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S L A V E R Y
AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA
BY
HENRY M. STANLEY
|LLUSTRATED
N E W Y O R. K.
H A R P E R & B R O T H E R S P U B L IS HERS
1893

Harper’s ‘‘Black and White” Series.
Illustrated.
32mo, Cloth, 50 cents each.
SLAvery AND THE SLAvRTRADE
IN AFRICA. By Henry M.
Stanley.
THE RIVALs. By François
Coppée.
THE JAPAN Esº BRIDE.
Naomi Tamura.
WHITTIER : Notes of His LIFE
AND of HIS FR1ENDSHiPs. By
Annie Fields. -
By
GILEs CoREY, YEox1AN. By
Mary E. Wilkins.
JAMEs RUSSELL Low ELL. An
Address. By George William
Curtis.
CofFEE AND REPARTEE. By
John Kendrick Bangs.
SEEN FROM THE SADDLE. By
Isa Carrington Cabell.
A FAMILY CANoe TRIP. By
Florence Watters Snedeker.
A LITTLE Swiss Sojourn. By
William Dean Howells.
A LETTER or INTRod UCTION.
A Farce. By William Dean
Howells.
IN THE WESTIBUI.ſ. LIMITED.
By Brander Matthews.
THE ALBANY DRPot. A Farce.
By William Dean Howells.
PUBLISHED BY HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK.
For sale by a22 bookse/&ers, or zwill be seatt &y the Zublishers,
Aostage 22-epaza, ozz recezzºt of £7.2ce.
Copyright, 1893, by HARPER & BROTHERS.
A/Z rights reserved.
ILLUSTRATIONS
IN THE REAR OF A CARAVAN
CAPTURING SLAVES
A SLAVE MARKET
A SLAVER
BOY SLAWI.
AN ARAB .
} 65
Frontispiece
. Facing p. 28
{ { 40
{ { 50
{{ 62
“ 74
383
SLAVERY
AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA
“IT is desirable that accurate infor-
mation on the enormities of the slave
trade should be spread at home and
abroad, and that to slave-holding states
all evidence proving the superior advan-
tages of free labor should be freely sup-
plied,” was a sentiment uttered by his
Royal Highness the Prince of Wales at
the jubilee meeting of the Antislavery
Society. His vast and influential audi-
ence cordially responded to it.
It seems to me that the same sentiment
should also be published for the benefit of
all those in America or England who are
or may become interested in the welfare
2
and progress of the negro races, and of
their advancement towards civilization.
With that view, I shall endeavor in this
article to lay before you the present actual
condition of Africa in respect to slavery,
the slave trade, and slave-raiding, and the
efforts which are being made to remedy
their destructive effects, and to extirpate
the causes, by opening the continent to
the influences of legitimate trade.
The maritime exploration of the Afri-
can coasts by the Portuguese navigators
in the fifteenth century was the direct
cause of the first inception of the traffic
in negroes, and first started the no less
inhuman system of slave-holding which
this century has seen expiated by one of
the most sanguinary wars of which we
have any full record.
The exploration of the interior of the
continent, accompanied as it has been
by revelations respecting the appalling
sufferings of innocent peoples, of the
wholesale destruction of tribal communi-
3
ties, and the annihilation of their humble
industries, has so cleared the way to the
right comprehension of the worst feat-
ures of the slave trade that we begin now
to see pretty clearly the measures that
must be adopted not only for its thorough
suppression in the continent, but to oblit-
erate all traces of its past horrors. -
The excesses which were committed by
the cupidity and hard thoughtlessness of
our forefathers have been atoned for to
some extent by their children by the
immense sacrifices which they have made.
They have freely risked their lives on
the battle-field, on board of the cruisers
along the unhealthy coasts of Africa, dur-
ing their long and faithful service as the
world's maritime police, along the various
lines of exploration, in the many mission
fields; they have also given treasures of
money towards freeing themselves from
the shame of any connection with the
slave trade by moral or actual conni-
vance, or by countenancing its existence.
4
In regard to the suppression of the slave
trade in little - known Africa, we have
been, however, too apt to adopt pessimis-
tic views; and as in North and South
America we were slow to perceive our
duties, or to appreciate the advantages
that would result from relieving ourselves
from the odium attached to slavery,
so after the event we are too apt to re-
mind ourselves of the immense trouble
and treasure it cost us to cast it off. Our
impatience is excited at the portentously
large figures of expense, compared to which
the figures of profit seem so infinitesimal,
and the rate of progress so insignificant.
My endeavor shall be to lessen this feel-
ing of disappointment, and to show how
we have been steadily advancing, even in
mid-Africa, to extinguish the traffic, and
what prospects we have of eventually see-
ing it abolished altogether from the face
of the earth.
From the year when Vasco de Gama
rounded the Cape of Good Hope (1497) to
5
*m.
the year 1807, when the British govern-
ment prohibited the exportation of slaves
over the high seas, is a period of 310 years.
During all this time Africa was surren-
dered to the cruelty of the slave-hunter,
and the avarice of the slave-trader. While
its people were thus subject to capture
and expatriation, it was clearly impossi-
ble that any intellectual or moral progress
could be made by them. The greater
number of those accessible from the coast
were compelled to study the best methods
of avoiding the slaver and escaping his
force and his wiles—the rest only thought
of the arts of kidnapping their innocent
and unsuspecting fellow-creatures. Yet
ridiculous as it may appear to us, there
were not wanting zealous men who de-
voted themselves to Christianizing the
Savages who were moved by such an op-
posite spirit. In Angola, Congo, and
Mozambique, and far up the Zambezi,
missionaries erected churches and cathe-
drals, appointed bishops and priests, who
6
converted and baptized, while at the
mouths of the Niger, the Congo, and the
Zambezi their countrymen built slave-
barracoons and anchored their murder-
Ous slave-ships. European governments
legalized and sanctioned the slave trade,
the public conscience of the period ap-
proved it, the mitred heads of the Church
blessed the slave-gangs as they marched
to the shore, and the tax-collector received
the levy per head as lawful revenue.
But here and there during these guilty
centuries words of warning are not want-
ing. Queen Elizabeth, upon being in-
formed of the forcible capture of Africans
for the purposes of sale, exclaims solemn-
ly that “such actions are detestable, and
will call down vengeance on the perpe-
trators.” When Las Casas, in his anxiety
to save his Indians, suggests that Afri-
cans be substituted for them, the Pope,
Leo X., declares that “not only the Chris-
tian religion but Nature herself cried out
against such a course.”
7
One hundred and sixty-five years after
the discovery of the Cape, Sir John Haw-
kins pioneers the way for England to
participate in the slave trade, hitherto
carried on by the Portuguese, the Span-
ish, and the Dutch.
A century later a king of England,
Charles II., heads an English company
which undertakes to supply the British
West Indies yearly with 30,000 negroes.
After the Asiento Contract, under which
for thirty years England secured the mo-
nopoly of supplying the Spanish West
Indies with slaves, as many as 192 ships
were engaged every year in the transpor-
tation of slaves from the African coast.
The countries which suffered most from
the superior British method of slave cap-
turing and trading and slave-carrying
were Congo land, the Niger Valley, the
Guinea and Gold coasts, the Gambia,
Cross, and Calabar lands.
The system adopted by the British crews
in those days was very similar to that em-
S
ployed by the Arabs to-day in inner Af-
rica. They landed at night, surrounded
the selected village, and then set fire to
the huts, and as the frightened people is-
sued out of the burning houses, they were
seized and carried to the ships; or some-
times the skipper, in his hurry for sea,
sent his crew to range through the town
he was trading with, and, regardless of
rank, to seize upon every man, woman,
and child they met. Old Town, Creek
Town, and Duke Town, in Old Calabar,
have often witnessed this summary and
high-handed proceeding.
Boswell, the biographer of Dr. John-
son, called the slave trade “an important
and necessary branch of commerce;” and
probably the largest section of the British
public, before those antislavery cham-
pions Clarkson and Wilberforce succeed-
ed in persuading their countrymen to re-
flect a little, shared Boswell's views, as
well as his surprise and indignation,
when it became known that there were
9
*
English people who talked of suppress-
ing it.
That the slave trade must have been a
lucrative commerce there can be no doubt,
when we consider that from 1777 to 1807
upwards of 3,000,000 Africans had been
sold in the West Indies. All those forts
which may be seen lining the west coast
of Africa to-day were constructed prin-
cipally by means of the revenue derived
from the slave tax.
In 1833 slavery was abolished through-
out the British dominions, and the govern-
ment agreed to pay the slave-owners of
the West Indies £20,000,000 redemption-
money for 1,000,000 of slaves. On the 1st
of August, 1834, the famous Act of Eman-
cipation came into operation. Through-
out the West Indies the eve of the great
day was kept by watch meetings, in ac-
clamations of praise and thanksgiving.
