fºLINIII.g. IVERSITY OF MICHiſAN v ERTTAs grrrrrrrrºº # *E º É É 3. ºuae R 2- Anoś; iſſiſſiſſiſſiſſiſſiſſiſſiſſiſſiſſiſſińſº - |- ºr sº º ºr gº ºne ºr ºr ºr º º ºg º ºs º ºscº sº sº sº. ºº sº º †ſſ: (3... *|*/* *Sº§§§§§ ºº, 2.ºAl. . . . ... . . .. . . #.* .s~-s º-- Eºl. Firſt / 72? , //5 A 3 IE, THC E O TR. T IN REGARD TO THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE BUSINESS OF THE U N I T E D S T A T E S. J O SEPH N IM M O, J.R., CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF starisTICs, TREASURY DEPARTMENT. -****------ MAY 16, 1885. WV A S H IN G T O N . GOW E R N M E N T P R INT IN G O FIFIC Es 18 S 5. *.*. s~ *. Document No. 690, TREASURY ;"; Bureau of Statistics. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Washington, D. C., May 16, 1885. The following report on the range and ranch cattle business of the United States has been submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury in compliance with the following resolution of the EHouse of Representa- tives, dated February 17, 1885: “Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be requested to transmit to this House such information as he may be able to communicate at an early day in regard to the range and ranch cattle traffic of the Western, Southwestern, and Northwestern States and Territories, with special reference to the bearings of that traffic upon the internal and foreign commerce of the United States.” ** iii CONTIENTS. . 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. . Remarks in regard to the quarantine laws of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, 23. 24. . Transportation of Texas cattle north by rail, with special reference to 26. 27. . The proposition for the General Government to lease large bodies of the REPORT. • Introductory remarks---------------------------, ---------------------- . Range and ranch cattle area of Texas. --------------------------------. . The Western and Northwestern range and ranch cattle area of the United . The conditions which appear to determine the limited amount of precipi- tation of moisture throughout the so-called dry area of the in- terior of the United States ------------------------------------ (a) The probable sources of precipitation of the various parts of the United States -------------------------------------- (b) The practicability of increasing the amount of rainfall throughout the great interior dry area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . Characteristics of the range and ranch cattle area with respect to tem- Perature-------------------------------------------------. ---- . The relations of the range and ranch cattle business to the interests of the Indians --------------------------------------------------- . The occupancy of land by herdsmen in the Indian Territory and on In- dian reservations--------------------------------------- * * ~ * ºn tº gº . Capacity of the ranges for grazing purposes.--------------------------- . Profitableness of the range and ranch cattle business ... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. The breeding of cattle on the northern ranges.------------------------- The improvement of the breed of range and ranch cattle .----...----. - - - The Texas cattle-trail and the malady known as “Texas fever "-- - - - - - - * The proposition to establish a national cattle-trail.----...----...----. ---- The commercial importance of the cattle-trail ...---. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The quantity of land necessary for the proposed trail. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Obstacles to the establishment of the cattle-trail presented by the quar- antine law of the States of Kansas and Colorado -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - The quarantine law of the State of Kansas.----...---------------------- The quarantine law of the State of Colorado ... --...-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The quarantine law of Wyoming. -------------------------------------- The quarantine law of Nebraska --------------------------------------- The quarantine law of New Mexico.----------------------------------. - Nebraska, and New Mexico.----------------. ------------------ Facts bearing upon the general question as to the shipment of Texas cat- tle to the northern ranges.--------------------...---------------- Concluding remarks in regard to the quarantining of Texas cattle ------ Texas fever--------------------------------------------------- Foreign ownership of land within the range and ranch cattle area. ----- public lands to cattlemen - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * s s = * * * * * * s = * * * * * * * * * 7 10 12 13 14 19 20 21 22 23 27 27 28 31 32 33 33 33 34 34 35 37 37 30 44 46 VI CONTENTS. 29. Concluding remarks in regard to the occupancy of the public lands for range-cattle purposes.----------------------------------------- 30. The range and ranch cattle business of Nevada and Arizona .... -------- (a) Nevada -----. --------------- '• * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (*) Arizona--------------------------------------------------. tº dº sº gº tº º 31. The range-cattle-business of the Dominion of Canada............ * * * * * * * 32. The range and ranch cattle business in Mexico - .... ----...------------- 33. General remarks in regard to the range and ranch cattle business of the United States ------------------------------------------------- 34. The growth and present magnitude of the cattle interests in the United States -------------------------------------------------------- 35. The cost of transporting cattle to eastern markets by rail - - - - - - - - - - - - - = 36. The shipment of cattle and dressed beef. --------- - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . ... --. 37. The transportation of cattle and dressed beef from the West to the At- lantic seaboard------------------------------------------------ 38. The shipment of dressed beef from the northern ranges - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39. The exportation of cattle and beef products to foreign countries --- - - - - - 40. Information furnished by experts and others. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - APPENDIX. No. 1. Statement prepared by Mr. E. W. Smalley, of Saint Paul, Minn., in regard to the range and ranch cattle business of the United States -------------------------------------------------------- No. 2. Statement prepared by Mr. Lorenzo Fagersten, of Chicago, Ill., in re- gard to the range and ranch cattle business of the United States- No. 3. Statements prepared by Mr. Theodore J. McMinn in regard to the range and ranch cattle business of the United States - - - - - - - - --. No. 4. Statement prepared by Mr. George B. Loving, of Fort Worth, Tex., in regard to the range and ranch cattle business of the United States -------------------------------------------------------- No. 5. Statement prepared by Mr. D. W. Hinkle, of San Antonio, Tex., in regard to the range and ranch cattle business of the United States -------------------------------------------------------. No. 6. Letter addressed to the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, by Prof. Elias Loomis, LL.D., of Yale College, in regard to the principal sources of the rainfall of different sections of the United States. No. 7. Letter addressed to the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, by Mr. Silas Bent, of Saint Louis, in regard to the meteorology of the great interior dry area of the United States. ------------------------. No. 8. Letter in regard to the precipitation of moisture throughout the great dry area of the interior, by Mr. Silas Bent, of Saint Louis - - - - - - No. 9. Letter addressed to the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics in regard to the sources of precipitation throughout the dry area, by Capt. Samuel M. Mills, Acting Chief Signal Officer, U. S. A.. ----...----. No. 10. Tables showing the monthly precipitation at various points through- out the dry area, furnished by Capt. [Samuel M. Mills, Acting Chief Signal Officer, U. S. A.--...-------------------------------- . 11. Statement in regard to the average annual rainfall of different points in the United States, prepared by the Chief Signal Officer of the United States Army - - - - - - - * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * . 12. Table prepared by the Chief Signal Officer of the United States Army, showing the average monthly rainfall at different points in Cali- fornia, Oregon, Washington Territory, Nevada, and Arizona ---- . 13. Statement showing the number of acres patented and unpatented in the State of Texas, from the annual report of the commissioner of the general land office of that State------------------------- Page, 49 50 50 51 51 53 53 60 61 62 65 66 71 73 85 90 102 111 114 115 116 117 118 123 127 128 CONTENTS VII No. 14. No. 15. No. 16. No. 17. No. 18. No. 19. No. 20. No. 21. No. 22. No. 23. No. 24. No. 25. No. 26. No. 27. No. 28. No. 29. No. 30. No. 31. No. 32. No. 33. Letter from Mr. Franklin B. Hough, in regard to the effect of for- ests in increasing the amount of rainfall... -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Letter from Mr. George B. Loving, of Fort Worth, Tex., in regard to the losses of cattle during the winter of 1884–85, the decline in the value of stock, and the future of the stock-growing inter- ests of Texas-------------------------------------------------- Quarantine law of the State of Kansas against Texas cattle - - - - - - - - Quarantine law of the State of Colorado against Texas cattle, ap- proved March 21, 1885----------------------------------------- Quarantine law of the Territory of Wyoming ; governor to appoint territorial veterinarian.--------------------------------------. Opinion of Dr. James V. Hopkins, territorial veterinarian of Wyo- ming, in regard to the relative liability to disease resulting from the movement of cattle from Texas by rail and by trail, from the annual report of the Wyoming Stock-Growers' Association for the year 1884------------------------------------------------------ Texas fever; extract from the annual report of the executive com- mittee and secretary of the Wyoming Stock-Growers’ Association for the year 1885 -----------------------------, ----------...----- Recent acts of the Territory of New Mexico in regard to the quaran- tining of cattle. ----- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = • = e s = - as Letters from the president of the Mexican Central Railway Company in regard to the range-cattle business in Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Letter from Mr. D. W. Hinkle, in regard to the improvement of the breed of cattle in Texas--------------------------------------- Letter from Mr. E. W. Smalley, of Saint Paul, Minn., in regard to the cattle interests of Montana with respect to water rights. - - - - - - The range cattle business of Montana [from “The Rocky Mountain Husbandman,” of April 2, 1885. Published at White Sulphur Springs, Montana] -------------------------------------------- Statement in regard to the subject of grazing and of irrigation in the State of Nevada, by Hon. G. W. Merrill ... -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Grazing. Extract from report of Hon. F. A. Tritle, goveruor of Ari- zona, for the year 1884 --------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = m = m, s = a Statements furnished by Mr. Albert Fink, chairman of the joint execu- tive committee of east and west trunk lines, in regard to live stock shipments from the West to the East - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Letter addressed to the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, by Hon. James F. Miller, M. C., of Texas, in regard to the relative ad- vantages of moving Texas cattle to northern ranges by trail and by rail --------------------------------------------------- A bill to establish a quarantined live-stock trail, and to regulate com- merce between the States as to live stock, introduced in the House of Representatives January 17, 1885, by Hon. James F. Miller, M. C., of Texas -------------------------------------. -- Statement by Mr. George Olds, general traffic manager of the Mis- souri Pacific railway system, under date of December 24, 1884, in regard to the shipment of cattle North by rail- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Statement furnished by Mr. George Olds, general traffic manager of the Missouri Pacific railroad system, in regard to the movement of cattle by rail from Texas to points north of the State of Kansas. Statement furnished by Mr. J. F. Goddard, traffic manager of the At- chison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad, in regard to the trans- portation of Texas cattle to northern ranges by rail * * * * * * * * * * * ºn Page. 130 132 134 136 137 139 141 143 144 145 146 147 150 154 159 160 161 162 164 VIII CONTENTS. No. No. No. No. 34. Letter addressed to the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics by Mr. George B. Loving, of Fort Worth, Texas, in regard to the estab- lishment of a cattle-trail in Texas.----...----. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 35. Letter addressed to the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics by Mr. W. H. Miller, Secretary of Board of Trade of Kansas City, in regard to the Texas cattle-trail.-------------. ------------------------ 36. Exports of Indian corn, wheat, and wheat flour, hogs and pork prod- ucts, and cattle and beef and tallow, from the United States during each year from 1875 to 1884, inclusive. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37. Exports of cattle and their products from the United States during each year from 1875 to 1884, inclusive. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 38. Value of the exports of cattle and beef products from the United States during the year ended June 30, 1884, stated by countries and in the order of magnitude • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * . 39. Letter from Mr. T. C. Eastman, in regard to the early history of the shipment of fresh beef and of cattle from the United States to Burope -----------------------------------------------------. . 40. Letter from Mr. T. C. Eastman, in regard to the States from which export cattle chiefly come, and the average weight of the dressed beef of such cattle -------------------------------------------- . 41. Statement in regard to Chicago beef packing and the Chicago beef trade, 1884–85, by Messrs. Howard, White & Co., publishers of the Daily Commercial Bulletin, Chicago, Ill - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 42. Statement of the number and area of original and final homestead entries made from the date of the passage of the act May 20, 1862, to June 30, 1884, inclusive -----------------------------.. . 43. Statement of the number and area of original and final desert land entries, made under the act of March 3, 1877, from July 1, 1877, to June 30, 1884. ---------------------------------------------- . 44. Statement showing the number of timber-culture entries, and the total acreage thereof, made in the several States and Territo- ries under the timber-culture acts of March 3, 1873, and June 14, 1878, to June 30, 1884, inclusive-------------------------. ------ . 45. Number of acres certified as patented for railroads up to June 30, 1884 ---------------------------------------------------------- . 46. Statement showing the number of acres of land surveyed and unsur- veyed in the several States and Territories to June 30, 1884--. . 47. Statement by Major A. W. Edwards, of the Daily Argus, Fargo, Da- kota, in regard to the range and ranch business of Dakota. ----- , 48. Interview with Hon. John Hailey, Delegate in Congress from the Territory of Idaho, and Hon. Joseph K. Toole, Delegate in Con- gress from the Territory of Montana, April 2, 1885- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 49. Information furnished by Hon. Morton E. Post, late Delegate in Con- gress from Wyoming, in regard to the cattle business of that Territory ----------------------------------------------------- . 50. Statement by Mr. W. H. Miller, secretary of the Kansas City Board of Trade, in regard to cattle movements at that city and north by trail --------------------------------------------------------- . 51. Value of the exports from the United States of cattle and products of cattle by countries during the year ended June 30, 1884----- . 52. Value of the imports of cattle and beef products into Great Britain and Ireland for the year 1883----------------------------------- . 53. Statement showing the exports from the United States of cattle and cattle products, including dairy products, during the fiscal years 1790 to 1884, inclusive. ---------------------------------------- Page. 165 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 179 180 181 182 183 184 189 190 191 192 CONTENTS, IX : 3 4 5 . Westward shipments of young cattle into northern ranges by rail . . . . Statement by Mr. Levi C. Wade, president of the Mexican Central Railway Company, in regard to the range and ranch cattle busi- ness of Mexico.------------------------------------------------ . 56. Statement in regard to the early shipments of cattle and dressed beef to Europe, by Mr. William Colwell, of Boston, Mass. --...----... . 57. Statement in regard to the early shipments of cattle and dressed beef to Europe, by Nelson Morris, Esq., of Chicago, Ill.------------. . 58. Statement by Mr. Silas Bent, of Saint Louis, Mo., in regard to the meteorology and climatology of North America, with special reference to the range and ranch cattle area. -- - - --------------- MAPS. . Map showing the range and ranch cattle area of the United States. . Map of the United States, showing the distribution of the annual rain- fall. . Map of the United States, showing the distribution of the rainfall of the spring and summer, . Hypsometric sketch of the United States. e 11991 R. C.——II Page. 195 196 197 198 199 THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE BUSINESS OF THE UNITED STATES. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. The portion of the United States now extensively devoted to grazing, and commonly known as the range and ranch cattle area, is delineated as accurately as it has been possible, upon Map No. 1, at the end of this report. This territory embraces about 1,365,000 square miles, and con- stitutes, approximately, 44 per cent. of the total area of the United States exclusive of Alaska. It is as large as all that portion of the United States situated east of the Mississippi River, together with the States of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Its area is also equal to that of Great Britain and Ireland, France, Ger- many, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Spain and Portugal, and one-fifth of Russia in Europe, combined. By referring to Map No. 2, showing the distribution of the annual rainfall, and to Map No. 3, showing the distribution of the spring and Summer rainfall of the United States, it will be seen that the range and ranch cattle an ea, as delineated on Map No. 1, very nearly corresponds with the great dry area of the interior. By referring to Map No. 4, which is a hypsometric sketch of the United States, it will also be seen that the portion of the country situated between the Mississippi River . and the Pacific coast, and elevated more than 1,500 feet above the level of the sea, corresponds pretty nearly with the dry area and with the range and ranch cattle area. . By virtue of its characteristics of soil, rainfall, elevation, and natural food supply, this comparatively dry area is especially adapted to pas- toral pursuits, and it appears to be probable that a large part of it will never be available for any other purpose. The mean annual rainfall of this area is, however, much greater than was at an early day supposed. At that time it was erroneously called the Great American Desert. It is now known to embrace a considerable amount of land available for agricultural purposes as the result of a sufficiency of rainfall or through irligation. The early explorers appear to have been misled as to the capabilities of this area. 11991 R C–1 2 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. The expression “range and ranch cattle” in this report applies to cat- tle which, from the time they are dropped until they are shipped to mar- ket, seek their own food, water, and shelter, as did the buffalo, the deer, and the elk before them, and which are subject only to the restraints of herding. -The distinction between the “range” and the “ranch” cattle business herein observed, is that the former designation applies to the raising and fattening of cattle upon public lands, or upon unfenced lands gen- erally, where the herds of different proprietors freely range and inter- mingle; whereas the “ranch” cattle business is carried on within inclos- ures, belonging to cattlemen on which only their own cattle graze. The very fact that the range-cattle business is most profitably carried On in a large Way, and that its successful prosecution involves organ- ization and co-operative work, appears to have suggested at an early day the conduct of the business under corporate ownership and man- ageinent. Accordingly this has been one of the marked features of the enterprise almost from the beginning. - Incorporated companies, chartered under the laws of this country as Well as under the laws of foreign countries, are now extensively en- gaged in the cattle business from Southern Texas to the northern bor- der line of the United States. - It is proposed, first, to describe the origin and development of the range and ranch cattle business in this country. The subject naturally divides itself geographically and historically into two grand divisions, viz: First, the range and ranch cattle business of the State of Texas; and, second, the range and ranch cattle business of the vast area situ- ated north and northwest of Texas, an area which has been opened to pastoral pursuits during the last twenty years. Throughout the princi- pal part of the area last mentioned, the cowboy has superseded the In- dian, and the Texas steer has supplanted the buffalo. THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE AREA OF TEXAS p- - nº tº Texas has an area of 274,356 square miles, or 175,587,840 acres, ex- ceeding in area the thirteen original States of the Union. The raising of cattle in Texas had its origin long before the admission of that State into the Union. The original or native cattle of Texas are of Spanish and Mexican origin. Their most distinctive physical char- acteristics are long horns, large and vigorous lungs, small intestinal organization, and small bones. These characteristics appear to be the result of the conditions which for three hundred years have constituted their environment. - Texas cattle exhibit some of the marked self-reliant traits of the wild animal, being strong in the instinct of seeking food and water, and of self- protection against the inclemency of the Weather. In the language of the herdsmen they are good “rustlers,” which means that they know how and where to find food and water and have the alertness and spirit RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 3 to seek them upon the vast plains and in valleys and mountain fastnesses where they roam, and even beneath the snows which in the winter, at times, in the more northerly regions, cover their feeding grounds. Thirty years ago almost the entire area of Texas was one vast un- fenced feeding ground for cattle, horses, and sheep. Almost all the cat- tle of the State were, according to the popular phrase, “on the range”; i. e., grazed upon the public lands. The cattle belonging to different persons were then as now known by brands upon their sides, large enough to be distinguished by a horseman at some distance. This method of designating different ownerships still prevails throughout the entire range and ranch cattle area of the United States. A gen- eral supervision of cattle within certain extensive districts is had, by horsemen commonly known as “cowboys.” Twice a year the cattle of the different owners and associated owners are “rounded up"; i. e., gathered together in close herds, when the calves are branded, and cat- tle for slaughter selected out, the rest being allowed to wander off again upon the range. During the last twenty years a great change has taken place in the cattle business of Texas. About half of the area of the State, including the eastern portion, not embraced in the range and ranch cattle area, as shown on Map 1, has been taken up, and is now being cultivated as farms. In this part of the State, cattle are raised as domestic animals, being generally provided with food and shelter in the Winter. The range and ranch portion is also to a considerable ex- tent settled up by farmers, especially the eastern and southern portions of the State. Upon her admission into the Union Texas retained the ownership of her public lands. These lands have been surveyed and divided into townships, sections, and quarter Sections in a manner quite similar to that in which the public lands of the United States have been laid out. Texas has, however, pursued a less conservative policy in regard to the disposition of her public lands than has the United States, and the re- sult is, that the ownership of vast areas has been freely acquired for ranch purposes by individuals and corporations. In a few instances single individuals have acquired the ownership of upwards of 250,000 acres. The result of this is that with the exception of the extreme west- ern and extreme northern portions of the State, where herds range on the public domain, the cattle business of Texas has become largely a ranch business. In other words, cattle are, to a considerable extent, confined to the lands of the different owners Or associated owners. The State of Texas is in a marked degree a cattle-breeding State. Its climate is well suited to that industry, especially in view of the fact that the calves of range cows are, under the prevailing custom as to breeding, dropped at all seasons of the year. Not only do the cows of Texas have more calves during their lifetime than cows upon the ranges of the Northwestern Territories of the United States, but of the total number of cows a larger proportion have calves each year. Also, of the 11991 R C-—2 4. RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC calves dropped, a larger proportion survive in Texas than upon the more northerly ranges and ranches. Differences of opinion exist, how- ever, as hereinbefore mentioned, as to the relative advantages of Texas as a breeding State for cattle. Attention is invited to the various state- ments upon this point which are expressed by experts. (See Appendices, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.) It is asserted that the State of Texas has to-day as many breeding COWS as all the other States and Territories west of the Mississippi River together. Twenty-five years ago Texas cattle were slaughtered in immense num- bers for their hides and tallow. Then the average value of three-year- old steers on the ranch or range was only from $3.50 to $4,50 a head. But a great change has taken place in the cattle interests of that State within a comparatively brief period. Railroads have been constructed, whereby the markets of Kansas City, Saint Louis, and Chicago have been opened to the Texas cattle trade. Those cities have become not only great cattle markets, but also great slaughtering and packing cen- ters, from which live cattle, fresh beef, salted meats, and canned beef are shipped to various parts of the United States, and are also exported to foreign countries. The construction of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad, the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad, and the railroads extending west into the State of Kansas—more espe- cially the Kansas branch of the Union Pacific Railroad and the Atchi- son, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad—have been greatly promotive of the cattle interests of Texas. During the last twenty years another movement from Texas has sprung up and has attained great commercial importance, viz, the driv- ing of young cattle north, to stock the newly opened ranges of the vast Northwestern Territories, including also the Indian Territory, New Mexico, and Colorado. It is estimated that the total number thus driven north, composed mainly of yearling and two-year-old steers, has, since the beginning of the movement, amounted to about 3,000,000. The opening of these new and enormous commercial possibilities to the cattle-owners of Texas has developed a vast amount of wealth, and has, of course, greatly stimulated the cattle industry of that State. Cattle which about the year 1868 were worth only $4.50 a head ad- vanced in value to $15 and $18 per head. The lands of Texas also greatly appreciated in value, and the general prosperity of the State attracted to it hundreds of thousands of immigrants from other States and from foreign countries. The opportunities for gain and the wild fascination of the herdsman's life have also drawn to Texas many young men of education and of fortune in the Northern States, and even Scions of noble families in Europe. This has also been the case throughout the entire range and ranch cattle area of the United States. Not only is Texas a great breeding ground for cattle, but vast herds are also matured and shipped direct to market from that State. The northern and northwestern portions of the State are well adapted to RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 5 the maturing of cattle. It is estimated that during the year 1884 about 300,000 cattle were driven from Texas to northern ranges, to be there matured for marketing, and that about 625,000 beef cattle were shipped from Texas direct to the markets of Kansas City, Saint Louis, Chicago, and New Orleans. THE WESTERN AND NORTHWESTERN RANGE AND RANCH CAT- TLE AREA OF THE UNITED STATES. - The western and northwestern range and ranch cattle area of the United States embraces the principal part of the Indian Territory, the western portions of Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota, the Territories of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, the States of Colorado and Nevada, and portions of California, Oregon, and Wash- ington Territory. - - This vast area, embracing 1,159,907 square miles, or 742,340,480 acres, has within the last fifteen years been largely devoted to the cattle busi- ness. The portion of this region in which the raising of cattle is chiefly carried on is, however, distinctively known as “The Plains.” These extend from Texas to Montana, a distance of about 1,000 miles, with an average width of about 200 miles, and embracing an area of nearly 130,000,000 acres. . The discovery of the capabilities of this area for grazing purposes is said to have been accidental. The history of this important discovery is thus stated by Mr. Theodore J. McMinn, of Saint Louis: “Early in December, 1864, a Government trader, with a wagon train of supplies drawn by oxen, was on his way west to Camp Douglas, in the Territory of Utah; but on being overtaken on the Laramie plains by an unusually severe snow-storm, he was compelled at once to go into winter quarters. He turned his cattle adrift, expecting, as a matter of course, they would soon perish from exposure and starva- tion. But they remained albout the camp, and, as the snow was blown off the high- lands, the dried grass afforded them an abundance of forage. When the spring opened they were found to be in even better condition than when turned out to die four months previously.” - This discovery led to the purchase of stock cattle in Texas to be ma- tured and fattened on the northern ranges, and the trade has steadily grown to its present enormous proportions, accelerated greatly during the past fifteen years by the building of the various railroads in the north and west. . Soon after this discovery of the possibilities of the great dry area of the north for pasturage, the range and ranch cattle trade of Texas de- bouched upon a territory three times as large as its original habitat. The growth of the business has been one of the marvels of this marvel- ous age and country The well-known fact that for ages the buffalo had thriven during the winter in Montana, Dakota, Idaho, and Wyo- ming on natural grasses also inspired confidence that cattle-grazing on the more northerly ranges would be successful. 6 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. j It is said that about fifty different kinds of nutritious grasses have been found on the northern ranges. The “bunch grass” (Boutelona oli. gostachya), is, however, the most nutritious and sustaining and the most. abundant of all. The gramma and buffalo grasses also abound. All of these grasses (lerive moisture mainly from the melting snows of win- ter and from the rainfall of the spring months. During the summer months they are cured by the dryness of the air, thus retaining their nutritious qualities through the succeeding autumn, winter, and spring months. When these supplies are temporarily cut off by snow-falls the cattle resort to the white sage-brush and the black sage-brush, which, though not very nutritious, supply the cravings of hunger until the melting of the snows. It has been found in Wyoming and elsewhere that the alfalfa or Lucerne, a plant originally imported from Chili, can be cultivated to great advantage whenever irrigation is possible. It is a most excellent, abundant, and highly nutritious article of food for cattle as well as for hogs. It yields usually from three to four crops a year. - Already the range and ranch business of the Western and North- western States and Territories has assumed gigantic proportions. The total number of cattle in this area, east of the Rocky Mountains and north of New Mexico and Texas, is estimated at 7,500,000, and their value at $187,500,000. - The secretary of the Wyoming Stock-Growers’ Association has re- cently reported that since its organization in 1873 it has increased from ten members, representing an ownership of 20,000 cattle, valued at $350,000, to a membership of 435 in 1885, representing an ownership of 2,000,000 head of cattle, valued at $100,000,000. The range cattle business of the Western and Northwestern States and Territories is carried on chiefly upon the public lands. With the exception of the small percentage of lands the title to which has been secured under the provisions of the homestead and pre-emption laws of the United States, the desert-land acts, or the timber-culture acts, the cattle upon the northern ranges feed upon the public lands of the United States, their owners being simply tenants by sufferance upon such lands. - * The great range and ranch cattle business is environed by conditions involving the public interests, which must be described in order the more clearly to meet the requirements of the resolution of the House of Representatives. Before considering the important questions which arise as to the re- lations of the business to the general interests of the country through- out the public domain, and the important relation sustained by it to our commercial and transportation interests, it appears advisable to con- sider the meteorological characteristics of the range and ranch cattle area. RANGE AND RANC[I CATTLE TRAFFIC. 7 THE CONDITIONS WHICH APPEAR TO DETERMINE THE LIMITED AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION OF MOISTURE THROUGHOUT THE S0-CALLED DRY AREA OF THE INTERIOR OF THE UNITED STATES, AND THE PRACTICABILITY OF INCREASING SUCH PRE- CIPITATION. The consideration of the conditions which determine the limited rain- fall throughout the so-called dry area of the United States has an im- portant practical bearing upon the range and ranch cattle business, in view of the efforts which are being made by the Government to increase the amount of precipitation within that area through the culture of forest trees, and also in view of the possible increase of precipitation as the result of artificial irrigation. - The winds which blow eastwardly over the Pacific Slope become heavily laden with moisture from the Pacific Ocean, and mainly per- haps from the great kuro sitco, or Japanese current, which sweeps along the eastern shores of Japan and washes the southern shores of the Aleutian Archipelago, the Southern and western coasts of Alaska, and the Western coast of British America and of the United States. The several mountain ranges of the western portion of the continent, viz, the Coast Range, the Middle or Sierra Nevada Range, and the more easterly range known as the Rocky Mountain Range, by reason of the low temperature which prevails at and near their summits, condense the moisture of these winds. This condensation of moisture by mountain ranges causes a large local precipitation. Consequently the winds as they proceed eastwardly beyond the Rocky Mountain Range are depleted of their original supply of moisture. This and the fact that the great range and ranch cattle area is so far removed from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, the two other principal primary sources of precipitation, in connection with known meteorological laws regarding the movements of aerial cur- rents, seem fully to account for the small amount of precipitation throughout that area. The meteorological conditions which determine the amount of rain- fall throughout the range and ranch cattle area may, perhaps, be more clearly set forth by considering the probable primary and secondary sources of precipitation of the different sections of the country. (a) THE PROBABLE sources OF PRECIPITATION OF THE WARIOUS PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES. In this connection it is a matter of interest to consider the probable Sources of precipitation of the various parts of the United States. The force of the following remarks upon this subject may, perhaps, be the better appreciated by referring to the maps at the end of this report, viz, map No. 2, showing the distribution of annual rainfall; map No. 3, showing the distribution of spring and summer rainfall, and map No. 4, a hypsometric sketch of the United States. 