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MORPHOLOGICAL
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CATALOGUE
OF
OARNIVOROUS, PAGHYDERMATOUS,
AND
EDENTATE MAMMALI-A
IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., &c.
L O N D O N :
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1869.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.
Tms Catalogue contains an account of all the specimens of Car-
nivorous, Thick-skinned, and Edentate Mammalia and their bones
that are contained in the British Museum, and a description of the
specimens which are contained in other collections, in order to
1 show what are the species which are desiderata in the Museum
2 Collection.
The woodcuts are the same as were prepared to illustrate the
#41
series of papers when they were first published in the ‘ Proceedings
of the Zoological Society,’ which have been kindly lent by the
Council of the Society for the purpose.
JOHN EDWARD GRAY.
British Museum,
February 12th, 1869.
-7;‘¢?r?\§" fiksan 5\t.':Miv's‘a‘£<h /3 47‘-Q-'.$r£'4.e.:M "2o'3¢’ "Wig
CONTENTS.
Order F E R 1/E . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Suborder I. CARNIVORA . . 2
Section I. .ZELURO1>QDA'. . . . 5
Fam. 1. FELIDZE . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
Tribe I. Felina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1. Uncia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2. Leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. Tigris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4. Leopardus . . . . . . . . .. 10
5. Neofelis . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
6. Pa.rda.1ina . . . . . . . . . . 14
7. Catolynx . . . . . . . . .. 15
8. Viverriceps . . . . . . . . 16
9. Pajeros . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
10. Felis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
11. Chaus . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
Tribe II. Lyncivza . . . . . . . . . . 37
12 Lyncus . . . . . . . . . 37
13. Ga.ra.r:a.1 . . . . . . . . . . .. 38
Fam. 2. GUEPARDIDJE . . . . . . 39
Gueparda . . . . . . . . .. 39
Fam. 3. ORYPTOPROCTIDJE .. 40
' Cryptoprocta. . . . . . . .. 40
Fam. 4. VIVERRIDAB . . . . . . . . 41
Tribe I. Vz'verrz'na . . . . . . . . . . 46
1. Viverra. . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
2._Viverricu1a . . . . . . . . .. 47
Tribe II. Genettina . . . . . . . . . . 49
3. Genetta . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
4. Fossa . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
Tribe III. Pm'onodontina . . . . 52
5. Linsang . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
6. Poiana . . . . . . . . . . .. 54
Tribe IV. GaZz'dz'z'na . . . . . . . . . . 55
7. Galidia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Tribe V. Hemzlqalina . . . . . . . . 56
8. Hemigalea . . . . . . . . .. 56
T-ribe VI. Arctz'ctz'dz'na . . . . . . . . 57
9. Arctictis . . . . . . . . . . .. 57
Tribe VII. Paradoxurina . . . . 59

. Page
10. Nandinia . . . . . . . . .. - 62
11. Paradoxurus . . . . .. 63
12. Paguma. . . . . . . . . .. 71
13. Arctogale . . . . . . . . .. 75
Fem. 5. GYNOGALIDZE . . . . . . 78
Cynogale .' . . . . . . . . . 78
Fam. 6. MUSTELIDZE . . . . . . 79
Tribe I. M2¢steZina . . . . . . . . . . 81
A. Digitigrade . . . . . . . . .. 81
1. Martes . . . . . . . . . . .. 81
2. Putorius . . . . . . . . 87
3. Mustela. . . . . . . . . .. 88
4. Vison . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93
5. Gymnopus . . . . . . .. 96
B. Subp1a.ntigrade . . . . . . .. 98
6. Gulo . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 98
G. Plantigrade . . . . . . . . . . 98
7. Galem . . . . . . . . . . .. 98
8. Grisonia . . . . . . . . .. 5 99
Tribe II. I/utri-na . . . . . . . . . . 100
9. Barangia . . . . . . . . .. 100
10. Lontra . . . . . . . . . . .. 102
11. Lutra . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
12. Nutria . . . . . . . . . . .. 106
13. Lutronectes . . . . . . .. 107
14. Aonyx . . . . . . . . . . .. 109
15. Hydrogale . . . . . . .. 111
16. Latex . . . . . . . . . . . .. 112
17. Pteronura . . . . . . . . .. 113
Tribe III. Enkydrina . . . . . . 118
18. Enhydris . . . . . . . . .. 118
Section II. OYNOPQDA 120
Farm. 7. MELINIDZE . . . . . . . . 120
A. P1a.ntigrade . . . . . . . . .. 122
Tribe I. Melina . . . . . . . . . . . . I22
1. Arcton . . . . . . . . .. 122
2. Meles . . . . . . . . . . .. 124
3. Taxidea. . . . . . . . . .. 129
4. Mydaus . . . . . . . . .. 130
Tribe II. fllellivorzha . . . . . . . . 131
vi CONTENTS.
Page Page
5. Mellivora . . . . . . . . .. 131 Megalotis . . . . . . . . .. 211
Tribe III. Mephitzha . . . . . . .. 133 F am. 12. HYJENIDE . . . . . . . . 211
6. Conepatus . . . . . . .. 134 1. Hyaena . . . . . . . . . . .. 212
7. Mephitis . . . . . . . . .. 36 2. Crocuta . . . . . . . . .. 212
8. Spilogale . . . . . . . . . . 138 F am. 13. PROTELEIDA3 . 213
B. Subdigitigrade ‘ . . . . . . .. 139 Proteles . . . . . . . . .. 213
Tribe IV. Zorillina . . . . . . . . 139 Suborder II. OMNIVORA . . 214
9. Zorilla . . . . . . . . . . .. 139 Fem. 1. URSIDE . . . . . . . . .. 215
Tribe V. Helictidina . . . . . . .. 141 1. Thalassarctos . . . . .. 217
10. Helictis . . . . . . . . .. 141 2. Ursus . . . . . . . . . . .. 218
Fam. 8. IIERPESTIDJE . . . . .. 143 3. Myrmarctos . . . . . . .. 231
Tribe I. Ilerpestina . . . . . . .. 144 4. Helarctos . . . . . . . . .. 234
1. Galidictis . . . . . . . . .. 144 5. Melursus . . . . . . . . .. 237
2. Herpestes . . . . . . . . .. 145 I,Fa.m. 2. NASUIDJE . . . . . . . . .. 238
3. Athylax . . . . . . . . .. 154 Nasua . . . . . . . . . . .. 238
4. Galogale . . . . . . . . .. 157 Farm. 3. PROCYONIDZE . . . . .. 242
5. Galerella. . . . . . . . . .. 161 Procyon . . . . . . . . .. 242
6. Calictis . . . . . . . . . . .. 162 F-am. 4. OERCOLEPTIDE 245
7. Ariela . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Oercoleptes . . . . . . .. 245
8. Ichneumia . . . . . . .. 163 Fam. 5. BASSARIDZE . . . . . . .. 246
9. Bdeogale . . . . . . . . .. 165 Bassaris . . . . . . . . .. 246
10. Urva. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 165 Fam. 6. AILURIDZE . . . . . . .. 247
11. Taeniogale . . . . . . .. 167 Ailurus . . . . . . . . . . .. 247
12. Onychogale . . . . . . .. 168
13. Helogale . . . . . . . . . . 168 Order BELLUXE . . . . . . .. 249
Tribe II. Cynictidina . . . . . . 169 F am. 1. TAPIRIDJE . . . . . . . . 252
14. Cynictis . . . . . . . . .. 169 1. Tapirus . . . . . . . . . . .. 254
Fam. 9. RHINOGALIDJE . . . . 171 2. Rllinochoerus . . . . . . 259
Tribe 1. Rlzinogalina . . . . . . . . 172 3. Elasmognathus . . . . 261
1. Rhinogale . . . . . . .. 172 Fam. 2. EQUIDZE . . . . . . . . .. 262
2. Mungos . . . . . . . . .. 174 1. Equus . . . . . . . . .. . 263
Tribe II. Grossarchz'na . . . . . . 176 2. Asinus . . . . . . . . . . .. 267
3. Orossarchus . . . . . . .. 17 6 Farm. 3. HYRACIDZE . . . . . . .. 279
4. Eupleres . . . . . . . . .. 176 1. I-Iyrax . . . . . . . . . . .. 283
5. Suricata . . . . . . . . .. 177 2. Euhyrax . . . . . . . . .. 289
Fem. 10. CANIDE . . . . . . . . .. 178 3. Dendrohyrax . . . . .. 291
Subfam. I. Lycaonina . . . . .. 181 Fam. 4. RHINOCEROTIME .. 295
1. Lycaon . . . . . . . . . . .. 181 1. Rhinoceros . . . . . . .. 300
Subfam. II. (Janina . . . . . . .. 183 2. Oeratorhinus . . . . .. 313
2. Icticyon . . . . . . . . .. 183 3. Rhinaster . . . . . . . . .. 316
3. Ouon . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 183 4. Oeratotherium . . . . .. 319
4. Lupus . . . . . . . . . . .. 186 5. Coelodonta . . . . . . .. 322
5. Dieba . . . . . . . . . . .. 189 Fem. 5. SUIDJE . . . . . . . . . . .. 327
6. Simenia . . . . . . . . .. 192 1. Sue . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 329
7. Chrysocyon . . . . . . .. 192 2. Porcula . . . . . . . . .. 339
8. (Janis . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 3. Potamochoerus . . . . 340
9. Lycalopex . . . . . . .. 197 4. Scrofa . . . . . . . . . . .. 345
10. Pseudalopex . . . . .. 199 5. Centuriosus . . . . . . .. 347
11. Thous . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 6. Babirussa . . . . . . . . .. 349
Subfam. III. Vulpina . . . . . . 201 Fem. 6. DICOTYLIDE . . . . .. 350
12. Vulpes . . . . . . . . . . .. 202 1. N otophorus . . . . . . .. 350
13. Fennecus . . . . . . . . .. 206 2. Dicotyles . . . . . . . . .. 351
14. Leucocyon . . . . . . .. 208 Fem. 7. PHACOCHCERIDEJ .. 352
15. Urocyon . . . . . . . . . . 209 Phacoclioerus . . . . .. 352
16. Nyctereutes . . . . . . .. 210 Fam. 8. HIPPOPOTAMID./E .. 356
Fam. 11. MEGALOTIDE . . . . 210 1. Hippopotamus . . . . . . 356

CON,'1‘ENTS. vii

Page Page
2. Ghoeropsis . . . . . . .. 357 4. Euphractus . . . . . . .. 382
Fam. 9. ELEPHANTIDZE . . . . 358 5. Xenurus . . .' . . . . . . . 383
1. Elephas . . . . . . . . .. 358 Fam. 4. TOLYPEUTIDJE 385
2. Loxodonta . . . . . . .. 359 Tolypeutes . . . . . . . . 385
Fam. GLYPTODONTIDE]. . . . 387
Order BRUTA . . . . . . . . . . 361 am. 5. OHLAMYDOPHORIDZE. 387
Fam. 1. BRADYPODIDE . . . . 362 1. Chlamydophorus. . . . 388
1. Gholoepus . . . . . . . . .. 363 2. Burnleisteria. . . . . .. 388
2. Bradypus . . . . . . . . . . 363 Fam. 6. ORYCTEROPODIDE . . 389
3. Arctopithecus . . . . . . 364 Orycteropus . . . . . . . . 389
Fam. 2. MIANIDIDZE . . . . . . . . 366 MYRMECOPHAGIME . 390
1. Manis . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 1. Myrmecophaga . . . . 390
2. Pholidotus . . . . . . . . 370 2. Tamandua . . . . . . . . . 391
3. Smutsia . . . . . . . . .. 374 3. Oyclothurus . . . . . . .. 392
Fam. 3. DASYPODIDJE . . . . .. 376 8 ORNITHORYNCHIDE . 393
1. Tatusia . . . . . . . . . . .. 377 1. Platypus . . . . . . . . .. 393
2. Prionodos . . . . . . . . . . 380 2. Echidna . . . . . . . . .. 394
3. Dasypus . . . . . . . . .. 380
CATALOGUE
OF
CARNIVOROUS MAMMALIA
(FERFE,
.-_ _*________.__._
Order FERZE.
Cutting teeth 6 in each jaw, regular, erect. Canine
teeth one on each side of each jaw, conical. Grinders
forming a regular continuous series, largest in the
middle of the series.
Limbs exserted, with clawed feet; thumb non-oppo-
sible; the fore and hind limbs used for walking and
climbing, rarely for swimming. Teats abdominal, 4
or more. Penis in a sheath.
Ferae, Linn. S. N.; Fischer, Syn. Mamnz. XXV.
Oarnivora genuina Cuvier, Rég. Anim.
Falculatoria (part.3, Illiger, Proclr.
The ferine Mammalia were divided by Cuvier and Illiger, ac-
cording to the manner in which they walk, into cligitigmcle and
lolctntig/raole Sangwinaria ; but this was found to separate very nearly
allied genera.
Gray, “ Arrangement of Mammalia,” Annals of Philosophy,
1825 :-
Order 11. FERE.
Fam. FELIDAL
I. 1. Hywnina: Hyaena, Pholetes.
2. Felinaz Felis, Lynceus, Prionodon.
2 - oaunrvom.
II. 3. Mustelina: Putorius, Zorilla, Me hitis, Mustela, Lutra.
4. Vioerrina: Viverra, Genetta, erpestes, Orossamhus, Suricata,
Paradoxurus, Ictides.
. Canina: Oanis, Fennecus, Lycaon.
U1
Fam. URSIDAE.
I. 1. Ursina: Ursus, Danis, Proctulus, N ilarctos, Thalassarctos.
2. Procyonina: Proc on, Nasua, ?Potos.
II. 3. Gulorina: Gulo, alera, Grisonia, Mellivora.
4. Mg/daina: Mydaus.
5. Taxina: Meles, Taxus.
Synopsis of Suborders.
I. Carnivora. The grinders of three distinct forms; the premolars
conical and separated from the hinder (tubercular) molars by a
sharp-edged flesh-tooth with a tubercle on its inner edge.
11. Omnivora. The grinders similar, nearly of the same form, gra-
dually passing into each other, only varying in size, from the
false to the tubercular grinders, without any distinct sharp-
edged flesh-tooth.
Suborder I. CARNIVORA.
The grinders of three distinct forms ; the premolars coni-
cal and separated from the hinder (tubercular) grinders by a
sharp-edged flesh-tooth with a tubercle on its inner side.
Sanguinaria, Illiger, Prodr.
Oarnivora genuina digitigrada, Cuvier, R. A.
Felidae, Gray, Annals of Philosophy, 1825.
I published an arrangement of the genera of the Viverridaa then
known, according to the characters afforded by the hairiness or bald-
ness of the soles of the hind feet, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society ’ for 1832, p. 63, which is well adapted for the purpose,
though, like other arrangements, it is not infallible nor to be used
too strictly, or it will separate genera naturally allied to each other.
The continued study of the subject has shown me several other
characters which I had before overlooked. The following arrange-
ment seems best adapted to exhibit the natural affinities of the
genera as far as they can be shown in a linear series, and one that
will enable the student to determine the species. The tribes cha-
racterized in the paper in .the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’
for 1832 may be divided into two groups, according to the hairiness
of the toes and the form of the claws, characterized by the foot of
the Cat, the Dog, and the Bear. _
The bones of the toes of the animals of the first group, called
Eluropocla, as in the Cats, form an angularly arched line, the last
phalange being bent up, so that the animal, when it walks, does not
blunt its claws, which are only exserted when it wants to catch or
tear some other animal.
CARNIVORA. 3
In the second group, called the Dog-footed Carnivora (Oyno-
poda), the bones of the toes form a more or less extended, slightly
arched line, and the claws, being always exposed, and worn when
the animal walks, are more or less blunt _at the tips. The more
typical dog-footed animals often scratch holes in the ground; and
some have strong, elongated, arched claws for this purpose.
The groups are well defined and very distinct, and the above
characters are well marked in most of the genera. Some few genera
have feet that seem nearly intermediate between the two groups.
In such cases the whole appearance of the animals must be taken
into consideration, and the genus placed in the group to which it
seems most allied in habit and manners.
The animals of the dififerent families which have sharp, retractile
claws have habits in common. Thus the Cat (Felidce), the Civet
(Vz'oerridoe), the Ailaridoe, and the Oereolqotidoe defend themselves
by lying on their backs and using both their hind and fore feet to
claw with; they walk softlyr and jump on their prey.
The animals with exserted claws generally scratch holes in the
ground, and defend themselves with their front feet and teeth.
Some, as the Suricates and the Bear, sit on their haunches ; and the
Bear, the Coati, the Raccoon, &c. use the fore feet _as hands to take
their food, as well as in defence.
The first group, the Cat-footed(]ELURo1>onA), contains the follow-
ing families :—Felz'dce, Vioerridce, Jllustelidce, Ailuridoe, Oereoleptidce,
and Procyonidce.
The Dog-footed, or CYNOPODA:——-0((’lLi(l68, Hyoenidoe, Herpestlrlag
Melinidw, and Ursirlce.
Synopsis of the Families.
Section I. Cat-footed Carnivora (Elaropoda). Toes short, regularly
arched ; the last phalanges bent up, withdrawing the claws
into a sheath ; claws sharp.
* Head short, rounded. Taberealar grinders 1.1, only in the upper
jaw ; false grz'nders 1 or 2 in each jaw. Nose sz'mple, flat, naked,
with a central groove below.
Fam. 1. FELIDJE. Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders 1 . 1,
in upper jaw; false grinders 2.2 in each jaw; the flesh-
tooth subtrigonate, with a large internal lobe. Sole of heel
hairy.
Fam. 2. GUEPARDIDZE. Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders
1.1, in upper jaw; false grinders 2.2 in each jaw; the
flesh-tooth compressed, without any internal lobe. Sole of
heel hairy.
Fam. 3. ORYPTOPBOCTIDJE. Head short, rounded. Tubercular
grinders 1 . 1, only in the upper aw; false grinders 3 . 3 in
each jaw; flesh-tooth subtrigonate, with a distinct internal
lobe. Sole of heel bald.
B 2
-1 camvrvona.
* ““ Head elongate. Tubercular grinders in upper and lower jaws.
Farm. 4. Vrvnnnrnm. Head elongate. Tubercular grinders 2 . 2 in
the upper, and 1' . 1 in the lower jaw. The nose simple, flat,
bald, and with a central groove beneath.
Fam. 5. OYNOGALIDZE. Head elongate. Tubercular grinders 2 . 2
in the upper, and 1 . 1 in the lower jaw. Nose rather pro-
duced, rounded, hairy, and without any central groove below.
Fam. 6. MUSTELIDZE. Head elongate. Tubercular grinders 1 . 1
in each jaw. Nose simple, its under surface flat, bald, with
a central groove.
Section II. Dog-footed Carnivora (Uynopocla). The feet elongate.
Toes straight; the last phalange and claws extended. The
claws blunt and worn at the end; the front ones are often
elongated. Head elongate.
Fam. 7. MELINIDE. Tubercular grinders one on each side of
each jaw. Nose flat and bald beneath, with a central
groove. '
Fam. 8. Hnnfizsrrnrn. Tubercular grinders two on each side of
the upper, and one on each side of the lower jaw. Nose flat
and bald, beneath with a central groove.
Fam. 9. Rnrnoeurnze. Tubercular grinders two on each side of
the upper, and one on each side of the lower jaw. Nose
broad, convex, and hairy, beneath without any central
groove.
Fam. 10. CANIDZE. Tubercular grinders two on each side of the
upper and under jaws. Nose fiat and bald, beneath with a
central longitudinal groove.
Fam. 11. Hrmnmza. Tubercular grinders one on each side of the
upper jaw only. Nose flat and bald, beneath with a central
longitudinal groove.
Fam. 12. Pnornmrnze. Tubercular grinders none in either jaw.
The grinders very small, far apart. Nose broad.
Cat-footed, Dog-footed,
./Eluropoda. Cg/nopocla.
Tubercular grinder % . . . . 1. Felidae. 11. Hyaenidae.
2. Guepardidae.
3. Cryptoproctidae.
Tubercular grinders % . . 4. Viverridae. 8. Herpestidaa
5. Cynogalidae. 9. Rhinogalidae.
Tubercular grinders-} 6. Mustelidae. 7. Melinidae.
Tubercular grinders % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Oanidae.
Tubercular grinders % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Proteleidae.
FELIDBE. 0
Section I. CAT-FOOTED CARNIVCRA (EL UROPODA) .
Toes short and regularly arched; the last phalange bent up,
withdrawing the claws into a sheath. Claws sharp.
* Head short, roundecl. Tubereular grz'mZers 1 . 1, only in the upper jaw ;
false grinders 1 or 2 in each jaw. Nose sz'mpZe,jtat, and naked, beneath
with a central Zongituchnal groove.
Fam. 1. FELIDE.
Head short, rounded. Tubercular grinders small, one on each
side of the upper, and none in the lower jaw. The flesh-tooth with
a well-marked, prominent internal lobe on the front part of its
inner side. Legs moderate.
Tribe I. FELINA. Head oblong; face slightly produced. Legs
moderate, nearly square.
Tribe II. LYNCINA. Head short, subglobose ; face short. Legs
elongate, hinder longest. Ears with a pencil of longer hairs.
The examination confirms the separation of several of the genera
that have been proposed, and shows the distinctness of some species
Which it has been suggested should be united.
The British Museum Collection contains the skulls of a large
number of species of FeZidce—the largest series of skulls of that
group, I believe, that has ever been brought together—-nearly twice
as many as are figured in M. de Blainvil.le’s ‘ Ostéographie,’ which
embraces figures of all the species contained in the French collec- -
tions, in Paris and elsewhere. Of most of the species there are
several examples, and almost all of them are obtained from the skins
of the specimens in the collection: therefore there can be no doubt
of the accuracy of their determination ; and should any doubt arise,
it can be solved by the examination of the skin from which the skull
was obtained. Reference is made to the work in which the best
figures of the skull of each species is to be found, and figures are
added of some of the more interesting forms, which are now pub-
lished for the first time.
The peculiarity in the formation of the skull, which separates the
Lynxes from the Cats, is not very striking; but as it is common to
the skulls of all the species of Lynxes, both from the eastern and
western hemispheres, it shows how important it is to observe even
slight differences.
In the Feliclce generally the upper processes of the intermaxilla
and the front edge of the frontal bone on each side are provided with
a more or less elongated conical process, which separates a part of
the nasal from the maxilla; and in the Lynxes these processes are
very slender and so much elongated that those of the intermaxillze
and the frontals nearly or quite unite and entirely separate the nasals
6 FELIDZE.
from the upper front edge of the maxillae. This is not altogether
peculiar to the Lynxes, the same structure being found in a Cat
which has been called F. marmorata ; and the process of the inter-
maxillary, often very long, reaches up one-third the length of the
side margin of the nasal in some of the larger Leopards. But the
lateral process of the frontal not being so long in F. mar/morata as
in the Lynxes, the two processes do not unite and separate the nasal
bone from the maxilla as is found in all the species of the genus
ncus.
The skulls of the species of true Cats are so similar and uniform
in their structure that they present very few tangible characters
for the separation of the species into groups. In looking at a small
series of skulls it is easy to perceive that some are remarkable for
having a broad rather lengthened nose and moderate-sized orbits,
and others a narrow short nose, pinched up behind, and above with
a more or less distinct concavity on the sides in front of the orbits,
and the orbits generally large. The former structure is confined
to the skulls of the larger species, as the Lion, Tiger, Leopard,
Ounce; and the second is more marked in the small kinds. If
a larger series of skulls is examined, the two forms gradually pass
into each other, and it is found that the intermediate gradations of
form occur in the skulls of some of the species that are intermediate
in size between the two extremes ; while some of the skulls of the
middle-sized species retain the characters of the larger broad-nosed
s ec1es.
P In some species, while the skulls of the adult animals are similar
to those of the larger broad-nosed group, the skulls of the younger
or half-grown specimens have the sides of the nose more or less con-
cave and narrower behind, like those of the second group.
The skull of a Chinese Leopard, presented by Dr. Lockhart, from
Pekin, presents one of those anomalies in dentition which now and
then occur in most families of Mammalia. It has a small subcylin-
drical short tubercular grinder behind the flesh-tooth on one side of
the lower jaw, and none on the other, thus having on one side the
formula of dentition that is peculiar to the genus (Janis. But no
one could make a mistake as to what it is, as the teeth are all
those of the Cats (Fclidoe).
The skulls of species of Felts which have the same system of
colouring are not always alike: thus the skulls of Felis uncia, F.
marmorata, and F. macrocelis, of Felis viverrina, F. bcngalensis, and
F. nepalensis, and of F. pardina and F. macroura are very different
in form and structure. On the other hand, the skulls of the Lion,
the Tiger, the Leopard, and the Jaguar are nearly similar in form
and teeth, and chiefly to be distinguished by their size and other
slight characters.
Keyserling and Blasius have pointed out the difi‘erences in the
skulls of the Wild Cat and the Lynx of Europe. The characters
mentioned are common to most of the species of the genera Felis
and Lyncus; but Fclis marmorata. has a skull like that of the
Lynxes; and the Chaus group, which have the pencilled ears of
FELIDJE. 7
the Lynxes, but not their long legs, have a skull like that of the
Domestic Cat.
The Felis maorocelis has very long, rather compressed canine
teeth in the upper and lower jaws. Its skull presents the nearest
approach to those of the fossil Cats with very long sharp-edged
canines, such as Felis oultridens of England, Germany, France, and
Italy, F. megatherion and F. smiloclon of Brazil. The latter has ex-
ceedingly long, sword-like canines in the upper jaw. These animals
form the genera Mozchairoclus and Agnotherium of Kaup (see Blain-
ville, Ostéographie, Felis, t. 17 8.: 20).
In most Felicloe the orbits are furnished with an imperfect bony
ring; in F. viverrina, F. subrugosa, F. planiceps, and some other
spotted Cats these orbits are complete even at an early age.
The Domestic Cat has nocturnal eyes, with elongated erect
pupils; and this has generally been given as the character of the
entire genus; but the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, and some of the other
larger species have round pupils, and do not, under any circum-
stances, ever contract them into an erect linear shape; so their eyes
may be called diurnal eyes.
The Domestic Cat, and the species of the genus that are known
to have nocturnal eyes with linear erect pupils when contracted,
have very large eyeballs and large orbits in the skull, while the
Lion and other Cats, which are known to have diurnal eyes, have
moderate-sized eyeballs and orbits.
Observing that the Cats which are well known to have vertical
pupils have large eyeballs and orbits in the skull, I have taken it
for granted that all Cats which have large orbits in the skull have
vertical pupils. This is important, as we can observe the size of the
orbit in museums, while the form of the pupil can only be observed
in the living animal. The animals which have nocturnal eyes, gene-
rally have short small faces to the skulls; but Felis oioerrina,
which certainly has nocturnal eyes, has a rather elongated nose to
the skull.
As regards the form of the pupil in the Feliolaa there is a great
want of information. Years ago I remarked that, contrary to the
general belief, the larger species, such as the Lion, the Tiger, the
Leopard, the Jaguar, and some other species, had round pupils,
and I therefore separated them from the true Cats, which had
linear erect pupils; but the number of species that belonged to
each group was left for further verification. Very few zoologists
have noted the form of the pupils in the species they have de-
scribed. Sometimes two observations on the same species do not
coincide: thus Burmeister describes the pupils of the eyes of F.
jaguarondi and F. eym as round; but Berlandier represents the
pupils of the latter (F. eym) as linear and vertical. Then Mr.
Hodgson has figured the pupil of F. macrooelis as circular; but Mr.
Bartlett says that in the example living in the Society’s Gardens it
is oblong erect.
Mr. Bryan Hodgson had prepared by native artists a series of
drawings of Nepalese animals from life, with the intention of pub-
8 FELIDZE.
lishing a ‘ fauna of Nepal.’ These drawings he presented to the
British Museum along with his large collection of specimens; and
I find that the eyes of the Leopard, the Ounce, the Tortoise-shell
Tiger (F. maeroeelis), and the Murma Cat (F. murmensis) are re-
presented with round pupils. The Viverrine Cat of the Tarai (F.
viverrieeps, Hodgs.), the small Nepal Cat (F. nepalensis and F. par-
dochrous, Hodgs.), the F. nigripeetas, the Chaus (Ohaus lybicus),
and the Lynx of Thibet (I/yna: isabellina, Blyth) are all represented
with linear erect pupils. '
Mr. Bartlett, in reply to my inquiries, kindly observes, “ A great
difficulty exists in determining the form of the pupils in the eyes of
inany of the Cats, as in some lights and conditions they are all round ;
it depends upon the light and other causes that you find them some-
times oblong. But, from careful and oft-repeated observation of the
following list, I feel safe in saying that in the Ocelot, Puma, Jaguar,
Leopard, Tiger, Lion, and Cheetah they are round, and in the
Oaracal, Clouded Tiger, Chaus, and Serval are oval.
“ There are no others on your list that I can speak of with cer-
tainty.” '
“ P.S. In my former list I told you the Ocelot had a round pupil.
I have this day had the animal in the sunlight, and I must say the
pupil of the Ocelot is oblong when exposed to the bright sunlight.”
Tribe I. True Cats-—-FELINA.
The head oblong; face slightly produced. Legs moderate, nearly
of equal length. The skull oblong ; intermaxillae and frontal bones
with short processes, which extend between the ends of the nasal
bones and the maxillae. The front upper false grinder small (rarely
deciduous and wanting). ‘
Felina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 261.
A. Diurnal Oats.—The eyes diurnal, with a round pupil. The orbits of
the skull moderate-sized, compared with the size of the skull; face of
the skull elongate, high, broad,jlattened above.
* Forehead of skull suddenly elevated above the line of the face.
1. UN CIA.
Skull broad; face broad, short, flat above ; forehead suddenly
raised; crown convex in front and on the sides, concave behind;
nasal bones broad, short, not reaching so far back as the upper edge
of the maxilla; upper processes of the intermaxillae rather elongate,
extending about one-third up the sides of the nasals; orbits mode-
rate, incomplete behind; canines conical, moderate ; zygomatie arches
very strong and high.
Uncia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 262.
This genus is at once known from the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, and
2. LEO. 9
Tortoise-shell Tiger by the shortness and breadth of the face, and
the sudden elevation of the forehead. “ Pupil round.”—Hoclgson.

Uncia zrbis.
Uncia irbis. B.M.
Felis uncia, Schreb.
Felis pardus, Pallas.
F elis panthera, Erxl.
Felis 1rbis, Ehr.
Felis Tulliana, Valenc.
Felis uncioides, Iloalg/eon.
Uncia irbis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 262. fig. 1 (skull).
Hab. Tibet (? Smyrna, Val.). 4
Skull imperfect behind, nearly to the occiput. Length 6% inches,
width 4% inches.
**‘ Nose on the same plane as the forehead.
2. LEO.
Head, neck, sides of body, and legs maned. Tail elongate, tufted
at the end. Pupils round. Skull—nose on the same plane as the
forehead; nasals flat, nearly as long as maxillae; the orbits of the
skull moderate, incomplete behind.
Leo, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263.
Leo nobilis. ~ B.M.
Felis leo, Linn.
Leo afncanus et L. persmus, Szva-ms. '
10 FELIDAL
Leo gambianus, Gray.‘
Leo goorgrattensis, Gmel. &e. .
Leo nobilis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263.
Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 5 & 9.
Hab. Asia; Africa. . _
Skull, length 14% inches, width 9% inches.
3. TIGRIS.
Cheeks with spreading whiskers. Tail elongate, tapering at the
end. Pupils round. Skull—-nose on same plane as the forehead;
orbits of the skull moderate, incomplete behind. N asals very large,
V reaching beyond the back edge of the maxillae. Internal nostrils
broad. Palate truncated behind.
Tigris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 263.
Tigris regalis. B.M.
Felis tigris, Linn.
Tigris regalis, Gray, P. Z. S’. 1867 , p. 263.
Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 7. _
Hab. Asia. -
Skull, length 14 inches, width 10% inches.
4. LEOPARDUS.
Hair of head and neck uniform. Tail elongate (rarely shorter
than the body). Pupils round. Orbits of the skull moderate, in—
complete behind. Nose on same plane as the forehead. The upper
process of the intermaxilla very narrow, and much produced up the
side of the maxilla, often one-third the length of the nasal.
Leopardus, Gray, P. Z. S’. 1867, p. 263.
1' Large rose-spotted Leopards.
1. Leopardus pardus. B.M.
Felis leopardus, F. varia, et F. uncia, Schreb.
Felis pardus, Linn. .
Felis panthera, Erxl.
Felis chalybeata, Herm.
Felis minor, Ehr.
Felis antiguorum, Fischer.
F elis poec1lura,' Valene.
Felis palaeopardus, Fitz.
Leopardus pardus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 263.
Blaine. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 8; Temm. Monogr. t. 9. f. 1, 2.
Var. Black.
F. melas, Péron; F. fasea, Meyer.
‘ Hab. Southern Asia; North, South, and West Africa.
Pupil round.—-BartZett; Gray. . Y
4. morxnnus. 11
Very variable in the size and number of the spots. Skull—nasal
elongate, back edge in a line with back edge of maxilla; internal
nostril rather narrow. Length 9% inches, width 5% inches.
2. Leopardus japonensis. B.M.
_ Leopardus japonensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 262, t. 33; 1867 , p. 264.
Hab. Japan. .
3. Leopardus chinensis. B.M.
Leopardus chinensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 264. fig. 2 (skull).
Hab. Pekin, mountain-forests of the west.
Skull (in British Museum) very like that of a leopard, but shorter ;
and the nose, instead of being nearly fiat, is regularly arched before
the orbits. Length 6% inches, width 4% inches. Nasal wide, flat;
apex produced rather behind the back edge of the maxilla. Pro-
cess of the intermaxilla very slender, short; forehead broad, convex.
. _. ‘§“‘f\-1 ; _
.. l ,
\ \+ _l.l ‘ -S
'_\»\
iii

Leopanlns chinensia
There are two or three skulls of Leopards in the Museum, re-
ceived from the Utrecht collection, without habitats, that rather
resemble the Pekin specimen, which was presented to us by Dr.
Lockhart. They may be the skulls of L. brachyurus.
4. Leopardus onca. B.M.
Felis onca, Linn. ‘
Felis panthera, Schreb. 5 (Javier, Oss. Foss. t. 34. f. 3, 4.
Jaguar, Bnfon.
Leopardus onca, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , pp. 264, 402.
12 FELIDE.
Var. 1.
Leopardus Hernandesii, em;/, P. z. s. 1857, p. 278, t. 18 , 1867,
p. 402; Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 3.
Ha6. South America.
Pupil r0und.—Ba/rtlett.
Skull—nasals broad, their. hinder end and the back edge of maxillae
nearly in a line; forehead convex; nose broad, flat above; orbit
with a prominence in the middle of the front or nasal edge. Length
9 inches, width 6 inches.
Var. 2. Black. Skull, length 9% inches, width 651 inches.
Felis nigra, Erxl.
Hab. Brazil.
The skull of the Jaguar (Felis onoa, Linn.) is known from the
skulls of all the other species of the genus Leoparclas, and from the
Lion and the Tiger, by having a distinct, but more or less developed,
tubercle (probably for the attachment of one of the muscles of the
eyeball) on the middle of the inner or nasal edge of the orbit; and
there is also a well-marked half-ovate notch in the middle of the
truncated front edge of the internal nostril, which is not so distinctly
developed in other large feline animals.
The specimen which I described under the name of Leopardas
Hernanclesii in the Proc. Zool. Soc. (1857, p. 27 8, Mamm. t. 58),
from Mexico, has come into the British Museum collection; and I
cannot find any difference in the skull to distinguish it from the
other specimens of the Jaguar; so I suppose it must be considered
one of the varieties of that species, marked by the distance at
which the small spots are placed from each other, only now and
then forming anything like a distinct ring or row of spots.
1'1‘ Large one-coloured Cats. -
5. Leopardus auratus. B.M.
Felis aurata, Temm.
Felis chrysothrix, Temm.
'Felis moormensis et F. murmensis, Hodgson.
Junior. F elis Temminckii, Vigors.
Leopardus auratus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 265.
Hab. Himalaya, Sumatra; Borneo.
Pupil round.-Hodgson.
6. Leopardus concolor. B.M.
Felis concolor, Linn.
Felis discolor, Schreb.
Felis uma, Shaw.
Felis va, Brisson.
Puma, Penn.
Leopardus concolor, Gray, P. Z. S’. 1867, p. 265.
Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 6; Bairzl, Mam. N. A. t. 71 (Skull).
5. N1‘.-CFIILIS. 13
Var. Black.
Hab. North and South America._
Pupil round.——Bartlett.
Skull, length 7% inches, width 5% inches. Nasals rather narrow,
with a central sunken line rather behind the back end of maxillee ; .
cheeks in front of the orbits rather concave; the upper part of the
intermaxilla much produced up the side of the nasal for one-third
the length of that bone.
5. NEOFELIS.
Skull elongate; face broad, rather produced, on the same plane
as the forehead. Nasal large, elongate. Orbit moderate, very in-
complete behind. Lower jaw truncated and high in front. Canine
teeth, upper and lower, very long, conical, with a sharp cutting
hinder edge; the front upper and lower false grinders distinct, early
deciduous. The front lateral process of the frontal bone rather
elongate. The hinder entrance to the nostrils very narrow, elon-
gate; sides parallel; front edges rounded. Pupil round (Hodgson),
oblong erect (Bartlett). '
Neofelis, Gray, P. Z. s. 1867, p. 265.

