tº: Fº§S >X-s W- ſ * f & = \ E | *N §l . *wº- . º| *-- # /* Øe *=#EA*= #F = *== By O. J. HOLLISTER. PU BLISHED BY A. ZEEHANDELAAR, Secretary and Special Agent for Utah at Denver Exposition. & 1889.2 f Tribune Printing and Publishing Co., Salt Lake City. -**sº 3. f | R. A. WELLS. HENRY WOOLNER. R. A. WELLS & CO., Proprietorsofthe U.P.Brewery CG-DIEINT, UT ALEHI. Brew the very best of Keg and Bottle Beer in the Territory. The proprietors are determined to make their BEER the leading article in that line, in the Terri- tory. . Orders from all parts of Utah and adjoining Territories for Beer, are respectfully solicited and will get prompt attention. Address, R. A. WELLS & CO., Ogden, U. T. JAMES DWYER, Main Street, - Salt Lake City, Utah, TVVTEIOT THES_A_T_TE B00KSELLER and STATIONER ENGINEERS’ GOODS, NEWSPAPERS, Scientific Books, Magazines and Periodicals, And Publisher of Album Views of Salt Lake City, Containing Twenty Exquisite Views of Salt Lake City. Mailed to any address in the United States or Európe for 50 cents. A collection of 500 Stereoscopic views of Salt Lake City and the Rocky Mountains, Mormon Publications, &c., &c. WALKER BROTHERS, holesale and Retail Dealers in D R Y GOODS GROCERIES. tºº-ºº-ººººº Our friends in the country are especially invited to call and examine our immense stocks of goods, consisting of Staple and Fancy Dry Goods, Carpets, Clothing, Hats, Gents' Furnishings and Notions IN GREAT WARIETY. OR GROCERY DEPARTMENT CONTAINS A FULL LINE OF Staple and Fancy Goods And a large and complete stock of BOOTS AND SHOES. #3 Goods promptly delivered at city residence or on board cars. Call and see us before purchasing elsewhere. º sºlºs ºve a sº sºlº exºn sº - sº ºś º * * * * sº * ºº::SS # º #: º º º : : : i § Q º º ºr- Es. º tºº sº Rºſſ ERMINA Office, 127 First Street, 1882. [[]. San Francisco, - California, BUILDERS OF illſ Māſīlī) Plants for Gold and Silver Mills, embracing the latest and most improved machinery and processes for base and free ores. Water Jacket Smelting Furnaces for silver, lead and copper ores, with new and important improvements, superior to any other make. Hoisting Works, Pumping Machinery, Chlo- ridizing Furnaces, etc. We offer our customers the best results of 30 years' experience in this special line of work, and are prepared to furnish the most approved character of Mining and Reduction Ma- chinery, superior in design and construction to that of any other make, at the lowest possible prices. running order, Mills, Furnaces, Hoisting Works, etc., in any of the States and Territories of the Pa- cific Coast. Estimates given on application. Send for illustrated circular. We also contract to deliver in complete i : º ** ºº: º &F tº º ** º º C º º * º & º º Silver and Copper Cres. ºn twº -- - º - tº º §: º'-º º ºw ºšSöğººk º The Pacific Water Jacket Smelters embrace many features that are entirely new and of great practical utility, which are covered by letters patent. - No other furnaces can compare with these for durability, and in capacity for continuous and un- interrupted work. MORE THAN SDTY of them are now running on the Pacific Coast, giv- ing results never before obtained as regards contin- uous running, economy of fuel, grade and qual- ity of bullion produced. . These smelters are shipped in a complete state, requiring no brick or stone work, thus saving great expense and loss of time in construction. Complete smelting plants made to order with all the improvements that experience has proved valuable in this class of machinery. Skilled and experienced smelters furnished when desired to examine mines and to superintend con struction and running of furnace. Estimates given upon appli- cation. Send for circuler. RANKIN BRAYTON & C[] PACIFIC IRON WORKS, San Francisco, =-4---- * --- *…* º Sºrº #ººººººººººººººººººº. ſº [. sº-sº ºw wºº Rºº º ºr ſººººº, º ºſ 5&# º * º º tº ºsº º Sº º OR SINGLE OR DOUBLE SHAFTS TO work any depth, of late and improved designs. Our various styles of Hoist are the most perfect and complete of any that have ever been devised, embracing all the improvements and safeguards that experience has proved valuable in this class of machinery. Send for circular. - RANKIN, BRAYTON & CO, PACIFIC IRON WORKS SAIN FERAINCISCO. Yellowstone National Park The Shortest and Best Route from the Railroad to The Eden of America | On and after July 1, 1882, we shall be prepared to carry all parties from Beaver Canyon, Utah & Northern R. R. - TO— INT_A TTOINT_A_T IE’ A_TER/IEC- Light Spring Wagons, Good Teams, and Smooth Road. Good Hunting and Fishing anywhere on the road. & tº Leave Beaver Canyon every day for Fire Hole Basin. Have experienced driv- ers, well acquainted with the Park. Fare to Fire Hole and Return, - - - - - $25,00. & Parties may return when they desire. ‘āSh This route is 150 miles nearer than by Virginia City, and fare $25 less to same point. . Parties wishing private conveyances for any period of time, will be accommoda- ted by giving timely notice either by letter or telegraph. For further information, ad- BASSETT BROS, BEAVER CANYON, IDAHO, TRAVIS & Co., VV HOLESALE Liquor Dealers, CHAMPAGNES, Wines and Cigars. Moss Rose Bourbon, Governor's Choice Rye. *=g _A_G-TETNTTS TETOTER, ORIGINAL BUDWEISER BEER, * 214 SECOND SOUTH STREET, (Second door west of White House,) SALT LAKE CITY. fr H. f. HENRIESN MIRALINS OF U T A H . → **— *A. By O'ſ. HOLLISTER. PUBLISHED ºy A. ZEEHANDELAAR, SECRETARY AND SPECIAL AGENT FOR UTAH AT DENVER EXPOSITION. SALT LAKE CITY: TRIBUNE PRINTING AND PUBLISHING CG). 1882. THE GREAT tSTER continental DAfty. THE SALT LAKE TRIBUNE. TWO EDITIONS.–DAILY AND WEEKLY. The Oldest, Largest, Most Influential and Widely Circulated Journal Published in the Rocky Mountain Range. * It has a circulation exceeding that of any other paper published between Chicago and San Francisco. It circulates in every County, Village and Mining Camp in Utah, Idaho and Montana, and is taken extensively in California, Nevada, Arizona, Wyoming and Colorado, and is authority on all matters pertaining to the great gold and silver min- ing interests of the vast mineral belt of which Salt Lake City is the centre. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: Daily, one year, (postage prepaid.)............................ . . . . . . . . . $12 oo Sunday, six pages, one year, (postage prepaid,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Oo Weekly, six pages, one year, (postage prepaid,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 OO SAMPLE COPIES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION. Address THE TRIBUNE, . SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH. THE RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS OF UTAH. GENERAL VIEW. Utah Territory is in the latitude of Virginia and Missouri, between the 37th and 42d parallels north, and about two-thirds of the way from St. Louis to San Francisco, between the IO9th and I 14th meridians west from Greenwich. Idaho Territory bounds it on the north, Colorado on the east, Arizona Territory on the south, and Nevada on the west. It has a maximum length of 325 miles by a breadth of 3oo. Its land area is 84,970 square miles (52,601,600 acres), water area, 2,780 square miles (1,779,200 acres). Only that which can be artificially watered is really arable. The Wasatch Mountains bisect it from north to south, dividing it into two substantially equal parts. Of the part lying east of this range and drained by the Green and Col- orado rivers and their tributaries, little use has yet been made. It is mountainous, its valleys are about a mile above tide-water, it has a little arable and considerable grazing land, with a great deal of coal on the slopes of the mountains where there has not been too much erosion. The settlements are few and small. The Denver & Rio Grande Western Railway Company is now constructing a railroad through it, joining Salt Lake and Denver, which will make it accessible and its resources avail- able. The settled parts lie along the western base of the Wasatch Mountains, between , them and Salt Lake and Utah Lake, in Cache, Sanpete and other valleys; wherever indeed, a stream flashes into the sunshine from the gloom of mountain gorge, is caught and trailed in a thousand rills upon the thirsty land. Salt Lake Basin extends 200 miles, from south of Nephi to Bear River Gates. It includes Salt Lake and Utah Lake, has the general altitude of the Alleghany Mountains, and is the paradise of the farmer, the horticulturist, and the fruit-grower. Cache Valley lies to the northeast, Sanpete Valley to the southeast of Salt Lake Valley. They are noted grain-produc- ing sections, but having colder winters and shorter seasons are not so well adapted to fruit growing as Salt Lake Basin. The Sevier River rises in Panguitch Lake, far south, and flows northward, finally breaking out of the mountains and losing itself in the sink of Sevier Lake. Its upper course is settled, wherever tributaries enter from the mountains on either hand. The western one-third of Utah is mountain, desert, sink, and salt lake, with few oases of grazing or of possible arable land. In the northern part of the Terri- tory the Wasatch is high and massive, there is great accumulation of snow in winter, and the streams are correspondingly large and numerous. In the southern part, while the Range is not much lower or less in mass, it is warmer and there is little snow, smaller and fewer streams, and more desert in proportion. The isolated ranges in the Great Basin give rise to no streams of importance, and the valleys are 8 RESOURCES OF UTAH. largely desert. Many of them are underlaid, so to speak, with inexhaustible water, however, which will some day be reached by wells, and used to transform them into gardens. Nearly all of the mountains appear to be mineral-bearing, and enough water can usually be had for mining purposes. POPULATION. The population of Utah, (organized as a Territory Sept. 9, 1850), by counties, by the respective censuses since taken, is shown in the following table: | COUNTIES. 1880 1870 1860 1850 R.E.MARKS. €3,V6XI" . . . . . . 3,918 2,007 785|........ Box Elder... 6,761 4,855. 1,608|........ In 1880, part from Salt Lake Cache . . . . . . . 12,562 8,229| 2,605|........ [appearance Cedar... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 741 .... No records by which to account for its dis- Davis . . . . . . . 5,279 4,459| 2,904 1,134||In 1880, part from Salt Lake. Wasatch. Emery ...... 5561. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 1880, from parts of Sanpete, Sevier, and Green River.]........ [........ 14ll........ Now in Wyoming Territory. Iron ......... 4,013 2.277| 1,010 360. In 1880, part to San Juan. Juab......... 3,474 2,034 672|........ Rane. . . . . . . 3,085 1,513|... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 1880, part to San Juan. Millard...... 3,727 2,753 715 ........ Morgan...... 1,783 1,972|... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piute ........ 1,651 821. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 1880, part to San Juan. Rich......... 1,263 1,955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [in 1872. remainder to Washington Co. Rio Virgen. . . . . . . . . . . 450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 1871, part set off to the State of Nevada; Salt Lake.... 31,977. 18,337; 11,295 6,157||In 1880, parts to Box Elder, Davis, Weber. San Juan.... 204. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 1880, from parts of Kane, Iron, Piute Sanpete ..... 11,557| 6,786 3,815 365||In 1880, parts to Emery, Uintah, Wasatch. Sevier ....... .4 191. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 1880, part to Emery. Shambip .... [........ [........ 1621........ Absorbed by Juab, Tooele, and Utah. Summit ..... 4,921 2,512 198|........ TOOele....... 4,497 2,177| 1,008 152|In 188”, part from Salt Lake. Uintah ...... 799) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 1880, from parts of Sanpete, Wasatch. Utah......... 17,973| 12,203| 8,248 2,026||In 1880, boundaries changed[from Sanpete WaSatch .... 2,927 .244. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 1880, parts to Emery and Uintah, part Washington. 4,235 3,064 6911 . . . . . . . . In 1872, part of Rio Virgen annexed. eber....... 12,344| 7,858; 3,675 1,186||In 1880, part of Salt Lake annexed. Territory... 143,963 86,786. 40,273| 11,380 The excess of males, by the last census, was seven per cent.; foreign born, 43,- 994 : native, 99,969 ; born in Utah, 80,847. England, Denmark, Sweden, Scot- land, Wales, Ireland, Norway, Switzerland, Canada and the German Empire con- tributed in the order named to the foreign-born population, England furnishing nearly one-half of them. Assuming the same rate of increase for this as for the last census decade, to wit: sixty-five per cent., or an increase of 5.315 per cent. per year, the population in June of each year will be as follows: Q Year, Increase. Populat’n. Year. Increase Populat’n. June, 1880................ 143,963 || June, 1886................ 9,496 194,42? June, 1881................ 7,393 151,356 || June 1887................ 9,984 205,404 June, 1882................ 7.772 159,128 June, 1888................ 10,496 214,900 June, 1883................ 8,173 167,301 || June, 1889 ... . . . . . . . . . ...11.035 225,935 June, 1884................ 8,591 175,892 || June, 1890........ ....... 11,602 237,537 June, 1885................ 9,032 184,924 GEOLOGY. The greater part of the rock of the interior mountain area is a series of conform- ably stratified beds” reaching from the early Azoic to the late Jurassic times. In the latter these beds were raised, the Sierras, the Wasatch, and the parallel ranges of the * Clarence_King's Explorations 4oth Parallel. CLIMATE, ETC. 9 Great Basin were the consequence. In this upheaval important masses of granite broke through, accompanied by quartz, porphyries, felsite rocks, and notably sienitic granite with some granulite and gretsen occasionally. Then the Pacific Ocean on west, and the ocean that filled the Mississippi Basin on the east, laid down a system of Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. These outlying shore beds, subsequently to the Miocené-wełé themselves raised and folded, forming the Pacific Coast range and the chains east of the Wasatch ; volcanic rocks accompanying this upheaval as granite did the former one. Still later a final series of disturbances occurred, but these last had but small connection with the region under consideration. There is a general parallelism of the mountain chains, and all the structural fea- tures of local geology, the ranges, strike of great areas of upturned strata, larger out- bursts of gigantic rocks, etc., are nearly parallel with the meridian. So the precious metals arrange themselves in parallel longitudinal zones. There is a zone of quick- silver, tin, and chromic iron on the coast ranges; one of copper along the foot-hills of the Sierras; one of gold further up the Sierras—the gold veins and resultant placers extending far into Alaska; one of silver with comparatively little base metal, along the east base of the Sierras, stretching into Mexico; silver mines with compli- cated associations through Middle Mexico, Arizona, Middle Nevada, and Central Idaho; argentiferous galena through New Mexico, Utah, and Western Montana; and still further east, a continuous chain of gold deposits in New Mexico, Colorado, Wy- oming, and Montana. The Jurassic disturbance in all probability is the dating point of a large class of lodes: a, those wholly enclosed in the granites, and b, those in metamorphic beds of the series extending from the Azoic to the Jurassic. To this period may be referred the gold veins of California, those of the Humboldt mines, and those of White Pine, all of class 6 and the Reese River veins, partly a, and partly b. The Colorado lodes are somewhat unique, and in general belong to the ancient type. To the Tertiary period may be definitely assigned the mineral veins traversing the early volcanic rock; as the Comstock Lode and veins of the Owyhee District, Idaho. By far the greater number of metalliferous lodes occur in the stratified metamorphic rocks or the ancient eruptive rocks of the Jurassic upheaval ; yet very important, and, perhaps, more wonderfully productive, have been those sil- ver lodes which lie wholly in the recent volcanic formations. CLIMATE. * The climate of a mountainous country like Utah will vary considerably with its varying altitudes and exposures. In the lower inhabited valleys it is agreeable and salubrious. The air is dry, elastic, transparent, and bracing. The range of temper- ature and amount of precipitation can be studied from the following table, prepared from the records of Sergeant Craig, of the United States Signal Service, stationed at Salt Lake City: : : : * : : tº : IO METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. JANUARY. TEMPERATURE. i: V * 10 deg. below zero. : : : : ; : P R. : *— JULY. TEMPERATURE. | AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. 26. DECEMBER. |;# ; 3 3 6 8 2 4 3 ANNUAL RANGE. If fn these seven years there were two months in the winters, five in the springs, eight in the falls, and ten in the summers when the monthly range exceeded 50°, twenty-five months out of eighty-four. The extreme daily variation is greatest in sum- mer; spring, fall, and winter following as named. An abstract of the monthly mean of diurnal variation at Fort Douglas, on the bench about 500 feet above Salt Lake, shows the mean temperature of June to September inclusive, at 2 P. M., to be 79°; at 9 P. M., 57; difference, 22°; mean percentage of sick for these months, 24.63. For the other eight months, the mean at 2 P. M. was 47°; at 9 P. M., 36°; differ- ence, II*; mean percentage of sick for these months, 32.63. This seems to in- dicate that the months of greatest diurnal variation are the healthiest months ; and it is believed that they are so, generally, in Utah, unless from some local cause, as bad water, or drainage, or exposure. Those who have to swelter through many nights in a season with the thermometer between 80° and 90°, will appreciate the signifi- cance of the mean temperature of the four hottest months at Fort Douglas being but 57° at 9 P. M. ANNUAL RANGE. The following table is from observations made by the Fort Douglas garrison for the first twelve years, and by the Signal Service officer at Salt Lake for the last seven years: TEMIPERATURE. PRCP’N VEARS. Mean. |Max. Min. R’ge.|Inches. 1868...................................................... º.98 108 7. 96 7.47 1864......................................................] 52.2% 97 –4 || 101 14.92 1865 ................................... ...................] 50-11 | 100 6 94 15.51 1866 * 51.87 94 9 85 22.29 1867 52.71 95 0 95 26.14 1868 p 50.66 96 5 91 17.25 1869 53.61 97 7 90 22.32 1870 51.66 96 4 92 . 20.96 1871 53.09 || 104 8 96 23.12 1872 50.42 91 0 91 18.12 1873 49.26 98 –3 99 17.37 1874 50.18 97 8 89 19.55 1875 51.26 101 5 96 21.07 1876 50.64 97 7 90 18.31 1877 51.00 98 3 95 14.52 1878 *e 51.29 97 5 92 17.86 1879 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....] 53.20 97 —1t) 107 13.11 1880 ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... I 54.00 95 2 93 10.94 1881 .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] 51.54 100 13 87 16.88 Mean for Nineteen Years........................... 51.54 15.72 y Amongst the highest observed temperatures are 121° at Fort Miller, California, and 132° in India; while the thermometer has been known to fall to 76° below zero in Siberia, and to 40° below in some parts of the United States.” At places in the East and West Indies, the entire annual range of the thermometer is 14°;, at Mon- treal it is 140°; at New York, II4°; at St. Louis, 133°; at Chicago, 132°; at Denver, 126°. At Salt Lake City, as will be seen, it has exceeded Ioo’ but twice n nineteen years. It has gone to IOO’ to IO4° five times in those years, and to 3° to Io below three times. The range has been less than 90° in that time oftener than it has been IOO" or more. 4t Loomis. f2 RESOtjRCES OF tyTAH. ANNUAL AND SEASONAL MEANS. TEMPERATURE. IPRECIPITATION. - Mean of TMean of TMean TTMean Snow | Davs on SEASONS. Mean of the Max. the Min. Daily Relative and which Season. Temper-|Temper-| Varia- || Humid- Rainfall, Snow or atures. atures. tion. ity. Inches. Rain fell. Spring.............. 50.2 60.0 39.5 20.5 41.9 6.91 30.5 Summer............ 7 & .4 85.0 60.5 24.5 28.5 1.55 14.0 Fall......... . . . . . . . . 51.7 61.8 41.7 2 *.0 39.8 4.37 22.0 Winter tº e 31.9 39.7 24.9 15.3 60.9 4.46 • 34.0 Annual............. 51.8 61.6 41.6 20.0 42.8 17.29 10 1.5 The annual mean of Salt Lake City places it very near the isothermal line of 50°, which crosses nearly 15° of latitude on each continent, owing to the influences of oceans, winds and elevations, starting on Puget's Sound and passing near or through Salt Lake City, Santa Fe, Denver, Burlington, Pittsburgh, New Haven, Dublin, Brussels, Vienna, and Pekin. The summer and winter means describe the same undu- lations in traversing the continents, and they are more indicative of the climate in its relations to animal and vegetable life than the annual mean. The mean annual tem- perature of New York and Liverpool are the same, yet throughout England the heat of summer is insufficient to ripen Indian corn, while the ivy, which grows luxuriantly in England, can scarcely survive the severe winters of New York. In both the East and West Indies the mean temperature of the hottest month in the year differs very. little (at Singapore 3%") from that of the coldest. At Quebec, on the other hand, the difference is 60°, and at some places in Siberia, IOO’. At Salt Lake City it is about 47°. aº - - & A summer mean of 73.4° may be thought high, but to the extremes of summer heat in nearly all parts of the United States the lower valleys of Utah offer no excep- tion. The higher valleys and mountains are always at hand, however, and Great Salt Lake exercises a mollifying oceanic influence on the extremes of temperature. “Some travelers have imagined that on its shores is to be found the most unique and wonderful climate on the face of the globe, combining, as it does, the light pure air of the neighboring snow-capped mountains with that of the briny lake itself; and it is fancied by many that at certain points one may inhale an atmosphere salty and marine, like that of the shores of the Atlantic, happily combined with a cool fresh mountain air, like the breath of the Alps themselves. Owing to the absence of marine vegetation about the shores, however, there are none of the pleasant odors of the seashore.” At all events, the dry and absorbent character of the atmosphere relieves the oppression felt in humid climates at high temperatures. HUMIDITY, RAINFALL. The same may be said with reference to extremes of cold, although the average humidity in winter is more than twice as great as in summer. For the year it is 43; at Denver it is 46; at Philadelphia, 73. For spring, summer and fall, it is 37, while for summer it is 28.5. The rainfall averages 17.3 inches a year, 40 per cent. of which is in the spring, 9 in the summer, 25 in the fall, and 25 in the winter. In latitude 40° there should be, on general principles, 30 inches in a year. Fort Laramie, Sacra- mento, and Santa Fe have about the same as Salt Lake City; Denver, a little less; while over the entire area of the United States east of the IOOth Meridian west from * Surgeon E. P. Vollum, U. S. A. R£stime, SANffARV. #3 Greenwich, the average annual rainfall is 40 inches,t 60 per cent. of which is at once thrown off in the river drainage. Nothing in the meteorological register of the last seven years indicates that the climate of Utah is growing moister; but Rush Lake rolls its blue waves over what was a meadow 20 years ago, and Great Salt Lake has at least ten feet of brine where wagons were driven to and fro in 1863. It has not gained any in contents in the last decade, however, and it would be nowise surprising were it to recede again to its old level. If the rainfall has increased because of the greater area of land cultivated and quantity of water diffused by irrigation as well as of the currents tapped in opening mines, the lake may be expected to retain its pre- sent level. Increased humidity has followed the settlement and cultivation of the Mississippi Valley prairies, and it is not unlikely that it is doing so in Utah, although there is not sufficient data as yet upon which to assert it. A peculiarity of the climate is the preponderance of rainfall in the spring, when it is most needed. Could a part of the moisture that is precipitated in winter be transferred to the summer, there would be no necessity for irrigation. The days on which there is precipitation aver- age one in four, but not half of them are really stormy days. There is hardly ever a cloud in the skies of Utah through which the sun is not looking. RESUME. The mean air-pressure at Salt Lake City is 25.63 inches; water boils at 204.3°. The prevailing winds are from the north-northwest, and the most windy months are March, July, August, and September. The mean velocity of the winds during the entire year is 5% miles an hour. On the ocean it is 18; at Liverpool it is 13; at Toronto, 9; at Philadelphia, II. The climate of Utah on the whole is not unlike that of northwestern Texas and New Mexico, and is agreeable except for a month or so in winter, and then the temperature seldom falls to zero or snow to a greater depth. than a foot; and it soon melts away, although it sometimes affords a few days' sleigh- ing. The spring opens in March, the atmosphere becomes clear as a dewdrop, deciduous trees burst into leafy bloom, and the green of the valleys pursues the retir- ing snow-line up the mountain slopes. The summer is pleasant in its onset, accom- panied by fragrant airs and full streams. Springs of sweet water, fed largely from the surface, bubble forth everywhere. But as the season advances the heat increases, the winds become laden with dust, the storms are mainly dry, the springs fail or be- come brackish from concentration of their mineral salts, the streams run low, and vegetation parches unless artificially watered. Still, from the rapid radiation at the earth's surface, the nights are agreeably cool and give strength to bear the heat of the days. In October the air clears up again as in spring, and the landscape softens with the rich colors of the dying vegetation, which reaches up the mountain sides to their summits in places, but on them the gorgeous picture is soon overlaid by the first snows of approaching winter. The fall is delightful and generally lingers nearly to the end of the year. SANITARY. The dry air and slight rainfall peculiarly adapt Utah to that out-of-door living, tramping, and camping which so quickly renovates a broken-down nerve apparatus, and through that all organic processes. Pure water and wholesome food are abun- dant. One has a choice of altitude ranging between 4,300 and Io,000 feet above sea, access to a variety of mineral springs with remedial qualities for many ills, and in f Blodget. f4 f£SOtjRCES of tſf A H. Salt Lake Basin, containing 50 per cent. of the population, the ameliorating influences of 2,500 square miles of salt water. Hardly any form of disease originates or proceeds to the chronic stage in the Territory, and upon many who come here diseased, if not too far gone, mere residence has a very beneficial effect. AGRICULTURAL. There were surveyed of public land in Utah, down to the end of 1881, 9,749,995 acres, arable, timbered, coal, and mineral. Only that which can be artificially watered is really arable, although lands not subject to water are being more and more brought under cultivation, and in many places certain crops can be and are raised on such lands with no more than the ordinary chances of failure, elsewhere. But irrigation cannot be safely dispensed with as a rule. It is usually done by colo- nies or communities uniting to divert part or the whole of a stream from its natural channel on to the adjoining land, each member of the association then having his proportional right to the use of the water. While it involves outlay or labor on the start, it is not without its advantages. In other regions excess of rainfall often re- tards the putting in of crops in the spring, and damages hay and grain in the harvest season, by lodging, causing mildew, rust or sprouting, and with hay, leaching out its natural juices. Again, want of the ordinary rainfall often involves a widespread failure of all crops, causing extreme fluctuation in prices and inducing famines. In rainless countries the ill effects of these excesses of nature are avoided. The farmer can control seed time and harvest, and it is a striking fact that Egypt, Mexico, and Peru, all rainless, were the singular and sole birthplaces of civilization. Further, the soil is constantly enriched by materials, salts and earths, held in solution by the water, if it is kept on the land till absorbed. But few of the standard crops of Utah ever require more than two or three waterings to perfect them, some of them, espe- cially fall wheat, seldom needing more than one. Most of the smaller streams that could easily be diverted from their natural channels, have been already utilized; but their full capacity as irrigating supplies, which can only be exhausted by means of dams, reservoirs, and canals of considerable importance, has not as yet been called into requisition. AREA OF ARABLE LANDS. As it is an interesting and important question, Major Powell, of the Geological Survey, approximately measured the volume of all the Utah streams, and found that, calculating the irrigating duty at IOO acres for each one cubic foot of water that could be delivered per second, there is enough to irrigate about 1,500,000 acres. But in 1875, according to returns collected and published by the Legislature of Utah, one-third of the ground cropped was not irrigated at all. The irrigating duty is, considering this, and also the fact that in Southern Europe and India it is 120 acres, average, per cubic foot per second, much too low. It should be put at 150 acres, and that would give 2,250,000 acres of tillable land. The capacity of these streams for irrigating can doubtless be largely increased by a system of reservoirs—a question of engineering. It has been found, too, that beside the storage of irrigating waters in reservoirs, and the enlarging of ditches so as to lessen the losses through absorption and evaporation, a great saving can be effected by early planting. By this crops will get a better start, and can be made, practically, while the water supply is most profuse. The soil should also be stirred six to twelve inches in depth, and in the fall. The ground AGRICULTURAL, ARABLE LANDS, ETC. 15 will then become a storehouse of water during the winter and early spring, and slight irrigation will be sufficient. Cross ditches for the distribution of the water should be made more frequent. An important advantage would be gained by increasing the area of grass land, comparatively, since this can be watered and given a good start before the wheat and other crops need watering. Experiments have shown that wheat planted in drills 18 inches apart and cultivated, gives the best result. The yield is greater, the quality better, weeds are kept down, and irrigation rendered easy and saving. The soil should be stirred deeply for corn, and the seed planted in April. The crop should be cultivated three or four times, kept clean, and irrigated once slightly about the middle of June and once thoroughly a month later. Finally, there are many springs, and a great deal of land that can and ultimately will be watered from wells; artesian, or windmill wells. Artesian well makers say that water can be found anywhere, the question being one of depth only. The French have sunk 75 to Ioo wells in the Sahara, which yield 600,000 gallons an hour, sufficing for 25,000 acres of mixed crops. At Onarga, Illinois, 85 miles south of Chicago, within a circle of 40 miles in diameter, are 200 wells, averaging about 75 feet in depth, and yielding 2,225 gallons of water each per hour. In California there are a thousand artesian wells, most of them flowing. A few wells have been driven down to flowing water in Utah, and there are large areas in almost every county that might be made fruitful and valuable as any land in the world by this simple device. It might be good, policy for the Legislature to encourage in some way the sinking of artesian wells. . It is not exaggerating to put the possible farming land of Utah at 3,000,000 acres. A certain 40 square miles of land in Valencia, Spain, under the canals of the Turia, sustains 70,960 souls. At the same rate, with the same strength of soil, the ... same tilth, sun, seasons, skill, and frugality, the arable land of Utah. would sustain more than 8,000,000. So while the proportion of arable land seems small (6 per cent. of the whole,) there need be no fear of a scarcity. HIGH CULTIVATION. The necessity of irrigation keeps down the size of farms, and this induces high cultivation. The magnificent farming of Belgium on poor soil is due, (1,) to the per- fection of both plow and spade work; (2,) to each field being shaped with the view to facilitate cultivation and drainage; (3,) to a most careful husbanding of fertilizers— M. De Laveley says “the Flemish farmer scrupulously collects every atom of sewage from the towns, he guards his manure like a treasure, puts a roof over it to prevent the rain and the sun from spoiling it, he gathers mud from rivers and canals and the excretions of animals along the highroads and the ways for conversion into phos- phates”—; (4,) to the great variety of crops, especially of industrial plants, such as colza, flax, tobacco, hops, chicory, &c.; (5,) to second or stolen crops such as turnips . and carrots, English clover, sparry, &c., whereby the cultivated area is in effect in- creased one-third; (6,) to abundance of food for cattle—although the soil is not favor- able to meadows, yet taking the second crop into account, one-half of the available superfices is devoted to the keeping of live stock—; (7,) to house-feeding of cattle, by which the cows give both more milk and more manure; (8,) to minute weeding. Divide Utah's 3,000,000 acres into 120,000 farms of 25 acres each; let them be farmed as above and with the view, being so far inland, of turning everything into 16 RESOURCES OF UTAH. stock; depending largely on lucerne, green crops, and ensilage, (the preservation of crops in a green state in pits for fodder)—the yearly out-turn would be marvellous, almost equal to the yearly revenues of the National Government. Ten acres of en- silaged maize will feed 140 cows and horses for seven months. The maize or other green crop is mown in flower, cut into half-inch pieces, placed in pits or silos, oval in form, and of any desired capacity, with smooth bottom and walls, covered with planks fitting nicely and a great weight piled upon them, which causes the chopped fodder to settle together gradually but compactly and excludes the air. When wanted for use it is cut down as if it were hay and fed out; mixed with a little bran or cotton- seed meal, 60 pounds of it makes a daily ration for a milch cow. Twenty-five to seventy-five tons of maize can be produced on * single acre anywhere within the climatic area of Indian corn cultivation. This system, if it prove in fact half equal to what is claimed for it, will work intensely in the direction of small farms under high cultivation, without implying very hard or long hours of labor. - The Island of Jersey is about the size of one of our townships, yet it sustains 12,000 head of cattle, and annually exports 2,000 head. Land rents at $45 an acre and the whole island is a garden. Supposing there to be 130 townships of arable land in Utah, raising the Jersey cattle and as many of them on the same area, there would be more than 1,500,000 head, and 250,000 head annually sold off for export. The Territory yearly turns off perhaps $2,500,000 worth of beef and mutton on foot; of wool, wheat, potatoes, fruit, eggs, chickens, butter, &c.; but it yearly imports of corn, oats, canned goods, bacon, hams, lard, cheese, beans, crackers, starch, &c., nearly Io,000 tons. With plenty of soil that will yield 25 bushels of wheat, IO tons of lucerne, and 250 bushels of potatoes to the acre, and no scarcity of water, all we use we should raise and what we sell should be profit. - There are 10,000 farms (9,264 in 1880) in Utah, averaging 25 acres each. Sup- pose their owners’ energies to be turned mainly to the production of beef, mutton, and pork, and the products of the dairy: Ten acres in lucerne would give them IOO tons of hay, 5 acres in maize, put down in silos or pits as above, would give them 250 tons of food as good as growing clover, and they would have 10 acres left for garden, fruit, grain, roots, &c. . On such a farm, with the outlying pasturage claimed and that can be claimed by nobody, Ioo head of stock cattle, average value $2O, or their equivalent, could be turned off, yearly, after a little. A hundred and twenty thou- sand such ſarms, $2,000 each=$240,000,000 ! Do not repeat that these mountain States can, never be thickly peopled because there is so little arable land. There is enough, and the time will come when Utah, at least that part of it under the copious waters of the Wasatch Range, will be a garden, owned by nabobs. For really it can have no serious competition within 500 miles, east or west, all mining country, too, because the Sierra Madre and the Sierra Nevada shed their waters outward for the most part, and do not silt down so fine a soil. PRODUCTS. All the crops of the latitude are successfully grown in Utah. The following table is from the Census returns of 1880 (crop of 1879,) which was one-third below the average, owing to dry weather: - . . . . PRODUCTS, IMPROVED LANDS. 17 BARLEY. *śs OATS. RYE. WHEAT. COUNTIES. gº -- Acr’s | Bush. Acr’sſ Bush. Acr’s Bush. Acr’s | Bush. Acr’s Bush. Beaver ........ 387; 6,482| 84 517 223 4,33}|...... . . . . . . . . . 1,610 18,270 ox Elder..... 939| 17,097. 780 9.024 737] 15,088 578] 3 218, 5. 75,200 ache . . . . . . . . . 176 4,442 624, 9,228 1,358) 29,343| 190] 2,285| 10,258 208,553 Davis ......... 2,691 38,660 891. 11,443 550 18,454 65 668| 7,453; 92,347 Emery ........ 26 126|| 17 195| 69 762: ...... ... . . . . . . 237 2,496 Iron ........... 291 7,438 494. 9,193. 353. 6,761|...... . . . . . . . . 1,366| 19,386 Juab........... 319|| 5,141 | 89 708) 155]. 3.234|.... . . . . . . . . . . . 927 | 11,324 Kane.......... 74] 1,686 639 7,621 || 39| 1.136]... . . . . . . . . . . . . 632; 11.933 Millard ....... 1,097] 17,375] 110 875 569| 8,340] 22 40 1,470 14,550 Morgan........ 8 || 1,490 18 346|| 197| 3,356|...... ... . . . . . 1,416. 13,989 Piute.......... 267| 3,863|...... [........ 528 6,565|.... . . . . . . . . . . 913 7,706 Rich........... 43 419 . . . . . . . ... .... 665) 14,750]... . . . . . . . . . . . 599 9,918 Salt Lake...... 683. 16,395] 1,213 23,398 836 22,073. 112| 1,056; 5,385| 106,632 San Juan...... 30 725 8 74] 16 2621. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1. Sanpete .......] 287| 6,126 328 4,472, 4,763| 90.892] 42 357, 9,582, 164,627 Sevier......... 160| 3,426, 126| 1,447 2,866; 52,245|...... [........ 4,598; 70,528 Summit........ 106] 2.285|... . . . . . . . . . . . . 903] 22,171}...... . . . . . . . . 1,976 36,329 Tooele......... 60; 1,259| 606 5,205 587] 18,090 32 602 1,300) 16,130 Uintah ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 * | * * * * * * : * e s a s is s a tº e s e s • e s a e s = * * 67 1,780 Utah .......... 1,774. 47,561, 2,933 41,310| 2,215 50,264| 45 B20 7,326 125,685 Wasatch ...... * * * e s tº e e º ºs e s e e 5 70 485| 16,144|.... . . . . . . . . . . 1,62 29.174 Washington ... 198| 3,467. 157 1,636 29 537]... . . . . . . . . . . . 473 6,672 Weber . . . . . . . . 1,580 31,677| 2,844, 35,700 1,442| 33,284| 67 859, 7,969 124,929 Territory. Tºgs 2.7.1.0+2.007||1333,219,525ſ alsogliºs oºlººl. 1,169,199 Acreage in grain, 116,994; total yield, 1,976, 152 bushels. The precipitation of the twelve months which made this crop, namely, October, 1878, to October, 1879, was 35.28 per cent. less than the average precipitation of the nine years, 1873–1881, including this dry year; and the crop was correspondingly less than the average, so intimately are precipitation of moisture and production connected. This may be thought to argue against what is claimed for irrigation, but even irrigation fails in very long continued dry weather. The ſountains dry up because no snow falls, and the streams, the sources of irrigation, fail. Besides, nine years out of ten, even in Utah there is more or less, and more or less seasonable, rainfall. With no rainfall, it would be almost impossible to till a country and raise anything. The grain crop of Utah now is not less than 3,000,000 bushels per annum. - IMPROVED LAND, ETC. Counting 100,000 acres in meadow, 23,000 in miscellaneous crops, and Io, OOO in fruit, there are 250,000 acres under fence. Improved land, with water-right at- tached, is worth from $25 to $100 an acre, according to the locality. Ordinarily it is nearer the former than the latter figure. Although one-half of the arable land has been entered, nine-tenths of it is yet unimproved. Its settlement is better undertaken in colonies than individually. Irrigating channels, of which, big and little, there must now be Io,000 miles in Utah, can usually be made with plow and Scraper, each adjoining lang-owner contributing his quota, and having perpetual right, under Ter- ritorial and municipal law, to his proportional use of water at the additional cost for repairs. Under the desert land act, each person joining in such an enterprise is en- titled to pre-empt 640 acres of land, paying one-fifth down and the rest in three years, on condition that the enterprise be consummated within that time. It appears from statistics, collected and published by order of the Legislative Assembly for 1875, that of the land in Utah then under plow and in hay, 33% per cent required no irriga- tion; 16% per cent, had one or two waterings; 60 per cent. needed three or four, 3 I8 RESOURCES OF UTAH. and ten per cent. had from four to ten. This is the latest and indeed the only data obtainable on this point. It seems a large percentage needing no irrigation, but it may have been an exceptional season, and probably the most of it was natural mead- ow, more or less marshy. TIMBER. Utah holds an intermediate position, with respect to its supply of timber, be- tween the Atlantic and Prairie States. Its arable lands are not interspersed with forests, nor yet is it without an adequate supply of timber within its own limits for building, fencing, mining, and fuel. The valleys or plains are destitute of forest growth, and in early times willow brush was resorted to for fencing, adobe bricks for building, and sage brush for fuel. But the mountains are generally more or less wooded, almost wholly with evergreens, however. The best trees furnish lumber not technically clear, but the knots are held so fast that they are no real detriment, and the lumber is practically clear. The red pine and black balsam indigenous to the mountains make a fence post or railroad tie that will last ten years. The white pine is not so good. More than half of the forest growth of the Wasatch is of the white or inferior variety. On the Oquirrh the trees are chiefly red pine. Scrub cedar and pinyon pine are quite common in the south and west. They are of little value for anything but posts, ties, and fuel. There are several saw-mills in operation in the Territory, and while the people are not enabled by law to acquire title to timbered lands, nor authorized to appropriate the timber on other than mineral lands, nor that save for domestic uses, they are permitted to use the timber subject only to the con- dition that they shall not waste it or cut the trees under a certain stated size. Ordi- nary rough building and fencing lumber ranges in price from $20 to $25 a thousand. Flooring and finishing lumber is imported, and costs about $45 a thousand. Wood is obtained from the canyons for fuel, and soft coal of good quality can be had for $5 to $10 a ton in all Northern Utah. When the coal deposits of the Territory shall have been developed and made accessible by railroads, the price should be less by one-third, for there is an abundant supply and it is widely distributed. f FRUIT. The climate and soil of Salt Lake Basin are peculiarly well adapted to fruit- growing. The trees are vigorous growers and generous bearers; fruits, especially if half that sets be knocked off, large, fair, and fine-flavored; the crop remarkably sure. The higher valleys are of course comparatively less favorable to this industry. In the South, on the Rio Colorado, grapes do well, and wine-making is a growing busi- . ness. The climate resembles that of Southern California, where cotton, tobacco, oranges, and semi-tropical products generally, are successfully cultivated. There is room for great improvement in the introduction of new varieties, too many of the trees, especially apples and peaches, being seedlings; and also in care, from a lack of . . . which apples in some localities are growing yearly more infected with worms, and the trees with all kinds of noxious insects, minute red spiders, lice, &c. Formerly people pointed to their orchards as the fairest features of the landscape. Such a straight thrifty growth, the limbs and shoots seemingly swelled with wine or even blood for sap, and laden with the handsomest fruit, more than they could bear up, even with the aid of props. Now, from this invasion of worms and bugs, many, disgusted or discouraged, are digging up their orchards. Amongst the remedies suggested, the rtMBER, FRUIT, PASTURAGE, stock. fg impôrtation of certain birds, plentiful in the Western States, (cedar birds, indigo birds, orchard orioles, single black billed cuckoos, summer warblers) which subsist almost entirely on insects and worms, especially the latter, as has been demonstrated by experiment, would cost little and promises much. The Legislature might well provide the means and authorize some one to do it. Small fruits, all kinds of berries, grapes, currants, &c., do remarkably well in the valleys of Utah. The plants are easily propagated, grow thriftily and bear prolifically; while the fruits are large and of good flavor, and the crop hardly ever fails. The following table shows the area, the product, and the yield per acre, of fruits, for the year 1875, as returned and published by order of the Legislature. [It is the only existing data on this point.] Fruit. Acres. Total Yield. Yield per Acre. Apples.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,935 358,277 bushels. 90 bushels. Pears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 10,560 “ 75 “ Peaches . . . . . . . . . . *.............................. 2,687 330,535 “ 120 “ Plums ;..... tº gº tº dº ſº tº º a 6 tº & va & º is e º 'º - - e º ºs e s º ºs e º ſº e º a tº e º º 259 43,585 “ 165 “ Apricots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 44,160 “ 145 “ Cherries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4,661 ... “ 75 “ Grapes........................................... 544 3,409,200 lbs. 6,260 lbs, . . Total Acres, 7,920. Value, $1,028,616. PASTURAGE, STOCK RAISING. One great resource of Utah, and one easily discounted, so to speak, is the very extensive stock range. There is in such a country necessarily a great deal of land on the foot-hill slopes and river terraces which cannot be artificially watered, and yet is not cut off from water. The native grasses are probably not as good as the buffalo and gramma grasses of the plains east of the Rocky Mountains, but the bunch grass, which seems to be'indigenous to the broken and elevated region between the Sierra Madre and the Sierra Nevada, is only second to them in excellence. Throughout this interior basin millions of acres are not absolute desert only because of the exist- ence of this grass. It grows in bunches in apparently the most barren places. Early in the season it cures, standing, retaining all its nutriment, and being hard to cover with snow beyond the reach of stock. Its seed is pyriform, and has remarkable fat- tening properties. In the high, dry, bracing altitudes of the interior, cattle grow and fatten on much less than on the sea level, and the same degree of either heat or cold, . as marked by the thermometer, appears to affect them less. The grazing lands of Utah are almost unlimited; including the second tables of the river courses, the slopes of the foot-hills and lesser ranges not too far from water, the shores of the sinks and lakes, and the coves and valleys of the mountains. In the Salt Lake Basin, general- ly, stock winter without fodder; further south, they not only subsist, but thrive on the range the year round. In Cache, Bear Lake, and other valleys more elevated, they require more food and shelter; and the stock-grower will do well to prepare for occasional cold and snowy spells in all the northern parts of the Territory. There is ample hay ground for this. Under ordinary circumstances, a five-year-old steer, worth $30, can be turned out for $5. Still, candor compels the confession that Utah is not a great stock country in the sense in which the term has come to be used in the West. Its native grasses have no turf to speak of, and if fed close are soon tramped out. They require nursing. The sense in which it is a fine stock country has been indicated under the heading of “High Cultivation,” see ante. The yearly drive, out- 20. R£SOtjRCES OF ty'ſ Aff. ward, has come to be, according to the best estimates obtainable, 50,000 head of stock cattle, averaging $20 each in value. The Census agents (1880) found in Utah 38,058 horses, 2,898 mules and asses, 3,956 working oxen, 32,765 milch cows, 58,680 other cattle, 233,121 sheep, swine not given; probably there are about 25,000. This is undoubtedly too low for the sheep. There can hardly be less than 400,000 sheep, shearing 2,000,000 pounds of wool. Of this about one-fourth is worked up by the Utah mills. Fleeces average 4 pounds for ewes, 6 for wethers. Part of it ranges with the best California wools, as to quality, while part of it is inferior. Utah and Montana wools are considered bet- ter than the wools of the other Territories. Most of the Utah sheep came from New Mexico down to 1870. Since then ewes have been brought in from California, gen- erally fine-wooled Spanish Merinos, but little mixed; fine-wooled bucks from Ohio, and long-wooled from Canada. The same strain of blood in sheep does not produce quite so long a wool as in the East. It is so dry and dusty, the grease seems to ab- sorb the alkali and mineral dust, which makes it harsher and more brittle. But since the large infusion of Merino blood, which has taken place in late years, there has been a marked improvement in the quality of Utah wool, in respect of length, soft- ness, and fineness of fibre. It realizes to the grower, here, crude, about fifteen to twenty cents a pound, according to the range of prices abroad. The strain of blood in cattle, horses, and sheep, has been greatly improved in recent years, but it is still the point requiring attention. In Vermont the breeder with the best ram has the precedence. Inferior wool comes from shiftless careless breeding. An authority says, aim for the best mutton if you would get the best wool. This is the system in England, the great mutton-producing and combing-wool-producing country of the world. The characteristic qualities of the English combing wools have been devel- oped upon originally short-wooled animals simply through a constant effort to improve their carcasses for the mutton market. From this it seems that the interests of the grower, the consumer of meat, and the manufacturer of wool, are identical. And they all depend upon the quality of the stock ram of the flock. Castle Valley, near the corner post of Wasatch, Sanpete, and Utah counties, is a great sheep range, several large flocks being kept there. They are worth about $3.00 a head as they run, do not require feeding in winter, and if properly attended to, under ordinary circumstances, will yield a profit of 40 per cent. a year on the in- vestment. They are beginning to be driven away in considerable flocks. Costing in May perhaps $3.00 including lambs, by the time they arrive in Montana or Colorado the lambs are worth as much as the sheep and the buyer has doubled his money a once. A more inviting field for capital and enterprise, for skill and care, than the production of beef, mutton, and wool in Utah, it. would be hard to find, anywhere. GOLD AND SILVER MINING Began in Utah in 1870. The total output since is $60,000.oOo. The mining area is co-extensive with the mountains, of which the Territory is as full as Switzerland. Mines have been found and wrought in most of the counties. Many of the mining districts are now abandoned, but with better facilities of inter-communication and transportation, with more capital at command and more experience in reducing ores, they will be revisited and work resumed, not again to cease. The mining history of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Slope records nothing more striking than the ff OfytjčTS fit tº Aff, ºf sudden resurrection of dead mining camps. The records of the Salt Lake Land Office show 1304 applications for mine patents and 765 mineral entries. The pro- ductive districts at present are popularly known as the Park City, the Alta, Ameri- can Fork, Stockton, Bingham, Tintic, Frisco, Marysvale, and the Slver Reef. The mines about Alta (Little and Big Cottonwoods,) at Bingham, and Stockton, all acces- sible from Salt Lake by rail and semi-circling the city within 30 miles, ship their ores to Sandy, the Swansea of Utah, and lose their individual output in that of the smelters which buy the ores—all but the Bingham gold mines which have gold mills. At Sandy, and on the Cottonwoods between there and Salt Lake, within plain sight of the city, are the Mingo, Germania, and Morgan smelters, the Germania refining lead also, whose united monthly product averages 800 to I, OOO tons of base bullion and lead, worth in Salt Lake about $190 a ton. same vicinity and will be noticed later. The Horn Silver smelter is in the PRODUCT IN DETAIL. Mr. J. E. Dooly, Salt Lake agent of Wells, Fargo & Co., gives the product of the Utah smelters, mills, and placers for 1881, as follows: LBS. OZS. NAME. LBS LEAD. sIEvºB. Göß. VALUE. Horn Silver Mining Company......... 16,343,995 1,259,903] .......... $1,807,092.20 Mingo Furnace Company, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,977,649 437,175 832 801,343.58 Germania Smelting & Refining Co.... 6,332,657 349,479 508 635,759.30 Morgan Smelter.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,015,228 17 j,320 43 279,855.90 Frisco Mining & Smelting Company .. 2,023,213 221,846 425 830,329.38 All other Smelters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,634,597 56,680 215 108,079.72 Ontario Silver Mining Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 1,909,870].......... 2,119.955.70 Silver Reef Mills::::::... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614,368].......... 681,948.48 Tintic Mining & Milling Company... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,031 40% 89.184.42 Other Mills and Placers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,804 4,613 140,882.44 In Ores Shipped East.................. 2,895,023 276,141 560 390,092.16 Gross Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,222,365 5,418,618 7,997 $7 384,526.28 Less worked over by Germania....... 385,365 18,427 30,868.09 Net Totals.......................... 44,837,000 5,400,191 7,958 $7,353,658.19 The deduction is base bullion purchased of other smelters and worked over by the Germania Refining Works. Of the lead credited to them, 2,645,373 lbs. is re- fined lead ; all the rest is crude lead. The table includes product of Idaho, Nevada, and Montana ores, aggregating 3,969,440 lbs. lead, 441,846 ounces silver, and 976 ounces gold. Refined Lead, 2,645,373 lbs., at 5% c * * * * * * * * * * e º e º ſº º & º $ tº $ tº $ & º e s tº s ſº & & © tº sº e º e g g g g g g g Crude Lead, 38.222, 185 lbs. at 2%.c...... Deducting this, the Salt Lake value of Utah's output for 1881 was : $ 145,495.51 e gº º agº. * * * * g e s is tº e is a s tº a s a $ is 955,554.62 Fine Silver, 4,958,345 ounces, at $1.11............................................ 5,503,762.95 Fine Gold, 6,982 ounces, at $20.................................................. 139,640.00 Total........ ........... Against $4,975,967.27 for 1881, an increase of 35.54 per cent, & tº e º & e º ſº tº product by ſurnaces and mills compares with last year as follows; ... $6,744,653.08 The value of the 32 f$SOURCES of tºfAH, NAME. 1880 1881 Horn Silver. . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e s = e s e - e. e. e. e s e $875,810.10 $1,807,092.20 Mingo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475,224.75 801.346.58 Germania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.936.6%| 635,759.30 Morgan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251,835.95 279.8%5.90 Frisco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in “all others.” 330,329 38 All Others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472,628.97 108,079.72 Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,583,496.20 2,119,955.70 Silver Reef...:-3::::::::::. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930,668.20 ºvºv * * Tintic Mining & Milling Company.......................... 47:275.80 89,184.42 Other Mills, Etc. . . . . . . . .................................... 116,737.80 140,882.44 In Ores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,676.40 390,092.16 Gross Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,224,234.29 7,384,526.28 Worked Over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... 96,331.47 30,868.09 Net Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,127,999.82 7,353,658.19 Foreign Ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,032 55 609,005.11 Utah’s Product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. ............. 4.975,967.27 6,774,653.08 Rating these commodities at their market value in New York, say refined lead at 7, crude lead at 4, and silver at $1. I4, would increase the total for 1881 to $8,128,- ooi.25. The output for the first half of 1882 was: 14,381 tons of Bullion, at $190 a ton................................................. $2,732,390 Ontario mine. market Value........................................................ 1,254,129 Silver Reef mine3: ..….....:::::. . . . .…............................ ............. 851,982 Stewart, Mammoth, Tintic Mining & Milling Company............................ 100,000 92 tons Copper Matte, at $280 a ton................................................. 25,760 Total.-----------------------------.............................................. 4,464,211 At this rate of production, the output of 1882 will be $10,000,ooo, New York valuation. DINTAH AND BLUE LEDGE MINING DISTRICTS. These are adjacent districts, Park City being the town, and lie on tributaries of the Weber and Provo rivers, at a high altitude. One goes to Park City from Salt Lake via the Utah Central, Union Pacific, and Echo & Park City railways. The great mine is the Ontario, owned by the Ontario Silver Mining Company, incorporated in San Francisco, capital, $15.oOo,000 in 150,000 shares. J. B. Haggin, of San Francisco, President; R. C. Chambers, of Salt Lake, Superintendent. It is the Ontario, Switzerland, Last Chance and West Ground, consolidated. It is a contact vein between quartzite and porphyry (Prof. Clayton holds, in quartzite), strikes east and west, dips 75° from the northern horizon, is opened to the 800-foot level, the pay-chute being so far as known I550 feet long and on an average perhaps three feet thick; the 500-level is 1630 feet long, the 600 level 1625 feet, the 700 about 1000, the 800 maybe 400; it is equipped with a set of hoisting and pumping machin- ery at both the old and new shafts, and is sinking a third shaft supplied with enormous power and a Cornish pump with 22-inch column; it has a complete 40-stamp chlori- dizing mill with revolving dryers and Stetefeldt furnace, which is to be duplicated next year; it has three years' work for the present mill in sight in the lower opened levels, and has produced to the end of June last, $11,012,996. I3, and paid to the same time, (June dividend paid July 15) 81 consecutive monthly dividends of 50 cents a share, 64 of them on 100,000 shares, 17 on 150,000 shares; total dividends, $4,- 475,000. The mine turned out $1,014,996.96 before the company was organized, (included in above total.) In the hands of the company I 18, 188 tons of wet (93,8oo MINES AND MINING. 