UNDER THE DIRECTION or MR is ºf ARL in Numbers, at 1s. and Parts, 5s, each ; or with India Proofs, at 2s. each Number, and io, each Part, VT 1:2. Tº U E 7 S pictur Esque Bºrries º * A ºf ARTISTs, jºin ºriginal ſtautaugg, TAKEN EXPRESSLY FOR THIS WORK, BY MESSRs, G. SHEPHERD, H. GASTINEAU, &c. &c. agreeising the - principAL CITIES AND TOWNS, PUBLIC EDIFICES AND DOCK YARDS, - - sºrs of THE Nobitury & GENTRY, Hospiº ALS, CHURCHES, CASTELLATED & MoMASTIC RUINs. &c. - Accorº Bº Cºcº, ſº \ -º ºrsºr ºrgan, º: B I º Gºº gº tº A. E. * O. F. O'GRAPH M C A Kis Kºłºś. EACH COUNTY IS COMPLETF is ELF, AND MA BE PERCHASED PARATELY. - - - - - - £ºndon : - Printed tº y C. BAYNEs Duke Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields: PUBLISHED BY G. VIRTUE, Ivy LANE, PATERNOSTER Row: - - - Aºi STREET, BRistol; Live Rºgoi & SRIAT ANCG \ts STREET, MANCHESTER; & sold BY EVERY Booksell ER IN Town & co. NTRY ". - - Entered at Stationers' Hall.] - - emory of - | | STEPHEW WPAULD/WG - czºś yºaz •. UNIVERSITY of MICHIGAN. * { .. * e { - - - ºf *** * * : " : ºw §§ ten expressln for this (0. - (~ SS- Jº ( ) * * º º (º - Counts, public- / / / / / / / / Hospitals, churches, cºst pilºtºn & Monastic Ruins, ºr Zºcozzazzez // - * º ºgrap - - - - - * - > * -* 2 x -- --> 2 * > * - --> --> > 1. Zºzº ZZ Jøzzº Z. * ? 3. ， · , ， , , a● r.W ;gº *● Ļ * - º s. �. • " -«■ œ• !> ` • - -- ' • -ș-- |-* - . ,* • * To the south, a great diversity of character is observable. From the porch to the western transept, is a ranges of lofty windows, in the old English architectural taste. Adjunct to the western transept stands; St. Michael's chapel; and beyond, a portion of the building displays evident remains of the original structure of Jianfranc. p r To the north, every thing is uniform in character with the southern aspect; but the view greatly impeded by adjoining dwellings. The grand tower, rising from the intersection of the western transept with the nave and choir, is one of the most chastely beautiful specimens of pointed architecture to be found in England. Its elevation above the roof is considerable, and from the summit is a variegated view of the city and, adjacent country. ** On entering the Cathedral from the south, the simplicity of the nave, and beauty of its vaulted roofing, uniformly enchant the eyes of a stranger. That division of the edifice is separated from the aisles by eight columns-on either side; the aisles are nearly uniform with the nave, the win- dows lofty, and the whole presents a perfect specimen of architectural taste in the fifteenth century. An area, of thirty-five feet square, is formed by the columns of the great tower; the four arches whereon it rests are of the most chaste proportions, while the interior of the turret being ope to a considerable height, produces an effect truly interesting. - - g From the nave to the choir is a triple flight of steps, and in front of the latter, a beautiful stone screen, surmounted by an organ. Within six niches are that number of English kings, at full length; one bearing in his hand the resemblance of a Saxon church, is, in all probability, intended to represent the person of King Ethelbert. e . : - At the upper part of the nave are two cross aisles ; that to the north, in consequence of the assassination of Thomas Becket, being styled the Martyrdom; and in the same wing was formerly an altar, called the Altar of the Martyrdom of St. Thomas. - . The superb painted window in this transept, presented by Edward the Fourth, was, during the period of fanaticism, destroyed; the remains, however, afford sufficient proof of its original beauty. - - Adjoining the northern side, behind Archbishop Warham's tomb, was a chapel, erected by that pious churchman; which, at the reformation, was pulled down. Contiguous is the Dean’s Chapel, having been the burial-place of many of those dignitaries of Canterbury; the roof is of curiously carved stone-work, and the structure dedicated to the Virgin. * The grand window, at the southern extremity, has been rebuilt, and embellished by stained glass from various parts of the Church and neighbourhood; the whole producing a magni- ficent effect. - - - - - Qn the eastern side of the wing is St. Michael's Chapel; probably ºut at the same time as 4. - Y. ~ * . . * 14 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF. GREAT BRITAIN. the cross aisles and nave of the Church. The aisles are surmounted by two towers, with pointed turrets; the one dedicated to St. Anselm, and the other to St. Andrew. - * The audit chamber is at the upper end of the north aisle, and adjoining is an ancient chamber, called the Treasury, formerly the great Armory, to distinguish it from the lesser, under the high altar; and near the same, the vestry, used by the dean and prebendaries for robing, &c. The range of windows, in the additional structure annexed to the eastern part of the Cathe- dral in 1174, is in a different style from those previously mentioned. . - The lofty windows in Trinity Chapel and Becket's Crown, originally contained representa- tions of the passion of St. Thomas, with the story of his miracles. The grand window over the western entrance into the nave, was constructed towards the close of the reign of Richard the Third; being Gothic, mitred at the top, with numerous compartments, in several stories, divided by stone-work. . . * * The dimensions of Canterbury Cathedral are as follow : Length from east to west - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 514 feet. from the west door to the choir - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 214 — of the choir to the grand altar - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 150 — thence to the eastern extremity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 150 —— of the western cross aisles, from north to south - - - - - - - - - 124 — of the eastern ditto - - - - - - - - - - - - - as as sº * = 154 — Breadth of the body and aisles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74 — of the choir - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 — Height of the south-west tower - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ... - 130 —— mº of north-west tower - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 — when the spire of lead, taken down in 1705, was standing on same - 200 — Among the principal monuments may be enumerated those of Archbishops Peckham and Warham, and Walter Reynolds, who died 1327; Archbishop Walter, 1193; Cardinal Kemp, 1454; Archbishop Stratford, 1341; Archbishop Sudbury, 1381; Archbishop Meopham, Archbishop Chicheley, 1443; and Archbishop Bourchier, 1486; King Henry the Fourth, and Joan of Navarre, his Queen; Edward the Black Prince, 1376; Archbishop Courtenay, 1896; Odo Colignie, Bishop of Beauvais, 1571; Dean Wotton, 1566; and Archbishop Pole. -- - Under the whole eastern division of the Cathedral is a fine crypt; the northern part displaying Norman architecture, and unquestionably as old as Lanfranc; the more modern being of the period of Henry the Second. Beneath the upper south cross aisle was the chantry of the Black Prince, founded in 1363, suppressed by Henry the Eighth. Near the crypt are the vestiges of a beautiful chapel, formerly dedicated to the Virgin; and eastward of the latter structure. is the spot, denominated Becket's Tomb, who was first interred there. •ere *.*.*.*&^^*.*.*.*.* Arºw-Arvºr wºº, - BATHS AT GRAVESEND. THE town of Gravesend is situated on the southern bank of the Thames, opposite to Tilbury Fort, in Essex; the western part lying in the parish of Gravesend, and the eastern in that o. Milton. It is a large and populous place, but the houses are mean, the streets narrow, and, until within the last fifty years, were ill paved, and abounding in filth. This state of the town was attended by so many inconveniences, that the inhabitants became sensible of the same; and, in the * f{{E GOUNTY OF KENT. . . . . . . 15 thirteenth of George the Third, procured an Act of Parliament for the better:lighting, paving, and otherwise improving Gravesend ; in consequence of which, great alterations were effected, and have continued to be made; at different periods, from the date of the Act above mentioned. * This gradual state of improvement, however, has not been confined to the town alone; equal attention having been paid to the lands in the vicinity; which now appear checquered with gardens; from the growth of which not only the shipping, Greenwich itself, and the neighbouring districts, are supplied, but the London markets also. The asparagus, in particular, known by the name of Gravesend grass, is esteemed the finest in England, being preferred to that of Battersea. . The rage so universally displayed of late years for sea-bathing, having converted so many villages on the coast into populous and wealthy towns, has also produced considerable effect on Gravesend, where machines for bathing and baths have been constructed. Whether it is owing to the contiguity of this place to the Metropolis, that persons are prompted to prefer the more distant excursions to Margate, Brighton, &c., or that the accommodations are upon no very enlarged scale, we know not; but if privacy, excellent air, and a picturesque neighbourhood, possess any enchantments, certainly Gravesend has sufficient allurements for those who do not stand in need of assembly and ball-rooms, extensive circulating libraries, and splendid shops, which serve for lounges in the more fashionable bathing places. The annexed view presents a faithful -delineation of the spot appropriated for baths; whence, on the opposite shore of Essex, you con- template Tilbury Fort, and, in the offing, a wide expanse of water, checquered by shipping of every description. - • } www.rwee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee re- - WEST GATE, CANTERBURY. THE principal entrances to this city were by six gates; namely, West Gate, North Gate, Bur Gate, St. George's Gate, and Wincheap Gate; the latter of which was erected in the place of the ancient North Gate, which had been long blocked up, previous to its removal some few years back. Under Richard the Second, the walls of Canterbury underwent considerable repairs; when, towards those expenditures, that monarch contributed 250 marks. Soon after, the West Gate, together with a portion of the wall as far as the North Gate, were rebuilt at the sole cost of Arch- bishop Sudbury, whose intention it was to have restored the whole wall, had not his untimely death impeded the execution of the same. Simon de Sudbury was a prelate of great talents, who, having been translated from the bishopric of London to the see of Canterbury, by the Pope, exerted his abilities in affairs of state, during the early part of the reign of Richard the Second, by whom he was appointed Lord Chancellor of England in 1380. On the fourteenth of June, in the ensuing year, having fallen into the hands of the insurgents, under Wat Tyler, this worthy ecclesiastic was cruelly murdered on Tower Hill, with Sir Robert Hales, Prior of the Hospital of St. John of . Jerusalem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . º tº Of the six entrance#to Canterbury, that called the West Gate, represented in the accompanying engraving, is the only one now remaining; through which passes the high road to London. It ". 1(; PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. presents a lofty, spacious, and solid stone edifice; and consists of a centre, flanked by round turrets, that give a stately appearance to the structure; the whole summit of which is embattled, and its entrance defended by machicolations; the aperture for the working of the portcullis still remaining perfect. The western portion of the river Stour, that flows in front of the gate, and in the bed of which are partly laid its foundations, is traversed by a bridge composed of two arches, apper- taining to the archbishop. From the days of King Henry the Sixth, the West Gate has been converted into the city gaol for criminals, as well as debtors; and, in order to render it more appropriate for such purposes, in the year 1794, it underwent a variety of alterations and repairs. sº apºpº Avºn, ººzºº.º.º.º. ºº ºf 49*** DART FORD. THE busy town of Dartford is situated in a valley, upon a ford of the Darent stream, whence it derives its name. In the survey of Doomsday, this place is described as then having “a church, valued at sixty shillings, and three chapels.” Here were also “two caracutes in demesne, and 142 villeins with ten borderers, having fifty-three caracutes; two hiths or havens, a mill, &c., held in ferme by a reve.” Isabella, sister of Henry the Third, A. D. 1235, was married at Dart- ford, by proxy, to the Emperor Frederick; and, in 1331, on the return of Edward the Third from France, he held a tournament and jousts in this town. The most memorable historical fact, how- ever, recorded, in reference to Dartford, was the insurrection under Wat Tyler, in the fifth year of Richard the Second, which had its origin in this place. In 1355, a nunnery was founded at Dartford, by Edward the Third, who endowed the same with several manors and estates; which, at the dissolution of monastic establishments, had an annual revenue of £380. 9s. 0#d. The build- ings were then repaired and fitted up by Henry the Eighth, as a palace for himself; and, during her progress through Kent, Queen Elizabeth resided there for two days. The only remains of this monastic pile, at present, consist of a lofty embattled gateway, with some adjoining buildings on the south, now used as a farm-house, the whole constructed of brick; the yard and garden at present occupying the remaining portion of the site of this priory, which was of great extent, as appears from the foundations of the walls and drains that have been discovered. In the eighth of Elizabeth, Dartford contained “ 182 inhabited dwellings, six persons lacking habitation; four keys, (quays) or landing-places; seven ships and boats, viz. three of three tons, one of six, two of ten, and one of fifteen, and persons for carriage from Dartford to London, and so back again, fourteen.” This town, at the present day, consists of one principal street, through which runs the main road, and two smaller branching off at right angles. According to the returns made in 1811, under the Population Act, Dartford then contained 531 dwellings and 3177 inhabitants. The church, which stands near the river, is situated eastward of the town; being a spacious structure, containing a nave, chancel, and aisles, surmounted at the western extremity by an embattled tower. In this edifice are several very ancient memorials; among which may be particularised a mural monument on the north angle of the chancel, in memory of Sir John Spielman, a German, the Drawn by G. Shepherd, - - ROCKS AT TU NERIDGE WELIAS. KENT. - Published by G.Virtue, 26.Ivy Lane. Nov. 1.1828. - Engº by J. Rolph. | § CANTERRURY CAºAL. REMAIRs or sº sºmeºs town - - & Sº AUGUST INTES MIONASTRY. IKIENT. Published by GVirtue 26Rºy Lane. Nº Tisza. Eng" by J.RGIPh. |K, - º -- º - Drawn by G. Shepherd, - Engravelly F.R.E. (CIHI.A.T. H.A.M ID) (O) (CIK. YARD - FROM FORT BITT º KIENT. - - - - Published Nov. 1,1828 by GVirtue, 26 Ivy Lane. Drawn by G. Shepherd. CAINTER BURY - Engraved by H. Adlard. SAINº Augusº's GATE. IKENT, - - - - Published Nov. 1.1828, by G. Virtue, 26. Ivy Lane. THE COUNTY OF KENT. 17 original introducer of the manufacture of paper in England, who died in 1607. Near that monu- ment, resting upon the pavement, is a slab inlaid with plates of brass, displaying the engraven effigies of Richard Martyn and his wife, reposing beneath a rich canopy, from whose mouths issue labels, while an imperfect inscription on the same metal appears at their feet. Independent of the above, there are other inlaid slabs; some of which are of curious workmanship. Within these few years, a new burial-ground has been formed, north-east of the church, entirely apart from the edi- fice. The charitable benefactors, and amount left for the support of the poor of this place, have been numerous, and amply sufficient to accomplish the purposes designed. The Bridge, which was repaired and altered about fifty years back, at the charge of the County, is a very commodious structure; its original foundation being supposed as ancient as the reign of Edward the Third. On the reparation of the Bridge, a new Market was also built, and the road through Dartford amended and newly paved. -*. - The Market, abundantly supplied with every article of provision, is held on Saturdays; of which busy scene our plate presents a faithful delineation. The various mills established on the banks of the Darent, contiguous to Dartford, have greatly contributed to its present flourishing condition. The paper-mill, originally erected by Sir John Spielman, occupied the site of the existing gunpowder mills; near which is a paper-mill, on the spot where stood another for slitting bars of iron into rods; supposed the first of the kind established in this island. The mills above adverted to, afford employment to a large portion of the inhabitants of this flourishing town. KIT'S COTY HOUSE. THE neighbourhood of Aylesford is famed as having been the spot where, we are told by ancient historians, a sanguinary battle was fought in 455, between the Britons and Saxons; that conflict having taken place about five years after the first landing of the latter in Britain. It appears from our chronicles, that Vortimer, then monarch of this island, having first defeated his enemies on the banks of the Darent, in Kent, pursued their routed forces to Aylesford; at which place the Saxons had passed to the eastern side of the Medway, where a most obstinate and bloody battle took place between the contending armies, when the fate of the day, having long remained undecided, at length terminated favourably for the Britons. In that decisive affair, Horsa, brother of Hengist, the Saxon chief, and Catigrinus, brother to King Vortimer, are said to have contended hand to hand, when both died bravely upon the spot. Horsa, if tradition may be credited, was interred about three miles north of Aylesford, at a spot still bearing the name of Horsted; that is to say, The Place of Horsa; where, in the adjoining fields, large stones are still dispersed over the soil; some in erect positions, while others, from lapse of time, have been thrown down; being, there is little doubt, placed there as memorials of the Saxon warriors slain in that famous encounter. e Prince Catigrinus is supposed to have been inhumed still nearer the field of slaughter, on the summit of an acclivity, about one mile north of Aylesford, and a quarter of a mile west from the high road leading from Rochester to Maidstone ; at which place, Kit's Coty House still stands, as 18 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. represented in the annexed engraving. This memorial consists of four large stones, of the pebble kind, two placed in the ground, being partly upright, forming two sides, a third standing in the middle between them, while the fourth, being the largest, is laid transversely over them, thus forming a covering. None of these stones bear the imprint of the chisel, or any sign whatsoever of manual labour. In the “Archaeologia” is a print of this venerable monument of British antiquity, accompanied by dissertations from the pens of the late Mr. Colebrooke and Captain Grose, wherein much light is thrown upon this interesting subject. About seventy yards distant, towards the north-west, lays another stone, of the same description and form as those which constitute the tomb in question. ey Aaº Aºzºº.º.º.º. ºººººººººººººººººº- ROCKS ON RUSTALL COMMON. THE delights of Tunbridge Wells, as a water-drinking place, are universally allowed; and they in particular possess this fascination as regards the beau monde; that, unless a visitant be inti- mately known to some of its fashionable frequenters, all attempts at association become impracti- cable. Tunbridge is, on this account, particularly select; wherefore the casual passenger, having visited what is worthy inspection in the vicinity, is, generally speaking, happy to shift his quarters, for the purpose of courting an intercourse with less fastidious company. In short, the frequenters of this place are perfectly well known to one another; so that, when congregated at Tunbridge, it is, as it were, only a removal from the squares, and their vicinage west of London, to the spot in question, and a consequent removal of matinées and soirées to a distance of thirty miles from the Metropolis. - - The peculiar feature of Tunbridge consists in its striking irregularities, presenting sudden acclivities, and descents equally rapid; features prominently observable in whatsoever direction the visitant repairs. Sometimes, overhanging crags of rock; at others, grey or red sandy stone masses protrude themselves, interspersed by brushwood, or the clinging ivy, present a rugged scenery, well calculated to occupy the pencil of a Salvator Rosa. Of the numerous rides in the neighbour- hood, so universally frequented, none is attended with more food for the admirer of the picturesque, than a visit to Rustall Common, where every feature this district has to boast, is to be found in profusion, as well as the greatest variety of feature. To enter into any elaborate detail of such a succession of rocky scenery, would only lead to repetitions; to be duly appreciated, therefore, the spot must be visited. We cannot dismiss the subject of our present engraving, without directing the reader's attention to the central rock, which conveys to the mind a very striking idea of the Egyp- tian sphynx, supposing that remnant of high antiquity was, by time, divested of the traces it bears of the human countenance. Whether the form here displayed be the mere result of nature, or that, under the Druids, or even their predecessors, any sculpture once graced this singularly formed block, we leave to the consideration of persons better versed than ourselves in the records of ages, now swept away by the ingulfing tide of Time. THE county OF KENT. 19 ELTHAM BRIDGE. ConcenNING this picturesque object, on reference to every authority connected with Kent, we find no statements whatsoever to conduct us to a knowledge of who was its founder, or at what precise period the Bridge was erected. From the general appearance of the architecture, we should judge the fabric to be of considerable antiquity; and the fanciful manner in which it is decorated by ivy, gives it an appearance truly romantic. In regard to Eltham as a town, it has a conside- rable population, and boasted a palace belonging to the English kings, at a very remote period. Anthony Beck, the rapacious prelate of Durham, having fraudulently possessed himself of a portion of this manor in 1290, beautified the capital mansion. In 1311, after the death of Bishop Beck, this manor returned to the Crown. The period when the palace was originally built is unknown, though it must have been anterior to 1270, in which year Henry the Third kept his Christmas at Eltham; and in 1815, his queen was brought to bed of a son, called after this place, John of El- tham. In 1829, and in 1375, Parliaments were held here by Edward the Third. In 1364, John, King of France, was magnificently entertained at the palace. In 1884, 1885, and 1386, Richard the Second here celebrated his Christmases, and, from that time, this place continued much frequented by our monarchs. On the accession of Henry the Eighth, that monarch preferring Greenwich, Eltham was, from the period in question, seldom visited by the royal family, and gradually fell to decay. One of the last festivals celebrated here, was at Whitsuntide, A. D. 1515, when Henry the Eighth created Sir Edward Stanley, Baron Monteagle, for services performed at the memorable battle of Flodden. - Part of the grand Banqueting Hall is still in excellent preservation, though converted into a barn; the roofing in particular is to be admired, being in many respects similar to that of West- minster Hall. Over the large moat, formerly environing the palace, although dry and covered with verdure, are two stone bridges. Queen Elizabeth, being born at Greenwich, during the period of infancy, was frequently carried to Eltham for the benefit of the air, which is esteemed very salu- brious. The palace and manor were granted for a term of years, perpetually renewable, to an ancestor of Sir J. G. Shaw, the present lessee under the Crown. The manor lodge in the park has, of late years, been converted to the manorial residence. wººd’ſºvººdºº’ºº-ºº-ººººººººººººº- .*- : CHATHAM Docks. º CHATHAM, originally Chitham, Caetham, and Cetcham, is derived from the Saxon Cete, meaning a. cellar or cabin, expressive of its low situation. It stands on the Medway, adjoining Rochester, on one side of the bridge, as Stroud does on the other; the whole constituting three towns. This depot ranks the chief - arsenal of the Royal Navy of Great Britain, being one of the most considerable in 20 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. the world, having been erected by Charles the Second, at the close of the first Dutch war. It was constituted a Royal Yard by Queen Elizabeth, when Sir John Hawkins, by the advice of Sir Francis Drake, instituted that inestimable fund, called Chatham Chest, in the year 1580. An Hospital was equally erected here by Sir John Hawkins, which was incorporated by Elizabeth, for the relief of ten or more aged carpenters or shipwrights. - - . To enter into a detail of every particular connected with this dock-yard or arsenal, would not only prove tedious, but surpass the limits prescribed for the present descriptions; we shall there- fore content ourselves by remarking, that, within this wonderful establishment are collected stores. of every description, necessary for the fitting, repairing, and furnishing war-ships of all rates. The warehouses are so extensive and numerous, that, literally speaking, they constitute streets of store- houses; the rope house for cables is 1140 feet long, - and the smiths”. shops contain upwards of twenty forges for manufacturing anchors and other iron work, and are so stupendous, as to create a sensation of awe when contemplated. To these must be added, four wet docks, canals, and ditches, for laying up masts and yards of the largest dimensions, where they remain sunk in the water. Finally, it would be utterly impossible to convey an adequate idea of the multiplicity of structures, stores, and necessaries, here set apart for the different works appertaining to the Navy; the whole presenting a well-regulated city, conducted with the greatest precision, which, although displaying the appearance of bustle, is managed without the least confusion. Burthened with such multifarious articles, workmen, &c., we need not be surprised the fitting-up a man of war should be completed with such celerity. Conceive a first-rate of 106 guns riding at her moorings, entirely unrigged, with nothing standing but her bare masts, as is usually the case when a ship is laid up, and that she will be found completely equipped, all her masts standing, yards to, sails bent, anchors and cables on board, and the ship sailed down to Black Stakes, in the short space of three days; which proved the case with the Royal Sovereign, com- manded by Sir Cloudesley Shovel; we need scarcely add, that, since that period, a greater degree of celerity has been resorted to, and the same equipment may now be effected in one-third less time. The private edifices and dwellings of the sea officers, directors, inspectors, and artisans belonging to the Navy, are substantially built, and, in many instances, present a very stately ap- pearance. The government of the yards is rather singular; the commissioner, clerks, accomptants, &c., within doors; the store, yard, and dock keepers, watchmen, and all other officers, without doors; with the subordination of all officers one to another, respectively, according as their degrees and offices require. The watch is set every night at certain places in the various yards, every ‘OIAe having a bell over his head, which he rings or tolls hourly, giving as many strokes as the hour has attained. In the river there is equally a guard-boat, which, like the main guard in a garrison, rows the grand rounds at stated intervals, by every ship in the river, to ascertain that the persons OIl board are at their posts. If the man, stationed to look out in each ship, does not cry, 4% Who COIſles there?” the men of the guard-boat immediately board her, to examine into such defect of The officers of the guard consist of a resident commissioner having three clerks, one of the cheque, a master shipwright, and three assistants; a master attendant, storekeeper, clerks of the survey and rope yard; masters ropemaker, mast maker, boat builder, joiner, blacksmith, | Irºn by J. Fussen RUINS OF THE E PIs coºl, PAL, Adº AT HAL LIN G. Drawn by J.Fussell IKIE IN. T. FIVE MILES SOUTH OF ROCHE STER, Published Nov. 22, 1828 by GVirtue, 26. Ivy Lane. is ſº I ºf H. G. H. T. R. G. H. - IKE IN 'I'- FIVE MILES NORTH NEST OF DART FORD. Published Nº. 3 Yºme 26 tº Lane Lºndºn - - - - - Engraved by H. Adlard. Engraved by H. Adlard, = | Drawn by G. Shepherd. - - Engraved by H. Adlard. No ſº I ºr ºr ºf co, ſº I AG is . |K E N T : . -- THE RESIDENCE OF THE M.A. Ric Hiſ on Ess OF LONDONDERRY. Published 1828 by Geo Virtue, 26. Ivy Lane. e== º- == ====== * === -> - §§§ ----- Wº §§§§ §§§ Drawn by H.Gastineau. D. O. v. E. R. C. A. S. T. L. E . KEN T. - Published 1828 by Geo Virtue, 26. Ivy Lane county of KENT. - 21 mason and bricklayer, master house-carpenter and master painter, surgeon, boatswain, and warden. . s In 1758, when this country was threatened by an invasion from the French, the extensive forti- fications, called the Lines, were commenced, extending from the Medway, above the Ordnance Wharf, measuring half a mile in width and a mile in breadth, extending beyond the limits of the Dock-yard, where they again unite with the river. Within this area, besides the naval establish- ments, are included the Upper and Lower Barracks, the church of Chatham, and the hamlet of Brompton ; containing about five hundred dwellings. Various important additions have since been made, as in 1782 an Act passed for the purchase of lands, for the further security of this great national depôt. . . . . . . • : Chatham has been frequently honoured by the presence of our sovereigns. In 1604, James the First knighted many gentlemen there, and two years after repeated his visit, accompanied by his queen, Anne of Denmark, his brother, Christian the Fourth, Henry Prince of Wales, &c. The inhabitants of this town, for the most part, subsist by being employed in the Dockyard, or such trades as are connected with maritime pursuits. Their number, as returned under the last Act, amounted to 10,505, which does not, however, include the military; the number of houses was computed at 1729. - ST. AUGUSTINE’s GATEWAY. THE front of this superb Monastery extended two hundred and fifty feet towards the west; having, at either extremity, two lofty gateways, still remaining ; that to the north being the most beautiful, formed the chief approach to the Abbey. The other portal of this monastic pile con- stituted the entrance to the public cemetery; the former having been built in 1287, and soon after em- battled by licence from the king. Behind this gateway is a very curious mass of square flint stone- work; the art of cutting that hard substance into equal sizes, and with smooth surfaces, being long since lost, there are now but few such buildings in existence. Among those alluded to, however, may be named the ancient Bridewell at Norwich, with the portal of St. John's Abbey at Colchester; while the gateway which formerly stood at Whitehall was much in the same taste. The Ceme- tery Gate of St. Augustine's was newly erected by Thomas Ukham, a monk, at the close of Richard thé Second’s reign, and called the West Gate of the Cemetery, to distinguish it from another in the wall of the Monastery, in a straight line eastward. * * - 22 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. Rocks NEAR TUNBRIDGE WELLS. THE country in the vicinity of Tunbridge Wells, generally speaking, presents a very wild forest aspect; and the description would not recommend it to the agriculturist, or the admirer of cultivated Nature. In fact, the soil is far from being calculated to remunerate the toils of the husbandman, excepting much labour and expense are resorted to. Yet, notwithstanding the meagreness of the soil, it covers treasures of various kinds; some of which are amply competent to its amelioration. The very best marl, for instance, abounds; and the slight improvement of the surface that is observable, has been principally effected by this useful manure. - 's However, the prevailing ingredient, and that which forms the characteristic feature of the country, is a sand-stone of considerable hardness and durability. Where this lies upon the surface, as the light soil is washed away, various considerable prominences are presented to the eye, which tend to vary the scene; and, when mingled with the verdure of intervening trees, and shrubs, and enlivened by moving objects, present a variegated and highly fascinating assemblage to the ad- mirers of the wild and romantic beauties of Nature. Within a short distance from Tunbridge Wells, there are three aggregations of these Rocks, which are objects of general notice and curiosity. The nearest are distinguished by the appellation of the High Rocks; the others, being named from the proprietors of the adjacent lands, are called Harrison's and Penn's Rocks; the former five miles, and the latter about a mile further, in the same direction from Tunbridge. The general appearance of these sandy eminences has led to a conjecture, that they formerly constituted the boundaries of some vast channel of waters, owing to their curved and serpentine directions; the edging of the valley, the declivity of the ground, and the existence of a small rivulet, tracing its course through an intervening space, all tending to corroborate such an idea. The Sand Rocks, represented in the accompanying view, and situated on the London road, near the entrance of Tunbridge Wells, afford a constant source of amusement to the frequenters of that fashionable resort; and the adjacent walks are exceeded, in point of beauty, by nothing in the County; while the scenes at a greater distance afford a pleasing variety to the visitors in carriages and on horseback. Adjoining nearly to the High Rocks above adverted to, is an excellent bath, situated in a beautiful romantic dell, which, for coldness, and the transparency of its waters, is not inferior to any in the kingdom. Among the rocks of which we have been speaking, the naturalist may find a source for botanical amusement; as, among other vegetations, are heaths of great variety and beauty, while forest shrubs and rock plants also abound; and, what is particularly appro- priate, being denominated from the spot, the Trichomanes Tunbridgiensis, which equally flourishes here in abundance and great perfection. - * - . . . . . COUNTY OF KENT. . 2s ETHELBERT's ToweR, AND STAUGUSTINE’s MONASTERy. On approaching the site of the Monastery of St. Augustine, at Canterbury, the first objects that arrest the attention are the scanty remains of the once lofty Tower of King Ethelbert; the former magnificence of which bore ample testimony of the splendour of that fabric, whereof it once constituted a part. This Tower was built as far back as the year 1047, and called, in honour and in memory of that monarch, Ethelbert's Tower. It presented a most curious specimen of the decorated style of Norman architecture, which, a few years back, fell a sacrifice to the mouldering hand of Time; when the remaining part, from groundless apprehensions of danger, was demolished. This Tower apparently stood in the centre of the west façade of the church; and about sixty feet southward from the same, remained, till within these few years, a very massive ruin, composed of flints and rubble stone, of extraordinary thickness, seeming to have constituted part of the two sides of a hollow square tower, which was probably the campanile, or belfry. That huge frag- ment was taken down in 1793, after being undermined by the united labours of two hundred men, who, assisted by jacks and ropes, with infinite difficulty threw down the mass; which, exclusive of rubbish, produced five hundred cart-loads of building materials. } • Near the precincts of the cathedral, in the eastern suburbs of Canterbury, stand the venerable remains of St. Augustine's Abbey, which in former times nearly equalled the Cathedral in magnificence and celebrity. The following are the historical particulars respecting this superb monastic insti- tution. St. Augustine, having been established by King Ethelbert in his palace at Canterbury, was persuaded by that pious apostle of Britain, to commence, A. D. 598, the erection of an Abbey, in honour of Saints Peter and Paul; after which, in 605, that monarch, with Bertha his consort, their son Eadbald, St. Augustine, and the nobility of the realm, celebrated the festival of Christ- mas at Canterbury, in a magnificent style; when, with the consent of all assembled, clergy as well as laity, the King surrendered up this Monastery, with all the endowments of the same, to the monks of the Benedictine order. The foundation of the Abbey being thus laid, the structure rapidly advanced in consequence, by the enlargement of its buildings, and the augmentation of its endowments. Numerous privileges were accorded to this Abbey by papal bulls; in the earliest of which it is termed the first-born; the first or chief mother of monasteries in England, as well as the Roman chapel of Britain. The revenues of this fraternity, at the dissolution, were, accord- ing to Dugdale, estimated at £1413. 4s. 113 d. Subsequent to that period, all the great buildings, namely, the dormitory, kitchen, halls, &c., to which may be added the church, covered with lead, were completely stripped, and the walls either demolished or left uncovered, when they soon fell to decay; in consequence whereof, the major part of the ruins of this once extensive monastic institution are no longer visible. - 24 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. f THIs venerable fabric stands on the summit of a stupendous cliff, north of the town and harbour of Dover. The rock whereon this fortress is reared, presents, towards the sea, a perpendicular precipice, 320 feet high, from the strand to its base. The foundation of this Castle has been erro- neously attributed to Caesar. There is little doubt, however, but, that it was originally a hill fortress of the Britons in remote antiquity; and the supposition of its having been fortified by Ar- viragus, on refusing to pay the tribute to Caesar, is by no means improbable. It is supposed that the octagonal building west of the church was intended for a Roman light-house and watch-tower, which antiquaries have conjectured was the work of Agricola. Since the original erection of this tower, the ground has been elevated several feet; the form without is an octagon, but its internal appearance presents a square; the thickness of the base of the wall is ten feet. On the eastern side is an arched door-way, and on the interior of the other three sides were Roman arches and narrow spaces for windows. Whether this tower was ever used by the Romans as a place of defence, it is now difficult to determine; but that the Normans applied it to such purpose, is beyond all doubt. This tower was cased over, most probably in the reign of Henry the Fifth; at which period Sir Robert Erpingham was constable, whose arms appear upon a stone on the north side. f . . . . . -- . A church was built within the walls of this Castle, which some writers have supposed WàS founded by King Lucius, said to have reigned over Kent and Sussex, A. D. 131; the remains, how- ever, of the structure in question are obviously of a more recent date, though numerous Roman bricks are worked up in the walls, particularly those of the tower. In this structure many eminent characters have been interred, the ground southward being the general burying-place for the soldiers who die in the garrison. There were formerly three chaplains to this Castle, who, from the antiquity and dignity of the fortress, were permitted to assume the habits of prebends. The Saxons, at a very early period, made themselves masters of Dover Castle; the importance of which structure was well known and appreciated by the Normans, immediately after the conquest. This Castle, in its actual state, consists of every species of fortification the art of war could contrive, to render it impregnable. The buildings occupy nearly the whole summit of the emi- mence; bounding the south-eastern side of a deep valley, in which stands the Town of Dover. The fortress may be described as consisting of two courts, defended by deep and broad dry ditches, from which, by subterraneous passages, there are communications with the inner towers. The lower - court is environed by an irregular wall, except towards the sea; which wall is designated the Cur- tain, being flanked, at unequal distances, by turrets of different shapes and ages. . . . . The most remarkable of those towers, at present, are, Chilham, or Caldescot, erected by Ful- bert de Lacy, who landed with the Conqueror; being so named after that warrior; wherefore, * #. Drawn by H.Gastineau. º Engraved tº 5 ºf IK II N (G°S (G AT Tº , IN THE ISILE OF THANET, KIENT. THE LANDING PLACE OF KING CHARLES THE SECOND AT THE RESTORATION-- - Published 1828 by GeoVirtue 26, Rºy Lane º º - t º Hº: Rºº-ºº: - - At ſº is gºos clasſ ſº - NEAR TUN BRIDGE, KENT. - - Published 1828, by GeoVirtue 26, Ivy Lane, - Drawn by J. Fussell, - (G JR. A.V. E. S. JE N ID) . . Published 1828 by GeoVirtue 26Rºy Lane. - - ſº ſºlº |M|. ſ Bºiſ T H E (Q) UAY AT RA M S (G. A. T E . Published 1828, by GeoVirtue, 26. Ivy Lane. * THE county of KENT. 25 those who held Chilham, were bound to keep it in repair; and one Caldescot succeeding to the command of the Castle, the tower was also called after him. The next tower of note is that of Fiennes, or Newgate, also called the Constable's Tower, used as the governor's apartments. This fabric, raised upon one of greater antiquity, is supposed to have been built from a design by Gundulph, who introduced the lofty gateway, and secured the passage by drawbridges, portcullises, and massive gates. * - . . - Crevequer, Craville, or the Earl of Norfolk's Tower, was founded by one of the associated captains, and situated near the north entrance into the quadrangle of the Keep. From this tower runs a subterranean passage, conducting to a vault so spacious, that numerous horse and foot might there lay concealed. Independent of the moat being prodigiously deep and dry, the vault is also defended by a round tower. . - • Next in succession is Fitzwilliam's, or St. John's Tower, named after. Adam Fitzwilliam, who attended the Conqueror on his landing. There was anciently a sally-port from this tower, and its entrance to the Castle was in the Saxon ditch. • , - Averanche's, or Maunsel's Tower, is one of the noblest remains of these Norman structures, so called from the governor of that name. Maunsel, the successor of Averanche in the command of this fortress, was Warden of the Cinque Ports under Henry the Third. Gatton Tower was kept in repair by the Copleys, who were lords of the manor of Gatton. Weville, or Pincester's Tower, is so called from the different commanders of those names. And Earl Godwin’s Tower was first erected by that puissant noble, in the time of Canute, or Edward the Confessor. - - - The upper court, equally with the lower, is surrounded by a wall and many towers, bearing different denominations; while farther on was the king’s kitchen, with offices for the use of the court. The Noble Keep, or Palace Tower, stands near the centre of this upper court, and is said to have been rebuilt by Henry the Second. It is erected after the manner of Gundulph's archi- tecture; the rooms are in general large and lofty, but have little else to recommend them. There are galleries in the walls, with loop-holes, to annoy besiegers; the second floor being intended for the use of the garrison, and that on the ground for stores. In the north angle of this Keep is said to exist a well, now arched over, which Harold, prior to his gaining the throne, promised, on oath, to yield up, with the Castle, to William, Duke of Normandy. There are, however, four wells within the ancient Saxon lines, each being three hundred and seventy feet deep. e Like other royal castles, that of Dover was formerly extra-judicial; but several of the ancient franchises being either lost or fallen into disuse, the civil power has, for some years back, been exercised within its limits, independent of any control from the Lord Warden. The late Earl of Liverpool exercised the office of Constable, but never made any other use of his residence in the Castle, than as regarded his official capacity. - { - 26 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. North CRAY cottAGE. This edifice is a low mansion, having originally been nothing more than its present name im- ports; that is to say, a handsome Rural Cottage. The late noble proprietor, the Marquis of Lon- donderry, however, added two wings, with outhouses and various offices, and laid out the grounds with great taste, whereby the residence assumed a character of elegance and refinement, suited to the surrounding scenery of this delightful part of Kent. . - The adjoining grounds are slightly elevated above the river Cray, which meanders gently, pre- senting an expanded surface. On the opposite shore, rising rather abruptly, is the beautiful demesne of Lord Bexley, while the extended valley presents a scene in every direction splendid from the artificial embellishments wherewith it abounds. The sister streams of Cray and Darent derive their sources from springs which rise in the vicinities of Westerham and Orpington, forming in their pro- gress the most luxuriant valleys, and beautifying one of the richest tracts of country England has to boast. . . . - . . - - - - t Paper and corn mills, and other useful machinery, occupy the stream of Cray, whence several villages and places of note derive their names. St. Mary’s Cray, a pleasant hamlet, stands near its source, being remarkable for the quantity of birch with which it is environed; not far distant is St. Paul's Cray, and in succession the villages of Foot's and North Cray. The most considerable, however, is Crayford, below which the Cray and the Darent form a junction, flowing towards the Thames, into which they empty their waters through the marsh lands whereby it is bordered.* sº 2sºº-ººººººº...º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º. ~. HALLING PALACE. THE parish of - Halling lies eastward of Luddesdon; and in Doomesday Record, and other ancient documents, it is written Hallinges; and in the Saxon, Haling; meaning the low meadow, or pasture. - The Palace stood at a small distance from the church, contiguous to the banks of the river Medway; in 1715, a great portion of the ruins was still remaining, comprising the chapel, hall, and a noble gateway, whereon appeared the armorial bearings of the See of Rochester; in which state * We cannot close our notice of North Cray without remarking, that, on presenting ourselves to request information respecting this Cottage, we experienced, on the part of the domestic to whom we addressed ourselves, conduct so grossly insulting that we refrain from disgracing our pages by its repetition. We know not whether the received opinion of judging of the proprietor from the conduct of the servant be correct: at all events, we have only to remark, that in the progress of our researches, we have, on every other occasion, been treated with politeness; and as it was not intended to make any inquiries concerning the fate of a deceased statesman, we are completely at a loss to account for the brutal reception to which we were subjected at North Cray Cottage. . º THE COUNTY OF KENT. 27 the structure continued till within half a century back, when those stately ruins were levelled, for the sake of the materials. In 1720, a niche was still to be seen over the exterior of the principal -- portal, wherein was the figure of Hamo de Hethe, Bishop of Rochester, arrayed in his episcopal habit, being about two feet in height, and very beautifully executed. . Soon after the above period, it was blown down in a violent gale of wind, but escaped damage, by falling on the grass; and was subsequently presented to Dr. Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester. - - - The manor of Halling, as well as the site of the Palace; still continue part of the possessions : of the See of Rochester. . . . . . . . - ERITH CHURCH. THE village of Erith is situated on the banks of the Thames, lying open to the upper part of Long Reach; at which place the East Indiamen, in their passage up the river, discharge a portion of their cargoes, which tends to the benefit of this place. . The village consists of one principal street, leading to the water-side, and another branching off westward, in the direction of the church. This structure, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, is of great antiquity, and contains a nave, a chancel, a chapel to the south, together with an aisle, having a low tower and a spire at the western extremity. Within this structure are many monuments, particularly one on the south side, being a noble altar-tomb of white marble, in memory of Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury, daughter and heir of Sir Richard Walden; whereon are represented her effigies, at full-length, in her robes, and the coronet upon her head, which is supported by a pillar. On the sides of the tomb are sculptured the armorial bearings, with a variety of quarterings, the whole having been formerly coloured, which is now defaced, as well as the inscription preserved in Weever's Funeral Monuments; she died in the tenth of Queen Elizabeth, A. D. 1568. - - - - According to Lambard, Erith was incorporated in ancient times; at present, independently of the profits arising from the traffic occasioned by the East India ships, partly discharging their cargoes here, as previously mentioned, a considerable trade is carried on in corn and wood, vast quantities being shipped from the wharfs at this place. ~ •ee-eeeeeeeeer tºº ºdº ". GRAVESEND. THIs town is built upon a declivity leading to the Thames, being partly in Milton parish, - adjoining Gravesend on the eastern side. In Doomesday Record, this town is entered under the name of Graves-ham ; and Gravesonde, in the Textus Roffensis. Lambard conjectures, that the derivation was from the Saxon word Gerefa, a ruler or portreve; signifying the end of his juris- diction, or, more probably, the Ham or dwelling of the Greve or Reve. Others have attributed 28 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. the appellation to the Saxon word Graef, implying a coppice or small wood, which, compounded with oende, forms Graef-saende, meaning the place at the Woods-end. • , In the 10th of Elizabeth, the parishes of Gravesend and Milton were incorporated; but, in 1632, the principal charter was granted by Charles the First. Prior to that period, the chief officer had been styled the Portreve; but, by the latter instrument, he was called the Mayor; the same document according the liberty of two additional markets weekly, and a four days annual fair, with a full confirmation of the privilege exclusively enjoyed by the inhabitants, of conveying passengers and goods by water to London. - - - - " - The church formerly stood in a field to the left of Gravesend, but the inhabitants residing near the Thames, finding the distance extremely inconvenient, obtained permission of the Bishop of Rochester to erect a chapel at their own expense, which was dedicated to St. George the Martyr. The ancient church having, in consequence, fallen to decay, was taken down, when the chapel or oratory became the parochial church, which, with the major part of the town, was destroyed by fire in 1727. . . . . . . . . . • * * Between the years 1731 and 1733, the present church, dedicated to St. George, was built ; being a plain brick edifice, with stone quoins, cornices, &c.; the interior comprising a spacious nave and chancel, with a large gallery on the north side, and an organ loft at the west end. In 1764, a new Town Hall was erected by the Corporation; having an open space beneath, where the poultry-market is held; it is supported in the front by six columns, and three arches at the back. In 1767, a new wharf, crane, and causeway, were raised; and in 1773, an Act of Par- liament was passed for paving, cleansing, and lighting the principal streets, &c.; under the opera- tion of which instrument, the greatest improvements were effected. Gravesend has, however, experienced a vast increase in traffic and the number of its buildings, owing to a new road having been formed some years back, whereby a shorter cut was made between Northfleet and Rochester. The number of vessels usually lying at anchor in the parts of the channel adjacent to this town, occasion an endless influx of strangers and seamen, which greatly contributes to benefit the traffic carried on at this place. z *Nº ºr ſºrº.ºrgº ſº avºgº ºvºº ºvº”.4\4*&^^^ THE QUAY AT RAMS GATE. RAM's GATE, which has of late years become a place of such public resort, was, in the reign of Elizabeth, a mere hamlet, peopled by fishermen and their families; since it appears, that, in 1565, there were in this place only twenty-five inhabited dwellings. In 1783, the population was 1813 souls; in 1801, the number had augmented to 8300; and, ten years after, so rapid had been the increase, that there were 4221 inhabitants. The chief cause of this augmentation has been owing to the improve- ments made in the harbour subsequent to the year 1750; there is, however, little doubt but a pier existed at Ramsgate in the reign of Henry the Eighth, as it is mentioned in the Itinerary of Leland; * = - " … * * * . - * * •. ". w gº • . - * ...? • ? - } < h ‘ ‘i, S. *::g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” º f , ºr 1 - ? s: - - ... . . . " • - , * ... ~~... º - - * * *-* - - * * - * * * - . . . i tºº • r n • . . . * * * "* . - " - - - ". . . .” T. . . . . * * Drawn by G. Shepherd. Engraved by C. Bedford. RANIS GATE FIA RE OUR AND LIGHT HOUSE. IK E N T , Published 1829, by GeoVirtue, 26, Ivy Lane, ſº º Aº Aºkº Aso rows or ºne IK IF. N. T. - - Published. lsº by º º - i | Engraved by B wºrs, ºf His ºn S Hoº's ſº lºcº AT MAIDs toº lº IKENT, Published 1829 by Geo. Virtue. 26. Ivy Lane. - - - -- º § º º ºn a gº º Aº Aº, as For D. - IKEN. T. - THE sº- or LoRD AYLESF of D. - Published 1829 by GeoVirtue, 26. Ivy Lane. THE COUNTY OF KENT, . - 29 but it was by no means adequate to afford security in tempestuous weather to the numerous vessels driven upon this coast. . - An Act of Parliament having been obtained in 1750, the new harbour was commenced, but, in consequence of various impediments and alterations, it was not terminated until after the lapse of thirty years, when it proved capable of affording shelter to upwards of a hundred and thirty sail of ships; and, subsequent alterations and improvements having taken place, in March, 1818, between three and four hundred sail of vessels were sheltered here during the tremendous gale that did so much damage. The sums expended in this praiseworthy labour are stated to have amounted to more than £700,000, while the property thereby saved has not been less than fifty millions, independent of the hundreds of lives rescued from a watery grave. The area of the harbour com- prehends about forty-six acres; the piers, bason, quay, &c. being constructed of Purbeck and Portland stones. The entire length of the eastern pier, including its flexures, or angles, is nearly 2000 feet; that of the western, about 1500; the width at the entrance is 240 feet; and the general breadth of the piers, 26 feet, including a strong parapet that defends the exterior sides facing the sea. The Quay is spacious, and in every respect calculated to facilitate the operations of traffic carried on at this favoured watering place, and presents a constant moving scene to those who fre- quent this spot, whether in pursuit of amusement, or as valetudinarians standing in need of bathing and sea air. *A*.*&^^4׺ 4/ºr Zhaº fºr ºr ºdº ALLINGTON CASTLE. THIs structure was of note in the time of the Saxons, and called the Castle of Medway: it was razed to the ground by the Danes, when they ravaged those districts; but after the Conquest rebuilt by Earl Warren, from whom it devolved to the Lord Fitz Hughes. From his daughter and heir, it came to Sir Giles Allington, from whom both the edifice and the parish derived their names. Philipot, however, from Darell and Mr. Marsh, state, that the Castle was erected by Wil- liam de Columbanis, or Columbers, about the time of King Stephen. - It appears from the Tower Records, that in the eighth year of Henry the Third, there was an exact survey taken of all the castles throughout England, when the names of those were retained who ranked as governors or proprietors of the same; at which period one of this family was found to be possessor of the Castle, and lord of the manor annexed to the same. About the close of that reign, Allington Castle fell into the possession of Sir Stephen de Penchester, who had it by pur- chase from one Osbert, as appears from the Tower Records; Sir Stephen was subsequently Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and espoused Margaret, daughter of the famous Hubert de Burgo, Earl of Kent. If this fabric was ever designed to serve as a place of strength after the Conquest, it must have been such in the days of Stephen, or thereabouts; and, in all probability, was, after that period, razed and dismantled. It appears, according to Philipot, by the Patent Rolls, in the ninth of King Edward the First, that a licence was granted to him, to erect a castle there, as well as fortify and embattle the same; which, when so completed, he denominated Allington Penchester; 8. * * - - 30. PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. ~~ he also raised a fine turret, and called the same Solomon's Tower. From that monarch a charter was alike accorded him of Free Warren, the grant of a market on Tuesdays, and a three days' fair - on the Festival of Saint Lawrence. From the above personage, who died without male issue, the Castle fell, through one of his daughters, into the possession of Stephen de Cobham; in which eminent family it continued for many descents. At the commencement of the reign of Edward the Fourth, we find this estate in the hands of the Brent family; in whose tenure it did not, however, long remain; being sold to Sir Henry Wyatt, privy counsellor to that prince. Through the treason of his unfortunate grandson, Sir Thomas Wyatt, it became forfeited to the Crown, in the second year of Mary's reign, when Sir Thomas lost his life on the scaffold. By Elizabeth, the Castle and manor were granted to John Astley, Esq., Master of the Jewel Office; whose son, Sir John Astley, dying without issue, the estate descended to Sir Jacob Astley, who was, by King Charles the First, at Oxford, created Lord Astley. g - …” . . . - KING'S GATE, (ISLE OF THANET.) * . . THE above name is derived from a narrow passage, or gate, cut through the chalk cliffs, to the sea-beach, for the convenience of the fishery carried on in the neighbourhood. This Gate is situated in a little valley contiguous to the northern shore, and the structure formerly bore the name of Bartholomew’s Gate; which denomination originated, according to a tradition handed down among the inhabitants, from its having been completed upon the festival of that Saint. The present name of King's Gate was derived from the landing of King Charles the Second, and his brother James, Duke of York, at this spot, on their way from London to Dover; to which event may also be ascribed the following distich, composed by one Mr. Toddy, of Josse, proprietor of the land whereon the Gate stood — - -- • “ Olim Porta fui Patroni Bartholomati, Nunc, Regis jussu, Regia porta vocor. Hic exscenderunt Car, II: R. Et Ja: duc Ebor; 30 Junii, 1683.” On the eastern side of this portal, opposite the sea, appears, in Saxon characters, these words — Got bless ºartiyſtm's Gatt. - This Gate stands in the parish of St. Peter, and is distant two miles from Margate, and one from Broadstairs. The situation, for picturesque scenery, deserves to be visited equally with any other admired part of the Isle of Thanet. The district constitutes the most eastern part of England, and possesses very expansive views of the ocean; while, on account of the numerous castellated edifices and ruined towers whereby it is environed, the whole is productive of the most enchanting effect. For the latter embellishments, this neighbourhood stands indebted to the late Lord Holland, who, having imbibed a passionate love for building, combined with consummate taste, displayed his munificence, in rendering the vicinity of Kingsgate an object of universal attraction, “ . . THE county, OF KENT, . . . - 31 PIER AND LIGHT-HOUSE AT RAMS GATE. ANY account of these objects is necessarily so connected with the Quay of Ramsgate, previously described, that there remains little room for enlarging upon the subject. As a short description, however, of the town may not be irrelevant, we shall venture to subjoin a few lines on that subject. - - • Ramsgate is situated in the Isle of Thanet, and constitutes part of the parish of St. Laurence, being about five miles south of Margate. This place ranks within the liberty of the Cinque Ports, being an ancient member of the town and port of Sandwich, and within the jurisdiction of the magistrates of the same. This place was much enlarged, in consequence of the success accruing from its trade with Russia and the eastern countries; but the greatest importance resulted from the improvements made in its harbour subsequent to the middle of the last century. - In the month of December, 1748, a dreadful storm having forced numerous ships from their anchorage in the Downs, it was resolved by Parliament, that a harbour should be formed for vessels under three hundred tons burthen. Early in 1750, the works were entered upon, from designs of William Ackenden, Esq. and Capt. Robert Brooke, and the labour pursued with great spirit for four years; but the committee having voted that the width of the harbour ought to be con- tracted to 1200 feet, a petition was, in 1755, laid before Parliament, wherein it was stated, that such alteration rendered the port of no utility. - The works were then stopped until 1761, when the walls already constructed upon the latter plan were removed, and the harbour completed according to the original design. After an enor- mous expenditure had been incurred, it was ascertained that the form given to the harbour occa- sioned the accumulation of so much sand, that it was apprehended the mouth of the port would be ultimately choked up. For the purpose, therefore, of cleansing the harbour, under the direction of Mr. Smeaton, the engineer, a cross wall was raised at the uppermost part of the port, so fitted with sluices, that the pent water might play upon the sandbank, and force it beyond the extent of the Piers. This labour being completed in 1779, the water, in severe gales, became so agitated, that it was found more eligible for the shipping to ride out in the Downs. At length, in 1787, to obviate that fresh difficulty, an advanced Pier was carried out in a south easterly direction, as the seamen and pilots of Ramsgate had formed an opinion that such a work would conduce to tranquillize the waters; and the undertaking in question was successfully pursued until its completion. During the tremendous tempest in March, 1818, when such incal- culable damage was done to the shipping along this coast, Ramsgate harbour was literally crowded with vessels; so that the port of this town stands more reputed as a place of shelter for ships, than calculated to carry on any very considerable trade. * : From 1792 to 1802, a variety of additional structures have been raised, among which was the light-house, of stone, illuminated by Argand lamps and reflectors, standing at the head of the western pier. The bason wall was widened, so as to form a wharf for the landing and shipping of cargoes; a low house was also raised, at the head of the advanced pier, for a watch-house and 32 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. deposit for hawsers, &c. &c. The timber pier, which extended 550 feet from the cliff, was re- constructed of stone; and a military road, for the embarkation of troops, completed during the last war. wºº ar-ºw dº º AºNºva & Zºº",ºrºsº wººd’ wºº THE BARRACKS AND Town of HYTHE. THIS pleasant watering place is situated on the sea shore, being sixty-six miles distant from the metropolis, twenty from Canterbury, and thirteen from Dover. On approaching Hythe from Ashford, (the usual route pursued in coming direct from London to this place,) in consequence of the road descending, the principal buildings of the town appear to rise from the base of an immense precipice, while a portion seems clinging to its side, and thus extending towards the margin of the sea. To the right, stretches the extensive level of Romney Marsh, alternately chequered by tracts of verdure, plots of sterile ground, and patches of snowy whiteness, produced by the immense flocks of sheep grazing on the pasture land. In that direction, the horizon is bounded by the Sussex hills, beautifully contrasted by the expanse of ocean, which forms the front of this charming landscape. To the left, the contiguous steep acclivities which shelter Hythe from the keen north and north-easterly winds, crowned by an assemblage of buildings called Saltwood Barracks, present a tout ensemble that is truly picturesque and commanding. - Near the western extremity of the town stands a very handsome range of brick buildings, erected by order of government, during 1807 and the following year, for the reception of the Royal Staff corps, permanently stationed at this place, and thence denominated the Staff Barracks. Independent of the officers' apartments, there are accommodations for three hundred men, as well as apartments for the privates who are married. Hythe contains several spacious inns, a subscription reading-room, and a good public library; in short, the general appearance of the shops, and cleanliness of the place, bespeak the respecta- bility and commercial importance of this town. There are many houses pleasantly situated upon ledges of the cliff above Hythe, commanding the most beautiful and extensive inland and maritime prospects. The lodgings appropriated for the accommodation of strangers during the bathing season are well fitted up; and the society, which generally consists of the families of officers and persons in affluent circumstances, greatly contributes to enliven and improve this agreeable sejour. ***Nº ºsºvº º ºſºvº” º'-º'-wºº. THE ARCHIEPISCOPAL PALACE AT MAIDSTONE. This town constituted part of the ancient possessions of the See of Canterbury, and so conti- nued at the time of the Norman Conquest, as it stands recorded in the survey of Doomesday, under the title of Lands of the Archbishop. * It does not appear that the primates of Canterbury were possessed of a mansion of any note at jºidſ º §§ §l ºś Drawn by Geo. Shepherd - Egº E. J.E. Nº - - JD) A N JE &J (0) || N JHT I IL, IL. . - - - CAN TETRIBURY, KENT .. Públished 1829, by G. Virtue, 26, Ivy Lane. nº \NN N Bºº Sº Engraved by H. Adiari. P = N is a tº ºr - IKE N T Published by Geo. virtue, 26 Ivy Lane º IHF "...IIITT | Drawn by Geo. Shepherd - - - - sessions House NATO stoº. T HIE NEW IKIE IN. T. Published 1829, by Geo Virtue, 26. Ivy Lane, HTim |||| º Vºl. # lili | | # º | | | } w | | ſilhº T HIE (G. A. (C) L = M A JITD) S T () NIE . IKE IN. T. Published 1829, by GeoVirtue, 26. Ivy Lane, nº º | H | Engraved by H. Adjara. ... . . THE county of KENT. . . . . . 33. this place until the reign of King John, when William de Cornhill is stated to have given his seat in Maidstone to the Primate, Stephen Langton, as a residence for himself and his successors. John Ufford, who was raised to this See in 1848, began to rebuild this Palace, and appears to have pulled down the greater part of the ancient structure; in which state of dilapidation it continued for a short time, in consequence of the death of that Primate, prior to his receiving the pall from Rome, or being duly consecrated. Archbishop Bradwardine, who succeeded, dying very shortly after, nothing was done until the accession of Simon Islip, in 1849, who, having caused the ruined palace at Wrotham to be pulled down, had the materials conveyed hither, with which he com- pleted the Palace at Maidstone. The Primate Courtenay, who acquired this See in 1381, being the fifth of Richard the Second, made considerable additions to this structure, in which he died, A. D. 1396; and, although interred at Canterbury, a cenotaph, in commemoration of him, still remains in the great chancel of the church at this place. . . . . . & - From the above period, this Palace, in consequence of its pleasant site, became a constant residence of the succeeding archbishops; and, during the primacy of Chicheley, King Henry the Sixth honoured this Palace with his presence. Archbishop Morton, among the rest of the man- sions which he repaired, greatly augmented and beautified this at Maidstone, in 1486, which had become much dilapidated; and, from that period, the manor and residence underwent no material alteration till the Primate Cranmer, by the great deed of exchange made with Henry the Eighth, granted, among other premises, all this manor and appurtenances to that monarch. The Palace then remained vested in the Crown till the fourth of Edward the Sixth, who granted the lands and dwelling to Sir Thomas Wyatt, of Allington Castle, who having, in the first year of the reign of Mary, headed a rebellion, being disgusted, at the Queen's marriage, was found guilty and executed; on which attainder the Palace, &c. reverted back to the Crown. By Queen Elizabeth, the lands and mansion were granted to Sir John Astley, who made the Palace his residence, and, dying there, A. D. 1639, was interred in the church of this town. Having left no progeny, the mansion was bequeathed by Sir John, with other estates, to his kinsman, Sir Jacob Astley, who, on account of his loyalty, and signal services performed for Charles the First, was, in the twentieth of that reign, created Baron Astley, of Reading. He died at this mansion in 1651, when the estates devolved to his son, and continued in that line till the sixth of King George the First, anno 1720, when the Palace was alienated, with other estates in the neighbourhood, by Sir Jacob Astley, Bart. to Sir Robert Marsham, Bart., Lord Romney, an Act being passed for that purpose the same year; after which the property descended to his grandson, the Right Honourable Charles Lord Romney. - . - º . * 34' PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. THE FRY ARs AT AYLESFORD. THE Priory of Aylesford, commonly called The Fryars, stands on the north-east bank of the Medway, a small distance westward from the village of Aylesford. It was founded by Richard Lord Grey, of Codnor, anno 1240, being the 25th of Henry the Third, for Friars Carmelites; being the earliest foundation of that order in England. Shortly after, the monasteries of this fraternity increasing rapidly throughout Europe, the first general Chapter was convened at this Priory, A. D. 1245. - - . . . . w In the eleventh of Edward the Second, Richard Lord Grey, of Codnor, great grandson of the founder, granted to the Prior three acres of land, for the enlargement of their mansion; and, in the seventeenth of Richard the Second, that monarch accorded to the brethren a spring of water, at a place called Holy Garden, in the adjoining parish of Burham, for the constructing an aqueduct for £he use of this institution. At the above period, Richard Maidstone, S. T. P., so called from this town being his natal place, was a Carmelite friar, and the author of several works. Shortly after the twenty-seventh year of Henry the Eighth, this Priory was dissolved, and the possessions surrendered up to that prince, who, in his thirty-third year, granted the site or house of the late Priory of White Friars, in Aylesford, in exchange to Sir Thomas Wyatt, to hold the same by knight's service. Thomas, son of the above, having participated in the rebellion against Queen Mary, and being attainted, this Priory, &c. became forfeited to the Crown, and so continued, until granted by Elizabeth to John Sedley, Esq., of Southfleet, who resided here; and, dying without issue, bequeathed the estate to his brother William, afterwards created a baronet by James the First. Sir William Sedley, Bart., above mentioned, in the reign of Charles the First, conveyed the mansion of The Fryars to Sir Peter Rycaut; by whose heir, in 1657, the property was alienated to Caleb Banks, Esq., of Maidstone, who, equally with his son John, resided here, and was created a baronet in 1661. On a subsequent division of this estate among the female branches, the Priory - passed, by marriage, to Heneage Finch, Esq., second son to Heneage, Earl of Nottingham, Lord Chancellor of England. Being bred to the law, and having acquired great reputation, Queen Anne, on the 15th of March, 1703, created Heneage Finch, Esq., of the Fryars, baron of the island of Guernsey, in Southampton; also nominating him a member of her Privy Council. On the acces: sion of George the First, he was, in 1714, raised to the peerage, by the title of Earl of Aylesford; and, in that line, the Priory and estate have continued. - . The greater portion of this ancient structure remains entire ; being, perhaps, the least demo- lished of any conventual edifice throughout this part of Kent. The principal gateway from the road is perfect, communicating to a large square court, wherein are the several door-ways that con- ducted to the cells. That side, still presenting lofty buttresses to the left, within the gate, was the grand hall or refectory, now partitioned off into different apartments. The kitchen occupied the eastern side of the quadrangle, as appears from the large fire-places in one angle of the same. The chapel constituted that portion of the structure standing east and west; the north side fronts the garden, and the south the river. The eastern window was that part where is now the dining- . . . . THE COUNTY OF KENT. . . . . 35. room or gallery-door, with the iron balcony fronting the town. The principal parts of the Priory, that is to say, the hall, chapel, cloisters, &c., were converted into stately apartments by Sir John Banks, and the cloisters enclosed and paved with white and black marble. There is a lofty stone wall facing the road, which environs the garden; being the same as when the establishment was in its ancient state. The large ponds contiguous to the mill above, appertain to the estate, which doubtless served to supply the Carmelite fraternity with fish. . - - *&^*&^^@*sºººº-ºººººººººº-ºººººº. PENSHURST PLACE. THIs celebrated mansion was anciently the seat of the Pencestres or Penchesters, who settled in England under the Norman race of princes, and among whom was Sir Stephen de Penchester, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Constable of Dover Castle, who flourished in the reigns of &º Henry the Third and Edward the First. By the marriage of one of the daughters of that pos- sessor, Penshurst was conveyed to Sir John de Polteney, or Poultney, who, in the time of Edward the Second, was empowered, by royal licence, to embattle his mansion at Penshurst, &c. Sir John dying before his wife, and the latter re-marrying one of the Lovaines’s, this seat, with other estates, became vested in that family. By an heiress they subsequently passed to Sir Philip St. Clere, whose son sold them to John, Duke of Bedford, Regent of France; upon whose death, at Paris, in the fourteenth of Henry the Sixth, Penshurst, &c. descended to his next brother, Humphry, Duke of Gloucester, surnamed the Good ; and on the dissolution of the latter, in 1447, these estates devolved to the King, who, in the above year, granted them to the family of the Staffords. Edward Staf- ford, Duke of Buckingham, having been attainted, these possessions again reverted to the Crown, when Penshurst was for some years retained by Henry the Eighth, who greatly enlarged the Park. Edward the Sixth gave this manor, &c. to Sir Ralph Fane, who, in less than two years after, being executed as an accomplice of the Protector Somerset, the above monarch granted Penshurst to Sir William Sidney, one of the knights who had fought at the memorable battle of Flodden Field, and subsequently officiated as tutor, chamberlain, and steward of the youthful Edward’s house- hold. Sir William was a lineal descendant of Sir William Sidney, Knight, chamberlain of Henry the Second, whom he accompanied to England, from Anjou, on the death of King Stephen. * In the above line, Penshurst has continued ; being renowned as the birth-place of the gallant Sir Philip Sidney, surnamed the Incomparable; famed alike for his erudition, shining qualifica- tions as a finished gentleman, and having been one of the most gallant soldiers that ever appeared Ul pon the tented field. This mansion is no less venerated on account of the patriot Algernon Sid- - ney having made it his resort, and who, under a plea of being implicated in the Rye-House Plot, was, without any semblance of justice, condemned to the block, and executed in 1683. This spacious and venerable pile, in consequence of the estates being now inadequate for its support, is in many parts falling to decay. Those suites of apartments, however, inhabited by the present possessor, as well as the picture gallery, contain an assemblage of beautiful productions of 36 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. the Italian, Venetian, and Flemish schools, purchased on the Continent by the late William Perry, Esq., of Turville Park, Buckinghamshire; who, having espoused Elizabeth, daughter of the Honourable Colonel Thomas Sidney, in her right assumed the name of that family. The Park, though much diminished in extent, still includes about 400 acres, beautifully diversified by accli- vities, lawns, and woods, together with a fine sheet of water, called Lancup Well; above which stood the famous oak planted at the birth of Sir Philip Sidney, commemorated by Ben Jonson and Waller the poets. i The whole of this magnificent pile forms a quadrangle, inclosing a spacious court-yard, com- prising the grand hall, the chapel, and immense suites of apartments. The state-chambers are remarkably splendid, and decorated by portraits of the Sidneys and Dudleys, many of whom make | conspicuous figure in the annals of England, comprising some of the most masterly productions of the pencils of Holbein, Sir Antonio, More, Reubens, Vandyke, &c. wº-w.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º. ºº ºdº \ DANEJoHN, or DUNGEoN HILL THIs Mound is one of the most remarkable spots appertaining to the ancient city of Canter- bury. The Dungeon, or Danejohn Field, for it is known by both those appellations, is situated contiguous to the site of the Old Riding Gate, but within the walls of the city, at the south-eastern corner, and on the west side, near to the ditch, and wall of the castle bayle. In ancient records, the name is variously written, as Dangon, Daungeon, and Dungen; all these designations, however, being of the same import. . . . - - & . . . At the south-eastern corner of the field, close to the city wall, is thrown up a large artificial Mound, of a circular form, which was formerly environed by a deep ditch. This eminence is much higher than the wall ever was, previous to dilapidations; so that, from the summit of the same, you command a view of the whole city beneath, as well as the surrounding country. On the outward or opposite side of the wall, which is only separated by the city moat and a lofty wall, is another artificial mound, much smaller in circumference, and not more than half the height of that under consideration, esteemed of such consequence, that the adjoining manor was thence designated the Dungeon. The origin of this name is conjectured to have arisen from its having been the Danes' work, and, in consequence, denominated Dangeon, Daungeon, for Danion, or Danes' Hill, having been either constructed by those barbarians against the city, or raised by its inhabitants to oppose them; the former, however, appearing much more probable. : . When the spirit for improvement began to manifest itself, in 1790, Dungeon Hill and Field were, with infinite labour, laid out in walks, and tastefully planted with trees, for the use and amusement of the population of Canterbury; the expense of which, amounting to £1500, was defrayed by the late James Simmons, Esq., an alderman of the city, to whom the Field and Mound were granted by the Corporation for this purpose. That the city has benefited by the improve- Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. - - FT. - E. A. S. T. WIB, IL, IL, PA. R. K. - - - - - |K E. N. T. THE SEAT OF LORD WINCHEL SEA. Published 1829, by Geo. Virtue, 26. Ivy Lane. - - JR R. (O) (G N A ITA . |K E N T. - - THE SEAT OF viscount SIDNEY. Published 1829, by GeoVirtue, 26. Ivy Lane. - - ºf Nº Nº cºsº ºr Asp cºſt Ricº - - IKEN. T. Engraved by H.A. Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. - . . . . . . . THE COUNTY OF KENT. . . . . . . 87 ment cannot be denied, though the lover of antiquity has to regret a change, whereby the original appearance of the spot is so much altered, that the ancient site of the Danejohn is, at the present day, scarcely recognisable. - • * . . . * ... • . . . . . . . THE NEW SESSIONS HOUSE AT MAIDSTONE. The Shire Hall for the western division of the County of Kent, situated in the above town, is a very respectable modern structure, wherein the Assizes are held, and other public business tran- sacted. This edifice was constructed at the joint expense of the Corporation of Maidstone and the Justices for the western division, who hold therein the quarterly sessions and county courts, as well as all meetings on public business. The interior is very commodious, and contains the several apartments and offices required in a building raised to answer the above purposes. * * : ... ' * -- . . . . . . . : - “. . . . . . . ; - - • - * : - *. * * - # , 2. J. '-'. . . . . . " - :- - " . " - * –- * . . . . - MAIDSTONE GAOL. AMong the edifices of this town, standing in mournful pre-eminence, appears the County Gaol, a very extensive and solid pile of building, commenced in 1811, and completed in seven years. This structure serves as a prison for the county, and supersedes the former place of confinement and House of Correction used in Maidstone, within the walls of this edifice is comprised an extent of between thirteen and fourteen acres, the fabric being capable of containing 450 prisoners. This mass of building is composed of brick, with a facing of rag-stone, dug for the most part from the site upon which the whole is reared, the general arrangement of the interior being to all appear- arce very judicious. Each class of persons confined has a distinct yard for air and exercise, and every prisoner a separate cell for sleeping. The expense incurred by this erection was computed at £180,000. the liquidation of which is excessively burthensome to the county at large, although it had been generally calculated that the amount would have far exceeded the above expenditure. * - zº SALTWOOD CASTLE. A short mile north-west from the town of Hythe, on the summit of the acclivity, stands the Castle of Saltwood; the original foundation of which structure is by some writers attributed to the Romans. Kilburne conceives it to have been erected by Oesc, the son of Hengist, the Saxon Beneral; while Captain Grose asserts, that every stone :- identifies the edifice as having been of Norman origin. This latter'suggestion is, however, erroneous; for the existing remains are un- 10. 38 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. questionably of more recent date than the period of William the Conqueror, under whose reign. the manor was in possession of Hugo de Montfort. As the church of Hythe stands recorded in Doomesday Survey, and not the Castle of Saltwood, it appears probable, that, in the event of De Montfort having had any thing to do with this building, it must have been as founder of the same, rather than as the repairer of a former Castle existing here. Hasted conceives that the present edifice was rebuilt by Henry de Essex, Baron of Ralegh, standard-bearer to Henry the Second, who held the manor of the Archiepiscopal See of Canterbury; but his authority for this assertion does not appear. « Henry de Essex,” according to Philipott, quoted from Matthew Paris, “having, in a light skirmish against the Welsh in Flintshire, not only cast away his courage, but his standard also, was appealed of high treason, (by Robert de Montfort,) and, in a legal duel or combat, whs . vanquished by his challenger, (but his life being preserved by the clemency of the king,) and being possessed with regret and shame, contracted from this defeat, shrouded himself in a cloister, (at Reading,) and put on a monk's cowl, forfeiting a good patrimony and livelihood, which escheated to Henry the Second. But Thomas à Becket acquainting the king that this manor belonged to his Church and See, that prince being beyond the seas, (he, Thomas à Becket,.) directed a writ to King Henry, his son, (that haughty churchman thus ranking himself the monarch's spiritual father,) for restitution; yet, in regard of new emergent contests between the king and that insolent prelate, it was not restored unto the church until the time of Richard the Second.” From the foregoing statements it is extremely difficult to ascertain, with any degree of cer- tainly, who was the founder of the fortress of Saltwood; but that it had been erected previously to the domineering career pursued by Thomas à Becket towards his sovereign, is beyond a doubt; as it was at this very Castle the four knights, who conspired against that haughty prelate's life, had appointed their meeting, previous to his assassination in the cathedral at Canterbury. s t Archbishop Courtenay, who was raised to the above See, in the fifth of Richard the Second, spent large sums in erecting the Castle, whereto he annexed a Park, making this mansion his chief place of residence. The arms of the prelate in question are still preserved over the grand entrance gate; namely, on two shields three torteaux, with a label of three points; which armorial bearings are impaled with those of the See of Canterbury. Archbishop Cranmer exchanged this Castle, Manor, Park, &c. with Henry the Eighth; and, in the first of Queen Mary, the whole was granted by the Crown to Edward Fynes, Lord Clinton; after which period, the Park was thrown open * The Manor and Castle then devolved to different proprietors, either by bequest or purchase, until they were vested in William Deedes, Esq., of Sandling, who obtained this property, in exchange, from Sir Brook Bridges, Bart., of Goodneston. ". The site of Saltwood Castle is in every respect well selected as a place of defence; the ram- parts and ditches environing an extensive area, of an elliptical form. The entrance into the first court was through a gateway, now in a dilapidated state, and defended by a portcullis, while the outer walls were flanked by turrets, fast falling to ruins. The keep, which appears to have been almost entirely re-erected by Archbishop Courtenay, presents a very noble pile of building, having in front two lofty circular towers, surmounted by machicolations. The entrance hall was originally continued through, to the back front of the keep, which communicated with the inner court; it is now divided into two apartments by fire-places and chimneys. The front division is vaulted, and THE county of KENT, 39 very substantially groined, the ribs diverging from columns having octagonal bases, with overhang- ing caps, which concentrate in open circles at the intersections, Each of the round towers is fur- nished with an hexagonal camerated chamber; the ribs communicating with the walls at their angles, in like manner as the vaulting panelling does into the perpendicular of the walls. There are other chambers above : some of the upper rooms are spacious, and now converted into lodging apartments for the farmer's men, as this portion of the Castle at present constitutes the Farm House ; various sheds, stables, &c. are also erected in the area of the inner court, from remains of this castellated fabric. The view from the roof is very extensive inland, as well as towards the Sea, commanding, in clear weather, the coast of Boulogne, &c. The walls of the interior court-yard are polygonal, but in form, generally speaking, they approximate to a circle, Southward are the beautiful remains of the chapel and other spacious apartments, which seem to have been the work- manship of the time of Henry the Third; the roofing of the chapel is entirely destroyed, but the architectural taste displayed in the formation and decoration of the windows, is very uncommon. The walls of this court, conformably with those of the outward area, are flanked by towers at dif- ferent distances ; near the centre of this court is an ancient well, of very neat and solid workmanship. LIMPNE, OR LIMNE CASTLE. "The parish wherein this edifice is situated, lies to the north from Burmarsh, for the most part on the quarry or sand-hill. In ancient records it bears the several designations of Limne, Limpne, and Eimene, being a derivative from the ancient river Limene, which formerly ran at the base of the hill, where, and in all probability much higher, the tide of the sea once flowed, Here was the commo- dious haven or port called, by the Romans, Portus Lemanis; but, in consequence of the force of the fresh waters failing to repel the inroads of the sand and beach, incessantly forced upwards by the operation of the tides of the sea, not only this once famous port, but also the channel of the rivor Limene, and the current of its waters, were subsequently impelled in another direction, The result was, that this harbour, together with the channel through which it once flowed, even to its mouth communicating with the ocean, has, for many centuries, been terra firma, affording abundant pasturage for the cattle now grazing thereon. T - That part of this parish now occupied by the Castle, church, and village, lies within the hun- dred of Street ; the south-eastern district is in the hundred of Wroth; and the remainder, to the north, constitutes part of that of Heane. The lower, or southern district, occupies a portion of the level of Romney Marsh, being within the liberty and jurisdiction of the justices of the same. . This famous spot is, by the generality of accredited historians, allowed to have been that station of the Romans adverted to in Ptolemy's Geography by the name of AIMHN, and, in the several copies of the Itinerary of Antoninus, by that of Portus Lemanis, a harbour of considerable importance at that remote period. The river Limene, now called the Rother, or a principal branch thereof, once flowed from Apledore hither, by the foot of the hills, the cliffs of which still 40 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. appear to have been washed and worn away by the operation of the waves. The channel wherein the current once flowed is still visible, and the grounds along its course are now-lower than in any other contiguous part of the Marsh; the ditches remain full in the neighbourhood, while those more elevated, about Dimchurch and other parts, are so dry, that no waters are left to assist vege- tation. On this stream, at the foot of Limne Hill, the Romans had the abovenamed celebrated port, being the only one they possessed on the southern shore of Kent, to which the sea then flowed up from its mouth, probably situated in the vicinity of Hythe, to the west; for the defence of which they had erected a very strong fort, midway down the hill, wherein, during the latter part of the Roman empire in this island, a military detachment was stationed, called Turnacences, that is to say, of Tournay in Flanders, under their particular commander, he being, however, at the general disposition of the Count of the Saxon shore in Britain. - Independent of the above, on the brow of the steep eminence where the Castle of Limne, or the Archdeacon's house, now stands, was most probably a pharos, or watch-tower, being one of the five which the Romans, under Theodosius the younger, as we learn from Gildas, built upon the southern shores of Britain, at certain distances, to watch the motions of the invading Saxons, and ascertain the approach of those piratical hordes, whose attacks the fort beneath was of strength sufficient to repel. - - - - While the port and haven of Limne remained in a flourishing condition, there is little doubt but the town was equally of some consequence. Leland denominates it the “great old town,” and says, it failed with its haven, and that, in consequence, West Hythe increased, and was in estimation; his account, to use his own quaint words, being as follows:–“Lymme Hill, or Lyme, was sumtyme a famose haven, and good for shyppes that myght cum to the foote of the hille.” Limne Castle adjoins the church on the verge of the hill, from which point the eye surveys the wide-expanded flat, called Romney Marsh. The Castle, or court-lodge, now converted into a farm-house, constitutes part of the possessions of the Archdeaconry of Canterbury, being called by Leland, “ The lodging of the & Abbey,” which “sumtyme stood wher the church is.” From the foregoing statement, he, in all probability, alluded to the Record of Doomesday, wherein it is stated, that “ in Limes,” (Limne), situated on land held by the Archbishop, was a community of “seven priests ;” but of the establishment in question nothing more is known. - The basement or foundation walls of Limne Castle are obviously of more ancient standing than the superstructure, being, most probably, as well as the church, erected from the ruins of Roman edifices; the whole is embattled, but presents nothing more deserving attention. - We cannot quit the subject of Limne Castle, without noticing the sublime prospects from every part of the ridge upon which it stands, the whole being of the first order of beauty and extent. From this commanding elevation, all the enchanting varieties of the sea-coast are distinctly visible; among which are the fine curve of the shore, terminating at Dungeness Point; the batteries and towers serving for its defence; the towns whereby the Marsh is chequered; the military canal, bor- dering the immense ridge of acclivities, whereon the spectator takes his stand; the whole closing with the blue hills of Sussex, that fade upon the distant horizon, as well as the celebrated land- mark of Pevensey. - . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - Half a mile eastward of Lymne Castle is a spot, called, in ancient records, Shipway Crosse, or Engraved by Motiram. Drawn by Fussail. - NORTH VIIIB W OF JBIETLVIIDE RE NIE AIR JEJRITEſ. KENT. THE SEAT OF LORD SAY & S.E.L.E. Published 1829, by Geo Virtue, 26. Ivy Lane. - Drawn by Fussell. stone cagº NEAR cººp. IKEN. T. THE SEAT OF ROB: TALBOT. Esq." Pübilshed 1829, by Geo Virtue, 26.Ivy Lane. i. sº W. --- Engraved by S. Lacey. Sº NIART IN's ſºlº I O RY, NJE AIR DOVER. - KENT, Drawn by H.Gastineau. Published 1829 by GeoVirtue 26 Rºy Lane. - - T (T N JE, RIID) (G, IE (CAST LIE - - KEN ºr Published 1829 by Geo virtue 26 Rºy Lane, - THE COUNTY OF KENT. ^ 41 Shipway only; where, in former ages, according to the historian Lambard, the pleas and assemblies of the Cinque Ports were uniformly convened, and the Warden himself sworn into office. From the site in question, the Lath of Shipway derived its name, though now fallen to decay, and alto- gether obsolete. It was at this place Prince Edward, son of Henry the Third, exacted from the Barons of the Cinque Ports their oath of fidelity to his father, during the war waged between that monarch and the nobles of the realm. - . - EASTWELL PARK, THE SEAT of THE EARL or WINCHELSEA. * This Mansion is situated south-west from the river Wye, and presents all those fascinations which are to be found on inspecting the numerous elegant noblemen and gentlemen’s seats, where- with the prolific and picturesque County of Kent abounds in every direction. The widely extended Park displays a rich variety of the most beautiful and interesting scenery, combining woods and lawns, with rural habitations, interspersed by unexpected eminences, eommanding the most diver- sified and extensive prospects to the Isle of Sheppey, as well as to the ocean in the vicinity of Hythe. The church stands in the valley, at a short distance, presenting a venerable and antique appearance; whence, by a gentle ascent, we approach Eastwell House, traversing the luxuriant Park, which is amply stocked with deer. In different divisions of the grounds, clumps of majestic forest trees appear; while, among them, one venerable oak, of extraordinary height and circum- ference, particularly arrests the gaze; being reputed the largest tree of that description through- out the county. It may be necessary to add, that Eastwell Park is unquestionably the largest in England; being thirteen miles in cireumference, and including within its area two hundred and forty acres; the whole being partly enclosed by a substantial brick wall, which will, however, take some years ere it is completed. - The mansion combines elegance and convenience, being in the modern style of architecture; occupying the site of the former extensive edifice erected by Sir Thomas Moyle. The parish of Eastwell is so denominated from the name of its possessor, under Henry the Third, when it was held by De Eastwell; being remarkable for a tradition, which we conceive well worthy to be recorded, as connected with a monarch, whose vices, whether justly imputed to him or not, (for historians are by no means decided upon that point, particularly since the publica- tion of the late Lord Orford's Historic Doubts,) have rendered him odious, while their singular atrocity holds him forth as an object of particular interest. - - . - Not far from Eastwell House, in a lonely spot shaded by trees, is a plain building, to all appearance of considerable, antiquity, and said to occupy the site where once stood the lowly cottage erected by Richard Plantagenet, natural son of King Richard the Third, and inhabited by that remarkable personage until the period of his death. Tradition still designates the spot of his interment, the same being contiguous to a monument in the wall of the church; but whether his remains were deposited within or without the pale of that structure, is not ascertained. 11. \ - * 42 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. On consulting the parish register for 1550, (which, however, in the original is entered 1538,) we find it stated that “Richard Plantagenet was buried the 22d day of December, annout supra.” We will now proceed to give the particulars of the history of this singular and interesting individual, from an account printed in the Desiderata Curiosa, and detailed in a letter from Dr. Thomas Crett, of Spring Grove, in the parish of Wye, to his friend, Dr. Warren. . . . “From this letter it appears, that the story which it relates was delivered to the Doctor by the Earl of Winchelsea, whose detail he appears to have followed. It seems that when Sir Thomas Moyle built Eastwell Place, Richard Plantagenet was the chief bricklayer employed in the execution of the work, and laboured in common with the others. Here he might have died unknown and disregarded, but that the peculiarity of his habits attracted the attention of Sir Thomas. When others retired from the labours of the day to rest, Richard occupied himself in reading, always exhibiting a desire to conceal the book he perused, whenever approached by others. The singularity of a labourer thus employing himself, and at such a period, was in itself a sufficient cause for astonishmen, which was heightened, when, on a subsequent occasion, Sir Thomas, taking him once by surprise, discovered that he was perusing a work in Latin. This event led to interroga- tories on the part of the Knight, who elicited from Richard the secret of his birth. He stated that he had been brought up by a woman till the age of seven, whom he had considered his mother, at which time a gentleman appeared, who took him thence, and placed him at a private school in Leicestershire, where he continued till the age of fifteen or sixteen, being visited every quarter by a gentleman, who paid for his education, &c., and who, upon one occasion, took him to a fine mansion, where he passed through several stately rooms, in one of which he was left, having been bidden by the gentleman to remain there. That a man finely dressed, wearing a star and garter, then appeared, asked several questions, and talked kindly to him, feeling his limbs and joints, and giving him ten pieces of gold. - - “That the forementioned gentleman returned, and conducted him back to school. Some time after which, the same personage came to him again, with a horse and proper accoutrements, and told him he must take a journey with him into the country. That they continued travelling, until they arrived at Bosworth Field, when he was conveyed to the tent of King Richard the Third, who embraced him, and told him that he was his son. “But, child, (said he,) to-morrow I must fight for my crown. And assure yourself, if I lose that, I shall forfeit my life too : yet I hope to pre- serve both. Do you stand in such a place, (directing him to a particular spot,) where you may see the battle, out of danger; and when I have gained the victory, come to me, and I will then own you to be mine, and take care of you; but if I should be so unfortunate as to lose the day, then shift as well as you can, and take care to let nobody know that I was your father; for no mercy will be shown to any one so nearly related to me.’ The King then gave him a purse of gold, and dismissed him. - “He followed Richard's directions; and when he saw the battle lost, and the King killed, hastened to London, sold his horse and fine clothes, and, the better to conceal himself from all suspicion of being son to a king, and that he might have means to live by his honest labour, he placed himself apprentice with a bricklayer. , - - “From another statement, his having entered into the business of a builder, is thus accounted THE COUNTY OF KENT. 43 for. After the battle of Bosworth Field, so fatal to the fortunes of Richard the Third, the youth, whose narration we have given, was hastening towards London, but in his passage through Leices- ter, being attracted by the assemblage of a crowd following a horse, whereon was carried the lifeless corpse of a warrior, he pressed nearer, and on examination found it to be the dead body of his father. He then pursued his way to town, and, from a natural taste for architecture, was gazing with interest on the progress of some workmen employed in erecting a building, when being requested to do some little business about the work, he executed the same with so much address, that he was taken home by the builder, and instructed in that profession. “Sir Thomas, interested by the story of Richard, generously offered him the liberty of residing with the domestics of his establishment, but that was refused. He, however, solicited permission to build himself a small hut, which was granted, when he erected the same within the boundaries to which the Park was afterwards made to extend. Here he resided till his death, no doubt in a great measure supported by the generosity of Sir Thomas; and, at a very advanced age, this descendant of the Plantagenets sunk into the tomb, which placed him upon an equality with the most exalted of the house to which he owed his existence.” - : - - Near the cottage there was a fine spring of pure water, which is still in existence, and to the present hour retains the appellation of Plantagenet's Well. This rich and extensive demesne was anciently the property of the Eastwells, as before observed, and descended through a succession of dignified families; among whom may be ranked, Percy, Earl of Northumberland, Sir Christopher Hales, and one of the venerable house of De Colepeper; from whom it passed to Sir Thomas Moyle, and, through his daughter, was conveyed to the family in which it has since remained. The noble line of the Finches owes its descent from the Chamberlain of Henry the Seventh; of which illustrious’ race was Matthew Fitzherbert, one of the patriotic barons, who, at Runny- mede, procured the grand charter of the liberties of Englishmen ; on which occasion he signed the sacred and irrevocable compact with the despotic King John. Of the lineage of the abovenamed Matthew, was Herbert Fitzherbert, who purchased the manor of Finches, in Lydd; whereof, being sole lord, he thence assumed his surname; and his son, in a supersedeas, is called Finch; which appellation the family still retains. . . . . . - The adjoining village of Kennington forms a very picturesque object, being the property of the Earl of Winchelsea; which, together with Kenisbrooke, was annexed to the royal manor of Wye, by William the Conqueror. These estates were subsequently granted by Queen Elizabeth to Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon, from whom they passed to Sir Thomas Finch. In the ancient church, dedi- cated to St. Mary, are two remarkable monuments; one representing a knight of the name of Walk- ley, the other being to the memory of Mr. Bret. - - - 44 | PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. FROGNAL, THE SEAT of Viscount SYDNEY. * THIs Mansion, now in possession of the Right Honourable John Thomas Townshend, Vis- count Sydney, and Baron Sydney, of Chislehurst, is composed of brick, being a plain structure, which bears evident marks of having undergone various additions and alterations. The oldest part of the fabric is of Kentish rag-stone, and computed to have stood four centuries. The eastern front opens towards a spacious lawn, being chequered by clumps of trees, affording beautiful pros- pects of the surrounding country. The noble proprietor of this agreeable and commodious residence enjoys very extensive possessions in the neighbourhood, but the demesne of Frognal is of limited extent. g - * The church standing in the vicinity is a very ancient pile, adjoining the rural village of Chisle- hurst, one of the chancels belonging exclusively to Frognal. It contains various mementos of the dead, the oldest of which was erected to the memory of Sir Edmond Walsingham, in the reign of Edward the Sixth, and bears the following curious inscription:— * A knight, sometime of worthy fame, Lieth buried underneath this stoney bower; Sir Edmond Walsingham was his name, Lieutenant he was of London Tower, Serving therein twenty-two years' space, Continually in his Prince's good grace. The month of February, 1549, fully runne, The soul from his body parted was, Leaving three daughters and one sonne, - Maria, Allis, Elinor, and Thomas; Which Thomas, now knight, This erected, the rather - In memorie of Sir Edmond, his father.” *~ Independent of the above monument, there is one of a later period, recording some Latin lines, in commemoration of a personage of the above family, over which are suspended a sword and helmet, with the crest of the Sydneys. Here are also various monuments of the Sydney and Towns- hend families, and one to the memory of Sir Richard Bettenson. Sir Philip Warwick, who was the companion of Charles the Second during his exile, and served him in the capacity of private secre- tary, was also a proprietor of Frognall, as well as — Dinelly, who succeeded him in the same. This estate and mansion then passed to Sir Rowland Tryon, who, in a fit of mental derangement, committed suicide. From that period, the title to this property remained in litigation; and Frog- nal continued for a long period vested in the Court of Chancery, when, ultimately, it devolved to the grandfather of Lord Sydney, who obtained the same by purchase. The Selwins claim rela- Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. I, E. E. D. s. c. As ºf LE IKTE. N. T. TEIF, SEAT OF W. MARTIN, ESQ A Published 1829 by GeoVirtue, 26. Ivy Lane. - H == - - - - Eºº sº. SOUTEI EAST VIEW OF Sº STEPHENS (CEIURCEſ. HACKINGTON NEAR CANTERBURY. - - KIENT. Drawn by º - - - - - Engraved by H. == JRU INS (OIF (COURT A. STRIE ET (CHAIPIE L. WHERE THE HOLY MAID OF KENT UTTERED HER PRETENDED PROPHECIES. IKIENT. - Drawn by GeoShepherd. - - - Engraved CJMARING CHURCE AND THE REMAINS OF THE AJRCH(IBISHOPS PAILACE. IKEN. T. Published 1829, by Geo. Virtue 26, Rºy Lane. THE COUNTY OF KENT. - - - 45 tionship to the Frognal family; and to the memory of one of that name there is, in the chancel, a very elegant monument, adorned with marble statues, beautifully executed by the justly cele- brated sculptor, Chantry. . - - - THE PRIORY OF ST. MARTIN’s, AT.Dover. As early as the time when the Romans were in possession of Britain, there existed a church or chapel within the walls of the Castle, which was resorted to by those persons among that people who professed Christianity. In the edifice in question, Eadbald, son and successor of King Ethelbert, who, during the reign of his father, had been entrusted with the government of that fortress, estab- lished a college, composed of six secular canons and a provost, their dwellings being erected contiguous to the same. In that situation they remained until 691, when Widred, King of Kent, finding the building an incumbrance to the Castle, removed the canons to the Church of St. Martin, in Dover, which he had caused to be erected for their reception. They thus continued until the Norman Conquest; from which period nothing material is recorded in history respecting this Priory, until the reign of Henry the First, who, being present at the dedication of the new Cathe- dral Church at Canterbury, granted to Archbishop Corboil this Collegiate Church of St. Martin, placing therein regular canons of the order of St. Augustine. In consequence of that grant, the Primate, having discovered the canons to have been guilty of gross irregularities, dismissed such of the fratermity as then remained; and to prevent those scandalous proceedings in future, began the foundation of a new church, the ensuing year, without the walls of the town, thence denominated The New Work, which was dedicated to St. Mary and St. Martin. That prelate dying before the completion of his undertaking, his successor, Theobald, finished the same ; but, in lieu of regular canons, established therein a society of Benedictine monks, A. D. 1139, being the sixth year of King Stephen's reign. - v - After that period, Henry the Second, Henry the Third, and Edward the Second, confirmed this Church to the Archiepiscopal See in perpetual alms. At the final suppression of all religious institutions under Henry the Eighth, this establishment, with all its lands, revenues, and possessions, was surrendered to the Crown, at which period the income was estimated at £170: 14:114 clear, or £232: 1 : 5% gross annual income. s - - After the suppression, Henry the Eighth, among other premises, granted the site of this Priory, with all the lands, &c. appertaining thereto, to Archbishop Cranmer, subject, however, to sundry exceptions and disbursements; and in that See it has continued vested to the present time. - The remains of the Priory are now converted into a farmhouse, with a barn, and various other outbuildings, the ruins being much blended with the same. Exclusive of the exterior walls, - the remains are very extensive, presenting, among other striking features, a gateway; a noble apart- ment, probably the refectory in ancient times, being upwards of one hundred feet long, now appro- 12. - 46 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. priated to the uses of a barn; a considerable portion of the Church, with its pillars and two arches; added to which there are scattered about many other interesting remnants of this gothic pile, the uses of which, or for what purposes designed, cannot now be ascertained. - • ***********Needºeeee-eare TUNBRIDGE CASTLE. THIs fortress stood close to the river Medway, at the south-west corner of the town, present- ing a venerable and conspicuous pile for a considerable distance around it, though, at the present time, little more remains than the inner gateway, a fabric flanked by two large circular towers of great thickness and strength. Part of the walls round the circuit are also standing, and within the same the lofty mound of the Keep or Dungeon, the whole affording incontestable evidence that when in its state of prosperity, it was a building of considerable strength and consequence, the walls having formerly enclosed six acres of ground. The fortifications, to all appearance, consisted of the two large circular towers, seventy feet in diameter, communicating with each other by a mas- sive wall, sixty feet in height, from east to west, connected with the great Keep on the summit of the mount, the base of which occupied the circle of an acre, having had a covered way thence to the principal gate of the Castle, where there was another covered way over the Chapel to the south- east tower. The domestic apartments of the governor were in the area, parallel to the south wall, overlooking the river, and united the two towers at the extremities, as previously observed. - Three moats formerly encircled this fortress, the innermost of which was supplied by means of a new stream dug for that purpose, now constituting the principal one of the Medway, over which was a stone bridge, connected by a broad wall to the south-eastern round tower, a large sheet of water being kept in the moat between the gateway and the barbican, or watch tower. The other two moats enclosed the town of Tunbridge as it then existed, the outer moat having had a draw- bridge over it at the north end of the town. These moats were capable of being filled or emptied at pleasure, by means of a large wear or bank, that extended for the space of two miles towards Lyghe. - - - - - g This structure was erected in the time of William Rufus, having been the scene of a variety of striking events recorded in history, the whole being now fitted up and modernised as a residence for the proprietor of a neighbouring estate, retaining nothing particularly striking, except the round towers on either side the grand entrance, and a portion of the exterior walls. • Tunbridge once sent members to Parliament, and has of late years derived considerable advan- tage from being the resort of much company to the Wells, as well as from the circumstance of the high road through the town having become the principal route to Hastings and the adjacent coast. The spring here is strongly impregnated with iron, and in no respect different from those so univer- sally known at the Wells. It rises in an orchard on the left-hand-side of the road to Tunbridge Wells, about half a mile from the course of the Medway, and is occasionally used by the inhabitants of this place. Plans have been proposed for, bringing these waters into general notice, but, for want THE COUNTY OF KENT. 47 of sufficient encouragement, the attempt, has hitherto been unsuccessful. No situation, however, is better calculated for the erection of lodging-houses, than the neighbourhood of Tunbridge, which would combine all that tranquillity so essential for invalids, with the animation and conve- nience of a populous town. The roads are also much more convenient for carriages than those at Tunbridge Wells. In short, this placeis capable of affording such accommodations as would in all probability soon obtain a decided preference for this spring over those of the more fashionable resort of the Wells. ! - - - - - , wºº.º. 42'4'42 ºzºº.º.º.º.º. ººº-ºº-º-º/*** LEEDS CASTLE. About three miles from the village of Lenham, which is situated between the quarry and chalk hills, stands Leeds Castle; a most magnificent structure, built throughout of stone, at dif- ferent periods, and consequently displaying variegated styles of architecture. It is situated in a well-wooded park, and surrounded by a spacious moat, supplied with running water, that rises at Lenham, and empties its current into the river Medway. This stream abounds with fish, more particularly the pike, which thrives remarkably well, as they are frequently caught, weighing from thirty to forty pounds. . At the principal entrance to this castellated pile are the remains of an ancient gateway, pulled down to within about one-yard of the ground; the ruins of which denote its original strength, the grooves for the portcullis being still apparent. A short distance, in a north- westerly direction, are the vestiges of a very ancient structure; in all probability, that portion of the Castle where Robert de Crevequer established three chaplains, when it was originally built. '. The approach to Leeds Castle is over a strong bridge of two arches, when you pass under a second gateway, which, with the part already described, appears to have constituted a portion of the ancient fortress raised by the Crevequers, and not demolished when the residue of the fabric was razed to the ground. Having passed the latter gate, you arrive at a handsome quadrangular court-yard; to the right of which stands a building, apparently of the period of William of Wick- ham, if we may judge from the style of its architecture; and most probably part of the pile erected here by that celebrated ecclesiastic. The portion at the further side of this quadrangle, fronting the entrance, contains the principal or state-chambers, whereto a handsome uniform front of rustic stone-work has been added; and the windows, although now sashed, are arched in the Gothic style, the parapet being also embattled. Behind the edifice in question, over a bridge composed of two arches, but now built upon and inclosed as a passage-way, there is a large fabric, constituting the extremity of the Castle. It presents a very handsome pile of excellent workmanship, combining beauty and strength, and is apparently of the period of Henry the Eighth; in which case it was no doubt raised by Sir Henry Guildford, who acted as Constable of this fortress under that monarch, and beautified this Castle at the charge of the Crown. The site of this building, from the strength and situation of the place, was most probably the area where once stood the ancient Keep of the Castle. . . . 1. - - . . . 48 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. Sir Thomas de Colepeper, descended from Thomas of that name, who flourished under King John, was castellan of Leeds Castle, under the famous Lord Badlesmere, in the time of Edward the Second, in the fifteenth of which reign he was hanged to the chain of the drawbridge, for having refused admittance to Isabel, queen of that monarch, when in the act of performing a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas à Becket, at Canterbury. Upon the above occasion, this Manor and Castle were forfeited to the Crown, but shortly after restored to the son of Sir Thomas de Cole- peper; yet, whether by the indulgence of the above prince, or any family entail, does not appear. It has been frequently affirmed, that Richard the Second was imprisoned in this fortress; but the assertion is altogether erroneous; as that ill-fated monarch was undoubtedly incarcerated at Leeds Castle, in Yorkshire. Under Henry the Fifth, Joan of Navarre, second consort of Henry the Fourth, being accused of having conspired against the life of her son-in-law, was held captive in this Castle, and subsequently conveyed, by Sir John Pelham, her keeper, to Pevensey; and Archbishop Chichely, under Henry the Sixth, presided here, during the process instituted against Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, accused of sorcery and witchcraft. Independant of ancient records connected with this interesting structure, on the 3d of Novem- ber, 1779, his late Majesty George the Third, and Queen Charlotte, after reviewing the grand encampment established on Cocksheath, honoured Leeds Castle by their presence; and, on the following day, received the congratulations of the nobility, general officers, and leading personages of the County of Kent, with the Mayor and Corporation of the neighbouring town of Maidstone. This famous residence is now in the possession of Wickham, Esq.; though it appears that the venerable line of the Colepepers assert some dormant claim to this beautiful estate and Castle. This is said to arise from a female of that family having married the famous Parliamentary general, Lord Fairfax, who, in her right, enjoyed this estate, which should have reverted back to the male line of the Colepepers, had not the loss of the marriage-settlement thrown an impediment in the way. Sufficient care is not taken for the preservation of this beautiful pile, whereto extensive pleasure-grounds are attached; the surrounding scenery being luxuriant and picturesque in the extreme. ww.º.º.º. ººr.” ºr ºr grºwººdºº.º.ºw ººzººs CHURCH OF ST. STEPHEN's, AT HACKINGTON. THIs building, dedicated to St. Stephen, presents the form of a cross, and consists of a body and chancel at the eastern extremity, having two cross chancels on the north and south sides of the body, and a low spire steeple on the tower at the west end, containing six bells and a clock. This Church has been erected at different periods; the lower portion of the tower of the steeple appears, from two very small circular windows therein, and the door-way presenting a pointed arch decorated by two rows of zigzag ornaments, to be the most ancient portion of the structure, and, in all pro- bability, existed in the time of Archbishop Baldwin, who is said to have begun to rebuild this edifice with stone, which previously consisted of timber; the body being nearly of the same antiquity. The Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. - Fºgraved by M. Clatchie. THI E' N E W B ATIHIS MIA IRG. A.T. E. IXIENT. - Published 1829 by Geovirtue 26 Rºy isºe - i Hi ==zz S. Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. - - ** HººV4, icº, - - - - - -- - - - - - - Eº SAINT MARY'S CHURCHI (CHAIR THAMI. |KIENT. - Published. 1829 by GeoVirtue 26 Ivy Lane. º -- -- º - - - ſº |º ill . º ºf ºt - - Fºss- - ~ - H== -- - - - \ *icº y Geo. Shepherd. - * - - Engraved by JTothergill * ſº sº JANIE S S ºf Riº Bº Doyle, R. IKIENT . Published. 1829, by Geo. Virtue 26, Ivy Lane. - THE COUNTY OF KENT. . . . - 49 east-chancel, which is elegant, was next erected, and the cross ones a considerable time afterwards. In the high chancel there are many memorials for the vicars of this Church within the rails of the altar, as well as hatchments of the Aylworths and the Stocketts. Near the steps of the altar is a very large stone, having once had the figure of a female thereon, with armorial bearings and brass ornaments; the whole have long since disappeared. Against the north wall is a curious painting of a monument of Queen Elizabeth, with her effigy at full length upon a tomb; above which is a canopy, supported by marble pillars, and adorned with numerous coats of arms and inscriptions. On the opposite side was another similar, now obliterated, which had been apparently deli- neated to commemorate James the First. The windows were once enriched by a quantity of stained glass, little of which is now remaining. The southern cross was wholly built at the cost of Sir Roger Manwood, beneath which is a vault for himself and his descendants. His own monument, against the west wall, is very handsome, displaying his bust, habited in baronial robes, with a cap upon his head; and, beneath, in small figures, are his wife, with his three sons and two daughters; and, on the opposite side, his second wife only; all represented kneeling. The family of the Manwoods were great benefactors to the whole fabric of this church, as well as in furnishing orna- ments, &c. - - - This Church, called, in the time of Archbishop Baldwin, Capella de Hackington, constituted part of the ancient possessions of the See of Canterbury; and so continued until the Primate Lang- ton, A. D. 1227, appropriated it to the Archdeaconry, his brother, Simon, then filling that post. Hackington was, for a long period, the residence of the Archdeacons; during which time Arch- bishop Arundel, in 1414, died at the mansion here, as well as the Primate Warham, in 1533. *** ***Nº ºn 4ºzºº ºdºº” BELVIIDE R.E. About a mile from the Thames, stands the beautiful and picturesque Mansion of Belvidere, late the residence of Sir Sampson Gideon, afterwards Lord Eardley, being nearly the same distance from Erith and Lesnes Abbey. The pleasure-grounds attached to this Mansion, though not very extensive, are pleasingly diversified, and wooded in the most luxuriant manner, while a flourishing plantation extends itself on either side. The first villa, erected on this site by George Hayley, Esq., was sold by the proprietor to Calvert, Lord Baltimore, who dying in 1751, the devisee of that nobleman disposed of the estate to Sampson Gideon, Esq., whose son, in 1759, was created a baronet; and, in June, 1790, advanced by patent to the Irish peerage, by the title of Lord Eardley. The great improvements commenced by the father of his lordship, were completed by this nobleman, who, about forty years ago, re-erected and considerably enlarged the building, which now presents a very noble mansion, situated on a bold eminence, that descends in a rapid sweep to the north, commanding most extensive prospects of the meandering Thames, and the opposite scenery of the County of Essex. There is, indeed, a liveliness connected with the adjacent prospect, that renders this villa a most enchanting habitation; originating in the incessant traffic carried on upon the 13. - - . . - 50: PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. river; so that no vessel passing or re-passing escapes the inmates of Belvidere, when the broad sails, gliding on the surface of the limpid waters, convey an unusual animation to the rich verdure and shadowy woodland landscape. The apartments of this structure are large, commodious, and fitted up in the most tasteful manner, rendering the tout ensemble of Belvidere one of the most desirable seats in the vicinage of the metropolis. The mansion and estate are now the property of Lord Saye and Sele, who possesses them in right of his lady, the daughter of the late Lord Eardley. sºgº.º.º. 424/Nººn.º.º.º.º.º.47 ſºººººººººº- STONE CASTLE. THIs Structure, in the parish of Stone, situated in the Hundred of Acstane, displays, at the eastern extremity, a square tower; being now the only portion of the residence which bears the appearance of a castellated dwelling. In the reign of Edward the Third, however, a castle existed at this place, founded by the ancient family of the Northwoods, as their armorial bearings, formerly existing in the old stone-work, now fallen to decay, implied. In the twentieth of the above reign, John de Northwood paid respective aid for this Manor and Castle, where Edward the Black Prince received the order of knighthood. “And, although,” says Philipott, “it now lye wrapped, up in its own ruines, yet the shell or skeleton of it, within which Sir Richard Wiltshire laid the founda- tion of that fabric now extant, represents to the eye some symptoms of its former strength and mag- nificence.” , * - • * - . * *, From the Northwoods, Stone Castle passed by sale to the Butivants, corruptly called Bonivant, and from the latter family it devolved to the Cholmleys. We next find the Chapmans held this estate, when Elizabeth, widow of one of that family, having re-married John Preston, Esq., the latter, in her right, held this property. Towards the close of the reign of Henry the Eighth, Thomas Chapman, son of the above-mentioned Elizabeth, left this Castle and Estate to Anne, his sole heir, who, having espoused Mr. William Carew, the inheritance devolved to that family. The church or chapel of Stone has long been desecrated; the foundations of which are still apparent on the side of the field north of the high London road, between Judde and Beacon Hills. In the walls, numerous Roman bricks were found intermingled with the flints; the whole structure was, to all appearance, thirty- two feet long, and the chancel twenty-four, being in breadth about twelve feet. From the remnant of a portion of the wall, the tower most probably rose between the church and the chancel. sºzºº.º. ºººººººººººººº...ºraw a CHAPEL OF OUR LADY OF COURT AT STREET. This building, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was originally erected for the use of the inha- bitants of the adjoining hamlet, which falling to decay, the Chapel was so neglected, that, under Henry the Eighth, it appears to have been used only as the residence of a hermit. However, to f 2 THE county of KENT. - 51 f preserve it from total ruin, Richard Master, parson of the adjoining parish of Aldington, encouraged a young female, named Elizabeth Barton, who was subject to fits, to counterfeit divine inspira- tion ; making this Chapel a place of notoriety, in consequence of miraculous conferences pretended to be there held with our Lady of Court at Street, who was patroness of the same. This ridiculous farce occurred in the 17th of Henry the Eighth, anno 1525; from which period Elizabeth Barton continued her divinations and prophecies for many months, her fame gradually spreading in all directions. At length, having attained the ears of Archbishop Warham, that Prelate granted a commission to Dr. Bocking and others, to examine into this mysterious affair, who, to evince their full approbation of the maid's conduct, accompanied her to this Chapel, attended by many gentle- men and ladies of note, and an assemblage of nearly three thousand of the common people. Shortly after this female was, by the Archbishop, appointed a nun in the Priory of St. Sepulchre, where she continued working miracles, &c., continually exhorting her hearers to perform vows and pilgri- mages to this Chapel; so that she acquired the name and character of the Holy Maid of Kent. - In this state the affair continued for some years, until the question of the divorce of Henry the Eighth from Catherine of Arragon began to be argued, when this wretched woman was persuaded to meddle with state affairs, pretending to have ascertained, from divine revelation, that in the event of the King continuing to proceed in his divorce, he would not enjoy the crown one month after. That monarch, who had previously regarded the transaction as unworthy notice, commanded that Elizabeth Barton and her accomplices should be brought before the Star Chamber, where, in 1533, they confessed the whole to be a cheat; upon which the impostor and her adherents were sentenced to make a public confession at St. Paul's, and undergo imprisonment in the Tower. The whole business being afterwards brought before Parliament, an act passed for the attainder of all those concerned, when the pretended Holy Maid of Kent, and five others, were executed at Tyburn; after which their heads were exposed in different parts of the city. John Fisher, the famous Bishop of Rochester, and several others, were also found guilty of misprision, or conceal- ment of treason, and sentenced to forfeit their goods and chattels, and suffer imprisonment during the royal pleasure. wººgeºdºrºwººdººdhººdºº CHARING CHURCH. This fabric, dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, is a handsome pile of building, comprising an aisle and a transept, with a high chancel, and a smaller one at the south side. The tower, which is at the west end, and has a small beacon turret at one corner, contains only one bell. The tower, formerly composed of wood, was begun to be formed of stone at the latter end of the reign of Edward the Fourth, as appears from various legacies bequeathed in wills, preserved at the Pre- -- rogative Office, Canterbury, bearing dates from 1479 to 1545; at which latter period it seems to have been completed. In the year 1590, this Church was consumed by fire, to the very stones of the building: which conflagration happened from the contents of a gun being discharged at a pigeon, then perched upon the roof. This building contains many memorials of the Brent family; 52 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. •. r and on the south cross was Burleigh Chantry, destroyed when the above-mentioned fire took place; but afterwards repaired by John Darell, Esq., of Calehill. In the reign of King Richard the Second, the block whereon St. John the Baptist was said to have been decapitated, was conveyed to England, and preserved in this Church. There are monuments to the Belchers, the Nethersoles, the Derings, the Honywoods, &c.; all families that have rendered themselves conspicuous in the County of Kent. The pews are composed of oak, richly sculptured with armorial bearings and other ornaments. . -- --- The Church of Charing was anciently appendant to the manor; being part of the possessions of the See of Canterbury, whereto it was appropriated prior to the eighth year of King Richard the Second. It so continued till Archbishop Cranmer, in the 37th of Henry the Eighth, transferred the manor and all his estates in this parish to that monarch, when they remained vested in the Crown, till granted by Edward the Sixth, in his first year, in exchange to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, London. In that state the whole now continue; the Dean and Chapter being pro- prietors of this rectory appropriate, together with the advowson of the vicarage of the Church. NEw BATHS, MARGATE. THIS populous town has risen into consequence, from having originally been nothing more than a poor village, the resort of fishermen. The name of Margate was most probably derived from a gate or opening, whereby a stream of water formerly descended, from the elevated grounds behind the town, into the sea. - Meer-gate, or Mear-gate, in like manner as King's Gate, Ramsgate, and other smaller openings on the same coast, being all so distinguished. 4 - As it is not our intention, under the present head, to enter into an historical account of this place, we shall confine ourselves to what relates to the facilities afforded here for sea-bathing. The apartments appropriated for that purpose are situated at the extremity of the High Street, near the harbour; being very commodiously fitted up for hot and cold salt water baths. There are appendant to each a considerable number of machines, driven by proper guides, perfectly con- versant with the coast, and the beach being a fine level sand, no accident can occur to those who prefer them to the enclosed baths. The terms of bathing are, for a warm bath, 3s.6d., for a cold bath, 1s. 6d., the guide included; but if without a guide, Is. only; the charge being less when two OF II, Ore persons bathe together. * At the Baths there are commodious apartments, wherein the company assemble, preparatory to the same being in readiness to receive them. As there is an uninterrupted influx of the sea to this part of the coast, and the beach, as previously observed, being sandy, without any intermixture of woods or oozy ground, it might be presumed that the water would be remarkably limpid; not- withstanding this, however, its appearance is unpleasant to the eye, as the action of the waves upon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26. Ivy Lane. - ºver s ºf A M - - K. P. N. T. Drawn by ET | | | º --~~ wº THE Nº crºchi Aº RAM.sc. Arº. IKENT. Published 1829, by GeoVirtue, 26, Ivy Lane. Drawn by Geo. Shephe THIE, NEW (CIHIU R (CIHI AT MARGATE. FROM AUSTIN's RON |KIENT. Published 1829 by Geo. Virtue, 26. Wy Lane, Fººd by Jºhn Gisºr. l Engraved by John Cleghºrn. GF 4./cº - Tº Eicounty OF KENT. . . . . . 58 the chalk cliffs has the effect of rendering it generally turbid; although, when at rest, it speedily acquires its wanted transparency, “…tº, . . . . . . . . Independent of the Baths, several new streets have been erected; the lodging and boarding- houses being numerous, and in many instances very convenient. However, so great is the increasing notoriety of this spot,that accommodations are still frequently wanted for the reception of visitants having numerous suites. . . . . . . . . - - - - - - * 3, . . THE remains of this interesting monastic pile occupy the east end of the town, the approach to which is by a venerable old gateway; and notwithstanding the major portion of the structure was pulled down, and another building erected by the Honywoods, many fine ancient vestiges still remain, being used as offices at the present period. - From the foundations discovered in levelling the ground for the modern erection, it was obvious that the Abbey consisted of two quadrangles, with cloisters, and a spacious hall, the church. having had another tower of similar dimensions to that still standing. The cemetery seems to have occupied the south side, of the church, as great quantities of human bones were found in exca- vating in that direction, as well as two stone coffins, containing skeletons. They bore no inscrip- tions, but were ornamented by a cross and a quatrefoil, pierced at the upper end; several rings and other trinkets, together with old coins, have also come to light at various periods, while clearing away the rubbish. In the meadows above the gardens, large excavations are still apparent, which formerly constituted the fish-ponds of this establishment. * ºf The precincts of the Abbey are washed by a stream of excellent water, that rises in the hamlet of St. Leonard, whence it flows by the house, then along the gardens, and after passing through the wall, where it forms a cascade, the current traverses the road. - The foundation of this nunnery dates as far back as the period of William Rufus ; owing its establishment to the famous Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester. The fabric was nearly destroyed by fire, as well as the town of Malling, in the reign of Richard the First; but it was speedily restored by the nuns, and the assistance of contributions liberally bestowed by pious individuals. ... I dºeºesºpºrº ºr ºraºw ººzºº’e, St. MARY's CHURCH, CHARTHAM. THIs is a large handsome structure, containing one aisle and a chancel, together with a cross aisle ºr transept; having a low tower steeple at the western extremity, containing five bells and a clock:Qn the north side of the chancel is a tomb beneath a jointed arch, and upon the pavement two . anciºthrasmemorials, the one commemorativeofapersonhabited in pontificalibus, whºsenamedoes 54 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. -- = 4 not appear; the other, bearing no inscription, presents the effigies of a knight, habited in his hau. berk, being cross-legged, with his feet resting upon a lion, part of which is now deficient. In the north transept is a monument to the memory of Sir William Young and his lady; presenting a very masterly sculpture, from the hand of the justly celebrated Michael Rysbrack, executed in the year 1751. The font is unadorned, and of modern workmanship, bearing the date 1720; and the organ, which was built in 1813, was a present from Sir John Fogg, a descendant of the family of that name, which flourished for so many generations in this County. The roof of the chancel is divided into pannels by mouldings; at the intersections of which it is decorated by roses, shields, and a variety of other ornaments. The upper compart- ments of the windows are stored with painted glass, collected from the shattered remnants of what once adorned the entire of the windows. The tracery is very light and elegant, and the general appearance of the Church remarkably neat. - - - ST. JAMES'S STREET, DOVER. Few situations are better calculated to display a distant view of the stupendous castle of Dover, than that selected by the artist; as the contrast of modern dwellings, with the towering embattled edifice alluded to, confers a grandeur upon the latter, which cannot fail to rivet the attention of the most casual observer. In speaking of Dover as a town, it must be observed, that, owing to its southern aspect, the spot possesses every requisite for a sea-port, without being sub- ject to the excessive cold experienced by other places on the coast. Considered as a watering-place, Dover has all the advantages of a translucent sea, a fine beach, and salubrious air, which justly entitle it to rank with the other bathing towns upon this coast; indeed, from the extreme purity of its water, this resort surpasses some of its more frequented rivals. Dover, however, increases every year in popularity, as may be proved from the new structures that have been raised; and when we take into consideration the peculiar localities con- nected with the town, the military force constantly garrisoned there, the facilities afforded for em- barkation to the Continent, and the incessant interchange of travellers, we should not feel surprised was Dover to vie in splendour with the most frequented watering-places in the kingdom. &Azºº ºvºz-wºº &^^^^^4׺a &^^4׺ſºvºz &Mºº NEw MILITARY ACADEMY, WOOLWICH. THIs edifice stands one mile southward from the town, on the upper part of the Common. The architectural design is in the castellated taste, from the plans of Sir Geoffrey Wyattville. It con- sists in front of a centre and two wings, united by a corridor ; behind which is a range of buildings, containing the hall, servants’ offices, &c. The centre.presents a quadrangle, having octagonal THE county of KENT. 55 towers at the angles, and consists of four apartments, appropriated for instruction, while the wings contain the chambers destined for the cadets and chief officers. The whole edifice, as previously observed, is embattled, and formed of bricks whitened over ; the length extends two hundred yards, and the whole expense incurred in raising the building was estimated at about £150,000. The number of pupils designated as cadets, amounts to three hundred; the Academy being under the direction of the Master-General and Board of Ordnance, for the time time being, having also a lieutenant-governor, an inspector, a professor of mathematics, and three masters. There are also professors of chemistry and fortification, as well as masters of arithmetic, French, drawing, fencing, dancing, &c. The Master-General of the Ordnance uniformly ranks captain of the cadet's company. ... " - - - The cadets are all young men of respectable connexions, who, on the completion of their studies, are commissioned either in the Artillery or the Engineer service. - sºººººººººººººººººººººººººººººº- e- THE TOWN OF FAVERSHAM Is situated on a navigable arm of the Swale, and consists of four long streets, forming an irre- gular cross, in the centre of which stand the Guildhall and market-place. “Faversham,” says Le- land in his Itinerary, “is encluded yn one paroch, but that ys very large. Ther cummeth a creke to the town that bareth vessels of xx tunnes; and a myle fro thens north-est, is a great key cawled Thorn, to discharge bygge vessels. The creke is fedde with bakke water, that cummeth fro Os- pring.” In the survey of maritime places in Kent, made in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Faver- sham is stated to have had three hundred and eighty inhabited houses; eighteen ships, or vessels, from five to forty-five tons burthen, and fifty persons occupied in merchandise and fishing. The quay mentioned by Leland, called the Thorn, has long been out of use, but three new quays, or wharfs, have since been constructed close to the town, where all the shipping belonging to the port take in and discharge their cargoes. The navigation of the creek has also, since Le- land's time, been greatly improved; as vessels of one hundred tons burthen can now come up to the town at common tides, while, at spring tides, the channel is deep enough for ships drawing eight feet water. The management and safety of the navigation are vested in the corporate body, the expenses being paid out of certain port dues. Upwards of forty thousand quarters of corn are shipped here annually for the London markets; considerable quantities of hops, fruit, wool, oysters, &c. are also sent from this port, to which upwards of thirty coasting vessels belong, (independent of fishing smacks,) of from forty to one hundred and fifty tons burthen, the imports being principally coals, fir-timber, iron, tar, &c. from Sweden and Norway. A branch of the Excise and of the Cus- toms is established in this town; the former under the direction of a collector, surveyor, and other officers; the latter, under a supervisor and assistants. - - The town of Faversham lays claim to considerable antiquity, as it appears probable that the Saxon kings had a palace here, and that a market and other privileges had been granted to the in- 56 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. habitants long prior to the Norman conquest. About the year 930, King Athelstän and his couneil of parliament, archbishops, bishops, &c. met at this place to enact laws, and arrange methods for the future observance of the same; which proves the town to have then been a place of much traffic and resort. King Stephen, his queen, and family, were so well pleased with Faversham, that they erected here an abbey, which was endowed with considerable estates, and protected by many privi- leges. The buildings of this institution were magnificent and extensive, but they have long been destroyed. The two gateways of entrance remained till within the last fifty years, but having be- come ruinous, were taken down; and some traces of outer walls are now the only vestiges of this once-splendid structure. At the dissolution, the clear yearly revenues of the monastery amounted to £286: 12s :6}d., and although the greater part of those estates was soon after disposed of to dif. ferent persons, yet the manor, and most considerable portion of the site, and its demesnes, continued in the crown till the reign of Charles the First, who, in his fifth year, granted them to Sir Dudley Diggs, of Chilham Castle, by whose will they devolved to his son, John Diggs, Esq. who conveyed them to Sir George Sondes, afterwards created Earl of Faversham. On the demise of the latter, they descended to his daughter Catherine, married to Lewis, Lord Rockingham, afterwards Earl of Rockingham; whose eldest son, George Lord Sondes, dying in his father’s life-time, they passed, on the death of his grandfather, to the Right Honourable Lewis, Earl of Rockingham, who dying without issue, in 1745, was succeeded by his brother Thomas, Earl of Rockingham, and on his death, which happened soon after, the Right Honourable Lord Sondes became the possessor of this property. - - . Faversham has been favoured by various kings with seventeen charters, confirming ancient privileges, or granting new ones; that under which it is now governed having been accorded by Henry the Eighth. The local jurisdiction is vested in twelve jurats, one of whom is mayor, twenty- four commoners, a steward, a town-clerk, and other officers. - The market-house, built in the year 1594, is supported by pillars, the fabric being forty-four feet long, near twenty broad, and paved beneath. The market-days are Wednesdays and Sa- turdays. - & The only manufactory carried on in this town is the making of gunpowder, the works for which are very extensive. The quantity of that article annually produced, is computed to amount to between twelve and thirteen thousand barrels. These works were private property till about the year 1760, when they were purchased by government, and are under the superintendence of a branch of the Ordnance established here. The principal officers are a store-keeper, a clerk of the cheque, and a master fire-worker, who have all commodious houses. In 1767, a stove with twenty- five barrels of gunpowder blew up, which did considerable damage to the town; but the most dreadful explosion took place on the 17th of April, 1781, when the corning-mill and dusting-house belonging to the royal works were torn to atoms by the blowing up of about seven thousand pounds weight of powder, whereby the workmen lost their lives. The noise was heard at twenty miles distance, and all the surrounding buildings, in Faversham and the adjoining village of Da- vington, were wholly or in part unroofed, the ceilings and chimneys thrown down, the window frames forced out, the glass broken, and in many houses the furniture destroyed. . . º A sum of money was granted by Parliament, for relief of the sufferers; and, under the provision j. epherd. Drawn by Geo. Sh - AN ID) [.. A N ID).S., S THE SEAT OF WILLIAM DEFDES ESQ. NEAR HYTHE IK IF. N. T. Published 1829 tº cºme 26 Fw Lane Snº Tac ed by S Engray Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. HIOUS). ANGEJR/ JHI s Towºn. An wesººn w R(O)SAMI(O)NID) NEAR HYTHE. IKEN. T. Published 1829 by Geo. Virtue, 26, Ivy Lane. º º - AYLEs for D CHURCH & BRIDGE, Kiss T : - Trºmby Bartlett. Engraved by B Wink . THE NEW CHURCH MAIDs toniº. IKENT. "THE county of KENT. " 57 of an Act passed for the greater safety of the powder works, the stoves were removed into the . marsh, at a considérable distance below the town. • - - - The Oyster Fishery of Faversham is of great consequence, and forms the principal source of its trade. The dredgers, or oyster-fishers, are under the jurisdiction and protection of the lord of the manor, who appoints a steward, which officer holds two admiralty courts annually, where all matters relating to the good government of the society are transacted. No person is admitted as a free dredger, unless he has served an apprenticeship of seven years to a freeman, and is a married man. In times of peace, great quantities of Faversham oysters are exported to Holland. According to the returns made under the Population Act, in the year 1821, Faversham con- tained 683 houses, and 2019 males and 2189 females, making a total of 4208 souls. & Cº. * ; THE BRIDGE AND CHURCH OF AYLESFORD. THE Bridge of Aylesford, a structure of some antiquity, is built of stone, and supported at the public charge of the County, whence the grounds rise with a gentle ascent, being beautifully wooded and picturesque. The Medway, which flows through this district in a north-westward direction, pursues its course upwards from Woldham and Burham, presenting a pellucid stream of fresh water, as the tide there loses its rapidity, the element is divested of a saline taste. The vil- lage of Aylesford occupies the northern bank of the river, behind which the ground rises suddenly to a considerable height, and, in consequence, the Church and its cemetery, together with the vica- rage, stand more elevated than the tops of the chimneys of the houses beneath. A quarter of a mile westward, close to the stream, stands the Priory, a considerable portion of which remains entire, as, previous to its dissolution, it was converted into a private residence, having all the offices requisite annexed thereto. - -- The Church, dedicated to St. Peter, is a handsome structure, having a square turret at the west end. Henry the First gave this edifice to Saint Andrew and Gundulph, bishops of Rochester, and subsequently confirmed the same to those ecclesiastics. After bishop Gundulph had separated his own maintenance from that of the monks of his priory, he assigned this Church to the fraternity for their support, and afterwards granted them the free disposition of the vicarage also. In that state the Church of Aylesford continued until the dissolution, when, devolving to the crown, it was by the dotation charter of Henry the Eighth, in his thirty-third year, settled with the advowson of the vicarage, together with all the other possessions of the late Priory of Rochester in this parish, on his newly-erected dean and chapter of Rochester, in whom the inheritance still continues vested. - - g Aylesford is noted in ancient history for the sanguinary battle fought there, between the Britons and Saxons, in the year 455, being five years subsequent to the first landing of the latter in Britain. In the conflict alluded to, Horsa, the brother of Hengist; the Saxon general, and Catigern, or