Neofelis macrocelis.
This skull most nearly resembles that of the celebrated fossil Felis
smzlodon (Blamv. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 20), with a very much elongated
upper canine.
1. Neofelis macrocelis. B.M.
Felis macrocelis, Temm.
Felis Diardii, Desmoul.
F elis macroceloides, Hodgson.
Felis nebulosa, H. Smith.
Neofelis macrocelis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 266. f10‘. 3 (skull).
D
14 FELIDE.
Hab. Himalaya (Hodgson); Malacca (Temm.) ; Siam.
Pupil oval.--Bartlett.
Skull: length 7% inches, width 42 inches.
Var. Smaller. Skull, length 5 inches, width 3% inches (adult).
Hab. Siam. '
2. Neofelis brachyurus. B.M.
Leopardus brachymus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 352, t. 43.
N eofelis brachyurus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 265.
Hab. Formosa (Swinhoe).
,.
B. Nocturnal Cats.- The pupil of the eye oblong or linear erect when con-
tracted ; the eyeball large. The orbits of the skull large or the size of
the face. The nose of the skull generally short, compresse above behind,
wit a more or less marked concavity in front of the orbita—Gray,
P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 266.
In some genera and species the orbits of the eyeballs are much
larger, compared with the size of the face and skull, than in others.
* Skull short and high.
6. PARDALINA.
Face round. Eyes moderate; pupil-- ‘? Skull short, high; face
short; forehead arched in front; brain-case swollen, short; orbits
moderate, incomplete behind. First upper false grinder small.
Canines conical, moderate. Hinder aperture to the nose truncated
in front.
Pardalina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 266.
This genus differs from Leoparolns in having a much shorter-faced
skull.
Pardalina Warwickii. B.M.
Fur short, dusky whitish brown; chin, streak on check, and
throat white ; chest and underside paler, black-spotted; crown and
nape with four, cheek with two, and between the withers one black
streak; the four feet and body covered with very numerous, equi-
distant, nearly equal-sized small black spots; throat, chest, upper
part of the inside and outside of fore and hind legs black-banded ;
tail spotted at the lower half, ringed at the end, with a black tip ;
ears black, with a large white spot.
Leopardus himalayanus, Gray, Cat. M'amm. B. M. p. 44.
“ Felig)himalayanus, Warwiclc,” Jardine’s Nat. Libr. t. 24 (not
00 .
Fe is viverrina, var., Blyth.
Pardalina Warwickii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 267.
Hab. Himalaya (Gross, Warwick).
Skull short, broad, length 4;} inches, width 3 inches 2 lines ; face
short, broad ; nasals moderately broad ; forehead convex, rhombic ;
7. cuorrnx. 15
orbits rather small, incomplete behind. The skull is very unlike
that of Felis viverrina.

Pardalina IVarwichz'z'.
There isin the British Museum a Cat that was formerly alive in
- the Surrey Zoological Gardens, and was there called the Himalayan
Cat, and which, in the ‘ List of Mammalia in the British Museum,’
published in 1842, I called Leopardus himalayanns. This animal is
figured, from the specimen at the Surrey Zoological Gardens, in J ar-
dine’s ‘ Naturalist’s Library ’ as Felis himalayanns, Warwick. The
figure is by no means a characteristic one. The Cat has not been
brought from Himalaya by any of the numerous sportsmen and col-
lectors that have searched that country. It is not known to Mr.
Blyth, nor to any other Indian zoologist to whom I have shown it;
iéideed Mr. Blyth states that he believes it to be a South American
at.
The examination of the skull shows that it forms a group by itself;
and in my paper in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867 , p. 266, I formed for it a
genus under the name of Pardalina. As the species has not been well
described, I have given a description of the type specimen.
7. CATOLYNX.
Head round. Ears rounded. Pupil oblong erect. Tail very
long, cylindrical. Skull ovate; face short, rather broad; nose slightly
flattened on the sides ; forehead arched ; the nasal bones moderate,
elongate, separated from the maxillae by the long slender processes of
the intermaxillae and frontal bones. First upper false grinder small,
distinct. Orbits large, subcircular, complete or nearly complete be-
hind. Internal nostril narrow, arched in front.
Catolynx, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 267.
16 FELIDJE.
This genus is peculiar for having the same form of the nose-bones
as the Lynxes.
1. Ca-tolynx marmoratus.
Felis marmoratus, lllartin.
Felis Diardii, Jarcline.
Felis Ogilbii, .Hodgson. ‘
Felis longicaudatus, Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 9 (skull).
Catolynx marmoratus, Gray, P. Z. S, 1867, p. 267.
Hab. India ; Borneo.
_ 2. Catolynx Charltoni.
Felis Charltoni, Gray, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 396.
Oatolynx Gharltoni, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 268.
Ha-b. Nepal; Darjeeling(Gharlton).
The spotting of this species is rather different from that of F.
marrnoratas; they may be only local varieties.
The separation of the nasals from the maxillaries is uniform in all
the six specimens of this skull in the British-Museum collection.
H Skull elongate ; face and brain-case elongate.
8. VIVERRICEPS.
Head rather elongate. Ears rounded, not pencilled. Eyes noc-
turnal ; pupil erect, linear. Fur spotted. Tail moderate, tapering.
Skull elongate; face produced, narrow above, concave on' the sides ~
in front of the orbits ; orbits rather large, complete behind; nasal
bones elongate, very narrow above. Canines conical, moderate.
Viverriceps, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 268.
Hab. Asia.
There are small-sized Spotted Asiatic Cats which have a long head,
with an elongated skull, and complete bony orbits. The skulls are
longest and the orbits more developed in the Felis viverrina of Ben-
nett and the Felis planiceps of Vigors and Hbrsfield. But, besides
these, Felis rabiginosa of I. Geoffrey, in Bélanger’s ‘ Voyage,’ and the
Cat which I described under the name of Leoparclas Ellioti in the
‘ Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ for 1837 (x. p. 260) have a rather
elongated skull and complete orbits, though Mr. Blyth regards F.
Ellioti asonly a variety of his F. benyalensis.
1' Skull elongate ; nose long.
1. Viverriceps Bennettii.
Felis viverrina, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 68.
Felis viverriceps, Iloclgson.
Felis bengalensis, B. Hanzilton.
Felis himalayana, Jardine.
Felis celidogaster, Gray, List of Hoclgson’s Collection, B. M. (not
Temm.).
Viverriceps Bennettii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 268. fig. 5.
Hab. East Indies.
8. vrvnunronrs. I 17
Pupil linear erect.—Hoclyson.
Skull, length 5 inches 5 lines, width 3 inches 8 lines.
Fig. 5.


Viverriceps Ben-nettii.
H‘ Skall—nose shorter, concave on sides.
2. Viverriceps planiceps.
Felis planiceps, Vigors & lqorsfielcl, Zool. Joarn. vii. t. 2; Blaine.
Osléogr. Felis, t. 9.
Felis Diardii, Crazqfarcl.
Viverriceps planiceps, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 269. fig. 6.
Hab. Malacca; Sumatra; Borneo.

V-ivo)'2'2.'ceps plan-ioeps.
18 » FELIDlE.-
Skull elongate; crown fiat, rhombic ; face rather produced, broad ;
the orbits moderate, complete behind. Length of adult 3% inches,
Width 2 inches 5 lines. Very like that of F. viverrina.
3. Viverriceps Ellioti.
Leopardus Ellioti, Gray, Ann. & Zllag. N. H. x. p. 260.
Felis bengalensis, var. , Blyth P
Viverriceps Ellioti, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 269.
Hab. Madras.
Skull elongate ; crown fiat, rhombic ; face concave in front of the
orbits ; orbits moderately complete behind.
The skull very like that of F. rubiginosa, but larger, 3 inches 10
lines long, and 2 inches 7 lines wide.
4. Viverriceps rubiginosa.
Felis rubiginosa, I. Geofl"W. Voy. Bélanger, t. .
Viverriceps rubiginosa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 269.
Hab. India; Madras.
Skull 2 inches 10 lines long, 2 inches wide at the back of the
zygomatic arches ; crown flat, rhombic.
9. PAJ EROS.
Head elongate. Ears rounded. Pupil round‘? ‘? Skull elongate
and swollen behind ; face short, broad ; orbits moderate, incomplete
behind. The front upper false grinder very early deciduous, always
wanting in the half-grown skull.
Pajeros, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 269.
The skull of the Pajeros is like that of the Common Cat; but the
orbits are small, as in the other diurnal Cats, and the face broader,
and the brain-case is rather more produced behind; but it differs
from that of the Leopards and Cats in the upper front false grinders
being very early deciduous, as in the Lynxes.
In the four skulls in the Museum the holes for these teeth are
only to be observed in the‘skull of a very young animal; in the other
three older skulls the holes even are obliterated.
Pajeros pampanus.
Felis pajeros, Desm. Mainm. . 231.
Pajeros pampanus, Gray, P. . S. 1867, p. 269.
Hab. South America; The Pampas.
Skull elongated; face short, broad, slightly concave in front of the
orbits; nasal broad below, suddenly narrowed above ; orbits mode-
rate, incomplete behind ; brain-case rather swollen ; forehead slightly
convex, rhombic. Length 4 inches 2 lines, width 2 inches 4 lines.
The skull differs from that of the common Felis domestica in the
orbits being smaller and the brain-case larger.
-10. FELIS. ' 19
”“** Shall ovate ; face short; brain-case moderate.
10. FELIS.
Tail cylindrical, elongate, sometimes shorter than the body. Ears
oblong, rounded at the tip, without any pencil of hairs. Pupil erect,
linear. Skull moderate; face short, conical; nose moderate, narrow
above behind, concave in front of the orbits; brain-case oblong,
broad; front upper false grinders distinct, small; orbits large, or
very large, incomplete.
F elis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 270.
i‘ Zlloderate-‘sized large-headed -Cats, with lines of spots on the sides.
Pardalis, or Ocelots.
Face of skull elongate.
Pupil round, oblong, erect in sunlight.——Bartlett.
1 . Felis pardalis. B.M.
Felis pardalis, Linn. ; Baird, Marn. N. A. p. 87, t. 72 (skull); Gray,
P. Z. 8'. 1867 , p. 270. ,
?Felis armillata, F. Guvier.
?Felis Griflithsii, H. Smith.
-Hab. America, tropical or subtropical. ~
' Skull, adult, length 5%, width inches.
2. Felis grisea. B.M.
Leopardus griseus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. X. p. 260, 1842.
Felis grisea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , pp. 270, 403.
Hab. Guatemala. ' ' V
Skull, adult, length 5%, width 3% inches. Nose rather concave
on the sides before orbits.
3. Felis melanura. B.M.
Felis melanura, Ball, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 128; Gray, R Z. S. 1867 , pp.
270,403.
Hab. America.
Skull, adult, length 5%, width 3% inches.
The skulls of these three species are very similar, only differing
a little in size; perhaps they are only local varieties of the same
species.
4. Felis picta. BM.
Leopardus pictus, Gray, Ann. 8- Mag. N. II. x. p. 260, 1842.
Felis picta, Gray, P. Z. /S’. 1867 , pp. 271, 403.
, Hab. Central America.
Skull, length 5%, width 3% inches.
0 2
20 FELID.i*2.
5. Felis pardoides. B.M.
The fur is grey, with a very large number of nearly equal-sized
round or oblong dark spots; the spots on the loins and rump are
larger, with a pale centre ; the cheeks and nape with black streaks ;
belly white, with large black spots; tail ringed. Length of body
and head 26, tail 13 inches.
Felis pardoides, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 403.
Hab. Tropical America.
The skull of F. pardalis and the typical specimens of F. grisea
and F. melannra are very similar in shape, size, and structure. The
nasal bones vary in shape ; in some skulls they are short, broad, and
gradually attenuated; in others the nasal bones are longer, very
broad in front, and then suddenly narrowed at about half their
length; but the different skulls vary in this respect, and the two
forms gradually pass into each other.
The skull of an adult F. pa-rclalis is 5 inches long and 3% inches
wide, of the typical F. grisea 5% inches long and 3% inches wide;
the nose rather concave ‘on the sides behind. In the typical F.
melanu-ra the length of the adult skull is 5% inches, width 3 inches
7 lines; intermaxillae elongated; orbits moderate, incomplete be-
hind ; face broad, rather produced.
The Ocelots are extremely variable; and though there is a very
large series of specimens in the British Museum, I cannot make up
my mind whether they are all one, or whether there are three or
more species. There are two most distinct varieties as regards size
—the large Ocelots, with very large heads, and the smaller Ocelots,
with more moderate-sized heads ; but each variety presents several
variations of colour, and there are examples intermediate in size.
The differences in the size of the Ocelots may depend on the tem-
perature, the geographical disposition, and the abundance or scarcity
of food in the district which they inhabit. I can well believe that
the large variety is as dangerous and destructive as the Jaguar, as
travellers assert.
Leopardus pictus (Mag. N. H. x. p. 260, 1842) is one of the larger
kind, and it has the spots very different from those of any other
specimen in the collection ; but this is such a difference as one may
expect to find only a variation when one examines a large series of
specimens. ,
Leoparclas griseus (Mag. NI H. x. p. 260, 1842) differs from the
other Ocelots in having a grey fur with whitish sides. There are
several specimens which agree in this peculiarity. The grey spe-
cimens offer several variations in the spotting, like the fulvous
specimens. One specimen has a rather yellow tint in the middle of
the back ; otherwise the grey colour seems permanent. Mr. Blyth
has observed that the smaller and darker Spotted Cats become more
fulvous as they attain full age; but that cannot explain the greyness
10. rnms. 21
of these specimens, as there are adult as well as young specimens of
the grey colour.
Felis melanura (Ball, B. Z. S. 1844, p. 128) is a most strongly
marked specimen, and in the whole series of specimens in the Mu-
seum stands alone for the intensity and clearness of the markings,
both black, white, and fulvous. It may be a variety in which the
colours, especially the black, are very much more developed than
usual, and therefore the spots have become confluent, until the whole
animal may be described as black with white and fulvous spots. It
is not the common melanism, where the whole fur has become more
or less black, the black spots being only a little more intense. Vile
have an Ocelot of this latter variety in the British Museum ; but it
bears no resemblance to the type specimen described by Mr. Ball,
which is also in the Museum collection.
In the British Museum there is a very small Spotted Ocelot,
which is here recorded as a species or variety under the name of
F. parcloicles. -
The species or varieties are to a certain extent permanent; the
young, in some instances at least, are like their parents; and the
markings do not change with age (that is to say, they are the same
on the kitten as on the adult); and there are adult specimens that
are grey as well as fulvous, or fulvous and white; so that the grey
colour does not depend on the youth of the specimen, as has been
suggested.
H‘ Smaller, small-headed, spotted Arnerican Cats. Margay.
Three species of small Spotted Oats have been described as inha-
biting South and Tropical America. All these three species maybe
distinguished from the Ocelots (Felis pa-rdina) by the smaller size
of the head, and the spots not being united together in chains; but
the latter character is not to be observed in all Ocelots. As these
Cats, like the other Spotted Oats, vary greatly in the form, size, and
disposition of the spots, the determination of the species has been
attended with considerable difiiculty, and it has been suggested that
perhaps there are more than one species of the long-tailed Ame-
rican Tiger Cat called F. maeroara. There is a very large series of
specimens of the long-tailed species in the British Museum (two
Chatis and several Margays) from different localities. And if there
were not so many offering such different variations of the first
species in the collection (I had only a few selected specimens to
describe from), I should have been inclined to separate them into
more than one species ; indeed, in 1842, when we had only four or
live specimens, I did name one in the ‘ List of Mammalia ’ as a dis-
tinct species under the name of Leoparclus tigrinoicles.
These three species may be easily distinguished from each other
by the kind and colour of the fur, and the colour and length of the
tail. Thus F. macroura and F. -mitts have soft bright fulvous fur,
22 ' FELIILZE.
and tail distinctly ringed ; and F. tigrina has a harsher grizzled fur,
and the tail marked with series of dark spots, not forming distinct
rings. They may be characterized thus :—
6. Felis macroura. (The Kuichua.)
Fur soft, bright fulvous, black-spotted; spots variable in shape
and size, often with a pale centre; tail elongate, cylindrical, longer
than the body, with from eight to ten broad, well-marked, often
interrupted, black rings, and a black tip.
Skull, adult, 4 inches long, 2 inches 2 lines wide. The nasals
narrow, with the outer edges curved inwards.
Felis macroura, Pr. Mar. Abhild. t. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 271.
_Felis Wiedii, Schinz.
“ Felis brasiliensis, Gavier.”
Var. Paler, spots larger.
Leopardus tigrinoides, Gray, I/ist. Marnwn. B. M. 1842, p. 42.
Hab. Brazil.
7. Felis mitis. B.M.
Fur soft, bright fulvous, black-spotted; spots variable in size and
disposition, often with a pale centre; tail cylindrical, rather taper-
ing at the end,‘nearly the length of the body without the head, with
six well-marked, broad, sometimes interrupted black rings, and a
black tip.
Felis mitis (Ohati), F. Gav. Jllanzm. Lithoyr. t. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867,
, . 271.
Felis chati, Griflith.
Jaguar, Bzgfon, H’. Nat. ix. t. 18.
Felis onca, Schreb. (from Bafon).
Hab. Mexico? Paraguay?
8. Felis tigrina. B.M.
Fur rather harsh, dull, grizzled, varied with black spots and rings
varying in size and form; tail moderate, nearly as long as the body,
cylindrical, rather thick, truncated at the end, marked with small
black spots often confluent but not forming continuous rings.
Skull as in F. maoroara ; the nasals rather wider, and the orbits
not quite so large, compared with the size of the skull. Length about
3% (rather imperfect behind), width 2% inches.
F elis tigrina, Schreb. t. 100 ; Bajon, II. N. xiii. t. 38 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1867 , p. 271.
Felis margay, Grgfiitk.
Felis guigna, Jilolina.
Margay, B1/fen.
Hab. South America.
10. FELIS. 23
9. Felis Geoffroyii.
Felis Geoifroyii, D’ Orb. Voy. A-mér. lllérid. t. 13 (skull) ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1867, p. 272.
Hab. South America.
10. Felis colocolla.
Felis colocolla, Molina; F. Ouv. lllamm. Lith. t. ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1867, p. 272.
Hab. South America; Chili (Molina); Surinam (H. Smith).
TTT Smaller one-coloured American Cats. “ American Tigers.”
11. Felis jaguarondi. ‘ B.M.
Felis jaguarondi, Lacép.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 272.
Felis mexicana, Desm.
Felis calomitli, Baird, lllam. N. A. t. 74. f. 2 (skull, adult).
Hab. South America. Skull, B.M.
Pupil round.-—Burmeister.
In Blainville’s figure the nose is much higher and forehead flatter
than the skulls in the British Museum.
12. Felis eyra.
Felis eyra, Desm. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 27 2. '
Felis unicolor, Trail, Baird, Mam. N. A. t. 73. £2 (skull, young).
Hab. Tropical America. Skull, B.M.
Pupil round.—-—Burmeister. Pupil linear and vertical.-—Ber-
landierl
1"H"l' Moderate-sized, A rican, spotted Cats. Cheeks uiithout the cheek-
streaks. ‘kull-—face rather produced. Serval.
13. Felis serval. B.M.
Felis serval, Schreb.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 272.
, - Felis capensis, Forst.
Felis galeopardus, Desm.
Serval, Bufion.
Chaus servalina, Gerrard, Blainv. Ostéogr. F elis, t. 16.
Length of skull 5 inches, width 3% inches. Nasals large.
Pupil oblong, erect.—Bartlett.
Hab. South and West Africa. 7
The Leopard and the Serval of Africa are too well known to re-
quire any observation, except to remark that the Serval is by no
means so variable in the form and disposition of the spots as the
Leopard. '
14. Felis rutila. B.M.
Felis rutila, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 130; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 ,
pp. 272, 394.
Red-brown, with indistinct darker spots-on the back;belly white
24 FELIDE.
with large brown spots ; tail moderate, nearly half the length of the
body, red-brown, with a dark central line down the upper surface,
paler with obscure indications of bands on the sides.
Hab. Sierra Leone. Type and two other specimens in British
Museum.
The skull of this species is in the British Museum. It is oblong;
the orbit rather large, incomplete behind; the intermaxillary pro-
duced and extending halfway up the side of the nasal; the upper
front false grinder very small. Length 4%, width 3% inches. Very
like that of F. serval, but smaller.
15. Felis neglecta. B.M.
Felis neglecta, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1838, i. p. 27; P. Z. S.
1860, p. 246; 1867, pp. 272, 395.
Grey; head and body marked with numerous small darker spots,
spots of the lower part of the sides rather larger; belly white, with
large blackish spots; tail quite half the length of the body, with a
dark line along the upper surface, sides paler, with obscure indica-
tions of darker bands.
Hab. Gambia (Rendal). The typical skin in British Museum.
16. Felis servalina. B.M.
Fur fulvous, beneath white, middle of the back darker, with very
numerous small black spots, spots on sides rather larger, on the belly
much larger; tail short, fulvous, with five or six imperfect black
rings and a pale tip.
Felis servalina, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 4; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 395 (not Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 401).
Hab. Sierra Leone. Three skins in British Museum.
17. Felis celidogaster.
Felis celidogaster, Temm. Monogr. i. p. 140; Esqaiss. Zool. p. 87
(not Gray); Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 272, 395. \
Felis chalybeata, H. Smith (not good).
Hab. Guinea (Mas. Leyden).
Temminck has described a Cat purchased at the sale of Bullock’s
Museum in Piccadilly under the name of Felis celidogaster (Monogr.
Mamm. i. 140), stating that he believes that it inhabits Chili or Peru
(more lately it has been believed that it might be an Indian Cat-—
the Felis viverrina of Bennett, for example) ; but no Cat of the kind
is known in those countries. In his ‘ Esquisses ’ he has redescribed
the species from a specimen received from Guinea. The following
is a translation of his description :-
“ FELIS cnrrnoeasrnn, Temm. Monogr. i. 140 ; Esquisses Zool. 87.
“ Felis chalybeata, H. Smith, Griflith, A. K. ii. 1:. (not good).
“ Tail rather shorter than half the length of the body and head.
Length of body and head 26, tail 14 inches=3 feet 4 inches.
10. rnms. 25
“ Fur short, smooth, shiny, grey, with a reddish tint, with choco-
late or light brown spots; spots on dorsal line oblong, the others
round; cheek and lips whitish, with small brown spots ; throat and
chest with six or seven half-circular brown bands ; lower parts and
inner side of the limbs pure white, with large round chocolate-brown
spots; two bands of this colour on the inner side of the fore, and
four on the hind feet ; tail bay brown, with paler brown rings, end
black brown ; outer surface of the ears black; claws white.”
18. Felis senegalensis.
Felis senegalensis, Lesson, Gaérc'n’s May. Zool. Zllamm. t. 10; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 272, 395.
Hab. Senegal.
Very like F. oioerrina from India. Can it be the same ‘?
Lesson, in the ‘ Magasin de Zoologie ’ for 1839 (Mammiferes,
t. 10), has figured and described a Cat under the name of Felis sene-
galensis, which is said to have been brought from the river Senegal.
It is thus described :—“ Felis rufo- fulvoque-griseus, subtus rufes-
centi-albidus, auriculis latis intus albidis, supra nigerrimis cum
lunula nivea; dorso et lateribus tribus vittis nigris nec non lineis for-
matis e numerosissimis maculis atris; cauda longa, rufescenti-grisea,
nigro maculata; facie rufa, duabus lineis et naso aterrimis ; rostro
albo ; pedibus rufo-griseo punctatis.” The description and the figure
do not agree with any of the three Cats from Africa in the British
Museum.
The Felis neglecta, like the Serval, has no dark streak on the
cheek, which is so generally found in Cats. In Lesson’s figure only
one throat-streak (the upper one in most other Cats) is marked, the
second streak mentioned in the description being from the side of
the forehead to the end of the nose. The tail in Lesson’s figure is
longer in proportion to the body than the tail of the Serval, or of
any of the three African Cats here described; and the belly is not
white, as it is in all of them and in F. celidogaster of Temminck.
In some respects the Cat agrees with Felis vieerrina of Bennett from
India (can there be any mistake in the African habitat ‘?); but the
streaks on the side of the face are different from those of that Cat,
which has two in the usual situation; indeed the streak in Lesson’s
figure is so unlike the streak in any Cat that I have seen that I
almost doubt whether the artist has correctly represented it as going
from the orbit to the middle of the front edge of the ear.
The Cats from the West Coast of Africa are very little known;
and, fortunately, there are in the British Museum the type speci-
mens on which three of the species have been founded, and of two
of them other and better specimens of the skins than those first
described have been received and are in the collection, showing the
distinctness of the species, which were each described from a single
imperfect skin.
The three very distinct species of Spotted Cats from West Africa,
which have been described at different times by Mr. Waterhouse,
26 FELIDZE.
Mr. Ogilby, and myself, all differ from the one from Guinea de-
scribed by M. Temminck. My Felis neglecta agrees with F. celi-
clogaster in many particulars; but the spots are much smaller than
M. Temminck describes, they are by no means of a chocolate or
bright brown colour, and the tail is not ringed. These are just
the characters by which the three skins in the British Museum are
distinguished from each other. It is most probable that the F.
celiclogaster of Guinea is distinct from the Cats from the Gambia
and Sierra Leone which are in the Museum. All the three, and,
indeed, very many other Spotted Oats, have the belly distinctly
spotted and the throat with a half collar; so that the name F. celiclo-
yaster would be equally applicable to any of them.—Gray, P. Z. S.
1867,p.394.
TTTTT Small-sized spotted Asiatic Cats. Tiger Cats.
The smaller Spotted Oats of the warmer parts of Asia have all
been regarded as one species by Mr. Blyth, following in the wake of
Temminck; but it is to be observed that the latter naturalist only
had the specimens from Java and Sumatra to examine. Perhaps if
he had had in his museum specimens from Nepal, Bhootan, China,
and the various districts of continental India, he would not have
regarded them as belonging to the same species, as he did those
from Java and Sumatra. They, no doubt, are very similar, and we
know that the Spotted Oats, as the Leopard, the Jaguar, the Ocelots,
and the Kuichua of Brazil are very variable; but then in a large
series of these specimens the varieties pass into each other, and the
countries where the different varieties come from are contiguous,
and different varieties come from the same locality. Now that is
not the case with the small Spotted Oats of India; and until we
have a series sufficiently large to show how the species do pass into
each other, I think it is safer to regard them as valid.
Of the small-sized Spotted Asiatic Oats, which have an ovate
skull and incomplete orbits, there are several specimens in the Mu-
seum which appear to be worthy of being noticed either as species
or well-marked varieties. They all have two well-marked streaks
on each cheek; and there is a pale or white streak up each side bf
the forehead, and one between the cheek-streaks.
To this group belong Felis samatrana and Felis jasanensis of
Horsfield, Zool. Java; Felis nepalensis, Vigors and Horsfield, Zool.
J ourn. iv. 1;. 39 ; and Felis chinensis, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837, from
China, and some others undescribed.
19. Felis minuta. B.M.
Felis minuta (part.), Temm.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 273, 400.
Felis undata (part.), Fischer.
Felis sumatrana, Horsfielol, Z. Java, t.
Hab. Sumatra.
20. Felis javanensis. B.M.
Felis javanensis, Hor.§>/ieltl, Zool. Java, t. ?; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867,
pp. 274, 400.
F0
10. FELIS. 21
Felis Diardii, Griflith.
Felis minuta, var., Temm.
Felis undata, var., Fischer.
Hab. Java.
21. Felis nepalensis. B.M.
Felis nepalensis, Vigors <$~ Horsfield, Zool. Joarn. iv. p. 382; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1867 , pp. 272, 400.
Hab. India.
Perhaps a hybrid or domesticated.
22. Felis chinensis. _ ’ B.M.
Felis chinensis, Gray, May. N. 11. 1837 ; P. Z. S’. 1867, pp. 274, 400.
Felis bengalensis, var., Blyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 184.
Hab. China.
23. Felis pardinoides. B.M.
Fur grey-brown, with large black grey-varied spots; chin and
beneath white. Spots of vertebral line black; of withers large, ob-
long; of loins linear; of sides, shoulder, and rump large, roundish,
varied with grey hairs in the centre, making them appear somewhat
as if they were formed of a ring of smaller black spots; of thigh
and fore legs black, small, and there confluent into cross bands. Tail
with black rings. Length, body and head 19, tail 9 inches.
Felis pardinoides, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 400.
Ha-b. India (Gapt. Innes; from Zool. Soc. Mus.).
Skull, length 3,-1,-, width 2% inches; orbits moderate, oblong;
hinder nasal opening oblong, with an angular front edge.
24. Felis pardochroa. (Nepal Tiger.) RM.
Fulvous, with various-sized and -formed black spots and streaks.
Fig. 7.