23 tons of dry) ore has been taken out, the average product of which (market value) has been $106.60 per dry ton. Mining and hauling to mill has cost $13.90 per dry ton; reduction, $20.83 per dry ton. It makes water at the rate of 2,000 gallons a minute, which probably accounts for one-half the total cost of mining and reduction. Cost of pumping will be greatly reduced after the immense Cornish pump is in. It is the best in the lowest workings and the pay-chute grows longer with every level opened. A tunnel somewhat more than a mile long is being driven in to the 600-level to re- ceive the water there and run it off. It is now in 1,000 feet. The new shaft is now 600 feet deep and will be first connected with the mine workings on the 90o level. The company practically own the Utah Eastern Railway running from the Weber coal beds to Park City, and delivering their coal at about $6 a ton. It is a wonder- ful mine, it has no equal on the globe, its productive period is only fairly begun. There is no reason, Prof. Newberry says, why it should not continue fertile to a depth of 3,000 feet or more, and the pay-chute bids fair to double in length. Adjoining the Ontario on the east is the Parley's Park Silver Mining Company's property, the Parley's Park, Lady of the Lake, and Central, each 200 by 1,500 feet in area, incorporated in New York, capital $1,000,000 in IOO,OOO shares; President, Anthony Dey, of New York; Superintendent, Jno. G. Kennedy, of Salt Lake. A shaft has been sunk within 75 feet of the Ontario line, 735 feet deep. The levels in the mine are 300 feet higher than the same levels in the Ontario. The shaft passed through the vein, diagonally, above the 300 level, and drifts have been started toward the vein on three levels. The shaft and stations are ample and well-supported, there are 5 pumps and a double-acting hoisting engine. That they have the Ontario vein in this ground has already been demonstrated. Further east is the Lowell location, 200 feet x 900, owned three-fourths by the Walker Bros. and one-fourth by J. M. Williamson, of Salt Lake. A shaft has been sunk 300 feet, the 200-foot level exploited by 600 feet of drifts, and the vein cut on the 300 level. Good ore is found, mixed with vein matter, along both walls. The walls appear to be approaching each other, and it is probable that the ore will make into a concentrated clean body, deeper. There is steam power for hoisting and plenty of pumps for the present amount of water. . g - The McHenry, Nos. I and 2, lies next eastward on the belt. It is owned by a Holland company, is opened to a depth of 400 feet, exploited by 1,500 feet of drifts and cross-cuts, makes ore in considerable bodies in places carrying 50 to IOO ozs. silver, no lead. It is regarded as sure to prove a great mine, properly opened up. The company owns a 20-stamp mill at Park City, cost $100,000. There is beyond this the Hawkeye property, four locations consolidated, incor- porated in St. Paul; capital $2,500,000 in 100,ooo shares; President, Stanford Newel, of St. Paul; Superintendent, H. C. Willis, of Salt Lake. It has a first-class steam mining plant, shaft 300 feet deep, 200 level extensively exploited, vein of highly mineralized rock 50 feet wide, with high-grade ore, more or less clean and concentrated, on both walls. The opening of the 300-level has begun. The ground in all these mines is wet and the vein very wide, and it will take time and money to bring them to the producing stage. - - Next east of the Hawkeye is the Boulder property, a group of locations covering 3,000 lineal feet on the fissure, consolidated. In the vicinity are the Free'Silver claims, with prospecting tunnel in 400 feet; the Homestake, Little Giant, Wasatch, 24 RESOURCES OF UTAH. Glenco, and a great many others, all being opened as the means of their owners per- mit. All of them have turned out good ore, and apparently lack only development to make dividends. The Glenco has a heavy vein of smelting ore of good grade opened by an adit for several hundred ſeet. The Barrios property, adjoining the Ontario and Parley's Park on the north, is a consolidated incorporated group, con- siderably exploited and regarded as of great promise. - . Westward of the Ontario, the first working company is the Empire, organized in New York; capital, $10,000, OOO in IOO,OOO shares; President, G. L. Crowell, of New York; Manager, J. F. Crowell, of Salt Lake. The property is a consolidation of 13 locations of the ordinary size, making 60 to 70 acres. It is developed by a shaft 400 feet deep, with drifts to each IOO-foot level, and drifts on each level for 400 or 500 feet. The vein is a strong well-defined fissure traversing a quartzite formation, varying in width from 4 to 20 feet. The ore on the IOO and 200 levels is a medium- grade free milling ore. On the 300 level a large body of high-grade ore was run through and this has recently been cut, stronger and richer than above, on the 400 level. The machinery is ample for the work, power, pumps, and tanks capable of handling 3,000 gallons a minute. The company has a 30-stamp mill on the ground and the grading for it partly done. - Two miles west of the Ontario is Pinyon Hill, stratified lime making an angle of 15 or 20 degrees with the northwestern horizon, containing one and pos- sibly two bedded veins or strata of smelting ore, broken up by several faulting fissures cutting through them. This belt is really two to three miles wide and extends from Park City to the head of Big Cottonwood, five miles, taking in the Woodside and other mines in that vicinity, Pinyon Hill, with the Pinyon, Walker, Buckeye, Climax, Rebellion, Apex, and other groups of locations, and Scott Hill. It is perhaps the faulting by the fissures spoken of that enriches it on Pinyon Hill. There appears to be a mine there, if there are not two of them, 1,500 feet on the strike by 1,000 on the dip, from one to six feet and sometimes twenty feet thick, smelting ore, in the Walker and Buckeye about 30 lead and 30 silver; at Scott Hill about the same; in the Pinyon, Climax, and Rebellion, 40 lead and 40 silver on an average. In Scott Hill there are two beds at the least from six inches to four feet thick. All this ground is located; it is natural that there should be many conflicts of title, which there are; it is in fact a second Leadville, and is going through the inevit- able litigation in such cases, which is holding it almost idle, so far as production is concerned. - Southwest of the Ontario the ground is also located for two or three miles, many supposing the Ontario contact fissure to curve in its trend so as to take that direction. The wash or debris is heavy, but the ledge is believed to come to the surface again in the White Pine, and Utah, from the character of the vein matter and ore and en- closing country. The White Pine has steam hoisting and pumping machinery, is opened by shaft and level to a depth of 400 feet, and is already a producing mine. The Utah joins the White Pine westward, and is similar to it in all respects. It is owned by the Utah Silver Mining Company, it and the Bannister, Monta & Neddie, and Midget locations. Edward P. Ferry, of Park City, is President of the company; Harvey J. Hollister, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, Treasurer; and David C. McLaughlin, of Park City, Secretary. The capital is $10,000,000 in IOO,OOO shares. They have fine steam hoisting works, have sunk a two-compartment shaf 350 feet, and will go 150 feet further before drifting for the vein, - . MINES AND MINING. © - 25 It is thought that the Ontario fissure extends beyond this property to the head of Big Cottonwood. The Mohawk, Morning Star, McLaughlin, Farrish, Keystone, King Solomon, Great Western, Silver Bar, and Lakawaxen, are locations of promise along the supposed line of the fissure. The latter belongs to the New Bedford Silver Mining Company, Jno. S. Barnes, of Salt Lake, Superintendent. They are driving a tunnel to cut the vein 500 feet below the croppings. The vein is in granite, and bears fine ore. There is talk of a tunnel from Snake Creek to Bonanza Flat, four miles southwest of Park City, crossing and cutting at a depth of 3,000 feet the Mo- hawk, Utah, White Pine, and the entire group of which they are the center. South of the Utah, and a cross ledge, is the Jones Bonanza Nos. I and 2, which has steam hoist and pumps, and is opened to a depth of 400 feet by shaft and levels. The Marsac Silver Mining & Milling Company built a 20-stamp chloridizing mill at Park City in 1874 at a cost of $100,000, For more than a year it was leased and run by the Ontario. In 1878, Mr. E. P. Ferry, of Grand Haven, Michigan, came out to manage for the company. He has overhauled and repaired the mill, which is now perſect in all its appointments—a dry crusher, twenty stamps, White & Howell sixty-inch roaster, ten pans, five settlers, a 20x48 Corliss engine. The com- pany, through Mr. Ferry, as Trustee, own the site of Park City, and have realized largely from sales of lots. Their capital is $2,500,000 in 100,000 shares; President, Francis Smith, of Muskegon, Michigan; Superintendent and Secretary, E. P. Ferry, of Park City. The Rebellion Mining Company was the first to disclose the great value of Pin- yon Hill. After considerable work from hand to mouth, they struck ore early in 1881, and before they were stopped by injunction, shipped 1,200 tons of smelting ore, which brought in Salt Lake about $50 a ton. The officers of the company are : E. P. Ferry, President; W. S. McCornick, Treasurer; Jos. L. Heywood, Secretary. Capital, $30,000.000 in 200,000 shares. . The Park City Smelting Company is a Michigan organization ; capital $200,000, of which Harvey J. Hollister, of Grand Rapids, is President ; E. P. Perry, Manager, and C. H. Withey, Assistant Secretary. There is one seventy-ton stack in a fine building, well arranged to economise labor, and large enough for two more stacks, with convenient charcoal sheds and ore bins. Fluxing iron is brought from the Provo River. Limestone is abundant close at hand. . The ground east and west of the Ontario, for more than a mile in width and for five or six miles long, is all located. There are a score of companies not here named incorporated on groups of locations, mostly local, and only prosecuting work as the owners, generally miners, can earn and spare the means. It is a great district, well supplied with wood and water, accessible by rail, with the coal mines of the Weber but twenty-five miles distant, and two railroads to bring the coal. The mines (save on Pinyon Hill) are located on true fissure veins, of which there are sev- eral systems, and give promise of great regularity and permanence. With money and time the district will no doubt contain many productive mines beside the Ontario, which justly stands at the head of all silver mines at present wrought in the world. ALTA. # This is the town of the Little and Big Cottonwood mines. It has communica- tion by railway and tram with the Sandy smelters in Jordan Valley. The mines here 4. 26 G RESOURCES OF UTAH. lie largely on the divide between the two Cottonwoods, and so no distinction will be made between the mines of the two districts. The ore occurs in chambers in lime- stone, and in pipes and chimneys in what appear to be fissure veins or ore channels, and was originally mainly galena, but is now carbonate of lead. There are many fa- mous mines, and hundreds of more or less promising prospects. Among these the Emma perhaps ranks first, although the Flagstaff has exceeded tne Emma in point of product. The surface bonanza of the Emma contained 30,000 tons of $100 ore, but the property has long been under a cloud. It is now re-organ- ized, all its troubles settled, and work again begun. It has ample ground and a set- tled title. A prospecting shaft is being sunk from the end of the Bay City Tunnel, about 1,000 feet below the surface, and 250 feet in the hanging country, which is ex- pected to crosscut the vein or ore channel at a depth of 400 to 600 feet. The power is at the mouth of the tunnel and is steam. The Joab Lawrence Company is a consolidation of the North Star and Vallejo Tunnel and ground. It is worked through the Burgess Tunnel, and has produced IO,OOO tons of $75 ore, has a great amount technically in sight, and is a steady ship- per. It is opened to a depth of 800 feet, and has a mile of winzes and galleries. The ore channel is in hard stratified lime, is 150 feet wide, and is crossed from wall to wall almost at a right angle by regular ore chutes, separated by brecciated vein matter, there being seven of them in 250 lineal feet of the vein. It is a fine smelting ore and is run down the hill on a tramway. It is owned by Joab Lawrence and Charles Read, of Salt Lake, and is regarded as a very valuable property. The Flagstaff is a consolidation of the Flagstaff, South Star & Titus, and Vir- ginia locations, incorporated in London. More than IOO,000 tons of $30 ore have come out of the mine. The ore-chute varies in length from a few feet to 300 feet, and in diameter from the size of a well to that of the ring in Robinson's circus. Prof. M. C. Vincent, of London, is the President of the company; Edward Austin, of London Bank of Utah, Manager, and M. Gunderson Mine Captain. The workings are of course deep and extensive. The ore in the deepest workings is the best on the whole ever produced by the mine. º The City Rock is a consolidation of a group of mines. The Utah, West Wind, Black Bess, and Oregon are on the same vein; it is a true fissure in crystalline lime, opened on the strike by adit levels a length of 4,000 feet. It saddles the divide be- tween the Cottonwoods, strikes nearly east"and west, at right angles with the bedding of the limestone, and dips from the northern horizon about 75°. The vein averages three feet in width, and is a series of ore chutes or chimneys separated by vein matter more or less mineralized or mixed with ore. The City Rock is worked by upraises from an adit 2,000 feet long and somewhat less than a thousand feet below the crest of the divide. It yields a fine smelting ore, worth an average of $50 a ton. Enough was taken out in driving the lower adit to pay the cost of the work. It is a good property and in fine condition, a regular shipper of ore; it is mainly owned by R. C. Chambers, and is managed by L. U. Colbath, both of Salt Lake. The Eclipse, incorporated in New York and managed by Moses Hirschman, of Salt Lake, is developed by extensive workings to a depth of 700 feet, has steam hoisting works, has been for years a steady producer and shipper, and shows no signs of exhaustion. The Antelope & Prince of Wales belongs to the Walker Bros., of Salt Lake, * MtVES AND MINîNG, 27 tº has produced a round million, is exploited a length of 2,000 and a depth of 1,100 feet, appears to be a true fissure in lime, and is as it long has been a steady shipper of ore. The Reed & Benson is owned by Eastern men, managed by Fred. C. Reed of Salt Lake, and bears rich ore. It is high up on the crest of the Range, and at a depth of 500 feet the working of the mine from the top was stopped, and a tunnel begun to strike the vein a thousand feet from the croppings; this is now in 1,800 feet and being driven ahead. The Richmond & Teresa, the Nabob, the Carbonate, the Toledo, Highland Chief, the Lavinia & Grizzly, the Island & Davenport, are all noted mines, have produced largely, are extensively exploited, and have more or less mining plant, some of them good buildings and steam hoist and pumps. Of mines about Alta which have not reached the stage of large production may be named the Gardner & Morrill, McKay & Revolution, Centennial, Butte, Oregon, Ravine, the Whippy group, Wasatch & Humming Bird, the Fritz group, Geneva & Oxford, Sedan, Kate Hayes, Skipper, Jones & Paddock, Alpha, Peruvian, Moltke, Kenosha, Rocky Point, Albion, Maybird, Lexington, Gunderson, Rough & Ready, and many others. Most of them are to be cut at great depth by the numerous tun- nels being driven into the hills. These are steep and bare and the snow slides, so that by tunnel is the only way to open and work the mines. Many of these mining tunnels have already attained a goodly depth. Amongst them is the Snow Storm Tunnel, owned, together with a group of eleven locations, lying south and west of the City Rock group, by the Gardner & Morrill Mining Company, O. L. Gardner, of New York, President, and J. C. Morrill, of Alta, Superintendent. The tunnel is designed to open and prospect the veins, which bear all kinds of ore, copper, lead, silver, gold, and give some extraordinary assays. They have made 1,200 feet of ex- cavations, tunnel, drifts, and winzes, at a cost, including plant, of but $7.82 a foot. Evidently they have adopted the right principle—care and economy, too often lost sight of in gold and silver mining. On the Big Cottonwood, in its lower course, are the Maxfield, Oskaloosa, Fair- view, Dolly Varden, Norton, Thor, Bright Point, Montreal, Jupiter, Telescope, Croesus, Excelsior, Carrie, Queen Bess, McHawk, Gen. Garfield, Little Fred, Leg- get, Resolute, Topaz, Silver Mountain, Unknown, Boulder, Alta, Kate, Lone Pine, Relief, and a great many more. The Maxfield is a regular fissure vein producing 7o-ounce ore, now owned by an Eastern company which intends to open and work it. Most of these mines perhaps are incorporated. There are the Jupiter, the Old Evergreen, Silver Mountain, Albion, Imperial, Madelon Consolidated, and other companies, mainly local and lacking the means to do much. There is a continuous belt of mineral from the heads of the Cottonwoods, which flow west, through Scott Hill and Pinyon Hill and Bonanza Flat to the Ontario and beyond, including the heads of American Fork covering probably 100 square miles, and in which 618 min- ing patents have been applied for. All in all there is no more productive mineral ground known and none more accessible or favorably situated and endowed. AMERICAN FORK DISTRICT in Utah county, at the head of American Fork River, and is reached in 30 miles over a good canyon road from American Fork town, on the Utah Central, south of Salt Lake. The Silver Bell is the most prominent mine at present. It is a strong vein of milling silver ore, opened on the strike about 300 feet and to a depth of 400 28 R£SotſkCES OF UTAH, showing ore everywhere. An adit level is being driven in on the vein a distance of 2,500 feet, where it will intersect the working shaft a thousand feet below the crop- pings. Between 400 and 500 feet in this adit enters good ore. There is a group of locations which go with the Silver Bell, and altogether it promises to become a great property. In the vicinity are the Amaryllis, and the Non-Compromise, owned by the Com- stock Mining Company; the Russler, the Germania, and the Excelsior, belonging to the Utah Consolidated Mining Company; the property of the Miller Mining Company, which has produced nearly a million; the Pittsburg property, an immense deposit or vein of low-grade (in silver) lead ore ; the Sunday, Hidden Treasure, Mary Ellen, Live Yankee, West Extension, Bellerophon, etc. Lower down the hill and stream are the Wild Dutchman, Mono, Fairview, Caribou, Washington, First Chance, Orphan, Lost Maid, Annie, and many others. Some of these properties have a great deal of work done on them, and have paid well for it; many of them are producing steadily, in a larger or smaller way. Silver Lake District is generally merged in American Fork District. in common speech. It is on Deer Creek, and contains the mines of the Deer Creek Mining Company—the Beethoven, Happy Boy, Gov. Murray, Bertie, and Hope. The first two have been considerably developed and promise well. The Milkmaid is a fine prospect, or something more. The Helen Mar, in the highest sawteeth of the Range, shows a large body of low-grade (in silver) ore. There are beside the follow- ing locations, of which much is expected by their owners: Wasatch King, Kelsey, Hope, McCall, the Austin, and some others. The district is much like Little Cot- tonwood District, which joins it on the north, save that the ore-bearing lime seems to have been more eroded and carried away. On the sides and at the feet of the upper high steep hills, a great deal of very rich ore in both lead and silver has been found as float, supposed to be part of the debris too heavy to be swept away by the denud- ing agencies. BINGHAM CANYON. j This is West Mountain Mining District, West Mountain being the Oquirrh Range facing the Wasatch across Jordan Valley. Bingham Canyon opens a way into the mines, which is occupied by a railroad. The country is quartzite, broken up by massive dykes of eruptive rock. The mineral belt is broad and contains many fissure veins, sometimes crossing and sometimes conforming to the bedding of the country rock. They are of large dimensions, but on the whole continuous, and probably permanent, promising a long mining life to the district. The ore is partly galena, partly iron, largely silicious, both decomposed on and near the surface, forming car- bonate in one case, and brown hematite, very quartzy, in the other. The silver-lead ores have long been worked; the gold ores have hardly been worked at all. Amongst the famous silver-lead mines, which have turned out from 50,000 to 125,000 tons of ore each, worth $20 to $30 a ton, are the Old Telegraph, Spanish, Jordan, Neptune, and Revere. The Lead, Yosemite, and First West Extension of the Telegraph are similar mines which came to their productive stage later. They are all on the great lead belt which is nearly two miles long, and comprises beside. those named, the Telegraph, Miner's Dream, Portland, Wasatch, Hamlin, Victor, Grecian Bend, Rough & Ready, Utah, etc. The Lead appears to be below the MfMES ANt) Miñºf NG, 29 • * * *** bed of pyrites upon which some of the others have temporarily grounded, at the sur- face. The ore body is of irregular dimensions, but in general 128 by 180 feet, the strike being diagonal with the location. It is equipped with steam hoist, and owns a concentrating mill in Butterfield Canyon, with tramway to the mine. The shaft is 500 feet deep, and a winze goes 80 feet deeper. There is a vast amount of ore in sight (362,000 tons), one-sixth of which carries 50 per cent lead and 5 to Io ounces silver; the rest will by concentration go one ton in three 60 per cent, lead and 5 to Io ounces silver. The ore chimney shows no signs of bottoming and makes no water. The First West Extension of the Telegraph is equipped with steam hoist, and opened by shaft to a depth of 525 feet. A tunnel intersects the shaſt 75 feet below the crop- pings, and from this a level has been run either way IOO and 600 feet respectively, cutting three ore chimneys and exposing IO,OOO tons of ore, a soft carbonate, very desirable for smelting, 50 to 60 per cent. lead and 5 to 30 ounces silver, and a little gold. It is shipping to Sandy 500 tons of first-class ore per month, and piling on the dump nearly as much more of a lower grade for concentration, It has paid for plant and development with the 8,000 tons of ore taken out, and is now paying handsome dividends. The works are in a gulch, the ground rising each way, making the 75- foot level really 200 feet below the general surface of the mine. The Yosemite has a good mining plant, including steam power for hoisting, has been long worked, and still shows no signs of exhaustion, but it is generally worked out as fast as it is ex- ploited. It has, like the Jordan, Utah, and others of the low-grade mines, great quantities of the so-called gold ores. The Winnamuck, Tiewaukie, Dial, Aladdin, Live Yankee, Live Pine, Hooper, Last Chance, Alameda, Giant Chief, Cabin Home, Clipper, Bret Harte, Ida Elmore, Sacred, Hidden Treasure, Ashland, Northern Light, Rob Roy, Frisco, May Queen, Highland Chief, Keepapitchinin, etc., bear silver-lead ore in varying quantity, but generally of a much higher grade than those named as being on the great lead belt. The Ten-Forty, Greeley, Morning Star, Ashton, Centennial & Moscow, Eberhardt, Saturn, Croesus, Yampa, Amelia, and Arrowpeen may be said to grade in the quality of their ores between the two classes first mentioned. Some of them are thin and un- certain veins, others have been extensively if not always judiciously exploited, and have given up a good deal of marketable ore. The Tiewaukie, 800 feet below the croppings, has a very strong vein of exceed- ingly rich ore. It is a consolidation of thirteen locations, and is incorporated in Salt Lake. Located on the bluff side of the canyon, it requires no hoisting or pump- ing works, but will when worked below the bottom of the canyon. It ships easily $10,000 to $15,000 worth of ore to Sandy per month. The Winnamuck, having ex- hausted its ore chimneys down to the level of the canyon stream, seems to be para- lyzed. The Last Chance has been worked to a depth of 1,000 feet. It belongs to an English company as the Winnamuck does to a Holland company, and the old Tele- graph to a French company. One might think that these foreign companies, with their command of capital, experience, and skill, and reputed economical manage- ment, would achieve better results than our people, but for some reason they do not. The Mayflower produces a milling silver ore. It is a thin but true fissure, and opened to a depth of 500 or 600 feet. The ore is about the medium for Bingham grade. The Queen and the Lucky Boy, in Black Jack Canyon, also produce a 36 RESotſkCES of ty'ſ AH, true milling ore of high grade. They are both being extensively exploited and to great depths, and show considerable bodies of.ore in the various workings. Of the iron or gold ores Prof. Newberry says: “The ore in the Yosemite, Jordan, Utah, Red Rover, Spanish, Stewart, etc., varies from twenty-five to fifty feet in thickness, and as the strala are deeply cut by the ravines, the outcrops are sometimes 400 feet above the drainage and water levels. All this part of the veins is oxidized, and the ore is free milling, yielding on an aver- age about $10 to the ton in gold. The quantity of ore of this kind in these great and continuous veins is enormous, and sufficient to form the basis of a successful mining industry for years. The ore is very soft, is mined with great facility, and with proper appliances could be as cheaply crushed as any ore in the country. In many locations the mines can be worked by open cut. Here no timbering will be necessary, and the cost of mining and milling should not exceed $2 per ton. A profit of more than $5 to the ton may easily be secured, and thus the gold production of Bingham may become as great and profitable as that of the Black Hills.” There are a score of these mines beside those mentioned by Newberry, most of them consolidations of groups. The Old Jordan Company takes in the Jordan, which is a mile long, the American Flag, and Excelsior. It has a 60-stamp mill on the Jordan River, a million tons of ore in sight, and a IO-stamp mill on the ground with which it is experimenting. The principal owner is L. E. Holden, of Cleve- land, Ohio. The Stewart is incorporated in Salt Lake, and belongs to Gilmer, Salisbury & Co. It has as much ore in sight as the Jordan, and so has the Utah, belonging to Thos. R. Jones, of Salt Lake, and several others of these mines. The Stewart No. 2 was incorporated in Salt Lake as the Bevan Company; it has a sur- face area of 600;1,500 feet, is extensively opened, has a 10-stamp mill on Carr Fork, and has recently passed into the hands of an Eastern organization. The Essex, the Hopewell, the Summit, the Phoenix, and the Mineral Point companies are Salt Lake organizations, owning several locations each. All the ground on Carr Fork and its tributaries, on both sides to the top of the enclosing hills, and for a mile or two up and down, is located, and it is a gold Leadville. It would be idle to attempt to name the mines or describe their workings. The whole country is a bed of gold- bearing, quartzy, decomposed iron ore. If it could be quarried out on a great scale, and run through mammoth mills (and it can be) it would yield as large a profit as the Black Hills ores, which pay handsome monthly dividends year after year. Amongst locations in this section which promise to be of importance are the Omaha, Bonham, Highland Boy, Henry M., Sunrise, Sunset, Northern Chief, Nellie, Rodout, Fris- co, Hampton, Benton, Miners' Home, and Wide West No. 2. There are many more, perhaps, but this chronicle cannot even list them, nor the hundreds of mere prospects. The Bingham mines are most eligibly situated. The miner has a sure and quick market at Sandy, sixteen miles distant by rail. It is estimated that the district has sent out 500,000 tons of ore in the last ten years, making IOO,OOO tons of bullion carrying $8,800,000 in silver, $1,500,000 in gold, and $5,000.OOO in lead= $15,300,000. The carbonates of the surface bonanzas have been largely worked out. There remain enormous quantities of base ores, in a matrix of quartz and clay, untouched. MINES" AND MINING!. 31 STOCKTON. One goes to the Stockton mines from Salt Lake via the Utah & Nevada Rail- road, rounding the Oquirrh Range on the lake shore. They lie on its western slope, about forty miles west of Salt Lake City, near Rush Lake. The country is quartzite and lime, with underlying syenite. Granitic porphyry dykes disturb and cross the veins, which trend mainly with the formation. The gangue is oxide of iron, quartz, spath, and clay. The ore is silver-lead, mostly carbonate, free from bases, worth $20 to $30 a ton in the Salt Lake market. Formerly there were sºlters on Rush Lake, but it is more profitable to ship the ores to Sandy and sell" them than to re- duce them on the ground. So the smelters are dismantled, or shut up. Of the producing mines the Great Basin ranks first. It is opened on the strike about 400 feet, and to a depth on the incline of 940, the vein varying from a few inches to six feet in width. The mine has steam hoisting works and a concentrating mill. It is incorporated in Boston. Gen. P. Edward Connor is manager. Contig- uous to the Great Basin is the Quandary, ajao incorporated in Boston. It has steam hoisting works, but since the surface bonanza was exhausted no paying bodies of ore have been ſound in it. West of the Great Basin is the First National, incorporated in Cleveland, Ohio, which has steam hoist and is extensively exploited; and near by is the Silver King, a strong vein, out of which a good deal of ore ºs been taken— owned by General Connor. The Leonore, owned mainly by Col. Shaughnessy, is a large shipper of ore, and so is the Calumet. Amongst gºther prominent mines are the Maybelle, Merwin, Wade Hampton, Josephine, No You Don’t, Central, Eliza- beth, Victoria, Montana, Black Eagle, Lion No. 2, etc., on some of which consider- able work has been done and much ore extracted. * Dry Canyon and Ophir Districts, lying southeast of Stockton, opposite the Bingham mines, are almost abandoned at present, but it needs no prophet to foresee a bright day in the future for them. The Hidden Treasure, worked to a depth of 1,600 feet on the incline, the Mono, Queen of the Hills, and Kearsarge are Dry Can- yon mines, which have produced together two to three millions. At Ophir there are the Miners' Delight, Mountain Lion, Zella, and other noted mines, the surface bo- nanzas of which have been exhausted, and work struck for want of means or disposi- tion to go deeper or wider in exploitation. One day, new conditions, greater knowl- edge, accident, or luck, or pluck will break this spell of idleness, and the cheering note of a prosperous mining industry will again enliven Ophir and Dry Canyon. The whole country, including the Mexicos, has now been pretty well run over, and it is the opinion of the most experienced mining men that the next rush will be for aban- doned mines and districts, with no good cause for abandonment save the hope of do- ing better over the mountains and far away. Beyond these districts on the Oquirrh is Camp Floyd District. The Carrie Steele, with a 20-stamp mill, is the principal mine. It bears very rich ores but is pockety and uncertain, and has not been very successfully wrought. TINTIC. Southward of Camp Floyd, in Juab county, 80 to 90 miles from Salt Lake, still on the western slope of the Oquirrh, the range being much lower and less massive than at Bingham and Ophir, lies the Tintic Mining District, reached via the Utah Centra and the Salt Lake & Western railroads. About two-thirds of the ores carry gold, 32 RESOURCES OF UTAH. * silver and copper; the rest are lead-silver ores. The most important mines are the Crismon Mammoth, owned by the Mammoth Mining Company, a local incorpora- tion; the Eureka Hill, belonging to a company of the same name, also local; the Northern Spy, the Beck, and the Carisa. The Crismon Mammoth is a 40-foot vein apparently breaking across the stratification, opened on the strike 500 feet and to about the same depth. The main chimney is nearly a hundred feet in diameter, mainly clean ore, averaging 6 to Io per cent. copper and $30 to $40 gold and silver. A great quantity has been taken out, the mine having been a heavy producer for seven or eight years, but there must be more ore and better ore than ever down below. Deep enough it is likely to prove to be in the contact between the lime and granite, which are perhaps a mile apart on the surface. The 27-stamp mill of the company, which is ill-adapted to treat the ore, is to be dismantled, and matting furnaces having a daily capacity of 200 tons erected. Four, capacity daily, eight tons of ore each, are in operation, and six more are being built. Five tons of ore are run into one ton of matte, making a 50 per cent. matte, at a cost of $12 a ton of ore. The product is worth an average of $200 a ton in Salt Lake. . The process is a metallurgical success, and it is believed the local conditions are such as admit of its being made a success, economically. Mr. W. H. H. Bowers, of Salt Lake, is the introducer of matting, and if it succeeds he will become the owner of this noble property. The Tintic Milling & Mining Company has a complete IO-stamp chloridizing mill at Homansville. They own no mines, but different members of the company own the Northern Spy, the Elmer Ray, and the Park mines, and an interest in the Golden Treasure. The first supplies the mill with a majority of the ores reduced, bearing silver and gold, an average of $65 a ton. The Park ore is galena rich in both lead and silver. The Elmer Ray has some milling ores, but its present output is mainly pyrites and is used in the matting ſurnaces. The Golden Treasure ores are free milling and of good grade. Mining costs about $8 a ton; milling $16 to $24 according to the character of the ore. The mill does first-class work. It has room for ten additional stamps, and is capitalized at $50,000 in 500 shares. Joseph A. Sleeper is President; Alexander Graham, Superintendent. The Eureka Hill mine is in lime; it produces all kinds of ores; the workings are extensive; it has turned out a great deal of money, as high as $33,000 in a month. It has steam hoisting works but no mill. The ores are shipped and sold, usually in the Salt Lake market. Sometimes they are exceedingly rich, but their average mar- ket value is $30 to $40 a ton. John Q. Packard is president of the company and manager of the business. There are Io, ooo shares and they occasionally earn divi- dends. The Beck & Bullion are new locations adjoining the Eureka Hill property, the mines and ores being of the same general character. They have sent to market $100,000 worth of high-grade ore within a year. The latter is being judiciously opened and the ore taken out in sinking and driſting more than pays the cost of the work. The Sunbeam is one of the noted mines of Tintic. There are nine separate loca- tions on the ledge. The Sunbeam has steam hoist. There are a score of shafts and miles of galleries and winzes. Thousands of tons of ore have been extracted. The deepest shaft is 350 feet. Several are 200. The Tisora, Julian Lane, Bismuth, and Golden Treasure are on the Tisora ledge, and are all extensively exploited. The ores of all these mines, selected, carry 80 to 100 ounces silver to the ton beside gold -sº MINES AND MINING. • 33 and copper and often lead. They are milling rather than smelting, but probably matting in preference to either. The Mammoth Copperopolis is on the same line of fissure as the Crismon Mammoth and has many of the same characteristics. It be- longs to an English company, has long been idle, but with matting for its copper- silver-gold ores and railroad transportation, it is not likely to be so any longer. Amongst the mines which can only be named are the Bonanza, Swansea, Lucky, Undine, Governor, June Rose, Martha Washington No. 2, Black Dragon, Diamond, North Star, Hungarian, Cricket, Joe Bowers, Rising Sun, Morning Glory, King James, Silver Spur, Arizona, Brooklyn, Chloride, Red Rose, Rustler, Humpty Dumpty, Shower, &c., all of which have produced ore in greater or less quantity and generally of good quality, Above Silver City, the principal one of the four mining towns strung along the mineral belt for twenty miles (Eureka, Diamond, and Homans- ville being the other three,) there is an immense outcrop of iron ore carrying a little gold and silver, from which it is quarried out and taken to the various lead smelters to flux silicious ores—2O,OOO tons a year of it. It is the opinion of good judges that Tintic District has more paying mines and mines that a little money and perseverance would bring to the paying point, than any other in the Territory. Certainly in no district are prices comparatively so moderate. It is a fine place to mine, not high, not wet, mild winters, no snow-slides. The only drawback is scarcity of water, and this would be obviated were two or three mines (Joe Bowers and Tisora) to be worked, and the water made pumped out of them. It is a very inviting district for capital, skill, and enterprise, and it is nothing against it that many of the mines formerly productive are now idle, since the agricultural settler in a new country has nothing to contend with compared with what a poor man has to in opening, pro- viding plant, and getting even a good mine to the dividend-paying stage. About 520 applications for mine patents have been made in these West Mountain or Oquirrh districts. • tº: BEAVER COUNTY Contains five mineral-bearing ranges, striking north and south, to wit: the Wasatch, Granite, Star, San Francisco, and Wah Wah. The first forms the boundary line between Beaver and Piute counties. On the eastern slope, on tributaries of the Se- vier River, are the mines of Ohio and Mt. Baldy Districts (Marysvale), which will be noticed later. On the western slope mines have been discovered, but not much has been done, the timber being thick and no roads of consequence. Granite Range lies between Milford and Beaver, is seven miles wide by thirty long, fairly timbered and watered, easy of access on all sides, and is covered with mining districts: Antelope, McGarry, Granite, Bradshaw, and Lincoln. The moun- tain is more lime than granite. The ores are largely iron, carrying, however, lead, silver, and gold. Bradshaw District contains the Cave mine, which will be noticed below. Lincoln District boasts the first-discovered mine in Utah—the Rollins—a verv heavy deposit of argentiferous galena, owned at Salt Lake. Here also are the December, the Creosote, Coral Reef & Richmond, Lone Brother Nos. I and 2, Key- stone, Clutcher, and others, generally locally owned and worked as the means and opportunities of poor men allow. Several of the mines produce ores carrying a con- siderable percentage of bismuth, notably the Bismuth mine and the Lone Brother Nos. I and 2. 5 W. H. H. BOWERS, |H|| || |||||||||| ||||}| WESTERN AGENT FOR GRIFFITH & WEDGE, Zanesville, Ohio, MANUFACTURERS OF QUART, MILIS AND GENERAL MINING MACHINERY. Having designed over twenty of the late latest improved dry-crushing silver mills, among them the Alice G. and S. M. Co.'s 6o-stamp, and the Moulton Mining Co.'s 4o-stamp dry-crushing silver mills, at Butte, Montana, which are pronounced the finest and most complete mills in the world, I respectfully solicit the patronage of the mining public for estimates and bids as well as furnishing plans, on any quartz mills under contemplation. My long residence on the Pacific Coast, and personal study of the mining and metallurgical treatment of ores, enable me to design plans best adapted to the perfect and economical treatment of Ores. During the past three years we have furnished the machinery for the following Sº Milks: Alice Gold and Silver Mining Co., Butte City, Mont., . . . . . . . . . . 6o Stamp Dry Crushing Silver Mill. Moulting Mining Company, • & “ . . . . . . . . . . 4o “ § { { { { { {{ Algonquin “ & Phillipsburg, “ . . . . . . . . . . 20 ** & & & & & & g & Broadway “ & & Silver Star, “ . . . . . . . . . . 4o “ Gold Mill. Empire £ & & & Park City, Utah, . . . . . . . . . . . . o “... Dry Crushing Silver Mill. Together with many smaller-sized mills throughout the West. We defy any Manufacturer of Mining Machinery to show a more perfect lot of Quartz Mills than those named above, or & a Mill that is doing better work. We have suppled over fifty Mines with HOISTING ENGINES AND PUMPS. We respect. fully refer you to the Hoisting and Pumping Machinery of the Moulton Mine at Butte City, Mon- tana, which is the most complete and powerful east of the Comstock. $1000 CHALLENGE, $1000 THAT "I'llº IIITVEl Dilāll Clilillſ fll Clſiliſillſ Flūlāſ;” Will calcine and chloridize base silver ores to a higher percentage than any furnace now in use. By this improved combination furnace, only One-Half the Salt that is Required for Ordinary Furnaces is Necessary to treat ore, which alone would save the cost of the furnace in one year in many localities. No, ex- travagant Royalties, either on furnace or ore worked, are charged. The price of the furnace only is charged. For particulars and prices. address GRIFFITH & WEDGE, Or W. H. H. BOWERS, Zanesville, Ohio, Salt Lake City, Utah. MINES AND MINING. 35 STAR DISTRICT Lies about Shauntie Springs, on the south end of the Star Range, a few miles west of Milford. It formerly kept two or three smelters running, and has turned out a round million. Exhaustion of the surface bonanzas, distance from railroads, and the fall in lead, caused the temporary abandonment of smelting, but development in many of the mines has gone on, and they make a fine showing. It is claimed that the dis- trict contains 40,000 feet of shafts, tunnels, drifts, etc., in blasting ground. Amongst the leading mines are the Mammoth, opened by tunnel 600 feet long, intersecting a shaft 400 feet deep; the Hoosier Boy, shaft 220 feet deep, has turned out $120,000; the St. Mary's, extensively exploited and showing 3,000 tons of ore in the workings and on the dump; the Harrisburg group, of which the Kannarrah is the principal after the Wasco—the latter with shaft 900 feet deep, worked by windlass, and both of them paying their own way. In West Camp of this district is the Talisman, with 4,000 feet of workings, ex- posing a good deal of ore ; the Wild Bill, Flora, Ivanhoe, Empire, Zulu, Croesus, Dikes & Morehouse, Rebel, Hickory, Hidden Treasure, Summit, Elephant, Golden Era, Vicksburg, Newburg, Wyoming, Pleiades, Tribune, Valley, Vulcan, Cortez & Esmeralda, the latter a strong and continuous vein of free gold rock with true quartz gangue, The Tribune and Valley mines are fissures, shaft 135 feet deep, ore assay- ing $30 gold and $40 silver. Near Shauntie Springs, in Pig Tail Canyon, are the Burn- ing Moscow, a mountain of low-grade lead, standing over against a mountain of sil- ver-bearing fluxing iron, honey-combed by drifts and tunnels; the Boston, Baltimore, Mazeppa, St. Peter's, etc. The shipments to the Shauntie and other smelters from this district for eight years averaged 45 per cent. lead, 40 ounces silver, and $5 to $10 gold. ROCKY AND BEAVER LAKE DISTRICTS. These occupy the broken north end of the Star Range and country adjoining, and are full of ores carrying iron, copper, gold, and silver in combination, copper predominating. The Old Hickory and the O. K. are the prominent mines. They are very heavy ledges, but the ores are easily separated from the vein matter. Close- ly selected, they bear shipment to the seaside for reduction. Thus Milford is all but ringed about with, mining districts and mines needing only capital and work to make them dividend-payers. Beside those named, the Old Red Warrior, Burlington, Bell- flower, Florence, Lake Superior, Bunker Hill, True Fissure, Big Bonanza, Creed- moor, &c., make a good showing. The owners as a rule are miners who can just about earn enough money to keep up assessment work. Capital and well-directed energy would in a short time make Milford the center of as prosperous a mining sec- tion as there is anywhere. There is but little water in Beaver River at this point, but plenty can be had by sinking wells twenty feet. The whole valley, hundreds of square miles, might be made a garden by wells and windmills, and Granite and Star ranges which border it the scene of great and successful mining activity. There should be lead and copper smelters on the ground pouring out a steady stream of lead and copper riches, and there might be as well as not. There is no place in Utah where capital can be used to better advantage. 36 º RESOURCES OF UTAH. SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT Covers the San Francisco Range; it is west of the Star Range, and about 15 miles west of Milford. Frisco is the mining town and is 243 miles south of Salt Lake City, via the Utah Central Railway. The terminus of the main line is at Milford, Frisco being on a spur and 1,500 feet higher than Milford. The most prominent mine is the Horn Silver, owned by the Horn Silver Mining Company incorporated in New York; capital, $10,000,000 in 400,000 shares; Charles G. Francklyn, of New York, President; Harry C. Hill, of Salt Lake, Manager. The mine is a contact vein be- tween dolomite and trachyte. The outcrop resembled the top of a haycock and was found by accident. It is 50 feet thick, clean ore, and is opened by levels at suitable intervals nearly 500 feet on the strike down to the 500-foot level. It is dry in the deepest workings, yet about a mile away and at the same altitude, an artesian well 250 feet deep supplies the smelter with water, The ore is decomposed argentiferous galena worth about $50 a ton, of which it has cost perhaps 34 to get it into money, but this includes cost of plant. The mining and smelting plant is now very complete. The mine has produced not far from $6,000,000, and its heaviest output was that of the last six months, namely, 8,588 tons bullion, at $190 a ton, $1,631,720. It is equipped with steam hoisting works, and machinery for framing square timber sets; the ore-bins deliver the ore into the Utah Central cars, the company having extended the track from the Frisco depot to the mine. They have three 30-ton smelting stacks at Frisco, connected with the mine by rail, and five 60-ton stacks at Francklyn, on the Big Cottonwood, between the Utah Central and the Rio Grande Western tracks, six miles south of Salt Lake City. The latter are amongst the best works of the kind ever built. They have every modern improvement and appliance and run like clock work. The company own extensive lead refining works in Chicago. The affairs of the company are well managed; they are well equipped for a great business; are pay- ing dividends of $300,000 per quarter, and evidently have a long and prosperous future before them if their ores continue fertile in going down. Total dividends paid, $1,400,000. Frisco is the headquarters of the Frisco Mining & Smelting Company, capital, $2,000,000 in 80,000 shares; President and Manager, C. D. Bigelow of New York. The property consists of a 50-ton smelter and complete dry concentrating mill at Frisco; the Carbonate mine at Frisco; the Cave, Bigelow and other mines and pros- pects in Granite Range; and 800 acres of placer ground at Osceola, Nevada. The Carbonate is a strong fissure vein in trachyte, opened by a series of levels 200 to 600 feet long, down to the 600 level. The vein matter is trachyte, mainly, light and soft, mixed with rich argentiferous galena in the proportion of three or four parts of the former to one of the latter. Hence the necessity for concentrating the ores. The mine has steam hoisting works and furnishes its own water. The Cave is a series of oré- filled caves in limestone, appearing to have a general dip or strike as if in a sort of immense fissure or ore channel. A tunnel has been driven into the mountain 7oo feet, and ground broken for 200 feet on either side of it. The ore at first was mainly limonite, carrying $30 in gold and silver, a natural flux. Deeper in the mountain it has become more of a lead ore. The works have produced about $150,000 in lead, silver, and gold, in the last six months. The Lulu, the South Horn, and the North Horn, are locations south and north of the Horn Silver, supposed to be on the same contact fissure. There is a great MINES AND MINING. 37 vein of highly mineralized rock in all of them, but no clean ore rich enough to pay has been found in available bodies. They are regarded as very valuable and prom- ising ground, however, and as requiring only money and work to prove them so. There are of course a hundred other locations in the vicinity; but they have not reached the productive stage. Over the mountain, three miles or so to the northwest, in Copper Gulch, there is a valuable ledge or deposit of copper-silver ore, upon which the Cactus and Comet are the principal locations. The outcrop is distinguishable for a width of 50 feet and a length of 3,000. The ores are mainly sulphurets of copper, with considerable gray copper very rich in silver, and are distributed through the vein matter, which, like the enclosing country is an imperfect friable granite, and much lighter than the ores. After coarse crushing the ores can therefore be easily separated from the vein material by the use of jiggers, the vein furnishing the needed water. They should then be reduced to a regulus or matte on the spot. Although but little has been done on them it is not too soon to say with confidence that systematically developed and economically and judiciously managed, these properties will prove,a source of great profit to their owners. PINE GROVE DISTRICT Is in the Wah Wah Range, 30 or 40 miles west of Frisco. There are a number of locations and the Carrie Lucille has been opened to a depth of 200 feet, showing a strong vein of high-grade ore. The Red Rover is a vein of carbonate of good grade at a depth of 40 feet. It is a new district and little can be said of it as yet. MARYSVALE Is the town of Ohio and Mt. Baldy Districts, on the higher tributaries of the Sevier River, in Piute county, one of the best endowed parts of Utah; fine water, timber, and grass, high up, cool and pleasant, and good air. The Deer Trail, Green-Eyed Monster, and Cliff locations, generally known as the Deer Trail, constitute a valua- ble property, requiring only adequate reducing works to become dividend-paying. The ore in general carries about an ounce of gold per ton, and as much value in sil- ver, and there are IOO,000 tons blocked out by winzes and galleries. The Copper Belt,is the name of a group of valuable locations incorporated in Connecticut. The mine is opened to a depth of 300 feet, and on the strike about 150. They have a IO- stamp mill just started, and beginning to run out bullion. The ore is rich and is con- tinuous so far, the vein being twelve to twenty feet wide. Hoisting is done by a whim. Adjoining the Copper Belt are the Mammoth, Copper Chief, Senora, and several others, mere prospects as yet. In Bullion Canyon there are the Bully Boy & Webster, a strong vein of $40 ore, two shafts Ioo feet deep ; Chattanooga, Sunday, Red Jacket, Ferris, Giles, Star, Estella, Mohawk, Belle of the Vale, Senor O'Flan- nigan, Beecher, Sierra Nevada, Pluto, Fillmore, Homestake, Clyde, Crystal, Gov. Murray, Grant, Moose, Occident, Silver Hill, Silver Fleece, and twice as many more. On many of them considerable work has been done, rich ore taken out, and they stand a good show to make mines. The district needs capital badly. It is about ninety miles from the Utah Central at Juab to Marysvale. ANTIMONY. Some forty miles east of Marysvale, still on Sevier River water, in Coyote District, Iron county, is the property of the American Antimony Company, of which company COLORADO IRON WORKS, MANUEACTURERS OF Engines, Boilers, Railway Cast and Wrought Work, Bridge Work, Bolts and Bolt Ends, *—s #; s Building Work, Etc. §§ -- §s== Mining Machinery a Specially Our manufactures of Mining Machinery embrace every kind of machine and ap- pliance for the mining and reduction of ores. We have had an experience of more than twenty years in the manufacture and practical operation of Mining Machinery in Colorado and the neighboring States and Territories. Our facilities are superior to those of any manufactory in the West, our Works having been recently rebuilt, greatly enlarged and completely equipped. We invite the investigation of mine owners and mill men seeking machinery. We can furnish, on board at our Works or set up at the mines anywhere in the Rocky Mountain region, on short notice, \ Cornish Pumps, Steam Pumps, Stamp Mills for wet or dry crushing, Påns Settlers, Agitators, Retorts, Bullion and Ingot Moulds, Reverbratory Furnaces, Bruckner Cylinders, Revolving Roasting. Furnaces and Dryers, Melting. Furnaces, Concentrating Machinery, Rolls, Crushers, Conveyors and Elevators, Ore Samp- ſers and Grinders, Hoisting Engines, Water jacket Furnaces, Slag. Pots and Cars, Lead Pots and Ladles, Blast Pipes and Wa- ter Twyers, Blowers, Cupellation Furnaces, Market Kettles, Wire Rope, Cages, Buckets, Séips, Ore Cars, etc., etc. Estimates furnished and prices quoted on application. & Send for Illustrated Catalogue. COLORAD0 IRON WORKS, P. O. Box 1921, DENVER, COL. MINES AND MINING. 39 Anthony Godbe of Salt Lake is the organizer and manager. It consists of twenty- five locations, comprising 450 acres, consolidated. The pre occurs in strata between conglomerate and sandstone, and it is probable from workings already made that the yield will be I, OOO tons per acre. It appears to be purer in its native state than Cookson's best imported refined “star metal.” An analysis of this, made by Messrs. Booth, Garrett & Blair, of Philadelphia, and of these ores, made by Prof. Lehman, of Baltimore, given below, exhibits this: COOKSON'S REFINED STAR METAL. AM. ANT. CO’S. SULPHIDE ORES. Arsenic..... . . . . . . . ...................... 1.008 || Metallic Antimony.................... 71.320 Copper.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.021 | Sulphur.............................. .28,130 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.410 | Quartz ................................ 0.038 Iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.144 Iron.... ............................... 0.005 Cobalt and Nickel......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 013 | Arsenic, Tin.......................... None. Sulphur............ ......... 0.064 | Copper, Lead .... ... . . . . None. | No other substances present. With the exception of the O.OO5 of iron, this ore is chemically pure, the formula for pure sulphide of antimony being: *śny; #: = 100 This ore producing the purest antimony made, and there being a world of it, Utah promises to supply the world with its antimony. The company has purchased extensive premises at Sandy, on the Denver, Rio Grande & Western, and Utah Cen- tral railways, and will at once erect reduction works. The services of a competent antimony smelter have been secured, and he has arrived from England and will su- perintend the building of the reducing works and have charge of them when com- pleted. The success of this enterprise may therefore be regarded as an accomplished fact. Utah is full of such unique things, awaiting the coming of the brains necessa- ry to detect their value and make use of it. SILVER REEF. This town is named from the sandstone reef which fronts the Wasatch for Ioo miles, and contains a stratum or perhaps strata not differing much from the enclosing strata in appearance, yet impregnated with silver to the extent of $30 to the ton. It is in Harrisburg District, Washington county, Ioo miles south of Milford, in the Rio Colorado Basin. The country is sandstone, bare of vegetation; the mountains pre- cipitous and flaming; the lower interspaces abounding in black volcanic rock; the whole sometimes likened to a vast furnace, still red-hot from the cremation of a world. Most of the mines are incorporated and consolidated. The Christy Mill & Mining Company owns sixteen locations, about 280 acres, nearly all adjoining, forming a compact body. The principal mines are the Stormy King, Tecumseh, Silver Flat, Maggie, and California. The last two are equipped with first-class steam hoisting works. The ore is sandstone between sandstone walls, and is free milling, mainly chloride. It dips from the eastern horizon 15°. In the Tecumseh, Maggie, and California it has been followed 900 feet west from the crop- pings, and at that point is but 150 feet below the surface. In four and a-half years the Company has taken out 50,000 tons of ore, which has produced (bullion 940 fine) $1,276,355.79; yield per ton, $27.75; cost of mining, including prospecting and haul- 4O RESOURCES OF UTAH. ing to mill, $7; cost of milling, $4.35. There is a 5-stamp mill which for fifteen months has crushed 48 tons of ore per day—9% tons per stamp. The product for July was $40,000. Prospecting is far ahead, and there is ore in sight to run the mill two years. It grows better with depth. It will be seen that this is a fine property. It is incorporated in San Francisco; capital $6,000,000, in 60,000 shares. Presi- dent, Robert N. Graves; Secretary, Geo. R. Spinney; Superintendent, Henry S. Lubbock. It is a close corporation, ten gentlemen owning all the stock. It has never been listed on any exchange, and from the start has kept clear of debt and earned handsome dividends. The enterprise has been exceedingly well conducted both in San Francisco and at Silver Reef. , The Stormont Silver Mining Company is a New York incorporation, and owns the Stormont, Thompson, McNally, Last Chance, Buckeye, and Savage locations. They are worked through two shafts, which are well equipped with steam pumps and hoist and with safety cages. One shaft, 245 feet deep, strikes the vein 560 feet (on its dip) from the outcrop. There are four levels, each 1,500 feet long, connected by winzes, and sinking for the fifth level is well advanced. Much stoping ground above the fourth level is yet untouched. The ore is found anywhere within a certain zone, from ten to Ioo feet thick, limited by red sandstone above and white below, often in association with fossil remains and petrifactions of reeds and rushes. The deposits vary from a few inches to several feet in thickness, are 50 to 200 feet long, and IOO to 300 deep, sometimes connected with other bodies by stringers, sometimes not at all. The common grade of workable ore bodies is about $30 a ton. It crushes easily (7 to 9 tons per day to the stamp) and mills up to 80 or 85 per cent. in bullion 950 to 980 fine. The Stormont mill is on the Rio Virgen, six miles from the mines, is run by water, and has ten stamps, thirteen pans, and seven settlers. The cost of mining is extremely variable, between $8 and $15; of hauling to mill, $2,08; of mill- ing, $3.50. In three years the mill has reduced 44,675 tons of ore, which has pro- duced 976,934 ozs. fine silver=21.87 ozs. to the ton. Dividends paid, $145,000. The records of the Company show a steady production with moderate profit, and the prospect is good for long-continued success in the future. Chas. S. Hinchman, of Philadelphia, is President of the company, and W. I. Allen, of Silver Reef, is Manager. The Barbee & Walker Mill & Mining Company is a New York organization, in- corporated on the consolidated Barbee & Walker locations, embracing somewhat more than half a mile in length of the White Reef. Hoisting from the main incline, which is 500 feet deep, is done by steam, and the ore is delivered directly on the floor of a 5-stamp mill, which has pounded out in five years a round million. R. T. Gillespie is the Superintendent. The Leeds Silver Mining Company, a San Francisco organization, was the pioneer of the district. It owns a group of locations and a IO-stamp mill. It has taken out more than $800,000, and paid $78,000 in dividends. In all of these mines the silver-bearing rock is remarkably uniform, both as to richness and thickness of the stratum. The best geologists differ as to whether it came by sublimation, or was precipitated from a silver ocean, but they do not differ as to the probability of its great extent downward. The silver-bearing part of the Reef is known to be fifteen miles long, and Captain Lubbock is authority for the statement that there are groups of locations practically unimproved and producing nothing of any consequence, which MINES AND MINING. . . 4. I in all probability are as good as those belonging to the companies mentioned, and which could be purchased at very reasonable figures, consolidated, provided with a light mill plant, and made dividend-paying properties. Amongst these locations may be placed the Lulu, Independence, McKelvy, McMullin, Gisborn, Emily Jane, Van- derbilt, Butte, Stormy King, Grey Eagle, Duffin, Toquerville, Last Chance, May Flower, Lamb & Steele, Thomas James, Susan, Romulus, Napoleon, Gibfried, Sil- ver Plume, etc. - Deposits of rich copper ore are found in the sandstone near the Colorado River, from some of which the ores are shipped East; at Grand Gulch they are being smelt- ed on the ground. Certain districts in Northern Arizona—the Gold Basin, Mineral Park, and Cerbat-–find their nearest source of supplies at Silver Reef. Mining in them is reported as in a prosperous condition. There are some districts about Silver Reef, but so far they have done nothing in the producing stage. It is almost certain that other parts of the White and Buckeye reefs will some day be made as productive as that herein described, which has produced about $4,000,000 in five years, One- third of it profit. r i .. * MILLING AND SMELTING. There are 20 mills in Utah with 350 stamps or their equivalent, with perhaps Ioo pans and settlers. The cost of a chloridizing mill is $3,000 to $4,000 a stamp; of a gold mill, about $1,000. The cost of mining and milling has been given as far as it could be ascertained. There are four smelting stacks for lead ores at Frisco, one at Milford, and one at Park City, but the Swansea of Utah is the Jordan Valley between Salt Lake City and Sandy, 12 miles out. In this vicinity on the two south- ern railroad lines and on the waters of the Cottonwoods and/lesser Wasatch streams, there are 19 lead smelting stacks, 5 Horn Silver, 4 Mingo, 4 Germania, I Hanauer or Morgan, 5 Old Telegraph, the latter laid up. The sampling mills are at Sandy and in Salt Lake. Ordinarily, only the 5th or 6th sack of a lot of ore is sampled, and it costs a dollar a ton for the lot. If the whole is sampled, it costs $4 a ton. The sampler crushes to the size of peas, and sends sealed packages to the assayers, upon whose certificates it is sold or bought. The smelters have no schedule prices for ores. In buying, they take the lead and silver in them at New York prices; de- duct five per cent. for loss on gold and silver in smelting, and ten per cent. On lead; $26 freight per ton of bullion to New York; $16 to $18 per ton of bullion for refin- ing; and $10 to $12 per ton of ore for smelting. They probably do as good work in this line as is done anywhere in this country. The ores of Nevada and Idaho are sent to the Salt Lake market in greater quantity every year. At a smelting works there must be power for crushing and for making blast. The cost depends on the number and kind of stacks; a stack by itself, exclusive of power, may cost $5,000. Fluxing is generally induced by the simple mixing of ferruginous with silicious ores. Sometimes limestone has to be introduced to secure the proper equilibrium. The cost is from $8 to $18 a ton, according as silica or sulphur, or both, are present in the ores. The iron ore chiefly used is a brown hematite from Tintic, furnished and delivered at $7.50 a ton. Connellsville coke, worth $23.50 a ton, delivered, and charcoal at Io cents a bushel (15 to 20 elsewhere in the Territory) are used for fuel. It is believed that Utah coke will ultimately supersede the imported article, but it has not as yet. 6 * ir Continental Hotel ! (Formerly Townsend House.) Up This HIE is fitti U will ill Miſſ Immiſſils, The Best Family Hotels in the West And is located near the principal centers of business. Shade trees extend along the entire front, and beautiful park in rear. - WALKER HOUSE, Is the Principa Hotel, With all the conveniences of any first-class Eastern House, located in the business center of the city. It is especially convenient for tourists and business men. Special Attention is given to Guests in every Particular, G. S. ERB, Proprietor Continental Hotel and Walker House. * MINES AND MINING. 