8 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE THAFFIC. The Gulf of Mexico is evidently the chief primary source of moist- ure of the Gulf States and of the interior, western, and northwestern States, about as far west as the 100th meridian, while the Atlantic sea- board States, and, to a considerable extent, the interior States of the Mississippi Valley and the Lake basin, receive their supply of moisture chiefly from the Atlantic Ocean. - The entire territory west of the Rocky Mountains, embracing the Pa- cific slope and the great interior basin of Nevada and Utah, undoubtedly receives its supply of moisture almost entirely from the Pacific Ocean. Moisture borne by the winds from the Pacific Coast also supplies the precipitation throughout that Vast mountain region formed by the Rocky Mountain ranges and their spurs—a region fitly termed by Silas Bent the “water dome” of North America. From this immense reser- voir of precipitation flow the McKenzie, the Saskatchawan, and the As- siniboin toward the north, the Missouri, the Yellowstone, the Arkansas, the Red, the Rio Grande, and the Colorado toward the east and south, and the Columbia and the Colorado toward the west. It remains to consider the sources of the rainfall of that immense re- gion which embraces the larger part of the great range and ranch cattle area, and which is situated mainly west of the 99th meridian, north of the 31st parallel, and east of the Rocky Mountains. The elevation of this area above the level of the sea ranges from 2,000 to 10,000 feet, and its average annual rainfall is not over 15 inclies. The smallness of this precipitation is clearly illustrated by the fact that the average annual rainfall at Chicago is 37.57 inches; at Leavenworth, Kans, 38.97 inches, at Saint Louis, 37.88 inches; at Nashville, 53.63 inches; at Cincinnati, 44.09 inches; at New Orleans, 64.69 inches; at Buffalo, 37.05 inches; at Washington, 43.30 inches; at New York, 42.68 inches, and at Boston, Mass., 48.21 inches. - - A large amount of data in regard to the average rainfall at different points in the United States will be found in a statement furnished to this office by General William B. Hazen, Chief Signal Officer of the United Army. (See Appendix No. 11.) By referring to Appendix No. 10 the same being a table furnished to this office by Capt. Samuel M. Mills, Acting Chief Signal Officer, it will be seen that west of the Rocky Mountains the principal precipitation occurs during the period of six months from the autumnal to the Vernal equinox, and that on the east side of the Rocky Mountains the princi- pal precipitation occurs during the six months from the Vernal to the autumnal equinox. The rainfall, however, throughout the interior ele- vated region east of the Rocky Mountains, takes place chiefly during the months of April, May, June, July, and August. In attempting here to state the probable sources of the rainfall of the great elevated area of the interior, attention is invited to the following opinions of three gentlemen eminent as meteorologists. RANGE AND RANCEI CATTLE TRAFFIC. 9 1. In a letter addressed to the chief of this Bureau, under date of February 23, 1885, Prof. Elias Loomis, of Yale College, says: There is no doubt that the westerly winds which blow over the Rocky Mountains are very dry winds when they reach the eastern slope of those mountains, and they appear to have lost a very considerable part of their moisture by the precipitation which took place on the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas. I have examined this subject in a paper published in the American Journal of Science for July, 1881, and I here with send you a copy of this paper. As the result of this dryness, the mean an- nual rainfall between the Sierra Nevadas and the meridian of 100° is, with slight ex- ceptions, less than 15 inches. This is shown by the latest rain-charts published by the Smithsonian Institution. - Throughout all the southern part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, with the exception of the Atlantic coast, a considerable part of the rainfall is evidently due to vapor, which comes from the Gulf of Mexico. This influence is very decided up to the parallel of 36°, and is probably felt in a diminished degree still further north. Near the Atlantic Coast the amount of rainfall is evidently increased by vapor which comes from the Atlantic Ocean. For the remaining portion of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains the vapor which furnishes the rainfall may come, to some extent, from these two sources, but it is chiefly derived from the chain of the Great Lakes, from the rivers, small lakes and collections of water, and from the moist earth. 2. In a letter addressed to the chief of this Bureau, under date of April 9, 1885, Mr. Silas Bent, of Saint Louis, says: The ocean temperature of the North Pacific remains pretty much the same through- out the year and is, as I have before said, about 70° or 75° F. The temperature of the land, however, along the coasts of Oregon, Washington Territory, and the lower regions of Idaho, is much higher than that of the ocean in the summer time, and much lower in the winter season. The vapor laden west winds, which come to those coasts from across the Pacific, partake of the temperature of the ocean, and being cooler than the land in sum- mer, are expanded by the contact rather than contracted, and of course yield no pre- cipitation, but in the winter, being warmer than the land, thay are contracted by the contact, and give forth the mists and rain which envelop that whole region through- out that season, and which mists and rain are congealed into snow, only when those winds reach the mountains, where the temperature is below the freezing point. 3. In a letter addressed to the chief of this Bureau, under date of March 6, 1885, Capt. Samuel M. Mills, Acting Chief Signal Officer, United States Army, says: - Your questions relate to general theories which are not easily discussed in a few words. It seems probable that evaporation from the Kuro Siwo is no more important than that from the remainder of the Pacific Ocean. . The southwest wind that north of California passes over the Rocky Mountains and deposits rain on our Pacific Coast, undoubtedly draws most of its moisture from the Pacific Ocean ; it loses more of its moisture on the immediate coast than in the neigh- borhood of the crest of the Rocky Mountains, but is by no means depleted; on the average its dew-point falls about fifteen degrees Fahrenheit before reaching the crest. This corresponds to a loss of about 40 per cent. of its moisture. Having passed the crest it does not furnish any more rain until its 60 per cent. residuum has been increased either by local evaporation or by mixing with moist air from some distant source, Such as the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Great Lakes, &c. The facts hereinbefore presented, showing that the principal precipi- tation of moisture throughout the great elevated dry area of the interior 1() RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. east of the Rocky Mountains occurs during the summer months, and that the principal precipitation west of the Rocky Mountains occurs during the winter months, and the views expressed by Prof. Elias Loomis, and by Mr. Silas Bent, and by Capt. Samuel M. Mills, of the United States Signal Service, seem to lead to the following hypothesis, viz: that, as stated by Mr. Bent, the winds blowing eastwardly from the Pacific Ocean during the summer months are cooler than the land, and that they are expanded rather than contracted by passing over the land. After passing the Rocky Mountain summit they retain a consid- erable proportion of their moisture, but not enough generally to produce precipitation, the dew-point being as stated by Capt. Mills, considerably below the temperature of the air. But by mixing with air laden with moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and with vapors which arise by evaporation from the Great Lakes, from rivers and small collections of water, and from the moist earth of the area east of the Mississippi River, as stated by Professor Loomis, such evaporation being abundant during the summer months, the dew-point is reached and pre- cipitation takes place. The fact that the area here referred to is especially subject to violent atmospheric disturbances, clearly due to the contact of strata of air dif- fering in temperature, amount of moisture and electrical condition, ap- pears to prove the intermingling of air from the Gulf of Mexico, and from the area east of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers with the winds blowing eastwardly from the Pacific Ocean. This subject is clearly elucidated by Mr. Silas Bent in his interesting article entitled “The Birth of the Tornado,” and also in Appendix No. 58. The great range and ranch cattle area evidently receives its limited supply of moisture from various sources and under exceedingly variable and complex conditions. The subject is one of great public and scien- tific interest, and it is worthy of a very full and careful investigation by the Government. TEIE PRACTIC AIBILITY OF INC REASING THE AMOUNT OF RAINFALL TEIROUGHOUT THE - G-REAT INTERIOR DRY ARE A. The question of increasing the amount of rainfall throughout the ex- tensive dry area of the interior of the country is one of the most impor- tant economic problems of the age. The theory is held by some that the culture of trees will tend to in- crease the precipitation of moisture, and, accordingly, under the provi- sions of the so-called timber-culture laws, any individual may procure 160 acres of land upon complying with certain conditions as to the cul- ture of trees upon a part of such lands. This theory h as its earnest ad- vocates, but it is sharply controverted by others. Perhaps the ablest and most conspicuous of its advocates is Dr. Franklin B. Hough, of Lowville, N. Y., an agent of the Department of Agriculture on Forestry RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 11 and an eminent writer upon that subject. Dr. Hough has in a letter addressed to the chief of this Bureau briefly stated the reasons upon which his views are based. (See Appendix No. 14.) ~. There are those who believe that the construction of railroads and telegraph lines throughout the dry area has tended to increase the amount of rainfall in that region. • It is also held by others that the system of irrigation, whereby the water of the streams which come down from the Rocky Mountains and their various spurs is turned upon the dry land, instead of allowing it to run off into the great rivers which flow easterly and empty into the Mississippi River, will tend to increase the rainfall in the dry area, from the copious evaporation which takes place from such irrigated lands. This appears to be a plausible theory, for it is based upon the known course of natural forces, but the extent to which the expedient is avail- able is yet to be ascertained. It is, however, certain that by this means a very large area can be reclaimed to profitable agriculture. As a gen- eral rule it is found that the crops of irrigated lands are more abundant and more reliable than those of lands watered by natural rainfall. Another expedient for obtaining water throughout this vast area is that of sinking artesian wells. By this means a considerable amount of water could be secured for the use of cattle. The effect of this would, however, be to open up extensive areas to grazing now comparatively unavailable, for the reason that they are too remote from water. It is evident that any practical expedient for increasing the amount of precipitation throughout the dry area will also be the means of sup- plying, through re-evaporation and recondensation the return to the earth of moisture originally drawn from the great primary source of Continental precipitation—the Ocean. - It appears to be a well-established fact that in the States of Kansas and Nebraska the limits of the area sufficiently watered by natural rain- fall for agricultural purposes has during the last twenty years moved westward from 150 to 200 miles. This seems to present the promise of an extensive reclamation to the arts of agriculture of lands now available only as pasturage. It is believed that this westward extension of the area of agricultural lands is due mainly to the increased amount of evaporation from lands brought under culture in the Western and North- western States. The foregoing facts seem to indicate the wisdom of a tentative and expectant policy regarding the disposition of the lands of the dry area now embraced in the public domain, especially in Kan- sas and Nebraska, and the Territories of Dakota, Montana, and Wy- oming. Such lands should not be regarded as necessarily and for all time, merely pastoral lands. The matters just treated of seem also to suggest the national im- portance of a careful and extended study of the meteorology and cli- matology of the great dry area, and a close observation of the effect of 12 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. all efforts which are being made to secure an increased precipitation of moisture, and thus to reclaim to agriculture a large part, at least, of that Vast area. * - CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE AREA WITH RESPECT TO TEMPERATURE. " The characteristics of the range and ranch cattle area, with respect to temperature during the different seasons of the year, are very clearly exhibited in the census temperature charts, and also in the annual re- ports of the Chief Signal Officer of the War Department. On Map No. 1, at the end of this report, are delineated the January isothermal lines. These indicate approximately the relative severity of the winter sea- son in various parts of the range and ranch cattle area. It will be ob- served that these isotherms pay little heed to parallels of latitude. For example, the January isotherm of 30° sweeps in an apparently fantastic course through 14° of latitude, equal to 967 statute miles, between Washington Territory and New Mexico. Such wide departures of the isothermal lines from the parallels of latitude are due mainly to the hypsometric characteristics of the continent, and especially to its oro- logical features. These causes of thermal conditions are very clearly illustrated on Map No. 4, at the end of this report, which map is a hyp- Sometric sketch of the United States. . It will be observed that the point of lowest January temperature along the northern boundary-line of the United States is about where that line is crossed by the Red River of the North, the boundary between the State of Minnesota and the Territory of Dakota. It will also be observed that the mean January temperature rises from a little below zero at that point to 200 above zero in the northern part of the Territory of Idaho, and to 300 above zero where the boundary-line between Washington Territory and British Columbia touches Puget Sound. The northwest winds which during the winter months blow over Montana and Wyoming, and which also sometimes reach Western Da- kota and Nebraska and Northern Colorado, are comparatively Warm winds, and evidently come from the Pacific Ocean. They are com- monly known as Chinook winds. During certain seasons these Winds have been so warm and so long continued as to melt the snows and to break up the ice in the Upper Missouri River and its principal tribu- taries. As the swelling waters, filled with broken masses of ice, flow onward, they at length reach a point in Dakota or Nebraska where the effect of the Chinook winds has not been felt, and where the Missouri River is solidly frozen. This, in certain instances, has caused wide- spread and damaging overflows. - It has been found that cattle do not suffer much from the Severity of the temperature of the northern ranges so long as they are able to ob- RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 13 tain an abundance of nutritious food. This is always the case when the winter snows are light, or when they are blown off the high lands. The storms most disastrous to cattle are usually those which occur in the latter part of the winter or early spring, and When, after a rain- fall, the grasses and shrubbery become covered with ice, and for seve- 'al days the cattle are almost entirely cut off from their food supply. Losses from the severity of the weather occur in every State and Terri- tory from Texas to Montana. Sometimes it happens, as has been the case during the past winter, that the losses from the severity of the weather have been even greater in Texas than in Montana. Range cattle usually have heavy coats of hair which, when Saturated with rain and frozen, cause their sufferings to be much greater than when exposed to extremely cold but dry weather. The regions where losses on account of the weather are least are generally those where the cattle are best able to obtain sufficient food, and where they can readily find natural shelter- ing places from the violence of the winds. THE RELATIONS OF THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE BUSINESS TO THE INTERESTS OF THE INDIANS, The massacre of General Custer and his detachment on the 25th of June, 1876, at Little Big Horn, Dakota, near the present location of Fort Custer, led to the adoption of a more stringent policy on the part of the United States Government with respect to requiring the Indians to remain upon their reservations. During the five years following that tragic event our valiant little army, widely scattered over a vast area, had many bloody encounters with the Indians. At last the spirit of re- sistance was broken, and Montana, Idaho, and Dakota became compara- tively safe for the introduction of the range-cattle business, which had already become known in Colorado and Wyoming as a highly attractive enterprise, and a speedy avenue to wealth. In the course of a few years, hundreds of thousands of cattle, almost all of them driven from the State of Texas as yearlings and two-year-olds, were quietly grazing throughout the former haunts of the buffalo, and the cowboy, armed and equipped, a bold rider, and valiant in fight, became the dominating power throughout vast areas where but a few years before the Indian had bidden defiance to the advancement of the arts of civilization. The Question of Indian Wars was thus forever settled in the region men- tioned. Montana, Idaho, and Dakota now afford as much security for life and property as do the States on the Atlantic seaboard. In the year 1864 a regiment of Colorado militia, under Colonel Chiv- ington, attacked a camp of hostile Indians at Spring Creek, near Kit Carson, and administered to them a punishment which exerted an im- portant influence in breaking the spirit of resistance in the more South- erly portion of the range and ranch cattle area. In this section, as at the north, the land has been subdued to the purposes of the miner, the agriculturist, and the herdsman. 14 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. The only difficulties now experienced from the Indians result from their leaving their reservations in certain of the Territories. When thus permitted to wander off they frequently steal cattle from the herdsmen. Such incursions are usually made singly or in small bodies. The National Convention of Cattlemen, held at Saint Louis, Mo., No. vember 17 to 22, 1884, passed the following preamble and resolutions upon this subject: Whereas the Indians in various sections have virtually been forced by the inade- quacy of Government supplies to forage outside of their reservations; and Whereas, in New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Nevada, Montana, and Eastern Oregon and Dakota permits are given each year to irresponsible bands of Indians to roam at will over the lands beyond the limits of their reservations, whereby greaf damage by fire and depredations is entailed upon the live-stock industry and hostile collision with rangemen made imminent : Now, therefore, I'esolved (1), That it is the sense of this convention that all the covenants of the Government with the Indians should be most scrupulously and honestly carried out. Resolved (2), That the Indians named in the preamble, having been granted the ex- clusive use of vast areas of public domain, should be rigidly restricted to the limits of such reservations. In View of the fact that the Government has adopted, and has long maintained, the policy of preventing hostilities with the Indians by lo- Cating them on reservations, upon which white men are not allowed to trespass, and of feeding and clothing the Indians so located, it appears but just to settlers and to those who are pursuing legitimate and useful occupations upon the public lands, whereby the people of the country are better supplied with cheap beef, that the desire of the cattlemen for the better protection of their interests should be respected. THE OCCUPANCY OF LANDS BY HERDSMEN IN THE INDIAN TERRITORY AND ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS. Important questions have arisen in regard to the grazing of cattle upon the lands of the Indian Territory and upon Indian reservations. As shown on map No. 1, at the end of this report, more than three- fourths of the Indian Territory is now embraced in the great range and ranch cattle area of the United States. To a great extent the cattle business in that Territory is carried on by members of the various tribes, the same being either full-blooded Indians, or so-called “half- breeds,” and by white men who, by marriage with Indian women, have become identified with the several tribes. But for many years a large part of the Indian Territory was unoccupied by the Indians for grazing or any other purpose. This led at first to the unauthorized, but per- mitted, occupancy of such lands by herdsmen, chiefly from Kansas and Missouri; but subsequently permits or licenses were granted by the In- dians to herdsmen to graze their cattle upon such lands on payment of a stipulated rental to the several tribes to whom the lands belonged, or to whose use they had been dedicated and set apart by the National Government under treaty stipulations. The Senate of the United States, on the 3d of December, 1884, RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 15 adopted a resolution inquiring what leases of lands have been made in the Indian Territory, or Indian reservations, for grazing or other pur- poses, the number of acres embraced by each of such leases, the terms thereof, and the persons, corporations, or associations named therein as lessees, also as to the circumstances under which such leases have been made. The Secretary of the Interior submitted a reply to this resolu- tion under date of January 3, 1885. He first states that in years past owners of cattle used quite exten- sively the unoccupied lands of the Indians by sufferance and without any compensation in the nature of rental, except presents to certain in- fluential chiefs apparently for the purpose of winning their favor. It was "ound, however, that such unregulated occupancy led to waste, by the cutting and carrying off of large quantities of black-walnut and ºl. 6 valuable timber. Finally it was deemed best to allow the In- dians to grant to responsible parties the exclusive right to graze cattle within specific limits. By this means waste was prevented, and lands not used by the Indians became a source of revenue to them. Referring especially to the lands of the Cherokee Nation, the Secre- tary explains the nature of the tenure of such lands for grazing purposes as follows: The privilege to graze cattle is but a license and not a lease. It conveys no in- terest in the lands occupied. It is true that the Indians did attempt to make leases with a fixed period during which the parties would, if the power existed, have all the rights of lessees, but doubting the power to make, as well as the policy of such leas- ing, I declined to approve the same as a lease, but did treat them as amounting to a license, to be revoked by the Indians at will. The view taken by the Secretary is that the privilege granted by the Indians to herdsmen simply amounts to the sale of a crop, and in Sup- port of the right of the Cherokee Nation to do this he says: Under the decisions of the courts as to the title by which they hold their lands, and the guarantee pledged them by the United States in the 16th article of the treaty of 1866, can any one question or doubt their right to make such a disposition of the grass growing on their lands as they have made, whether it is called a lease, license, or permit 2 The land is theirs and they have an undoubted right to use it in any way that a white man would use it with the same character of title, and an attempt to deprive the nation of the right would be in direct conflict with the treaty as well as the plain words of the patent. - During the year 1884 the following amounts were paid to the differ. ent tribes of the Indian Territory by individuals and corporations for the privilege of grazing cattle: Cheyennes and Arapahoes • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = a - a - - - - - - - - - - $77,351 60 Poncas -------------------------------v- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,700 00 Otoes ------------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2, 100 00 Pawnees. -------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4, 500 00 Sac and Fox---------------------------------------------------------- 4,000 00 Osages ------------------ --------------------------------------------- 13, 160 00 Quapaws.------------------------------------------------------------- 3,000 00 RioWas --------------------------------------------------------------- 2,080 00 *R*= *ms Total ---------- * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *------- - - - - - - - - - - - 1 07, 891 60 16 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. In addition to this the Cherokees have received $100,000 for grazing on the lands known as the Cherokee strip or outlet. In his report the Secretary of the Interior, while expressing his ap- proval of the policy of leasing, asserts that in his opinion the amounts paid do not constitute an adequate compensation. The payment to the Cheyennes and Arapahoes amounted to only 2 cents an acre, or an average of $12.33 per capita of these tribes. The Secretary asserts his belief that these lands might be leased at from 4 to 6 cents per acre. It is a fact generally well known that the occupancy of lands in the Indian Territory by white men for grazing cattle, even under such licenses or permits as constitute them simply tenants by sufferance upon as- signed lands, and the occupancy also of certain unassigned lands for the same purpose, the title of which lands is in the Government of the United States, has been regarded as a sort of precedent under which persons proposing to become actual settlers have sought to acquire homes upon such unassigned lands, which are commonly known as the “Oklahoma country.” These pretensions have invariably been resisted by the National Government. The subject is now being inves"igated by the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. As stated elsewhere, it is against the general policy of the Government touching the disposition of the public lands to lease them to cattlemen; therefore it has not been deemed proper to establish any precedent of that sort by leasing lands in the Indian Territory held in trust by the United States for the use of Indians and freedmen. The granting of permits to graze cattle has also been practiced on the reservations north of the Indian Territory. To what extent this is done cannot here be definitely stated. In a recent letter to this office Mr. E. W. Smalley, of Saint Paul, says: There seems to be no general rule about leases. On one reservation I visited last . summer I found the exclusive privilege of pasturing cattle was leased to a single indi- vidual; on another there were several leases, while on still another, that of the Flat- heads, the agent did not even allow himself the privilege of having cattle on the Tange. After considering the legal points involved in the various questions which had arisen with respect to the right of the Indians to permit white men to occupy a part of their lands for the grazing of cattle, amd the right of the United States Government, under the provision of law, of treaty, and of conveyance, to permit white men thus to occupy the lands of the Indians or to obtain the necessary licenses, the Secretary of the Interior, in the document before referred to, clearly and forcibly discusses, first, the questions of property and proprietary rights in- volved in such leases, or licenses for grazing cattle on Indian reserva- tions, and second, the question of policy as to whether the interests of the Indians and of the people of the United States demand that the In- dians should be allowed to continue to own large and valuable tracts of land which are not needed by them, and which might be used for the settlement and development of the country. RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. - 17 Upon the first of these points the Secretary says: The laws excluding white men from Indian reservations were enacted for the ben- efit of the Indians. In all cases where the Department has felt that the presence of white men on the reservation was injurious to the Indians they have been removed. In all cases where the Indians have asked their removal the Department has acceded to the wishes of the Indians and caused their removal, without reference to the ques- tion whether their presence was injurious or not. On the other hand, if the Indians favored their remaining, they have rarely been disturbed, and never, unless as before stated, their presence was clearly injurious to the Indians. This applies to the un- civilized tribes. But it is manifestly unfair to the Indians to exclude white men from their midst whose presence they desire and declare to be beneficial to them, and it should not be done unless their presence is clearly injurious to the Indians. It cannot be demonstrated that the permission given by the Indians to the owners of cattle to graze them on the Indian lands is injurious to the Indians. Isolation of the Indians from the white man was once thought necessary to protect him from the vices of civilization, but such isolation, even if desirable, has now become impossible. But such isolation is not desirable, and the Indian will become civilized much more readily when he comes in daily contact with white men, and certainly so if such con- tact is of his own choice and seeking. If the lands so occupied by cattlemen are not required for the grazing of the herds of Indians or for agricultural purposes, the In- dians are not only benefited by contact with the whites, but by the compensation received for such grazing privileges. Upon the second point above noticed the Secretary expresses the fol- lowing opinion: I do not propose that the Government shall confiscate these lands, or open them to settlement without proper compensation to the Indians, and while the title is held either by the Indians, or the Government for them, they should be prohibited from intrusion by unauthorized persons, and allowed to receive all the advantages that can be had from the ownership or occupation of such lands. But the interest of the Indians and of the people of the United States demands that they should not be al- lowed to own large and valuable tracts to the exclusion of the settlers, when such lands are not needed by the Indians. . It is a misfortune to any country to have its lands held in large tracts by few owners, and it is the more so if held by owners who neither make use of it themselves nor allow others to do so. The relation of Indian population to area of reservations is stated as follows with respect to the Indian Territory and the Indian reserva. tions of Dakota and Montana, viz: Crow Creek, Devil's Lake, Fort Ber- thold, Lake Traverse, Old Winnebago, Ponca, Sioux, Turtle Mountain and Yankton in Dakota, and the Blackfeet, Crow, and Jocko in Mon- tana, each of which is shown upon map No. 1, at the end of this report. Population } Reservations. Area. Population. per square mile. - . - Sq. miles. Nwºnber. Number. Indian Territory ---------------------------------------- ------- 64, 223 82, 334 1, 28 Reservations in Dakota --------------------------------------- 41, 949 31, 051 , 74 Reservations in Montana -------------------------------------- 43, 434 14, 775 . 34 How small relatively is this Indian population in proportion to the area of land occupied is indicated by the following comparison, show- 18 - RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. ing the population per square mile of the Indian Territory and reserva- tions in Dakota and Montana and in certain of the States: Reservations and States. Population. Reservations and States. Population. - | - Sq. mile. | - Sq. mile. Indian Territory.--------------------- 1.28 || Louisiana. --------------------------. 20. 7 Indian reservations in Dakota . . . . . . . . . 74 Texas . .----------------------------- 6, 1 Indian reservations in Montana ...... . 34 Mississippi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24.4 Minnesota ---------------------------. 9.80 || Ohio.------------------------------- 78.5 Iowa---------------------------------- 29.3 || Pennsylvania.-----------------------. 95. 2. Missouri. ---------------------------- ...i 31, 5 || New York--------------------------. 106.7 Arkansas. ---------------------------- 15. 1 il Massachusetts. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. 221.8 | The Indian population of the United States is estimated by the Com- missioner of Indian Affairs to be as follows: - The five civilized tribes of the Indian Territory: Cherokees------------------------------------------------------------- 23,000 Creeks ---------------------------------------------------------------- 14,000 Choctaws ----------------------------------------------- as sº sº tº e º 'º sº sº tº as s as sº 18,000 Chickasaws ---------------------------------------------------------- - 6,000 Seminoles------------------------------------------------------------- 3,000 - . 64,000 All others------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 200,000 Total --------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 264,000 Upon the subject of the reduction of the size of some of the principal reservations, Mr. E. W. Smalley says in a letter addressed to this office: “Considerable new territory will be thrown open to the stock indus- try by the reductions of the large Indian reservations in Dakota and Montana. .. “The great Sioux Reservation in Western Dakota could be reduced to one-third of its present dimensions without any injury to the interests of the Indians. Measures are already in progress for cutting down about one-half the area of the Crow Reservation in Montana, which is now about as large as the State of Connecticut. The portion to be released from Indian control is nearly all excellent bunch-grass range. The largest of all the existing reservations is that of the Black Feet, Pie- gans, River Crows, and other tribes lying between the Upper Missouri and the British boundary, which covers an area about equal to that of the State of Ohio. “It is proposed by the Indian Commission to establish three small res. ervations within this Territory and to restore the remainder of the old reservation to the public domain. Nearly all the area which will thus be thrown open to white settlement consists of good grazing land. The Milk River Valley, which now lies wholly within the reservation, is es- pecially valuable for range purposes, combined with farming by irriga- tion on the bottom lands near the river and its tributaries. In Wash- RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 19 ington Territory much good grass land has lately been added to the , open range country by the reduction of the Moses Reservation. “To confine the Indians in Smaller areas than were assigned to them when they lived by hunting, is to put them in the way of becoming civ- ilized. The game which once furnished them with food and clothing is now gone, and the nomadic life encouraged by the possession of enor- mous reservations is not favorable to the formation of habits of industry. “With the opening of new ranges by the reduction of Indian reserva- tions and the better stocking of the existing ranges, the cattle industry has a large field for further development.” Since the vast area over which the Indians once roamed for the mere purpose of hunting and following a nomadic life has been devoted to the use of white men engaged in industrial pursuits, and the buffalo has been driven off, a nomadic mode of life within that region is no longer possible; therefore reservations far beyond the needs of the Indians are to them a curse rather than a blessing. The sentiment that civilization has the right of way to the future on this continent, in its application to the reduction of the size of the great Indian res- ervations, appears to be dictated not only by sound views of public policy regarding the use of such lands by white men, but also by the moral obligation of according to the Indians Just and humane treat- ment and placing them under such conditions as shall inculcate in them habits of industry and render them self-sustaining. CAPACITY OF THE RANGES FOR GRAZING PURPOSES. The capacity of the range and ranch lands of the United States for grazing cattle, differs widely in the several States, Territories, and sec- tions as the result of differences in the quantity and quality of nutri- tious grasses produced, the Water supply, and the extent to which natural shelter is available for cattle during Storms. In Texas from five to thirty acres of land per head are required, and on the northern ranges almost the same differences are observable in different localities. The ultimate limit of the capacity of the entire range and ranch cat- tle area of the United States for grazing, and the magnitude of its possible annual product can of course only be ascertained from the re- sults of experience. It is evident, from the best available information, that the number of cattle on ranches and ranges in Texas might be greatly increased. Mr. George B. Loving, of Fort Worth, Tex., in reply to inquiries addressed to him by this office, expresses the opinion that by providing reservoirs, sinking artesian Wells, and destroying the prairie dogs, which, in certain parts of the State, consume a larger Quantity of the nutritious grasses than is consumed by cattle, the num- ber of range and ranch cattle pastured in that State might perhaps be doubled. - -* It is impossible at the present time even approximately to estimate the proportion of the available range lands in the northern part of the 11991 R C so t) 20 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. great dry area which are as yet unoccupied, or the extent to which the supply of grasses within the nominally occupied portions exceeds the supply necessary for the Sustenance and fattening of cattle now grazing thereupon. There appears to be a tendency on the part of those who have already occupied the ground to promulgate the idea that the ranges are fully stocked, and that there is, therefore, no room for additional herds. But intelligent observers who have prospected the different parts of the great cattle area north of Texas assert that two, three, or even four times the number of cattle now upon the ranges can be fed upon them. Experience proves that cattle cannot advantageously graze more than 6 or 8 miles from water. The result is that vast areas now well grassed are of little value on account of their remoteness from water. The ren- dering of such lands available for the cattle business of course turns largely upon the practicability of procuring thereupon adequate sup- plies of water by means of artesian wells or by reservoirs for collecting rain-water. PROFITABLENESS OF THE RANGE CATTLE BUSINESS. The range cattle business of the western and northwestern portions of the great cattle area of course differs widely in the various localities and sections as to its profitableness. This is due to differences of con- ditions as to water supply, the quantity and quality of grasses, shelter, the