Catigri- nus, the brother of king Vortimer, were slain, fighting desperately hand to hand. It is supposed that the 15. * gº - 53 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN." former was buried about three miles north of Aylesford, at a spot which, from that circumstance, acquired the appellation of Horsted, that is to say, the place of Horsa, near which numbers of large stones are dispersed over the soil, some remaining erect, while others, from the lapse of time, have been thrown down, which were, no doubt, in the first instance, collected there to serve as memorials for those who fell on the side of the Saxons, during that memorable encounter, and were buried there. Catigern is conjectured to have been interred near the field of slaughter, upon an emi- nence, a mile northward from the village, and a quarter of a mile west of the high road leading from Rochester to Maidstone. , - . ... •, - - w *** ************* SANDLANDS, - THE SEAT or WILLIAM DEEDES, Esq. This mansion is beautifully situated near the town of Hythe, being the elegant modern-built residence of William Deedes, Esq. descended from a family so called, which has for some genera- tions flourished in this part of Kent. The first mention we find made of the name is in the person of Thomas Deedes, Esq. that gentleman, by Elizabeth his wife, sister of Robert Glover, Esq. Somer- set herald, a learned and judicious antiquary, having had one male heir named Julius Deedes, whose youngest son Robert had a grant of arms confirmed to him and Julius, his nephew, and their heirs, in 1653, which have ever since been borne by the different branches of that family. The surrounding district is well watered by two streams; one of which, named the Slabrook, rises from different springs near Postlingvents, and under the hills near Brockhull Bushes, when having united, at no great dis- tance, it flows across the parish, and thence into the ocean, west of the town of Hythe, at the north-east end of the extremity of the great bank of sea beach which there lines the shore, being two miles in length, and a quarter of a mile in breadth. The other, called Saltwood Brook, flows from beneath Brechborough Hill, down under Saltwood Castle; the capacious moat of which fortress, though at present dry, was formerly supplied from that source, which thence flowed eastward, on the opposite side of Hythe, into the sea, with the former current. . . . Sandlands, or Great Sandling, as it is denominated by Mr. Hasted, is a structure possessing all the requisites necessary for a mansion inhabited by a gentleman of affluence and refined taste; while the park, pleasure-grounds, and plantations whereby it is environed, are laid out with due attention to every thing appertaining to the picturesque and beautiful in decorative scenery. • & *ºn Rosa MoMD's ToweR, WESTENHANGER House, . . . Near HYTHE - ę THE parish of Westenhanger is united to that of Stowting, and situated in the Hundred of Street. The major part of this district is low and unpleasant, at a little distance below the down hills. The greater part consisting of pasturage is very wet, and contiguous to the hill the soil is poor, but lower down becomes richer, having excellent fertile meadows. The high road along the . Stone Street way from Canterbury, over Hampton Hill, conducts through this parish towards New Inn Green, whence it proceeds straight forwards to Lymne, the Portus Lemanis of the Romans, and to the right and left to the towns of Ashford and Hythe. This district is watered by the stream . which rises above Postling Church, being that branch of the river called Old Stour, that meanders thence in this direction, having been augmented by the waters of numerous tributary streamlets, when from the north west it crosses the high road westward, below Stanford Street, towards Ashford. The bridge over the river at this spot having been broken down in the seventh of Edward the First, the jury decided that all reparations necessary should be completed at the sole charge of Nicholas de Criol, and not by the populace of the adjacent hundreds. At no great dis- tance westward from the bridge in question, stand the remains of the ancient mansion of Westen- hanger, presenting a sombre appearance, in a low, unpleasant, and swampy situation, surrounded by a flat country, with pasture lands in front. - - • Westenhanger House, on the authority of tradition, was a kingly palace in the reign of Henry the Second; the mutilated statue of a royal personage, displaying one hand grasping a sceptre; having been found among the ruins, supposed to have represented the monarch in question. Part of the ancient building was also denominated Rosamond's Tower, from the celebrated beauty of that name, who is reported to have inhabited Westenhanger Palace, previous to her removal to Wood- stock. A chamber, denominated Rosamond's Prison or Gallery, formerly existed here, an hundred and sixty feet in length, said to have been destroyed in the course of those alterations which at different periods have nearly removed all traces of its pristine splendour. ap. The old house, which was moated round, had anciently a drawbridge, a gatehouse, and a portal, of which the arch was lofty and strong, springing from polygonal pillars, and secured by a portcullis. The outer walls were high, and strengthened with towers, some square, others circular, the whole being embattled. Over the door was a carved figure of St. George on horseback, and under it four shields, one bearing the arms of England, and another a key and crown, supported by angels. f * - - - A flight of steps led to the chapel, erected by Sir Edward Poynings in the reign of Henry the Eighth, and vaulted with stone. The great hall was fifty feet long, having a gallery at one end, and at the other cloisters which communicated with the chapel and principal apartments, of which there are reported to have been no less than an hundred and twenty-six, with the old story of as many windows as there are days in the year. - go PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. In the year 1701, more than three parts of this venerable pile were pulled down, for the sake of the materials, which, when disposed of, produced a thousand pounds sterling. All now remaining of this once-magnificent structure, and its extensive out-buildings, are the walls, and two towers on the north and east sides, which being undermined by lapse of years, are precipitated in huge masses into the adjoining moat. ſº g : The under part of the grand entrance is yet remaining, the arch over the same having been taken down to admit the entrance of loaded waggons, bearing hay or wheat from the fields in harvest time : innumerable fragments of carved stone are also scattered about in every direction, exhibiting an awful and melancholy spectacle of mouldering grandeur. The whole edifice was built of . quarry stone, said to have been dug up in the adjoining manor of Otterpoole, in Lymne; those portions ornamented by rich sculpture having been conveyed from Caen, in Normandy, to decorate the edifice. The park once belonging to this mansion extended over the east and south parts of the parish, rather upon a rising ground, formerly comprehending the entire parochial district of Ostenhanger; at the southern boundary of which is New Inn Green, so denominated from a new inn erected there in the time of Henry the Eighth, contiguous to which, is a small hamlet, built on the road leading from Hythe to Ashford. Near the western boundary of this district is a small. green, surrounded by dwellings, called Gibbin's Brook, situated in the borough of Gimminge, such being its proper appellation, the whole occupying a very wet and swampy country. Westenhanger is a very eminent manor, once constituting a parish of itself, though now united to Stanford. Its ancient and more proper name, as appears by the register of St. Augustine’s - Abbey, was Le Hangre; yet we find it designated, in records as far back as the time of Richard the First, by the titles of Ostenhanger and Westenhanger, which, no doubt, originated in its having been divided, and in the hands of separate owners, as it was held by the two eminent families of the Criols and the Aubervilles. Bertram de Criol, Constable of Dover Castle, Lord Warden of the, Cinque Ports, and Sheriff of Kent for several years, under Henry the Third, who, in consequence of his immense possessions in this County, was usually styled “The Great Lord of Kent,” is entered on the Pipe Rolls of the twenty-seventh of that reign, as of Ostenhanger, where, it is stated, he rebuilt a great portion of the then ancient mansion. He leaving two sons, Nicholas and John, the former marrying Joan, daughter and heir of Sir William de Auberville, in her right inherited the other portion of this manor, called Westenhanger. Ostenhanger subsequently passed in marriage to Sir Richard de Rokesle, Seneschal and Governor of Poictou and Montreuil, in Picardy, a man of great note under Edward the First, who created him a knight banneret, at the siege of Carla- verock, in Scotland. By marriage, this estate afterwards went to the Poynings, in which line it continued to the reign of Henry the Sixth, when, by the marriage of Alianore with Sir Henry Percy, afterwards Earl of Northumberland, he became possessed of this large inheritance; together with the baronies of Poynings, Bryan, and Fitzpain, still enjoyed by the Dukes of Northumberland. . . . . . . . ; . . . Westenhanger, as before stated, was held under Richard the First by Sir William de Auberville, descended from William de Ogburville, mentioned in the survey of Domesday alſº having attended William the Conqueror in his expedition hither, who resided in that reign in the borough of Westenhanger, and founded the Abbey of West Langdon. The estate subsequently x - &. Drawn by H.Gastineau. W (O) (O) IL W II (C. JHI. IKIE IN T. Biblished 1829, by GeoVirtue, 26.Rºy Lane. - 1 mall minn || || || ||=|ſiliimi -— Tº ill III tºº Illulºlºlllllllliºl|| ſº AR RAcks ºf woojºwſ Cº. KENT, Published 1829 by GeoVirtue, 26.Ivy Lane - Fººd y THE Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. — -- PEGWELL BAN, NEAR NIARGATE. IKEN. T. WNITH THE REGATTA. ON SEPTH 23, 1829. - - Published 1829 by Geo Virtue 26, Ivy Lane. S \, N JD) (GA. T E . - IKIE N T . witH THE NEW CHAPEI, TAKEN FROM THE FOLKSTONE ROAD. Published 1829, by GeoVirtue, 26 Ivy Lane. . THE COUNTY OF KENT. . . . . . 61 passed by marriage to the Criols, or Keriels, as the name was then written, and so continued until the thirty-eighth of Henry the Sixth, when Sir Thomas Keriel was slain in the second battle of St. Alban's, fighting on the side of the House of York. Having no male issue, his daughter Alice, marrying John Fogge, Esq. of Repton, who was subsequently knighted, he became, in right of his wife, entitled to this estate of Westenhanger. In the name of the Fogges it continued till the period of Henry the Eighth, when this property was alienated to Sir Edward Poynings, who also held Ostenhanger; but dying without legitimate issue, or any collateral kindred, the manor be: came escheated to the Crown. By Henry the Eighth, this property was then granted to the eldest natural son of Sir Edward Poynings, namely, Sir Thomas, famed for the beauty of his person, and prowess in all martial exercises, who was, in consequence, held in such favour by that monarch, that he was made a Knight of the Bath, and summoned to Parliament, as Baron Poynings, of Ostenhanger. He subsequently exchanged this manor and park with the King, for estates in Dorsetshire and Wiltshire, upon which Henry the Eighth intended this mansion of Westenhanger as a royal residence, at which period it was indiscriminately called Osten and Westenhanger. ... " Edward the Sixth, in his first year, granted the estate to John Dudley, Earl of Warwick; and after passing into a variety of hands, it ultimately became vested in the ancient family of the Champneis's, who became entitled to the inheritance of this estate. - THE NEw CHURCH, RAMSGATE. THE erection of this edifice was commenced in the month of June, 1825, and consecrated during the October of 1827, by the late Charles Manners Sutton, lord archbishop of Canterbury, accompanied by that munificent patron of the arts, the Right Rev. Hugh Percy, bishop of Carlisle, &c. The expense incurred in the building of this Church was defrayed by public subscriptions; the interior containing seats for two thousand persons, whereof fifteen hundred are free. The whole is composed of Ipswich bricks, ornamented by Bath-stone, presenting a pile of the true mo- dern as well as ancient Gothic architecture. The designs and plans for this building were furnished by H. C. Kendall, Esq. architect, and the builders were Messrs. Grundy and Craven, and Mr. D. B. Jarman, who deserve every praise for the masterly manner in which the whole is executed. The dimensions of the edifice are as follow; - '. * , * Length inside - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 feet "Breadth ditto - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60 - Height of the centre aisle - - - - - - - - - - 36 * Ditto tower - - - - - - - - - - - - 904 - Ditto lantern - - - - - - - - - - - - 46 It is computed that the sum disbursed in the completion of this Church amounted to twenty- five thousand pounds. - * * : - ſº 16. 62 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. THE NEW CHURCH, TUNBRIDGE WELLS. THE erection of this structure was commenced in the year 1827, from the designs of Mr. D. Burton, and the first stone deposited upon the birth-day of her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent. The edifice is built of stone dug in the vicinity of the town, and the whole decorated in the Gothic style; the external appearance being extremely picturesque and pleasing, and in perfect character with the order selected by the architect. 2 - * . The plan presents an oblong of eighty-four feet by seventy, exclusive of that portion appro- priated to the communion. The principal entrance is in the centre, at the west end, whence springs the tower, having angular buttresses terminating in square pinnacles, with enriched heads. At the eastern extremity, over the communion, is a very handsome lancet-headed window, eighteen feet high by ten feet six inches wide, decorated by flowing tracery springing from three shafts with enriched capitals, which form a rose in the centre of each head. . . The north and south sides of the Church are divided by buttresses that terminate beneath an embattled cornice, into five divisions, with a window in the centre of each. Every window has a central mullion, the heads of the tracery being trefoiled; the labels of those, equally with that to the east end window, terminate at the ends with Gothic heads boldly carved. The interior of this fabric is divided into a nave and side aisles, having a gallery above, and Stone piers, corresponding in arrangement with the external buttresses, bearing upon the face, three clustered series of shafts, ascending to the ceiling, which is flat, where they are disposed similar to the ribs of a groin, with rich bosses at their intersections, which also serve as ventilators. The spaces between the piers and over the gallery are arched with turret arches, having masonry over to support the roof, being a queen truss over the nave, and a half principal over the gal- leries, where the roof is level with the foot of the common rafters, which span the entire roof of the edifice. - t The pulpit and reading desk correspond, being octagonal pedestals, supported by shafts of the same form, having mouldings, &c. The front of the gallery is composed of small Gothic upright pannels, correspondent throughout. The communion is also, as far as beneath the window, orna- mented with Gothic screen work, surmounted by an embattled cornice, and inclosed in front with correspondent light iron work. - - - This Church is calculated to contain twelve hundred persons, and the estimate, as received from Messrs. Barrets, the builders, was £10,700, exclusive of the fittings, inclosing, &c. The stone was dug upon the estate of John Ward, Esq. whose munificent improvements in this district, under the direction of Mr. D. Burton, are extensive and interesting in the extreme. . The minister appointed to officiate in this Church is the Rev. Mr. Woodgate, son of Major Woodgate, formerly of Somerhill, in this county. The expense of erecting this edifice was de- frayed by the voluntary contributions of the visitants, residents, and neighbouring inhabitants of Tunbridge Wells. . - . ... " ..ºf PhE county OF. KENT. 63 a seat of THE EARL of Romney. About one mile eastward from the town of Maidstone, stood the ancient seat called the Mote, encircled by a spacious and richly-wooded park. It was formerly castellated, and, under Henry the Third, constituted part of the possessions of the famous family of the Leybornes. In the fifty- first of the above reign, Roger de Leyborne obtained the grant of a market, to be held weekly at this place, on a Tuesday, and an annual fair for three days, at the festival of the Holy Cross. The ancient residence, above alluded to, was pulled down some years back, by Lord Romney, who rebuilt, at no great distance, the structure forming the subject of our plate. The fabric is very eligibly situated, and the park most exuberantly adorned by the foliage of venerable oaks of the largest growth, the whole commanding a pleasing and extensive view of the surrounding country. * - g - • ******* **** PEGWELL BAY. . About one mile to the south of St. Lawrence is Pegwell Bay, whither parties of pleasure frequently resort from Margate, Ramsgate, and other fashionable watering-places, to take refresh- ment in comparative seclusion, as well as for the enjoyment of the delightful prospects which are to be contemplated from this spot. Contiguous to the little village of Pegwell, is the elegant marine residence of Sir William Garrow, and between the same village and Ramsgate, is West Cliff, the beautifully situated mansion of Thomas Warre, Esq. by whom it was purchased of Lord - Darnley. - | At this village the inhabitants catch very large shrimps, of the finest flavour, as well as lob- sters, soles, mullets, and a delicious flat fish called the prill, which is in very great request. gººd” ºsºbº º-ºº ººzºº.ººdºº &Mºº INTERIOR VIEw of RochestER CASTLE. - This strong Fortress, with its elevated Keep, bearing a close resemblance to the White Tower of London, stands near the end of Rochester Bridge, presenting a venerable and imposing appear- ance, as you approach its decayed walls, which, in some parts of the structure, are upwards of one hundred feet in height. . . . | - $. ,\ * 64 PlCTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. Some writers have conjectured that the founder, Gundulph, bishop of Rochester, under Wil- liam the Conqueror, raised the Tower in question as a repository for the archives and treasures of his see; but it was more probably designed for his own residence; as, although the bishopric is un- questionably of great antiquity, having been founded by King Ethelbert, early in the seventh cen- tury, it was never more extensive than at the present period; neither could its treasures have been so enormous as to require such a building for their preservation. Saint Augustine has the honour of being considered the founder of this see, originally subject altogether to that of Canterbury, in appointment as well as jurisdiction. Since the Reformation, the bishops of Rochester have had a palace at Bromley; and, excepting that there are many livings in this diocese under the immediate jurisdiction of the primate of Canterbury, the metropolitan at present possesses no greater autho- rity over the bishop of Rochester, than he exercises over either of his other suffragans. . . . . . . The skill and ingenuity exercised in the construction of this edifice, are particularly observable in the various contrivances resorted to for the purpose of ensuring the safety of its entrance. The great tower is seventy feet square at the base, and the walls, generally speaking, twelve feet in thickness. The apartments of the Keep are separated by a wall, from the bottom to the summit; in which partition wall there are arches, whereby a communication was kept up from one chamber to another. On the north side of the Keep is a descent, by steps, into a vault that served as a prison. The state apartments were upon the second floor, and, on ascending to the next suite of rooms, is a narrow arched passage winding round the tower. The whole fabric rises to an altitude of one hundred and four feet, having battlements on the summit five feet high, with embrasures. For a more ample account of this castellated pile, see the description of the general Exterior View of Rochester Castle, p. 8. \ *&^^ ºdºgº ººzºa º Aºtºvººdººcººdºº rºom THE RIVER, The county town of Kent is very advantageously situated upon the eastern bank of the river Medway; but it is doubtful whether its antiquity can be traced to a more remote period than the time of the Anglo-Saxons, although some writers conceive it to have been the Wagniacae mentioned by Antoninus. By the Saxons it was denominated Madwegestun, from its situation on the Med- wege, or Medway; but, in Domesday Record, the name is written Maddestane. This town is pleasant and spacious, possessing an ample population; a stone bridge, composed of seven arches, crosses the river, supposed to have been originally built by one of the archbishops, those dignitaries ranking as lords of the manor. It underwent reparation in the reign of J ames the First, but still remains narrow and inconvenient. The town is composed of four principal streets, intersecting each other near the site of the ancient Market Cross, which fabric was taken down some years back, and in its place now stands a commodious fish-market, with a reservoir of spring water, conducted hº | Hºº. s: | | | º Geo-Shepherd – - - - – F.T. Hº: TELE REMAINS OF THE COLLEGE AT MAIDSTONE. |KIENT. Fount ED BY ARCHRISHOP cotRTNEY. Published 1829 by GeoVirtue 26 Rºy Lane. Hº - - - - == Rººts THE REMAINS OF AN ANCIENT (CIELAPEC, OR NUNNERY, AT WEST THIYTHIE, KENT, - LYMPNE CHURCH & CASTLE IN THE DISTANCE. Published 1829, by Geo Virtue 26, Rºy Line. º*:º | THE COUNTY OF KENT. - 65 by pipes from a source on the opposite side of the river, beneath the bed of which it is conveyed. Maidstone is also supplied with water by means of the same pure and prolific spring. The chief source of the wealth of this prosperous town is derived from the cultivation of hops, which occupies the principal residents of the place. Immense fortunes have been accumulated by the growth of that useful plant; but so precarious is the speculation, that it is locally remarked, the wealth thereby raised is very seldom of long duration; indeed, no species of natural growth is - subjected to such abrupt. and decisive vicissitudes. The manufacture of linen thread was intro- duced here from Flanders, in the reign of Elizabeth, and still continues to flourish; but a far more lucrative branch of traffic has been discovered within the last forty years, in the distillation of a spirit termed Maidstone Geneva, which has been cultivated to a great extent. This town derives much advantage from the navigation of the Medway, as a considerable traffic is carried on by that stream from hence to Rochester, Chatham, and London. The corn-mills also produce abundance of meal and flour, which are shipped off for the use of the above towns, as well as great quantities sent to the London market weekly. The fulling and paper-mills, in and near Maidstone, have all their manufactures transported hence by water to the metropolis; large quan- tities of timber are also brought hither from the Weald of Kent and its vicinity, by land carriage; whence, by the navigation of the river, they are conveyed to Chatham Dock-yard, and more remote districts. * - The Church stands at the western part of the town, on the banks of the Medway, being a spa- cious and handsome structure, containing a nave, chancel, and two side aisles, with a handsome well-built tower at the west end. It is one of the largest parochial churches in the kingdom, and was for the most part erected by archbishop Courtenay, in the reign of Richard the Second. The College, founded by the same dignitary, was an extensive pile of stone, most of the buildings, with the great gate, being yet standing to the south of the church, as well as many other vestiges of an- tiquity in the town and its immediate vicinage. Not far from the new gaol are extensive barracks, and a depôt for cavalry, wherein are trained all the horse troops destined for the East India service. - - The major part of this place has undergone considerable improvements since the year 1791, at which period an Act was obtained for lighting and newly paving the principal streets. Among the various charitable institutions existing at Maidstone, are a grammar and two charity schools. This town sends two members to Parliament, who are elected by all freemen not benefited by alms or charity. . . . . . . \ . . . . . . . - ~ According to the returns made under the Population Act for 1821, this borough contained 2131 houses, 6083 males, and 6425 females; making a total of 12,508 souls. 17. 66 i PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. * WoOLWICH. This town, like Deptford, was in ancient times a very insignificant place, and the resort of fishermen, being indebted to the establishment of the Royal Dock, under Henry the Eighth, for its present consequence. From the reign of that monarch, Woolwich has gradually increased in magnitude and reputation; its principal aggrandisement, however, having taken place during the last hundred years, on the augmentation of the Royal Artillery, the head-quarters of which are stationary at this place. The establishment of the Royal Arsenal has no less contributed to render Woolwich a flourishing town, it being computed that, within a century, the population of the place has increased in the ratio of six to one. - -- - It is not precisely ascertained when this Dock-yard was first founded, but we may certainly rank it the oldest in the kingdom, since the discovery took place of the ship called Great Harry, Grace de Dieu, of one thousand tons, having, in 1512, been built here. The Dock-yard, which has gra- dually been extended, now includes about five furlongs in length, and one in breadth, within which space are comprised two dry docks, several slips, three mast ponds, a smith's shop, with forges for making anchors, a model loft, store and mast houses, sheds for timber, with dwellings for the various officers, and other erections. All the concerns of the Dock-yard are managed by the Navy Board, being usually visited every week by the junior surveyor, or deputy comptroller. The num- ber of artificers and labourers is between three and four thousand in time of war, but on the peace establishment amounts to fifteen hundred. - Between the Dock-yard and the Arsenal is an 'extensive building, four hundred yards long, including a rope-walk, where cables of all dimensions are constructed. The military and civil branches of the Office of Ordnance established at Woolwich, since the accession of George the First, have greatly tended to increase its population and the extent of the town, more particularly during the last procrastinated war. The Arsenal includes nearly sixty acres, containing various brick buildings, the oldest of which are the Foundery and the late Military Academy, erected by Sir John Vanbrugh, in 1719. In the Foundery there are three furnaces, with machinery for boring cannon; the principal furnace being capable of melting seventeen tons of metal at one time. Only brass ordnance is made here, but although so denominated, the cannon are wholly formed of a com- position of tin and copper. Near the Foundery stands the Laboratory, where fire-works and cartridges for the use of the navy and army are prepared, as well as bombs, carcases, grenades, &c. charged. The new Military Academy is situated about a mile southward of Woolwich, on the Common, and built in the castel- lated style, from the designs of Sir J. Wyattville, consisting of a centre and two wings, united by corridors, with a range of buildings in the rear, containing the hall, servants' offices, &c. The centre forms a quadrangle, with octagonal towers at the angles, and encloses the teaching rooms, being four in number; the masters’ desks are in the towers, of which the floorings are somewhat elevated above the general level. In the wings are chambers for the cadets and principal officers, the latter . . . . ; ; ; ; THE COUNTY OF KENT: . . . . - 67 being in the centre of each wing. The whole structure is embattled, and built of brick whitened over; its length is about two hundred yards, and the principal front facing the north. This Academy is appropriated to the senior department of the institution, the junior being fixed at Great Marlow; the entire expenditure of the structure having been estimated at £150,000. , - When the Warren became insufficient, through the increase of the corps, the Artillery Bar- racks were constructed about forty years since, eastward of which are the Military Hospitals, a new Guard-house, and Veterinary Hospital. The military and civil establishments at Woolwich are under the superintendence of the Master-General and Board of Ordnance, together with all the buildings erected there. The Church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, stands on a rising ground which overlooks the Dock-yard, and was one of the fifty churches built by Queen Anne; there is also an alms-house and two schools at Woolwich. The population of the place, by the returns made to Parliament in 1800, amounted to 9,826, exclusive of the military; and the entire popula- tion, including the military and artificers in the Dock-yard, Arsenal, &c. can scarcely be computed at less than 20,000 souls. sº zºº º Aº AºNº sººº-ººººººº" zºº ºdº sºº THE ARTILLERY BARRACKS, woolwich. The principal front of this extensive range of buildings comprises an extent of upwards of four hundred yards, and consists of six ranges of brick edifices, united by a central structure of stone, ornamented by Doric columns in front, having the royal arms and military trophies above, with four other lower edifices filling up the divisions between each range. These contain a library and book-room for the officers, together with mess and guard-rooms, and a chapel sufficiently capacious. to admit a congregation of one thousand individuals. Not far distant from the back of the chapel is a new riding-school, constructed of brick, from a design of Mr. Wyatt, presenting the façade of an ancient temple, which structure has a very commanding appearance, being about fifty yards in length, by twenty-one in breadth. - . . . . • &- . . The artillery regiment consists of nine battalions, whereof two thousand men are stationed at Woolwich. r". ºw earwar zºº.º.º.º.º.º. 47wºº.º.º.º.º. ºº-ºº-º-º-º/.4×9867 ºdºº’.ºgvº ºr º- SANDGATE. THIS village is situated on the very verge of the sea, which flows up to within a few yards of the houses; and south of the main street, a lofty hill, almost sufficiently abrupt to be termed a pre- cipice, rises immediately behind the buildings opposite. This street, or, rather, the two rows of houses on either side of the turnpike road, and a few detached buildings, constitute one of the pret- \ 68 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. tiest villages upon the Kentish coast. The neatness of the dwellings, the lively and cheerful air of the surrounding objects, the wide expanse of sea, the delicious and invigorating breezes, the purity of the waves, and the pleasant rides and walks with which the neighbourhood abounds, concur to render Sandgate a most desirable residence for those who visit the coast during the summer months. $ The inhabitants have not been inattentive to a union of so many advantages, having rendered this little bathing place in every respect worthy of public patronage and encouragement. With a laudable spirit they have increased the facilities of bathing, by the establishment of machines, and the construction of hot and cold baths; and if reasonable charges are any recommendation, the fame of Sandgate will reward them for their judicious arrangements and commendable exertions. Sandgate, being completely sheltered from the north and east winds, affords to those whose condition of health require it, an opportunity of bathing in the sea earlier in spring, and until a later period in autumn, than can be safely practised in places more exposed, and in a colder atmos- phere. Even when fogs hang gloomily upon the hills to the northward, the little slip of land at their foot, which extends from Sandgate to Hythe, along the sea side, is favoured by the genial influence of the sun; and in the scorching heats of summer is refreshed by the sea breezes. Sandgate is seventy-four miles from London, by the route of Canterbury and Folkstone, and about three miles nearer through Ashford. A constant intercourse between Dover, Brighton, and Portsmouth, gives a considerable degree of animation to the road through this village, by the num- ber of persons induced by business, or attracted by curiosity, to travel coastwise. It also affords to the occasional visitor an opportunity, at a trivial expense, of viewing whatsoever is worthy notice in this interesting part of the country, without exceeding, at any point of the road, the distance of a moderate day's journey from the Metropolis. - . . . . . . . . The Earl of Darnley has erected, on a rising ground north of Sandgate, a charming marine villa, which, when the plantations surrounding the spot so tastefully adorned have attained suffi- •cient height to screen it from the wind, will be a truly delightful sejour. Sir John Shaw has also a commodious mansion at the entrance of the village from Hythe, commanding an uninterrupted view of the sea, having a garden contiguous, formed upon the sands of the shore. . . . . . The range of eminences northward, bordering Sandgate, are rendèred picturesque by Martello towers standing upon their verge; and the view which they command of the ocean, and the coast of France, amply compensates for the fatigue and difficulty required in the ascent. They also over- look a beautiful, irregular valley to the north-west, with the mansion of Beachborough, environed by its prolific and picturesque plantations. A The Castle, erected by Henry the Eighth, part of which is converted into a Martello tower, of large dimensions, is the first object that presents itself on entering Sandgate. It stands on the beach, and so near the water's edge, that its walls are frequently washed by the surf. Whether this build- ing was originally more extensive than at present, may be doubted, as no vestiges of its ancient walls can be traced; however, unless it has been considerably reduced in size since Queen Eliza- beth was lodged and entertained therein, when her Majesty made a progress hither in 1588, fewer attendants could have been admitted in her train than usually follow the steps of royalty.” ". A more ancient castle had undoubtedly been situated here in the time of Richard the Second, who directed the keeper of the castle of Sandgate to admit Henry of Lancaster, duke of Hereford, y sº - Trawn by Geo. Shepherd - Fººd y Garº - THITE MOTIE, NEAR MAIDSTO.N.E. THE SEAT OF LORD ROMNEY LORD LIEUTENANT OF THE COUNTY OF * - - - IKEN. T. º - - … - - Published 1829 by GeoVirtue 26Rylane, - - * - - - º - - - - - - - | gº º Aº Dovº - - IKIENT. - ANDWRIGHTS HOTEL Trawn by Geo. Shephard. - - º 1829 by Geovirule 26 Rºy Lane - - -- - º rºl !º º Drawn by H.Gastineau. * - - - Engraved by J.Rogers - MONGEEAM (CHURCHI, NEAR IDEALs IKEN 'L'. - Pubº by G. virtue oct. 1829. - - - º riſiſ|| º : | Drawn by H. Gastineau. Engraved by J. Rogers. & toº ST, CLE MENT'S CHURCHI, SANOVICE, - IXE NT. - - Pubº by G.Virtue, Oct 1829. - A \ * * THE COUNTY OF KENT. 69 (afterwards King Henry the Fourth,) with his family, horses, &c. there to remain for a certain number of days; and, in the same reign, lunettes of stone, with port-holes and batteries, were added to the Castle by command of that monarch. There is also said to have been a round tower in the middle, containing the governor's apartments, and a deep fosse, with a drawbridge enclosing the whole. •º p If the above description relates to the old Castle, and not to that which was erected by King' Henry the Eighth, it seems to have undergone but little alteration during the last-mentioned reign. The captain, store-keeper, and gunners, were anciently appointed by the lord warden of the Cinque Ports; but it appears from the escheat rolls of the 7th of Edward the Sixth, that Sandgate Castle and Fort were granted by the king, in capite, to hold by knights' service, to Edward, Lord Clinton and Say: and soon afterwards it again devolved to the crown, and has so remained until the pre- sent time. - s - - *&^*&^^*.*&^*&^^*.*.*&^^4׺ºzºº.º.º. REMAINS OF AN ANCIENT CHAPEL OR NUNNERY AT west HYTHE. Of these ruins we are enabled to furnish no details of a satisfactory nature, and must therefore content ourselves by giving a general description of West Hythe. This place, under Edward the Confessor, was become of such resort and consequence as to have been accounted one of the Cinque Ports. From that period West Hythe continued to increase, insomuch so, that Leland, in his Itinerary, leaves the reader to suppose the town extended along the sea shore to the spot now occupied by the town of Hythe, having three churches, independant of that of Our Lady of West Hythe, the ruins of which, as well as their cemeteries, remained, at the time when the above writer flourished, that is to say, under Henry the Eighth; and although no mention is made of those structures by any other historian that we can trace, any more than of the town of West Hythe itself, there is every reason to believe that they existed. When this haven became useless, and that of Hythe, to the east of the same, was resorted to in its stead, is merely conjectural; but it appears probable the circumstance occurred no great length of time anterior to the Norman Conquest, at -- which period, according to: Lord Coke, Hythe was added to the other ports; whereby we should conceive he intended to infer, that the now existing harbour of Hythe was established in lieu of that of West Hythe, which thenceforward became only a member of the new Port. º 18. 70 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. REMAINs of THE college AT MAIDSTONE. This structure was originally a very extensive pile of stone; most of the buildings, with the grand entrance gate, being yet standing southward of Maidstone Church, the whole now occupied by a person concerned in the hop trade, who has converted a range of the apartments as an oasting house. The church stands west of the town, on the bank of the Medway, and was originally de- dicated to the Virgin Mary; but when Archbishop Courtenay had rebuilt the chancel, and refitted the rest of the edifice, having obtained a licence in the 19th of Richard the Second, to constitute it a collegiate church, he dedicated it anew to All Saints. - - - The stalls for the master and fellows of the College still remain, wherein the arms of ‘Arch- bishop Courtenay frequently appear, but in no one instance throughout the body of the church; whence it is most probable that the latter constituted a portion of the ancient parish church of Saint Mary, which was not re-erected by the above prelate. & * - In the centre of the grand chancel is a tomb-stone, raised a little above the pavement, bearing the marks of a bishop mitred and in his robes, formerly surrounded by an inscription; but the brasses are now torn away. It is conjectured that the memento in question was the cenotaph of Archbishop Courtenay, founder of the College, as it was customary, at the period when he flourished, for men of rank and eminence to have tombs raised to their memories in more places than one, for it. is well known that this dignified ecclesiastic was interred in the cathedral of Canterbury. In the 19th year of Richard the Second, A.D. 1395, Archbishop Courtenay obtained the king's licence, dated at his Castle of Leeds, the 2d of August, of the above year, to erect this church into a College, and establish the same as such for ever. It consisted of one master or keeper, and a certain number of fellow chaplains or ministers, with licence to the Archbishop to assign to them the advowson and patronage of the parish church, &c. The College and buildings, as previously observed, were then erected on the bank of the river, adjoining the south side of the cemetery of the church; to defray the charges of which, the Arch- bishop procured a papal bull to collect, for that purpose, fourpence in the pound of all ecclesias- tical benefices within his provinces; however, the Bishop of Lincoln forbade the levying of the same within his diocese, and made his appeal to the Pope, but while the suit was pending, the Primate Courtenay died. * d - , On the surrender of this College tos Edward the Sixth, that Prince, by letters patent, in his third year, granted the same, with other lands appertaining thereto, to Sir George Brooke, Lord Cobham, whose grandson Henry, Lord Cobham, forfeited the property, with the residue of his estate, for high treason, under James the First. s . .” - In the reign of Charles the First, Sir Edward Henden, one of the barons of the Exchequer, was in possession of this College and lands; after which the whole passed to the family of the Mar- shams, in which name they continued, forming part of the estate of the Right Honourable Charles Marsham, Lord Romney. - THE COUNTY OF KENT. 71. CowLING CASTLE. THE remains of this structure show it to have once been a mansion of some strength, whereof at great portion of the towers and external walls are still remaining. It formed a square building, surrounded by a moat now nearly choked up. Not far distant, south east from the Castle, and entirely independant of the same, is a handsome gate-house, flanked by two round turrets embattled, and a portcullis to let down; through which gate was the approach to the Castle, as it now serves to the Farm House. - " " - Under Edward the First, Cowling was in the possession of Henry de Cobham, of Cobham, in the County of Kent. His son John, under Edward the Third, obtained a charter of free warren, within all the demesne lands of his lordship of Coulyng, &c. In the twentieth of the same reign he paid respective aid for this manor, as one knight's fee, which Henry de Cobham had before held in Coulyng, of Margery de Revers, as he did of the King. He died, holding this manor, in the thirty- sixth year of the above reign, and was succeeded by his son John de Cobham, who, in the fourth of Richard the Second, obtained licence to embattle and fortify his manor house, which, according to Philipott, he then erected at this place. The grant in question he caused to be engraved upon a tablet, and placed on a tower at the entrance of the building, where it still remains visible. The words, which are sculptured on brass, in black letter characters, run as follow :- - Atmometi) that httſ) and gûâû be, QIijat 30 am maut in itip of tipt tontre, ºn knoming of tubitte thing * Qſìjig ig (tipartre and mitmegging. From the above period, this mansion acquired the name of Cowling Castle; at which time it ap. pears there was a large park adjoining. * A wº-ºº-ººººººº-ºº-ºº-ºººººº-ºº-ººr arºsewººd’ arº ºdºº ºr ºr Mong EHAM CHURCH, NEAR DEAL LITTLE Mong EHAM, or Parva Mongeham, as it is sometimes written, and, in Domesday Record, Mundingeham, has the above addition of Parva, or the Lesser, to distinguish it from, the adjoining parish of Great Mongeham. This manor was given by Aldric, son of Widred, King of Kent, with the consent of Archbishop. Bregwyn, in the year 760, by the description of six plough lands in the southern part of the ancient ville of Mundlingham, which land was then denominated Parva Munge- 72. s PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. ham, to one Lambert, or Jambert, as he is styled by some writers, then Abbot of the monastery. of St. Augustine, in Canterbury, for the use of his fraternity. Concerning the subject of our Plate we have little to record, as the Church has, for many years, been in a dilapidated state, the walls of which, however, still remaining, present a very picturesque appearance in a little pasture close, adjoining the farm house of Little Mongeham Manor. - - The whole precincts of this spot are of the most lovely character, when contemplated by those who are enamoured of rich landscape scenery, and on that account this place is frequently visited' by parties from Deal, who wish to enjoy the pleasure of a romantic promenade. & . * - st. CLEMENT's CHURCH, sandwich. THIs ancient edifice stands east of the town, upon the most elevated spot of ground, presenting a large handsome structure, containing a nave and two aisles. The steeple rises from the centre of the building, being by far the most ancient portion of the Church; it presents a very noble square tower, each angle being ornamented by three ranges of 'pillars supporting circular arches, sur- mounted by a balustrade. There were formerly a spire and battlements, but the whole was taken down between the years 1670 and 1673. The tower is constructed of Norman stone, but the re- mainder of the Church consists for the most part of bolders, (that is to say, flints worn away by friction upon the shore,) mingled with sand-stone,.and some Caen stone, most probably the remains of the original fabric. There is a high chancel and two others at the east end, and there were also stalls fitted with seats from some religious fraternity. In the Church. were chapels in honour of Saints James, Margaret the Virgin, and Thomas the Martyr; a chancel dedicated to St. George, and Green's chantry, as well as a brotherhood established for the prºcession of St. George, whose effigy was yearly paraded through the town. The nave is separated from the aisles by light airy pillars and pointed arches; the ceiling consists of oak in pannels, between arched beams, centered by angles bearing shields ornamented with roses and foliage. The font consists of a very ancient octagonal basin and shaft of stone, the eight sides whereof are alternately charged with shields and roses; on the former of which are, first, the arms of France quarterly with those of England; second, a merchant's mark; third, the arms of the Cinque Ports; and, fourth, those of Ellis. Above, at the eight angles of the moulding, are grotesque faces, except on the dexter side of the first shield, ornamented by a bird resembling the heron, while on the sinister appears a coronet with balls between spires, surmounted by fleur de lis; the whole is besides profusely decorated with various ornaments. - . - - . . . : \ w t ~ g - - - | Within this Church are a variety of mementos of the dead, and numerous ancient stones, long divested of their brass ornaments. The cemetery of this fabric is particularly spacious, and, including the site of the building, contains nearly an acre and three quarters of ground. During * -> ºf FE Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. Engraved by S.Lacey. JF (O)IL. J. S. Tſ' (O)N JE . IKIENT. Published 1829, by GeoVirtue 26, Rºy Lane. Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. - TJHL E M A. R.JIN JE PA RAID) E. AND JULIUS CAE SARS TOWER AT DOVER. IKIENT. Published 1829, by GeoVirtue, 26. Ivy Lane. - - . . - - - Fº . . WESTENTHANGIER HOUSE, NIE AIR HIYTHIE. * - - ". - IKENT, Published. 1829 by GeoVirtue 26 Ivy Lane. à = Tºwn by Gessiºneri Engraved by J. Rºgers. ſº AIR FRIs TON CHIU R (CIHI. - IKIENT. - ºished 1829 by Geovirtue 26 Rºy Lane the last century, the Dutch residents at Sandwich were permitted to perform divine service in this Church, on payment of forty shillings a year ; and, subsequently, on bearing a third portion of 'all the expenses incurred in reparation of the building. . . . . . . . . sº gº, The mayor of the town was formerly chosen in this Church, and so continued to be. until the year 1683, when King Charles the Second, by his letters patent; commanded that in future the elec. tion should be held elsewhere. - * . . . . . &^ºad.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º. ZººZºº TRINITY CHURCH, MARGATE. - This modern structure was erected under the authority of his Majesty's Commissioners, the first stone having been laid on the 28th of September, 1825, by the late Archbishop of Canterbury, and the building consecrated by his Grace, the present Primate, on the 4th of June, 1829, supported by the authorities of the town, and a vast assemblage of individuals, among whom were many of the leading personages of the County. - 4 The style of architecture selected is pure Gothic, of the period of Henry the Third; the struc- ture, composed of brick faced with Bath stone, is divided into a lofty nave and two side aisles, the ceilings of which are very elaborately groined. A recess terminates the eastern extremity, for the reception of the altar, over which is a vaulted arch covered by tracery; and a correspondent recess at the west end is occupied by the organ. The east window is thirty-two feet six inches high, and fourteen feet six inches wide, being filled in with the most costly masonry, and glazed with stained glass. The screen in front of the organ, representing a shrine, is decorated by stone buttresses, pinnacles, pierced arehes, &c., while the organ, with the screen in front, forms part of the architec- ture of the building. . . - * - The side-windows are filled with stained glass, which, as well as the eastern window, was executed by Mr. Collins of the Strand; the armorial bearings of the two Archbishops, Bishop Percy, Sir H. Hawley, Mr. Hawes the accountant-general, and the principal resident gentry in the vicinage, being very richly blazoned; the whole of which were furnished by private subscription. The dimensions of this beautiful edifice are as follow— º . . . . * - - - Feet. Inches. Height of the nave ......... © a C & D C e s a dº e º ºs • * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . 57 0 Height of the side aisles.................................... 56 6 Length inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v e º a s e º e s is • - - - - - - - 120 0 Width inside.....,2 º e º e º 'º G & G G e º ºs º gº ºn e º gº & © e w is e s a s e s a s a s a e s . . . 66 0 Exterior length............................................ 144 0 Exterior width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 7 6 0. Height of the tower from the pavement...................... 135 19. . 