43 Kustel's process of treating silver ores, either naturally or artificially chloridized, by leaching with a solution of hyposulphide of soda, and precipitating with sulphide of calcium, has been tried in Utah, notably at the Old Telegraph works on the Jordan, and here the cost of leaching proper, at the rate of 100 tons a day, was 28 cents a ton. Roasting base ores with salt chloridizes the silver, and costs, usually, from $3 to $5 a ton. It is then ground in pans until the charge of quicksilver takes up the silver. Some think that leaching may be advantageously substituted after chlorid- izing for the usual pan amalgamation. The cost of mining in Utah, including dead work and hauling to mill, probably averages $10 a ton. In Northern Utah and about the smelters, laborers command from $1.50 to $1.75 per diem; miners from $2.50 to $3.50. In the sandstone coun- try, and generally in the south, wages are 25 per cent. higher. Supplies are perhaps 15 per cent. higher in the mining camps generally than in Salt Lake City and the chief towns. In these, farm produce, hay, grain, flour, and fresh meats, are about as cheap as in the States. Groceries are imported, and necessarily bear the additional cost of freight. Of mining machinery and hardware the same may be said, but Utah has the advantage of competition in this respect between San Francisco and the East. Most of the fuel used for power is brought from the coal mines on the Union Pacific Railroad, and in Pleasant Valley, and costs in Salt Lake City and in the Jordan Valley, $4.50 to $6.50 a ton; at the Bingham Canyon or Cottonwood mines, $8 to $10; the cost in both cases being chiefly freight. At Park City the supply is drawn from Coalville, and it costs $5 to $6 a ton, wood being $5 a cord. In this review it was not possible to notice every mining district, but only those of most importance, and the same may be said of the mines. There is a mining dis- trict in the northwest, (Tecoma,) and in the extreme, west, (Deep Creek,) west of Deseret (Detroit); there are the Willard and City Creek districts, and others of con- siderable importance, in which, for different reasons, not much is now doing. They will all be heard of in time, however, and to advantage. - THE GERMANIA LEAD WORKS Is a recent successor to the Germania Smelting & Refining Works. They are on the Big Cottonwood, seven miles from Salt Lake City, by the Utah Central and Rio Grande Western railways. The works comprise everything necessary (or will when fully completed) to produce from the ores Dore bars, litharge, and all kinds of lead, common, refined, white, sheet, pipe, shot, and test lead. The latter is chemically pure and is a specialty. The company introduced the use of fine lead obtained from silver-lead for corroding purposes in this country. They have four stacks of a daily capacity of 180 tons; refining capacity (using the sinking process,) 40 tons a day; white lead capacity, 3,000 tons a year; piping, sheet and shot lead, in proportion. English coke is used throughout the business. Perhaps the English company pre- paring to make coke at Wales, Sanpete county, will obviate the necessity of this. All the buildings are substantial, well arranged, and well appointed. Thus a new branch of manufactures is being established by an organization competent in every respect to carry out its purposes. The business is in charge of Mr. F. W. Billing, . and to his ability and enterprise is due this important addition to Utah’s industrial resources. The company is a California incorporation, capital $500,000 in 5,000 shares; J. G. Kellogg is President. & 44 RESOURCEs of UTAH. IRON AND COAL. The ores of iron occur all over Utah Territory in great variety. There are beds of micaceous hematite sixty feet thick at Smithfield, Cache county. About Ogden occur deposits and ledges of various kinds of iron ores. On the Provo, below Kamas, on the Weber and in the Ogden Canyon; on the Wasatch, above Willard and above Bountiful; in City Creek Canyon, at Tintic, in the Cottonwoods, scattered over the desert, bursting out of the mountain slopes—in the North, the Centre, the South, the East and the West—iron ores in all variety, save the spathic ores alone, are found. Many of the silver mines have a stratum of iron ore, carrying enough silver to make it valuable, aside from its use in fluxing silicious ores. In all of the eighty mining districts of Utah it is probable that iron ores are more plentiful than any other. Some of the more prominent and accessible deposits have forced themselves into notice, but there will not be much definite knowledge, either of the quantity or quality of our iron ores, until somebody shall have established the business of iron-making in all its branches in Utah. Attempts have been made in this direction in Iron county and at Ogden, but the conditions have thus far been such as precluded the possibility of suc- cess. For the purpose of fluxing silicious silver ores, the iron cropping out on the slope of the Wasatch, above Willard, some deposits in Morgan county, near the line of the Union Pacific, some in the Wah Wah Range, 25 miles southwest of Frisco, and the Iron county deposits have been drawn on to a slight extent. The chief source of supply of the Sandy smelters has been in Tintic Mining District, and occurs in a belt about 300 yards wide and 1% miles long, striking northeast and southwest, lying on the mountain side sloping toward Dragon Hollow, which leads from Silver City upward to the summit of the Oquirrh Range. A hundred thousand tons has been quarried out of this belt in different places; the quarries may be IOO or 200 feet long, and carried into the hill 40 or 50 feet, gaining a breast in that distance 40 or 50 feet high. It is easily selected so as to yield 50 to 60 per cent. of iron, and it generally carries a little silver and gold. THE IRON COUNTY DEPOSITS. The most important iron ore deposits known in Utah are in Iron county, about 300 miles south of Salt Lake. The iron belt is two miles wide and extends from three miles north of Iron Springs southwestwardly to within three miles of Iron City— sixteen miles—crossing a spur thrown out northward from the Pine Valley Mountains, which rises perhaps 1,500 feet above the plain, and is called Iron Mountain. The southern end of the belt naturally gravitates toward Iron City, the northern end toward Iron Springs. The centre of the belt for six miles has but one prominent iron out- crop, called “Desert Mound.” The Iron Springs group of mines are all within three miles of Iron Springs, part on the northeast, part on the southwest. The Iron City group begin three miles northeast of Iron City, and extend four miles. These two groups and the Desert Mound include the entire outcrop of iron that is apparently worth taking up. They cover in all some fifty claims or locations, and sum up, if patented 600 feet in width, including 240 acres of patented ground, about 1,000 acres. Probably one-fourth of them are not worth patenting. The country is granite and porphyry, with dykes of limestone, the latter important as a flux. The ores are magnetite and hematite, and different outcrops have been tested sufficiently to satisfy Prof. Newberry, who had samples assayed at Columbia College, tRON AND COAt. - * 45 that they afford a practically unlimited quantity of fine Bessemer ore. Practical iron workers concur in saying that they are very remarkable deposits, whether considered with respect to quantity or quality. One said to the writer that they exceeded in extent and apparently in quality the famous Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob deposits in Missouri. He could not compare them with the Lake Superior deposits, because he had never seen them. It is estimated that 3,000,000 tons may be seen in the “Blowout” alone, above the surface of the contiguous ground. Other deposits ex- pose their million tons each, although but little effective development work has been done. There are probably 50,000,000 tons of iron ore embraced in these claims, above, and within easy reach, below the surface. Not all pure ore, but including many ledges or deposits, practically inexhaustible and of superlative quality, sufficient, without intermixture, save with each other, for the production of Bessemer iron and steel. Prof. Newberry says of them: .. “The deposits of iron ore near Iron City and Iron Springs, in Southwestern Utah, are probably not excelled in intrinsic value by any in the world. The ore is magnetite and hematite, and occurs in a belt fifteen or twenty miles long and three 9. four miles wide, along which there are frequent out-crops, each of which shows a length and breadth of several hundred feet of compact massive ore of the richest quality. There are certainly no other such deposits of iron ore west of the Missis- sippi, and should it be found practicable to use Utah coal for the manufacture of pig and bar iron and steel from these ore beds, it would be difficult to overestimate the influence they would have on the industries of the Pacific Coast.” A letter published from Mr. Brittan, a prominent Philadelphia iron-master, says: s “Some time ago I analyzed a number of samples of iron ore and limestone from Southern Utah, (it was from these mines) and have information as to the magnitude of the deposits. At first, I was somewhat inclined to discredit the statements, but afterwards had them confirmed by a well-known English iron-master, who had him- self visited the locality. I now hold the impression that these deposits are among the wonders of the world. If such coke as you sent me can be be produced there in quantity, Utah's iron resources must exceed those of any other section in the Union.” The analyses spoken of were five, and were made for iron, phosphorus, and sul- phur only. The average result was, of iron, 64 per cent.; of phosphorus, 12 per cent, sulphur, practically none. Mr. W. A. Hodges, of Salt Lake, analyzed two samples—No. 1, of magnetite, No. 2, of hematite—for the writer, and obtained the following result: IrOn. Phosphorus. Sulphur. Silica. No. 1................... 62.60 I\OIlê. - .12 4.8 No. 2...................60.90 Il OIlê. .08 5.7 Mr. Brittan analyzed a specimen of the limestone near Iron City, finding of car- bonate of lime, 80.35 per cent., and of insoluble silicious matter, IO.92 per cent. * - WATER—FUEL–COAL. There is but little surface water at Iron Springs or at Iron City, but good water in plenty can be got out of wells fifteen to thirty feet deep. At Cedar City, between the iron and coal deposits, there is plenty of running water for iron works of any pos- sible magnitude. There is enough timber in the country to furnish charcoal at cheap rates for some years. There is coal in the vicinity of Iron City, but probably laid 1. Geo. M. Scott & Co., Wholesale and Retail Dealers in Hardware, Iron, Steel, ETC., ETC., ETC. Miners' and BlackSmiths' Tools, Fairbanks' Standard Scales, Fan Blowers for ventilating mines, Blake's Steam Mining and Boiler Pumps, Tubbs’ Manila Rope, Best Rubber and Leather Belting, Rubber Hose, etc., etc. Usudurian Rubber, Asbestos and Hemp Packings, Bar and Pig Lead. The NATIONAL STEEL TUBE CLEANER FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. Iron Pipe from One-Fourth to Six Inches. Agents for John A. Roebling's Son's Co.'s STEEL WIRE ROPE. Boilers and Engines, PORTABLE HOISTING ENGINES. The Chalmers-Spence Co's Pat. Non-Conducting Removable Covering. Agents for Rankin, Brayton & Co’s T_TEALID & COIE’IFIEIFR, IETTUTER, INT_A CIEHS. Quartz Mills and Hoisting Works, RANGEs A-INTID STOVIES. 44, 146 & 1.48 Main Street, POST OFFICE BOX, 244. SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, IRON AND COAL. 47 down in too small basins to be of much account. There is coal outcropping for fif- teen miles in the face of and near the top of the Wasatch (called Cedar) Mountain, back of Cedar City (east,) probably extending east, the Range here being a mesa (table-topped,) ten to twenty miles. It has been coked on the ground, and, it is affirmed, answered well in the Horn Silver stacks at Frisco. Speaking to this point, Prof. Newberry says: “Within fifteen miles of the iron ore beds, and separated from them by a nearly level plain, are deposits of coal which I believe can be successfully used for smelting iron, and which are certainly capable of furnishing a fuel that will perform all the other duties of coal, and that in inexhaustible quantities. These coal beds are con- nected with the coal fields of Eastern Utah, but it is only here that they push through the mountains into the ‘railroad valleys' which lie between the Wasatch and the Sierra Nevada. Several beds of coal here crop out on top of Cedar Mountain, beds which vary from 5 to 18 ſeet in thickness. The coal is of the Cretaceous Age, and equal in quality to any of the Western coals. It makes a fairly good coke, apparent- ly as good as that manufactured at Trinidad, Colorado, and so extensively used for metallurgical purposes in that State. It is ſully equal to the coals of Central and Northern Utah; hence it will probably furnish a ſuel adapted for smelting and manu- facturing iron.” UTAH COAL FIELDS. There is coking coal at Wales, in Sanpete Valley, connecting via the Sanpete Valley Railway with the Utah Central at Nephi. A thousand tons were made there a ſew years ago and sold to the Sandy smelters. But they had a poor plant for wash- ing and coking, and too long a wagon-haul, and so could not make it a success, eco- nomically. The Sanpete Valley Railway Company own eight miles along the strike of a ſour-foot vein of coal pitching under a heavy mountain—IO,350 acres—and they intend to set up the best possible coking plant and enter upon the manufacture of the article. Coke has also been made in Pleasant Valley, a great coal-field lying east of Sanpete Valley, and there is no doubt that selected coals of the great coal-field in Castle Valley, adjoining Pleasant Valley in the south, will make coal. Mr. Blodgett Brittan, the iron man beſore cited, gives the following analysis of the coal and the coke from it: COAL CORE. Volatile matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.61 2.70 Fixed carbon......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.21 94.05 Ash......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.88 3.25 A. P. Bouton, M. E., reporting on the coal veins of Sanpete Valley, says: “The coal is of a dark brown color, highly stratified, as it naturally would be so near the surface, having been exposed for vast ages of time to the oxidizing forces of nature, carrying in the lines of fracture the scales of sulphate of lime, increasing the percent- age of ash. These mineral salts must of necessity prevail here, being deposited by the water-carrying minerals in solution. The salts disappear very rapidly in going in on the veins, and in proportion as you get beyond the brecciated rocks overlying the outcrop through which these mineral waters have been filtered. Samples obtained about forty feet in depth from the surface, by analyses yield as follows: Mºisture .................................................................................. Bitumen... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... 48 RESOURCES OF UTAH. This coal, by distillation, makes an excellent article of coke, having a fine metal- lic lustre, but is a little lighter than that obtained from the Cumberland coals. In the manufacture of iron an efficient and ample supply of fuel is the great desidera- tum. With an estimated area of 20,000 square miles of coal lands, extending from the northern boundary of the Territory to its southern border, there need be little or no apprehension of a deficiency of combustible material for some time to come.” The coal of Utah has a thickness of 165 feet, and lies mainly along the eastern slope of the Wasatch Range, from the Uintah Reservation through Pleasant Valley, on Huntington Creek, in Castle Valley, and on down to Kanab and Pahreah, on the Colorado River. The formation may have been entirely carried off by erosion in considerable areas, but it was all originally coal-bearing, and thousands of square miles of it have not been eroded away. Central Utah finds access to this vast coal- field through Spanish Fork and Salina canyons. The Denver & Rio Grande West- ern, now building between Salt Lake City and Denver, has already, passed the Wasatch Range through Spanish Fork Canyon, and a branch from Tucker to Sco- field in Pleasant Valley, where the company owns several square miles of coal, is in operation, and delivering coal in Salt Lake Basin at the rate of 50,000 tons a year. Utah has bought within ten years 500,000 tons of Wyoming coal at a cost of nearly $4,000.oOo. She will henceſorth save one-half at least on that score. The coal is a good brown coal, and the vein thick enough so that a train of boxcars can be backed into them to be loaded. The same company has projected and begun a branch road from Grand River through Salina Canyon into Central and Southern Utah. It is said that these roads are hardly out of sight of marketable coal banks from Gunnison, Colorado, to Salt Lake Valley. There is good coal on the Weber River and its tributaries, for ten or fifteen miles above Echo. These beds have been wrought for fifteen years. Some of them are opened to a depth of 1,000 feet, and are well equipped with steam pumps and hoist. The mines about Park City draw their sup- ply from these deposits. The coal is an excellent house and steam-making fuel. WILL IT PAY. It has been said that “in order to justify an increase of the iron-making plant of the world, a place must be found where the materials for iron-production are plenty and contiguous to each other, where labor is intelligent and steady and reasonably cheap, where supplies are to be had at ordinary rates, where there is an ample and accessible market at hand, and withal far enough away from the iron-making world of America and Europe to defy competition.” If there is such a place it is in Utah. The materials for iron-production occur in unlimited quantity in Iron county within 20 miles of each other. The railroad approaches to the Iron Mountain from all points are easy, and when the roads already projected and in process of construction are completed, the whole Pacific Coast will be in direct communication with these mines, and they will have an outlet toward New Orleans as well. These roads comprise thousands of miles, and of themselves, with their indispensable branches and feeders, will make a hungry market for Bessemer iron and steel, and also insure competition in the transportation of materials and of manufactured products. The Utah laborer is reliable, intelligent, and steady, and is contented with lower wages than the same quality of labor commands elsewhere. Many of them were born and reared in the coal and iron districts of Great Britain, and are familiar with all branches of the iron- making business, The staple foods for man and beast are more plentiful and cheaper COAL AND IRON. 49 and better than in most places, but such things as cannot be grown or manufactured in Utah are higher in price than at either seaboard or in the Mississippi Valley. Striking an average, however, it is safe to say that all needful supplies are to be had at ordinary rates. The product would need fear no competition nearer than St. Louis, 1,500 miles away. Colorado is not taken into account, because she lies east of the Mountains, and her iron ores will not suffice for more than her own wants. On the Pacific side we are protected by the duties on foreign iron and steel; on the east, by the cost of carriage over 1,500 miles of space, which, rated at twice the cost of trans- portation in New York State, would be $30 a ton. So far as known, there is no coal of account north or south or west of Utah in the United States, and no iron ores occur at all compared to ours. With great works, thoroughly equipped for all branches of the business, it is therefore not easy to see why we may not justly count on having and holding the entire Pacific Slope for a market for our product. The guery, “Will it pay P” must be answered in the affirmative. A CENTRAL LOCATION. It might be good policy, however, to locate iron works more centrally as regards the Territory, than in Iron county. There are enough ores there to long outlast the fuel. There is coal there, and a good deal of it, but it is hardly true that it is inex- haustible, while it is substantially true of the coal fields in Central Utah, in Pleasant and Castle valleys. Commission r Morrell (to Paris Exposition, 1878, Vol. 3 of Reports) says that nearly two-thirds of all the coal produced in Austro-Hungary in 1876 (8,000,000 tons) was lignite. “Until the present century,” he says, “charcoal was the only fuel that was used, both in the furnaces and in the refinery forges; but now wood, brown coal, or lignite, and coke, are also employed. Lignite is used with excellent results in blast and puddling furnaces in Styria. In parts of Bohemia, Mo- ravia, and Austro Silesia, coal is scarce or impure, and lignite and wood are used.” It seems that a great iron industry has been sustained in these countries for a long period, with lignite as its chief fuel. Colorado is building up an iron industry on the same fuel. Her lignites are no better than those of Utah. There is no reasonable doubt that our coal will answer every purpose in connection with the business. As to the contiguity of the iron and coal, were iron works established on the Sevier River where the Utah Central Railway strikes it, about 100 miles south of Salt Lake City, they would have unlimited room and unappropriated water; they would be in the great farming section, and easily accessible from all quarters; they would be within IOO miles of the great central coal fields, and equidistant (180 miles) from the Iron county and Cache Valley iron deposits, the extremes on either hand. The average haul of materials could hardly exceed ICO miles. It would cost $4 to get the material for a ton of pig iron together at that point, allowing twice the actual cost of freight carriage in New York State. This is far less than the average cost in this country, where, as Mr. I. Lowthian Bell, M. P., says in his report to the British Government, “it may and does happen that distances of nearly 1,000 miles intervene between the iron ore and the coal”; and where, as Commissioner Morrell says, “nearly one-third the cost of all the finished iron and steel made is created by un- avoidable railroad transportation.” This locality would be 600 to 800 or 900 miles only from every live centre of industry on the Pacific Slope, including San Francisco. Pig iron, made at this point, or at the point named above, could hardly cost more than $10 a ton, and at $1 per ton per Ioo miles freight to San Francisco, say 900 7 lº sº º ºs. ºº GEO. A. LOWE, 9 *. P.Schuttler's Wagons, Buckeye Feapers, Mowers, AND SELF-BINDERS, Threshing Machines, Headers And a full line of the Latest Improved AGRICULTURALIMPLEMENTS Ames' Portable Engines, Knowles' Steam Pumps, Cooper & Co.'s Saw Mills, Lane Saw Mills, Leffel Turbine Water Wheels, —ALSO,- IRON, STEEL, HORSE SHOES, AND All Kinds of Wagon Material, SALT LAKE CITY and OGDEN. OTHER MINERALS. 5 I miles, it could be delivered there $4 or $5 cheaper than the ordinary price there. The same or a greater difference in favor of Utah manufacture would obtain for bar iron, which costs $60 a ton in Pittsburg, and $30 a ton freight to San Francisco. By the time works can be established, the railroads will be done, and there is an im- mediate and profitable market at our doors, which we can at once command. Of course the conditions of the problem would not be materially changed by the location of the works at Salt Lake or Ogden. THE OGIDEN IRON WORKS. After many vicissitudes, the Ogden Iron Works seem to have fallen into the right hands, and are about to be made to test this problem practically. Mr. C. W. Scofield, a large stockholder in the Denver & Rio Grande Western, and Mr. Jones, an Eastern iron man of experience, have secured control of the property, and have just commenced operations. They own thirty-three acres of land near the junction of the four railways entering Ogden, a 45-foot stack, with lift and hot-blast oven, rolls for railroad and bar iron, lathes, drills, planers, and a full complement of tools for a machine shop. Pig iron, some kinds of rolled iron, and certain castings, in- cluding stoves, which now cost three times what they ought, will be first made. Charcoal will be used for fuel, then coke, and perhaps our brown coal, at least in part. They have no doubt that they can make a satisfactory coke from the Pleasant Valley coal. Good coke is made from coal with exactly the same constituents. We have imported within ten years 70,000 tons of coke at a cost of $1,800,000. He will be worthy of the laurel who succeeds in stopping this drain. If good ores can be fºund within a reasonable haul, and our coal can be used for fuel, the Ogden iron plant will be gradually increased, until there is none larger. The four great iron- producing districts of the United States are Pennsylvania, Michigan, Missouri, and Tennessee. There is nothing required but setting about it to make Utah the fifth. It is older now than the iron country in Michigan is, which is exporting more than 2,000,000 tons of iron ore per year, worth at the furnaces $8 per ton; worth at the mine dumps $3 per ton, or a total of $6,000,000. Michigan has a market for her ores, it may be said. Utah has a market for the manufactured product, which is very much better. Pittsburg, and Cleveland, and other places take Michigan's $6,- OOO,OOO worth of raw material, and, providing the fuel, of course, turn it into thirty or fifty millions. Utah can do all that herself, but it wants iron men and iron men's money. And that is all it wants. OTHER MINERALS. Sulphur is formed by the condensation of escaping sulphur fumes from volcanic laboratories. There are several beds of it in Utah, most important of which is one in Millard county, fifteen miles from the route of the Utah Central Railroad. It covers nearly 300 acres, and of many openings made by shaft and cut none shows it to be , less than twenty feet thick. At that depth the still active exhalations become intol- erable. Some of it is .98 fine, but the average is about .65; the sulphur beds of Sicily being .20. The commercial value of the Utah find is chiefly a question of transportation. Rock salt, much efit almost perfectly pure, is mined in Salt Creek Canyon and on the Sevier. The northern part of Utah abounds in salt springs, per- petually pouring into Salt Lake. The brine of Salt Lake is about 17 per cent. solid matter, averaging the lake, 85 per cent. of which solid matter is salt. As evapora- 52 RESOURCES OF UTAH. tion of this water proceeds, the glauber and epsom salts naturally separate from the common salt, so that much of the article manufactured is .97 fine. The sun makes thousands of tons every season, as the annual spring tide of the lake recedes from its ragged and shelving shores, most of which is left to be reabsorbed by the yearly re- turning waters, there being no adequate demand for it. Perhaps 5,000 tons a year are used, chiefly in chloridizing silver ores. For this purpose it is sent into adjoin- ing Territories to some extent. The price in Salt Lake City of the crude article is º: A good salt for table and household use is manufactured from the sun and shore product of Salt Lake. Certain salt springs twenty-five miles east of Montpelier (in Wyoming) yield a salt comparing with Liverpool and Salt Lake salt as follows: Pure Salt. 100 Parts Bear Lake Salt............................................................... .97.531 100 Parts Liverpool Salt..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... 94.227 100 Parts Salt Lake Salt................................................................. 79.100 The residue from the first contains less sulphate of magnesia than that of the last two. Gypsum, both in the crystallized and oxidized state, is very plentiful in Utah, the most noticeable beds or ledges being in Sanpete county, above Cove Creek, on the Muddy, and especially near Nephi. There is a vertical ledge of gypsum just back of Nephi IOO feet wide and 1,200 feet long, enough to supply all possible de- mand in the Rocky Mountains to the end of time. In connection with the iron ore beds, the red and yellow ochres abound and are widely disseminated. In the Salt Lake Museum there are samples of lead, iron, and chrome pigments, Venetian red, fire-proof paints, chrome yellow, and green, and white and red lead, made from native ochres and lead. Yet no one seems to have produced these articles in quantity and quality to make them objects of commerce, or even to supply the home demand. The shale beds, underlying which, in strata not exceeding twelve inches in thickness, occurs what is called “mineral wax,” appear to extend over an area of a thousand square miles, and to be from sixty to one hundred feet thick, the part rich in gas and paraffine oils twenty to forty feet thick with occa- sional thin seams of coal. They are cut across and exposed by Spanish Fork Can- yon, and are similar in general characteristics to the wax-bearing beds of Galicia, in Austria. Whether these shales are rich enough to justify distillation, has not been tested on a working scale, but it is believed they are. Thorough prospecting with oil-well tools might develop a new petroleum district. The Promontory Range, which projects thirty miles into Great Salt Lake from the north, bears vast beds of alum shales, and a similar formation is met with in Sanpete county, on the Sevier, while alum, in combination with other minerals, is found almost everywhere. It has not been put to any use as yet. Various kinds of soluble salts, appearing generally in shales or as a surface efflor- escence, sometimes several inches in thickness, are found in different localities in Utah. Near Independence Rock, Emigration Canyon, the carbonate of soda exud- ing from the ground was used by the first immigrants in making bread, and it an- swered very well. On the Salt Desert, west of Great Salt Lake, there are great quantities of saleratus, and in many places in the south there are shales and beds of exuded salts, thick and extensive enough to justify more attention than the subject seems to have received. Much of the Tintic and other iron ores used in fluxing lead ores, and supposed OTHER MINERALS. 53 to be fifty to sixty per cent. iron, is in truth about forty per cent, iron and twenty per cent. manganese. This kind of ore is especially valuable in making Bessemer steel. There are veins of sulphuret of antimony, three to six feet thick, near Brigham City, averaging for the entire vein matter twenty to thirty per cent. antimony, some of it assaying twice as high. Once separated from the gangue, the antimony could be smelted with raw coal as cheaply as pig lead. Perhaps the separation might be ac- complished by mechanical means. Antimony is worth eleven to twelve cents per pound. Mica abounds in Southern Utah, and in the range separating Weber from Salt Lake Valley, being exposed in City Creek and Farmington canyons. None in sufficiently large flakes to be of commercial value has yet been brought to light, but doubtless it would be were some one with means persistently to set about it. Clays of all varieties, brick-clays, clays for fire brick, fatty clays, potter's clays, and porce- lain clays, or kaolins, are found in Utah in different places, west of Utah Lake, in Beaver, and Sevier, and Davis counties, and in many of the mines. The deposits west of Utah Lake, near Lehi, are quite remarkable, both as to quantity and quality. Fire brick are made from clay at Bingham Canyon, while in Frisco Mining District there is a fire-stone which has superseded fire brick in furnaces in that vicinity. It is soft and can be cut like soapstone, is in unlimited quantity, and hardens on expos- ure to the fire. Copper is found in nearly all of the mining districts of Utah. Tin- tic, Big Cottonwood, Snake District, and Beaver county are full of it. There are copper veins in Bingham Canyon and on Antelope Island in Great Salt Lake, and outbursts of very rich copper ores in the sandstone country of the Colorado. It gen- erally occurs in connection with other metals. If the matting of copper-silver-gold ores, just introduced by Mr. W. H. H. Bowers at the Crismon Mammoth works, in Tintic, proves an economic success, it will be adopted in other localities, and an im- portant addition made to our mineral output. Mineral discovery, and especially metallurgy, are as yet in the first stages of infancy in Utah. Nothing has been sought after but the precious metals, and incidentally, their almost universal matrix, lead. No one knows all the rare minerals available for commerce in the ores of the Terri- tory, to say nothing of the ores still unearthed, the search for which has compara- tively but just begun. Gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, coal, zinc, antimony, arsenic, sulphur, and salt are common and plentiful enough ; but cinnabar, bismuth, cobalt, molybdenum, and perhaps some others, are known to exist, and bismuth, both at Tintic and in Beaver county, it is believed, in quantity and of a quality to be profit- ably worked. Of building stone there is scattered all over Utah, and very accessible, every va- riety, and in inexhaustible plenty. Among the best and best known are the granite, from the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon ; the true red sandstone of Red Buttes, near Salt Lake City, and the white secondary sandstone or oolite of Sanpete county. At Logan, an easily quarried square-breaking limestone, impregnated with iron, is largely used for buildings. Marbles, black, banded, variegated, cream-colored, gray, and white, all susceptible of a fair and some of them of a fine polish, are found at va- rious points; as on the islands in Great Salt Lake, at Logan, Alpine City, Dry Qan- yon, on the Provo, at Frisco, and at Tooele City. The Logan marbles are begin- ning to be used some for slabs, furniture, mantel-pieces, etc. Antelope Island af- fords the best and largest slate quarry in Utah, so far as known. It is unlimited in quantity, green and royal purple in color, and is of as good quality as any slate of DESERET National Bank, Salt Lake City, Utah. Capital, $200,000. Surplus and Profit, $150,000 * -- DIRECTORS: WM. H. HOOPER, President, WILLIAM JENNINGS, & IH. S. ELDREDGE, Vice-Prest., FERAMORZ LITTLE, JOHN SHARP, NICHOLAS GROESBECK. L. S. HILLS, Cashier. Collections will Receive Prompt and Careful Attention. MANUFACTURES. 55 commerce, much better, indeed, for roofing, sinks, or billiard tables than the slate imported from the East. Fossils of the silurian, devonion, lower and upper carbon- ifierous, permian, cretaceous, and lower and upper tertiary formations abound in Utah, and specimens of them as well as of petrified woods, volcanic products, obsid- ian glasses, magnetic sand, whatnot, may be seen at the Salt Lake Museum. MANUFACTURES. The following table exhibits the growth of manufactures in Utah: | 1850 1860 | 1870 1880 Number Manufacturing Establishments. 14 48 533 1, 66 Number of Hands Employed........ . . . . 51 389 1.534 3,221 Capital Invested.......................... | $44,400 $443,356 $1,491,898 $2.839.463 Value of Products........................ 291,223 900,153 2,348,519 4 217,434 An increase of 1400 per cent. in 30 years. The chief articles are flour, lumber, leather, boots and shoes, harness and saddlery, woolen fabrics, yarn and hosiery, charcoal, brick, lime, and beer. There are fifty or more flour-mills, as many saw-mills, twenty tanneries, twenty boot and shoe factories, woolen mills containing 5,000 spindles, ten furniture factories, and three foundries. The manufacture of bul- lion from ores, employing 200 stamps and twenty-five furnaces, if added to the value above given, would make it $12, OOO,OOO. The yearly product of the woolen mills is valued at $300,000, which is about one-half their capacity, one-eighth of the Utah consumption of such fabrics, and they use one-fourth of the wool-clip of the Territory. With more capital, so that the busi- ness could be systematically classified or specialized, as between different mills, and perhaps a later and better style of looms be put in, they might run to their full capa- city with advantage to the Territory and profit to themselves. The tan barks cost about $5 a cord in sections where they are native. They could not be furnished in Utah for less than $35. So the extracts of chestnut, oak, and hemlock barks, and of sumac leaves, are imported for tanning purposes. Some of the pine barks of Utah are used. Under these disadvantages it is not strange that no more than $100,000 is invested in the business in Utah; or that Utah leather, while comparing favorably with California leather, is inferior to the Eastern article. There are 25 to 30 tanneries, and the value of their yearly product is carefully esti- mated at about $250,000. The business may be said to be growing gradually, both as to quantity and quality of product. But it can hardly become of great importance while tanning materials have to be imported. There is little doubt, however, that boots and shoes can be profitably manufactured in Utah from imported leather. There are 25 to 30 boot and shoe factories in the Territory, employing perhaps 500 hands, and turning out yearly $350,000 worth of boots and shoes. About six of these factories have machinery. Custom work, exclusive of repairing, may amount to $30,000 more. About one million dollars' worth of boots and shoes is annually sold in Utah, two-thirds of which, as will be seen, are imported. At the same time Utah is shipping away 200 car loads of hides and pelts a year, worth, in Salt Lake, $400,- OOO, ample in amount to supply the entire demand of the Territory for boots and shoes. Probably $100,000 is invested in the business. The value of the harness and saddlery annually made in the Territory, including the hardware used, is roughly 56 RESOURCES OF UTAH. estimated at $200,000. This includes cost of material, which is chiefly imported, Utah leather, although used to some extent, not answering the purpose. About $75,000 is invested in foundries and machine shops in Utah, the leading establishments being in Salt Lake City, and the yearly value of their products in the neighborhood of $150,000. They are well provided with the requisite tools, and can and do duplicate any kind of machinery in use in the Territory exclusive of railroad machinery and engines of more than 100-horse power. Their work is largely repair- ing, and although the big silver mills are generally made abroad, there is very little of their machinery that these shops have not duplicated. For their line of work ex- isting facilities may be said to be quite equal to the demand upon them. There is a small foundry and machine shop at Logan. There are probably fewer saw-mills in Utah than in 1875, when 128 were re- turned, but they cut out about the same amount of lumber, say 20,000,000 feet, worth $400,000. The value of imported lumber, rough and manufactured, is estimated at $200,000 yearly. The annual product of the Utah planing mills, flooring, rustic, moulding, doors, sash, blinds, frames, and brackets, is estimated at $100,000, includ- ing the value of the rough lumber, about half of which, flooring and part of the rustic, is imported. There are ten or twelve furniture factories, most of them on a small scale, turning out, yearly, $150,000 worth of furniture and upholstering, new work, the wood and other material for the best of it being imported. Made-up furniture, inclusive of freights, to the value of perhaps $200,000, is annually imported. Wagons were manufactured to a considerable extent formerly, but the business has nearly ceased on account of the close competition between dealers in Eastern-made wagons. All the materials have to be imported, and since the freight on the stock is the same as that on the wagons, there is no protection for the Utah manufacturer save the middle-man's commission, and that is offset by want of capital to furnish facilities, and the higher price of labor. The product of the mills and smelters, fine and base bullion, which is a manufacture as much as flour or lumber, was, at seaboard rates $8,000,000, last year, and will be $10,000,000 this year. The manufacture of char- coal, brick and fire-brick, salt, earthenware, lime, cements, paper, brooms, brushes, beer, cigars, hats and caps, willow-ware, artificial flowers, candles, soaps, glue, etc., is steadily growing. e OPPORTUNITIES. There is not much to be said in favor of manufacturing in a new country, unless from materials native to it. Utah is as poor in valuable woods as it is rich in climate, soil, water power, and minerals, while the treasures of the last three are as inexhaust- ible as the pleasures of the first. Below are indicated certain branches of manufac- turing industry which it is believed offer inducements to engage in them. It should be borne in mind that there is in some cases the cost of carriage both ways, out and back, and always one way in favor of the Utah manufacturer; and that there is no limit to the water power running to waste in a score of mountain canyons, if one will only go to it. Also, on the other hand, that much depends on the coking qualities of the Utah coals. It may, perhaps, be conceded that coke is made from some of them of sufficient consistency to bear the charges in the lead smelters, but not, as yet, to bear the weight of the charges in pig iron smelting. But the coal fields are of great extent, they have been but slightly exploited, and beds that will respond to the utmost that can be asked in a coking coal may be found as well in Utah as in MANUFACTURES. 57 Colorado. The difference between coals is one of age and pressure under the applica- tion of heat. Coal of later age than the true coal formation may make the best of coke, as is experimentally proved by its occurrence at Trinidad, in Colorado. No doubt the supply will ultimately respond to the demand. In Utah's broken up coal fields it would be curious if somewhere the beds have not been subjected to sufficient pressure to make a good coking coal. t With the proper fuel, it is believed that the country west of the Missouri River does not afford a field for the manufacture of iron at all comparable to that lying un- occupied in Utah.” A great variety of rich and remarkably pure iron ores, in prox- imity to the requisite fuel and fluxes; cheap labor, provisions, and supplies; a central location and ample railroad inter-communication; a climate never interfering with operations in the open air; a large demand; and a freight tariff of from $20 to $40 a ton for the manufacturer's protection; or if he must ship it away to find a market, to pay the cost of shipment. The idea is that the materials and facilities are such as to justify the enterprise on a large scale, not the manufacture of pigs solely, but of all kinds of merchant and railroad iron and steel, and of all railroad, mill, mining and smelting machinery. Under the circumstances it would seem that at least one per cent. of the one hundred millions invested in the iron business in the East might be profitably transferred to Utah. Metallurgical works equal in capacity and variety of appliances to any in the world, should be established in Salt Lake Valley. Ores from adjoining Territories now find their way in considerable quantity to the Salt Lake market. All ores not yielding readily to the lead smelting process employed here are rejected, and nothing is saved in the treatment but gold, lead, and silver, with sometimes a trifle of copper. With an establishment possessing the skill and means needed to separate all of the metals from their gangues and bases, whether chemically or mechanically combined therewith, or with each other, an incalculable stimulus would be given to mining. Great part of the ores of this whole region are neglected entirely, for want of the capital and skill to make any profitable use of them. Labor and materials may be cheaper in Europe, and Swansea may be from its seaside location the ore-reducing market of the round world. But our ores are far richer in metals as a rule than those of Europe, and the Rocky Mountains, easily accessible from Salt Lake Valley, are capable of producing more and more various ores, if put to the test, than all the world beside has been in the habit of furnishing. There can be no question as to the possible supply of ores or as to their variety and richness. In connection with works for the treatment of ores there should be establish- ments for the manufacture of drugs and chemicals, oils, paints, and all the artificial products of lead, beside the refining of lead itself, and the making of pig and sheet lead, shot, lead pipe, etc.: The materials for almost everything in this line are here in profusion. As a writer who had traversed Utah with an observant eye has said: “The entire basin is a vast laboratory of nature, where all the primitive processes have been carried out on a scale so vast as to make man's dominion, at first sight, seem forever impossible.” We now send our crude lead bullion East, and bring back pig and sheet lead, lead pipe, white and red lead, and Venice white, instead of re- fining and manufacturing here and thus saving one if not two freight charges across the continent, such freight charges swallowing up one-third the value of the pro- * See ante, Ogden Iron Works. f See ante, Germania Lead Works., 8 58 RESOURCES OF UTAH. duct. Even blue-stone, used in amalgamating silver, is imported, with millions of tons of sulphur in sight, and the hills full of copper ores. And this is the practice in everything. All the products of our fine clays and silicious sands—pottery, fire-brick, glass; of our marble and slate beds—roofing, sink bottoms, table and bureau tops, mantle- pieces, billiard tables, might be made here as well as elsewhere and brought here. It has been shown that the manufacture of leather, boots and shoes, harness and sad- dlery, is by no means overdone; while in the working up of our wool crop there is ample room and encouragement. As with lead bullion, the bad habit prevails of sending our hides and wools abroad to be manufactured and returned, involving pay- ment for two carriages across country when any carriage at all is superfluous. A start has been made in the manufacture of paper, but the single mill in operation makes only about one-tenth of the amount used. Some attention has been given to silk- raising, and silk-spinning machinery is beginning to be introduced. The worms and the mulberry trees both seem to do well in Utah, and there is no apparent reason why silk-raising and manufacture should not grow into an important industry. Some of these branches of manufactures may appear to be small matters; but it is a new country, and they are the beginnings of a larger growth. The scientific treatment of ores, however, and the manufacture of chemicals, paints, pottery, glass, lead, iron, copper, and woolen fabrics are believed to offer fair inducements to the skillful and enterprising investor. w RAILROADS AND TRANSPORTATION. The settlements of Utah occupy a belt from ten to fifty miles in width in valleys on the western slope and at the base of the Wasatch Range, extending the entire length of the Territory from Franklin on the north to St. George on the south. There is what is called the State Road running through the principal settlements from Salt Lake City to St. George, and it is continued, though not under that name, from Salt Lake City northward to Soda Springs, in Idaho. Off from this lead the roads to the side valleys, through the canyons, as through Logan Canyon into Bear Lake Valley; up the Weber, through Morgan, into Summit, and thence down Par- ley's Canyon, or the Provo River, into Salt Lake Valley again; up Ogden River through Huntsville and on over rolling country into Cache or Bear Lake valleys; up Nephi Canyon into Sanpete county, down the Sanpitch to the Sevier, and up and down that river its whole length; and westward from Salt Lake City via the old over- land stage route through Tooele and Skull valleys to Deep Creek, to Eureka, Austin, and Carson, in Nevada. The country generally offers no obstructions to road making by simply driving in one track except in the canyons. On many of the streams, even in the mountains, but little work is needed to make delightful carriage roads. In those canyons offering no passes over or through into other valleys watered by differ- ent streams, penetrated solely for timber or mines, the roads are rough and steep, and it is only by much labor that they were made or are kept passable. While in many places the country roads are hard and usually pleasant, as a rule they are, from the nature of the soil, very muddy in wet, and very dusty in dry weather. There were returned in 1875, 544 miles of territorial roads, 2,364 miles of county roads, 6 toll- roads, and 18 bridges costing $1,000 or more. This system of intercommunication by wagon roads is being rapidly superseded by a railroad system, whose general features consist of a main north-and-south road #Aff.ROADS ANt, TRANSPORTATION, 59 through the settlements from end to end of the Territory, and continuing on until they intersect the northern and southern trans-continental roads, or find the ocean independently, with branches into the mining canyons and coal fields, all connected with the general railroad system of the country by the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific, and (soon to be) by the Denver & Rio Grande Western. There are of stand- ard gauge railroads in Utah : Union Pacific, main line, 78 miles; Utah Central branch, 280 miles; Salt Lake & Western branch, 55 miles; Echo & Park City branch, 27 miles; Central Pacific, 148 miles; total miles, standard gauge, 588; narrow gauge, Utah & Northern branch Union Pacific (in Utah), 75 miles; Utah & Nevada branch Union Pacific, 37 miles; Sanpete Valley Railway, 28 miles; Utah Eastern Railway, 28 miles; Denver & Rio Grande Western, Bingham branch, 16 miles and 8 miles tramway; Wasatch & Jordan Valley branch, 7 miles and 7 miles tramway; main line to Denver, now completed to Horse Creek, beyond Summit of Wasatch, 106 miles; Pleasant Valley branch from Tucker, 20 miles; total miles narrow gauge, 317; total both gauges and tramway, 920 miles. The main continental railroad between the two oceans traverses the entire breadth of the northern part of the Territory, the two roads constituting the line joining tracks at Ogden, giving Utah important ad- vantages from the competition between East and West. To come to details: *: THE UNION PACIFIC Is the great road in Utah to-day. As will be seen by accompanying map, the system embraces 4,000 miles of road, consisting of the main line, 1,037 miles long, and 3,000 miles of branches exploring all parts of Nebraska and Colorado, extending in this valley from Milford on the south to Butte, Montana, 700 miles, and by the Oregon Short Line penetrating the heart of Idaho, and reaching the great and ultimate Northwest where rolls the Oregon. The extent, variety, and importance of the re- sources of all this vast region, opened up to the world by the great road, is illustrated by the fact that where a few ox trains and a daily stage line twelve years ago supplied its transportation facilities, it now pays $100,000 a day for these indispensables. It is not within the scope of this review to dwell on the resources of sister common- wealths, but it may be said of Idaho that she is truly the “Gem of the Mountains,” as the name is interpreted. She has revealed a wealth of ore in the last three years which has startled the mining world and will place her in the front rank as a mining State. The Wood River and Salmon River regions are now attracting most atten- tion, but their prosperity has not yet fairly begun. Fertile valleys, timber-crowned mountains, broad stock ranges, delightful resorts for tourists, and an unsurpassed climate, are Idaho's additional attractions and resources. The Union Pacific Oregon Short Line and the Utah & Northern Division cross the Territory at right angles. All here said extolling Idaho might be repeated respecting Montana, and then the half not be told. The Utah & Northern has had a marvelously magical effect on that magnificent Territory. Immediately it was constructed, the Union Pacific, in pursu- ance of its settled policy, placed before the world an attractive exhibit of her resources and attractions, to which she responded by doubling her population, wealth, and pro- duction in two years. With her rich and varied mineral treasures, vast stretches of natural pasturage, fertile farming lands, and healthful climate, Montana is a most at- tractive and at the same time practically a virgin field for capital, pluck, and industry. The exhibits of Montana and Idaho at the Exposition will be found worthy of all attention. The Union Pacific Railroad system affords transportation facilities for this TTE=LIEI, G-TEQIEH_A_T TJTINTTOINT IF_A_CTIETIC IER, A TT ITVVT ALTY. Nearly 4, ooo Miles in ºperation, Crossing Three States and Four Territories. º- - - §§ - ...T.'"-------. JB iń N - Zºcº->=> * Nº #ºn ~~-H.R.4 ºs H. Ého s s E S S I Q_N 8-...------'T gº?' Sº º # *. Colviue | ū. Fort B l º * ~ ºf Red Také * +. & f, * * º- *wº iºnish , FLA 7 Arg D: "º ort Belknapk Ft. Browning issouri Fisher's One •), T. A $ºtºſíI N. º, ,,, 3 S$ ..ºnſ: Ft. Totten". ilanding cº º IMP Illa #; G T O N 4. ** à 'fort Benton, Š. Fº. Galpin £e. zºº # s”. # Ilkes PLA O Ożº: £ 2. 2 & 3. º ** 3.1° WC3 ºuato PCh §ºeson TEAu ogºşpºkane cºls $ 3 º • 'Camp ll Cit. ºſ i Ft. Bertho d Jamestow C § o ehalis ~ CoLumsºs 3.NMi % .Nº.3 Oſmusselshell City 'º e 8, O º Riv." Falls tºº *M*§9 / Nº.3 TºokeA. N A $. O J Bismarckº &}º -*. g" jity º &2 glloºr}+ Keogh * sºn cººked...:**º: ºrokº D_A. R. On City:...” º - 2 º: Lewistorſº-s, de C *} briº a Wºłłºt. Howie stock." ~ © it. & ut cºozeman J’t. 9%ster. K?: º º-º-º: Aſgrea” º virginſ, city - | º e peadwooººº. = }{Eſzowsz'ONE JAY. e > O 2. !º. {{I, * "e- w #SS c.; 3. $$3 ºkk § Gögå: * Lºos Sr. s. ade # is $º-- Big HøRN dºpid City Tºosebº §Iºka, %3. º Sy Jº A. s. p *"urgh & - irčkº § EEGION § ºr D Y g $ § Jeagld 9.3\º Spotted Tail Ft. Rqū dall-º- * Sioux City - Agency...— see º' ne V. erºsmºs e - PºſNiobrarãº: Wisnesºč 5, WN Ağ ...A AS, SP. M. §§gº § ; **t, * * * sº ºbs. Aſºſolk? *S. Döft iš. C. P. & #:- §§ Ö.g. §§ - S. C º Jºs"Br. ºp 4"º, ‘29, Zo 9 tº - jºš.3% §§ º 3) §% e WI k dº sº. C º º 3% º F. º Tyner : §º § jºintſ; #; º Jº, Užnºah y *ś | §: º e_C zº SS 47 ° “...?IDiam t; Ruby # §§ #.º: Eº ºw &t. golder). } || S*Nººſoºk . y °nd rinºid ºłºś. ºśº 2] º ºVirginia cºus iii. 9 §"Yº Negbiº; ll 33.3 ºC) a O ºr a O §§ *: ya º 3. IEureka bºr U Juá | goºle lºv '# *t' § C bºſorrº * f. º : àS Yº. Ş § 0N Gy. **ohamilton Milfordd }*#. 5 G gº sº º ič.º. E ov $ _º Sevier Lakeº º and 2. §§§ 62 SºśBodjšŠH. “A *... gEillmore City's ź º §§§§horne : ºº: ºne rº, 3rº & As Nº. .# jºrt o'. Patterson 9 Bullion Cy % º § j h Barnumo/ CŞ & © º § 3. "NQP Reveillé. Pioche° Harowan; º Pointo. § Sil : § ~ G … JPalmetto * %. GO ºf Sº ty verton Rjaw "U4 Sº Tºfis is— ºf º? 'S. º, St.Geºš corriſºns ºšºudºl -aſe) MAP of THE Glº-_. # o Inde len 3. º-Si-Sºº *So 2 <& Vºssº Fr G Pºº. º Cy © sº º # *pendence, ºz. U *::::::::$ºº %, ſº ºr Er t lº."º J. "Nºbomas 2. Tº Fºgº |U|On YUBntral PaCITIC, & Delano *:::: SQallville *2°ºnce tº N. San Juan Cyºdº - -* * = --> --> --> -- - Ex → - *32 º # O 2:5 AIL FROADS. Wºº, º Ullriner %aging to S. ! O N A. f SANTA FEM 82 Marthews º: ºrgas a pºs. susº, sall The Central Short Line Across the Continent. F. R. McCONNELL, Gen. Agent, Salt Lake City. S. B. JONES, Asst. Gen. Pass, Agt., Omaha. J. W. MORSE, Gen. Pass. Agt., Omaha. The Union Pacific Railway Co. IS THE FIONEER LINE —TO— Utah, Idaho& Montana 4,000 Miles under One Management. The territory traversed by the Union Pacific Railway offers to capitalists rare op- portunities for invesment in the rich mining camps of its treasure laden mountains; to the tourist, the most majestic scenery in the American continent, as seen in the wild beauty of the Utah canyons and its great Salt Lake, and in the beautiful rivers, valleys and mountains of Idaho and Montana; and To those Seeking Homes, these Territories offer superior inducements. The Union Pacific Railway has the most perfect equipment known to modern railroading, and offers to its patrons speed, comfort and safety to all points on its line. Further information will be furnished on application, in person or by letter, to S. H. H. CLARK, J. W. MORSE, General Manager. General Passenger Agent. THOS. L. KIMBALL, S. B. JONES, Assistant General Manager. Asst. Genl. Pass. Agent. OMAHA, NEBRASKA. 62 ff SOtjRCES 6f ty'ſ AH. great inter-mountain region. It is pushing its iron way into all the valleys and over all the mountains to the trade and mining centers, assisting in every way their devel- opment. The offices of the company are at Omaha, Nebraska. S. H. H. Clark is General Manager; Thos. L. Kimball, Assistant General Manager; J. W. Morse, General Passenger Agent; S. B. Jones, Assistant General Passenger Agent; F. R. McConnell, General Agent at Salt Lake City; any of whom will furnish full and trustworthy information concerning Utah, Idaho, and Montana, free, upon application. THE UTAH & NORTHERN. This is a Division of the Union Pacific, starting from Ogden. It runs along the base of the Wasatch about forty-five miles, crosses a low summit into Cache Valley, strikes across eastward to Logan, then north to Franklin, just over the Idaho line; then it escapes, from Cache Valley, and descends the Portneuf to Snake River. It is the only means of access to Northern Utah, and with the Oregon Short Line, to Southern Idaho, the sands of whose principal river for 200 miles in length contain gold enough to make placer mining profitable. Its valley, which is very broad, will some day be a natural wheat field, second only to that of the Red River of the North. The road is intersected on the Portneuf by the Oregon Short Line. They run to- gether down the Portneuf, and part company as they enter Snake River Valley, the Utah & Northern continuing on to Butte, Montana, 420 miles, and thence to the Northern Pacific at Deer Lodge, forty miles further. Seventy-five miles of it are in Utah, and for a goodly part of the distance it runs through a garden. \ THE UTAH CENTRAL. The Union Pacific owns a controlling interest in this road, yet a good block of the stock is held by Utah men, and it is managed by Utah men, John Sharp being Superintendent, and James Sharp Assistant Superintendent. The road extends from Ogden south along the base of the Wasatch, through Kaysville, Farmington, Center- ville, Bountiful, Salt Lake City, Sandy, Draper, Lehi, American Fork, Battle Creek, Provo, Springville, Spanish Fork, Payson, Santaquin, Nephi, and Juab, to Milford in Beaver River Valley, with a branch to Frisco, fifteen miles—in all 280 miles. From Ogden to Juab is the best part of Utah. After leaving Juab, the route soon strikes the Sevier River, and following it passes out through the Oquirrh Range on the desert. It is a desert now, but it is underlaid by a stream or reservoir of sweet water, and because it can, for the most part, be made a garden, it ultimately will be. Meanwhile the Sevier River and Clear Lake Springs can be made to irrigate a broad area above and below Deseret. The road is stocked at $4,225,000 in 42,250 shares, and bonded for $4,900,000, all bearing seven per cent. interest. The fixed charges are $343.OOO. The gross earnings of the road for the year ending June 30, last, were $1,523,OO6.99 It will be noticed that it is very lightly loaded with liabilities. It can earn its fixed charges, seven per cent. On the stock, and carry a handsome sum to surplus or construction account beside. The company contemplate building a branch road through Spanish Fork Canyon to Pleasant Valley, where they own some square miles of coal, and also an early extension of the line to Iron Mountain from Milford, fifty or sixty miles. From that point, the projected California Central will give an outlet to San Francisco, and south and eastward across the Colorado River, via the Atlantic & Pacific, to the whole South and East. Failing the construction of the California Central (but as Col. Lyman Bridges has undertaken it it cannot fail) the RAILROADS AND TRANSPORTATION. 