.- ‘-,4‘
‘-/'-/v -
"- 1. I
’ I
I .- ..
. - - / , V
I , /. /1,
0 H , 11,
, I . //2
' I
I , u_,_ '
’ I - ’ I
I .
: /


F(>lz's pm'(lo('hror/.
28 FELIDZE.
Spots of the loins oblong, separate; throat, chin, and belly white,
black-spotted. Tail irregularly and incompletely ringed.
Felis pardochrous, Hodgson, Cale. Journ. iv. p. 286; Hors/ield, P. Z. S.
1856, p. 396; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 273. fig. 7, p.- 400.
Felis nepalensis, Hodgson, icon. ined.
Hab. Nepal (Hodgson).
Length, body and head 25, tail 12 inches. Skull, length 3 inches
11 lines, width 2 inches 8 lines.
Pupil linear, erect-—Hodgson.
Var. Fur shorter, closer. B.M.
Hab. Tenasserim (Packman).
25. Felis tenasserimensis. BM.
_ Fulvous, black-spotted; chin and beneath white. Spots of the
body large, angular; of shoulder round ; of thigh oblong; of the
loins elongate, confluent; of the back of the neck elongate, double
at the hinder part, and on the withers nearly enclosing a lanceolate
brown disk.
Felis tenasserimensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 400.
Hab. India; Tenasserim (Packman). -
Like F. pardoehroa, but larger; spots of withers and loins very
different.
26. Felis Jerdoni. B.M.
Fur grey, with a few small distant black spots. Spots of sides
and legs roundish; of central line of the back linear, rarely con-
fluent. Tail and feet darker grey-brown, scarcely spotted; chin and
beneath white, black-spotted.
Felis Jerdoni, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 185 (not described); Gray,
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 274, 400.
Leopardus sumatranus (var. grey), Gray, Cat. Jlamm. B. M. p. 43.
Hab. Indian peninsula: Madras. Adult in British Museum.
“ Very like F. bengalensis, but smaller; the ground-colour of the
upper part grey, untinged with fulvous ” (Blyth). Size of F. rubi-
ginosa. The “ kitten” that Mr. Blyth refers to as being in the
British Museum is a nearly full-grown specimen.
27. Felis Herschelii B.M.
Fulvous, black-spotted; streak on forehead and cheeks, chin,
throat, and beneath yellowish white. Spots small, unequal-sized,
far apart; of body oblong; of legs round; of loins elongate, some-
times confluent; of withers oblong.
Chaus servalinus, Gray, Cat. Zllamm. B. M. p. 45 (excl. syn.).
Felis servalina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 401 (not Ogilby).
Hab. India; “ Zanzibar‘? ”
Like F. minuta, but spots smaller and further apart.
10. FELIS. 29
28. Felis wagati. (The Wagati.) B.M,
Fur fulvous; nose, chin, throat, and underside of body, and
streak on forehead and cheek, pale yellow. Spots of body few, large,
irregular-shaped; of withers large, elongate, broad; of loins elon-
gate, narrow, more or less confluent. Tail with round spots.
Felis wagati, Elliot (fide Blyth) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 400.
Hab. India.
Differs from F. pardochroa and F. minata in the large size of the
spots.
1-1--H‘H' Clouded or marbled African Cats. Orbits of sh-all very large.
29. Felis caligata. B.M.
Lynx, Brace, V0}/)). viii. 11;. 30. BI
“ Felis cali ata race ” emm. ono r. . 123’ I. Geo . Jae . V0-2 .
t. 3. r. 1,g2 (sikull). ’ 9 P ’ f 9 J
?Felis libycus, Olivier, Voy. p. 41.
Felis caffra, Desm. Suppl. p. 540, 1822; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 273.
Felis nigripes, Barchell, Travels, 1822; Blainv. Ostéogr. f. 6.
Felis maniculata, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, i. t. 19 (pale variety); Gray,
P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 274.
?? Chat aux oreilles rouges on Chat botté caligata), F. C'avier,
Mamm. Lithogr. t. (pale variety).
Felis pulchella, Gray, Mag. N. H. (very pale variety).
Felis chaus, Riippell, Atlas, i. t. 140.
? Chaus, F. Cnvier, Mamm. I/ithogr. t.
Felis obscura, Desm. Mamm. p. 250 (black variety).
The “ Chat noir du Cap,” F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr., and F. caligata,
,6, Fischer, Synopsis, p. 208 (from F. Cnvier’s figure), is only a
melanism.
F elis dongolensis, Hemp.
Felis Riippelli, Brandt.
Felis marginata, Loch, Rev. Zool. 1858. '
Hab. Africa, North, South, Central, and East.
Var. Hybrid with F. domestica.
Skull of Felis oaflira 4 inches 5 lines long, 3 inches 2 lines wide.
Orbits subquadrangular, 1% inch high, incomplete behind.
Skull of Felis manicnlata 3% inches long, 2% inches wide. Face
short, broad ; orbits large, rather oblong, nearly complete behind.
This species varies from pale fulvous to grey, which is the Felis
manic-ulata of Riippell (Zool. Atlas, i. t. 140). There are several
specimens of this species in the British Museum. The largest and
darkest, being grey with darker bands, is a specimen from Tangiers,
received from M. Verreaux, the body and head 24, and the tail
14 inches long; the darker bands are very indistinct. There is a
second example, not quite so large, with bands darker, that lived
several years in the Zoological Gardens, and was sent from Tunis by
Sir Thomas Reade-—and a smaller one, similar in colour, also from
the Zoological Gardens, but without any special habitat attached,
and a dark grey kitten from Kordofan.
Two other specimens are pale yellowish, slightly grizzled, with the
30 FELIDZE.
streak and spot of the body rather darker yellow, and the rings on the
end of the tail are black. One of these, brought from Macassar by
Mr. Wallace, is rather darker than the other, and has the bands on
the legs nearly black, like the Tunisian specimen. The other, from
Kordofan, is rather paler, and the bands on the legs, like those on the
body, are yellow. '
Very nearly allied to these, and probably only a variety, is a small
nearly white Cat, marked with pale yellow stripes, sent from Egypt
by Mr. Christie, which I described in the ‘ Magazine of Natural
History ’ for 1837 under the name of Felis pale-hella. It differs
greatly from all the other specimens of F. maniculata in the very
large size of the ears; but it resembles them so closely that I am
almost inclined to believe that it may be only a very pale variety of
that species. The size of the ears may have been produced by the
negligence of the stuffer; but that can only be decided by the exami-
nation of fresh specimens. Mr. Blyth thinks that this specimen is
only “an Egyptian variety of the Common Cat” (P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 184, note); but I cannot agree with that theory.
The three large specimens in the British Museum of these Cats
come from South Africa. The largest was received from M. Ver-
reaux, the next largest from the Zoological Society’s Museum under
the name of Felis caflira (Felis nigripes of Burchell), the other from
Dr. Andrew Smith as Felis cafl'ra.
The first two of these are dark grey, with distinct dark, blackish
bands and spots. Dr. Smith’s specimen is much paler, yellow, with
very indistinct rather darker yellow bands and spots, and very broad
black bands on the legs.
The large specimens (Felis rnarginata) from Tunis and Tangiers
are very like the largest dark one from the Cape.
A rather small specimen, received from Mr. Brandt of Hamburg
as F. caliyata from Africa, is only obscurely banded, is peculiar in
the tail being black at the tip for about an inch, and in only having
three or four very obscure narrow cross bands across the upper sur-
face of the hinder two-thirds of the length of the tail.
A small specimen, very obscurely banded and having a redder fur
with darker red streaks on the back, was received from Capt. Speke,
marked “ MenessaZ.”
I suspect that what have been called the African F. chaus may be
only pale varieties of F. cal-igata; at least I have not seen any
specimens of the true F. chans from Africa. M. F. Cuvier’s figures
of F. chaus from Egypt are doubtful; for he describes the body and
head as being 2 feet 4 inches long, and the tail 9 inches long; but
the figure represents the tail as two-fifths, while the description
represents it as being only one-fourth of the entire length. In the
same manner the Chat rmze oreilles roages, figured by M. F. Cuvier,
Mamm. Lithogr., from a specimen from India, is said to measure
24 inches from the end of the nose to the base of the tail, and its
tail to measure 10 inches; and in the figure the tail is very nearly
half the length of the head and body. Can both or either of these
figures represent F. ehaus, which is known by its short tail ‘? '
10. FELIS. 31
The largest Cape specimen measures, body and head 30, tail 15.
inches.
Most of the specimens of Felis caligata from Africa, like Felis
domesticata, F. indica, and F. torqaata and many other species, have
the hinder part of the feet black ; but this is not a permanent cha-1
racter; for some of the smaller paler specimens of F. caliyata have
the hind feet paler than the back of the animal, and some of these
have the heels more or less brown or blackish on the outer edges.
-H-HHT Smaller clouded Asiatic Cats.
30. Felis inconspicua. B.M.
Leopardus inconspicuus, Gray, 1844.
Felis torquata (Chat de Nepaul), F. (Javier, Zllarnm. Lithogr. ii. t.
?Felis bengalensis, Desm. (from F. Caviar ?).
Felis inconspicua, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 273.
Hab. India (domesticated, or perhaps a hybrid).
Skull, length 3 inches 2 lines, width 2 inches 1 line.
Face moderate, broad, rather concave in front of orbits; orbits
large, rather oblong, incomplete behind; forehead slightly convex,
rhombic. Like skull of Uhaas libycas, but smaller, and the forehead
not so convex.
This Cat comes from India. There is a single specimen of it in-
the British Museum, which in the ‘ List of Mammalia,’ published in
1842, I named the Waved Cat (Leoparclas inconspicaas), p. 42,
referring it to the Felis torqaata (Chat de Nepaul, F. Cuvier, Mamm.
Lithogr. ii. t.) with doubt, because the tail of that species is repre-
sented as of the same colour as the back, with a series of triangular
spots forming half bands on the lower surface for the whole length,
and there is only one streak (the upper one) on the cheek, while our
specimen, like almost all the species of Cats, has two well-marked
streaks. As no specimen like the figure has been received from
India, I am now inclined to believe that it is intended to represent
the Cat in the Museum, and that the differences are perhaps the
errors of the artist. Indeed it is doubtful if the figure is not a copy
of an Indian drawing, like several of the animals figured in that
work, said to have been received from M. Duvaucel. I cannot
agree with Mr. Blyth in thinking that F. torqaata is the same as
F. ornata.
Mr. Hodgson sent from N epaul a very large specimen, which
agrees with the typical specimen of F. ineonspicaa in its most essen-
tial characters, but is much larger, and the waved bands are more
broken into spots; these spots are all nearly of the same form. The
head and body of the stuffed specimen is 25 inches, and ‘the tail 11
inches long. In the list of Mr. Hodgson’s specimens he asks “ Is it
a tame Cat?” p. 6. Mr. Hodgson, in his MS. list, called it Felis
viverrieeps. There is a third, smaller specimen in the British Mu-
seum, received through Capt. Boys from India.
This Cat, like F. ca-ligata of Africa, is peculiar in having the
32 rnmn.n.
body marked with transverse or, rather, perpendicular bands
which are more or less broken into spots ; and it has more marked,
wider, and black bands across the upper part of the fore and hind
legs. The tail, which is not quite so long as the body, is of the
same colour as the back, and has some narrow black rings near the
tip, which is black.
The Felis inconspicua of India and the F. caligata of Africa are
nearly allied and very similar; but one is grey and the other more
fulvous and rather differently marked——so much so that I think they
are distinct. They and Felis inclica, the “ Domestic Cat of India,”
differ from Felis chaas of India (and Africa?) in the greater length
of the tail. The first two are almost always more or less distinctly
banded and spotted, the F. chaas and F. inclica being very obscurely
(if at all) banded, except on the legs and thighs.
31. Felis domestica. B-M
Felis domestica, Brisson; Blasias, Wirbelt. Ear. p. 167. f. 104,
105 (skull); Gray, P. Z. s. 1ss7, p. 272.
Felis syriaca, Aldrov.
Hab. Syria ?, and has been introduced as a domestic animal in
most countries.
The normal colour seems to be that of the Tabby Oat, grey with
black dorsal streaks and subconcentric bands on sides and thighs;
sometimes all black from melanism, or grey, blue, yellow, or white, or
these colours more or less mixed. When black, white, and yellow,
it is called Tortoise-shell or Spanish Cat. The fur varies greatly in
length; it is very short, close, and almost erect from the skin in
the Rabbit Oats; it is very long, silky, and fluify in the Angora (or
Angola) Cat. The tail is usually long. It is very short or almost
entirely wanting in the Isle-of-Man Oats, or the Japan Oats of
Kaempfer. The cars are generally erect; but they are sometimes
pendulous in the Chinese Cats.
Mr. Hodgson thinks the Domestic Cat (Felis clomestica) is derived
from F. nepalcnsis (J ourn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, i. p. 341). Pennant
(Hist. Quad. i. p. 293) says the Indian Wild Cat breeds with the
Domestic English one. The Domestic Cats in India breed with F.
chaas and rabiginosa, Elliot, with F. ornata, Scott, and with F.
oirerrina, Kelaart, in Ceylon. They breed with F. cafl‘ra, Layard,
at the Cape (see Blyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 184).
In the British Museum there is a specimen of Felis clomestica that
was collected, by Mr. Darwin, wild in the woods at Maldanado, men-
tioned in the ‘ Voyage of the Beagle,’ Mam. p. 20. It shows how
nearly the Domestic Cat is to the above species: it chiefly differs
from F- Caligata in the tail being more slender and tapering, the
colours more intense and defined, and in the throat being pure
white. It is dark grey, grizzled with black streaks and spots; the
streaks on the legs are wide, those of the fore legs more or less
confluent. The tail is grey for two-thirds of its length, with black
rings, the hinder one being broadest; the hinder third of the tail is
11. crmus. 33
black, with a small pure-white tip. The stripes on the loins are
straight and parallel, not subspiral as in the Tabby Cats. The
cheek-streaks are black, the lower one indistinct and interrupted.
The toes are white.
32. Felis manul. B.M.
Felis manul, Pallas ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 274.
Felis nigripectus, Hodgson.
Hab. Tibet.
Pupil linear, erect.—-Hodgson. Skull not observed.
The Manul (Felis manul of Pallas) was regarded as a new species
by Mr. Hodgson under the name of Felis nigropectus, and is beauti-
fully illustrated in the drawing of his Nepalese animal in the British
Museum. In the British Museum also is a fine specimen of this
Cat, presented by Mr. Hodgson, under the latter name. It has
many characters in common with the other wild species of the re-
stricted genus Felis ; but it is at once known by its very long, soft
hair, the pale whitish colour only varied by a slight black wash on
the upper part of the legs and the black on the chest. Fischer, who
only worked from books, considers it a variety of Felis domestiea;
but it is a very distinct and well-marked species.
-1--H-1-1-1-1-T European Clouded Cats.
33. Felis catus. B.M.
Felis catus, Linn. ; Grag, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 274.
Chat sauvage, Buflbn, H. N. vi. t. 1; Blasius, W. E. p. 163. f. 102,
103 (skull) ; Blainv. Oste’ogr. t. 10 (skull). .
Hab. Europe.
Tail very thick.
Skull, length 3%, width 243- inches. Orbits nearly complete, 1 inch
in diameter.
The Wild Cat of Europe (Felis catus) is distinct from the African
and Asiatic species of the restricted genus Felis in the British Mu-
seum. It is at once known by its thick cylindrical truncated tail ;
but it is so well known, and has been so often described, that I need
not add any further observations respecting it. It is said that it
breeds with the Domestic Cat, and that the skull of the hybrid, as
well as the coloration of the fur, is more or less modified by the in-
terbreeding.
34. Felia megalotis.
Felis megalotis, Milller ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 274. .
' Hab. Timor. Not seen by me.
11. CI-IAUS.
Tail shorter than the body, reaching to the hooks. Ears pencilled
at the tip. Pupil oblong, erect. Skull-face short; forehead of
1)
34 rnrrnxs.
skull convex; orbits very large, incomplete behind; nasal bones
narrow, close on the maxilla; front upper false grinder distinct;
upper tubercular grinder small, transverse; the lobe on the inner
_side of the upper flesh-tooth moderate.
Of the genus Chaus (as defined by the shortness of the tail),
which appears to be confined to Asia, there are what I am inclined
to regard as three ‘distinct species in the Museum Collection.
1. Chaus J acquemontii. 13-M-
Felis chaus, Gilldenst?
Felis Jacquemontii, I. Geqfk Voy. Jacgnemont, t. 3. f. 1, 2 (skull).
Chaus J acquemontii, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
Chaus libycus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 275.
Hab. Africa and Asia.
In the British Museum there are two small specimens of Chaus
with short tails from India which have more distinct dark bands
across their body and legs, and which are without doubt the Cats
that MM. F. Cuvier and Blyth have confounded with the longer-
tailed Felis manicnlata of Africa.
This Cat was figured, from a specimen then alive in Exeter Change,
under the name of the Bangalore Cat (F. chaus), in my ‘ Spicilegia
Zoologica,’ t. 2. f. 1. It is probably the Felis Jacqaemontii of _M.
Isidore Geoffrey, in the ‘Zoology to Jacquemont’s Voyage,’ the skull
of which is figured t. 3. f. 1. Unfortunately the specimens in the
Museum are few in number, and not in a very perfect state ; but I
can scarcely think that this Cat can be the young state of Felis
afinis from Nepal. It is doubtless the Cat that Mr. Blyth con-
founds with the Egyptian Cat (F. chans, Geoff.) , stating that it is
“ the common animal of Bengal” (see P. Z. S. 1863, p. 186), and
that, as in the case of many common animals, its skins are rarely
brought to Europe. It seems spread over various parts of India, as
the specimens in the British Museum were sent from the Matoralla
territory by Sir Walter Elliot, and from Gangootra.
Having confidence in the declaration of M. F. Cuvier, that the
skins he had received from Malabar were exactly like those of the
animal named by M. Geoffrey in the Museum Catalogue F. chaas
which came from Egypt, and with those that M. F. Cuvier figured
and described under the same name that were received from North
Africa, and also in Mr. Edward Blyth’s observation (see P. Z. S.
1863, p. 181), that “the Egyptian specimen (of F. chaus) now living
in the Society’s Gardens is absolutely similar to the common animal
of Bengal,” I was misled and adopted their conclusion. '
These authors must have examined their specimens very cursorily,
and cannot have paid any attention to the length of the tail and the
distribution of the bands when present. It will be seen by my pre-
ceding observations, founded on the examination of the specimens in
the British Museum received from all parts of Africa (from Tunis
and Egypt in the north, Abyssinia in the east, and the Cape of Good
Hope in the south), that these Cats are all of one species, and of a
11. crmus. 35
species easily distinguished from the (Jhaas of Asia by the greater
length and development of the tail. '
Mr. Blyth has kindly given to the British Museum a specimen of
the Domestic Cat of India, which is generally distributed there. It
agrees with Felis ehaas in almost every character, but it is smaller
in size. The tail is rather longer compared with the length of the
body, has more narrow black rings, occupying full half of the length
of the tail, and there are two narrow pale cheek-streaks.
In the Museum there are two larger and rather darker specimens,
agreeing in almost every particular with the above. They are most
likely hybrids between F. chaus and F. domestica. The Wild F. chaus
is peculiar for having the cheek-stripes very indistinctly marked, or
one or both entirely wanting.
2. Chaus ornatus. B.M.
Fur short,~pale whitish brown, black-spotted. Spots small; on
the middle of the back smaller, linear ; on the front part of the sides
larger, oblong ; on the hinder part of the sides small, round ; on the
thighs and upper part of the legs confluent, forming interrupted
cross bands. Tail reaching rather below the heel, pale at the lower
half, with some interrupted black rings at the end, which is whiter
than the rest of the tail, the tip black. Crown with lines of small
spots ; cheeks with two narrow dark lines ; chin, throat, and spot
over the orbits whitish; belly with black spots like those on the
side. Body and head 19, tail 8 inches.
Felis ornata, Gray, lllast. Ind. Zool.-t. ; P. Z. S. 1867, p. 401.
? Felis Huttonii, Blyth, .M.S.
Chaus ornatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 275.
Hab. India (Capt. Boys).
Legs long and slender. Skull, adult, imperfect behind. Animal
very different from Felis torqnata, F. Cuvier. The skull sent from
the Salt-range by Mr. Oldham and marked FHattonii, Blyth. Length
3 inches 10 lines, width 2 inches 7 lines. Orbits moderate, incom-
plete behind, 1 inch in diameter; crown convex, shelving on the
sides; face rather short, broad; nasal very long, slender.
The orbits are much larger than in a skull of F. himalayana, of a
larger size. ,
This Cat is at once known from all the other Indian species by
the length and slenderness of the tail, and the small size and equal
distribution of the spots. In this respect it resembles the_Hunting
Leopard; but the band on the legs, the shortness of the tail, and the
terminal half of the tail being ringed at once distinguish it from
that Cat and all the other species. The tail is somewhat like that of
F. Chathsb _
This rather short-tailed Indian Cat has not been well under-
stood. It has been most oddly mixed up by Mr. Blyth and others
with Felis torqaata (the Chat cle Nepaal of F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog.
livr. 54), also named Felis bengalensis by Desmarest in the Sup-
plement to his ‘ Mammalia,’ which is a grey-waved Cat, nearly
1) 2
36 rnmnzs.
like the English Domestic Cat, and is probably a half-bred Domestic
Cat of India, as is said to be the case with the F. nepalensis of Vigors
and Horsfield (Zool. J ourn. iv. t. 39),gwhich resembles this figure in
some respects.
As the wild Indian species has not been characterized, I here de-
scribe the specimen in the Museum :-
This Chaas is the beautiful animal that I figured in the ‘ Illustra-
tions of Indian Zoology ’ as Felis ornata. The small specimen of
the species in the British Musenm is not in a very good state. Chaas
ornatas is of a pale, more or less bright, yellow-brown colour, with
transverse bands of nearly uniform-sized roundish blackish spots on
the body. The spots are larger, darker, and closer together on the
thighs and upper parts of the legs. The tail has some black rings
near the end, and a small black tip.
Hab. Northern India (Capt. Boys).
This does not appear to be acommon Cat in India, as we have
only received a single half~ grown example, which was. purchased at
the sale of Capt. Boys’s specimens ; and I do not find it described in
any systematic work, nor do I recollect to have seen any specimens
of it in continental collections.
In his crude paper on the Asiatic species of the genus Felis (P. Z . S.
1863, p. 185), Mr. Blyth places Felis ornata under Felis torquata,
observing that the figure is “ very bad.” If he had compared the
specimen in the British Museum with the figure, he must have re-
versed this note; for it is very characteristic, but is taken from a
larger and brighter specimen. Mr. Blyth, when he saw the speci-
men in the Museum collection, in his usual offhand manner, said it
is only one of the numerous varieties of the common Indian Cat.
This species is quite distinct from the Cat that Sir William J ardine
afterwards figured as Felis ornata in the ‘ Naturalist’s Library,’
Felidoe, t. 28. " '
3. Chaus catolynx. B.M.
Felis catolynx, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. t.
Felis afiinis, Gray, I llast. Ind. Zool. t.
? Felis kutas, Pearson.
Lyncus erythrotis, .Hodgson, Ne_p.
It is known by the bright yellow colour of the fur, without any,
or with only very indistinct, indications of darker streaks across the
body, which, when present, are only to be seen when the body is
looked at at certain angles.
This is the largest species. I figured it in the ‘ Illustrations of
Indian Zoology’ under the name of Felis aflinis, having convinced
myself that it was a distinct species years ago, when I was
studying the animals of India from the Hardwicke Collection of
Drawings. I have little doubt that this is the Cat described and
figured by Pallas in the ‘ Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,’ t. 2, under the
name of Felis catolynzc. It is certainly the Lyncas erythrotis of
Hodgson, whose drawings for his ‘ Nepal Fauna ’ contain several
good figures of it. It may be the Felis katas of Pearson. It inha-
12. mucus. 37
bits, according to Mr. Hodgson, the central and lower regions of
Nepal. There is a well-stuffed adult specimen of this Cat in the
British Museum ; it is a magnificent animal. .
Giildensttidt’s description and figure of the Felis chaus from the
shores of the Caspian (N ov. Comm. Acad. Petrop. xx. p. 483, t. 14)
agree with this animal in most particulars, and represent the short
tail of the genus Ohaas, the tail being rather more than one-fourth
of the entire length of the body, or one-third of the length of the
body and head (30+11 in.). The fur is described as “fusco-lutes-
cens, gulw et regionis umbilicalis albidus ; pectoris et abdominis di-
lute rufescens.” In the figure the underpart is represented as much
paler than this description justifies, or than may have been intended.
Otherwise it is a good representative of the Nepal animal. I have
not seen any specimen from the Caspian. The red ear is common
to the Nepal F. afiinis and most specimens of F. caligata from Africa.
Tribe 11. LynXes—LYNCINA.O
Head short, subglobular. Legs elongate, the hind ones longest.
Tail short, or very short. Ears pencilled at the tip. Pupils of eyes
oblong. The face of the skull short; the lateral processes of the
intermaxillae and the frontal bones elongate, nearly reaching each
other, and separating the nasals from the maxillw. The orbits in- ..
complete, large; the lobes on the inner side of the upper flesh-tooth
moderate-sized.
12. LYN CUS.
Tail very short. Limbs elongate.
* Pacls of feet overgrown with hair. Animal large. Lynx.
1. Lyncus borealis. B.M.
Felis lynx, Blaine. Ostéog. Felis, t. 3 (skull) ; Blasias, W. E. p. 173,
f. 106 (skull).
Lyncus borealis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 275.
Hab. Northern Europe and Asia.
2. Lyncus lupulinus. B.M.
Felis lupulina, Thanb.
Lyncus lupulinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 276.
Hab. Northern Europe; Sweden.
3. Lyncus canadensis. B.M.
Felis canadensis, Geofir.
Lyncus canadensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 278.
Hab. North America.
38 ' rnrmzs.
** Soles of the feet nakedish. Animal small. Cervaria.
4. Lyncus pardinus. _ B.M.
Felis pardina, Temm.
Lyncus pardinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277.
Hab. Southern Europe and Turkey.
5. Lyncus isabellinus. B.M.
Felis isabellina, Blyth.
Felis lynx, Hodgson.
Lyncus isabellinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276.
Hab. Tibet.
Pupil linear, erect.—-Hodgson.
6. Lyncus fasciatus. B.M.
Felis fasciata, Harlan.
Lyncus fasciatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276.
Hab. North America, western part.
7. Lyncus rufus. B.M.
Felis rufa, Gitldenst. Voy. de la Venus, t. 9. f. 2-4 (skull).
Lyncus rufus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276.
Hab. North America.
8. Lyncus maculatus. B.M.
Felis maculata, Vigors & Honfield ; Baird, Marnnz. N. A. t. 75 (skull
of adult and youn ).
Lyncus maculatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 276.
Hab. North America: Mexico; California.
13. CARACAL.
Tail cylindrical, reaching to the hooks. Limbs more equal. Pads
of feet bald. Pupil oblong. The skull is that of the Lynx; but
the processes of the frontals and intermaxillae are not quite so much
produced, and they do not entirely separate the nasals from the _
maxillae. The front upper false‘ grinder is absent. The orbits are
rather large, and incomplete behind.- The lobe on the inner side of
the upper flesh-tooth small.
Caracal, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 277
Caracal melanotis. B.M.
Felis caracal, Schreb. ; Blainv. Ostéogr. Felis, t. 10; Van der Hoeven,
Zool. t. 19. f. 2 (skull). .
Caracal melanotis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277.
Hab. Southern Asia and Africa ; Persia and Arabia.
eonr.mnrn.n. 39
Fam. 2. GUEPARDIDZE.
Head short, subglobular; face very short. Neck slightly maned.
Legs elongate, slender, subequal. Tail elongate. Ears rounded.
Pupil round ? Skull—face very short, convex; the processes of the
frontals and intermaxillae very short, not separating the nasals from
the maxillae ; the flesh-tooth of the upper jaw compressed, without
any lobe, but with only a very slightly marked keel on the front
part of the inner side ; the front upper false grinder distinct, small ;
orbits incomplete, moderate. Tubercular grinders one on each side
of the upper aw.
The form of the flesh-tooth of the Hunting Leopard (Gueparda)
at once separates it from all the Cats as distinctly as its long
slender legs and round face. The flesh-tooth of the upper jaw,
instead of being stout and having a more or less large but always
distinctly marked prominence with a conical crown on the front of
the inner edge, as is common to the skulls of all the Cats and
Lynxes, in the Gueparda, on the contrary, is thin, compressed lon-
gitudinally, and has only a very slightly raised scarcely visible keeled
ridge on that part. This process is represented as rather more pro-
minent in M. de Blainville’s figure of the skull (Ostéographie, Felis,
t. 9) than it is in the specimens in the British Museum.
Guepardinae, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 277 .
Abnormal Cat, Gm!/_, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 277.
GUEPARDA.
Gueparda, Gray, 1840; P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 277 .
Cynaelurus, lVagner.
Gueparda guttata. BM.
Felis guttata, .Herm.; Bla-inv. Ostéoyr. F elis, t-. 4 (skeleton), t. 9
(skull).
Felis jubata, Sehreb. _
Felis venatica, A. Smith.
Felis Fearonis, A. Smith.
Cynaelmus Soemmeringii, Riippell.
Junior. Gueparda guttata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 396, t. 24.
Hab. Africa and Asia ; Persia ; Cape of Good Hope.
The young Hunting Leopard (Gueparda gattata) I do not recol-
lect to have seen described. It is covered with long soft hair, of a
dark blackish-brown colour, on the limbs, sides, and beneath, and
very obscurely spotted; the head, back of the neck, the back, and
40 cnrrrornocrrnazz.
the upper surface of the tail are pale brown; back of cars black;
an angular line from the front of the orbit to the angle of the mouth
dark brown ; the lips, chin, and sides of the nose white (see P. Z. S.
1867 , t. 24).
Fam. 3. CRYPTOPROCTIDZE.
Head oblong; face slightly produced; nose flat and bald beneath,
with a central longitudinal groove. Legs moderate, nearly of equal
length. Soles of the feet with six pads; fore ones wider in front;
hinder ones oblong, elongate. The skull oblong; false grinders . lg-,
the front upper small; tubercular grinders one only on each side of
the upper jaw, none in the lower one; flesh-tooth with a well-
marked internal lobe.
Viverridae (Cryptoproctina), Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 545.
CRYPTOPROCTA.
Head conical. Whiskers rigid, very long. Ears large, covered
with short hairs externally. Nose naked, with a central longitudi-
nal groove beneath. Tail elongate. Pads of the feet naked. Toes
united by a web. V
Cryptoprocta, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 46; Trans. Zool. Soc. i.
p. 137; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 545.
The Gryptoprocta “ has an anal pouch, and when violently en-
raged it emits a most disagreeable smell, very like that of Mephttes;
when at liberty it lies constantly in a rolling position, sleeping
always on its side or even on its back, holding with its fore feet the
small wires of its cage.”—TeZfaz'r. '
M. Isidore Geoffrey, in his observations on this genus (Mag. Zool.
1839, p. 25), says it is very different from Galidia—which no one can
doubt if he has studied the description of the feet. M. Jourdan ob-
serves, ‘ ‘Le Oryptoprocta de Bennett, peut étre le meme que 1’ Eupleres
de M. Doyer ; il semble plutot étre le représentant des Paradoxnres de
Madagascar ” (Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. p. 272: 1837 This is a mistake,
as any one may prove by comparing the skulls, which are both
figured in De Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie.’ M. Pucheran also ap-
pears to think that this animal and the one described as Eapleres
Gonolotit may not be different (Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 40).
In my Monograph of Viverridae I formed the genus into a dis-
tinct tribe of that family (see B. Z. S. 1864, p. 545), observing that
the teeth of the young skull, which only was known, were somewhat
like those of Viverra malaccensis ; but ‘the discovery of the adult
animal has shown that it is very much like a Cat, but differing in
vrvsnnrnzs. 41
having bald soles to the hind feet and an additional false grinder on
each side of each jaw.
Cryptoprocta ferox. V ]3.M.
Cryptoprocta ferox, Adohoh. M.-Edw. & Alf. Grandidier, Ann. Sci.
18638, t. 1-4; Schlegel & Pollen, Faane de Madagascar, ii.
p. , t. .
Junior. Cryptoprocta ferox, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 46; Trans.
Zool. Soc. i. p. 137, t. 14; Blaine. Ostéogr. pp. 15, 96, t. 6 & 12;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 546.
Cryptoprocta typicus, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Joarn. ii. p. 134.
Hab. Madagascar (Charles Telfair).
* Head elongate. Tubercular grinders in the upper and lower jaws.
Fam. 4. VIVERRIDPE.
Head elongate. Nose simple, flat and bald beneath, with a cen-
tral longitudinal groove. Feet broad. Toes short, curved, arched,
covered with abundant close-spreading hairs, more or less webbed.
Claws short and retractile into a sheath. Tubercular grinders two
on each side of the upper and one on each side of the lower jaw.
The fur soft, elastic, except in the anomalous genus Arctitis, which
has a very harsh fur and a prehensile tail.
The Vicerridce include a considerable number of the middle-sized
and small Carnivora. They are all natives of the Old World-—-that
is to say, Africa and Asia (one of the species spreading itself over
some of the southern parts of Europe).
The greater number of the species are found in Africa, and several
are confined to Madagascar ; others are inhabitants of various parts
of Asia. Some species of the genera, as here revised, come from
Africa, and others from Asia ; but I do not know of any species but
Vi/ucrricnla malaccensis which is common to the two sections of the
Old World.
The essential character of the Viverridm is to have two tubercular
grinders on each side of the upper jaw, and one on each side of the
lower. In the genera Linsang and Poiana the hinder upper tuber-
cular grinder is absent, and the teeth agree in number with those of
the genus Felis ; but the shape of the skull and teeth show that they
belong to this family. There are generally three false grinders
before the flesh-tooth; but in some genera the front one, which is
often very small, is entirely wanting, or sometimes falls out early.
42 vrvnamnm.
Mr. Waterhouse, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’
' for 1839, in a paper “ On the Dentition of Carnivora,” observes,
“ The Viverriclaz have the same form of skull as the Ganiclce, but
differ in having the posterior portion more produced; the long palate
is carried further back, and the small back molar, observable in the
lower jaw of the Dog, is here wanting. They have, therefore, but
one true molar on either side of the lower aw, and two true molars
on each side of the upper jaw.” The form of the palate here relied
on is not found in all the genera of the family, and sometimes varies
in genera which are very nearly allied both in external characters
and dentition.
The Hyaena Mr. Waterhouse was inclined to regard as an aberrant
form of Viverridae. Its carnassier has a large inner lobe, and in
this respect also resembles the Viverra’s and not the Cat’s.
(See also some observations by me on the change of the teeth, &c.,
in some of the genera, in a paper in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society’ for 1832, pp. 32, 62.)
There can be no doubt that the skull affords very important cha-
racters, especially for the division of the species into groups or genera,
and also for the distinction of the species ; but no one can examine
an extensive series of skulls, even of animals obtained from the same
locality, without being struck with the variation the skull presents
during the growth and age of the animal, and also the variation
Which the specimens of the same age present, showing that the skull
and the teeth are quite as liable to vary in form in each species
(within certain limits, these limits being different in the various
species) as any other part of the animal; so that a species cannot be
said to be firmly established until the external form, the bones, and
the habit of the species have been carefully studied, distinctly show-
ing that the labours of the palaeontologist in a zoological point of
view are very unsatisfactory, from the necessary want of material
for forming a reliable determination of species.
The late Mr. Turner made some very interesting observations on
the base of the crania of the Carnivora, with a new distribution of
the genera (see Proc. Zool.- Soc. 1848, p. 63). It is to be regretted
that he died so young, and could not continue his researches ; for I
have no doubt he would have thrown great light on the structure of
the skulls of this group, as he always followed my studies like a
shadow. Thus when I published my “Arrangement of the Hollow-
horned Ruminants ” in 1846 (Ann. N. H. xviii. p. 277), he shortly
after read his paper on their skulls (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 164) ;
when I commenced the study of the species of Edentata by a mono-
graph of Braolypus i11 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 65, he read his paper
on the skull of Edentata in 1851. Being an observant and careful
osteologist, he observed many particulars that a general zoologist
would have overlooked; but this limitation of his study confined his
views; so that he would not allow such genera as Saiya, Pantholops,
or Tamanclaa (which have such striking external characters), be-
cause he did not observe such differences in the skulls as he con-
sidered of generic importance.
VIVERRIDZE. 43
The impulse that Cuvier gave to zoology by the study of the ske-
letons and teeth of Mammalia, as shown in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’
made such an impression on the succeeding students of zoology, that
most of them, overlooking the importance that Cuvier himself at-
tached to external characters, have confined themselves far too ex-
clusively to the characters offered by these ‘parts, overlooking the
fact that bones and teeth are liable to vary like other parts of the
animal, and that characters in the teeth that may be of great im-
portance in most groups may be of comparatively little value in the
others. Thus in the Paracloauri, which every one must allow form
a very natural group, well characterized by its habits as well as its
external character, the skulls and the flesh-teeth offer such varia-
tions in form in the different species that they would be considered
good generic characters in any other tribe of Viverridae.
The notes on the skull and teeth in this work are always taken
from those of the adult animal, unless it is stated to the contrary.
The Viverridae have been divided into many genera, some only
containing a single species, while one or two other genera have been
left as magazines containing a number of heterogeneous species
which had not been particularly examined. The characters of some
of the published genera have not been made out on any uniform
plan. Indeed that is the system of the day, to search out some
animal which has some striking character, and to form it into a
genus, leaving the greater number of species in the family under
the old generic denomination, which, when examined with care,
have quite as distinct characters. This is an evil which requires
remedying; and I have tried to obviate it by submitting all the
species of the group to the same kind of revision as M. Geoffrey
submitted the old species when he rearranged the collection in the
Jardin des Plantes more than half a century ago.
M. Temminck, in the ‘ Esquisses Zoologiques,’ p. 100, has inquired
if Herpestes Widdringtonii is a species or a local variety. He had
never seen the animal; but this shows the spirit in which he seems
always to have looked on the species described by others which were
not in his museum. In the same work he gives a short résumé of the
species of the genera Herpestes and Paradoocurus, and states that the
catalogues are encumbered with many double and triple emplois,
which must be erased from the systematic catalogue. After citing
some examples of species which have been described nearly simul-
taneously by zoologists living in distant countries, as H. urinator,
H. paludosus, H. penieillatus, and Gynictis Steedmani (which cer-
tainly are not instances deserving much blame, especially when we
consider the many cases in which M. Temminck himself has described
species in Holland which had been long previously described in
England), he proceeds to propose to unite some species which are,
in my opinion, perfectly distinct (some even belonging to different
sections of the genus) according to characters that are almost uni-
versally adopted, and which he himself uses in other places. In
the revision of the genus Paradoaurus in his monograph, and again
in the above work, he has united together species which have not
44 vrvnnnmm.
the slightest relation to each other, and which he never could have
united if he had seen authentic specimens of them. Thus he unites
P. Grayi, P. nipalensis, and P. laniger to P. larvatus, and P. Orossi
and P. Pallasii to P. musanga, regarding P. bondar as separate.
‘Now if he had united P. Grayi, P. nipalensis, P. laniger, P. Grossi,
and P. bondar together, he would have had the excuse that they
all have some similarity of external appearance ; and he might have
been misled if he had only casually looked at them through the glass
of the cases in the museum, as he looked at some specimens which
he says he saw when in England. Synonyms cannot be determined
by such an examination, nor is science advanced by such assertions.
Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Digitigrade. The underside of the hind_ feet hairy, except the pads, meta-
tarsus, and sometimes a small part of the tarsus. Upper flesh-tooth
elongate ; upper tubercular grinder small, transverse. Nose short;
underside flat, with a central groove. Viverracea.
I. Body robust; tubercular grinders % . -2, ,- back of tarsus hairy.
Viverrina.
1. Vrvnnns. Legs moderate, equal. Head elongate. Tail co-
nical, ringed. Back crested. Orbit of skull incomplete.
2. Vrvnnnrcura. Legs moderate, equal. Tail conical, ringed.
Back not crested; heel with a small bald spot. Orbit of
skull complete.
II. Body robust; tubercular grinders -2- . -3- ; underside of the tarsus with
a narrow naked streak. Genettina.
3. Gnnnrrs. Back with a black suberectile streak.
4. Fossa. Back without any central streak.
III. Body slender, elongate ; tubereular grinders %. Prionodontina.
5. Lmsmve. Back of tarsus hairy.
6. Porsru. Back of tarsus with a narrow naked streak.
B. Subplantigrade. The underside of the toes and more or less of the back
of the tarsus naked, callous. Flesh-tooth strong, upper tubercular grin-
ders large, broad. Nose short, underside flat, with a central groove.
1. The hinder part of the tarsus hairy to the palm ; the tail bushy.
Galidiina.
7. GALIDIA.
II. The upper part of the hinder part of the tarsus hairy ; tail ringed
- Hemigalina. '
8. HEMIGALEA. -
vrvnnnrn.rz,. 45
III. The hinder part of the tarsus bald, callous.
a. Tail thick, strong, prehensile. Arctictidina.
9. Ancrrcrrs.
b. Tail very long, suhconvolute ; frenum naked, glandular; head elongate.
- Paradoxurina.
10. NANDINIA. Flesh-tooth elongate, triangular; tubercular
teeth triangular, transverse. Orbit rather incomplete. Pa-
late narrow, short.
11. Pananoxunus. Flesh-tooth elongate, triangular; tubercular
teeth oblong. Orbit very incomplete.
12. Pneuna. Flesh-tooth short, triangular, large. Orbit very
imperfect.
13. Ancroeam. Flesh-tooth triangular, small. Orbit nearly
complete. Palate very narrow, elongate.
The shortness of the characters that I give to some generahas
been objected to by several writers, especially by amateurs who have
not studied the Linn.ean brevity and method of description. They
overlook the fact that the characters of the sections and subsections
of the family that precede the genus form an essential part of the
generic character, in the same manner that the section of the genus
is part of the specific character of the species that the section con-
tains. The definition of the subsections of the families and genera
requires more study, analysis, and consideration than the writing
out of a long generic character, that contains particulars that are -
common to a number of allied genera, such as the writers who make
the complaint usually give. At the same time, the use of such de-
tailed characters requires a greater exertion on the reader’s part to
eliminate the essential particulars, which are the real characters of
the group. In the above table, the most easily seen and often
empirical characters are purposely chosen, for facility of use and
brevity. I have even used the colour of the animal for this pur-
pose; for it has a great influence on the formation of a natural
genus——more than many zoologists are willing to admit. Even
those who know this fact avoid making use of it, apparently fearing
that it might not be considered scientific! In the body of the essay,
longer generic characters are given. Those who object to analytic
characters forget the immense number of animals now known, and
the great advantage of a rapid way of discovering the name of the
animal they seek, and whose history they desire to know. As Mr.
W. S. Macleay justly observes, “ the modern art of describing is too
long, often insufferably long, while human life remains as short as
ever.”——Illust. Zool. South Africa, p. 54.
46 vrvnnnrnzs.
Section A. Digitigrade. The underside of the hind feet hairy, except the
padsof the toes, the metatarsus, and sometimes a small part of the tarsus.
The upperjlesh-tooth elongate ; it-pper tubercular small, transverse. Nose
short, underside flat, with a central groove.
Tribe I. VIVERRINA.
The body robust. Tubercular teeth -3- . The back of the hind
feet hairy, except the pad of the toes and the metatarsus.
Viverrina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 510.
There is a deep pouch for secreting civet, in the form of a deep
cavity on each side of the anus (P. Z. S. 1832, p. 63).
1. VIVERRA.
Head long ; muzzle acute; pupil oblong, vertical (round, Hodg-
son). Neck with large black and white marblings. Body short,
compressed; back black-crested; legs moderate, equal; tail mo-
derate, tapering ringed. Toes 5/5; claws semiretractile. Teeth
40 ; false grinders
Viverra, Linn. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 63; 1864, p. 511.
Hab. Africa and Asia.
* Tail black. African.
1. Viverra civetta. B.M.
Tail black; sides spotted.
Viverra civetta, Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 111 ; Bennett, Tower Menag. p. 99,
fig. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 511.
Civette, Bufon, ix. p. 299, t. 34.
Var. P Viverra Poortmanni, Pucheran, Reo. et Mag. Zool. vii. p. 154,
1853.
Hab. Africa: Abyssinia; Fernando Po (Thompson); Guinea
(called ‘€ Kaukans ”) (Temm.); Gaboon (Aubry Le Comte).
*‘* Tail black-ringed. Asiatic.
2. Viverra zibetha.
Tail black-ringed. B.M.
Viverra zibetha, I/inn. S. JV. i. p. 65; Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 5;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 63; Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 47; P. Z. S.
1864, p. 512; Gerrard, Cat. Ost. B. M. p. 71; Schinz, Syn. Mamm.
i. 362; lYors/leld, Cat. Mus. India House, p. 54.
Meles zibethica, Linn. S. N.
Viverra undulata, Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 8.
Viverra civettoides, V. melanurus, V. orientalis, Hodgson, J. Asiatic
Soc. Bengal, 3;. 909.
Zibet, Buforz, ix. 299, t. 31.
2. vrvnnnrcum. 47
Hab. Asia: Bengal (Horsfield); India (Hardwich); Calcutta
(Oldham); Nepal (Hodgson); China (J. Reeve); Formosa (Swinhoe) ;
;?€IZs%e)> of Negros (Gaming) (skull B.M.) ; ‘?Malay peninsula (Hors-
e c .
Skull elongate, narrow. Nose compressed. Orbit incomplete
behind. Teeth very like Genetta; upper hinder tubercular small,
oblong, transverse, with two outer and one large inner tubercle.
Lower jaw shelving in front; lower edge rather arched, without any
tubercles below the end of the tooth-line; the tubercular grinders
subcircular, with three lobes on the crown.
3. Viverra tangalunga. B.M.
Tail black above, and ringed on the lower side.
Viverra tangalunga, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 63; 1864, p. 512; Gat.
Mamnz. B. M. p. 48; Cantor, Mamm.; Hbrsfielcl, Cat. Jllas. India
House, 57.
Viverra zi etha, Rafiles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 231 ; F. Cavier, Manzoaz.
Lithog. t.
Hab. Sumatra (called “Tangalung ”) (Raflles); Borneo, Celebes,
Amboyna (Milller) ; Malayan peninsula (Cantor).
What is Vioerra meyaspila, Blyth, J ourn. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1862,
p.321?
2. VIVERRICULA.
Head tapering. Throat with lunate dark bands. Body elongate ;
back not crested. Legs moderate, equal. Tail almost as long as
the body, tapering, dark-ringed. Toes 5/5; claws acute, com-
pressed. Pupil oblong, vertical. Tceth 40; false grinders flesh-tooth longer than broad in front, inner lobe on the front mar-
gin; tubercular grinders .
Viverricula, Ifodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bony. x. p. 909; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 513.
Hab. Asia.
Like a Genet, but with hairy soles to the feet, a shorter tail, and
no crest. Foot with a small bald spot on the side of the palm-pad
(see Hodgson, J . A. S. B. t. 31. f. 8).
Viverricula malaccensis. (Malacca Weasel.) B.M.
Grey; back with seven black or dark streaks more or less broken
up into spots: shoulders, sides, and legs spotted; feet deep brown
and black; tail with seven or eight black rings.
Viverricula malaccensis, Cantor, Cat. Marnrn. Malay. p. 29; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 513.
Viverra malaccensis, Gmelin, S. N. p. 92 (from Sonn.) ; Gray, Cat.
Zllamm. B. M. p. 48; Gerrard, Cat. Ost. B. M. p. 70.
Viverra gunda, Hamilton Buchanan, Icon.
Viverra rasse, Horsf. Zool. Java, t.; P. Z. 8'. ii. (1832) p. 23; Schinz,
Syn. rlfanzm. i. p. 362.
48 vrvnnmnm.
Viverra indica, Geofli MS.; Fischer, Syn. Marnrn. -p. 171; Desm.
Mamm. p. 210; Gervais, Mag. Zool. 1835, p. 10, t. 19; Horsf.
P. Z. S. i1. (1832) p. 23. .
P Viverra bengalensis, Gray, lllust. Ind. Zool. i. t. 4.
Viverra leveriana, Shaw, Mus. Lever. t. 21.
Genetta manillensis, Eydouza
Genetta indica, Lesson, Man. 174.
Genette rasse, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t.
Civette de Malacca, Sonnerat, Voy. 144, t. 91.
Viverricula indica, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x. p. 909.
Var. Paler, spots less distinct.
Viverra pallida, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 63; Illust. Ind. Zool. ii.
t. 6; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 514.
Hab. Asia; Madras (Elliot); Gangootra, Nepal (Hodgson) ; Java
(Horsfield) ; ‘Z Comoro Islands (called “ Tunga ”) (Peters).
Dr. Horsfield believed there were two species combined under this
name (see Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 23, 1832) :—- -
V. rasse. Back with eight broad longitudinal lines; the three
lateral lines on each side interrupted and obscure.
V. indiea. Back with eight narrow longitudinal lines ; the lateral
lines continued.
I formerly thought that V. pallida from China, in which the spots
and stripes are very indistinct, might be different; but a series of
specimens from different localities seems to show a gradation from
one to the other. '
This species differs very much in colour from different localities
and perhaps in different seasons. The stripes and spots are some-
times very black and distinct; at others, as in V. pallicla, they are
very indistinct, scarcely to be distinguished from the general colour
of the fur.
The skull elongate, compressed; nose compressed. The orbit im-
perfect behind, confluent with the temporal fossae. Grinders :-
false {L . 5}; front upper small, compressed; the third rather thicker,
without any internal lobe; the flesh-tooth trigonal, oblique, elon-
gate, half as long again as the width on the front margin—the
internal lobe trigonal, on the inner side of the front edge ; the front
tuberculars trigonal, outer side oblique ; front edge rather wider
than the length of the outer margin; the binder tubercular subcir-
cular, with three lobes. The lower jaw slender; lower edge slightly
curved, without any prominence. under the end of the tooth-line;
the tubercular grinders subcircular, with three nearly equal lobes.
Length of skull 352- inches ; width of brain-case 1% inch, at zygo-
matic arches 1;} inch.
I wrote to Dr. Peters to inquire if the Tunga of Anjuan could be
the V. fossa, and if it was not a Genetta. He assures me that it
agrees in all particulars with the Indian V. rasse, and, “ like it, has
no bald stre-ak along the sole. It has a hairy sole to the hind feet,
and a small callous spot to the pads of the palms towards the heel.”-—
Letter, 24th Nov. 1864.
3. GENETTA. 49
' Dr. Peters considers the animal called the T-unga (which is common
on the island of Anjuan, one of the Comoro Islands, near Madagascar,
on the east coast of Africa) the same as the Viverra rasse of Dr.
Horsfield; he says it agrees with it _in colour, in the form of the
ears, and in the bristly quality of its fur, and it has the soles of its
feet covered with hair as in that animal. He also observes that the
fauna of these islands agrees more with those of Madagascar and
India than with that of continental Africa (see Peters, Reise nach
Mossamb., Mammalia, p. 113). If the animal is identical, it is the
only species of the family I know common to Asia and Africa.
Tribe II. GENETTIN A.
The body robust; tubercular grinders 312- . if-; the underside of the
tarsus of the hind feet with a narrow bald line extending from the
pads nearly to the heel. The orbit of the skull is very imperfect,
only contracted above. The fur is soft, spotted or cloudy, and the
tail ringed.
3. GENETTA.
The body elongate; back with a broad, continued, more or less
crested, black streak. Tail long, slender, hairy, ringed. Legs mo-
derate. Feet hairy. Toes 5/5; the sole of the hind foot with a
narrow longitudinal bald streak. Claws short, retractile. Skull
elongate, narrow. Teeth 40; false grinders 2%. g ; flesh-tooth elon-
gate ; tubercular grinders % .
Genetta, Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr.
Genetta, Brisson, R. A. p. 252 ; Gray, P. Z. S. ii. (_ 1832) p. 63; 1864,
p. 515.
Genettina., Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 515.
Hab. Africa and South Europe.
*‘ Tail tapering, with elongate, rather spreading hairs, and with mmzerous
black and white rings; tip white.
1. Genetta vulgaris. (Genet.) B.M.
Blackish grey, black-spotted ; tail elongate, with white and black
rings of nearly equal length, the tip whitish; vertebral line black,
subcristate; the fore legs and the feet grey, black-spotted; the hind
legs black behind near the hook. .
Genetta vulgaris, Gray, P. Z. S. ii. (1832) p. 63; 1864, p. Viverra maculata, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 9, t. .
Genetta afra, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. t.
Viverra enetta, Linn. ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 169.
Genetta onapartei, Loche, Mag. Zool. 1857, t. 18.
Hab. South Europe, North Africa, and Asia: in B. M., from
Nismes (Verreawv); Madrid, Algiers (Loohe); Tangier (Favier);
Barbary (Gray) ; Asia, Mount Carmel(Tristram).
n
50 vrvnnnrnzs.
The length of the rings varies in different specimens, depending on
the length of the hairs of the tail. In some, two or more of the rings
are more or less confluent, especially on the upper part and near the
end of the tail. ‘
I cannot find any differencé between the specimens from Europe,
Algiers, Tangier, and Mount Carmel. The distinctness and dark-
ness of the streak upon the forehead differ in specimens from the
same localities.
2. Genetta felina. (Feline Genet.) B.M.
Blackish grey, black-spotted ; vertebral line black; tail elongate,
white-and-black ringed, rings of nearly equal length; tip whitish;
the outer side of the fore and hind legs black ; feet blackish.
Genetta felina, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. (1832) p. 63; 1864, p. 516.
Viverra felina, Thunb. Se. Akaol. xxxii. p. 166, t. 7.
Genetta vulgaris P, A. Smith, S. Quart. Journ. ii. p. 45.
Hab. South Africa: Cape of Good Hope (Verreaua) (the Musk-
eat of the colonists); Latakoo, common (A. Smith).
The chief difference between this and G. vulgaris is that the legs
and feet are blacker, the head is darker, with a more distinct black
streak up the forehead between the eyes.
Genetta rubiginosa, Pucheran (Rev. et Mag. dc Zool. vii. 1855,
p. 154. “ Griseo-albescens, fulvo lavata, maculis dorsalibus fere toto
rubiginosis; cauda ad basim quatuor annulis rubiginosis, quatuor
deinde nigris praedita.
“ Hab. Cape of Good Hope ”—J. Verreauw), is probably the same.
3. Genetta senegalensis. (Senegal Genet.) B.M.
' Pale yellowish grey, brown-spotted; vertebral line black, sub-
cristate behind ; tail elongate, slender, yellow and black-ringed, the
pale rings the longest; tip of tail pale ; the hinder part of the hind
legs blackish or dark brown.
Genetta senegalensis, Gray, P. Z._S. ii. (1832) p. 63; 1864, p. 516.
Viverra senegalensis, Fischer, Syn. p. 170 (from F. Cuu).
Genette de Sénégal, F. Cue. Mamm. Lith. t.
? Genetta Aubryana,Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. cle Zool. vii. (1855)'p. 154.
Fossane, Brown, I llust. t. 43. .
Hab. West Africa: Senegal (Verreaux) ; ? Gaboon (Aubry le
Comte); Sennaar (Brit. Mus. 46, 6, 15, 43). East Africa: Abyssinia
(B. M. 44, 5, 17,27) ; Dongola (B. M. 46, 9, 2, 27). North Africa
(B. M. 43, 12, 28, 2).
Skull tapering in front ; nose compressed. Orbit very large, very
incomplete behind; the zygomatic arch confluent with the lower
edge of the orbit, moderate. False grinders 2% . g ; upper rather far
apart, front small, second compressed, with a small lobe on each
end; third compressed, with a small lobe on the middle of the inner
side and one at the hinder end. The flesh-tooth triangular, much
longer than the breadth at the front edge, with a moderate-sized
3. GENETTA. ‘ 51
internal lobe rather behind the front inner angle. The tubercular
grinders trigonal, with a sloping outer edge; the front twice as wide
as long on the outer edge ; the hinder small. The lower jaw slender,
erect, with a shelving chin or short symphysis and a curved lower
edge without any tubercles under the end of the tooth-line; the
tubercular grinder roundish, with two large anterior lateral and a
similar-sized posterior central lobe. Length of skull 3-,} inches ;
width of braincase 1-11?, at zygomata 1%.
'** Tail subcylindrical, with shortish fur ; end black, with imperfect rings ,-
tip black ; base with alternate, nearly equal black and white rings.
4. Genetta tigrina. (Tigrine Genet.) B.M.
Grey-brown, with black spots, the larger more or less brown in
the centre ; the hind feet darker ; the tail elongate, cylindrical, black,
with rather broad white rings, but narrower than the black ones ;
tip of tail black.
Genetta tigrina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 49 ; P. Z. S. 1864, p 517.
Viverra tigrina, Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 115.
Genetta vulgaris, Riippell.
Genetta amer, R-iippell.
Genetta abyssinica, Rilppell, Fauna Abyss. t. 11.
Viverra abyssinica, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 71.
Viverra genetta, Peters, Mossamb. Mamm. p. 113.
Hab. South Africa: Cape of Good Hope (the Musk-cat of the co-
lonists); Natal and East Africa (l7erreau:c); Mozambique (Peters,
Kirk) ; Abyssinia (Rilppell).
*** Tail subeylindrical, with shortish fur, black ; middle part with some
imperfect rings beneath, the base with a few narrow white rings.
5. Genetta pardina. (The Berbe.) B.M.
Fur reddish grey-brown, with black spots more or less brown in
the centre; the feet ‘and hinder part of hind legs brown; tail elon-
gate, covered with shortish hairs, with narrow pale or reddish rings
on the basal half, black at the end, with very indistinct narrow
pale rings. . ‘
Genettla pardina, I. Geqfil M'ag.Zool. 1832, t. 8; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
5 8.
Genette pantharine, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t.
Genetta poénsis, I/Vaterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 59 (from afiat
skin .
Viverri genettoides. Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 89, 1853 P
Genetta Fieldiana, Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston N. H. Soc. vii. (1860)
p. 302 (from the Gaboon).
Genetta servalina, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. vii. (1855) p. 154.
Berbe, Bosmann, Voy. Guinea, p. 31. f. 5; Bzgfon, H. N. Xlll.
Hab. Fernando Po (W'aterhouse); Guinea (Temm.); Gaboon (Du
Chaillu); West Africa (B.M.); interior of Senegal (I. Geofroy).
The specimens vary considerably in the size of the spots; in some
13 2
52 vrvnnnmm.
they are brown with black edge, in others almost uniformly black;
but I can see no characters by which they can be separated.
Genetta poéns-is seems to be the same variety as that described by
I. Geoffrey and M. Du Chaillu.
4. FOSSA.
The back without any black subcrested vertebral streak ; the soles
of the hind feet hairy, with —-——-— ‘?
Fossa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 518.
Fossa Daubentonii.
Fossa Daubentonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 518.
Viverra fossa, Schreb. Sitayeth. t. 114 (from Bafion).
Genetta fossa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1822.
Fossane, Bzgflbn, H. N. xiii. p. 163, t. 21.
Hab. Madagascar (Mu-s. Paris.).
“ Fur grey-black, rufous-varied, awhite spot over the hinder angle
of the eye; back and nape with black lines, four of which extend
from the nape to the tail, continuous to the middle of the back, and
the last of their length broken into very close spots; the sides,
shoulders, and thighs with spots placed in three lines on each side ;
lips, chin, and beneath dirty white; tail with many narrow half-
rings, of a reddish colour, which do not extend to the lower side;
feet yellowish white. Length of body and head 17 inches, of tail
8% inches. There are no subcaudal glands.
“ Hab. Madagascar (Poivre, Mas. Acad. Sci. 1761).”-—Bufl'on.
I do not know any other description of this species; that by all
other authors, including Dr. A. Smith, is a mere copy of the above.
There does not appear to be any central dorsal stripe, so characteristic
of the Genets; the soles of the front feet have not been described.
Tribe III. PRIONODONTINA.
Body slender, elongate; limbs very short; tubercular grinders -1-;
fur soft, close, erect; the tail very long, cylindrical, ringed.
5. LINSANG.
Prionodon (subgenus of Felis),lF[orsf. Java; Gray, P. Z. 8.1864, p.519.
Linsang, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 48; Milller, Zooy. ind. Arch.
Body very slender; back not crested. “ Pupil linear, erect ”
(Hodgson). Legs short. Tail very long, cylindrical, dark-ringed.
Toes 5/5. Claws very acute. Skull elongate. Teeth 38; false
grinders . ; flesh-tooth elongate; tubercular grinders % .p%.
Hab. Asia and Africa.
1. Linsang gracilis. (Linsang.) B.M.
Fur white; back with broad black cross bands ; sides of neck with
5. LINSANG. 53"
a broad black streak continued along the sides of the body, con-
fluent with the bands of the back; back of neck with five parallel
black streaks. Tail with seven black and white streaks; a second
streak, broken into spots, from the side of the neck to the haunches.
Legs with small black spots.
Linsang gracilis, .Milller, Zoog. ind. Arch. i. p. 28, t.
Viverra? linsang, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 256, t. 24; De Blaine.
Ostéogr. t. 12 (teeth).
Felis (Prionodon) gracilis, Llongf. Zool. Java, t.
Viverra Hardwickii, Lesson, Man. p. 17 2 (not Gray).
V iverra genetta, Deschamps, ZIIS. B. llI.
Paradoxurus prehensilis, Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. iv. p. 349.
Viverra gracilis, Desm. lllamm. p. 539.
Paradoxurus linsang, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 159, 1829.
Prionodon gracilis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 519.
Hab. Asia: Malacca ?, Siam ?, Sumatra ?, Java ? (Horsfield).
2. Linsang pardicolor. (Nepal Linsang.) BM.
Pale whitish grey ; back of neck and shoulders with three streaks
diverging from the vertebral line ; back with two series of large
square spots; the shoulders, sides, and legs with round black spots ;
an elongated spot on the middle of the front part of the back, between
the square spots on the sides of the body.
Prionodon pardicolor, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. p. 37, t. 1.
f. 3 & 6, 1841; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 519.
Linsang pardicolor, Gray, Oat. .Mamm. B. M. p. 49.
Viverra perdicator, Schinz, Syn. Mamnz. i. p. 366 (misprint).
Hab. Nepal.
The skull elongate; nose rather short, compressed; brain-case
narrow in front, swollen over the ears, and contracted and produced
behind. Orbits not defined behind, confluent with the temporal
cavity ; zygomatic arch slender. Palate contracted behind. Teeth
38 ; upper false grinders compressed ; flesh-tooth narrow, much
longer than wide in front, the outer edge three-lobed, inner tubercle
on the front edge; tubercular grinders transversely trigonal, much
wider than long, the outer edge sloped, and the hinder lobes in
the middle of the hinder edge. There is no hinder tubercular;
but the one present is quite like the front tubercular in the typical
Viverridae.
The skulls of L. graeilis and L. pardicolor are very similar; but
the skull is rather larger, the palate narrower in front and behind,
and the bullee of the ears are narrower and less ventricose in L.
gracilis than in L. pardicolor. '
The following are the measurements in inches and twelfths in L.
graeilis:-—length of skull 1" 7 "', width at brain-case 11"’, width of
zygomatic arch 1" 3%”, length of nose 9"’. L. pardicolor :-—length
of skull 2"’ 6"’, width of brain-case 10%”, width of zygomatic arch
1" 2-21-"', length of nose 8%”.
54 vrvnnnrnzs.
6. POIANA.
Head small; cars rounded. Body slender, elongate; fur soft, close,
short, nearly uniform in length, spotted; no central dark vertebral
line. Legs rather short. Feet hairy, cat-like; toes 5/5, short;
hind soles covered with hair; with a short narrow naked line, forked
below, and only reaching to the middle of the foot above. Claws
retractile. Tail cylindrical, black-ringed.
Poiana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 520.
Hab. Africa.
Very like Linsang in external appearance, but with the feet of a
Genetta. .
Poiana Richardsoni. (Guinea Linsang.) B.M.
Pale brown, black-spotted; spots on the back larger, square; spots
on sides and feet smaller, rounded.
Linsang Richardsoni, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 72.
Viverra genettoides, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 89, 1853?
Genetta Richardsoni, Thompson, Ann. N. H. 1842.
Genetta poe-nsis (jun.), lVaterh. P. Z. S. 1838, p. 59.
Poiana Richardsoni, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 520.
Hab. West Africa: Fernando Po (Thompson); Guinea (Temm.).