74 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. The exterior of the fabric is decorated by buttresses, pinnacles, &c. both to the nave and side aisles; and, from its commanding situation, this Church is visible to a considerable distance, being the last object discernible at sea on the English coast, long after the land itself has faded from the sight: . . . . . . . . * * The cost of this undertaking, when the whole is liquidated, will have amounted to upwards of £26,000, whereof £18,000 were given by the Church Commissioners, £6000 were from private subscriptions, £2000 furnished by the Margate Pier and Harbour Company, while other sums were collected by the parish rates. r The Church contains two thousand sittings, of which eight hundred are distributed in pews, and twelve hundred in free seats; the latter being fitted up in every respect similar to those pews appropriated for the accommodation and comfort of the visitors. - It is but justice to add, that the liberality of the inhabitants and frequenters of this favoured watering-place was never more amply displayed than in the completion of this edifice. The splendid organ, which cost £750, was the gift of the late James Taddy, Esq. of Hartsdown; the unique and sumptuous altar-plate was presented by James Taddy, Esq. of the Dane, at an expenditure of £350; and the magnificent Genoa velvet covering to the communion-table, together with the fittings for the pulpit, desk, and altar, were the gift of Mrs. Taddy, of Hartsdown, which, with private donations, made a total from one family of £1500. Mr. Tomlin, of Northdown, presented the church books, with the exception of a very handsome prayer-book, furnished by Mrs. Hammond. Among the various subscriptions, about thirty amounted to no less than £100 and upwards each. - We cannot omit to add, that Messrs. White, Jenkins, and Mercer, the gentlemen who contracted for completing the works, fulfilled their task in a manner redounding highly to their credit, as most experienced masters of their business. * • wº •,•ee-eeeee-eeeee-eeeee-eeeee-eeeeeeeeeeº- QUAY AT DOVER, AND WIRIGHT's HOTEL This part of the town of Dover, contemplated from the sea, affords a very pleasing and busy scene; while the lofty cliff, rising in the rear, forms a bold and rugged back-ground. One of the most prominent objects is the celebrated Hotel kept by Mr. Wright, so universally known for its sumptuous interior decorations, and the superior style in which travellers are uniformly accommodated. - - - * So early as the reign of Henry the Seventh, Dover Harbour attracted the serious attention of . government, when vast sums were expended for its improvement. It was, however, ascertained that all which had been effected would not answer the end proposed, without the erection of a pier to seaward; and in consequence the same was raised in the following reign of Henry the Eighth, consisting of two rows of main posts and great piles, let into holes that were perforated in the rock beneath; others, being shod with iron, driven into the main chalk, and fastened together with iron ū, THE county of KENT, … 75 bands and bolts. The bottom was laid with vast blocks of stone, and the whole filled up with chalk, beach stones, &c. Previous to the reign of Elizabeth, this noble work had fallen to decay, and the Harbour was again nearly choked up. An Act was in consequence passed for giving, towards the repairing of the Harbour, a certain tonnage for every vessel above twenty tons burden. passing by, which then netted £1000 annually, . After a variety of trials, a commodious and safe harbour was * , , , , ; * * * at length formed, with a pier, and different walls and sluices. - “. . ! During the whole reign of Elizabeth, the improvements of Dover Harbour continued; but its subsequent preservation was insured by the Charter of Incorporation granted by James the First, whereby eleven commissioners were incorporated, by the title of “Warden and Assistants of the Port and Harbour of Dover.” The above instrument also directs that the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, the Lieutenant of Dover Castle, and the Mayor of the town for the time being, shall always act as the principals. The above monarch also granted to them his waste ground or beach, commonly called the pier or harbour ground, as it lay without Southgate or Snargate, the rents of which are, at the present day, of considerable yearly value. , - . TInder the superintendance of the corporation, the works and improvements of the Harbour have been carried on, and Acts of Parliament obtained in every succeeding reign, to confer greater force to their proceedings. In the course of the eighteenth century, several jetties were erected eastward, to prevent the encroachments of the sea; and although the strong south-west winds, so frequent at Dover, throw up large quantities of beach at the mouth of the Harbour, the sluices have been con- structed in such a manner that, with the aid of the back-water, they often clear it in one tide. This Harbour is, however, still capable of great improvement; and if we consider the important benefits it is capable of producing in times of hostility with the northern powers, when numerous ships of war are stationed in the Downs, it seems surprising that this haven has not been sufficiently improved so as to render it a station calculated to receive some part of the royal navy of Great Britain. •eereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee FOLKSTONE. THIs town is of very high antiquity, Roman coins and bricks having been found, in its imme- diate vicinity, in great abundance; and at the distance of about a mile and a half northward, is a lofty eminence, still called Castle-hill, whereon, it is supposed, stood a pharos, or watch-tower, built by the Emperor Theodosius for the protection of the coast against invaders, as well as to afford security to the Romans in landing. Leland says, “ Folkestone ys a V miles fro Dover, and be algese” (by all guess) “stondeth very directly on Boleyn. Hard upon the shore, yn a place cawled the Castel Yarde, be greate ruines of a solemne old nunnery; yn the walles wherofeyn divers places apere great and long Briton brikes; and on the right hond of the quier a grave trunce of squared stone. The Castel Yard hath been a place of great burial; yn so much as wher the se hath woren on the banke bones apere halfstynkyng \ 76 - PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. owt:” and afterwards adds, “Lord Clynton's grantfather had there of a poore man a boate almost full of antiquities of pure gold and silver.” - Folkstone is a corporation by prescription, governed by a mayor, twelve jurats, twenty-four common-council-men, a recorder, chamberlain, and town clerk. The mayor is also coroner, by virtue of his office, and, together with the jurats, holds sessions of the peace, and of gaol-delivery, within the liberties of the Port, which extend to the distance of two miles and a half along the coast, and about a quarter of a mile in the opposite direction from south to north. Folkstone is a limb, or member of Dover, as one of the Cinque Ports, and participates in their high privileges. The corporation seal represents the figure of St. Eanswith, with a coronet on her head, holding a pastoral staff in her right hand, and in her left, two fish on a half hoop. St. Eanswith is the tutelar saint of this place, and divides with St. Rumbald the homage and veneration of the fisher- men. She is by tradition said to have been educated in a religious house, which formerly occupied the site of the present church, and the ground contiguous on the north and east sides of that build- ing; and having been (on account of her extraordinary piety more than her exalted rank, although daughter of one of the kings of Kent) elevated to the dignity of prioress of this convent, she passed the whole of her life on the spot, and was at length buried here. r - The parish church, which had been originally dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, was by a second consecration also dedicated to St. Eanswith, whose remains are said to have continued incorruptible during many centuries, at the expiration of which, either by accident or design, they were disclosed to view, affording to her devotees a copious supply of holy and imperishable relics. } The present edifice stands near the verge of the cliff, on the west side of the town. It is a plain structure, with a low roof, tiled, having a square tower at the west end. The building is irre- gular and low, but contains many monumental tablets, chiefly for the inhabitants, and incumbents of this living. In the pavement is also a memorial for Charles Erskine, eighth Earl of Kelly, Vis- count Fenton, and premier Viscount of Scotland: and, under an arch in the north wall, an ancient tomb with the effigy of a person, supposed from the crest (a talbot), placed at the feet, to have been one of the family of Fiennes, Constable of Dover Castle, and Warden of the Cinque Ports. William Langhorne, A. M. minister of Folkstone, who died in 1772, has a tribute of affection from the pen of his brother, Dr. John Langhorne, from which we copy the following lines:— “Of Langhorne's life be this memorial giv'n, Whose race was virtue, and whose goal was Heav'n. . Not through the selfish, drear, unfriendly road, Which ancient moralists and sophists trod, But in an active sphere of Christian love . *** He moved himself, and will'd mankind to move: Enthusiast's confidence, or sceptic's fear, Affected not his equable career: With evangelic eloquence he warn'd, With reason won us, and with meekness charm'd; Show'd in his life, his converse, and his prayer, The friend's attachment, and the pastor's care,” &c. &c. * - , Dr. William Harvey was a native of Folkstone, and a considerable benefactor to the poor, to whom he bequeathed £200, with which his surviving brother, Sir Eliab Harvey, founded a school º im. §§ Drawn by G. Shepherd. - - E. Hºwie. Tº HIE ID) R.A.W.B.JR. IIID) (GTE ATI SANDºylic HI. - Zī Zºº Ay’77. Published Dec. 1829 by G.Virtue. 26, Ivy Lane. Drawn. WWE – M[A][ID) Sºlſ (O)NIE. F.R. (OM THIE W.A.T.E. R. . KE N 77. Published. Dec. 1829. by G. Virtue, 26,Ivy Lane · ---- ---- ¿ſ {{!} ---- Engraved by S. Lacey -n. VER CASTLE |KIENT . JHIE Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. e 26, Rºy Lane. Published 1829, by GeoVi S.Lacey aved by Higr E. - (CAST LIE of A ROMAN STATION: IKIENTI". sºmnºli, THE REMAIN's º by Geo, Trawn 1829, by GeoVirtue, 26. Ivy Lane. . . . . . . THE COUNTY OF KENT. . 77 for the education of twenty boys, and endowed it with a farm, (called Combe, in the parish of Lymne,) out of the products of which the master receives his salary, the remainder being laid out in the purchase and reparation of boats, nets, &c. for the benefit of poor fishermen belonging to the town, at the discretion of trustees. It is melancholy to recollect that Harvey, after having immor- talised his name by the most important discovery that ever graced the science of medicine, and a long life passed in acts of benevolence, should have closed his mortal career by suicide. Having attained the age of ninety, the loss of his sight overwhelmed his decaying faculties, when he sank into despair, and destroyed himself by poison. - . . . . - Folkstone Church was first built by Nigel de Muneville, Lord of the Town, about the year 1137; but having undergone various alterations, and at length become dilapidated, in the month of December, 1705, the west end was blown down by a violent tempest. It was afterwards rebuilt, but curtailed; and is at present insufficient for the use of the inhabitants, whose numbers have con- siderably increased during the last century. - - - - * , It is remarked that, notwithstanding this circumstance, and the various and zealous efforts made by different sectaries, at various times, such is the peculiar temper of the people of Folk- stone, that they have not within their liberties a single chapel or meeting-house, belonging to any other religious persuasion, besides that of the Established Church; and that the missionaries and itinerant preachers, who have not been sparing in their exhortations, have been hitherto unable to make any proselytes among them. We must nevertheless observe, that this indifference does not proceed from any disregard for religion, or indecorous behaviour towards those who have attempted their conversion. No religious feuds, therefore, prevail at Folkstone; no disputes engender ani- mosities, or inflame the prejudices of the weak or the zealous: the inhabitants are even proverbially friendly; and if little polished, perhaps the more sincere. Folkstone confers the title of Viscount on the eldest son of the Earl of Radnor, who is pos- sessor of the manor, and a considerable estate in the vicinity. Formerly, a park and mansion-house were attached to this honour; but the site of both is now unknown. In the early periods of his- tory, this town was much more considerable than at present, having been bestowed upon the see of Canterbury, by King Athelstan. A castle is said to have been built here, long before that period, by a son of King Ethelbert, in the sixth century, which was undermined and sunk by the encroach- ments of the sea. Such also has been the fate of several churches; Leland having particularised two, which he describes as being in a ruinous condition in his own time. In 1378, the united forces of the French and Scots attacked and set fire to Folkstone; and in the reign of Elizabeth, it con- tained only one hundred and twenty houses, the residences chiefly of fishermen, who had among them twenty-five vessels. Since that period, however, the number of houses has been increased to more than five hundred, and the inhabitants augmented to four thousand. The streets, although, narrow and irregular, have been considerably improved of late years, and trade has greatly in- creased. The support of the natives depends principally upon the success of the fishery, which is carried on with great activity: the London markets, as well as those of Canterbury, and many other places, receiving a constant supply, especially of whitings, herrings, skate, and mackerel, from this Ports The busy scene which presents itself upon the landing of the boats, and the eagerness manifested both by buyers and sellers, as well as the expedition with which their cargoes are disposed of, however large, is highly interesting, even to those who are mere spectators of this daily bustle. 20. 78 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. The harbour of Folkstone is defended by a small fort, with a furnace for heating red-hot balls, on the south-eastern point of the eminence whereon the Church is situated, and near the site of the ancient monastery. There are also Martello towers on the verge of the coast eastward, which contribute to the security of this place. . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . In 1808, the foundation of a spacious pier was laid by Thomas Baker, Esq. mayor; the work, constructed of stones of many tons weight, and of prodigious dimensions, being carried out to the extent of one thousand five hundred feet. Yet, notwithstanding the strength of the masonry, ex- perience has already convinced the projectors of this. laudable undertaking, that it is incapable of resisting the tremendous violence of the south-western gales, when the surf is dashed with such impetuosity, that portions of the wall have been forced from their connexion, and breaches made in a work that appeared calculated to defy all the ravages of time. The nursery which the fisheries afford for seamen, is a political benefit of such importance, that, independent of its commercial effects, it merits the most attentive regard of Government: and the men of Folkstone have even superior claims, as many of the most skilful pilots in his Majesty's service have been supplied from this little Port, none being more competent to assist in navigating our fleets through the most dangerous and difficult channels. • - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - A custom formerly prevailed among the fishermen, of selecting from every boat, upon its return from fishing, eight of the largest and best whitings, and selling them apart, in order to raise a fund for the celebration of a feast or rejoicing upon Christmas-eve. This was called a Rumbald, and although the practice has been long discontinued, many of the inhabitants still assemble for the celebration of what is termed Rumbald-night; conjectured to have originated in the offering formerly made to the Saint, who was considered the especial patron of fishermen, and their guardian from the perils of the sea. . e - That admirable invention, the temporary rudder, is said to have been first used by Captain Ricketts in steering one of the Folkstone boats; but, without detracting from the merit or ingenuity. of the discovery, we should observe, that the Grafton man-of-war, on the termination of hosti- lities, in 1763, was steered to England by means of a machine successfully substituted for a rudder, which had been lost in a violent storm off Louisburgh. Another invention of Captain Ricketts may, however, be appropriately mentioned, which, in point of utility, stands unrivalled; and especially as, from its having been first used on board the Clyde frigate off this Port, it has acquired the appel- lation of “The Folkstone Machine.” By means of this excellent contrivance, the operation of working the great chain-pumps of a ship was effected without the slightest assistance from any per- son on board; and its application to common use being extremely simple, it may be justly considered a most valuable nautical improvement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & The ascent to the summit of the cliff on which the Church stands is by a circuitous road for carriages, and several flights of stone steps, which form a more immediate communication between the lower parts of the town near the harbour, and those which occupy the height westward; called the Bayle. - : - & * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The cliff consists of sand-stone and fine earth, portions having in many places fallen down upon the beach, which lie scattered irregularly in masses at the foot of the precipice. . Such acci- dents are very frequent, and in the Isle of Wight are termed land slips, the ground sinking from its original situation, and descending along an inclined plane towards the beach, ... The basis of these * : j THE COUNTY OF KENT. . . . . . - 79 hills is a slippery clay or marl, which becomes exposed to view, and hardens.gradually by the free access of air, until it acquires the consistency and firmness of solid stone; its pale slate-blue colour being exchanged for a darker hue, and portions, worn smooth: by attrition, form the rocks and black pebbles along the whole line of the coast. The cliffs, therefore, are not undermined by the water, which even in the highest tides scarcely ever reaches their foot, but resting upon this bed of marl, (called by the natives stipe,) the superincumbent weight of the hills inland presses them for- ward until they slide from their connexion with the rest of the land behind, in the same manner as a ship is launched, when masses are precipitated towards the beach. The stratum of clay is, in some places, visible at low water to a considerable breadth, particularly where the cliff, being harder and more solid, imbibes less humidity, and is therefore more secure from the effects of frost ; or where the beach is more bare of shingle and pebbles than is commonly the case in the vicinity of this place. Folkstone, has been long known to valetudinarians as affording the conveniences of bathing, combined with salubrious air, tranquillity, and cheerful scenery in the neighbouring district. A ledge of rocks extends to a great distance into the Channel both east and west of the town, giving additional security to the protection afforded by the batteries and towers on the heights, so that, in time of war, it possesses some advantages over a more exposed coast; and, in time of peace; the bold and romantic scenery on the land side, the pleasant and fertile surrounding country, its charming marine prospects and unclouded atmosphere, being also sheltered from the piercing cold of the north and north-east winds, with the facilities it affords of enjoying the sea breeze upon the bosom of the deep, all these are strong recommendations for those who resort to the coast in search of health. By persons afflicted with scrofulous disorders, a residence here has been found essentially beneficial; there are both hot and cold baths, and machines, under proper directors, with suitable attendants, so that it is probable Folkstone may, at no distant period, acquire equal celebrity with many other towns and villages upon the southern coast, possessed of fewer advantages and less convenient accommodations. - - In one respect this place is at present unrivalled; there being, within a mile of the sea-side, a chalybeate spring, possessing strength scarcely exceeded by any in the island, and capable, if judi- ciously combined with the use of salt water, of increasing the good effects of the latter in some of the disorders for which it is prescribed by physicians. This spring rises in the little hamlet of Foord, north of Folkstone, but out of the jurisdiction and liberty of the Port. - - A rapid stream, which turns several mills, and throws up a strong column of water in the town of Folkstone, rises about a mile northward of Foord, being conducted from its source at a spot called the Cherry Orchard, by means of a subterranean aqueduct, to the Bayle or precinct of the nunnery near Folkstone Church, where it finds its level, and ascends into a pool. An agreeable walk through the valley, which in the summer months is truly delightful, leads to the eminence called Castle Hill, before-mentioned, and affords an opportunity of examining more minutely the lines of circumvallation with which its summit is crowned. These works, in shape approaching rather to an oblong square than an oval, enclose about two acres of ground. They have probably undergone some alterations under the hands of different possessors, but were originally Roman; afterwards held by the Britons, and lastly by the Saxons or Danes. A single vallum guards the south-east side, which is very steep, but the east, north, and west, are enclosed by two deep trenches. ‘’, A third has been described, but no traces are now perceptible, and the erro- 80 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. neous account seems to have been carelessly copied by one writer from another, without examina- tion of the spot; for it is very evident that no material change has been effected in the appearance of the ground for many centuries; so that the original mistake must have arisen from not properly distinguishing the interval between the ridges of earth thrown out of the ditches, and the lines themselves. . - - No vestiges of walls or buildings of any kind are to be discovered, nor is there even a loose stone about the neighbouring fields; Castle Hill having more the appearance of one of the summer camps of the Romans, than a more permanent station. To such authorities, however, as Camden and Stukeley, minor antiquarians must, of necessity, bow. - - , There are few spots more romantic than the Cherry Orchard, near the foot of this hill, which oceupies an amphitheatrical recess in the bosom of a lofty eminence, covered by a short mossy turf, marked regularly with horizontal lines or belts. A cottage, which serves also as a house of enter- tainment for parties, who frequently resort thither from Folkstone and the neighbouring villages, enlivens the solitude, which, in the wilderness of its accompaniments, and the scenery around, bears a strong resemblance to some of those pictures with which our minds are early impressed, on the perusal of Robinson Crusoe. Indeed, there can scarcely be conceived more rural simplicity, cheered by a more pleasing prospect, than that which here invites the visitors of the coast. **@rººp Zºº’sºvº& adºzºº ºdº Zºº "Ndºgº Zºº ºn PARADE, AND CAESAR's Tow ER, Dov ER. This town, which was regarded, not many years back, as a mere port of embarkation for the Continent, has, within a comparatively short period, owing to its natural and acquired attractions, become equally celebrated as a watering-place. Among the improvements tending to gratify the visitants of Dover, there is not one more attractive than the Parade, which has deservedly become the resort of all persons making this town their residence for the summer season. The perpetual change of company, originating in the incessant ingress and egress of voyagers of all countries, con- -duces to enliven this promenade, where you not unfrequently encounter individuals of the highest I' hks of society; while the diversity of languages spoken, affords amusement and instruction to any mind prone to reflection. - - - * ' , : i One of the fascinations connected with the Parade, is the distant view of the structure com- monly designated Caesar's Tower, the foundation of which has erroneously been attributed to that celebrated conqueror, whereas rational history does not afford the most distant proof tending to confirm such a conjecture. That the site of this stupendous fabric was in past ages a British hill- fortress, there can be no doubt; and the tradition which describes Arviragus, a native prince, as having fortified himself here, when he refused to pay the tribute demanded by Cæsar, is very pro- bable, since we have the best authority for believing, that the spot was subsequently adopted by the |ſ|[E]R.N.E. JBAY. KIENT. - Published 1830 by GeoVirtue. 26.lvy Lane. º - ºs 23> -> ==2^ Tº cºſmºcº. Klº". Published 1830 by GeoVirtue 26, Rºy Lane. Drawn by G. Shepherd. - - º - - - --- - Eºw H.HH WAILMITER (CAST LIE. IKIE IN. T. Published Jan: 9, 1880, by G.Virtue 26, Ivy Lane. Drawn by G. Shepherd. Fºxalºa - JD) E. A. L. (C.A. § TIL, JE, IKIENT. - Published Jany 9, 1830, by GVirtue. 26. Ivy Lane. THE COUNTY OF KENT. 81 Romans, for the purposes of defence, and in order to cover the landing of their forces in this direc- tion. On a close investigation, the outlines of the Roman encampment are still discernible, which, in this instance, partook of a customary deviation, from the nature of the ground, inclining to the form of an oval, rather than to that of a square. - - •errºr, wºrrºr.”*****New errore-reeze evee ºr westENHANGER House. - The pristine grandeur of this once baronial residence is still apparent, notwithstanding the devastation that reigns in every direction. It occupies a low flat situation, on the borders of a small stream that anciently supplied the deep moat whereby the building was environed. The parks appertaining to Westenhanger were abundantly stocked with timber, and traces of a long avenue, bordered by a double row of trees, are yet distinguishable, leading towards the principal entrance from the south. Dr. Harris, who describes this edifice, as it appeared anterior to its demolition in 1700, says, that “the walls were very high, and of great thickness; the whole of them embattled, and fortified with nine great towers, alternately square and round, having a gallery reaching throughout the whole, from one to the other. It had a drawbridge, a gate-house, and a portal, the arch of which was large and strong, springing from six polygonal pillars, with a port- cullis to it.” - - The principal remains are the outer walls and towers on the east and north sides, probably of the period of Edward the Third, which however display many marks of subsequent alterations. The Moat is still broad and deep, but in the opposite direction has been partially filled up. The Chapel, dedicated to St. John, is destroyed, the materials having been employed in constructing the great barn which stands north-westward of the main entrance, contiguous to which human skele- tons and bones have been frequently disinterred. The small Chapel within the court is now con- verted into a stable, the roof of which is vaulted. Near the latter structure southward, are large fragments of other buildings, and the ground within and without the court has been much elevated by the accumulated ruins. The present dwelling, that stands north of the Chapel, has been par- tially built from the remains of the original structure. For a more ample account of Westenhanger House, see the description of Rosamond's Tower, page 59. - - s? PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. BARFRESTON CHURCH. THIs fabric, more commonly denominated Barston, is particularly noticed by the admirers of antiquity, as presenting an undoubted specimen of Anglo-Saxon architecture; though, from the exuberance of the ornaments, and the peculiarities wherewith they abound, as well as the forms of several of its arches, the building may with greater probability be classed among those of our Nor- man edifices raised at the period immediately antecedent to the general adoption of the pointed style. The church is dedicated to St. Mary, and contains only a nave and a chancel communicating with each other by a semi-circular arch, springing from wreathed columns very richly sculptured. The - length of the interior is forty-three feet, four inches; the width of the nave, sixteen feet, eight inches; and that of the chancel, thirteen feet, six inches; and the walls are about two feet nine inches in thickness. In that eastward are three narrow lancet windows, with a circular one above, divided into eight compartments, by a stone framing that forms a smaller circle in the centre, hav- ing the termination of each ray on the outer side sculptured with a regal head : the whole window is environed by a large border, decorated with human heads, birds, foliage, &c. while near the sides and over it are small niches, exhibiting remains of different figures. Immediately beneath this window runs a fringe, enriched with billet moulding, and a series of heads of very grotesque and varied characters, terminating at either extremity by an animal in a projecting bracket. Still lower are the lancet windows, ranging in alternate succession, with four recesses of similar forms, but rather wider, the whole having plain mouldings. These rest upon a zigzag beading, whence the wall projects obliquely for a short space, and is supported by two large semi-circular arches, built in the lower part, which, from this mode of construction, assumes the appearance of three square piers. - The north and south sides are in many respects similar, the latter however being most pro- fusely decorated. In the chancel, between two trefoil headed windows, is a semi-circular arched re- cess, which, from the remains, appears to have once exhibited a specimen of very rich sculpture, but is now too much mutilated to allow the subject to be traced. The heads below the cornice, which, with the beading, is continued from the east end, are executed in a style of equal boldness and sin- gularity, the characters being also greatly varied. Over a door-way, that conducted into the chancel, now stopped up, is a recessed arch, surmounted by a wavy moulding; and beneath, a crowned head, projecting from the key-stone, with other heads and ornaments at the sides. The south, or princi- pal entrance opening into the nave, is most richly ornamented with figures: but a great portion is now obscured from the view by a brick porch, so injudiciously constructed as to abut immediately against the sculpture. It consists of a triple arch, with a variety of mouldings, partly rising from the wall, or springing from circular columns; the space over the door-way includes a representa- tion, to all appearance, of God the Father, within an oval recess, environed by angels and other figures : over this is a semi-circular range of grotesque and ludicrous forms, both human and animal. Above, on the outer face of the arch, is another range, comprising fourteen subjects; every stone THE COUNTY OF KENT. 88 forming the arch being sculptured with a different figure, and every figure, like those of the inner range, contained within a circular border of foliage. Nearly opposite to the north is another entrance, exhibiting some rich and curious sculptures. The west end, when compared with the other sides, is but plain; the roofing is modern, and plastered within; that of the chancel being ob- viously less elevated than when in its original state. . . . r *** *** ***Nºw ºve THE DRAWBRIDGE, SANDwich. The town of Sandwich is very irregularly built, having the appearance of greater antiquity than any other in the County of Kent. The streets and lanes, generally speaking, are narrow and inconvenient, though many improvements resulted from the tenor of the Act of Parliament passed in 1787. Sandwich was formerly divided into eight wards, but, from the year 1437, it has consisted of twelve wards or districts, each under the jurisdiction of a jurat, who nominates a constable and his deputy. Great portions of the walls are still remaining, and, until a few years back, five gates of entrance also existed, bearing the names of Canterbury Gate, Woodnesborough Gate, Sandown Gate, New Gate, and Fisher Gate. The first of these, which opened by a pointed arch, flanked by circular towers, was pulled down about the year 1784, and the three following soon after. Fisher Gate, the only one still standing, presents an ancient mean-looking structure, which opens towards the water, not far from the Bridge represented in the accompanying plate; it has in the centre a Drawbridge, constructed for the admission and passage of vessels having masts. * g ******* ********* ***** HEVER CASTLE. This pile of building presents very fine and venerable remains of a baronial habitation, being environed by a moat, over which is a drawbridge, the ditch being supplied with water by the river Eden. The entrance gateway, consisting of a centre, flanked by round towers, is embattled, and very strongly machicolated, being also defended by a portcullis, and the interior buildings form a quadrangle, inclosing a court-yard. The Hall still retains vestiges of its original splendor; the grand staircase communicates with a suite of apartments wainscoted with small oaken pannels, and there is a long gallery ornamented by a curious ceiling in stucco. In the staircase windows are various heraldic shields, collected from different casements of the Castle, which display the armorial bearings and alliances of the Boleyn family, &c. A small recess, or apartment, opening from the gallery, was, according to tradition, occasionally used by Henry the Eighth as a council chamber. At the upper end of the gallery, a part of the flooring lifts up, when you discover beneath a narrow and gloomy descent, stated to conduct as far as the moat, the same being denominated, * The D ungeon. -- - - - - 84 , PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. The architecture of this fabric is of that species that partakes of the military and domestic character. It was built under the reign of Edward the Third, by William de Hevre, and sub- sequently became the property of the Boleyn family, which line originated in Sir Geoffrey Boleyn, a wealthy mercer, of London, in the time of Henry the Sixth. Anne Boleyn, the ill-fated queen of the tyrannic Henry the Eighth, was great-grand-daughter of that opulent civic knight; and it was in this Castle the despot spent the deceptive period of his courtship with the unfortunate beauty whom he so speedily, and with such barbarity, consigned to the scaffold. It is traditionally affirmed, that when Henry repaired to Hever Castle, with his select attendants, he was accustomed to wind his bugle horn on attaining the summit of the adjacent hill, in order to notify his approach. - In the Church of Hever are many monuments, and among them an altar-tomb for Sir Thomas Bollen, knight of the Order of the Garter, Erle of Wilscher, &c. who died, A. D. 1538. The effigies of the defunct are in brass, of full dimensions, inlaid in the covering slab of the tomb; the figure is habited in the robes and collar of the Garter, the head reposing upon a helmet, and the feet on a wyvern. Here are also memorials of the Cobhams, of Sterborough Castle, in Surrey, anciently lords of the manor of Hever. - ... . . . " . . . . ºf ºr 42 Area” ar ºr ºr 2 ºr Jº...ºr seve.a. Ar A- ºr Ar-º ºr ºr 4 ºr sº ºr ºr º Aº Aº ‘dº’ ºr *** ** STUDFALL CASTLE. THIS structure was one of the five forts or watch-towers erected by Theodosius, which, it is asserted, once stood close to the water; and, indeed, many round holes or grooves are still to be traced, which, it has been conjectured, were made for the cables of vessels, in order that they might be moored close under its walls. This fabric must have been of very great strength, as the thickness of the walls is not less than twelve or thirteen feet, and in some places much more ; while the materials whereof they are composed, consist of hard stones, pebbles, and Roman bricks, so well cemented together, that after sixteen hundred years it is impossible to disunite them. The reader may perhaps smile, when he is informed that the writer of this account passed many hours most laboriously endeavouring to detach a single Roman brick entire from its cement, without being able to accomplish the labour. Studfall Castle was garrisoned by soldiers of the legion Turnacensis; but it is difficult to form an idea of its original arrangement. Hasted, in his History of Kent, among many errors scarcely excusable, as he visited the spot in person, describes these works as enclosed by a double wall on the land side; a mistake probably occasioned by some portions of the fragments having slipped forward from their bases, which by reason of the sloping ground now lay prostrate at the distance of a few yards from their original situation, in a line with the wall to which they belonged. The Roman tiles are regularly disposed in double layers, at intervals of about four or five feet; so that as the masses of the walls are nowhere of very considerable height, only two layers in general, or at most three courses of them, can be traced. They are perfectly well burnt, very red and smooth on the outside, and when broken uniformly found of a dark or slate-blue colour within. They measure about eleven inches in breadth, and twenty-one in length; the edges being turned Drawn by G. Shepherd. Engraved by T. Garner. MIA IIID) S T (O)N JE & FROMA FIELD ADJOINING THE LONDON ROAD. IKIENT. Published 1830 by Geo. Virtue 26, Ivy Lane. Hººsiº - - - == - - == - === - T130E MARINE PARADE AND NEW DEROTT ETOUSE MARGATE. - IKENT. Published 1830, by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane. --~~~~ Jr., & Lowdow & J. * Æorshoe - (ºrner - It reach, - * \ºt. - . 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Aastº 40 Bleangate º - - *** *** - 51. 3 Bromley & Beckenham 24 Barnefield, West 41 Bridge & Fetham. -- - - -- -- wº º 4 tºols/hezzzh, 33 Blackbourne * 42 (ornilo - - - - - - º * Exp LANATIon - º, 3 Zartford & Wilmington 26 % **on # ** - º - - - - * "Tº Tº º - - G. Little & Zeissness 27 &lehillº # (ºsº/ , , , - - - - JMayº - , , º *...*.*.*.*.*r---------- - * - -- - -º-º: - - Zºnns with the Distance zºom, 7 Huxley 28 Chart & Longbridge 45 ſinghamford - ------- ef bartford 8. Somerdenº 29.%. --- # #. º - lº * - - - London any **. cºs' 23. 9 Westerham & Eden Bridge 30 Felboroughºº. Ringslow ºn - - - - -- * * , , , , , - Lathe º;" 31 lºnersham. º *** 48 Westgate, ****** - ********* * - - º - jº (hurches and (hapels ºf ºl — — — —- 10 Bronchley & Horsemonden 32 Marden " " ' *49 Iſhits table - *- - º - - *... - *** * Turnpike Roads == Il Chatham & 6 illingham 33 Milton. 50 Wingham, wº --- - - N º 12 Eyethorne 34 Roll'enden. Lathe of Shepway. º - iſ tº: " 'º - . N ...?" ºr 13 Hoo 35 Selbriteraden, §l Aloesbridge - º º - Nº. *-** **** 14 Larkfield 36 Tenterden. 32 Birchot Franchase, º º - ºº: # *ś; ; ſºm. §§ºne * º, * * * - º,"; tº " º 6 Shamirell, Aſe -- (17??y - *** * *. - º º º - - - - ** **** º * ** 17 Toltingtrough A Liberty of the Zof Sheppy 53 Hayne & Hythe. --- - -- --- - º * * *W*. - - 18 Tonbridge º 56 Langport * * * ºzº a.º.º. ºººº ºsº.º.º.º.º.º.º.”.” 19 Zivyford 37 Ioningborough/i. - Zºº sº tº ºfºº * * in measured Miles between * fºrms º %. ; ºrch. ºr -º º § º - º º º º - º º * º - º º º º * º, otham - field, - - - -** - - --- - - - - - - - . - - - º & GO ...,!? º: º "º - - - - - - - - ". º º º º - º tº * - ... --- - -- - - --- º ----- - - ******* - ººº: $treet ſº * º - º - - ----- - º - º º * F --- --- º --- - - - ºn - - º * : * *- - --- - **** - - -- º º - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - º - º - - º º - - *- - - i*. - º - - - º *** - - º - º º º - - º, º jº, 60 º 36 º -- º Meridian of &eenwich. - * - - º - º - *.* - - º - 6: Wºłite. 26, hºw Zane, A&29. * ºf * * º ". . . . . º º ºf . THE COUNTY OF KENT. - 85 up, so as to form two ledges upon the surface, about three quarters of an inch in height. There are a few varieties of form : some of these tiles being near two inches in thickness, and without any ledge; and fragments of others of a paler colour have been picked up, which appeared to have been square, with a number of small raised double lines regularly disposed, and very delicately finished, although, like the rest, they had evidently been worked up amongst the ordinary materials used in the building. ... The area of the ground upon which these broken walls are scattered, comprises about four acres; and, from the various inequalities of the surface, it may be conjectured that a careful and deliberate examination might lead to a discovery of the original foundations; though it may be doubted whether the success of such an attempt, or the information likely to result, would compen. sate for the trouble and expense of such an undertaking. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ HERN E BAY. THIS spot, and the village so called, consisting only of a few cottages irregularly built round a green, situated upon a point of land jutting out abruptly from the line of coast, are risen into celebrity, from having become of late years the resort of company, for the purpose of sea-bathing. Since the erection of one of those temporary stations for the military, which were deemed necessary to secure the safety of the coast, this village served as a signal to inform the visitors of Margate and Ramsgate that the spot was habitable. Soon after the above period, therefore, they flocked thither in such numbers, that a considerable increase in buildings and improvements speedily ensued. An hotel was erected, which, if not elegant, was capable of affording entertainment to those who could not have previously obtained a closet or cupboard in the little habitations contiguous. Dwellings of various sizes and descriptions, and hot and cold baths, were constructed, and ample preparations made for the reception of those who, either attracted by the charms of novelty, or a wish for seclu- sion, might be tempted to take up their residence at Herne Bay. A degree of tranquillity, unknown to Margate in the bathing season, is undoubtedly to be found at this resort; the water is unquestion- ably more pure, and the prospect of the sea more pleasing; while the coast of Essex, and the little islands at its south-eastern angle, present themselves in full view : unfortunately, however, the cold north-east wind, that inveterate enemy of tender, delicate nerves, to which, like its fashionable neighbour, Margate, this spot is completely exposed, in some measure abridges its comforts and en- joyments. * : * - - - . - In the channel at no great distance from Herne Bay, stands a rock much dreaded by navigators, but of great celebrity among antiquaries, in consequence of the numerous fragments of Roman pot- tery, that are constantly dragged up by the dredgers for oysters. Much has been written upon this subject, and various opinions hazarded by the lovers of antique lore; the general supposition is, that the relics alluded to, are the remains of a cargo of pottery, wrecked at this spot during the period of the Romans maintaining dominion in Britain. From the frequency of these discoveries, the rock in question has acquired the designation of the Pan Rock, with the inhabitants of these parts. 22. - * - & 86 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. HYTHE CHURCH. THIs building, dedicated to St. Leonard, and accounted a chapel of ease to Saltwood, is, with that rectory, under the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and exempt from archidiacomal jurisdiction. It is a handsome edifice, adorned by numerous turrets and pinnacles, the approach being by a flight of steps on the south side, constructed at the expense of William Glanville, Esq. . who represented Hythe in Parliament, in the year 1729. Over the porch, at the entrance of the church-yard, is a room used by the corporation as their Town-hall, where meetings for the election of the mayor and other officers are holden. The tower of the Church is large and lofty, and produces a very fine effect in perspective. In the year 1748, it was completely repaired; many improvements in the building having been made by the munificence of the representatives in Parliament, and other opulent inhabitants of the town. The aisles are paved with Portland stone, branches for lights supplied, and a good organ erected. On the west side of the cross aisle may be traced, under a Saxon arch adorned by zig-zag ornaments, an ancient door-way, conjectured to have led to the Abbey, to which this Church was probably ap- pendant. No mark of this arch exists in the inner side of the wall; but the chancels are un- doubtedly of great antiquity, and perhaps coeval with that part of the building which has been destroyed, the pillars being clustered like those of the choir of Canterbury cathedral, and formed of Sussex marble. The south cross aisle was rebuilt by the family of the Deedes, which has during many centuries resided in the neighbourhood; there being several monuments inscribed with their names, one in particular over the corporation pew, to the memory of Julius Deedes, Esq. thrice Baron in Parliament, and as often Mayor of Hythe, and Captain of the Trained Bands, who died in 1692. There are also memorials for Robert Kelway, A. M. Rector of Hope and St. Mary's ; for Isaac Rutton, Lieutenant of Sandgate Castle; and for Robert Fiennes, Captain in the royal navy, who was killed in an engagement with an American squadron on Lake Erie, on the 13th of Sep- tember, 1813. An old helmet, said to have belonged to Captain Weller, is preserved in the north cross aisle; and in that to the south, is the monument of Robinson Bean, ten times Mayor, as well as one of the Barons of this port, who assisted in bearing the canopy over the head of King James II. at his coronation. - ^ In a vault beneath the chancel is an immense pile of human bones, placed with the utmost re- gularity, twenty-eight feet in length, eight in breadth, and six in height, having sunk two or three feet, from the decay of the lower bones. They are said to have belonged to ancient Britons and Saxons, who were slain in a great battle fought on the shore, between Hythe and Folkstone, about the year 456, and consequently in the reign of Hengist, the first king of Kent. Such is the account given by various authors, in opposition to the following narrative, preserved upon a board fixed up in the vault. : - “A.D. 143: in the reign of Ethelwolf, the Danes landed on the coast of Kent, near to the town of Hyta, and proceeded as far as Canterbury, great part of which they burned ; at length, Gustavus (then Governor of Kent) raised a considerable force, with which he opposed their progress; and gº THE COUNTY OF KENT. - e - - S7 after an engagement, in which the Danes were defeated, pursued them to their shipping on the sea- coast, where they made a most obstinate resistance. The Britons, however, were victorious, but the slaughter was prodigious, there being not less than thirty thousand left dead. After the battle, the Britons, wearied with fatigue, and perhaps shocked with the slaughter, returned to their homes, leaving the slain on the field of battle, where, being exposed to the different changes of the weather, the flesh rotted from the bones, which were afterwards collected and piled in heaps by the inhabi- tants, who in time removed them to a vault in one of the churches of Hyta, now called Hythe.” In addition to this narrative, which is almost too circumstantial to be depended upon, it has been observed, that many of the skulls are indented by deep cuts, which appear to have been made by a heavy weapon, such as the Saxons were accustomed to use in battle ; and that their whiteness was produced from long exposure on the sea-shore. Instead of attempting to decide whether these bones, agreeably to the latter statement, are six- teen hundred years old, or whether, according to the preceding account, they are three hundred years younger, it may amuse the reader to quote another relation, delivered by Mr. Hasted, who mentions an immense collection of bones deposited in a vault under the church at Folkstone, similar to these at Hythe. Those he ingeniously imagines to have belonged to the Britons and Saxons, and not to the Danes; and adds, that after a battle, which was fought upon the banks of the Darent, in the western part of Kent, about the year 456, Vortimer, the British sovereign, pursued the Saxons to the sea-side, and there made a great slaughter of his adversaries. Then, in the true spirit of an antiquarian, he proceeds to conjecture, that the bones at Hythe were “probably those of the Bri- tons;” and those at Folkstone, “the remains of the Saxons.” Unfortunately, the learned author has neglected to inform us by what criterion he was enabled, after so many centuries, to ascertain the different nations to which these relics belonged; and how the bones of an undistinguished multitude slain in battle, and promiscuously intermingled in a combat fought hand to hand, could, after they had lain bleaching upon the sea-shore for so many ages, have been classed together ac- cording to their respective countries. However, there was less occasion for that writer to have des- canted so much on this head, as a very moderate share of curiosity would have enabled him to dis- cover, that there are no such bones at Folkstone, or ever existed there at all! &" *& Zºº & ºvº zºº ºa zºº Arvº vºz a gºº WALMER CASTLE. THIs Fortress stands about one mile south of the town of Deal, and derives its name from the respectable village of Walmer, which is well-built and beautifully situated. The celebrity of this place has been acquired from this fortified structure, which stands close to the sea-shore; com- manding a beautiful view of the Downs, and the opposite cliffs of France. Walmer Castle is one of those strong forts erected for the defence of the coast, by order of King Henry the Eighth, and is appropriated to the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, for whose residence the principal apart- 88 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. ments were beautifully fitted up some years back. The moat whereby this structure is partially environed, has been converted into a garden; the whole arrangements of the place being, in every respect, calculated for the temporary accommodation of the official dignitary, for whose reception it is intended. The office of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is now vested in the person of his Grace the Duke of Wellington, who, on account of his weighty avocations in the State, has not hitherto, like his predecessor, the Earl of Liverpool, been enabled to make this castellated residence his abode, for any length of time. - * DEAL CASTLE. On the south side of the town of Deal stands the Castle, encompassed by a broad moat, over which is a draw-bridge, conducting to the gate. It consists of a circular tower, containing a suite of apartments designed for the residence of the Captain. The chief defence of this fort is a battery, mounted by a few guns, with four lunettes, of very thick stone arched work, and several large port-holes. In the centre is the round tower, having a cistern at the top, and beneath an arched cavern, bomb proof; the whole environed by a broad deep fosse, over which is a draw-bridge. are rare-ree reveawºrzºzºwº zºeaeezeezzar ºr e-re MARINE PARADE, MARGATE. THIS delightful promenade commands a beautiful prospect of the sea and adjacent country, the mansions consisting of commodious lodging-houses and inns, which are always well-occupied during the season. It is, however, to be regretted that, at low water, the harbour is nearly dry, as far out as the extremity of the pier head. That portion of High Street which fronts the Parade is also formed of lodging-houses, whence the occupants have most extensive prospects of the sea, the Isle of Sheppey, and Reculver. *****wurzwº-ºººººwººarºº’ºº-wayºzºv, MAIDSTONE. MAIdston E is a town of such importance at the present day, and makes so conspicuous a figure in the map and the road-book, that we shall not be over diffuse in our description. The present view, taken from a field contiguous to the high London road, combines a prospect of the river and - - - - º by Geo. Shepherd - - E II. T. - * by Geo, Snepherd, MIN STIE IR - +graved by T.Garries ISIE OF THANET. - KENT, - - Published 1830, by GeoVirtue, 26 Rºy Lane. - 33% % - %% ->{<-> - - - cº-arº - Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. Mſ. A]R(G.Anº Engrºved by T. Garner. THE PIER AND NEW LIGHT HOUSE. --- - - IKIENT . -- - - Pºlished 1880, Geovirule 26 Rºy Lane - - - Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. - EROAD STAJIRs, KENT - º Published 1830, by Geo. Virtue. 