number of calves produced, extent of winter losses, and the manage- ment of herds. As a rule the business has yielded large profits. This is clearly indicated by the large amounts of capital which have been invested in it during the last fifteen years. Many large fortunes have been made at the business within a comparatively brief period. Hundreds of men who embarked in the business a few years ago, with exceedingly limited means, are now ranked as “cattle kings.” In cer- tain instances women also have successfully engaged in the enterprise, and two or three of their number have already won the soubriquet of “ cattle queen.” But like all enterprises yielding extraordinary results in the begin- ning, competition has in many sections already reduced the average profits approximately to the limits usually attained in commercial enter- prises. Mr. E. W. Smalley states that the usual profits on long-established ranges in Wyoming and Montana vary from 20 to 30 per cent. per an- num on the capital invested. The following is from his statement, in Appendix No. 1: “The average cost of raising a steer on the ranges, not including in- terest on the capital invested, is usually estimated by the large stock- owners at from 75 cents to $1.25 a year. Thus a steer four years old ready for market has cost the owner $4 or $5 to raise. When driven to the railroad he is worth from $25 to $45. A recent estimate, approved RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 21 by a number of Wyoming ranchmen, places the profit at the end of the third year on a herd consisting of 2,000 cows with 1,000 yearlings, and 35 short-horn bulls, representing in all, with ranch improvements and horses, an investment of about $70,000, at $40,000.” The completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and the construc- tion of other railroads in the Territories during the past two or three years, caused the price of range cattle to advance. Thus large profits were realized from the sale of herds. Generally it is found that the average cost per head of the manage- ment of large herds is much less than that of small herds. The ten- dency in the range cattle business of late years has therefore been toward a reduction in the number of herds, and generally toward the consolidation of the business in the hands of individuals, corporations, and associations. It is stated that a single cattle company in Wyoming advertises the ownership of ninety different brands, each one of which formerly represented a herd.constituting a separate property. In opposition to the tendency toward consolidation, there is also the tendency toward separate ownerships on the part of homestead, pre- emption, and “desert-land ” settlers, through the privileges afforded them under the public land laws of the United States. THE BREEDING OF CATTLE ON THE NORTHERN RANGES, As already stated, the northern ranges were originally stocked with young cattle, chiefly steers, driven from Texas. For several years it was supposed that Texas must continue to be almost exclusively the breeding ground, and that the northern ranges would for all time he the maturing and fattening ground for Texas cattle. But an impor. tant change has taken place in this regard. The raising of cattle on the northern ranges has met with an encouraging degree of success. At the present time many of the large cattle-owners and herdsmen of Mon- tana, Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, and it is believed also of Colorado, are of the opinion that it is more profitable for them to raise their young cattle than to import them from Texas. - It is a well-established fact that cows in Texas produce more calves than cows on the northern ranges. The general opinion appears to be to the effect that about 90 per cent. of the cows of Texas drop calves every year. Wide differences of opinion are, however, expressed as to the increase on the northern ranges. The estimates vary from 50 to 70 per cent. of the number of cows. Hon. Martin E. Post, late Delegate in Congress, from Wyoming, estimates the average increase at from 50 to 60 per cent. of the total number of cows, and the increase from two-year- old heifers at 40 per cent. He adds, however, that every two- cattle raised in Wyoming are worth three raised in Texas. While Texas cattle are largely purchased for stocking ranges at the north, the policy upon the well-established ranges appears to be quite 22 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. generally favorable to maintaining and increasing the stocks upon such ranges by keeping a sufficient number of cows and bulls for breeding purposes. This change of policy has led to a disposition on the part of the northern-range cattlemen to oppose the driving of young cattle from Texas to the north, which spirit of opposition has manifested itself in hostility to the proposition for the establishment of a national cattle- trail. In so far as such opposition is based upon considerations of a commercial nature, namely, the shutting off of the competition of Texas cattle-breeders from the northern ranges, it could not, of course, meet any co-operation whatever from the National Government, as that would be to favor the restriction of free competition in a legitimate trade. Nor does it appear to be becoming in the northern owners of herds to seek such protection so long as they enjoy the privilege by sufferance of allowing their cattle to graze upon the public domain. The practical effect of breeding cattle on the northern ranges and of the efforts made to raise the grade of such cattle by the importation of high-grade bulls is seen in the improved quality of the beef cattle shipped to market from the northern ranges. * THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE BREED OF RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE, During the last ten or twelve years the thought of the leading range and ranch cattle herdsmen, as well as of settlers, within the great cattle belt has been turned toward the subject of improving the quality of their stock. This has been accomplished, first, by the shipment of young “native” cattle of the States east of the Missouri River to the western and northwestern ranges, there to be matured and fattened for market. Efforts in the direction of improving the breed of range cattle have also been made by crossing the “native ’’ and the Texas cows with bulls of the higher breeds of beef cattle, and chiefly with those of the Short-horn, Hereford, Polled Angus, and Galloway breeds. To what extent it is practicable to improve the grade of cattle on the range that are compelled to seek their own food and Water, and such shelter against storms as they can find in valleys and mountain gorges and in the “coulees” of the broken ranges from the time they are dropped until they are driven to the railroad depot for shipment to market, and permanently to maintain such improvement under the conditions men- tioned, is yet to be ascertained. The following remarks upon this point by ex-Governor Crittenden, of Missouri, before the National Convention of Cattlemen held in Saint Louis in November, 1884, are of interest : “The highest and most successful type of cattle is the product of the highest artificial condition, and you can only maintain this high stand- ard by the continuance of the conditions. Our increasing population requires the observance of these conditions, and it is useless in the opin ions of many to refine blood without at the same time supplying and RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 23 maintaining those artificial aids and surroundings so necessary to the growth, the comfort, and early maturity of the beast. You practical men must be the judges how far those aids must extend. “I can only say if those aids are extended enough they will pay; if insufficient for the refined blood, loss will ensue. Palace-bred animals will wither in a wilderness or in an unprotected condition. Good man- gers and good managers produce good cattle, provided good surround- ings are had. You must in the growth of cattle do one of two things: breed a race of cattle fitted to the existing conditions or fit the condi- tions to our high-bred cattle. Which will pay is the question.” It seems to be evident that high-bred cattle, which owe their develop- ment by heredity to the care and protection which they have for many generations received at the hands of man, would be likely to retro- grade if deprived of such conditions of care and protection upon the bleak ranges of the Northwestern Territories. This suggests the thought that the higher-bred animals are more likely to thrive under the management of actual settlers than under the management of the large herdsmen, for the reason that the settlers are usually prepared to shelter their cattle against the rigors of winter and to supply them with food at times when the natural supply is cut off by snow and ice. The large herdsmen, on the other hand, must, under existing conditions, leave their cattle to struggle for existence against all the adverse con- ditions of cold, and winds, and weather. It is, however, the prevailing opinion that the efforts which are being made toward the improvement of the breed of range cattle will result in producing cattle greatly superior in quality, not only to the Texan, but also to the native stock, and marked by physical character- istics adapting them to life upon the range. Important advances have already been made in this direction. -- Attention is invited to the interesting and valuable statements upon this subject by Hon. Martin E. Post, late Delegate in Congress from the Territory of Wyoming. Mr. Post refers particularly to the efforts in this direction on the northern ranges. (See Appendix No. 49.) In Texas also great attention is paid to the subject of the improve- ment of the breed of range and ranch cattle, and with a gratifying de- gree of success. Attention is invited to a statement upon this subject by Mr. D. W. Hinkle, of San Antonio. (See Appendix No. 23.) THE TEXAS CATTLE-TRAIL AND THE MALADY KNOWN AS TEXAS FEVER, The driving of cattle from Texas to the northern ranges, to be there matured and fattened, is a business which has grown up chiefly during the last fifteen years. Such cattle consist mainly of young steers one and two years old, with a small proportion of heifers. Not only is it found to be a source of profit thus to utilize the extensive northern 24 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. ranges, but it has been ascertained that the Texas cattle, when driven north, increase in weight more rapidly than if raised and prepared for market on the Texas ranges. It is said that Texas steers driven north at the age of two years will weigh on the average, when four years old, about 200 pounds more than if kept in Texas until they have reached the same age. The quality of their beef is also greatly improved as the result of the migration. This is attributed to the fact that the mat- ural grasses of the higher latitudes are more nutritious than those of Texas and therefore more fattening, and also to the stimulus of the high and dry areas of the northern ranges. The cattle driven north from Texas embrace, first, beef cattle three and four years old and upwards, in condition for the markets, and, Sec- ond, young cattle for stocking the northern ranges. The beef cattle ready for marketing are generally shipped at points in Western Kansas, Over the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad and the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Kansas City, Saint Louis, and Chicago. The great herds of young cattle driven north to the ranges of Nebraska, Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming have latterly been sold chiefly at Dodge City, in Kansas, and at Ogallala, in Nebraska. . Owing to the difficulty of driving cattle through sections of the coun- try to any considerable extent settled and fenced in farms, the markets in Kansas for the sale of Texas cattle have always been located near the western line of settlements, but the influx of population has gradu- ally crowded these frontier markets farther and farther west. In the years 1870, 1871, and 1872 the chief Texas cattle markets of Kansas were at Newton, in Harvey County, on the line of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad, and at Abilene, in Dickinson County, on the line of the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Later those markets were located at Great Bend, on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad, and at Ellsworth, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, and still later they were moved to Dodge City, on the former railroad, and to Hayes City, on the latter. For several years past, however, Dodge City, in Kansas, and Ogallala, in Nebraska, on the line of the Union Pacific Railroad, have been the chief markets for the sale of Texas cattle for the northern ranges. From those points the young cattle have been driven to the ranges of Nebraska, Dakota, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. The movement has varied in magnitude from year to year, but during the year 1884 it is said to have amounted to about 400,000 head. THE TEXAS FEVER. In common with almost all human enterprises, the most promising and beneficial not excepted, the movement of young cattle from the great breeding grounds of Texas to the vast northern ranges is beset by an adverse condition. In this instance it is the destructive bovine RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 25 disease commonly known as “Texas” fever, but also designated as “splenic” fever, and as “Spanish” fever. It is proposed to consider this disease in its commercial aspect. Its cause and its pathology are as yet involved in mystery. Wide differ- ences of opinion prevail in regard to both. It has been attributed to bacterial and bacillic organisms, but the existence of such supposed germs throws no light upon the subject, for it is an unsolved problem as to whether they are a cause or an effect of disease. A few general facts of commercial significance, touching the manifestation of Texas fever, appear, however, to be pretty well established. Its cause, what- ever it may be, is undoubtedly persistent, and yet it is not invariable as to the circumstances attending its appearance. It is endemic rather than epidemic. The low lands, bordering upon the Gulf of Mexico, are undoubtedly the locality of its origin. This infected area is believed to embrace somewhat more than one half of the State of Texas. On map No. 1, at the end of the report, is shown the line which marks approxi- mately, at least, the northern limit of this area. So long as cattle born and raised in this Gulf section remain there, Texas fever is unknown among them. But when they are driven or transported to the northern part of Texas, or to the States and Terri- tories of the northwest, they communicate the disease to the cattle of these more northern latitudes. Such infection of northern cattle ap- pears to be invariably the result of their walking over, or feeding upon, the trails along which Texas cattle have passed. The Southern Texas cattle on their way north, in most cases, suffer a constitutional disturb- ance apparently attributable to change of food and climate, but it is said that usually they are not affected by what is distinctively known as “Texas' fever. This appears to involve the apparent paradox of their imparting a disease which they themselves do not have. Never- theless there is a consensus of opinion among careful observers indicat- ing that this is really the case, and the opinion appears to command popular belief. The theory now generally held is, that the cause of the disease exists in a latent state in the cattle of Southern Texas, under conditions of climate and food which produce no impairment of the health of the animal, but that during migration towards the north, such latent cause of disease passes off in fecal matter, and is inhaled or taken into the stomachs of the northern animals when they feed upon the ground over which the Texas cattle have passed. In other words, the disease is believed to be an incident of a changed condition in Texas cattle by acclimatization. It is also a pretty well established fact that it is not, at least to any great extent, contagious. It is held by many that no animal which has taken the disease from the trail can communicate it to his fellows who have not been upon the trail. The general testimony appears to be to the effect that Texas cattle 26 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. driven north have never communicated the disease to other cattle north of the South Platte River, nor to cattle in the State of Colorado. It has been assumed, therefore, that the disease is limited as to the sphere of its manifestation, both by latitude and elevation. It is also the ac- 'cepted theory that the cause of the disease is eliminated from the sys- tems of the Southern Texas cattle while “ on the trail” from their place of nativity to the ranges of the north. It is also a well established fact that herds driven slowly are very much less likely to communicate the dis- ease to the cattle in the northern part of Texas and to other northern cat- tle than when driven rapidly. Experience also proves that the disease is much more likely to manifest itself during the months of June, July, August, and September, than during the other months of the year. That cattle driven from the State of Texas gradually lose the power of imparting disease as they proceed north, and that the limits of the area of infection have been approximately determined, appear to be facts pretty well established. - Mr. N. J. Wilson, of Denver, who is extensively engaged in the range- cattle business, states that he has been engaged in that business along the line of the Kansas Pacific Railroad since the year 1869, but has never had among his herds a case of Texas fever caused by cattle driven from Texas, although he has handled large numbers of Texas cattle and allowed them to mingle freely with native cattle. Mr. Wilson also asserts it as his belief that cattle driven from Texas have never commu- nicated the disease after crossing the Arkansas River at Dodge City, in the southwestern part of the State of Kansas. The committee of the Wyoming Stock Growers’ Association, charged with the duty of investigating the subject of Texas fever, reported at the recent annual meeting of the association, April, 1885, “that Texas cattle brought from the southern part of Texas are dangerous to our cattle for about sixty days from the time they leave their native ranges and that the same cattle can be brought among our stock after sixty days have elapsed with entire safety.” As somewhat more than sixty days are required in driving cattle from the southern part of Texas to Wyoming it is evident that there is no danger to be apprehended in Wyoming from Texas cattle when so handled. This fact is clearly stated by Hon. J. W. Carey, Delegate in Congress from Wyoming, and president of the Wyoming Stock Grow- ers’ Association, who says: In so far as my experience and that of others in the cattle business of Wyoming goes it is found to be perfectly safe to admit to our ranges Texas cattle which are driven on the trail. By the time they reach Wyoming and Nebraka, when moved in that way, they appear to lose entirely the liability to impart the socalled Texas fever. RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 27 THE PROPOSITION TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL CATTLE TRAIL, The extension of settlements in the State of Kansas has, as already stated, gradually forced the main line of the Texas cattle-trail west- ward to what has for several years past been known as the Fort Griffin and Dodge City trail, Dodge City, Kans., on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad, and Ogallala, Nebr., on the Union Pacific Railroad, being the two chief markets for the sale of young Texas cattle intended for the northern and northwestern ranges. But as the trail was forced westward by the settlement of the coun- try, it was apprehended that eventually there might be a lack of the necessary water supplies for the cattle at proper intervals. Accord- ingly, it was deemed advisable by those who are interested in keeping a practicable trail open to secure the establishment of a national cat- tle trail, by inducing Congress to set aside a strip of public lands through the national domain in Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota, such lands to be withheld from private entry, and held by the Government as a great free highway for the especial purpose of a cattle trail. It was assumed that the necessary action would also be taken whereby lands might be set aside for the purpose of such a trail through the Indian Territory and in the State of Texas. But in consequence of action taken by the State of Kansas in the month of February, 1885, inimical to the estab- lishment of the proposed trail within her borders, a matter hereinafter set forth with some degree of particularity, it was deemed best by the advocates and promoters of the trail to locate it in the State of Colorado along the western boundary of the State of Kansas. A bill to this effect was accordingly introduced in Congress during its present ses- sion, by Hon. James F. Miller, of Texas. (See Appendix No. 30.) It is said that the natural water supply along this proposed route is not usually sufficient for the needs of the cattle, but it is believed that by sinking artesian wells at suitable distances apart this objection can be overcome. It is also maintained that there will be much less danger of Texas fever by this route than by the route from Dodge City to Og- alalla, for the reason that the former will be located upon much more elevated ground. On map No. 1, at the end of this report, is delineated the old Texas cattle trail, known as the Fort Griffin and Dodge City trail, and also the route of the proposed trail around the western border Of the State of Kansas. THE COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE OF T HE TEXAS CATTLE TTRAIL. The most concrete and demonstrative expression of the importance of any commercial movement is of course the statistical record of its magnitude during a series of years extending up to the present time. Such a record of the movements of Texas cattle is presented in the an- nual report of the Board of Trade of Kansas City, as follows: 28 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. THE TEXAs CATTLE DRIVE. Approacimate 8tatement of the number of cattle driven north each year from Teacas, since the beginning of the movement. Year. Number. Year. Number. --- - – --> 1806----------------------------------- 200,000 || 1877............. -------------------. 201, 159 1807-------------------------- - - - - - - - - 35,000 1878-----------. --...----------------. 265, 646 1808----------------------------------- 75,000 | 1879. --------------------------------- 257,927 1869----------------------------------. 350,000 1880.................----------------. 394, 784 1870----------------------------------- 300,000 1881. ---------------------------------, 250,000 1871----------------------------------- 600,000 1882........................ ... • - - - - - - - - - - 250, 000 1872. --...-------- ---------------------- 350,000 || 1883..............… 267, 000 1873. --------------. . . . . . -------------. 405,000 i 1884.................................. 300, 000 1874.------------------------------- . 166,000 | 1875----------------------------------- 151,618 Total --------------------------- 5, 201,132 1876.---------------------------------- 321,998 || *-* – – – - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- --- This statement embraces both beef cattle shipped east from the west- ern cattle markets of Kansas, and young cattle driven north to stock northern ranges. This was more particularly the case during the earlier years, but it is stated by Mr. W. H. Miller, secretary of the Kansas City Board of Trade, Appendix No. 50, that “ during the last six or seven years nearly all of the drive has been made up of stock cattle for ranges north of Texas.” According to the best estimate which can now be made, there have been about 2,000,000 young cattle driven from Texas to northern ranges during the last seven years, which at $15 a head would amount to $30,000,000. The “drive” of the year 1884 was about 300,000, which at $17 a head amounted to $5,100,000. These figures, the best which can be obtained, are of course only rough approximations. They clearly indicate, however, a large demand at the north for young Texas cattle, and a supply adequate to meet such demand. The movement has been about as regular as commercial movements are generally; the tendency, on the whole, being in the direction of prog- ress. It is asserted, upon apparently good authority, that fully one-half of the blood of all the cattle on the northern ranges to-day is of the Texas strain. Many persons largely engaged in the cattle trade at the north and the cattle raisers of Texas generally, maintain that Texas must in the future hold the position of a breeding ground, and the north- ern ranges that of a maturing aud fattening ground. But that view is controverted by a majority of the herdsmen of the north, and especially by those engaged in the business of raising cattle and of improving the breed of northern range cattle. The question as to the reasonableness and propriety of establishing the proposed cattle trail depends also some- what upon the- QUANTITY OF LAND NECESSARY FOR THE PROPOSED THAIL. The public lands of Texas belong to that State. The quantity of land which the Government of the United States is asked to donate for the purpose of establishing the proposed trail may therefore be assumed to begin at the southern border line of Colorado, and to extend to the RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 29 northern border line of the United States. It is proposed that it shall be of variable width, from 200 feet at crossing places for “native cattle,” to 6 miles at the widest part. It must of course have sufficient width not only for a line of travel, but also for a feeding ground of cattle “on the trail.” Such a trail of an average width of 3 miles, and extending to the Dominion of Canada, as delineated on map No. 1, would be 690 miles in length and have an area of 2,070 square miles, or 1,324,800 acres. If it should be established only from the Southern boundary of Colorado to the parallel of 43° north, which constitutes the northeru border line of the State of Nebraska, it would have a length of 420 miles and an area of 1,260 square miles, or 806,400 acres. The proposed trail would be located chiefly upon “range ’’ land not available for agricultural purposes, other than grazing. The intrinsic value of such lands, which now belong to the Government, cannot be accurately stated, but it is comparatively small. That the quantity of land which the advocates of the proposed cattle trail ask Congress to set aside for that purpose is not immoderate, coin- paratively speaking, is clearly indicated by the following table from the annual report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for the year 1884, showing the number of acres of land conceded by Congress to States and corporations for railroads and for military wagon-roads from the year 1850 to June 30, 1884. Statement exhibiting land concessions by acts of Congress to States and corporations for rail- road and military wagon-road purposes from the year 1850 to June 30, 1884. Number of acres certified or patent- States. ed up to June 30, | 1884. - FOR RAILROADS. & Illinois.---------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 2, 595, 053. 00 Mississippi.-------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - . 935, 158.70 Alabama ------------------------------------------------------------------------. 2,884, 074. 03 Florida.--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,760,834, 98 Louisiana ------------------------------------------------------------------------. 1,072,406. 47 Arkansas. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2, 516, 525.96 Missouri. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,395,429.87 Iowa ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : 4,706, 618. 39 Michigan.------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3, 229, 010, S4 Wisconsin------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2,874, 088, 79 Minnesota. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7,801, 349. 15 Kansas---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4, 638, 210.67 36,408,760.85 Corporations ---------------------------------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is as * * * * * > gº º 11,879, 027.01 Total railroad grants.------------------------------------------------------ 48, 287,787. 86. Deduct amount of land declared forfeited by Congress.------...--...--------...----- 667, 741. 76 IFOR WAGON-ROADS. 47,620,046. 10 Wisconsin ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 302, 930. 96 Michigan-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 221,013. 35 Oregon---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,258, 237. 10 1,782, 181.41 47, 620,046, 10 Total -----. - s º ºs e º as we w as º ºs º is as as a sº º ºs º º sº ºn tº a sº as as ºn s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tº e s as as tº º is ºs s is sº a ! 49, 402, 227. 51 30 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. An idea of the reasonableness of the proposition to establish the pro- posed trail may be derived from the following statement, showing the quantity of lands granted by the Government in aid of the construction of all of those railroads, which are commonly designated as “Pacific Railroads,” and the quantity which would be required for the proposed Cattle trail. - The quantity of land granted by Congress in aid of so-called Pacific railroads is shown as follows: Number of acres of land patented to June 30, 1883, by so-called Pacific railroad companies which have received grants of land from the National Government, and the amount of bonds issued to certain of such companies by the United States. [Corrected by Commissioner of General Land Office to June 30, 1884.] * e - º & | - Name of company now operating the railroads which have been aided by Lands Bonds issued the National Government. patented. under grants. -: - A cres. Northern Pacific Railroad.------------------------------...----------------. 746,390 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Union Pacific Railroad (including Denver Pacific and Kansas Pacific) . . . . . . 3, 433,460 $33, 539, 512 Central Pacific Railroad (including Western Pacific and California and Or- 2, 623,008 27,855, 680 egon). - : - A tohison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . --. 2,935, 163 -------------- Central Branch of Union Pacific Railroad “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- - - - - - - - - 187, 448 1, 600,000 Sioux City and Pacific Railroad ........ -----------------------------------. 41, 398 1, 628, 320 Southern Pacific Railroad of California (main and branch lines) ............ 1, 192, 702 - - - - - - - - - - - - - Oregon and California Railroad ------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --...------------------ 329,063 .............. Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. ------...-------------------------...------------. | 939, 207 -----. . . . . . . . . Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railroad. --...-------...-----...------------------. 984, 106 | . . . . . -- - - - - - - - Saint Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 382, 410 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total.-------------------------------------------------------------. 14,807, 355 64, 623, 512 * NOW operated by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. The comparison which the foregoing tables are intended to present is summarily exhibited thus: - Acres. Total number of acres granted to States and corporations in aid of railroad Cres construction --------------------------------------------------------- 47,620,046 Total number of acres granted to so-called Pacific railroads. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14,807, 355 Granted to the Union Pacific Railroad Company ... ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - 3, 433,460 Granted to the Central Pacific Railroad Company. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2, 623,008 Granted to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad Company - - - - - . . 2,935, 163 Estimated number of acres required for a cattle trail from Texas to the northern border line of the United States. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1, 324, 800 2stimated number of acres required for a cattle trail from Texas to the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 806, 400 It appears, therefore, that the quantity of land required for a cattle trail of an average width of 3 miles, extending from the southern bor- der of Colorado to the northern boundary line of the United States, would constitute only 2.78 per cent. of the total number of acres granted to and patented by railroad companies, and only 9.35 per cent. of the total number of acres patented by so-called Pacific railroad companies. RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC, 31 It would also be less than one-half the number of acres patented by either the Union Pacific, the Central Pacific, or the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad Companies. Evidently the driving of young cattle from Texas to the ranges of the north is a commercial movement of great importance. A very large proportion of all the cattle now on the northern ranges came from Texas or are of the Texas breed. The Suppression of the movement from Texas by trail would check a legitimate and beneficial competi- tion between the cattle-breeders of the north and of the south, and therefore tend to enhance the price of beef. It would also, in a high degree, operate to the detriment of the enormous cattle interests of the great State of Texas. It appears, therefore, upon purely commercial considerations, greatly to the interest of the whole country that the Texas cattle trail should under proper legislative provisions and safe- guards be kept open. Any obstacle to the traffic in cattle between Texas and the northern ranges, other than the restraints imposed by quarantine laws, would of course be in derogation of the provisions of the Constitution of the United States securing the freedom of commerce among the States. The several trails and Texas cattle markets of Kansas hereinbefore mentioned are delineated on may No. 1, at the end of this report. The propriety of setting aside even so large a quantity of land as that hereinbefore mentioned for the purposes of a cattle trail also involves a question of policy regarding the disposition of the public domain. That is eminently a question for legislative consideration and deter- mination, and it is one therefore which the chief of the bureau does not Consider that he is called upon to discuss. All that he has here at- tempted to do has been to set forth what appear to him to be the facts of chief importance in this case. He has viewed the subject only from a commercial point of view, and in that light has not hesitated to express his conviction of the importance of maintaining inviolate the principle of the perfect freedom of commercial intercourse among the States and Territories of this country. OBSTACHIES TO THE ESTABLISHEIFNT OF A NATIONAL CATTLE TRAIL PRESENTED BY THE QUARANTINE LAWS OF KANSAS AND COLO- RAH30. - Since the introduction of the bill in Congress, in February, 1885, for the establishment of a national cattle trail, apparently insuperable ob- Stacles to the consumination of that project have been presented in the quarantine laws recently passed by the States of Kansas and Colorado. Those enactments appear to constitute an absolute embargo against driving or transporting by rail Texas cattle into or across those States. The alarm caused by the losses incurred in Kansas from Texas fever during the last three or four years gave rise to a pronounced senti- 32 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. ment in favor of quarantining the entire State against Texas cattle. Accordingly, in the month of February, 1885, the Legislature of Kansas, then in session, instructed the United States Senators and requestep the Representatives in Congress from that State to oppose the estab- lishment of a national cattle trail within its borders. This, as before stated, led to the change in the route of the proposed trail, and to the location of it in the State of Colorado, along the Kansas border line. At the same time there was pending in the Kansas Legislature a bill for the purpose of quarantining the entire State against Texas cattle. This bill became a law on the 12th of March, 1885. - THE QUARANTINE LAW OF THE STATE OF KANSAS. The quarantine law of the State of Kansas provides that— In the trial of any person charged with the violation of any of the provisions of this act, and in the trial of any civil action brought to recover damages for the com- munication of Texas, splenic, or Spanish fever, proof that the cattle which such per- son is charged with driving or keeping in violation of law, or which are claimed to have communicated the said disease, were brought into this State between the first day of March and the first day of December of the year in which the offense was committed, or such cause of action arose, from south of the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude, shall be taken as prima facie evidence that such cattle were capable of communicating and liable to impart Texas, splenic, or Spanish fever, within the meaning of this act, and that the owner or owners, or persons in charge of such cattle had full knöwledge and notice thereof at the time of the commission of the alleged offense. The violation of the act is made a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not less than $100, nor more than $2,000, or by imprisonment in the county jail not less than thirty days and not more than one year, or by both such fine aid imprisonment. The thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude is the dividing line be- tween Kansas on the north and Texas and the Indian Territory on the south. This provision, therefore, not only places the whole State of Texas, but also the Indian Territory, under the ban of quarantine, be- tween the first day of March and first day of December, embracing the entire period during which cattle are driven from Texas to the northern ranges. It is not presumable that the great State of Kansas would by any unfair or disingenuous exercise of her undoubted police powers for- bid a legitimate commerce in Texas cattle within her borders, or the passage of such cattle across any portion of the State. Whatever dif- ferences of opinion may exist as to the expediency of the action of the legislature of Kansas upon this subject, the character of the people of that State and the well-known history of their struggles for the estab- lishment of the principles of popular rights forbid the Supposition that