63 Utah Central will ultimately go on from Iron Mountain to the Colorado River and the Atlantic & Pacific. It is a fine property and well managed, and although the chances are that it will ere long have a competitor in the Denver & Rio Grande Western, yet there will be so much more to compete for, as experience has a thou- sand times demonstrated, that it will prove a benefit rather than an injury. It was built without other gift or grant than a right of way over and use of materials from the public lands. The land along the Utah Central is good, and, where it can be watered, well tilled. The towns are embowered in trees. From Ogden to Salt Lake City the scenery is interesting. On the one hand is the Great Salt Lake, with its desolate islands and lifeless waters, full, somehow, of mystery, in spite of all the learned explanations ; on the other the Wasatch Mountains, rising abruptly to the region of cloud and storm, ever changing in form and outline as one passes by—vary- ing shade and light and hue, gorge and crag and cliff and towering peak rapidly succeeding each other. But it is idle to attempt to analyze the perpetual fascination of this combination of lake and mountain, orchard, town, and garden. It was of this route in part that the following was written: “Coming down from Idaho in early May, our train entered this valley, and a scene as of enchantment at the same time. It was about the hour of sunrise. The sky was without a cloud, a vast dome of pearl high-arching over all. The air was the perfumed breath of the early morning and the young spring. Nothing could be fresher, sweeter. The dew hung in jeweled drops from the grass blades and seemed to tremble on the eyelashes of the flowers. Our way lay through vineyards and or- chards, farms, gardens, and villages. Brooks tumbled down the mountains, ran along by our side, then sped away into the lake. The farmers were driving afield to their plowing and sowing. The grass and fall wheat could almost wave in the slight breeze; the birds made the meadows and hedges vocal with their morning matins ; plums and peaches in full bloom were sprinkled upon the whole country side like flowering shrubs in a park; the tender young foliage of the larger trees seemed to ca- ress the eye that rested upon it. But, in this heart of spring, winter was not far away. Mountains held high their white heads behind us; they towered at our side =an endless snow field, unrelieved for long stretches by a single dark object—whiter than anything else on earth, and beautiful with a beauty which I can find no words to contain or convey. So near, too, it seemed you could put your hand on them. Once in a while a turn in the road would disclose a new horizon of snow caps, high in the upper air, still and Solemn, glistening against the sun, almost taking your breath at first sight. A hundred miles of this brought us into Salt Lake, and here these monarchs of old, with white, shoulders and foreheads, encompassed us around save in the direction of Antelope Island, and I fancied appeared not uninterested spectators while spring created a new world at their feet, from which she would soon climb their steep sides and give them vestments of flowers for their robes of snow. There was never a lovelier scene, and the ride might have been extended a second hundred miles without running out of it. It was the utmost glory of spring and of winter, that is to say, of life and of death, placed along side by the simple device of a sharp and great difference of altitude. Nowhere else can it be seen to such advan- tage, in America at least, and it is on exhibition here a month in every year. The spring is indeed lovely in Utah, and these well-watered, well-tilled valleys are none the less a delight and a relief as the season wears on to its height and descends to its 64 RESOURCES OF UTAH. close. The effect is enhanced ten-fold by their setting in the heart of a thousand- mile desert full of valleys and jornadas of death, and incapable of being transformed nto another Utah, from lack of water.” THE SALT LAKE & WESTERN. This road leaves the Utah Central at Lehi, thirty-one miles south of Salt Lake City, and runs to Tanner's Springs, in Tintic Mining District, fifty-five miles. It is mainly owned by the Union Pacific, and was intended to penetrate Western Utah, and cross the States of California and Nevada to the Pacific. The proposed route is through the best mining region in the United States, one that has for years turned out, under every disadvantage, ten millions in bullion, yearly. When, if ever, the design of the organization will be executed in full, it is impossible to say. It would furnish an outlet badly needed by Salt Lake City, and also by Nevada. W. W. Riter, of Salt Lake, is the Manager as well as the originator of the road. SAN PETE VALLEY RAILWAY. This road leaves the Utah Central at Nephi, passes into Sanpete Valley through Salt Creek Canyon, and thence southward to the Wales coal mines, twenty-eight miles. It was constructed by the English company owning those mines as an outlet for their product. A second company has been organized, called the California Short Line, for its extension southward to Salina, on the Sevier, and northward to a con- nection with the Denver & Rio Grande Western, at Springville. Sanpete Valley is one of the largest and best in Utah. The Sevier River is lined with settlements, and in the fine country on its headwaters are the Marysvale mines. The road will stimu- ſate all productive industries in the fine sections it penetrates, and soon build up a fine paying business. e THE UTAH EASTERN. This road connects the coal beds of Chalk Creek (Weber River) with Park City. It was designed to connect them with Salt Lake City, via Parley's Canyon, but some- how the money could not be got to complete it further than above stated. That was mainly done by the Ontario Silver Mining Company, and because, the wood being exhausted in the neighborhood, they had to have coal. The Denver & Rio Grande Western made arrangements to complete the road, and intend to do it after their main line to Salt Lake is completed. There is no doubt that the road would have a fine business—sufficient to pay interest at seven per cent on a million in stock and a million in bonds. THE ECHO & PARK CITY RAILROAD. This is a branch of the Union Pacific, determined upon and built the moment the Utah Eastern began work. The two roads run side by side most of the way. The Echo & Park City connects with the Union Pacific, however, while the Utah Eastern does not. So, all the business between Salt Lake City and Park City is done by the Union Pacific. It amounts, at present, to $80,000 to $100,000 a year. It could not run on into Salt Lake, via Parley's Park and Parley's Canyon, but the Utah Eastern can, and one day, not far in the future, will. §§º º S; ºr ſº § |8. ITQ (º # to Oſº. e ..º. $º tºº. nº #26. ~& I–ſºn §ſ. j} § 5/s e àº. &2 2 & V ltg ‘. 㺠#git zº j) iº Angºlº. as º R . . dd ** .S. 6 .Colville d g -: §º. & SN wº ſ §T t/ º § sº o BC, ãº, I %;ºſ §§ }}om; § #. ats }** Olºkane § *SSO7. H e L - | 1 ºśt. On º § §.3% º Aº’. *. Ǻ at ſº C ſº \ kºk #so (i. 6. D ºniº $3. * Øalker\P §LNPend ofºilij Tº ſº." d ºn - == ſ t Cº. º r º $: *-* e 7}}} ºf cy 0%; : §: : § º I” º: ſº & &eae łº S ! €. •é. TIn ſo gº 3. f grº." (17? ºłº, 10 ºëSºtre pia; 38 ºv allu U 92 SøSpoł. º si w g F \; º *: N. G. §: 㺠sº rºad " º sº ort Assinaborh Jº ={0} º §§ Sº Y. * 3 - º ..º.º.o. * - a .* 2. OW& j 8. º o Ç %iºn 6. Pºe ºğ 2. Jº X? ſ 4. O o Cogna y d? Alents' - Ashlev’ ož B1 e ©e?- Fort º o w Ly- W. § §§ %: § ?U) & | * gº &/Spokan." º Alene L.2% . s Set. §º: Teton Fort 2. élknap Sºy == F.C.; º * * grä" ewauk - gº Salt ySpokan ake C Is . | 8 r $6 à,” B P- ** }}\\ m0. tº “$4% Ulr. * º A/ tº 'Sl tºne Q9. -s / ‘’ J Pl % en Ž s: 0 {{QS $3% º §§ Cº. c. eptoe H Ottº S _{3} o ~ent - 6 ^ Aşţ § § ſº § e º sº º a.º. *eat, ©º: f º Jqis * º # §2. / # & .9° Agency *2. º - 3 *A Tº S. 46) 2.ſº iº * }; #. jºš § º tº º:& #. colán) * - º % ğ o Stº aft ill/ &o. Sun Rig ort L. abº C f © Campbell's Hoil § ſº =46) º §§ II. - Ont º - ^{\. º º 3r ; : - . & Ž wº * # =4 j f # ſº * r SYO's S & S y Mºrge, ainieroNYS #; %cº imcoe $º S). F §§sº *hºnºr <) L §§ ontº. Tº “ yº, na żsº 6 Yo Swiſſ gº Cooke *9 3.Nº Tºo Qº fº # gºN *. ºlºmon \ jº º oºh". jº. §º ºbſº º | R2 § 2 Littl *Fort kokº. rºciº ºf "" | tºlºmä elem *\'S gº º ſººnoº re |ss ; Asºon. OO S %2 Sºtz 7. º s e Be t & adº # } ##### Cy? coś, gºl *—iſt) & Xº ºš. & O -** e Cy S. | Š /... \\ P i. o *-*/2 ; o Chſest ſº: Mt. C o G * O © tº 65% s Ainswo & XI º cº º o ºte Šºć --- , ſº a Ill] • C. W. ... wº C “Ś : © §: º $9. º tl, ºwº 69 – 6 ºrđ. º *@*water rce Cy, o % §: §ºji, T. º O ...Dennison t *S* sº as;’ § Ipºh, º rt tºº cº TWalhalla 9 * - ** "AS Ezº”/" gº tºs W º, MN 's Gº * ºb: S º, o eº gº 22 lºg unº. º: Fortiarwº *sº āj §º. º: §§ Fº * † § # *g, 4/ZSS., Øe wef JM; pºpe, l; *Asſ= 5}- QMulwal alſº Nº. s: \ltte § :- lº t ſº strº. Cº. cºoy” Ter S A& 3/ & & & mne-TV. * * ermia x- 1kee ".3 oš ...wº Ay SQºggr S r C fit &?? §ºzº E] tº º º § & Ö S, A & º g aukan : gº --- n”( Wº C \\0” Luz º: *Cº. QnAğ 7 & z Z * City sºlema Fºl amond C. y llow * Sº S. :S e^ Tort O evil's L * *... Mor S amis"; 4? € °-Pe * W º ahta & 9.SSS 28 be 2 : ygºn 3/. e ck- & ** A. * IBerth Totte ake - tephe R → ſ z- § º rº. ...Nº º | y Q §...". §. 3. Art Bertholico In 6 co., \ Yº-ºº: Q ria----------, &W º &#aa’ º º - jºy...". tockade , Fºsºvº × -ºº: *>A. e?” §sº wer = ~ * x y º º Nº ſº sº * ; TWarm Sprs § •Aſí §§ .# &#Nºstaſ wº ..º. É&ºWº. W. jº ºft", ātus; SAPo 3% g 2 Knife Rºº & ~~~ AP Eisha \lº AE ºš aºğ. Bºš º {89} o - * º - w rº iga sº ºr --- g ºx" šškº gºs: 2. Mi § Ind §§ \ rande § Y o Dſ Žſinº º ſºld --- €/s/ “A *ze Rºe Cr §§ :*R$9. & tº ºn S. &#tº º Ung: g” Jº ſº "ms & º Gallatan tel; ºr º 's P Fsº & gº Ö ** ps s\Tººrook al-Lake ...º 2. ? & B t; & sº-Joši" ſ? X-Rº. ". %NYº: * * *... tº a S. I t sº sº.º. Kºšº gº ston àºsiºn? ºft Lanevi C. ridge S. %iºgº. º ſ' B, on º: "...a - º enoan f Mi tº CN Hea ...Abºnd & .3° $ §§ º Weiß ºr Stºn-e ºf NS §§s-A 22%2 2% .S. Su gº ... o C Ž T) º wot Fºo C illes Ci & re P § & $ ºw S. . A * tº ź TVermi º 3ºxiº Cº- º 3.;« anºwo sanvilleš. £ uſne © É' city § #jº Washingt j Cya # º º, Cº., Gºlº. Féd Telfº * | Rº oulson? ..Sa Old º: º *S § *... *:S *..." § & $ $ § §§ Ş gº sº *3 z <ram: 23%." º & ermillion. LakeX\ 2%NS== ×iºgº*u ſº % % 2. 3. # Š º - =l * kb *7. P. § ^: º - e *C. s. -- 2 º' g º,” *Przn tºº & #." ow * Clarks tº Ç ºncil Rich gton , ; inhº 99.9 #.S. a fºr.” owº, lock exandlºr § tº *or o ºrasas §§ 3; Vº Kºla nnibigoshi š GrandTP &e,4% ºš) Scottsburgh & £º § bs eville Żºłż. 3%,. I lark; p. 9 Šºl Tºlley mondo o .# %:IIołse #. , OWijrginia C " ; o in: ºf Hots. C $ | <2. Cannox.’’; co wº 24 & $d It º Very Portage o sº jº) r o .* º £. * y * as ſ t % | , 3. º - º g 2 ºn ºs º: §. o Yoncoll E. 2. airy” § jº § #;". / o ńr *}}. Á §30% garaș. * ºrał? º rº tº: mm it It ; one Ci % S. ſº & Ball” River © Fort Rice Cº. () 'sº ãº. ld Žºg € e ſº tllion-like rº º!?!? ge; (l, Q. ºš 7 > ridh addlé ſº m J’all Şg %,” A 2, \, 1On ,--— ºm:9 ran ity º or & &ol) sº fe / - 㺠→# Włin - ºr, 9. Oakla hº % Gr jig; Aſh j-3 ºrale cy ſ. Tend { %N º, ºr igran; Guichº | C. Rew & § Yºo 㺠Park ... ." …” --- ~~ - #ſº ºf nd SA £8% º TAs euk Cit toldt'. tº 186 r v \ºsſº X wº º sº \lºg_E Ö & M. a mºn &" Fort R & ble ~0. & Q}\t * Lake s *} eq9er 23 CŞ ºnry V. © GE D • CŞă SNC yo Basinº Sow º, Åow. Ba * \\ > \}, | ow'S-so %9 o Fo 0. R Fort Y 3)AsOIII] ex9. y cº (E "… . S- lº. .#airwi. Rosebu ãºp H º mºmeº &V nnº, 3% *\{& §§2. Sº N E – r? N- Gr ates º dº *hoſ” dº & 2...e. º g a € røh Co. arnex # $º h6 emºn? te by wº • P. iss lonta º yº apids...[. e ox ºr “º. ippew. * As º --- ka! nºwarn A hp 3. * Taille Foº * %. (§ a 726). * §PA o e C |JKa f^* g.W. St. Priº o” * Gl asº N IIary G?& * A 'nº fººd." $/ ji.; Jº ; So ey C. * Şrº. ^a s c) Fort mpesk genc n * . Cl cetoºl(G º Yºs _Gl& ** garvey § Go tº Algº. ... south | * ºft š.. Yº r. * º ty grº...? IBerſºn a Cy Nº. eC :antsbór;" " Re Jºgº L nota. º tº Se Lak & ** M \ & ??\{)?? F $6% 'ſ o º New T |F. IB «P º, ound - #, 6. bº Tºº O e Wate ºkhov *W r ank er Cam h argſ (N -- Juengºo); 7 1ttle Läk M. Y iºn in e ºf Gyan o * on mitat?! gllSºo B', O t. Hº ..Bonnevil <> §new St. Chº? o £º *. a Fo <> n o Xº3. r €7, vianº ohi }{dge & §§ 3. ()??? Słł Tº: o L s Goo nnack C meda S * As º, i ockad $75TH ??? (? IFoºt, Pi rt Still $ Willmgº. RMI ſkRºſº RN b)6/- teº Saul F r wº § Se C r ; a? o © A * Cu & O all C * sº ºf IPier y -& e nte * t tnº Épºse NNEA º ent e Cit A& $ ; Quin tºde St. hi t Bld well - § g Rock 3...? ºf G & Po, 4. UWA telji I’leas S tº º º ^& * - O re o aczne Cr IHuronsºl®. .*; º º §. Polº In O f % tist Gºrr $ % Gaº en'; IłęScC SFWA º it º * RS § ºetope wes * rt G o e Nº n * r rº h/ YUCºn %-5S FTsºgºš * Alka 2. ſº _& Skamp Crhek G Oneidaº ... Camp Q9Inn §§ espr’s Cheye Alley. S \s & **** on DAP LAN Red .# Fort Tho 3)ſºoquois o. She º: §§º *:::::::::: #St. Pau & | _Fliń' { Ş ſº f \ -- Lakes g ſº- City of § *Rºl. Va. º G tº: º: o “tº §§ Beaver & & * F g'y° _F: mpson's o *...alo"M o rºl sºrº #: $2. I enco? riº 6 3 J ,al % 0m º }éa tº Tryden? ºft §§ º \s ! 27/ _7M º | Mud Spy in Mountain city. It k - o;4 sº ; \Pakikº i. Olſ/? o 7 sº (\\ sº w £, € & ort Lookout o/2Forf Hº: Belchers Herº: ry” º Sta. §§ C. # #. : º; g em 242 #ſº \, ". 'nd % Aſ gº | ºğ º Trzºn & tlC & Jng yº sprin prº; Malaa e geWº: ntpeller §§º o ‘F. Madison ..." aßberto, ;Pºś i. º Jožth- 3. ël}() ill Olſ %% º aft sºvºy oRyde ity, º IBur rook or of Spr o Whate R ge, “f*.0% RS. y 3 Nº. 3 f •º IP *A. will osters; son "Pºpeſs! gº; §. z - sº jº & C ºv Jſan : % % j(§§ #ſº ºpper Cº. 7 m (7 | { OC 2 XQ 3,9] 11 ~. Mº © 6. e er g ...ſº a Ja º & §ºft 2 § P * IIaşºor; ; % gettville Cai 9. #3 o *::::sº 3. º, ~$$. §§§ $ § - R; ‘S wº/or Q ºº::= º $ o *. ckab” e Bijou Hill rºl °|Lut º; § º º Wabash .# º º, r ºna; attle S.Šºt % 1 % º sing 8, †- © rº et ** * º 3. **ś jºgºsº sº ºn tº t! I'6 tº º ºs o For s Aſ ‘e & tºld * Shºw" e %x,Y: º 46 Fº (gº , Coff sºrt Reading own. wº º *. § º §s, c* lºš sº º tº a § §º º &##dolº, §§ £etwater Bridgerstown º º º t. Rob Jöm. Tºilan sm jjī Pratt grºs. *:::º o º sº *ś n° the Heroñº m #: § gº mbºota § N ..º. errillan gº ! º % ſº (; % & rarben I' * Cy - - IF & o Aſº º - AS. $$. sº, 3 ...g6°º 3.29s. GR º *Q ndon” ºp & o o . It'ſ) Old erid ge tº W & Q: º ałr??t ºfºº Re il * (f - R \ ſø g Q? e *- o º ... ." o º & is $'; 25. Šhai. ºp & SO ºf Zºº Jiºt EX Q?º {\\2\\\\ wº §18 º' h SOIn l Clan tº ºn tº heel rmºt 2. F * 7°ºn, on 6 no) 'ARoche $ot Eledº Ż ºs- , you". #(t Ho % f % ap \\\ o Cºntr º ſº rcdon º 3.95 § 6; $ all jºº ſº #;" SE § Sº x\º l r side Spri tº º F £r tº JMilltº e,” “ º: sº wº *5 INº. s: r . wºg, § a': ºvºſtack R Rd.pl ºr º wº ſ rá dºg' NNº. {. e Staºg: #;" ga •sº % § §§ 3.§3. *ºeſ) wen oã. fuel L §§§4 § §§ jº *. ..º.º. ~/º of Niºbrara Aſeya ort Randall':New & #. *...* : # : ; 7ss gº igºš aliki s: .. cº *& § *Spíº %; *J3 W. 3: 3% g § º º º 3. % § C É. 6 g/ºgeşvil *::$.3 * … G l, S ū º's 45°ºsſ. º ? 6% g P l wº inton ibley #-t: y aified 89 ox”. tº ºftº & .# f ſ Yoo gº w thto S. In Cz olà 2 gº Zºº !º lk t & : S \{S ridg r | March ~23;ſº & 2, Nāºon S 6% •Patte "80 stherwt! : sº ...All city. * * */Z. ah . B $ wkawºn / ſ § h 33% F ſh, fºll }}) o - Nº-Hº-T ngville," ey iném ičº O } tº *A& §§ Sºy Redmon, Bitt all fºntſº Snake ſº ** ca"; C. ow" w?š: Sheldo $, i.SößTº º a C 3. oulglas eill torest J. iſºtor ſºft * £r? (171. 2^ ſº Olañº # g lºco& < sºils. Co sº Sº, a lº Žºgº #" s * R* Cl ºn't.” º W a W. & Nºrgeºuſ. *ś. ...ASkº: resceº GºſNº. 5 cºbº # º:/A e * e 177 º § {3\Ch oth }. ### º º º %tº & t S lºſt his # Tagle L s º o y sº o: SS 2 *ſº º: § Sage cº 3. Ay- º; Bºžd *o . Ö tº & © cPringhar gº \y\\ uth § #: t Be !º §§§ Gº. | º Wºlf h | . % § L É Mamton jc *- > | gº; d - º {} o ..º. nº.2 ** sat *T*- & g e y & S. A. º .# 8 Ö? t t 7. sº º % ºft” ..jº ºf- •o sº. S. gag.” jºš. º #º sº §§ &jº ; l §§ sº º -º º ºš, mbol Čortez” Bºš; l odle City? Øſ alt Lake' S §§ § * * c Šºš & º, 34 y $200 ... jøſa. yer e60akö \O (cºre º “. , Dºo Righl orºge C or L. lyn P }}}gºn has 37 gº gº *ś” º *:::::: & $º. § 3.S.T.T. 22:… º.º. §§ & ..º.º. §§. jº. $º ºš Nº.§: # Herº. Q: W º: <> º º: nep * # šum © dº; }}." º C Mºb jº | ūrºs | W. s C is sº É š & ..º. CRN !...Dodg & & §§§ § Şa \ * AY > 1308c. # § £x r0 { Cº. ºf % º: api A.޺ NAV. Sº nt's G irgini ( 3 sº āşşummit * ºms *Lé - *-- y - \º \ 7TWN zerº----- * e * & cº & sº. t? doscovet_ Water º tºº hitehā º, º:! ap (2 Day |CŞ. ; ºr 33% Austin Ruby) Hill D#. 3. Spr; TWarm Spr Utah Žº º ºuinta w : &mpº dso Q § jº Fº pº- G. & š §§§ §§ § orſ; JMadiso *—#8 rté Yºğ § º, º Pt jº: L’ ºrº-3,32.V. º § © e? avº." */Q º Ca. o F#,C) Cold Generac” || Q Ruby V. ions o Cºd?” - | Sal :a::$/€” 3/ smº: 2, ". - A ºr ſº. 3-7- sº ;S3 & ޺ oº: tº išekend. M 'kºº atte V Cala .VC: ‘ºs º * = ? a' t s sº º º 㺠º º: t Spr. o § . Wºllows º Ruby V • C. °Giºcoe & Dušičā; . §: ZNº. º at 0. f º acaº, 2 v. 2-3 ull Aft Fº Ç. Carr 2. tº tº º sº tº Pºstg 3. L o & Fº: *::::::: Tekarna * 3. © º W cul ... % ; % & \ § U § ...) & º § & e Zºº. #1 wi, laer I} g n2/3 Y " : ++ e • * ºn º er • CO 111 lºº xce2 " ºr-tº- K. d • * * * ºp * Sº & N.” * ... 3 º' \ & Aºtº ºt N jºs º rbockerº # # 2ng& #. . Clt, Pianum | J *ra; ** ºaltsº *. º \} § TV 2 º/*S*-> * .9 #. R; §§ 3, #jºins o F & *ºtonwoº s § £gup C}\ºCed tº St. * &A*e?: & º: º,? %zº & § :w gº 22 \\ of * Rå § ` § $xºs º: 4 sville nto #2 NHºuse ol. Pił ers L. “ o Tolyabe C. mºttom o o T £5.9 × ASéº & * F A "...Sºl u, Berth z 3 zº. cº & t.Sºed ea | Sprs: Aşşş 5 sº a) Six º 2,3% 2.ſe) º º: £\ 23 & ŞJºe 3.32. *2 º Ş, 22 &\\f. Saº {. - c.)ack 22% 2. c. * o |_ft G Gran e o H 3/. W ylºr’s S º ew tº Ełot S \ Ǻ rthoud, S. 2. W 2 Płº, gewick *-2S §§§ cº Nº ºt * Sº ºttº a\ \ 23.9 ? ?: º ex 22.3% *A Seas" Tºº,” º • pe º } \ } } yºjo Ivst arº VIone #soriº © Swe *. Q it V. o (Mul vt Sur ard 9 o Sackcºmen I)e & & orºn; t.Pleas \ ulphu gºgno ; r o Sari tº * º, cº-S $ $ gº; ÖYºr AVN o Ay 3.2 º' Lº $3 º? º: 62 3.3% % £º Š-sq 32, º º * r& 2 ºz. / | *> in QS * £agºtt N. etwate Tºo? tom tº _R to Sereº 77 & nt cºst OF TH \ Żº nt : 7 ſB aring +2. Carr: Q. §§§§ § Gºgº Cy. S ºf Nº. &\º St S_2: £A 3. 23ſº 6 / º * * % rº \\ | Q &MM to tº. jº 9t r Cl camb & o Mo JRed C. andheria.” . 9 Fa F THP R L” ſº ld jº uff a Tlsº C# 3 cº §: £º & º e £º §2. S3 2, 2 C Yº... º. §. Idºjº §§19tut sin ſº coan Amaz ºs © © —Auro overdale’ sº © Be??, rey edar Ra cº Şevier Lak º % - yette zº OR T}ookTP OA M er X e d º 8. alo Py - sº Q i idinºv &O tº: § Jr. burgh * <\ TBS O CTTGAG a. *o 3׺ & **, *@ 3 ^. 32% i. § a; § % in tº ºlº 5 Milto redº... « °C ra. Fºr & Pe won t Llſont nch o º § Fºlm Cº. Ma. e | f|l L ATF A \ 2 & P Cen § 5% º Aº \le Q ^- 49e: % º ***** 28. © 3Viips y tie O º, fontan l O r wº. *... oºr. 2 wº Elgin ji §§ ſ] Batºe Charlo $ * Riº rop n o Somo idjº olumb Q?? Spºr Q rºº tº o IIot C tezuma P já W. C ore ta San s L fºgie X. ARKANSA §s ºtCº. § sº Nº. Culb e dia Băşes gh” $. s ge i C-C)” º * elle of Röswº- ** 2.3 ºc &_S to gº & % {º l CŞ. es: [. d N* } 0. QM & • O r. o T Łtt &e 39 g y. 9 § iº -RTVER Brcek Geo ge Jºº & €rt&d º” ºš elto roº º I, * * •f 7 & roft: ºf. Sºº §§§ sº 3-## 5 i\ U É anººg O ſator! *AVN º Oakd r §5? o S. Twbo” roy º° rSo? ſº 31 * * /\R enrº y n º: º Reº fixeº. aſiº sº incol ºil. $5%g ºw}sº S. & -Sºº. §§ ºš Šss ºff "tºº źtº: 3. º W Teolvº &#} 0 L IBe? o Sari 4 & o Bu \ /*&A. ack o Āš ſº Red Cl & * Y” o º S/S ałºńoe Mi o Has *ºto-C W wºº. §§ Ys, ºf sº *S & sº * e 3.35 $; $ sº $x-gº: ag: SHTC # Sch Albion §§§ yerº ºles; ºf e ~~ A o Bellevil! ºnton to tterfield R rl Sc § Rºck Y= º ..a º, . Sº & <º S.Š/č Hiblica hº tings Nºt rete ºS. gº gºsº * &##$ §§ H. £3-º R. D ra. icksbur (37 \ Gălăraş >. San J 㺠NTurlock cij rate §§o i. ": §alto ſ 7. r Centual § o Grant City * º º & Cover Cr º $ #!en C. €ady, gº A. $º Bºgd 9. ## §” £aneº Cy sº % §§ .*. * 3ro, o evºo, 01.0 ...” º rk V ºg º {}; ####3; #3. § 2.É. < * Hoº: º º C & o R -f Gº. º 'y. o ż § { §§§- & º:----, R 4We gº arito rºfiñº.; Amblºg” jºyº l 3 tin rºof, o is º #. Sººt; tº §: ** Jarºposa” sº Våkey Ben r £0. Reveille * Red Bluff Lyon O } Fºullion c § e. res % eſºteº & 3&º tº Jº Åskontº ºn wo;9 ºrg than oº: ºMº.; e * I zt, º º €7?s 3& ºf Bi tol o o S (i. $2, êr- y & r2 te Gráñá Bºº Ré 2nste ‘istleTR *\3.3% gº JB VI) 7. o TTBe 23. P. º, º y Je Unioſ Škoº *jºgº C. &Aº’ & - Sº Fº: T g I sº ing: o © ul, h 7°. 2/. ſº º tº 22 Q rø ..) Thil w ock caver ecat ton < ol. He s afri wº 1 In *} º Ze:" I N * Tº N / 3. §§ +j}. sº º ºlº §º tº: jº º” live . IPtocho º | #; ºr. Kö º: *2, sºtº: % ; '** º: 2. § 3Wł º Q, jº, Č3: wr" o P ; & ºg º §. V . ecums: 3. § tº" 8:-º: º; T- º S Çs qº . % sº sº jº. PI &##. º *Pge º ~ § Cº- urhº g ** <> t t 'er (ºr 7. > * §ºſen *D 2. Wºrst So ſº ſº ..Shubb O ºf “º Pºº-Yº lry g O ºr P. sº * & 1. Scº ** º & S; 27. 1 T. r ex 3 º º MaY Aſ & ach J . JPal a Spºr y - IP, Sprs cº Rub sº tvid 2 AH t’ s & gº d!g? gan sº rro., N. Enºmº Patºni d umbo Nº.:* ſ Yºry & Jijºo ºr: Sy S. t Zion * NQ Çy ** treatérº S La '91 Pi .N BALT 3/. ng § y Ağıºğero gray ... dic \º 4. I’. pºetto • C eff ..IIko o o ºacca • O º, Gunn.’ ºy. & ºkanº 2. usted's e 38. J. Sº sº §ge ſº alº 2 mºm-- piee C * M jºto. 3 §§ RLI ĺ £º. º r 8. Crosse gºout Gºl: & JM º A VA Hollist §§§ ES Tiff 2 Big P. rescent J Benn Ft. J L *o n ºy Kanº: dgerto Ş & s& Aſºsº šº's 26S aſſº ogº & Jewel & scà qº, * *-*: Judº Jä 20, G. º sº Nøros S3 ~! ºfto bd T]yſig Iſkakee Re £1, \ lbºº Fº ºiſéſ. & Ster ºSopaº fall aſſºg ºne Mill ſº...? S etts Ghnsonſ. Yº S-30S.p. Zº <> •e, 8 THE G Col sº gº ºsº $$$$$.5 ſº Fºr **ell andma #: y Nº. sº \lºš. §§º. §§§ ºt 1 \S: 4 nakelaer. zºº. º 3 Tºa % S.Nº. Tres ſº ... Sº erton F. © Cryst A r. Fºel, o Olùg?! S’ſ “2, P inos”, 2& cºcº. w Rob olorado S & §§ S$ºs §§§'S § 3 º'c. * º º;.; w; Bººth Saýa ..º.º. $$$$$. §§§ ºf 2&; evº c5 ...:”g. ocł #!/ r \ \ § § o alinas gºnos 3 NXSºnor ish Sprs DESE §. d) Clover * o #. rom d Ced sº #24 ort/ax. Wht tº *; sº '8 . * & Sºğ.é §§§ 5 §§ O §§§ ..º *FKºsº º | NY º on Seneca A Fo Inº a ©oº > & §§ -> iºuslyº OR Tle tº/Cº. Reynold Asterly.” 4 º' §§§§ IPan XFres tº ºr -)-. gº Æ7- jr. Våll t?. edar Cit Sºğ §º 9Willa G sº Jeºu? cº §§: §a-ºº: §§ ºſa º TCH ..yºPº %22&TſA. § 5 ºff'." Gäß ſº ºf S s' 5 ..º.º. oº- Bºo a Soleda oche sº noCy Jrvsopwºº Yº & Gºoyot ey W - * #.a. Kºn y gº.” QEarth r of: º A****** %, A S ºš s sº a nº ºść" gry (> IS S.Sº #Q 7, ºr $ |&Sö §º: Škin g ...eºſ, % heldon ºš3. Čºntes ? łºd Elkhº . *ś ; Carlos' # e Spr. uniº * arra V. Warraguinept %,...; ** % o. 3 §§§ s º arº Ft. Wä Łºway §§§§§ #ºrse § #TO:s ..º. Pºw\ } *E=- o N. o *Q §§§ sy A. v.” ºw- * VEN t & * *ś ll rini & Iºlòu. §narcos ... Miguel'. . º %, 3. º & § * ºğalan S o S J ° W., Na A. % Y. lºo” : sº & AS gºš sº § .# 3', 45%); ? & 9: 'Alt 25% ºf reencastl Cambrº |j o uadalu a...ºrn º S. E. o Grani e K ells –4 - ſº Co CŞ THot Sp 3.4% Jā; §§ --~~ imatº" *: § sº lorence Cr ‘ºg º 3.32. Q2. 4.g.[rti w ille AFulto ~.93 & ºf &_y jº º “eº r sº rtuns V, le)\{** }%. Messrs Wi- Sa pe #ern “oil lºs hite Wells " .N. Ca Q Q, > ºf armºng U ta. SM. r Tu CŞ uvºº, eay Buº º º tº º 3°. Sº ton .*2, º £(ºf E gºa, 8. & c. Ç Al, e, P | º: Lucia Tejo" p'Gl o IM §o Cy- ells º; § ldorado H & ine Fo S. ig 1...}} one T afteå 3. # in Idah 2. Sold 3 Ft. Bödge JK, 3. º §§ sº W. #uº. WöId (3. *: '#. č. Øsº #ſº A1 ville gy andôna º *}} Iºfa osp KShelby'W N. }}t ºf º tº oster Q] ewis S eral ual r sº t L fäS & *SOtero eade C Gººgite ngman. Y. & * ood Le Úº 32 22, . * Inton nºt -sº ON ºv JVezºton tall rigºgº Ort Bºo 34? t. Conºpó .Nor 190c f, Tejº Lane; : a. * ~ * Ro Sprº. Sº al Pa pats JR owell $ Max * W. o r Cr. Jo * §eº Eld ard Roy tº asanto sºme Ž 2× H' Jeff & g 3.K. i sº P. Sº/ §: lega is tº sterº. TP **** 3 sº. 'I Nº 3", o H *. tº T. Ojo Fernand jºiââ well o IM Median. la Wich orio 5.3% g ; : Bºt 42%. § #.9 & O U 153 º §º ºrgºgº Col reensburok §§ OS puéº" * R Acton §focíž C Šišs. rd O , ackberr Rock e * yo Amarull gº. ºš §arron o T. adison Small icine L It S 3|TF arek. AğJol * & &Xal-Cºt 3. §e; ..º. 8 W. O. ºtern ouis VA (Sun? 27.80 ºr º rºaº Sºº © mt0. © Ravena L ockāº. gº amp C y V. erbat y Spr & * * 0 Ser * tºº Cristob D rouburgh wood o 9 o Ha M 3S every Cha ow Ž Gº wº h !?! s— ty asſº'. <& oº: s Ö diº Gun y jlºomfiel e f * . * * * {{ ū. §§ $º. Sol ame. ** Wa ady t.M. IFt. o & ce & facumi cº-l Cac villeta. 2: 3:57 al Q OrSe 9 Cam rpers Bell * n y le. nute ell Cut m Créek. uscumb 3& a.º. l uis #C T. & <>{I} ymyour & Jºnº. - e we tºº tº : S. * w N - y 18, º ev entra 2 ed ~, *s Sam. § 𠧧 chº º: C 's . Spr. *re $o :* g3 cr: }# Puebla Piñad ente, ..º. Aº. pring & O Añº AVorth p º: KA #: e gº ë. fiscosage/ºu C- % S §adº. Hichl Vie mºm Żu §§§ . § wº º: Š º ‘. nce \ . sºs ; § Y. . Santa º \!...? º 3. º ión” old grºt ..Hope o & o t.Canby, Sº ...? jºy." º °F 75wch --~ sy--- #.9°N *ś 8/: inăiº & jº. amagº. º º, S.T.S. i crºſº #23; § 3. * - * - * * *fº * - Aw I& TV, airfiel en IRInklis yº- k S sºftgººd §§§ sº Womán S Turk & 3% s \,- *Water >{} lºſt 20 o § º e O Căl annºclan 25 y &W * & II Va. Ž rard .# *ty _B ama & §ea" IPotos P/$ \ *2, iſeºev wº"?" Cºrzo sº º oogoot * > :::::: * > Š2%; &e. s Spr. tgº º o ey C Au% Jº, 7° & 3 Nº j, tê * *~ ſº * nde oth tº uffal osmoº" & rôa ºf * - //s es s e Sºº vt # 3. Sº ń. tº: g| Falm Sprºw spr gm", ºf claſſ. Ctenego y Cano Ø ºral S sº :º % gºš or, goºl Jīſ TºuT gºme : ©Elce PSC), * * go ºſº º: © !? sºft”; #. #º. jº; gº § 277 Ceò 077 §. #. jš. º # ſº 9\{{! m.9 ** &sº asº elr’ º Z Cy pring s jº. & *2. & ~. s? §: 3?% ws for 7, g C fºr- Colump arthage langºl •/ Hou Orch tn. d, P tºng ºf * i *.* oxhs .1 wn and a? ** * arrollto sº-sº Etºnii 9 R laš eºs: ir's Cam IPrekc upºle fin G.S.S$.3s % Z. *3 º Il Cr, y." º $3% sqsh gua Sºº ard Ba & physbo tº: swºlle... Sla & {} Sta Q: º tºb ãº"Ana \J s Chicanaſia JPark IP O brey ; .Affilă F. y ſº NN uslow Ojo de gau” 3º sº & Il ~7. *; Creek i. ople v.; ñº % Marshfi l * Centre gynton sº & reier T } Map16 %\}} is ; one pr Sºº *. sº §§§ No Sér Selen 3.Talaš. jáč. †, ASt. J. Sº O & Sº ** 2,\tº * toºl IR: ue \Jack Qe shº Springfielá eld y - . 2Nack in He VA rº by V $º ...'. § Faà º: S 5– d o Valley me Springs guose ºw c!gua Frta *: ºWew Plaze *; lan º: Veg Qer Ca luff “. Soº eo §§ .# .####".” & ), pºtaº? §. Grººd % awnee T º; Oo º: º: o SC.71 º' tº Q.7 o * 㺠ſ l o &" es o ºš. o maſſ; º \ 1erce C tº? Q D {{ / of esºſºº" er E CE tº Jh ſº Owe hort eč 8t Pown L C. W \SQ.7l Qp; i shrine? jº § {{Laiº, Los I, tº San A º...” 2070 2). Vºnita *ś a pº & e; Arcs & yº;”hºg jºſafo Insboro t Loxingt § º, oº º & *s }. * #. o O IBrºgl St.Johns #; Perakta ...—wºujºre's B º Ft. Elliott & [. Sº $º ºtuloy *Spring'/sº Sha ; . Hiſt, &#" #. reenville §. vulie lco :* º º §º ll #. § 9 San L gº?! § º ºvº §h a. ** Taº Sab Las fascoſi “ 3 TW IM . V.“e ...~1-4.3% - les in a 4189& ºr ſº orsº, “... º Feeland * º, loom orſe 7ttº, * ttch <\ºss jºvić SN ullS Te ** Cº so & $f } i Il:\ S § oùon l] heeler obeet * ... O *2, * Zººdºs” sº tºº º N * Ft. Wa o ille tjø tº tºº 8. B isvi lle Alt P * *fill l is Cat Aſſy etort k ifield Le sº tº NStonewall ºgºnoiº sºrous; !. Puuki er La Jo alºpona. ll 2CV. S Sº? tºo ! Washi cº- *2\, ź. ..., olºtºn ca op. #. 'y one Poplar B º Ow §. flºº & {lº O o .*. ‘. . 3% (1 | ae fawk w}re \ſ, & € Al yºu 3. tnch erta fle L tta Ft. —Aa Coyeta Aft º Sºlº t Gr tºwg *}” (, olo- t& ºst Doni luff k º Sº nd ºf-w three eilsº or ~: unfords Stanfºrd * o Vall #ank "S Jºhſº Spring me $S -p}. e o Wh 2-’” JHors aiull lo era. No L Ull]? - ..Reno g is tº Taijuan H j. .# nºn-ºo #3"Tº —#iº †eº. Mºs nville }re y L jº. oJul ecito C \ºls º, sº * Gild Tºlſº Silv eatuosſfi e Spr Soc alt lak aş O s? Claſſ IF or Šºć: Fº #º: ãºul: ºr "g 77, 16] Coº imº rto roft S- our;\) Liberty Y § 6 º' ~ §§."” Cy. Jº %, Gºd 321&nix er Cy P . San orrb W.P e )wtos zº tendon, ort S ... Cou etº oy, § $º gº º “op ...lºoms; *:::::" de º ºgº. f iberty § So San D tank ſo Sack. actuº ºx. & & Salt o e o źf arida IFt. Su © D. C. C. Kicka ncil jº. ..º.º. asjæx?& * omelelm S *:::::="3 #ſºft, Rus O ºglºw. YºC 9-... = lºg Skett's Well Sº cºs & & er Tºngo Globe C tº Ilul IR ly) & . Sll Inner T & e apootown pond &A' -º Tºko son: AM&A e Mé Juded º/ Hil d ºnarchara £07. {\ º ſtºn Gºking gº! ** : e Wling G w Somerset{Z. * * gº tº ...:---- Sºlºš ºff * º Arycº © sº erQS3. u Co Survy o Las Semi o º Checata ſ º gee … . cº gº St. o e } 0 M t. % #zi o #, ASP tº n k s Ell ton- & * ** mph reen /. l § Jºosart to šč % –RS$º Grande oº: §. San Ped myszdě-\LH/ * it. rºles ºsovºgº jºjº ole.” – Wewaka º & º § º ::::::::::::: ºu. º gº; & ſº ::::::: fºr tº: uthrie' §.ul.” ames 37 ; (l °. Des al tºº * 18% * # lets rela") Valverd TO IE spua ola Saada #º JFort smºnadº º R,Rivºlº. * *.3 sº § 0-5 3} Ozark 20zº .* ;; * */J >ſſº - rº' ºr * º . º: p ;: #º º: º 5- § CC177 º, tº ... Teacas Hºlz attelt JR39 –Z & -d E cº * e o Eic S + Cam º o Shawnee :..T. 32-6 }. Oa º Fºg ==#sº gº. 3. •sº % º 4. J gº § 4…" \, § gº § ;ºn }}}} *ś ºri, #Tº Q º º o! Guad ſ $ * pp. * 100 (9. C & lamo mid oyote * * dz Wºhita town oe o F, º 29 (5 mith r/ca. §§ s oftsville $njJacks: eSyya ma. § l enton * 㺠ºº::c: $ isſa § * H &ºe Čil Ild, it * 6.) ū-ºs alupe W & Miness ...” 2. \-\\ gº .4; ºftº: LLAWO ESTACA :2"; #, º ...tºſ º º §§º. § tº: .# ; sº º §:. ...sº #. *; º ah M | & Q C o “º ^2. IP tº gle * L D 3-4-3- ...Arbuckle? A cé p : *e, fea; Oil- wº fin il 33 .# 's IR ghºº. gton, fºr a Fărmy, .**º & Sm ź. ſº & tguel *ss wºjoto orrai º º ey 'alom ... Upham a Lomi •), 4. C JB cödemy & 9R * 07:14.4/ſ gusta TW ge ~$ º zººn"Tſ. C ޺. : ...? • * o §s Cº. & Sel Ols o mito. * amp. An ogy, D o "Roger's 23: ole & pø wfly eely "DeW. sö &\ºs 8 gºtrºy e lo §§ CŞſºle * º G S. Raf ºs Sºs o o cabi * *c. 2. guer Sut 9 (ſ. 2 Aleman º Llpyd's Ra Los Tul & Gooch" Ap gur r: epot.” syßNMcKı g Jºº. . “...º. º ſausanſ.” jº º 3. *::::::: q2 #. ##. I àº, ; º: Wºłºburgh £ S \ G, ſlas. ael (§ -* jº St.Xavier d 2. §º 2. Hatc gº." fute ille nch OR anes ºv. GentMcIC s Fanch a NJ; ..º. Fort Żºł: “"ºpene l; Hull º:3. tº lººp *Š. g...?'" . . #º §'. ºf S ºš: S$ º * er de B ". g O II 7°OSCE at McKenzie' earthº tº /;&B º;i fi -- sº .*-* & º tº sº. o P. Wa 㺠****): jº. Kingsta 4 onhas 9 * la o ^s acº/* N º & Ft Sam Z16 8 JHenri twe ough Y ſtººd loond ademy o C L -CP gift aft Tº tº tº ºis sº t la Snesborough * L y; “ºb G º “ Sel ..Sel 9 etta 7. & Duran o al aS jºnok 6.” © S. ...tº: vi.o ºnºurſ." evotibur Yºshingto i º o S. Jacant §s • s Fº F. : Tººn º Wºłº § #;". Jºt O cº; spring ‘. Deni :* .1% gnose &#;" ſº * º: a : ś. º º Žº at ºnk () g C aſ, * ºil,lile * * 25 er 0 A* t, M. Spring” º - - son Zºº ; :-} -- ...?” . fººte **º-º. ºilº Fa º/*. on tap?. ðr' §. © s * # Son •ºf & & ºpire * *2 S em Mesłlla o Das Cruces S *asco STA KED PLA % §re Camp * IFort TBelk % . . o º: e º a.o.º. amºoº stand g ----- P’sy * ??zz & ...tº; º S. #. &\º, S 2, . Matt ason, o Q Ch. Ranch Ta P- Ft.F even Rivers IN * Cann nap t.Bicła º o–9- 3.9% g - 3.x / ſitka: cºe ;:#; Jas sº. Salā o Z. * * Zo arlesto maja º 24 ..Fullm lverS up Coo * #arlsº †asto?\*Whi ºx. & o : - : “ST ##!!eº. *:::::: C\e i) glagº *T Ç %fºul , B cy º dqal 7, & Etº mbles ** Ore P Grºß gentons hitewrigh <º J. - - U13Cu Lº Úlº J) º º ºš. gº ºne 1 §. * • %. amori f 3. €S del -El P. Fºnº lºº -º-º-º: nº —Auror atur & Yſ # g t 2 3: n: To $º “º-e -> º: § *: r º ! o Mºtºº * tº . ~~º tº —y * o I * wng° §§ .S. º. wrizal "%. - 2 ~! ſº. .; ſ” j §. —-if::::::" pr: : £ain)” §: § :^%; P. & fe fra- + y(Z2&7° * o ºr it...?? 6. Sl tº gº 3. rfora” tile © Il € * ... Sprº- º S (E7°? O Altar § o Esp yº, eta IJel Cr. l o +ock\}. poºlſ Reš | S Q pla aware <> Ft. C. & KMYºs o ld. sº to. ºliagº Cit o Quittac La -4ſu t. C {tº-Ft. W. Nº. Nº” fe | ". Cle o Bo Wii gd: Men. O sº. F * stang Sp ring try c ;.N. Rex. 23% | negui o GS cº- AS & ºp àx - b]{ & & \. Sº guilla Ar S Pedr t. Quit Rose o achie" auf. [...] #. Fºr 2. rtcuado * O o O III: Il S JPo ečºut rºle ººmsºmº unction Sºg (33; ta. Caj Úº 3& Cº. lt C Crucé." Tuapeſ, 1Spe % alt Lake sº {e}}. p:#. rôléthens ºn: 34 sº 8 R §§§ Cés O <3 Opod º #!. Lag d N B t.Concho it; Corsi ſº ñs *- *: e C o e S-g • -º 4}. tº | t and, McNally & C S. sº Alamº § o . * } } sº C Casás Grande Pates Horsehead Cr ºfºund £ickapºp Old Ft. Gat #: : # *} ck o., En §s \;=\; § 㺠Mi º 'ptioh conc Galèn o Wa ſ -L ring Gº??!Cº- Gates sco : ot", € son \9W, * ** §) §§§ 35& Tºpoca wº rew Opos gasawa, Gº o º C © ld Fº San Saba ...Yºu' Gä&V. Sº gº § ! #ºn tll —º $3 | (, $º º tºlermº ſº d Y S. wº o 3. I’IOle Ol †: + © Cherokee sº çºsºft's sº 2. TMa $º 83 m! } flas dré §. . º s º º * © e tº (455- T *\ | S.” & {{ º f Y ey ahuarwpa Ağ S o Agua Nueva Lancaster will.” -Llano $, aba % &#. d. § %. ez º Cro ; t 349 -> & e # - C}ºo, e tºl g” In -Nºt- C S N | T. Gertrud º & Pozº © JRealito Bamara o Lorenzo IFort T.; Kavett *Ft. Maio. G *śāst i. o lvert r oV), Re b I o ſº .S. At - d tº & Ort Mu yame - rel + ..Tº * Corºſe ock Hearn l rdnch =[42* t º “Y ſ ~t P Zubiate 9&o ralla Presidió Pelagos Cher § Mill Zº yetown º' C. . #int d La N wº § " alm | d Chen JFrede ry"Spr * alº •.4° sville o atºnd Č - S. § 1. 8. s A. Sta. €90 .. C ricksbur • Oak e? & rysm ita J. ={3} jº Pºgnacio o w #Pºtºs 7ttofºo o Małachieko | * Clara cº |Leaton amp Tſudson gh o º #.Kū *:::::::*ś; sº a. . § º § c 'C. jose Al†. CampoW Blººd.” §§ Nº." ..º º: —s. } 3 ºf º %. .* ºn-gºi." Aaſ- PRoRo8EI) (177&Q. o wº o C sº JB §: º: ckhart *IZF; op}; § : ... ſIro Sprº. --> s: 3– - -* # majº. Dolores)? ſº sº hupadero º andera .#. §: ºff." jº, #4ſ'd º: *= *m & res ve is tº & := §elen carnºść” O G10 ..sº-Juli Cerro Ovéro Ja ntonio rSE lº. guin & II # §. 11 r º y = 2–2. o Coco | Rech S Il ejulimes 'avalt 3.30. S. G. glletts § (ºuston WKillisvil = —% y A- echºe O ..Isd Ö S. *Ud ſage ZIt?! onzáles ... NS 6. *Tºº t E. 33- •Nuriſ’ S- S.A C salad, M* #:#$o...? him. = | Car • An Lºnn ablo o Canon º Tas P © JFrt * t le gloc fry. wond * = vehi:\e O En de ted ras San Fer () Town © leasantor; Clinton Cuero <22 olu E º --- 2." . cºntllas de 3. Pelle Branch.” © º . Importers and Wholesale and Retail Dealers in eneral Merchandise, S.A.L.T L.A.K.E CITY, UTAH. * BRANCH Houses AT-2 Ogden - - Weber County, - - Utah. Logan, - - Cache County, ** - Utah. Soda Springs, – - - iº sº- * * ldaho. Co-operative Stores and the General Public are invited to select their purchases rom our choice and carefully bought stock of . STAPLE AND FANCY GROCERIES, DRY GOODS AND NOTIONS, Provisions and Produce, Clothing and Furnishing Goods, Crockery and Glassware, Hats and Caps, - Tinware and Stamped Ware, ſº Boots and Shoes, Heavy and Shelf-Hardware. Rubber Goods, Stoves, Grates and Ranges, Leather and Findings, Tools and Implements, Pure Drugs and Medicines, Stationery and School Books, Wines and Liquors, School Books, Etc., Etc., Etc. Carpets and House Furnishings, IN ALL QUALITIES AND OF LATEST STPLES. PAPER HANGINGS OF NEWEST DESIGNs. Tºulolº Suits, Cvercoats ar.ól Cºveralls- - Post of FICE, TAxATION, ETC. 71 two items the bulk of the internal revenue receipts are from special taxes (licenses) and taxes on the capital and deposits of banks. The tax paid by the national banks does not appear in above total. The Salt Lake City (John T. Lynch, postmaster) Postoffice business and its growth in three years is as follows: CLASS. 1878 1880 Receipts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $19,821 $31,122 Expense of Maintaining... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,492 $11,668 Profit to the Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,329 $19,454 Receipts of Money Order Department. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $274,775; $846,524 Value of Postage Stamps Canceled ................................. . . . . $25,374 $31,275 Letters and Postal Carus Delivered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833,844 1,035,241 Letters and Postal Cards Dispatched. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722,540 1,461,235 Pieces of Third and Fourth Class Mail Dispatched,........... . . . . . . . . . 84,365 142.633 Weight of Total Mail Dispatched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,144|| 603,262 Registered Packages Handled.......................................... 24,865 48,148 The United States Land Office at Salt Lake City was opened in March, 1869, and the following summary of its business thence to June 30, 1882, includes nearly all the lands in the Territory to which the title has either passed out of the Govern- ment or been applied for. All moneys for sales, fees, or commissions are paid over to the United States. They are included under the heading of receipts: ENTRIES, DESCRIPTION OF. NO. AR.E.A. | RECEIPTS. Homesteads, First Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,683 744,969 $81,356.50 Homesteads, Final Proofs. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,017 270,474 11,119,00 Declaratory Statements for Pre-emption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,609 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,827.00 Cash Entries thereunder'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,461 275,161. $79,248.65 Desert Entries, First Payment, at 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 116,077 29,021.26 Desert Entries, Final Payment, at $1.00 . . . . . . . . . . ** s tº ſº e º 'º º ſº 136 18,142 18.144.28 Agricultural College Scrip:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 92,640 . . . . . . . . . . . . Military Bºunty Warrant Entries. ........ • - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * 152 23,835 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Valentine Scrip Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 280 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Porterfield Scrip Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 80 l. . . . . . . . . . . . Supreme Court Scrip. Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4,520 ! ............ Chippewa Scrip Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * 5 400 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Sioux Scrip Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 367 l. . . . . . . . . . . . Timber-Culture Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 16,224 1,658.00 Mineral Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 6,659 30,795.50 Coal Land Entries ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 7,688 87.848.50 Declaratory Statements, Soldiers and Sailors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.00 Declaratory Statements for Coal Land.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 |............ 1,734.00 Applications for Mineral Lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,800.00 Adverse Claims Filed................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 |............ 6,220.00 Timber Depredations....................................... tº a tº º e a tº ſº tº e º e s s a s w g º a 14,625.41 Total Receipts............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697,431.10 * Title perfected, arable land, 702, 123 acres; coal land, 7,688; mines, 6,659; acres entered, but final proofs not made, 572,430; total acres entered, 1,288,900; mine patents received, 337; coal patents, Io. - - TAXATION. There are no debts on account of railroad construction. The revenue law is liberal. Rates of taxation are three mills for Territorial and three for school pur- poses; counties may levy in their discretion not more than six; towns are restricted to five for ordinary expenses, five for opening, improving, and keeping in repair the 72 RESOURCES OF UTAH. streets; while they are all empowered to tax in their discretion to provide water and water-works. Real estate is directly taxed upon assessment of value. Mines and bullion are exempt, but improvements on mines are not. Personal property, although owned by non-residents, is taxed if within the Territory. From taxable credits, debts are allowed to be deducted. Stocks of incorporations whose property is tax- able, are exempt. Taxable property, $30,000, OOO. In no other State or Territory are the taxes so moderate. - EDUCATIONAL. An annual Territorial tax of three mills is levied for ordinary school purposes, and the school districts may levy such a tax, not exceeding 20 mills per annum, as may be thought necessary for school purposes, if approved by two-thirds of the tax- payers of the district at a meeting called for the purpose. There are about 35o district schools; nominal value of school property, $400,000; children between six and eigh- teen, 35,000; attendance, 40 per cent. ; two terms of I2 weeks each year, one of them paid for by tuition fees, which average $4 a term. Besides the district schools there are the Deseret University, Brigham Young Academy, and about 30 private schools. Also, sustained by the Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Methodists, and Catholics, 50 mission schools with an enrollment of 4,000, employing 134 teach- ers at a cost of $60,000 a year, owning school property worth $150,000. Tuition in these schools costs an average of $8 a term, and there are four terms in the year. Some of them are free (to the pupils,) all of them are graded. Nine of them have high school departments, and most of the teachers rank with high school teachers. The Brigham Young Academy and Deseret University are high schools, averaging an attendance of 200 each, and advertising three courses of study—preliminary, scientific, and classical-preparatory. The latter has a library of 2,600 volumes, standard and miscellaneous, a laboratory well supplied with mathematical, philosophical, and chemical apparatus, and a valuable cabinet of minerals and curiosities. It is partly sustained by tuition fees, but the Territory annually appropriates $5,000 toward its support on condition that it give a year's course of normal teaching to 40 representa- tive students from different parts of the Territory. This number nearly covers the average attendance in the normal department. - It may be said, upon the whole, that Utah affords the ordinary educational and religious ſacilities of the Territories. It has had no assistance, either in land or money, the policy of the Federal Government being to restrict these favors to the States, which need them far less than the Territories. In all the district and higher schools, some scholars are educated free, but not a great many. In the nature of things it cannot be expected. Some of the mission schools have a certain number of scholarships endowed by philanthropic persons, East, notably the Episcopal. The public provision, Territorial, is about $65,000 a year. The districts may be expected to raise half as much more by taxation, enough, say, to give the total School popula- tion one term of three months schooling every year. Tuition may be supposed, though it is a rather violent supposition, to provide for another term per year, and that is the utmost that can be expected at present. - No effort should be spared, and in case of the mission high schools, and the Salt Lake Academy, none will be spared, to make them equal in every respect to high schools in the East. Instead of our people sending their boys and girls to the States to finish their education they should supply their own wants in this respect by en- ATTRACTIONS. 73 couraging their home academies, and also the wants of adjoining Territories. They should also turn out a superior grade of teachers, and by that means keep alive and ever increase the interest in education in this and the surrounding young common- wealths, stimulating the people to greater efforts, to the furnishing of better facilities, better qualified and better paid teachers, and steadily raising the standard of build- ings, of text books and apparatus, of the system of teaching and studying. The at- tention of wealthy people who desire to devote part of their means to the advance- ment of education is earnestly called to this field. In all the Territory a year's schooling costs, either in taxation or tuition, or both, from $16 to $30 a scholar, probably an average of $20, against $4 in Switzerland and $5 in Germany. No aid in lands has been rendered by the General Government, and none is likely to be un- til Utah becomes a State. No practicable remedy for this suggests itself. But at the same time, the quality of teaching might be very greatly improved. There are at least five schools in Salt Lake City, to wit: the Rocky Mountain Seminary, the Salt Lake Academy, the Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, St. Mark's, and St. Mary's, that might be enabled by a generous endowment in the ordinary way, to afford teaching at $16 instead of $28 or $30 a year, and to become and maintain themselves as high schools equal to the very best in the country, each sustaining a normal department, and turning out every year a score of finished teachers, almost infinitely better quali- fied for their duties than the average now teaching in the Territory. There are published in Utah five daily, twelve weekly, two semi-weekly, two semi-monthly, and two monthly papers, with an aggregate circulation of nearly 30,- ooo sopies. There are four libraries, two Territorial, (one law), one Masonic, the latter managed as a circulating library and having 5,000 volumes, and all steadily growing. There are of benevolent societies probably 200, one or more in nearly every town, nine-tenths of them semi-religious. The Masons and Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias have I7 lodges in the leading towns, with assets valued at $40,000. The Hebrews have one congregation, one relief, and one benevolent society, with assets of $6,000. Temples of Honor and réform clubs and temperance societies have lodges in the principal towns. ATTRACTIONS-SALT LAKE CITY. Of pleasure resorts in Utah Salt Lake City ranks first. Located on the bar of a fine mountain stream which tips it up gently toward the setting winter sun, the streets are spacious and wide apart, bordered with trees and purling brooks, giving ample room for buildings, gardens, orchards, shrubbery, and ornamental grounds. Foliage largely conceals the houses in summer, and as the country is naturally destitute of trees, the contrast is striking and pleasing. The mean summer temperature is about 74, but on account of the dry and rare atmosphere it is not more oppressive than a mean five degrees lower would be on the sea level. Although the mercury often reads above 90 in July and August, sunstroke is unknown, severe thunder and light- ning are infrequent, the nights are uniformly cool, and denizens of the city who are obliged to visit the East in the hot months are exceedingly glad to get back again. There is no comparison between the comfort of the average Salt Lake and the average Eastern climate in the same latitude, and it is equally noticeable at all seasons of the year. The mean temperature in winter is about 32, and the Salt Laker often has oc- casion to felicitate himself on the enjoyment of the pleasantest of winter weather, J. Q. F. AUERBACH & BRO, 124 & 126 East Temple street, Offer the following lines of Goods at Wholesale and Retail, each Départment being replete with the Best Quality of Goods to be secured in Home and Foreign Markets: Silk, Satin, Velvet and Brocade Department. French and American Dress Goods Table Linen and Domestic Carpet and House Furnishing Ladies' and Gents' Boots and Shoes Hosiery and Lace Corsets and Ladies' Underwear Fancy Notions and Trimmings Dolman, Cloak and Fur Gents' and Boys' Hat and Cap Gents' and Boys' Clothing Gents’ and Boys' Furnishing Goods Millinery at Wholesale only. We are Mezer Undersold. Z0. & 4 ( & & & & & * é & 4 & & 4 & & Mail Orders Promply Attended F. AUERBACH & BRO. copyright SECURED OVERLAND HOUSE, W. A. PITT, Proprietor. TERMS-$1 to $1.75 per day; $7 to $9 per week. Single Meals, 25 cents. (ALIFURNIA FRUIT SAL'". WENS California If You Have Abused Yourself By over-indulgence in eating or drinking; have Sick or Nervous Headache, Dryness 5? the Skin with Feverish Tendency, Night Sweats and Sleeplessness, by all mean use SI L A V EIN 2S IHTER, UIT S All LT . b231 MOORE, ALLEN & CO., AgentS. ATTRACTIONS. 75 when the great Eastern railroads are blocked up by snow, or the mercury at the chief centres of population day after day reads from fifteen to thirty below zero. The real winter holds from three to six weeks only. The annual mean is 51°, and a residence in the city is worth the while solely for the agreeableness of the climate. The city has ample and pleasant hotel accommodations and a good market, en- suring comfort at reasonable prices; it has the electric light, gas, excellent water, supplied from City Creek by means of piping laid under the streets, with frequent hydrants and head sufficient to force it over the tops of the highest buildings; it has churches of the principal Christian denominations and fair schools; twelve miles of street car lines; and two fine theatres. It is peaceful and orderly; taxes are very moderate; and from it the most popular places of resort—the Warm Springs, Great Salt Lake, the Cottonwoods, Bingham and American Fork canyons and Parley's Park, are easily accessible; that is, one can visit most of these places and return the same day if he chooses. The Warm Springs are less than two miles by the street cars from the principal hotels. Salt Lake is reached on the south shore via the Utah & Nevada in twenty miles; on the east shore via the Utah Central in fifteen. One goes to Alta, in Little Cottonwood, by rail in twenty-five miles; thence horseback into Big Cottonwood, Parley's Park, or American Fork. The first two are reached by wagon in a few hours' ride, iſ preferred; the last by rail to the village of American Fork, and then horses or carriages. Bingham Canyon is the same distance from the city by rail as Alta. One of the most interesting points in the vicinity is Fort Douglas, a well-built full-regiment post, located on a plateau about three miles east of and 500 feet above the city. The post and grounds are laid out with taste, a small stream of mountain water making the culture of trees, shrubbery, grass, and flowers possible. The ele- vation gives almost a bird's-eye view of the city and valley. In the distance lies the “Dead Sea of America, a blue band drawn along the base of island mountains the vistas between which are closed by more distant ranges. In the north the Promon- tory divides the waters, ending far out in the lake. Across Jordan Valley the Oquirrh rises to a lofty height, white with snow great part of the year, and often veiled by clouds. On the south.low hills appearing to be thrown out in echelon, complete the enclosure of Jordan Valley, which lies an unrolled map at one's feet. An even finer view, and one much sought, is afforded from Ensign Peak, north of the city, one might say at the head of Main Street, although its ascent must be afoot. Amongst the attractive objects in the city are the Tabernacle, a unique structure, with its im- mense organ and seating capacity of 8,000; the rising white walls of the Temple, IOOx200 feet on the ground; the Salt Lake Museum, a valuable collection of Utah minerals and of curiosities from many lands; and the Warm Springs, nicely improved and with commodious buildings and conveniences for all sorts of bathing. There are some good public buildings and many noble private residences and beautiful grounds. A drive round the city and to Fort Douglas is interesting and enjoyable. It might well extend to Emigration Canyon, near the Fort, or to Parley's Canyon, further south. The country on the Cottonwoods, adjoining the city southward, is highly im- proved for several miles out. The system of city streets, making blocks of ten acres, is extended over this rural suburb, where they become country lanes, and afford de- lightful drives through cultivated fields, orchards, and improvised groves of trees. Occasionally there is a small sheet of artificial or natural water, which has been im- 75 Resources of UTAH. proved and beautified with especial reference to the wants of pleasure seekers. Street cars run to Liberty Park, a locust grove of 110 acres, belonging to the city. It may be doubted, however, whether Salt Lake City affords any pleasure equal to that of perusing the perpetually varying picture presented by the magnificent range of mountains, which rises abruptly to a height of 8,000 feet above the valley, with no accompaniment of foot hills to conceal or dwarf its proportions. Much of the year it is white with snow. In the autumn it wears all the colors of the rainbow in succes- sion as its shrubbery is touched more and more severely by the frosts. In the spring only do its lower slopes present a green appearance. On northern exposures it is dark with pines. Its general summer hue is gray, although its light and shade and color are as variable as the wind that plays about its craggy summits, invades their recesses, and in its persistent efforts to crumble them, has chiseled out gorges in the Solid rock thousands of feet deep, giving infinite variety of form and outline. These are but surface aspects, however. The interest in them is ever renewed be- cause they perpetually change with the seasons or with the point of view. The Range gets a deeper hold of one from its suggestions of primary forces and principles, such as had to do with the forming of the globe itself, and are now busying themselves with its destiny. It seems to materialize the idea of endurance, to be the emblem of strength, from everlasting to everlasting the same. Yet it has been gas in the ſervent heat of the sun. It has been an ocean of liquid fire. It has been held in solution by primeval seas. They laid its foundations relatively six miles deeper than they now stand. The crust of the earth was broken through when it was upraised and this enormous fault made. The impalpable ether which bathes its lofty heights has re- duced them by many miles and will in few years spread its entire mass upon the floor of the ocean where it has rested before. We must look to the sun for immutability, and may not find it even there. “But thou art, perhaps, like me, for a season; thy years will have an end. Thou shalt sleep in thy clouds, careless of the voice of the morning.” The basic rocks of the Wasatch are quartzose, mica, and hornblendic schists. Next above these is a heavy bed of stratified quartzites. Next above, a bed of gray limestone, probably of silurian age, and a group of shales, clays, and quartzites inter- venes between this and another limestone formation which belongs to the carbonifer- ous age. The Range extends throughout Utah and far into Montana, but it is seen to greatest advantage from Salt Lake City and from the valley for 200 miles north. and south. Its canyons are the result of erosion, and are due to the quantity of snow precipitated upon its higher regions. Many of its summits exceed 12,000 feet in alti- tude. The Twin Peaks, overshadowing Jordan Valley, rise 12,000 feet above the sea, and the high peak further seuth to 12,500. Everywhere it is an imposing and picturesque object, but overlooking the Salt Lake Basin from Mt. Nebo to Bear River Gates, it is a Titanic monument of nature's rearing upon which, with incom- parable touch, a new picture is painted by the same great artist every day. GREAT SALT LAKE. The first mention of Great Salt Lake was by the Baron La Hontan in 1689, who gathered from the Western Indians some vague notions of its existence. He ro- manced at length about the Tahuglauk, numerous as the leaves of trees, dwelling on its fertile shores and navigating it in large craft. Captain Bonneville sent a party from Green River, in 1833, to make its circuit, but they seem to have given it up {} GREAT salt LAKE, 77 e 6ñ striking the desert on the northwest, lost their way, and after some aimless wan- dering found themselves in Lower California. Until Colonel Fremont visited it, in 1842, on his way to Oregon, it is probable that its dead waters had never been in- waded or the solemn stillness of its islands broken. He pulled out from near the mouth of Weber River in a rubber boat eighteen feet long for the nearest island, which, when he had climbed it and found it a mere rock, as he says, fourteen miles in circuit, he named “Disappointment Island.” Captain Stansbury re-christened it “Fremont Island,” and by common consent such it is called. Captain Stansbury found neither timber nor water on it, but luxuriant grass, wild onions, parsnips and sego. Near the summit the sagebrush were eight feet high and six or eight inches in diameter. sº In the early spring of 1850, Captain Stansbury spent three months in making a detailed survey of the shores of the lake and its islands. He found the western shore a salt-encrusted desert, in traversing which his men more than once well nigh perish- ed for want of water; the northern shore composed of wide salt marshes overflown under steady southerly winds; the Promontory Range projecting thirty miles into the lake from the north, having many sweet water springs around its base, and a good range (now covered with flocks and herds); the southern shore set with mountain ranges, standing endwise to the lake, with grassy valleys intervening—Spring, Tuilla, and Jordan; the eastern shore fair irrigable land. The latter was then already dotted with infant settlements, and was producing fifty bushels of wheat to the acre. Almost everywhere land and water were divided by mud flats, across which they were forever dragging their boats and packing their baggage. The principal islands are Antelope and Stansbury, rocky ridges, ranging north and south, rising abruptly from the lake to an altitude of 3,000 feet. Antelope is the nearest to Salt Lake City, and is sixteen miles long. Stansbury is twenty miles to the westward of Antelope, and twelve miles long. Both at that time were.accessible from the southern shore by wagon. Both had springs of sweet water and good grass for stock. The view from the summit of Antelope is described as “grand and mag- nificent, embracing the whole lake, the islands, and the encircling mountains covered with snow—a superb picture set in a framework of silver.” Mention is made of the scenery on the eastern side of Stansbury. “Peak towers above peak, and cliff be- yond cliff, in lofty magnificence, while, crowning the summit, the dome' frowns in gloomy solitude upon the varied scene of bright waters, scattered verdure, and bound- less plain (western shore) of arid desolation below.” Descending one day from the “dome,” “the gorge, at first almost shut up between perpendicular cliffs of white sandstone, opened out into a superb, wide, and gently sloping valley, sheltered on each side to the very water's edge by beetling cliffs, effectually protected from all winds, except on the east, and covered with a most luxuriant growth of bunch-grass. Near the shore were abundant springs of pure, soft water,” probably covered by the lake now. There was no sweet water on the western side of the island. Of minor islands, there are Fremont, Carrington, Gunnison, Dolphin, Mud, Egg, Hat, and several islets without names. With the ranges enclosing the valley they present water marks at different heights, one principal one 800 feet above the present lake level, in- dicating a comparatively recent receding of the waters, either from change of climate or the relative level of the mountains and basin. In all probability the whole area between the Sierra Nevada and the Wasatch - à ; ; ©u tr;#. ſºft ºld.: utillº E: . E [ºſ tº º #ſºft # [ºf ºf IX & cº-ºººººººº Pa, enver, Col., and Chicago, Ill., - ARCHITECTs OTE"" TTE-ITED National Mining and Industrial Exposition Building, Tabor's Grand Opera House, Denver, Tabor's Block, &c. GREAT SALT LAKE. 79 was once a lake, in which the mountains rose as islands, and of which the lakes now existing, large and small, are the remains. The deposits which cover the lowlands are chiefly calcareous and arenaceous, and often filled with fresh water and land shells, indicating a very modern origin. The formation of the islands and shore ranges ad- joining Salt Lake is metamorphic; the strata distinctly marked and highly inclined, but attaining no great elevation; generally overlaid with sandstones and limestones of the carboniferous age, both partly altered, the former constituting the loftier emi- nences; in places highly fossiliferous, in others, losing their granular character and becoming sub-crystalline, or threaded by veins of calcareous spar; the sandstones often from metamorphic action taking the character of quartz. In places on the is- lands, the surface is changed rocks, talcose and mica slates, hornblende and sienite. Captain Stansbury found the top of an island twenty miles west of the northern point of Antelope to consist of fine roofing slate. A nail could be driven through it almost as easily as through a shingle. It was in unlimited quantity. On another small is- land he found cubic crystals of iron pyrites in seams of ferruginous quartz. Near the point of Promontory Range he noticed a cliff of alum shale nearly a mile in length, traversed by dykes of trap, the shale containing numerous veins of very pure fibrous alum. Close by were strata of alum, slate, fine grindstone-grit, sandstone and albite. It is a manganese instead of an alkaline or true alum, but may be substituted for common alum in tanning leather, and also, as a coloring agent in dyeing. Some of the islands are crowned with ledges of black and cream-colored marble. Captain Stansbury navigated and examined the lake thoroughly, and was often oppressed by its solitude, nothing living in the water, although aquatic birds cover the shores and islands in the breeding season, either garrying their food from the fresh water streams that feed the lake or feeding on the larvae of diptera, which accu- mulate in great quantity on or near the beaches. His boat was named the “Sali- cornia,” contracted to “Sally” for common use, but he left no data as to its style and tonnage, except that it was flat-bottomed. Next in order among the navigators of the lake were the Walker Brothers, merchants of Salt Lake City, who sailed a lone- some pleasure yacht for some years. There is now a considerable yachting fleet. In 1868 General Connor built and launched the “Kate Connor,” a small steamer, for the purpose of transporting railroad ties and telegraph poles from the southern to the northern shore. The next spring he built a schooner of Ioo tons burthen, called the “Pluribustah.” These were followed by a pleasure steamer, brought on by John W. Young from New York, and in 1870 by the building and launching of a first-class boat, costing $45,000, by Fox Diefendorſ, called at first the “City of Corinne,” after- ward changed to “General Garfield.” This boat is used chiefly for excursions, there being no business to justify Salt Lake navigation. The industries of its shores are not so magnificent, it seems, as those of the Tahuglauk in La Hontan's time, or per- haps railroads serve them better. The “Kate Connor” and her kindred long ago found a resting place at the bottom of the lake. Though the land in sight is for the most part brown and sunburnt, an excursion on the lake is exceedingly interesting. The reader is supposed to have gone out to the south shore via the Utah & Nevada, the distance being twenty-two miles, and to have embarked at Garfield Landing. Our course is northward, between Antelope and Stansbury. The water is of a beautiful aquamarine, and so clear that the bottom is seen through four fathoms of it. Behind, on shore, are the Oquirrh and Spring 8o RESOURCES OF UTAH. Valley ranges, with Tooele (Tuilla) Valley intervening and crising as it recedes so as to hide Rush Valley, into which the Dry and Ophir canyons open. A few miles from shore the village of Tooele is indicated by an oasis of foliage, while far to the west, under the gleaming Spring Valley Range, high enough to retain a few snow banks, although it is July, lies the village of Grantsville. Abreast of Antelope Island we distinguish grazing herds. If boring on this island would bring plenty of sweet water what a fruit plantation it might be made, with the lake to keep off the frosts. Between two and three hours out, having passed Stansbury, the view northwest- ward enlarges, and we might imagine ourselves standing out to sea but for an islet or two breaking the horizon. Through notches in the Cedar Mountains on the west the eye catches the snowy foreheads of the Goshoot and Deep Creek ranges; while on the east the Wasatch rises 8,000 feet, a rugged, massive, gray wall of weather-sculp- tured rock 200 miles in length. Soon we have run past Antelope and are abreast of Fremont, which may be known by a rock upon its crest, resembling a castle. Continuing northward, we shall soon have the Promontory Range on our left, with the water shoaling from fifteen to six or seven feet in our run of twenty miles, where we enter the channel of the Bear River. Forty years ago Fremont could not enter Great Salt Lake from Bear River in a rubber boat eighteen feet long, for want of water. Now a boat of 250 tons burthen passes from the lake into the river over the bank twenty miles from the lake shore. We can proceed up the river to Corinne, where the Central Pacific Railroad crosses it, but the lake excursions do not extend so far, or even so far as we have come. They usually go out fifteen or twenty miles, far enough to get a good view of the surroundings, and there are few more interest- ing sights to be seen anywhere, and then return. The steamer “General Garfield” has been dismantled, and is used as a house on the bathing ground of Garfield Land- ing, but another or others better adapted to the purpose, and still very much less costly, will, one of these summers, appear in its stead. Great Salt Lake covers an area of 2,500 square miles, and its surface is higher than the average Alleghany Mountains. Its mean depth, probably, does not exceed twenty feet, the deepest place, between Antelope and Stansbury, being sixty feet. The two principal islands used to be accessible from the shore by wagon ; but the lake gradually filled five or six feet, from 1847 to 1856, and then slowly receded to its old level. In 1863 it began to fill again, and in four or five years had attained a stage considerably higher than its present level, perhaps four or five feet. In 1875 a pillar was set up at Black Rock, by which to measure this rise and fall, resembling a tide, but having no ascertained time. It is very slight compared with what it form- erly was. Prof. Gilbert, of the Geological Survey, says that twice within recent geo- logical time, it has risen nearly a thousand feet higher than its present stage, and, of course, covered vastly more ground. He calls that lake after Captain Bonneville, the original explorer of these regions, whom Irving has immortalized, Lake Bonne- ville. Causes which learned men assign as producing what they call a glacial period might easily fill the lake until it extended nearly the whole length of Utah. During the last high stage, Prof. Gilbert says there were active volcanoes in it. It is gener- ally agreed that its first outbreak was via Marsh Creek and the Portneuf into the Snake. At the present height of that channel (where the Utah & Northern passes out of Cache Valley) it remained a long time stationary, and then seems to have re- ceded rapidly to a second stationary point, and so on down to its present stage. GREAT SALT LAKE. 8 p. There is one very heavy beach mark on all the hills surrounding its extended area, and on the hills which were then islands, and a curious thing is the fact that this beach-mark varies in altitude from IOO to 300 feet, showing that the earth in this valley is still far from having reached a stable equilibrium. It was once popularly supposed that the lake communicated with the ocean by a subterranean river, which made a terrible whirlpool somewhere on its surface. Need- less to say, neither has been found. Receiving so many streams and having no out- let, it has become very saline from concentration and the inflow of salt springs. The saline or solid matter held in solution by the water varies as the lake rises or subsides. In 1842 Fremont obtained “fourteen pints of very white salt” from five gallons of the water evaporated over a camp fire. The salt was also very pure, assaying 97.8o fine. In 1850 Dr. L. D. Gale analyzed a sample of it which yielded full twenty per cent. of pure common salt, and about two per cent. of foreign salts, chlorides of lime and magnesia. Surgeon Smart, U. S. A., analyzed a sample in 1877 and found an impe- rial gallon to contain nearly 24% ounces of saline matter, amounting to fourteen per cent., as follows: f . - Common salt......