26. Ivy Lane. Engraved by C. Armstrong. Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. º, prº Aso Rºotº, Dovox. FROM THE HEIGHT's ABOVE THE TOWN. Published 1830 by Geo. Virtue, 26. Rylane. - - - THE COUNTY OF KENT. 89 the two churches, &c. conveying a pleasing idea of the peculiar beauty of the situation of Maidstone, standing in the midst of a district the most delightfully verdant imagination can conceive, with advantages of site and elevation scarcely equalled, having a fine river navigable for vessels of sixty tons burthen. The streets are well paved and wide, the parochial church is one of the most capa- cious in the kingdom, the barracks evince a degree of taste and elegance, both with regard to structure and situation, unexampled; while it is painful to add, that the prison may vie with the Bastile in massive strength, and is, alas! crowded by wretched tenantry. Many grants were conferred upon this town by King Edward the Sixth, Queen Elizabeth, and James the First, while much of its wealth accrues from the navigation of the river Medway. Another source of the prosperity of Maidstone, as observed on a former occasion, is the cultivation of hops, which, with the manufacture of linen thread, introduced by the Walloons, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, gave rise to the following distich :— . j - “Hops, Reformation, Bays and Beer, Came into England, all in a year.” *a*49' ºvºvºrzºz. Asºº Aſºº ºvº-ºººººº 4-4*.*&^^*\tº\ºsºvºº gº º AºNº.4×4×4, 4x4×4= DOVER, CASTLE. THE annexed view of the stupendous fortress of Dover, represents that structure as it appears when contemplated from the Ramsgate road. Having previously, in more instances than one, had occasion to treat of Dover Castle, we shall, in order to diversify the subject, and afford as much information as possible respecting the site of this structure and its environs, proceed to a description of every thing relating to the same, that has been handed down to us in the records of history con- nected with the period of the Romans. - The celebrated sea-port and town of Dover is situated in the eastern part of the county; standing in a pleasant valley, the only one about this coast where water is admitted inwards of the cliff, which is very high, having a most beautiful and picturesque appearance. The Castle stands upon a hill, that rises with a bold and abrupt ascent northward of the town, seeming to bid defiance to its Gallic neighbours, though the total change in the art of warfare, since its erection, has very much reduced its consequence as a fortified station. The banks of the small river Dour, running through the valley, are covered with the pleasant villages of Charlton, Buckland, and River; the stream passing through great part of the town, enters the harbour, and thence empties itself into the sea. - - - Dover is supposed to derive its name from the British word Dufyrrha, signifying a steep place; whence the Saxons called it Dorfa, and Antoninus, in his Itinerary, Dubris. The Watling Street, one of the ancient; Roman roads that crossed the kingdom, passed over Barham Downs, straight tº Canterbury. º º andº The town of Dover, when viewed from the adjacent heights, presents a very romanticº 23. 90 .-- PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. interesting appearance, consisting chiefly of three long streets, which extend in contrary directions, and meet at one point in the centre. ', Dover was anciently walled, and had ten gates, a proof of its former opulence and splendour. Eastbrook Gate stood under the East Cliff, near Mansfield Corner; towards the south-west was St. Helen's Gate; near the bridge, the Postern, or Fisher's Gate; towards the south, opened But- cher Gate; south-westward was Snar Gate; and nearer to the pier, Severus's Gate, said to have been built by the Roman Emperor of that name. On the lower side of the hill, on the west part, was Adrian's Gate, afterwards called Upwall; Common Gate, or Cow Gate, led to a common, where the cows belonging to the town were driven; St. Martin's, called also Monk's Gate, and Postern Gate, led towards the hill; Biggen Gate, deriving its name from the street ending there, was formerly called North Gate; all which gates are now removed, the last having been taken down in 1776. . - There are several reasons why the hill at Dover was fixed upon by the Romans for a camp, on their first settling in Britain. The garrison was not only capable of defending the small works cast up against a superior force, but commanded the harbour for receiving a reinforcement from the Continent, or securing a retreat, if necessary, by the assistance of shipping. It is therefore probable that Aulus Plautius, in the reign of the Emperor Claudius, fixed his colony of veterans here, before forts were built in the interior parts of the country. If this conjecture be admitted, the foundation of Dover Castle may be dated, or so much of the ground-plan as appears to be Roman work, between the years of Christ 43 and 49. As the Romans seemed determined upon the conquest of Britain, and were frequently obliged to cross and re-cross the sea, it was found necessary to erect a light-house upon the high lands on either side of the channel. The advantages of possessing such a guide to a safe harbour, protected by their friends, were too great to be overlooked; for, divested of such security, they would have been exposed to frequent shipwrecks, by coming upon the coast in the dark, and have been liable to sudden attacks from the natives. - It may be concluded, from these reasons, that the octagonal building at the west end of the church was originally designed for a Roman light-house and watch-tower; antiquaries supposing it to have been erected by Agricola. Its foundation is in a bed of clay, a method frequently prac- tised by the Roman masons. The tiles are of the usual thickness of Roman tiles, but of various dimensions, some appearing to have been cast in a mould peculiar to the manufacturers at this place. The tiles nearest the ground, on the eastern aspect of the building, are on one side full of winding grooves, with four hemispherical knobs nearly equi-distant from each angle; but what is most singular in their formation is their having a projection on the narrower end, of about one inch and three quarters, and an inch and a half in width, with a space left of the same dimensions at each angle of the opposite end; so that, by reversing the tiles when laid in the wall, the projecting part might drop into the space like a half dove-tail, which rendered it impossible for them to slip from each other. The ground has been raised several feet, since the first building of this tower; the form without being octagonal, but square within; and the sides of the square and octagon about fourteen feet. The thickness of the wall in the lower part is ten feet. On the east side is an arched doorway, about six feet wide ; and on the interior of the other three sides were Roman arches, and THE COUNTY OF KENT. 91 narrow spaces for windows, about thirteen feet six inches high, and nearly four feet wide.—The semi-circular arches are turned with Roman tiles, intermixed with pieces of a stalactitical concretion, cut wedge-shaped, about four times the thickness of the tiles, and placed alternately with them. Though it may be difficult to say whether this tower was ever used by the Romans as a place of defence, there can be little doubt but it was applied to that purpose by the Normans. The masonry on each side of the openings within the building is very different from the original work; and the spaces left in the wall, for what we now denominate the windows, are much wider at the bottom than the old arch on the top. If they were originally intended to give light, they were afterwards converted to loop-holes, and left close under the arch; there were also steps from the bottom to ascend, as appears by the present slopings in the wall. The arch over the original entrance, on the east side, is about six feet wide, and still perfect. The other arches, which are damaged, have suf- fered more from violence, and an idle curiosity in breaking off pieces of the materials to try their hardness, than from age, or the effects of the weather. This tower has been cased over, probably in the reign of Henry V., Sir Thomas Erpingham being then constable of the castle, whose arms (two bars and a canton) are placed on a stone upon the north side. The casing is dropping off, which again exposes the old work to the weather, and the building is in a lamentable state of dilapidation. . - # *Nº ºn&M” ºr ºf Zºº & ºrº whº ºvººdºº & ºf 4°-º-º-Mºº ſº.4°47 ºf 4* COBHAM HALL. About three miles from Stroud is Cobham, a parish which conferred its name on a family established there as early as the reign of King John, and continued to flourish until that of James the First, comprising a period of more than four centuries. The name of Cobham is ranked of the highest eminence in the county of Kent, several of the line having been entrusted with posts of the greatest eminence in those parts. The Hall, with the surrounding estates, is now the property of Earl Darnley; the erection of the buildings thereon having cost upwards of £60,000. This struc- ture presents a most imposing façade, consisting of a centre and two wings, the former having been constructed after the designs of the justly-celebrated Inigo Jones. The mansion stands in the centre of a magnificent park, luxuriantly interspersed with hill and dale, adorned by the foliage of vener- able and stately trees, many of the oaks, in particular, being of great age, and measuring twenty feet and upwards in circumference. On the south side of the Hall is a noble avenue of lime trees, consisting of four rows, extending upwards of one thousand yards. Towards the south eastern - extremity of the park, on elevated ground, is an extensive edifice, erected as a mausoleum, or chapel, at an expense of £9000, under an injunction in the will of the late Earl, the same being designed as a burial place for the family. - The mansion is built of brick, and the apartments are ornamented by beautiful chimney-pieces of marble, the furniture and other decorations being of the most costly description. Cobham Hall is 392 PICTURESQUE *BEAUTIES OF. GREAT BRITAIN. one of those seats that well merit the attention of the stranger, and on that account the noble owner accords permission that it may be inspected by any persons applying to view the interior of the mansion, which contains many highly interesting objects. - -ºººººº ſº ºdº’sººdºº” ºr 4° 47'ºrº ºvºvº ºr 4×4׺-ºººº ararº arrºw ºrg’s DARTFORD. THIs town, so-called from the ancient passage or ford over, the river Darent, is celebrated for its manufacture of gunpowder, which is carried on contiguous to the town. Dartford formerly boasted a magnificent nunnery, whereof Bridget, daughter of King Edward IV., was prioress; and in far remoter times was distinguished by the Roman road, called Watling-Street, having passed through it. At present, the town contains scarcely anything remarkable ; excepting the number of inns, and the singular situation of the parish church, which stands near its extremity, having a burial-ground adjoining, higher than the roof of the edifice itself. Wat Tyler’s rebellion broke out here, having-originated in the provocation given by an act of brutality on the part of a tax-gatherer, a description of persons who in every age seem to have been too much disposed to manifest the disposition of petty tyrants; a line of conduct deserving the most exemplary punishment, since it has a direct tendency to excite disaffection towards the govern- ment, of whose authority these minions (re too frequently found to be the unworthy delegates. The principal street of Dartford is a commodious width; but the chief importance of the place, besides its powder trade, depends on its situation as a post-town upon the great road to Chatham and Dover. For a detailed account of the town of Dartford, see page 16. *** ***Nºw" ºr Zºara arºu’ arº ºr zºº ºr ºve- GRAND GATEWAY OF CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. THE chief entrance to this magnificent edifice is by the gateway represented in the accompany- ing plate, the approach being through a narrow lane, branching off from the main street of Canter- bury. It is highly ornamented by niches and statues, and embellished by a profusion of carved work, shields decorated by armorial bearings, &c. It was erected in 1517, as appears by the following inscription in capitals along the cornice, a little above the arch :- “Hoc OPUS CONSTRUCTUM EST ANNO DOMINI MILLESIMO QUINGENTISIMO DECIMo sepTIMo.” The effects of time have in some measure effaced this legend, though it is to be traced, on consider- ing the characters with due attention. g - - - - Having passed this gate, you enter upon the precincts of the Cathedral, when the grandeur DOvoR. C. Sº, EN. T. Published 1880 by Geo virtue 26 vy Lane -- ºncºſ gosº, - IKENT. Published. 1830 by Geo. Virtue 26 Ivy Lane. --------------- - Engraved Ey. J.Rogers. 5. by Bartlett. - - = - - Engraved by Hºli Drawn by H. *H -- Engraved by S.Lacey º colºgº, Geºwº, Cºrsº's Cºnºcºt Gºº. - - MAID stoº. CANTIERIBURY. Published 1830 by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane. of the building at once bursts upon the view; presenting neatness in every part, the area being stu- diously attended to, and the whole preserved with a care that never fails to instil the most lively gratification in the admirers of architectural splendour. - . . . The principal buildings attached to Canterbury Cathedral consist of the library, the chapter- house, and the cloisters; the whole of which lie on the north side of that structure. The library is a handsome gallery, erected on the ancient walls of the prior's chapel, wherein are preserved a good collection of books and some valuable manuscripts. The chapter-house is a spacious and elegant apartment, opening from the east side of the cloisters, that fine building having been erected by Prior Chillenden, about the year 1400. The cloisters form a noble quadrangle, enclosing a large area, to which they open by eight elegant arches, or windows, on each side. On the vaultings of the roof are inserted about 680 shields, displaying the armorial bearings of the nobility and gentry of Kent, who contributed towards the erection of this splendid structure. - - *a*a*a*a* &A^& GATE of THE COLLEGE AT MAIDSTONE. HAv1NG upon a previous occasion detailed the origin of this institution, it would be super- fluous to recapitulate the history of the College once existing at Maidstone, which was originally founded by the munificent Archbishop Boniface, as an hospital, but converted into a college by his successor, the primate Courtenay, who was raised to the archiepiscopal dignity in 1881. The Gateway depicted in the accompanying plate is a fine vestige of antiquity, and in excellent preserva- tion; independent of which, most of the buildings are still in existence on the south side of the church, being at present occupied by a person in the hop trade. - - - *Nº. •eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ExTERIOR of THE RECULVERs. THE massive walls of this venerable fabric are of plaster, considerably harder than the firee stone, mingled with flints, small stones and pebbles. The towers are square and broad, but by no means lofty; perfectly alike in their construction, except that in the one to the south, there is a cir- cular staircase conducting to the balconies, whereas that to the north does not contain any. These towers are connected by a narrow passage, and there is every appearance of bells having formerly been hung in each. . . . . • - - - - - There is a tradition that these towers, commonly called “The Sisters,” were erected by an Abbess of Faversham, in token of her affection for the memory of her sister, who, together with her- self, suffered shipwreck here; and although rescued from the waves, died in a few hours afterwards, 24. 94 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES of GREAT BRITAIN. from the effects of fatigue and terror... So great was the reverence formerly, entertained for the sanctity of this edifice, that it was for many ages the custom of sailors to lower the topsails of all vessels passing the Reculvers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - The sea has washed away the larger portion of the church-yard, and its continual encroach- ments threaten a speedy and complete destruction to every vestige of the building; which, as well as the area of its site, will probably be swallowed up by the billows, like the ancient city. that, l t * - according to tradition, stood northward of the spot. ,' * . . It is reported to have been in contemplation to erect a light-house near the site of the church; and according to the unanimous opinion of sea-faring men, no situation upon this coast is better calculated for a building of that description. The completion of such a design would also keep in remembrance its ancient fame, and perpetuate the gratitude as well as preserve the history of past ages, which is certainly very desirable. . . . . . . . . In the time of Leland, the Reculver is said to have been half a mile from the verge of the shore, and since that period, a quarter of a mile, the encroachments of the sea having been gradual. Mr. Batteley saw a tesselated pavement, which was soon afterwards washed away by the surge, and the author of the “Beauties of England” mentions six houses having fallen within the course of a few years; but it does not appear when that account was written. A single cottage was, in 1817, the only habitation that remained, and the solemn silence which characterises the region of death, is never interrupted unless by the roaring of the sea, or the howling of the winds ! The lofty turrets nodding over the head of the traveller seem to threaten him with instanta- neous destruction, whilst beneath his feet innumerable human bones, scattered and bleaching on the shore, form altogether a spectacle of gloomy horror. . . . . In that portion of the church-yard not yet devastated, a small stone records the name of the last vicar of Reculver, who, according to his own desire, was buried here, after having passed the greater, part of his life in a constant residence near the spot. Long after the destruction of the church, and when his parsonage-house seemed to be endangered by every storm that blew, he reso- lutely continued at his post, and could never be induced to leave it, until translated, by Death, to a better inheritance. - A new church has been erected about a mile westward of the ancient edifice. Antiquaries have disagreed respecting the coins and pottery of the Romans found here in so great abundance as to have occasioned Du Fresnoy, as well as Archdeacon Batteley, to suppose that there was a mint and a pottery, while others have conjectured, that the military chest, or a ship laden partly with pottery, and partly with coin for the payment of the soldiery stationed in Britain, was lost upon the dangerous rocks which border this part of the coast. Almost every high tide, and every storm which considerably agitates the water, and changes the surface of the beach, throws up or discovers fragments of unglazed vessels, and various coins from Julius Caesar to Honorius, and more particularly of Tiberius and Nero. Some silver coins also, of the Norman race of our kings, are occasionally picked up; but it is remarkable that, notwithstanding the abundance of fragments, no whole vessebor piece of pottery of any description whatsoever is known to have been found here. Many of the coins have been defaced by corrosion, and some appear to have undergone the action of fire; but many also are perfect, as if new from the mint. Parts of various weapons, ornaments, } . . 'THE county of KENT. 95 and artieles of dress, have been collected here, as well as knives; buckles, spurs, &c, but without having been an eye-witness of such discoveries, it is dangerous to hazard an account of them, from the imperfect descriptions and vague reports of oral tradition. . It is said that the remains of a church, or some other considerable building, have been formerly seen at low water upon the Black Rock, near this shore; and it has been conjectured that in that building, and notion the site of the dilapi- dated church before mentioned, king Ethelbert was buried. . . . . . . . The venerable Bede, as well as Solinus, mention the haven or strait which separates Thanet from Kent, whose northern entrance was guarded by Regulbium, as its southern mouth was in like manner secured by Richborough Castle, and states that it was three miles broad. It was sometimes "called the River Wantsumn; and, by Tacitus, Portus Rutupensis; by Antoninus, Rutupis Por- tium; and by Ammianus Marcellinus, Rutupiae, owing to its two castles. - : . . . Through this channel not only Harold's fleet is related to have sailed, but it was for ages the ordinary course of ships southward bound, which were thus sheltered from storms, and enabled to avoid the dangerous shoals upon the coast. . . . - - - Ayº ºr ººº-ºººº-ºº-ººººwdººººººººº ſººººººº ſº ºw ^s. INTERNAL VIEW OF RECULVER CHURCH. Although, from a casual glance, it might be imagined that this building was raised at dif- ferent periods, yet, after attentive observation, and comparing it with the architecture of other ancient edifices, we are prompted to entertain a different opinion. Throughout this structure there is a mixture of the Saxon and Norman styles of building; the former presenting rounded arches, square or circular pillars, zigzag mouldings, and plain walls devoid of buttresses; while the latter dis- plays pointed arches, slender and clustered pillars, highly-ornamented windows, with mullions or tracery work, and buttresses in great profusion. Thus we find the tower of this Church plain; the western entrance having the pointed or Norman arch and Saxon; mouldings; that to the north, presenting the pure Saxon circulariarch ornamented; the arches in the nave are pointed, with square pillars; the passage into the chancel is beneath three circular arches, supported by round pillars; while several of the windows are ornamented after the Norman taste, others being purely Saxon. This mixture was first adopted at the Norman conquest, and continued prevalent for up- wards of a century. Hence we derive, our opinion, that no portion of the existing Church at Reculver claims, higher antiquity than ºthe, Norman conquest, , and that it was the work of one period, and erected within a century of the-landing of the Conqueror. “Should this conjecture be jus t, every author, from Leland to the present period, has laboured under an error, probably de- rived from the above writer, who asserts that the fabric belonged to the monastery, which was dissolved about the year 949. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The interior of Reculver Church consists of a nave, two side aisles, and a chancel, but there is & . . ; *****, 96 . PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. no transept or cross aisle. When viewed from the west entrance, or the stone gallery connecting the two towers, its appearance is interesting, though boasting but few architectural embellishments; - the square pillars, of which there are four on either side, produce a massy coup d’oeil, and are re- lieved by the arches, which are light and pointed. The entrance to the chancel, as previously observed, is under three arches, supported by Saxon columns, more slender, from their height, than is usual. At either extremity of the side aisles was originally a chapel or chantry; those struc- tures, but from what cause does not appear, having been closed up. That to the south probably contains the sepulchre of king Ethelbert; for there, Weever states that he saw a monument of very antique form, surmounted by two spires, wherein, as tradition reports, the corpse of that monarch was inhumed. - - • In the time of Leland, the Church retained some portion of its pristine splendour, for, speaking of the chancel, he remarks, that at the entrance was one of the fairest and most stately crosses he had ever beheld. . . . - - At the present moment, the Church is divested of roof, and the remaining monuments of the departed are exposed to the elements, and the accidental falling of stone and timber; so that we - may well exclaim with the poet, —“Bare to the angry blast, Which whistles through them." *** * *@^@' ſºººººººººººººººººººººººººy ºzºa THE VILLAGE of BRoadstAIRs. This village stands about three miles from Margate, and nearly the same distance from Rams- - gate, having, like its more opulent neighbours, risen into celebrity within the last few years. There was, indeed, as its records inform us, a wooden pier at this place, built by the family of the Culmers, and presented to the inhabitants, in the year 1586; but the trade of the port having pro- gressively decreased, until only a few fishing-boats occasionally resorted hither, it remained in obscurity for a great length of time, until the convenience of its situation for bathing, the accom- modations and privacy which it seemed to promise to those who prefer a retired spot to the noise - and crowds of Margate and Ramsgate, and, in some seasons, the impossibility of procuring lodg- ings; at any rate, in the last-mentioned places, concurred to bring this village into repute. Some vestiges of antiquity have been discovered in the vicinity, and many coins of the Roman Emperors have occasionally been picked up on the sea-shore. Lewis, the historian of the isle of Thanet, mentions there having been formerly an image of the Virgin Mary, called “Our Lady of Broadstairs,” kept in an old chapel here, the ruins of which were long since converted into a dwelling-house; and that ships were accustomed to lower their topsails to salute it. The sea views are particularly fine from several points at this place; there is also an ancient NA' W | º | Drawn by G. Shepherd. Engraved by S. Lacey. HIGH STREET, NIAIDs. Tose IKIENT. A MARKET DAY. Published 1830 by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane. - º - º º | lºsſ. Dº y G. Snºhºră - - - s's ARGATE street. - ID) (DVOIR. Engraved by S.Lacey Published May 1.1830. by GeoVirtue, 26, Ivy Lane. Drawn by G. sº Engraved by HAdard TIETIE RECUILVER's (CEIURCEI. /ſ/. Nº 7". Published May 1880, by GeoVirtue 26. Ivy Lane. º º | º º º º * . º Drawn by TBaynes. - - - Engraved by HAdlard. INTERIOR RUCNS OF TEU& RECUINTERs (CJETURCEI. - - Aſ AE W 77. Published; May 1830 by GeoVirtue, 26. Rºy Lane. - - THE COUNTY OF KENT. . . : 97 gate, designed to serve as a barrier against the incursions of the crews of privateers. Previous to Broadstairs becoming so much in vogue, the inhabitants were chiefly employed in the Iceland cod fishery, which afforded considerable traffic, from the oil extracted from the liver of that fish. * ºvº-Zºº ºdºº-ºººººº anºzºº.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º. ºº •y\re wº - - - - d - . THE PIER AND HARBOUR, DOVER. WE have previously had occasion to give such ample details respecting the Town and Castle of Dover, that it would be superfluous to descant further upon those topics. In reference, there- fore, to the accompanying Plate, we have to observe, that no stranger visiting the town of Dover r should neglect ascending the heights whereby it is environed; in order to gratify his sight by one of the finest marine prospects it is possible to imagine. On one side rises the castellated fabric, in towering magnificence; while on the other, the white perpendicular cliffs defy the efforts of the angry surges that dash impetuous against its rugged base. Thence, directing the glance below, appears the populous and busy town, with its port; while, in the offing, ships of various burthens move -on the glossy surface of the deep, which gradually assuming in the distance a lighter tint, is bounded by the cliffs of France, that seem to mingle with the bright ethereal blue of Heaven. . . wºa Jºãº Zºº.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º. ººº-ººººººººº a HIGH STREET, MAIDSTONE. If the improvements that have taken place in the metropolis of England, during the last quar- ter of a century, render nugatory all comparison with alterations previously effected, the leading authorities of minor towns have not been backward in emulating the praiseworthy example set by the metropolitan city of this vast empire. Among the latter, no place affords a more striking ex- ample than Maidstone, which we shall now proceed to depict in its existing state. High Street (delineated in the accompanying Plate) is spacious, and presents on the right a noble specimen of architecture; the roof, supported by magnificent columns of the Ionic order; resting on arches, the under part being the corn-market, while adjoining are elegant and spacious apartments, occupied as offices for the Fire and Life Assurance Companies. The entrance is by a grand conducting arch, to the New Mitre Tavern, a commodious inn for men of business, &c. The room over the corn-market, which is spacious, being an appendage to the tavern in question. The New Market is contiguous, and consists of an arrangement of stalls, appropriated for the occupation of its various frequenters. The shambles, that stood at the end of Middle Row, so long an unsightly pile, are removed, thus admitting more light to the buildings opposite, on either side. A little below was the butter-market, recently removed, as also a box that contained the weigh-bridge apparatus, now placed within the adjoining conduit; thus rendering the street 98 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. more commodious. On the right, at the lower end, next the river, is Fair Meadow, which has, within the last four years, been Mac-adamised, at which period a row of stately elms was felled, and strong railings put up, to which the horses are attached; so that by the removal of the trees, ad- ditional light has been thrown upon the houses adjacent. Before the last-mentioned improvements, the stalls were up High Street, whereas the business of the fair is now confined within the meadow. - At the foot of the bridge is a newly-erected stone building, for the confinement of vagrants, and such as commit petty offences, until they are committed to the Mayor’s Prison, which is behind the workhouse, in Knight Rider Street; and on the West borough side of the bridge are several neat, new-built residences. The Tunbridge Road, turning to the left from the bridge, has been much improved, and its course directed more to the right; so that, from a narrow circuitous lane, it has become a spacious and commodious road. This terminates at the Bower, on entering which, is a handsome dwelling, with suitable appurtenances, commanding a delightful view over the town and adjacent country. . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On the London Road, about three hundred yards from the foot of the bridge, are many new, elegant houses, called Rocky Hill, which adorn the entrance to the town; there is also a new, but small and neat building over the spring that supplies the town with water by means of the conduits. Week Street has been recently much improved by several handsome houses being raised, Some of which have commodious shops, while those of antique date have been modernised. At the end of the street is the New Inn, near the site of which was formerly a ruinous pile of mean tene- ments, with an ill-fenced garden-ground, the whole now opened, and Mac-adamised. Opposite is Parliament Street, at the bottom of which are about forty new-built cottages, and a little farther on, Well Row, consisting of about twenty residences. In the direction of Rochester, on the right, are twenty larger dwellings, all built within a few years. Opposite the barracks, are the new county assembly-rooms, a chaste plain building of bricks, which uniformly attracts the traveller's attention. This part of the town has been particularly altered in appearance within the last twenty years. - * . - The new Sessions House, contiguous, is a noble pile, and the new County Prison, in the back- ground, though conveying melancholy ideas, gives an awful cast to the scenery. On the left, stands the Independent Chapel, erected in 1822, which displays a plain mass of architecture, cal- culated to contain about eight hundred persons. Faith Street, leading to the river, has within these few years been greatly improved, particularly towards the end, and a stone wall built on the right, ten or twelve feet high, very convenient to the houses on that side. The wharf has also been raised, which is defended by a rampart of stone, affording great facility in lading, and unlading the barges freighted with corn, coals, and timber. On the right, by the river side, higher up, appear several neat houses and cottages, at the end of which is another wharf, particularly convenient for the trade of the town. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone Street presents nothing new, worthy of notice, except that its entrance from the Weald of Kent, which, some years past, was narrow and incommodious, has been rendered spacious and free from all obstructions, by taking down two houses, whereby the road was much widened. On the right are several new streets, called George, Brunswick, and Orchard streets, consist- ing of about three hundred houses, and a good inn, all erected within the last nine years.' Mote THE COUNTY OF KENT. . . . \ 99 Road turns out of the middle of Stone Street, wherein, on the left, stands Providence Chapel, for the use of the high Calvinists, lately enlarged and new fronted, which will contain about three hun- dred persons. A little further on, sixty new buildings have been raised; the ground they occupy being denominated Doctor's Field. Romney Place, leading out of Stone Street, contains twenty dwellings, inhabited by private families; the entrance to which is through handsome iron gates. Paradise Row consists of houses on a larger scale, with front garden courts, there being seven rows. Opposite Mote Road is Knight Rider Street, running towards the old Church, and on the east side the National School, conducted on Bell's system; while contiguous, is a new burial ground, fenced in, and entered by iron gates. * r • - , , King Street was formerly so narrow at its entrance, that waggons laden with hay and straw could scarcely pass. The first improvement effected here was rounding the angle on the right, and more recently, the projecting houses were taken down. Higher up, is the Baptist Chapel, a neat fabric, erected in 1821, capable of containing about four hundred individuals. On the same side of the street, is Ebenezer Passage, and fifty cottages, including those in the passage; added to which, there are four good houses, called Ebenezer Place, the whole built within the last eight years. On the site of the old Gaol seven good houses are erected, with commodious shops; and, at the top of the street, where formerly stood several mean cottages, is a spacious road leading to Ashford; into which, on the right, just out of the town, is a new cut formed from Mote Road, very convenient for the inhabitants of that part of Maidstone. - sº - At the entrance of the main road, on the left, is Clarendon Place, and a little farther on, some substantial houses, upon a larger scale, with others very neat and elegant. Immediately at the upper end of the street is a new road, turned upon a sharp angle, leading to Sittingbourne; and at its entrance are some elegant double-built houses, for the occupation of two families each, with several neat cottages, all commanding an open and extensive view of the adjacent country, and the Mote. In the centre of this street is a spacious opening, leading directly to the new Church, an unor- namented and substantial pile of architecture, surmounted by a spire, with a gilt cast-iron cross on the summit. This building is formed to contain about two thousand persons. The pulpit and desk are placed after the modern taste, detached from each other the distance of the width of the mid- dle aisle, being equal in height, while in the gallery opposite is a fine-toned organ. - * * Union Street is wide, and contains several well-built houses, one side having been recently erected. This street opens out of Week Street, and conducts to the Sittingbourne Road, before mentioned. - - The new Methodist Chapel stands about the middle of the street, having been built in 1823. It is large and commodious, calculated to contain a congregation of fourteen hundred persons, and seats for eleven hundred. There is a handsome organ placed behind the pulpit. At the upper part of the street are twenty new-built cottages, and opposite the Union Flag, whence the street derives its name, is Cary Street, containing twenty houses on either side, at the top of which is School Street, consisting of twenty houses, with detached sheds for various pur- poses; while at one corner is the British school, containing three hundred children, with a house for the master and his family adjoining. The above leads into Wheeler Street, which runs out of the upper part of Union Street." Higher up, is the Friends' Meeting-house, calculated to accom- 100 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. modate two hundred persons of that persuasion. It is a sequestered spot, concealed from public view by a wall and a few trees, and in every respect consonant with the peaceful disposition of its frequenters. - - This street conducts to Penenden Heath, noted for executions and elections, whereon stands the Shire House, a pitiful building, having more the appearance of a shed, than being used for the purposes to which it is appropriated. - . . . . . . About the middle of this street is Holland Terrace, near which are some cottages called Well Row; and at the bottom of the road, round the northern angle of the gaol wall, about fifty more cottages, lately built. A little below Holland Terrace is Lucern Street, containing fifteen cottages; and opposite the British school is Brewer Street, running into Week Street, which forms a cross- road, wherein are fifteen or sixteen neat cottages, lying in a convenient direction to the new streets above described; and from the upper part are about thirty cottages, forming a new street towards the gaol. Very considerable improvement has been made in the town, owing to its being lighted by gas, which renders the High Street very elegant at night, the lamps being affixed to iron pillars. * ºvyºzºa º ºſºvºº ºdºº’.º.º.º.º.º.º.º. ººººººººº dº’º SNARGATE STREET, DOVER. WE have, on previous occasions, in the progress of the present work, had occasion to give such ample descriptions of the town of Dover and its stupendous Castle, that in the present instance we shall not long occupy the reader's attention. Snargate Street, delineated in the accompanying Plate, is wide and well built, and presents a singular appearance, from the towering white cliffs that skirt the backs of the houses on the land side. The dwellings in this part of the town are much frequented by those visitors who continue for a period at this port, for the purpose of enjoy- ing sea-bathing; and when speaking of Dover in its existing state, it is but justice to remark, that in consequence of its south-eastern aspect, it has to boast every appropriate requisite in a sea-port, without being subject to those excessive bleak winds to which many other watering-places are exposed. * @^^4° 4×4×42°4′4****&^^^^^2 ºz.º.º.º.º. ºp-ººp ºf ººº- ASHFORD, on A M.A. R. K. E. T. D. A Y. This town, about twelve-miles from Hythe, is very pleasantly situated upon an eminence, the ground sloping from the same, in every direction. The houses, for the most part, are modern and well built; and the High Street, which was newly paved a few years back, is very spacious. The Church is a large and handsome fabric, containing a nave, aisles, and three chancels, with a lofty ºlºiſkº Hill II. &º -- (CO)3]3(AMI HA][2][as IKENT THE SEAT OF EARL DARNLEY. Published 1830 by GVirtue.26. Ivy Lane. º Eºgava EyjRºgers Drawn by Campiºn - IDAR, TIS (ÖIRID), IKIENT. FROM THE GROUNDS OF LANDEL ESQ = - Published 1830 by G.Virtue. 26. Ivy Lane. Engraved by JRogers ºnly geosºphera. - - - - - - º Sº GEORGE'S CHURCHI, RAMS-GATE. TAKEN FROM THE FIELDS NFATR STT, AWRENCE, Published. June 1850. by G.Virtue. 26 Rºy Lane. Hiß # | Drawn by Geo. Shepherd. - Engraved by Garner. - - - AS)3O3(ORD), IKENT". º MARKET DAY. Published June 1830 by C. Virtue. 26. Ivy Lane. \ THE COUNTY OF KENT., 101 and well-proportioned spire in the centre. There are many ancient monuments and brasses, among which are some fine and interesting memorials of the ancient family of the Fogges, which was once of great celebrity in these parts, but is now entirely extinct. The free Grammar School was erected in the reign of Charles the First. The Market House occupies the middle of Ashford, there having formerly existed a market every week, now fallen into disuse. Those, how- ever, on the first and third Tuesday in every month, are very numerously attended, for the sale of live stock, which are furnished from the prolific Romney marshes; good fish, of various descriptions, are also to be had in abundance; wherefore this town is, in that and other respects, a very desirable place of residence. .* - - - - - | - - | , , . . . . . - - . . - 3 , ' ' .. * , * - , sº - " . - * * - º - •er re-eeeeeeee-wee-eeee-ee-ee-ee- 2 --------> ********* coBHAM HALL. THIS fabric, though far from presenting any grandeur in its external appearance, retains no small portion of its ancient baronial consequence. It is erected in the form of an half H, the extre- mities of the side wings terminating in octagonal towers, which, with a centre and ha! haſ in front, inclose a fine square lawn, beautified by vases, statues, &c. The architectural skill displayed in the central portion of the mansion, is due to the acknowledged talents of that great architect, Inigo Jones; the whole is cased by brick, and sashed by the last Earl of Darnley, which detract from the uniform appearance of the edifice, as it does not agree with the old wings, forming part of the residence of the Cobham family. In the latter there are projecting entrances of stone, long disused, which extend to the roofing; that in a southern direction being decorated by the armorial bearings and supporters of the Cobhams, produced in very bold relief. From the spacious lawn you enter the vestibule, in part fitted up in the Turkish, and partly in the Italian styles of decoration; the chimney-piece, of fine marble, is remarkably striking, sculp- tured with a bacchanalian subject in front, environed by statues and profuse ornaments. The small figures of the Hercules and Apollo of the Vatican, placed above, with the group representing Cupid and Psyche, are chiselled in the most exquisite style. From the vestibule you pass into the saloon of music, decorated by the present munificent Earl of Darnley, at an expenditure of £20,000; the length of this Chamber is fifty, the breadth forty, and the height forty-four feet. The ceiling is divided into square compartments, with a deep oval in the centre, the whole sumptuously gilt and decorated by a profusion of ornaments. The lower divisions of the sides are lined with grey veined marble, between pilasters painted to imitate Sienna marble, which support rich fascia and a cornice. At either extremity is a spacious gallery, supported by four columns, cased with Sienna marble, the bases and capitals being of Roman marble, the latter particularly well sculptured. The chimney- piece is adorned by full-length marble statues, and a sculpture from the history of Phaeton. Above, hangs a whole-length portrait of the Duke of Richmond, maternal son of Charles the First, with one of his brothers, over which are the arms, gilt, of Lord Darnley. The whole furniture and 26. HO2 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. decorations of this saloon are magnificent, and among the latter are eight alabaster vases; supported by pedestals, with statues of the Venus de Medicis and Apollo. . . . . . , The interior of the northern wing of Cobham Hall has undergone complete repair, under the directions of the famous Wyatt, now Sir Geoffrey Wyattville, a new Gothic, arched entrance having been built. This communicates with a vaulted passage, conducting to the grand staircase, also altered in the Gothic taste, having the armorial bearings of the Darnleys above. You then proceed to the picture gallery, amply stored with paintings of the first-rate masters, the length being one hundred and thirty-four feet. The four chimney-pieces of this gallery are finely wrought in black and white marble, as are all those in the old parts of Cobham Hall, bearing also the Cobham shield, with the date 1587. In an apartment adjoining, Queen Elizabeth was lodged during the visit she paid to William, Lord Cobham, in the first year of her reign; the arms of that princess still adorning the ceiling of the chamber. The basement story comprises the dining parlour, the chimney-piece of which exhibits a full-length statue of Pomona, while beneath the cornice is an engraving, in outline, of Moses striking the rock. In the suite of chambers in the southern wing are several fine pictures, particularly one representing the last moments of Cyrus, from the brilliant pencil of Rubens, for which 2000 guineas were refused. Among the pictures. decorative of this celebrated mansion, are chef d'oeuvres of Corregio, Guido, Titian, Rubens, Sal- vator Rosa, Vandyke, Sir Peter Lely, and Sir Joshua Reynolds; and among the antique statues are a beautiful Antinous, a bust of Caesar, &c. - Cobham Park includes an extent of eighteen hundred acres, and is nearly seven miles in circumference, luxuriantly diversified and abundantly wooded, the oaks being celebrated for their immense bulk and venerable appearance. Southward rises a splendid avenue of lime trees, comprising four rows, occupying an extent of one thousand yards. - On an elevated site, at the south-eastern extremity of the Park, is the stately Mausoleum or Chapel, the erection of which cost the deceased Earl £30,000, having been designed as a place of sepulture for his family. This building presents a very conspicuous object, to a considerable dis- tance, and occupies a spot denominated William's Hill, upon which a Chapel formerly stood. The Mausoleum is octangular, composed of Portland stone, the columns of either angle supporting a sarcophagus, and the summit terminating in a quadrangular pyramid. In the vault are sixteen recesses or burial niches, independent of those allotted for the late Earl and his Countess. There is also a Chapel elegantly fitted up, the windows of which are filled with painted glass, and the whole ornamented by Brocotello marble. , - g THE: COUNTY OF KENT. - 103. DART FORD, * FR on AN ELE VATED SITUATI on, . . HAv1Ng previously had occasion to insert ample descriptions of this neat and picturesque town, we must, in the present instance, content ourselves by referring to the accompanying plate, giving a bird’s-eyeview of the main street, and Church of Dartford, and a delineation of the surrounding country. . . . . . . . . - In reference to the vicinage of this place, about a mile south-westward is an extensive plain, ealled Dartford Heath, containing about five hundred acres of land. . The spot in question was much noted some years back, as having been selected by the corps of Toxophilites, under the appellation of the Royal, Kentish Bowmen; for whose reception a building was erected, at the western side of the Heath, distinguished by the name of The Lodge, having been the scene of their exercises and recreations. On those occasions grand galas were given, butts raised, and the apart- ments elegantly fitted up for the company, presenting a tout ensemble the most costly in appearance. Less than half a mile from Dartford, to the east, lies another heath, traversed by the high road to Rochester, called Dartford Brent, vulgarly the Brimpt; it is famed as having been the spot where the army of Richard Plantagenet encamped, in 1452, while waiting to obtain a parley with King Henry the Sixth, whose forces were then stationed at Blackheath: in the year 1648, the army of General Fairfax also had its rendezvous on Dartford Brent. - - The Roman road appears very conspicuous on the southern side of the main route between Dartford and the Brent; and, in gaining the latter, shapes its course more to the south-south-east, leaving the high road at a greater distance on the left, when it enters the inclosures and woods, directing its course to a hamlet named Stonewood, whence it branches to Wingfield Bank, and then to Shinglewell, in the direction of Rochester. Not far distant, southward from the Roman road on the Brent, adjoining the route to Greensted Green, are three small barrows, or tumuli, which have, to all appearance, been plundered of their contents, by some lover of antiquarian lore. e *Ndººººººººººººº gººgººººººººº...