such action is induced by any other consideration than a conviction of the necessity of meeting a great emergency of a sanitary nature, and therefore that their quarantine law is designed to protect and not to oppose the public interests. Nor is it presumable that the people of RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 33 Kansas will hesitate to modify or abolish such legislation if at any time they shall become convinced that their action in regard to Texas cattle is unnecessary or ill advised. The quarantine law of Kansas may be found in Appendix No. 16. THE QUARANTINE LAW OF THE STATE OF COLORADo. The quarantine act of the State of Colorado, which became a law on March 20, 1885, provides that— It shall be unlawful for any person, association, or corporation to bring or drive, or cause to be brought or driven, into this State, between the 1st day of April and the 1st day of November, any cattle or horses from a State, Territory, or country south of the thirty-sixth parallel of north latitude, unless said cattle or horses have been held at some place north of the said parallel of latitude for a period of at least ninety days prior to their importation into this State, or unless the person, association, or corporation owning or having charge of such cattle or horses shall procure from the State veterinary board a certificate or bill of health to the effect that said cattle or horses are free from all infectious or contagious diseases, and have not been exposed at any time within ninety days prior thereto to any of said diseases. e It is also provided that— Any person violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, and shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine of not less than five hundred ($500) or more than five thousand dollars ($5,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail for a term of not less than six months and not exceeding three years, or by both such fine and imprisonment. The 36th parallel of north latitude is 1 degree, or 694 statute miles, south of the southern boundary line of the State of Colorado. The Quarantine law of Colorado may be found in Appendix No. 17. THE QUARANTINE LAW OF THE TERRITORY OF WYOMING. The Territory of Wyoming has, by its stock laws, provided for a ter- ritorial veterinarian, with ample authority for the prevention of the spread of disease within her borders, The governor of the Territory is also clothed with ample authority to prevent the introduction of any and all contagious bovine diseases from any other Territory or State, whenever convinced that the conditions exist which render such action necessary. These provisions of law may be found in Appendix No. 18. QUARANTINE LAW OF NEBRASKA. The legislature of the State of Nebraska, at its recent session, enacted a quarantine law with respect to the prevention and suppression of cat- tle diseases quite similar in its general features to that of the Territory of Wyoming. This act, which went into effect March, 1885, provides for the creation of the office of State veterinarian, and of a State live- stock sanitary commission, charged with the duty of attending to all matters relating to cattle diseases. Whenever, in the opinion of the eommission, it is necessary to establish quarantine regulations, it is 34 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. * made their duty to notify the governor of the State, who is thereupon required to issue his proclamation announcing the boundaries of the quarantine and all regulations relative to the subject. The enforcement of quarantine against the disease known as Texas, Splenic or Spanish fever, differs in no respect from the provisions of law relating to the subject of quarantine generally. The law appears to be carefully guarded against any excessive or unnecessarily injurious exercise of power. - QUARANTINE LAW OF THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. The Legislative Assembly of the Territory of New Mexico passed an act, approved March 19, 1884, providing for the appointment at con- venient points within the Territory, as near as possible to the frontier, of inspectors of cattle, whose duty it is to inspect all cattle destined for introduction into the Territory. It is also made unlawful for any per- son or corporation to drive or transport, or cause or procure to be driven or transported, into the Territory of New Mexico any cattle which are, or within twelve months have been, affected with or exposed to any con- tagious or infectious disease, or which within such period have been driven or transported from or through any district of country where such disease is known to exist at the time of such driving or transport- ing, or without the certificate of an inspector of cattle. By an act approved a few days later, namely, April 3, the governor of the Territory was authorized from time to time to suspend by proc- lamation the operation of the act of March 19, whenever in his judg- ment the circumstances and public interests warrant and require him to do so, and providing also that the act of March 19 should be sus- pended in its operation, until such time as the governor might by his proclamation put it into operation and effect. These two acts, there- fore, make the whole matter of enforcing quarantine measures in New Mexico as against Texas cattle one of administrative responsibility. The people of Texas appear, however, to regard the action of New Mexico as somewhat inimical to their interests. REMARKS IN REGARD TO THE QUARANTINE LAWS OF KANSAS, COLO- RADO, NEBRASKA, WYOMING, AND NEW MEXICO. The propriety of introducing into a quarantine law positive adminis- trative measures With respect to the conditions of time and Space, as has been done by the States of Kansas and Colorado, is of course a de- batable question. The State of Nebraska and the Territory of Wyo- ming have pursued the more usual and cautious policy of throwing upon responsible executive officers the whole duty of administering certain explicit statutory provisions relating to the subject of quarantine. To such officers is also confided the duty of determining when quarantine regulations shall be enforced and when discontinued. They are also empowered to prescribe the particular States or Territories, or parts RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 35 thereof, which shall be placed under the ban of quarantine. This pro- vision appears to be especially wise and provident, in view of the appar- ently well-established fact that only Southern Texas cattle are liable to impart the dreaded disease, and that the cattle of Northern and North- Western Texas are as free of such taint as are the cattle of Kansas and Colorado. As before stated, the quarantine law of New Mexico throws the whole responsibility of its enforcement upon the governor, as he may, in his judgment, from time to time, deem such action necessary and proper. EACTS BEARING UPON THE GENERAL QUESTION AS TO THE SHIPMENT OF TEXAS CATTLE TO THE NORTHERN RANGES. The whole subject of the “Texas cattle drive,” and the quarantine laws which have been adopted for restraining it, has here been viewed historically and in its commercial aspects. It is a subject involving an- tagonisms of interest and differences of opinion upon which it would not be proper in this connection to attempt to pass judgment. It appears to be a fact beyond all controversy that very many of the present occupants of the northern ranges, constituting probably more than a majority of their total number, are openly and earn- estly opposed to the driving of Texas cattle to the northern ranges upon considerations of a purely commercial and economic nature. First, they do not wish to be confronted by the competition of the Texas cat- tle in their midst. Second, they find that the Texas cattle in very many places “eat out” the grasses upon ranges which for years past they have regarded, as by prescriptive right, their own. Third, the contact of their herds with the Texas herds tends to depreciate the breed of their caſtle, owing to the fact that the Texas herds usually contain a certain proportion of Texas bulls. Cows and bulls usually intermingle freely on the ranges. This, of course, interferes with the efforts of the northern herdsmen to improve the breed of their cattle by importing at considera ble expense high-grade bulls. But the fact that the herdsmen of Texas are also making strenuous efforts to improve the breed of their catttle promises in the future to meet that objection. - The fact of the prevalence of a very decided opposition among the northern herdsmen to the continuance of the Texas cattle trade, upon purely commercial grounds, is clearly indicated by the following remarks made before the National Cattlemen’s Convention held at Saint Louis in November, 1884, by Mr. A. T. Babbitt, a delegate from Wyoming : We came from Wyoming objecting to the idea of a trail. Our objection has, to some extent, been misunderstood. We did not object to it on the ground of the lia- bility of infection, or of cattle disease, because cattle driven from the south have never hurt us so far north, and we are not afraid of them. We have objected to the trail simply on the ground of safety of our investments. We have believed that if Government made an appropriation whereby a public highway for cattle was to 11991 R C 4 36 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. be established, over which the immense herds of surplus cattle from Texas were to be invited to come and overwhelm us, we were in danger of obliteration and extinction. Now, we have said to our Texas friends, ‘’ You favor us in a measure which is very dear to us, and we will favor you with all earnestness and in good part, in favor of every pet scheme from the south.” We have made that proposition in good faith, and I say in behalf of my associates from the north, at least from Wyoming Territory Stock-Growers' Association, that we will carry out that in good faith. The idea is, if we can get a fair control of the ranges we desire to occupy, we will not object. We want their cattle. We have inade our money on Texas cattle—more than on any others. This statement is admirable for its candor, but it is in the nature of a proposition to refrain from opposing the prosecution of a legitimate commercial enterprise, upon the condition that the friends of that en- terprise would lend their influence in aid of securing for the northern herdsmen the leasing of the public lands, a measure which few besides those personally interested in the adoption of the measure would regard as justifiable upon sound views of public policy. But, on the other hand, the movement of young Texas cattle to the northern ranges is favored generally by persons engaged in stocking new ranges at the north, or who, from the force of circumstances or of habit, regard that method of replenishing their herds as preferable to the plan of keeping cows and engaging in the breeding of cattle in that section. The people of the State of Texas are, of course, unanimous in favor of the “trail.” It is with them a matter of great commercial im- portance, in view of the fact that Texas is essentially a cattle-breeding State. Already the quarantine laws of Kansas and Colorado have resulted in serious injury to the State of Texas. Mr. D. W. Hinkle, of San Antonio, states, under date of March 28, 1885, that a year ago more than $1,000,000 worth of cattle had been contracted for in Texas to be driven north, but that $75,000 would cover all the contracts to date for the season of 1885. He adds that bankruptcy threatens many of the herdsmen of Texas. The value of all property in that State has been injuriously affected and values generally disturbed in consequence of the quarantine laws of Kansas and Colorado. º Men engaged in the cattle business in Texas bitterly denounce the Quarantine laws of Kansas and Colorado, and do not hesitate to declare their belief that such laws amounted to the suppression of the trail by an indirect and unjustifiable expedient. It is, of course, to the interest of the great majority of the people of almost every State that they shall be enabled to purchase beef at the cheapest possible rate, and this is of course dependent largely upon the fullest and most unconstrained competition in the cattle trade. From all the information which this office has been able to collect in regard to Texas fever, it would appear that the dangers to be appre- hended from it have been considerably exaggerated, and that the Texas cattle trail might safely be continued under proper sanitary regulations. RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. g 37 GONCLUDING REMARKS IN REGARD TO THE QUARANTINING OF TEXAS CATTLE. The large and flourishing trade which has existed for many years in the sale of young Texas cattle at the North to stock the ranges of Kansas, Jolorado, Wyoming, Montana, Dakota, and Nebraska has, in years past, been highly promotive of the range and ranch cattle interests of those States and Territories, as well as of the State of Texas. No sort of gov- ernmental restraint could properly be interposed to the continuance of that business, in order to meet objections of a purely commercial nature, such as those to which allusion has herein before been made. The organic law of the United States establishes throughout all parts of the country absolute freedom of commercial intercourse. "Under this beneficent pro- Vision, an internal commerce has sprung up many times greater in value than our foreign commerce and there has been a development of indus- try unparalleled in the history of the world. That the freedom of com- mercial intercourse should be invaded or even threatened by indirection, through the exercise of the police powers of a State for sanitary pur- poses, is repugnant to the cherished love of liberty which has from the beginning characterized the people of this country. It is essential to beneficent administration that police powers, like all governmental powers, shall be exercised frugally and with sound wisdom and discre. tion. Those powers, in their application to sanitation, are designed to meet the exigencies of epidemics and unusual or extraordinary visita- tions, and not to protect against the ordinary and usual hazards of life. Pushed to the extreme, the exercise of such powers might arrest all en- terprise, and stop the wheels of commerce. It is inconceivable that the people of any State of the Union would countenance such an unwise and unfair exercise of power, if convinced that it was not abundantly justi- fied by an emergency demanding the interposition of a sanitary rule re- strictive of commercial freedom. Any such action would meet the con- demnation of the whole country, for it would be opposed to the funda- mental principles of our institutions, and it would go in the face of all right, and all justice, and all magnanimity. THE TRANSPORTATION OF TEXAS CATTLE NORTH BY RAIL WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TEXAS FEWER. Ever since the completion of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Pacific Railroad and the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad now embraced in the “Missouri Pacific System,” the beef cattle of Texas have been transported over those roads to Saint Louis and Chicago, and the evil results of such transportation from Texas fever have not been of any great moment, in a commercial sense. For several years Texas cattle have been allowed freely to mingle with native cattle at the Union Stock Yards of Chicago, the largest cattle market in the world. 38 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. and the cases of Texas fever resulting from such contact have been com- paratively very few. During the last two years the Missouri Pacific Railway Company and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad Company have engaged in the traffic of transporting young Texas cattle to the northern ranges in competition with the movement by trail. Since April, 1883, about 100,000 young cattle have been brought from Southern Texas over the lines of the Missouri Pacific system to points in Northern Texas and thence driven over the trail to the ranges of the northwestern counties of Texas, and also to the ranges of the north- western territories. Cattle have also been transported over these lines and their connections as far north as Ogallala, Nebr. The facts in re- gard to these movements are very clearly set forth in a statement made to this office by Mr. George Olds, general traffic manager of the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad. (Appendix No. 31.) The first shipment of Texas cattle over the line of the Atchison, To- peka and Santa Fé Railroad was made in the year 1884. During that year about 30,000 head were moved north over the line of that railroad from Santa Fé and other points in New Mexico. Mr. J. F. Goddard, traffic manager, states that, with no unfavorable legislation, about 75,000 cattle will probably be so transported during the year 1885. (See Appendix No. 33.) The opinion appears to be quite general that cattle brought north by rail are much more liable to impart the disease than if driven over the trail. This impression prevails throughout Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, Colorado, and Wyoming. The prevailing opinion upon the subject in Wyoming is very clearly expressed in the following statement by Hon. J. W. Carey, Delegate to Congress from that Territory and president of the Wyoming Stock- Growers’ Association : In so far as my own experience and that of others in the cattle business in Wyo- ming go, it has been found to be perfectly safe to admit to our ranges Texas cattle which are driven on the trail. By the titue they reach Wyoming and Nebraska, when moved in that way, they appear to lose entirely the liability to impart the so- called Texas fever. We of the northern ranges have not the slightest fear of their introduction among our cattle when driven, but shipments of Texas cattle into Wyo- ming by rail during the year 1884, taught us by dearly-bought experience that such shipments cannot with safety be permitted. In every instance where the Texas cat- tle brought by rail came in contact with the northern-range cattle they imparted to them the Texas fever, and even to Texas cattle which had been wintered in Wyo- ming. The losses in Wyoming, Colorado, and Nebraska amounted to fully one hun- dred thousand dollars, and would have been much greater but for the enforcement of the quarantine laws of Wyoming Territory, which are very stringent and effective. This result of bringing Texas cattle north by rail was predicted by two eminent veterinarians, Dr. James D. Hopkins, Territorial veterinarian of Wyoming, and Dr. Law, of New York. These gentlemen affirmed that the cause of Texas fever existed in a latent state in the cattle of Texas, but that during the period of from three to six months required in driving the cattle to northern ranges they became freed of the liability to impart that disease, whatever it may be, the theory being that it passes RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 39 off in fecal matter. The northern range men were inclined to ridicule this hypothe- sis, but they learned to their sorrow that it was correct. The same experience in regard to shipments of Texas cattle into northern ranges by rail was had in Colo- rado, in Kansas, in Nebraska, and in Dakota, and I am informed that in these States and Territories the legislature now, or very recently in session, have been considering the question of stopping such shipments by rail. I am not now informed as to the ac- tion which has been taken by those legislatures. The opinion of Dr. Hopkins may be found in Appendix No. 19. - The traffic manager of the Missouri Pacific Railway system, and of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad appears to be firm in the belief that by means of suitable quarantine grounds they will be able to overcome the present objection to shipments by rail. The enterprise of shipping Texas cattle to the northern ranges by rail must be re- garded as in a tentative stage, its feasibility being dependent upon the results of experience. * JEvidently the transportation of cattle from Texas to the northern ranges offers certain very marked economic and commercial advantages over the movement by trail. With respect to the consideration of time, it is the difference between 20 miles an hour and 10 miles a day. The trail also has its peculiar advantages in cost. The herdsmen of Texas appear to be of the opinion that their interests would be best subserved by having the option of either mode of moving their cattle north. THE RANGE AND RANCHE CATTLE BUSINESS IN ITS RELATIONS TO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. As before stated, the immense herds of cattle which are now spread over a large part of the Western and Northwestern Territories, graze chiefly upon public lands of the United States, but merely by sufferance and not by virtue of any grant or expressed permission from the Govern- ment. The laws of the United States in regard to the disposition of the public lands constitute a barrier to the purchase of such lands in quan- tities sufficiently large for the conduct of the range and ranche cattle business. This has resulted from the fact that the public sentiment of this country is, and always has been strongly opposed to the disposition of the public lands in large quantities, either to one person or to cor- porations. The genius of our institutions is in favor of comparatively small holdings, and the result of practical experience under this policy since the first settlement by colonists upon our shores, has caused it to become a cherished feature of our method of disposing of the pub- lic lands. The subject here under consideration suggests a brief reference to the provision of law under which title to the public lands held by the United States has been and may now be acquired. Formerly, whenever public lands were exposed for sale, the title of pre-emptors was first secured. After that sales were made to any and 40 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. to all purchasers and to any extent. Under existing laws, however, title to the public lands can be acquired only as follows: 1. Lands which, having been offered at public sale, remain unsold, if not afterward reserved or withdrawn from market, are open to private entry in any quantity at the established price per acre, by legal subdi- vision. * 2. Lands may be purchased at public auction by the highest bidder, when offered pursuant to proclamation of the President or under public notice in accordance with directions from the General Land Office. 3. By pre-emption right or the right of a resident upon public land to purchase within a given time a quantity not exceeding one-quarter Section. 4. By homestead entry or the right granted to actual settlers upon the public land, possessing certain qualifications, who comply with pre- scribed conditions as to residence, cultivation, &c., not to exceed 160 acres, without payment except the fees and commissions required by law. 5. Under the timber-culture laws, by planting and cultivating trees, So that at the end of eight years or at the time of making proof not less than six hundred and seventy-five trees are growing on each acre of 10 acres of a quarter section of land. The fees and commissions prescribed by law are the only charges for this class of entries. 6. Under the provisions of the timber and stone act of June 8, 1878, a person or an association of persons may obtain title to not more than One-quarter section of land that is unfit for cultivation and more valua- ble for timber or stone, by paying therefor at the rate of $2.50 per acre, after complying with the law as to proof, &c. This method of obtaining title to public lands is limited to the States of California, Oregon, and Nevada, and Washington Territory. - 7. By entry under the desert-land act to the extent of 640 acres of land, on which no crops will grow without artificial irrigation. At any time within three years the party making such entry must produce satis- factory evidence that he has introduced water upon each of the smallest legal subdivisions, or portion of 40 acres or less, in sufficient quantities to accomplish the reclamation thereof. Land that will produce a crop of hay without irrigation is not deemed to be desert land. 8. By the provisions of the mining laws a person or association of persons may locate a lode claim not exceeding 600 feet in width by 1,500 feet in length, at $5 per acre. Placer-mining claims may be lo- cated to an extent not exceeding 160 acres, subject to certain regula- tions. 9. An individual may enter not to exceed 160 acres of land under the coal land law, and an association of persons may enter not to exceed 320 acres. An association of not less than four persons who have ex- pended not less than $500 in working and improving a coal mine may enter not to exceed 640 acres. Coal lands within 15 miles of a completed RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. - 41 railroad are sold at $20 an acre and at a distance of more than 15 miles, $10 per acre. The entering or obtaining of titles to land under the timber and stone act and settlement and mining laws is limited to citizens of the United States, or persons who have declared their intention to become such. 10. In addition to the methods hereinbefore stated, land may be ob- tained in any quantity by military bounty-land Warrant and the va- rious kinds of scrip locations. - At the end of this report may be found the following-described tables, furnished to this office by the Commissioner of the General Land Office: Statement of the number and area of original and final homestead entries made from the date of the passage of the act May 20, 1862, to June 30, 1884, inclusive, Appendix No. 42. Statement of the number and area of the original and final desert land entries made under the act of March 3, 1877, from July 1, 1877, to June 30, 1884, Appendix 'No. 43. Statement showing the number of timber-culture entries, with areas, made in the several States and Territories, under the timber- culture acts of March 3, 1873, and June 14, 1878, to June 30, 1884, in- clusive, Appendix No. 44. Statement showing the number of acres of land surveyed and unsurveyed in the several States and Territories, to June 30, 1884, Appendix No. 46. Statement of the number of acres certified or patented for railroad purposes up to June 30, 1884, Appen- dix No. 45. i The State of Texas, after permitting the acquisition of large tracts of her public lands by individuals and companies has finally been brought to see the wisdom of adopting a policy in favor of the settler, similar to that pursued by the Government of the United States. In commenting upon this subject, Mr. George B. Loving, of Fort Worth, Tex., a gentle- man employed as an expert by this office, says: The number of acres anyone can now purchase is limited to two sections, and it is expected that the legislature, now in session, may cut this quantity in two or more fractions, so that the acquisition of large tracts of public land in Texas is a thing of the past. * * * Had Texas lands continued to be disposed of in large tracts they would now be all under fence, and the home-seeker would be compelled to look else- where, until such time as the cattle companies found it to, their interest to divide and sell their lands. The wisdom of the land policy of the United States has been abun- dantly vindicated in the material prosperity and in the intellectual and social development of our Western and Northwestern States. It has also tended to the advancement of the commercial, industrial, and transportation interests of the whole country. It would perhaps have been better if the more restrictive policy of later days in regard to the disposition of public lands had been earlier adopted. It is, however, a notorious fact that the public land laws now in force, although framed with the special objects of encouraging the settlement of the public domain, of developing its resources, and protecting actual settlers, have been extensively evaded and violated. Individuals and 42 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. corporations have by purchasing the proved-up claims, or purchases of ostensible settlers, employed by them to make entry, extensively se- cured the ownership of large bodies of land. The Commissioner of the General Land Office has several times in- vited the attention of Congress to such abuses, and to the laxity of the present laws relating to the entry of public lands. The violations re- ferred to are also attributed by him to the insufficiency of the force em- ployed by the Land Office for the purpose of detecting frauds of the character mentioned. - - These facts commanded the attention of the Forty-eighth Congress. A bill passed the House of Representatives providing for the repeal of all laws for the pre-emption of the public lands, as well as the laws allowing entries for timber culture and the laws authorizing the sale of desert lands in certain States and Territories. This bill also passed the Senate with an amendment, but too late for final action in the House of Representatives. - It has been asserted, in opposition to the provisions of that bill, that it was conceived in the interest of corporations, and of persons and Syn- dicates desirous of having the public lands sold at auction, whereby they might be enabled to secure the ownership of large quantities of pine lands and other lands which could profitably be used in the prose- cution of large enterprises, and particularly the range and ranch cattle business. The subject will undoubtedly receive the attention at the hands of Congress which its importance demands. As before stated, most of the great range-cattle area of the North- west is not susceptible of cultivation. Here and there along rivers and small streams of water which flow from the mountain ranges and Spurs of those ranges are found meadow lands. Besides, in many localities the soil is of a character which affords the facilities of irrigation and in many instances with astonishing agricultural results. But the pro- portion of lands so available is small indeed. It is estimated that fully 95 per cent of the lands of Western Dakota, Western Nebraska, Mon- tana, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado, other than the mountain regions, is, on account of the small amount of precipita- tion of moisture, capable of producing only bunch grass, gramma, buf- falo grass, and other nutritious grasses, and sage brush as before men- tioned, and therefore is fit only for the pasturage of animals. The lim- ited rain-fall, and the fact that it occurs mainly during the Spring and summer months, appear, however, to be essential conditions to the production of these grasses. Hundreds of thousands and even millions of contiguous acres of this vast area are now apparently worthless for ordinary agricultural purposes. No settler would accept such land as a gift, upon the condition that he should depend for a living upon the results of its culture. Its value for pasturage is, besides, dependent upon the condition of reasonable proximity to water. It is found in practice that range cattle can graze to advantage only on lands situated RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 43 within 6 to 7 miles of water. The result is that throughout the range- cattle area grazing is limited mainly to strips of land from 12 to 14 miles in width along streams of water, while beyond such limits there are, in certain sections, large bodies of land abundantly supplied with nutritious grasses which are available for pasturage only in driving herds from the valley of one stream to that of another. As already stated, it has been proposed to reclaim large tracts of such lands to the use of the herdsmen by means of artesian wells. The re- sults thus far secured in this way afford grounds to believe that the present capacity of the range-lands in the northern territories can be largely increased. In certain sections the ownership of lands on both sides of streams has been secured for long distances by persons engaged in the cattle business. By this means they have acquired the use of extensive areas of range or public lands, the same being too far removed from other “Water rights” for the grazing of cattle belonging to other persons. During the last eight or ten years a struggle has been going on in cer- tain parts of the range-cattle area between settlers and the owners of great herds for the possession of lands along the streams. In so far as possible the herdsmen, in certain localities, have secured water rights under the homestead and pre-emption laws of the United States, and also by the purchase of the proved-up claims of settlers. It is believed, however, that to a considerable extent such acquisitions have been made in violation both of the letter and of the spirit of our land-laws ap- plicable to the public domain. But in certain other sections of the range and ranch-cattle area there are very many large herds, the owners of which have secured the title to little if any land through which there are running streams at which cattle can obtain water. Of late years there seems to have been a large increase in the number of herds of this description. So long as the streams are not fenced against them they have had free access to water with the cattle of herdsmen who have secured water rights of their own. Herdsmen of this latter class are, in certain quarters, re- garded by the former as intruders upon ranges which for several years they have considered their own for the purpose of grazing cattle, but as such lands belong to the Government they have no recourse against the invaders, who generally come in sufficient force to maintain their rights, not only upon the ranges but also to the privileges and benefits of cattle associations, which are organized with the special view to co- Operative work at the semi-annual “round-ups.” This invasion of ranges already stocked and provided through actual OWnership of land along streams with the facilities of water, in connec- tion with the gradual encroachments of actual settlers, appears to have led to the practice of fencing in large bodies of range lands, thus con- Verting the so-called “range' cattle business into a ranch-cattle busi- neSS upon the public lands. The reports of special agents of the Gen- eral Land Office show that 4,431,980 acres of the public lands have been 44 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. fenced in for that purpose, and without any shadow of right. During the second session of the Forty-eighth Congress an act was passed for- bidding such unlawful occupancy of the public lands, and authorizing the President of the United States to take such measures as may be necessary in order to remove or destroy any such inclosure and to em- ploy civil or military force for that purpose. (Act of February, 1885.) According to the best and most reliable information which the chief of this Bureau has been able to obtain in regard to the practical results of the present condition of affairs, under which the settler locates where he pleases and enjoys equal rights “on the range” with the great cat- tle owner, it appears that in certain sections the settlers, by securing locations commanding the water supply, have driven the large herdsmen off. This is said to be quite extensively the case in Montana. In other sections the herdsmen have by securing the ownerships of water priv- ileges under the pre-emption and homestead, and other land laws of the United States, and by the purchase of the proved-up claims of settlers, acquired almost the exclusive right to water supplies, and thus shut Out settlers from extensive areas. FOREIGN OWNERSHIPS OF LAND, WITHIN THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE AREA. To a very considerable extent foreigners of large means, and who in- dicate no intention whatever of becoming citizens of the United States, have purchased lands within the great range and ranch cattle area, and embarked in the cattle business. Titles to such lands have been secured, not only by individuals, but also by foreign corporations. Certain of these foreigners are titled noblemen of countries in Europe. Some of them have brought over from Europe in considerable num- bers, herdsmen and other employés who sustain to them the dependent relationships which characterize the condition of the peasantry on the large landed estates of Europe. The public sentiment of this country appears to be opposed to allowing foreigners to acquire title to large tracts of land in this country. During the second session of the Forty- eighth Congress Hon. William C. Oates, of Alabama, presented a re- port upon the subject to the House of Representatives, from the Com- mittee on Public Lands, accompanied by the following bill: A BILL to prohibit aliens and foreigners from acquiring title to or owning lands within the United States of America. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That no alien, or foreigner, or persons other than citizens of the United States, and such as have legally declared their intention to become citizens thereof, shall acquire title to or own any lands anywhere within the United States of America and their jurisdiction; and any deeds or other conveyances acquired by such after the approval of this act shall be void. The following lists, showing such ownerships, were presented during a discussion on the subject by members of that body: RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 45 Number of acres of land purchased by foreigners in the United States within a recent pe, ‘iod. [From a speech of Mr. N. W. Nutting, of New York, in House of Representatives, March 27, 1884.] Purchaser. English syndicate No. 1 (in Texas) . . . . English syndicate No. 3 (in Texas). -- Sir Edward Reid, K. C. B. (in Florida). • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * C. R. and Land Company of London, - - - - - - - - us sº ºr e = * * Marquis of Tweedale Phillips, Marshall & Co., of London. German syndicate Anglo-American syndicate, headed by Mr. Rodgers, London - - - - - - e s - º ºs e º ºs = An English company (in Mississippi) . Duke of Sutherland British Land and Mortgage Company. Captain Whalley, M. P. for Peterboro’, England Missouri Land Company, Edinburgh, Scotland Hon. Hobert Tennant, of London Scotch Land Company, Dundee, Scot- land - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * a s as a sº se me as we an ºn as - - - - - - - sº se s e as a s = • Benjamin Newgas, Liverpool, England Lord Houghton Amoulut. Acres. 4, 500, 000 3,000, 000 2,000, 000 1,800,000 1, 750, 000 1,300,000 1, 100,000 750, 000 700,000 425,000 320,000 || 310,000 300,000 | 230,000 247, 666 100 000 100,000 || 60,000 | | | i : # i Purchaser. Amount. Acres. Lord Dunraven ---------------------. 60,000 English Land Company (in Florida). 50, 000 England Land Company, represented 4. by B. Newgas • * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - 50, 000 An English capitalist (in Arkasas) . . . 50, 000 Albert Peel, M. P., Leicestershire, Bngland --------------------------- 10,000 | Sir John Lester Kaye, Yorkshire. | England --------------------------. - 5, 000 | George Grant, of London (in Kansas). 