It is said that when the hour of midnight
began to strike, the singing and the shout-
ing ceased, and the congregations knelt
10
down and listened with bated breath to
the solemn strokes of the bell which an-
nounced their freedom, and ere the new
day was a minute old the loud strains of
“Glory Allelujah!” burst from the now
enfranchised people. They flung them-
selves upon one another's breasts, clapped
their hands, cried and laughed, but loud-
er than all other sounds were the cries,
“Praise God! Glory ! glory to God I"
Ten years later, the abolition of the
legal status of slavery in India freed
9,000,000 of slaves. Then, little by little,
the nations implicated in slavery gravi-
tated to the side of the emancipators. In
1846 the Bey of Tunis, through British
influence, decreed that all slaves touch-
ing his territory should become free. The
French Republic in 1848 declared by a
brief act that no more slaves should be
admitted into French territory. In 1861
the autocrat of Russia decreed the eman-
cipation of 20,000,000 serfs. The history
of the great struggle in the United States
11
is too recent for it to be forgotten that it
occasioned the proclamation of freedom
on January 1, 1863, by which 6,000,000
of slaves were admitted to the rights of
freemen. . Finally, and only four years
ago, Brazil, after long and laborious ef-
forts of her most enlightened men, heard
that the law of abolition of slavery had
passed through her Senate—and thus the
cruel and inhuman system of man hold-
ing fellow-man as a chattel and barter-
able property was extinguished through-
out all America.
It therefore required eighty-two years
to extirpate slavery within lands profess-
ing to be civilized. Africa in the mean
time was not neglected. Her burdens
and pains were gradually but surely be-
ing reduced. The cruising squadrons
sailing up and down the eastern and west-
ern coasts made it extremely difficult for
slave-ships to break through the close
blockade, and after the introduction of
steam it was rendered impossible. Edu-
12
cation had also greatly spread, and it
became a universal conviction that slave-
trading was as wicked as piracy.
It has since been attempted by more
than one power to continue the trade un-
der the disguised form of cooly and con-
tract labor. Were it honestly conducted,
and the contracts punctually executed on
the part of the employers, there can be
no doubt that it would be a means of ele-
vating the benighted people into a higher
standard by the contact with and exam-
ple of a superior or, rather, more ad-
vanced race. But it requires a strong
and enlightened government to act as
umpire in such cases, and governments,
unless they find their influence remuner-
ative, do not care to take too much trou-
ble. The ignorant islanders of the South
Seas have suffered terribly from this su-
pineness, indifference, or want of close
scrutiny and rigid enforcement of every
detail in the contract by the Queensland
government. They have been decoyed
13
on board the labor-ships under various
pretences, and conveyed away never to
return; or they have been allowed to go
to the Queensland plantations uncared
and unprovided for; or, after the term
of contract has expired, they have been
landed on islands with which they were
totally unacquainted, and become food for
savages or been made slaves. That such
things should be possible in a British col-
ony argues a woful ignorance of the uses
of a government, inexcusable stupidity, a
shocking lack of feeling, and an incredi-
ble amount of ingratitude. It would not
be difficult to prove such a system worse
than open slavery.
The Portuguese have also been until
recently offenders against public senti-
ment in the matter of exporting “coloni-
als” from Angola for the cocoa groves of
Prince's Island and the sugar estates of
St. Thomas. These colonials are natives.
collected from the interior, who, before
embarkation, are looked at by a govern-
14
ment functionary, and then have tin tick-
ets slung around their necks, are given a
blanket and a few flimsy cottons, and are
deported to the islands for a term which
to too many of them must be indefinite.
The official declared that all was fair and
just, but no one with a fair mind on view-
ing a barge-load of these unfortunates
could possibly accept such a statement
from an underbred and illiterate official
as a voucher. It appears to me that if
the colonials are absolutely required for
the islands by the Portuguese, or con-
tract kanakas by Queensland planters,
their engagement might be made as hon-
est as an agreement with a number of
English navvies for the Suakim-Berber
Railway, or Italians for the Congo Rail-
way, or Jamaicans for the Panama Canal.
But it should be remembered that the
lower, the more degraded, and more ig-
norant the people from whom these la-
bor gangs are drawn, the greater are the
responsibilities of the government sanc-
15
tioning such engagements. For in cases
where the government authorizes “con-
tract labor ’’ or “colonialism,” it should
be prepared to supply to the ignorant na-
tive that care, knowledge, prudence, and
security which the English, Italian, and
Jamaican navvies possess by education,
color, and experience. And it is only in
this way, and no other, that coolyism,
colonialism, and contract labor can be re-
lieved of their objectionable features.
We may now see that the progress of
the world in philanthropic feeling and
sentiment has been continuous, and as
satisfactory as its progress in the adop-
tion and use of the mechanical inventions
of the age. It has been comparatively
slow, but the world is large and its na-
tions are many; but for an idea—born in
the sympathetic heart of the humble Fox
—to be found permeating the minds of
all the civilized peoples of the world, un-
til all authority is ranged on its side, is
surely wonderful. Wherefore we may
16
go on hoping and working till no son of
Adam shall be found a slave to his fellow
in all the world.
Now let us see what has already been
done, or may in the near future be done,
in Africa, which has been during historic
time the nursery of slaves. I have be-
fore me an autograph letter of Dr. David
Livingstone, written in 1872, wherein he
concludes a long exposé of the evils of
the slave trade which he had met in his
travels thus: “The west coast slave-
trade is finished, but it is confidently
hoped, now that you have got rid of the
incubus of slavery [in America], the pres-
ent holders of office will do what they
can to suppress the infamous breaches of
the common law of mankind that still
darken this eastern coast, and all I can
add in my loneliness is, may Heaven's
rich blessings descend on whoever lends
a helping hand '''
It was this and other letters from Liv-
ingstone which provoked that earnest at-
17
tention to Africa which I feel convinced
will not abate until it will be as impossi-
ble to kidnap a slave there as in England.
The traveller's death, which occurred a
few months later, stirred his countrymen
into action. At a great meeting held at
the Mansion House the necessity for vig-
orously grappling with the slave trade
on the east coast was unmistakably ex-
pressed. It resulted in Sir Bartle Frere
being sent to Zanzibar to engage the Sul-
tan's co-operation. For that prince de-
rived a considerable revenue from the
duty on imported slaves; his subjects
were the people against whom Living-
stone had written those terrible indict-
ments; the British Indian merchants re-
siding in his capital furnished the means
whereby the Arabs were equipped for
their marauding expeditions. But with
all Sir Bartle's tact, discretion, and pro-
verbial suavity, the mission intrusted
to him narrowly approached failure.
Fortunately, in Dr. (now Sir) John Kirk,
2
18
the consul-general, the British govern-
ment possessed an Official of rare ability,
and who from long acquaintance with the
Sultan knew him thoroughly. Through
his assistance, and the opportune appear-
ance of Admiral Cumming with a power-
ful fleet, a treaty was finally concluded,
and the Zanzibar prince was enlisted on
the side of the antislavery cause.
Those, however, who expected too much
from the treaty were greatly disappointed
when, a few months later, reports reached
England that the slave trade was as flour-
ishing as ever. No suspicion was enter-
tained of the sincerity of the Zanzibar
prince, for upon every occasion involving
the punishment of the slavers he proved
his honesty by permitting the law, without
protest, to be applied. The objects of the
treaty were being, however, evaded by
the enterprising Arabs on the mainland,
who marched their caravans northward
along the coast to points whence at fa-
vorable opportunities they could ship
19
their captives to ports in southern Ara-
bia or in the Egyptian protectorate.
To counteract these new proceedings
of the Arabs, another large meeting was
convened at Stafford House in May, 1874,
for the consideration of other means of
suppression of the trade. I suggested at
that meeting that commissioners should
be appointed at various ports along the
coast whose duty it would be to keep a
record of the number of persons attached
to all caravans bound for the interior, as
well as of the material of their equipment;
that each caravan leader, before receiving
permission to set out, should be compelled
to bind himself not to engage in the slave
trade, and that such leader on returning
to the coast should, upon being convicted
of having evaded or broken his obliga-
, tions, forfeit his bond and be fined $5000;
that each captain of a slave-vessel, upon.
conviction that he was engaged in the
transport of slaves, should receive capital
punishment; that trading depots should
t
20
be established on Lakes Nyassa and Tan-
ganika to encourage legitimate commerce
in the natural products of the interior;
and that the lake coasts should be pa-
trolled by flotillas of steam-launches. The
above were the main features of a plan
which I still believe would have been ade-
quate in meeting the wishes of the princi-
pal speakers in that assembly. Those who
know what has since been done by the
imperial German government along that
same coast and on the lakes will perceive
how closely the suggestions are paralleled
to-day by the actions of the German com-
missioners and the trading depots on the
lakes belonging to the African Lakes
Company. No caravan is permitted to
leave without search ; gunpowder and
arms are confiscated; slave-traders are
tried, and hanged after conviction (the
chief judge on the German coast lately
sentenced seventeen Arabs to be hanged
at Lindi). The trading depots of the Af-
rican Lakes Company are pre-eminently
21
*-*-mº
successful in subserving the antislavery
cause by suppressing the odious trade in
slaves. Had the British done then what
is being done now, no other power could
have usurped her rights in the immense
territory lately abandoned to the Ger-
IY13,1] S. -
The history of events at Zanzibar for
Some years following consists principally
of relations of capture of slave - dhows
and the confiscation of the vessels, the
visit of the Zanzibar prince to England,
the appointment of a number of vice-
consuls to the principal ports along the
coast, the departures of explorers for in-
ner Africa, the gradual but steady increase
of missionaries in the interior, and the
establishment of Christian missions at
Usambara, Mombasa, and Nyassa.