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Poiana Richardsoni.
Skull and teeth very like Linsang ; but the brain-case is ovate
and more ventricose. The orbits not defined behind, and confluent
with the temporal cavity; zygomatic arch stronger. The nose is
H
I . GALIDIA. 55
compressed. The palate is very narrow behind. Teeth 38; the
upper false grinders compressed; the flesh-tooth considerably longer
than broad in front, with a roundish inner lobe on the front edge,
separated from the other lobe by a notch; the tubercular grinders
transverse, triangular, broad, with a small lobe in the middle of the
hinder edge. There is no second tubercular grinder in the upper
jaw. Length of skull 2" 9"’, of nose 9"’; width of brain-case 11"’,
of zygomatic arch 1" 5"’.
Section B. Subplantigiade. The underside of the toes and more or less
of the back of the tarsus near the foot bald and callous. The flesh-
tooth is massive and strong; the tubercular grinder large, broad.—Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 521.
Tribe IV. GALIDIIN A.
The hind part of the tarsus hairy to the sole ; the tail bushy.
7. GALIDIA.
Ears elongate. Body slender. Legs short. Tail elongate, cylin-
drical, rather larger at the end, ringed‘? Toes 5/5, arched, webbed;
front subequal ; the toes and sole bald; the tarsus hairy behind.
Claws acute, compressed, retractile. Skull rather ventricose; face
short; forehead arched; crown flat. Teeth 36 or 38 ; false grinders
. -3-, front very small; flesh-tooth triangular, elongate, longer than
broad, and falls early; tubercular grinders %, transverse, the second
very small (see skull, G. elegans, Geoff. Mag. de Zool. 1839, t. 17).
Galidia, I. Gemjl Compt. Rendus, 1837, p. 580; May. de Zool. 1839,
pp. 27, 38, t. 14, 17; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 522.
We only possess Galiclia elegans; and the feet of that species have
no relation to those of an Herpestes, to which M. I. Geoffrey com-
pares them; they are much more those of a Genet, having short,
arched, webbed toes and very acute retractile claws.
* Tail ringed; “ soles of hind feet narrow.” Galidia.
1. Galidia elegans. B.M.
Dark chestnut-brown ; tail nearly as long as the body, black-ringed.
Length 15 inches, tail 12 inches.
Galidia elegans, I. Geqf. Mag. do Zool. 1839, p. 27, t. 14, 17 ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 523.
Margusta (Galidia) elegans, Blainv. Ost. t. 9.
Genetta P, A. Smith, S. Quart. Jo-urn. p. 52 (see I. Geofll).
Vounsira, Flacourt, Histoire de Madagascar, p. 154, 1661.
Vausire, Bufon <§~ Daubenton?
Hab. Madagascar (called Vounsira).
Skull oblong, rather elongate; forehead shelving, rather convex ;
.the crown flat; the brain-case nearly two-thirds the entire length.
False grinders g}, the first very small, deciduous, the second and
56 vrvsnmm.
third compressed; the flesh-tooth trigonal, considerably longer than
broad at the front edge—the internal tubercle large, and a little
behind the front margin. Tubercular grinders-—the first subtruncate,
oblong, rather wider than long, contracted on the inner side; the
second very small, transverse, oblong (see I. Geoff. l. c. t. 17).
In the figure cited the brain-cavity is nearly three-fifths the entire
length of the skull (that is, measured to the back of the orbits) ; and
the zygomatic arch is rather wider than half the length of the skull.
H Tail one colour ; “soles of kind feet more bald.” Salanoia.
2. Galidia concolor.
Red-brown, black-dotted; tail like back, much shorter than the
body; ears broad and short. Length 13 inches, tail 7 inches.
Galidia concolor, I. GeqflI Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 30, t. 15; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 523.
Galidia unicolor, I. Geqfil Compt. Rend. Aead. Sci. 1837, v. p. 581.
Hab. Madagascar.
3. Galidia olivacea.
Olive-brown, yellow-dotted; tail same colour as the body; false
grinders £3-; tubercular grinders broader than in G. elegans, especially
the binder ones.
Galidia olivacea, I. Geofl‘. .Mag. dc Zool. 1839, t. 16; Gray, P. Z. S.
1sc4, P. 523.
?La petite fouine de Madagascar, Sganzin in Rev. et Mag. de Zool.
1855, p. 41. -
Hab. Madagascar (Bernier) (called “ Salano”).
Tribe v. HEMIGALINAI
The toes and the middle of the lower part of the tarsus bald; the
upper part and sides of lower part hairy. Tail ringed. Fur soft.
Frenum hairy. Orbit imperfect.
8. I-IEMIGALEA.
Head conical. Nose bald, fiat, and with a distinct central groove
below; nostrils lateral. Ears moderate, ovate, covered with hair
externally. Whiskers numerous, very long, rather rigid, with tufts
of slender bristles on the throat, cheeks, and eyebrows. Toes 5/5.
Claws acute, semiretractile. Hind feet semiplantigrade; the upper
part of the sole hairy, with a narrow bald sole in front below.
Frenum covered with hair. Teeth 40; false grinders 43-. g; tuber-
cular grinders -% .
Hemigalea (Hemigalus), Jourdan, Compt. Rend. 1837 ; Ann. Sci. Nat.
viii. p. 276, 1837 (not characterized); Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 524.
The genus is only very indistinctly characterized by M. Jourdan
in the papers referred to.
P
9. ABCTICTIS. 51
Hemigalea Hardwickii. . BM.
Pale yellow; three streaks on the head, two streaks on the nape,
some marks on the ears, five crescent-like bands across the. back, two
. rings on the base of the tail, and the end of the tail black.
Viverra Hardwickii. Gray, Spic. Zool. ii. p. 9, t. 1 (not Lesson).
Hémi2g7a,;e zebré, Voyage de la Bonito, t. ; Jourdan, Ann. Sci. Nat. viii.
Vii)rer1*aé;t;>§iéi, S. .Milller, Zoog. ind. Arch. t. 18; Sohinz, Mamm.
1. . .
Paraldoxurus derbianus, Gray, Loadon’s May. N. H. i. (1837) p. 579;
De Blainv. Ost. Atlas, t. 7, t. 12 (teeth).
Paraéloxurus? zebra, Gray, Loadon’s May. N. H. i. (1837) p. 579 (from
a rawma .
Paradoxuru.s)philippensis (partly), Sohinz, Syn. Mam-m. i. p. 387.
Hemigalea I-Iardwickii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 524.
Hab. Malacca (May'or Farqahar) ; Borneo (Lowe).
The skull agrees with Genetta and Nandinia in the hinder opening
of the palate being only a short distance behind the line between
the back edges of the hinder tubercular grinders. The orbit is very
incomplete. The teeth are short, broad, and very unlike those of
Genetta and Nandinia—somewhat similar to those of the genus
Pagwna. The first and second false grinders are compressed, the
third has an inner lobe on the middle of the inner side. The flesh-
tooth is triangular, scarcely longer than the width of the middle of
the tooth, the large inner lobe occupies nearly the whole inner side.
The tubercular grinders are oblong, triangular, much wider than
long, rounded on the inner side; the hinder one like the front, but
only about half the size. The nose of the skull is elongate. The
brain-cavity ovate, ventricose, not suddenly constricted in front.
Forehead shelving, rather convex. The bullae of the ears are oblong,
elongate, vesicular, truncated behind, and keeled on the outer edge.
Length of the skull 3" 9"’, of nose 1" 4%"', of zygomatic arch and
orbit l.'' 6''’; width of brain-case 1" 3"’, of back of mouth 6" 1%"',
of zygoma 1" 10'”.
Tribe VI. ARCTICTIDINA.
The hinder part of the tarsus bald and callous. The tail thick,
strong, and prehensile. Fur harsh, bristly. Ears pencilled. F re-
num hairy. Orbit of skull imperfect, only defined by a prominence
above.-—Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 523.
9. ARCTICTIS.
Head conical. Whiskers numerous, long, rigid, more slender on
the cheeks, throat, and eyebrows. Nose acute ; underside flat, with a
broad central groove. Eyes small. Ears ‘closely covered with long
hairs, forming a pencil. Toes 5/5. Claws compressed, acute, re-
tractile. Soles of hind feet broad, entirely bald and callous to the
heel. Tail conical, covered with long hair, convolute. Frenum
58 _ VIVERRID.-i~:.
covered with hair ‘? Teeth 36 ; false grinders §~ . tubercular
grinders 1% . Arctictis, Temm. Monogr. xx. p. 21,1820?; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p.525.
Ictides, F. Cuvier; Valenciennes, Ann. des Sci. Nat. iv. p. 57, 1825;
Férus. Bull. Sci. v. p. 266, 1825.
Hab. Asia.
Major Farquhar says, “ It climbs trees, assisted by its prehensile
tail, in which it has uncommon strength.” M. F. Cuvier (Mém.
Mus. ix. p. 46) doubts this fact; but he is wrong, as any one may see
by observing the living animal in the Zoological Gardens.
Arctictis binturong. (Binturong.) B.M.
Black. Younger with more or less long white tips to the hairs;
young, pale dirty yellow. Varies in the quantity and length of white
tips of the hairs.
Viverra P binturong, Rafites, I/inn. Trans. xii. p. 253.
Arctiggiss binturong, Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 308 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
A1‘Pj;.3iC}3iS pegngicillatus, Temm. Jllonogr. ii. t. 62; Milller, Zoog. ind.
7'01. - .
Paradox1i)rus albifrons, F. Cuvier, Mérn. Mes. ix. p. 44, t. 4 ; Mamm.
1'/ithogr. t.
Ictides, F. Cuv. Dents des Zlfamm. p. 104, t. 34.
Ictides ater, F. Cuvier, Mamrn. Lithogr. t. _
Ictides albifrons, Valenc. Ann. Sci. Nat. iv. p. 57, t. 1; F. Cuvier,
Mém. Mes. ix. t. 4.
Hab. Malacca (Fa-rquhar, 1819) ; Sumatra (Raflles); Java (Tem-
minck); Tenasserim and Arracan (Gantor); Assam, Nepal (Blyth).
Skull of young animal elongate. Teeth 36; canines slender;
grinders small and far apart; the false grinders, first and second
conical, the third compressed; the flesh-tooth small, triangular, inner
side rounded; tubercular grinder oblong, trigonal, with a rounded
inner edge, larger than the flesh-tooth. Length of skull 4" 6"’, of
nose 1" 6"’; width of brain-case 1" 7"’, of zygomatic arch 2" 4'”.
In the adult skull, -false grinders -3- . %, compressed, the third
triangular; the flesh-tooth triangular, as bread as long, inner edge
rounded, with the inner tubercle in the middle ; the tubercular
grinders small, the first triangular, somewhat like the flesh-tooth, but
smaller, the hinder very small, cylindrical (T emm. Monogr. t. 50).
The skeleton agrees with Paradozvurus in the large number ( 34)
of caudal vertebrae, but differs from it in having a more plantigrade
character in the bones of the feet (Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 307).
M. Temminck (Monogr. ii. p. 308) proposed to arrange P. aureus of
F. Cuvier with this genus, as it could not be classed with any other
group, observing that it is described from a very young specimen not
more than one or two months old; and he objects to species being
~ described on such specimens.
PARADOXURINA. 59
Tribe V11. PARADOXURINA.
The hind part of the tarsus bald and callous. The tail cylindrical,
hairy, very long, of many vertebrae, revolute.' The frenum with a
secretory gland. Head elongate. Pupil linear, erect. Orbit of skull
generally only defined by a slight prominence above.—-Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 526.
This is an exceedingly natural group, well defined by its external
characters and general appearance; at the same time the form of
the skull and the teeth of the different species present so great an
amount of variation that, if one studied the skull only, one would
be inclined to distribute them among several different tribes of
Carnivora—an instance, among many, which shows the necessity of
studying the animal as a whole, and of not devoting one’s attention
more to the osteological than the external characters, or vice versd.
The gland on the frenum, Which is the peculiar character of the
genus Paradoamrus, was known to Pallas, who called the species
Viverra he-rmaphrodita on account of it. It was redescribed and
figured by Otto, but overlooked by F. Cuvier when he named the
genus from a specimen with a distorted tail! 4
M. Temminck observes, “ N om générique donné a tout hasard par
F. Cuvier, dont il faut se garder de ne rendre l’application stricte-
ment applicable in aucune des especes de ce groupe.
“ La forme et le pouvoir que M. F. Cuvier attribuc 2.. cette queue
sont basés sur des observations faites sur un sujet soumis a l’état
captif, mais ne sont nullement caractérisés pas moins spécifiquement
pour son Pougonne, notre Paradavurus typus—-la Marte des Palmiers
du Buffon.”-—Mori. M'amm. ii. p. 312.
If M. Temminck had observed many of these animals alive, he
would have found that many of them have the habit of curling up
the end of the tail as it lies on the ground, and that the ends of the
tails of those in confinement are often worn away on the side from
this habit (see also Bennett, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 118).
M. Temminck describes the claws as “ not retractile ” (Monogr.
ii. p. 312) ; but Mr. Turner, in his interesting observations on the
anatomy of Paracloccurus typus, describing the feline habit of the
animal, states that the claws are quite as retractile, and scale off at
the ends to keep them sharp, as in the Cat ; he also says the pre-
putial gland secretes the odorous exhalation (see Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849, p. 24).
“ The Paradowuri are in habits like the Civets ; their glandular
secretion is peculiar, not civet- or musk-like.”—O'antor, Oat. p. 32.
Tail very long; caudal vertebrae 36 or 38.
The species of this group have been very imperfectly understood.
In the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1832 I gave a
monograph of the species which the specimens and other materials
then available afforded ; and I revised the species in the ‘ Magazine
of Natural History’ for 1837. The number of species described
60 vrvnnnrnzs.
being so much larger than was then known on the Continent, seems
to have excited the distrust of the continental zoologists as to their
distinctness.
M. Temminck, in the second volume of his ‘ Monographie,’ pub-
lished an essay on the genus, and states that he was indebted to Mr.
Ogilby for his assistance. But I fear he must have misunderstood
some of Mr. Ogilby’s observations; for I can hardly think that an
English zoologist, who, from his position as Secretary of the Zoolo-
gical Society, must have seen many species of the genus alive, could
have had such an imperfect acquaintance with the specimens that
are to be seen in our menageries.
M. Temminck’s ‘ Monograph ’ is accurate as far as regards the
species which inhabit the Asiatic possessions now or formerly under
the Dutch rule. But M. Temminck seems to be entirely unac-
quainted with the species of continental India and China; he con-.
fused, under the same description, species that are very unlike in
external characters; some of his figures of the skull do not agree
with the skulls of the species which we have extracted from the
skins. I may observe that it was formerly the great defect of the
osteological collection at Leyden that many of the skeletons had been
purchased at sales of private collections in London and elsewhere; so
that the accuracy of the determination of the species from which the
skulls were obtained solely depended on the accuracy or knowledge
of the proprietor, generally more of an anatomist than a zoologist ;
and as the skin was not kept, there was no means of verifying the
name. Hence it is very likely the Nepal P. Grayi was called in the
collection from which it was obtained P. musanga of Java. M.
Schlegel has been remedying this defect by the preparation of ske-
letons from well-determined specimens.
M. Jourdan observes, “ Ce que nous pouvons dire c’est que dans
la collection ostéologique du Muséum il existe des tetes osseuses qui,
sous le _nom commun de Paradowurus typus, indiquent au moins
quatre especes, et que dans chacune d’elles on peut aisément di-
stinguer une diiférence tranchante de disposition carnassiere.’’—
‘ Ann. Sci. Nat. p. 275, 1837.
The development of the auditory bulla is variable in the genera
and species. In Paguma, Paradoxurus, and Arctogale the bulla is
large, ventricose, slightly keeled along the lower edge, with a trian-
gular end. In Nandinia it is very small, not inflated, and scarcely
raised. It varies in form in the different species of Paracloxurus,
being smallest in P. hondar. -
The hinder part of the palate of the skull also affords good cha-
racters, thus: — .
1. The hinder opening of the palate is wide, and nearly in a line
with the hinder edge of the last grinder, in Paracloasurus and Nan-
olinia.
2. The hinder opening of the palate is wide, and further back
than the hinder edge of the last grinder, in Paguma and Arctictis.
rsnxnoxunrna. 61
3. The hinder opening of the palate is narrow, at the end of a
narrow depressed tube, and considerably further back than the
hinder edge of the last grinder, in Arctogale.
The specimens which are in the British Museum Collection may
be divided and arranged thus, from what has been called the “ most
carnivorous ” to the “ most omnivorous ” form of teeth :-—
1. The flesh-tooth very narrow, with a small internal process on the
front edge. Nandinia binotata.
2. The flesh-tooth rather narrow, with a rather small internal lobe
on the front edge. Paradoaauru-s bondar.
3. The flesh-tooth rather wider, with a moderate-sized internal lobe
on the front edge; teeth moderate. P. Crossii, P. nigrifrons,
and P. zeylanicus.
4. The flesh-tooth triangular, broad, massive, with a large internal
lobe occupying a great part of the inner side.
a. The teeth elongate, large, massive. Paradoecurus mu-
sanga, P. philippensis, P. maorodus, and Paguma leuco-
mysta-an
b. The_teeth shorter and broader, moderate or small. Pa-
guma Grayi, P. larvata, and Arctogale trivirgata.
They may be arranged, according to the form of the adult skull,
thus :—
1. The brain-case wide in front, scarcely constricted. Orbit indi-
stinctly marked. Nose broad. Paguma laroata and P. leu-
comystaw.
2. The brain-case wide in front, and distinctly constricted. Nose
rather elongate.
a. Orbit marked only with a short blunt process on the
upper hinder edge. Paguma Grayi.
b. Orbit marked with a rather short, acute, well-marked
process on the upper hinder edge. Nandinia binotata.
3. The brain-case narrow, and evidently and distinctly constricted
in front. The orbit undefined.
a. The face broad; width at the tubercular grinder about
four-fifths the length of the palate. Paracloxurus phi-
lippensis, P. Crossii, P. nigrifrons, P. fasciatus, and P.
macrodus.
b.. The face rather elongate ; width at the tubercular grinder
two-thirds of the length of the palate. P. zeylanicus, P.
bondar, and P. hermaphroditus.
4. The brain-case narrow, suddenly and distinctly constricted in
front. The orbit well defined behind. Arctogale tricirgata.
62 vrvnnnrnzs.
The following table may facilitate the determination of the species
in the Museum from their external appearance :—
a. Fur thick, very hairy, rigid, not striped, without any spots
under the eyes. Paguma leucomystax.
b. Far very thick, long, with longer rigid hairs, not striped or
spotted, but with a spot under the eye. Paguma Grayi, Pa-
radoxurus bondar.
c. Far thick, soft, with longer rigid hairs, with a spot under the
eye. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus.
(1. Far very thick, close, soft, of nearly uniform length, with a
spot under the eyes; cheek whitish, with small dark spots.
Paradoxurus Crossii, Paguma larvata, Paradoxurus philip-
- pensis, P. nigrifrons, P. musanga, and P. dubius (cheek
dark).
e. Far soft; back striped; with no spots under the eyes or on
the face. Arctogale trivirgata.
f. Fur soft, thick, close ,- back spotted; with two yellow spots on
the shoulder. N andinia binotata.
g. Fur very soft, of a uniform colour, no spot under the eye
or on the face. Paradoxurus zeylamcus.
10. NANDINIA.
Nose conical; underside flat, with a distinct central groove.
Frenum covered with hair (2). Nose of skull compressed, produced.
The brain-case rather constricted in front behind the orbit. The
orbit incomplete, with a well-marked acute process from the fore-
head, and none from the zygomatic arch behind. The forehead flat.
rhombic; produced, angular behind the orbit. Palate wide behind.
Teeth 40 ; false grinders % . -Z1 ; flesh-tooth elongate, narrow,
with a small internal lobe on the front edge ; the hinder tubercular
very small, circular. '
The skull is figured by De Blainville (Ostéogr., Viverra, t. 6) as
that of Paradoxurus ? Hamiltonii.
Nandinia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 529.
Nandinia binotata. (Nandine.) B.M.
N ape with three black parallel streaks, one from the forehead,
the other from the ears. Back with numerous black spots. Withers
each with a yellow spot. Lips, throat, and beneath rufous grey.
Legs grizzled, not spotted. Tail elongate, tapering, with many
narrow black rings; end blackish. Length 23 inches, tail 19
inches.
Nandinia binotata, Gray, Cat. Jlfamm. B. M. p. 54: P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 530.
Viverra binotata, Reinwardt, MS’. ; Gray, Spic. Zool. p. 9.
11. PARADOXURUS. 63
Paradoxurus Hamiltonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 67; lllust. Ind.
Zool. t. ; Temm. .Monogr. ii. p. 336, t. 65. f. 1.
Paradoxurus? binotatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 68; Temm. Zllonogr.
ii. p. 336, t. 65. f. 7-9 (skull).
Hab. West Africa: Fernando Po (Gross); Ashantee (Mus. Ley-
den); Guinea (Mus. Leyde-n).
Varies in the brightness and rufous tint of the fur, and also in
the size of the spots ; in some they are much larger, and apparently
fewer, than in others.
Orbit of skull not defined behind, confluent with the zygomatic
cavity. Upper false grinders 3, compressed, first small, third with-
out any distinct inner lobes; flesh-tooth elongate, outer edge con-
siderably longer than the width of the front edge, inner tubercle on
the front edge; tubercular grinders two, front triangular, rather
wider than the length of the outer edge, hinder small, circular.
Length of skull 3" 4"’, of nose 1" 1"’ ; width of brain-case 1" 2%-"',
of zygoma 1" 10"’.
11. PARADOXURUS.
Head conical. Nose flat, and with a central groove beneath.
Whiskers numerous, strong, elongate. Pupil linear, erect. Tees
5 / 5. Frenum bald, glandular. The skull with the brain-case
strongly and suddenly constricted in front; forehead small, trans-
verse, truncated behind. The orbit very incomplete, with only a
short conical prominence above behind, and none on the zygomatic
arch below; hinder part of the palate moderate, with only a very
slight notch at each side on its front edge. Teeth 40, large ; false
grinders . the flesh-tooth triangular or subelongate ; the tuber-
cular oblong, transverse.
Paradoxurus, F. Cuv. Zllamm. Lithogr. t. 1821; Gray, P. Z. S.
1se4, p. 530.
Platyschista, Otto, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. xvii. p. 1090, 1835.
Viverra hermaphrodita, Pallas.
M. Temminck, in his ‘ Monographies de Mammalogie,’ vol. ii.
p. 312 (published in 1855), has given a monograph of this genus;
the synonyms are very incorrect.
* The skull elongate ; the nose slender; the width of the head at the last
tooth two-thirds the length of the alate ; the flesh-tooth elongate,
rather narrow, with a small internal obe on the front edge. Bondar.
—Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 531.
1. Paradoxurus bondar. B.M.
Fur very long, hairy, rather rigid, dirty yellowish white varied
with the long black tips of the longer and more rigid hairs ; end of
nose brown, generally with a white central streak. The feet, outer
side of fore legs, and end of the tail blackish.
Ichneumon bondar, Buchanan, MS.
Viverra bondar, De Blainville, Journ. de Phys.
Paguma bondar, Horsfield, Cat. Zllus. E. Ind. Comp. p. 68.
64 vrvnnnrnm.
Paradoxurus bondar, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 66; Illust. Ind. Zool. t.;
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 531.
Paradoxurus Pennantii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, pr. 66; Illust. Ind.
Zool. t.
Paradoxurus hirsutus, Hodgson, Asiatic Researches, xix. p. 72, 1836.
Genetta bondar, Lesson, Mamm. p. 175.
Hab. Nepal: North Behar and Tarai (Hodgson).
This species is easily known from P. Grayi by the rigid harsh-
ness of the fur and the dark colour of the outside of the legs.
Skull narrow; elongate. False grinders distant, the third trigo-
nal; flesh-tooth narrow, elongate, the outer edge longer than the
width of the front edge, with the inner lobe on the front margin ;
tubercular grinder oblong, transverse, rather narrower and rounded
on the inner side, wider than long; the hinder tubercular small,
oblong, subcircular. Length of skull 4" 1%”’, of nose 1" 5"’ ; width
of brain-case 1" 4%"', of zygoma 2" 3"’.
"“"‘ The skull moderately broad ; the width of the head at the last tooth about
four-fifths of the length of the palate ; the flesh-tooth rather longer than
wide in front, with a moderate-sized internal lobe on the front edge.
Platyschista.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 531.
2. Paradoxurus zeylanicus B.M.
' Nearly uniform brown or dark brown; the longer hairs with a
bright golden tint; ears nearly naked; whiskers pale brown; tail
subcylindrical, sometimes with a single yellow or pale subterminal
band ; heel of hind feet hairy. Length of body and head 21 inches,
tail 17 inches.
Paradoxurus zeylanicus, Gray, Oat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55; P. Z. S.
1864, p. 531.
Viverra zeylanica, Pallas in Schreb. Sdugeth. 45.
Viverra ceylonensis, Bodd.
? Parado4x'pr1131s4aureus, Desm. Mamm. p. 540; F. Gavier, Mém. Zllus.
ix. . . .
Paradgxuriis typicus, De Blainv. Ostéogr. Viverra, t. 12 (teeth), t. 7
(skull, good).
P Arctictis aureus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 158.
Hab. Ceylon (Pallas, Kelaart).
These animals differ in the intensity of the colour of the fur;
some are bright golden, and others much more brown ; the latter is
P. fu-sous of Kelaart. One of the Museum specimens has a bright
yellow ring near the tip of the tail.
Third upper false grinders with only a slight indication of a lobe
in the middle of the inner edge ; the flesh-tooth with the outer edge
scarcely longer than the width of the front edge; first tubercular
large (with the inner edge narrower than the outer one), larger than
in P. philippensis. _
Dr. Kelaart has described, and we have in the British Museum,
two varieties of P. zeylanicus differing in the intensity of the colour
of the fur. In the British Museum we have three skulls, with their
permanent teeth, said to have been sent from Ceylon, one being from
ll . PARADOXURUS. 65
the skin in the collection sent by Dr. Kelaart: one is larger and
rather broader than the other two, which are younger. In two of
them the flesh-teeth are nearly similar, with a moderate-sized in-
ternal lobe, and the first and hinder upper tubercular grinders are
much larger in one of these than in the other. In the third skull,
which is the larger, the internal lobe of the flesh-tooth is much
longer, compared with the size of the outer portion, than in the pre-
ceding skulls; and the first tubercular grinder is much larger,
longer, and more massive compared with its width than in either
of the preceding; in this skull the binder tubercular is not yet
developed.
Is it that these skulls belong to, and are characteristic of, the two
animals which we have thus wrongly called varieties ‘? or does the
difference merely arise from their being of two sexes? Genera
have been formed on less differences in the Carnivora.
' 3. Paradoxurus hermaphrodit-us. B.M.
Fur long, rigid, harsh, blackish more or less varied with the pale
colours of the lower part of the hairs, scarcely showing three indi-
stinct black streaks on the back; under-fur thick, soft, and very
pale reddish ; the feet and end of the tail black ; spot under the eye
and the forehead paler, -more or less grey or whitish.
Viverra hermaphrodita, Pallas, Schreb. Sdugeth. p. 426.
Paragggurus hermaphrodita, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 69; 1864,
Pl£tyschista Pallasii, Otto, N. Act. Leop. xvii. p. 1089, t. 71, 72.
Viverra nigra, Desm. Mamm. p. 208 (from Bufon, Suppl. iii. t. 47).
La Marte des Palmiers, ou le Pougonne, F. Cue. Mamm. Lithogr.
Paradoxurus typus, F. Cuv.Mamm. I/ithogr.; Temrn. .Monogr. ii. p. 215.
Genette de France, Bufion, H. N vii. p. 58; Suppl. iii. t. 47.
Musk or Musky Weasel, Penn. Quadr. ,
Hab. Continental India, in the plains: Bengal (Ten/un.); Madras
(Jerolon). .
' This species differs from the preceding in being small and much
blacker. Only one of the wild specimens in the Museum, in a good
state of fur, shows any indication of the three black dorsal streaks;
but the fur can easily be placed so as to make three more or less
interrupted ones apparent: and some of the specimens, which have
the tips of the longer hairs worn off, have a somewhat striped
appearance on the back; but this evidently depends only on the
bad state of the specimens from their having been kept in confine-
ment. -
The skull is very like that of P. zeylanicus ; the teeth are rather
larger, the nose rather narrower in front; the flesh-tooth is rather
broad and thick; the front tubercular grinder is transverse, nar-
rower on the inner side, and contracted in front and behind in the
middle; the hinder tubercular is very small and circular; the palate_
edge is arched behind. The skull is very old, and the orbit is rather
more defined behind than usual.
The Viverra hermaphrodita, of Pallas is thus described :--“ Ashy_.
F
66 VIVERRIDEE.
black hairs, grey at the base, black at the tip ; beneath pale, a white
spot under the eye; ears, throat, and feet black; nose, whiskers,
and back with three black streaks ; tail longer than the body, black
at the tip; claws yellow.” Most probably this species is also the
Platyschista Pallasii of Otto ; but his figure makes the stripes on
the back more distinct than they are usually seen, and the sides of
the body too spotted; but it is easy to make a specimen look like
the figure.
The figure of the teeth of P. typus, in De Blainville’s ‘ Ostéogra—
phie,’ better represents the teeth of our P. zeylanicus than of P.
typus. Perhaps it is not from the skeleton figured on plate 2, which
is said to be the animal described by F. Cuvier. _ The chief differ-
ence between the skulls of the two species is, that the internal lobe
of the flesh-tooth in P. zeylanicus is in a straight line with the front
edge of the tooth, whereas in P. typus it is rather in front of the
outer part of the front edge of the tooth.
The skeleton of the animal first described by F. Cuvier as Para-
doeaurus typus is engraved by De Blainville, Ostéogr. t. 2.
4. Paradoxurus Crossii. B.M.
Fur short and close, erect, pale iron-grey without any spots or
stripes, spot on side of nose, under orbit, forehead, and base of cars
whitish ; nose dark brown; feet and ends of the tail black.
Paradoxurus Crossii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 67, 1832; lllust. Ind.
Zool. ii. t. 7; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 533.
Paradoxurus musanga, var. , Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120.
Paguma Crossii, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. III. p. 54.
Hab. India (Brit. Mus.).
Described from an adult specimen that was confined in the Surrey
Zoological Gardens. It is very like P. Grayii ; but the fur is short,
thick, and very close, and the colouring of the face is rather different.
The nose is brown in the centre, with the brown colour extending
under the eyes; the spot under the eye is small and indistinct.
The skulls of the type specimens of P. Crossii and P. niyrifrons in
the British Museum are very much alike in general shape, in the
breadth of the palate compared with the length, and in the form of
the grinders, including the flesh-tooth. Considering the variations
which individuals of the same species present, if we had had only
the skulls, not knowing the characters of the fur and the colours of
the two species, we might have considered them to be varieties of
the same species. But knowing that they are the skulls of two
very distinct species, one can perceive that the nasal bones are much
longer, and the condyles of the skull larger and more oblique, in
P. Crossii than the same parts in the skull of P. nigrifrons. The
bulla of the cars is differently. shaped, ending below in small acutely
keeled prominences in P.‘ Crossii, while in P. nigrifrons the whole
outer hinder edge is strongly keeled. P. Crossii is rather narrower
at the‘ zygoma. These differences might. be peculiar to the indi-
vidual in each case; and I should n.ot have considered them of
11. PARADOXURUS. ' 67
specific importance, if I had not known the external characters and
appearance of the animals.
The measurements of the two skulls are as follows, in inches and
twelfths :-—-
P. C’rossz'z'. P. nigrzfrons.
Length of skull . . . . . . . . . . 3" 9"’ 3" 10%-"' '
ofnose............ 3 3
---- ofpnflate .......... 9 9
Width of last grinders . . . . 3% 4
—— of brain-case . . . . . . 3 3
ofzygonutl. . . . . . .. 4% 1%

