont Mays CHI tab'gh CHI Pla inth For Leavenworth Beverly Gaynett Clony MO Patton 'gh ROCK Cameron HAN Union. V Princeton Trenton QU. Sedan CY Glenwoo Milan Jo MO. R. Moulton Keorauqua Bloomfeld Ft.Madison Farmington Queen Cu Browning Kirksville Linkeus Laclede Richmon Chillicothe Lathrop Edgerton W Podependence Norborne Karr18 River & W lexandria Edina La Plata C.S./FE Backwell mner Brunswick Marshall Lexington KANSAS CITY C. PAC. Higgins V idas pleasant Hill Harrison PAC. Holden E.Lynne V. Adrian Butler Clinton K. Pleasanton Rich Hill Miami F:8. Calhoun Glasgo Browns Sedalia Lowry Mora Osage V RY Otter R. W.Quincy Lewiston Sue City Macon Cy RY Fabius Je. Palmyrad Shelby Monroe Cy St. Moberly Louis Je Higbee Clark Sta ette Centralia Columbia Fulto Tipton Akinso V. ersailles Warsaw River Hanniba Dan Vo mp Pt. C Quincy Fall Gilmore Warrenton W Chamois JEFFERSON Ruseville if Vienna Osceola Linn Cr Richland Hermitage Buffalo Tuscumb Waynes Lyn Stanton Cuba ST. 8. St. Peters Vigus Pacific Eurek W.J Galvi Monmout BeardHIO Creve ST. LOUIS Bourbon Rocko Spr. Silicn Bureau Wyomingacon Galesburg TA Canton W ason PionkILD. Dwigh TH Pontia Paso Pekin. Delavan ILL. Lincoln Ashland enoa Blooming Atlanta DRC Decatur ton IL Leroy Clinton BatesPRINGFIELD Varden Litchfield Ramsey Edwards V. St.Louis Shattuc Ast O'Fallon L Belleville Millstadt Crystal City Potosi Mineral P Summit Tamaro Pinckney V. M Sullivan ST. Altamont Mat/to Sandoval dinore Centralia r Vernon W-Leafenwors Manhattan Meriden R. Alma TOPEKA Vaurene Harvey Burlingame Carbondale Ottawa Whate MO Counci P.Gr orence Cy Ellinor Osage Cy Empor FENeosh S Sedgwick & ST Burns W Quenemo Waverly K Burlington Cassoly El Dorado WICH Augusta Myrane Winger Bluff Cy Caldwell Hunnewer edicine Keystone Rome Willow eaumont ST. R. 8 Gridley Neosho F Ser B Eureka ates Cen & E & Howard Molinel Dexter Kansas Giky Zongton M. Neodesha Independence Coffeyville Osage Agency o Cedar Je ing K: S- eRoy Je Papay Pa Union Fulton Harlem Olathe C Fa A Louisiana WNE R. Mexico Ashbur R.K Bryrans WAB. Bowling Green W Wells V Boonville Troy Guthries Cedar City MO. ornia if Cal W. CITY Iron Ridge Bagnell Crocker Shell Cy R Ecott Collins Lebanon V. Stout Folla Chamite T Elnor St rca dia Nevada Stockton Bolivar Phillips o Cr. Brush burgh Lamar Girar isbigh Cherokee Cherryvale FR Oswego Chetipan Columbus Vinita Chelsea Claremorc Catoosa Tulsa Arkansas Sprs. Ponca Red Lodge Creek Griffin ris North Fork of Mendot Tuloy D Arkansas Guthrie OKLAHOMA Canadian Fork MO KAN Carl Jo. Orfonoco R Carthage Woplin Galena Ash Grove Pierce City Neosho Buckley Springf'd Nichols Logan Plymouth Sta. B. Baxter Spre Seneca Pineville Seligman Benton V. Albia Adair Ft. Wayne Exeter Cass V RANCISCO SAN Marshfield Ozark Hartville o Hermann Steel V. V Sligo Salem rafton 802 C Barnett Wann WAB C.