Meanwhile the Arabs in the far inte-
rior had discovered a new field for bolder
operations in a country west of Lake Tan-
ganika, called Manyuema, and the enor-
mous forested area adjoining it to the
22
north, which has lately been discovered
to be about 400,000 square miles in ex-
tent. Nyangwé, the principal town of
Manyuema, is situate but a few miles
south of the vast forest, on the right bank
of the Lualaba. It was the furthest point
of Livingstone's explorations. Manyu-
ema is surpassingly beautiful, the soil is
exceedingly fertile, and the people, thou gh
troubled by tribal feuds, are industrious
cultivators. By the time Livingstone had
penetrated the country the Arabs had as-
sumed lordship over it, and each chief was
compelled to pay tribute to them in ivory.
The Arabs not only monopolized the ivo-
ry, but the fear of them was so great
among the Manyuema that, to protect
themselves from too many masters, they
elected to serve some one powerful Arab,
to whom they surrendered themselves,
their liberties, as well as their properties
of all kinds. In a few years Manyuema
was emptied of its elephant teeth. The
Arabs then began to extend their opera-
23
tions into the forest, suffering many a
disaster and mishap as they advanced.
But continuous practice enabled them in
the end to thwart the craft of the forest
natives, and to acquire that experience by
which eventually they easily became mas-
ters of every country they entered. The
Success attending the ventures of such
men as Dugumbi, Mtagamoyo, Mohammed-
bin-Nasur, and Abed-bin-Salim, and scores
of lesser leaders, increased the avarice and
excited the ardor of younger and more
daring spirits. An apprenticeship with
men who had grown gray in the arts
of slave-catching and ivory-raiding had
taught them that it was a waste of time
to pretend to barter cloth and beads as
practised in lands east of Lake Tanganika.
They had realized how complete was the
isolation of the forest aborigines, how the
little settlements buried in the recesses of
the forest were too weak to resist their
trained battalions, and how the natives
shrank from facing the muzzles of their
24
thundering guns, and how they might
range at will and pillage to their hearts'
content through an unlimited area with-
out let or hindrance.
Having become experts in the science
of tracking, ambuscades, and surprises,
they became anxious to win fame and
fortune after a manner never dreamed of
by the earlier traders. The verb “to
buy” was to be banished from the ver-
nacular. All that was bestial and savage
in the human heart was given fullest
Scope, unchecked and unreproved. Hence
followed the most frightful barbarities
and massacres, which spared no age and
regarded no sex; fire, spear, arrow, and
iron bullet preluded furious loot and piti-
less seizure.
Among the earliest to put into practice
the terrible knowledge they had gained
during their tentative incursions into the
forest were Abed-bin-Salim, Tippu Tib,
Sayid-bin-Habib, Muini Muhala, Rashid
(the nephew of Tippu), Nasur-bin-Suli-
25
man, and others. Abed-bin-Salim's case
is typical. Among the young Swahili who
followed his fortunes were four youthful
Squires, or apprentices, named Karema,
Kiburuga, Kilonga-Longa, and Kibongé.
The last of these has given his name to
an important Arab station just above
Stanley Falls; the other three have since
become famous among the Central Afri-
can rapparees and slave - thieves. The
names under which they have severally
become notorious, and for which they ex-
changed those derived from their parents,
are synonymes given by the bush natives
for rapine, lust, murder, arson.
In 1878 Abed - bin - Salim despatched
coastward a caravan consisting of Man-
yuema slaves bearing 350 tusks. At Zan-
Zibar the ivory was sold, and the proceeds
invested in double-barrelled guns, Minie
rifles, and carbines, gunpowder, percus-
sion-caps, buckshot, and bar lead. With-
in twenty months the new weapons and
war munition reached Nyangwé. Ki-
26
bongé soon after was sent by his master
Abed down the Lualaba as supercargo
and store-keeper at a station to be strat-
egically chosen, and his three confeder-
ates became leaders of three divisions of
booty-gatherers, and to draw all slaves,
ivory, and flocks of goats into the slave-
hold of Kibongé. A native village near
the confluence of the Leopold with the
Lualaba River was taken, and without
loss of time was palisaded as a measure
of security. Canoe after canoe was added
to their flotilla, in order that detachments
might make simultaneous attacks at va-
rious points along the Leopold, Lufu,
Low wa, Lira, and Ulindi rivers.
Ivory was the first object of the raid-
ers, women the second, children the third.
Ivory was now rapidly rising in value,
for the slaughter of fifty thousand ele-
phants in a year makes it scarce. In this
region, hitherto unexploited, it was abun-
dant. The natives frequently used it to
chop wood upon, or to rest their idols
27
while shaping them with the adze. Be-
ing so heavy, two tusks were used to keep
their bedding of phrynia leaves from be-
ing scattered. They made ivory into pes-
tles to pound their corn, or they stood the
tusks on end round their idols, or em-
ployed them as seats for their elders in the
council-house. Women were needed as
wives and servants for the marauders;
the little girls could be trained to house-
work, and bide the growth of the little
boys, with whom eventually they would
wive, and who in the mean time would
be useful as field hands or for domestic
duties. -
In a village there would probably be
found, on an average, ten tusks, good,
bad, and indifferent, thirty full-grown
women, and fifty children above five
years old, besides a few infants. At the
first alarm, a scream from a child or a
woman, the warriors and their families
dash frantically and pell-mell out of their
huts. Then from the ambuscade a volley
28
is fired, and a score fall dead or wounded
to the ground, whereat the unseen foes
leap out of their coverts to despatch the
struggling and groaning victims with
knife and spear ; and some make mad
rushes at a group of terrified children;
others dart for a likely-looking woman;
a few leap in pursuit of a girl who is fly-
ing naked from the scene; some chase a
lad who bounds like an antelope over the
obstructions. Those not engaged in the
fierce chase enter the village, and collect
to argue over the rights to this or that
child. When four or five hundred men
rise upon a village whose inhabitants are
numerically inferior to them, the event is
followed by much fierce discussion of the
kind which is not always amicably or
easily settled, even when the matter is
submitted to the arbitration of the lead-,
ers. The rest of the band scatter wildly
through the village, and begin collecting
the frightened fowls and the bleating
goats, rummaging roofs, insides of gourds,
29
and every imaginable place where a poor
savage might be likely to hide his little
stock of curios and valuables; others man-
acle the captives, and question them harsh-
ly about their neighbors, or indulge in
barbarous fun with some decrepid white-
head. When the results of these pillaging
expeditions became known in Nyangwé,
and the laden canoes disembarked their
ivory, slaves, and fat goats of the famous
forest breed, it kindled the envy and cu-
pidity of even Tippu Tib and Sayid-bin-
Habib.
Up to 1876, Tippu Tib had been the ac-
knowledged leader of the slavers, on ac-
count of his marvellous success. His
career had been romantic. From a poor
coast slaver, involved in debt to the usu-
rers and money-lenders of Zanzibar, he
had grown wealthy and famous. By the
storming and capture of Nsama's strong-
hold (May, 1867) he had become possessed
of a fortune in ivory and slaves. He had
relieved himself as soon as possible of his
30
embarrassing store by sending his brother
Mohammed in charge of his plunder to
Unyanyembé, and, with five hundredguns,
continued a triumphant and unchecked
course from the south of Tanganika
through the heart of Rua, to Nyangwé.
As he marched, he ravaged to the right
and left of his route, gathered ivory, and
made slaves by hundreds. Not far from
a district called Mtotila, he learned from
a captive that the king had disappeared
mysteriously many years before, and that
though frequent search had been made
for him, nothing was known of his where-
abouts. Tippu Tib artfully conceived the
plan of representing himself as his son,
and accordingly schooled himself in all
the local knowledge necessary for the de-
ception he intended to practise. By the
time he approached Mtotila, Tippu Tib
could rehearse the long line of the king's
ancestry, the names of his living relatives,
and the elders of the land, and was famil-
iar with the events, traditions, and cus-
31
toms of Mtotila. He despatched messen-
gers into the country to announce his ar-
rival, and to tell the wondering people
the news of his father's fate, and of his
intention to assume his father's rights.
The people accepted the story without
difficulty, as it harmonized so well with
their own conceptions and expectations.