º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º. ºººººº ſºa KNOWLE PARK. This venerable baronial edifice stands in the vicinity of Sevenoak, a pleasant road through the Park conducting to the main entrance; the route in question branching from Sevenoak Common, one mile from the town, on the road leading direct to Tunbridge. This well-known mansion has ranked a celebrated seat nearly as far back as the reign of William the Conqueror, and displays, in different parts, the architecture of various ages, from the days of the Anglo- Normans, to the reign of James the First. After passing into the possession of many illustrious 104 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. families, Knowle descended by marriage to Sir William Fiennes, by whose son it was sold to Bouchier, Archbishop of Canterbury, by which prelate it was annexed to the archiepiscopal see, but who rebuilt the fabric in a very magnificent style. By the successors of that prelate the structure was greatly improved, and with them it continued until the twenty-ninth year of Henry the Eighth, when Archbishop Cranmer, perceiving that the splendour of the place excited the envy and jealousy of the nobility, exchanged Knowle with the Crown, as he also did the sumptuous palace at Oxford, erected by the famous prelate Warham, his immediate predecessor in the metropolitan see of Canterbury. * : - - * - . This seat continued vested in the Crown till the second year of Edward the Sixth, who granted Knowle Park to his uncle, the Duke of Somerset, on whose attainder it again reverted to the King, who gave it to the avowed enemy of Somerset, the aspiring Duke of Northumberland. On the execution of the latter nobleman, it once more passed to the Crown, when Queen Mary granted the mansion and estate to Cardinal Pole, for his natural life and one year beyond. The grant in question having expired, Queen Elizabeth gave Knowle to her favourite Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who, the same year, resigned it back to the hands of her Majesty, upon which she first leased the property to John Lennard, Esq. of Chevening, who transferred it to his eldest son, Sampson Lennard, Esq. who resided there till about the third year of the reign of James the First, at which time the lease had expired. Knowle, after the period in question, became vested in Thomas Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, afterwards Earl of Dorset, and then Lord Treasurer to the Queen; to whom the reversion and fee simple of these premises had been granted by Queen Elizabeth, in the eighth year of her reign, shortly after the Earl of Leicester had surrendered his grant, as previously mentioned. Lord Buckhurst then beautified the old structure, having made additions at a considerable expense, and, on his death, left it in excellent repair for his successor. His grandson Richard, Earl of Dorset, about the year 1612, purchased the manor of Sevenoak, with its appurtenances, of Henry Cary, Lord Hunsdon; after which period the Earl became so profuse in his bounty, that he was compelled to dispose of the manor of Sevenoak, the manor-seat, and park of Knowle, &c. to Mr. Henry Smith, citizen and Alderman of London; reserving, however, to himself and his heirs, a lease of the whole, at an annual reserved rent. Henry Smith, Esq. being the proprietor of many valuable estates in 1620, conveyed several of them, among which were these - of Sevenoak, &c. to Robert, Earl of Essex; Richard, Earl of Dorset, and others; in whom he also vested his immense personal property, in trust, to pay him £500 towards his living, and the residue to such charitable uses as he should appoint in his will. * On the demise of Henry Smith, Esq. in 1641, the Earl of Essex and surviving trustees, by a deed enrolled in the Court of Chancery, allotted the rental of Knowle, the manor-house and park, then let to the Earl of Dorset at £100 per annum, to be annually distributed to five several parishes in Surrey, and the rents of other manors and lands, also let to that nobleman, to be dis- tributed among several other parishes. Since the above period, Knowle has remained vested in the descendants of the Earl of Dorset. * - ... . . . . jº The mansion of Knowle presents an immense pile of building, which, although spacious, is deficient in elevation both as to site and design; the apartments are numerous, the leading attrac- tions in which are the splendid collection of pictures and curious gallery of portraits, commemo- Hilº ||||Biº |H|| || || º: º - §§ * - Drawn by T.M. Baynes. - - Engraved by S.Lacey. CIHIEVENING PLACE . TELE SEAT OF EARL STANIEIOPIE , IKIENT. Published 1830 by Geo. Virtue, 26, Ivy Lane. JK N (O)W IL, JE JPA JR JK, THE SEAT OF THE DUCHESS OF D OR SET. IKIENT . Published 1830 by Geo virtue 26 Rºy Lane. Drawn by T.M. Baynes. - - Engraved by H. Adlar TIETE GRAMMAR SCIEIOOſº a TTNBRIDGE, IKEN. T. Published July 1830, by Geo Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane. | Drawn by C. Shepherd. - = = Fingayed by H. Adlard. WESTERELANſ, KENT, Published July 1830, by Geo virtue, 26, Ivy Lane. - - THE COUNTY OF KENT. 105 rative of characters who have flourished in arms, in arts, in literature, and the sciences. These varied productions of the pencil occupy the brown and horn galleries, the spangled bed-chamber and dressing-rooms, the billiard chamber, the venetian and dining-rooms, the ball-room, the upper and lower chapels, the drawing-room, the cartoon gallery, the King's bed-chamber, the dining-parlour, the guard-room, the blue room and the book-room. To enumerate the works of art and various masters would extend our description beyond the limits prescribed; we' cannot, however, refrain from instancing the name of Sir Joshua Reynolds, many of the finest * specimens of that celebrated artist being preserved at Knowle, particularly the famous picture of Count Ugolino, which may vie with the grandest productions of the Italian or Venetian schools. wºº A&N&Pºººººººººººººººººººººººº..., 2^*.* CHEVENING. W - " _ " - . . . . . THIs elegant mansion, the seat of the Right Honourable the Earl of Stanhope, is situated about four miles from Sevenoaks, a delightful view of the structure, park and adjacent country being seen on the right, as you descend Madam's Court Hill, proceeding from London, whence you also command a charming prospect of Montreal, and many other picturesque seats. - At a very early period, this estate and dwelling were the property of a family bearing the same name; from which line, in the reign of King Henry the Sixth, they passed to the Iseleys, and thence, in the thirty-fifth of Henry the Eighth, to John Lennard, Esq. who served the office of Sheriff of Kent, in the tenth of Queen Elizabeth. About the fourteenth of James the First, the mansion was re-erected by Richard Lennard, Lord Dacre, from a plan of Sir Inigo Jones, whose descendants, the Lady Barbara and Lady Ann, daughters and co-heirs of Thomas Lennard, Earl of Sussex, passed the property by sale, in 1717, to Major-general James Stanhope, grandson of Philip, first Earl of Chesterfield, who, pursuing the military career, rose by degrees to the enjoyment of the highest posts of honor in the army. In 1708, being promoted commander-in-chief of the British forces in Spain, he reduced the Castle of Saint Philip, and the celebrated port of Mahon in the Island of Minorca; and in 1710, the signal victory obtained at Almenara was the result of his pru- dence, valour, and knowledge of military tactics. On the accession of George the First, he was sworn of the Privy Council, &c.; in April 1717, constituted first Commissioner of the Treasury, and Chancellor of the Exchequer; and, in the July following, promoted to the dignity of Lord Viscount Stanhope, of Mahon, in the Island of Minorca. He died the 15th of February, 1721, and was suc- ceeded by his eldest son Philip, who made considerable improvements in the mansion and grounds of Chevening” From the above period, this seat has continued in his successors. -* The House is a very substantial and commodious structure, occupying rather a low situation, but presenting internally every accommodation required by its noble proprietor. e 27. 106 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. THE DOCK YARD AT SHEERNESS. THE ville of Sheerness lies at the western part of the parish of Minster, being the principal place in: the Isle of Sheppey. In the the year 1667, King Charles II. is stated to have undertaken the erection of a strong Fort here; for which purpose he performed two journeys thither, and having seen the work commenced, left it to be completed under the superintendance of his chief engineer, Sir Mar- tin Beckman, and one of the commissioners of the ordnance. Notwithstanding this, however, very. little had been effected, when the Dutch made their memorable attempt upon the shipping in the Medway, in the month of June following. The enemy in that attack soon beat the works to the ground, and landing a number of men from their fleet, took possession of the Fort; after which, sail- ing up the river, they broke through every impediment made to oppose them, and having done con- siderable damage to the shipping, fell down the river, without any further molestation. This bold attempt created such alarm in the nation, that the Fort of Sheernes; was immediately after increased to a regular fortification, and mounted with a line of large and heavy cannon. Be- sides this, there were several smaller Forts constructed on the different sides of the Medway, higher up, for its better defence. Since which period this fortress has been greatly augmented and strength- ened by new works and improvements. The garrison is commanded by a governor, a lieutenant- governor, a fort-major, and other inferior officers. The ordnance branch established here is under the direction of a store-keeper, a clerk of the cheque, and a clerk of the survey. - Some years after the construction of the Fort, a royal Dock was made adjoining the same, intended principally for repairing ships that are but partially damaged, and building frigates and smaller vessels, from forty guns downwards. … The number of persons necessarily attendant both in the fort and Dock-yard, has occasioned the building of a town containing several streets. The inhabitants, until the year 1782, suffered much inconvenience from the great scarcity of fresh water; a circumstance attended to by Govern- ment, when a well was sunk, at a great expense, within the fort. Having dug to the vast depth of 328 feet, the augur dropped down, and the water rushed up with such velocity, that the workmen could scarcely be extricated with sufficient haste to escape drowning. In six hours it rose 189 feet, and in a few days was within eight feet of the top, and has ever since produced a never-failing supply ; for though the water is constantly drawn out, it has never been lowered more than 200 feet. The quality of the water is fine and soft, and its temperature somewhat warmer than that commonly ob- tained from other wells. … • Since the above period, the most stupendous works have been effected by Government, in this Dock-yard, which has been enlarged so as to receive first-rate men of war. In 1822, these improve- ments were in a great state of forwardness, the bason being capable of containing twelve line-of- battle ships, other docks being also in progress of completion; while the surrounding works, build- ings, storehouses, &c. have been the result of subsequent years. This colossal task was originally commenced under the auspices of General Bentham, and afterwards committed to the superintendance of the late J. Rennie, Esq.; the whole now forms one of the finest Dock-yards in the Kingdom. THE COUNTY OF KENT, 107 { . . UPN OR CASTLE. THIS structure. is situated a small distance below Chatham Dock, standing on the opposite shore. It is a stone building, and was erected by Queen Elizabeth, in her third year, for the defence of the river; but, for a length of time past, there has not been a gun mounted for service, neither is there any platform. - , . . . . . . . The Castle contains a magazine of powder for the use of the navy; and, to ensure, its safety, theretiscan establishment of a governor, store-keeper, clerk of the cheque, master-gunner, and twelve other subordinates. There is also an officer's guard of soldiers, or detachment, which, with the rest of the forts on this river, excepting Sheerness, are under the command of the governor of Upnor Castle. One of these is a fort once called “The Swamp,” now. the “ Bird's Nest;” but no guns have been mounted there for a considerable period, the embrasures having been long mouldered, away. Another fort, called “Cockham Wood,” about a mile below, on the same side of the Medway, may yet be seen, but all the guns are dismounted, and scattered on the ground. The gift of the master-gunner's place, usually held by some invalid, is at the disposal of the master- general. º - . . . . . . . . . . jºir. . . . º ". . . Hooness Fort, generally called “The Folly,” is situated still lower down, on the same side of the river, where there are no guns mounted; but there is a master-gunner from Upnor Castle, who resides there for a week at a time, a boat being allowed for the transporting each gunner and his provisions weekly from Upnor Fort, for the service of the navy. The south tower of Upnor Castle is allowed the governor for his residence, but, on account of its dilapidated state, it is never inhabited. Near the Castle are some good barracks, wherein the gunners, soldiers, and officer commanding on the spot, are well accommodated. - ..º.º. ººººººººº-ºººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººº- GRAMMAR SCHOOL, TUNBRIDGE. This town has to boast a very famous Free or Grammar School, erected and endowed by Sir Andrew Judd, who filled the post of Lord Mayor of London, in the year 1551. The munificent citizen in question appointed the Skinners' Company, for the time being, standing trustees of this noble charity; a duty it has ever since discharged, with a generosity and care highly redounding to the credit of its members. The seminary referred to has proved highly beneficial to the community, by the number of excellent scholars who have been there educated, as well as the learning and talents displayed by many of those called to superintend this establishment. These advantages are, in a great measure, to be ascribed to the judicious selection made by the governors appointed by the Skinners' Company, and their conscientious regard for the permanent interests of the establish- ment, which has been manifested by regular annual visitations of the School, and a distribution of rewards for the encouragement of dawning talent and superior merit, in all the leading branches of public education, . . . . . . . . . - - - " . . . . . - t *- f - - 108 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. SHE E R N ESS, FROM THE PIER. SHEERN Ess was once esteemed a member of the parish of Minster, but has long been created a ville of itself, and entirely separated as to civil jurisdiction, but in an ecclesiastical light it continues part of the same. This portion of the isle, in the reign of Charles the First, presented one watery swamp, on the point of which, after the restoration, was mounted a small fort of twelve guns, to defend the pas- sage of the Medway. After the Dutch war that followed, Sheerness was regarded as a spot highly advantageous for the security of the British navy, and became a royal fort, when great improvements were made from time to time, and, in 1782, an Act was passed for the more effectual security of this im- portant spot. To enter upon a detailed account of the existing Dock-yard, would extend our matter beyond the limits proposed, and to insert a curtailed description of one of the greatest works ever projected and accomplished, would be unjust; we shall, therefore, refer the reader to IRELAND’s History of KENT, which contains the most ample details extant of this colossal undertaking. We have only to remark, that, on approaching the Dock-yard by water, the mind is by no means impressed with a just idea of the extent and grandeur of the objects that present themselves when the stranger is led to survey the immense basins, stupendous buildings, &c. by which the area of the yard is occupied. sºººººººººººººººººº-ººp SHEERNESS, WITH THE FOUNTAIN INN, &c. The subject of our plate is the landing-place close to the Dock-yard of Sheerness, with the Fountain Tavern; and, on the opposite side, a delineation of the Chapel resorted to by those of the Wesleyan persuasion. A person is stationed here, who receives one penny from strangers that land or take boat to go on board any of the ships laying off the Dock-yard. CANTERIBURY CATHEDRAL. The magnificence of this renowned structure, and the particular neatness with which every part of the building and area is preserved, afford a lively gratification to the admirers of archi- tectoral splendour. The chief approach to the Cathedral is from the main street, under a highly- Ti § ſº** I |N ſ | |- - - Drawn by T. M. Baynes. - - - Engraved by T. Garner. UPN or cºsº, Nº AR clºtAºANſ, - KENT, - Published 1830 by Geo virtue, 26 Ivy Lane º m ociº ºr D), sººn N - |KE N 'I' jºiº. Delt - - FINCHICO(CI&S IN GOUDHURST. IKTENT". THE SEAT OF RICHARD SPRINGETT ESQ P. Published.1830 by G. Virtue. 26 Ivy Lane. - Egºgº - BED) Gºſſº, RIENT, THE SEAT OF FRANCIS HAV Eso" THE COUNTY OF KENT, 109 ornamented gateway, decorated by niches, statues, and a profusion of carved work and shields of arms, bearing date 1517. Hence the opening view of the church, with its lofty tower, delicately- ornamented pinnacles, and stately buttresses, affords a very impressive coup d'oeil. At the entrance from the west end, the height of the nave, its pillars, and the just proportions of the arches, its peculiar neatness, and the singular grandeur of the ascent to the choir, produce an imposing effect, while the sepulchral monuments around inspire the most solemn reflections. The choir is 180 feet in length, the ornaments appropriate—every thing noble, and nothing gaudy; the prebendal stalls and archiepiscopal throne being chastely magnificent. - The exterior view of this pile, of which we have previously given such an elaborate descrip- tion as to render any detailed account superfluous, must rivet the regard even of those observers whose minds are not tinctured by a long-cherished veneration for the gothic style of architecture. The proportions of this building are admirably kept up, and the grand masses beautifully relieved by intermediate ornaments of lesser bulk, the tout ensemble presenting a facade imposingly magni- ficent. If to these considerations be added the multifarious incidents connected with historic re- cords of the remotest periods of antiquity, it would be difficult to point out, in this, or any other European country, an object fraught with higher interest and importance than the Cathedral Church of Canterbury. - - ** A4Aaº Aº ºvº.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º. ººzºº FAVER.S.H.A.M. THIs Town, on the left of the road leading to Dover, is populous, having a handsome church with a fine lofty spire, the bells not being placed within the building, but in a frame of timber near the north-western angle. The town is of very high antiquity; the two Roman Saints Crispin and Crispianus, according to tradition, having been bound apprentices to a shoemaker of this place; a circumstance which might have appeared more incredible, if modern days had not afforded many instances of Saints engaged in very servile and menial capacities! In the year 811, Faversham was denominated the King's Town, at which period Cenwall or Cenolf granted a charter to Walford, Archbishop of Canterbury, whereby numerous privileges were bestowed upon the town. In the reign of King Stephen, a monastery of Cluniac monks existed here, fragments of the gateway being still to be traced, as also of the chapel and porter's lodge. Tradition says that both King Stephen and his Queen Matilda were buried here; and Stowe asserts that, at the suppression of monaste- ries, the body of that monarch was thrown into the river for the sake of the leaden coffin wherein it had been enclosed. - - - The corporation of Faversham boasts great privileges; among others, the holding a court of session twice every year, to decide upon all offences committed within the town, excepting that of high treason. Here also, as well as at Milton, is a valuable oyster fishery, affording employment to hundreds of the inhabitants; and a grammar school founded by Queen Elizabeth, the corpora. 110 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. tion; being governors; the appointment of the master, however, is vested, in the warden, and six senior fellows of All Souls’ College, Oxford. Here are, besides two charity schools, almshouses for six poor men and six women, and other benevolent institutions for the relief and assistance of poor and distressed persons. FAVERSHAM CHURCH. THIS edifice, standing eastward of the town, was dedicated to the Assumption of our Lady of Faversham, and is built in the form of a cross, being composed of flints with quoins of ashlar stone. Until the year 1755, at which period it was taken down, it had a large square castellated tower in the centre, and there remains another low turret at the north side of the west front, whereon is erected a ſrame of timber, covered with shingles. As far back as the reign of Henry the Eighth, there ap- pears to have been no steeple to this edifice, as, in 1464, Edward Thomasson of Faversham gave £60 towards the erection of a new one, and at a later period James Lawson, Esq. who died in 1794, devised by will £1000 for a similar purpose; with which sums, and £500 furnished by the corporation, a steeple was raised 73 feet above the tower, having pinnacles at either corner, similar to those of St. Dunstan’s in the East. Behind the tower, within the outward walls, is a strong timbered chamber, formerly called the tresory, wherein, prior to the Reformation, were kept the goods and ornaments of the Church, and over it the sexton's chamber. On the southern side of the west front is a room, formerly open to the church,in which tuition was given in reading and writing; and under a neat chapel, with stone arches, supported by three pillars in the middle. Over the south porch is another stone chamber, the windows being grated by strong iron bars. *ºs., . This edifice seems to have been built as early as the reign of Edward the First, or the com- mencement of that of his successor, Edward the Second, a silver penny of one of those monarchs hav. ing been discovered under the base of one of the piers that served to support the centre tower. In 1754, the body of the Church and the roof, being deemed in a dangerous state, were pulled down, at an expenditure of £2300; subsequent to which, the organ was set up, which cost £400, nearly £200 having been further disbursed in ornamenting and improving the grand chancel. The whole now presents as elegant and spacious an interior as any Church in the county, being amply sufficient for the reception of the parishioners of the place. It measures from east to west, including the chancel, 160 feet; the width of the body, 65 feet; the length of the aisles, from north to south, 124 feet; and the width, 46 feet. Prior to the Reforma- tion, independent of the high altar in the great chancel, there existed two chapels dedicated to the Holy Trinity, and St. Thomas, with many other altars in the aisles and chancels. . The vicarage of Faversham is valued, in the King's books, at £38 : 18:3, the yearly tenths being £2:13:9; and in 1578, the number of communicants amounted to 845. In 1640, the value was THE COUNTY OF. KENT: 111 £140 per annum; and in 1782, Easter offerings included, the estimate was the same, and the com, municants 1500. - - - . ... According to the last census of the population, taken by order of Government in 1821, the In Liberty, or town of Faversham, was found to contain 639 dwellings, 1870 males, and 2049 females; making a total of 3919 souls. tºº/A&AJº'agººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººº. QUEEN BOROUGH, ISLE OF SHEPPEY. THIS is a borough town, anciently called Cyningburgh, and belonged to the Saxon kings, who had a castle here, close to the entrance of the Swale, afterwards denominated the Castle of Sheppey. On the site of that structure, Edward III., erected a larger edifice, and called this place Queen- borough, in honour of Philippa, his consort. The building of this Castle was commenced about the year 1861, and finished six years afterwards, being intended for the purpose of defending the realm, and as a refuge for the inhabitants of the island. - - • This fabric was completed under the inspection of William of Wickham, the king's architect, afterwards Bishop of Winchester, who acquitted himself with his usual skill and ability. Upon the completion of the Fortress, the above monarch visited the edifice, and remained there some days, during which period he made this place a free borough; and by charter, in 1866, created it a corpo- ration, constituting the townsmen, burgesses; and investing them with power to choose annually a mayor, and two bailiffs, who should proffer their oaths of allegiance before the constable of the Castle, and be justices within the liberties of the corporation, exclusive of all others. They were also endowed with.cognizance of pleas, liberty of two markets weekly, on Mondays and Thursdays, and two annual fairs, one on the eve of our lady, and the other on the feast of St. James, both being benefited with freedom of tholle, and many other privileges tending to augment the number of its inhabitants. - - - Richard II. in his 8th year, granted to Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, all rights and franchises of the Castle of Queenborough, during the life of the said earl. Richard III., Henry VIII., and Elizabeth, repaired and beautified this Castle. Johnson, in his Descriptio Itinerus, speaking of the building, particularly mentions a dining-room, as being very spacious and elegant, round which the arms of nearly all the nobility and gentry in the county were arranged, with those of Elizabeth in the centre. - In 1650, after the death of Charles I., this Castle was surveyed by order of Parliament, and found to be altogether useless, both from its situation as well as construction, having been built for the warfare of bows and arrows. The commissioners appointed for the survey reported that it con- sisted of twelve rooms in the range of buildings below stairs, and about forty rooms from the first story upwards, those being circular and composed of stone, with six towers and offices, the roof covered with lead. Within the circumference of the Castle was one small round court, paved ; and 112 - PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. . . in the centre, one large well; while outside the Castle was a great court, both of which were environed by large stone walls, entirelymoated; the whole containing upwards of three acres of land. Accord- ing to the report of those commissioners, it was worth about £1792, exclusive of the charge for pul- ling it down, and it was sold to Mr. John Wilkinson, who removed the materials. The well con- tinues to be used, and, till 1818, was the only means whereby the inhabitants could obtain water; but at that period, on adopting the boring system, good water was procured in other parts of the borough. - - The constables of the Castle were generally men of considerable rank and influence; John of Gaunt having held this office in the 50th of Edward III. In the reign of Elizabeth, the annual fee of the keeper of this Castle was £29 : 2 : 6. w Although ranking a borough as early as the reign of Edward III., this town did not return members to the legislature until the 13th of Elizabeth, A. D. 1571, at which time there were only twenty-three inhabited houses. . . - . & - - The principal source of employment for the inhabitants is the oyster fishery, established for centuries, which had always been free to every burgess of the borough until 1820." This fishery was governed by the burgesses, assembled in courts-leet, from the earliest period down to 1728. At the above period, the seven benchmen, or corporation officers, usurped the power of governing the fisheries, without the intervention of the courts-leet, and numerous entries are to be found in the records of the corporation, whereby it may be plainly inferred that, previously, the fishery had been wholly under the direction of those courts, as the leet jury, till the time thus specified, had the sole management of the opening and shutting of the fishery, as well as the quantities to be taken. They also possessed the power of issuing orders for the preservation or placing of the brood or spat of oysters, and took up such persons as were guilty of any infringement of such regulations. In 1700, the mayor was twice fined for catching oysters; which fact strongly exemplified the power of the leet jury over the fishery, in defiance of the select body. The corporation officers, not satisfied with the usurpation of their predecessors in 1728, used their utmost endeavours to reduce every freeman to the level of their servants. They claimed a right to control the fishery, and maintained that the freemen only were to be employed by them, attaching a penalty of £50, for non-compliance with this by-law, prohibiting any freeman, either by himself, apprentice, eldest son, or servant, from fish- ing or dredging within the fisheries of the said borough. A freeman, named Edward Skey, unwil- ling to lose the inheritance of his fathers, determined to continue his usual avocation of fishing, not- withstanding this threatening by-law; upon which the corporation brought an action of debt against him at the autumn assizes, in 1827, at Maidstone; and after three days' trial, before Mr. Justice Darke, the jury returned a verdict, that the by-law was unreasonable. Foiled in their attempts to compel the people to bend to their arbitrary power, they then had recourse to another expedient, in order to oppress the resident freemen ; and, instead of storing the oyster-ground at the accustomed time, suffered it to remain unstocked, by which means the resident population of the place had no employment during the winter months. The corporation officers subsequently got the freemen to sign a paper acknowledging the impropriety of their conduct for the last seven years, and promising to conform to their by-law made on the 20th of June, 1820. It may be demanded, what motive could induce the corporation to pursue this measure : our answer is, political influence.—The Drawn by T.M.Baynes: SHIEERNIESS. witH THE FOUNTAIN INN.&c. IKIENT. Published 1830 by ed Virtue 26 Ivy Lane º º M. Baynes. - - Engraved by JRºgers. Sº SS. FROM THE PIER... IKIENTI", - Published 1890 by Geo virtue 26 Ivy Lane. Dr. sºn by T.M. Bºynes - E.Hgraved. By H Airã. IFAVIE IRSIHIAM (CIEIUIRCIEI, IKIENT. - Published Sep 1830 by GeoVirtue, 26, Ivy Lane. º," Drawn. by T.M.Bºynes - - IFAVIERS IHI AMI, IKIENT, Published Sep 1830, by GeoVirtue, 26, Ivy Lane. **-*. THE COUNTY OF KENT: ... . . . 113 borough of Queenborough is a government borough, the corporation officers are agents of the Treasury; of the 340 freemen, about 120 occupy government places; and of these about 80 only can vote at an election, the other 40 being employed in the revenue department. There are also about 30 freemen, non-residents, totally unconnected with government; and those, with about 150 inde- pendent freemen, who are residents, were to be out-voted by the power of the corporation, other- wise the government patronage would be lost to them and theirs. In this dilemma the oyster- ground was seized upon, and their right to the same asserted by the by-law; in consequence of which, they were in hopes they should be enabled to compel the freemen to act according to their wishes. What still inclines us more to believe such was their intention, is this fact, that, at the general election, in March, 1820, several of the resident freemen cut the name of the second candi- date from the card, and placed another in its stead; and on the June following, the notable by-law made its appearance. . . . . - - - By the charter of Charles I., under date 1626, the burgesses in Parliament were chosen by the inhabitants, being about 70 in number, the returning officer to be mayor. It was, however, voted by the House of Commons, April 1729, that the right of election was vested in the mayor, jurats, and common council only, of this corporation. sº , - The arms of the town are, On a mount vert, a tower with five spires, argent. - In 1821, there were 160 dwellings in Queenborough; and at the same period, when the last census of the population was taken by order of Parliament, the numbers of inhabitants were: males 400, females 481, making a total of 881 souls. *Nº ººga º ºvºº anºº ºa ºbºzºa ººzºº.4°Nº º Aº Aºaz Mºº MINSTER, Isle of SHEPPEY. THE principal parish in the Isle of Sheppey is Minster, lying on elevated ground, near the centre of the north side of the same. This district derives its name from a monastery founded here at a ‘very remote period, Minstre signifying, in the Saxon, a monastery or religious institution. The village occupies high ground, having its church and the ruins of the monastery close on the northern side; of the latter, however, very few vestiges are now remaining. Edward the Third, in his 17th year, granted a fair to be held here on Palm Monday, which is still continued for the sale of toys, &c. - The Church, dedicated to St. Mary and St. Sexburg, consists of two aisles and two chancels, the steeple being at the western extremity, presenting a large square tower, surmounted by a tur- ret. In the north chancel, is the tomb of Sir Thomas Cheney, Knight of the Garter; on the north side, the figure of a man in armour; and in the high chancel, an ancient tomb, bearing a man armed at all points, lying cross-legged. To the right, is a horse's head, carved in alabaster, concerning which an idle tale is current. At the upper end of the north aisle is a small stone, to all appearance of considerable antiquity, whereon is carved a cross bottany. In 1489, there existed a chapel dedi- cated to St. John, which was situated within the cemetery of Minster. - 29. * - - . 114 - PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. FINCHCOCKS, GOUDHURST. THIS place, of some note in the parish of Goudhurst, is situated about a mile and a half from the town, and the same distance from Lamberhurst, (contiguous to the route between those places) and eight miles from Tunbridge Wells. - - The original structure that anciently stood here, was held by a family of the same name, in the fortieth year of King Henry the Third; it does not, however, appear upon record that any member of that race rendered himself conspicuous in deeds of arms, or by having filled an eminent office in the state. - The next proprietor of Finchcocks was — Horden, of Horden, who held the estate by pur- chase, at the commencement of the reign of Henry the Sixth, one of which family was Edward Horden, Esq. Knight of the Green Cloth to Edward the Sixth, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth; to whom Henry the Eighth had conferred a grant to use the cross-bow, as well as annex a crown to his armorial bearings, both of which documents were held by the proprietor of the estate, being particularly curious. - W - Edward Horden, Esq. dying without male issue, demised this estate to be shared between two daughters and coheirs; Elizabeth married to Mr. Paul Bathurst, when Finchcocks, by the above- mentioned union, became vested in the Bathurst family. - - - : The present structure was raised by Edward Bathurst, Esq. and completed, at a very heavy expense, in the year 1725. The front presents a handsome pile of brick buildings, the whole dis- playing a 'very noble façade, the walls being of particular thickness, to command durability, and the cellarings unusually extensive. The interior of the mansion is commodious, the suite of apartments being large and lofty, and the whole fitted up and furnished in a manner suited to the extent of the premises. The surrounding pleasure grounds are laid out with taste, and the whole luxuriantly wooded. This seat was purchased by the late Robert Springett, Esq. who greatly im- proved the premises and estate, having spared no expense in prosecuting the labour; the whole of which, on his demise, passed by will to his eldest son, Richard Springett, Esq. the present occupant of Finchcocks. \ sº evee z\,\r ree ºre ear-earez ºwe revez er re-e-r-rº zºº ºr ºr ree BEDGEBURY. THE seat anciently standing here was of considerable eminence, and surrounded by much woodland. In remote antiquity, this mansion gave residence and surname to its possessors, one of whom, John de Bedgebury, about the period of Edward the Second, demised lands here to William de Comeden, of Comeden House, in the vicinity. His descendant John, in 1424, was interred in the church of Bedgebury, when his sister Agnes became his heir, who entitled her husband, John Colepeper, to the mansion, with the manors of Bedgebury and Ford. In the line of the Colepepers THE county of KENT. 115 this property descended to. Thomas Colepeper, who procured the disgavelment of his lands under Edward the Sixth, at the close of which reign he served the office of sheriff for the county of Kent. His son Anthony, also of Bedgebury, was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, who, in her pro- gress through the county, A. D. 1573, honoured the then seat with her presence; and, in his Remains, Camden states that, to the honour of that renowned family, there were twelve knights and baronets living of the famous house of the Colepepers at the same period. . . At the time of the Restoration, Thomas Colepeper alienated Bedgebury, with its appendant manors, to Sir James Hayes, who espoused Rachael, Wiscountess Falkland, when the latter noble- man rebuilt the mansion at a small distance from the ancient structure. At his demise, much litiga- tion having taken place in Chancery, Edward Stephenson Esq, who had a heavy mortgage on the estate, was put into possession of the property by order of the Court, on whose death, in 1782, it devolved to his cousin, Captain Edward Stephenson, who died in the East Indies. He devised the property to Miss Peach, by whom it was sold to John Cartier, Esq., who held the seat and estate of Bedgebury. • T. . Under Queen Elizabeth a very extensive Park existed here, of which there are no longer any remains. The last-mentioned possessor resided at Bedgebury during his shrievalty in 1789, who made considerable improvements on the estate. The existing seat, inhabited by Francis Law, Esq., presents a very commodious structure for the residence of an opulent family; the grounds are tastefully laid out, the whole well wooded, and the situation as desirable as any site to be found in the adjoining district. wºº.º.º.º.º.º.º. ººº-ºººººººººººººººººº...º.º.º. ºººººººººº ºp Zºº HALES PLACE. THIs Mansion stands in the parish of St. Stephen's, otherwise Hackington, in the hundred of Westgate, near Canterbury. The gardens, park, and seat of Hales Place occupy the rise of the hill, and from the terrace is a most beautiful view of the metropolitan city of Kent, with the venerable cathedral and surrounding picturesque country. On the spot occupied by the residence in question, originally stood a structure, called the Place House, the property of Sir John Man- wood, gentleman of the privy-chamber to James the First, and Lieutenant-Governor of Dover Castle. He, in 1637, alienated the house and estate to Colonel Thomas Colepeper, afterwards knighted, who resided here, and died, holding the property, in 1643, when he was buried in the church of St. Stephen. His only son, Thomas Colepeper, Esq. in 1675, sold the property to E. Hales, Esq. eldest son of Sir Edward Hales, Bart. of Tunstall, who resided at the Place House, and in 1768 procured the king's licence to form a park, as the ancient one had for some time pre- vious been disparked; who having been first knighted by James the Second, afterwards succeeded his father in the baronetcy. Since that period the estate devolved to his great grandson, Sir Edward Hales, Bart. who many years back pulled down the ancient Place House, and erected for his resi- dence the present edifice, a small distance northward; the mansion being in every respect worthy of the family to whom the estate descended. - 116 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. LICENSED VICTUALLERS ASYLUM. This charity, redounding highly to the credit of its founders, was instituted on the 22d of February, 1827. It is situated on the right-hand-side of the high road leading to Deptford, pre- senting a very handsome frontage, with a colonnade in the centre, and is at present occupied by forty-three indigent victuallers' families; but when the structure is completed, will present two handsome additional wings, the whole calculated to accommodate a hundred and one families. The architect was Henry Rose, Esq. of Guildford-street, in the Borough. The original contract having been £8180, and the spot whereon the structure stands, with the surrounding pleasure ground, (the whole being freehold) having cost £600. As the nature of this establishment is explained in an address to a pamphlet printed by the Governors and Committee of this laudable undertaking, we have subjoined the same. “Amongst the numerous Charitable Institutions for which this country is distinguished, “THE Friendly Society of Licensed Victuallers’ holds a deservedly eminent situation, not only for the fostering care and anxious solicitude it manifests in protecting and providing for the chil- dren of deceased and distressed members, but as well for the assistance and relief it affords to mem- bers and their families who fall into distress, and for the permanent provision it makes for those who, advanced in age and under infirmity, are rendered incapable of providing for themselves. “ Notwithstanding this excellent Society has been many years established, and its benefits widely diffused, so great is the extent of human misery exhibited in the numerous claims upon its bounties, that it became a paramount duty to provide an Asylum, where aged and infirm Licensed Victual- lers, when reduced from a state of comfort to misery and want, may be enabled to pass the evening of life in humble but respectable retirement, cheered by the consoling reflection of being rescued from the miseries of a parish poor-house—that sole asylum afforded by the laws of England to ge- neral indigence. - - “To effect this desirable object, the formation of the Licensed Victualler's Asylum arose, and though the present state of the funds enables the Governors to provide a residence only for its in- mates, yet as it is imagined that the sympathies of every Licensed Victualler, and those connected with his business, will become the advocates of such an institution, the Governors confidently expect to be able to ameliorate the condition of those who are compelled to avail themselves of the bounty of the Institution, by providing them with comforts essential to the complete enjoyment of such a situation.” ºr ºvº-Zºº & Nºra º Aºzº” ºr ºvºº ºdº º Aº, wº . . . ; MORDEN COLLEGE. THIS edifice adjoins Blackheath, a little to the east of Sir Gregory Turner's late park, having received its appellation from the munificent founder, Sir John Morden, of Wricklesmarsh, a Turkey merchant, who accumulated an immense fortune at Aleppo. Many years prior to his demise, he erected this edifice in the form of a college, not far from the mansion he inhabited, intending the º - Drawn by: W.H. Bartlett. IHAID) I., (OVW (C.A.S.T.I.E. Iki, Nº. THE SEAT OF A.B.M.A.Y. ESQ.:* London. Published by G. Virtue. 1830. - HiFi. º EN COLLEGE, BLACKHEATH - IKENT Moºn - ºngº Fººd by Gºue 1896 Engraved by Rºgers vºc tº Aſtºrs Asºſ, KENT ROAD NEAR LONDON - - - Published Oct 1830, ty Geo vº, as Ivy Lane. - -- – - - - - - – - --- M. Baynes. - - - - - - tº Lº ºn Act Nº cº, KENT. Published Oct 1830 by Geo virtue 26 Rºy Lane. - THE COUNTY OF KENT. 117 institution for the support of poor, honest, decayed merchants, there having previously existed no establishment of a similar description. This College, from its situation and ample endowments, may now rank as one of the most comfortable retreats for the aged and the unfortunate, that is pre- sented by any charity in the United Kingdom. The structure consists of a large brick edifice, having two smaller wings, strengthened at the corners with stone, there being an inward square surrounded by piazzas, with a chapel and burial-ground contiguous, for the members of the College. According to the tenor of his will, the founder was interred in a vault in this chapel, beneath the altar. r . ; - . Sir John Morden died in 1708, and by his testamentary paper, under date 1702, and a codicil subsequently added, endowed this institution, after the decease of his widow, with ample, real, copyhold and personal estates, of the annual value of £1300. The founder had installed in this College, during his life, twelve decayed merchants; but after his decease, Lady Morden, finding that the portion willed to her by her deceased husband, was inadequate for her support, was under the necessity of reducing the number of inmates to four. After her ladyship's death, which occurred A.D. 1721, the entire property having devolved to the College, the number of persons admitted was again increased, and there have, in consequence, been at times no fewer than thirty poor gen- tlemen dependant on this establishment; and as the number is not limited, the intention is to extend the charity in proportion to the proceeds from the estate, the building being calculated to receive forty inmates with comfort. By his will, Sir John Morden appointed Lady Morden his executrix, constituting three others, Turkey merchants, trustees for the management of this property, to whom was delegated the entire care of the same, and who were to visit the College as they might see occasion. The original trustees, on the demise of any of their coadjutors, were delegated to nominate and appoint succes- sors, to the number of seven, all to be Turkey merchants; and in the event of failure in the Turkey Company, the election was to be made from the East India Company, the founder having been himself a member of that society. Seven Turkey merchants had in consequence the entire direction of Morden College, and the nomination of those claimants admitted within its precincts. Each pensioner is allowed £20 per annum; and, in the first instance, every inmate was habited in a gown bearing the badge of the founder, which costume has long been discontinued. The members dine in common, each having a convenient apartment, with cellaring, &c. The treasurer, chaplain, and pensioners, are necessitated to reside within the College, nor can any one be admitted, unless furnished with a certificate purporting that the bearer has attained the age of fifty. An Act passed in 1771, to put an end to the disputes that had existed between the king and the trustees of this charity, respecting the property of Maidenstone Hill, in Greenwich, claimed by the latter, but surrendered to the crown, as belonging of right to the royal manor of Greenwich. In the Act alluded to, is inserted a clause, whereby an increase of salary was awarded to the treasurer and chaplain, not exceeding fifty pounds per annum, and the allowance to each poor merchant not to be above forty pounds a year; although the founder, by his will, had limited the treasurer's stipend to forty, the chaplain's to thirty, and that of every pensioner to twenty pounds, which lat- ter sum, in his codicil, was reduced to fifteen pounds per annum. - • By the will of Sir Gregory Page, who died in 1779, he gave £300 towards the reparations and ornamenting of Morden Chapel. - 30. 118 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. $ HADLOW CASTLE. THIS capacious building, we conceive, with all due deference to its proprietor, A. B. May, Esq., might, from its architectural design and general appearance, be more appropriately called an abbey or monastery, than a castle. The mansion, now nearly finished, stands near the high road leading from Maidstone to Tunbridge, being ten miles from the former, and four from the latter town. The principal architect employed in elevating this vast pile was — Dugdale, Esq. to whose taste in the gothic style every credit is due, the present dwelling displaying a residence of that description as picturesque as any that can be found throughout the county of Kent. The inte- rior of Hadlow Castle, which we have not inspected, no doubt accords in decorations with the exterior appearance, and must, from its extent, afford the most ample accommodations for the affluent proprietor. The grounds are well laid out in shrubberies, and display all the decorative taste so essential in the embellishment of a gentleman's seat, the whole evincing that no expense has been spared to render the spot as pleasing to the eye, as it must be fascinating to the inhabitant. º were were wºrs.ºrwºº wººl ºverarºa º Aº Aº-º-º-ºº ºf 4****** 4 ELTHAM PALACE. ELTHAM lies southward of Woolwich, on the opposite side of the high London road, deriving its name from the two Saxon words, eald and ham, signifying the old town or habitation, and is about two miles across either way, the town of Eltham standing in the centre. The high road from Farningham to Maidstone leads through this parish ; at the east end of which, is Park Place Farm, where the road branches off on one side to Bexley. Here the land is dreary and barren, and much covered with coppice wood of oak; the other route conducts through the hamlet of Southend, in this parish, towards Foot's Cray, and so on to Maidstone. The church stands in the town, on the north side; and farther on, is Well Hall, and the large tract of woodland as far as Shooter's hill, bounding the high road there to Dover. The great lodge and park wherein it stands join the south side of the town, at a small distance from which are the ruins of the ancient Palace of Eltham. Westward, are the lodges of Middle and Horn, otherwise Lee parks, where the lands are very low and wet; and at the south boundary of the parish, is the hamlet of Modingham, where the ground rises towards Chiselhurst, commanding a fine view of the neighbouring country. - Eltham is a pleasant well-built town, and its proximity to the metropolis, and healthy and rural situation, render it the resort of merchants and people of fortune. . In the twelfth of Edward the First, John de Vesci had the grant of a market, to be held on a Tuesday, weekly, within his manor of Eltham, and an annual fair, on the feast of the Holy Trinity. Henry the Sixth granted a confirmation of that market to his tenants in Eltham, and one fair, to be held yearly. The market has been long since discontinued. - THE COUNTY OF KENT. - . 