100, 000 An English syndicate (represented by Close Bros.) in Wisconsin-...... 110, 909 | A Scotch company (in California).... 140, 000 ! M. Ellerhauser (of Nova Scotia) in - West Virginia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 600, 000 A Scotch syndicate (in Florida) . . . . . 500, 000 A. Boyesen, Danish consul, at Mil- Waukee ---------------------------- 50, 000 Missouri Land and S. S. Co., of Edin. burgh, Scotland.------------------- 165,000 English syndicate (in Florida). .----- 59, 080 i Total.-------------------------- 20, 941, 666 Number of acres of land purchased by foreigners in the United States within a recent Purchaser. An English syndicate, No. 3, in Texas. The Holland Land Company, New Mexico Sir Edward Reid and a syndicate in Florida, English syndicate, in Mississippi Marquis of Tweedale Phillips, Marshall & Co., London * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * German syndicate Anglo-American syndicate, Mr. Rog- ets, president, London Byran H. Evans, of London, in Mis- sissippi Duke of Sutherland British Land Company, in Kansas.... William Whalley, M. P., Peterboro’, England Missouri Land Company, Edinburgh, Scotland Robert Tennant, of London • * * * * * is as * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * period. - [From a speech of Hon. Charles B. Lore, of Delaware, in House of Representatives, June 3, 1884.] A mount. Purchaser. Amount. Alcres. | Alcres. 3,000,000 : Lord Dunmore ----...---------...------ 120,000 - | Benjamin Newgas, Liverpool.-----.. 100,000 4, 500,000 || Lord Houghton, in Florida.......... 60,000 | Lord Dunraven, in Colorada. . . . . . . . . 60,000 2,000,000 English Land Company, in Florida. 50, 000 1,800,000 | English Land Company, in Arkansas. 50, 000 1,750,000 || Albert Peel, M. P., Leicestershire, 1,300,000 || England --------------------------- 10, 000 1, 100,000 | Sir J. L. Kay, Yorkshire, England. . 5,000 Alexander Grant, of London, in Kansas 35,000 750,000 || English syndicate (represented by | - Close Bros.) Wisconsin ------------ 110,000 700,000 | M. Ellerhauser, of Halifax, Nova 425,000 || Scotia, in West Virginia. ---------. i 600, 000 320,000 || A Scotch syndicate, in Florida. -----. l 500,000 A. Boysen, Danish consul, in Mil- 310,000 Waukee ---------------------------- 50,000 Missouri Land Company, of Edin- 300,000 burgh, Scotland.------------------ 165,000 230,000 *=º ass=- 247, 000 Total.--------------------------- 20, 747,000 Dundee Land Company, Scotland es s sº º º 46 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. THE PROPOSITION THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHALL LEASE LARGE BODIES OF THE PUBLIC LANDS TO CATTLEMEN. Ill consequence of the difficulties which have arisen from the over- stocking of the ranges by placing herds upon them without at the same time securing for their special use water privileges with adjacent feed- ing-grounds, and in consequence also, it is believed, of the conflict of interests which, in many localities, have arisen as between the herds- men and settlers, a majority of the cattlemen appear to have ar- rived at the conclusion that in order to protect their interests they must, if possible, secure the control of large bodies of range lands by means of long leases from the Government. The attitude of the cattle- men upon this subject appears to be formulated in the following pre- amble and resolutions, adopted at the National Cattlemen’s Convention, held at Saint Louis, November 17 to 22, 1884: Whereas experience has demonstrated that beef-cattle can be more economically raised in the arid and elevated portions of the country than elsewhere, and that the vast plateau lying between the 98th meridian and the Sierra Nevada mountains, is better adapted for this great industry than any other part of the United States; and Whereas, under existing laws, the occupants of this region are not able to acquire titie to lands in such quantity as to guarantee permanency and security in their bus- iness, and to justify such improvements and expenditures as have been profitably inade in the more favored States; and Whereas these lands could be leased for a term of years with profit to the Govern- ment, without in any manner conflicting with existing homestead and pre-emption laws, thereby giving greater security to those engaged in this great industry; and Whereas more than three hundred million dollars have already been invested in ive-stock within the limits specified, although the owners of these herds have been unable-to lease or purchase the lands, holding them only by possession and sufferance, their property in constant peril from conflicting claims and unfavorable legislation ; and Whereas the beef raised on these plains has become an important factor in our for- eign trade, increasing in greater ratio than any other product, and will, within a few years, if properly protected, become the most important article of food supply sent from our shores; and, under these circumstances, we believe it to be the duty of the Government to aid this great industry in every way consistent with the general wel- fare; therefore, Resolved, That it is the sense of this convention that it would be for the best inter- est of the stock-growers located upon this arid region, and to the entire country, to lease these lands for a term of years, reserving all the rights to actual settlers under the homestead and pre-emption laws: Provided, That the States of California, Ne- vada, Oregon, and the Territories of Utah and Idaho, be excluded from the contem- plation and operation of this resolution. Resolved further, That a gommittee of seven be appointed by the chair to prepare a memorial to Congress upon this subject. This formal expression of opinion, embodying a very large and impor- tant public question, addressed to the legislative branch of the National Government, commands, it is believed, the assent of a majority of the large herdsmen. There are many of them, however, who are not in favor of the proposed plan, believing it to be opposed to Sound views RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 47 of public policy, and, besides, likely to work more harm than good to the interests of the cattlemen. The settlers, and all who favor their inter- ests, are unanimously opposed to it. In support of this measure it is urged : First. That such leases would justify the great expense of sinking artesian wells throughout the dry area, and that by such means the possibilities of the dry area for pasturage might be more than doubled. It is asserted that under the present order of things the large cattle own- ers are discouraged from making such improvements, for the reason that after securing a supply of water settlers might, under existing laws, come in around them and cut them off from the water supplies which they had secured perhaps at great cost. Second. In favor of the leasing of the public lands as before men- tioned, it is maintained that at reasonable rates, the rental of such lands would yield to the National Treasury from $10,000,000 to $50,000,000 annually. This argument does not appear to be of any great force, in view of the fact that the Government does not at the present time stand in need of an increase of its revenues. The question as to the advisability of adopting the policy of leasing the extensive range-cattle lands of the interior involves, however, other and exceed- ingly important considerations, to some of which attention is here in- vited. The plan of leasing the public lands would afford to the owner or owners of each herd or to associations of herdsmen, the right to fence extensive areas of the public lands, and would thus debar the home- stead settler, the settler engaged in the irrigation of lands under the “ desert act,” and the settler on lands under the privileges of the time ber-culture acts, from allowing his cattle to feed on contiguous ranges which are embraced in the public domain. But this privilege, now en- joyed alike by the settler and the great herdsman, by the owner of a dozen head of cattle and the owner of thousands, is one of the chief in- ducements which has led the settler to occupy the lands, of which, un- der the pre-emption, homestead, and other laws before mentioned, he has been able to acquire the ownership. - Such portions of those lands which the settlers now have under fence are generally, it is believed, rendered susceptible to tillage only by means of irrigation. As a general rule the soil is cultivated by settlers Only to the extent necessary in order to supply their own needs and the needs of their families. Their only surplus product is cattle. On ac- count of limited capital but few are kept, and those in many cases are required to be sheltered and fed during stormy weather and periods of extreme cold. Apparently the effect of allowing the large herdsmen to secure the absolute control of “range lands” through leasing would be to compel very many settlers to abandon their homes and sell them to the large herdsmen at prices which the latter might be able to dic- 48 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. tate. But even if the settler should wish to remain, as thus environed, he would, in various ways, be at the mercy of the great herdsmen. It appears hardly necessary to go further into this subject in the pres- ent connection in order to show that the proposition to lease the public lands in large bodies would be in the face of the line of policy regarding the disposition of the public lands which has prevailed from the begin. ning, and which has wrought beneficially to the commercial and indus- trial interests of the United States. Evidently it will be much more in harmony with the sentiments and wishes of the people of this country if the National Government shall adhere to its present line of policy re- garding the disposition of the public lands and provide additional safe- guards and offer new inducements to settlers rather than place any pos- sible barrier to the occupancy of the public lands by them or to their enjoyment of the privileges which they have already secured under ex- isting laws. In a word, it will be much more promotive of the public interests if the lands now held by the Government shall be dedicated to the rearing of men rather than to the rearing of cattle. Another highly objectionable feature of the proposition to lease the range lands of the great dry area must here be mentioned. The effect, at the present time, of leasing all the available range cattle lands to persons occupying them would be to prevent other owners of herds from engaging in the business. That would, of course, be to shut out competition in a business which has already yielded enormous profits. It is held by some that in certain sections the ranges are now fully stocked; but that is denied. For the Government to take such action as would tend to check competition, and therefore promote a monopoly of the use of its own free lands, would be in the highest degree objec- tionable. No class of men, much less tenants by sufferance upon the public lands, have reason to expect such protection of their business interests against the hazards of commercial competition. Besides, it is evident that cattlemen would, under the privileges of leasing, combine in great associations, a measure apparently required by the exigencies of the semi-annual “round-ups,” and, thus be able the more effectually to eliminate colnpetition. In other Words, enormous monopolies would be created, having vast territorial sway. But the people of this country are intolerant of monopoly powers generally. Wherever such powers do exist, apparently of necessity or from the force of circumstances beyond human control, as, for example, in our system of railroad transportation, there is generally a popular demand that the exercise of such powers shall be subjected to a close public scrutiny and to such regulations as experience has proved to be . necessary in order to protect the public interests. But it appears to be highly inexpedient to subject the National Government to the duty of supervising or regulating commercial and industrial affairs wherever it can be avoided. The danger also exists that the proposed System of leasing the public lands might become a source of official corruption. RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 49 In various ways it would be troublesome, indeed, perhaps even more so than the so-called “Indian problem.” It seems, also, to go without saying that public sentiment in the United States is opposed to allowing unnaturalized foreigners engaged in the cattle business to obtain by the leasing of public lands a more permanent foothold than they have already been able to secure in this country under our land laws now in force. CONCLUDING REMARKS IN REGARD TO THE 000UPANCY OF THE PUBLIC LANDS FOR RANGE-CATTLE PURPOSES. The range and ranch cattle business of the Northwestern States and Territories is one of the most attractive and important commercial and industrial enterprises of the present day, and, as such, is fully entitled to all the encouragement and protection which may be accorded it con- sistently with the observance of those rules of policy which are funda- mental to American institutions, and which have exerted so important an influence upon the course of the social and industrial development of the country. - The range and ranch cattle business of the North has provided an enormous outlet for young cattle from the great State of Texas, the most prolific breeding ground in this country, and it has also provided Quite extensively a market for young cattle from the dairy States of the West, and from the State of Oregon and Washington Territory, to be matured and fattened on the northern ranges. It has also added very largely to the beef supply of this country, and thus has exerted a most important influence in placing that very nutritious and desirable article of food within the reach of the laboring classes. It has, besides, afforded a large amount of profitable traffic to transcontinental railroads, and been the means of greatly encouraging railroad construction throughout the Territories, thereby largely increasing their population and wealth. At the same time it has been highly promotive of both the internal and the foreign commerce of the United States. The northern range-cattle business has also been perhaps the most efficient instrumentality in solving the Indian problem, by occupying lands throughout that extensive region over which formerly the Indians roamed, and upon which for centuries the buffalo and other wild ani- mals fed. By this means a vast area, which, but a few years ago, was apparently a barren Waste, has been converted into a scene of enterprise and of thrift, and now supplies a large and profitable employment both to capital and to labor. Thus the scope of the national industries has been greatly enlarged and the national wealth increased. * Already the range and ranch cattle industry has passed through two or three successive stages of development, and it appears to be now in a transition state. That in the future it will largely increase, no one who has studied the subject with any degree of care can for a moment doubt. 50 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. Evidently it is yet too early to attempt to throw around it the constraints of artificial conditions. Its best and most natural development for the good of the country must come as the result of a growth conformed to its relationships to co-ordinate branches of industry throughout the vast area where now, to a great extent, it occupies the attitude of a pilgrim upon the public lands of the United States. The difficulties of which the cattlemen complain are largely a result of this fact. But the meth- ods of pioneer life are never those of organized society, and it is yet too early to attempt to set bounds to future development. - The conflicts of interests as between the herdsmen themselves and as between herdsmen and settlers, to which allusion has hereinbefore been made, appear to be but the natural and unavoidable result of the inter- action of productive forces in the development of the resources of the country, but the history of our race clearly indicates that out of such strug- gles usually come those adjustments of right and of interest which char. acterize our civilization and result in the advancement of the commer- cial and industrial interests of a great and free people. THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE BUSINESS OF NEWADA AND ARIZONA. The foregoing statements relate more particularly to the range and ranch cattle business of the States and Territories situated east of the Rocky Mountains. The following special statements are therefore pre- sented in regard to the business in Nevada and Arizona. THE RANGE-CATTLE BUSINESS OF NEWADA. The range-cattle industry has already attained to considerable mag- nitude in Nevada. It is estimated that the total number of both range and ranch cattle in the State is about 700,000, During the year 1884, the surplus product was 35,000 head, averaging 700 pounds each when dressed. The chief cattle markets of Nevada are Chicago and San Fran- cisco. - - The climate and soil of the ranges and valleys of Nevada and the quality of the natural grasses are especially favorable to the rearing of thoroughbred cattle, both of the milch and beef varieties. Large num- bers of high-bred bulls and cows have been imported into the State at great expense. Much attention has already been paid to irrigation and to the sinking of artesian wells. In this way large tracts of land, formerly arid, have been reclaimed and become productive. There are now about 2,000 miles of ditches in the State, irrigating 150,000 acres of land, and the possibilities of reclaiming large areas of land in this way are very ex- tensive. . Attention is invited to the interesting and instructive statement by Hon. G. W. Merrill, in regard to irrigation and grazing in Nevada. Appendix, No. 26. RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC . 51 THE RANGE-CATTLE BUSINESS OF ARIZONA. The report for the year 1884, of Hon. H. F. A. Tritle, governor of Arizona, embraces exceedingly interesting and instructive statements in regard to the resources of that Territory, and especially in regard to its capabilities for the raising of cattle. (See Apendix, No. 27.) There are now in the Territory 300,000 head of cattle, and under ex- isting conditions there is room for 1,000,000 more. With a soil of re- markable fertility the great need is water. The rainfall is sufficient to produce a bountiful supply of highly nutritious natural grasses, but not Sufficient for agricultural purposes. The running streams which can be depended upon for supplying the needs of stock are few and far between. As hereinbefore stated, cattle can range only about 6 or 7 miles away from water, therefore vast areas of land beyond such limits, well supplied With grasses, are now unavailable for grazing purposes. The ranges of Arizona embrace 60,000 square miles of good grazing lands, equal to 38,400,000 acres; a very large part of which cannot now be used for the reason just stated. 4. A Commission appointed to examine and report upon artesian wells in Cochise County, state that “sufficient water has been obtained in this way to water at least thirty thousand cattle, besides affording Sufficient irrigation to maintain the gardens that a population attend- ing to this stock would require, and, perhaps, tree plantations for the relief of stock from sun and wind.” Governor Tritle, in his recent report, says, “Should all the grazing land in the Territory be made available in this way it is estimated that there would be ample pasturage for 5,000,000 cattle.” There is also the possibility of largely increasing the area of irri- gated lands by the construction of ditches for that purpose, thus utilizing the flow of waters which have their sources in mountain ranges. Alfalfa, the most nutritious of all the grasses, grows abundantly. It produces five crops annually of from 13 to 2 tons per acre. It is an ex- cellent food for cattle, and also for hogs. The climate of Arizona, especially in the northern portions of the Territory, is mild and healthful. No epidemic disease has ever been known among cattle, and the conditions of climate and of soil are favor- able to the raising of animals of the higher breeds. THE RANGE-CATTLE BUSINESS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. The area producing bunch-grass and other nutritious natural grasses extends far north into the British provinces of Assiniboia and Alberta. The fact that the buffalo roams throughout those provinces, and into the province of Saskatchewan, would seem to indicate that cattle may also be fed there, as on the more southerly ranges. It is, however, doubtful as to whether the range-cattle business can be successfully 11991 R C–5 52 RANGE AND RANCEI CATTLE TRAFFIC. carried on to any great extent in those provinces. Upon this subject Mr. Lorenzo Fagersten, of Chicago, an expert employed by this office, Says: e The severity of their winters precludes “range” business in the American sense, and the extra care necessary for the maintenance of a herd equal in quality to our range cattle would add so much to the cost as to completely debar them from our market. The question as to the raising of cattle “on the range” in the British Northwest is however one yet to be more fully determined by the re- sults of practical experiment. Upon this subject Mr. E. V. Smalley, of Saint Paul, an expert employed by this office, says: How far north this new cattle district and the comparatively new region in the Valleys of the Bow, the Belly, and the Saskatchewan Rivers east of the mountains will extend, can only be determined by experience. When once stocked the products of this distriet will go in part to Chicago to swell the enormous cattle movement centering in that city, unless the United States duties on imports stand in the way, and in part to Montreal and Quebec for Canadian consumption, or for shipment to England. Mr. Smalley adds: Thus far the beef product of the Canadian ranges has been consumed in the con- struction camps of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and in the city of Winnipeg. All the cattle which have thus far been brought over the Canadian Pacific Railway have come from the Montana ranges. Certain of the more northerly Montana ranges are situated nearer to the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway than to that of the Northern Pacific Rail- road. This circumstance, and the fact that the supply of grasses in the Province of Assiniboia is abundant during the proper season for mar- keting, has led to such shipments of Montana cattle by the way of the Canadian Pacific Line. But movements of this sort are sporadic. The Northern Pacific Railroad constitutes the shortest and cheapest route for the shipment of range cattle to market from at least four- fifths of Montana, and from all parts of Northern Dakota and Northern Idaho. & . From all that is now known in regard to the capabilities of the British northwestern provinces for the production of cattle, and in regard to the geographical conditions governing the movement of cattle to mar- ket from the northern ranges of the United States, there appear to be no substantial grounds for predicting a cattle movement of any con- siderable magnitude over the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In British Columbia the climate is generally milder than on the east side of the Rocky Mountain Range, but it is believed that the area there suited to the raising of cattle is not very extensive. The country is said to be broken by an almost uninterrupted succession of mountain ranges and spurs from the Cascade Range, near the Pacific Coast, to the Rocky Mountain range at the east. RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 53 THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE BUSINESS IN MEXICO, In a letter addressed to this office under date of April 25, 1885, ap- pendix No. 56, Mr. Levi C. Wade, President of the Mexican Central Railway Company, states that since the opening of that line the num- ber of cattle in Mexico has evidently increased. Between Paso del Norte and the city of Chihuahua there is a large extent of grazing country, not excelled by any in the United States, With an abundance of nutritious grasses and a plentiful supply of wa- ter. It contains many fine lakes and ponds, and on it are pastured Vast herds of neat cattle and horses. Notwithstanding the duties upon cattle imported from Mexico into the United States, the rate being 20 per cent. ad valorem, there is some trade in cattle between Mexico and the United States. During the year ending December 31, 1884, there was transported over the Mexican Central Railroad 2,219 horses and 2,855 head of neat cattle, nearly all of which were shipped from different points in Mexico to the United States. This traffic is constantly increasing. The establishment of a stock- yard at El Paso would promote its development. At the present time the purchase of cattle in Mexico is wholly for the purpose of stocking ranges and ranches in the United States. GENERAL REMARKS IN REGARD TO THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE BUSINESS OF THE UNITED STATES. The occupancy of the public lands throughout the central and north- ern portions of the great dry area for range cattle purposes is a legiti- mate and laudable branch of the national industry. It has subdued and utilized such lands for the production of a cheap and nutritious ar- ticle of food now brought within the means of purchase by the labor- ing people of this country, and it has contributed greatly to the foreign commerce of the United States by swelling the volume of our exports. It has also served as an indirect but effectual instrumentality in keep- ing the Indians upon their reservations, by expelling their game— chiefly the buffalo–from the ranges, and thus removing the main in- ducement for the Indians to go on hunting expeditions outside of their reservations. Besides, it has supplied in the cow-boys an effective police force, which is ever alert to prevent ostensible hunting excursions by In- dians, such excursions in times past having oftentimes been but the pre- text to cover schemes for going “on the war path.” It is not a strange thing that a great branch of industry like the range cattle business, which within the space of a few years has as- sumed gigantic proportion, should in the course of its development have been subject to frictional resistances and embarrassments. But difficulties beset all human enterprises, especially those which are new 54 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. and have not become fully adjusted to the conditions which constitute their environment. As hereinbefore stated there are several important features of the range and ranch cattle business which deserve a full and careful in- vestigation by Congress with the view of devising some definite and carefully considered line of policy regarding the disposition of the pub- lic land, now so extensively used for the pasturage of cattle “on the range.” Such an investigation would, of course, tend to determine the respective rights of cattlemen and of settlers, and it would also em- brace incidentally the consideration of the question as to the practica- bility of increasing the rain fall of the great dry area, and of securing additional supplies of water for cattle and for the purposes of irrigation, by means of artesian wells. These subjects in their summation constitute one of the largest and most important lines of inquiry which have ever yet commanded the attention of the Government of the United States. THE GROWTH AND PRESENT MAGNITUDE OF THE CATTLE INTER- EST IN THE UITED STATES. It is impossible to state with any degree of precision the total num- ber of cattle in the United States at the present time. The following table shows the total number for the years 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1884: Number of cattle in the United States. | i Year. º *. Total. 1850. ------------------------------------------------------------- 6,385,094 11,893 818 17,778,907 1860 -------------------------------------------------------------- 8,585. 735 | 17,034,284 25,620,019 1870. ------------------------------------------------------------- 8,935, 332 14,885,276 23,820,608 1880 -------------------------------------------------------------. 12,443, 120 28,482,891 35,925,511 1884 -------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49, 417, 782 The data in the above table for the years 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880, are from the Census. The total number for the year 1884 has been com- piled as follows: The total number of cattle in the State of Texas is the result of a careful estimate upon the subject by Mr. George B. Lov- ing, of Fort Worth, and Mr. D. W. Hinkle, of San Antonio, Tex. The assessment rolls of the State for 1884 give as the total number 6,517,524 cattle, valued at $81,052,616, but the gentlemen just named agree in the belief that owing to unavoidable errors in the report of the comptroller of public accounts, the total number may be stated at 9,000,000, and their value at $153,000,000. The number of cattle in certain other States and in Territories west of the Mississippi River is taken from a table prepared by Col. R. D. Hunter, president of the National Cattle and Horse Growers' Association, for the national convention of cattlemen, held at Saint Louis, November 17 to 22, 1884. The number of cattle in RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 55 the remaining States and Territories is from the report of the Depart- ment of Agriculture for the months of January and February, 1885. The following table has been compiled from these data : Total number of cattle and the value thereof in the 8everal States and Territories at the close of the year 1884. | States, and Terri. |Number of Value of States and Terri. - cattle. cattle. : to Ties. i | | ––– i Maine --------------. 350,746 $11,072,378 Ohio................ New Hampshire..... 235,057 7, 482, 561 | Michigan. ---------- Vermont . . . . . . . . . . 406,127 10, 988, 692 || Indiana...... . . . . . . . Massachusetts. -----. 270,740 9,178,289 Illinois - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rhode Island . . . . . . . . 35, 125 1, 293, 524 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . Connecticut . . . . . . . . . 229, 908 7, 940, 418 Minnesota ------...-- New York. . . . . . . . . . . 2, 418, 303 82,409, 227 . Iowa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - New Jersey . . . . . . . . . 237, 804 8,999,468 Missouri............ Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . 1,769,189 57,174,907 || Kansas............. Delaware - - - - - - - - - - - - 55,004 1,775,058 || Nebraska........... Maryland.---...----. 268,085 8, 241,044 || California. . . . . . . -- - - Virginia ------------- 680,259 15,010,541 || Oregon ............. North Carolina. . . . . . . 669,267 9, 199, 538 # Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . South Carolina ...... 358,776 5,002,081 Colorado............ Georgia.-------------- | 955,269 12,594,233 Arizona............ Florida ---...--------. 612,575 5, 717, 307 || Dakota ---...-...---- Alabama -----...----- 714, 555 8, 818, 736 || Idaho. ---...-----... Mississippi..... ----. 688, 375 8,933, 558 Montana------------ Louisiana ---...----. 406, 871 5,973, 0.25 New Mexico. . . . . . . . Texas --------------. 9,000, 000 | 153,000, 000 || Utah ............... Arkansas.----------- 697, 356 10,842, 197 Washington - - - . . . . . Tennessee ....... . . . . 786, 101 14,994, 927 Wyoming ---------- West Virginia....... 454, 125 11,539,633 || Indian Territory ... Kentucky ------...-. 808,597 23,674,042 Total ----..... ; - - 4-1’ Number of Value * * of" cattle. cattle. . 1,801, 380 56, 149,661 . 917,828 28,707, 893 1,406,929 | 42, 294, 540 . . 2, 390, 195 74, 215, 525 . 1, 258,769 34, 361, 933 * 804, 393 21, 663, 589 . 3, 664, 440 98, 451, 301 . . 2, 572, 190 56, 492. 211 . . 2, 210, 000 58, 255, 536 . 1, 770, 181 47, 146, 932 - 986, 600 29, 439, 385 º 721, 861 16, 658, 440 . 283,725 5, 444, 100 - 918, 993 25, 341,174 - 233, 466 4, 486, 551 sº 350, 937 9, 626, 662 . . 263,000 6,786, 756 w 770, 940 22,988, 280 e 547, 113 10,760,073 - 135,087 4, 198,727 185,625 4, 740, 573 . 1,095,916 19, 116,700 . 1,020, 000 20, 400,000 . . 49, 417,782 1, 189, 576, 926 It is estimated from the best available data that the total number of Cattle in the range and ranch cattle area outside of Texas is about 7,500,000. The average value of northern range cattle is, according to the Department of Agriculture, about $25 per head. At this rate the total value of the cattle on the northern range and ranch cattle area may be stated at $187,500,000. The total number and value of cattle in the United States, in the State of Texas, and in the range and ranch cattle area north of Texas, is therefore as follows: Number of cattle. Value of cattle. The United States ............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * The State of Texas.------------------------------------------------------ t i | 49,417,782 $1,189, 577,000 9,000, 000 153,000,000 7, 500,000 187, 500,000 From this it would appear that the total value of the cattle of Texas, and of the range and ranch cattle area north of Texas, is about $340,- 500,000, which constitutes nearly 28 per cent. of the total value of the cattle in the United States. 56 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. The foregoing data are the best which can be procured upon the sub- ject, but they are undoubtedly quite crude. The number of cattle slaughtered and the value of the annual cattle product of the country is involved in so much doubt that it is not deemed advisable to attempt to make any estimate upon the subject. The annual value of the cattle product of Texas, and of the range and ranch cattle area north of Texas, may, however, be approximated. Ac- cording to the best data which can be procured the total number of beef cattle marketed outside of that State, and mainly at New Orleans, Chicago, Saint Louis, and Kansas City, was about 625,000, realizing on the average about $25 per head, or a total sum of $15,625,000. The number of northern range cattle marketed at Chicago, Saint Louis, and Kansas City, making proper allowance for duplication, was about 400,000, and their average value about $40 per head. The number of beef cattle shipped from Texas, and from the northern ranges during the year 1884, and their value at shipping points, was therefore, according to the best available data, as follows: t Average . Total - Number. value. value. | | Dollars. Dollars. From Texas. ----------------------------------------------------- 625,000 25 00 15,625,000 From the northern ranges...... . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 400,000 40 00 16,000,000 Total.------------------------------------------------------- 1,025,000 ------------ 31,625,000 - - The total value of the exports of cattle and beef products from the United States during the year ended June 30, 1884, was $41,080,001. This shows that the value of the cattle products of Texas and of the northern ranges and ranches was about 75 per cent. of the value of the exports of cattle and their products from the United States to foreign countries. It appears, however, from the best estimate which can be made that the value of the exports of beef from the United States does not constitute more than 6 per cent. of the total value of the beef prod- uct of the country. The fluctuations in the home demand for beef and beef products, therefore, exert a much more potential influence over prices than do the changes in the conditions governing the foreign de- mand. The range and ranch cattle business of the United States also gives rise to several important internal trade movements, the more im- portant of which will here be mentioned : - First. The driving of young cattle north from Texas to stock the northern ranges began about the year 1868, and, as before shown, it has ranged from 100,000 to 450,000 head annually. It is composed almost entirely of yearling and two-year-old steers with a small propor- tion of cows and bulls. The total value of cattle constituting this move- ment amounted, during the year 1884, to about $5,100,000. Second. Young cattle, both male and female, are also shipped in large quantities from the States of Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, and other States to the northern ranges to be matured and fattened. This constitutes a RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC, 57 large and valuable adjunct to the dairy business in the States last men- tioned, a business found to be more profitable in those States than the raising of cattle for beef. The female calves are usually kept for dairy purposes, while the male calves are largely shipped West to stock the northern ranges. (See Appendix No. 55.) The shipments of this char- acter during the year 1884 over the three principal railroads engaged in the business were as follows: Mode of transportation. º: By Northern Pacific Railroad.----------------------------------------------- • * * * * * * * * * * * * * . 98,000 By Union Pacific Railroad --------------------...----------- --------------------------------- 26, 180 By Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . ...-------------. --...------. . . . . . . . . 31, 000 º - *sº Total.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 155, 180 Estimating the value of these cattle at $27 a head, their total value was about $4,190,000. (See Appendix No. 54.) It therefore appears safe to say that the total value of young cattle shipped into the northern-range area from Texas and from the East, during the year 1884, was about as follows: Whence shipped. Value. | From Texas. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ $5,100,000 From other States ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4, 190, 000 Total.-----------. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 9, 290,000 It must be said that these statistics are crude as expressions of the total movement of young cattle into the northern ranges. They consti- tute, however, the best available exact data, and are believed to furnish an approximately correct view of the subject under consideration. Young cattle were, at an early day in this business, driven from East- ern Oregon and Eastern Washington Territory to stock the ranges of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Latterly, however, the surplus product of Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington Territory has been chiefly needed for local consumption on the Pacific coast, and for stocking new ranges in Oregon, Washington Territory, and British Columbia. There is also another important commercial movement connected with the range and ranch cattle business of the United States, viz, the ship- ment of bulls of the finer breeds into all parts of the northern ranges and also into Texas, for the purpose of improving the breed of the cattle of those sections. Such high bred bulls are shipped largely from Ken- tucky, from New York, and other States; to a considerable extent, also, they are imported from foreign countries. It is impossible accurately to ascertain the total value of such cattle. From the best available data it appears probable that the beef prod- uct of that portion of the United States which is situated west of the latitude of Chicago, constitutes about one-half the entire beef product of 58 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. the United States. The increase in the beef product of this western portion of the country has been very rapid during the last twenty years. This is clearly shown from the growth of the cattle business of Chicago, Saint Louis, and Kansas City, the principal cattle markets of the West, the city of Chicago being by far the most important of the three. Number of cattle received at and 8hipped from Chicago, and the number of cattle slaughtered at that city and sold as fresh, salted, or canned beef, and in the various forms of beef prod- wots during the years from 1864 to 1884: ! | | Number. | Number. Year. # Year. Received. Shipped. Packed. Received. Shipped. | Packed. 