The elders were deputed to go and meet
their prince. They brought rich presents
of ivory and abundance of food, and of-
fered to escort him with honor to his fa-
ther's land, which Tippu Tib courteously
accepted. At every stage of his journey
he was welcomed and feasted. On reach-
ing the town of Mtotila, he received the
chiefs and elders in a grand barzah, at
which he told the story of his father's dis-
appearance, with a wealth of fictitious de-
tails of love and marriage with a king's
daughter, of honors showered upon his
father, and of the reluctance to his de-
parture which the natives manifested; of
his own birth and life; of his recollections
32
of his father's conversations with him re-
specting Mtotila country, his relatives,
and local events—until all were thorough-
ly persuaded that this able and affable
stranger was no other than their lost
king's son. He was at once formally ac-
cepted and installed as their king, and to
ingratiate himself still more, he distrib-
uted liberal largesses of showy beads and
copper and brass trinkets. Before many
days had passed the people of Mtotila un-
derstood that ivory was very acceptable
to their king, and as the article was abun-
dant, and of little value to them, the en-
tire country was ransacked for it, and
heaps of it were daily laid before him,
until his store of ivory became prodig-
ious. Breaches of the peace between his
subjects were compounded by payment in
ivory, his favors were sold for ivory; in
every imaginable way he augmented his
treasure. Finally, when he had depleted
Mtotila of elephants' teeth, he sought oc-
casion to embroil Mtotila with the sur-
33
rounding countries, and his myrmidons
were despatched with the native forces to
despoil them. Within fifteen months he
had gathered nine hundred tusks. Hé
proposed now to the Mitotilas that they
should muster carriers to convey his treas:
ure to Kasongo, another country which,
according to his reports, he owned, where
he had great houses and great estates. In
this manner he succeeded in obtaining
vast wealth, and the Arabs of the Man-
yuema settlements, when they viewed his
vast store of ivory and innumerable reti-
nue, hailed him as a genius, and recog-
nized his superiority.
The general admiration which had been
excited by his genius had greatly subsided
by the time I reached Nyangwé in 1876.
He was then induced to escort my trans-
African expedition a few marches north
of Nyangwé, and on his return he under.
took the transport of his immense collec-
tions of ivory to Zanzibar, where it is said
that he realized the large sum of £30,000
3
34
by its sale. Out of these lucrative returns
he was able to pay the usurers of Zanzibar
the advances of money he had received,
with the heavy interest accruing, and with
the residue he equipped his large force
with the best weapons procurable. In
1881 he was back again in Manyuema,
and witnessed with his own eyes the dis-
embarkation of the ivory and slaves ob-
tained by Abed-bin-Salim's agents. Fired
at the sight, he lost no time in making
his preparations for a second great cam-
paign, which should excel in results his
own previous exploits and surpass Abed's
SUICCéSSéS.
He divided his forces into two divisions.
The land force he despatched under his
nephew Rashid to the Lumami; the flo-
tilla descending the Lualaba he led him-
self, assisted by his brother and son. The
vessels were navigated by the Wenya
fishermen, whom during his long resi-
dence in Manyuema he had protected and
propitiated. These people numbered sev-
35
eral thousands, and were scattered along
the left bank of the river from the con-
fluence of the Luama to Stanley Falls.
The cataracts were therefore no interrup-
tion to Tippu Tib's progress or his projects.
On a large island just above the lowest of
the Stanley Falls, called Wané Sironga
(Sons of Sironga), Tippu halted and estab-
lished his headquarters, whence he was
to operate on the left bank as far as the
Lumami in conjunction with his nephew
Rashid. But for some months before his
arrival Abed-bin-Salim's agents had ex-
tended their depredations below the Falls
along the right bank, leaving a broad des:
olate track as a witness of their crimes.
It may be true that the development of
a country can only take place after a
drastic purgation of some sort, but it is
also true, fortunately, that there always
is some cause to arrest total ruin. In
this instance the Arabs themselves had
aided the cause. The enslaving bands
which escorted me from Nyangwé con-
36
sisted of trained and educated boy slaves
from Manyuema and Unyamuezi and Zan-
zibar. Many a trusted slave was in the
ranks of the expedition which descended
the Lualaba to the Atlantic, through whose
means a watery highway into the heart
of the continent was discovered, and by
whom the course of the westward-rolling
waves of fire and slaughter was destined
to be arrested.
Seven years after we had parted from
Tippu Tib in 1876 a small flotilla of steam-
ers was advancing towards Stanley Falls,
which was barely sixty miles off, and this
is what we saw, as entered in a journal at
the time: -
“Surely there had been a great change.
As we moved slowly up the stream, a sin-
gular scene attracted our gaze. This was
two or three long canoes standing on
their ends, like split hollow columns, up-
right on the verge of the bank. What
freak was this, and what did it signify 7
To have tilted and raised such weights
37
argued numbers and union. It could
never have been the work of a herd of
chattering Savages. They are Arabs who
have peformed this feat of strength, and
these upright columnar canoes betray the
advent of the slave-traders in the region
below the Falls. We learned later that
on this now desolate spot once stood the
town of Yomburri.
“A few miles higher on the same bank
we came abreast of another scene of des-
olation, where a whole town had been
burnt, the palm-trees cut down, the ba-
nanas Scorched, and many acres of them
laid level with the ground, and the freak
of standing canoes on end repeated.
“We continued on our journey, ad-
vancing as rapidly as our steamers could
breast the stream. Every three or four
miles we came in view of the black traces
of the destroyers. The charred stakes,
poles of once populous settlements, scorch-
ed banana groves, and prostrate palms,
all betokened ruthless ruin.
3S
“On the morning of the 27th Novem-
ber (1883) we detected some object of a
slaty color floating down stream. The
man in the bow turned it over with a
boat-hook. We were shocked to discover
the bodies of two women bound together
with cord.
“A little later we came in sight of
the Arab camp, and discovered that this
horde of banditti—for in reality they were
nothing else—was under the leadership
of several chiefs, but principally under
Karema and Kiburuga. They had start-
ed sixteen months previously from Wané
Kirundu, about thirty miles below Vinya
Njara. For eleven months the band had
been raiding successfully between the
Congo and Lubiranzi. They had then
undertaken to peform the same cruel
work between the Aruwimi and the Falls.
On looking at my map I find that the area
of such a territory as described above
would measure 16,200 square geograph-
ical miles on the left of the Lualaba, and
39
10,500 square geographical miles on the
right of it, the total of which would be
equal in statute mileage to 34,570 miles—
an area a little larger than the whole of
Ireland, and which, according to a rough
estimate, was inhabited by about one mill-
ion people.
“The slave-traders admit they have
only 2300 captives in their fold. The
banks of the river prove that 118 villages
and 43 tribal districts have been devas-
tated, out of which they have only this
scant profit of 2300 females and children
and about 2000 tusks of ivory. Given
that these 118 villages contained only
118,000 people, we have only a profit of
two per cent. ; and by the time all these
captives have been subjected to the acci-
dents of the long river voyage before
them, of camp life and its harsh miser-
ies, to the havoc of small-pox, and the
pests which misery breeds, there will only
remain a scant one per cent. upon the
bloody ventures.”
40
If the pitiless course of the slave-hunt-
ers were not soon checked, it was easy to
perceive that the main Congo, with its
2000 miles of shores, would have soon be-
come a prey to these marauders, that in a
little while the scope and incentives to
daring enterprise held out by the defence-
less river-banks would have emptied Man-
yuema and Ujiji and Unyanyembé to ex-
tend devastation as far as Stanley Pool,
and that the great tributaries, with their
14,000 miles of shores, would have been
next visited, until the best portions of Afri-
ca, would have been depopulated. The
Arabs were not pursuing any fixed scheme,
but pushed forward according to their
means, and would continue to do so in
increasing numbers until they met a bar-
rier of some kind. The barrier fortunately
had advanced to meet them, and was to
be established at Stanley Falls, 1400 miles
from the Atlantic. Along the course of
the noble river were a series of military
stations, which, with the aid of the steam-
41
ers, could furnish in case of need a very
strong defensive force. As, however, the
stations were but newly planted, and the
natives as yet were not familiar with their
purposes, time was needed for their edu-
cation and the consolidation of the infant
state.
On February 25, 1885, the powers of
Europe and America gave their cordial
recognition to the Congo Free State, and
sanctioned the employment of all civilized
means for the preservation of order, the
introduction of civilization and lawful
commerce, for the guarantees of the safety
of its people and efficient administration.
It was markedly stipulated that the new
state should watch over the preservation
of the native races and the moral and ma-
terial conditions of their existence, should
suppress slavery, and, above all, the slave
trade, and punish those engaged in it;
that it should protect and encourage
without distinction of nationality or creed
all institutions and enterprises, religious,
42
scientific, or charitable, organized for this
object.
In time to come the regenerated peoples
of central Africa will point to the acts of
the Berlin Conference as their charters of
freedom from the civilized world. For
not only did this world-wide recognition
hearten the sovereign of the new state
and founder of the association which fa-
thered it to continue his benevolent work,
but the principles formulated during the
sitting of the Conference suggested to
ambitious powers the possibilities of im-
mediate expansion of territory, after the
example of King Leopold II. The exigen-
cies of diplomacy, even during the Con-
ference, had forced the powers to recognize
immense concessions of territory to France
and Portugal, so that without the expendi-
ture of a copper French Gaboon was ex-
tended to the Congo, and Portuguese An-
gola was amplified northward until its
shores faced the only sea-port of the young
state. These political distributions dis-
43
posed of over one million and a half square
miles of African territory.