&W Perey Chester Bonne Terre of Murphysboro Bismarck Grand Stono Owe Bess Jacko V Marble Hill Green Delt V. Black Success Gila Houston Centreville Summers SFRINGFFT. SCOTT Fordland Norwood Chadwick Willow Sprs. Burnham Avao Fishers Sta. Almartha rsyth Gainesville Eureka Sprs. Mount Chouteau Bloomfieldgers Berryville NLocust Logan Springdale o Huntsville Grove Deliaetta Cincinnati West Plains 7. O Ironton Girard Frederic Allen n Sabula Des Ar Carter Sta. Eminence Van Buren Cobalt Brandsville Home Mammoth Spr oFellville Salem Hardy Melbourne o Harrison Fayetteville Jasper Powell' Wagoner Tahlequah Brentwood Ft Gibson Muskogee Kedron Checotant. Smi Eufaula R Jenson Porter St.Paul Mountainburgh Van Buren FRAN LIT Rt Ozark Greenwood Sand Sepulpa Okmulgee Canadian River CO Cavalan Kiow McAllister Spring Waldron Boles Limestone Gaps Sta. Tushka R. Homma A Atoka Dallas G Baker aney ATCH Marti Coal 4 F Camp Radziminsky Arbucklet Red Camp Angur Benvanue & Re Quanah R.Vernon Harrold DENVER Pease O CITY Montague MO.O K. Secret Spr. Ganes Bowie Val. View Brazos Thr.ckmorton о Jacksboro Decatur Alvord Palo Pinto eatherford Cate Argyle Worth lons ESTACADO Denison 4. South Canadian Coal Mines Ivanhoe Marshall Clarksville kan Georgeown Dardanelle Mountain View Clinton Russellville Deeper Fan Wappa G & Pana ILL. & Drivers Ed En Mc A.Leansboro Du Quoin T. El Dorado Marion Carbon tale ILLINOIS CEN CAIRO R Mayley Charlesto Bloomfield TLMT. & Neelys V R.W.P Paw S almont Cross Belmont Qairo Vienna E.Cairo Hyckman Alton Doniphan Grandin Popla PL Jobe Pocahontas Corning Knobel Games MEM. Imboden SOU. Evening Hoxie Whi Shade Jones Cushman Di Tewa k Batesville Heber Jacksonport Morrillton Perry V Cony Mansfield Danville Briggsor CV Washita MT borough Augusta Kensett oppo Searcy N IRON Palarm LITTLE ROCK Hot Sprs. Mount Ida Blocher Lonok Argenta. ST.L. ΜΟ Morton Coats Brinkley Madre Gayoso Paragould Nettleton Sak Ft.Jeffers Columbu M W ing Fulto Union Cy. Paduca N Mart Dr Sharon ERI EWS VER Congton Harrisburgh y. 4 PAC ROCK Marion gh MOB umboldt Bell Browns LOUISVILLE Bra/dermer NEWP. OUMEMPHIS MISS De Soto Holly Sprs. Horn L. M. Hernando Senatobia M Medon T Moscow R'YI Jack Pir H Bolivar Grand Je. Middl 35 T. Lamar Tiplers Ripley B. f N Albany Sardis Oxford OHIO GH West Pt. Des Arco MEM. Marianna dustin Clarendon Helena Glendale ARK MAD De Roche Benton Malvern Reanla Stuttgart Eula Ha Altheimer Jonestown Rob Roy Bates Pontotoc Swan L Clarksdale V Sheridan Pine Water Valley Duncan Houlka o MT. Coffeeville czinski Stone Johnson Grenada Maldon W. Pendle MISSISSIPPY TENN. Stone House Join Piute Shoshone Battle Mtn. Be-o-wa-we Cumberl Raspberry C Winnemuccal Mill City Humboldt City.s Rye Patch Lovelocks Granite Pt. White Plains Brown Mirage HotSprs. Fish Spring Jamesville Honey L." Milford Pyramid o Taylorsville Quincy Summit Mahawk Marysvill Yuba Woodland Reed's Junubu Downie V Sevada City 03 M Oeida Essex Boca Truckee AMEN SACRA Webster Brigida Fairfield Suisun Cy Benicia Bone m'dg urph Martinez OAKL AND Los Gatos! Wright's Boulder Felton Santa Cruz Mont COAST Bracks Castle Antioch Byron Galt Stewart racy Livermore Midway iles anta Clara Lodi Poeville Ophir Tihoe Placerlle Tallac Reno N via Wadsworth Churchill Virginia Cy. Dayton