….......….....….................................... 11.735 Lime carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... .016 Lime Sulphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... .073 Epsom Salt.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ . . . . ........ 1.123 Chloride of Magnesia.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. .843 Percentage of Solids....... 13.790 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.210 & gº - † 100. One hundred grains of the dry solid matter contained: Common Salt.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 85.089 Lime carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Lime Sulphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531 Epsom Salt.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 145 Chloride of magnesia....'.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... * 6.118 - 100. It compares with other saline waters about as follows: - Water. Solids. Atlantic Ocean.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.5 3.5 Mediterranean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.2 3.8 Dead Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76. 24. Great Salt Lake.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86. 14. And in specific gravity, distilled water being unity: ocean water… 1.026 Dead Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,116 Great Salt Lake... .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... 1.107 The solid matter in the water varies between spring and fall, between dry and wet seasons, and also between different parts of the lake, for nearly all the fresh water is received from the Wasatch on the east. It is the opinion of salt makers that an average of the lake at its present stage would show the presence of seventeen per cent. of solid matter. It is undoubtedly a concentration of the waters of the ocean, in which, as in Salt Lake, says Dr. Smart, the common and magnesian salts are held in solution, while the insoluble lime salts are precipitated to the bottom. Captain Stansbury found by experiment that it answered perfectly for preserving meats. Within the last few years the lake has become of great interest as a watering place. In the long sunny days of July and August the water becomes deliciously warm, J. I Studebaker Brös' Mfg. Co., (FACTORY, SOUTH BEND, IND.,) MANUFACTURERS OF Farnn, Freight&Spring WAGONS, Carriages & Buggies. \ *=s===s** CENTRAL BRANCH HOUSE, JAMES B. GLASS, Manager, s.ATT LAKE CITY. Our Wagons and Carriages will be found at the following agencies: O. North, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evanston, Wyoming Paris Co-Op., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paris, Idaho Z. C. M. J., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soda Springs, Idaho Jas. A. Pinney, & Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boise City, Idaho Packard & Foote, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Middleton, Idaho Zion Board Trade, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logan, Utah Farr Brothers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ogden, Utah People's Co-Op.,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lehi, Utah George Patton, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payson, Utah. Provo Lumber Co., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provo, Utah Sanpete Board Trade, . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanpete Co., Utah Andrew Madsen, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mt. Pleasant, Utah Hans Jensen, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manti, Utah Beaver Co-Op., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beaver, Utah Toquerville Co-Op., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toquerville, Utah Miserat spºtsgs. - 83 and it is much warmer than ocean water a month earlier and later. It is so dense that one sustains himself indefinitely without effort, and vigorous constitutions experience no inconvenience from remaining in it a long time. A more delightful and healthy exercise than buffeting its waves when a little rough can hardly be imagined. But for its tendency to float the limbs to the surface and the necessity of keeping it out of the nostrils, it would afford the best swimming school in the world. As it is, all ages and sexes in Salt Lake are fast mastering the art. Experience has proved its hygienic benefits. Whether it be the stimulating effect of the brine on the skin, of the saline air on the lungs, or the exercise of the muscles involved in swimming, or all of them together, many have come to the conclusion that a few weeks' sojourn on the lake shore in the hot season is absolutely essential to their weathering the year. The lake coast at the north end of the Oquirrh for two or three miles is sandy, soft to the feet, clean and shelving. During the hot months cheap trains leave for the bath- ing ground daily at the close of business. The run is made in forty minutes, and the excursion, aside from the bathing, is not unpleasant. Some day this shore will be built up with private watering-place cottages, plentifully interspersed by large, airy hotels, with water and trees for the grounds; and it will be thronged in the bathing season as no ordinary seaside resort ever is ; for it offers unparalleled attractions in its way—rest, comfort, saline air, and the most delightful and invigorating exercise, calling into play all the muscles. Never tiring, the water is so buoyant; never chill- ing, it is so warm; free from danger, recreating and invigorating, a tonic for all, a remedy for many ills, health-restoring and strength-renewing. There is a hotel at Lake Point, a large private house at Black Rock, and bathing houses all along the shore. The east shore of the lake, on the line of the Utah Central and Central Pa- cific railroads, is resorted to for bathing. It is becoming understood that for the re- “newal of life and energy there is nothing like a few weeks of Salt Lake bathing inter- “spersed with visits to the medicinal springs and the mountain canyons and lakes. MINERAL SPRINGs. Of the chemical and thermal, salt, sulphur, soda, and chalybeate springs which abound in all parts of Utah, the Warm Springs of Salt Lake City are best known and most resorted to for comfort or health. Dr. Gale says the water is a Harrowgate water, abounding in sulphur. It is very limpid, having a strong smell of sulphureted hydrogen, and contains the gas both absorbed in the water and combined with min- eral bases. Following is an analysis by Dr. Charles T. Jackson, of Boston: “Three fluid ounces of the water, on evaporation to entire dryness in a platina capsule, gave 8.25 grains of solid, dry, saline matter, as follows: Carbonate of lime and magnesia....................................................... 0.240 Peroxide of iron........................ ................................................ 0.040 ime ...................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.54% Chlorine......................................................... ....... & s is e º ºs e s ∈ e s e a 6 a. s. s. 3.454 as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # Magnesia..................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. Sulphuric acid......................................... * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.703 It is slightly charged with hydro-sulphuric acid gas, and with carbonic acid gas, and is a pleasant, saline mineral water, having the valuable properties belonging to saline sulphur springs.” - Issuing from the mountain side in large volume, temperature 95 to IO4 degrees, the water is conveyed in pipes into two or three bathing houses, containing plunge, shower, and tub baths, and dressing and waiting rooms. The property is owned and 84 Resources of UTAH, improved by the city. It is connected with the leading hotels by the street cars, and is visited by everybody, the waters being considered very efficacious in the cure of many diseases, paralytic, rheumatic, and scrofulous. *. - Some other springs in Utah have been improved, and more ought to be. Three miles north of Salt Lake City the Hot Springs boil up from under the rocks in such quantity as to make a lake covering two square miles. The temperature is 128 de- grees and the sulphurous fumes are almost stifling. The Red Springs, ten or fifteen miles north of Ogden, are hot waters so impregnated with iron as to kill the vegetation over a large area, and color the ground a crimson red; hence the name. A large building for the use of these springs in any way experience may suggest, chiefly at present for bathing, was erected in 1878. Further north, twelve miles from Bear River Gates, is a group of springs issuing from between strata of conglomerate and limestone, within a few ſeet of each other, of which one is a hot sulphur, a second warm salt, and the third, cool drinkable water. The volume from these springs is copious, but they run some distance before they become thoroughly mixed, although in the same channel. Next in point of interest and medicinal value to the Warm Springs noticed above, are the Soda Springs at the great bend of Bear River, in Idaho, reached via the Utah & Northern and Oregon Short Line. They occupy a sort of volcanic basin, Some ten miles square, the subterranean fires of which are now nearly exhausted, or else are taking a long resting spell. In the vicinity there stands the crater of a dead vol- cano and the plain is studded by large mounds built up by the deposit from over- flowing waters whose sources have now generally failed. The vegetable petrifactions of a spring or group of springs now nearly extinct, make a high mound covering a square mile. Not far off there is a sulphur pool, and the effervescence of sulphur covers acres many feet deep. - Steamboat Spring exhibits to the best advantage the dying throes of the old vol- canic forces. It is a circular opening in solid rock two feet in diameter, resembling a huge kettle, the water boiling up vigorously in the center and falling over the sides. Carbonic acid gas is given off freely from this spring and adjoining fissures in the rock, with deadly effect, and with a noise like,the discharge of steam from a locomo- tive, hence the name. These springs were a place of resort in Captain Bonneville's time, and Fremont describes the locality and the springs at length, finding both, as he says, very interesting. He found a great many springs similar in quality to Steam- boat Spring, having a pungént and disagreeable metallic taste, leaving a burning sensation on the tongue. The rocky deposit from this water was 92.5 per cent. lime. Of an entirely different character are the Beer Springs, of which there are also a great many, bubbling up everywhere, even in the river, as was indicated by the car- bonic acid gas given off. One quart of this water Fremont found to contain: * Grains. Sulphate of magnesia................................................................... 12.10 Sulphate of lime.......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 2.12 Carbonate of lime, ...................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 3.86 Carbonate of magnesia.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 3.22 Chloride of calcium..................................................................... 1.33 Chloride of magnesium................................................................. 1.12 Qhloride of Sodium.................................................... • * * * * * * * * * * * * > * > . . . 2.24 Vegetable extractive matter....... s & 8 * * * * * * * * * * e s ∈ t e º 'º tº $ tº dº º s tº ** a tº e & .85 29. 84 ºf HE WASATCH CANYONS, 85 The carbonic acid, originally contained in the water, had mainly escaped before it was subjected to analysis, and was not, therefore, taken into consideration. Later visitors say the waters resemble in taste the Congress water of Saratoga. Though somewhat unpleasant at first, this rapidly wears away by use. They are de- lightfully cool, and with the addition of a little lemon and sugar make a beverage equal to the soda water of commerce. There are a dozen active groups of springs within a radius of two miles. Carbonic acid gas constantly bubbles up to the surface with something of the sparkle and gurgle of a soda fountain, and it escapes so rapidly that it can hardly be bottled and corked with the water. The mineral constituents of these waters render them the best of alteratives, and they are very efficacious in scrofulous and glandular difficulties, and generally in all diseases of the skin. They are also an excellent diuretic and contain enough iron to give them great value as a tonic. The place is a favorite summer resort for invalids and others, and there are many persons in Utah who have experienced decided bene- fits from the use of the waters. The altitude is about 6,000 feet and the climate is all that could be wished. The warmth of summer is tempered by the coolness of the nights, frosts occurring in every month of the year. The atmosphere has the dry- ness common to the mountains and is therefore favorable for consumptives and those afflicted with pulmonary diseases. The scenery is equal to any in the Territories, there are many things of interest in the vicinity, and the streams are full of trout. There is a town laid out and a dozen or twenty buildings, but there is little or no agriculture. Stock raising, dairying, and wool growing, are the main pursuits of the inhabitants. THE WASATCH CANYONS. The Wasatch Mountains like other great chains are in many places a series of parallel ranges enclosing the heads of lateral streams, which canyon only occasionally in breaking through into the Great Basin or the Colorado River or Snake River basins. The divide between the waters flowing into the Colorado and the Great Basin is crossed by the Union Pacific Railroad at Reed's Summit, 7,463 feet above the sea. Descending a few miles it crosses Bear River at an altitude of 6,969 feet, here flow- ing generally northward, follows it down ten miles, leaving it 6,656 feet above the sea, thence surmounting Echo Pass, 6,785 feet in height, it begins the direct descent into the Great Basin through Echo and Weber canyons, crossing Weber River at an elevation of 5,240 feet, and striking the level of Salt Lake at Ogden, 4,290 feet. Echo Canyon is no canyon in the true sense. A wall of sandstone rises perpendicu- larly pn the north 300 or 400 feet; on the south there is no wall and little rock, but a succession of grassy ridges sloping smoothly toward the stream. It strikes Weber River, another northward flowing stream, about midway of its course, and the rail- road follows it down through a valley for five or six miles below Echo City to the “Thousand Mile Tree,” where the mountains draw together and the first canyon commences. The valley suddenly narrows to a gorge, the rended rocks tower to the sky and almost overhang the train. Through tunnels and over bridges this is cleared in half a dozen miles, the mountains recede again and soften down into mere hills in comparison. An oval valley like the one above is passed, the mountains again close in on the river, and the train enters Devil’s Gate Canyon, where the naked rocks rise half a mile in the air. Ages ago they presented a fixed rock dam which it seems the river could never have conquered, but it has, and through the passage made by its Estateished ièsé. - W. H. PITTs. W. H. SHEARMAN. GODBE, PITTS & CO, WHISME&REIMIDRIESN Importers ºf Assay and Milling Materials. *=== AGENIS HREMIERSE) AND PRENTH CHUCHIES *ºse It Wiślilm MSPTN Eli, For Family Use, a Specialty. Sole Agents for the Celebrated S. & E. Ales and Porters, Equal to the English, at half the cost. • ~he Most Complete Drug Stock in the Territory.e- SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH THE WASATCH CANYONs. 87 persistence, the road soon emerges from Devil's Gate into the summery airs of the valley. The scenery has been described and illustrated until the traveling public is familiar with it. But one gets only a slight idea of its beauty and grandeur from a ride through it on the rail. He must stop off, and on foot or horseback explore the side streams and reach various elevations half a mile above the river before he can be said to have seen it at all. Bear River flows a long distance northwards before it find a passage outward into Cache Valley, and thence into Salt Lake Valley. Similarly the Provo, rising near the sources of the Weber, and flowing southward, has its Alpine valleys, and finally canyons out into the basin. So with the Sevier, and its affluents, and so to a less extent the various minor streams that flow westward into the basin directly from their sources, as Logan and Blacksmith forks, Box Elder Creek, Ogden River, the Cottonwoods, American and Spanish forks, and a great many others. One can see something of their beauties in hastily passing through them, but to get the full benefit of them he must have a camp outfit, his own conveyance and time, saddle horses, hunting and fishing tackle, and all the paraphernalia of the sight-seer, the tourist, and the sportsman. For such it is hard to select the locality since the Wasatch Range affords such an endless variety from end to end. - . . Cache Valley is an inviting field for the tourist. It is literally cached among the ridges of the Wasatch, like Sanpete, Ogden, Alpine, Morgan, Echo, Rhoades, and Sevier valleys; and is as though, round a symmetrical oval area ten by fifty miles, the mountains had risen or ranged themselves at some mysterious bidding to show what could be done in the way of valley making. It is about 4,500 feet above the sea, copiously watered, enclosed by mountains 8,000 feet high, in whose gorges the Snow lies till August, their sloping sides meanwhile invaded by the lively green of the valley, which creeps in bands to their summits between the snow banks, or appears in sunny places among the scattered pines and dark points and ridges of rock. A fair sprinkling of forest would perfect it, but this it lacks, and the green of valley and mountains only relieves the eternal gray-brown of everything, after all. The range on the east is the main Wasatch, deeply notched by the streams, which are alive with trout and afford passage over fine roads to Bear Lake Valley, fifty miles eastward. Where the rivers emerge from their canyons and rush laughing into the sunshine their waters are caught up and led in a thousand trickling rills to bless the fields with fatness. Some lighter streams and springs perform the same kindly office for the west side, and so there is a belt of cultivated land dotted with towns all around the edge of the valley. Of these Logan is the largest, Smithfield the prettiest. From the summit of the divide crossed by the Utah & Northern, Cache Valley is a pretty sight. One can drive on fine roads alfround it. It is central to Soda Springs, and Bear Lake, and there are good roads over hill and dale southward into Salt Lake Valley via Box Elder Creek or Ogden River. The same section may be penetrated almost as well from Ogden. Of the inter- esting places in the immediate vicinity of Ogden, the canyon of Ogden River ranks highest. There is a good carriage road through the canyon, which is ten or twelve miles long, and the passage presents the same variety of immense, close, towering rocky walls, broken apart by the full roaring stream, common to all the Wasatch canyons. Power of resistance on the one hand and of attack on the other are well symbolized. There are minerals and mineral springs along the way. Through the 88 RESOURCES OF UTAH. | outlying range one enters Ogden Valley, an enclosed park, with its settlements and farms, beyond which the drive extends into both Bear Lake and Cache valleys. All the streams in that part of the Territory afford good sport for the angler, and the valleys and hills are grass grown and alive with grouse and snipe, sage hens and prairie chickens. - From Salt Lake City, Parley's Park, Big Cottonwood Lake, and American Fork Canyon are the favorite resorts. The park is about 25 miles from Salt Lake City, just over the crest of the Wasatch on the sources of the Weber and nearly as high as the mountains themselves. The road ascends through Parley's Canyon and is a fine drive. There is a hotel in the park, but visitors usually prefer taking along with their team their own camping outfit. The elevation ensures refreshing coolness especially of the nights. The park is quite extensive in area, affords good drives, fishing and hunting, stretches for horseback riding; and among other objects' of interest, Park. City and the Ontario mill and mine. One can get a fair idea of the ways and means of mining by a visit to this town, mine, and mining district. Excursions may be made eastward to the sources of the Weber and Provo rivers, the whole region being full of interest. It is an old formation, apparently, giving evidence of the mighty action of water or ice or both, geological ages ago. There are a series of small lakes at the head of Big Cottonwood, at the most pic- turesque of which, namely Mary’s, Mr. Brighton has built a hotel for the accommo- dation of summer visitors. For many years it has been a famous mountain resort, and the number of persons seeking its cool fresh air and the enjoyment to be derived from a study of nature in its grandest aspects, is yearly increasing. The hotel is al- ways full during the hot months, and the lake bordered all round with the tents and wagons of campers. Excursions must be afoot or horseback. They may include visits to Park City, to Heber City, Midway, or Kamas; to the Big and Little Cotton- wood mines, to other rock-bound tarns, and to sightly peaks. From any of these one can look out over Jordan Valley, the lower section of the CQuirrh, Rush Valley, and in clear weather, upon the far summits of the Deep Creek Mountains, glittering like silver points in the dim distance. Perhaps the finest view is from Bald Peak, among the highest of the Range. Standing on its top, twenty thousand square miles of moun- tains, gorge, lake, and valley may be swept by the eye. Eighty miles south Mount Nebo bounds the view. Beneath lies Utah Lake, a clear mirror bordered by gray slopes, and Salt Lake City embowered in foliage, with Salt Lake rolling its white caps and glittering in the sunshine beyond, its islands and all the valley ranges dwarfed to hills. Northward the higher points of the Wasatch catch the eye until they are lost in the distance. Eastward the sources of the Weber and Provo fill the foreground, while successive mountain ranges bound the view in that direction. Words can give but a ſaint idea of the magnificence of the outlook from Bald Peak, or Kesler's Peak, or Mount Clayton, the corner of three counties, and from whose bare sides start Snake Creek, the Cottonwoods, and American Fork, or any other of the higher summits in the vicinity of Mary's Lake. . South of the Cottonwoods,. American Fork Canyon opens into the Utah Lake Basin. It has been called the Yosemite of Utah, and undoubtedly its succession of wild gorges and timbered vales make it the most picturesque and interesting of any of the canyons of the Wasatch. Formerly a narrow gauge railroad, intersecting the Utah Southern at the village of American Fork, 32 miles south of Salt Lake City, THE WASATCH CANYONS. 89 enabled the visitor to see a part of it with little trouble. The road was unprofitable and was therefore taken up in 1878 and laid down in Spanish Fork Canyon, further south. To visit it now one must take horse or carriage at American Fork, and the better way will be to take along a complete outfit for camping, although there are buildings at Deer Creek and at Forest City. The railroad never extended further than Deer Creek, twelve miles. Here one takes horses, eight miles, to Forest City, and then the ascent to the Miller mine, or the Silver Bell, begins. It is four miles further, the mines being II,000 feet in altitude. Once there, it is but a short climb to the top of the peak, nearly as high as any of the Range, and affording a most mag- nificent and almost unbounded view in fine weather. This canyon is noted not only for the towering altitude of its enclosing walls, but for the picturesqueness of the infinite shapes, resembling artificial objects, towers, pinnacles, and minarets chiefly, into which the elements have worn them. At first the formation is granite and the cliffs rise to a lofty height almost vertically. Then come quartzite or rocks of looser texture, conglomerates and sandstones, the canyon opens to the sky and you enter a long gallery the sides of which recede at an angle of 45 degrees to a dizzy height, profusely set with these elemental sculptures in endless variety of size and pattern, often stained with rich colors. “Towers, battlements, shattered castles, and the images of mighty sentinels,” says one, “exhibit their out- lines against the sky. Rocks twisted, gnarled, and distorted; here a mass like the skeleton of some colossal tree which lightning had wrenched and burnt to fixed cin- der; there another, vast and overhanging, apparently crumbling and threatening to fall and ruin.” At Deer Creek the canyon proper ceases, the road has climbed out of it, 2,500 feet in eight miles. This is the main resort of pleasure parties. Since the railroad was taken up, its bed has become a wagon road, which continues to Forest City, eight miles above. The surroundings are still mountainous, but there are breaks where the brooks come in, grassy hills, aspens and pines. Forest City has been a great charcoaling station for many years. To the sublimity of the canyon scenery in summer an indescribable beauty is added in the autumn, when the deciduous trees and shrubbery on a thousand slopes, touched by the frost, present the colors of a rich painting and meet the eye wherever it rests. To get the full benefit of this, one must go up and up till there is nothing higher to climb. In winter another and very different phase succeeds. The snows, descending for days and days in blinding clouds, bury the forests and fill the canyon. Accumulating to a great depth on high and steep acclivities, it starts without warning and buries in ruin whatever may be in its track. Hardly a year passes that miners and teamsters, wagons and cabins are not swept away and buried out of sight for months. The avalanche of the Wasatch is as formidable as that of the Alps. Prob- ably 40 feet of snow falls on the main Range every winter. Seven miles of tramway in Little Cottonwood Canyon are closely and strongly shedded for defense against snow-slides. Even this is not always effectual. Yet the main traveled roads over this Range, whether wagon or railroads, are but little obstructed by snow as a general thing. Utah Basin has been treated as a part of Salt Lake Basin, but it is shut off by a low range cut through by the Jordan River and run through by the Utah Southern Railroad. Its prettiest feature is a sheet of sweet water thirty miles in length and about ten in breadth, with broad grassy slopes from the water's edge to the feet of I 2 CLIFT HOUSE S. C. EWING, Prop., Main Street, Salt Lake City. Rates per Day, $2, Special rates by Week or Month, First-Class Sample Rooms on First Floor. McCORNICK & Co., L.A.INTEHERS, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, . TRANs act A general FANKING Pusiness, Pay special attention to business for parties residing out of the city, and invite correspondence and active accounts. Careful attention given to the sale of Ores and Bullion. Solicit consignments, guaranteeing the highest market prices. * Collections made with prompt returns at lowest rates. Execute orders for purchase or sale of stocks and bonds at New York and San Francisco. Sell exchange and telegraphic transfers on leading cities of U. S.; also furnish sight drafts or remit funds to London, Dublin, Paris, Berlin, Stockholm, Copenha- gen, and all other prominent points in Europe. Certificates of Deposit issued, payable on demand. CORRESPONDENTS: New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imp. & Traders’ Nat. Bank. Kountze Bros. Chicago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial Nat. Bank. San Francisco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Nat. Gold Bank. Omaha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Omaha Nat. Bank. St. Louis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State Savings Association. THE WASATCH CANYONS. 9t enclosing mountains. It receives the American, Provo, and Spanish rivers, and dis- charges into Great Salt Lake through the Jordan River. It abounds in fish, prin- cipally speckled trout, of large size and good flavor. This made it a noted resort of he Utah Indians in former days, after whom the lake, the county, and the Territory seem to have been named. It is a pity the other Indian names of springs and creeks in this pretty basin have not been likewise preserved—Timpanogas, Pomontguint, Waketeke, Pimguan, Pequinnetta, Petenete, Pungun, Watage, Onapah, Timpa, Mouna, and so on. They have all been superseded and their memory is fast passing away as the Indians themselves have done. “On the Timpanogas (Provo) bottoms,” said Lieutenant Gunnison, thirty years ago, “wheat grows most luxuriantly, and the root crops are seldom excelled. A con- tinuous field can be made thence to the Waketeke (Summit) Creek, and the lovely Utah Valley made to sustain a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants. The field was long since made, and the population now numbers 15,000. The principal town is Provo, on the Timpanogas, under the overshadowing Wasatch. It is like all the better class of towns in Utah, regularly laid out, and an accumulation of garden spots, every house half hidden by the foliage of fruit trees and vines. Provo is about fifty miles by rail south of Salt Lake City, and is a good outfitting point for the tour- ist. The principal attractions in the vicinity are Utah Lake and the Provo River. The latter has the inevitable canyon, above which a fine carriage road leads through a succession of settled Alpine valleys to Kamas Prairie, which Captain Stansbury de- scribes as “a most lovely, fertile, level prairie, ten or twelve miles long and six or seven miles wide,” where the affluents of the Provo and Weber interlock. The drive may proceed down the Weber to Ogden if one desire, with the same alternation of land-locked valleys and mountain gorges. A dozen thriving settlements will have been passed through en route. Six miles south of Provo is Springville, where the Denver & Rio Grande West- ern Railroad may be taken up Spanish Fork into the finest timbered, tallest grassed, best watered section of Utah, presenting a fresh field for hunting and fishing. All along here the Wasatch Range presents a most interesting aspect, and frequently offers access via canyons of more or less attractiveness. An isolated ridge trending north and south, west of the lake, divides the basin into separate halves, cutting off Cedar and Goshen valleys, dry for the most part and of little account, sloping gradu- ally up for twenty miles to the summit of the Oquirrh, 6,000 feet high, on the west- ern side of which are the Tintic mines. Utah Lake Basin may be said to end in the vicinity of Nephi, under Mount Nebo, where Onapah (Salt Creek) Canyon opens the way for another side railroad into Sanpete Valley, with its eight or ten settlements and Io, OOO to 12,000 inhabi- tants. From the head of Sanpete one may find his way northward into Spanish Fork, or eastward over a mountain into Thistle or Castle valleys. Southward the valley opens on the Sevier River, a world in itself, with passes of the most majestic grandeur through ranges on either hand into adjoining valleys. A journey up the Sevier in fine weather is very interesting, and so is the region about its heads, where the waters divide and flow apart. The town of Kanarra marks the very crest of the rim, the waters flowing from the village north and south. The character of the Col- orado scenery is well known. A high sandstone plateau, cut by the river and side streams a mile in depth, too dry for animal or vegetable life, worthless for the most C. R. BARRATT. f, M. BARRATT. BARRATT BROS, IDEALERS IN FURNITURE, Mirrors, Feathers, Mattresses & General Upholstery, Fine Parlor Work and Fine Chairs a Specialty. Nos. 123, 125, 127, 129 and 131 Main St., SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH. Valley House, A. C. BRIXEN, Proprietor, SALT LAPSE CITY, UTAH. sº-ºsmºs ººms Centrally Located and Well Kept. Its specialty: The Com- forts of its Guests, &==mºsºmºse Street Cars to Depot, Hot Springs and all parts of the city. Rates, per day, $1.50 to $2.00; per week, $8.00 to $10.00, according to rooms. Board, $7.00 per week. POLITtcAt. 93 part unless for minerals. The river is hardly navigable above Fort Yuma. The scenery is described as more terrible than beautiful, and traveling through the coun- try as difficult, if not dangerous. The physical features of Utah, mountain and desert and salt sea, are peculiar and of perennial interest. The Territory has all the resources of an empire within itself. Its climate is healthful and agreeable. It is in the heart of the mountain country. Railroads radiate hence to the four cardinal points. The great routes of inland commerce, between the oceans, and between Mexico and British America, in- tersect at Ogden. The valleys are of inexhaustible fertility and the mountains full of minerals. The farms and mines are but a step from each other. Every valley and mining canyon has its railroad and its rushing stream. Labor and food are as cheap as they ever ought to be. No better mines or facilities for working them exist any- where. There is no more handy or profitable market for the farmer. There is un- limited water power, and a fine start in manufacturing has been made. Timber, coal, iron, and good building stone are everywhere. Nature has richly endowed the Territory in many respects. A hardy and industrious population of 160,000 is on the ground. No State or Territory offers greater inducements to the enterprising capital- ist, artisan, laborer, or farmer. POLITICAL. There has been an immense advance in Utah since the war period, and it is be- lieved that the people and the times are ripe for the operation of effective legislation for the suppression of polygamy, and the general Americanizing of the laws and insti- tutions of the Territory. If the Election Commission provided for in the Edmunds bill shall fail to secure a Gentile Legislature, it will at least secure a monogamous Legislature; and if that proves to be refractory, Congress will be urged to create a Legislative Commission to supersede the Territorial Legislature. This Commission will establish such laws as prevail in the other Territories and American States, and will so place power for a time as to hold these laws intact. Men and things will then adjust themselves gradually to the new laws, as to an accomplished and irreversible fact, and as being right, also. A few years will inevitably bring a majority of the people to the support of the new order of things, when Utah can safely be admitted as a State. Polygamy will gradually withdraw into the past, and a freed people will re- quire their church to confine the use of its machinery to spiritual concerns, leaving politics and business to their natural development. Nobody in Utah expects any disturbance in the accomplishment of this peaceful revolution, and it may be added, that the universal disposition is to interfere as little as possible with the past, pro- vided the desired change for the future be acquiesced in as far and as fast as possible. Of course, with this revolution well under way, an influx of people and money into Utah is expected, such as Colorado has experienced since she became a State in 1876. It is quite as rich in resources as Colorado, and enjoys a better climate. Ameri- canized, it will be the most attractive of any of the Rocky Mountain States or Territories. WHITE HOUSE IN4-air. Street, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH ——º -* Equipped with all the Modern Conveniences. —O— Rates, $2.00 per Day. A. PODLECH & CO., Props. T.E.T.Er. ||||}|| ||Élly Hill AN EVENING NEWSPAPER, Published every day, except Sunday, at Ogden, Utah, by E. A. Littlefield. SUBSCRIPTION RATES : One copy, one year, by mail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8 oo One copy, six months, by mall, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 50 One copy, three months, by mail, . . . . . . . . ... 2 50 Th;0}]]}N WEEKLY PILOT Is a perfect compendium of news. Published every Saturday, by E. A. Littlefield, at OG- DEN, Utah Territory. The publisher, through his paper, works for the true interests of Ogden and Utah, and seeks to advance the moral, social intellectual and indus- trial welfare of the whole people. SUBSCRIPTION RATES : (Invariably in Advance.) One year, postage paid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2 50 Six months, postage paid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 25 Three months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No subsc.iptions received for less than th: months. Sample copy sent free to any address. Address the Publisher, E. A. LITTLE FIELD, Ogden, Utah. CUNNINGTON & CO., Main St., Salt Lake City, B|ERS & MINERSHARWARE, BLACKSMITHS' Tools, || ||| || || ||||Willi/H] || TINT, SOLIDIEER, &C. Agents for the Giant Powder Company, OTET CLALT IIIETOTER, INTI A-. Cºlţirātā Hū|| Pillº, UrlătălSIſſilſ & Blășiil IPWilſ. ITNTIDIETRIX. reading MATTER. PAGE General View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Meteorological Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO Annual Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . I I Annual and Seasonal Means. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 2 Humidity, Rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I2 Resume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 3 Sanitary Advantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I3 Agricultural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I4 Area of Arable Lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I4 High Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I5 Products, Acreage, Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I6 Improved Land, Etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Timber... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Fruit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Pasturage, Stock Raising. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I9 Gold and Silver Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2O Product in TXetail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I Uintah and Blue Ledge Mining Districts. . . . . . . 22 Alta, Cottonwood Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 American Fork District. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Bingham Canyon Mines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Tintic Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3I Beaver County Mines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Star Mining District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Rocky and Beaver Lake Districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 San Francisco District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Pine Grove District. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Marysvale Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Antimony Mines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Silver Reef Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Milling and Smelting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 I Germania Lead Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Iron and Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Iron County Deposits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Water, Fuel, Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Utah Coal Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Will It Pay?... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 A Central Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Ogden Iron Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 I Other Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5I Manufactures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Qpportunities ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Railroads and Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 The Union Pacific Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Utah & Northern Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Utah Central Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Salt Lake & Western Railway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Sanpete Valley Railway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Utah Eastern Railway... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 READING MATTER. : Echo & Park City Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Utah & Nevada Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Denver & Rio Grande Western Railway. . . . . . . . 65 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. . . . . . . 65 Trade and Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Imports and Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 General Business. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Enlargement of Business and Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Public Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Taxation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 I Educational, Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Attractions, Salt Lake City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Great Salt Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Mineral Springs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Wasatch Canyons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Political. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .93 e ADVERT1SEM ENTS. Walker Bros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Pacific Iron Works... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Bassett Bros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Travis & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Salt Lake Tribune. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 W. H. H. Bowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 34 Colorado Iron Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Continental Hotel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Walker House. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Geo. M. Scott & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Geo. A. Lowe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5O Deseret National Bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Union Pacific Railway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6o–61 Henry Dinwoodey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution...... 7o F. Auerbach & Bro. . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - • - - - 74 Overland House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 California Fruit Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Edbrooke & Burnham. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Studebaker Bros.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Godbe, Pitts & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; ,86 Geo. A. Meears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4th p. cover. Kiesel & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3d p. cover. James Dwyer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d p. cover Wells & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d p. cover, Clift House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 White House. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Valley House. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Cunnington & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 McCornick & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Barratt Bros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 St. Mary's School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Daily Ogden Pilot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q4. |Salt Lake Collegiate Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 SAIT LAKE [[]]||M|E|NSTITUTE Under the Control of the Presbyterian Church, Corner of Second South and Second East Streets, Fighth Year opens Monday, September 4th, 1882. O BOARD OF INSTRUCTION. . M. COYNER, Ph. D., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Superintendent and Principal of High School. ev. R. G. McNIECE, A. M., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advanced Latin and Greek. Gen. M. M. BANE, M. D.,......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lecturer Physiology and ºf. W. F. BY BEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assistant High School and Vocal Music. Miss E. J. KELLEY..'..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lady Principal High School. Miss M. E. MOORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grammar Department. Mrs. S. DULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intermediate “ Mrs. M. W. COYNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary § { Mrs. — BYBEE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piano and Organ. Special Teachers in French, German, Painting and Drawing. . The faculty is composed of teachers of experience and ability. CHARACTER OF THE SCHOOL. The school is thoroughly graded The Departments are Primary, Intermediate, Grammar and High School. Monthly examinations are held in each Department, and the pupil is assigned his class and promoted according to merit. - The classical courses prepares the student for the best colleges East, and those who have taken this course have without exception taken a high stand in their classes in such colleges. The scientific Latin course prepares the student for business or the teacher's profession. The Senior class of 1882 was composed of six members, who graduated with honors. A CCOMIMIOIDATIONS. The accommodations of the school are first class, and are sufficient for 225 day pupils and 30 boarding pupils. For further information in regard to tuition, board, etc., address the Rev. R. G. McNiece, Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees, or J. M. Coyner, Superintendent of the School. St. Mary's Academy, SALT LAPKE CITY. The Academy, conducted by the Sisters of the Holy Cross, is situated in a healthy, secluded portion of the city. Ample grounds are attached for exercise. The building is spacious with modern improvements, and affords accommoda- tion for a large number of boarders, besides the day-school. The course of study is thorough and extensive, embracing all the branches of a solid education. - The Musical and Art Departments are conducted on the plan of the best Con- servatories in Europe. French and German, also the rudiments of Drawing and Vocal Music, being in- cluded in the regular English course, form no extra charge. No special uniform required. A separate department for little boys. Studies will be resumed Monday, Aug. 28th inst. For circulars, etc., address as above. * * SISTER SUPERIOR, - 6) UTAH STATEHOOD 2% 3.25 _--~ Reasons Why it Should Not be Granted. 2 * : * Z. d. WILL THE AMERICAN PEOPLE SURRENDER THE TERRITORY TO AN UNSCRUPU. LOUS AND POLYGAMOUS THEOCRACYP EMBRACING : The Mormon Preliminary Movement; the Demo- cratic and Republican Refusal to Take Part and Their Reasons Therefor; Utah Commission Report; Governor West in Opposition; Review of the Proposed Mormon Con- stitution; Its Failure to Meet the Requirements of the Occasion. SALT LAKE CITY: TRIBUNE PRINT. Q 1887. ^ 4/6 THE MOVEMENT FOR STATEHOOD An Aſh * - w On the I7th of June, 1887, a proposition for a Constitutional Convention and an application to Congress for the admission of the Territory as a State was suddenly sprung in Utah. Its initial step was the call for the Convention; this was presently followed by a proposition by what is locally known as the “People's Party” to the Democratic and Republican organizations in the Territory, solicit- ing their co-operation in the movement, and offering to accord them a “fair representation in the Convention.” This proposition was declined by them, for reasons which fully appear in the Correspondence appended hereto. According to the plan, “mass conventions” were held in the several counties, delegates were chosen by acclamation, without regard to the forms of election or qualifi- cation of voters, in about one week, and the Convention assembled on the 30th and went through the form of adopting a Constitution, with some provisions designed to disarm opposition, which are utter failures, if not satisfactory. The non-Mormon population of the Territory, of both National parties, as a body, declined to participate in the “mass conventions,” or in the proceedings of the Com- vention; but united in a body as the Liberal Party of the Territory in opposition to the politico-religious rule of the dominant sect; they held a Territorial Convention which adopted resolutions declining to take part in the movement, for the reasons which are therein stated, the same being hereto annexed. In taking this position. the non-Morimons of the Territory were thoroughly im- pressed by their experience and an intimate knowledge of the spirit and methods of the dominant sect, that the admission of the Territory as a State under control of this bitter sectarianism would be destructive to their personal rights and material interests, the measure of protection nôw enjoyed under national supervision being withdrawn. They do not believe that there is any real intention on the part of the Mormons to abandon or punish the crime of polygamy, Or to renouncº political con- trol by ecclesiastical organization, but are firmly convinced that the principal purpose of the movement is to entrench both under the power of a State, untrammeled by National laws. - To show that their apprehensions are well founded, a brief reference may be made to the history of the Territory and to the methods of the Mormon Church, which is a most thorough organization for political not less than for 80-called religious purposes. The lust for political power and its abuse have been characteristic of the political branch of the Mormon Church which has appropriated the Territory of Utah. Merely premising the uniform results of their contact with the States of Ohio, Missouri and Illinois, brief mention may be made of a few facts in the history of Utah under Mormon rule in its relation to the Nation. At the first, the office of Governor, by a mistaken policy, was put in the hands of the head of the Church, and the political power of the Territory Was Wholly surrendered to its control. Thus intrenched, its Legislature embarked in a scheme to secure to the Territory complete autonomy; it established the Mormon Church, an independent military organization and an independent judiciary, in defiance of the Organic Act; organized a corporation with unprecedented powers and privileges, made fraudulent- grants of public land to carry out a gigantic system of pauper immigration of converts, and provided by special grants and general regulatlon for engrossing the public land, — 4 — timber and water in the Territory, so as to exclude “outsiders”—all this under the Claim of a State government disguised as a Territory. . Having thus substantially an independent government, the next step was to drive out the judges and get up a rebellion without a single grievance; a general pardon from the President was received as an “interventionſ of Providence,” and the Govern- ment and people of the United States have been, from that day to the present, regarded by them as enemies of “this people.” The judiciary system being thus disorganized by the illegal acts of the local Legislature, all jurisdiction, criminal and civil, continued to be exercised by the local Courts, and the judges appointed by the President were idle spectators, till Congress finally interfered, and, by the Poland Act in 1874, disapproved of these illegal local acts and settled the jurisdiction of the various grades of courts. But that act intro- duced a vice into the jury system by granting to a Mormon agent the power to select half the panel from which all juries were to be drawn. It was not surprising that this concession rendered the execution of the law a farce in all cases where the law was distasteful to the Mormons. This judicial paralysis continued until 1884, when it was decided by a District Court, and affirmed by the Territorial and United States Supreme Courts, that the District Courts were not confined to the panel of 200 jurors thus Selected, but, when that panel was exhausted, might resort to an open venire. This decision put the laws into effect in 1884, and it, applied in the enforcement of the Edmunbs act of 1882, has, during the last three years, put into successful operation the National laws which are distasteful to the Mormons. The result was that the chief leaders of the Church absconded or went into concealment, aided and abetted by the body of the Mormon people, and a large number of lesser note have been convicted of church crimes and confined in the Penitentiary, after having rejected the offer, by the Courts, of freedom from that punishment on the mild condition of a promise on their part to obey the law in future. At length, being brought face to face with law, the Mormon power in Utah, has resorted to two expedients, which are wholly inconsistent, in order to secure relief from the predicament: the first was a bold defiance of the law and decisions of courts in the name and pretext of religion; the other was a subterfuge of an equivocal declaration by which they offer to enforce law against what they claim as religion, on condition that Congress shall emancipate them from National control and invest them with the powers of a State. - At a General Conference of the Mormon Church held at Logan on the 6th of May, 1885, it was unanimously resolved “that a committee be appointed to draft a series of resolutions and a protest to the President of the United States, and to the Nation,” and to report the same to a mass meeting to be afterwards called. A committee of twenty- two (of which Hon. John T. Caine, present Delegate to Congress from Utah was chairman) was appointed. They prepared an address and protest accordingly, which was submitted to mass meetings called in the several counties in the Territory on May 2, 1885, and by each of these meetings was unanimously adopted, and said Caine was deputed as the agent of the Mormon Church and party to present the address and pro- test to the President and Nation. This document thus had the most formal and posi- tive endorsement of the Mormon Church and “People's Party,’” and may be taken as the deliberate expression of their convictions and determinations as to the issue which they had forced on the Nation by opposition to its laws. This address arraigns the Government and the courts for persecution because of the execution of the laws against polygamy and unlawful cohabitation, and among other things makes the fol- lowing deliberate declaration: “Among the principles of our religion is that of immediate revelation from God; one of the doctrines so revealed is celestial or plural marriage, for which Ostensibly we are stigma- tized and hated. This is a vital part of Our religion, the decisions Of courts to the contrary not- withstanding. Even the Utah Commission concede this. In their report to the Secretary of the — 5 — Interior, November, 1884, Speaking of plural marriage, they say: “This article of their faith is as much an essential and substantial part of their creed, as their belief in baptism, repent- ange for the forgiveness of sins, and the like. * *.