In February, 1885, when the fate of this
section of Africa was being decided by
Europe and America in Berlin, there were
only three steam-launches and three steel
row-boats on the waters of the upper Con-
go. They had been conveyed in pieces of
sixty pounds weight, or hauled on wagons
past the cataracts, after an enormous ex-
penditure of money and labor. But now
that the new state was fairly launched
into existence, it was necessary to increase
the flotilla, and provide means commen-
surate with the long list of duties which
it had accepted. The revenue which hith-
erto had solely been the bounty of King
Leopold was increased by an export tax
on the commercial shipments from the
Congo. King Leopold also guaranteed
the continuation of his bounty to the
year 1900 of £40,000 annually. Belgium
granted the annual subsidy of £80,000.
From all sources there was an assured
44
revenue of about £150,000. The govern-
ment, mission societies, and mercantile
companies hastened to provide means for
the utilization of the long stretches of
navigable water above the cataracts.
Steamer after steamer, boat after boat,
have been sent up, until now on the wa-
ters of the upper river there are over thirty
steamers and forty steel boats. The banks
of the main river are now free from dan-
ger of invasion, even were all the numer-
Ous bands and slavers south of the equa-
tor united in array against the state. At
the mouth of the Aruwimi, 150 miles be-
low Stanley Falls, there is a garrison of
600 soldiers, and attached to the station
are steamers and boats of its own to con-
vey immediate reinforcements to the mil-
itary outpost yet maintained at Stanley
Falls. Three hundred miles below is
Bangala, which contains a still larger
force. This station would be no dis-
credit to any part of the African coast.
The establishments are mostly built of
45
brick manufactured on the premises.
Strong bastions, on which are mounted
Krupp mine-pounders, command the ap-
proaches. The military force of the state
now numbers 4000 rifle-armed police. It
is mostly recruited from the powerful and
warlike tribe of Bangala, which in 1877,
during our descent of the Congo, poured
out in almost overpowering numbers to
arrest our descent.
The banks of the great tributaries, Aru-
wimi, Wellé-Mobangi, Lumami, and Kas-
sai, are equally protected against the in-
cursions of the destroying bands. But
though the efforts of the young state, after
straining its resources to the utmost, have
been marked by signal and unexpected
success, a great deal more has to be ac-
complished before it can proclaim that
the slave hunts and ivory raids have alto-
gether ceased.
Wheresoever exploration has revealed
a slave-hunter's route, wherever the pio-
neer has indicated the objective of the
46
raider, wherever it has been supposed dan-
ger might arise from northern or eastern
Arab, the state has done its best to put a
barrier in the shape of a military station;
but there is an extent of country 500 miles
in length between the sources of the Aru-
wimi and the Lukuga affluent, and an area
of 200,000 square miles, wholly at the
mercy of the Arabs of the east coast, and
Southwestern Tanganika and Rua are not
yet under surveillance.
Meantime every event that is occurring
in that part of Africa tends to the early
extirpation of slave hunting and trading.
Five years ago no one could have antic-
ipated that any measure devised by hu-
man wisdom could have checked the de-
stroying advance of the slavers. Yet a
more remarkable success has never been
achieved before. It has been effected
solely by a continuously increasing and
silent pressure from civilization. There
have been no bloody conflicts and no vio-
lence. Tact mainly has guided the ad-
47
vance, and a constant pushing up of men
and supplies has obviated the necessity
of retreat. Advantageous sites near the
camp of the slavers have been quietly oc-
cupied. Modest little huts have been put
up for temporary shelter; but with every
voyage of the river steamers new men and
more supplies have been brought up; the
surroundings are more cleared; the officers
continue their amiable intercourse; there
is no overstrenuous insistence, no im-
perious mandate—until in a few months
the camp imperceptibly has become a fort
and the little following has become a
numerous garrison, and resistance to the
pressure is out of the question.
Close upon this progressive and silent
governmental opposition to barbarism
another important and valuable element
comes into operation. I mean the influ-
ence of Christianity, as efficacious and nec-
essary in its way as the other. There are
now Roman Catholic missions at Boma,
Kwamouth, New Antwerp in the Bangala
48
country, and New Bruges at the conflu-
ence of the Kwango and Kassai, and at
New Ghent, nearly opposite Bangala. The
English Baptists are stationed at Ngombe,
Ntundwa, Kinshassa, Lukolela, Bolobo,
Lutete's, Lukungu, Bangala, and Upoto,
and the Congo Bololo Mission is at Mo-
longo. The American Baptist Missionary
Union have their establishments at Pala-
balla, Banza Manteka, Lukungu, Leopold-
ville, Chumbiri, Mossembo, Irebu, and
Equatorville; Bishop Taylor's mission is
represented by missions at Vivi, Ntombé,
and Kimpoko, and the Evangelical Alli-
ance at Ngangelo, while the Swedes are
at Mukimbungu. These twenty-eight mis-
sion stations represent about a hundred
Roman Catholic priests and Protestant
clergy, who have volunteered in the good
work of Christianizing the natives and
improving their moral conditions. In
1887 I saw indisputable proofs of the value
of their instruction and example. As a
late report from the Congo states, “slow-
49
ly but surely the negro is being trans-
formed; his intellectual horizon is be-
coming enlarged, his feelings are being
refined.” Many natives now volunteer as
readily as the Zanzibari for service at re-
mote posts for a term of years. They are
to be found in military uniform in the sea-
port of Banana, as well as at the most
northern line of the state, waiting in little
fortlets for opportunities to prove their
mettle against rowing Mahdists. Their
children attend the mission schools, and
are proving their aptitude in acquiring
elementary education, and in workmanly
skill in various trades. While parents
may still fondly remember many an atro-
cious feast, their sons affect the manners
and customs of civilized men, and be-
come attached to honorable and useful
employments, as mechanics, warehouse-
men, clerks, postmen, brick-makers, boat-
builders, navvies, etc.
A wonderfully encouraging evidence
to my mind that the labor and thought-
4
:
:
.
º
º ºg -
*
50
fulness of good men in behalf of Africa
is not in vain may be found in the vast
army of carriers now employed in the
transport of European goods to Stanley
Pool, past the cataract region. Ocean
steamers ascend the Lower Congo for over
a hundred miles, and discharge their mis-
cellaneous cargoes at Mataddi. The loads
for transport overland are of sixty and
Seventy pounds weight. As they are dis-
charged by the ships; they are stacked in
warehouses until the human burden-bear-
ers demand their freight. These apply
in companies from ten to two hundred
strong, under their respective headmen.
The price for carrying a man's load from
Mataddi to the Pool is a sovereign's worth
of barter stuffs, according to each carrier's
personal selection. The distance of port-
age between the two points is about 230
miles, and is performed in between fifteen
and twenty days. Though a trying work
for natives unaccustomed to it, the Ba-
kongo, who have been carriers for gener-
:
;
:
:
tº
-
A slaver
--
-
-
-
-

51
ations, handle their burdens with ease.
Travellers passing up and down the road
might expect to see a track travelled by
so many thousands marked by skeletons
and littered with human bones. I have
never seen any such sinister objects along
the route, nor have I ever heard of any
having been met with by later travellers.
The way-bill, with lists of the loads in-
trusted with the caravan, is given to the
headman, and all further care of them
on the part of the consigners and con-
signees ceases, until the loads arrive at
their destination, and are checked by the
receiving officer, who then hands the
signed receipt which entitles the caravan
to the stipulated payment. Frequently
there are burdens of baggage, ivory, rub-
ber, etc., awaiting transport down river,
in which case they are re-engaged at the
same rates for Mataddi, and both checks
are cashed at the main depot. Within
less than six weeks each carrier has gained
two sovereign's worth of trade goods,
52
which he conveys to his home for the
benefit of his family, or to store up until
he possesses sufficient means to engage
in trade independently, or purchase some
property he has long desired.