abuska Cleaver Empire Qy. Summit V. Star City Buffalo Spr. Lewis Je Vandewater Humboldt 1. E Dillon Bailey Watts Cortez Bridges White Cloud Ravenswood Carson Sink Stillwater City La Plata Carson Lake Alan's CARSON CY Genva Shingle Sparklee Holbrook Ione WoRdent Jackson Wallace Valley Spr San Andrea Milton Peters Stockton Lathrop Crow' SAN JOSE d'y Sondra Oak Dale Ca Waterford Modesto Hillsdale Newman Coyote Tennan Cheste Almaden Sargent Andreas Cypress COAST Castro Salinas Livingston Los Banos Carnadero Merced HollisterCharleston jaro Tres Pinosy Gonzales Salinas Springs Coleville geport East Gate CAR. Cottonwood Rockland Bodie Walker Lake Hawthorn Elko Moleen Palisade Evans Elaine Franklin Lake Hay Ranch Ruby Lake Blackburn Pr Alpha Diamond D Butte Sta VClark's Oak Caton's Austin Goodwin Geneva Kingston Washington Milton Egan Centreville A Hunter Piermont GREAT Lake racuse gden Cy. Cent Kaysville Farm Peterson UN Croydon Lake Point ington N O Dunnstein SALT LAKE CITY Coal Beckwith AMERICAN Erda "Derby Tooele Stocktong on Knowlton Sink Bingham Jo Bingham Vernon Bullionville Bolter's Springe DESERT o- Rubyville Marmaduke Spr. Lehi Jo Union Echo astle Rock mory Grass Creek Hoytsville Park City Heber Wasatch Sandy Eureka City R leasant UINTAH Henry's NTA Du Chesne Proya City ANDIAN RES. Mine Price Fork Ironton Santa- Ic. Pleasant Valley quin Tintic Nephi Mona Coal Leamington Millsge Jual Jo Moron Eureka Ruby Hill Hamilton Eberhardt Crosby o Cooper Patterson U Chapin Spr. Dese Riverside Oak City Sevier ls Lake Montezuma o Milford Frisco 1 Bristol o Yokum o Danville Belmont Morey Luning Peaving Kiney Washington Springs Soda Belleville San Antonio Candelaria Stone Cabin Columbus Marietta New Philadelphia Seymour Central City O Aurora Mono Lake Bennett Reveille Mono McGeer Benton Freyburg Silver Peak Winona O Bound Val. Wildes O Montezuma Avena Bishop Logan q Hiko O Grubgulh Creek Mariposa Athlone Fresn Raymond Daulton's Berendo Fresno City Joaquin O Heinlen Huron Soledad San Antonio STEAMSHIP PACIFIC CLIPPER Wite's Br Paroche Kings City San. Ardo Hanford Alcalde Imu dale RiBradley Templeton Cayucos Ca LINE Mo STEAMSHIP Port Harford Arroyo Grande Guadalo LINE San Miguel Chalcone Crestm La Danza Big Pine Alvo a MtGoddard Kingsburgh Goshen Three Poso Visalia Tulare Crame Tipton Portersville Aila Delano Lerdo San Luis Obispo Bakersfield Reeds Nipomo Divide R Samuer Ra alie Buena Visto San miglio Lake Santa Maria Los Olivos Lompoc Point ArgueN COAST FROM SAN MIGUE Los Alamos Santa Ynez Gaviota SANTA ROS SHIP LINE VIA TAPE CLIPPER SHIP LINE VI CAPE HORN HORN MAP EXHIBITING THE LEADING Transportation Lines OF THE PACIFIC COAST. Prepared for the Report of THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS On the Internal Commerce of the United States. DESCRIPTION OF LINES: Canadian Pacific Ry. Northern Pacific R. R. Union Pacific Ry. Southern Pacific Co. - Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. Rand, McNally & Co., Map Publishers, Chicago. 