* All orthodox Mormons believe polygamy to be right, and that it is an essential part of their creed.’” This address failed to have its desired effect upon the Nation; prosecutions and convictions went on and defiance of the laws under pretext of religion continued, until Congress found it necessary to enact further and more stringent provisions to suppress the inveterate evils, and the Edmunds–Tucker act of March 3, 1887, was passed. The passage of a much more stringent bill by the House created widespread consternation in Utah, because it proposed to withdraw, in large measure, political power from hands which had always used it to defeat and nullify the National laws. Thus the issue in Utah was narrowed down to this alternative: the Mormons must either submit to the law, or find some road out of the predicament. They chose the latter. While they are still defying the National laws, the expedient of a Con- stitutional Convention and an application for Statehood was adopted, under duress of the situation. * Now, as to the proposed Constitution: In view of the deliberate, formal and un- animous declaration of the Mormon people made only two years ago, that polygamy is a vital part of their religion, can the equivocal and suspicious declaration in Sec. 11, Art. 15, be considered as made in good faith and with an honest purpose to carry it into execution? If the declarations in the unanimous address of 1885 were sincere, this provision in the Constitution is a shallow and contemptible pretence; and if this Constitutional provision was intended as the expression of an honest purpose to , abandon and suppress the crime of polygamy, then the address of 1885 is a play of hypocrisy and fraud to cloak crime; and the Hon. John T. Caine, Delegate in Congress, Who signed and presented the address and who presided over the Convention and Subscribed the proposed Constitution, has spitted himself on the horns of this dilemma, as a spectacle for the Nation. Section 12 of article 15 of the proposed Constitution is as follows: SEC. 12. Bigamy and polygamy being considered incompatible With a republican form of government, each of them is hereby forbidden and declared a misdemeanor. Any person. Wh9 Shall violate this Section shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than One thousand dollars and be imprisoned for a term of not less than six months In Or more than threa years, in the discretion. Of the Court. This Secti n Shall be construed aS Operative Without the aid Of legislation, and the Offenses prohibited by this section shall not be barred by any statute of limitation within three years after the commission of the Offense; nor Shall the power Of pardon be extended theretO until such pardon shall be approved by the President Of the United States. This extraordinary effort of statesmanship presents the anomalv of a penal statute and a statute of limitation combined, and proposes such a union of Federal and State legislation and executive functions as no wisdom had hitherto conceived. There is no minimum limit of the fine and it may be one cent. The crime is a mere misdemeanor, and being so classified in the constitution, no future legislature could declare or pun- ish it as a felony. No disability is annexed to a conviction, and persons committing the crime in future or continuing in their present criminal relations, could vote and hold offices in the proposed State. Conviction of treason and felony alone deprives the accussed of the privileges of an elector; and all burden is taken from the shoulders of the Legislature of the State in providing for the enforcement of . this provision—it is to be self-operative without the aid of legislation, and it might as well be further provided, without the aid of courts, judges, prosecutors, or juries, for it is not within the scope of probabilities that an organized community, which claims that these crimes are a “vital part” of their religion, will now enforce this provision. It is an empty promise, but half made, and designed to mislead. Up to this day this whole Mormon community, with united voice, assail the government and its courts with loud accusations of persecution for executing National laws against these very Crimes. - The non-Mormons of Utah do not believe that the application for Statehood is made in good faith, or with any purpose of abandoming polygamy or of even punish- — 6 — ing it; but it is their unanimous opinion that the admission of Utah as a State under control of the Mormon political party would result, first in loss of their personal rights and property, and, Second, in an inevitable conflict with the Federal Government. The Mormons are a law to themselves, and respect no law which does not suit them, or which may conflict with their pretended revelations. They have never kept faith with any government or party. They have rejected all overtures of Congress designed to lead them to a respect for its laws and to impress them with its clemency. When allowed an appeal to the United States Supreme Court on convictions for polygamy, it was in hope on the One side, and an implied promise on the other, that the final decis- ion would be respected and the law thereafter obeyed: but a decision sustaining the constitutionality of the law was overturned and the crime ran riot, “the decisions of the courts to the contrary notwithstanding.” When all the fruits of the crime born prior to January, 1883, were legitimated by act of Congress, in answer to pitiful ap- peals in their behalf, it was in the hope on the part of Congress, and upon an implied promise on the part of the Mormons, that they cease the adulteration of population thereafter; but the same result followed—the evil has gone on in its wide-spreading circles—and this concession was made the basis of a further claim which was urged before the courts to defeat the law against unlawful cohabitation, viz., that Congress having legitimated their children, it could not rightly claim that the fathers should not continue the marital relation with their mothers. When given the power to draw half the panel of jurors, they exercised the same to defeat the execution of the laws, and their organs with a sense of 80Curity, said in derision to the officers of the law, “Now you have the Courts and the law, why don’t you execute it P” and people talked of the “Mormon problem” as something insoluble. But three years of practical operation of the laws, though against many obstacles interposed (among which is frequent and shameless perjury) has produced the present crisis in Utah. The Mormons seek Statehood to get out of the dilemma without submitting to the law; the non-Mormons of Utah appeal to Congress not to deliver them over to a majority Which treats all others as enemies. These ask that Congress continue the aegis of its protection over them until Utah is brought into har- mony with free and civilized institutions, and that the National laws be continued in force to that end; that, if the obstinate and Continued evils shall render it necessary, such laws may be so amended and extended to reach and entirely suppress the evils; and, especially, that delegated political power may be withdrawn where it is used to nullify the National laws and fortify these inveterate evils. The Mormon power is utterly irreconcilable with and repugnant to all civil govern- ment: in its aspirations and its maxims, or dogmas, it is subversive of all governments but its own. It is anti-republican and essentially monarchical in its organization, and is characterized by the feature of a few schemers who command, a large igno- rant mass who obey, and these are not the elements out of which a free State Can be Created. At the Territorial election held in August, 1887, the Mormons or “People's Party” voted almost unanimously to ratify the so-called Constitution, (as appears by an un- official count), but the Gentiles or non-Mormons, as a body, declined to vote on the question. The latter, howover, of both National parties, united as the Liberal party, made nominations for District and County, officers, and succeeded in electing four members of the Legislature. A short time before, by a like united effort, they had succeeded in electing school trustees in three or four of the school districts of Salt Lake City. Civilization has begun to move in Utah, though its progress is slow. Admit the Territory as a State, and retrogression will succeed, and the said “vital principle” and all “essential parts” of the Mormon creed will find free action, without restraint of law, and the minorty will be abandoned without its protections; and after all the Nation will have a more aggravated “Utah question” to settle behind a State Constitution. THE MIM ||||||I|| || THE SENILE REPL), The following correspondence is self- explanatory: HEADQUARTERS PEOPLE'S ! TERRITORIAL CENTRAL COMMITTEE, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, June 17, 1887. J. B. Rosborough, Esg., Chaºrman Central Committee, Democratic Party of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah:-DEAR SIR-The Territorial Central Committee of the People's Party, considering that the time is propitious for an application for admission into the Union, Of - the Territory of Utah, has called mass conventions, to be held in the Several COunties, June 25th, to nominate delegates to a COnstitutional COn- vention to be held in this city June 30, 1887. ON BEHALF OF CHAIRMAN ROSBOROUGH’S REPLY. SALT LAKE CITY, June 24, 1887. John R. Wºnder. Esq., Ghavrman People's Territorial Central Committee:—DEAR SIR:— I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt On Sunday the 18th inst., of your favor of the 17th inst., announcing that your Committee had called “maSS Conventions” to meet in the Several COunties On the 25th inst., to nominate delegates to a Constitutional Convention to be held in this city On the 30th inst., and inviting the co-operation of the Democratic Party of Utah in the movement, With the understand- ing that they will be accorded “a fair represen- tation,” in Such Convention. Having determined the propriety of the measure and taken action, you ask our co- operation. The brief interval of less than a Week, has precluded the possibility of getting our committee together, to consider and anSWer in a more formal manner your pro- posal, or present to you such counter-proposal as is hereinafter indicated, looking to a It is desired that this movement be made as general as possible, and that all classes of the people of the Territory shall participate in it. We therefore solicit the co-operation of the Democratic Party Of Utah, and through you as its chairman, we respectfully invite your committee and your party, to take an active part in the mass conventions, and to assist in the nomination of delegates to the Constitu- tional Convention, with the understanding that if you accept this invitation, your party Shall be accorded a fair representation in the . COnvention. By order of the People’s Territorial Central Committee. JoHN R. WINDER, Chairman. JUNIUS WELLS, Cor. Secretary. THE DEMOCRATS. any Sflade Of political faith in Utah, Who is . Willing to co-operate in the proposed measure, Or WOuld not regard its consummation as not . Only destructive of their individual rights and Interests, but suicidal to the peace and pros- perity of the Territory. Along residence here, and a familarity with the discussions elicited by the abnormal condition of affairs in Utah, have impressed me With a Sense of the unani- mity Of that Opinion and belief, and the reasons therefor. In giving expression to the same and Of THEIR UNWILLINGNESS TO Join previous consideration and discussion Of the propriety and expediency of such a movement under existing COnditions in the Territory. Your proposition, in plain words, is that the Democrats in the Territory unite with you in aSking CongreSS to retire from the issue forced upon the Federal Government by Op- pOSítion to its laws maintained by the domi- nant party in the Territory, and invest Utah, under the continued domination of that party reinforced by its lately disfranchised members with the powers of State Government. Now, 80 far as I know, there is not a Democrat, or, as for that matter. a single non-Mormon of in your design of a State GOvernment, it is proper that I Should here State SOme Of these reasons in order that the same may be better understood, and that the country may judge, whether the time is “propitious” or the Territory prepared for Statehood. 1. It is the duty of Congress to secure to the several States in the Union, a Government, Republican in fact and in spirit, as well as in form, and this obligation imposes, the further duty of seeing, before the admission of any new State, that its people are pregared for the Safe exercise of State control, and in harmony With Our political institutions. Utah under the control of your party, invested with delegated powers, has St006, for a quarter of a century, and still stands, arrayed against. National laws, and used these delegated powers to defeat their operation. 2. Your party is the dominant church, and tl at Church, as a political Organization, consti- tutes your party; nothing contained in one, is wanting in the other, and neither contains — 8 — what is not tolerated in the other: they are one and the same in their membership, so that independent political action by an indi- Vidual, Can never Occur except with apostacy from the Cre:d. The theory upon Which Our republican institutions are based, is that all political power is derived from the people. On the contrary the leaders of your party, claim and teach, and their followers concede that all rightful political power is derived from GOd, and is delegated to his chosen ministers, who have a divine Commission to rule Over the people, whose first duty is to obey counsel (i. e., Submit to dictation) in temporal as well as spiritual concerns; and they further hold and teach, as a political maxim, as well as a dogma. Of a Creed, that this divine commission entitles them to the present right to, and the near future posses- Sion of universal SOVereignity to be founded upon the ruins of all Secular, (“man made”) governments. Such assumptions are utterly repugnant to American institutions, but at the same time these pretentions gauge the patriot- ism of these leaders and denote the intelli- gence and other qualifications of their fol- lowers for citizenship and Statehood. 3. The aSSumption. Of political pOWer under ecclesiastical Organization has been the Chief CauSe Of the troubleS in Which YOUR PARTY HAS BEEN INVOLVED Wherever in COntact With State governments in former times, as in the States of Ohio, Missouri and Illinois, and With Federal au- thority in Utah. Not satisfied with taking equal chances under the law, With Other reli- gious Sects, your party adopted, and has al- ways pursued the policy in these States, and later in Utah, of gathering their followers together in compact bodies, organized to act as a unit, in an Ishmaelitish Spirit, for the purpose of Securing and holding political control. A COnvincing proof Of this fact, is that a branch Of your faith, which early repu- diated those ambitious purposes, is Scattered in many States, in the enjoyment of undis turbed peace. If, clothed with the powers of a sovereign State, an Organization which has defied the laws Of States and Waged a COntest With the Government Of the United States in opposition to its laws. and in disregard of de- cisions of the Supreme Court, With the limited powers of a Territory, cannot be trusted to forego the use of those largely increased powers in the same direction, and in such manner and Spirit as must necessarily lead to collision with the Federal Government. In the very nature of things, this WOuld be inevitable; and instead of Settling the Vexed Utah question fi- Inally and peaceably, the admission of the Ter- ritory as a State would enlarge and embitter the COntest, and render more destructive and deplorable the mode of final settlement. 4. The hasty and irregular mode you have adopted without any enabling act, Without consideration or discussion, without the for- mality of election of delegates, where elective franchise is restricted and qualified, and With- Out any popular demand, is objectionable, and would tend to defeat the purpose of the movement, even if more serious Objection did not exist. After more than thirty years of abuse of delegated, legislative and judicial powers by the Territory, Congress in 1882 and again in 1887, revoked some of these powers and wested them in Federal agencies with the express declaration in each of these acts, that such revok-d powers should be withheld, un- til the Territory by fair and appropriate legis- lation, should provide for the proper exercise Of those powerS. Five years have elapsed, and Utah has made no provision TO MEET THE FAIR OFFER, But On the Contrary, has continued to the present time a factious and unremitting Con- test With the Federal authority. Can it, With any reason, be expected that Congress will acknowledge defeat and retire from the contest, and west in such hands the immense increase Of power demanded? In View of the history and condition of Utah in its political relation to the Federal GOV- ernment, and the Spirit of Opposition to its laws, if there ever was a reason for aſ ena- bling act, a CCOrding to usage, in any instance, this Territory presents the naost COnSpicuous case for Such prerequisite. - 5. No matter what provision Or guarantees you may put in your Constitution, there can be n0 aSSurance that the powers Of a State GOvernment, if ÖQnceded, WOuld not be per- verted and abused by unfriendly and pro- Scriptive legislation, and by an equally Vicious administration, to the extent of driving the hope less minority from the State as “cursed outsiders,” as non-Mormons, citizens of the United States, are usually designated in fash ionable pulpit oratory. Constitutional declara- tions require legislative enactments to put them in force, and these require judicial and ministerial action to give them effeci. These functions would be committed to the cow– enant bound men of your party, reinforced by their associates now disfranchised, in ex- ile or in prison, (the “elite” of the Territory, as they are styled by one chief among them) who maintain that existing laws on like sub- jects are contrary to the Commands Or li- — 9 – their property. cense of divine revelations, and therefore void. And besides, in a progressive Creed, like that of your party,which claimscumulative new revelations from time to time, there may be room and occasion for abrogating Constitu- tional provisions in Obedience to emanations of this kind. Any way, Constitutional guaran- ties have no force with a majority Who COn- sider them null, as opposed to “higher law,” OT “divine revelation.’’ 6. A most Serious apprehension existS in the minds of all non-Mormon people in Utah as to what would be the COndition and des- tiny in store for them if subjected to the un- restricted power of the dominant major ty who are not a homogeneous American pop- {ulation, Such as eXistS in Other Territories and States. A very large population has been re- |cruited from the countries of the Old World, | With little knowledge and less interest in our Tepublican ideas, history and institutions, but has COme Or been brought here by assisted immigration for the purpose of building up a temporal kingdom and are thoroughly imbued by Sinister teaching with the idea that the people and GOvernment of the United States are their enemies. From the beginning Systematic efforts have been em- ployed by the dominant majority to discourage and deter non-MOrmon American citizens from Settling in Utah, and such as have come here have been CONSTANTLY BOYCOTTED IN THEIR BUSINESS. They have been misrepresented and maligned as adventurers seeking to rob Mormons of and hold Substantially all rural property suit. able for agriculture. Yet the non-Mormons of the Territory, by the enterprise and capital they have brought here, have opened the mines and developed therefrom Within the last Seventeen years, more than ninety millions Of dollars, have expended hundreds of thou- Sands of dollars annually in wages paid to Mormon laborers without distinction, and fur- nished markets for their agriculural products before a drug, purchased and improved city property and contribute at least One third Of the taxes paid. Before the development Of this wealth, though the Territory had been settled twenty-three years, its entire annual revenues did not exceed $20,000 and the Territory had By pre-Occupation under' bounty Of the Government and by reason Of unfriendly neighborhood deterring settle- ment by others, the dominant sect obtained no hospital or asylum or college or system of common Schools. Men Who have accom: plished so much insist upon an equal protec- tion of the law and the mode 0f its ad- ministration which a knowledge of the past warrants them in doubting, Should the Terrl- tory be admitted as a State. 7. The movement for State Government is premature; if your organization will first prove by their conduct and acts that they recognize the Supremacy and binding force Of National laws confirmed by judicial Scrutiny, without further evasions Or Obstructions, and end this State Of chronic semi-rebellion (as you can easily do, if you mean peace under a State), you can show to Congress convincing evidence of good fath and a fair claim to the boon of Statehood, withOut Which your proposed ap- plication should meet the fate of its several predeCeSSOTS. 8. Considering that a compliance with your invitation to co-operate with your party in the proposed step would lend to it the Specious ap- pearance of being a Spontaneous movement originating with the people at large, including all classes, We prefer to leave its manage- ment and fortunes to you alone, pend- ing the unsettled COntest between yOur party and the GOVernment, while We appeal to the Sense and magnanim- ity of the nation, to avert what we sincerely believe Would, under existing CircumstanceS and conditions here, prove a Tuinous Calamity. But after conferring With Such Of Our COm- mittee as could be reached in the brief time you allow, I am authorized by them to Say to you, that if you will suspend your proposed action and call public meetings at some dates mutually agreed upon, to discuss the propriety of calling a constitutional convention under the usual forms, and whether the time is “pro- pituous” or the people of the Territory pre- pared to exercise the powers and rights of a Sovereign State and will concede the represen- tation you mention, delegates named as Our committee may propose, will attend Such pub- lic meetings and discuss with you those ques- tions, at which time we will undertake to show from the record and history Of your OWn party Written by your Own leaders, and by Other eVl- dence proof of the truth of the facts herein aforesaid, as reasons why Utah Should not seek or be accorded Statehood under existing COnditionS. Respectfully, J. B. ROSBOROUGH, Chairman Dem. Ter. COm. ON BEHALF OF THE REPUBLICANs. The following is the reply of the Terri- torial Republican Committee to an invita- tion from Mr. Winder of the “People's" Committee, identical with that sent to Judge Rosborough, and made introductory to his reply elsewhere given: SALT LAKE CITY, June 24, 1887. John R. Winder, Esq., Chairman of People's Party Territorial Central Committe, Salt Lake Oity, Utah'—DEAR SIR:—Your letter addressed to the chairman of the Republican Central Committee, was not received until three days Since, by reason of his temporary absence, and the brief time since, has precluded con- Sultation among the entire committee, but having had a meeting of a majority for the purpose of considering your letter, we now re- turn you this reply, and wish to say that it is the unanimous conclusion of all who have been consuited. Your letter invites the Republicans of Utah, through their Central Committee, to take part in mass meetings, called by the People's Party “to Select delegates to a convention which is to prepare a constitution, with a view to her application, by the Territory of Utah, for ad- mission into the Union as a State.” We ac- knowledge with pleasure, the courtesy which prompted your invitation, while we sincerely Tegret that the brief time permitted us for a reply, as well as for consultation, will not allow us to answer your invitation as we Would desire. The exigencies of your call for the meetings to which we are invited, entitle you to an immediate reply, and we must nec- essarily abridge, rather than elaborate this re- Sp0mSe. - We acknowledge the importance of the sub- ject of your letter. The question of State hood for Utah involves to a great degree the most Vital interests affecting the welfare and prosperity Of the people of Utah, and has as We COnceive, even a greater importance to the Gentlle Or non-Mormon portion which we Tepresent than to those of your committee. We concede freely the gravity of the proposi- On, and Shall discuss it, we hope, with the SOlemnity Which properly attaches to it. We regret exceedingly that your invitation by its terms assumes that the propriety and £xpediency of Utah becoming a State is not a question to be considered. As this is the most vital question in issue, we shall, before Concluding, discuss it, because while we can- not for other reasons, accept your invitation, We regard this question as by far the most important one belonging to the discussion. Preliminary to that, however, we call atten- tion to the manner in which our co-operation is SOught. You say, with a manner bordering upon the patronizing, that your committee solicit “the CO-Operation of the Republican party of Utah” in | YOUR MOVEMENT FOR STATEHOOD And invite that party to take an active part in the maSS Conventions called by your Com- mittee, With the aSSurance that if we do SO we “Shall be a CCOrded a fair representation” in | the proposed Convention. As we are advised by the public press that a like invitation has been extended to the Democratic party of Utah, We may fairly assume that the propo- sition amounts to this: The People’s party by its Committee having called upon its follow- ers to elect delegates to the proposed conven- tion Which it has decided to hold, proposes that the Republicans and Democrats shall enter the People’s party Organization and meetings and allow Such meetings to select delegates from the entire mass assembled, With the assurance that a fair representation will be “accorded” to Republicans and Demo- | crats. Instead Of Our political organization choosing its own representatives from among the party, We are lnvited into the camp of another party, Or rather two other parties, and told that these tWO and Ourselves may select a number of Republicans, such as the whole shall decide is “fair,” as delegates to the convention. Instead of the Republican party, therefore, being called upon to send dele- gates of its own choosing to the convention, it is asked to allow those not of its party, to Select its representatives for it. Perhaps if a. proposal Of this kind Were made by the two great national partles to each other, that is, each party Should allow its opponent to select its candidates for public Station, the Sub- stance Of the proposition WOuld be more readily underSt.000; but We take it there would be no difference between such a prop- osition and the one submitted to us, except, that while you propose to 86°lect the Repub- lican delegates, you do not indicate any willingness to “ac2Ord” to the Republican | — 11 — party, the like privilege of selecting the delegates of the People's party. Passing this, however, there is another View of the subject to which we desire to call at- tention. The “People’s party” is admittedly a local party in Utah Territory. It claims neither connection nor affiliation With either of the great national partles of the Country, and even in the situation of a candidate for the National Congress, it maintains its op- position to both those parties. It is not Only a distinct party, but its followers, as is well known, are made up exclusively. Of One class of people in Utah—those Who are adherents Of the Mormon Church. This party has hitherto, as we shall Show, been unsuccessful in the frequent applica- tions it has made to Secure the admission Of Utah into the Union as a State, and find- ing this, in their Opinion, a “propitious time” to renew their former efforts in that direction, desire to enlist the CO-Opera- tion of those Organizations which have political relations and influence, with the two great parties of the country, to aid it, in Securing the Success Of its Scheme. We are asked by the MOrmon Church party, Speaking plainly, not to decide upon the expediency and propriety Of the measure it proposes, but to assist them to do, what they have failed to accomplish without uS. In fact, your invitation while entirely poiite in form, bears on its face evidence that you regardit as COndescension, When you allow us—“accord.” is the Word—the privilege of aiding you in Se- culing an object, about the propriety of which We have not been COnSulted. With all due re- Spect we must be allowed to say, that befºre We give Our aid to such a Scheme, we should be permitted first to examine and determine upon its wisdom and propriety. Your invita tion pre-determines that question, and that now is the “propitious” time for an applica- tion for admission into the Union, and with- Out Consulting us as to whether we agree with you On this Vital proposition, you seem to think we should be sufficiently honored by an invita- tion to assist in consummating your scheme. THE PROPOSED MOVEMENT. This brings us naturally to the discussion of the State movement, its object, purpose and result—its Wisdom and expediency. This, in the limited time at our disposal we can only do in a Very general way, leaving much unsaid which the Occasion demands, and which we Would not Willlingly omit. Applications for the admission of Utah to the privileges and powers of a State have been repeatedly made heretofore by those who com- pose the “People's party” to the Congress of the United State:l. A COnStitution was framed in 1850, and an application based upon that, WaS made for admission as the State Of Des- eret. The application was refused. In 1872, another constitution was framed and again presented to Congress with a petition for ad- mission. This was also rejected. In 1882, still another COnstitution was formed, and applica- tion for admission again denied. Petitions and memorials by the Legislature of Utah, un- der Control Of your party, and at public meet- ings called and controlled by the Mormon Church, through its political Committees, have again and again urged the COngress Of the United States to give Statehood to Utah. They have uniformly been disregarded, and in the discussion Of Other questions relating to this Territory, the Sentiment in the National Con- greSS On the question has been unmistakably adverse to the proposition. The formal at- tempt made in 1873 to Secure the passage Of that measure in Congress, was not only a failure but it was shortly after emphasized by Congressional legislation for Utah, which very clearly indicated the public Sentiment Of the Country at that time On the Subject. The Cal'- ing Of the constitutional convention in 1882 met with a rebuke in further Special legisla- tion by Congress for Utah. Instead, therefore, Of CongreSS having given any indication Of a desire to extend the powers of the Mormon Church, by giving over the control of Utah to it, through a State GOvernment, it is Only a few months Since—Whatever may be Sald as to the effectiveness Of the legislation enacted —that Congress unmistakably indicated its purpose to restrict the powers of the organiza- tion to Still narrower limits. In View of this condition of things, known to all intelligent people, We may be permitted £0 ask Why do yOur Committee assert that now is a “pro- pitlous” time for the renewal of the many re- jected applications of Utah for admission? What Change in the public Sentiment of the people of the United States has taken place which justifies the assertion that now is a propitious time for your application? WHAT CHANGE IN THE ATTITUDE Of the People’s party (the Mormon Church in political harness) on those subjects which have always presented such obstacles to State- hood has been undergone, which enables you to make such a COnfident announcement? If any Such changes have OCCurred, either On the part Of your party in Utah, Who are anxious for recognition as a State, or on the part of the national authorities Or national public sentiment, We are not advised Of it. And even if We were favorable to the objects of your con- Vention, We could not with our limited infor- mation assert this to be an opportune occa- Sion for the effort. In truth, to be frank, we Suspect that in the present closely balanced Condition of political parties in the United States, and in the anxiety of each to Strengthen itself for future interests, your Committee have a hope that by some political alliance appealing to the necessities of one or the Other of the great parties, your Object, Other Wise hopeless, may be secured. Your call for a convention implies, by the fact of its being made under the circumstances, that your party, and the Church organization it represents, have concluded to modify its p0Sition in some essential features. We are free to say (and we oppose the State organization and admission on that basis) that in So far as the institution of polygamy has been an obstacle in the way of the success Of the Scheme of Statehood, we suppose that WOur Organization is prepared to Surrender to the public sentiment of the country, and aban- don it. Any effort for admission without such & CO". CeSSiOn Would be preposterous, in view of the KnOWn public sentiment throughout the country. Therefore we, in announcing our position, do so under the supposition that all Objection to the admission of Utah as a State because of the attitude of those hitherto wield- ing her political power on the subject of polygamy, will be met by a real or seeming abandonment of this custom for the future. OBJECTIONS NOT MET. This question aside then, we desire to Say that our objections to Utah becoming a State, are still untouched. These objections Simply Stated are: The masses of the people of Utah are adherents of an ecclesiastical system Which forbids all harmonious relations with any System of civil government founded on the right of man to govern himself. The cen- tral idea of your system is, that all lawful government Pmanates by revelation from God to His priesthood, and that it is the duty of all its follºwers to be advised by that priesthood On all Subjects of a governmental, as well as Spiritual character. Adhesion to this theory, which negatives all faithful allegiance to any authority which it does not control, has been the main cause of all the hostility whichthe System has ever encountered among just and fair-minded people, who are not Mormons. The Kingdom of God on earth is the Mor- mon Church, as its followers assert, and is destined to supplant all other governments, or rule through them. A people who believe Such a doctrine cannot be entrusted with the powers of government, without the destruc- tion of all the rights that others are guaran- teed under the Republican System. A people entertaining these views are in our Opinion- unfit to be trusted with political power. As a matter of demonstration we know how grossly it has been abused by your people in the past, When they enjoyed it without restraint, and We see no where the slightest evidence which gives us any hope that you have in this par- ticular “seen the error of your Ways.” A people who acknowledge this theocratic idea Of government cannot be true and faithful citizens of any other form of civil government; they have no proper guiding principle for its administration. If Utah shall be clothed with the forms of a State, the result would be a theocratic State in Which as Mr. Cannon, one of your ablest and wiseSt Oracles expressed it, “the voice of GOd Would be the voice of the people” and this V0ice find expression through his chosen mouthpiece—the head of the Mormon Church. This political axiom of your People’s party, is announced by its recognized leaders and is a C- Cepted with full faith and Obedience. It re- Verses the entire theory upon which all Repub- lican Governments are founded and derives the authority to govern, not from the people, but from those anointed as you claim by a di- wine commission to rule Over them. These differences are too radical for accommodation, for our fundamental idea. Of all civil govern ment is, that it is derived from the people. In a state established under a theoGratic idea, a free public sentiment finds no place. It EXTINGUISHES AND ANNIHILATES All the fundamental beacons Of the Republi- can government around us, and TemitS US to the darkness of that superstition and fanatī- cism which the world of intelligence and law has been struggling to escape. This element of your system, or faith, if you choose to call it such, renders it impossible for your people to live in harmony with any other community In Our land. These pretensions forced your earlier leaders, almost at the dawn of your Ca- reer, to leave the State of Ohio, one of the most tolerant portions Of Our Union, and to Seek the frontier of civilization. On the Western boundaries of Missouri. The attempt to COn- temn the laws of that State, on yout theory that God’s people—whom you claim to be—"were a law unto themselves,” SOOn led to that exit from the State which forms SO prominent a chapter in your list of grievances against the United States government. The same pretensions compelled you to abandon Illinois and retreat to a Spot then — 13 — the most thoroughly isolated of any on the continent. All this occurred before those Social and domestic customs, which have by the astonishment which their adoption has created, obscured the more vital objections to your system. Here, in this Paradise of the Rocky Mountains for more than ten years, your System practically unuhecked and uncon- trolled had full Sway. What was the result 2 You were in Open rebellion against the GOV- ernment of the United States. Your prophet, then bearing the Commission of Governor, as a United States Officer issued his proclamation ordering the army of the Nation to depart from this Territory; your militla, called Out by his order, attacked the wagon trains carrying food to troops who bore the flag of the Nation On their journey, and captured and destroyed them. We do not refer to those incidents With a view of exciting any asperity in this discussion, but to illustrate, what we regard as the natural result of the the 3ry Of civil government, Which every Mormon sanctions. Harmonious rela- tions with any other government are impossi- ble, because the Mormon is IEITHER A RULER OR A REBEL If his faith is his guide. There are many in- cidents in the history of this Territory fully sustaining theseviews, but we will not recite what needs only to be alluded to to be under- St006. The irregular and totally unauthorized way in which your call for this convention is is- sued, is itself an illustration of your Crude and un-republican theory of government; without any recent discussion, even through the public press, without an enabling act of Congress, or any law of the local Legislature, Or any de- mand from the people, your committee issues a call to its supporters, With the Same appar- ent assurance of Obedience as if your followers were Sworn Soldiers, marching under the orders of its commanders. Such a violation of all the usages and traditions Of American government, by which the citizen is called upon to act, instead of being consulted as to whether action is advisable, Only demonstrates that your call is the dictate of a church cabal which governs its own followers by thé claim of “divine right,” and those who do not a C- knowledge its authority, by the argument of power. We regard the manner of your call, its disregard of law, its violation of precedent, its unseemly and unexplained haste, as not Only an insuperable Objection, but as mani- festing a want of capacity for civil govern- ment, and regard for the fundamental ideas of Republican Government, which we cannot, In justice to ourselves, decline to express. We may add to these general observations another. However we may differ otherwise yOu must agree With us, that in the later Con- gressional legislation for Utah, Congress has intended TO LIMIT AND RESTRICT The authority of the Church of which your Committee and its followers are members. It is true that by their prominence, one or two of the practices of your people, challenging at tention by their novelty as well as their ſm- portance, have received most attention; but it has not escaped you, that the way to avoid the laws Of the United States, which have recently given you great concern, is to erect a jurisdic- tion Wherein they would not Operate. As this State of things has sent into exile your ac- knowledged head, accused of violation of the national law, and many of your leading men for like reaSOns, We Can Well understand that measures calculated to relieve Such perSons do not admit of any lengthy formalities being used. Like the writ of habeas corpus, they belong to the category of Summary remedies, and are liable to betray their origin by the circumstances Of their adoption. TO Speak in perfect Sincerity, at a time and undel circumstances that COmp ll us to be respectful, and yet entirely frank, is not this Sudden movement for Statehood the last eSOrt Of the leaders Of your party, to free themselves from the COnSeguences which ad- herence to their principles have Visited upon them personally, Without giving any assurance that yOur System, which brought them into collision with the national authority, is to be reformed? Has this movement Originated in a real regard for the welfare of the people of Utah, or is it not a device to free your leaders from the unfortunate conse- Quences Of their perSOnal defiance Of the national authority? Is it to be supposed that the Gentiles, Or non-Mormons if you prefer the term, as we are, would aid in that which would give a the OCratic despOtism to Utah. under the form of a State govern- ment, instead of that reformation of her polity, for which many of us have been labor- ing for long years. Permit us to Say, in COnclusion, that SO long as the Mormon Church shall in numbers be superior to the non-Mormon population, and Shall claim and exercise THE POWER TO CONTROL Through its ecclesiastical authorities its mem- bers, and they recognize its authority to exact obedience to such Counsel, We, as Republicans, – 14 – a8 citizens Of Utah, as American citizens, shall and will protest against any political power being exercised by them, either in a State or any other form of civil government. Our judgment may seem to others who are not familiar with the circumstances a harsh One but you will understand Our reasons When We Say, that we Oppose placing governmental authority in Mormon hands because weregard the System as One totally at War, with all our TeCOgnized ideas Of Republican Government, and incapable of being so reformed, as to be made in any degree a depository of impartial governing power. When your Mormon church shall have aban- p0ned its pretensions as a temporal power, When its people shall render that obedience to the laws of the land which is yielded by all Other citizens, of every shade of religious be- Ilef, in fine, become supporters of the lawful civil government, then we will consider Whether Utah, though Mormon in population, may not be safely trusted with Statehood. Certainly for the present we cannot consent to make the experiment. Regretting again that our differences are too radical to admit of co-operation, and hoping that the time may come when we shall recog- nize a common allegiance to the Government of our country, and that each man’s faith in religion, may be such as to harmonize With his duty as a citizen, we are most respectfully Your obedient servants, WM. F. JAMES, Chairman. WILLIAM NELSON, Secretary. M. M. KAIGHN, John R. MCBRIDE, ARTHUR BROWN, P. H. EMERSON, \ E. P. FERRY, Jos. E. GALIGHER W. M. C. SILWA, CHRISDIEHL, Members Territorial Republican Committee. VOICE OF THE NON-MORMONS. The non-Mormons of Utah, in Liberal Convention assembled, July 20th, 1887, adopted the following resolutions : Resolv d, FIRST: That, so long as the tem- poral power of the Mormon Church shall remain in issue, and as long as that church, as a political organization, continues to array itself against the laws of the land, a sense of self-preservation as well as true allegiance to the Republic and its free institutions, calls on all true American citizens in the Territory to stand and act together against a great Over- shadowing evil as they do now, without differ- ences as to national politics; and We, there- fore, affirm it to be the duty and purpose of all such, to support the Liberal Organization, as a broad, common ground, adapted to the neces- Sities of the Situation, from which We can best appeal to both National partles in Congress and the Sense of the Nation at large. SECOND: That the dominant majority in Utah, having persistently disregarded and opposed the laws of the land, by prostituting the powers of a Territorial government and otherwise, cannot safely be trusted with the powers of a State government. THIRD: That the proposed State Constitu- . tion is a device of the MOI'm On Church to . enable its priesthood to perpetuatº, by State control, their harsh temporal power and cor- rupt social system which has blighted Utah for the last thirty-five years. FOURTH: That, in Our Opinion, based on a thorough acquaintance with the political methods Of the Mormon Church, the provisions of the constitution, ConCOcted and proposed by its agents, prohibiting certain crimes hereto- fore inculcated as part of its Creed, enjoined by divine revelation, are deceitful and false, and are a mere paltering in a double Sense, contrived to mislead a generous and forgiving Nation, and to Secure a COntinued lease of power: being heretofore and still arrayed as a unit against the execution of existing National laws to the Same purport (which has been the sole ground for loud complaints of perse- cution,) no One Could expect them to execute these provisions against themselves, because all experience proves that Constitutions and laws which are not founded on public Opinion and approved by those who administer them, can never have any force OT Vitality. FIFTH: That to Commit LO Mormon hands the power to govern Utah as a State, with past experience of the treasonable and un-Ameri. can character Of that Organization, WOuld be * to abandon all faithful American citizens who reside here, with all their material interests, to the Oppression and misrule of a power that has never been faithful to any patriotic duty, Or Obedient to any law which prohihits its Crimes. Q SIXTH: That the perversion of delegated political power and the perniclous teachings of the político-religious organization in Utah, for a generation, have led the dominant ma- jority astray from all true conceptions of free government, and unfitied them for the duties and responsibilities of self-government. SEVENTH: That, until ConvaleScence Shall COme to the Sick body, politic and SOclai, which has been gathered and Organized politically in Utah. In blasphemous travesty as “ the King- dom of God,” and until time shall have proven that the “deep damnation” of its infection has been eradicated, COnSiderations for the public p-ace and National honor alike demand that Utah Should be kept in quarantine. EIGHTH: That the present movement for Statehood for Utah, like its seveaal predeces- Sors, having been initiated by the Mormon Church, and carried forward solely by its mem bers and agents, for its sinister purposes, and without authority or form of law, it is the Sense of this Convention that no American citizen in Utah Who is not a member of the Mormon Organization Should VOte at the ensuing election, either for Or against the proposed constitution, or in any manner recognize the movement, except by an earnest appeal to Congress and the Nation to save us from the great Calamity thus threatened. At the Same time, We earnestly urge all Lib- erals in the Territory to Support their respect- ive legislative and county tickets. NINTH: That the Utah Commission OWes itS existence to the fict recognized by repeated acts of Congress that the dominant majority of |Utah are unfit to be invested with the usual powers of a Territorial government; that the hasty action of a majority of that Commission in attempting to lend their Official sanction to the movement for Statehood under control of a disloyal majority, is a Stultification of their previous action in like cases, a usurpation of power without any color of law, and presents the painful spectacle of impotent spectators, * without power to do any effective good in Utah lending their Official influence to promote and — 16 — perpetuate the evils which their employment was intended to repress and extinguish. TENTH: That we protest against the action of the manager of the Associated Press dispatches in taking from the regular agent the business of framing the dispatches from Utah during the progress of the late conven- tion, and committing that business exclu- Sively to the Mormon organization, as a prosti" tution of that powerful agency, and a part of an existing conspiracy to procure Statehood for them by false representations, and We warn the public everywhere against those mendaClOuS fabrications. ELEVENTH: That a committee of five be appointed by the chair to draft an address to the President, Congress and the country, pro- testing against the admission of Utah as a State under existing conditions, and that copies thereof be forwarded to them and to the preSS Of the Country. REPORT OF THE UTAHCOMMISSION SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, FOR THE YEAR 1887. SALT LAKE CITY: TRIBUNE PRINT. 1887. REPORT. SIR: The great interest which has been manifested by Congress and the people generally in the affairs of Utah Territory, has led us to believe that the following state- ments with respect to the Territory and its citizens will prove to be interesting information, especially so in view of recent events which have transpired in the Territory. AREA. Utah Territory has a maximum length of 325 miles by a breadth of 300. Its land area is 84,970 square miles Area. (52,601,600 acres) water area, 2780 square miles, (1,779,- 200 acres.) Nearly 13,000,000 acres of land have been or are now in progress of survey. Up to July 1, 1887, nearly 4,500,000 acres had been disposed of by the Gov- ernment. - STATEMENT Showing the valuation of property assessed in the several counties of the Territory of Utah; also, the amount of property assessed in the name of non-Mormons, Railroads, Western Union Telegraph and Telephone Com- panies for the year 1886. (Mines not included.) Am't Belonging to Am't Assessed to COUNTIES. Total Valuation. Non-Mormons. R R's., W. U. Tel. and Tel'n Cos Beaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 771,805 $ 181,558 $ 103,702 Box Elder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,209.425 160,805 1,379,971 valuation of Cache... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,075,460 232,684 117,358 property. Davis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,124.713 74,314 235,473 Emery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825,011 224,050 425,380 Garfield ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173,807 25,375 Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434,415 14,454 Juab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,078,751 85,151 299,606 Kane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,518 26,570 Millard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867,863 151,575 364,073 Morgan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397,626 34,834 185,589 Piute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219,888 48,125 Rich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,170 113,894 Salt Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,457,625 4.690,790 526,795 San Juan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304,760 *160,000 - Sanpete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,257,333 173,072 18,956 Sevier... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550,743 *159,025 Summit. . . . . . . . . - e s e e s - e º e 4 s > * * 1,725,080 *760,000 407,000 Tooele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,012,761 107,216 109,420 Uintah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,825 91,056 • Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,240,676 506,162 528,475 Wasatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356,658 62,500 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726,151 71,783 Weber... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,158,738 976,466 405,216 *Estimated. Total. . . . . . $35,665,802 $9,131,459 $5,107,014 ExPLANAToRY NotE.-In Summit county the estimats was made upon the information received from a member of the County Court. In Sevier and San Juan counties upon information received from reliable sources. º — 4 — The non-Mormons own within a fraction of 25.61 percentage of per cent; the Mormons own 60.07 per cent, assuming tº a that all the remaining property, excepting railroads, " etc., belongs to them. This, however, is not the fact, as there is a considerable amount of property beloriging to non-Mormons in the different counties which could not be identified as to ownership. The railroads, etc., represent within a fraction of 14.32 per cent. They are owned by non-Mormons excepting a minority interest, in the Utah Central and one other small road. POPULATION. The first census of the Territory of Utah, taken in Population. 1850, showed the population to be 11,380; the census of 1860, 40,273; of 1870, 86,786, and the latest, that of 1880, 143,963. The gain from 1850 to 1860 was 28,893, or 250 per cent; from 1860 to 1870, 46,513, 110 per cent, or 1150 for every 1000 of population; from 1870 to 1880, 66 per cent, or 660 for every 1000. The total gain from 1870 to 1880 was 23 per cent greater than the total increase from 1860 to 1870. If the same relative gain has con- tinued from 1880 to 1887, the increase would be 22 per cent greater than from 1870 to 1880, and 43 per cent, greater than from 1860 to 1870, or a population in 1887 of 210,478. We estimate, however, the population at 200,000. - - The prosperity of the past seven years has been gºal. equal to that of any former period of the history of the perity. Territory. The leading cities and towns, and many of the smaller communities, show a steady and gratifying growth. In the more remote counties the settlements have been gradually creeping to places formerly the habitat of wild animals, and the hunting ground of . the Indian, supposed to be too desolate for habitation. Emery county, which had but two organized precincts in 1880, has twelve in 1887; Piute county, four in 1880, eleven in 1887, etc. s — 5 — There is every reason to claim that the same rela- tive gain has been maintained, and that Utah now has a population of at least 200,000. This population is divided into two elements—Mormon and non-Mormon. THE MORMON ELEMENT. The Mormon element consists of the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. On April 1st, 1887, the total Mormon population in the Territories of Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Wyoming and, popula" New Mexico, and the States of Nevada and Colorado;º. was 162,383, officially classed and ranked as follows:* 3 first presidents, 11 apostles, 65 patriarchs, 6444 seven-. ties, 3723 high priests, 12,441 elders, 2423 priests, 2497 teachers, 6854 deacons, and S1,283 members; total officers and membors, 115,699. Children under eight years of age, 46,684. Grand total of souls, 162,383. In the Territory of Utah the total number of officers and members and children under eight years of age was 132,297. (Children are baptized at the age of, eight, and received as members.) The first Mormon settlement in the great inter- mountain basin was made at Salt Lake City, July 24th, wºn al- 1847. From thence the settlements have gradually.” extended along the base of the mountains wherever water could be found to irrigate the soil, until now they reach from as far north as the shores of the Bear Lake, Idaho, to the banks of the Gila, Arizona, on the south, and from the western part of Colorado, Wyoming and New Mexico, to Southeastern Nevada. These settle- ments with but few exceptions have been made in the agricultural belt. At first the settlers experienced many of the hardships incident to pioneer life, but they met them cheerfully, and were delighted with the pros- pect before them. * - They had come to “a glorious valley to locate and build up Zion,” and, as they believed, where they could practice undisturbed by human laws the peculiar teach- ings of their religious faith. They found a fertile soil, formed by denundations from the mountains which had gº always, from the day it was first disturbed by the plow- share, been profusely bountiful in its yield, and the declivities of the mountains covered with bunch grass (wild wheat) which furnished rich pasturage to their cattle. They also found a climate not surpassed by that of any portion of the country where the rays of the 'summer sun are tempered by the cool breezes from the cañons, and the severity of the winter is softened by the mountains which shelter the valleys. These beautiful valleys are now dotted with thriving settlements and have the appearance of a vast garden watered from an infinite number of irrigating canals, the result of the industry of the people. The settlements have been organized into bishops' Nºte of his wards, and the wards into stakes of Zion. The boun- ** daries of the wards are mainly coextensive with the pre- cinct lines, and the boundaries of the stakes with the county lines. There are in Utah 293 wards, in Idaho 52, in Arizona 29, in Nevada 6, in Colorado 4, in Wyoming 3, and in New Mexico 2, a total of 389. There are in Utah, 18 stakes, in Arizona. Number of 3, in Idaho 2, in Colorado 1, and 6 partly in Utah and - some one of the surrounding States and Territories. The wards are presided over by a bishop, two counselors, and a corps of officers, priests, teachers and deacons, *:::::::::: who look after the different districts into which the Nº wards are divided. The stakes are presided over by a president and two counselors, with a similar corps of officers to assist them. The entire church is presided over by either a First Presidency or an Apostles' quor- um. Three times in the history of the church a First Presidency has been organized, the last, consisting of John Taylor with George Q. Cannon and Joseph F. Smith as his Counselors. The death of John Taylor has — 7 — dissolved the First Presidency, and the government of the church now rests upon the quorum of the Twelve Apostles, of which Wilford Woodruff, an aged and ener- #if: getic man is president. He is now the virtual head of Šº the church, which will continue to be governed by the Apostles, it is presumed, until another revelation is received reviving the First Presidency. The wards report to the stakes, the stakes to the head of the church. There are, however, other officers organizations and organizations of importance in the church. Thereº." are seven first presidents of the seventies. The seven- ties are local organizations, consisting of a quorum of seventy elders. Each of thesc organizations is governed by seven presidents, and each of the seven presidents by a president. There is a presiding bishop of the church, whose most important duty seems to be the col- lection of the tithes (he has agents, one in each of the stakes), and a head patriarch who blesses the people by the laying on of hands. There is also a high council in each of the stakes whose work is done in secret. In each of the ward districts the quorum of teachers are directed to visit each family periodically and look after their spiritual welfare. Each ward has a meeting house, Young Men's Mutual Improvement Society, Primary Association for young children and a Relief Society. The various organizations report semi-annually, and there is kept at the church office in Salt Lake City, a sº- complete statistical history of the church. The number” of members, marriages, births, deaths, baptisms, excom- munications, etc., are set forth in detail. The Mormons believe in the Bible (Old aud New Testament), the Book of Mormon, and the revelations Religious belief. claimed to have been made to the prophets of the church. These revelations relate to various subjects, from the apportionment of town property down to the naming of church officers and affairs connected with the church government. One of the revelations known as — 8 — the “Word of Wisdom,” counsels the people not to use strong drinks, tobacco and hot drinks (tea and coffee). The revelation commanding polygamy was said to sº have been received from the Lord by Joseph Smith in gamy. Nauvoo, Hancock county, Illinois, July 12, 1843. Its binding force upon the Mormon people, believing as they do in their church and its teaching, will be under- stood from the following extract: ... “For behold! I reveal unto you a new and everlasting covenant; and if ye abide not that covenant, then are ye damned, for no one can reject this Covenant, and be permitted to enter my glory.” In the church government obedience is exacted from ol......... every member. In removing from one ward to another, edfrom members, they must secure a recommendation from their bishop, which certifies to their standing in the church. Persons desiring to be married, or to enter into polygamy, must also secure a recommendation from the bishop of their ward. Every member must hold himself ready, irre- spective of personal considerations, to leave his home to go as a missionary to other lands, and he must also be ready to remove his family and effects to such place as the heads of the church may direct him to go. The Mormon settlements in Arizona and other places outside Utah, were made in obedience to such a command. At the Utah stake conference held Feb. 27th, 1881, the names of 29 heads of families were announced as mis- sionaries for permanent settlement at St. Johns, Ari- zona. In a few weeks these families were on their way to make a new home in a strange place. At other con- ferences held in Southern stakes, at different times, many families were sent as missionaries to Arizona. The Mormon Church teaches its members not to *...