119 This venerable building was, during many centuries, a favourite and constant retreat of the monarchs of England, which in all probability arose from its contiguity to London, the magnifi- cence of its original structure, and the salubrity of the air, and pleasant appearance of the sur- rounding country. During the Saxon heptarchy, Eltham manor was vested in the crown; and in the reign of Edward the Confessor, from the records of Doomsday Book we find, it was held of that prince by an individual of the name of Alwolde. With many other estates in the county of Kent, Eltham was granted by William the Conqueror to Odo, Bishop of Baieux, that monarch's half brother, who had followed the fortunes of his victorious relative. Subsequently, William Rufus, having confiscated the possessions of that ecclesiastic, the manor was divided, one portion being retained by the king, and the residue presented to the Magnavilles, a noble family of high antiquity. On the accession of King Edward the First, the moiety vested in the crown was by that prince made over to John de Vesci, a very potent baron, who, by exchange, afterwards pro- cured from Walter de Magnaville, the residue of the manor. William de Vesci, the son of John, having a natural son, also named William, he devised to him the whole manor, together with the major part of his patrimonial estates; , but having appointed Anthony Bec, Bishop of Durham, famed in history for his warlike as well as ecclesiastical acquirements, a trustee to the will, that proud churchman shamefully betrayed the confidence reposed in him, and made himself master of the domain of Eltham. The bishop, from the accounts handed down, expended very large sums on the edifices, and died there in the year 1311. The younger William de Vesci having engaged in the Scottish war, was killed at the battle of Strivelin, upon which his estates, whereof the manor of Eltham was regarded as part, fell to Sir Gilbert de Aton, as the right heir. This Sir Gilbert granted Eltham to Geoffrey Scrope, of Masham, who, A. D. 1318, had the same confirmed to him by the crown, when he shortly after, as it is said, gave the manor to Isabel, queen of Edward the Second, since which time various persons have possessed Eltham by grants for certain terms of years. - The precise period of the original foundation of the palace is not ascertained by historians, but there appears every reason for believing that it must have been anterior to the year 1270, as we find Henry the Third there celebrated the great public festival of Christmas with his queen, and a numerous retinue of courtiers. The weak and ill-fated Edward the Second made Eltham his frequent residence, and in 1315, Isabel his queen was delivered of a son in this palace, who, on that account, bore the surname of John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall. - - Edward the Third, in his fourth year, summoned a Parliament to meet at Eltham. Adjoining to several of the ancient palaces of the kings of England, was a large room, or hall, for the accom- modation of such an assembly, as well as other large meetings and festivities, which was sometimes called the parliament-chamber; in other royal mansions the hall served for such purposes, of which last description was Westminster Hall, and that of the palace at Eltham, wherein most probably these parliaments were held; the latter is still standing, being a noble and spacious building of pure stone, well adapted for the purpose of holding so large a meeting. It is now converted into a barn, commonly called King John's Barn, and stands on the site of the old palace. The same monarch, in his thirty-eighth year, intending to give a princely reception to King John of France, who had been his prisoner in England, and then came over as a visitor, received him at Eltham, * 120 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. • where he entertained that prince with great magnificence. Edward the Third again held a Parlia- ment at this palace in his fiftieth year, when the lords and commons attended with a petition, wherein, among other matters, they prayed him to constitute his grandson, Richard of Bourdeaux, son and their of Edward, late Prince of Wales, and heir apparent to the realm, Prince of Wales; Lionel, third son of King Edward the Third, and guardian of the realm, being then engaged in prosecuting the wars in France. - Richard the Second resided much at his palace of Eltham, taking great delight in this place, and in the tenth year of his reign, with his queen and his court, kept their Christmas here with great festivity; he also received Leo, king of Armenia, who had been driven out of his dominions by the Turks, and entertained him most sumptuously. . - Henry the Fourth resided continually at Eltham, and kept his last Christmas at this palace, but being taken ill, was conveyed to London, where he soon after died. His son and successor, Henry the Fifth, in his third year, visited this palace, with the design of keeping his Christmas with much feasting, but was compelled to leave the place abruptly, on the discovery of a plot to assas- sinate him. - . - Henry the Sixth made this mansion his principal residence, having there kept his Christmas, regaling with much splendour and feasting, in his eighth year. In his seventeeth year he renewed, by charter, to the tenants of his manor at Eltham, their market, with large additional privileges, as may be seen in the original records of that year, preserved in the tower of London. King Edward the Fourth repaired this palace, with much cost, and inclosed Horne Park, so called from its being the site of the manor of Horne, anciently the king's demesne, as appears by the grant of Edward the Third, in his twenty-first year, to all his tenants to be toll-free, throughout England. Bridget, the king's fourth daughter, was born at Eltham, in the twentieth year of his reign, and the following day baptized by the Bishop of Chichester; she afterwards became a nun, at Dartford, in this county. Two years after, the same prince kept a splendid Christmas at Eltham, with grand feastings, two thousand people having been daily fed at his expense. Henry the Seventh built a handsome front to this palace, towards the moat, and usually resided here; it also appears, from a record in the office of arms, that he generally dined in the great hall of the palace. Henry the Eighth neglected this mansion, and built much at Greenwich, though he occasionally resided at Eltham, particularly in his seventh year, when keeping his Whitsuntide at this royal residence, he created Sir Edward Stanley, bart., Lord Monteagle, for his services performed against the Scots at Flodden Field. Some contagious disorder raging at that time in London, none were permitted to dine in the king's hall but the officers of arms, who, at the serving in the king's second course of meat, according to custom, came and proclaimed the king's style and title, and also that of the new lord. The king kept his Christmas at Eltham, with balls and feasting the same year, as he again did in 1527. Yet, being more pleased with his palace at Greenwich, he, by degrees, entirely neglected this manor, which was, in a few years, totally deserted by the royal family. . . . . * . . . . " - ; . From a survey taken by the state, after, the death of Charles the First, in 1648, it appeared that the capital house, built with brick, stone, and timber, called Eltham House, consisted of a fair chapel, a great hall, thirty-six rooms, and offices below stairs, with two large cellars. Above N JEW (CHIURCHI J3 L.A. (CJKJHIEATHI, - - - - - - IK IF. N. T. - - Published 1831 by GeoVirtue 26 Rºy Lane. -- - -- Engraved by WWatkins. JEJLT. H.A.M. P.A.L.A (C E . IKE N T. Published 18%lby Geo Virtue.26. Ivy Lane, | | º Drawn by T.M. Baynes. - - Fº QUEEN E OR OUGH, ISILE OF SIFIEPPY. - IKIENT. - Published 1830 by Geo. Virtue, 26, Rºy Lane. - is tº or sºr IRIE NT. Published 1830, by GeoVirtue 26, Rºy Lane. - THE COUNTY OF KENT. s - 121 stairs in lodgings, called the king's side, are seventeen lodging-rooms; on the queen's side, twelve chambers; and on the prince's side, nine lodging-rooms; in all; thirty-eight, with various other necessary apartments and closets. Thirty-five bayes of buildings round the court-yard, which con- tained one acre of ground, the said bayes of buildings consisting of seventy-eight rooms, used as offices. The whole, it appeared, were much out of repair, and the materials valued at £753, exclusive of the charge of taking it down. The great park contained five hundred and ninety-six acres, the deer were all destroyed, and the park dilapidated by the soldiery and common people; the trees, besides those marked out for the use of the navy, being one thousand and sixty in number, very old and decayed. From the above document it appeared that the middle park, adjoining the other, and next to Mottingham, contained three hundred and thirty-three acres ; that the lodge, belonging to the same, lay in the middle, but that the park was dismantled like the former. The trees were three hundred and twenty-four in number, besides those marked out for the navy, which were one thousand; that the parcel of impaled ground, called Horne, otherwise Lee Park, in Eltham and Lee, contained three hundred and thirty-six acres ; that the demesne lands, with the parks, &c. above-mentioned, contained one thousand six hundred and fifty-two acres, the total value of which was £860. 19s. 2d., the improvements of the same, £202.6s.7d., and that the sum of 40s. was always payable to the vicar, for or in lieu of tithes of hay. - - - After that survey, the manor; with its appurtenances, were sold to different persons, in whose possessions they remained till the restoration of Charles II., in 1660, when the inheritance again returned to the crown. Sir John Shaw was, at that period, in possession of the manor of Eltham and its appurtenances, when Charles the Second, in consideration of his eminent services, granted him a long term in the state, the same being renewed from time to time; after which, that family constantly resided at the great manor lodge, which stands in the grand park, adjoining the town of Eltham. The lodge was fitted up and much improved, when it became the residence of Sir John Gregory Shaw, Baronet, great great grandson of the before-mentioned Sir John ; it was subsequently the residence of Mr. Serjeant Best. There is a yearly feefarm rent paid for the great park to the crown, amounting to £153. 3s. 4d. Nothing can be more striking than the changes to which the structure of Eltham has been subjected; having served as the residence of potentates, the birth-place of monarchs, the scene of princely carousals, and lastly, doomed to become a farm; in consequence of which the once mag- nificent Hall, destined to witness the assembling of parliaments, and the revelry of the great in all the pomp of feudal grandeur, has been converted to the homely uses of threshing and housing grain. - . - . - The extent of ground whereon the whole edifice once stood, is environed by a lofty stone wall, which has, at different periods, undergone repairs, being strengthened by brick arches; and, in addi- tion, the moat is broad and deep, while over the same are two bridges facing the north and south, being nearly opposite each other. The Hall, whereof our plate is a faithful delineation, presents a splendid vestige of gothic architecture, and measures one hundred feet in length, fifty-six in breadth, and sixty in height. The lofty windows, which are now filled up with brick-work, must, in their days of splendour, have presented an elegant appearance. The roofing, of massive timber, 3]. 122 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. is most curiously sculptured after the manner of that in Westminster Hall, presenting costly orna- ments, with pendants very highly wrought. To this princely residence were formerly appended no less than three parks, comprising twelve hundred acres well stocked with deer, and such game as afforded pastime for the princely occupants of its beautiful domain. sº fººzºº.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º. NEw CHURCH, GREENwich. THIs beautiful structure, very recently completed, stands in the Park, having been erected after the designs of George Smith, Esq., architect of the Mercer's Company. The taste of that gentleman had been previously established by his superintendance of the new school of St. Paul's, as well as the chastely beautiful pile of Alms-Houses, situated at Holloway. The fabric under review is constructed after the gothic taste, and calculated to receive about eight hundred persons; the spire, comprehending the basement embattled tower, being two hundred feet high, the whole. forming a bold, conspicuous, and picturesque object to the circumjacent country. We have only to add, that this building tends to increase the reputation of the architect, whose labour has af. forded complete satisfaction to those gentlemen entrusted with the funds appropriated for raising this new edifice dedicated to divine worship. s^*.*&^^*.*.*&^^^*.x^^^^^^^*.*&^* ºr ºvºº dº TAIRLAWN, KENT. At no great distance southward from Plaxtool Street, stands the parish of Fairlawn, the man- sion rising at the extremity of the district, and a portion of the out-buildings in that of Shipborne. This tract was formerly designated a manor, but it has long since forfeited that appellation, having anciently been the property of the family of the Bavents, of which line it was subsequently held by the knightly and ancient race of the Colepepers. Walter Colepeper died possessing this property, in the first year of King Edward the Third, holding the same in frank-fee of Roger de Bavent. In the line of the Colepepers it remained until the latter end of the reign of Henry the Fourth, when the estate was alienated to one Chowne, whose descendant, John Chowne, was a resi- dent at Fairlawn, in the reign of King Henry the Eighth, having borne, for his armorial coat, Sable three attires of a stag, in pale argent. His descendants continued to occupy the mansion at Fairlawn, until Sir George Chowne, desirous of circumscribing his possessions within the confines of the county of Sussex, alienated the seat to Sir Henry Vane, the elder; after which, the mansion continued the family-seat of his descendants, down to William Viscount Vane, on whose demise, in 1789, he by his testament gave this property to David Papillon, Esq., of Acrise. : One wing of the structure of Fairlawn was, in 1739, destroyed by fire, and then newly erected; but, shortly previous to its completion, in 1742, fell a prey to a second conflagration, when it was finally raised as it now appears, by Lord Vane. - THE COUNTY OF KENT. 123 This residence, well deserving the title it bears, occupies a beautiful site, commanding an ex- tensive view of woodland and champaign scenery. The dwelling is commodious, and elegantly fitted up, and the decorated grounds whereby it is environed, afford all the requisites for pleasure and household accommodation. - wººdºº’ºº-ºººººººººººººººº. THE WILDER.NESS. This seat, the residence of Earl Camden, was formerly called Stidulfe's Place, to which be- longed a manor of the same name, whereof part of the demesne lands lay in this parish, and are still known by the name of Hoath Farm, or Stedhalls. This place afforded both residence and sur- name to the ancient family of the Stidulfe's, which possessed it, and bore for arms, Argent on a chief, sable, two wolves’ heads couped of the first , which shield was likewise borne by those of this name in Surrey, descended from the race of Kent. Robert de Stidulfe is mentioned in ancient deeds to have held this and other lands in Seale, and in the thirty-sixth of Edward the Third, Reginald Stidulfe, of Stidulfe, accounted with Thomas Champneis for land held of this manor of Hall, one of which family married the daughter of Bad. sell, in Tudely, under Edward the Fourth, and his grand-daughter Agnes carried that estate and much land in this parish and East Peckham, to Richard Vane, or Fane, ancestor of the earls of westmoreland. The estate afterwards passed to the name of Quintin, who changed it to that of Oliver, when he sold the property to Richard Tybold. Stephen Tybold dying in 1619, left two daughters, Catherine and Margaret, when this manor was allotted to the former, one of whose descendants, in the reign of Charles the Second, sold the estate, with Stidulfe's Place, to Sir Charles Bickerstaffe, who resided here, and changed the name to that of Wilderness, by which it has ever since been called; he also enclosed the grounds about the house to form a park. He died in 1704, when this manor and seat were sold to John Pratt, Esq., who died in 1724, leaving one son, Charles, created Earl of Camden, when he was succeeded in this estate by his eldest son. It then descended in that family down to the Honourable John Jeffries, Earl of Cam- den, who, in 1797, possessed this seat, which continues vested in that noble line. This seat is justly celebrated for its picturesque site, and the beauty of the surrounding grounds, which present the most luxuriant appearance. The interior of the mansion is tastefully fitted up, and contains every accommodation requisite for its munificent and noble owner. & ºw-ººrººz º.º.º.º.º.º.º. ººº-ºººººººººººº THE NEw PIER, GRAVESEND. For a detailed account of Gravesend, we beg to refer our readers to page 27, in addition to which, we have to remark, that the extraordinary influx of visitors during the summer season, by 124 PICTURESQUE BEAUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. the steam packets from London, prompted the corporation of that town to erect a new Pier, in order to facilitate the landing of the company frequenting that place. Persons not having visited this improving spot, can form no idea of the busy scene that presents itself, on the arrival of the packets every Sunday, during the fine season of the year, which afford a very plentiful harvest to the various innkeepers of the town, as well as the watermen, employed to carry the company from and to the vessels, on their arrival in the morning, and return in the evening. From the extraor- dinary change for the better in Gravesend, and the numerous mansions erecting, in order to accom- modate visitants, there is every reason to suppose that this town will, at no very distant period, compete with some of the most frequented watering-places on the coast; a conjecture which the proximity of the place to the metropolis, renders very feasible. The baths, both hot and cold, afford every accommodation that can be required, having been established by the proprietor in a manner that confers upon him the highest credit; neither must the library and saloon of Mr. Penny be passed unnoticed, who, with a spirit truly praiseworthy, has furnished his establishment with every thing that can gratify the lovers of refinement and taste. *&^*.*.* r ****** *****&^^^*** CHATHAM DOCK YARD. F R O M THE S T R O O D SIDE OF THE ME D WA Y. THE principal street of Strood is narrow and ill-paved, and the buildings irregular and meal. In the vicinity of the town is a farm-house, anciently a monastery belonging to the Knights Tem- plars, still denominated Temple House, which stands on the bank of the Medway. The bridge over the river, connecting Strood with Rochester, was built at the joint expense of Sir Robert Knollis and the Lord Cobham, in the fourteenth century, and measures five hundred and sixty feet in length, by fifteen in breadth. It consists of eleven arches, the largest being about forty feet in span. They are irregular, and were in very bad condition, as also the parapet, until a few years back, when the structure was repaired, and the passage over the bridge considerably widened, which had been previously dangerous for foot-travellers coming in contact with carriages, &c. Including the Ordnance Wharf, the Dock-yard at Chatham is about a mile in length. The commissioner, and other principal officers, have elegant houses to reside in ; and there are many spacious storehouses, one of which is two hundred and twenty yards in length, and the sail-loft two hundred and ten feet long. Though an immense quantity of stores of all kinds are deposited in these magazines, they are arranged in such a regular manner, that, on any emergency, whatever is wanted may be procured with the greatest despatch. In this yard are four docks for repairing ships, and six slips for building new ones. Here the Victory was constructed, a first-rate, carrying one hundred and ten guns. The new Royal George, of one hundred guns, was also built here, in the year 1788, having been the first ship of that rate ever launched from a slip; the Royal Charlotte, of the same dimensions, was also built here. The ordnance wharf occupies a narrow slip of land, ، ， ∞ ??? }} ∞∞∞ ſſſ &};& į by J.Rogers. Engraved wºtºbºss, Baynes. T.M. Drawn by IKEN. T. SEAT OF THE MARQUIS OF CAMDEN Published 1851, by Geo. Virtue. 26. Ivy Lane. § YYYYY QºSºº ****** º Nºvý Fº iš §§ º Rogers - Engraved by J | ſá H Ř ſ. Drawn by J. P. Neale. , vì # ſ Ž & |:） * |48 | E 52 + Virtue 26, Ivy Lan e. o. quae CD > -c r ºf Aº Aº IK IF. N. T. Published 1831 by Geo. Virtue 26 Ivy Lane. awn by IMBaynes, gº sºn KENT, Published 1831 by Geo virtue 26 Ivy Lane THE COUNTY OF KENT. 125 below the chalk-cliff, between the church and the river. This being the original dock-yard, is frequently called the Old Dock. The guns belonging to each ship are ranged in tiers, with the name of the ship to which they belong marked upon them; as also their weight of metal. Many progressive improvements have long been making throughout the whole of this great national establishment. . . . . . . . . -- - - - - - - - - - - At the beginning of the year 1756, notice was given to the inhabitants of Chatham-Dock, (from the entrance of Smithfield-bank, to the Hill-house,) to quit their residences in thirty days, when intrenchments were thrown up in their room; about which hecessary work of defence; the soldiers quartered in that neighbourhood directly began, with an augmentation of sixpence per day to their pay; so that within a few years the fortifications surrounding the dock-yard were greatly strengthened and enlarged, as well on the extremities of the dock-yard on the river Medway, as on the land-side towards Brumpton, where they are near three miles in circumference, fenced with a strong barricado of very stout timbers, and a deep dry ditch; while, at proper distances, are bastions, faced with stone and sods, well fortified with heavy cannon. These bastions are so dis- posed and situated, that were an enemy to get possession of the first, next Gillingham, towards the entrance of the river, it is so exposed to the fire from the second, as not to be maintained but at great hazard; so that one may annoy the other progressively, to the great fort at the entrance of the dock-yard, contiguous to the town of Chatham, which exceeds a mile in length, the buildings being chiefly inhabited by the workmen of the dock-yard; that grand arsenal affording constant employment for between two and three thousand artificers. We have, in a former part of our work, commencing at page 19, so fully entered into a description of this celebrated dock-yard, that any additional details we conceive superfluous, and therefore, refer the reader to that portion of our work for any further information he may be desirous of obtaining upon the subject. •ee ereee-ee-eee-eeeeeeee-errez-e-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee WESTER.H.A.M. This town, frequently written Westram, stands westward of Brasted, being entered in Domes- day Record under the name of Oistreham, and, in the Textus Roffensis, Westerham, the name being derived from its situation at the western boundary of the county. - The accompanying view represents the market-house, a néat structure, and the spire of the church in the distance, independent of which we have little to add respecting the town itself. The Church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a spacious, handsome structure, containing a nave, two side-aisles, and one cross-aisle, an additional gallery having been erected for the accommodation of the parishioners. - - • Among the monuments in this fabric, over the south door, is a plain marble slab, commemorative of the gallant General Wolfe, * native of this parish, born January 2, 1727. He was mortally wounded in America, the 13th September, 1759, having, on the eve of surrendering up his breath ascertained that he shbuld stand recorded in history as the conqueror of Quebec. 32. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE county of KENT. SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, AND EXTENT. . KENT is a maritime county, occupying the south-eastern extremity of the island, opposite France. Its form is quadrilateral; being bounded on the north by the Thames, the county of Essex, and the German ocean; southward by the county of Sussex; to the east by the British Channel; and westward by the county of Surrey. It is about sixty-three miles long, from Deptford to the North Foreland, comprehending between those extremities one degree and twenty-nine minutes longi- tude; and measures eastward, in a direct line from the North Foreland to Dungeness Point, nearly forty miles. Kent contains about fourteen hundred square miles, or eight hundred and ninety-six thousand acres; and, according to the returns under the population act in 1821, 70,507 houses, and 426,016 inhabitants. This county, by Caesar, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Ptolemy, and others, is called CANTIUM ; and by the Saxons it was named Cant-guar-lanta, signifying the country of the inhabitants of Kent Whence this name was originally derived, has been a subject of much speculation. Lambard con- ceives that it is derived “from the British word Cainc, a green leaf, having been applied to this county, owing to its abounding in woods.” Camden conjectures that the name arose from its situ- ation and figure, being a large point or angle, into which the island shoots out on the south-eastern extremity. The word Caint, is evidently British, and descriptive of a country abounding in open downs; such being the general characteristic of Kent. In Domesday Record, the name is written Chenth. - - g The early history of this portion of Britain involves many occurrences of high importance. Fifty-five years before the birth of Christ, Caesar embarked his forces at Boulogne, and partly effected the subjugation of the island, which he accomplished on a second landing, the year following Forty-three years after the birth of Christ, the Romans, under Aulus Plautius, landed without opposition, and Plautius was at first successful; but being ultimately obliged to retreat, fortified himself on the Kentish side of the Thames, and there awaited the arrival of the Emperor Claudius, who had collected an army for the reduction of Britain. The latter having landed, marched to the camp of Plautius, and, crossing the Thames, attacked the Britons, whom he defeated with great slaughter, after which event the Roman power over the southern parts of Britain was speedily es- tablished; and Kent in particular becoming attached to the Roman government, was included by Constantine in the division denominated Britannia Prima. - During the Saxon Heptarchy, Kent was the earliest kingdom, and governed by numerous DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTY OF KENT. 127 monarchs; the first of whom was Hengist, the last Baldred, who being conquered by Egbert, Kent became part of the west Saxon kingdom, and so continued until the general union of all the petty states in the English crown. & - * , The inhabitants of Kent are supposed to have been the first natives of England converted to Christianity. By their courage and resolution, they retained some privileges which the inha- bitants of every other county lost under William the Conqueror, more particularly the tenure of Gavelkind, whereby every man possessed of lands is a freeholder, not being bound by copyhold, customary tenure, or tenant right, as in other parts of England. Secondly, the male heirs, and in default of such, the female, share all lands alike. Thirdly, the lands of a brother, if he has no legal issue, are shared by all the surviving brethren. Fourthly, an heir, when fifteen years of age, is of age to sell or alienate. Fifthly, though the ancestor be convicted of felony or murder, the heirs shall enjoy his inheritance, which is alluded to by the Kentish proverb –“The father to the bough, and the son to the plough.” But the latter privilege does not extend to treason, piracy, outlawry, or abjuration of the realm. - - CLIMATE. The proximity of the German ocean and the British Channel renders Kent subject to cold sea-winds, which, however bracing and salutary to the animal system, are often injurious to the vegetable kingdom, when in an infant and tender state. The prevailing winds blow from the north-east and south-west. The former frequently sets in for a length of time, when the air is ex- ceedingly keen. The south-west part of the county is more enclosed than any other, and being protected by an extensive range of hills, is decidedly the warmest part of this district. - RIVERS. The principal rivers of Kent are the Thames, the Medway, the Greater and the Lesser Stoure, the Darent, the Cray, and the Ravensbourne. - The Thames, or Tamesis of Caesar, flows by the town and royal hospital of Greenwich; thence in a bold sweep runs to Woolwich, between Erith and Long Reach, and, in its progress to the latter place, receives the united waters of the Cray and the Darent. It then continues a winding course to Tilbury and Gravesend, where it is nearly one mile over. Thence it winds through the Channel called the Hope, still increasing in width; and, opening due east, passes the isle of Graine, and then flows into the German ocean, at the Nore, where it also receives the waters of the river Medway. The Medway was called Vaga by the Britons, a term descriptive of its irregular course; and the Saxons having added the word Med, Camden conjectures the present name is derived from those two words. It is formed by four streams, only one of which rises in this county, two of the others originating in Sussex, and the fourth in the county of Surrey. In its course towards Tunbridge, the Medway flows through a very beautiful country, passing Eaton Bridge, Hever Castle, and Penshurst. A little above Tunbridge, the stream divides into two channels, the northernmost of which is navigable, when it re-unites about two miles below the town. Thence proceeding to Twy- ford Bridge and Yalding, the current is considerably increased by the united waters of the Bewle and Theyse rivulets, and flowing in a winding direction to Maidstone, and still more irregular course to Rochester, thence passes Chatham, Upnor Castle, and Gillingham Fort, and finally enters the Thames between the isles of Graine and Sheppey. - Í28 DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTY OF KENT. The river Medway was first rendered navigable to Tunbridge about the middle of the last cen- tury, by an act of parliament, passed in the year 1740, though an act had been procured for the purpose as long back as the reign of Charles the Second. The trade oil the river is very great, and its waters are plentifully stocked with fish, having been formerly noted for salmon and stur- geon. On the Medway, and in the several creeks within the jurisdiction of the corporation of Rochester, is an oyster fishery, the mayor and citizens holding a court once a year, called the admi- ralty-court, for regulating this fishery, and the prevention of abuses therein. • The Greater Stoure passes by Ashford, Wye, and Canterbury, whence proceeding to the isle of Thanet, it is joined by the Lesser Stoure, and thus united runs between the isle and the main land to Richboro ugh and Sandwich, when, after passing the latter place, it suddenly winds to the north, and falls into the British Channel, at Pepperness. * The Lesser Stoure flows along the western skirt of Barham Downs, and winding through a beautiful country, in a line nearly parallel with the Greater Stoure, falls into that river, about a mile beyond Stour-mouth. . . - The Rother rises at Gravel Hill, in the parish of Rotherfield, in Sussex, and flowing eastward forms the boundary of Kent, below Sandhurst and Newenden; after which it skirts the south side of the isle of Oxney, and then empties its waters into Rye Harbour. The Darent rises on the borders of this county and Sussex, near Westerham, whence, taking a north-east course, it passes Valance, Brasted, Chipsted, and other villages, to Riverhead. It then turns northward, and in that direction flows by Shoreham, Eynsford, and Farningham, to South Darent. Thence winding to the north-west, it proceeds to Dartford, and then, under the new ap- pellation of Dartford Creek, flows to the Thames, which it enters at Long Reach, having first had its waters increased by those of the Cray. Dartford Creek is navigable for small craft from the latter town to the Thames. - The Cray rises at Newell, in the parish of Orpington, and pursuing a northerly course, gives names to St. Mary's Cray, Paul's Cray, Foot's Cray, North Cray, and Crayford, when from the latter place it winds through Crayford Marshes, and falls into Dartford Creek. The Ravensbourne rises on Keston Downs, near the ancient Roman camp, and taking a north- west course, passes through the parishes of Hayes, Bromley, Lewisham, and Lee, receiving in its progress the waters of various smaller streams. At Deptford it becomes navigable for lighters and small craft, and ultimately falls into the Thames. The Weald of Kent was in ancient times an immense tract of wood, or forest, inhabited only by herds of deer and hogs, and belonged wholly to the king. , * By degrees it became peopled, and interspersed with villages and towns; and for the most part cleared of its wood, and converted into tillage and pasture. There are, however, some woodlands still in their original state. * ... " ROMNEY MARSH - ls a spacious level, of exceedingly good rich land, lying at the south corner of the county of Kent. Its shape is nearly a parallelogram, whose length, from the foot of Aldington Hill to the sea shore, between Dungeness and Rye, is about twelve miles; and breadth, from the borders of the Weald of Kent, by Warehorn, to the sea shore, between Romney and Dimchurch, nearly eight ºtſerſ XXI gº lºtniſſae， oºº ſa "OÇgſ. Þeſs №naſ *JL NËTYI | |- º "JINŻY№ſ Jºſ № O)×： №vo ſeseirºs ſą ſpeaaeștrī- - -ſae № --- |||}| || | Drawn y Campiºn. TTLE URY FORT, Essex. Published 1831 by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane. Pºlished sºlº gº virtue ºf ºy DEscRIPTION OF THE county of KENT. 129 miles. It comprises: the two corporate towns of Romney and Lydd, and sixteen parishes. The quantity of land contained in this level, within the county of Kent, is about forty-four thousand acres; the adj oining level of Guildford Marsh, for the greater part, being in the county of Sussex. The Marsh is defended against the encroachments of the sea by an immense wall of earth, the face fronting the sea, being covered with faggot-wood and poles, fastened down by oak piles and overlaths, which prevent. the waves from washing away the earth. This wall is upwards of three miles in length, and maintained by a scot raised over the whole level. The expense of repairing the wall and its three sluices, is about £4000 per annum. * , - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . MAIDSTONE. - Theº iop. plantations of this town and its vicinity extend through the several parishes along the shelf of land which lies below the chalk hills; on the borders of the Weald of Kent. This plan- tation in some years grows great crops of hops, but the quality of them is inferior to those of Can- terbury and East Kent. . . - - - - - • a - Soil–The subsoil is a hard stone, commonly called Kentish Rag, which makes very good lime. The surface soil, where the hops are planted, is composed of different kinds of stone-shatter. The management of the plantations in this district, is nearly the same as in the Canterbury plantations. Orchards, Cherry-gardens, and Filbert Plantations.—In the neighbourhood of Maidstone there are numerous small fields, of from one to ten acres, planted with fruit of different kinds, for which the rocky soil of the neighbourhood seems particularly adapted. The easy water carriage to the metropolis, from the Medway, up the Thames, renders the growth of fruit a very profitable article of husbandry. The best method known for raising orchards of apples and cherries, and plantations of filberts, is to plant them among hops, by which they very soon come to perfection; the constant . . culture of the land for the hops, with the warmth and shelter they afford the young trees, causes them to grow in great luxuriance. It is a very common practice to plant hops, apples, cherries and filberts, together: eight hundred hop hills, two hundred filberts, and forty apple and cherry trees, per acre. The hops stand about twelve, and the filberts about thirty years, by which time the apples and cherries require the whole land. • & Fruit orchards are considered as the most valuable estates. Tithe is very rarely paid in kind, but in lieu of it a composition of two shillings in the pound, on the price of the fruit. g Woodlands.-The woodlands of the eastern part of Kent are disposed principally between the great road from Rochester to Dover, and the Chak Hill that runs from Folkestone, by Charing to Detling. These woods furnish the country with fire-wood, tillers for husbandry uses, and the dock- yards with timber for ship-building; but the most material part of their produce is the immense quantity of hop-poles cut for the neighbouring plantations. Mines and Minerals.-There were formerly some mines of iron in this county, and there is, at present, plenty of iron-stone; but the scarcity of fuel, and the improved methods of smelting ore in the coal countries, have rendered this article of little value in Kent. - - - Manufactures.—There is hardly any county to be named where agriculture is arrived at such perfection, or where there are so few manufactures as in Kent. There are some at Canterbury, and silk has been manufactured to a considerable extent; but it is now giving way to cotton. At Dover and Maidstone are many manufactories of paper of every description. At Stoner, near Sandwich, 33. 130 DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTY OF KENT. and the isle of Grain, are salt works; and at Whitstable and Deptford, large copperas works. Gun- powder is made at Dartford and Faversham; and at Crayford there are large works for the printing of calicoes, and the whitening of linens. s Civil and Ecclesiastical Divisions.—This county is divided into five laths, which are subdivided into sixty-three hundreds. Kent contains two cities and thirty-four market-towns. It is in the pro- vince of Canterbury; and partly in that and the diocese of Rochester. The number of parishes is four hundred and fourteen. The towns of Dover, New Romney, Hythe, and Sandwich, form mem- bers of the CIN QUE Po RTs; a term bestowed on the five havens formerly of the greatest importance among those opposite to the coast of France. The original Cinque Ports were Hastings, Sandwich, Dover, Romney, and Hythe. Whereto have been added two other towns—Rye and Winchelsea : but the ancient denomination is still preserved. The necessity of protecting these shores from in- vasion, was obvious at a very early period of insular arrangements for defence. The establishment of regular military stations on the coast of Kent is traced to the Romans, who placed the whole under the superintendence of one principal officer; and this institution of our ancient and judicious conquerors is confidently supposed to have presented the parent germ from which the Cinque Ports emanated. The formation of their constitution was, however, a work of slow progress; and his- torians are not decided as to whether these ports were first incorporated by Edward the Confessor, or William the Conqueror. It is certain that they are not collectively mentioned in the Domesday Book; nevertheless, king John, in a charter granted, expressly says that the barons of the ports had at that time in their possession charters of most of the preceding kings, back to Edward the Confessor. In consequence of many privileges granted to the Cinque Ports, they were required to fit out a certain number of ships, to assist the state for a limited period, at their own expense; and although the naval services rendered by the Cinque Ports have ceased, yet those services were, for a long • period, of eminent utility. During several reigns, the fleets fitted out by the Ports formed nearly the whole of the royal navy, and were engaged in many splendid actions. By the assistance of the ships and mariners of these havens, King John recovered his kingdom, after being obliged to fly to the isle of Wight; and soon afterwards Hubert de Burgh, with “forty tall ships,” belonging to the Cinque Ports, defeated a French fleet of eighty sail, conveying reinforcements to Lewis the Dau- phin. Under Edward the Third, the shipping of the Cinque Ports was of great use in conveying the armies of that warlike monarch to France, and protecting our coasts; and, in the reigns of Henry the Seventh and Eighth, the “ ports” were several times employed for similar purposes. The offices of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Constable of Dover Castle, are now con- stantly united in one person ; but were originally held distinct. The freemen of these ports are styled barons; and it appears that, in former times, they enjoyed superior dignity, and ranked among the nobility of the Kingdom. - - C. BAYNES, Printer, 18, Duke Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PLATEs. CONTAIN ED IN THIS volume, witH REFERENCES To THE LETTER-PRESS DESCRIPTIONS, AND To THE PLATEs. Description Plate at page at p. ALLINGTON CASTLE . . . . . . . . . tº C & © tº 0 & 9 s e e 29 30 Ashford................................ i00 • 61 Aylesford Church and Bridge .. .......... 57 57 Barfreston Church ...................... 82 81 Barracks and Town of Hythe . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 31 Barracks at Woolwich ........... ........ 67 66 Baths at Gravesend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14 Bedgebury.............................. 114 114 Broadstairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * @ º C G tº . 96 96 Canterbury, from Harbie Down .......... Vignette title. Canterbury Cathedral....... s e s e s = e tº º ºs e g c 11 II Do, Do. Frontispiece... . . . . . . . 108 Canterbury Cathedral, remains of St. Ethel- bert's Tower, and St. Augustine's Monastery 108 22 Charing Church, and remains of the Arch- bishop's Palace................ © tº e º 'º e º 'º 51 50 Chatham Docks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 19 19 Chatham Dock Yard ....... o e º e e s º * - * * * * 124 124 Chevening Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q & Q & © º º tº 105 105 Chiselhurst Church........ * & © tº tº cº º . . . . . . . 6 6 Christ Church Gate, Canterbury........... 92 93 Church Street, &c., Canterbury ............ 7 6 Cobham Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 101 & 91 College Gateway, Maidstone....... . . . . . . . 93 93 Cowling Castle......... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 71 Dane John Hill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 36 Dartford, on a Market Day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 16 18 Dartford. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deal Castle . . . . . . . . Dover Castle................ . . . . . . . . . 103 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 87 • . . . . . . . . . . . 84 24, Dover Castle, from the Ramsgate Road.... 89 89 Description Plate at page at p. Dockyard, Sheerness ...... • * * * * * * c e s e s e e 106 107 Drawbridge at Sandwich ................ 88 sa East Combe, near Charlton................ 3 3 Eastwell Park ........... . .............. 41 41 Eltham Bridge.......................... 19 17 Hitham Palace..................... • - - - - us 122 Erith Church .......................... - 27 26 Fairlawn ............... … 122 123 Faversham Church...................... 1 10 - I 10 Faversham Town........................ 109 I 10 Feversham............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 54 Finchcocks in Goudhurst ................ 114 114, Folkstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 75 75 Foot's Cray Place ...................... 2 3 Frognal ............. • * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 41 Front View of Canterbury Cathedral, to face engraved title Fryars at Aylesford......... ............. 34 32 Grammar School, Tunbridge.............. 107 107 Gravesend............. • * * * * * * * * * ....... 27 - 27 Gravesend Pier. . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 123 124 Greenwich Hospital … 1 89 Hadlow Castle ........ • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I 18 - 118 Hales Place ............... tº tº G & & © tº e º e g ... 115 116 Herne Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . & © tº e º e º & G = e s ∈ e º e º º 85 - 85 Hever Castle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 83 High Street, Maidstone ...... ............ 97 97 Hythe Church ....... © ſº º ºx ºn tº ............. 86 85 Internal View of the Reculvers .......... 95 93 Interior of Rochester Castle.............. 63 71 King's Gate, Isle of Thanet .............. 30 30 Kitt's Cotty House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17 LIST OF PLATES. \– Description Plate at page Knowle Park" . . . . . . “. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103. Leeds Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Licensed Victualler's Asylum ............ Lympne Castle and Church Malling Abbey..... Maidstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maidstone Gaol ........ tº dº e g º O ſº C G → G G → G → ſº Maidstone, from the Water Margate Pier and New Light House ...... Marine Parade, and Julius Caesar's Tower, º e º e º G & C G gº e º 'º e º C & © tº G & Map of Kent, to face letter-press title. Minster, Isle of Thanet • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Minster, Isle of Sheppy.................. Mongeham Church, near Deal ............ Morden College Mote, near Maidstone .. New Baths, Margate . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * New Church, Blackheath ................ New Church at Margate................ • * New Church at Tunbridge Wells ........ New Church at Ramsgate tº e º ºs º º ſº tº tº • * * * * * New Sessions House, Maidstone, .......... New Military Academy, Woolwich........ North View of Belvidere, near Erith ....... North Foreland Light House. .......... fºr g : * * * Pier all d. Harbour, Dover e. e. •,•,•. ‘..... •, e. e. e. e. e. | - Quay at Dover •,• *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, * * * * * * * * * * * *... • e • - 47 116 39 53 88 27 64, 38. 80 88. 113. 71. 116. 63 52 122 73. 63 . 61 37. _* , 54; 63: 35. - 97; 74. 28 111. 61 at pe 105 47 116 39 52 88 37 83 88 75 88 111 111 7H 118 53 122 61 57 61 37 54 49 26 32 63 36 96 63 27. , - - -, -, -, -e- i. Ramsgate, from a field, near St. Lawrence .. 111 61 Description Plate . at page Ramsgate Harbour and Light House - - .. ... 81 & Reculver's Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Remains of an ancient Chapel or Nunnery... 69 Remains of the College at Maidstone ..... . 70 Rochester Bridge. . . . . . . . . . .… Rochester Castle ..... • • • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ... 8 Rocks on Rustall Common .............. 18 Rocks at Tunbridge Wells .............. 22 Rosamond's Tower at Westenhanger House 59 Ruins of Court a Street Chapel ...... . . . . 50 Ruins of the Episcopal Palace at Halling .. 26 St. Augustine's Gate . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 St. James Street, Dover......... ......... 54. St. George's Church, Ramsgate... . . . . . . . . . . 61. St. Martin's Priory, near Dover .......... 45 St. Mary's Church, Chartham .............. 58 St. Clement's Church, Sandwich .......... 72 St. Stephen's, Hackington ................ 48 Sandgate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Sandlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 saltwood Castle ..... tº C G ſº tº dº e º tº e º & C G , º, ø tº c is • 37. Shakespear's Cliff, Dover . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • - 11 Snargate Street, Dover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Sheerness; . . . . . . ................................. . . . . . 108 Sheerness, from the Pier. ................ 108. Stone Castle, near Gravesend, ........... , 50. Studfall Castle....... & C º º gº dº e tº- G - e º ſº ... . . . . 84 Tunbridge Castle.................. . . . . . . 46. Tunbridge Wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 4. Upnor Castle............................ 107. Walmer Castle.......................... 87, Westenhanger House, near-Hythe. ......... 81 Westerham . . . . . ....................... 125 west Gate, Canterbury................... 15. Wilderness ............................ 128 Woolwich .............................. 66 at p - 31 93 70 70 10? 14 128 The Publisher of the Picturesque Beauties of Great Britain, grateful for the liberal patronage the Work has received, begs to inform them that the accompanying Number concludes the Views in Kent, and that the Volume will be continued with VIEws IN Essex, which will be comprised in twelve numbers. By this means the Volume will be increased to a more handsome bulk, and form a splendid series of Illustrations of these highly picturesque Counties. A list of Subscribers will accompany the next number, it is therefore requested that Subscribers will forward their Names and Addresses to the Publisher through the medium of their Booksellers. 9F. MICHIGAN | | | || ; *