125° I I Elwood Keen Palmetto Independence W Salt L Lone Pine Keeler Olanche Tehachapi Rosamond Garman's Sta. Santa Barbara Buenavent SAN SANT CRUZ SAN NICOLAS 1200 T Lancaster O South Side Vincent Newhal Saugus Nordoff Hireneme Burbank Santa Monica FRANCISCO Ballona Har PORTS Rogers Mojave Kramer Death Valley Hinckley Harper SAN 3anta Anita Pasadena Highsan Duarte Florence Rodondo Beach San Pedro SANTA The Long Beach Santa Ana CATALINA Newport Har. SAN CLEMENTE MAIL Barsto Amargosa Newberry San Bernardino tor Ontario CL Bhrrington oo Mentore Redlanas Haslett Ludlow Siberia ATLANTIC ERNARDI White S. Gorgonin Polmdale Rockhouse San Jach ELES SOU Tustin, Capistrano Cadiz Amboy Bagdad Water Camp Indio Walters Dos Palmas Elsinore Temecula Fall Brook Escondido Je. Oceanside SAN San Die Loma Escondido Cordero Sta. Selwin Sta. PODIEGO ch Coronado LOS CORONADOS E GUADALUPE ISLAND RANGE Old To Lakeside Omery National City Otay • Tijuana Real del Castillo Point Banda SEAMSHIP Sta. Tomas T H. Gof River UN. Virgin о PAC. GRAND NO Yucca Spr. Mineral Park Ibex Homer The Needles Volcano Sprs. Cy THE TUSHA Sevier Kanab Colorado COLORA Rain Tank Catarac Curtis Escalante R. Lit. Colorado River Green Colorado Lone Tree Collins Dixon Big Bramie Pinkhampton Brown's Park Hahn Peaks Yampa Vembers Bristol Fort Colling Hebron Michigan Ashley Maybell Stouto River Yampa Ri Hayden Axial Grand Egeria Troublesome Krementing orde Rock W West Water Bluff Juan Cave Dwelling NAVAJOE Los Peach Sprs. Yampai Aubrey Prescotte. Crookton Chalender Flagstaff Pineveta Fairviews Angel Dennisou Winslow Hardy St.Joseph Holbrook Hackberry Hualapai Kingman Drake Yucca Powell lurad Flowing Well Maminoth Tank Mesquite PM Cape Quintin S. Quintin R CO. Cactus A Parker Prescott Dale Signal City Walker O Сох Planet T. R Bradshaw Gillett Wickenburgh o Seymour Ehrenberg Aqua Fria Sta. Nortons Fort Yuma Ogilby Yuma Gila City PHENIX Gila Cottonwood Tempe O V. Globe O Carrizo River Station Paunia W Crown Ricoo Cascade O Hermosa unniso River Belten Sapinero Boulde Marshall U Condon Como AD Pine Cr Divide Wood- Grande Toltec Poncho Gr. Spike. Buck Rockvalec Coal Cr c Coal Atkins Athol Carr Groges Pierce Greeley Salle Weldontozenam Brush Deuel UNION PAU. Or Sta Windsor Mitchell UN. righton Fork Eckley Yuma Roggen Hudson Pinneo Akron. Ft. Morgan Barr Corong Sta. DEN. Meadow able w.p del Baldy R. San Maxwell Antonito Lava B.. UNION( Earl Bagdad Sandy pivells Trinidad Muro Wootton Gray's Mine Palquilla Blossburg Dillon Volcano Folsom N. Agua Elizabeth T. Maxwell Servilletarron Dorsey Caliente Ruyau Springer Tus Mt. Dors La Plata Rio o Tierra Amarilla Coyote o Valletto Torenzo Santa Clara Vegas SANTA FE US Jemeno Wallace Santa Ana Las Vegas Romero Bernal Defiance Manuelitos Wingate Coolidge Chaves Rio Cabezon Blue Water Fort Wingate Sanders o Pescado Grants Hot Sprs. Επαίρα Apache FT Clayton W Caseta Cama Barrang Embuda alalupita Ocate Trampecas Alcalde Wagon Mound O Tequesquite Espanola Tipton ville Las Vegas Onava Watrous San Lorenzo Pajarito о Baca Cubero Sta El Rito San Jose Rio Puerco