* * enter the Territorial courts to settle their difficulties. It has provided a system of courts within the church. First, there is a ward court known or designated as a “bishop's court,” consisting of the bishop and his two Fºllºw counselors. They are empowered to try all minor cases arising among the people both of a temporal and of a – 9 – spiritual nature, and to sit in judgment upon trans- gressors. g For a long period they assumed jurisdiction of ques- tions of martial separation and divorce, but we are not advised as to whether this jurisdiction is still exercised. From this court an appeal lies to the “Stake Court,” “” consisting of the president of the stake and his two- counselors. This court has also original jurisdiction. The court of last resort, possessing appellate, original and exclusive jurisdiction, is the First Presidency, or the Apostles' Quorum, as the case may be. The mandate of this court must be accepted and obeyed, under penalty of excommunication, which means a denial of all the benefits of the church, social ostracism, and a with- drawal of the patronage and support of the Mormon people. - The payment of tithing and other donations for the . . . support of the church is vigorously urged as a religious!"" duty. At a church conference, President John Taylor said: “You want to pay your tithing honestly and squarely, or you will find yourselves outside the pake of the church of the living God.” . The amounts collected from the people for tithing exceed $500,000 annually. In 1870, the amount was $425,000; in 1880, $540,000. The amounts received for temple building are also very large. At the October “*” conference of 1880, it was announced that the uncom- pleted Manti and Logan temples had cost to date, re- spectively $207,977.35 and $252,147.78. The building of the Salt Lake Temple was commenced September 6th, 1853, and will not be finished for years to come. It has cost millions of dollars. The church has become quite wealthy. In 1880, John Taylor stated that the church held $430,000 of the paid-up capital stock of Zion's ºtºa. Co-operative Mercantile Institution, which pays large dividends, and which was organized by Brigham Young for the purpose of depriving non-Mormons of Mormon — 10 — Control of politi- al action by Mormon Church. Political empire. patronage. It owns or did own, the Deseret Telegraph System; the Zion's Savings Bank; the Deseret Evening News; the Deseret paper mill; a church farm south of Salt Lake City of over 1300 acres; street railway stock; stock in the Deseret and other National Banks; railroad shares and bonds; and a large amount of real estate in Salt Lake City and elsewhere, of great value. The heads of the church teach and impress upon the people to be united and submissive in their politi- cal action to the will of the leaders of the church. At a general conference of the church, President Taylor said: “We have to lay aside our covetousness and our pride, and our ideas that are wrong, and be united in our political affairs, in our temporal af- fairs, under the direction of the holy priesthood, and act as a mighty pha- lanx under God in carrying out his purposes here upon this earth.” In connection with this exercise of political control is the dream of empire which all through their history has cheered them with its pleasing illusions of future power. They teach and preach, and apparently believe, that the portion of the country in which they now re- side was set apart to become the abiding place of the Saints, where is to be erected the kingdom of God upon earth. Their missionaries preach that God has com- manded his.people to gather to the mountains, to the Zion of the Lord, to receive their inheritance at the hands of his servants. This idea is very clearly set forth by Brigham Young in a remarkable thanksgiving proclamation from him as Governor of the Territory, dated December 19th, 1851. We reproduce the opening paragraph. The italics are ours: “It having pleased the Father of all good, to make known his mind and will to the children of men, in these last days, and through the minis- tration of His angels, to restore the Holy Priesthood unto the Sons of Adam, by which the Gospel of His son has been proclaimed, and the ordi- nances of life and Salvation are administered, and through which medium the Holy Ghost has been communicated to believing, willing and honest minds; causing faith, wisdom and intelligence to spring up in the hearts of men, and influencing them to flow together from the four quarters of the earth to a land of peace and health, rich in mineral and vegetable – 11 — resources, reserved of old in the Councils of etermity for the purposes to which it is now appropriated; a land of choice above all other lands, far removed from strife, contention, divisions, moral and physical Commo- tions, that are disturbing the peace of the nations and kingdoms of the earth.” . - * The church leaders have been very much disturbed by the sale of property to non-Mormons, and have from the pulpit urged upon the people not to sell their in- heritance in Zion, that has been entrusted to them to carry out the purposes of the Lord, and not for purposes of gain. - The people are very tenacious of what they claim tº e & Mormons have to be their rights, and have never yielded a point. They ºyama- stand to-day where they stood when they first entered" the Territory. They persistently claim that they have been persecuted. September 29th, 1851, in a letter to the President, Governor Young said: “That no people exist who are more friendly to the Government of the United States, than the people of this Territory. The Constitution they revere, the laws they seek to honor. But the non-execution of those Fººtions of laws in times past for our protection, and the abuse of the power in the Oyalty. hands of these we have supported for office, even betraying us in the hour of our greatest peril and extremity, by withholding the due execu- tion of the laws designed for the protection of all the citizens of the United States.” Similar protestations of loyalty have been made from time to time down to a very recent period. s Undoubtedly in Missouri and Illinois, they were the Distrust of their victims of many unlawful attacks; but there has always” been something in their methods which has excited the opposition and the distrust of every people among whom they have lived. They have been invited and had it in their power while in Utah, to settle honorably the contest which has been waged between the Govern- sº - te t. ment and them. All that has been asked of them is to "“” acknowledge the supremacy of the law. The Mormons control a Territory almost as large as the area of the States of New York and Pennsylvaniaº combined, and a controlling influence in a tract of terri-M** tory as large as that of the New England and Middle — 12 — States combined. They have established in this Terri- tory a religious system, with a political attachment, the two forming a strong, compact government with the power of control centered in a few men who claim the right to speak by divine right, and whose advice, coun- sel and command is a law unto the people. The majority of the Mormons are a kindly and hos- . . .pitable people. They possess many traits of character 5:” which are well worthy of emulation by others. In their local affairs they strive to suppress the vices which are common to settled communities. In matters of religion they are intensely devotional, rendering a cheerful obedience to their church rules and require- ments. They are a people who possess many of the ele- ments, which, under wise leadership, would make them useful and prosperous. LV’ - NON-MORMON ELEMENT. *. The strength of the non-Mormon element cannot ...he be accurately stated. The population of the Territory *::::" has been given at 200,000. If from this be deducted the strength of the Mormon element, 132,277, we have 67,723 not claimed by the Mormon Church, but of these there are many whose sympathies remain with it. They have been raised in Mormonism, and although they have drifted away, they probably act with their former friends in political matters. The non-Mormon strength will probably not exceed 55,000. * In Salt Lake City and Ogden they have prosperous communities, mainly engaged in business. The strength . . . of the element, however, is to be found in the mining ###" camps. Gold and silver mining began in Utah in 1869-70. Since then a vast amount of capital has been Invested in the mines. The great body of the Gentiles are equal in intellect, courage and energy to those of any other community. When they went to Utah they found all the agricultural land that had water conveni- — 13 — ent already appropriated. Both the land and the water had been secured, and land without water is practically worthless for agriculture in that Territory. There was nothing left for them but the mines. These they searched for and as found, opened. This is work that none but superior men can carry through. It takes cap- ital, courage, faith, sagacity, endurance and ceaseless work. Of all the mines found, some have brought rich returns. But of these a vast proportion goes for labor, for supplies, for machinery and to make roads. Silver mines are generally found among almost inaccessible mountain tops, and every movement connected with them is costly. These mines have yielded up to the present time, $96,000,000. Quite half the sum has been yieldof the paid to Mormons for labor and supplies, and through" this from a very poor people they have become very prosperous. They possessed the land when the Gentiles went among them, but they were so poor that some whole families did not secure $10 in money throughout the year. What the Gentiles have been able to accom- plish has been in spite of the Mormon combined compe- tition and opposition. They wrenched from the rugged and barren mountain tops the gold and silver until they own of the assessed property of the Territory, nearly one-third, exclusive of railroad property. A brief description of the Little Cottonwood Dis- trict, where mining is conducted under more than ordi-jiš. nary difficult circumstances will convey an adequate * idea of the toil and danger which attends, and of the superior abilities required for successful mining. This mining district is located in Little Cottonwood Cañon, the mouth of which is some 15 miles distant from Salt Lake City. Entering the cañon the granite walls rise 4000 feet above the valley. The granite forms the cone around which the mountains have grown until their peaks are 13,000 feet above the level of the sea, and nearly 8000 feet above the valley. Passing up the cañon — 14 — the granite walls continue for five miles, rising in gran- deur far above the tramway which transports passen– gers and freight to the mining town of Alta, eight miles above. The grade is over 350 feet to the mile. Snow sheds cover the rails nearly the whole distance. Leav- ing the granite we pass a great quartzite reef, inter- spersed with shales. Above this the limestones (the silurian, devonian and carboniferous) rise in succession. In the limestones the ore is found, and scattered around the steep declivities can be seen the cabins of the min- ers. The rock is so hard that the average cost of tun– neling is some $10.00 per foot. Miles of tunnels have been run at an enormous cost. The snow commences to fall in August and September and continues until the following May. The average fall is 30 feet. At Alta City, where the elevation is nearly 9000 feet, the average depth covering the ground the winter through is 15 feet. The citizens communicate with each other through tun- nels run under the snow. The tramway is closed in the early fall, and the only means of communication with the valley below for six months of the year is by a haz- ardous trip down the cañon through the deep snow. The snow gathers around the summits of the peaks in such heavy masses that snow slides are of frequent oc- currence. Since 1870, 132 persons have perished in this cañon from these slides, and the town of Alta has been repeatedly swept as if by a cyclone. Many of the miners work in the mines all the year round. One has built a cabin under the summit of “Old Baldy,” a peak between the Little Cottonwood and American Fork cañons, 10,- 500 feet above the level of the sea. In these altitudes the rocks, which lift their heads through the soil, be- come bare. The tempests have left them naked and gray. A life in these vast Solitudes is not very enchant- ing, and yet thousands of energetic, able and patriotic men pass their lives among them, the great majority deprived of many of the comforts of life, and by unre- — 15 — mitting toil contributing to the material wealth of the Territory. - Leaving the mining camps and returning to the valleys, we find the non-Mormons supplying the ma-Mºhe now jority of the capital which is invested in the different avenues of business, and the brains which give life and force to the different channels of trade. They are also engaged in the important work of educating the youth of the Territory. By their efforts mission schools have been established in Salt Lake City, Ogden, and nearly every community of importance in the Territory, which have been very successful. In Salt Lake City the Prot-sºussel. estant Episcopal Church established its first school in "* 1867. Then it had a school with 16 pupils; now it has four schools, 29 teachers and 589 pupils. The Methodist Church opened its first school September 20th, 1870, with 28 pupils; now they have 20 schools with 36 teach- ers and 1060 pupils. The Presbyterians opened their first school April 12, 1875, with 30 pupils; now they have 33 schools with 67 teachers and 2110 pupils. The Salt Lake Academy opened its doors in the fall of 1878, under the auspices of the Congregational Church. They had in 1886, 22 schools with 43 teachers and 1900 pupils. The Baptist Church came into the Territory in 1884. They have one school with one teacher and 74 scholars. The first Catholic school was commenced in the fall of 1875; they now have 6 schools with 53 teachers and 880 pupils. The Swedish Lutheran Church opened a school last year with offe teacher and 35 pupils. A grand total of 87 schools, 230 teachers and 6668 scholars. These different denominations have now in Utah 62 churches of the value of $453,950 as follows: No. of Gºrches. Walue. Protestant Episcopal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $127,650 Churches. Methodist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 119,000 Catholic ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 25,300 Presbyterian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 115,000 Congregational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5 25,000 Swedish Lutheran. . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 12,000 Baptist...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 25,000 Josephite Mormon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 5,000 *Also, 12 preaching stations. — 16 — mons are regard- The non-Mormons have always been regarded as intruders in Utah, and are referred to as “outsiders.” Within the past five years one of the First Presidency of the Mormon Church in an address delivered in the Mormon Tabernacle, in sustance said, “We ought never to have let them secure a foothold here.” And this expresses the sentiments of the great majority of the Mormon people. They attribute the troubles which have come to their leaders, to the presence of these “outsiders,” and not to the awakened public sentiment of the Nation. The non-Mormons, who have played a conspicuous part in the work of reforming the Territory, are referred to as “aggressive persons,” “blatant assail- ants of the religion and politics of the majority of the business men and people of the Territory.” “Conspira- tors” and “adventurers.” In illustration of this feeling we refer to the organization of the Chamber of Com- merce at Salt Lake City. This movement was made under the lead of Governor West, and business men of every shade of opinion were invited to participate and to work for the common benefit of all. The prominent non-Mormons became members of the Chamber. The Deseret Evening News, the authorized exponent of the views of the Mormon church, speaking of the movement and referring to them, said: “How much harmony can be expected in such a heterogeneous com- mingling of antagonistic forces? If the business men of the Territory want to work together for business purposes, all such plotters against the peace of the Territory and obsacles to its material interests will necessarily have to withdraw or be removed from the organization. How can any man with self-respect fraternize and hold intimate relations with persons who have deliberately plotted and labored with all their might to misrepresent him and his friends and rob them of every political right that is valued by free men? Through their efforts the wives, daughters, Sisters and mothers of the business men who are invited to help boom these agitators into influence and prosperity have been deprived of the franchise and relegated to political serfdom, on a level with felons, idiots and lunatics.” This extract thoroughly explains the feeling enter- tained by the majority against those of the minority — 17 — who have been persistent in urging Congress to provide a remedy for the evils which they believe to exist here. The Chamber of Commerce was organized, is prosperous, and has proved a valuable ally to the business community. The non-Mormon element has brought to Utah, Yº...". enterprise and capital, the school-book and the Bible. non-Morſions. Their mining industries have created a market for the sale of the surplus products of the Mormon farmer, and employment for the surplus labor; their schools and churches are promoting the temporal and spiritual welfare of the people. The majority of the non-Mormons impress us as being enterprising and public spirited citizens who are warmly attached to their county and its laws. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF UTAH AND POLYGAMY. The political history of the Territory of Utah and . . . . . . the system of plural marriage are so closely interwovenº; that the one cannot be considered separate and apart from "*" the other. In fact, since July 24,1847, polygamy has given tone to the political policy of the Mormon people. Under the provisional government of theState of Deseret, and the Territorial government which followed after, every act of the Legislative Assembly which had, even remotely, a political bearing was voted up or down solely upon the question of its relation to the overshadow- ing interest. Every effort has been made to strengthen polygamy which the experience of 40 years could suggest, and every chord has been struck which it was supposed might send back a responsive and friendly note. - - The result has been that nearly every man of prom- inence in the church became a polygamist; the control-Ş...” Territory by ling intellect of Utah became involved in the practice.* They filled nearly every office of importance in the church, and in the Territorial and county governments, and had a large majority of every Legislative Assembly — 18 — down to the year 1882, when the “Edmunds Law'” dis qualified them. Utah was governed by men who seemed determined to build up in the heart of the American continent a polygamous empire. The statistics for 1880 will give an idea of how far they had progressed. The census found a population of 143,962, of which The used of 60,576 were over 21 years of age; about 10,000 of these ...:” are estimated to be non-Mormons. The number of per- sons then living in polygamy was found, after careful inquiry, to be about 12,000, and there were at least 3000 who had lived in polygamy, but a separation had been effected by death or otherwise, making a total of 15,000, 30 per cent of the adult Mormon population, or one out of every 31-3 who had entered into polygamy. While all did not enter into polygamy, all believed it right as a divine revelation and upheld it in those who chose to enter into the relation. The system was united by ties of kindred with nearly every Mormon family in the Territory. Utah was controlled by the bishops of the church, under the direction of Brigham Young, from July 24, an. …, 1847, to March 18, 1849, at which time was organized §... the provisional government of the State of Deseret. *** The Apostles of the Church in a general epistle said they had petitioned Congress for the organization of a Territorial government, and, until the petition was granted, they were under the necessity of organizing a local government. Brigham Young was elected Gov- ernor of the State. The most important act of the Leg- islative Assembly of the new State was the incorporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ;" * Section 3, which we here reproduce, under the form of Ullſ Ch. law, we think, directly sanctioned the practice of polygamy. “SEC. 3. And be it further ordained: That, as said Church holds the Constitutional and original right, in common with all civil and religious — 19 — communities, “to worship God according to the dictates of conscience;” to reverence communion agreeably to the principles of truth, and to Solemnize marriage compatible with the revelations of Jesus Christ; for the security and full enjoyment of all blessings and privileges, embodied in the religion of Jesus Christ, free to all; it is also declared that said church does, and shall possess and enjoy continually, the power and authority, in and of: itself, to originate, make, pass and establish rules, regulations, ordinances, laws, customs and criterions, for the good order, safety, government, gon- veniences, comfort, and control of Said church; and for the punishment and forgiveness of all offenses, relative to fellowship, according to church Covenants; that the pursuit of bliss, and the enjoyment of life, in the capacity of public association and domestic happiness, temporal expansion, or spiritual increase upon the earth, may not legally be questioned. Pro- vided, however, that each and every act, Or practice SO established, or adopted for law, or custom, shall relate to Solemnities, Sacraments, cere- monies, consecrations, endowments, tithings, marriages, fellowship, or the religious duties of man to his Maker; inasmuch as the doctrines, principles, practices, or performances, support virtue, and increase morality. and are not inconsistent with, or repugnant to, the Constitution of the United States, or of this State, and are founded in the revelations of the Lord.” The Edmunds-Tucker act of March, 1887, annulled ºn. this act, and directed the Attorney-General of the United * States to close up the affairs of the church. Jan. 27, 1851, the news reached Salt Lake City that Congress had created the Territory of Utah, and that º President Fillmore had appointed Brigham Young Territorial Governor. No appointment could have been made which would have been more satisfac- tory to the Mormons. Brigham Young was their leader, ruler and prophet. He was re-appointed appointment of Governor by President Pierce, and served till July.º." 11, 1857. The influence of this appointment upon the future of Utah was far-reaching. It enabled the Mormon people to adopt a system of laws which gave them absolute control over the Territorial government, and stripped the Federal officers of all authority and Result, which power. At an early day laws were passed conferring;...". upon Probate Courts, concurrent jurisdiction with theº" District Courts and, owing to the claim and exercise of” jurisdiction by these Probate Courts under Territorial laws, the District Courts as representatives of the — 20 — National authority, continued to be practically nullities until 1874. In 1874 (by the Poland Act) Congress defined and limited the jurisdiction of the several grades of *courts in the Territory. & The act as it passed the House of Representatives placed the power of naming jurors for the Courts with Fººt, he the U. S. Marshal; but by a provision of the Act imposed “Poland ” Act jº" at its last stage, the power to name one-half of the *** panel was restored to the old agency; by reason of which, acts of Congress distasteful to Utah, remained dead letters till 1882-3 when the “Edmunds Act” dis- qualified Mormons from jury service in polygamy and unlawful cohabitation cases. In 1885 it was held and affirmed in the case of Rudger Clawson, indicted for polygamy, that the District Courts were not confined to the panel so named, but after its exhaustion might re- nºn........ sort to an open venire. This decision removed the clog by open venire, from the enforcemeut of the laws which had existed over 30 years (the result which followed from the ap- pointment of Brigham Yonng as Governor); prosecutions Effect of the and convictions for polygamy and unlawful cohabitation prosecutions for º g - :*::::A; under the laws of Congress became possible and so suc- tation. cessful and efficient have these prosecutions been for three years past that a great number of convictions, particularly for the latter offence, have been had, and a large number of offenders, including the most promi- ment and influential leaders, have fled or gone into con- cealment, to avoid conviction. In furtherance of the purpose of obtaining control of the Territory, an inde- iº pendent military organization was established by law ** in violation of the organic act which makes the Gover- nor of the Territory “Commander-in-chief of the militia thereof.” This independent organization was forced to disband by Gov. Shaffer in 1870. Laws were also adopted for the election of cer- tain officers which the organic act imposes upon — 21 — the Governor the duty of appointing. The At-Law, ºne torney-General of the United States has decided the . power to appoint lies with the Governor; but the Legis-ºš. lative Assembly presistently refuses to remedy the “” Wrong. In 1851, polygamy was publicly proclaimed as a tenet of the church by alleged “Divine revelation,” by ſº. Brigham Young, President of the Mormon Church, and "** Governor of the Territory. * At a special Conference of the Mormon Church, held at Salt Lake City during the same year, was begun the jº" controversy between the Mormon people and the repre-º. sentatives of the Federal Government which has con-” “ tinued to the present time. Judge Brocchus of the Territorial Supreme Court, who was present, rebuked the people for their polygamous practices. His speech was, as he said, “the result of deliberation and care.” It gave great offence to Brigham Young and the Mormon people, who charged him with falsifying “the eternal principles of truth,” and with insulting the Mormon WOIOleIl. & From 1851 to 1862, polygamy flourished unchecked and uncontrolled. The Mormon people claim that plural marriage during this period was not unlawful. Cer-Erroneous claim of the Mormons, tainly there was no statute law against the practice of sº polygamy, and if the common law did not come into iss, to 1862. the Territory at the time the United States acquired possession, they are right; but it is an indisputable fact that the common law was in full force during these years. The act of 1862 provides that “every person provisions of the having a husband or wife living, who marries another,” “ whether married or single, in a Territory or other place, over which the Uuited States has exclusive jurisdiction, is guilty of polygamy, and shall be punished by a fine ** of not more than $500, and by imprisonment for a term … * of not more than five years.”. The Mormon people * * claimed the law was not constitutional. At the first º “, — 22 — Message of Gov- ernor Harding. His recommenda- tion unheeded. session of the Legislative Assembly following, Governor Harding in his message said: “I respectfully call your attention to an act of Congress passed the first day of July 1862, entitled “An Act to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States and in other places, and disapproving and amulling certain acts of the Territorial Legislative ASSembly of the Territory of Utah.” I am aware that there is a prevailing Opinion here that said act is unconstitutional, and therefore it is recom- mended by those in high authority that no regard be paid to the same; and, Still more to be regretted, if I am rightly informed, in some instances it has been recommended that it be openly disregarded and defied, merely to defy the same. I take this occasion to warn the people of this Territory against such dangerous and disloyal courses. Whether such act is uncon- stitutional or not is not necessary for me either to affirm or deny. The individual citizen, under no circumstances whatever, has the right to defy any law or statute of the United States with impunity. In so doing he takes upon himself the risk of the penalties of that statute, be they what they may, in case his judgment be in error. The Constitution has amply provided how and where all such questions of doubt are to be submitted and settled, viz., in the courts constituted for that purpose. To forcibly resist the execution of that act would be, to say the least, a high misde- meanor, and if the whole columunity should become involved in such resistance would call down upon it the consequences of insurrection and rebellion. I hope and trust that no such rash counsel will prevail. If, unhappily, I am mistaken in this, I choose to shut my eyes to the conse- Quences.” The timely advice contained in the recommenda- tions of Governor Harding was not heeded. The peo- ple continued to violate the law with impunity. The courts and the officials were powerless, under the Terri- torial Statutes, to enforce and execute the punitory pro- visions of the law. The anomalous condition of affairs was presented of the will of the Nation being ignored by a few men who claimed the sanction of Divine authority for their acts. It is reported that the Mor- mons make the claim that they were led to believe by National authority that the law of 1862 was not to be enforced, but was to remain a dead letter on the statute books. Certainly this was an error, and nothing but the fact that the time of Congress was occupied with matters involving the life of the Nation, and, after the war, with other matters of importance, prevented — 23 — prompt and energetic action on the subject. Congress has at every opportunity taken occasion in the most signal manner to express its abhorrence of the practice of polygamy. On June 23, 1874, the “Poland Act” be fºr came a law. It was the first law by which Congress had its provisions. struck at the judicial system under the cover of which the Mormons had so long rendered the district courts powerless. The jury panel was now to be selected by the clerks of the district courts, and the probate judge of the county in which the terms of court were held. Two hundred names were to be selected annually, 100 by each. The experiment of mixed juries proved a fail- ure. The grand juries were about equally divided, which rendered abortive all attempts to indict polyg– amists, In 1878 a partial relief came from an unex- pected source. The Legislative Assembly passed an actiºn.,. regulating the mode of procedure in criminal cases ºft. which provided for challenges for actual bias to be tried” by triers appointed by the court. When the case of Miles, indicted for polygamy, was reached for trial, the District Attorney challenged the Mormon jurors for actual bias, the court appointed triers, and the chal- lenge was sustained. The Mormon Legislature has practically adopted the California code, which contained this provision, probably not anticipating such a con- struction by the court. The act properly known as the “Edmunds Act” was passage ºf the approved March 22, 1882. The penalty for polygamy" " was made the same as that fixed by the laws of 1862. A penalty was also provided “against any man who sim- ultaneously, or on the same day, married more than one woman.” “Simultaneous” nuptials was an expedient jº." nuptials and un- adopted to protect those who chose to violate the law. ...; The law further provided a penalty for unlawful cohabi- tation. Heretofore the law made the marriage a crime. Now the living together, the holding out of two or more women to the world as wives, was made a misdemeanor. — 24 — The great necessity for this amendment arose from the difficulty of securing the conviction of polygamists. The entire Mormon community conspired to con- º, ceal the evidence of such marriages, until the statute of community con- ::::::::::::, limitations would prove a bar to prosecution. Then the #.”" polygamous relation would be openly acknowledged. Before the passage of this act the Mormon leaders were frequently seen on the streets, in the theaters and other public places with their polygamous wives. The law … ... also provided for amnesty to such offenders as would ed for. in good faith renounce polygamy. Eighty-one persons - have thus far been amnestied by the President. The Number amnes issue of polygamous marriages before January 1, 1883, tied. were legitimated. The vital importance of making the - Continuance of the polygamic relation a misdemeanor iniº is seen in the incipient contest which it has produced mon Church, in the Mormon Church. At first several of the persons thus arraigned, promised in open court to obey the laws thereafter, and this in the face of strenuous oppo- sition. * The Deseret News, the church organ, editorially pro- Determinedeffort claimed that no Mormon could consistently make such to prevent poly- #ºy” promise without violating obligations which bound , the law. him for time and etermity. Those who did so were re- ferred to in a manner calculated to make their neigh- bors feel that they had incurred disgrace. In the case of John Sharp, decisive action was taken. He was a prominent man in the Territory, a gentleman of bigh §.”” character, who had secured the respect of the people. He had the courage and the patriotism to appear in Court and announce his intention to obey the laws. He was promptly removed from the office of Bishop of the 20th Ward of Salt Lake City, in which office he had become endeared to the people by associations ex- tending beyond a period of twenty years. It was thought that his patriotic course would have an influ- ence upon others and encourage them to respect the law; hence the summary treatment he received. — 25 — During the two years ending August 21st, 1887, but two or three persons, convicted of unlawful cohabita- tion, have promised to obey the law, to escape imprison- ment. At the September term, 1887, of the Third District Court, the first two persons convicted of unlawful co- habitation, promised to obey the law for the future. It is proper we should here say that an opportunity has always been given to these people by the Court, to eS- cape punishment by a promise to obey the laws. Since the passage of the Edmunds law of 1882, the following number of persons have been indicted and convicted for unlawful cohabitation and polygamy. No. Indicted, No. Convicted. Unlawful Cohabitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 289 Number of con- Polygamy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 14.º. gº ºgºmº. —— ful cohabitation. Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 303 Many of the persons indicted have fled or have con- cealed themselves to escape arrest. In the enforcement of the law the present officers Federal officers of the Federal Courts in Utah are entitled to special" commendation, and this should also include the late able and efficient prosecuting attorney. While but a small proportion of the offenders have been convicted, the tension produced by these prosecu- tº tº l hod tions cannot be over-estimated. Actuated by a deter-ºº: . S. ſº e {º ſº Mor t sº mination not to recognize the supremacy of National jº . e e e © tº l 1tlng polyg- laws where they forbid crimes sanctioned by a religious amy. creed, it is not surprising that the leaders have resorted to unusual methods to defeat the law, and so great is their influence, and so compact their organization, that the entire membership have been a unit in aiding and abetting the offenders in their obstructive course, and in escaping the penalty of their crimes. The law of ººº- ormon people 1882 invites the Mormon people, through their Legisla-; bº. to harmony with tive Assembly, to bring Utah into harmony with the *** expressed will of the Nation; to recognize the fact that — 26 — every interest must remain subordinate to the general Welfare, and be subject to the Constitution and the laws; to cease the wretched policy of evasion and resist- ance to law, which, if persisted in, will destroy the pub- lic pride and result in moral decay; and to correct the wrongs which have so long held Utah up to the public gaze in deplorable pre-eminence. Recommenda- Governor Murray in his message to the Legislative º Assembly of 1884, the first after the passage of the Ed- munds act of 1882, and again in 1886, called attention to the invitation to the Mormon people contained in the law, and expressed his willingness to co-operate , with them in the adoption of proper measures. Anti Polygamy The National laws relating to bigamy and polyg- ºve amy have been in effective operation for about three about three years years. Standing face to face with the law, the leaders and their obedient followers have made no concession to its supremacy, and the issue is squarely maintained between assumed revelations and the laws of the land. As late as August 23rd, 1887, and seven weeks after the Mºrmºleaders adoption of the proposed State Constitution, at Provo have made no º City, Utah, a public reception was tendered by the Mor- * mon people at their meeting house, to several persons, polygamists, who had just been released from the peniten- tiary. Among the speakers were two of the stake pres- idency, two bishops and elders of the church, nearly all of whom were polygamists, and who proclaimed their intention to live in the future as they had in the past. - The two elements of population are divided into *::::::::::: the People's party (Mormon) and the Liberal party (iron- ritory. Mormon). Up to 1870, the Mormons had no opposition except in 1867, when a non-Mormon candidate for Dele- gate to Congress received 105 votes. The Liberal party was organized in 1870, and has continued to maintain its organization up to the present time. Its highest vote. was polled for Philip T. Van Zile, candidate for Delegate — 27 — to Congress, at the first election held under the law of March 22nd, 1882. He received 4884 votes against 23,- 039 for John T. Caine. This brings us down to the reg- istration and election of 1887. THE REGISTRATION AND ELECTION OF 1887. The first annual election since the Act of Congress prescribing a registration oath for voters was held on Registration and August 1st, of this year, and was preceded by a regis-“*” tration under that act, made in the months of May and June last. The Commission, after careful consideration, to aid in Securing uniformity of action by the registra- tion officers, formulated and submitted to them for their use, as an advisory act on the part of the Com- mission, a form of registration oath, substantially in the words of the act, as follows: - TERRITORY OF UTAH, SS. COUNTY OF........... tº º I. . . . . . . . . . . . being duly sworn (or affirmed,) depose and say that I am The Commission over twenty-one years of age, that I have resided in the Territory of Utah oath. for six months last past, and in this precinct for one month, immediately preceding the date thereof; and that I am a native born or naturalized, (as the case may be) citizen of the United States; that my full name is * * * * c e º e º e º e º e º gº that I am....years of age; that my place of business is & º 'º º tº sº tº e º 'º tº e º ºs º º that I am a (singleur) married man, that the name of my lawful wife is.................... and that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and will faithfully obey the laws thereof, and espec- ially will obey the Act of Congress approved March 22, 1882, entitled, “An act to amend Section 5352 of the Revised Statutes of the United States in reference to bigamy and for other purposes,” and that I will also obey the Act of Congress of March 3, 1887, entitled “An Act to amend an Act entitled An Act to amend Section 5352 of the Revised Statutes of the United States in reference to bigamy and for other purposes, approved March 22, 1882,” in respect of the crime in said act defined and forbidden, and that I will not, directly or indirectly, aid or abet, counsel or advise any other person to commit any of said crimes defined by Acts of Congress as polygamy, bigamy, unlawful cohabitation, incest, adultery and fornication. Subscribed and swore to before to before me on this...day of.....188. º, e º e s tº º e s tº e º ºs e º ºs º º Deputy Registration Officer for . . . . . . . . . . Precinct. . . . . . County. & Although the person applying to have his name registered as a voter may have made the foregoing oath, yet if the Registrar shall for reason- able or probable cause, believe that the applicant is then, in fact, a big- — 28 — amist, polygamist, or living in unlawful cohabitation, incest, adultery or fornication, in our opinion the Registrar may require the applicant to make the following affidavit: TERRITORY OF UTAH, ss.: COUNTY of.......... tº ge I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . further swear (or affirm) that I am not a bigamist, polygamist, or living in unlawful cohabitation, or associating or cohabit— ing polygamously with persons of the other sex, and that I have not been convicted of the crime of bigamy, polygamy, unlawful cohabitation, incest, adultery or fornication. * Subscribed and sworn to before me on this. . . . . ."...day of........ 188. . * * * * * * * * e s e e Deputy Registration Officer for . . . . . . . . . . . . Precinct NOTE.-Those parts of the above form in relation to being “sworn Or affirmed,” and as to being a “native-born or naturalized citizen,” and as to being a “single or married man,” should be changed by erasure, or a line drawn through the words so as to be applicable to the case. - Prior to the registration, and under the date of April 4th, 1887, the Central Committee of the “Peo- #:#; ple’s” party, (Mormon) issued an address, advisory, to the voters of the party, in which the oath prescribed by the act was commented upon, interpreted and explained, and the voters informed that, as to male voters, there is nothing in the act which need necessarily reduce their numbers; that duty called them to wakefulness and ac- tivity, and all who could take the oath were urged to do so. The substance of the interpretation is in this extract: ſ “The questions that intending voters need, therefore,ask themselves are these: Are we guilty of the crimes in said act; or, have we the present intention of committing these crimes, or of aiding, abetting, causing or advising any other person to commit them? Male citizens who can answer these questions in the negative can qualify under the existing laws, as voters and office holders.” This interpretation does not seem to be a correct An incorrectex. exposition of the law, and is well adapted to quiet the ſº "" conscience of the voter and invite him to find his mind free from any intention relating to the subject. The clear meaning of the law is that the voter must have a present, affirmative intention to obey the law in the future, while the interpretation given by the “People's" party — 29 — invites him to take the oath if he can merely say he has not a present affirmative intention to violate the law. The law prescribes a rule of action to bind the voter for the future which cannot be broken without subjecting him to the reproach of moral perjury. When a law can be assumed to express the will and belief of a people subject to its provisions, those who have not formed the intention to violate it, may fairly "be assumed to have the intention to obey it, and in such cases the distinction between an actual intent to obey, and a formal intent to disobey a law might not be of much practical importance, for a good citizen who had not formed an intention to violate the law, might well be assumed to have an intention to obey it. When, however, the law expresses neither the will nor the be-, lief of a great majority of a people, the assumption of the intention to obey cannot be affirmed from the ab- sence of a formal intention to disobey, and, like some other inviting ground, the field of no intention may be:#" broad, and to those who may wish to occupy it, very de “” sirable. The address was well calculated to invite the “intending voter” to silence the promptings of his con- science in relation to an institution which they claim is “interwoven with their dearest and earliest hopes con- nected with eternity,” in favor of increasing the num- ber of voters of the “People's party.” The address fur- ther contained the remarkable statement that this was “not a time to indulge in ‘bogus' sentiment.” Members of the Liberal Party, in view of the eva- sive interpretation given by the Central Committee of the People's party, were not satisfied with the form of Oath formulated by the Commission, and asked the Com- mission to recommend a form of oath which they claimed was necessary to bring the true intent and meaning of the law within reach of the conscience of the voter, as follows: - — 30 — \ TERRITORY OF UTAH ! SS. - COUNTY OF. . . . . . . . . Q ſº I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . being duly sworn (or affirmed,) depose and say that I am over twenty-one years of age, that I have resided in the Territory of Utah for six months last past, and in this precinct for one month preced- ing the date hereof; and I am a native-born (or naturalized). as the case oath suggested may be, citizen of the United States; that my full name is...... . . . . . . . . . ; ºrmon that I am. . . . . . . . . years of age; that my place of business is . . . . . . . . . . . . ; that I am a (single or) married man; that the name of my lawful wife is tº º & tº tº dº tº dº tº º gº tº gº tº ; that I will support the Constitution of the United States and will faithfully obey the laws thereof; and I will especially obey the acts of CongreSS prohibiting polygamy, bigamy, unlawful cohabitation,. incest, adultery and fornication; that I will not hereafter at any time, within any Territory of the United States, while said acts of Congress remain in force, in obedience to any alleged revelation, or to any counsel, advice or command, from any person or source whatever, or under any circumstances, enter into plural or polygamous marriage, or have or take more wives than One, or cohabit with more than one woman; that I will not at any time hereafter, in violation of said acts of Congress, directly or indirectly, aid or abet, counsel or advise any person to have or to take more wives than One, or to cohabit with more than one woman, or to commit incest, adultery, or fornication; that I am not a bigamist or polygamist; that I do not cohabit polygamously with persons of the other sex, and that I have not been convicted of any of the offences above mentioned. Subscribed and sworn to before me this........ day of... . . . . . . . . 188. . gº tº e º ºs e º º ſº e º ſº e º º is Deputy Registration Officer for . . . . . . . . . . Precinct. . . . . . . . County. This request the Commission declined, in substance holding the form previously recommended contained all the requirments of the law, in the language of the law, and that they did not feel authorized to recommend any additions to that form. The discussion settled nothing, but only brought out more clearly that no test oath as to future conduct era. d.d. is of any value to prevent infractions of the law. That :ºn. whether a law will or will not be violated is a matter depending on motives and conditions which no test oath can reach or remove, and the probabilities in the case will be largely affected by the opinions of the person and community in which he lives, as to whether the law is constitutional, and morally just, and whether or not the prohibited act is morally and religiously right, or Wrong. - — 31 — In all the election districts the form recommended by the Commission was used by the Registration Offi-commission oath cers, although the other form was distributed by theº" Loyal League, a non-Mormon organization. In one dis- trict the Registrar attempted to use the form suggested by the Liberal Committee, but he was removed, and an- other appointed who used the Commission oath. In an- other district the registrar claimed the right to ask voters questions not contemplated by the law, and was promptly removed. r The form of oath suggested by members of the Liberal party was first used in the Third District Court, ...º. presided over by Chief Justice Zane, and is now used in "** the District Courts, of the Territory for the qualifica- tion of jurors. The total registration in the Territory was 20,585. At the general election of the Territory held on Augustºnion. 1, 1887, there were 13,395 votes cast for the People's & party candidates, and 3255 votes for the Liberal party candidates, for the Legislative Assembly. The People's Party elected 10 Councilors and 21 members. The Liberal Party, 2 Councilors and 3” members. The Liberals, if they had registered and voted their full strength, could have elected, at least, one more member of the Council and 2 members of the House. The total vote cast in the Territory for all officers was 16,901. - The returns were canvassed by a board consisting. of five reputable persons, appointed by the Commission. Bºinted. The total number of county, precinct and municipal officers elected was 470. tº THE MOVE FOR STATEEIOOD. The present year has been marked by proceedings to form a constitution on which to demand admission to the Union of States; the fourth attempt for that purpose in the history of the Territory. — 32 — People's Party issue call for a COnvention. Non-Mormons refuse to recog nize the call The convention meet ; adopts provision for pun. ishment of poly- gamy, etc. Before the election, on June 16th, 1887, a call appeared signed by the chairman and secretary of the People's party (Mormon), calling upon the people of Utah, irrespective of party, creed, or class, to assemble in mass conventions in their respective counties, on June 25th, 1887, at 12, M., for the purpose of appointing delegates to a convention to be held at Salt Lake City, on the 30th day of June, 1887, to frame a constitution preparatory to an application to Congress for admission to Statehood. The non-Mormons were distrustful of the move and unitedly declined to join the convention, or to recog- nize it. They gave as reasons for declining that in view of the past history of Utah it was a proper case for Congress, in accordance with the general rule, to say when the time for such a move had arrived, and by an enabling act give it authority when, how, and by whom the convention should be called, and how conducted; that they did not understand this sudden, and to them unannounced call; that the entire proceeding was car- ried out by the dominant party, and delegates chosen without regard to forms of election or disqualification of voters, without previous discussion and from wholly unauthorized sources; and above all they did not think the attitude of the great majority of the people of Utah towards the laws and authority of the general govern- ment had been such as to invite the full confidence of Congress in their fidelity to the laws and government, and to justify that body in granting sovereign Statehood. The convention met, and with surprising unanim- ity adopted a proposed constitution, which declares big- amy and polygamy to be misdemeanors, and affixes pun- ishments. It also provides that no further legislation shall be required to make or define these offences; that the provision is not amendable without the consent of Congress, and proclaims the separation of Church and State. The instrument is silent as to the offense of un- lawful cohabitation. — 33 — The Mormons claim that having taken this action, the people ought not to be longer denied a voice in the Reasons conduct of their own affairs, and in the selection of of ºve. ficials to carry on the government; that in a Territo-** rial condition citizens are deprived of the rights and powers which are the strength and glory of American citizenship; that as a Territory they are excluded from participation in affairs that vitally concern them; that Utah has the population, the material interests, the in- telligence, the stability and the regard for Republican principles and institutions which are necessary to the establishment of a free and sovereign State; that the movement for Statehood was not sectiaran, partisan, or confined to any sectional interest; but that the call was broad and comprehensive, and included citizens of every creed and class; that the convention adopted a constitution in good faith, which is as liberal and fair and patriotic as that of any State; that it was the work of monogomous citizens acting in their capacity as citizens; that until it can be shown to be otherwise their action should be accepted in good faith, and the constitution should be judged by its plain language and terms; that the question of whether under the constitu- tion the provisions against polygamy will be enforced by the officials of the proposed State is a question that must be left to the future, and that time alone will show; that every community proposing to come into the Union as a State must be given a fair opportunity to prove whether or not they will carry out the provis- ions of their charter; that they have never been ac- cused of insincerity by any one who knows what they have endured rather than make promises they did not intend to keep; that the religion of the people should not be dragged into the consideration of measures which are purely political; that in answer to the assertion that, as a State, they will coutinue to build up their church, they claim the Mormon people have the consti- — 34 —- tutional right to use every means not inconsistent with the laws of the land to secure converts to their relig- ious faith, unrestrained by any constitutional or legal provision; that Congress has not the right to interpose as a condition precedent to the admission of the pro- posed State, that any church shall cease preaching its doctrines or endeavoring to make proselytes; that ad- mitting there is no grant of power under which Con- gress may sanction an amendment to a State constitu- tion, should Congress refuse to act, the constitution can- not be amended in respect of the offenses named; that the proposed constitution does not presume to say that the President or Congress shall exercise the powers granted them, but leaves the matter to their discretion; that a Territory as a matter of right is entitled to ad- mission into the Union of States whenever it possesses the necessary population, and has a constitution in har- mony with republican institutions; that acting through the only class of citizens who enjoy the privilege of the elective franchise, the monogamous Mormons, they have met the wishes of a Nation by a constitution which provides for the punishment of those offences which have excited the hostility of the Nation, and having done so, they now ask to be allowed to hereafter con- trol the affairs of the Territory, as the Constitution of the United States intended they should; that the oppo- sition to the admission of Utah as a State comes from a class who have been the bitter and consistent ene- mies of the Mormon people, and who are inspired by the hope of bringing the people, while in a Territorial condition, within their power. The above we believe to be a fair summary of the reasons which the Mormons urge in favor of Statehood for Utah. - The action of the convention and the result of its labors did not tend to allay, but rather to increase, the apprehensions and opposition of the non-Mormons. — 35 — They make many objections to the admission of Utah as a State at present, and unanimously declined to vote upon the subject,or in any way recognize the move. The following is a summary of some of their objections: That the action taken is without authority from the proper source and not entitled to any recognition, and accompanied by many and strong evidences of eva- sion and bad faith in professing an abandonment of §: polygamy and the accompanying social evils, with theº.º. intent to acquire Statehood, and without any intent to restrain and puuish such offenses, but merely to en- trench them behind Statehood; that the historical attitude of the great body of the people towards the laws on this subject had not changed down to the eve of calling the convention, and that until then the Mor- mons, their press and pulpits, had not ceased to declare the laws of Congress unconstitutional and their enforce- ment persecution; that though the press and pulpits suddenly became silent, with indications in a few places of a muzzled silence, there was still no sign or intima- tion of any change of sentiment in words or acts, and the hostility to the enforcement of existing laws and Federal authority was still as active and general as before; that scarcely any Mormon in good standing would even promise to obey the laws in the future to escape punishment after conviction in court; that they were unable to understand how the great body of the people could undergo an overnight conversion on the subject of these offenses, when the day before their con- sciences were so strong that nothing could induce them to promise obedience to the laws; that the Deseret Even- ing News, their leading and uncompromising organ, had, after the framing of the proposed constitution, and before the election, printed an editorial leaving the question to the voters with the most judicial fairness, but ending with the advice to be “as wise as serpents and harmless as doves;” that in view of their past history — 36 — Same, the first evidence of a bona fide intent to obey and exe- Cute laws making these offenses punishable should be a Cessation of hostility to present laws and the announce- ment of obedience to them; that notwithstanding the great unanimity in the convention and in the subse- Quent vote of the people, no member of the convention, or voter, has in the constitution or elsewhere declared he considered or believed either of the offenses named is or should be a misdemeanor or punishable, but the provision in the constitution is introduced by the re- markable, whereas: for the reason that somebody, per- haps some wicked person at Washington, deems those Crimes incompatible with a republican form of govern- ment,they are made misdemeanors and punishable; that it is not easy to conceive why the incompatibility should be limited to a republican form of government, or why it should not extend to every form of civilized govern- ment, unless full force is given to the dogma taught by the dominant sect, that the only true and rightful gov- ernment is a theocracy in which the powers of govern- ment are derived from God and delegated to ministers, who govern by divine right; that no constitutional provision can execute itself, but requires prosecutors, jurors and judges, all of whom under Statehood would be Mormons, and if a whole people can be suddenly converted one way in one night, they might be suscept- . ible to a reconversion equally sudden, and all the pros- ecuting powers become hostile to the law; that the rules of evidence and the laws of marriage under Statehood are proper subjects of State legislation, and while mar- riage without witnesses may be good, a rule of evidence that it requires one or more witnesses to the direct fact of marriage to commit polygamy would leave the con- stitutional provision worthless, and should the courts adopt the rule still existing in some States, that on a charge of bigamy, cohabitation and the repute of mar- riage are insufficient to prove the marriage, no new law — 37 — or rule of evidence would be needed; that it is historical there are many polygamists in Utah, and as such mar- riages are concealed the number is unknown, and soºfar as the constitution is concerned, all these could live openly with their numerous families as soon as the Federal laws ceased, and point to their relations as the reward of those who had lived up to the privileges of their religion; that there is no grant of power in the constitution authorizing Congress to sanction or refuse an amendment to the constitution of a sovereign State; that the people of a State cannot deprive themselves of the power to amend a constitution the creation of their will, nor can they legislate to bind those that come after same. them; that the Mormons have hitherto justified their opposition to the Federal laws under plea of conscience in respect to religious matters, but they have apparently made their consciences a marketable commodity and Statehood the exchangeable value, if they offer in good faith to suppress these offenses, unless their religious views have suddenly changed, of which there is no evi- dence or pretense; that the claim that this constitution emanates from and is the work of non-polygamous Mor- mons is no argument in its favor; that good citizenship does not involve only the question who in fact practices polygamy, but, also, who believes in it as a moral and religious right, Superior to all human laws, and hence will be influenced in his conduct by such belief; that the non-polygamists have always been a large majority, but have in every way upheld the polygamists, have been equally active and bitter in their opposition to the laws, and without their aid and support the polygamists could not so long have defied the laws; that there has been no evidence of any struggle or contest between the polygamists and monogamists, but all have acted with the greatest possible harmony and vied with each other in attaining the wisdom of Serpents and harmless- ness of doves; that the church leaders who control in –88– such matters have never manifested in any manner their intention to cease to enforce the practice of polygamy by their people, but that their silence indicates that the converse of the proposition is true; that the Mormon Church has never abandoned its purpose of ultimately becoming a controlling political power, and adopts this method of promoting it; and further, that if the non- polygamists have reached this conclusion, that the law in respect to these offenses is superior, and that it is the first duty of citizens to obey the laws of Congress pre- scribing rules of conduct, it is an easy manner for them to announce it and give some evidence of their good faith. In accordance with these views the non-Mormons abstained from voting on the subject at the polls, desir- ing not to recognize the movement in any manner whatever. . \ Votes cast for The monogamous Mormons cast 13,195 votes in : favor of the constitution, 500 votes being cast against it. The action of the Mormon people in adopting a con- .." stitution which forbids polygamy and bigamy, in view * of their past history, is an anomaly which demands some explanation. In all its Territorial history, Utah, under the control of the dominant sect, which is in reality a polictical organization, with aims and methods which are political, has stood arrayed in opposition to laws of Congress on these subjects, and still maintains united efforts to nullify them. 3. To arrive at a fair conclusion of the opinons and urposes Of the - & *" purposes of the Mormon people with respect to polyg- amy, it is proper that the views and expressions of their press and pulpits should be considered. The Deseret News in its issue of Oct. 6th, 1880, said: “But we claim the right uuder the constitution of our country to jº" receive just as many divine communications as the Almighty chooses to bestow and to follow these revelations without molestation or hindrance. At the same time it is our intention to abide by the laws of our country. When we refer to the laws of the land, we wish to be understood that We : : • : : — 39 — make one exceptiou, that is the law framed and pushed through Congress for the express purdose of preventing us from obeying a revelation from God, which we have followed in faith, and practiced for many years.” The claim thus made has been reiterated by the First Presidency of the Church from time to time. In their address of July 24, 1885, they said: “We cannot, however, at the behest of men, lay aside those great prin- #: of the ciples which God has communicated to us, nor violate those sacred and ** eternal Covenants which we have entered into for time and etermity.” Nothing has transpired to lead us to believe that No jºinthe the views thus expressed by their Church organ, and most ...” “ prominent leaders, are not entertained by the Mormon people to-day. The call for assembling of mass meetings to ap- point delegates to meet in convention and frame a con- stitution was evidently the result of a very sudden in-É..." spiration, so much so that the Deseret News editorially ..."“” said, “It would occasion some surprise.” There had been no previous discussion in the press, nor among the people, in relation to such a movement, which was con- ceived and carried through with the utmost haste. Within fourteen days after the call was promulgated, delegates appointed to frame the constitution had met in convention. The election of delegates to a constitutional con- vention by means of mass meetings does not commend itself to persons who have been accustomed to see the important duty of framing a constitution for a sov- ereign State, approached with care and deliberation, in accord with the general will of the people, and under proper authority, with no other aim and purpose than to advance the interests of all, and not of a particular class. The provision in the constitution with reference to polygamy and bigamy is as follows: SEC 12. Bigamy and polygamy being considered incompatible with The pºisºn. “a republican form of government,” each of them is hereby forbidden and prohibiting poly-- declared a misdemeanor. gamy. . — 40 — Any person who shall violate this sectien shall, on conviction thereof. be punished by a fine of not more than $1000, and imprisonment for a term of Ilot less than six months nor more than three years, in the discretion of the court. This section shall be construed as operative without the aid of legislation, and the offenses prohibited by this section shall not be barred by any statute of limitation within three years after the commission of the offense; nor shall the power of pardon extend thereto until such par- don Shall be approved by the President of the United States. . Comparison be- The crime of polygamy is to be a misdemeanor, (in ;, every other State it is a felony), and is punishable by a eral law. fine of not more than $1,000.00, and by imprisorſment for a term of not more than three years, whereas, un- der the Federal law, the fine is fixed at a sum not ex- ceeding five hundred dollars, and imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years. Under the Federal law polygamists are denied the right to vote and hold office, but under this proposed constitution persons who have committed, or who shall hereafter commit, the crime of polygamy, and all such as continue to live in that crime, will be invested with the full rights of citizenship. Under the Federal law, unlawful cohabitation is pun- ished by a fine not exceeding three hundred dollars, and by imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months; under the proposed State this offence, which perpetuates the evils of polygamy against society and posterity, is to go unpunished. Hºus The Legislature of the proposed State is shorn of its legislature power to raise the grade of the crime to that of felony, or to annex any disqualifiication on conviction, while it is left free to promote polygamy by providing through inheritances and by means of wills for the maintenance of polygamous households, and to deny the legal wife the right of dower, or other rights, as heretofore. #. The provisions for amendments to the proposed ; constitution, only by the consent of Congress, and for polygamists" pardon of convicted polygamists only by approval of the President, are incongruous and futile, and need not be considered. It is sufficient to say they are open to the criticism that if a community cannot be trusted to — 41 — amend a constitution it can hardly be said to be fit to be trusted with the powers of a State under any form of constitution, and if it cannot be trusted to deal with those who have violated its laws, it should not have the control of the administration of the laws. If Utah should be admitted into the Union as a Results which will follow the State, the following result would follow, viz.: There tº would be an immediate cessation of all further prosecu- tions for polygamy and unlawful cohabitation under laws of Congress. No.prosecution for polygamy would ever take place in the State, until the ruling power in the State chose to do what they now arraign the Gov- ernment for—“persecute” for a crime which is “an essential part of their religion.” This claim has been set forth in a formal way which has made it a solemn declaration of the whole Mormon population of Utah. At a general conference held at Logan, April 6, 1885, a resolution was adopted and a committee appointed to draft a protest and address to the President and people of the United States. Such address was adopted at a mass meeting, held May 2, 1885, at which the Hon. John T. Caine, Delegate from the Territory, presided, and was deputed as the agent to present the same. In that doc- ument is formally proclaimed— “As to our religious faith, it is based upon evidence which to our Polygamy an minds is conclusive; convictions not to be destroyed by legislative enact- ments or judicial decisions. Force may enslave the body, but it cannot convince the mind. To yield at the demand of the legislature or judge the rights of conscience, would prove us recreant to every duty we owe to God and man. Among the principles of our religion is that of im- mediate revelation from God; one of the doctrines so revealed is celestial or plural marriage, for which Ostensibly we are stigmatized and hated. This is a vital part of our religion, the decisions of courts to the contrary notwithstanding.’’ It is a circumstance worthy of mention that Mr. Caine, who bore so prominent a part in the adoption and promulgation of the address from which the above ex- tract was made, was also the president of the conven- tion which adopted the proposed State constitution. essential part of Mormon religion. — 42 — Under the proposed constitution no disqualification No disqualifica. Would follow the commision of those crimes; the right ion f I {º tº :::::::::::" of voting would be fully accorded to the ruling class tº now disfranchised. No prosecution would ever take place for continuing that crime, by living in unlawful. cohabitation, and multiplying its fruits to the degrada- ...” tion of posterity. The right of dower created by Con- gress would be swept away. The Utah policy has ever been to deny that right to the legal wife, and make her right depend upon the testamentary disposition of her º husband. The rights of the minority population would ** be left to the mercy of a majority, who regard them as intruders, and who have always used political power in a clannish spirit. In illustration of their spirit in such matters a statement of their course in the election of officers for the Deseret University and Territorial Insane Asylum will suffice. The university was incorporated when the Territory was first organized, and although Some fifteen officers, chancellor and regents, are elected § biennially to manage this educational institution, which respect. receives support from the Territorial Treasury, not one representative of the minority has ever been elected. For the Insane Asylum, built by an appropriation from the Territorial Treasury, a certain number of directors are elected biennially, but the minority have never been accorded a representative, a privilege and a right which is recognized in every other Territory or State. Further, in Salt Lake City, where the minority have a majority in two of the five organized precincts, they are denied any representation in the city council, by reason of an election law which requires all the city officers to be elected on a common ticket. Mormon efforts The Mormon people cannot be called hypocrites. to enforce poly. They boldly proclaim their religious belief to all the gamy. world. Until that belief shall be changed if they be true to their creed, polygamy with its kindred evils will be fostered by every means in their power. The leaders — 43 — of the church will probably do in the future what they have done in the past. They do not recognize the authority of the Government to call upon them for any support in its contest with polygamy, but they do rec- ognize the divine command to encourage polygamy. The attitude, purpose and determination of the church ºft. in this respect has been fully developed. In the case of ºv W. W. Taylor, son of John Taylor, who died a few years ago, it was acknowledged after his death that he was a polygamist, and yet he held a responsible office under the city government of Salt Lake City up to the time of his death. Another case was that of Jos. H. Dean; he was elected and served as a member of the city council of Salt Lake. While in office it was learned that he was, and had been a polygamist for over three years. The leaders of the church had full knowledge of the fact that these men were disqualified from holding office under the Federal law, yet they acquiesced in their unlawful occupancy of public offices. We have learned of similar cases in the more remote counties. The non- polygamist Mormons were also aware that the men;. referred to were polygamists, and their course has been” in harmony with that of their leaders, as it will probably always be. During the period in which the government has been actively engaged in prosecuting offenders, they have unitedly refused to extend any aid, but have de- nounced the prosecutions as persecution. For these reasons the Commission has been led to fear that the provision in the proposed Constitution making polygamy a misdeamor was not adopted, nor the action taken with any purpose to suppress polygamy; that it does not indicate an abandonment by the people of Utah in the manner which is demanded by the will:” of the American people, as expressed in their National tº of polyg- law; that the late movement for Statehood was the off- spring of necessity, inspired with the hope of escaping from the toils which the firm attitude of the govern- — 44 — Reasons which inspired the move for Statehood. ment and the energetic course of the Federal officers had wound around them. Realizing that they could expect no aid nor comfort from the National adminis- tration, and actuated by a determination not to recognize the Supremacy of National laws where they forbid crimes licensed by their creed, it is not surprising that the majority in Utah should resort to some expedient to get relief from their dilemma. In the light of these facts it is evident that the relief sought for is expected in Questions to be Considered by 4Congress. Same. Territorial Gov- •rnment should be continued, Statehood, and that this expedient is, in the case of Utah, inspired by more than the usual motives operating in other communities, which are composed of homogen- eous American population in accord with the laws and institutions of the country. : The presentation of the proposed application for Statehood will demand the consideration of the question by Congress, whether the course of the dominant majority in Utah, in the use of delegated powers in a Territorial condition, has been such as to induce Congress to withdraw certain of these powers until the perpetuated evil should be corrected, (which has not been done). If Utah, as a Territory, has refused to recognize the force and validity of National laws, and decisions of the Supreme Court, can it be reasonably expected as a State it will do so? Can it be reasonably expected that crimes and evils which the government has failed to suppress with its supervision over a Territorial Governmeut, will be suppressed in a State ruled by the majority which now maintains and propagates these crimes and evils as “an essential part of their religion.” It is submitted if it would not be wise to continue a Territorial government in which the National govern- ment could continue to deal directly with those evils until they should be eradicated, even if it should be necessary, as suggested in former reports of 1884-5 to take all political power from those who have not suffic- ^. —— 45 — ient allegiance to recognize the validity of National laws and the decisions of courts, and that no harmony in the Union could be maintained with a State ruled by a creed, which claims all governments but its own to be illegal, and claims a “separate political destiny and ultimate temporal dominion and by divine right.” The Commission is of the opinion that Utah should Utah should not be admitted until not be admitted to the Union until such time as the pººl Mormon people shall manifest by their future acts that in good faith. they have abandoned polygamy in good faith, and not then until an amendment shall have been made to the Constitution of the United States prohibiting the prac- tice of polygamy. We append to this report resolutions adopted by the Presbyterian and Methodist churches of Utah. - POLY GAMOUS MARRIAGES. The names of sixty-seven men have been reported Number of poly. to the Commission who have entered into polygamyś." during the year ending June, 1887. This information has been requested of all registrars. The number given has been reported by non-Mormon registrars, there being no instance in which a name has been reported by a Mormon registrar. The law imposes upon the Commission the duty of appointing proper persons to perform the important duty of regis-clasſrººm, tering voters, and it has been the uniform policy of the jº Commission in filling these offices to select men, when- ever they could be found, who were in open and avowed sympathy with the law under which they were acting. The necessity for this is apparent. The registration officers are charged with the duty of excluding from the lists of voters at the annual registration in May and June, and the annual registration in September, the names of such persons as have entered into polygamy. Under the Utah law the registry list continues from year to year, only a revision is made by the registrar; therefore, unless he is disposed to give full force and — 46 — effect to the provision of the law which disfranchises polygamists, this vital principle of the law may be utterly disregarded. s LEGISTATIVE APPORTIONMENT. Legislative ap- Under the act of March 3rd, 1887, the Governor, * Utah Commission, and the Secretary of the Territory, were appointed a board to reapportion the Territory for Legislative representation. The board met and organ- ized, and after careful consideration, reapportioned the Territory into twenty-four representative and twelve council districts, and under which the present Legisla- tive Assembly was elected. RECOMMENDATIONS. The Commission was first organized in the summer *:::::" of 1882. Its first duty was to adjust the local laws to the act of Congress, and to provide the necessary rules and regulations for conducting the registration and the election. Under its supervision a new registration was made in 1882, and again in 1887, under the Edmunds- Tucker act. Annual revisions were also made in 1883, 1884, 1885 and 1886. No person living in the practice of polygamy was allowed to register or to vote, and we be- lieve that in this respect the purpose of the law has been thoroughly and effectually accomplished. The to- tal registration in 1882 was 33,266; in 1883, 37,062; in 1884, 41,858; in 1885, 43,646; in 1886, 45,375. The regis- tration of 1887, under the operation of the test oath, was 20,790. The elimination of the female vote will largely account for the difference, and there was a con- siderable percentage of voters who refused to take the oath prescribed by the act. Of these the larger propor- tion were probably non-Mormons, - - The Commission in its previous reports, made since 1882, has made the following recommendations, which, –47– in its opinion were needed to give force and effect to the provisions of the law under which it was created: (1) The enactment of a marriage law. * (2) Making the first or legal wife a competent witness in prosecutions for polygamy. (3) Restoring to the first or legal wife the right of dower as at com- mon law, or other interests in the real estate, as provided in the statutes of many of the States. (4) That provision be made for a fund, to be furnished by the Depart- mant of Justice to the proper legal authorities in the Territory. (5) The conferring upon the Up ited States Commissioners concurrent jurisdiction with the justices of the peace in civil and criminal matters, (6) The appointment of the Territorial auditor, treasurer, commis- sioners to locate university lands, of the probate judges, county clerks, county selectmen, county assessors and collectors, and county superintend- ents of district schools, by the Governor of the Territory, subject to con- firmation by the Commission. (7) Authorizing the selection of jurors by open venire, especially in cases prosecuted by the United States. (8) Giving to the district courts, jurisdiction of all cases of polygamy wherever in the Territory the crime may have been committed. (9) That the Territorial courts in United States cases be invested with a power coextensive with that possessed by the United States circuit and district courts in the States in the matter of contempt and the punish- ment thereof. (10) That prosecutions for polygamy be exempted from the operation of the general limitation laws. (11) Authorizing the process of subpoena in all cases prosecuted by the United States, to run from the Territorial courts into any other district of the United States. (12) That provision be made for binding over witnesses on the part of the Government in all United States cases to appear and testify at the trial. (13) That when a continuance 18 granted upon motion of the defend- ant, provision should be made for taking deposition of witnesses on the part of the Government, the defendant to be confronted with the witness and to cross-examine. The deposition to be used in case of death, absence from Territory, or of the concealment of witness so as to elude process of subpoena. (14) That it be made a penal Offense for any woman to enter into the marriage relation with a man knowing him to have a wife living and un- divorced. This should be coupled with a provision that in cases where the polygamous wife is called as a witness in any prosecution for polygamy against her husband, her testimony could not be used in any future prose- cution against her, with a like provision as to the husband. (15) That the term of imprisonment for unlawful cohabitation fixed by Section 2 of the act of 1882 be extended to at least two years for the first and three years for the Second offense. — 48 — (16) That all persons be excluded by law from making a location or Settlement upon any part of the lands of the United States who shall re- fuse on demand to take and subscribe an oath, before the proper officer of the land office in which his or her application is made, that he (if a man) does not cohabit. With more than one woman in the marriage relation, and that he will obey and Support the laws of the United States in relation to bigamy or polygamy, or (if a woman) that she does not cohabit with a man having more than One living and undivorced wife, and that she will obey and support the laws of the United States in relation to bigamy and polygamy. (17) That the laws with reference to the immigration of Chinese and the importation of contract laborers, paupers and criminals be so amended as to prevent the immigration of persons claiming that their religion teaches and justifies the crime of polygamy, as this would cut off the chief source of supply to the Mormon Church. (18) A suggestion in favor of a constitutional amendment prohibiting polygamy. Of these recommendations the 1, 2, 3, 5, and 12 have received the approval of Congress and are now part of the statute law. We again respectfully recommend to the attention of Congress all of the above recommendations which have not yet received its approval. The Commission recommends as a measure of great lºcom importance, the passage of a law conferring upon the Governor of the Territory, the authority to appoint the following county officers: Selectmen, Clerks, Assessors, Recorders and Superintendents of District Schools. This will place the control of county affairs, including the assessment of property, (but not the collection of revenue), and the supervision of the public schools, in the hands of persons in sympathy with the efforts of the government to extirpate polygamy. It will also strengthen the element in the different counties which is disposed to assist the Federal officers in their efforts to enforce and execute the laws. We also reccommend the passage of an act creating a board to consist of the Governor, Utah Commission, and Territorial Secretary to apportion Salt Lake City into aldermanic and council districts. Under the present law these officers are elected on a common ticket, thus denying the principle — 49 — of precinct or ward representation, which obtains in other towns and cities. The non-Mormon citizens of the Territory, acting through their political organizations, Democratic, Republican and Liberal, have repeatedly given expres- sion to the opinion that the solution of the Mormon problem will be speedily and effectually accomplished by creating a Legislative Commission, to be appointed by the President, and to be confirmed by the Senate. In support of their position they urge the following reasons: That a republican form of government has no existence in Utah, the church being supreme over all; that until the political power of the Mormon Church is Reasons ad- destroyed, the majority will not yield a full obedience to ſº.º. Mormons in favor the laws, and only by providing a new code of laws, can jº." hey be compelled to do so; that common prudence suggests there should be no delay in taking from the Mormon Church the power to control in political mat- ters; that this object can best be accomplished by pro- viding an agency which is in accord with the purposes and will of the National Government; that the Legisla- tive Assembly of the Territory has always been the creature of the church, and during its thirty-six years of existence has made a record which is impressive by its silence with respect to the passage of such laws as the government had the right to expect; that such an agency would relieve Congress from the consideration of the affairs of Utah; that Congress having the right to legislate directly for the Territories, which right has been affirmed by the Supreme Court, ought, in consider- ation of the extraordinary condition of affairs in the Territory, follow the precedents established in the case of Louisiana and of Florida, and grant a Commission; that such action will result in bringing Utah into har- mony with the other State and Territories of the Union. In conclusion, we respectfully submit that in our opinion, the results which have followed from the pas- — 50 — #.º.º. Sage of the Edmunds Act, have been very beneficial to Law. the Territory. It has provided a fair, honest and Orderly system of elections, and it is universally Con- ceded by Mormon and non-Mormon that there has been no charge nor even rumor of fraud in connection with the registration of voters and the conduct of elections since the Commission first commenced its work. Wery respectfully, G. L. GoDFREY, A. B. WILLIAMS, ARTHUR L. THOMAs. HON. L. Q. C. LAMAR, -- Secretary of the Interior, Washington, D. C. ST. LOUIs, Mo. Commissioners Carlton and McClernand dissenting from some of the views expressed above, do not sign this report. APPENDIX. Resolutions adopted at the General Conference of the Methodist Church of Utah, held at Mt. Pleasant, Utah, August 8, 1887. STATE OF AWFAIRS IN UTAH. Each year develops new features in this field, which cali for intense watchfulness on the part of all who are loyal to the Nation and its laws, and to the advancement of our Christian civilization in this Territory, and which demand the outspoken sentiments and efforts of all Christian organizations in meeting the spirit of Antichrist reigning here. We therefore take as a keynote of our work the words of the Psalmist, “They that love the Lord HATE evil.” We declare in favor of a rigorous enforcement of the laws and the prosecution of all offenders as necessary to the eradication of the evils dominant here. We enter our unqualified protest against the efforts now being made by the Mormons to secure Statehood for Utah, believing the proposed con- stitution to be a well-devised instrument to blind the people of this Nation to the real object in view, viz., the perpetuation of the evil itself. This constitution was framed by a convention of delegates appointed by mass meetings composéd exclusively of Mormons. All the delegates were Mormons, and their action was antirely without the sanction or co- operation of the non-Mormon part of our population, and therefore was not in harmony with our republican ideals of representative action. It being true that the Mormon community still hold to the divinity of polygamy and also still claim that all laws enacted by Congress for its Suppression are unconstitutional; we therefore illsist that the action to Secure Statehood is inconsistent, and should be met by a strong and united opposition of the people of the United States through their Representatives in the National Congress. We urge upon our churches in the East to raise their voices against this new feature of Mormon duplicity. {} APEPEAL TO THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH From the Presbytery of Utah, in session at Manti, August 28, 1887. Affairs have reached a crisis in Utah. After years of defiance and determined evasion of the laws, a very plausible policy has been adopted by the Mormon leaders. A Constitutional Convention has been called, a constitution has been framed and submitted to the Mormon people and adopted by them. In this constitution is a clause making polygamy a crime, to be punished by fine and imprisonment. — 52 – As This is the pretext by which they hope to deceive Congress, and to gain admission as a State. Professing to give up this objectionable feature of their religion, viz., polygamy, they now ask for Statehood. . We call attention to the following facts, which fully indicate the pur- pose of such action: 1. The so-called revelation on polygamy stands yet unrepealed by any authority from the church; it is, therefore, as binding as ever upon the whole Mormon people. 2. Up to the very meeting of this Constitutional Convention men brought before the courts refused to promise to obey the laws against polygamy, and are yet being arrested for the same crime, and yet refusing to obey. 3. Up to the present day any Mormon who promises to obey the laws against polygamy, is considered a traitor to his religion and is treated as such. 4. This movement for Statehood is altogether a Mormon movement. The Gentiles have taken no part in it, and are now a unit against it. 5. The Mormon people are as firm believers in polygamy to-day as they ever have been; they have no disposition to give it up; but through a strange policy recently adopted, they have made this sacred tenet of their religiou a crime, whilst yet believing in its divine origin. In View of these facts we, in common with other loyal citizens of Utah, do most earnestly protest against this whole movement, for the following T08 SOIAS: Ǻ 1. Because there is no sincerity in it. It is a fact well known to us who are here, and admitted to be such by many Mormons, that the real inten- tion is not to abolish polygamy, but to obtain Statehood, get entire control of affairs in Utah and thus defeat the execution of the laws. For with Mormon judges, officers and jurors, no law against polygamy would be en- forced. Hence this constitutional clause against polygamy is only a blind. 2. Because it would leave the power of the priesthood untouched. The twenty-five men to whom absolute obedience is pledged on the part of the people, would only be intrenched in their present stronghold. 3. Because it would be a death blow aimed at our American homes; it would check our Christian work, and give up forever this entire Territory to Mormon I'ule and policy. $ 4. Because the whole scheme means treason against the Government and its laws. Wetherefore call upon the ministers and members of the Presbyterian Church, North and South, to raise their voices in protest against this re- ligio-political chicanery. GOVERNOR WEST ON STATEHOOD. During the past year there have been three convic- tions for polygamy, and one hundred and fifty-seven for unlawful cohabitation. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION AND STATEHOOD. I had occasion in my last annual report to set forth the situation here as follows: - The all-absorbing question in this Territory, dom- inating all others, hurtfully affecting its prosperity, im- ..peding its advancement, and disturbing the quiet and happiness of its people, and the one question of the ut- most concern and solicitude to the whole country, is the attitude of defiance assumed and maintained by the Mormon people, who probably are five-sixths of the whole population, to the law of Congress for the sup- pression of polygamy, known as the “Edmunds law.” In all questions affecting the Mormon Church and peo- ple, the polygamous and monogamous Mormons make common cause, stand together, and are united. They maintain publicly through their leaders and teachers, in their houses of worship, through their press, and pri- vately in social and business circles, that the law is in- famous, an interference with, and a denial to them of that religious freedom guaranteed to all by the Consti- tution; of their right and religious duty to continue in violation of the law their polygamous relations, and they deny the authority of Congress to regulate and inter- pose any restrictions as to the marital relation; that the obedience which they owe and will cheerfully render to a power higher than any earthly power compels them to exercise their religious rights and privileges in — 54 — the face of and in violation of the law; that they are prepared to, and will if required of them, sacrifice their personal comfort, their property, suffer infinite impris- onment, and surrender life itself rather than yield and promise obedience to the law and forego the privileges they claim. The Government can have and hold but one position towards this people, which is of easy state- ment. Its authority must be respected, its laws must be obeyed. & It is true, however, that a large majority of the people stoutly and stubbornly affirm, publicly and pri- vately, that the enforcement of certain laws is destruc- tive of their rights as freemen, an assault upon their re- ligion, and an invasion of the sanctity of their homes. The minority with equal vigor and Openness proclaim that the practices of those people are immoral; that they are disloyal to the government, and their attitude of defiance to the laws interferes with the advancement and prosperity of the Territory,and inflicts injury upon all of its interests. It follows necessarily that the people here with a bitterness of feeling are divided as they are nowhere else in the country. The division is clear, distinct and palpable. The causes of division, in language not distin- guished for its mildness, are constantly, earnestly, and vehemently discussed through the press, in the houses of worship, and in the social circle, engendering an in- tense feeling of bitterness. The vigorous enforcement of the unpopular laws against the people in the major- ity, with a prospect of further stringent legislation, does not tend to soothe or make them more amiable. I then recommended the enactment by Congress of the Senate Bill, as amended and reported from the Ju- diciary Committee of the House, entitled “An Act to Amend an Act Entitled “An Act to Amend Section 5352 of the Revised Statutes of the United States in — 55 — reference to bigamy and for other purposes,’” approved March 22nd, 1882, as healthful and wise legislation for the improvement of, and an aid to the final settlement of our troublesome condition. Congress saw fit to make important modifications of said bill before enacting it. But a little more than six months have elapsed since the bill became a law, yet within that short period a material and wonderful change has taken place in the situation here. Almost the entire adult Mormon popu- lation, except actual polygamists, have professedly yielded the position heretofore maintained by them, and held when my last report was made, and have taken and subscribed to the oath, prescribed by law to qualify themselves as electors and office holders. |Here follow Commissioners' oath and an account of the calling of the convention, the invitations to the central committees to join and replies, all of which are published herewith.] THE STATEHOOD MOVEMENT. It will be observed that the movement for State- hood was inaugurated by the leaders of the Mormon people. Their representatives alone took part in the deliberations of the convention, and that portion of the people of the Territory only favor and support it. When We remember how recently those people, avowedly held and maintained a position which placed them in opposi- tion with the Federal laws, the holding of which in the past had brought them into conflict with the people with whom they lived in Ohio, Missouri and Illinois, and in antagonism with all comers to this Territory not identified with them; when we recall that a failure to yield that position would have cost them the political control, which they have held since the organization of the Territory; that the securing of Statehood will place in their hands, and take from Congress the power that it has been compelled to exercise to regulate and con- trol their actions in accordance with the moral sense — 56 — of the country and Christian civilization; before cloth- ing them with sovereignty should not Congress wait until the action is suited to the word, until their laud- able professions have had time to ripen into praise- worthy works, until the conduct of the people and the legislation of the Territory in consonance with their professions are brought into harmony with the general views of the country, and the Territory placed in the advanced position it would have attained but for the past attitude of those who are now asking the boon of Statehood? In discussing and acting upon matters relative to this Territory, it is too often the case that it is forgotten that any other than our Mormon fellow citizens are residents here. I know that it has been earnestly and persistently urged, that the non-Mormons of this Terri- tory are a set of political adventurers, who by constant agitation and appeals to religious bigotry and prejudice, have sought to incite the enmity of the country against the majority, that they might obtain political power and the opportunity to plunder and rob the Territory. It is not true that the non-Mormons are of the character stated, or that they seek by any means to accomplish the purpose charged. Accordingly to their nuuber they will compare favorably with any people in our land, and have, I suppose, fewer political adventurers among them than any portion of the country; the absence of induce- ment making this necessarily so, as it is a fact easy of ascertainment and patent to every observer, that since the organization of the Territory, under past conditions, they have never stood any chance of political preferment. The minority portion of our population have been drawn here by an inviting climate, a rich and attractive coun- try, with a view to the acquiring of wealth and the enjoyment of the comforts and blessings of life. They number in their ranks, members of all the professions, Bankers, Manufacturers, Merchants in all lines of busi- — 57 — ness, Farmers, Stockraisers, Miners, Mechanics, Laborers, and representatives of the various industrial pursuits. They have established great business enterprises, ac- quired much property and wealth, and are interested alike with our Mormon population in the peace, pros- perity and happiness of the Territory. It is true they have with great unanimity vigorously opposed the majority in the upholding of and the practice of polyg- amy, and earnestly combatted the Government of the State by the church, maintained the supremacy of the law and the duty of the citizen to obey it, and opposed priestly dictation in secular affairs. I have yet to know or hear of any one of this class who favors the admis- sion now of Utah as a State. The legislation of the last Congress for the benefit of this Territory, having established confidence outside of Utah, that the vexed question here would be settled, and the determined effort inaugurated by our business men to push forward the development of the Territory, have already accomplished much good. Capital from abroad has been invested in the purchase of real estate in this and other cities of the Territory, purchasers are still looking and buying, and there is an activity in the real estate market unknown here for years. From knowledge obtained by communication with investors and those who are familiar with real estate operations, I have a firm conviction, that a well grounded fear of the admission of Utah as a State would stay our incom- ing tide of prosperity, and lose us the already enhanced and increasing values of our real estate. It is more than probable, that the question of Utah as a political factor in National affairs will be considered in connection with the application for its admission as a State. Neither of the great political parties, Demo- cratic or Republican, so far as the past history of this people is concerned, can lay claim with any degree of certainty to their support. Their political history in the — 58 — States is known; also, the fact that always in this Terri- tory, they have constituted a separate and distinct party, having their own organization independent of the Democrats and Reptiblicans, and that all efforts to draw them from their own into another party have proven signal failures. They elect officers from their own numbers, because they are Mormons, without refer- ence to their being either Democratic or Republican. That the majority of this people have publicly pro- claimed the abandonment of practices that put them at variance with the country at large, is matter of congrat- ulation. A faithful adherence to the declarations now made by them means a settlement of the long-vexed question here, and can but inure to the prosperity and happiness of this people. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, CALEB W. WEST, Governor. Hon. L. Q. C. Lamar, Secretary of the Interior. THE NEW CONSTITUTION. In determining the question whether the time is at hand when Utah should be admitted as a State, a very important consideration is involved. This is, are the people of the Territory dealing with the country at large, honestly and in good faith ? In this article, it is pro- posed to advance some few reasons, which indicate that under the present application is masked the same hos- tility to free institutions, and the same opposition to the restraints of wholesome laws, which has always marked the history of this strange people. It is claimed by the advocates of Statehood for Utah, that the instrument presented for the consideration of the Congress of the United States, is unobjectionable in its provisions; and that the penal prohibition against polygamy found in Section 12, Article 15, is binding upon the people of the future State for all time, and therefore that it is a sufficient guaranty of the good faith and purpose of the Mormon people. It is not perceived that the provision of Section 1, Article 16, requiring the Consent of Congress to any revision, change or amend- sment to Section 12, Article 15, adds any force to the argument. The people of Utah have no power to barter or sur- render their right of local self-government. Neither can they bind themselves nor those who shall succeed them, by irrevocable legislation. These propositions will not be controverted by any person who has reflected upon the constitutional and political relations of the Several States to each other and to the general Govern- ment. The questions, then, remain: are the people who — 60 — have presented this Constitution for the approval of Congress, sincere in their professions apparently made in this instrument, and have they honestly determined to overthrow the very corner stone of the faith which has so long fettered them? These questions must be resolved by an analysis, in part at least, of the instru- ment itself, in the light of past and present history. For nearly forty years the Church through its priest- hood, has taught the people, that the regulation of the marriage relation belongs exclusively to ecclesiastical authority, and any interference by the State there with, is an unconstitutional usurpation of power. So long ago as 1851, the General Assembly of the State of Deseret, enacted [C. L. Utah p. 233.] an ordinance purporting to have the effect of law, which incorporated all of the inhabitants of the State (?) who were Latter-Day Saints, as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Said Ordinance declared that said church “holds the consti- tutional and original right,” among other things “to Solemnize marriage compatible with the revelation of Jesus Christ.” And further— “That the said Church does, and sh9ll possess and enjoy continually, the power and authority, in and of itself, to originate, make, pass, and establish rules, regulations, ordinances, laws, customs, and criterions, for the good order, safety, government, convenience, comfort and control of Said church, and for the punishment or forgiveness of all offences relative to fellowship, according to church covenants.” The reasons given for these extraordinary grants of power, were, as stated in the ordinance— “That the pursuit of bliss, and the enjoyment of life, in every capacity of public association and domestic happiness, temporal expansion, or spirit- ual increase upon the earth, may not legally be questioned.” Further provision was that the church should keep a record of all marriages, births and deaths. This is the only law relative to marriage and its solemnization, which the legislature of the Mormon people has ever deemed proper to enact. The reason is found in the belief of the people that marriage is a Sacrament, and that its solemnization and — 61 — regulation are divinely ordained, and by direct revela- tion the command of God has been communicated to them. In short, the doctrines and teachings of the church relative to marriage, are tenets of their faith, and, as they say, a part of their religious belief. It is this deeply rooted and widespread conviction, which has prompted their determined and defiant opposition to the laws prohibiting polygamy, which they claim to be in violation of the Constitution. Never, for a moment, have they renounced this position. The teachings of the church expounding the revelation concerning plural or polygamous marriage have also intimate relation with another tenet of the faith, which must also be con- sidered in determining the question of good faith. The doctrine in brief is, as the writer heard it ex- pounded by George Q. Cannon and Charles W. Penrose, that there are numberless souls or spirits in esse, which can not be fully saved, unless they be born on the earth, and descend into the grave and thence be resurrected. That it is the highest duty of man and woman to bring as many children as possible into being, each child being the medium of passing to the higher exaltation one of these spirits. That the greatest enjoyment and exalta- tion in the life hereafter are reserved for those who beget and bear the most children, and consequently, that the bringing forth of children is one of the highest duties in life. As this purpose can not be fully subserved by man in his marriage union with one woman, patri- archal or plural marriage is commanded by God, and enjoined by the priesthood, as a religious duty. Now, in the light of this religious belief, which is reflected from every act in the history of this people, what just reason is there for concluding that the alleged surrender of religious principle, contained in the proposed Consti- tution, is made in good faith ? If this people believes the anti-polygamy legislation of Congress to be con- trary to the law of God,what must they think of a similar enactment to be inserted in their own organic law Ż By their present application, assuming it to be made in good faith, they affirm to the world, that the religious convictions of a life time have been destroyed, and that they stand ready to surrender for the sake of temporal power one of the most sacred tenets of their faith. A change, so unusual and unprecedented in history, will not impress the ordinary mind with the conviction of attendant sincerity,in the absence of explanation. Par- ticularly is this true, since we see no practical change in the attitude of the Mormon people toward the Federal Government. So far as known no effort is or has been made, by the people themselves, to enforce the laws against polygamy and cohabitation with more than one Woman. Offenders against those laws still refuse future obedience thereto, proudly leaving the criminal’s dock with the declaration, that they have no promises to make. From their pulpits and tripods, the same prayers for Vengeance upon the government and all Americans who have dared to question their acts, are directed to God, and through their religious press, disseminated among the people. * The whole Territory is to-day in the attitude of opposing the laws of the land. Let us approach the consideration of the questions involved, then, bearing in mind the fact, that there is no evidence of any change of conviction, or of purpose even, shown by this people, save such as may be found in the instrument presented for the people, by a num- ber of priests, who, the Church organ aptly says, were acting in their political, not their religious capacities. Let us see, therefore, what evidence the proposed . Constitution itself affords. d The prominent declaration in that instrument is— “SEC. 12. ART. 15: Bigamy and polygamy being considered incompati- ble with a republican form of government, each of them is hereby for- bidden and declared a misdemeanor.” The framers of the instrument have very carefully omitted to include in the foregoing clause, a prohibi- ** — 63 — tion against patriarchal, plural or celestial marriages. This omission becomes significant when it is considered that the church makes a broad distinction between big- amy or polygamy and the patriarchal, plural or celes- tial marriage authorized by its Creed. Bigamy, say the Mormon priests, is a crime against the wife and against God. The taking of a second wife by a man not a member of the Mormon Church, nor a believer in its doctrines, is a violation of the contract with the wife, and being against her will, is criminal. It is an offense against God, because He has only granted the privilege of plural marriage to his own people, and only upon con- dition that the true wife consents. This consent in many instances is inferred from her marriage vows, in others, is expressly given or extorted, but in every case, (they say) is a pre-requisite to a valid plural marriage. Plural or celestial, also called patriarchal marriage, say they, wrongs no one. All of the parties in interest consent, and it is in accordance with divine law. Such marriages are not bigamous nor polygamous in the sense of the laws prohibiting bigamy and polyg- amy. In fine, they make and declare a clear distinction between bigamy or polygamy as understood and defined in the laws of all civilized States, and their own plural or celestial marriage. In the light of this distinction, they are willing to provide penalties for offenses which could only be com- mitted by persons not of their faith. Let us look a little further. There is no prohibition against cohabitation with more than one woman. The living together as man and wife with all of the usual and ordinary con- sequences, is the practical result of marriage, monoga- mous or polygamous. This practical relation of polyga- mous marriage is just as detrimental to the interests of society as the act by which the marriage status is created. In this view Congress has heretofore prohibited by — 64 — stringent legislation the continuance of polygamous, plural or celestial marriage association. But the people of Utah do not intend to so restrict themselves. The twelve or thirteen thousand heads of patriarchal or plu- ral households are to be permitted to enjoy in the future, all the privileges resulting from their peculiar marriage status, and to harvest year by year, new crops of illegitimate children. It would seem that Congress owes a sacred duty to these children yet unborn. Fur- ther, by this instrument all polygamists are restored to the franchise. A conviction of bigamy or polygamy does not disqualify the convict as a voter, as the crime is not made a felony. [Sec. 1, Article 2.] The effect of participation in the political affairs of the State, by this large body of polygamists, may be easily imagined. Clearly, there is no evidence in this instrument of in- tention to make this class of offenses odious. In this immediate connection may properly be considered the declaration: “SEC. 4, ART. 1: The right to worship God according to the dictates of conscience shall never be infringed; nor shall the State make any law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; nor shall any control or interference with the rights of conscience be permitted.” The makers of this declaration have made conspicu- ous by their absence, the explanatory and qualifying provisos, which first appear in the colonial charter to Rhode Island, and are now contained in the Constitu- tions of the several States, i. e., that liberty of con- science so secured shall not be construed to excuse acts of licentiousness or justify practices inconsistent with the peace, good order, or safety of the State. Reading this instrument between the lines, the rea- son of the omissions hereinbefore pointed out, is ap- parent. - & If bigamy and polygamy are really intended, as de- fined in Section 12, Article 15, to include plural, patri- archal or celestial marriage, and the declaration of that — 65 — section to voice the sentiment of the people, as being opposed to all forms and kinds of marriage except the monogamons relation, naturally one would expect to find in the instrument, a condemnation of acts which are universally decried as licentious and inconsistent with the good order, etc., of the State. We find no such condemnation, but on the contrary do find the emphatic announcement that no interference with the rights of conscience shall be permitted. What rights of conscience are referred to is left for future construction. We do know, however, that the entire Mormon people (who are to administer this law if Statehood is granted) deem the right to take and live with many wives, as one of the dearest and most sacred rights of conscience. Here, then, is the true construc- tion of section 12, article 15 and section 4, article 1: “No man may commit bigamy or polygamy, as we de- fine those offences, but every true believer in the church, who obeys the revelation and enters into patriarchal, plural or celestial marriage, is not within the law, and as he believes the principle of such marriage to be a doctrine of religious faith, may live with his wives, and no control or interference with his right of conscience in this regard shall be permitted.” If this is not the true intent of this instrument, we ask, why is it that the language of the Congressional Act of 1882, is not fol- lowed? - - To avoid all quibbles, Congress found it necessary to define in terms the particular kinds of marriage pro- hibited. And why, were not the words “patriarchal” “plural” or “celestial,” which have a settled significance and meaning in Utah, employed in the definition of the offense? Was it because of the intention to make the distinction hereinbefore adverted to? Another signifi- cant fact presents itself in this connection. Granting for the sake of the argument that section 12, article 15, will be construed to include Mormon plural or celestial — 66 — marriages, it must be remembered that these are sol- emnized in the temples, and as the evidence given in the courts here shows, without witnesses. The diffi- culty in obtaining evidence of the marriage would be So great as to practically result in defeating the opera- tion of the law. Again, there is nothing to prevent the legislature from so framing the rules of evidence in such cases, as to render prosecutions useless. By requir- ing record evidence of, or the testimony of eye-witnesses to, the first marriage, and by making the plural or polyg- amous wife an incompetent witness, the Constitutional provision would be made ineffectual. It must be borne ſ in mind that we are not dealing with a people who are friendly to legislation of this kind. The entire mass of the community is hostile to it, and whether its prohibi- tions are found in organic law or legislative act, we may expect to find, in the future as in the past, the people negatively, at least, opposing their enforcement. The |difficulties adverted to, cannot be overestimated. The history of the courts in the Territory emphasizes the suggestions here made. In the twenty years interven- ing between the enactment of the first anti-polygamy law and the passage of the Edmunds bill, (1882) there was one conviction for polygamy. During the past three years, while the Government was using every effort with money and willing and zealous officers, to enforce its laws, just four convictions for polygamy were obtained. On the other hand, hundreds of men were sentenced for unlawful cohabitation. The reason for this difference is plain. A man commits polygamy in the Secret chambers of the temple, into which no pro- fane may enter. The only witnesses are the high priests who officiate, who are bound by solemn vows against disclosures. The Government may prove that the man entered the temple, but it cannot prove the marriage. Ordinary prudence and circumspection will enable the offenders to elude the officers until the — 67 — expiration of three years, the period of limitation. On the other hand, it is comparatively easy to make the proof required to convict for unlawful cohabitation. The association of a man with more than one woman as his wives, of necessity has some publicity about it. It gets out of doors, and is seen and observed by the world. / So also the failure to define the property rights of wives and to provide for their protection has its pecu- liar significance. Under the Constitution, women have no rights men are bound to respect; neither right of dower nor interest in the community property is pro- vided for. This is in accordance with the policy of the Mormon Church. During all the years of its existence and power, it has strengthened its polygamous hand, by ignoring all distinction between lawful and unlawful wives,subjecting all alike so far as property rights were concerned, to the caprices of the male head of the house- hold. With no rights in the property of the husband, save those he chooses to give her, the first wife, with her children, is practically at his mercy. He may aban- don her for another, or he may coerce her consent (?) to his second or other marriage, and when the end comes, may leave her in her age to poverty and want, while the younger and fairer additions to his establishment succeed to all his temporal wealth. The Congress of the United States should consider well this question. But yesterday it deemed it neces- sary for the protection of women in Utah, to grant the dower right to them. It was thought, and rightly, that it was one of the means for the regeneration of the Territory. It may be said that the regulation of property rights of women is peculiarly within the province of the local sovereignty, and that every State must determine such questions for itself. This is true as a general rule, but we are considering now the good faith of the people seeking a State Government, and in the light of their history, may judge of the purpose of these omissions. - — 68 — Again, there is no guaranty in this instrument of the freedom of speech and of the press. SEC. 11, Article 1. The provision is, that the State shall pass no law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. This is all. There is no declaration that the citizen may speak, write and publish his senti- ments on all subjects, being responsible only for the abuse of that right; nor that the truth may be given in evidence in civil and criminal suits as a defense. If it were intended to leave it open for the Legis- lature, by enactment, to restore the law of libel as it was when the great oratory of Erskine awakened the conscience of all England, the result has been accom- plished. Note here, the provisions relative to courts and juries. “SECTION 1, Article 6: The judicial power is to be vested in a Supreme, Circuit, and such inferior courts as shall be established by law.” “SEC. 5, Article 1: The right of trial by jury still remains inviolate; except that in the inferior courts a number less than twelve may constitute a jury.” “SEC. 6, Article 6: The Legislature may confer limited common law and chancery jurisdiction on inferior courts.” Here we have the authority for the erection by the Legislature of special tribunals, which may sit with juries of less than twelve. The judges thereof will be creatures of the Legislature, and dependent on it for their tenures and emoluments. Such tribunals, with- out Constitutional restraint, might be made terrible en- gines of oppression, should the ecclesiastical power deem it necessary to prevent all hostile criticism of its creed or acts. It is idle to assume, that in Utah the Church will not dominate the State. There will be no State, it will be all Church. The declaration (Sec. 3, Article 1) against the union of Church and State, has but little weight, in view of the fact that it is made by a community of one hun- dred and fifty thousand people, who assert as an ar- ticle of their faith. that they are a people set apart by — 69 — God, for the accomplishment of a great divine purpose, to which end they must yield implicit obedience to their elders and priests, in temporal as wel) as Spirit- ual affairs, and who believe that they are in direct and actual communication with the Almighty, and that He directs their affairs by revelation. - Remember that this people is made up largely of men and women of alien birth, who, impelled by Su- perstition, sought Utah, not as an asylum where they could worship God according to their own consciences, but as the place of His Kingdom. They came here to aid in “building up the kingdom,” and in the full belief that in time, they, His chosen people, shall govern the temporal affairs of earth. This is the one great object, (as the people are taught and believe,) of the “gather- ing of the Saints in these valleys.” . The promises of their revelation convince them that all who have been faithful and loyal to the church in this work, will reap the promised reward, that is to say, the men will all be kings, and the women queens in the life to come. They have never breathed the air of freedom, and have no idea of allegiance to the common country. Every- thing is subordinated to a creed, which with remorse- less power has bound the fetters of its superstition about the brains of its devotees. It is the spirit of loyalty to their faith, which prompts men, day by day, to refuse to promise to obey the laws of the land. When we we see men, by hundreds, refusing to take the oaths prescribed by law, and there- by disqualifying themselves as jurors and voters; when we find them going to prison by scores, rather than in- dicate their intentions to live within the law, when we hear such persons commended and extolled from every Mormon pulpit in Utah, as martyrs to the cause of religious liberty; when ostracism and persecution await and follow the man who dares to announce his intention of yielding obedience to the laws of his country; when — 70 — we ascertain that there are Church tribunals, which have jurisdiction to determine questions of property and status, between all members of the organization, and whose decrees are held to be of more binding force than the judgments of the judicial courts; may we not con- clude that the leaven of ecclesiastical power is working among the people, and that the declaration there shall be no union of Church and State, is full of sound but contains no substance? Can we doubt that when such a people are freed from the restraints of Federal power, all their laws and methods of procedure, will be made to conform to the injunction of the Almighty as the same is revealed through the priest? And are the people of the United States willing to commit the lives, liberties and properties of thousands of their fellow citizens to the keeping of a majority, which has surrendered its conscience and thought to its religious teachers, who hold a power in temporal affairs, unparalleled in history. Are they ready now to lay the foundations for a State, in the very heart of the Republic, which in its people and institutions, will be alien to every principle of American Government, antagonistic to real religious liberty, and hostile to all intellectual development? There are many other objectionable features in the instrument under consideration, which clearly indicate the hand of the church. It is impossible in the limits of this article to enumerate, much less discuss them. A careful comparison made with the Constitution of Ne- vada, which is claimed to be the source of Utah's inspi- ration, will demonstrate the fact that very many of the provisions inserted for the protection of the State, are carefully and with discrimination eliminated here. Prom- inent among those, is the prohibition against perpetui- ties. Neither do we find any kind of declaration in the Utah instrument against the unlimited accumulation of property by the Church. In this particular this people is not in accord with the spirit of the age, which deems — 71 —- the gathering of large amounts of property into the dead hand as inimical to free institutions and the best interests of society. - In conclusion, it may be said, that it will be easy for the people of Utah to show their good faith and hon- esty of purpose. If it be true that they have experienced a change of heart, and are now animated by a desire to bring the Territory on to the plane of a higher and bet- ter civilization, such faith and purpose may be easily manifested. Every member of the convention which framed the constitution is a member of the priesthood, and nearly every one has been returned by the people : to the Legislature, which is to convene in January next. Let these gentlemen enact a system of laws for their people, which will evidence their intent to put the past behind them. Let them say, by appropriate enact- ment, that cohabitation with more than one woman, whether under the guise of marriage or not, and the, consequent bringing of bastard children into the World, is a crime against society, deserving the severest of pun- ishment. Let them say, that the wife who gives her virginity, her youth and her age to the husband of her choice, must be honored and protected, not only by him, but by the State. Let them also provide by proper laws against the encroachments of ecclesiastical power, and thus show their independence of the priests who gave them their places, and then let all the people cheerfully obey the laws so enacted, and aid to enforce them. When these things are done, it will be time enough to consider the Question of Statehood. Until some sort of understand- ing and recognition of duties which they owe to them- selves and the people ot the United States, are mani- fested by the people of Utah, and such understanding and recognition finds prominent place in their pro- posed organic law, the well-being and Safety of the country require that they should still remain subject to Federal authority. CONCLUSION. The above is the situation in Utah as seen by the most eminent men of the Territory, and they give their opinions after long years of observation. It will be seen that the movement for Statehood is a direct fraud, that could it be carried through it would be the consumma- tion of the monstrous crime of surrounding a Theocratic government, a government opposed in all things to this . Republic, with the defenses of Statehood. The spirit of that Theocracy has not changed in the least since it was intolerable to the men of Missouri and Illinois. The Seeming concessions are made simply because of the stress which the laws are bringing upon the illegal prac- tices of the Mormon people, and their prayer for State- hood is simply a struggle to obtain the power to follow their own devices and to defy the Republic's sovereignty. For Congress to listen to their appeal would bethe crime of the century. The following paragraph from the decision of the Supreme Court of Utah Territory in the case of the United States vs. the the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints may appropriately close this case: This corporation, at the time of its organization, embraced nine-tenths of the inhabitants of the Territory, many thousands of people. At the present time it includes probably more than 120,000, and if, in the future, people should continue to be gathered in from all quarters of the globe as they have in the past, their number at no distant day will reach a quarter of a million. The corporation extends over the whole Territory, including numerous cougregations in various localities. At the head of this corpo- rate body according to the faith professed, is a seer and revelator, who receives in revelation the will of the Infinite God concerning the duty of ‘man to himself, to his fellow-beings, to society, to human government, and to God. In subordination to this head are a vast number of officers of various kinds and descriptions, comprising a most minute and complete organization. The people comprising this organization claim to be di- rected and led by inspiration that is above all human wisdom, and Subject to a power above all municipal government, above all “man-made laws.” These facts belong to history, therefore we have taken notice of them, |||| | | OF MIC | | ||| 2 1223 3 9015 0180 |---- > O = |---- ©< ſ= O ---- O © OR MUTILATE CARD ~~~~，i ---- s:*-***** - -- ~~~~