NHHHH
MHHHH
M. Temminck refers Paradoaawus Orossii to P. musanga, and ob-
' Fig. 9.




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serves that “ it is established on the same specimens as served as the
model for the figure of Horsfield.” How he could have made such
7 F 2
68 VIVERRIDEE.
an extraordinary mistake I cannot conceive. P. Orossii was de-
scribed from _ a specimen living in the Surrey Zoological Gardens,
which did not arrive in this country until several years after Dr.
Horsfield’s work was published; and Dr. Horsfield’s figure was
drawn from a stuffed specimen collected by himself in Java, and for
years exhibited in the Museum at the India House; while the type
specimen of P. Orossii was, and is still, the collection of the British
Museum. I feel that little reliance can be placed on M. Temminck’s
statements as to his observations on type specimens. Probably in
this case he was misled by misunderstanding some observations of
Mr. Ogilby.
5. Paradoxurus nigrifrons. B.M.
Fur short, close, blackish grey varied with the black tips to the
longer hairs ; nose, crown, cheeks, and upper part of the throat and
feet reddish black; tail-end black ; a whitish spot on side of nose,
under, and above the eyes: a streak at the base of the ears, and the
sides of the throat behind the dark cheeks, whitish.
Paradoxurus nigrifrons, Gray, Oat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55; Illust. Ind.
Zool. t. ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 535.
Hab. India (Brit. Mus). Single specimen.
The specimen is very like P. Orossii in the nature and colour of
the fur; but it is rather darker in every part, and the crown and
checks are reddish black, being in P. Grossii grey or whitish.
In the blackness of the cheeks and throat and the paleness of the
forehead this species is allied to P. musanga; but the fur is shorter,
and I cannot find any indications of dorsal streaks or spots, and the
whiteness of the forehead is much more indistinct and diffused than
in any specimens of that species I have seen. The specimen has
been in confinement ; but its fur is in very good condition.
*-*“* The skull broad; the width 0 the head at the last tooth about two-
thirds of the length of the pa ate ; the flesh-tooth broad, massive, tri-
angular, with a large internal lobe occupying two-thirds of the inner
side. Macrodus.
6. Paradoxurus fasciatus.
Fur short, close, blackish grey; back with five longitudinal black
streaks, more or less broken, especially the side ones, into spots;
sides, shoulders, and thighs with small spots; face, occiput, chin.
throat, and end of tail black; forehead, spot on side of nose, and
under orbit white.
Viverra fasciata, Desm. Mamm. 209.
Genetta fasciata, Lesson, Manzm. p. 174.
Viverra Geoffroyii, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 171.
Paradoxurus musanga, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 16.
Paradoxurus musanga, var. avanica, Horsf. Java, t. ; Temm. Monogr.
p. 317, t. 53. f. 2-5, t. 54. f. 1, 2, 3 (skulls).
Viverra musanga, Rafiles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 255.
Musang, Marsden, Sumatra. p 110 t. 12.
11. rxnsnoxunus. 69 I
Paradoxurus typus, var. sumatranus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 159.
Paradoxurus setosus, Homb. & Jacq. Voy. de l’Astr. Zool. iii. p. 25, t.
Paradoxurus fasciatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 536.
Var. 1. Forehead more white.
P Paradoxurus Pallasii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 67; Illust. Ind
Zool. t.
P Paradoxurus albifrons, Bennett, in Zool. Gardens I/ist (not of Cuvier). I
Var. 2. Tip of tail white.
Hab. Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo (Horsficld).
The size of the spots on the face and the extent and pureness of
the white on the forehead vary; but the animal always has a dis-
tinct brown or black mark on the back of the cheeks, most distinctly
defined on the lower part of the face. The species has been divided
into several on account of these differences. A specimen from
Borneo in the Museum is so black that the spots are scarcely to be
distinguished; but there are specimens in the collection that are
intermediate between it and those which have the common colour
of the species.
The skull is like that of P. nigrifrons ; the teeth are much more
thick and massive, the flesh-tooth broader and with a much larger
internal lobe; the first tubercular is more square, nearly as wide on
the inner as on the outer side: the hinder tubercular is small, sub-
circular; the palate has an angular notch behind; the zygomatic
arch is also a little wider.
Length of the skull 4", of the nose 1" 4"’, of palate 1" ]-0%”' ;
width at tubercular grinder 1" 6"’, at zygoma 2" 3"’, of brain-case
]‘I! 5!”.
Pa'rado.vurus quinquelineatus and Paradoxurus musangoides, Gray,
Loudon’s Mag. N. H. i. p. 579, 1837, are perhaps only varieties of
the young animal of this species.
Viverra fasciata, Desm. Mamm. p. 209 (not of Gmelin), described
as pale yellow, with longitudinal series of brown spots, end of the
nose and frontal cross band white, is also probably the same. It
cannot be Viverricula madagascariensis, as the forehead is not par-
ticularly white. This is perhaps the Platyschista ‘? which Otto
notices in ‘ Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol.’ xvii. p. 1102.——Hab. Java?
(Mus. Paris.).

7. Paradoxurus dubius. B.M., type.
Pale yellowish ashy brown, with three indistinct, rather inter-
‘ rupted, darker bands and some indistinct darker spots on the sides ;
head, ears, and feet chestnut; forehead with an indistinct whitish
band ; spot on side of nose and under eyes white.
Paradoxurus dubius, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 66; 1864, p. 537.
Hab. Java (Brit. Mus.). I
The skull is in the skin; so I have not been able to examine it.
This species may be only a very pale variety of P. fasciatus.
70 vrvnnnmaa
8. Paradoxurus philippensis. B.M., type.
Fur blackish, with a silvery gloss; spot under eyes distinct;
cheeks dark brown; head, feet, and the greater part of the tail
blacker; the back with three indistinct narrow black streaks, which
converge near the rump, and with a series of very indistinct small
ones on the upper part of the sides; sides of forehead, chest, and
beneath whiter; whiskers white and black: ears hairy.
Var. 1. Dorsal stripes none. B.M. I
Var. 2. Albino, yellowish white. B.M.
Martes philippensis, Camellus, Phil. Trans. xxiv. p. 2204.
Paradoxurus ze lanicus (partly), Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55.
Paradoxurus p ilippensis, Temm. Monogr. ii., Esq. Z. p. 1 0 (not
Jourdan) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 537.
Paradoxurus aureus, Waterhouse, Cat. Zool. Soc.
Hab. Manilla, Philippines: Casmiguind (Cuming).
The colours vary much in intensity, and in the lighter and darker
specimens the spots and streaks are scarcely visible; the white on
the side of the forehead in front of the base of the ears also varies
in distinctness and extent; the spot under the eyes is generally
distinct. This species is like P. nigrifrons and P. musanga in many
respects; but it differs from them both in the crown of the head
being paler like the back, and from P. nigrifrons in having three
dorsal stripes; but in one specimen, from the Philippines, these
stripes are quite invisible; yet in every other respect this is like the
other specimens, and it differs from the specimen of P. nigrijrons in
the colour of the crown.
Third upper false grinder with a well-marked linear tubercle on
the hinder inner edge; the flesh-tooth tubercular, the outer edge not
longer than the width of the front margin; front tubercular tooth
oblong, the inner and outer edge of about the same width, smaller
than in P. zeylanicus. I
9. Paradoxurus macrodus. ' B.M., type-~.
The skull with a rather elongated nose; the third upper false

12. menus. ' 71
grinder has a well-marked cingillum and a rudimentary lobe on the
Inner side. The flesh-tooth is very massive, with four large and two






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Figs. 10 & 11.—Skull of Parado.rurus macrodus.
small cones; the inner lobe occupies more than half the inner part
of the tooth, with two unequal cones, the front one being nearly as
large as the middle one on the outer side. The front tubercular
very large, oblong, with nearly equal sides and large tubercles; the
hinder upper tubercular much smaller, circular. Length of skull
4" 4"’, of nose 1" 6"’; width of brain-case 1" 5'”, of zygoma 2" 3"’.
Paradoxurus macrodus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 538.
Hab. ?

12. PAGUMA.
Nose fiat beneath, with a central longitudinal groove. Pupil
linear, erect. The skull broad, short. Brain-case broad between
the orbits, only moderately constricted in front ; forehead triangular
behind, extending beyond the back edge of the orbits. The orbit
very incomplete, with a very short acute prominence above behind,
and none on the zygomatic arch below ; hinder part of palate broad,
with a very slight notch on each side of its front edge ; the front of
the palate broad, about as wide as three-fourths of its length. Teeth
small or moderate ; flesh-tooth triangular, the front edge about as
broad as long on the outer edge ; the front tubercular oblong, inner
edge shorter, rounded.
Paguma, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 9, 1831 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. i. p. 95, 1831 ;
ii. p.65, 12332; 1864, p. 539.
?Amblyodon, Jourdan, Compt. Bend. 1837.
The skull of this genus is easily known by the distinct forehead,
the edge of the temporal muscles even in the oldest specimen leaving
a plane triangular space over the back of the eyes.
This genus was first established on an animal that had not com-
pletely shed its teeth; but the examination of the adult skull has
justified the separation.
72 VIVERRIDE.
The following are the most prominent peculiarities of the skulls
of the three species :--
1. P. Zarvata is the smallest, has the broadest nose (as shown by
the shape of the roof of the mouth or palate) and the smallest teeth.
2. P. Grayi is next in size, has a longer and narrower nose, larger
teeth, and a larger and more convex forehead.
3. P. Zeucomystax is the largest, with a short, very broad nose, and
wide palate, and very large massive teeth.
The hinder opening of the palate in P. Zar/uata and P. Zeucomystaa:
is angularly out out behind; in P. Grayi, arched out. ‘The brain-
case is widest and least contracted in front in P. larvata and P.
leucomystaw, and most so in P. Gra-3/i. This contraction becomes
more decided as the specimens increase in age.
”" Shall short; brain-cczse scarcely eonstr-z'cted infront ; the nose very
broad. Paguma.
1. Paguma larvata. B.M., type.
Fur grey-brown; head, neck, whiskers, feet, and end of the tail
black ; chest, streak up the face and forehead, and spots above and
beneath the eyes whitish grey.
Paguma larvata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 95; 1831, p. 65 ; 1864, p. 539.
Gulo larvatus, Temm. ; H. Smith, Gm'fitth’s A. K. ii. p. 281, t.
Viverra larvata, Gray, Spic. Zool. p. 9.
Paradoxurus larvatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 67 ; Illust. Ind. Zool. t. ;
Temm. Monogr. ii. t. 65. f. 1-3, t. 55. f. 1-3 (skull).
Hab. China (J. Reeves, 1827); Formosa (Swinhoe).
Flesh-tooth oblong, trigonal, rounded at the corners, about as
wide as the length of the outer edge; the inner lobe occupying
nearly the whole of the inner side, rounded internally. The soles
are bald nearly to the heel. The hair is dull grey-brown, with a
black ring and whitish tips; the hairs of the blacker part are black
nearly to the base; the white on the chest is spread out laterally on
the front of the shoulder.
M. Temminck, after giving the proper synonyms of this species,
continues, “ M. Ogilby indique encore Paradoarwrus lam/iger, Hodgson,
et P. Grayi, Bennet” (Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1836, p. 118); and adds,
“ Patrie: M. Ogilby, qui a vu a Londres une douzaine d’individus
de cette espéce, me dit qu’elle vient du continent de l’Inde. Elle
vit dans toute la chaine basse des monts Himalaya. Le plus grand
nombre vient du Népaul. Il est probable que le sujet du musée
dans les Pays-Bas vient aussi de cette contrée, ayant été acquis a
Londres.”-—]l[on. Mamm. ii. p. 331. -
The whole of these observations of Mr. Ogilby refer to a species
quite distinct (indeed having no relation to P. larvata), which does
inhabit N epaul, while P. Zarvata has not hitherto been received from
anywhere but China, and appears to be the species of that country.
It is the less excusable that M. Temminck should have made such
a comparison, when the true habitat is given in the description of
12. manna. ' ' 73
the animal in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ which he
quotes, and I have never yet seen the P. larvata alive in this country.
2. Paguma leucomystax. B.M., type.
Black-brown, with elongated black shining hairs; orbits dark
brown; face pale, without any orbital spots, a large spot at the
lower angle of the ear; tip of the tail black (rarely white); whiskers
rigid, white; ears large and rounded, not bearded.
Paguma leucomystax, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M, p. 55; P. Z. S. 1864,
540“
p. .
Paradoxurus leucomystax, Gray, Loud. Mag. N. H. 1837; Temm.
Monogr. ii. p. 325, t. 64. f. 4-6 (skull).
Var. 1. Tip of tail white ; white on face more extended.
Paradoxurus Ogilbii, Fraser, Zool. Typica, t. ;CTemm. Esq. Zool. p. 120.
Paradoxurus leucocephalus, Gray, Voy. Sam-arang. (B.M.)
Paradoxurus philippensis (partly), Schinz, Syn. p. 387.
Var. 2. Albino.
Hab. Sumatra and Borneo (Mus. Leyden).
The lower and longest whiskers are white, and the upper ones
(which are placed just above them) are black and more slender.
The half-grown specimen, which I described as Paradoa-urus leuco-
cephalus, appears, on recomparison with the series of specimens, to be
only a specimen with more white on the head than usual. The fur
is in a bad state, the animal having been kept in confinement. The
tip of the tail is white, as in the P. Ogilbii of Fraser, which agrees
with it in the whiteness of the head.
’*““ Skull rather longer ; brain-case slightly constricted in {rent ; nose
rather elongate, narrower ; teeth small. Amblyo on.
3. Paguma Grayi. ' B.M.
Fur long and rigid, rather woolly, iron-grey, beneath paler; base
of cars and sides of nose browner; tail elongate, fiat at the base.
Paguma Grayi, Gray, Oat. lllamm. B. M. p. 54 ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 541 ;
Cat. Hodgson Coll. p. 9.
Paradoxurus Grayi, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 18
Paradoxurus larvatus, var. , Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120 (!
Paradoxurus bondar, Temm. Monog. ii. p. 332, t. 55. . 1-4 (skull, not
s l).
? P3).rI:tdO(Xl11‘1lS leucopus, Ogilby, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 303 (? var.).
Paradoxurus nipalensis, Hodgson, Asiatic Research. Bengal, xix. p. 76,
1836 l).
Amblyoilon doré, Jourdan, Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 276, 1837 (l).
Paradoxurus auratus, De Blainville, Ostéogr. (Viverra), t. 12 (teeth).
Paradoxurus J omdanii, Gray, Loud. lllag. N. H. i. p. 579, 1837 (from
Mus. Lyons).
Hab. India: Nepal.
The spot on the side of the face, under the eye, is sometimes very
indistinct. The blackish ends of the hairs of the back, when crowded
7 4 vrvnunrnzs.
together at the crease of the neck, and when brushed towards the
middle of the back, give the appearance of a dark band or streak;
but there is no real band or streak in this species.
Skull swollen. False grinders moderate, rather compressed, coni-
cal, blunt, without any internal process; the flesh-tooth triangular,
rather longer on the outer edge than the width of the front edge ;
the internal tubercles triangular, rather behind the front edge, inner
side rather angular; tubercular grinders oblong, transverse, about
as wide as the length of the outer edge, inner side narrower and
rounded; hinder tubercular very small, circular. Length of skull
4" 6%"’, of nose 1" 5%"’ ; width of brain-case 1" 6"’, of zygoma
2" 6"’. This skull is much more ventricose, and the head is much
shorter and broader, than in P. bondar.
Paradoaaur-us leucopus, Ogilby, Zool. J ourn. iv. p. 303, t. 35, 1829,
Temm. Esq. Zool. 120, “ band round the loins, the feet, and the tip
of the tail pure white,” is probably, from the description, an accidental
variety of the P. Grayi. The specimen does not appear to have been
preserved.
I believe the specimen which I described in 1837, under the name
of P. Jourdanii, ‘ Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ i. p. 579, from a specimen which
M. Jourdan purchased in London for the Lyons Museum, is the same
as the one here decribed.
The only character that M. Jourdan gives for Amblyodon is the
following :—“ Cette s laquelle il a donné le nom d’Amblyodon doré
est celle qui offre la disposition dentaire la plus omnivore, celle qui,
par conséquent, rappelle 10‘ mieux ce qui a lieu dans les Rasores,
ohez lesquels les deux bords dentaires sont presque égaux en hau-
teur et en épaisseur, également tuberculeux, et ont les deux arriere-
molaires approchant le plus d’étre égales et semblables dans leurs
cdtés interne et externe. L’Amblyodon a un pelage fort grossier,
rude, assez long et presque unicolore, seulement plus foncé en dessus,
autour des yeux, avec les extrémités noires en dessus, comme la
Mustela.”—Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 276, 1837.
This character suits more than one Indian species; but fortu-
nately M. de Blainville, in his valuable ‘ Ostéographie,’ has figured
a skull under the name of Pa-radoseurus auratus, which is probably
the one named by M. Jourdan, and certainly is the same as the
Paradoxurus Grayi of Mr. Bennett. It may be observed that M.
Jourdan was in England shortly after I had described the species in
the ‘ Magazine of Natural History’ : he saw my specimens, and even
referred to my paper in his ‘ Mémoire’ (p. 275); but he redescribed
my Paradoxurus derbianus as Hemigale zebré, and P. Jourdanii as
Amblyodon doré, without reference to their synonyms, though the
latter is from the same specimen, I believe, as I described with his
permission.
See Paradoxurus laniyer, Hodgson, MS. (Payuma la-niger, Gray,
Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 55; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 542).
P. larvatus, var., Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120(!); Monogr.
Hab. Nepal (flodgson).
13. ARCTOGALE. 75
This species is only known from a skin without any skull, and in
a very bad state.
13. ARCTOGALE.
Head conical. Nose compressed, flat, and with a central groove
beneath. Whiskers slender, very long, brown. Ears rounded,
covered with short hair. Toes 5/5; claws short, retractile. Soles
of hind feet broad, bald nearly to the heel. Tail elongate, slender,
subcylindrical. The frenum covered with hair. Teeth 40.
Arcto5gJa2le, Peters, Handb. filr Zool. p. 98 (ined.) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. .
Skull elongate. Nose produced. Brain-case rather wide, but con-
stricted and subcylindrical in front. Forehead broad, angular be-
hind, and extending beyond the back edge of the orbits. The orbits
nearly complete behind, there being an elongated slender process
from the side of the forehead, and a well-marked angle on the upper
edge of the zygomatic arch. Hinder part of the palate very narrow,
with a deep notch on each side in front, on a level with the hinder
tubercular; front of palate as wide as two-thirds its length. Teeth
small; the flesh-tooth triangular, with a long, narrow internal lobe;
tubercular grinders oblong, the first nearly as long as broad.
“ I have formed this into a genus, on account of the smallness
of the teeth and the protraction of the palate.”—Peters’s Letter, Nov.
1121864. I had already distinguished the genus, but gladly adopt
Dr. Peters’s unpublished name to prevent the useless increase of
generic names.
Arctogale trivirgata. B.M.
Blackish brown, slightly silvered with the pale tips to the hairs;
back with three narrow black streaks; throat, chest, and undersides
dirty white; the head and tail black; feet blackish brown.
Paguma trivirgata, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p.-55; Temm. lllonogr.
ii. p. 335, t. 53. f. 1 (skeleton).
Viverra trivirgata, Reinhardt, in Mus. Leyden.
Paradoxurus trivirgatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 67; Temm Esq. Zool.
. 120. '
Pafadoxurus lzevidens, fide Par::udaki’s MS.
Arctogale trivirgata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 543.
Hab. Java and Sumatra (Temm.); Malacca (Finlayson); Tenas-
serim (Blyth).
The black streak varies in distinctness and length in the different
specimens, being sometimes very black and extending from the back
of the head to the base of the tail, in others only distinctly visible
in the middle of the back. The head and end of the tail are always
blacker, and the throat whitish. There is no white spot under or
above the eye; so that it cannot be Viverra hermaphroclita of
Pallas, which is described as having three dorsal streaks; and I
cannot observe any baldness of the frenum in the stuffed specimens.
The tail in some lights looks as if it were very obscurely marked
76 vrvnnurnxs.
with narrow blackish rings ; but they are not distinctly defined in
any light.
The Museum procured a young specimen from M. Parzudaki, of
Paris, under the name of “ P. la;/oz‘-dens, inter P. laruatu-m et P. Grayi
intermedius, Ceylon.” The habitat and the afiinities are mistakes.
Species of this group requiring further ea-umination.
Panmoxunus srreuarrcus, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 120. Fur short and
smooth; that of the nape, upper part of the body, the sides, the
four members, and the tail is red-brown, with a silvery lustre;
the silky hairs of all parts are tipped with yellowish white. Head
black—brown, with a fulvous lustre; a pure-white longitudinal
band extends from the forehead to the origin of the mufile, cover-
ing the ridge of the nose; the ears naked externally, with the
base of the inner side hairy. The tail and the end of the tail
chocolate. Length of head and body 17 inches, tail 19 inches.-—
Hab. Borneo (Schwaner, Temm., Mus. Leyden).—A single, very
old, male specimen. Size and form of P. trioirgatus.
Panxnoxunus msuoorrs, Blyth, in Horsf. Cat. India House Mus. p. 66.
Fur rather long, soft, silky ; of upper part of the body, neck, head,
and two-thirds of the tail tawny, becoming reddish brown on the
back and sides; thighs and legs, throat and abdomen, lighter;
tail very long, and deep chestnut-brown; whiskers long, blackish
brown ; nose with a central white line ; ears scarcely covered with
scattered yellowish hairs.—Hab. Tenasserim, Arracan (M us. India).
Panxnoxunus srnrcrus, Hodgson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, xvi.
p. 105. General colour grey, with a slight rusty shade ; two pro-
minent white spots on each side of the head, one beneath the eye
oblong, tending forward, one behind the eye larger, triangular,
tending backward; five continuous stripes, regularly defined and
straight, of a deep black colour, commencing on the neck, extend
over the whole length of the body, having on each side beneath an
interrupted band of black spots. Abdomen grey. Tail exceeding
the body in length; mixed grey and black at the base ; the ter-
minal portion black, the colour increasing in deepness towards the
extremity. Legs black. Throat grey, with a medial black stripe.
Ears developed. Length from the snout to the root of the tail
23 inches, of the tail 25 inches.——Hab. India.
Pxnxnoxunus QUADBISCBIPTUS, Hodgson,Ann . it Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855,
xvi. p. 106 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 191. General colour grey, with
a slight rufous shade extending over the whole of the body, over
one-half of the tail, over the forehead and the lower part of the
ear. On the back and parts adjoining, four well-defined continuous
black stripes pass from the neck to the rump, having a shorter
interrupted band on each side. The bridge of the nose in the
middle, a well-defined narrow streak from the canthus of the eye,
the neck, the feet, and the terminal part of the tail are black ; on
the upper part of the neck the hairy covering is slightly variegated
vrvnnmnzs. 77
black and grey, the separate hairs being grey at the base and black
at the tip. The fur is soft, lengthened, and straggling. The entire
length of this species is 50 inches, 26 of which are occupied by
the head and body, and 24 by the tail. I could not discover any
external differences between the specimens which Mr. Hodgson
sent, under the name of P. qaadriscriptas, from Nepal, and P.
musanga (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 191). The skull has not
been compared. .
Panrmoxunus rannnnsmrs, Gray, P. Z . S. 1832, ii. p. 66 ; Illust. Ind.
Zool.; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 543.
Ichneumon prehensilis, Ilamilton, ZIIS. India House.
Viverra prehensilis, De Blaine. in Desm. Mamwn. p. 208.
Hab. India.——The species, which has only been described from
Dr. Buchanan Hamilton’s drawing, copied in my ‘ Indian Zoology,’
has not yet occurred to me. M. Temminck, who never could have
seen it, states it to be “ a constant variety” of Paradoamras masanga
(Esq. Zool. p. 120) ; but, as far as I know, P. musanga is confined
to the Malay Islands *.
PARADOXURUS Fnvnarsonrr, Gray, P. Z . S. 1832, p. 68, from Mr. Fin-
layson’s drawing in Library of E. India Company; Horsfield, Cat.
India House Mus. p. 65.—-Hab. Malacca (Finlag/son’s drawing).—~
Probably the same as P. muscmga.
Pananoxunus cRAssIcE1>s,‘Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. p. 392 ;
Arch. fiir N aturg. 1856, p. 43.
Paaanoxunus ANNULATUS, Wagner, in Schreber’s Séiugeth. Suppl. ii.
p. 253; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 386. “P. supra niger fulvo
mixtus, subtus ferrugineus, lutescens; cauda nigro annulata, auri-
culis dense pilosis.”-—Hab. ‘? Munich).