Puerco Glorieta owe San Miguel Algodone Alameda Isleta Albuquerque Belen, Sabinoso Wie Cy. McHenry Tascosa Canadian Trygill Adobe Acoma NEW A. & P. Jc. Pedernal Los Lunas Mesternatas Spr. Sabinal MEXIC Alamillo La Joya Clairmont Pleasanton Magdalena Socorro Abo City Water Canon San Antonio Carthage San Marcial Hoccradles Vera Cruz NESCALERO Lincoln Fort Santon Rio O O Ojó del Anil O Fort Sumner Pecos A NO LLANO Roswell Truxton Snively Spr. Laguna Charming o PACIFIC Chinos Simmons Fort Whipple Big Buy Mogollon Mazatzal Alexandr City O Altar Sanford Bagley's Snowflake City Forest Daleo Fort McDowell Salt River Silver City Riverside Florence Blue Water Papag Pantan Woodruff St.John's N A Springerville Fort Apache Black McMillen San Carlos Nutrio800 Black River Solomons V. Sheldon Winter Luck Benson Louis Mesca AR. Duncan Wit Grant- Bowie Railroad Pass S. Simon Sta Oputo O Patterson Silver City Newton White Water Valley Lisbo Separ Crawford Zum Deming Gag Nutts Florida Aden Cambray Afton Lanark Rincon Randall Dona Ana Las Cruces Mesquite Anthony Strauss El Paso Candelaria Ysleca bens Seven River SACRAMENTO MTS. GUADALOUPE MTS Ojo deos Alamos Rio Grande. Camp Rice Finly T Sierra Blanca Boracho Mohawk Summit Tacna Painted Rock Sentinel Aztec Estrella Bosque Marica Casa Grande Saucita Albino Tule Piriqua o S Tolte Quijotca o Picacho Red Rock Rillite Jayres Tucson Quitovaquita Saguarro 0 о 0 O Sasabe O TUC. Goodwir Dragcon Sum Cochise Ochoa Pedro R Cliftca Guthrie Gila о Fort Craig Lava Monticello Crocker Robinson Engle Tres Rios Hermosa OND RES Cutter Tula Rosa Upham Hillsborough Lake Hudson Espia Paso Ascension Lagunita Cape-Lobos Aitar ANGEL DE LA E GUARDA PARTIDO Cruces River Alamos O Fairbank Tombstone Huachuca Crittenden Sanfords Nogales Foma Magdalena Posa Emory's Os Gallinas Spr. o 。 Fronteras Batepito Pesqueira URES River Moctezuma Sahuaripa Matape River Point de Canoas Sonora Point CEDROS Teresa ISLAND Rosarito SWJose 1 NATIVIDAD ISLAND Point S. Eugenio Santa Maria I N 115° 8. Joaquin Poin Abreojos PANAMA R SONORA Hermosillo Moreno Guaymas Hirivis SAN MARCOS. Galcana Sellers del Norte H H Grande U Temosachie MEXICAN Trinidad Cumuripa Concepcion Yaqui • Bacum Satevo O Guazapares I Guaraje Alamos о River STAKED Lookout Kiver Sanborn Paloduro Glasgow Mobeêtte. SOUTH'N Halifax Panhandle North Fork of Washburn Clarendon FT. WORTH oro Pirie Dog Quituque Town T Kingfisher DAlfred Ft. Reno COUNTRY Warfields. Minco Oklahoma ER RR Fort Cobb Wichita Agency Edmand Purcell Pive Anadarko Fort Sill Fort River Edwards River Cherokee T. Stonewall Washita Lehigh Pecos Toyah Quito Mount Blanco OR Mount Fork PLAIN Rath Cy R Brazos Sweet Water Loraine Colorado Marienfeld Germania Midland Odessa Douro Metz Aroya E San Martine Fort Stockton • Barillo Wichita Falls Henrietta Archer o Seymour W. v. RW St.Bernard Haskell Inson Merkel Escota o Graham o Breckenridgeo Albany Abilene o Elmsdale PACIFIC Buffalo Gap Mt.Moro Colorado g Spring River Centralia Sta. Arocha Spring Mobile Runnels Ballinge Palo Gordon Gr Canyon