1864 | 338, 840 253, 439 Fº | : gº tº gº ºn tº dº e º º is w ś , orv --> © QX § B 5 º : 3. º 3 TE g F4 5 § Q R § $ - || 3 || > || 5 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 2 | f | < 1877 ---------------|------|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|------|------ 0.35 | 0.09 || 0.27 0.85 2.05 || 0.01 |. -- - - - 1878 --------------- 1.73 2.18 1.63 || 0.37 | 1.18 0.86 0.31 0.50 0.27 | 0.30 0.53 || 0.35 | 10.21 1879 --------------- 3. 62 | 1.42 3.04 | 1.42 0.92 | 1.43 (* 0.03 || 0. 14 0, 76 1. 20 ! 3. 65 || 17. 63 1880 --------------. 0.90 (). 94 0.50 | 1.50 | 1.57 0. 11 || 0.02 || 0.02 0, 11 || 0.50 | 0.48 || 4.01 || 10. 66 1881 --------------- 3. 62 | 3. 51 0. 64 | 1.34 0.07 || 0.29 0. 13 || 0.00 || 0.25 2. 12 || 0.94 | 0. 65 || 13.56 1882 --------------- 1. 62 | 1.73 | 1.54 2.33 || 0.34 0.29 (*) 0.00 1.36 2.94 || 0.08 2, 20 || 14.43 1883 --------------- 3.77 | 1. 20 0.28 0.61 2. 12 || 0, 20 | (f) (*) 0.20 || 4.06 || 0.46 2.27 | - - - - - - 1884 --------------- 1. 75 | 1.32 2.78 0.78 0.92 3, 41 || 0. 60 0.07 2. 11 1.52 0.12 5, 67 || 21. 05 Mean-------- 2.43 | 1.76 | 1.49 | 1.19 | 1.02 0.94 | 0.20 0.09 0.59 | 1.63 0.73 2. 35. 14.59 * Inappreciable. f No record. CHEYENNE, WYO. 1870 - - - - - - is s we s is sº sº, sº º 1 s sº as as s sº | * * * * * *, • * * * : I - * * * * * * * * * * * * H = * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * | * * * * * - - - - - - - 0.41 0.18 - - - - - - 1871 --------------. 0.28 0.07 0.11 || 0.95 || 2. 14 2, 25 | 1. 27 | 0.36 0.74 0.24 0. 66 0.16 9. 23 1872 - ...-- - - - - - - - - ... 0.02 || 0.27 | 0.38 | 1.61 | 1.99 || 1.84 || 3.90 2.05 | 1.03 * 0.33 0.03 || 0.03 || 13.48 1873 --------------- 0.03 || 0.02 || 0.38 0.92 2.41 # 1. 77 | 1. 10 2.07 || 0.36 || 0.70 || 0, 17 || 0, 08 || 10. 01 1874 --------------- 0.11 0.11 || 0.74 0.61 | 1.50 | 1.34 | 1.87 0.44 || 0.93 | 1.86 || 0.04 || 0, 16 || 9.71 1875 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.42 || 0, 06 || 0.23 || 0.50 | 1. 20 || 0.29 4.47 || 2. 12 | 1.34 0. 60 || 0, 84 0.03 || 12. 10 1876 --------------- 0.02 || 0.06 || 0.54 0.23 2.50 0.10 || 0.79 0.26 0.00 || 0.00 || 0.32 0.21 5. 03 1877 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.20 0.14 0.98 || 1. 11 || 2.24 | 1. 27 | 0.43 || 0.83 || 2.02 | 1.99 || 0, 17 || 0.33 11.71 1878 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.08 || 0.13 | 1. 16 || 0.19 4.46 | 1.71 | 1.43 2.50 || 0.75 0.04 || 0.00 0.19 | 12.64 1879 --------------- 0.32 ± 0.20 || 0.44 | 1.66 | 1.30 0.07 | 1.04 | 1. 26 || 0, 00 0. 65 0.23 0.17 7.34 1880 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.20 0.09 || 0.06 || 0.17 | 0.44 | 1. 06 | 1.88 . 2. 23 | 1.05 || 0.76 || 0.36 || 0.08 || 8.38 1881 --------------- 0.36 || 0.22 || 0.32 || 2.32 | 1. 14 | 1. 22 | 1.40 | 1, 97 | 1.75 || 0.88 0.29 0.01 || 11. 88 1882. -------------- 0.14 || 0.05 || 0.06 || 0.46 2.73 | 1.85 2. 30 || 0.23 || 0.35 | 0.31 || 0, 06 || 0, 10 8.64 1883 --------------- 0.88 0.25 || 0.85 2.76 || 3. 68 || 3. 67 | 1.45 2, 18 || 0.90 | 1.66 || 9. 16 || 0, 80 | 19. 24 1884 --------------- 0.76 || 0.26 | 1.59 | 1.33 || 4, 83 | 1.50 0. 60 2.07 | 1. 25 || 0, 50 || 0.18 || 0. 67 || 15, 54 Mean-------- 6. 27 | 0, 14 || 0.56 1, 06 2.33 | 1. 42 1. 71 | 1.47 || 0.89 || 0.75 || 0.26 0.21 11. 07 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 119 Precipitation (in inches and hundredths) at various places, &c.—Continued. DAYTON, WASH. * ge R. 2' § § 5 's is Po ſº- - ~ H rº º g Year § : º: g-t # ă 3. 8 3. : g • B F- § ;: º, KO Po bſ) || -- C SP Kº) 8 : º cº ſº cº 5 3 E § 3 § 3 a 5 Hy ſº > HS HS ------------|---- -----|------|------------|------|------| 4.55 ------ a s = * * * * * * * * * * * * 3. 37 2. 19 | 1. 89 3.81 || 2.78 | 1.00 | 1.68 1.29 || 0. 19 1.65 2.00 7.93 29.78 * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - 5.03 || 5.04 || 1.84 || 3.51 0.45 1.61 0.65 0.22 | 1.47 || 3.04 || 2.47 2.37 27.70 sº º sº as we as ºr - - - 4 m º ºs s. 2. 56 || 6, 16 | 1.97 || 4.08 || 1.93 || 0.77 || 0.83 || 0.14 || 0.94 || 4.41 || 2.61 || 7. 12 || 33, 52 as a tº ºn a ºn at a ºn a tº as a sm a 5. 48 || 1. 17 | 2.44 | 1. 64 2.90 0.08 || 0.00 || 0.30 0.09 | 1.44 || 3. 11 2.79 || 21. 44 sº tº sº º º sº - - - - - - as a e 3. 14 5.66 | 1.79 2.40 0.81 2.02 || 0.32 0.09 | 1.40 || 3.45 0.25 5.10 | 26.43 Mean ------- 3.92 || 4.04 | 1.99 || 3.09 | 1.77 | 1.10 0.70 || 0 a 0.82 |- sº 2. 09 || 4. 98 || 27.75 DEADWOOD, DAK. * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - 0.30 | 1.01 3.85 st 780 ------|-----|------|--|--|--|------| 0.75 3.63 |------ s = * * * - - - - - - - - - - 0. 58 0.72 0.51 7. 69 5.03 || 4.67 | 1.82 | 1.49 || 0.32 4.26 0.27 | 1.14 || 28.50 e ea º ºn tº - - - - - - - - - e. 0. 56 | 1. 14 0.75 | 1.57 2.43 || 3.33 1.51 3.33 || 0.30 1. 27 | 2.37 0. 64 19. 20 • * * = - - - - - - - - - - - 3. 10 | 1. 26 || 2. 59 2. 05 3.70 || 3. ()4 | 1. 56 || 0.56 | 1.80 0.58 0.84 || 0, 05 || 21. 13 * * * tº * * * * - w - - - sº is 0.33 || 0.21 1.29 || 7.31 || 7.05 5. 78 4.81 1.97 || 0.28 0.88 | 1.35 | 2.57 || 33.83 is s as a sm º º - - - - - - * * 0.74 | 1.32 0.84 5. 69 I 0.33 5. 26 | 1.82 | 1.32 0. 11 0.80 (). 45 | 1.01 || 29. 69 s = * * * *- - - - - - - - - -] 0.85 | 1.01 || 2.61 2.29 | 1. 72 | 2.51 || 3. 51 || 3.07 | 1.99 || 1.48 | 1.46 | 1.79 || 24, 2 Mean . ----- - || 0.92 0.95 | 1.78 5.05 |s a 4. 10 ºw 1 * 0.80 | 1. 54 | 1.07 | 1.55 | 26.11 DENVER, COLO. • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0. 51 |. ----- - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . 0.55 0.22 | 1. 71 || 2.09 || 3. 74 2.07 || 2. 69 | 1.75 | 1.57 || 0. 68 || 0. 69 0.29 | 18.05 º ºg º ºs º ºs - w - - - - - * * 0. 13 0.24 0.22 2.43 0.75 2.24 2, 00 | 1.41 0.89 || 0.73 0.16 0. 61 | 1.1. 81 * * * * * * * - - - - - - - * 0.84 || 0.53 || 0.49 | 1.70 || 2.43 | 1. 21 3.35 0. 68 1, 34 || 0. 64 0.08 || 0.17 | 13. 46 tº º ºs º - sº * - - - - - - - - 0.38 || 0. 60 | 0.39 2.24 | 1.94 || 0 43 4.32 | 1.97 || 2.89 0.22 | 1. 28 || 0.59 || 17. 25 s ºn se e º - - - - - - - - - - 0.21 0. 11 | 1.80 | 1.22 || 8.57 | 1. 10 | 1. 16 || 2.03 0. 60 0.12 | 1. 50 | 1.70 || 20. 12 º, s an as * - - - - - - - - - - 1. 90 || 0, 40 | 1. 40 || 2.77 2. 30 | 1.93 || 0.33 | 1.30 | 0.38 || 2. 15 0. 73 || 0, 79 | 16.38 * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - 0.10 0.48 | 1.82 0.05 || 2.90 2.78 | 1.38 2.25 | 1.23 0.80 0. 67 | 1.05 | 15.51 * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - 0.40 || 0.39 || 1.00 || 2.62 3.36 || 0.32 0. 64 | 1.38 || 0.02 || 0, 19 0.21 || 0.33 || 10.86 s me as as me m = e - as a ºn a sm a 0.38 0.32 0.21 || 0.31 | 1. 11 | 1. 22 | 1.38 | 1.46 0.89 | 1.37 || 0, 83 0.10 9.58 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ſ). 49 1. 22 || 0, 87 0.50 2. 21 0.09 || 2.50 2. 33 0.57 || 0.32 | 1.68 0.00 12.78 is ºn º gº º - º - - - - - - - * 0. 57 0.20 0.20 | 1.47 2.98 || 4.96 || 0, 66 1. 20 0.06 || 0.75 0. 71 || 0, 73 14. 49 s sº sº ºn ºn e º - - - - - - - sº 2.35 0.45 0.21 3. 10 || 4.30 0.85 2.27 0.75 | 1.08 || 1.49 || 0.32 2.32 | 19. 49 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0.22 || 0.86 0.93 || 3.33 || 4. 61 | 1.47 || 0. 65 1. 71 || 0. 13 || 0, 21 0. 19 || 0.76 || 14, 98 Mean-------. 0.66 0.46 0.87 | 1.83 3.17 | 1.59 | 1.79 | 1.56 0.90 0.74 0.70 || 0.71 14.98 DODGE CITY, KANS. tº us as s m e º 'º - * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * | * * * * * * | *s as m sº as sº I ºr * * * * * | * * * * * * i & = * * * * I - - - - - - I tº * * * * s 0.22 || 0.23 0.05 - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0.12 || 0.10 || 0.04 || 0.72 2.26 0.73 3. 28 2.06 | 1.32 0.06 || 0, 00 || 0.09 || 10. 78 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0.00 || 0.05 || 3. 59 0. 16 | 1.15 2.53 2.26 | 1.03 || 2. 13 | 1.00 | 1.35 | 0, 15 15.40 * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - 0.18 0.56 || 0, 25 | 3. 38 4.96 3.92 | 1.79 || 4.09 0.50 3.34 0.56 || 4, 36 27, 89 tº º ºs º sº sº - - - - - - - - - 0.21 | 1. 13 | 1.01 | 1.06 || 4.63 2, 19 1.61 || 4.48 || 0.76 0.09 || 0. 60 || 0.19 || 17. 96 1879 --------------- 0.87 0.08 0.17 0.40 0.90 4.40 || 3.90 || 3.75 || 0.80 (*) 0.04 || 0.12 15.43 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (*) (*) 0.04 || 0.11 3. U1 | 1.59 || 4.00 5.17 | 0.32 | 1.42 2.43 0.03 | 18. 12 * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - 0.15 | 1.63 || 0.50 | 2.38 |12. 82 | 1. 77 5.06 || 2.36 3. 13 2. 19 0.95 || 0, 61 33. 55 tº sº sº e = ** - - - - - - - - sº 0. 52 (), 22 0.24 || 0. 68 3.87 | 1.51 | 3.04 | 1.07 || 0.15 | 1.62 || 0.11 || 0, 11 || 13. 14 sº s = s. * * * * - - - - - - - 0.44 | 1.42 0.42 2.40 5. 41 || 4.31 2 61 5. 66 | 1.32 || 3.32 || 0. 12 | 1.07 || 28. 50 e = * g ºn e º - as e - - - * * 0.08 || 0, 28 | 1.91 | 1. 07 || 4.47 || 7. 67 || 6.40 || 4.82 0.23 | 1.50 || 0.83 | 1. 10 || 30.36 Mean- - - - - - - - 0.26 0.55 0.82 | 24 |** 3.06 || 3.40 || 3.45 1.07 | 1.34 || 0. 66 || 0, 72 21. 11 * Inappreciable. EAGLE ROCK, IDAHO. s sº e s tº as - e - ºn - - - w = i s m sº sº e s : * * * - - - - - - * * * * e s is sº * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * : s is a sº as a - w w - - - I - * * * * * : * * * * * * i - - - - - - 4.50 |------ * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - 3. 66 5.14 || 0, 97 || 3. 13 0.74 1.09 | 1. 21 0.95 || 0.00 1.71 | 1.91 || 0.80 21.31 * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - 4. 41 | 1.25 3.45 3.35 | 0.30 0.52 || 0.30 || 0.07 | 1.17 | 1.50 0.49 | 1. 24 | 18.05 * * * > * - - - - - - - - - - 2.08 2. 38 0.41 0.76 | 1.12 (*) ------|--|--|--|------|------|------|------|------ Mean ---.... 3. 38 2.92 | 1. 61 |- a 0.72 |ws |ºw 0. 51 0.58 | 1.60 | 1. 20 2. 18 || 19.68 * Station closed June 15, 1883. •eſqapoeidden I . 16 '83 88 "O || 31, '0 gz ‘g | #g ‘g | 8I ‘g #0 °g g6 3 || 39 g | 08 0 || 93 0 | 98 0 || 83 0 | * * * * * * * UI69]WI I6'88 g0 ‘g | FI "g | #g ‘g #8 0 || 09 ‘g 62 “I 98 ‘9 || 63 ‘9 80 ‘I | #8 0 | 12 '0 IQ 0 || " " " " " " " " " ' " " " ' #88 I IZ '83 #8 0 | #0 0 || ag ‘g | 16 ºf 99 9 || 18 g 99 “I 99 “f Z8 0 | #0 0 | 89 '0 (x) | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 888I 91, W& | Of '0 || 96 0 || 33 g | 8ſ ‘g gg “I g9 ‘g | #g "I 8; ‘L | 99 °0 | 89 0 || 9I '0 | 68 0 || " " " " " ' " " ' " " " " ' 388T 9I '91 | 93 0 | z; 'O | 69 0 | 8T ‘g | 6p :0 8& ‘g | 0I '0 | LZ ‘g | 97, “I (x) || 71, '0 | 1p "O | " " " " " " ' " " " ' " " " ' I88T 61, '91 gg 0 || 0I '0 || 0# 2 jºg ‘O || 01, "I II “Z || 09 ºf 8; ‘p 9I ‘0 Of '0 90'0 (..) |--------------- 088I tº tº º ºs º ºs 0I ' tº as tº º ºs as I am e as as as sº I am - ~ * * * * * * * * * * - - * * : * * * * - - - - - - - * * * * * * * | * * * * * * : * * * * * - I e s sº as tº º --------------- 6131 ‘YGIL “J.J.OITTH THOJI 08 "f 90 “I 09 ‘0 | 66 '0 g/, '0 | 9T “I | I& “I Ig ‘3 IZ "9 || LI "I | 89 '0 | 09 '0 | 89 "I " " " ' " " " ' UIge IVI 09 '91 | 12 0 | 1.9 '0 99 °0 Zī, ‘I 60 & 08 0 | 18 ‘8 6T ‘I LL '0 Z0 T | 63 "I g8 '3 | " " " " " * ~ * * * * * * * * #88T #8 gI 18 "I | 0I 'I | 16 0 | 9; ‘O IO I LL 0 || 0g "I 96 g 98 “I 80 ‘I 60 '0 33 0 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * 888 I g0 °2L | 6I “I gI '0 | 66, '0 | 82 “I II '0 | #g "0 || 3p ‘g g; ‘F &I ‘I 10 0 || 30 0 || 0# 0 || " " ' " " " " " " " " " " " 388T 88 ‘II | Zz 0 | 99 °0 || 08 0 | 60 "I 30 0 | If I 19 "T | 08 "I 81, '0 LI '0 | Ig ‘0 | #8 "3 | " " " " " " " " " " " " " ' " T88.I g9 '6L | 12 “I | #g ‘0 || 6 || “I || 03 “O | g g g | Ig "3 || LI '8 39 g I8 ‘T | 93 0 || 09 ‘0 38 '0 || " " " " " " ' " " " " " " ' 088I is sº - - - - gg T | 81 0 | #0 g | 80 0 ||------|------|----- |------|------|------|------|------|-----' -------- 6131 ‘J.NOWI “IGILSſ)0 JXIOJI 39 ºf I 86 ‘0 99' 0 | g6 °0 | 18 '0 | #I ‘I 65 '2 | 89 & | g I Z | 93 °I &g '0 || 09 °0 | #1, '0 " " " " " " ' UIgeIWI 19 "1, 0# 0 || Ig 0 | ## 0 || 3G '0 | 90 “I 18 "I | 66 '0 | #I 0 || 03 "I 0I '0 &I '0 II ‘O | " " ' " " " " " " " " " " " #88T 28 ‘OI II 0 | #I 0 | If I ZZ 0 | 96 “I 69 "I 16 0 | 69 0 || 8; 0 || I6 0 || 98 0 | 86 "I | " " ' " " " " " ' " " " " .. 888T 31, 'ZI Ig '0 | 63 0 || 00 “I 98 “g | 9L '0 ga ‘z 18 "I IQ ‘I #6 0 || 69 0 || 63 0 | 93 0 || " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 388T 06 ‘g| 60 0 | 68 °0 | 68 0 | 89 '0 || 0 I "I 39 "I j fi ‘g | 00 “I #8 "I | LI "I OI "I 86 ‘I ' " " ' " " " " " " " " " " " I88I g3 '83 80 ‘8 99 0 || 06 0 | #0 "I 98 '3 || LI ºf 9; ‘g 30 ºf #1, '0 Ig "O Ig '0 | 0I '0 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 088 I IL 6L | 89 "I 18 °0 gg “I 00 0 || 8L 0 | 89 "g g8 8 || 99 “g gL 3 80 ‘0 || 69 0 || 30 0 || " " ' " " " " " ' " " " " " 6/8L | ‘YIVOI ‘OIRIOJIſla TºIO.H. '919Iduoou Is 09 &I 99 '0 | 61, '0 | #8 "O OI "I #0 "I I8 "I g8 "I 88 & 18 0 | 1.1 °0 | 09 “O | 08 0 || " " " " " ' " UgoTWI - - - - - - I0 "I 63 0 | 93 0 | ## I 61, '0 60 g | 8I & 60 "I (*) (x) (...) | 99 °0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #881 I0 'g|I II '0 99 () #9 "I | 36 ‘0 | IO I 9I '0 | 66 'I Ig ‘g | Z0 "I #8 T | g º O | g 1. ‘0 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 888T 8I ‘OL | 00 “I | 68 0 || 98 0 | 68 °3 || 13 '0 | 98 0 | 8L '0 98 0 || 33 "I 60 "I | 89 “O G1, '0 | " " " " " " " " " " " " " ' " 388T I8 '9T | 1.0 '0 8/, "I #6 "I 38 "I | 8I ‘I ‘z 9; ‘g g; “I | SI () 63 0 | 99 0 | 12 “Z | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I88I - - - - - - 68 I ## I 60 'I 39 0 | 99 “I ZI ‘I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0881 m a. ºº e - " i = - * * * * : * * * * * * | * ~ * = • * | * * - - - - - - - - - - Ig ‘z g; "I 90 II: gz, "I gg "I 82 0 | II, ‘O | * * * * * * * * * * - - - - 9/8][ gſ, 'ZI £f '0 g8 °0 | I], “O | g I ‘0 | 6T "I #2 "Z | 1.g. 'Z | 09 "I 50 "I Z& ‘O | II "I 99 °0 " " " " " " " " " ' " " " " - 9/8T gy ‘OL | 09 '0 | 89 °0 | 99 °0 | 6p '0 || LI "I OI '0 | g I Z 86 ‘Z 35 0 | #9 '0 OI ‘O | 1.9 °0 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ' f/8T g6 ‘II ZI'0 | 98 0 || 6L 0 | 89 () 69 "I 63 “I | 19 "I 80 ‘9 #I "I 93 0 | Q9 '0 || 09 ‘0 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 8/8T Z3 ‘ZI 69 "O I9 '0 6I ‘O | 28 "I IQ '0 29 ºf # I ‘I 59' 0 | 19 '0 ZS '0 | #8 "O 13 0 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 318T. - - - - - - 08 T ------|------|------|------ ~~~~ ------|------|------|--------------- ILSI ‘JNOWI ‘NOLNGIGI ISIOH ‘oſqtºpoo.Iddeu Is #I '87 08 0 || 09 ‘0 | 89 "I 99 “I fºg '3 | 66 "g II () || 33 °0 3& ‘0 gg '0 | Eg '0 || 01, '0 | * * * * * * UIB9TWI 06 SI 10 g 33 0 | g g | 89 g | 86 ‘g | 97, '0 Il '0 (..) | Tö 0 |gg 0 | #8 0 gg 0 || - - - - - - - - - - - - - - fgSI Z6 ‘āI | #8 0 | IQ '0 | 80 ‘à | Ig 'z | #g “I #8 ºz #0 0 | 20 0 || 0 || 0 || 60 'Z || 0; 'O OI () " " " " " " ' " " " " ' " " - 888I 13 '8 || 00 0 || 97 "I 00 0 | OF '0 28 ‘g | 93 "I g; 'O || 01 0 1 00 0 | 88 0 || 81 0 | #9 0 || ----- - - - - - - - - - 388T LI '81 i 81, '0 | 09 '0 g; "I ºf "I gT ‘g | 8 || 8 || 30 0 || 88 "I 22 °0 I0 °0 | #& ‘O g3 '0 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I88I 19 “fl £g "I 30 0 | 1.5 °0 || 08 0 || 09 ‘g #g ‘9 00 0 || 00 0 || 0I '0 || 08 0 | (...) | IO I | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 088 I I8 ‘9 93 0 | IO ‘0 g6 0 | #0 °0 | g g '0 Lj, ’3 80 0 || 00 0 || 10 0 | 81 0 || 38 '0 | 19. "I " " " " " " " ' " " " ' " " ' 6L8T ºs as ºn w tº - II '0 99 0 | 20 "I 99 0 |gg 'z gz I ------|------|------|--|--|--|------|------|--------------- 8181 C/2 * -*- Q- sº | 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 | * #| || 5 || 5 || 5 || 3 | # E F | 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 | dº # | 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 | E 3 E | 5 É c" | do -: º H | S. = §3 *Jö9 # = op E &2 * © 1-3 A. § c" cº : cº F- 3 P, ; : gº ~ • , rº Gl) p: Year. § § is * s # 8 § à || 3 | r = p H © E F. Q º, 5, § C KD 5 | R 2 à || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 | # | 3 | # # # | 3 | # 55 HS ºr > C Q 'º) E à || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 5 || 3 | # | 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 § Ho Prº > Ho Hº rº H rº rº e Mean Stations. § É rº e É 5 3. F. F. Period of registration. • annual ă ro à #. º É É # | #. $2 g g rainfall. © C QX § | 3 || 3 || 7 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 2 | dº 5 5 5 6 6 {5 5 5 5 4 Brackettville ------------...---- • gº tº as tº e º ºr se me as ſº tº º sº tº º 1.44 0.81 | 1.49 2.70 || 5. 39 2. 16 || 2.20 2.61 | 2, 71 || 0. : 0.76 | 1.30 May 1, 1877, to October 1, 1882.......... 29, 12 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 Brownsville ----------------------------------- 2. 59 2, 19 | 1.55 0.82 | 2.68 | 1.16 2.48 7.76 4.89 || 4, 29 2.06 2. 16 || January 1, 1877, to August 1, 1882....... 33.35 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 CastroVille----------------. -------------------- 1. 36 | 1.44 1.33 2.31 3.07 | 1.31 3. 10 2.70 | 1.92 | 1.71 | 1.22 | 1.37 August 1, 1877, April 1, 1882.... . . . . . . . 22. TI 5 5 5 5 4 3 Coleman City. -------------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1.22 | 1.48 1.34 | 1.88 || 3.26 3.36 4.48 2.35 | 4.94 | 2.18 1, 14 2.67 July 1, 1877, to September 1, 1882. -----. 27.71 - 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 Concho ---------- - ----------- 's is tº s & e ºs e s we sº sº tº tº sº a s 1, 27 0. 60 0.79 | 1. 67 || 2.87 2.65 3.92 || 4.30 4.65 | 1. 53 | 1.09 | 1.29 April 1, 1877, to September 1, 1882. ----. 25. 07 Corsicana-------------------------------. ------|------|------------------------|------|------|------------|------------|-----------------------------------------------. 39. 35 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 4 5 4 Decatur --------------------------------------- 1. 64 || 2.78 1. 14 | 2.21 || 4, 11 || 3. 4. 5. 32 | 1. º 4.86 1.75 2.48 | 1.48 || March 1, 1877, to September 1, 1882...... 28.63 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 Denison ----------------. ---------------------- 2. 22 || 3. 53 2.34 3. # 4.65 4.89 5.00 3.23 3.06 || 3.01 2.87 2.41 July 1, 1875, to September 1, 1882....... 4.7. 92 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 4 Eagle Pass. ------------------------------------ 1. 34 | 1. 10 | 1.04 | 1. 21 4. 14 | 2. | 3.34 3. 54 || 4, 16 || 2. 14 0.57 1.41 July 1, 1873, to September 1, 1882....... 26. 06 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 El Paso.---------------------------------------- 0.89 0.46 0.22 0. !" 0.48 || 0. º 3.94 2.49 0.73 0.97 || 0.30 0. 67 || July 1, 1875, to September 1, 1882....... 13. 12 4 4 5 3 4 4 2 Fort Davis -----------------------------------. 0.81 0.25 0.20 0.33 | 1.73 2.46 || 4.43 4.98 | 1.82 2.88 0.40 0.40 April 1, 1878, to August 1, 1882- . . . . . . . . . 22.45 º 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 Fort Elliott.----------------------------------- 0.27 | 0.32 0, 31 0. g 5. 74 2.05 || 3.68 | 1.25 | 1.86 | 1.55 0.26 0.24 February 1, 1880, to September 1, 1882. - 16.47 5 5 4 5 5 5. 5 4 Fort Griffin------------------------------------ 1. 25 | 1. 10 0.53 2.08 || 3. 18 4. * 3.03 | 1. # 2.73 ſ 2.85 2.26 1.82 June 1, 1877, to May 1, 1882. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. 57 5 5 5 5 5 4 Fort McKavett. ------------------------------- 1, 13 | 1.30 0. 60 | 1.33 2.77 | 1.84 3. 18 3. 15 2.95 || 3.07 | 1.41 | 1. 17 July 1, 1877, to September 1, 1882. -- . . . . 22. 71 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 Fredericksburg---...--...----------------------- 1.12 | 1.81 | 1.46 3.14 || 4, 21 | 1.96 || 2.95 2.28 3.46 2.40 2.15 | 1.50 April 1, 1877, to September 1, 1882...... 28, 10 § 126 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. !,0 °89 II 00 ‘ſ， I6 ºg I LÀ ‘88 1,3 °93 | 0 06 * #3 Ǻ to T- ~. GN 02 '93 G9:88 8/, '&& II ºgº #8 "[g 0I w-i . r- . Cº . Cro “IT’eļuțe， Țenuua Uſeº.JN * * * * * * *288I ‘I I901040O 0ļ ‘ILBI ‘I Jºq0400 || 90 ºg • • • • • • 288 I ‘I JøquaeſºqdøS 04 ‘L18I ‘I [[Idy| , æ æ æ æ æ æZ88I ‘I JoquºqdøS 0} ‘LLSI ‘I KęIN§§"0 · · · · · z 83 I ‘L JøquºqđøS Oļ ‘LLSI ‘I qøJuJNſå'z · · · · · · Z88I ‘[ IºquºndoS 04 ‘LLSI “I IĶIdſy�‘I • • • Z8GI ‘I JequuºqdøS Oq ‘Z88I ‘I Klemuſe ſº·š··· · · · · · · · · · · · · · Z33 I ‘I KgWI Oq ‘L18T ‘I ºu m p | #8 °T • • • • • • Z88I ‘I 19qoqoO Oļ ‘L18I ‘I ÁI entrefä‘I · «ssi ſi ſequendes on sist í sumuur | #1 • • • • • • 288I ‘I 19qū19ņđøS 04 ºg 18I ‘I Keyſ[�'8 ~~~~ ~~ Z88I ‘L JøquºqdºŞ Oļ '6/8I ‘I IĻIdwy（3% - - - - - - Z83I ‘I JøqoqoO Oļ ‘038I ‘I KIemute ſº#ºz - - - - - - Z88I ‘L JøquºqđøS 04 'ILSI ‘I ĮĮĶIdy� ‘uoſqe Iņsț39I Įo poſaº.ēIĒ. g 6I ºff co *— lºy rºl P-4 . | ‘Ioque AON ſº g6 ºg | 1,9 # | g[ g | g9 # | 06 ºg | ¡ ¿ † || 60 ‘9 | 1,6 ± | 66 # | 83 # | * · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · * * * * * eT ‘quodø.A9IųS II || II || II || II || II || II || II" | II || II || II og "I | 3# ºz | 6L ºg | ſg ºg | 06:0 | 3g ºg | 61. ‘I | 0g "I | LI “I | 03:0 |· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ºpI8A0. 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 || 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 || 9 10 "I | Z 1, '£ | 30 ºg | ºg "Z | OI ‘Z | 0Z ‘I | 08 '0 | gg ’0 || Ig ’0 || 98 ’0 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *· · · · · · · · · · ---- · · · · ·uoqxooqs 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 || 9 | 9 | 9 6L ºz | 13 * # | 19 ºg | 82 ºg | ÞI *z | † 1, ºg | 60 ‘8 | 99 "I || 9I ‘Z | 81, "I |* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *· · · · · · · · · opuoquºſ ues 9 | 9 | 9 || 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 6ý ‘Z | Off 'Z | 06 ºg | 1,8 °I || 99 "O | 69 ºz | 88 ’0 || 8g "I | I6 '0 | 93 “I | * * * * * * * * * * * * * *· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Kųo opuſu.19 oņI 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 || 9 | 9 | 9 || 9 | 9 · · · · · · · · · · · · j ze ºg | ºg ºg i 88 ’0 | 9g 'L | zº ‘9 | 2,8 % || 89 ºg | g9 ‘I |~~~~ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·• • • • • • • •· · · · · · · · · · øūņsø[uq I | I || I || I || I || I | T | I 90 ºz || 96 ’8 | 30 ºg | gſ. 'Z || 89 "I | 08 ’8 || 8Z "Z | ZO ' I || 8ý "I | 18 “I |* * * * * *----------------------------------- uosoft g | g | g | g | g | † | 9 | 9 | 9 || 9 || . 0ț * I | ZO “I | † 1. ºg | 0ý ºz | 29 *I | ſg ºz | I8 “I | ff |, “I | 63 ºz | 88 "I || ~ ~ ~ ~ ~• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • → -－• opºuſerI g | 9 - || 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 || 9 | 9 || 9 I9 'Z | 81, "3 | $3 'Z | 88 （† || 0 [ "$ | Og ’8 || LI, ‘I | 80 °I || 98 “I || 98°0 |* * * * *■ ■ ■ ■ • • • • • • • • • • • • • •ș = • • • • • • • •· · · ·,0.1oqsx{oºp † || ? || 9 | ff || 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 I6 ºg | ZZ "9 | ¡ ¿ † | 91, ºz | Off 'Z | 26 ºg | Ig （I | Oý ºz | ZI ‘z | 8I ºz | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *----- - - - - - - - eļotreppu I 0I | OT || II || II || || I || II || 0 || || 0 || || 0 | | 0{ ºg "I | Įg "I | 36 ºg | #g ºg | 92 ºg | 99 ºg | 98 ºz | I8 ‘I | ÞI * I || 89 "I | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *· · · · · eqqoputte EI & | Z | 8 || 8 | ff | ff | ff | 8 || 8 || 8 0 $ ºg | #6 ºg | 91 ºg | ſg ºg | g0 ºg | g3 ºg | 33 ºg | LI “I | 8g ºg | 6z "I ||• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • UIBUĻeuſ) I | I | Z | Z | Z | 5 | Z | Z | Z | Z Iſ g | 6g （9 | 00 ‘9 | 66 ºg | Ig （† | 66 ºg | az ºg | g3 ºg | ſg ºg | gg ºg | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · UIOQS9AȚ89 II || II || @I I ZI | ZI | ZI | ZI | II || II || II O | C/2G-+ | <--!Hæ, , SH & | &}} | ÈĒș | }} | 5g | È §, | ğ | } | * | Ș | * | ſ || 3 || ? || ?ș § | 5 | #-• | Pº§ || ?suoſqeņS Ģ� ） “pemuſquo;O—’o.ý ‘89ææI, wy swoņoņ8 w0098-fiņuºmą 40 pº.toņ8460.， 80 ºpową wp fo 8ņpo.tpunº! pºwo 89ųową wą ‘n ſofugo.ae fiņņwow woøw pwp 1 on wwo w powo o pºmuſ quoO|I| \!\[×Į0\!!Įąp0.ipunt!9ųową wą ºmoguyp） nqųpwp 1!J, APPENDIX No. 12. TABLES PREPARED BY THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY SHOWING THE 4 VER 4G E MONTHLY RAIN FALL AT DIF- FERENT POINTS IN CALIFORNIA, OREGON, WASHINGTON TERRITORY NEVA DA, AND ARIZONA. SIGNAL OFFICE, WAR DEPARTMENT. Washington City, February 26, 1885. SIR : Referring to your letters of the 14th and 19th instant, requesting certain rainfall data for California, Oregon, and Washington Territory, I have the honor to transmit here with an extract from the records of this office. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, W. B. HAZEN, Brig. and Bvt. Maj. Gem'l, Chief Signal Officer U. S. Army. Mr. Joseph NIMMO, Jr., Chief, Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. Statement showing the average annual precipitation, in inches and hundredths, at the below- named stations of the Signal Service, United States Army, computed from the commence- ment of observations at each, to and including December, 1884, from the records on file at the office of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army. Precipitation. Stations. -: § H H tº, É 43 || 3 s: | 3 || 3: 3 # 2. gº 8 Gº) 8 B g== & t; d : rº - t; $–1 £ smº tº $2 >s tſ, + || C. Q QD à || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 5 || 3 | # | 3 || 5 || 5 || 3 * q) © # & | 3 | < || > | H | H | \TS - º ! ” 2. 3).”). º º º: º, 3% ſ % £22 * & sº %$####s:#%iº In some districts, where rocks and bowlders, once thickly covered with shrubbery, vines, and vegetation, have been cleared off and the stones exposed to the sun, they are now troubled with protracted drought, ulıknown in early days. The cause is evi- dently due to the stones becoming heated and remaining warm till into the night, preventing showers of rain and the deposit of dew. I consider fires—annually set by the Indians from time immemorial and until white settlement—as sufficient to account for “oak openings,” “barrens,” and very many of the prairies. They all will bear trees under protection, and the climate improves. An obvious cause of failure of wells, &c., in the Western States, east of the Missis- sippi, can be found in the deepening of channels by the clearing of woods that once bordered the streams. I have more confidence in the possibility of improving the plains, say, out to 1000 west longitude, than some have, but would not advise attempting too much at once. I would begin along the streams and gradually encroach upon the arid lands, where possibly I would divide up the country into compartments by planting belts of cotton- 130 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 131 wood, gray willow, carrageen, and other hardy trees and shrubs, and under their shelter others of less hardy but more valuable kinds. - There appears to be evidence that there is now a great deal more water in the land- locked basin of the Great Salt Lake in Utah than formerly. It has probably been brought in by the winds and condensed from the already half depleted moisture of the air by the cultivation introduced by man. I do not know that I have answered your inquiries fully; there are some facts about the effect of woodlands upon climate that cannot be answered until further researches have determined facts now unknown. - Very truly yours, - - FRANKLIN B. HOUGH. Mr. J. NIMMO, - Chief of Bureau of Statistics. 11991 R C–10 APPENDIX NO. 15. LETTER FROM GEORGE B. LOVING, ESQ., OF FORT WORTH, TEX., IN REGA R D TO THE LOSSES OF CATTLE DURING THE WINTER OF 1884– '85, THE DECLINE IN THE VALUE OF STOCK, AND THE FUTURE OF THE STOCK-GRO WING INTERESTS OF TEXAS. - [Daily and Weekly Gazette, George B. Loving, proprietor.] Fort Worth, TEx., April 15, 1885. DEAR SIR: Absence from the city and pressure of business has prevented me from answering your several letters sooner. The loss of cattle in this State during the past winter has been very heavy in some localities, while in others it has been much less. The Joss in that part of the State known as the Panhandle will probably not exceed 5 per cent., and the same may be said of the extreme western part of the State in what is known as the Pecos River country. In some localities in the central part of the State the loss is estimated as high as 30 to 40 per cent. Taking the entire State, it will probably average between 15 and 20 per cent. The loss during the past winter has been the heaviest ever known in Texas for some length of time and will probably not occur again for many years; although, from present appearances, there is a strong probability that the entire grazing country in Texas will be largely overstocked within the next few years, caused by the outlets for surplus cattle being cut off by the recent enactment of quarantine laws in Kansas and other States and Territories. These laws, if enforced, will very materially injure the stock business in this State, from the fact that in order to carry it on successfully, an outlet must be found for our surplus stock cattle each year. Stock cattle in Texas have declined in value fully one-third in the last six or eight months. This decline was first caused by the stringency in money matters, but has been greatly increased within the last few months by the quarantine laws referred to above. Nearly the entire drive from Texas, heretofore by trail, has been made between the 1st of March and the 1st of July. It will be impossible to drive Texas cattle to Kansas, if they must enter that State between the 1st of December and 1st of March, as the latter date is too early to handle cattle from this State, while December is too late, the cold weather making it impossible to handle them at that time. Heretofore thousands of cattle have been contracted for earlier than this for the spring drive, - while this spring comparatively nothing has been done in that respect. The depres- sion in the cattle business here, now that winter is over, is almost entirely due to the rigid quarantine laws enacted by Kansas and other Northern and Western Terri- tories. In reference to Mr. Atwater's suggestion as to the days of free grazing in Texas being over, will say that there will doubtless be for many years to come still much free grazing in this State, although there is a very considerable disposition among the cattlemen to buy or lease their ranges where it can be done. The graz- ing section of Texas being unsuited for agricultural purposes, it will be impossible for ranchmen to ever grow feed to fatten their cattle on during the winter. They may, however, by buying or leasing and inclosing their ranges be able to protect the grass to a considerable extent ; as by this arrangement their range would not be subjected to the drifts of neighboring herds, and would enable them to regulate the number of cattle grazed on any given quantity of land in such a way as not to per- manently injure the range. - Instead of cattlemen being hopeful of better times my observation has led me to believe quite the reverse. The majority of cattle ranches now in Texas are now for sale at fully 25 per cent. less than they could have been bought for twelve months ago, and, generally speaking, it may safely be said that a large majority of the ranch- , men of Texas would willingly retire from the business if they could dispose of their holdings at anything like a reasonable price. There is considerable talk of trying to establish a trail through the neutral strip and the eastern part of Colorado, thus avoiding Kansas, but I am of the opinion that this route is not feasible, first on ac- count of the scarcity of water in Eastern Colorado, and, secondly, for the reason that in all probability the ranchmen and citizens of eastern Colorado would soon raise the same objection to the establishment of a trail through the eastern part of their State 132 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. : 133 that has been made by the Kansas people. I see no solution of this vexed question, which threatens to disastrously end a business that has heretofore been extensively and lucratively carried on in this State, except by the establishment of a permanent cattle trail, thus making an outlet for the surplus of the cattle raised in this State. Referring to your inquiry as to the uumber of cowboys employed in this State, will say that I cannot even approximate the number, and know of no data by which I could be able to arrive at the desired information. The enactment of the quarantine laws referred to does not interfere with the ship- ment of fat cattle ready for the butchers direct from Texas to Saint Louis or Chicago; but this outlet is not sufficient, from the fact that Texas has for several years dis- posed of fully 500,000 cattle, which have been used to stock northern and western ranges, and which were not suitable to go direct to the beef markets. The drive of Texas cattle to the northern and western ranges began immediately after the close of the war, and were driven principally over what is known as the Chisholm trail to Kansas, a great many of them, however, going out in a western direction to New Mexico and Colorado. For the last twenty years Texas has probably furnished on an average 400,000 head of stock cattle, which have been distributed over the Indian Territory, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, Montana, Dakota, and other northern Territories. As many of these were full-grown cattle it probably would not be an overestimate to put their value at an average of $15 per head, which would show an income to the State (not including the beef cattle shipped. direct to market) of $6,000,000 per annum. The range-cattle business is now being carried on over almost the entire Territory of New Mexico and Arizona. These two Territories, but for their quarantine laws, would furnish an outlet for the present year for from 75,000 to 100,000 head of Texas cattle. A great deal of the territory of Old Mexico, especially the northern part of it, is well adapted to stock-raising, and is receiving more attention as a stock-growing country than ever before. ‘In reference to the number of cattle in Texas, will say that I know of no reason for changing the figures originally given you, except the heavy death loss during the past winter, which will probably decrease the number from one to one and one- half million. The rapid decline of cattle since my first report would probably justify a reduction in values of about $2 per head. I am of the opinion that your esti- mate of 5,000,000 of cattle for Texas is far too low, and that your estimate of one cow- boy for each 500 will show a great many more cowboys than are actually engaged in that business; for instance, on many of our largest ranches owning 50,000 to 60,000 cattle, there are not more than 50 or 60 cowboys during the busy season, and prob- ably not more than half that number during the winter. In reference to the increase in the rainfall in Texas, will say that all the grazing part of the State is still subject to considerable droughts, often lasting for three or four months during the season, and taking it one month with another I am of the opinion that the rainfall is greatly increasing in this State during the last twenty years, and will, in my opinion, continue to increase as the country develops and is converted into an agricultural country. Instead, however, of the nutritious grasses giving way, I think the increased rainfall is having, and will have, just the opposite effect, and would greatly improve the range, were it not overstocked with too many. cattle, besides being subjected in most parts of the grazing portion of the State to an increased supply of prairie dogs each year, which, in my opinion, are doing more damage to the grass of Western Texas than are all the cattle combined. Replying to your telegram of the 10th, will say that there have been slaughtering- houses established at this place and Victoria, Tex., for the purpose of slaughtering and shipping in refrigerator cars beef in quarters to the Eastern markets. Neither of these houses are being operated at this time, principally on account of the scarcity of fat cattle, and partly on account of their inability to ever make it a success. My in- formation is that both of the establishments have proved a losing business so far. The theory, I think, is a good one, but cannot be successfully run unless backed with an abundance of capital, and until the Texas people are willing to sell their cattle here at prices obtainable at Saint Louis and Chicago, less the freight. - For the want of time I cannot to-day carefully examine the different reports and documents sent me, but have simply answered briefly the it atters referred to in your several letters. Would do so more fully but from the fact that I fear it will be too late to answer the purposes intended. If I can be of any further service to you, do not hesitate to command me. Yours, very truly, - GEO. B. LOVING. Hon. Joseph NIMMO, Jr., Chief Bureau Statistics, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. APPENDIX No. 16. QUARANTINE LAW OF THE STATE OF KANSAS AGAINST TEXAS C.4 TTLE. [House bill No. 116. First published March 12, 1885.] AN ACT for the protection of cattle against Texas, splenic, or Spanish fever, and repealing chapter three of the special session laws of 1884. Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Kansas : No person or persons shall, be- tween the 1st day of March and the 1st day of December of any year, drive or Cause to be driven into or through any county or part thereof in this State, or turn upon or cause to be turned or kept upon any highway, range, common, or uninclosed pasture within this State any cattle capable of communicating or liable to impart What is known as Texas, splenic, or Spanish fever. Any person violating any pro- Vision of this act shall, upon conviction thereof, be adjueged guilty of a misde- meanor, and shall for each offense be fined not less than $100 and not more than $2,000, or be imprisoned in the county jail not less than thirty days and not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of any sheriff, under sheriff, deputy sheriff, or consta- ble within this State, upon a complaint made to him by any eitizen of the State, or otherwise having notice or knowledge that there are within the county where such officer resides, cattle believed to be capable of communicating or liable to impart the disease known as Texas, splenic, or Spanish fever, to forth with take charge of and restrain such cattle under such temporary quarantine regulations as will prevent the 1591------- Indianapolis.--------------- , 991 2,060. 1, 832, 5, 205 6,085 17 60|| 199 99 21 Cincinnati. ----------------- 26, 512 25, 779. 18, 621 23, 895 24, 349. 1, 340] 2, 480, 1,734 1, 220 255 Buffalo ------------------ 34, 620 15, 574] 17, 467, 15, 509 18, 556.------ 2, 550, 3, 400| 4, 336 3, 264 Pittsburgh. ------------. ... 