In 1884, when I left the Congo, the total
number of carriers thus employed did not
exceed 300. But such has been the rapid
progress of events, and the favor with
which the carrier profession has been re-
garded by the natives, that the total num-
not m ,000 square miles is now
about 7 this immense army is
wholly ins to transport the vast
quantity discharged every
month f
It was he promoters of
the Congo in process of con-
struction, tha week would be
sufficient for some s for the necessi-
ties of the upper Congo, but the crowded
magazines of Mataddi and the increasing
demands for transport prove that a daily





53
train will scarcely suffice. I have lately
received a large supply of photographs of
the railway cuttings and bridge-work, and
one glance at them shows the serious na-
ture of the undertaking. The engineers
are still engaged in the rocky defiles, slow-
ly laboring up the slopes to gain the alti-
tude of the ancient plateau. Fifteen miles
of the track, I have been told, are in run-
ning order, and the embankments extend
for twenty-five miles farther. When the
rails have been laid thus far, the
will be much more rapi
neers will be able to st
how long a time mu
completion. It is
add that the arri
Stanley Pool wi
two-thirds of t
that, attention
Stanley Falls, 11 es higher, and a
railway of thirty-two miles in length
will enable us to pass the series of cat-
aracts in that region, and to command







54
the river for about 1700 miles of its
course. *
We must not omit to mention that
while Livingstone was making his ter-
rible disclosures respecting the havoc
wrought by the slave-trader in east cen-
tral Africa, Sir Samuel Baker was striving
to effect in north central Africa what has
been so successfully accomplished in the
Congo State. During his expedition for
the discovery of the Albert Nyanza, his
explorations led him through one of the
principal man-hunting regions, wherein
murder and spoliation were the constant
Occupations of powerful bands from Egypt
* Last December (1891) the foreign population
of the Congo State was as follows:
Belgians, 338; British, 72; Italians, 63; Portu-
guese, 56; Dutch, 47; Swedes, 35; Danes, 32;
French, 18; other nationalities, 83. Total, 744.
Their professions are as follows:
State officials, 271; merchants and clerks, 175;
consuls, 2; doctors, 4; missionaries, 80; captains
and sailors, 43; engineers, 12; artisans, 157. Total,
744.
55
and Nubia. These revelations were fol-
lowed by diplomatic pressure upon the
Khedive Ismail, and through the personal
influence of an august personage he was
finally induced to delegate to Sir Samuel
the task of arresting the destructive ca-
reers of the slavers in the region of the
upper Nile. In his book Ismaïlia we have
the record of his operations by himself.
The firman issued to him was to the effect
that he “was to subdue to the Khedive's
authority the countries to the south of
Gondokoro, to suppress the slave trade, to
introduce a system of regular commerce,
to open to navigation the great lakes of
the equator, and to establish a chain of
military stations and commercial depots
throughout central Africa.” This mis-
sion began in 1869, and continued until
1874.
On Baker's retirement from the com-
mand of the equatorial Soudan the work
was intrusted to Colonel C. G. Gordon
—commonly known as Chinese Gordon.
56
&-º-º-º-º:
Where Baker had broken ground, Gor-
don was to build; what his predecessor
had commenced, Gordon was to perfect
and to complete. If energy, determina-
tion, and self-sacrifice received their due,
then had Gordon surely won for the
Soudan that peace and security which it
was his dear object to obtain for it. But
slaving was an old institution in this
part of the world. Every habit and cus-
tom of the people had some connection
with it. They had always been divided
from prehistoric time into enslavers and
enslaved. How could two Englishmen,
accompanied by only a handful of offi-
cers, removed 2000 miles from their base
of supplies, change the nature of a race
within a few years? Though much wrong
had been avenged, many thousands of
slaves released, many a slaver's camp
scattered, and many striking examples
made to terrify the evil-doers, the region
was wide and long; and though within
reach of the Nile waters there was a
57
faint promise of improvement, elsewhere,
at Kordofan, Darfoor, and Sennaar, the
trade flourished. After three years of
wonderful work, Gordon resigned. A
short time afterwards, however, he re-
sumed his task, with the powers of a dic-
tator, over a region covering 1,100,000
square miles. But the personal courage,
energy, and devotion of one man op-
posed to a race can effect but little. His
peculiar qualities shone forth conspicu-
ously. He underwent the same trials as
formerly. He signalized his detestation
of the slavers by severe punishments, by
summary dismissals of implicated pashas
and mudirs, by disbandment of the sus-
pected soldiery; but the land still suffered
from waste, the roads in the interior were
still being strewn with bones, and after
another period of three years he again re-
signed.
Then followed a revulsion. The Khe-
divial government reverted to the old
order of things, Gordon's decrees were
53
rescinded, the dismissed officers were re-
instated, venality and oppression and de-
moralization replaced justice and equity
and righteousness, until the sum of the
enormities was so great that it provoked
the great revolution in the Soudan. Then
ended the attempt to suppress slavery in
north central Africa. All traces of the
work of Baker and Gordon have long ago
been completely obliterated.
Attention has been given of late to
Morocco. This near neighbor of England
is just twenty years behind Zanzibar. The
sentiments which the English people ex-
pressed at the Mansion House and Staf-
ford House in regard to the slave trade
at Zanzibar in 1873–4 are remarkably like
those which are uttered to-day respect-
ing Morocco. But it will require some-
thing more than diplomatic missions to
the court of the Sultan to suppress the
Moorish slave trade. Sir John D. Hay,
who during his long stay in that coun-
try won the titles of the “Mussulman's
ºrfe, sº a r--ºr, crº-, -, -, --- p. x ~ ** **** *
* -- " --55. # , ~ *
--" * - ‘… * , , . t , -
- ... -- { * | * .*
$3 r" sº." 3 ** $ t \; g • ºr f +. - > #
§ Kası, º' tº it. “ H. : : * . #. . e. *--- * * *s-,-” ºr X*
Friend” and “Counsellor of the Throne,”
was accustóñed to make periodical jour-
neys to the Moorish court, and the Sul-
tan used to meet his representations with
promises of reform and amendment, but
as soon as he set out on his return to Tan-
gier, the native officials would set them-
selves to undo the good caused by Sir
John’s visit. Sir William Kirby Green,
his successor, was also successful in elicit-
ing assurances that the trade would be
stopped, and now Sir Charles Euan-Smith
lately paid a visit, but unfortunately the
results have been nil. It is doubtful
whether England alone can induce the
Sultan and his ministers to press the
needed reforms in the face of national
opposition, or that anything less than
the concerted action of England, France,
Germany, and Spain can succeed. A de-
monstration by England alone, without
the cordial assent of the other powers,
would doubtless be regarded as a step
towards annexation rather than as an
60
expression of the hostility of the British
nation to the slave trade. But mean-
time the importation of negroes from the
Nigritian basin and southwestern Soudan
into the public slave markets of Morocco
will continue until for very shame it will
irritate Europe into taking more decided
steps in the name of humanity to force
the ever-maundering authorities to decree
the abolition of the slave trade, and to
carry the decree into immediate effect.
It is surely high time that the “China of
the West,” as it has been called, should
be made to feel that its present condition
is a standing reproach to Europe. While
the heart of Africa responds to the civiliz-
ing influences moving from the east and
the west and the south, Morocco remains
stupidly indifferent and inert, a pitiful
example of senility and decay.
The remaining portion of North Africa
which still fosters slavery is Tripoli. The
occupation of Tunis by France has divert-
ed such traffic in slaves as it maintained
61
to its neighbor. Though the watchful-
ness of the Mediterranean cruisers ren-
ders the trade a precarious one, the small
lateen boats are frequently able to sail
from such ports as Benghazi, Derna,
Solum, etc., with living freight, along
the coast to Asia Minor. In the interior,
which is inaccessible to travellers, owing
to the fanaticism of the Senoussi sect,
caravans from Darfoor and Wadai bring
large numbers of slaves for the supply
of Tripolitan families and Senouissian
sanctuaries. The country is of course
under Turkish authority, and vizirial let-
ters and firmans have been frequently
issued since 1848 forbidding the importa-
tion of slaves and all traffic in them, but
we might as well expect the Bedouins of
Arabia to cease their nomadic life at the
bidding of the Pasha of Haleb as the fa-
matical Mussulmans of the Fezzan to ab-
stain from slavery at the mere command
of the Governor of Tripoli. i
The descent of the Congo to the Atlan-
62
tic in 1877 suggested to King Leopold the
foundation of a state. The Berlin Con-
ference was a consequence of the success
attained by the King. The partition of
Southwest Africa among France, Portu-
gal and Belgium inspired the Germans
to seek territorial possessions in the Dark
Continent, and the movement of Ger-
many excited Great Britain to action,
and thus public attention was once more
diverted to eastern Africa.
From the Abyssinian frontier as far as
the Portuguese possessions, and stretch-
ing inland to a line which may roughly
be said to be about east longitude 30°,
was an area covering about 1,500,000
square miles which belonged to no pow-
er. It was agreed that it should be divid-
ed into three spheres of influence. The
Germans fixed upon the southernmost,
the Italians upon the most northern ; the
British chose the central. Each power
contracted to confine its operations with-
in its own sphere, and to proceed to or-
-
| "I'm
sº
*
2- -
- -
- ; : :
- ". ." *-
Boy SLAVE
** • *
--- - -
--
-- * * * *
-- - -
-
- - -


63
ganize and administer it as opportunity
offered upon a civilized basis. There was
mo intention to launch Out into any en-
terprise of conquest, but each power pro-
posed to make its title good by renting or
leasing tracts within its sphere from the
native princes or tribal chiefs, by making
treaties with them for the sovereignty of
their lands, in return for annual subsidies
and protection from violence, meanwhile
being certain of immunity from all inter-
ference or opposition from its neighbor.