* M. De Blainville aid a visit to Dr. Leach in 1816. I accompanied
him to the College oi) Surgeons and the India House, where he was
shown the drawin s of Buchanan Hamilton. He took notes of these
drawings, and on his return he published a aper in the Bull. Soc. Philom.
for 1816, which he was then editing, descri ing :—
1. Viverra prehensilis, from Ichneumon prehensilis, Ham. MS.
2. Cervas niger, Ham. MS. (By a mistake, he says the drawing of the
animal is in the British Museum.)
3. Capra wgagnus cogras, from C. wgagnas cogria, Ham. MS. 11. 202.
4. Capra, wgagnus z'mberbz's, from C’. imberbis barbara, Ham. MS. , and
C. eegagnas chaigra, Ham. MS.
5. Antilope gaadrz'corm's, Ham. MS., of which he mistook the habitat,
“ Hoormadabad,” for the Indian name of the animal.
78 CYNOGALIDZE.
Fam. 5. CYNOGALIDZE.
Head elongate, face produced. Nose rather produced; underside
convex, hairy, without any central longitudinal groove. Fur very
dense, close, erect, soft, and elastic. Tail cylindrical, short. Toes
short, covered with dense hairs, slightly webbed at the base; the
claws short, compressed, retractile ; the soles of the hind feet broad,
bald for about one-third of their length, the heels hairy. Frenum
covered with hair. Skull-—orbits only slightly defined above.
Viverridae, tribe Cynogalina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 521.
CYNOGALE.
Head elongate. Nose broad, swollen; underside hairy, without
any central groove. Ears small, rounded, covered with short hairs.
Whiskers rigid, elongate ; a tuft of longer, more rigid hairs under
the ears and over the eyes. Tail much shorter than the body, cy-
lindrical, covered with short hair like that on the body. Frenum
covered with hair. Skull elongate; face much produced, com-
pressed; orbits not defined at all behind, confluent with the zygo-
matic cavity; zygomatic arches strong; forehead between the orbits
very narrow. Teeth 40; canines compressed; false grinders com-
pressed, 3 on each side in each jaw, third without any inner lobe ;
flesh-tooth triangular, largely tubercular, nearly as wide as the
length of the outer edge; inner lobe very large, rounded on the
middle of the inner side; tubercular grinders two on each side in
each jaw, large, rounded on the inner edge, rather wider than the
length of the outer edge, the hinder one smaller, but similar to the
front one in shape.
Oynogale, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1836, i. p. 579 ; P. Z. S. 1836, p. 86;
1864, p. 522 (not Du Chaillu).
Lamictis, De Blainville, Comptes Rendus, 1837, p. 56.
Potamophilus, S. llliiller, Zoog. Ind. Arch. p.‘ 103 (1839).
Gynogale velo.v, Du Chaillu, is an insectivorous mammal.
Cynogale Bennettii. ' 1 B.M.
Cynogale Bennettii, Gray, Mag. N H. i. p. 579 (1836); Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1836, p. 86; Eydouv 3‘ Soul. Voy. Bonite, t. '
Viverra lamictis earcharias, Jourdan, Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 281, t. 8 a
(1837) ; Blainville Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii.; Ostéograph. t. 12 (teeth).
Potamo hilus barbatus, S. Mitller, Zoog. Ind. Archipel, t. 17.
Cynoga e barbata, Schinz, Syn. Mam. i. p. 388.
Hab. Borneo (Honeywood).
\
Skull—length 43} inches ; nose 1 inch 10 lines ; width of the brain-
case 1 inch 4-21 lines; of zygomatic arch 2% lines.
MUSTELIDJE. 79
Fam. 6. MUSTELIDZE.
Head elongate. Nose simple, undersurface fluted, with. a central
longitudinal groove. Tubercular grinders one on each side of upper
and under jaws. Feet rounded; the toes short, curved, more or less
united by a web at the base, the last joint bent up; the claws short,
compressed, acute, retractile.
Mustelidae, §Acanthopoda, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 100.
In my paper describing some little-known Mammalia, in the first
volume of Charlesworth’s ‘ Magazine of Natural History,’ p. 579,
published in 1837, I used the forms and number of the pads on the
feet of Mephitis to divide it into thr’ee genera, and also showed the
importance of observing the size of the bald parts of the soles of
the feet in distinguishing the species of Otters; and in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1864 I have used the excellent
character which the form of the bald part of the sole affords for the
separation of the genera of Viverridce.
The only naturalist who seems to have followed up the subject is
Mr. Hodgson, who, in his paper “ On the Tibetan Badger” in the
‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal ’ for 1847, has given, in
t. 31, figures of the under part of the feet, showing the form and
disposition of the pads, of eight species of Indian Viverridce, Muste-
lidoc, and Ursidce.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Tribe 1. Mustelina. Head oblong. Toes slightly webbed. Tail
, cylindrical. Terrestrial.
A. Digitigrade. Soles of the hind feet hairy, with four bald pads in
front. Body elongate ; anal glands developed. Tail slender ; tuber-
cular grinder short, transverse.
"“ Teeth 38.
1. MARTES. False grinders %. Head elongate. Feet very hairy;
space between the pads hairy, the hairs often covering them
from sight. _
** Teeth 34.
2. Puronrus. False grinders Head short, ovate. Feet and
space between the pads very hairy. Body stout; underside
blackish.
. 3. MUSTELA. False grinders Head elongate, narrow. Feet-
space between the pads very hairy. Body slender; underside
yellow or white.
4. Vrson. False grinders Head elongate, narrow. Feet
slightly hairy; pads exposed. Body rather slender; under-
side same colour as upper. I
80 MUSTELIDE.
5. Gnrnorus. False grinders Head elongate, narrow. Feet
rather naked,‘ bald beneath, between, and rather behind
the pads; toes largely webbed. Soles hairy behind. Body
slender.
B. Subplantigrade. Soles and between the pads hairy. Body stout.
Tail short, bushy. Anal glands none. False grinders 2-.
6. Guro. Tubercular grinder oblong, transverse; flesh-tooth elon-
gate, with a small subanterior inner lobe.
C. Plantigrade. Soles of hind feet bald, callous. Body elongate. Anal
glands distinct. False grinders %; tubercular grinder oblong,
transverse.
7. GALERA. Tail elongate. Soles of hind feet with a central
longitudinal depression behind, and obscurely divided into
four large pad.s in front. Heels hairy.
_ 8. Gnrsonrs. Tail short. Body slender.
Tribe 2. Lutrina. Head depressed. Feet normal, rounded ; toes
webbed. Tail thick, tapering, depressed. Tubercular grinder
oblong, transverse.
A. Tail conical, tapering, entirely covered with hair.
1' The palms and soles of the feet bald between the pads.
* The muzzle hairy ; only the thin margin of i the nostrils bald.
9. Bnnnnern. Claws rudimentary, blunt. Toes rather elongate.
** The muzzle hairy between the nostrils ; upper and front edge
of the nostrils bald.
10. Lonrrm. Toes rather elongate, well webbed; claws sharp.
"“** The muzzle bald, band-like between the front and upper edge
of the nostrils.
1 Foot oblong ; toes thich, webbed to the claws, sharply clawed ;
pads of toes and palm large, close together.
11. Lurnn. Orbit of skull defined by a conical process behind.
Head and skull elongate.
12. Nursrn. Orbit of skull defined by a conical process behind.
Head and skull short, broad.
13. Lurnorsncrns. Orbit of skull scarcely defined behind. Claws
acute, strong. Head and skull elongate.
II Foot oblong ; toes rather slender, free at the end, bluntly or imper-
' fectly clawed; pad of palm large, of toes slender, separated.
14. Aom. Orbit defined behind. Skull broad, depressed.
1. MARTES. 81
H‘ I he palms and soles o the feet slightly hairy between the pads; the
two inner hinder toes with a band of hair on the inner side of
the under surface. Muzzle bald, transverse.
15. Hxnnoexnn. Claws acute. Skull elongate; orbits not defined
behind, without any superior orbital prominence. Hind feet
elongate. Toes slender, broadly webbed.
i"H' Palms and soles of feet hairy between the pads. Ilduzzle bald be-
tween the nostrils, and produced into an angle on the upper edge.
16. Luxx.
B. Tail conical, elongate, rather depressed, covered with hair, and with
a raised rounded rzdge on each szde.
17. Prnnonunx.
Tribe 3. Enhydrina. Head depressed. Feet large, elongate, rather
fin-like, hairy above and below. Tail short, cylindrical.
Grinders massive, flat-crowned.
18. Ennvnnrs.
Tribe I. MUSTELINA.
Head oblong. Toes slightly webbed. Tail cylindrical. Habits
terrestrial or arboreal.
Mustelina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 103.
Martinee, Burmeister, Baird, N. A. M. p. 148.
A. Digitigrade. Soles of the hind feet hair: ,with four bald pads in front.
Body elongate. Anal glands developed. Tail slender. Tubercular
grinder short, transverse.
1. MARTES.
Teeth 38; false grinders 5%. Head elongate; feet very hairy;
space between the pads covered ; the hair of the feet is elongate, and
more or less completely covers the bald pads at the base of the toes,
and hides the toes and claws, especially during the cold weather.
Martes, Cuvier; Gray, L. M. B. M. xx. p. 63; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 104;
.Nilsson, Shand. Fauna, p. 166. I
, a. Skull elongate, narrow, with the nose rather produced.
* Tail moderate, not so long as the body and head, bushy. Martes.
"1" The hinder upper tubercular grinder large, massive, nearly twice as long on
the inner as on the outer side.
1. Martes abietum. (Pine-Marten.) B.M.
Brown ; throat yellow or yellow-spotted.
Mustela martes, Linn. S. N. p. 167 ; Keyserl. & Blas. W. E. i. p. 67;
Pallas, Zoogr. i. p. 85; Bonap. Faun. Ital. t.; Brandt, Zobel, t. 3;
Middendorfl, N. u. 0. Sib. Situgeth. p. 69, t. 2. f. 1, 6.
e
82 MUSTEI.ID_E.
Martes abietum, Ray; Gray, 'Lz'st J[. B. 111. p. 63; P. Z. S. 186-"5,
p. 104;
Var. 1. mtZgar2's. Dark brown ; throat yellow.
Martes vulgaris, Gray.
I Pine-Marten, Penn. B. Z. i. p. 97.
Var. 2. martes, Brandt, Zobel.
Martes sylvestris, Gesner,Quad. p. 867 , f. 866; lVz'lsson, Shand. Fauna,
. 1/1.
Martes sylvatica, Nilss. Faun. i. p. 41.
Length 18 inches, tail 10.
Hab. Europe: England and France, B.M. ; Russia, B.M.
Var. 3. altaiea. Paler; nose and feet brown, tail dark, throat and
chest yellow. Intermediate between Jll. alnietmn and 111. zibellina ;
but the feet are not so hairy. Skull and teeth like illartes aZn'etmn
vu-Zgaris. B.M.
Martes altaica, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat.
Hab. Altai Mountains.
2. Martes japonica. B.M.
Brown; shoulder and outside of thigh blacker ; feet black; head,
‘chin, and upper part of throat dark red-brown; throat and sides
of the neck yellow, crown paler ; the last upper tubercular grinder
longer on the inner side.
Martes japonica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 104.
Hub. Japan. From Mus. Leyden‘?
The specimen is not in a good state ; the fur is evidently in
change, the tail being slender, with a long terminal pencil. It is
most distinct from the specimen of ill. meta-nopas. In the Museum
collection the upper tubercular grinder is smaller than in the ill.
abietam, and is much larger than in M. americana.
There is an indistinct patch of paler hairs in the front of the ear,
on the left side, not seen on the other; the pale brown on the chest
is marked with some small dark spots on the lower part. The skull,
and especially the brain-case, is broader, compared with its length,
than that of Martes abietnm and M. z'ibeZZ'£na, and is intermediate in
form between them and M. foina.
3. Martes brachyura. (Gezolen.)
Fur short, fine, close, pale brown ; tail short; ears small, rounded,
whitish; feet very hairy. .
Length, body 16—17 inches, tail 3% inches.
hlustela brachyura, Temm. Fa-ana Japan. p. 33; Schrench, Anzufland,
Martes bracllyura, Gray/, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 105.
Hab. Japan, near Zezo, and the Kurile Islands (Siebolcl).
Described from flat skins in Mus. Leyden.
1. MARTES. 83
4. Martes melanopus. (Japanese Sable.) B.M.
Fur soft, yellow—brown ; underside scarcely paler ; orbit, and streak
from orbit to nose, and feet blackish; crown of head paler ; sides of
nose, cheeks, and throat white.
Martes (Melampus) melanopus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. p. 63; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 105; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 91.
Mustela melanopus, Temm. Fauna Japon. p. 31, t. 7. f. 3, 4 (animal
and skull).
Hab. Japan.
5. Martes zibellina, Linn. (Sable.) B.M.
Fur very soft, black, grey, or yellow-brown ; throat like back, or
paler yellowish or whitish; feet very hairy. Skull and the hinder
upper grinders, according to M. de Blainville’s figure, are like those
of M. abietum vulgaris.
Mliistela zibellina, var. alba and fulvo—flavescens, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2.
. 5 6.
Mustela zibellina, Linn. ; Pall. Spic. Zool. ; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (skull),
t. 13. f. (teeth); Schrenek, Amurland, p. 27; Middendorfi N u. 0.
Sib. Siiugcth. p. 68, t. 2. f. 1, 2, 3, 5 (pelvis and tail).
Mustela zibellina, var. rossica, Brandt.
Martes zibellina, Brisson.
Viverra zibellina, Shaw.
Zibeline, Bufon, H. N.
Sable, Penn. ; Bennett, Garden and Menag.
Martes zibellina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 105.
a. Fur blackish, with a few white scattered hairs ; under-fur lead-
colour ; head and chin greyish, grizzled with pale grizzly hairs. B.M.
Mustela zibellina asiatica, Brandt, Zobel, t. 1.
b. Fur blackish, with many white hairs; under-fur whitish; orbit,
cheeks, throat, and chest whitish. B.M.
Mustela zibellina asiatica rupestris, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. f.
c. Yellow-brown; under-fur yellowish white; head, upper parts
of body, neck, throat, and chest whitish ; legs, feet, and tail darker.
B.M.
Mustela zibellina asiatica, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. f. 4.
d. Yellowish brown ; under-fur of same colour ; ears and checks
whitish ; tail dusky, darker ; feet blackish. B.M.
Mustela zibellina sylvestris, Brandt, Zobel, t. 2. f. 4.
e. Fur whitish or white.
Hab. North Europe, Asia.
Middendorff (Salugeth. N. u. 0 Sib. t. 2) figures the pelvis and tail
of M. zibellina and M. martes of Siberia; he represents the former
as much shorter, and composed of thirteen, and the latter much longer
and larger, and consisting of seventeen vertebrae.
e 2
84 ‘ MUsrr.r.rn.n.
‘H’ The upper hinder tubercular grinder quadrate, rather longer on the
inner than on the outer side.
6. Martes america.na.- (American Sable.) B.M.
Brown or yellow ; throat yellow; cars and head grey or white;
upper tubercular grinder small.
Mustela americana, Turton, Syst. Anim. i. p. 60, 1803; Baird, Mamm.
N. Amer. t. 36. f. 2, t. 27. f. 7.
Mustela martes, var., J. Sabine, Franhlin’s Voyage ; Richardson, F.
B.-Amer.
‘P Mustela vulpina, Rafinesque, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. i. (tip of
tail white).
Mustela zibellina, var. americana, Brandt, Zobel.
Mustela leucopus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 91.
Martes americana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 106.
Var. 1. abietinoides. Black-brown; ears pale; head grizzled with
white hairs, more or less grey; throat yellow or yellow-spotted;
throat-spot large or broken up into small spots; the head sometimes
with only a few grey hairs, and the throat with only a few distinct
small spots. B.M
?Martes vulpina, Rafi/nesgue.
Hab. Rocky Mountains (Drummond Q Lord).
Var. 2. hu-ro. Yellow-brown; head and ears whitish; throat pale
yellow; legs, feet, and tail blackish. B.M.
Mustela huro, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxix. p. 356; Richardson,
Zool. Beechey’s Voyage.
Marten of Hudsorz’s Fur-list.
Sable of American traders.
Hab. Fort Franklin.
Var. 3. leucopus. The head, neck, and chest more white; legs
yellow; feet white at the tip. B.M.
Mustela leucopus, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 70.
Mustela leucotis, Grifiithfs An. K. ii. p. 270, t. (misprint P).
M. Brandt observes, “ I can find no difference between the Asiatic
and American Sables in the characters of the head, ears, tail, or
feet; and as, even in respect to colour, the Sable of the Nischnaga
Tunzustca, sent home by Middendorff, occupies an intermediate posi-
tion between the dark Asiatic and the yellow American Sables, I
am induced to consider the American animal rather as a yellowish
or mere yellow-brown and less densely furred variety of the Asiatic
Sable than as a distinct species or as a pure Marten (Mustela martes).”
-—-Beitr. Sd-ugeth. Russland, 1855. -
Dr. Baird observes, “ I am myself, however, far from admitting the
identity of the American Marten with the Russian Sable, although it
occupies a position intermediate between the latter and M. martes in
size, length of tail, and coloration as well as intrinsic value of fur.
The white-headed varieties of New York are most like the Sable, and
1. nranrns. ' 85
the dark-headed one of the western country like the Pine-Marten.
I have never seen winter specimens of the latter, nor summer of the
former, and am inclined to believe that all may exhibit more white
on the head in winter than in summer.”——Baird, l. e. p. 157.
It is curious that both Brandt and Baird seem to have overlooked
the small size of the last tubercular grinder, which separates the
American from the Old-World Pine-Martens.
The brain-case in the skull of the American specimen we have in
the Museum is very thin, and so closely applied to the brain that it
shows its convolutions on the outer surface; but this is not shown
in the American skull figured by Dr. Spencer Baird. The same is
to be observed in the Altaic specimen of M. abietum.
There is a series of specimens of the American Pine-Marten in
the British Museum, collected by Dr. Lord during his excursion with
the Boundary Commissioners. They vary greatly in colour, from
pale brown to nearly black; and the throat is variously mottled
with yellow. '
The specimens from Russia have whitish heads, like the M. leueopus
of Kuhl. ‘
The stuifed Sables from Russia have short tails; but the tail of
one of Dr. Lord’s is almost as short: the tail seems to vary in
length; but this may depend on the skinning, and, in the stuffed
skins, on the preparation of the animals.
** Tail elongate, slender; skull elongate, narrow ; nose produced; upper
tubercular grinder massive, broader on the inner side. Pekania.
7. Martes Pennantii. (The Wood-Shock.) B.M.
Black; head, nape, and front of back greyish ; tail elongate. The
last upper tubercular grinder is large and massive, like that of the
European Pine-Marten abietum).
Mustela Pennantii, Frat. Anim. p. 79, 1777; Baird, Mamm. .N. A.
p. 149, t. 36. f. 1 (skull).
Mustela canadensis, Schreb. Sdugeth. p. 492, t. 134, 1778; Blainv.
Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth).
Mustela melanorhyncha, Bodd. Elen. Anim. 188, 17 84.
Viverra canadensis, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 492, 18 0.
Mustela nigra, Turton, S. N. i. p. 60, 1806.
Mustela piscatoria, Lesson.
Viverra piscator, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 414, 1800.
Mustela Goodrnanii, Fischer,-Syn. Mamm. p. 217, 1829'.
Gulo castaneus, H. Smith.
Gulo ferrugineus, H. Smith.
Martes canadensis, Gray, Cat. M. B. M. p. 63; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 91. '
Martes Pennantii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 107.
Fisher, Penn. Quad. p. 223.
Wejack, Hearne.
Wood-Shock, IIudson’s Bay Comp. List.
Pekan (Canadians), Buf. H. N. xiii. t. 42-.
Pekan VVeasel, Penn. Quad. p._ 202, 1781.
Black Fox, Lewis S“ Clark.
86 uusrnrrnxz.
b. Skull swollen, flattened ; nose short ; upper cutting-teeth erect; tail
moderate, not so long as body ; subcylindrieal. Foina.
8. Martes foina. (Beech-Marten.) B.M.
Black-brown; throat white. The tubercular grinder is large,
massive, narrow on the inner side, as in the M. abietum, but not
quite so large as compared with the other teeth.
The pad of the soles always exposed (Baird).
Mustela martes, var. fagorum, Linn. S. N. i. p. 67.
Mustela foina, Briss. R. A. p. 246; Keyserl. :3‘ Blas. W. E. i. p. 67;
Blaine. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 4 (skeleton), t. 13. f. (teeth).
Martes fagorum, Ray.
Martes domestica, Gesner.
Martes foina, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, p. 167 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,’
p. 108; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 191.
Fouine, _Bufl‘on, H. N. vii. t. 18-21.
Hab. Europe and Eastern Asia, in houses (England, France).
c. Skull swollen, flattened ; nose short, broad ; upper cutting-teeth
prtyecting ; tail elongate, slender. Charronia.
9. Martes fiavigula. (White-checked Weasel.) B.M.
Yellowish; head, nape, rump, legs, and tail black; chin and lower
parts white. The tubercular grinder is moderate-sized, transverse,
scarcely larger on the inner side ; but this is larger, compared with
its breadth, than that of the Mar~tes americana.
Mustela flavigula, Bodd.
Mustela Hardwickii, Horsf. Zool. Journ. iv. t. 8.
Viverra quadricolor, Shaw, Zool.
Mustela leucotis, H. Smith, in GrifiZth’s A. K. t.
Martes Gwatkinsii, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 516.
Mustela lasiotis, Temm. ~
Martes fiavigula, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 398; 1858, p. 516; Gray,
Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 64; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 108.
Martes Elliottii, Mus. E. Ind. Company.
Hab. Nepal Hills.
See Mustela martes Henricii, Westermann, Bijdrag. tot de Dierk.
p. 13, t. ‘?
Hab. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.


. ,5 E - ‘:5
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er ea at
‘ in. 'l.' ‘in. l. in. 1. in. l. in. l. in. l.
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palate.‘ .................. .. 1 9% 1 5 1 7 1 6% l 7 2 0
*=°.<:t:.".1;.§~:.ffti%'?f*:?ff? 1 1-1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 6
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ofnoseinfrontoforbit 010% 0 8 0 9 0 9% 0 10-}; 011

2. ruronrus. 81
2. PUTORIUS.
Skull short, ventricose; teeth 34, false grinders the upper
tubercular grinder small, transverse, scarcely larger 011 the inner
than on the outer side; head short‘, ovate; feet hairy, space between
the pads very hairy; body stout; underside blackish.
Putorius, Cuvier ; Gray, Cat. M'. B. M. xx. p. 64; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 108.
Foetorius, Keys. <§~ Bias.
Mustela putorius, Ntlsson, Shand. Fauna, p. 147.
* Back unq'form.
1. Putorius foetidus. (Polecat.) B.M.
Fur harsh, rigid, brown; skull scarcely contracted behind the
orbits; orbits small; feet and tail black; mouth and ears whitish.
Mustela putorius, Linn. S. N. p. 167; ~ Patlas, Zooyr. i. p. 37 ; Ndsson,
Skand. Faun. p. 148; Illum. Fig. t. 30; Blaine. Ostéogr. Mustela,
t. 4 (skeleton), t. 7 (skull), t. 13 (teeth).
Mustela foetida, Klein.
Putorius typus, F. Ouzn'er.
Putorius communis, Cuvier, R. A.
,Putorius vulgaris, Gray ; Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. p. 122, f. 38, 39
(skull).
Putorius foetidus, Gray, List lllamm. B. M. p. 64; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 108.
Fitchet Weasel, Penn. B. Z. p. 136.
Var. 1. furo. More or less albino; eyes red.
Mustela furo, Linn.
Furet, Bufll H. N. vii. t. 26, 27, 28, 29.
Var. 2. subfwro, Polecat-Ferret. Yellow; the legs, tail, toes, and
tips of the hairs black; head white. Bred from two yellow Ferrets.
(Safron Walden Museum.)
Le Furet putoire, Bufii H. Supp. t. 27.
The skulls vary considerably in the width and depression of the
brain-case ; but they are never suddenly contracted in front behind
the orbit, as the skull of P. Eversmannii.
2. Putorius Eversmannii. B.M.
Fur soft, black-brown, in winter whitish or yellowish, hairs of
back black-tipped ; limbs short; the thighs and end of the tail black ;
the skull broad; brain-case suddenly and strongly contracted in front
behind the orbits; orbits large.
Mustela putorius, var., Pall. Z. R.-A. p. 89.
Mustela Eversmannii, Less. Mm; Nordm. Faun. Pont. p. 16.
Mustela putorius, var. sibirica, Fzlscizer, Syn. Maennz-.
Mustela putorius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. p. 281.
88 MUSTELIPE.
Mustela putorius tibetanus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. p. 446, 1849,
i. ; Hers . Oat. Mus. I. H. . 103; P. Z. S. 1856, p. 398.
Putorius versmannii, Gray, . Z. S. 1865, p. 109.
Hab. Siberia (Pallas), B.M. ; Thibet (Hodgson), B.M. _ '
The skull is considerably larger than that of the Putorius fcetzdus.
3. ? Putorius nigripes.
Yellowish brown above, below white; forehead, feet, and end of
tail black. Tail and hair at end one-third the length of body and
head; length 19 inches, tail 5% inches.
Putorius nigripes, Aud. & Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 297, t. 93; Baird,
N. A. Mamm. p.180; Gray, P. Z. s. 1865, p. 109.
B North America, Platte region. Not seen by Dr. Spencer
air .
"“"“ Back spotted or mottled.
4. Putorius sarmaticus. (Vormela, or Peregusna.) B.M.
Fur soft, brown and yellow, varied above; head, belly, feet, and
tip of tail deep black; frontal band and ears white.
Mustela sarmatica, Pallas, Spie. Zool. xix. t. 41.
Mustela peregusna, Guld.
Mustela praecincta, Rana.
Putorius sarmaticus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 64 ; P. Z. /S’. 1865,
p. 110.
Hab. Russia.
3. MUSTELA.
The body elongate, slender. Limbs short; feet moderate; toes
moderate, slightly webbed, covered with hair; space between the
pads hairy. Tail elongate, slender, subcylindrical, covered with
elongate hairs.
Skull elongate, depressed; teeth 34; praemolars % . -§-; upper tu-
bercular grinder transverse, scarcely longer on the inner edge.
Fur dark above, white or yellow beneath.
Mustela, Linn. ; Gray, Cat. Manzm. B. M xx. p. 65; B. Z. S. 1865,
111
p. .
Mustela (Mustela), Mlsson, Skand. Fauna, i. p. 156.
Putorius ( artly), Cuvier.
Mustela (Gale), Sehinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 342.
* Face without pale spot infront of ears.
1' Back umfform colour ; tail black-tipped.
1. Mustela erminea. (Stoat, or Ermine.) B.M.
Brown above ; upper lip, chin, and lower surface of body, inside of
limbs, and feet yellowish white; tail brown, shorter than the body,
end black. In winter all yellowish white ; end of tail black.
Mustela erminea, Linn. S. N. i. p. 68; Nzlsson, Skand. Faun. p. 157;
Ilium.‘ Fig. t. 12 ; Gray, P. .Z. S. 1865, p. 111.
3. MUSTELA. 89
Putorius erminea, Owen, Brit. Foss-. Mamm. p. 116, f. 40, 41, 42
(skull).
Mustela ermineum, Pallas, Zoogr. i. p. 90; Buflbn, II. N. vii. t. 29.
f. 2 t. 31.
Stoat, or Ermine, Penn. B. Zool. i. pp. 89, 67, f. 18.
Hab. Europe, England, France ; North Africa.
Var. 1. africana. Tail very short, black-tipped, one-sixth the
length of body.
Hab. North Africa, Algiers. B.M.
Var. 2. 7 Kaneii.
Putorius Kaneii, Baird, N. A. Mamm. p. 172; Arch. Naturg. 1859,
p. 9.
Hab. Kamtschatka ; Tchucktchi country, Siberia.
Var. 3. americana. Tail more or less elongate, from ‘one-third
to one-half the length of the body. B.M.
Putorius noveboracensis, Dekay, N. Y. Zool. i. p. 36, t. 12. fig. 2,
t. 14. f. 2, 1842; Baird, N. A. Mamm. p. 166, t. 36. f. 3 (skull).
Putorius ermineus, Aud. 6' Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 56, t. 59.
1
Mustela Cicognani, Bonap. fauna Ital.
Mustela fusca, Bachman, Journ. A. N. S. Philad. viii. p. 288.
Mustela (Gale) fusca, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 243.
Mustela vulgaris, Thompson, Hist. Verm. p. 30.
Putorius fuscus, Aud. & Bachm. N. A. Quad. iii. p. 234, t. 148.
Putorius Cicognani, Baird, M. N. A. p. 161.
Putorius longicauda, Richardson, Zool. Beechey, t. 10, 1839.
Mustela (Putorius) erminea, var. long-tailed, Richardson, F. B.-A.
.46 1829.
Miisteli longicauda, Bonap. Mag. N. H. 1838, p. as.
Hab. North America, Carlton House. . B.M.
Bonaparte, Richardson, and Baird have separated the Weasels
and Ermines of America and Europe into several species, on minute
differences in the length of the tail as compared with the body.
Dr. Spencer Baird, in his work on the Mammals of North America,
divides the Stoats into six species, by the length of the tail and the
extent of the black on the tail. By his specific characters, the ver-
tebrw of the tail in P. Rirhardsonii, P. noveboracensis, and P. longi-
cauda are about one-half, in P. Oicognani one-third, in P. ermineus
one-fifth, and in P. Kaneii one-sixth the length of the body.
When the bodies of several English Stoats have been compared,
they show how deceptive that character is. I do not say that they
may not be distinct; but, if they are, there must be other charac-
ters to separate them besides the mere length of the tail. They are
spread over a large extent of country, and some of the presumed
species have a large range;
The skulls of the English Weazel and Stoat are also found to be
rather variable when a large series of them are compared.
They change colour when they live in a cold district, and the fur
appears to become finer and denser in the more rigorous climates.
Dr. Spencer Baird described P. noveboracensis as having 52 ver-
90 nnsrnnrnzn.
tebrae, including 4 sacral and 22 caudal ; while P. ermineus has, ac—
cording to him, only 19 caudal and 3 sacral, which are the typical
numbers in the genus. As this has only been observed in one
skeleton, it may be only an accidental variation.
2. Mustela Richardsonii. (Richardson’s Stoat.)
Dark chestnut-brown; upper lips and legs entirely brown ; chin
and under surface white; tail with a long black tip, depressed;
distichous. In winter entirely white ; tail-end black.
Mustela Richardsonii, Bonap. May. N Hist. ii. p. 38 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 112. _
Mustela erminea, var., Richard. Faun. Bor.-Amer. . 146.
Putorius Richardsonii, Richard. in Zool. Beeokey’s oy. p. 10 5 Baird,
Mamm. N. A. p. 164.
Mustela erminea, Thompson, Hist. Verm. p. 31, 1842.
Putorius agilis, Aud. <8‘ Backm. N. A. Quad. pp. 111, 184, t. 140, 1833.
Hab. North America: Fort Traveller (Richardson); from Halifax
to Vancouver’s Island (Baird).
I have not seen this species ; but Dr. Spencer Baird describes it
very particularly. The quantity of white on the upper lip seems to
vary. There is in the British Museum an adult female Stoat from
Cambridgeshire, which has only a very thin margin of white to the
upper lip. In most specimens of the European and American
Ermines the white on the lips is very distinct and well marked.
The specimen formerly named M. Richardsonii, in the British
Museum, _has the hinder part of the upper lip white, but the hair
is bent back and lost off the front part. - I
3. Mustela agilis.
Reddish grey; hairs grey, with a broad yellow ring and reddish
tip; tail shorter than the body, reddish grey, darker at the tip,
beneath greyish white; head black, brown above, with a white
border to upper lip,
‘ Length 10 inches, tail 4, head 1%.
Mustela agilis, Tsohudi, Fauna Peruviana, p. 110 (not Bachm);
Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 165 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 113.
Hab. Peru, Cordilleras.
'H' Back and tail uniformly coloured. Gale.
4. Mustela vulgaris. (Weasel.) B.M.
Brown; lower lip and beneath white ; upper lip and tail brown;
tail less than half the length of the body. Winter-fur pure white;
tip of tail sometimes darker.
Mustela vulgaris, Briss. R. A. p. 241; Errol. M. p. 471; Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 113; Blainv. Ostéoyr. Mustela, t. 7 (skull), t. 13 (teeth).
Mustela gale, Pallas, Zoogr. p. 194 (albino in winter).
3. MUSTELA. 91
Mustela nivalis, I/inn. Act. Suee. vi. t. 8; S. N. p. 169.
Common Weasel, Penn. B. Z. i. p. 951, t. 7. f. 17.
Hab. North Europe, North Asia, England, France (B.M.).
Var. americana. B.M.
Putorius vulgaris, Richardson, F. B.-A. . 145.
Putorius Cicognani, Richardson, Beechey s Voy. p. 10.
Mustela vulgaris, lllax. Reise, ii. p. 98.
Mustela pusilla, Dekay, N. Y. p. 134, t. 14.~f. 1.
Putorius pusillus, Aud. <51 Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 100, t. 64; Baird,
M. N. A. p. 159.
Common Weasel, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 75; Pr. Max. Arch. Nat.
1861, p. 229.
Hab. North America.
5. Mustela boccamela. B.M.
Chestnut;_upper lip, inside of limbs, feet, and beneath white;
tail almost half as long as the body, scarcely darker.
Mustela boccamela, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ; Sundevall, K. V. Akad.
Hand. 1841, p. 215; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth);
Kuster, Isis, 1835; Bonap. Fauna Ital. t. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 113.
Mustela subpalmata, Ehrenb. Syn. Mamm. p. 2; Sundevall, K. V.
Akad. Hand. 1842, p. 215.
Mustela vulgaris, Rilppell.
Mustela erminea, var. , Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, p. 157.
Boccamela, Cetti, Llist. Sardiniee, v.
Hab. South Europe, North Africa, Algiers (B.M.); Cairo (S-un-.
devall). '
6. Mustela alpina. B.M.
Pale yellow-brown ; upper lip, chin, and beneath yellowish white ;
head varied with black-tipped hairs; tail cylindrical, unicolor, not
so long as the body and head.
Mustela alpina, Gray, L. M: B. M. p. 67 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 114.
Mustela altaica, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. i. t. 98.
Mustela gale altaica, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 344.
Putorius alpinus, Gebler, llIe’m. Mose. vi. p. 213.
Hab. Altai Mountains.
Varies in the darkness of colour of the lower part of the body;
in some specimens it is decidedly paler, with the line of separation
well marked. In some specimens the feet are entirely covered with
hair; and in others the pads are distinct, but covered with hair at
the base.
' '1'-H‘ Back streaked.
7. Mustela albinucha. B.M.
Black; forehead, crown, and nape white; four stripes on the
back, converging in front and behind, pale-brownish white; tail
white, tapering.
92 msmmm.
Zorilla albinucha, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 69, pl. 10.
Mustela albinucha, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 114.
Hab. Africa, Angola (Sunder/all, Tristram).
This is a Mustela having the coloration of a Zorilla.
*"" Face with pale spot in front of ears ; back uniform ; tail-end black.
. American. Neogale.
8. Mustela brasiliensis. (Black-faced Weasel.) B.M.
Brown; head and tip of tail blackish; spot before ears, another
on centre of forehead, chin, and throat white; chest and belly
yellow.
Mustela brasiliensis, Sewast. Méln. Acad. Pétersb. iv. p. 356, t. 4
(good), 1813; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 114.
Mustela (Putorius) brasiliensis, D’ Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 13.
f. 3 (skull).
Mustela frenata, Licht. Darstell. Séiuyeth. t. 42; Gray, Voy. Sulph.
_ t. f. 2.
Putorius frenatus, Bachm. N A. Quadr. ii. p. 71, t. 60; Baird,
Mamm. N. A. p. 173, t. 77. f. 1, 2 (skull).
Mustela javanica, &c., Seba, Thesaur. p. 177, t. 48. f. 4.
Mustela erminea, var., Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. p. 92 (from Seba).
Mustela gale leucogenis, Sohinz, Syn. llfamm. i. p. 344 (from Seba).
Var. 1. Spot before ears and that on forehead confluent. B.M.
Var. 2. With a small white spot under the eyes. B.M.
In some specimens the feet are white or brown, with white toes;
and in others the feet are brown-yellow.
Hab. Mexico, Matamoras (Baird); California.
Var. 3. brasiliana. Feet white; underside bright yellow. B.M.
Hab. Brazil.
Dr. Spencer Baird refers M. brasz'Zz'ensis, Sewastonoff, to this spe-
cies with great doubt, though it is a very good description, and mo-
derate but characteristic figure.
9. Mustela aureoventris. B.M.
Dark brown; head and tip of tail blacker; chin and sides of the
throat white; a spot in front of ears, throat, chest, insides of fore
legs, and belly golden yellow; whiskers black; tail rather tapering,
as long as the body; soles of the hind feet hairy; ears rounded,
hairy. Length of body and head 12, tail 8 inches.
Var. Fore feet brown, with one or two toes white.
Mustela aureoventris, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 55, pl. 8
(young) ; 1865, p. 115; not Mustela auriventer, Hodgson.
Hab. Ecuador, Quito (Gould) ; New Granada (Fraser).
This may be a darker variety of the M. brasiliensis, wanting the
spot on the forehead. The young from Quito is much darker than
the adult; M. aranthogenys is intermediate as regards the spot on
the- head.
4. vrsou. 93
10. Mustela xanthogenys. (Yellow-checked Weasel.) B.M.
Brown; tip of tail black; spot before the ears, chest, and be-
neath yellow; a small spot under each eye and the chin white; feet
. white.
Mustela xanthogenys, G-ray, Ann. <§- Mag. N. H. 1843, p. 118;
Zool. Voy. Sulphur, t. 9; B. Z. S. 1865, p. 115.
Putorius xanthogenys, Baird, llfamm. N. A. p. 176.
Hab. California.
Very like M. brasiliensis; but the head is coloured like the back,
and the spot before the ears is yellow. There is a very small white
spot over the orbit on one side.
M. de Blainville (Ostéographie) figures the upper jaw of a Mus-
tela under the name of M. patagonica, with small teeth and a very
short brim-like transverse tubercular grinder, that is quite unknown
to me, and very unlike Ill. H umbolcltii, figured on the same plate.
4. VISON.
Body elongate, slender. Limbs stout; feet rather hairy; pads
bald, exposed; space between them bald. Tail moderate, shorter
than the body, hairy. Skull elongate, depressed. Teeth 34; false
grinders the upper tuberculated grinder rather large, inner lobe
with one tubercle, outer edge with three.
Foetorius, Keys. & Blas. .21.
Mustela, § Lutreola, Schznz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 346.
Mustela, § Putorius, Nilsson, Skand. Faun. p. 152.
Putorius (sp.), Baird.
Vison, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 115.
Body nearly as stout as that of an Otter. Very destructive in
farmyards. The pads of all the toes are naked, not overgrown
with hair; the soles with four pads placed at the base of the digits,
the largest at the line of junction between the third and fourth
digits, and well furred between the pads (Baird, p. 178). Feet in
summer more naked than in winter.
a. The upper tubercular grinder large, the inner half much larger and longer
than the outer one ; upper lip brown. American Vison.
.1. Vison lutreocephala. -(American Vison.) B.M.
Brown ; lower lipand chin more or less white.
Mustela lutreola, Foster, Phil. Trans. lxii. p. 371.
Mustela vison, Briss.; Blaino. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13 (teeth).
Mustela (Putorius) vison, Richardson, Fauna B.-A. 48.
Mustela (Martes) vison, Desm. Manznz. i. p. 183, 182 .
Mustela lutreocephala, Ifarlan, Fauna Amer. p. 63.
Mustela vison, var. americana, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 347.
Mustela canadensis, Erxl. Syst. i. p. 447.
Mustela canadensis, B.vison, Bodd. Elench. Anim. p. 186.
94 MUSTELIDE.
Mustela winingus, Barton, Am. Phil. Trans. vi. p. 70, 1809. ‘
Mustela minx, Oral, Guthrie’s Geog. pp. 281, 298.
Mustela (Lutreola) vison, Wagn. Schreb. Suppl. ii. p. 241.
Lutra vison, Shaw, G. Zool. i. p. 448.
Putorius vison, Gapper, Zool. Journ. v. p. 202 ; Aud. & Bachm. N. A.
Quadr. i. p. 250, t. 33; Baird, .Mamm. N. A. t. 37. f. 23 (skull).
‘ Vison, Bufon, H. N. xiii. p. 308, t. 43. '
Vison lutreocephalus, Gray/,~P. Z. S. 1865, p. 116.
J ackash, Hearne. Fontereau, La Elontan. Otay, Sagaral. Mink,
or Minx, Fur-traders, N. A. _
Var. 1. Darker; throat and chest not spotted.
Hab. Vancouver’s Island (Dr. Lorel). _B.M.
Var. 2. Chin entirely brown. . B.M.
Var. 3. Small; darker.
Putorius nigrescens, Baird, M'amm. N. A, 180; Aud. & Bachm.
N. A. Quaolr. 2nd edit. ii1. 104, t. 124.
Hab. North America.
This animal has been confounded with Mustela lutreola, which is
at once known from the Vison by the white spot on the side of the
nose and the size of the tubercular tooth.
Dr. Spencer Baird thinks that the Mustela rufa of Ham. Smith
(Jardine, Nat. Libr. Mamm. xiii. p. 189) is intended either for the
Vison or the Pine-Marten (see Mamm. N. A. p. 177 ).
b. The upper tubercular grinder small, transverse, the inner half scarcely
larger than the outer ; upper lip white in front. ()ld—VVorld. Lutreola.
2. Vison lutreola. (Mank, Nurec.) B.M.
Black—brown; tail-end blacker; spot on side of nose, on upper
lip, and chin white.
Mustela lutreola, Linn. S. N. i. p. 66 ; Pallas, Spic. Zool. xiv. p. 46,
t. 8. f. 1.
Viverra lutreola, Linn. Faun. Sueo. p. 5.
Lutra lutreola, Shaw; Gloger, N. Act. Acacl. N. Cur. xiii. p. 501;
Baird, Manzm. N. A. t. 37. f. 23.
Foetorius lutreola, Keys. <S~ Blas. FV. E. p. 21.
Lutra minor, Erxl. Sg/st. i. p. 451.
Tuhcuri leche, Vet. Ahad. Hand. 1789, p. 302, t. 40.
Vison lutreola, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 117.
Mank, Nilsson, Illum. Fig. p. 2, t. 8.
? Marsh-Otter, Langsdorfil
Hab. Europe. _
3. Vison sibirica. (Italse.) B.M.
Pale brown ; head blackish, varied ; spot on each side of nose, on
upper and lower lips, and front of chin white; tail-end pale brown,
like back. Varies, throat more or less white.
Mustela sibirica, Pall. Spie. Zool. xiv. p. 86, t. 4. f. 2.
Mustela italsi, Temm. Faun. Japon. p. 34.
4. vrson. 95
Mustela natsi, Tern-m. Faun. Japon. t. 7. f. 2 (misprint).
Vison sibirica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 117.
Hab. Siberia (B.M.); Himalaya (B.M.); Japan (B.M.); China,
Formosa (Swinhoc, ~
Like V. lutreola; but much paler and smaller, and tail rather
longer, compared with length of the body. Varies greatly in the
quantity of white on the chin and throat. Males much smaller.
4. Vison cani-gula. B.M.
_ Pale reddish brown, scarcely paler beneath ; face, chin, throat,
sides of neck, and chest white; tail as long as the body and head,
coloured like the back ; feet whitish.
Mustela canigula, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. Xi. p. 274, 1842.
Vison canigula, Gray, P. Z. S’. 1865, p. 117 .
Var. (male ‘?). Fur darker; face less white; chest brown-and-
white mottled. B.M.
Mustela Hodgsonii, Gray, Ann. (SP Mag. N. H. xi. p. 118, 1843; List
‘ M. B. M. p. 66.
Hab. Nepal Hills.
5. Vison Horsfieldii. B.M.
Dark red-brown, scarcely paler beneath; under lip white ; tail
elongate, slender, not so long as the body, rather darker at the end.
Vison Horsfieldii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 118. .
Var. 1. Chin white; a small white spot on chest. B.M.
Var. 2. Chin brown; edge of under lip only white. B.M.
Mustela Horsfieldii, Gray, Ann. 8; May. N. H. 1843, p. 113.
Hab. India, Bhootan (B.M.).
Var. 3. Lighter brown. B.M.
Mustela italsi, Vcrrcaux (not Tcmm.).
Hab. Japan‘? (B.M).
6. Vison subhemachalana. B.M.
Pale red bay, scarcely paler beneath; nose blackish ; small spot
on each side of nose, the chin, and sides of lower jaw, and two or
three subconfluent spots on the chest white; tail elongate, and
shorter than the body and head, black at the tip; body and head 13,
tail to tip 7 inches.
Mustela subhemachalana, Gray, 0. M. B. M. p. 67; Gerrard, Cat.
Bones B. M. p. 95.
Putorius subhemachalana, Hodys. Journ. A. S. B. 1837, p. 363;
Wagner, Schreb. Suppl. ii. p. 234.
Vison subhemachalana,'Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 118.
Hab. India, Nepal.
96 nusrmrnm.