14,907 13, 247 9, 172 14,053, 8,663 7, 166 4,957 4, 228 3, 510, 1,965 Illinois --------------------- 10,096 3, 173| 537 105|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------- Iowa------------------------ 680--------------|-------|-------|-------|--------------|-------------- Indiana--------------------- 4, 884] 2, 156 2,091 2, 277 2,094 101 267 12 10... -- Michigan ------------------- º * * * * * * * } @ me as ºs º ºr s |-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------- hio --------... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15, 360; 11,417. 9, 199 16,093 13, 839 6,476 5, 351 4, 623, 2, 648; 3, 105 Kentucky ------------------ 5, 608, 2,635, 6,606 3, 635, 3,403 3, 573. 1, 901| 2, 303 2,406; 2,947 New York State . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 171 3,619. 3,758; 6,051 6, 939 363 100 40. ------ 50 Pennsylvania --...--------.. 2, 231 4, 323 5,070, 9, 251 14,727 16, 268 16, 546; 12,248. 18, 181 17,910 New Jersey ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100. -- - - - - 40, 193| 347|-------|-------|------- * * : [ s s = º tº º º West Virginia -------------. 6, 737 2,380 2, 332 2, 976 4,050 19, 528 11, 600 14,420 11,632, 11, 150 Virginia -------------------- 470 290 5,849, 9,014, 9,912; 1,693. 1,460 8, 642 8,337 6,393 Maryland and South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...?. - 1,250. 1, 341| 2, 692 4, 116 230|| 1, 316 4,659, 7, 638 Grand total.--...--...-420, 856,397, 937.366, 489,892. 096328, 223 87,789 84, 171| 89,694 87, 905, 80, 573 DRESSED BEEF. Chicago ........ .*----------|-------------- 2, 531. 16, 325, 34,916.-----..!------- 448 8, 601 12, 805 Saint Louis -----------------|-------|------. 10 33 201. ------|-------|-------|------- |Buffalo -------------...------|-------|------. 92------- 10|--------------|-------|-------------- Ohio ------------------------|------ -------|------. 7|-------|-------|-------|-------------------- New York-------------------------|----...------------- 9|-------|-------|------ - - - - - - - - - - - - Total -----------------|-------|------- 2,633 16, 365 34, 955]. ------|------ 448 8, 601| 12, 815 º New England States, including Bos- Baltimore. ton. Points of origin. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884, 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. - | - Tons. | Tons. Tons. | Toms. Tons. | Tons. | Toms. Toms. | Toms. Toms. Chicago -------------------- 4, 193, 4,456, 4, 243 8, 136 5,843. 28, 239106,386, 53,077| 78, 373 55,343 Saint Louis................. 2,063. 2, 166 897 522 248; 4,399 22,062; 7,936 12, 860 7, 191 Peoria ---------------------- 1901.------|------- 447 77 ------- 31|--------------------- Indianapolis ----------------|-----. .-----. * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 31 277 353 510 280 ------- Cincinnati -----------...----. 440, 873, 1,273 221 201 260 , 226 80 151 205 Buffalo - - - - - - -----------.. 540 550 490 106. 2, 150 6,760 4,769. 6,024 2,004, 8, 753 Pittsburgh ---...--...--...... 20 63. 504 37. 44. ------|-------|--- * * * * 36 309 Illinois ---------------------|--------------|---------------------|------- 271 206 176 293 Indiana . . .-------------- i.-------------------------- 182 130 140 180-------|------- Michigan -------------------|-------|-------|--------------|------. 10 32 30 . . . . ------ hio ------------------------ 1, 195; 3,370, 3, 101 3, 342, 3, 463; 1,701] 2,825 1,074, 5,076 ------- Kentucky ------------------ 11 90 22 - - - - - -------|-------|-------|--------------|------- Tennessee .--------......... 189 252 -------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------------|------- Canada -----------------------------------------|-------------- 10 255, 4,980 490 90 New York State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * *s sº e i s m º ºs as º ºs I e º º ºs s sº I as sº sº * * * * 1, 253 3, 230; 2, 201| 1,366 2, 257 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,059. 1, 158 503 906 1, 269 2 91 109 87 64 New Jersey.----------. --...----......... |----...------|--|--|------- 10 3|-------------- West Virginia ............. 3,561, 7,401; 4,409 4,390 6, 111|-------|-------|-------|-------------- Virginia ------------------- 15, 634 14,334 3,374 3, 506 3,820................................... Maryland and South........ , 26 834; 772; 1, 236 2, 180|-------|-------|-------|-------|------- Grand total.--------.. 34, 363. 35, * 20, is 23, * 24,619 43, wº º 76, aw 899, 74,505 - | DRESSED BEEF. - | Chicago --------------------|-------|------. 879 4, 149 4, 181| 15, 680. 75,259 87, 970,116,737 120,922 Saint Louis-----------------|-------|-------|-------|------. 101l-------|------- 1, 180 10 72 Ruffalo ---------------------|-------|--------------|--------------|-------|--------------|------- | 11 Allinois --------------------|-------|--------------|-------|-------|-------|--------------|------- 10. West Virginia'--------------|-------|-------|------. 9|-------|-------|----- --------|-------|------- Total -----------------|-------|------- 879 4,158 4,282 15,680, 75,259 89,150.116, wºn. 015 156 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. Special statement No. 234, E. B. showing cattle from and via Chicago, Saint Louis, Indian- apolis, and Cincinnati, fowarded east thereof during 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, and 1884. 1880, e i tº º Saint | Indian- || Cincin- - Destination. Chicago. I.i. aii. . Total. Tong. Toms. Toms. Toms. Tons. New York City ----------------------------------- 222, 262 47,070 3, 102 28, 315 300, 749 Philadelphia -------------------------------------. 19, 280 4, 220 190 37 24, 066 Baltimore ----------------------------------------- 4,053 1, 120 ||---------- 400 5, 573 New England Boston -------------------------------------------- 81, 914 || 35,840 - - - - - - - - - - 140 i---------- Portland ------------------------------------------ 655 ----------|------------------ • - || - - - - - - - - - - Vermont ------------------------------------------ 10 ----------|--------------------|---------- Massachusetts ------------------------------------ 21, 367 ----------|----------|----------|---------- Connecticut --------------------------------------- * * * *** | * ~ - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - || - - - - - - - - - - Rhode Island------------------------ • - -, - - - - - - - - - - 21, 331 |----------|----------|----------|---------- Total New England......... tº a º ºn tº as tº * * * * * * * * * 127,060 || 35, 840 |..... ----. 140 163,040 Other States. •ºmº...amº Illinois --------------------------------------------|---------. 16,823 ----------|----------|---------- Michigan-----------------------------------------. 3,006 810 ----------|----------|---------- Canada.------------------------------------------. 23 l----------|----------|----------|--------- Indiana ------------------------------------------. 31, 549 1, 290 30 ----------|---------- Ohio----------------------------------------------- 3, 358 10, 100 211 1, 254 ---------- Kentucky--------------------------------------------------- 20 !------------------------------ New York----------------------------------------- 43, 272 9, 850. 17, 172 14, 100 }.......... Pennsylvania ------------------------------------- 10, 599 170 6,800 560 ---------- New Jersey and Delaware.-----------------------. 1, 559 60 10 180 ---------- Maryland and South ------------------------------ 368 600 ||---------- 80 ---------- West Virginia ------------------------------------ 970 ----------|----------4-------------------- Virginia.------------------------------------------|----------|----------|. * * is sº tº gº tº E 10 ---------- Total other States.-------------------------. 94,704 39,723 24, 223 16, 184 174,834 Grand total --------------------------------- 467,359 127,973 27, 515 45,415 668,262 1881 New York City ----------------------------------. 265, 367 40,830 6,079 26, 532 338, 808 Philadelphia ....... * * * * * * * * * * * g º e s e º a tº an at as a s = * * * * * * 30, 403 9,690 40 412 40, 545 Baltimore ----------------------------------------- 3,807 1,090 |. --------- 974 5, 871 New England Boston -------------------------------------------- 96, 222 25, 160 380 170 ---------- Portland ------------------------------------------ , 392 |----------|-------------------|---------- Vermont ------------------------------------------ 10 ----------|----------|----------|---------- Massachusetts ------------------------------------ 1,934 |----------|----------|-------------------. Connecticut ------------- ------------------------. 1,068 ----------|----------|----------|---------- Rhode Island.------------------------------------. 6,618 |----------|--------- -------------------- Total New England ------------------------. 108,244 25, 160 380 170 133,954 Other States. Illinois --------------------------------------------|---- - - - - - 19, 435 ----------|-------------------- Michigan.----------------------------------------- 2,856 760 ----------|-------------------- Canada.-------------------------------------------- 55 ----------|----------|-------------------- Indiana ------------------------------------------ 51, 414 3,070 34 |-------------------- Ohio----------------------------------------------- 6, 247 16, 530 140 3, 677 - - - - - - - - - - ICentucky-----------------------------------------|---------- 60 s as sº sº e º f tº sº e = * * * * * * ---------- New York ---------------------------------------. 25,081 17,470 6, 699 8, 200 ---------- Pennsylvania ------------------------------------. 19, 703 14, 930 8, 536 703 - - - - - - - - - - New Jersey and Delaware -------...--------------. 1,017 10 ---------- 218 ---------- Maryland and South ------------------------------ 162 180 ...-------- 180 ---------- West Virginia ------------------------------------ 1, 148 ----------|----------|-------------------- Virginia-------------------------------------------|---------- * * * * * * * - 1 sº sº sº as sº me • * * 2 ---------. Total other States--------------------------. 107,683 72, 445 15, 409 12, 980 208, 517 Grand total --------------------------------- 515, 504 || 149, 215 21,908 41, 068 727, 695 * Excluding cattle from Saint Louis and Chicago. RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 157 Special statement No. 234, E. B., showing cattle from and via Chicago, &c.—Continued. 1882. * * * * Saint Indian- || Cincin º Destination.] Chicago. i. ouis. apolis. nati Total - Tons. Toms. Tons. Toms. Toms. New York City ...... * * * *e is ºr s ar e º ºs º Aº a s sº use º ºs as tº as ºs w us & sº º ºs 257, 283 19,867 3,936 27,806 || 308,892 Philadelphia -------------------------------------- 36,137, 3,350 12 420 39, 919 Baltimore ---------------------------------------- 5,085 891 10 946 6, 932 New England. Boston -------------------------------------------. 56, 389 9,990 910 ----------|---------- Portland ------------------------------------------ 115 --------------------|----------|---------- Massachusetts -----------------------------------. 10 ----------|----------|----------|---------- Connecticut.-------------------------------------. 21 ----------|----------|----------|--------- as Rhode Island.------------------------------- • • - - - - ) - - - - - - - - - - 20 ----------|----------|---------- Total New England ----------------...------. 56, 535 10,010 910 ---------- 67, 455 Other States. Illinois --------------------------------------------|---------- 23, 357 ----------|----------|---------- Michigan------------------------------------------ 3.785 2, 363 ----------|----------|---------- Indiana ------------------------------------------. 56, 218 7,771 80 ----------|---------- Ohio. ---------------------------------------------. 10,744 18, 604 380 3,776 |...--------- New York ---------------------------------------. 30, 826 20,930 13, 158 2,024 ||---------- Pennsylvania -------------------- tº º sº tº º ſº tº s º e º ºs º sm º º º 30, 790 6,595 , 846 1, 598 ||---------- New Jersey and Delaware ..... gº as as e s as ºn se s s as º ºs s is sº tº sº tº , 664 |---------- 10 198 |---------- Maryland and South------------------------------- 2,021 |----------|---------- 60 ---------- West Virginia------------------------------------. 1, 162 ----------|----------|----------|--------- Total other States.-------------------------. 137,210 79,620 22,474 7,656 246,960 Grand total.--------------------------------- 492, 250 | 113,738 27, 342 36,828 670, 158 1883. New York City ----------------------------------- 238,828 30, 286 5,060 25, 411 299, 585 Philadelphia -------------------------------------- 20, 225 8,712 7 198 29, 211 Baltimore ..... tº gº ºn as tº º ºs s as sº º sº º ſº sº º sº ºn -º º ºs e º e º ºn s et sº º is sº e s m is 8, 167 593 ---------- 130 * New England. * Boston ------------------------------------------- 75, 689 15,735 280 186 ---------- Portland ------------------------------------------ 983 |--------------------|-------------------- Massachusetts ------------------------------------ 10 -------------------- 10 ---------- Connecticut --------------------------------------. 10 I.---------|------- ---|----------|---------- Total New England.-----------------------. 76, 692 15,735 280 196 92, 903 Other States. Illinois --------------------------------------------|---------- 19, 150 ----------|----------|---------- Michigan------------------------------------------ 5, 364 , 891 ----------|----------|---------- Canada.------------------------------------------- 10 ----------|--------------------|---------- Indiana ------------------------------------------- 81,094 3, 879 23 1.---------|---------- Ohio.---------------------------------------------- 9, 871 20, 955 542 3,774 |---------- Kentucky -----------------------------------------|---------- 20 ----------|----------|---------- New York---------------------------------------. 36,562 18, 945 11, 565 751 |---------- Pennsylvania ------------------------------------ 25,495 14, 345 7, 242 1, 599 ||---------- New Jersey and Delaware ---------...-------...-. , 558 ----------|---------- 174 |---------- Maryland and South ------------------------------ 3,051 320 ---------- 31 ---------- West Virginia -----------------------------------. 5, 909 ----------|----------|----------|---------- Total other States. -------------------------. 168, 914 81, 505 19, 372 6, 329 276, 120 Grand total --------------------------------- 512, 826 136,831 24, 788 || 32, 264 || 706, 709 1884. New York City ----------------------------------- 191,736 57,227 7,406 26,408 || 282,777.- Philadelphia -------------------------------------- 15,759 * **** - I - - - - - - - - - - 132 23, 289 Baltimore ----------------------------------------- 6, 211 255 20 257 6, 743 & 158 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. Special statement No. 234, E. B., showing cattle from and via Chicago, go-Continued. 1884. * * * º Saint | Indian- || Cincin- Destimation. Chicago. I. apolis. nati. Total. New England. p Tong. Tong. Tong. To 8. Toºng |Boston -------------------------------------------- 54,845 7, 532 20 190 ---------- Portland ------------------------------------------ 163 ----------|----------|----------|---------- Rhode Island-------------------------------------- 988 |----------|---------- 1 ---------. Total New England......................... 55, 996 7, 532 20 191 63, 739 Other States. Illinois --------------------------------------------|---------. 36, 742 |----------|----------|---------- Michigan ----------------------------------------. 2, 518 6, 310 ----------|----------|---------- Indiana ---------------------------------------- 95,057 2,446 53 ----------|---------- Ohio ---------------------------------------------- 7, 137 18, 604 525 1, 960 |. --------- Kentucky. -----. º º º a sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * 60 ----------|----------|---------- New York----------------------------------------. 16,996 9, 650 9, 995 127 ---------- Pennsylvania ------------------------------------. 18, 589 8, 406 3, 948 958 ---------- New Jersey and Delaware ------...----...----------- 584 |----------|---------- 53 | " " "...---- Maryland and South ---------------. -------------. 1, 296 10 ---------. 10 ---------- West Virginia------------------------------------- 3, 243 |----------|----------|----------|---------- - Total other States --------------------------. 145, 420 82,228 14, 521 3, 108 245,277 Grand total.--------------------------------- 415, 122 || 154, 640 21,967 30,096 621, 825 APPENDIX No. 29. LETTER ADDRESSED TO THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS BY HON. J.A.S. F. MILLER, M. C., OF TEXAS, IN REGARD TO THE RELA- TIVE ADVANTAGES OF MOVING TEXAS CATTLE TO NORTHERN RANGES BY TRAIL AND BY RAIL. House of REPRESENTATIVEs, Washington, D. C., February 6, 1885. MY DEAR SIR : Your favor of January 5, transmitting statement of the Missouri Pa- cific Railway system in relation to transportation of cattle is received, and as I think the statements made require some correction, I will therefore state briefly these points of difference: 1. I think the universal experience of cattlemen warrants me in saying that driving cattle (young or old) by trail, when grass and water can be had, is much cheaper than shipping by rail. 2. That cattle driven by trail arrive at their destination in much better condition than when shipped by rail. In fact, cattle driven by trail improve very much during the drive if properly handled. - 3. That the losses in driving by the trail are much less than when shipped by rail. 4. That cattle driven over a regular trail, properly handled, become acclimated du- ring the drive and are not liable, upon arrival at distributing centers, to communicate the cattle fever, while those shipped by rail must be quarantined during about the same period required to complete the drive to acquire this immunity, and at nearly as much expense as is required to complete the drive. 5. The railroad facilities and rolling-stock are not yet sufficient to enable them to handle the Texas cattle shipment in the time required within which the cattle must be gathered on the ranges (after spring opens) and delivered by June or July, so as to be able to get sufficient flesh to stand the winter. These positions are, in my judgment, fully sustained by the experience of cattle dri- vers; and I may say further, that only those cattle are shipped by rail (except beef cattle for slaughter) which are so situated that it is not practicable to drive them by the trail. ? . Very respectfully, - JAS. F. MILLER, |Member Congress Eighth District, Texas. JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr., Chief of Bureau of Statistics. 159 APPENDIX No. 30. A BILL TO ESTABLISH A QUARANTINED - LIVE-STOCK TRAIL, AND TO REG ULATE COMMERCE BETWEEN THE STATES AS TO LIVE STOCK– INTRODUCED IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES JANUARY 17, 1885, BY HON. JAMES F. MILLER, M. C., OF TEXAS. A BILL to establish a quarantined live-stock i. i. to regulate commerce between the States as to V6 Slſ? C.R. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Interior be, and is hereby, directed to appoint, as soon as practicable, three commissioners whose duty it shall be to lay out and establish, by metes and bounds, a public highway to be known as a quaran- timed national live-stock trail, for the purpose of driving cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, or other live stock to market or from one location to another, and, further, to estab- lish, by metes and bounds, at convenient points on said trail, suitable quarantined grazing-grounds where said live stock may be held and grazed for short periods dur- ing the drive. SEC. 2. That said quarantined national live-stock trail shall begin on Red River, as near the one hundredth degree of longitude as may be deemed practicable for the purpose of this act; thence running in a northerly and westerly direction through the Indian Territory, following as far as may be practicable the present trail known as the Fort Griffin and Dodge City trail, to the southwest corner of the State of Kan- sas; thence over the unappropriated public lands belonging to the United States, in a northerly direction, on the most practicable route, to the north boundary line of the United States. SEC. 3. That said quarantined national live-stock trail may be of any practicable width not exceeding six miles, and said quarantined grazing-grounds shall not exceed twelve miles square at any one place. SEC. 4. That the unappropriated public lands upon which said quarantined national live-stock trail and grazing-grounds may be established shall be, and are hereby, withdrawn and withheld from sale, location, or settlement, and are set apart for the exclusive purposes of said trail and quarantine grounds for the term of ten years from the passage of this act. - SEC. 5. That as soon as said commissioners shall have laid out and designated said trail in accordance with the provisions of this act, they shall make a report thereof to the Secretary of the Interior, fully defining said trail; and if such report shall be approved by the Secretary of the Interior, he shall cause the same to be recorded in the General Land Office of the United States, and shall at once give public notice of the establishment of said trail by causing publication thereof in some newspaper published at the capitals of the States of Missouri, Kansas, Texas, Colorado, and Nebraska. SEC. 6. That the sum of ten thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be neces- sary, is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appro- priated, for the purpose of paying the expenses of carrying out the provisions of this act, subject to the draft of the Secretary of the Interior. 160 - APPENDIX NO. 31. STATEMENT BY MR. GEORGE OLDS, GENERAL TRAFFIC MANAGER OF THE MISSOURI PACIFIC RAIL WAY SYSTEM, UNDER DATE OF DECEM- BER 24, 1884, IN REGARD TO THE SHIPMENT OF CATTLE NORTH BY RAIL. Two years ago it was not thought practicable to move young cattle from the breed- ing lands in Southern Texas, adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico, the drive over the old land trails being considered the cheaper means of removing the young stock to the grazing lands in Western and Northern Texas and the Indian Territory. This subject engaged the attention of Mr. Gould, our president, in April, 1883, and efforts were at once made to test the practicability of moving this class of live stock by rail from Laredo and other points on our southern lines to Northern Texas, especially to the Pan Handle, so called. Our efforts were rewarded with success, we having carried from Southern Texas points, since April, 1883, to Fort Worth and points west on the Rio Grande division and to Wichita Falls, the northern terminus of the Fort Worth and Denver City Railroad, from which point the stock took the land trail to North- western Texas, over 100,000 head of young cattle, and, as showing what the possibili- ties are, we carried several thousand head from Southern Texas to points as far north as Ogalalla, on the Union Pacific Railroad. The old method of driving cattle overland is slow and tedious and always results in landing the stock in Nebraska and Dakota in a weak and exhausted condition; while that which we carried by rail was landed in five days’ total time from date of loading, the distance hauled being, in round numbers, 1,400 miles, the drive over the same distance usually occupying six weeks' time. It has been stated by some of those who shipped by rail that the saving of interest on cost and the superior weight and condition of the stock when unloaded from trains went very far towards equalizing the excess cost of rail transportation over cost of driving overland. While this feat- ure of railroad traffic is in its infancy in Texas, yet I am sanguine of the ability of the railroads to successfully compete with the old method of overland driving. In this respect it will appear the railroads of Texas, especially the Missouri Pacific system, is becoming a most valuable means of rapidly developing the enormous cattle resources of the State of Texas. - - The question of overcoming the objections of the citizens of the Northwestern States, whose herds may be affected by the introduction of Texas cattle carried by rail direct from the extreme southern districts, is now engaging the attention of some of the rail- road managers, and a plan of acquiring large tracts of land in Nebraska and Dakota, upon which the cattle carried by rail may be held in quarantine a sufficient length of time to acclimatize and get them into such condition as will remove all danger of spread- ing fever, is one which presents itself. The important features in connection with this plan are: Can land be had for this purpose, and are the profits to the railroad carrier likely to be such as to justify the cost of acquiring it 3 161 APPENDIX NO. 32. STATEMENT FURNISHED BY MR. GEORGE OLDS, GENERAL TRAFFIC MANAGER OF THE MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILROAD SYSTEM, IN REGARD TO THE MOVEMENT OF CATTLE BY RAIL FROM TEXAS TO POINTS NORTH OF THE STATE OF KANSAS. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, BUREAU OF STATISTICS, Washington, D. C., January 26, 1885. DEAR SIR : Will you be so kind as to have a statement prepared for me showing the number of cattle which you have transported each year from Texas to the Northwest by rail? - I am, sir, very respectfully, yours, JOSEPH NIMMO, JR., Chief of Bureau. GEORGE OLDs, Esq., General Traffic Mamager, - Misouri Pacific Irailway Company, St. Louis, Mo. THE Missouri PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY., OFFICE OF GENERAL TRAFFIC MANAGER, - *. Saint Louis, Mo., March 7, 1885. DEAR SIR : Referring to your request of January 26, I beg to inclose here with such information as I have been enabled to obtain from our general auditor relative to the movement northward of Texas cattle. I regret that we cannot give the information in a more complete form. I also re- gret the delay in finally replying to your request, which has been entirely owing to pressure of business incidental to the preparation of the annual reports of this com- 3, Il V, p §§ will observe that Mr. Warner's statement includes only such cattle as were moved by all rail to points north of the State of Kansas. The stock cattle (so called) moved by all lines from Southern Texas points to Wichita Falls amounted to 150,018. Besides this there were moved from Southern Texas points to points west of Fort Worth, on our Rio Grande division, about 200 head. Yours, truly, . GEO. OLDS, General Traffic Manager. JOSEPH NIMMO, Esq., - Chief Bureau of Statistics, Washington, D. C. THE MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY., ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT, Saint Louis, Mo., March 6, 1885. DEAR SIR: Referring to your favor of the 7th ultimo, in regard to statement, for Mr. Joseph Nimmo, of cattle transported via our line from Texas to the Northwest, I in- close to you here with a memo. statement for the year 1884, that being the only year during which we had through billing arrangements, and to go any further back would necessitate going through the local billing. Trusting that this will be satisfactory, and returning all correspondence to you, I *'amal n, $ - Yours, truly, C. G. WARNER, - General Auditor. GEORGE OLDS, Esq., General Traffic Manager. 162 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 163 Stock from Texas to the Northwest, 1884. { [Through ways-bills via Burlington and Missouri River Railway. | Month. from— To– No. cars. April ------------------------------ San Antonio. ------------. Culbertson, Nebr......... 11 May ------------------------------- Pearsall ------------------ Cambridge, Nebr. -------. 17 July ------------------------------- San Antonio -------------. Culbertson, Nebr... ...... 19 September -------------------------|----.. do ------------------|------ 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 —i. [Through way-bills via Union Pacific Railway.] 4-pril------------------------------- Fort Worth -- - - - - - - - - - - - - North Platte, Nebr.------ 4 Do ----------------------------- Taylor-------------------- Rearney, Nebr. -- - - - - - - - - - 8 May-------------------------------- Victoria ------------------ Brady Island, Nebr.-----. 50 Po ----------------------------------- do ------------------- Ogallala, Nebr.----------- 34 Do ----------------------------- San Antonio --------------|------ do ------------------- 97 June. ------------------------------ Denison-------------------|------ do ------------------- 32 D0----------------------------- Forth Worth - ......... ---|-----. do ------------------- 21 246 [Billed locally via Papillion.] June * * * * * * * * ºn tºs º gº gº º sº as sº & tº gº tº sº ºn as º ºs º ºs tº sº s San Antonio -------------. Fremont, Nebr. ---------. 5 July--------------------------------|------ do-------------------- Rearney, Nebr. ---------. 3 Do -----------------------------|------ do-------------------- adison, Nebr. ---------. 2 Do -----------------------------|------ do-------------------- Schuyler, Nebr. - - - - - - - - - 4 Do ----------------------------- Fort Worth............ --. North Loup, Nebr....... 2 September --------* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - an Antonio. ------------. David City, Nebr. --...--. 3 19 [Billed locally via Falls City.] May ------------------------------- Houston ------------------ Culbertson, Nebr.-------- 16 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - San Antonio-------------------- do ------------------- 10 July ------------------------------- Cisco --------------------- Brush, Colo--------------- 33 Do ----------------------------- San Antonio ------------- McCook, Nebt ------------ 7 August ----------------------------|------ do ------------------- Solem, Nebr -------------. 4 Do -----------------------------|------ do ------------------- McCook, Nebr. ------...--. 7 77 396 396 cars, at an average of 22 head per car, 8,712. 11991 R. C. 12 APPENDIX NO. 33. STATEMENT FURNISHED BY MR. J. F. GQDDARD, TRAFFIC MANAGER OF THE ATCISON, TOPEKA AND SANTA FE RAILROAD, IN REGARD TO THE TRANSPORTATION OF TEXAS CATTLE TO NORTHERN RANGES BY RAIL. TOPEKA, KANS., February 21, 1885. DEAR SIR: Your favor of the 13th to our general manager has been handed to me for reply. Mr. Robinson wired you on the 13th as follows: “First shipment of Texas cattle from El Paso by rail over our road was made in 1884, in which year we moved about 30,000 head. With no unfavorable legislation we will probably move 75,000 head in 1885.” In answer to the latter clause of your letter, I have talked with several experts as to the danger of increasing or developing Texas fever by the movement of these cat- tle by rail as compared with the drive. It has been a much-discussed question as to what Texas fever is. Our best veterinarians differ on the subject. It is a well-estab- lished fact, however, that native cattle have taken the disease from passing over ground which had been previously passed over by Texas cattle, although several months may have elapsed between the time of passage of the two herds. From this it is supposed that the disease is propagated by a germ deposited either through the feet or mouth of the animals. Texas cattle themselves never have the disease; that is to say, if they contain the germs, the germs are never developed in themselves, they only having the power of communicating the disease to northern cattle. The cattle which take the disease, I am informed by the best authorities, have no power of com- municating it to others. With these conditions, my judgment would be that it is al- together the safest plan of transportation for Texas cattle by rail. With proper sani- tary precautions, by cleansing the cars and stock-yards where they are unloaded, before native cattle are allowed to be introduced (which was done by our company last year) will undoubtedly prevent any danger of a spread of the disease by means of shipment by rail. The only danger, then, remaining would be when the Texas cattle are turned out to graze, which danger always exists unless they are kept in separate pastures from the native stock. #. advantage of shipment by rail is, I think, in the fact that in the movement from Texas to the point of unloading from the cars the country is kept entirely clear from the danger of contagion. - The Territories of New Mexico and Wyoming and the States of Colorado and Kan- sas have passed laws upon the subject; and it may be that such statutes will be passed as will make the shipment of Texas cattle by rail impracticable. I have not as yet investigated the subject as to whether such legislation would be constitutional as to inter-State traffic or not; but I can freely say that I believe that it would be ill advised, and work an injury to a very large industry which is an immense source of revenue to the country. Very truly, yours, J. F. GODDARD, Traffic Manager. Hon. JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr., Chief of Bureau of Statistics, & Washington, D. C. TOPEKA, KANs., February 25, 1885. DEAR SIR: Yours of February 20 to our general manager has been referred to me for reply. I some days since wrote you stating that I did not believe in the theory that rail shipments of cattle increased the liability of a spread of the Texas fever; but, on the other hand, I believe the contrary is true. I stated in my previous letter the theories as to the spread of the so-called “Texas fever,” that should the cattle be driven across the country, whatever ground they pass over is practically forbidden ground for 164 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 165 native cattle, as the latter are liable to contagion from passing over the same ground. Whatever objection any of our people may have raised to a trail leading northwesterly, it doubtless emanates from the idea that shipments of native cattle, located at any point west of said trail, could not be driven to the shipping point unless such point was also west of the trail, as it would be dangerous for such native cattle to cross the trail so provided. I will here say that this objection is not on the part of the railroad company, but, as I look at it, in the interest, encouragement, and improvement of live stock. Cattle occupying the larger portion of the Indian Territory, the Pan Handle of Texas, and also of §. Mexico, are graded cattle; that is to say, nearly all of the cattle raisers in that country have introduced into their herds, which were originally Texans, blooded stock to raise the grade far above the average Texan. My idea is that the best interest of the whole cattle industry would be served by ,the movément by rail rather than by trail. In other words, Iconsider the cattle interests of the country to be best served by a course which will induce, rather than the con- trary, the improvement of the large herds of cattle raised in our section. ... I think this improvement will be very much more rapid if the parties so engaged feel sure that their herds will be protected from any ravages from Texas fever. Yours, very truly, - . J. F. GODDARD. JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr., Esq., . Chief of Bureau of Statistics, º Washington, D. C. APPENDIX No. 34. LETTER ADDRESSED TO THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS BY MR. GEORGE B. LOVING, OF FORT WORTH, TEX., IN REGARD TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A CATTLE TRAIL IN TEXAS. - OFFICE OF DAILY AND WEEKLY GAzETTE, Fort Worth, Tex., February 12, 1885. DEAR SIR: I have your favor of the 7th, for which you will please accept my thanks. I answered your telegram of the 7th, stating that a bill was now before the State legislature proposing to open a cattle trail from the Colorado River to the crossing of Red River in Wilbarger County. I have very little hope of their being able to pass this bill, at least at this session of the legislature; in fact, there is no immediate ne- cessity for the passage of such a bill in Texas, as there is no hindrance to the passage of cattle over any section of country in this State; but unless there is an outlet fur- nished for Texas cattle by the establishment of a national trail through the Indian Territory and Kansas (or the removal of all obstacles to their introduction to the ranges in the Northern States and Territories), I cannot but apprehend serious injury to the stock interests of this State, as the want of such an outlet for the surplus cat- tle of Texas must necessarily result in a very material decrease in values. Very respectfully, yours, - GEO. B. LOWING. Hon. JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr., Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Washington, D. C. A BILL to provide for the establishment of a State cattle trail and to make an appropriation for defraying the expenses of the same. tº Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Texas, That there shall be laid out and established a public thorouhfare in this State, to be known and designated as the “State Cattle Trail.” It shall begin at some suitable point on the Colorado River, at or near the southwest corner of Brown County, and shall run from thence as nearly as practicable on a direct line to the initial monument on the one hundredth meridian, west longitude, where the same crosses the Prairie Dog Town Fork of Red River, and from thence with said one hundredth meridian to the northeast corner of Lipscomb County. Said State cattle trail shall be, as nearly as practicable, two miles in width from said beginning point to the said initial monument, and from thence to the said northeast corner of Lipscomb County it shall be, as nearly as practicable, one mile in width, and shall be laid out and marked as hereinafter provided. SEC. 2. The governor shall appoint three disinterested and discreet citizens of this State, to be known and designated as the “Trail Commission;” they shall receive the compensation and perform the duties required of them by this act. Before entering upon the discharge of their duties each of said trail commission shall take and sub- scribe an oath to the effect that he will, to the best of his skill and ability, discharge and perform all the duties required of him by this act without favor or affection, malice, or hatred, to any person. Such oath shall be filed with the secretary of state. SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the trail commission to lay out and direct the sur- veying and marking of said cattle trail in accordance with the provisions of this act, and to report their proceedings in writing to the governor. Said report shall be accompanied by a plot or map showing the location of the trail, with field notes of the survey thereof. * SEC. 4. Said State cattle trail shall not be laid out across any farm, lot, or inclosure without first obtaining the written consent of the owner, or his agent or attorney, to the same, except as hereinafter provided. If such written consent should be refused, it shall then be the duty of said trail commission to carefully examine the country round about such farm, lot, or inclosure, and see whether the trail can be so diverged from its general course as to pass round such farm, lot, or inclosure without serious incon- 166 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 167 venience to the public ; and if such can be done, it shall be their duty to so lay it out. In cases of the kind above mentioned said trail may be narrowed