HOUS. Baird Belle Plaine Painy Rock Cisco Carbon Granbury Eastland Stephen V Brownwon Coleman San Angelo Erskine Eden GULF Brady Menardville. Painted Cave Comstock Viejo o FT. W TEX. CO Cleburie Glen Rose Hico Morgan Conianche Hamiltono Clifton Gr ET.W. Waco McGregor ST. Zephyr ShireGates Vordy Mullen Cowboy San Saba Fredonia Llano Junction City Hackberry Spr. Mason O Antelope Gap Temple Crossville Lampasas Belton Ech Vest Burnlet AN. 2 Taylor George T. Round Rock River Loval Val Rheingold Fredericksburgh Kerrville Marble Falls Duva AUSTIN Branco o Kyle San Marcos ew Braunfels INT Milano Je Manor H. 6. NOR Seguin Lockhart Luling Harwood Converse Smith's Jo Hallettsvilled Cuero Roseburg Wharton Ezzell Louise N Boerne Davenport AN Egan Bandera Alazan Antonio San, ANT Carrizo Van Horn alberg del Chispa Valentine Ryan Marfa ALVESTON TEXAS Kent Ft.Davis Paisano Strobe sidio Altuda Haymond Agua Frio Emerson Fedora RIO Dryden Watkins Samuels あ ​Langtry M Ft Washita w hitesboro Sherman Pilot Pt. Me Kinner Denton Jewis varand Oak Gr Hillsboro Midlothian 53300 Dawson Bloomdale Caddo River Colbert's Ft.To Bonham Bells Honey Gr Latonial TEX. MO. Farmers MO RE Paris & Roxton Eagletowno Bennett Centre Point Clarks V. DeKal PAC. Cooper Sulphur Greenville Oak RobertsLone Ballas Kerris TEX CEN Waxahachie ters V.L Maran Terrell TEXAS Sulphur PAC Sprs. 4. Emory W Win sporeasan R. Quitman Mineola XAS E Kaufman Big Sandy Canton P Cedar Tyler ARK. TEX. Fork TEX. Murfreesborough Arkadelphia Bluff Bestop Rich mond N W R Daingerfi Aving Pittsburgh Gilmer NORTH'N W Nashville Washington Princeton Gurdon Prescott Hope; lton Lewis xarkana Forest Kildare Jefferson Green- роом Bristero LOUIS McNeil 9 ARK. Fairfield, Hopeville Camden Magnolia Dumas Monticello Warren Trippe L.R.M.B. T. Hampton Baxter El Dorado Plain V. Homer Bellevue O Minden Farmers River Arkansas Rosedale City Oakland heet Meri old Hap Lamout Wilczins Leland Grogn P Lake Livin Village ton' Snar Rey Hamburgh Hampton Bastrop Mayersille Providence o ofFloya Tallulah Keith ville S VICES Choudrant Vienna Arcadia Wind SHIRE Sparta Lake & Monroe Vernon M Lafourche Rayville onsas Alphac tineau hantao PACIFIC At River Natchitoch Vidalia N Froup Jackson V. Rusk Forest GREAT Corsicana Wortham Fairfield Groesbeck Athens Calmond Neches Palestine Jewett NOR. Centre V Lovelady Lake Madisonville o Hearne Bryan razos Gause Camer FE Caldwell Somerville & Brenham TEXAS Timpson Shreveporteld bine *тно Rolli Fork Persons CEN Green-Elli Tehula Wood Lexington Yazoo Citr Flora NTR CKSON Bolton's aymond Starkylle Winona R P. Weirs B. Durant CEN Je. Chester о U Ri Macon Louis V. Kosciusko Kosciusko Sucnoochee Canton S Louderdale Sta Vaughan New Orleans Me Jc. Forest Twistwood Brandon Barnett Pascagoula hickasa Ent Qu Halls V Marsh all Longview Bienville R. (F. Cuoa Vicksburg Overton Beck V Winnsborough Bolers) Henderson Riverside Carthage Coushatta St. Josepho Winfield Pt. Gibson Carlisle Terry Raleigh Center Harriemb'gh Fasette, ان Harrison Nacogdoches ST Chireno Mary Colfax