The Germans were the earliest to com-
mence work. Through the agency of a
company they made a treaty with the
Sultan of Zanzibar for his long strip of
coast land, undertaking to pay him a cer-
tain sum per annum for the right of col-
lecting the customs. But the imprudent
conduct of the officers, their imperious
and peremptory manner of proceeding,
impelled the Arabs to attempt to drive
them from the coast. At Kilwa, Dar
Salaam, Bagamoyo, and Saadani the Of-
64
ficers of the German company were at-
tacked ; some had to fly, others were
massacred, and innocent British mission-
aries returning home after a long resi-
dence in the interior were waylaid and
murdered by the excited natives; and
the first attempts of German coloniza-
tion ended disastrously. Naturally the
imperial German government could not
brook this humiliation, and Major Wiss-
mann, a well-known explorer, was ap-
pointed with full powers to suppress the
revolt. Within two years the Arabs were
crushed, but the German position in East
Africa became completely changed in
consequence. It had been originally pro-
posed to hold the East African coast by
lease from the Sultan, with the view of
including the Hinterland as far as Lake
Tanganika within the sphere of their col-
onizing operations when results would
permit ; but the Germans now claimed
nearly the whole of the east coast and
east central Africa. This led in 1890 to
65
the Anglo-German Convention, by which
the German frontier was drawn south
of latitude 1° S., across the Victoria Ny-
anza, thence east to the Indian Ocean,
skirting the northern base of Kilima-
Njaro to Wanga, a few miles south of
the port of Mombasa. The British terri-
tory extended north from Wanga on the
Sea as far as the mouth of the Juba River,
a distance of about 450 miles, thence in-
land as far as the Congo State. These
two great divisions of Africa, now con-
verted into British and German territory,
included the major part of the area
wherein the slave trade of the east cen-
tral part of the continent so long flour-
ished. The countries west of Lake Nyas-
sa, extending westward to Portuguese
territory and south to the Zambezi, conced-
ed to the great South African Company,
absorbed the remainder of the slavery
area. These last are under the control
of a British commissioner, Mr. H. H.
Johnston, to whom is granted an annual
5
66
subsidy of £10,000 from the South Afri-
can Company, and who, with the aid of
two British gunboats now on their way
to Lake Nyassa, must shortly succeed in
closing the interior of Africa in that di-
rection to all slave caravans.
Since the Anglo-German Convention
the Germans have shown themselves
ready and willing to do their part tow-
ards the suppression of the slave trade
in the same thorough manner that they
met the rising of the Arabs. The coast
towns are fortified and garrisoned; they
are marking their advance towards Lake
Tanganika by the erection of military
stations ; severe regulations have been
issued against the importation of arms
and gunpowder; the Reichstag has been
unstinted in its supplies of money; an
experienced administrator, Baron von
Soden, has been appointed an imperial
commissioner, and scores of qualified sub-
~~~~
ordinates assist him. The Belgian Anti-
slavery Society is sending a steamer, vić
67-
the Congo, Kasai, Sankuru, and Lumami,
to Lake Tanganika as a cruiser for that
lake; the German Catholic African Soci-
ety is sending another steamer, in charge
of Major von Wissman, vić the Zambezi,
Shiré, Lake Nyassa, and Stevenson Road
to Tanganika. These two steamers will
effectually prevent slaves being trans-
ported across the lake from the eastern
part of the Congo State. In German
East Africa itself slave hunts have ceased
for many years; but it is traversed in
several places by slave caravans, prin-
cipally from the southwest and west.
These routes will now be closed by the
cruisers on Lakes Nyassa and Tanganika,
and the stations along the Stevenson
Road. Henceforward we need have no
concern about that part of Africa. The
º, northern boundaries, a thousand miles in
length, are not so well guarded, though
the Germans are engaged in the trans-
port of a steamer to Lake Victoria, and
possess three stations along the South-
68
western shores; but between Lakes Tan-
ganika and Victoria is a broad tract of
country which will no doubt have to be
watched, lest the slavers, finding this un-
guarded, may unite in making this a
pathway to the coast.
These strategic efforts to the west and
southwest of German East Africa, and the
continuous upward advance of the sta-
tions and flotillas of King Leopold tow-
ards the east, limit the operations of the
slave-traders to that narrowing and un-
travelled area lying between Stanley Falls
and Lake Tanganika, and will have the
effect of determining the Arabs to seek
outlets eastward through British East Af-
rica, which, in its present state, is most
backward in fulfilling the objects of united
Europe. Were it not for the condition
that British East Africa is in to-day we
could say that the slave trade in equatorial
Africa was completely extinguished, and
we could almost point to the period where-
in even slavery would be extirpated.
69
The partition of Africa among the Eu-
ropean powers, as will have been seen,
was the first effective blow dealt to the
slave trade in inner Africa. The east
coast, whence a few years ago the slavers
marched in battalions to scatter over the
wide interior of the continent for pillage
and devastation, is to-day guarded by
garrisons of German and British troops.
The island of Zanzibar, where they were
equipped for their murderous enterprises,
is under the British flag. Trading steam-
ers run up and down the coast; the Tana
and Juba rivers are being navigated by
British steamers; two lines of stations
secure communications inland for 300
miles from the sea. Major von Wissman
is advancing upon Lake Tanganika; Herr
BOOrchert is marching upon Lake Victo-
ria; Captain Williams is holding Uganda.
These results have followed very rapidly
the political partition of the continent.
The final blow has been given by the
act of the Brussels Antislavery Confer-
7()
ence, lately ratified by the powers, where-
in modern civilization has fully declared
its opinions upon the question of slavery,
and no single power will dare remain in-
different to them, under penalty of oblo-
quy and shame. -
The first article of the Brussels act is as
follows:
“The powers declare that the most effective
means for counteracting the slave trade in the
interior of Africa are the following:
“1. Progressive organization of the admin-
istration; judicial, religious, and military serv-
ices in the African territories placed under the
sovereignty or protectorate of civilized nations.
“2. The gradual establishment in the inte-
rior by the responsible power in each territory
of strongly occupied stations in such a way as
to make their protective or repressive action
effectively felt in the territories devastated by
man-hunters.
“3. The construction of roads, and, in par-
ticular, of railways connecting the advanced
stations with the coast, and presenting easy
access to the inland waters and to the upper
71
reaches of streams and rivers which are broken
by rapids and cataracts, so as to substitute
economical and speedy means of transport for
the present means of portage by men.
“4. Establishment of steamboats on the in-
land navigable waters and on the lakes, sup-
ported by fortified posts established on the
banks.
“5. Establishment of telegraphic lines, as-
Suring the communication of the posts and sta-
tions with the coast and with administrative
Centres.
“6. Organization of expeditions and flying
columns to keep up the communication of the
stations with each other and with the coast,
to support repressive action, and to assume
the security of roadways.
“7. Restriction of the importation of fire-
arms.”
The above articles concern three powers
especially, Great Britain, Germany, and
the Congo State, so far as regards the
efficient counteraction of the slave trade.
In examining them one by one, we find
that Great Britain, which in the past was
72
foremost in the cause of the slave, has
done and is doing least to carry out the
measures suggested by the great Anti-
slavery Conference. We must also ad-
mit that as regards furthering the good
cause, France is a long way ahead of
England. -
The Congo State devotes her annual
subsidies of £120,000 and the export tax
of £30,000 wholly to the task of securing
her territory against the malign influences
of the slave trade, and elevating it to the
rank of self-protecting states.
The German government undertakes
the sure guardianship of its vast African
territory as an imperial possession, so as
to render it inaccessible to the slave-hunt-
er, and free from the terrors, the disturb-
ances, the internecinal wars, and the
distractions arising from the presence or
visits of slavers. It has spent already
large sums of money, and finds no diffi-
culty in obtaining from Parliament the
sums requisite for the defence and the
73
thorough control and management of the
territory as a colonial possession. So far
the expenses, I think, have averaged over
£100,000 annually.
The French government devotes É60,000
annually for the protection and adminis-
tration of its Gaboon and Congo territory.
These two objects include in brief all that
the Antislavery Conference deemed neces-
sary, for with due protection and efficient
administration there can be no room for
slave hunting or trading.
Now the question comes, what has Eng-
land done in the extensive and valuable
territory in East Africa which fell to her
share as per Anglo-German agreement
signed July 1, 1890? The answer must
be that she has done less than the least of
all those concerned in the extirpation of
the slave trade.
The Germans have crushed the slave-
traders, have built fortified stations in
the interior, have supplied their portion
of the east coast with a powerful flotilla
74
of steamers, are engaged in transporting
cruisers to the three great lakes on their
borders, have surveyed and are extend-
ing surveys for several railways in the
interior, have not lost time in discovering
ways of evading the territorial wants, but
have set about to supply these wants as
indicated by the International Conference
of Brussels; and were we able to obtain
an instantaneous photograph of the pres-
ent movements of the Germans through-
out their territory, we should know how
to fully appreciate the hearty spirit
with which they are performing their
duties. -
And were we able to glance in the
same way as to what is occurring on
British soil, we should be struck by the
earnestness of the Germans as compared
with the British.