down to any width less than the maximum width of two miles, provided the same shall not be less than sixty feet in width at any place. But if, after such examination, the trail commis- sion is of the opinion that such divergence cannot be made without great and serious inconvenience to the public, it shall be their duty to lay out said trail across such farm, lot, or inclosure, but in so doing they shall confine said trail to so much ground only as shall be necessary for the purpose. In laying out the said cattle trail, if the trail commission deem it expedient, they may adopt any or all lanes or other narrow passes along the route, and may confine said trail only to such lane or other narrow pass in order to pass the same through parts of the country where, by reason of in- closures or other obstacles, it would other otherwise incur unnecessary expense to lay it out the maximum width or less. - SEC. 5. If the owner, or his agent or attorney, of any land over which said trail may be laid out shall file with said trail commission a written protest against laying out such trail across his land, it shall then be the duty of the trail commission to assess the damages to such owner and make report thereof to the governor, and said written protest shall accompany such report; whereupon it shall be the duty of the governor to direct the comptroller to draw his warrant in favor of such owner for the amount so assessed by the trail commission, to be paid out of the fund appropriated by this act, after which such trail shall be opened across such party’s land. - SEC. 6. In all cases of disagreement of said trail commission upon matters relating to their duty the decision of a majority thereof shall be sufficient to govern. Each member of the trail commission shall receive from the State, as compensation for his services, the sum of five dollars per day for every day he may be actually engaged in discharging the duties required of him by this act. SEC. 7. Said State cattle trail shall be surveyed, and posts of cedar or other durable material set up every quarter of a mile on each side thereof. Said posts shall be at least six inches in diameter, securely set at least two feet in the ground, and shall extend at least five feet above the surface of the ground; they shall each be plainly marked on the side thereof next to the trail with the words, “State Cattle Trail.” The surveying and setting the posts above mentioned shall be performed under con- tract, to be let by the governor after due notice thereof published in some newspaper of the State for at least four weeks. It shall be let to the lowest responsible bidder, who shall be required to enter into bond, payable to the governor and his successors in office, conditioned for the faithful performance of his contract. The trail commis- sion shall superintend, direct, and control the surveying and marking of said State cattle trail, and it shall be their duty to personally lay out the trail, and the survey shall be made and the posts set along the trail as shall be directed by the trail com- mission. The commissioner of the general land office shall furnish said trail com- mission, free of charge, with such sketches, maps, field-notes, and other information Inecessary in laying out, surveying, and marking said cattle trail as he may possess. SEC. 8. All lands belonging to the State situated within the bounds of said State cattle trail shall be, and are hereby, reserved from location, sale, or lease, os long as such trail shall be open as a public thoroughfare. And it shall be unlawful for any person to erect any fence or other obstruction on or across said State cattle trail. Any person Violating the provisions of this section shall be fined in any sum not less than one hundred nor more than one thousand dollars, and such obstruction shall be removed by order of the court. - . SEC. 9. After the governor shall have received the report of the trail commission provided for in section three of this act, and all claims for damages reported shall be adjusted, it shall be his duty to immediately issue his proclamation, declaring such trail as surveyed and reported by the trail commission to be a public thoroughfare. Such proclamation shall be published in at least three newspapers in the State of Texas for sixty days. SEC. 10. From and after the expiration of sixty days from the date of the gover- nor's proclamation provided for in the preceding section, every person with cattle bred in any part of the State south of the Colorado River, who shall desire to drive the same through the northern part of this State, shall be required to drive the same upon the State cattle trail, and shall be required to keep them thereon ; and it shall be unlawful for any such drover to drive or permit his cattle to stray off from the said State cattle trail until after arriving at the shipping point or passed out of the State. Any person who shall violate the provisions of this section shall be fined in any sum not less than one thousand nor more than five thousand dollars. SEC. 11. That the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be, and the same is hereby, appropriated out of any money in the State . nºt otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions Of this act. SEC. 12. That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act be, and the same are hereby, repealed. APPENDIX NO. 35. LETTER ADDRESSED TO THE CHIEF OF THE BUREA UI OF STATISTICS BY MR. W. H. MILLER, OF KANSAS CITY, IN REGARD TO THE TEXAS CATTLE TRAIL, - - BOARD OF TRADE, OFFICE OF SECRETARY AND TREASURER, Ransas City, Mo., January 26, 1885. DEAR SIR: Yours of January 23 has been received and noted. In reply to your first inquiry I would say that the sentiment of the cattle interest north of Texas, as I understand it, is against the national trail. That was my understanding when I received your letter, and I have since conferred with several live-stock men who con- firm my opinion. The reason for this is, not that the people north of Texas are hos- tile to Texas interests, but because they have now occupied and stocked substan- tially all the ranch country in the West and Northwest, and do not need the supplies of young cattle from Texas which they have heretofore received. Besides this, the Texas fever, which is almost invariably engendered among native and northern herds of cattle by simply driving the Texas cattle across their ranges, is now much more to be dreaded because of the larger interests involved. Our cattle-men do not think the national trail would be an adequate protection against it, but hold that such of the Texas cattle as may be required north should in deference to northern interests be transported in railway cars. - Heretofore Texas cattle-men have devoted themselves largely to breeding and have sold their young stock for northern ranches; these ranches being now sufficiently stocked, and largely with northern cattle, the feeling has arisen that each State and Territory should do its own breeding and mature and market its own cattle. This will require a change in Texas methods, but it is not believed that it will injure Texas, as she can mature her cattle as well as other localities, and with present and prospective rail facilities market them as well as other sections. - The difference between the Oklahoma boomers and the cattle-men is that the boom- ers want the unassigned lands in the Indian Territory opened to white settlement like public lands in Kansas or Nebraska, so that it may be taken up and settled in the same manner and subject to the same laws, while the cattle-men have gone into the assigned districts and leased the lands for ranches from the Indians to whom it be- longs. The cattle-men have a clear legal right to do what they have done, but the boomers have not. Their movement seems to be designed to coerce the Government into opening the unassigned lands. The Kansas and Missouri men who have leased lands in the Indian Territory are not hostile to the interests of the Texas cattle-men. On the contrary, they have left openings through their fences for the northward movement of Texas cattle, and the agitation of the Texas fever comes apparently less from them than from ranch owners and farmers farther north. . Any other information I can give you, in this or any other subject, I will furnish with pleasure. * Very respectfully, W. H. MILLER, Secretary. Hon. Joseph NIMMO, Jr., • Chief Bureau of Statistics, Washington, D. C. 168 APPENDIX No. 36. VALUE OF EXPORTS OF INDIAN CORN, WHEAT AND WHEAT FLO UR, HOGS AND PORK PRODUCTS, AND CATTLE AND BEEF AND TALLOW FROM THE UNITED STATES DURING EACH YEAR FROM 1875 To 1884, INCLUSIVE. - Wheat Hogs and Cattle Year ended June 30– Indian-corn. and wheat- ork and beef flour. products. products. 1875------------------------------------------------ $24,456, 937 &83, 320, 303 |{57, 923, 845 $11,728, 358 1876------------------------------------------------ 33,265,280 | 92,816, 369 | 68, 508,095 12,029, 437 1877------------------------------------------------ 41, 621, 245 68,799, 509 82,070, 671 20, 920, 148 1878------------------------------------------------ 48,030, 358 121,967, 737 86, 955, 117 || 23,677,910 1879------------------------------------------------ 40, 655, 120 160,268,792 79,438,936 29, 845, 036 1880------------------------------------------------ 53, 298, 247 |225, 879, 502 || 85,259, 331 39,233, 592 1881------------------------------------------------ 50, 702, 669 212,745, 742 |105, 232, 203 || 39, 602, 333 1889.----------------------------------------------- 28,845, 830 |149,304,773 83, 362, 597 26,696, 070 1883------------------------------------------------ 27, 756,082 174,703, 800 || T1, 238,784 28, 253,495 1884------------------------------------------------ 27,648,044 |126, 166,374 || 70,380,973 || 41,080, 001 169 170° RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. „ºpelmo do pºſſes Jººq. ,, TIį pºpm[otII ! *… „ºpºAIØsøJđÍ 8ļt:0ūI, 88 pogĮsseĮo '9AȚ8n[ou! 888I 0ļ gŁ8I 8J 80Køqq $uſ InGI, 100'080:ſſ | gț¢ £§!!！ || gſ}{16}{8}| 194?!!? | {{0|0}}} | {{!}}{3}}} | {{!!}}{{I|{{}}:}}{{{1 | ĢģĶķ;$ ſſ | $$$$$$ |][:#88! ggſ ſºgg $3 | gº!!8ț¢ $ | 86091888 || 296 8,9 % || 38$3$4$ | $39.989 ſſ | {{{3}}} | }}}}}}}} | {{{ſ}}}} | ſſſſſſſ |"[[]] [[III] 8881 0!!0!!969 % || 864$1) $ | Oļģ Ķ Ķ Ķ | 809 893 ſ || 9'$ $ | }}}}}}}} | {8839}} | 99$ $ $3. || |3}}}}.| }}}}}} | [[III] （4881 888 309 ſö8 || 839'008}} | && !$@ſ:96 || !gg ſågſ | {9}{993 | $9 $9 $ſ | $83.998$ | 318 #0}}}| | {{!!!$$$$$ | !!!!!$$$ |II]]|[[:jºši zögſ:83 #68 | 383 §89 || || 139||9||0||1|003||48|| || |#0.1883 i ºſſ ſºģ;&# | 8ļģ Ķ ķ Ļ ļ ŅĢ{!!!!!$$ | §§§§§§I || 9& []:088 I 980 ſgï8;$3 | 0,5 #86 ºg | ºgļſ£96 86 || 80% I18 || || 8|8 9883 | $99.99$$$ | 08@888） | $$$$$$$ | 093$4$ $ | 93}{9&I [[]] ~~~~ 6，8I 016 ſig ſåg | ¡ ¿ $69-$ | ĢI6 #99938 | $39,39|| ? | #38;$3 | $4,$$$$$$ | 988:690 %, I !!!!$$$$$ | 8$$$$$ | }}}}} [[IȚIȚj ëſºr 8řī Ōōſōō | 9ī£88 || || ģ08%ſ|\$ | 1,6 %86'8 | 39$$$$$ || $$$$$$$$ | 839 %ſ'*$ | 066'0ļģ'6' | 28$ $ $ | {9}}} | []------------------------------- ligt £; £620 %ſ, | 818 ſý8||9, | gl | 38ý 34 | 390.86%†08 98ſ &, | 091 959 98(4)(!)80!!0!! !!, | 869 Ig |III] [[j --~~~~9,81 &gg ‘gºſ, ‘II$ | g0g 'g69 ºg $ | 619 ‘I9ý ‘g9 || @II ºg{1$ | 996 '16'I ‘$$ | Igº '8ý& '8ý(4)(4)| g30 ‘go’i ‘iş | IIzºlg |------------------------------------------------gigi ºomſe A*9mĮGA*Spum0ēIººmſtº Aºonſe źspumoāI*0m (£ Aºspūmo&Iººn (8 A | “IØquum N „ºpºtIÚIBO*pºrno Io pºļȚt:S*([SØIJI—08 9ūn ſº pºpu9 Leº X. “[840J,*AA0I(8J,ºoſ[\qëO • "Jººgſ “TAIS Q TONI ‘ýRSI OL GASI WOĢIJT QIF QIĀ HOFGI 9 NIQIQ (I SGIL WLS (IGILINIQ QIHJ JV037H SLOQ (TO?IÆ HIGIEJ (INIF GITÁLIVO „TO SIĘTO.H YQI º 18 °ON XIGINGIGH-IV APPENDIX No. 38. VALUE OF THE EXPORTS OF CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTS IFROM THE UNITED STATES DURING THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1884 COUNTRIES, AND IN THE ORDER OF MAGNITUDE. , STATED BY d + & :5 Beef products. ‘5°; 5, ... § à Countries to which ex- Cattle == • • • • • • • • • •Q· · · · · · · · · ·| 860 ºgłº ºz | - - - - - - - - - - | † 31. '63ç ‘IQ] || 998 || 3 |]] | gſg ſſ |]] 008333$ I [I] Q19 % || III g6lI • • • • • • • • • • •Q- - - - - - - - - - | †g6 ‘IO9 | - - - - - - - - - -| zęz ‘ILI 'zQ] | [$g g8 || [] &{3!!8! [º] QQ38|| $3 |II]]| 96ț? [] #6!! → • • • • • • • • • •Q• • • • • • • • • • | 693 ºgțI | - - - - - - - - - [ 039 $ſgQ（III^ ] | 813$ | [[I] 998598 |..]] 003:130 $ | |II]]| 83!!8 || III: 86lI • • • • • • • • • • •ſ!· :::::: ~~~~|ggg ggſ | ::::: ~~~~|919ſ899|?‘J’, ‘’’’ || 309 ‘I | Jºrºi 339;&gſ |"[[ſ] : " ’ | 369;&#ff ſy [j] ） * * * | ſgg ſº || … ::::: zglī #9ý žģgȘſſ $0 || || 89ſ8I06 ‘OZI | g89 ‘I6 | 0@g ‘886 | 918 'Z6Ť || 80; "I†0）,8£ 83, i g6!! !! 18 || !g!!!8, ſ 69ý 398 31 || &###8Lē9 ‘$ | * * * * * * * * I6.LI g8[ '89 #$ | LIý ‘Łg$ | 088 ‘8$f8D ‘þýI i LSG '8ț$ | †23 '69ý ſ 8IL ‘00ț$ | g8ſ%083ZGL '03$ | 030 ‘003 || Igg '613$ | 00ý ‘Z86 ‘8 | 096 ‘66$ | 90Ť ‘g¿?" ~0£ 4010 *Sºnſe A.*$ptimo）{*Sºn [tº Aºsptino.I'SºnItſ A*ON'son (8 A | 'sptītno&I*sºnaſ B.A.10'spūſųOJI'80mſe A'0N *sømſbA"Søn (8A ·sonnex | ſººl,[330J, [8]}Ë*ò890TIO*Iºļļuſſ“SºpȚEI’AOIĻĢĪT,"Jººſ['0\}\tº0 9AȚII – papūrº ------------ - - - - - - - - - - - ------- - - - - - - -Jț39 ZU '8ņompoudſ &ışt:CI'$ļonpoidſ ø[q]uo puſē 9({\t:0 *$\ompold Kipep ſtippm ſouſ 'sąoupold ø[Q|quo ptte øſqquo '0^{8nſową ‘ý881-06ZI 8.000ft 100.8\føņ 6u\.\ºmpºsſomp0.id fi.ųºpp ffuqp mqouſ ‘ºqompo.ud ºſnąvo pump omąvo fo sºņwysp014 un 9\} \to、f 8ņwodra ønſſ (juļ0m0nț8 qitºwtºj p/S; ‘89 ‘ON XI (INGIGH-IV RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. 193 000 '6&# “IZ 998 “19ý ‘OZ &{; [ £3836I ȘII 18I ‘I 10 ‘6 ZIŤ '99 I '9 IZI ‘g63 ‘9 8ř8 ‘098 ºg gț¢[ 'g'Ig 'ý, Ź18'388 ºg gºț, 'g10 ‘ſ, L68 '910 ºg 0，8 ‘6LZ 'ō 0I9 'ſ I8 % ILO “IZ8 % ĢII ‘GIL ‘8 600 ‘19， ‘8 8L), ‘gLI ‘ý g6'， '189'8 † 19 ºg08% 088 '699 % LI6 ‘I09 ‘L 8āR ‘009 ‘I 88/, ‘60ý ‘I ZZI ‘ý88 06I ‘66ý Zgſ ‘919 &38 ‘I89 6țI ‘818 0,1g "808 818 ſgïº, 8Zg '9I% ‘I 106 #90 ‘I 8LL ‘$60 ‘I ºg0 ‘098 09I ‘Ig8 GIG ‘968 g89 ‘996 g6I ‘Ił-6 393 8!! ‘I †0g “ȚI6 68@ ‘Z86 gſg ºg90 ‘I 019 ‘888 Ģ96 ‘6GI ‘I I83 'g68 08], ' 919'890 ‘I 000 º 196 000 ‘6ýſ) 000'008 880 '8LL ‘II Lyg ‘096 ‘OT 983 '088 '9 9 LI '96 £80 ‘țII 608 ‘#9Ú 660 ‘06I Zgy '89 Z 038: 961, ’j’9% 018 ºſ I g05 '91. I †g8 ‘9ĻI 6ț0 ‘ý8I g01, 'LOã 1.8L ‘LțZ 90% ſºº 8!,!, "%6ſ I†0 ‘IZZ L83 '06 I †88 ‘Z08 39!!03 I†† 'g6l †gſ 'glº, 000 ‘833 000 ºgț¢, 000 '69 100 '889 ºg †08 ‘9 IZ “† 368 ºg II, ºg I89 ‘Igg ºg 089 'g9g ‘I， Ź08 ‘6 #9 0I6 ‘181 ºzř ‘Lř9 90ſ, '188 †80 ‘ſ, Ig 9 *Y SO & X &S º º & © S. º S.) &O & SO SO & © SO SO SO SO. & Sº Sº º Sº º © SO SO. Sº º 0  ‘Z8 888 ºf II Z88 “†9 gĘZ, ‘6g 30 Q º 638 ‘Igl, 'Lý †g() ºgț0 ‘ZŤ 819 '~g'0 '#8 8āſ ‘798 '，8 661 ºg 19 ºg I †† I ‘Off ºg 109 '9gſ ‘ą '8$/, ‘I cº ºn nº co CO -> — cºſ tº sº- cro ºl - -, -f Ç (JC co cº S > º º Sº Sº gº º Sº Q & © & © SX Sº Sº º 9 [6ț '6IZ †Zº ‘88 I 60! Țgſ 68 [ "#{{I 20 � * � g8? 'g68 ‘03 glț ºg LI 'g8 LřZ '169 '97, 188 ‘I 8g ºgſ †16 '0ý9 'ſ. 990 ‘Zaeg 'þ' LĮ Į 3808 369 ‘IýI ‘8 Gf4 ºg I8 % #89 % LL ‘8 II6 ‘899 ºg †93 ‘ZZZ ºg Źțg ºf 66 ‘8 9 LI ºg 30% ºg 980 ‘IgL ºg 913 TØ9 ‘II6 Lțg ‘gg9 Lºſ: ‘019 6，0 ſg (j0I ‘G8I Z96 '099 ‘6 608 '9Ig ‘6 889 ‘ZIZ ‘I 816 ‘#06 818 ‘839 9f9 'ſ L8 Igº '8@g 9ýI '989 9 II '669 191, '889 613 ºggſ, 9LO ‘896 1,80 （† 11. Z86 ‘6@8 889 ‘LIL gg6 ‘#19 I96 '6IL 989 'ZL), 08† '88）, g9ý ‘086 663 '10). 10; ‘68）, #8g 'þý8 828 869 [89 ‘Lg8 6II '869 683 '8ț9 Z6I ºgț8 000 '88）, 000 ‘L0# 000 º I yº III '908 gg8 '998 189 '81g 818 819 09Z '980 ‘I 689 '0Zg 891, ºg 18 198 ‘fºº †LI ‘IOI Ź86 ‘[98 %) 40 tº © & SO º ºx & SS S.S $.3 º º º º Sº, º º tº Q º º Sº I10 '99 rS S ro tº “S rºo 931, '89 I 09Ğſgļģ|9 98ý ’881, '9 gyſ 330'ſ Z#6 % 9 LI '863 ‘I 90ý ‘Zgº ‘I 4) <> S > . So Q & Q & SO SO & SC SS & S. S. & © º © & © º & SO SO SO SO © º © tº ſię 16į ºg 8108308 †g/, 'g6', '89|| IZ6 'g8[ '3 891, '8L!! '9ț| LLO ‘LLO ‘Z #98 ‘81 L '6ā| 8L/, 'g19 ‘I gºg '693 ºg [| fºº ºſ 19 ºg gț0 ‘80] 'L | 9ç0 '88I ºg ZI8 ‘88@ ‘8 | 998 ‘I80 %, gȚ8 ‘869 ºg | 8țg ‘8I， ‘I ILý ‘8gț 'L ! Igſ ‘986 ‘I Ç66 ‘998 ‘II g|16 ºg LI “Il 969‘98; ‘Oſ †0g ‘ZZO ‘OI 998 ºg 16 ‘6 Z89 '68ț ‘L 360 '880 ‘ſ, LØ0'086 9f6!8! 3 180 °8'ſ I 980 ‘898 g61, '80I g9/, '&## ZIý ‘IGğ 68Z ‘ILL Iý8 ‘919 Zºg “ZZ9 849 '619 98ý ‘gºg 90] 'I6 ff. 08I ‘ZZ; £86 ‘I08 0I9 ‘83; Igſ '88g 19% ‘96 888 ºggſ, 998 ‘89 I60 ‘I8 Įį].{98 1,68 ‘98 080 ºg I Iý9 ‘LI Lț8 ‘Ia. Tţg ‘Lſ: 098 % Lțg ‘009 '@ 30 &Y SO SO © SO SO & º Sºy C & © SX & S. º Sº º 'º So Sº º ºx & S. So Sº Sº Sº Sº Q Sº S.) 363 889 899 ‘#9# 918 '6Łſ 899 ‘#ffff; %) 0 30 00ý ‘999 ºgſ; g9g ‘IŤg '63 OLG '06ý ‘LZ OI8 ‘6f8 'gº 0/0 ‘Igº '68 06Z '6ç0 ‘18 006 º 099 'Lýſ, ºg I g19 ‘IL9 'gº g61, '868 '6% 000 '#f4 ºgą 00Z ‘803 'gº, 008 ‘Igț '#3 009 ‘6@I '8I Ó0ý ‘190 '6I 00， 'Lg9 '03 008 ‘ſ:ț¢, ‘OG 008 'g68 ºgą 009 ſý8 gº 009 ‘L08 ‘03 008 ‘ț63 ‘IG 00$ '39g'ſ, 003 ‘9ȚA, ‘6 00ț ‘L08 ‘II 003 ‘986 ºg 008 '16'， '£ 003 ‘869 ºſ 003 ºg 19 ºg 003 ºg Þ0 'OI 009 'g09 'ſ. 003 ‘983 '6 00ț ºff98 ‘ZI 00ý ‘IOI ‘II 000 'ſg'I ‘ZI 00ý ‘898 ‘6 000 ‘02′， ‘0’I 000 ‘838 '8I 000 ‘ 18I ‘RI 003 ‘LEG ‘řI 000 ºg09 ‘LI 008 ‘ýI@ ‘GI 009 '883 'ZI 000 ººg '6I 00ț ‘L18 '&I 003 ‘889 ‘OI 003 “866 ‘9 000 ºg 18 '1 008 'L','g'）, 008 ‘Lř9 ‘9 000 '939 '■ 00ý ‘690 'ſ, 8.Lg ‘LII Affg '983 610 '16I 9țZ '83% %90'ſ º SS º º Sº Sº Sº Sº Sº Sº º ºb SX Sº © & SS so ºn Sº 0 0 008 ºg03 698 ºg8L 0ī£ ‘09′I {;I8 ‘818 9 4) :) —º • • • • • • • • +98 I · · · · · · · · 9931 · · · · · · · · zg3I · · · · · - - - I99I • • • • • • • • 093I • • • • • • • • 6g3! - - - - - - - - 9g9I 1,98|| 998Ț · · · · · · · - ggº I †g8[ 898I · · · · · · · · aegºT [98 [ · · · · · - - - Ogg I • • • • • • • • gºgI ！= && ！！ ！！ ） ■ * * * • • • • • • • - - - - - - - - ç#gſ · · · · · · · · ##9I • • • • • • • pg#3I —08. ºu.np · · · · · · · · zř9I - - - - - - - - [[#9I - - - - - - - - 0 #3I · · · · · · · · 683I · · · · · · · · 388 I 188I · · · · · · · · 988 I ----- - - - gg3I - - - - - - - - †g3I • • • • × ± • • · · · · ---- geºT · · · · · · · · zºg I 188I - - - - - - - 083! · · · · · · · · 628 I - - - - - - - - 323I 138U · · · · · · · · 928I · · · · · · · · çZ8L †28I · · · · · · · · gz8I -------- zzgI [38I 038I · · · · · · · · 613 I · · · · · · · · 318L - - - - - - - - LIRI - - - - - - - - 913 I • • • • • • • • gigi -------- » igr • • • • • • • • & & æ ， * ± • • £; ſae «… * * ， ， è Statement 8howing the exports from the United States of cattle and cattle products, &c., during the fiscal years 1790–1884, inclusive—Continued. Cattle and cattle products, including dairy products. Cattle and cattle products. Dairy products. Year ------------" ended— flºw Live cattle. Beef. Tallow. Hides. Butter. Cheese. Total Total º - Total values. | values. values. No. Values. Pounds. Values. Pounds. Values. No. Values. Pounds. Values. |Pounds. Values, | - June 30– - i - 1865 - - - - - - -. $9,588 $159, 179 $27,333,960 $3,304, 771 $30,622, 865.34, 979, 1353,205,950ſ;1, 023, 59Giš9, 466, 681 321, 559, 892 $7,292, 715 $53, 154, 318||11,697, 746,318, 990,461|$28,457, 142 1866 . . . . . . . . 7,730 323,637 | 19, 053,800 2,766, 451 19, 364, 686. 2, 488, 587 b 317,741, 5, 896, 416 3. 806, 835 1, 267,851 36,411,985 6,036, 828 7, 304, 679| 13, 201,095 l867 . . . . . . 10, 221 268,236 14, 182, 562 | 1,727, 350 23, 296, 931, 2, 747, 618 b 288,381 5,029, 585 4,912,355 i, 184,367 52,382,127 f, $93,535 3,077,902 14, 107,487 1868 . . . . . . . . 16, 120 330, 183 22, 683,531 2,696, oil 22,682, 412 2,540,227 b 538, 106 6, 104,527 2,071,873, 582,745, 51,097,203 7, 010,424 7, 593, 169||13, 697, 696 1869 . . . . . . . C C 27, 299, 197 2, 430, 357 20, 534, 628, 2, 362, 630 b 292, 491 5,085, 478 1, 324, 332 484, 004: 39, 960, 367, 6,437, 866 6,921, 960 12, 007, 438 1870 . . . . . . . . 27, 530 439,987 26,727,773 | 1, 939,778 37, 513,056, 3,814,861 b 365, 212 6, 559, 838 2,019, 288 592, 229. 57,296, 327, 8,881, 934, 9,474, 163. 16,034,001 1871 - - - - - - 20, 530 | 403, 491 43,880,217 | 3, 825, 666 || 33,859, 317| 3,025, 035 b 700, 604 7, 954, 796 || 3, 965, 043, 853, 096 63,698, 867; 8, 752, 990 9,606, 086 17, 560, 882 1872 . . . . . . . . 28, 033 565, 719 26, 652, 094 | 1, 870, 826 76, 151, 218, 6,973, 189 b 1,445, 17810, 854, 912 || 7, 746, 261 1, 498, 812) 66, 204,025 7, 752, 918, 9, 251, 730 20, 106,642 1873 . . . . . . . . 35,455 695,957 31,605, 196 2, 447, 481 79, 170, 558, 7,068,471 U 3,605, 02313, 816, 932 4, 518, 844 952, 919, 80, 366, 540 10,498, 010) 11,450, 929 25, 267, 861 1874 . . . . . . . . 56,067 | 1, 150, 857 36,036, 537 2,956, 676 101,755, 631 8, 135, 320 b 2, 560, 382:14, 803, 235 4, 367, 983 1,092, 381 00, 611, 0.77| 11, 898, 995 12, 991, 376 27,794, 611 1875 . . . . . . . . 57,211 | 1, 103,085 || 48,233,251 4, 197,956 || 65.461, 619 5, 692, 205 b 4, 729, 72515, 722,971 6, 360, 827. 1, 506, 996'101,010, 853 13,659, 603 15, 166, 599 30,889, 570 1876 ..... --. 51,593 1, 110,703 || 36,596, 150 3, 186, 304 || 72,432,775, 6, 734, 378 b 2,905, 921|13, 937, 306 4, 644, 894. 1, 109, 496, 97,676,264. 12, 270,083 i3, 579,579| 27, 316, 885 1877 . . . . . ...] 50, 001 | 1, 593,080 88,366, 143 || 7, 503,475 91,472, 803, 7, 883, 616 b 2, 480, 42719, 460, 598 21, 527, 242 4,424,616 107, 364, 666 12,700, 627, 17, 125, 243| 36, 585, 841 1878 . . . . . . . . 80,040 3,896, 818 99, 878, 150 | 7,983, 090 85,505,919; 6,695, 377 b | 1, 286, 84019,862, 125 21, 837, 117 3, 931, 822:123,783, 736 14, 103, 529, 18,035, 351 37,897,476 1879 ........|136,720 | 8,379,200 90,976, 395 7, 219, 458 || 99,963, 752 6,934, 970 b 1, 171,523 23, 705, 151 38, 248,016, 5, 421, 205,141, 654, 474 12, 579, 968] 18, 001, 173, 41,706, 324 1880 . . . . . . . . 182,756 |13, 344, 105 |129,954, 666 10,322,965 [110,767,627, 7,689, 232 b G49, 07432, 005, 466 39,236,658; 6,690, 687,127, 553, 907 12, 171,720 18, 862,407 50,867, 873 1881 - - - - - - - 185,707 14, 304, 103 |146,703, 461 1% 526,045 96, 403,372, 6, 800, 628 b 903, 464:34, 534, 240 31, 560, 500 6, 256,024,147, 995, 614| 16, 380, 248 22, 636, 272 57, 170, 512 1882 . . . . . . . 108, 110 || 7,800,227 |115,486,203 |10,671,437 50, 474,210 4,015, 798 b 1,449, 737|23, 937, 199 || 14, 794, 305 2,864, 570,127, 989,782. 14,058,975 16, 923, 545, 40, 860,744 1883. ------. 104,444 || 8,341,431 |122,744, 996 12,084,413 38,810,098. 3, 248,749 b 1, 220, 158:24, 894, 751 | 12, 348, 641) 2,290, 665.99,220,467. 11, 134,526 13,425, 191| 38,319,942 1884. --...-. 190, 518 17,855, 495 |163,805, 138 15. 257, 364e 63,091, wº 4, 793, 375 b 1, 304, à 210, 563 20,627, 374 3,750, mile 869, 575, 11, 663,713 15,414,484. 54,625, 047 a The official returns from 1790 to 1865 state the quantity of beef exported in barrels and tierces, which have been reduced to pounds at the rate of 200 pounds and 305 pounds, respectively. * - g g - b Not stated. c Not specified. d Nine months ended June 30, 1843. e Not including beef canned, $3,173,767. º i APPENDIX No. 54. WEST WARD SHIPMENTS OF CATTLE INTO NORTHERN RANGES BY RAIL [Northern Pacific Railroad Company, General Freight Agent's Office; operating Northern Pacific Railroad, Saint Paul and Northern Pacific Railroad, Little Falls and akota Railroad, Northern Pacific, Fergus and Black Hills Railroad, Fargo and Southwestern Railroad, Sanborn, Cooperstown and Turtle Mountain Railroad, Jamestown and Northern Railroad, Rocky Mountain Railroad of Montana, Helena and Jefferson County Railroad. J. M. Hannaford, general freight agent; S. L. Moore, assistant general freight agent.] - - SAINT PAUL, MINN., April 10, 1885. DEAR SIR: Your telegram of the 9th instant, asking for the total number of cattle shipped west to the ranges over the line of our road during the year 1884 and the ap- proximate average value is received. In round figures, we shipped west during the time mentioned 98,000 head of young cattle, averaging half yearlings and half two-year-olds. These cattle were worth about $23 per head at the point of delivery, or $2,254,000. I think there should be $225,000 added to these figures for the excess valuation of bulls, blooded stock, &c., which were mixed in with these shipments, and which we took under a release from the owner at the same rate and valuation, and cannot therefore tell how many there were. Very truly, yours, J. M. HANNAFORD, General Freight Agent. Mr. Joseph NIMMO, Jr., • Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Washington, D. C. [Union Pacific Railway Company. General Traffic Manager's Office.] OMAHA, May 4, 1885. DEAR SIR: In reply to your telegram of the 9th ult., we shipped over our line in Nebraska 1,025 car-loads of cattle in 1884 to the western ranges, and 284 car-loads over our Kansas lines. We average about 20 head per car-load, making 1,309 cars; 20 per car =26,180 head of cattle; average, $30 per head. Yours, truly, THOS. L. KIMBALL, General Traffic Manager. Hon. Joseph NIMMO, Jr., Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Washington, D. C. [Telegram.] . g TOPEKA, KANS., April 17, 1885. To Joseph NIMMO, Jr., Washington, D. C. : g Cattle shipped west to ranges during 1884 numbered 31,250; horses, about 7,000. Refer to C. J. Morse, Kansas City, as to valuation. J. J. GODDARD. 11991 R C–14 195 APPENDIX No. 55. STATEMENT BY MR. LE VI C, WADE, PRESIDENT OF THE MEXICAN CEN- TRAL RAIL WAY COMPANY, IN REGARD TO THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE BUSINESS OF MEXICO. [Mexican Central Railway Co., Limited; , Mason Building, No. 70 Kilby street. P. O. Box 2813. Levi C. Wade, president. S. W. Reynolds, treasurer.] BoSTON, April 25, 1885. DEAR SIR: I have your letter of the 23d instant, inquiring in regard to range and ranch cattle in Mexico. Since the opening of our line, the number of cattle in sight has evidently increased. Between Paso del Norte and the city of Chihuahua there is a large extent of grazing country, not excelled by any in the United States, with rich abundant grasses and a plentiful supply of water. It contains many fine lakes and ponds, and on it are pas- tured vast herds of neat-cattle and horses. In spite of the duties upon cattle, there is some trade between Mexico and the Lnited States, as you will see by our annual report for the year ending December 31, 1884 (a copy of which I send you), page 31, we carried 2,219 horses and 2,855 head of neat-cattle. Nearly the whole of those were transported from different points in Mexico to the United States. Our stock business is growing, and the establishment of a stock yard at El Paso would very materially increase the traffic. At present, the buying of Mexican cattle is done wholly by individuals who go to Mexico for the purpose of obtaining cattle and horses for their ranches in the United States. Yours, truly, LEVI C. WADE, President, JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr., Esq., - Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Washington, D. C. 196 * APPENDIX No. 56. STATEMENT IN REGARD TO THE EARLY SHIPMENTS OF CATTLE AND Pºp BEEF TO EUROPE, BY MR. WILLIAM COL WELL, OF BOSTON, S. - BRIGHTON, MASS., April 13, 1885. DEAR SIR: In reply to yours of the 11th instant, the first cargo of beef cattle that I shipped to Europe was in October, 1876. I believe those were the first shipped from any portin the United States, with the single exception of one small lot in the spring of same year. I have been across twenty-six times since, myself, with cattle. I am not certain as to the exact time when dressed beef was sent, but, as near as I can recollect, I think it was in the fall of 1874 or spring of 1875, from New York. Respectfully, &c., wiliń. COLWELL Joseph NIMMo, Esq. 197 APPENDIX No. 57 STATEMENT IN REGARD TO THE EARLY SHIPMENTS OF CATTLE AND #ssed BEEF TO EUROPE, BY MR. NELSON MORRIS, OF CHICAGO, UNION STOCK YARDS, ExcBANGE BUILDING, Chicago, April 20, 1885. DEAR SIR: In reply to yours of 11th inst., I bef to say that I was the first exporter of live cattle from the United States to Europe. I exported a few cattle to London and Glasgow in 1868. I also exported some dressed beef prior to 1870. -- .The difficulties attending the exportation of live cattle when this trade was in its infancy were many, but experience has removed most of them, and the mortality, under ordinary circumstances, has been greatly reduced, and now averages less than 1 per cent. The most serious drawback now attending the exportation of live cattle from the United States to English ports, is the law requiring all United States cattle . to be killed at port of entry within five days after landing, and debarring them from being taken into the interior. No such restrictions apply to Canadian cattle. Many of the difficulties first encountered in exporting dressed beef have also been overcome. Respectfully, yours, NELSON MORRIS JOSEPH NIMMo, Jr., Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Washington. 198 APPENDIX NO. 58. STATEMENT BY MR. SILAS BENT OF SAINT LOUIS, MO., IN REGARD TO THE METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE AREA. SAINT LOUIS, Mo., May 4, 1885. DEAR SIR: Thanks for your meteorological statement, which I here with return with Iome verbal corrections and criticisms of one or two paragraphs of your quotations rom Professor Elias Loomis, of Yale College, and Capt. Samuel H. Mills, Acting Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army, and which I shall here repeat with additional comments, is you desired. Professor Loomis says that “near the Atlantic coast the amount of rainfall is evidently increased by vapor which comes from the Atlantic ocean. For ihe remaining portion of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains the vapor which furnishes the rainfall may come to some extent from these two sources (Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean), but it is chiefly derived from the chain of the great lakes, rom the rivers, small lakes, and collections of water from the moist earth.” The only 3riticism that I shall offer to this assumption is to ask the professor whence came the vapor which gave rise to this “chain of great lakes, rivers, small lakes, and collections pf water from the moist earth” and whence comes the vapor that now keeps them in such unvarying supply of water from year to year if not from the prevailing west winds which come to this region from the Pacific Ocean 2 Captain Mills says, “It seems probable that evaporation from the Kuro-Siwo is no more important than that from the remainder of the Pacific Ocean. The southwest wind that [prevails (?)] north of California passes over the Rocky Mountains and deposits rain on our Pacific coast undoubtedly draws most of its moisture from the Pacific Ocean.” To this I reply that the only “remainder of the Pa- cific Ocean” not covered by the tepid waters of the Kuro-Siwo is a narrow strip of water lying directly along the eastern coast of Asia and to the west of a line drawn from the northeastern part of Japan to Behring Straits, and which, being of the same general temperature as the west winds that come from Siberia and Central Asia, it can, of course, impart but little or no moisture to those winds, and it is not until those winds reach the tepid waters of the Kuro-Siwo, which cover the whole Pacific Ocean from Japan northeastwardly and eastwardly to the shores of our continent and ex- tending from Behring Straits to the Tropic of Cancer, that they begin to Jaden them selves with moisture by evaporation from the Pacific Ocean; for the power of the atmosphere to produce such evaporation is in exact proportion to the dryness and low temperature of the wind as compared with that of the water at the time and place of its contact with these tepid waters from the equator. The climatic power in temperature alone of these tepid waters is forcibly shown by such distinguished writers as Mr. James Croll, of England, and Com- mander M. F. Maury. In his work entitled “Climate and Time,” Mr. Croll says, “The quantity of heat conveyed by the Gulf Stream” (from the Gulf of Mexico through the Straits of Florida into the North Atlantic) “is equal to all the heat which falls upon the globe within thirty-two miles on each side of the equator;” that “the ; of the Gulf Stream would deprive the Atlantic of 77,479,650, 000,600,000,000 foot-pounds of energy in the form of heat per day; ” or, as the same fact is more popularly stated by Commander Maury in his “Physical Geography of the Sea,” when speaking of the effect on the climate of Central America and Mexico arising from the excess of heat carried off from them by the Gulf Stream, says, “A simple calculation will show that the quan- tity of heat daily carried off by the Gulf Stream from those regions and discharged Over the Atlantic Ocean is sufficient to raise mountains of iron from zero to the melt- ing point, and to keep in flow from them a molten stream of metal greater in volume than the waters daily discharged from the Mississippi River.” Mr. Croll further says that “were all ocean and aerial currents stopped, so that there could be no transference of . heat from one point of the earth'ssurface to another, the difference between the tempera- ture of the equator and the poles would amount to 218 degrees,” and that “without ocean currents the globe would not be habitable.” Now, the sea, the atmosphere, and the sun are to the earth what the blood, the lungs, and the heart are to the animal economy, and it is not only the transference and equalization of temperature over the face of the earth that is accomplished by the circulation of the currents of the ocean and of the atmos- phere, but also, in the Divine economy, the parallel beneficence of such a distribu- tion of moisture as is necessary for the sustenance of animal and vegetable life 199 200 RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE TRAFFIC. throughout the world, and it is in this aspect of the question that it may be safely averred that were the Kuro Siwo shut out from the North Pacific, so that none of its moisture could be distributed over our continent, the whole of that part of North America lying north of the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude and west of the Alleghany Mountains would be an uninhabitable desert, and that if the ocean currents alone were stopped, so as to cut off the supply of moisture now obtained from them by the winds, and distributed over the contincrits and islands of the world, such stop- page would be death to the world as effectually and completely as the stoppage of the circulation of the venous system is death to the life of man. Any attempt, there- fore, to solve the great and apparently intricate problems of meteorology, climatology, or even forestry, without starting the investigations from the ocean currents (which comprise a grand system of circulation, embracing all the oceans of the world, and which is as sublime in its simplicity as it is beneficent in its life-giving influences upon whom the animal and vegetable kingdom of the earth), will and must ever prove unreli- able and unconvincing, because these currents—next to the sun–are the bases of me- teorology and climatology, by reason of the heat and moisture which they throw off to the atmosphere for distribution in all parts of the world. For as Commander Maury says, “An examination into the economy of the universe will be sufficient to satisfy the well-balanced minds of observant men that the laws which govern the atmosphere and the laws which govern, the ocean are laws which were put in force by the Creator when the foundations of the earth were laid, and that therefore they are laws of order. Else why should the Gulf Stream, for instance, be always where it is, and running from the Gulf of Mexico and not somewhere else, and sometimes running into it? Why should there be a perpetual drought in one part of the world and con- tinual showers in another; or why should the winds and waves of the sea ever “clap their hands with joy, or obey the voice of rebuke 7" - With apologies for my delay in answering your letter, which was occasioned by unavoidable engagements, and regrets that I am compelled to touch so briefly upon the abundance of evidence that I find on every hand to sustain the hypothesis ad- vanced in my address to the Cattle-Growers' Convention upon the Mountains and Plains of North America, I beg you will accept my grateful acknowledgment for your earnest interest in this matter. Believe me, very respectfully and truly, yours, t SILAS BENT. Hon. Joseph NIMMO, Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. O BAKER CITY: buºsaae. k SACRAMENTo Santanºo wil-Min Gºro *: º N N MISSION º - \ L-1 # /Effiºsaur, I tº º \ W NDIA &. A. Rivers * RESERVATION (2 : ſº To Rºcumnary F. RETURT IN REFLY TO FREBULUTION OF THE Antisenf Representatives DFTED FEe-tºº- ºi TEST 37 –35– NORTHERN SatNº. º, * / "sºº º º 4. º; i { ; y-l--------> - - ---------- K _MQNROE O M --- E. - (* THE RANGE AND RANCH * CATTLE AREA EF—THE **** º \ - - Rºbrazos pe -A "/ ANTIAGO (ſ UNITED STATES ſ'ſ S SCALE - *] - - sº loº º -o-Miles º -J/ 15. # - - Julius Bien & Co. Photo Lith. TENTE GENS US OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 123" Q- - - - ºn- º: \\ | 2-\º - - º º, / ... -- - - - - - - -- - **** - - - *. - - - - | * L- *** * **** ----- £2-23 ſº- - - -- | - . - \ . ": \ - - - - | - - | 2 || || - - - - - * tº º - Lº ſº - - º - -- - º ... * - - - - º * - * - - º, yº- - L. | ". . --- º º - - - - ********* --- º - - E. - ----- … º - LEGENI). | Aeron, ſo inchey. º wo zo * - - - - º Nº. - - - - MAP OF THE º ºs. A -* Yº U N I T E D STATES - - - Nº. º SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE - - *† ANNUAL RAIN FALL Prepared to illustrate the corresponding distribution of the population at the date of the Tenth census. º 20 - 30 - do tracharana oper - N S - º |N º - - º - ſº - - - - - ºr - º - | B- |||}| - HENRY GANNETT E M. º - º - º --- 1880. " . - * Biem-Liº. .7%ecºres ºn the ºrºž/era region ºretoa ºe arºzzothetica/ Thematerºused fºrthºpºw - taken mºtºrºom theºnary º *ºnſº Zºes, ºrºazºotº. ſ º . 7. | [. |||ſº 117° 113* - Scale -º-º: ºn - 119° - --- - --- - - - º Bºo Miles. º - - Tº TH CENS US OF THE UNITED STATES - - 103- - ºn- Gº- º º - - - | - -- º -------- below 5 LEGE - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - ºwn, a rada, - º - - - º - - - - - º, º ſº º - º º - - º - - - - ſ - - - | - - - º º - - - ºf 20 - - - - \ . º MAP OF THE - - - | ` . - ſº º º - - - - - - ºr ºf - \ºses | | | \, | \, \! {^* - | E D STATES -tº - - º s - - I - Y - - º - ºwnt, THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE - º - - - - /º/º B. A. IN FAL. I. 30 ºncher ana’ orer. N - - - - º - ſº nº T-E. s - - Tº | \\ PRING AND SUMMER NOTE. 7%ecurrºr, ºeſºrºra region N \º lºº ºf . - -- Mº Prepared to Il the correspºnding distribution of the population ºeto a ſºazzº ºtheraz | *III) - - ºne date of the Tenth Census. ºº | - - - - | - 1. -- - ºn they --- º - - - --- º Žºzºs, º, - // - - - - - º | | | RY GANNETT E. M. - - - - - Ø/ 1880. 113* 117° 113* gº - º - nº-º-º-º-º: ºvale - - --- --- --- - --- * * * =--- 0. -- - - - - - - - - - - - TENTH CEN SUS OF THE UNITED - - º zºº | - S. ºngº. soo º - - º tº S i. - - - - º - - |35" - tº tº: --- - * Z. --- º al" LEGENI). sea were a zoo wº 27°- ºw - º º - nº - - Mº - roodoº" NuTE-treas ºenon-sea fºrwººd ºnazºº -- 119° 117- 115- - - - U N IT E D S TATES Prepared to illustrat HYPSOMETRIC SKETCH 0-1 11. the corresponding distribution of the population at the date of the Tenth Census B - HENRY GANNETT E M. 1880. --- -- --- S-al- tº --- ºu. º _* - 89* Miles. TATES Julius ºn tº º, - [JR §§ PRINTERD IN U. Q. ！ ！！ ！！*#！**s*… ！· ■ ■ ■ ■ ... * * * · · §~ ！ ° .° ' $******…**） ∞≡.w • ********************* * * * * ***ș, ， ， ， + ':.| * · ****** .*ſ*（?：-* ******** ? * 。 、、、、、、、、、、、「·