s s ‘E s
8 E 8 t is
it-;-‘Z 1: 2 s ta
3% -3 5 B1 3.3
:>' > > >' !>'
in. l. in. 1. in. l. in. 1. in. 1.
Length of skull ................... .. 2 9% 2 4 2 3% 1 10 1 11
—— palate ........... 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 10 0,10%
tooth-line ............. .. 1 O 0 10 O 9% 0 8% 0 8
zygoma or orbit .... .. l 3 1 0% 1 0 0 9% 0 10%
lower jaw ............. .. 1 8% 1 4% 1 3% 1 0 1 1
Width over the ears ............. .. 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 10% 0 10
at front of orbits ....... .. 0 8% 0 7% O 6% 0 5% 0 6

5. GYMNOPUS.
The body elongate, slender. Limbs short ; feet large; toes elon-
gate, broadly webbed nearly to the tips, covered with scattered hair.
Tail elongate, slender, covered with long spreading hair. The soles
of the hind feet with three oblong pads, and an arched and a bald
space behind them; the heel hairy. Teeth 34; premolars . the upper tubercular grinder small, transverse, the inner half rather
larger than the outer one. '
Gymnopus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. xx. 1842; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 11 .
* Colour uniform above and below ; head pale.
1. Gymnopus leucocephalus. B.M.
Golden fulvous, nearly uniform, scarcely paler beneath ; head
white ; toes elongate, webbed, rather naked.
Putorius nudipes, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t.
Mustela nudipes, Desm. Mamm.; Miiller, Verhand.; Blainv. Ostéogr.
t. 13 (teeth).
Gymnopus leucocephalus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 119.
Var. End of tail paler; feet darker; front of the back with a
pale vertical streak, wider and more distinct between the shoul-
ders. B.M.
Hab. Sumatra and Borneo.
The tail of the specimen in the Paris Museum is nearly destitute
of hair ; the soles of the feet are covered with hair. "
The two stuffed specimens in the British Museum are nearly alike,
but the skull of one is much larger than that of the other ; one is
2 inches 4 lines, and the other 2 inches 2 lines long.
"“* Belly pale yellow.
2. Gymnopus kathiah. (Kathiah.) B.M-.
Dark brown; upper lip, chin, throat, chest, underside of body,
and front of thighs bright yellow; tail dark brown, shorter than
5. ermnorus. 97
the body and head, tapering, and of the same colour to the tip.
Length of body and head 10, tail 4 inches; the soles of the hind
feet bald, pads well developed, exposed.
Mustela (Putorius) kathiah, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. iv. p.
X.
Mustela (Kathiah) auriventer, Hodgson, J. A. S. B.
Gymnopus kathiah, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 119.
Hab. India, Nepal.
702,1835.
p. 909.


G. leucocephalus. G. kathiah.
in. lin. in. lin.
Length of skull ................... .. 2 5 1 10%
palate .............. 1 1 0 9%
———--— tooth-line ............. .. 0 9% 0 7
’ zygoma and orbit...... 1 l 0 9%
Width over ears ................... .. 1 0 0 10
in front of orbit .......... .. 0 7 0 5%
Length of lower jaw ............. .. 1 4 0 11%
3. Gymnopus strigidorsus. B.M.
Fur dark chestnut-brown, with a very narrow streak of a few
longer yellow hairs down the centre of the back ; edge of upper lip,
the chin, throat, chest, and a narrow streak down the centre of the
belly (wider hindwards) yellow, becoming whiter in the older speci-
mens ; tail slender, about half the length of the body, dark brown.
Mustela strigidorsa, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 398.
Mustela strigodorsa, Hodgson, MS.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 181,
t. 491.
Gymnopus strigidorsus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 119.
Hab. India, Sikim.
Very like M. hathiah, but with a yellow dorsal streak, and the
yellow on the belly much narrower. The soles of the hind feet
bald; the pads exposed, distinct, developed.
4. Gymnopus africanus.
Reddish brown ; beneath pale yellow, with a narrow central lon-
gitudinal reddish-brown ventral streak; tail reddish brown; hairs
long.
Mustela africana, Desm. N. Dict._H NI xix. p. 376; Desm. Jilamm.
p. 179.
Putorius afi~icanus,‘A. Smith, South Afr. Journ. ii. p. 36.
Mustela (Gale) africana, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 345.
Gymnopus africanus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 120.
The specimen of M. afrieana in the Paris Museum is like M. er-
minea, but lighter, larger, and the belly with only a broad yellow
streak on each side, leaving the middle brown ; tail uniform reddish
brown, like the back, to the end.
II
98 MUSTELIDZE.
B. Subplantigrade. Soles and between the pads hairy ,- body stout ; tail
short, bushy; anal glands none; false grinders %. Gulonina.-Gray,
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 120.
6. GULO.
Body and tail bear-like. Soles densely hairy, with 6 small naked
pads. Tail about as long as head, very full and bushy. Teeth 38 ;
false grinders {L . 2.
Gulo, Gesner, Quad. p. 554; Storr; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 120.
Gulo borealis. B.M.
Brown, with a blackish dorsal disk.
Mustela gulo, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 67; Gunnerus, Act. .Nidros. iii.
t. 3. f. 5.
Ursus akgulo, Cuv. Tab. Elém. p. 112 ; Schreb. Sliugeth. p. 525, t. 144,
144 .
Ursus luscus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 71.
Gulo luscus, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 181.
Gulo borealis, Reta. Fauna, p. 25; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, p. 139;
Illum. Fig. xiii. t. 31.
Gulo vulgaris, Gray.
Gulo wolverene, Gray.
Gulo luscus, Richardson; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 3 (skeleton),
t. 7 (skull), t. 13 (teeth).
Gulo leucurus, Hedenborg.
Taxus gulo, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 377.
Gulo arcticus, Desm.
Ursus (Gulo) sibiricus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xiv. t. 2.
Glouton, Bufon, H. N. p. 278, Supp. iii. t. 48.
Glutton, Penn.
Quickhatch or Wolverine, Edw. Birds &c. ii. p. 103, t. 103; Ellis,
Hudson’s Bay, i. p. 40, t. 4.
Rossomaka, Meremb. ..Hist. Nat. p. 188. '
Jiirf, Sundevall, K. Soensh. Vet. Alcad. Handl. 1773, p. 222, t. 7, 8.
Oarcajou, La Hontan.
Hab. North Europe and North America, North Asia, Siberia.
C. Plantigrade. Soles of the hind feet bald, callous ; body elongate ; anal
glands distinct ; false grinders §- ; tubercular grinders oblong, band-
like; transverse.--Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 121.
> 7. GALERA.
Tail elongate; heel hairy; sole with a central longitudinal de-
pression behind, and obscurely divided into four large pads in front.
Teeth 34 ; false grinders .
Galera, Brown, Jam. ; Gray, I/ist M. B. M. xx. p. 67. ; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 121
Eraria, Sund.‘ '
Eira, H. Smith.
8. enrsonm. I 99
Galera barbata. (Tiara.) B.M.
Black—brown ; head paler; throat with a large white or yellow
blotch.
Gulo barbatus, Retzius.
Galictis barbara, Blaine. Oste’ogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth).
Gulo canescens, Ill. Prod.
Galera barbata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 121.
Galea subfusca, Brown, Jam. t. 29. f. 1.
Galictis barbara, Wayn. Schreb. Supp. ii. p, 214.
Mustela barbara, I/inn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 67.
Mustela galera, Erxl.
Mustela gulina, Pr. Max.
Mustela taira, Grifi A. K. t.
Viverra poliocephala, Traill, Mem. W'ern. Soc. iii. p. 440, t. 23.
Viverra vulpecula, Schreb.
Eira ilya, Ham. Smith, Nat. Lib. xiii. p. 202.
Guiana Weasel, Penn. Syn. p. 225.
Le Grand Furet, Azara, Essai, i. p. 197.
Grande Marte, Bufil H. N. Supp. vii. t. 60.
Tayra, Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. p. 146.
Talra, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 481.
Huron mago, Azara.
Var. peruana.
Galictis barbara, var., Tschudi, Fauna Peruana; Arch. f. Naturg.
1844, p. 248.
Hab. Tropical America: Trinidad.
8. GRISONIA.
Tail short ; body slender ; fur black below, white above; soles of
hind feet with an oblong pad behind and four oval pads in front
(Zool. Trans. t. 36). Teeth 34 ; false grinders . %.
Grisonia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 122.
Galictes, Bell, P. Z. S. 1837 , p. 45; Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 201;
1841, t. 35, 36, 37. ' .
Galidictes, Hodyson (not I. Geofi).
Huro, I. Geofh
Eraria, sp., Sund.
Eira, sp., H. Smith, Nat. Lib. p. 201.
Grisonia vittata. B.M.
Black; crown and upper parts of body white or yellowish white.
Var. Back blacker.
Viverra vittata, Schreb. Stiugeth. 447, t. 124.
Mustela vittata, Blaine. Ostéoyr. ustela, t. 13. f. (teeth).
Ursus brasiliensis, Thunb. Mém. Acad. Pétersb. vi. p. 401, t. 13.
Lutra vittata, Traill, Mem. Wern. Soc. iii. p. 437, t. 19.
Gulo vittatus, Desm. Mamm. p. 17 5.
Mustela quiqui, Molina, Chili, iv. p. 258.
?Mustela cuja, Molina, Chili, p. 272. 2
H
..'..
.
..l.
0'0
. I
Q.‘
QQO'
000'.
O
I‘.
I.‘
09000
100 nnsrnnrnzs.
Viverra cuja, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 433.
Viverra quiqui, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 432. I
Galictis vittata, Bell, Trans. Zool. 800. ii. p. 203, t. 35.
Galictis Allamandii, Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 204, t. 37.
Grisonia vittata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 122.
Grison, Bufon, H. N., éd. Allam. xv. p. 65, t. 5; F. Cuv. Mamm.
I/ith. t.
Fouine de la Guyane, B-ufii II. N. Suppl. iii. p. 170, t. 22 & 25.
La cuj a, Molini, Chili, p. 258.
Petit furet, Azara, Essai, i. p. 190.
Hab. Tropical and South America.
Tribe II. LUTBINA.
Head depressed. Feet normal, subdigitigrade; toes webbed.
Tail thick, tapering, depressed. Teeth normal ; flesh-tooth acutely
tubercular; tubercular grinders oblong, large. The nose convex
and hairy beneath, without any central bald longitudinal groove.
Aquatic.
Lutrina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; P. Z. s. 1865, p. 123.
Lutrinae, Baird, M. N. A. p. 183.
The first upper false grinder is small, subcylindrical, placed on
the inner side of the canine tooth; it is often lost early; it is
sometimes to be seen on one side and not on the other; it is nor-
mally present in all the species, when perfect. The flesh-tooth of
the Otters presents two very distinct forms: in some the inner lobe
is moderate, its length only equalling about two-thirds of the outer
part of the tooth; in others it is much larger, equal to the whole
length of the outer portion of the tooth. The absolute size of the
tooth seems to vary in the different species, and also in the different
specimens of the same species, as is also the case with the upper
tubercular grinder.
A. Tail simple, conical, depressed, rounded on the sides.
T The palms and soles of the feet bald between the pads; the palm-pads
pwithout any small circular warts on their hinder edges.
"“- Muzzle entirely covered with hair .- the upper margin of the nostrils
only bald.
9. BARANGIA.
The ‘ nose entirely covered with hair; the narrow upper edge of
the nostril only bare ; ears short, rounded, hairy. Toes 5/5, rather
elongate, broadly webbed, well covered with hair above ; claws dis-
tinct, exposed, and blunt at the end. Palms and soles bald; the
pads of the toes small, the central pads scarcely separated; the
wrist-pad large and oblong. Tail conical, depressed, covered with
hair. Skull elongate ; orbit very imperfect, only defined by a slight
prominence on the upper and lower edges; nasal and maxillary
9. BARANGIA. 10f
bones produced to a line even with the middle of the orbit; inter-
maxillary very slender. The flesh-tooth acutely tubercular, with
the internal lobes on the front part of the inner edge, rounded,
slightly more than half the length of the outer edge of the tooth.
Tubercular grinder much broader than long.
Barangia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 123.
1. Barangia sumatrana. (Barang.) B.M.
Chestnut-brown, scarcely paler below ; upper lip, chin, and upper
part of the throat pale yellow.
Lutra barang, F. Cuvier, Diet. S. Nat. xxvii. p. 246'; Gerrard, Cat.
Bones B. M. p. 101.
Barang, Rcgfiles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 254.
Barangia sumatrana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 123.
Hab. Sumatra (Raflles) ; Malacca (B.M.).
Known from Lutra leptony.-2: (Horsfield) by the hairy nose, the
larger claws, and the more equal toes ; the upper surface of the web
of the hind feet covered with close hair, the lower surface bald; the
fur short, with numerous polished flattened bristles; the under-fur
short, close, pale brown.
Skull somewhat like that of Hydrogale; but the nose is more
produced, and narrower, only as -wide as the distarice from the front

Barangia sumatrana.
orbit to the iutermaxillary suture. The suborbital foramen is not
so large, but oblong, transverse, wider at the‘outer end.
2. Barangia? nepalensis. (Nepal B_arang.) Skull, B.M.
The nose of the skull is considerably longer and wider, the part
between the front of the orbits and the suture of the iutermaxillary
bones being considerably longer than its width in front of the orbits ;
"*102 MUSTELIDJE.
the nose is arched above. The zygomatic arch is much more bent
out, especially at the hinder end. The hinder opening of the palate
is wider, and arched in front; the suborbital aperture is oblong,
triangular, arched beneath, and nearly as high as wide.
Hab. Nepaul (Hodgson).
The imperfect skull above described is in Mr. Hodgson’s collec-
tion, and named Lutra monticola; but it is very unlike the skull
of either of the two other specimens so named. It agrees with the
skull of Barangia sumatrana in the entire want of the tubercular
process on the side of the frontal. bone, which usually defines the
hinder upper edge of the orbit; but it differs from it in so many
particulars that I am convinced that it must indicate a separate
species.
““”“ The muzzle partially hairy ,- front and upper edge of the nostrils bald,
with the hair coming down in an angle between them in
10. LONTRA.
The muzzle hairy in the middle in front; upper and front edge of
the nostrils bald and callous; the ears oblong, hairy. Toes strong,
covered with hair above, half webbed; webs bald; claws strong,
acute; palms and soles bald; pads well developed and divided.
Tail conical, covered with hair. (Skull dilated behind; nose very
short, broad; forehead broad, flattened above; hinder edge of orbit
marked with acute tubercles above and below; flesh-tooth with a
very large rounded internal lobe extending the whole length of the
tooth; tubercular grinders rather broader than long. The under-
fur very soft, scattered with short stiffer hairs.
Lontra, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.- xxi. p. 70 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 125.
Suricoria, Lesson.
1. Lontra enhydris. (The Cayenne Otter.) B.M.
The hair on the centre of the nose forming a broad erect band;
fur dark chestnut-brown ; the sides of the face, under the ears, and
upper part of the throat yellowish.
?Lutra enhydris, F. Cuvier, Diet. Class. H. Nat. xxvii. p. 243;
Fischer, Syn. p. 226.
Lontra enhydris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 125.
Hab. Cayenne (B.M.).
M. F. Cuvier does not describe the peculiarity of the mufiie ; so
that I am not certain that this is the species he describes.’
2. Lontra birasiliensis. (The Brazilian Otter.) B.M.
The hair on the centre of the nose forming a narrow erect band;
fur pale brown ; upper lip, chin, and beneath rather paler.
Lutra brasiliensis, Ray, Blumen. Abbild. t. as; F. Cuvier, ma. sa.
Nat. xxvii. p. 244.
Lutra brasiliana, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 446.
11. LUTBA. 103
Lontra brasiliensis, Gray, List B. M. p. 70; P. Z. s. e 5, p. 125.
Lontre d’Amérique, Ouv. Regne Anim. i. p. 151, t. 1. .
Hab. Brazil (B.M.).
3. Lontra? insularis. (The Trinidad Otter.)
Pale chestnut-brown, sides paler; sides of head and belly, lips,
chin, throat, and chest yellowish white; under-fur short, very soft;
hairs short and very smooth.
Lutra insularis, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 345.
Lontra? insularis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,'p. 125.
H ab. Trinidad.
**"“ Muzzle bald on the upper edge and between the nostrils, forming a cross
band with a straight upper and lower edge.
1 Foot oblong ; toes short, webbed to the claws, sharply clawed; pads of
toes and palm large, close together.
11 . LUTRA.
The muzzle bald, oblong-transverse, with a straight upper and
lower edge; the upper edge of the nostrils bald; the ears oblong,
hairy. Toes strong, webbed, covered with hair above, and bald
beneath; toes and palm-pads well developed; claws strong, acute.
Tail conical, covered with hair. Skull elongate; orbit defined be-
hind by a well—developed acute tubercle above and below; the flesh-
tooth with a large inner lobe.
Lutra (a and b), Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 380, 1837.
Lutra, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 126.
a. Forehead and nose of skull fiat ; the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth large,
almost two-thirds the length of the inner margin of the outer portion
of the tooth. The hinder dentiferous portion of the maxillary bone,
bearing the tubercular grinder, produced to the hinder edge of the orbit.
I Europe.
1. Lutra vulgaris. (Otter. ) B.M.
The upper edge of the bald muzzle rather produced and angular,
nearly as high as broad in the middle, brown, beneath ashy ; ears,
chin, and throat reddish ashy; edge of ears ashy.
Lutra vulgaris, _Era"l. Mamm. p. 488 ; Nilsson, Illum. Fig. t. 20 ; Bell,
Brit. Quad. p. 129, f. 4; Blainv. Ostéogr. M ustela, t. 8 (skull), t. 5
(skeleton), t. 13 (teeth); Bonap. Icon. t. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,
126
Miistela lutra, Linn. S. N. i. p. 66; Retz. p. 18.
Viverra lutra,Linn. F. S. p. 12; Pallas, Zoogr. i. p. 76.
La Loutre, Bufi. II. N. vii. p. 134, t. 2, xiii. p. 325, t. 45.
Otter, Penn. B. Z. i. p. 92, t. 8. f. 19.
104 MUSTELIDE.
Var. Black-brown; throat paler.
Lutra roensis, Ogidy, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 110, 1834.
Hab. Europe, Bohemia (B. M.).
2. Lutra nudipes.
Pale red; larger than. L. uulgaris; the webs of the toes bald.
The young mouse—colour.
Lutra nudipes, Melchior, Siiugeth. des danischen Staats ; Schinz, Syn.
Mamm. i. p. 344; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 126.
Hab. Denmark, on the sea-coast.
A large Otter in the British Museum was presented by Mr. G.
Vaughan as coming from Canada; I cannot discover any character
by which it can be distinguished from the common European Otter,
and I suspect the habitat given is a mistake. .
II Asia.
3. Lutra chinensis. B.M.
Upper edge of the bald muzzle straight, transverse. Fur pale
brown; ends of cars, lips, cheeks, chin, throat, underpart of the body,
undersides of the legs, and underside of the base of the tail pale
yellow. The suborbital foramen large, oblong, trigonal, nearly as
high as wide in the middle; lower edge arched.
Lutra chinensis, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1836, p. 580; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 126.
Lutra nair, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 390.
Hcib. China (Reeves), B.M. ; Formosa (Swinhoe), B.M.
4. Lutra indica. B.M.
Bald; muzzle square. Fur pale brown, grizzled with white hairs;
lips and under part of the body pale brownish white ; under-fur short,
with scattered, slender, elongated hairs. '
Var. Tip of tail white.
Lutra indica, Gray, Loudon’s May. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 580 ; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 126.
Lutra tavayensis, Hodgson, J: A. S. B. viii. p. 319,-1839.
? Lutra nair, F. Cuv. Diet. des Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 247.
Hab. India, Madras (Walter Elliot), B.M.
This may be the same as the former, L. chinensis; but I have not
been able to examine the skull.
11. LUTBA. - 105
b. Forehead and nose of skull convex ; the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth very
large, occupying the whole of the inner side of the outer portion of the
tooth ; the hinder dentgierous portion of the maxillary bone, bearing the
upper tubercular grin -er, produced behind the hinder edge of the orbit.
Lutrogale.
*‘ Asia.
5. Lutra monticola. * -‘ B.M.
Grey-ash ground; greyer beneath. Inner lobe of the flesh-tooth
very large, as long as outer edge.
Lutra monticola, Ilodgson, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 126 (not described); Gray,
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 127.
Hab. Himalaya.
The Museum has received skulls of two distinct species under the ‘
above name, one with large and the other with small inner lobe to
the flesh-tooth.
The skins belonging to the skulls with the large teeth are in a very
bad condition; they are probably bleached.
Consult also 1'/utra simul, Horsf. Zool. Journ. ; Miiller, Verhand.
p. 51 ; from Sumatra and Borneo, with strong falcate claws. I have
not seen this species, nor Lutra lcatab (Hiigel, Reise) firom Cashmere.
6. Lutra Swinhoei.
Lutra (Hydrogale) Swinhoei, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 182.
Two imperfect skulls sent by Mr. Swinhoe from Formosa certainly
belong to two very distinct species.
The most perfect skull, which wants the cutting-teeth, belongs
to the first section of the genus as defined in this Catalogue, with
moderate-sized tubercular grinders, and a moderate-sized inner lobe
to the flesh-tooth.
The second, on the contrary, which only consists of the front
portion of the upper jaw, with the teeth in change from the milk to
the permanent series, has a very large square tubercular grinder
and a very large rounded internal lobe to the flesh-tooth, as in the
second section, which I have called I/utrogale.
I propose to indicate this species by the name of Lutra Swinhoei.
It is easily characterized by the small size of the upper cutting-teeth,
the series forming only awidth of 4% lines ; while the series of most
other Indian Otters occupy 6 lines (or half an inch), or sometimes
rather more.
H America.
7. Lutra macrodus. B.M.
Dark brown; upper lip, chin, and beneath paler. Fur rather
harsh. Upper edge of the bald muzzle straight, transverse; the
flesh-tooth with a very large internal lobe, as long as the tooth.
Claws large, acute.
106 MUSTELIDE.
Lutra macrodus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 128.
Hab. Brazil (Parzudaki). Male and female.
This Otter is about the size of Lontra brasiliensis; but it is at
once distinguished from that species by the large size of the naked
muzzle and the harshness of the fur. It is very like L. vulgaris;
but the inner lobe of the‘ flesh-tooth appears considerably larger;
and M. Parzudaki assured me that he had received the pair direct
from Brazil, from a collector who shot ‘them.
12. NUTRIA.
Like Lutra externally, with the bald muffle transverse, narrowed,
and arched below. Skull short, broad. Nose broad. Forehead flat;
‘ the orbit defined behind by a well-marked conical tubercle above and
below. The flesh-tooth with a very large internal lobe, extending
the whole length of the tooth. Hinder portion of the palate short.
N utria, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 128.
This genus is at once known from the Otter with the large internal
lobes to the flesh-tooth, by the shortness and breadth of the skull
and the shortness of the hinder contracted portion of the palate.
Nutria felina. B.M.
Fur dark brown, with scattered, flat, whitish-tipped hairs. Lips,
sides, and beneath pale brown. The web of toes scattered with hairs
above.
Lutra felina, Molina, Llist. Nat. Chili, plate 2 .
Lutra chilensis,Benn. P. Z. Comm. Sci. ii. 1832 (I); Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 101 (I). B.M.
Lutra ealiforni. a, Gray, Mag. N. H. i. p. 580, 1837 (1); List Mamm.
B. M. p. 71 ; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 187 (?). ' B.M., type.
Lutra platensis, VVaterh. Zool. Beag. t. 40. f. 4 (skull) ; .D’Orb. Voy.
A. Me’rid. t. 12. f. 23; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.; Verreaux
(skull), B. M. '
N utria felina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 128.
Chinchimen, Molina, p. 261.
Hab. In the sea, Chili (Bennett); Peru, island of Chiloe (Tschudi) ;
California (P. P. King); Kamschatka (Verreaure).
Mr. Tomes observes, “ The Otter collected in Guatemala by
Mr. Salvin agrees with the description and figure of L. chilensis
(Waterh.), especially in the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth having the
same angular form as in that species. In L. platensis the inner lobe
of the flesh-tooth approaches more or less to a semicircular form.
Dr. Baird figures the flesh-tooth of L. canadensis as in L. platensis ”
(P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280).
Consult :— .
(1) Lutra montana, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 120. L. supra
obscura, fusco-rufa, fusco irrorata, subtus nigricans.—Hab. Peru.-—
Fresh water, 9000 feet above the sea. Length of body 5-6 inches,
tail 10 inches.
13. LUTRONECTES. 107
(2) Lutra paraguensis, Rengger, Siiugeth. v. Paraguay, p. 128;
Wagner, Schreb. Salugeth. p. 216; Burm. La Plata, ii. p. 410.
Nutria, Azara, Quad. i. p. 304.—Hab. Paraguay.
(3) Lutra ? aterrima, Schrenck, Amurland, p. 43; Viverra ater-
rima, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. i. p. 81; Mustela aterrima, Pallas,
Middendorff, Sibirische Beise, i. p. 7 0.-—-Hab. Sea of Ochotsk.
13. LUTRONECTES.
The muzzle bald, oblong, transverse, with a straight upper and
lower edge; the upper edge of the nostril bald. Ears oblong, hairy.
Feet rather large; toes strong, webbed, covered with hair above, and
bald beneath ; toes and palm-pads well developed, those of the palm
separated from the toes by a broad bald space; claws strong, acute.
Tail conical, covered with hair. Skull elongate ; orbit very obscurely
defined behind; the flesh-tooth with a large internal lobe about two-
thirds of the length of the outer edge. ‘_
The toes in this genus are strong, thick, and well webbed, rather
larger than in the typical Otters.
The skulls are not quite the normal skulls of the genus Lutra, as
they have scarcely an indication of any tubercle defining the upper
hinder portion of the orbit, and only a very obscure angle on the
front of the zygomatic process, defining, or rather separating the
lower hinder part of the orbit from the mastoid cavity. In this
respect the skulls are nearly intermediate in form between the skulls
of Hyclrogale and Baranyia ; they have the hinder edge of the orbit
above and below rather more defined than in Hydrogale, and yet less
so than in Barangia, where the protuberances that define the orbit
behind are much smaller than in Hydroyale.
The genus differs from Hydroyale in the skin between the pads
being bald as in the true Otters (I/utra). It agrees with Hydrogale
and Lutra in the muzzle being entirely bald and square between the .
nostrils ; while in Baranyia the muzzle is entirely covered with hair.
The nose of the skull is short; the nasal aperture very oblique,
edged on each side by the narrow intermaxillaries, which are continued
up and separate the front half of the nasal from the maxillae; the
infraorbital foramen is very large ; the nasal extends back as far as
the hinder edge of the maxilla on its sides.
Leutronectes Whiteleyi. ' B.M.
Dark brown; cheeks, lips, chin, and throat greyish white.
P Lutra vulgaris, Temm. Fauna Japonica, p. 35 ; Schrenck, Reisen im
Amurlande, p. 43.
Lutronectes Whiteleyi, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 181.
Hab. Japan.
Like many other Otters, these so closely resemble the Common
European Otter that I am not surprised that M. Temminck should
have confounded them with that species. .
' Length of body and head 17%, of tail 10 inches.
108 MUSTELIDIEL
Skull :—Length about 4 inches (back imperfect) ; width at back
of zygomatic arch 2 inches 1 line; length of palate 1 inch 7 -§- lines,

Lutronectes Whiteleyi.
of tooth-line 1 inch 7 -21- lines; width at the upper tubercular grinder
1 inch 5 lines.
The two skulls slightly differ in the size of the teeth and in the
width of the palate. ‘
1 have great pleasure in naming this species after Mr. Henry
Whiteley, junior, of Woolwich, who brought it from Hakodadi in
Japan, with many other interesting animals, and who has become a
martyr to science in the course of his labours as a natural-history
collector. Some ardent “ anthropologists” having requested him to
procure them some Ainos’ skulls, he tried to procure them, was
informed against by a foreign consul who did not appreciate sci-
ence, imprisoned in Japan, and then sent home in confinement.
When I first saw him on his return he was almost a living skeleton,
in a most pitiable state of bodily and mental prostration. Under
good nourishment and nursing he has slowly recovered, and is gone
to the Peruvian Andes to continue his labours as a zoological
collector. -
14. AONYX. _ 109
11 Feet oblong, rather elongate ; toes rather slender, free at the end, bluntly
or imperfectly clawed ; pads of palms large, of toes slender, separate.
14. AONYX.
Muzzle bald, oblong, transverse; upper and lower edge nearly
straight. Toes half webbed, index and middle united together to
the third joint; claws obsolete or rudimentary and blunt; the inner
toe very short, index longer, middle and fourth longest and equal,
the fifth shorter than the index. Skull rather short, ventricose, and
convex behind; nose short ; forehead convex, arched ; orbit defined
by distinct conical tubercles above and below. Flesh-tooth with a
very large internal lobe, nearly as long as the outer portion of the
tooth, with two cross ridges on the crown; the upper tubercular
grinder large, massive, rather wider than long.
‘ The flesh-tooth of the Aonya is larger and wider than in the Otters
with well-developed claws. The outer margin of the tooth is pro-
duced outwards beyond the edge of the jaw, and furnished with a
distinct margin.
Aonyx, Lesson, Man. p.157 ; Gray,Loadon’s May.N.H. 1857, p. 550;
P. Z. s. 1865, p. 129.
Leptonyx, Lesson.
Anahyster, A. Murray, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. i. p. 157 (from
skull only).
* African. Glaws very rudimentary. Anahyster.
1. Aonyx Lalandii. B.M.
Brown, beneath paler; sides of the face, to the orbits and ears,
throat, chin, and chest yellowish, divided from the darker colour by
a defined line; shoulders and fore legs darker.
Very young animals are greyish white; the cheeks, chin, throat,
and chest white; the shoulders browner.
Lutra inunguis, F. Cue. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 248; Blainv. Ostéogr.
Mustela, t. 8 (skull).
Lutra (Aonyx) inunguis,‘Fiseher, Syn. p. 228.
Aonyx inunguis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 101.
Aonyx Lalandii, Lesson, Man. i. p. 57; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. .M.
p. 71 ; Ann. & May. N. H. 1837 , p. 119; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 129.
Lutra capensis, Schinz, Cue. Thierr. i. t. 214. _
Var.? Anahyster calabaricus, A. M'urray, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edmb.
p. 157 (skull, B.M.).
Lutra gambianus, Gray, Oat. Mamm. B. M. p. 111 (skull, B.M.).
Hab. South Africa, in rivers and lakes; Cape of Good Hope (A.
Smith); Mossambique (Peters).
L. poensis, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 60 (“ Shining brown ;
chest, chin, and throat fulvescent; tail half as long as the animal;
muzzle bare”), from Fernando Po, described from a skin without
feet, which is no longer to be found, is perhaps the same as the
former.
1 10 . 1[USTELID.-’E.
** Asiatic. Claws rudimentary, blunt. Aonyx.
2. Aonyx leptonyx, (Indian Aonyx.) B.M.
Brown, rather paler beneath; cheeks, chest, and sides of the neck
paler ; chin and upper part of the throat white. The inner lobe of
the flesh-tooth very large.