Both governments started with dele-
gating their authority to chartered com-
•panies. On the part of the Germans,
however, the imprudence of their agents
5
imperilled their possessions, and the im-
perial government set itself the task of
reducing malcontentism to order, and
settling the difficulties in its own master-
ful manner, and is engaged in providing
against their recurrence before surrender-
ing the territory again to the influences
of the company.
The British East African Company, on
the other hand, has been comparatively
free to commence its commercial opera-
tions, undisturbed by armed opposition of
aborigines or of Arab and Swahili resi-
dents. The welcome given to it has been
almost universally cordial. The suscep-
tibilities of the Arabs were not wounded,
and the aborigines gratefully recognized
that the new-comers were not hostile to
them. Concessions were obtained at a
fair price, and on payment of the stipu-
lated value the company entered into pos-
session, and became, with the consent of
all concerned, masters of the British East
African territory—a territory far more
Wö
ample than what the founders of the com-
pany had hoped for at first.
Had the British East African Company
confined its transactions and operations
to the coast, it is well known that the re-
turns would have been most lucrative, for
over and above the expediture we see by
their reports that there would have been
a yearly net gain of over £6000 available
for dividend, which by this time would
have been trebled.
But the Berlin Conference of 1884–5
expressly stipulated (Article VI.) that all
powers exercising sovereign rights or hav-
ing influence in the said territories (shall)
undertake to watch over the preservation
of the native races and the amelioration
of the moral and material conditions of
their existence, and to co-operate in the
suppression of slavery, and, above all, of
the slave trade; (that) they will protect
and encourage all institutions and enter-
prises, religions, etc., re-established or or-
ganized, which tend to educate the na-
77
*-*
tives; and in Article XXXV. it is stipu-
lated that the power which in future
takes possession of a territory, or assumes
a protectorate, recognizes the obligation
to insure in the territories occupied by it
on the coasts of the African continent the
existence of an adequate authority to en-
force respect for acquired rights.
Therefore the back-land of British East
Africa could not remain the theatre of
slave raids, or unclaimed.
It devolved upon the occupants of the
sea-frontage to exercise their sovereign
rights, and in the due exercise of these to
watch over the native races of the back-
lands, and to co-operate for the suppres-
sion of slavery and the slave trade. It was
incumbent upon them also to protect and
encourage the Christian missions, without
distinction of nationality or creed, which
were established in Uganda—the most im-
portant because most populous and most
promising of these back-lands. And to in-
sure its acquired right to those countries it
78
was necessary that the British company
should be represented by adequate au-
thority there, otherwise it would be in
the power of any person, society, or pow-
er to bar its claim to them by actual oc-
cupation.
Following the declarations of the pow-
ers at the Berlin Conference in 1885 is
the act of assembled civilization at Brus-
sels in 1890, emphasizing and reiterating
the conditions upon which sovereignty
shall be recognized. They point out in
detail what ought, what indeed must be
done. They say that the responsible
power ought — which is almost equiva-
lent to must in this case — to organize
administration, justice, and the religious
and the military services, to establish
strongly occupied stations, to make roads,
particularly railroads, for the sake of easy
access to the inland waters, to inaugurate
steamer service on the lakes, erect tele-
graphic lines, and restrict the importation
of fire-arms.
79
The British East African Company as
a commercial company is unable with its
own means to meet these conditions.
What it can it will, and its ability is lim-
ited to a sacrifice of all the dividends
available from its commercial operations
on the coast for the benefit of the whole
territory, and subscribing a few more
thousands of pounds to postpone retreat.
Yet as the delegate of the British govern-
ment the company is bound not to neglect
the interior. It is pledged to insure the
protection of British subjects in Uganda,
to protect the Waganda from internecine
and factional wars, to place steamers on
Lake Victoria for the protection of the
lake coasts, and to prevent the wholesale
importation of fire-arms. But in the at-
tempt to do what Europe expects to be
done the company has been involved in
an expense which has been disastrous
to its interests. It has established ade-
quate authority in Uganda, but the main-
tenance of the communication between
80
Uganda and the coast is absolutely ruin-
ous. It has to pay £300, or thereabouts,
the ton for freight. Thus, to send 150,000
rounds of ammunition, which is equal to
twelve tons, costs £3600. To send the
cloth currency required for purchase of
native provisions for the force costs
£12,000. Add the cost of conveyance of
miscellaneous baggage, European provi-
sions and medicines, tools, utensils, tents,
besides the first cost of these articles and
the pay of the men, and we at once see
that £40,000 per annum is but a small es-
timate of the expense thus entailed upon
the company. Meantime the transporta-
tion of steamers to Lake Victoria, the
erection of stations connecting the lake
with the sea, and many other equally
pressing duties, are utterly out of the
Question. The directors understand too
well what is needed, but they are helpless.
We must accept the will for the deed.
This much, however, is clear: Europe
will not hold the British East African
S1
Company, but England, responsible for
not suppressing the slave trade and slave
hunt. The agreement with Europe was
not made by the company, but by Great
Britain through her official and duly ap-
pointed representatives. When her offi-
ſcial representatives signed the act of the
Brussels Antislavery Conference, they
undertook in the name of Great Britain
the important responsibilities and duties
specified within the act. The representa-
tives of all Europe and the United States
were witnesses to the signing of the act.
To repudiate the obligations so publicly
entered into would be too shameful, and
if the majority in Parliament represents
the will of the people there is every rea-
son to think that the railway to the Vic-
toria Nyanza, which is necessary for car-
rying into effect the suggestions of the
Antislavery Conference, will be con-
structed.
I have been often asked what trade will
be benefited by this railway to the Nyanza,
6
82
or what can be obtained from the interior
of Africa to compensate for the expense—
say £2,000,000—of building the railway.
There is no necessity for me to refer to
the commercial aspect of the question in
such an article as this, but there are some
compensating advantages specially relat-
ing to my subject-matter which may be
mentioned. • * ..
First. England will prove to Europe
and the world that she is second to no
other power in the fulfilment of her obli-
gations, moral or material.
Second. She will prove that she does
not mean to be excelled by Germany,
France, or Belgium in the suppression of
the slave trade and the man hunt, nor is
averse to do justice to the Africans whom
she has taken under her wing.
Third. She will prove that the people
on British territory shall not be the last
to enjoy the mercies and privileges con-
ceded to the negroes by civilization, that
the preservation of the native races and
83
their moral and material welfare are as
dear to England as to any other power,
that the lives of her missionaries shall
not be sacrificed in vain, that the labors
of her explorers are duly appreciated,
that she is not deaf to the voices of her
greatest and best, and, in brief—to use the
words uttered lately by one of her minis-
ters—she will prove that “her vaunted
philanthropy is not a sham, and her pro-
fessed love of humanity not mere hypoc-
risy.”
The objective point for the British East
African Company, for the people and gov-
ernment of Great Britain, is the Victoria
Nyanza, with 1400 miles of coast-line. So
far as the British as a slavery-hating na-
tion are concerned, their duties are simply
shifted from the ocean coast to the Ny-
anza coast, 500 miles inland. The slave-
trader has disappeared from the east coast
almost entirely, and is to be found now on
the lake coasts of the Victoria, or within
British territory. The ocean cruiser can
84
follow him no farther; but the lake cruis-
er must not only debar the guilty slave-
dhow from the privilege of floating on the
principal fountain of the Nile, but she
must assist to restrict the importation of
fire - arms from German territory, from
the byways of Arab traffic, from the un-
guarded west; she must prevent the flight
of fugitives and rebels and offenders from
British territory; she must protect the
missionaries and British subjects in their
peaceful passage to and fro across the
lake; she must teach the millions on the
lake shores that the white ensign waving
from her masthead is a guarantee of free-
dom, life, and peace.
To make these great benefits possible,
the Victorian lake must be connected with
the Indian Ocean by a railway. That nar-
row iron track will command effectively
150,000 square miles of British territory.
It is the one remedy for the present dis-
graceful condition of British East Africa.
It will enable the company to devote the
85
thousands now spent wastefully upon
porterage to stimulating legitimate traffic,
and to employ its immense caravans in
more remunerative work than starving
and perishing on British soil; to grace
the surroundings of its many stations
with cornfields and gardens; to promote
life, interest, and intellect, instead of be-
ing stupefied by increasing loss of brave
men and honest money. It will create
trade in the natural productions of the
land, instead of letting Arabs traffic in
the producers. Clarkson long ago said
that legitimate trade would kill the slave
traffic; Buxton repeated it. Wherever
honest trade has been instituted and fair-
ly tried, as in the southern part of the
United States, in Jamaica and Brazil, as
in Sierra Leone and Lagos, in Old Cala-
bar, in Egypt and the lower Congo, al-
ways and every where it has been proved
that lawful commerce is a great blessing
to a land by the peace it brings, by its
power of creating scores of little channels
S6
---
for thrifty industry, by the force of at-
traction it possesses to draw the market-
able products into the general mart.
And this is what will surely happen upon
the completion of the Victoria Nyanza
Railway, for the slave trade and slavery
will then be rendered impossible in Brit-
ish African territory.
THE END
By HENRY M. STANLEY.
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