Lufkin Homer S Prudehomme Blackwater Tahoula Lasm Hajzlehurst burgh o Erata Williams- Mulrick Mead Brookhaven Ellis V. Chopin Natchez V Hemphill e Brookland Rapides Alexandria Pineville Rockland Leesville Cheneyville Marks M Gloster Bogue Chitto Summit Depot Eastabuch Carley Hattiesburg Piotona Trinity oJasper V Woodville Sugar T Eola R. t.Hick Ethel Amite City Citr Tyner Chu R Livingston Warren Calcasieu Mel Pt.Allen Baker BATON ROUGE Ponchatoula Rive ton Rouge Jc. Pt.Vincent earl River 88 O naidsop Bak Hardin St.Martin L. Crockett Marove Corrigan Huntsville PheP Ogden Clay Navisota The Grange ales Flatonia Bell V. a Cola Spr S. FE Hempstea Conron Cypress Top Hartley Houston Pierce Richmon Columbia Yoakum Edna Inez Victor aianola HOUS Shepherd Clevelana Crosby Liberty Nora Beaumont Flord Inton Wallis V. El Vista Anahuac Harrisburgh Arcola Clair Cree rginia Point Alvin Garfield S GALVESTON Velasco Brazoria O Hawkinsville Matagorda Merryville Pearl O Sulphur Mine Orange Sabine Pass Pine Grov Barbreck Garland Opelousas Rosedale Coteau La Pace La Fayette Cades Jennings Estherwoo Rouppe Salt Minec New Iberi Jeanerette pu Cameron F White Tremort Grant Baldwin's Bucatunn Liberty Magnolia Cumbickahola Clinton Roncal Independence Lovington DeSair Pontchar Thibodeaux Morgan Ci Point au Fer TEX.R. Schriever Houma LAST Je R Take Salvador Live Oak OF Poplar Vo Derby Nicholson ninbert Spring Apple to Guzman1OUISVILE Mississ ass Christia Bay St. Louis NEW ORLEANS 30 Shell Beach giers 1.au Breto dsborough Soundmy Bohemia la Hache Buras Mouths of the Mi Montezuma Presidio del Norte, Encinillas Allama Conchos R. CHIHUAHUA Rosales Norte Rosenfeld Musquez Devils Riv. Johnstone GRANDE Presidio S. Vincente S.Jose de las Piedras SPablo Meoqui CENTRAL Santa Rosalia Pilar Jimenez Τη Ballera So Fuerte Allende A Nochebuena Leakey Montell Brackett Darling Piedras Negras Pto. de la Burra! Aura Sierra Mojada C Monclova HO CON. INT. Nueces Waldo Spofford Jc. Castroville SAN Uvalde Frio To Eagle Pass 'Hamis Hamlin Luma Vista Eden. San Floresville Pleasanton Beauregard Helena SOU SOU ada pe R Nicholsmio R. Greg Kenedy Goliad Derby Tilden Oak V. Skidmore River Gussett V Refugis Encinal kport Sanchez: Carrizo Spreces Cotulla DEL ncaster Santa Tomas R. W. San Patri Borjas Sharpsburgh Corbus Christ! Kleberg San Dieg Benevides Realitos Los Angeles .G. Pescadita; Laredo Laredo Lambazos Villal dama MEX. Zavalsa DURANGO Tamazula O' CELIACAN Nazas Nazas Cuencame Pto.del Venado Villa Lerdo River Torreon Pozo Calvo La Campana Venadito Tinaja Parras SALTILLO Sabanilla N Guadalupe y Caro Cerro Gordo Joya Mapimi Mocoritoa Carrizo NORTE NUE NAT. Salinas Mier Aransas Pass Banquete Gallagher's Agua Nueva R.Ramireno MEX. MONTEREY RLa Parra 0 R.Curiento Rio Grande City R.Santa Ro NAT ΟΙ LEON Rey mosa Hidalgo R. W. Boint Isabel Brownsville Matamoras TAMAULIPAS Comondu. EL CARMEN Ignacio S.Jose Cape Lazaro JOSE L 110° 105° 4 Montemorelos 100° Press G 95° COPYRIGHT, 1887, BY RAND, MCNALLY & Co. 90° 25 35 30 25 Pendung ervation 1989 F 861 V85