Lutra leptonyx, Horsf. Zool. Research. vii. t.; Fisch. Syn. p. 277;
Wagner, in Schreb. Supp. t.
Lutra cinerea, Illiger, in Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. i. p. 879.
Lutra perspicillata, I. Geoffl Diet. Class. H. N. ix. p. 519.
Aonyx Horsfieldii, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. II. 1837, p. 119.
Aonyx l]qp’ip)11yx, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 71 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 130
fi . s .
Miistgela fusca, Desch. MS. icon ined. B. M.
Mustela lutra, M'arsden, Sumatra, t. 12.
Semul, Rafles, I/inn. Trans. xiii. p. 254.
Hab. Java; Sumatra.
~ 3. Aonyx indigitata. BM.
Brown, paler below ; toes very short; claws short and blunt.
Lutra indi itata, Hodgs. Ann. & Mag. N. H. iv. ; Blainv. Ostéogr. t.
24. f. 8 skull).
Aonyx indigitata, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1837, p. 119; P. Z. S.
1865, . 131; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 101.
Aonyx sikimensis, Hodgson, Horsf. Ann. 3‘ Mag. N. H. xvi. p. 109,
1855; P. Z. S. 1856, p. 399.
Hab. Nepal Hills and Tarai.
Specimen very imperfect. “ Colour medial earthy brown ; paler
below, especially on the head and neck. Length, snout to vent 24,
tail 13, head 4%, palm 2%, planta 3% inches.”—Hodgs. l. c.
15. HYDROGALE. 111.
4. Aonyx aurobrunnea. B.M.
Lutra aurobrunnea, Ilodgs. MS. ; Ann. & Mag. N. H.; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1858, p. 126; Gray, Cat. Mamrn. B. M. p. 71.
Aonyx aurobrunnea, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1837, p. 119 ; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 131.
Hab. Nepal.
Specimen in very bad state.
Mr. Hodgson states, “ the Otters, in the upper region of the Hi-
malaya, are represented by the small golden and brown species, L.
anrobrunnea, in the central by L. monticola and L. indigitata, and
in the lower by the large Chinese species L. sinensis” (Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1855, p. 126). '
T1‘ The under surface of the feet, between the finger-pads and palms, sprinkled
with scattered soft hairs ; the inner part of the under surface of the
two inner hind toes with a band of close, short, soft hairs ; the muzzle
transverse and bald.
15. HYDROGALE.
Like Lutra externally; but the feet large, elongate, very broadly
webbed; the toes, especially of the hinder feet, long; the pads of
the toes and palms are less developed and separated from each other
by a greater distance; the under surface of the feet sprinkled with
scattered soft hairs, and the edges of the two inner hind toes have
a band of close, short, soft hairs. The skull elongate; the nose
very short ; the forehead narrow; the orbit scarcely defined behind,
without any indication of a tubercle on either the upper or lower
edge. The flesh-tooth with the internal lobe shorter than the outer
portion of the tooth; the tubercular grinder rhombie, wider than
long ; the hinder portion of the palate rather short, with an arched
posterior opening. '
Idydrogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 131.
The nose of the skull very short, much broader than long from
front of orbit to the iutermaxillary bone; nose-aperture large,
oblique; the hinder and outer portion of the upper jaws hairy; the
tubercular grinder produced beyond the back edge of the orbit;
nasal bones produced beyond the middle of the orbit; suborbital
foramen large, oblong, transverse, occupying half the under edge of
the orbit.
Hydrogale maculicollis. (Fig. 15.) BM.
Blackish brown; throat, breast, and belly yellow-spotted; upper
lip and beneath paler.
?Lutra maculicollis, Lichtenstein, Arch. f. Nat. 1835, i. 89, t.'
Lutra Grayi, J. E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1857 (type, B.M.) ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones, B. M. p. 101.
Hydrogale maculicollis, Gray, P. Z. 8'. 1865, p. 132 (fig. skull).
Hab. South Africa, Caffreland; Natal (Verreana:, Brit. Mus.).
112 MUSTELIDE.
Fig. 15.


Hydroyale maculicollis.
Tit. The palms and soles of the feet hairy between the pads, the hinder pads
with four small circular ruyosities ,- the bald muzzle large, broad, and
high, angularly produced above, and continued by a narrow streak to
the lips beneath.
16. LATAX.
The muzzle bald, large, higher than broad, upper edge angular, pro-
duced above, the lower one arched; the feet moderately large ; toes
strong, hairy above, webbed; claws large, acute; tail conical, covered
with hair. Under-fur long, very dense and exceedingly soft, very
closely covered with longer silky hair. Skull rather broad, depressed,
ventricose behind; the forehead flat, rather broad; orbit defined by a
strong acute conical prominence on the side of the forehead behind,
above, but not below ; the palate rather concave ; the flesh-tooth large,
the inner lobe as large as the outer section of the tooth ; the upper
tubercular grinder large, massive, rather broader than long. .
Lataxina, Gray, List. Mamm. B.M. 70.
Latax, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1 8 (not Gloyer) ; P. Z. S. 1865,
132
p. .
Lutra, § c, Gray, Loudon’s May. N. H. 1837, i. p. 380.
Latax canadensis. (Canadian Otter.) B.M.
Black-brown, beneath paler; cheeks, lips, chin, and throat pale
ashy-brown ; front of neck grey-brown.
Very young black above and below, with very short close fur;
lips whitish ; claws very acute, whitish.
Var. Nearly uniform black; under-fur very soft, brown; the
upper and lower lip, chin, and sides of throat brown.
Lutra canadensis, Sabine, Franhlin’s Voy. p. 653; Schreb. Stiugeth.
t. 126. f. 13; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 184, t. 28 (skull); Gray,
Ann. Sc May. N. H. 1837, p. 119.
Lutra brasiliensis, Harlan; Godman.
fl
17. PTERONURA. 113
Lutra hudsonica, F. Cue. Supp. Bzgfon, i. p. 194, 1831.
Lutra vulgaris canadensis, Wagner, Schreb. Supp. ii. p. 256.
Lutra lataxina, F. Gav. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 243.
Lataxina mollis, Gray, I/ist M'amm. B. 'll[. p. 70.
Latax lataxina, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N H. i. p. 119, 1837.
Latax canadensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 133.
Lutra canadensis, var., et Lataxina mollis, Aud. Q‘ Bachm. N. A.
Quad. iii. p. 976, f. 122, 1853.
Lutra californica, Baird, N. A. Mamm. p. 187 (not Gray).
Var. Smaller.
Lutra destructor, Barnston, Canadian Naturalist, 1863 (fig. foot and
skull); see Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 133.
Hab. North America, Canada.
B. Tail elongate, rather depressed, with a cord-like ridge on each side.
17. rrnaouuim.
Head depressed ; ears hairy, small ; muzzle entirely covered with
hair. Fur very soft, short, with a fine short soft under—fur. Feet
large and strong; toes 5/5, elongate, strong, widely webbed to the
ends; toes on fore feet nearly equal, thumb smaller; the three
outer toes of the hind feet are rather longer than the first toe, and
the great toe a little smaller ; claws large, compressed, acute ; soles
and palms bald to the heel, striated. Tail conical, tapering, rather
depressed, covered with short hair, and furnished with a subcylin-
drical prominent ridge on each side; end more depressed, two-edged,
and fringed at the tip. Teats four, abdominal. Skull elongate,
rather high for an Otter; face very short; nose-opening large,
nearly erect ; nose with an oblong depression on each side near the
orbits ; orbits very incomplete, moderate, with a very large oblong
aperture beneath the lower edge, and with an obtuse prominence in
the front of the upper edge near -the side of the nose; forehead
shelving, flat, straight, sides over the orbits straight and short,
triangular behind the very small conical supraorbital process; crown
with a very narrow central ridge; brain-case very long, twice as
long as the face to the back of the orbits, very narrow and com-
pressed in front, broad and swollen behind; zygomatic arch very
strong, broad, leaving a very large wide cavity beneath, infraorbital
process slightly marked; the occipital end nearly erect, nearly twice
as broad as high; the foramen magnum oblong, transverse; the
upper edge of the foramen thick, concave, with two large roundish
perforations close together in the upper part for the passage of two
blood-vessels to the brain~cavity. Palate rather concave, narrowed
behind, with a square hinder nasal opening. The four central
cutting-teeth in each jaw moderate, equal, the outer larger and
broader. The premolars conical; the front very small, on the
inner side of the hinder edge of the base of the canine ; two others
conical, with distinct cingulum. The flesh-tooth large, with the
inner lobe nearly as long as the outer edge, oblong, the front side
being broadest. The last or tubercular grinder oblong, transverse,
nearly twice as broad as long, with four distinct tubercles. The
I
114 musrnmnn.
flesh-tooth of the lower jaw oblong, more than twice as long as
broad, with three large anterior and one very large posterior lobes ;
the hinder or tubercular grinder moderate, with a nearly circular
crown.
Pteronura, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 580; P. Z. S.
1865, p.134.
Pteronurus, Lesson.
Pterura, U7ieym.; Sehinz.
Pteronura Sandbachii. B.M.
Fur bright bay-brown above and below; hairs all nearly of a
uniform brown colour; lips and a large irregular patch on the
throat and some spots on the side of the throat bright yellow.
Pt-eronura Sandbachii, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. N. II. i.‘p. 580, 1837;
Ann. 6} May. N. H. ii. p. 285, t. 14, 15339; P. Z. s. 18%, p. 131;
1868, p. 66, t. 7 (and skulls).
Pterura Sandbachii, I/Vieymann’s Arch. iv. p. 392, 1838(published 1839).
Hab. Demerara (Mus. Roy. Institution, Liverpool). Young.
' Length of adult female (a tanned skin in the possession of 'Mr. -
Bartlett), body and head 43, tail 24,=67 inches. Throat with two
bright yellow streaks and some yellow spots.
Var. Kappleri. B.M.
Bright golden brown above and below; hairs brown, with nume-
rous white hairs intermixed; lips, chin, and an elongated streak on
each side of the throat, which is dilated behind, and one branch of
it extended up to the side of the chest, white.
Young duller, greyer; lips and throat spotted, white.
Lutra brasiliensis, Krauss, Mus. Stutyardt.
Hab. Surinam (Kappler).
The white hairs are better seen when the fur is examined by a
hand magnifier. " - 1
Skull of adult :—--Length 6,of brainecase from the back edge of
the orbit 4%-, of the zygoma and orbit 3% inches ; width at the zygo-
matic arch 3%, at the back of ear-opening 3% inches ; height of skull
and lower jaw 25} inches. The skull of the young specimen chiefly
differs from that of the adult in the space between the orbits and
masseter muscles being thicker, and in the supraorbital process
before the upper hinder edge of the orbit not being developed.
These are the usual characters of the skulls in young animals.
The complete hairiness of the nose at once shows that it is not
Lutra brasiliensis, as Dr. Krauss named it, which is the type of the
genus Lontra.
It is probable that there is another species of this genus, which
has been described under the name‘ of Lutra solitaria, N atterer.
It was obtained by that enterprising traveller and collector at Ypa-
nema, in Brazil, and is described as “ chestnut—brown, and dirty
white beneath.” -
During the first visit of the BritishAssociation to Liverpool in
1837 I observed a depressed-tailed very large-footed Otter in the
17 .. rrnnonuna. 115
Museum of the Royal Institution of that town, which had been col-
lected in Demerara by Mr. Edmondson, and presented to the Museum
by my friend Mr. Sandbach. I brought it before the Natural-
History Section, and named it Pteronura Sandbachii.
A description of the specimen was published in ‘ Loudon’s Maga-
zine of Natural History ’ for 1837, i. p. 580.
Mr. Gould kindly made me a drawing of the specimen during the
meeting, which was engraved, with some notes on the genus, in the
‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1839, ii. p. 285, t. 14.
This plate is copied in Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv ’ for 1838, p. 392, t. 10
(which did not appear until late in 1839).
Professor Wiegmann at first doubted the distinctness of the genus
from Enhydris, but after he received the plate admitted that the
genera were distinct. He proposed to alter the name of the genus
from Pteronura to Pterura.
The Liverpool specimen has remained unique up to this time, and
Pteronura was the only well-established genus of Mammalia wanting
in the British-Museum Collection.
In the latter end of 1867 the British Museum received from Dr.
Krauss the skins of a large female Otter and its cub, under the name
of Lutra brasiliensis, which had been obtained in Surinam by Mr.
Kappler.
As I had lately published a monograph of Mustelidce, including
the species of I/utrinoe, in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’
for 1865, these specimens were entered in the register, and put awa
for future examination. But the skin which Mr. Bartlett exhibited
at the Meeting of the Society, Jan. 9, 1868, having excited new
interest as regards the specimens of Otters, the skins in store were
examined, and it was soon seen that the Otter from Surinam was not
the true Lutra brasiliensis, and was very nearly allied to, if not the
same species as, the skin that Mr. Bartlett had exhibited. The spe-
cimen chiefly differs from Mr. Bartlett’s skin in the tail being thick
and strong, and convex on the upper and lower surface, nearly as in
other Otters ; so that the flatness of the upper and under surface of
the prepared skin was doubtless produced by the preparation or
dressing of it ; and it was this excessive flatness that gave the tail
such an artificial appearance. I believe that the tail of a Common
Otter (L. eulgaris) might artificially be made to resemble the tail of
that prepared skin. That there was considerable cause for scepti-
cism I think is proved by the experiment that Mr. Bartlett himself
made to see if the cord-like margins on the side of the tail were not-
artificially made and would not disappear in soaking and stretching.
As soon as I discovered the Surinam Otter I thought it ought to
be compared with the one from Demerara. I therefore wrote to the
Secretary of the Royal Institution of Liverpool to request that they
would allow the specimen, which I originally described, to be sent
to the Museum for me to examine it, and show it to the Zoological
Society. He, most kindly and liberally, immediately granted my
request, and, on a second application, allowed me to extract the
skull of the specimen, in order that there might be no doubt on the
I 2
116 MUSTELIDZE.
Fig. 16.
V J’ .5-inner-"11
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a. Upper surface ofskull of Pteronura Sandbachii. "
b. Upper sectorial tooth and tubercular grinder of P. Sandbachn.
117
17 . rrnnonum.
Fig. 17 .
N)
. Q. . WW4-
. , /. .
| ||ill/ I/Z. I
/ .

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. . . . . I /
.1 /1


:.
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Side view of skull of Pteronura Sandbachii.
118 MUSTELIDlE.
subject of the specific identity, as there is a slight difference in the
colouring of the throat, and also a very great difference in the size
of the specimens.
A careful examination and comparison of the specimen has satisfied
me that the Demerara and Surinam Otters are of the same species.
The specimen in Liverpool, from Demerara, is a very young animal,
with its milk series of teeth. The tail of the Demerara specimen has
the same marginal rib as the Surinam one; but in the preparation
it has been too much depressed on the sides, and the sides I also are
artificially extended, giving it a fin-like appearance, which induced
me to give it the name of Pteronura. Oraspedura, or margined-
tailed, would have been a much more appropriate one. The bones
have been almost entirely extracted from the skin of the feet, and
they have been evidently flattened by the stuffer. The size and
flatness of the feet in this specimen, which gave the animal so much
apparent relation to the Sea-Otters, do not exist in the unstuffed
specimen from Surinam, which has large feet, with very strong toes
united by a broad web extending to the end of the toes, and large
acute claws, the feet being quite of the normal or usual form of the
Otters’, and having no more resemblance to those of the Sea-Otter or
Enhydris than is the case in any of the other species of the genus.
The skull is very long and has sharply tubercular teeth, which
also shows that it is far removed from the very short, broad, square
skull, with the very broad teeth with hemispherical tubercles, that is
so peculiar to the Sea-Otter.
The Surinam specimen and the reexamination of the Demerara
specimen and its skull have enabled me to give a revised character
to the genus.
Tribe I11. ENHYDRINA.
Head depressed. Hind feet large, elongate, rather fin-like, hairy
above and below, oblique, truncated; the outer toes largest ; claws
small. Tail short, cylindrical. Grinders broad, massive, fiat-
topped. Flesh-tooth oblong, triangular, transverse; inner side
narrow, tubercular: grinders similar, larger, outer edge narrow.
Marine.
Enhydrina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 135.
18. ENHYDRIS.
Tail short, cylindrical. Muzzle bald, oblong, triangular. Soles
entirely hairy, like the upper surface of the feet ; claws acute, small.
Skull much dilated behind, and swollen. Teeth 34; premolars
g . ; grinders very large, massive, flat-topped.
Enhydra, Fleming, Phil. Zool.
Enhydris, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 228; Gray, Cat. Manim. B. M.
xxi. p. 72; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 135, t.
18. ENHYDRIS. 119
Pusa, Aken.
Latax, Gloyer (not Gray).
Professor Lichtenstein’s figure of the animal, in the Darst. Séiugeth.
t. 49, represents the hind feet as too small and too much like those
of a common Otter. The hind foot is like a compressed fin, quite
as much, and even more so than in the case of the Seal. It differs
from the foot of the Seal in the toes gradually increasing in length
from the inner to the outer one, making the foot appear obliquely
truncated. In the Seals, the inner and outer toes are the longest,
and the middle ones are the shortest. In some respects the foot of
the Sea-Otter resembles that of the Beaver; but it differs in the toes,
as well as in being entirely covered, both above and below, with short,
close, silky hairs. The front claws are small, short, and very acute.
In the very young animal they are very acute and strongly curved
at the tip, so as to be almost subspiral. The hinder claws are small
and acute, rudimentary in the very young specimens. The muffle
is bald: it forms a bald edge round the nostrils, which are only
separated from each other by a rather narrow septum ; and it forms
a rather triangular bald space over them, the upper edge being
sloping on each side, and rather arched in the centre. The figures
in Capt. Cook’s ‘Voyages,’ t. 57, give the best idea of this animal,
showing the fin-like form of the hind feet ; but the tail appears too
depressed and Beaver-like.
Enhydris lutris. (Kalan, or Sea-Otter.) B.M.
Black, grizzled with silver-white hair.
Var. Head white or grey.
Lutra marina, Steller, Noe. Com. Petrop. ii. p. 367, t. 16, 1751; Schreb.
Stiugeth. t. 128 ; Blaine. Ostéoyr. Mustela, t. 8 (skull).
Mustela lutris, Linn. ; Shaw, Mus. Lee. t.
Phoca lutris, Pallas, Zoogr. R.-Asiat. i. p. 100.
Lutra lutris, F. Cue. Supp. Bu_fl'on, Mamm. p. 204.
Enhydra marina, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. p. 187, 1821; Owen, Odont.
t. 128. f. 13; Martin, P. Z. S. iv. p. 59, 1836, Osteoloyy ; Baird,
M. N. A. p. 189.
Enhydris lutris, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 72; P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 136, t. 7 (from life).
Enhydris Stelleri, Lesson, Man. p. 156.
Enhydris ? gracilis, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 229.
Enhydris marina, Hempr. Licht. Darst. Siiuyeth. t. 19; Eeersmann,
Reise um die Erde, t. 11, 12; Schrenek, Amurland, p. 43.
Latax marina, Lesson, N. Tab.‘ R. A. p. 171.
Sea-Otter, Penn., Cooh’s Voy. ii. p. 645 ; Menzies, Phil. Trans. 1796,
p. 385; Rich. North. Zool. p. 59. ‘
Hab. Galifornia.
What is Lutra lutris, Geoffrey, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. (xxviii.
p. 247, t. ), Lutra marina, Desm. Mamm. p. 189, Schreb. Séiugeth.
(t. 129), with the feet one-third of the length of the body, from
Kamtschatka? Is it a badly described Enhydris?
120 MELINIDBE.
Section II. DOG-FOOTED CARNIVORA (CYNOPODA).
Head elongate. Feet elongate. Toes straight ; the last phalange
and the claws extended. The claws blunt and worn at the end;
the front ones are often more or less elongated, for digging.
Fam. 7. MELINIDAI.
Head moderate, elongate. Nose simple, flat and bald beneath,
with a central longitudinal groove. Tubercular grinders one on
each side of the upper and lower jaws. Feet elongate. Toes
stright, exserted. Claws spread out, blunt.
Mustelidee, § Platypoda, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 102.
The flesh-tooth of this group is peculiar. In some genera it is
of the usual normal shape, with a small internal lobe crowned with
a single conical tubercle, as in .Mephitis, Zorilla, and Mellivora ; in
Conepatus the inner lobe is broader, and has an elongated arched
ridge on its inner edge. In some other genera, where the inner
lobe is broad, it is crowned with two tubercles; they are distinct
and well developed in Taxidea and H eli-ct-is, confluent, forming an
oblique ridge, in Mydaus, and rudimentary and marginal in Arctonyzc.
The genus Bassaris has, like these genera, two conical tubercles
on the inner process of the flesh-tooth. -
The form of the hinder part, and the position of the hinder open-
ing, of the palate vary in the different genera.
In Conepatus and Mephitis it is wide and scarcely produced, and
nearly in a line with the hinder edge of the grinders.
In Mellivora it is wide, but rather further back, in a line with
the binder edge of the orbit.
In Meles and Tawidea and Mydaus it is rather contracted, and
placed still further back, being in a line with the middle of the
zygomatic arch. - - - '
In Arctonya; it is produced still further back, the opening being
rather behind, in a line even with the condyles ; the hinder part of
the palate behind the tooth-line is concave below, keeled on the
sides above, and swollen on the sides in front.
Synopsis of the Genaea.
A. Plantigrade. Hind feet broad, depressed; soles bald, callous nearly to
the heel; toes short, thick ; claws thick. Body heavy. Tail short.
Ears short, rounded.) _ _
Tribe 1. Melina. Tubercular grinder large, oblong, elongate.
Palate produced behind. Flesh-tooth with two more or
less distinct tubercles on inner lobe.
MELINIDZE. 121
* Palate much produced behind ; hinder opening in a line with the condyles.
1. Asoronrx. Tubercular grinder elongate. Nose of skull
rather produced and contracted.
** Palate moderately produced behind ; hinder opening in a line with the
middle of zygomatic arch.
2. MELES. Tubercular grinder elongate, oblong. Nose of skull
broad. Flesh-tooth moderate, trigonal; inner lobe with a
single ridge. ‘ '
3. TAXIDEA. Tubercular grinder large, triangular, oblong; inner
side broad. Flesh-tooth large, trigonal, with a broad inner
lobe with two tubercles. Nose short, broad.
4. Mrmus. Tubercular grinder oblong, nearly square; flesh-
tooth moderate, trigonal, outer edge compressed, inner with
two unequal tubercles on a ridge, Nose of skull produced.
Tribe 2. Mellivorina. Tubercular grinder transverse, band-like;
palate only slightly produced behind; flesh-tooth with a
small inner lobe and a single tubercle. Fur black below.
5. MELLIVORA. Skull short, broad.
Tribe 3. Mephitina. Tubercular grinder oblong, four-sided. Palate
scarcely produced behind; hinder opening in a line with
the hinder grinders. Skull short. Nose broad.‘ Fur black,
white-striped.
6. (JONEPATUS. Sole of hind feet only divided across. Tail
short, bushy. False grinders 3.
7. M EPHITIS. Sole of hind feet with three pads in front. Tail
elongate, flaccid. False grinders 4.
8. SPILOGALE. Sole of hind feet with four pads in front. Tail
short, bushy, flaccid. False grinders 4.
B. Subdigitigrade. ‘Hind feet rather narrow; soles hairy, with a narrow,
elongate, triangular, bald space in front; toes unequal ,- claws elongate,
slender. Tubercular grinder transverse.
Tribe 4. Zorillina. Flesh-tooth elongate, with a small anterior
inner lobe with a single tubercle.
9. ZORILLA. Tail elongate, with flaccid hair.
Tribe 5. Helictidina. Flesh-tooth triangular, having a broad in-
ternal lobe with two conical tubercles.
10. Hnmorrs. False grinders Tail elongate, subcylindrical.
122 MELINIDJE.
A. Plantigrade. Hind feet broad, depressed; soles bald, callous nearly to
the heel; toes short, thick ; claws thick. Body heaiy ; tail short ; ears
short, rounded.
Melina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
Tribe I. MELINA.
Tubercular grinder large, oblong, elongate; palate produced
behind; flesh-tooth with two more or less distinct tubercles on the
inner lobe.
Melina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 137.
a. Palate much produced behind; hinder opening rather behind, on a line
level with the condyles. Nose of skull rather produced.
1. ARCTONYX.
Arctonyx, Cuvier, Mamm. Lithoyr. p. 51; Gray, List Mamm. B. M.
xxi. p. 70; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 137.
Synarchus, Gloyer, 1842.
Skull elongate, broad and truncated behind. Nose elongate,
rather compressed, rounded above. Forehead elongate, rounded on
the sides. Orbits small, oblong, very incomplete behind; zygomatic
arch strong, wider behind; the suborbital foramen circular; the
palate concave in front, much produced behind, concave below, pro-
minent and keeled on the sides ; hinder opening far back, in a line
with the condyles of the lower aw; opening angular, acute in front;
the bulla of the ear oblong, scarcely raised; the tube of the inner
nostril vesicular and very thin at the sides. The cutting-teeth un-
equal, truncated, worn; the two middle ones smallest; the second
on each side rather larger ; the lateral pair much larger, very oblique.
Canines conical, compressed, nearly straight, worn on the front edge,
bent out at the end. False grinders 4; the first very small, sub-
cylindrical, separated by a long diastema; the second compressed,
trigonal. The flesh-tooth moderate, triangular, nearly as wide in
front as the outer side; the outer edge with a compressed tubercle ;
inner lobe with two small compressed marginal ridges. Tubercular
tooth four-sided, massive, rather longer than broad, truncated in
front, and obliquely truncated at the outer hinder side; outer edge
with two compressed tubercles. Lower jaw elongate, produced and
flattened in front. Cutting-teeth unequal, much worn, rather pro-
duced in front. Canines compressed, curved, worn on the front
edge; False grinders 2, separated from the canines by a large
diastema, compressed. The flesh-tooth large, elongate, oblong-ovate,
with two conical tubercles in front, and two pairs of tubercles behind.
Tubercular grinder circular.
Arctonyx collaris. (Balisoar.) B.M.
Yellowish, black-washed; throat yellow ; feet and a double streak
1. ARCTONYX. 123
C
Fig. 18.


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Skull of Arctonyx collaris.
124 MELINIDE.
on each side of the head black; tail elongate; ears very short,
white-edged.
Meles taxus, Hardw. MS. B. M. (l) _
Arctonyx collaris, F. Cue. Mamm. Lith. t. 51 (from Hardunehe’s
Drawing); Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 138, 681 (fig. skull).
Arctonyx taxoides (Balisoar), Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 589.
Arctonix, Evans, J. A. S. B. vii. t. 43.
Mephitis assamensis, M‘ Clelland, Ind. Rev. 1858, p. 309.
Meles collaris, Ogilby, Penny Encyc. iii. p. 264.
Mydaus collaris, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. ~
Arctonyx isonyx, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 398, t. 50.
Sand-Bear, Bewich’s Quad. p. 257.
Hab. Assam and Arakan.
. I call find no difference between the specimen of A. isonyce (Hodg-
son, B. Z. S. 1856, t. 50) and A. eollaris.
b. Palate moderately produced behind; hinder opening on a line level with
the middle of the zygomatic arch.
2. MELES.
Head pointed ; nose prominent ; ears rounded. Body thick,
heavy. Limbs short ; front claws elongate, for digging. Tail short.
Skull elongate, rounded behind ; orbits incomplete, only contracted
above. Teeth 36 ; false grinders % . 5%. Flesh-tooth moderate-sized,
triangular. Tubercular grinder very large, four-sided, oblong, rather
longer than broad.
Meles, Gesner, Quad. ; Briss. R. A. ; Nilsson, Shand. Faun. p. 182;
Gray, List Mamm. B. M. xxi. p. 70; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 138.
Taxus, Cuvier.
The bald soles of the hind feet of Taaidea leueurus are oblong,
occupying about two-thirds of the length of the foot, hairy behind,
with four pads in front ; the front and outer one smaller, triangular.
The sole of the fore foot is oblong, with four unequal-sized pads in
front and one oblong transverse one on the binder margin (Hodgson,
J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 2, t. 31. f. 4).
”“ Shall ovate, swollen behind; the forehead and upper part of the nose
broad, flat above, and rounded on the sides; the face short, thick; the
flesh-tooth of the lower jaw moderate, shorter than the tooth-line occupied
by the three premolars.
Taxus, Eumeles, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 139, 140.
Meles, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 206.
1. Meles taxus. (Badger.) B.M.
Yellowish grey, black-washed; limbs and beneath black; face
white, with a streak enclosing the eyes and ears black.
Ursus taxus, Blumenb. Handl. p. 10.
Ursus meles, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 70; Schreb. Siiugeth. p. 516.
2. nnmss. 125
Meles taxus, Boddaert, Elench. i. p. 80; Schreb. Séiugeth. t. 142;
Blainv.‘ Ostéogr. Subursus, t. 2 (skeleton), 6 (skull), 9 (teeth);
Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 139; 1868, p. 207. '
Meles europaeus, Desm. N. Diet. Hist. Nat. iii. p. 465.
Meles vulgaris, Desm. Mamm. p. 173.
Taxus vulgaris, Tiedm. Zool. i. p. 376.
Blaireau, Bufion, H. N. vii. p. 104, t. 7, 8.
Blaireau d’Europe, Cuvier, R. A. i. p. 145. -
Common Badger, Penn.'Brit. Zool. p. 30; Bell, Brit. Quad. p. 122.
Hab. North Europe; North Asia.
Skull ovate-elongate; face large; forehead flat; nose broad, flat
above ; orbits incomplete ; supraorbital hole large, subquadrangular;
brain-case ovate, narrow behind, obliquely truncated; palate rather
concave, flat and produced behind, with a sharp keeled ridge on each
side behind; the hinder aperture angular in front, in a line with
the middle of the zygomatic arch. , Cutting-teeth large, subequal,
truncated. Canine conical, slightly curved. False grinders 2 ; front
small, conical; second larger, compressed. Flesh-tooth moderate,
trigonal, sides subequal, outer edge with two conical tubercles, outer
lobe with two indistinct minute tubercles on the edges. The tuber-
cular grinder large, massive, rather longer than broad, front edge
concave, hinder rounded, obscurely truncated on the outer hinder
margin, outer margin with three unequal slightly raised tubercles.
Lower jaw strong; chin arched; cutting-teeth truncated, unequal,
the middle one on each side rather behind the others; canines
conical, short, curved ; false grinders 3, first very small, deciduous ;
second and third compressed, conical; flesh-tooth oblong, elongate,
with three tubercles in front and two pairs of tubercles behind;
tubercular grinder small, ovate.
Length of skull 5" 3"’, of nose 9"’, of palate 2" 11"’, of lower jaw
3" 9"’; width over ears 2" 3"’, of nose in front of orbits 1" 4"”.
Skull large; face very broad and rounded in front; the nasal
aperture large, bread, as broad as high, postorbital aperture mo-
derate, subcircular.——Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 206.
2. Meles anakuma, Temm.
Skull small ; face broad, tapering, narrow, and rounded in front ;
the nasal aperture oblong, moderate, higher than broad ; the post-
orbital opening very large, oblong. _
Meles anakuma, Temm. Fauna Japonica, t.; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1853, p. 191; 1865, p. 139.
Meles taxus, var., Middendmfi’, N. und 0. Sibir. Siiugeth. p. 3.
Meles taxus, var. amurensis, Schrenck, Amurland, xvii. t. 1. f. 1, 4.
Hab. Japan. _
The skull differs from that of M. taazus and M. leucurus in being
much shorter, and with a rather broad nose (Gray, P. Z. S. 1853,
. 191 .
P The)skull is well figured by Temm. & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica,
t. 6. The name of this animal is erroneously printed M. ankuma,
in P. Z. S. 1865, p. 140.
126 _ MELINIDE.
** The shad oblong, elongate ; the forehead and upper part of the nose nar-
row, subcylindrical above ; face elongate, tapering, rounded in front;
nose-hole moderate, rounded, as broad as long ; the flesh-teeth of the
lower jaw large, longer than the line occupied by the three premolars.
Pseudomeles, Hodgson.
3. Meles leucurus. (Tampha or Tumpha.)
Fur long, flaccid, dark iron-grey, black, grey, and white mixed;
hair long, white, with a broad sublunate -black band and a white
tip ; under-fur abundant, long, white; a streak on each side of the
forehead blackish-grey—varied; chin, throat, legs, and underside of
body black; tail, sides of head, and body whitish.
Taxidea leucura, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 763, t. 31, 1847 ;
Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xii. p. 221, 1853. ~
Pseudomeles leucurus, Hodgson, MS. 1850.
Meles leucurus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 191; 1857, p. 768; 1865,
p. 139; 1868,‘p. 207; Ilorsf. Ann. & Mag. N. H. xvi. p. 108, 1855.
Taxidea leucurus, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 116.
Hab. Thibet, “ Bhote Plains: ” called Tampha (Hodgson).
Very like Arctonyx collaris; but the fur of the back is longer and
more flaccid, and the chin and throat are black, as well as the belly
and legs, which is not the case in that animal. The skull is rather
more tapering and more compressed than in the European Badger
(M. taxus), which it most resembles. '
Consult also Meles albigularis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
1843, p. 589, which is unknown to me.
As I observed in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1865, p. 140, the skin is
very like that of Arctonyx collaris, but differs in the chin and throat
being black, and in the black streak on the face commencing on the
side of the front .of the nose, including the eyes.
4. Meles chinensis.
Fur short, harsh, yellow-brown, varied with black and grey; tips
of the breast-hairs rigid, moderately short, yellow, with a narrow
black subterminal ring and yellow tip ; under-fur almost entirely
absent.
Streak from end of nose on each side of the face, including the
eye, the back of the ears, chin, throat, legs and feet, and underside
of the body black; tail slender, harsh, yellow; some of the hair of
the upper part with a black subterminal ring.
Arctonyx collaris, no. 206, c, Gerrard, Cat of Bones B..M. p. 98.
? Meles taxus amurensis, ‘Schrencle, Amurland, xvii. t. 1. f. 1-4.
Meles chinensis, Gray, P. Z. S’. 1868, p. 207.
? Meles leptorhynchus, A. Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 5. viii.
(not described).
Hab. China, Hongkong (Dr. Hartland), Amoy (HM.O. Swinhoe).
The general colouring is so like that of the European Badger that
it is probably the M. tawus, var., of Middendorfll (N. u. 0. Sibir.
Mamm. p. 3), and Meles ta/vus, var. amurensis, Schrenck, Amurland,
2. mums. 127
xvii. t. 1. f. 1-4; but the fur is much shorter, and the hair not so
distinctly variegated as that of the European Badger, and very much
harsher. '






















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Meles chinensis. a. Hinder upper grinders.
The skull (figs. 19, 20) is so like that of Meles leueurus from Thibet,
that I should have regarded them as the same, if there were not so
much difference in the length and flaccidness and coloration of the
fur, and the abundance of the under-fur. This may depend on the
climate.
The shortness and peculiar colour of the fur are exactly alike in
128 MELINIDZEL
the specimens sent by Dr. Hartland from Hpngkong and by Mr.
Consul Swinhoe from Amoy.
I may observe that when Dr. Hartland’s specimen was sent it was
regarded as a young Arotonyzv col-laris.

Side view of skull of Meles chinensis.
I cannot see any appreciable difference between the skull of
llfclcs leueurus from Thibet, given to the Museum by Mr. Hodgson,
and the skull of the M. chinensis, sent with the skin from Amoy.
Dr. Hartland’s specimen is very young, but it agrees with the other
two skulls in all particulars.
The following are the measurements of the skulls of the four
species of Meles in the British Museum :--

M-' taxu8_ 5222- M 7lQc2Lz8¢c11.- M1 zilglneoz-It
1n. lin. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin.
Length, entire ......................... .. 4 9 4 8? 4 9 4 4
from.nose to front of orbit 1 9 1 6 1 8 1 4%
--—— of zygomatic arch ............. .. 2 5 2 O 2 2 2 1
of lower jaw ................... .. 3 4 2 9 3 0 2 10
Width of nose in front of line of orbi-
tal apertures ...................... .. 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 10
-——- at back part of zygomatic arch 3 0 2 7 2 8 2 5
——-— of occipital end... ............. .. 1 10 2 0 2 2 2 0
———-—— of forehead between orbits 1 2 0 11 l 0 0 10


3. TAXIDEA. 129
_ 3. TAXIDEA. (American Badger.)
Nose prominent. Ears rounded. Body heavy, stout. Limbs short.
Feet plantigrade. Toes 5/5; front claws elongate, for digging.
Tail short. Fur soft, with longer hairs. Skull broad, depressed,
and truncated behind. Teeth 34; false grinders . Flesh-
tooth very large, triangular. Tubercular grinder triangular, not
exceeding the flesh-tooth in size (see B. Z. S. 1853, p. 191).
Taxidea, I/Vaterhouse, Trans. Zool. Soc. p. 343, t. 59, 1841; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 140.
Skull depressed,subtriangular, broad and truncated behind; nose
short, broad; forehead small and slightly convex; suborbital fora-
men small, trigonal; orbits incomplete behind. Palate flat, rather
produced behind; hinder opening arched, not so wide as the side
margin. The auditory bulla large, convex, half ovate, vesicular,
thin. The cutting-teeth short, strong; four central truncated, outer
large, conical. Canines conical, nearly straight. False grinders
two, conical; the binder larger, with a thickened margin on the
inner hinder edge. Flesh-tooth large, triangular, nearly as broad
in fiont as on the outer side; outer side with two compressed con-
fluent tubercles; inner side broad, with two conical tubercles, the
hinder small. The tubercular tooth large, broad, subtrigonal, the
inner edge long, the outer short, the hinder edge obliquely truncated.
Lower jaw strong; condyles transverse; cutting-teeth in a close
line, two middle small, two next larger, and outer largest, the four
outer obliquely truncated; canines conical, curved; false grinders
three, the first and second small, conical, third compressed, with
two confluent tubercles, outer edge thin ; flesh-tooth oblong, with a
single large tubercle in front and two pairs of others, the hind pair
curved; tubercular tooth subconical, with three tubercles.
Taxidea americana. B.M.
Grey, black-. and white-varied; neck and beneath white; spot
before the cars, a narrow streak from nose, above the eyes, to the
back, black; feet dark brown.
Ursus taxus, Schreb. Stiugeth. p. 520, t. 142 ; Buflbn.
Meles taxus, var. americana, Bodd. Elench. i. p. 136.
Meles americanus, Zimm., from Penn. Arct. Zool. i. p. 76.
Ursuiolabradorius, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 102; Shaw, Zool. i. p. 469,
t. 6.
Meles labradoria, Sabine, App. Parry’s Travels, p. 649; Richardson,
Fauna Bor.-Amer. p. 40; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 151.
Meles J elfersonii, Harlan, F. Amer. p. 309.
Taxidea labradoria, Waterh. Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 348, t. 59; Gray,
I/ist Mamm. B. M. 70; Gerrard, Cat. Bones, B. .M. p. 99; Baird,
Mamm. N. A. p. 2 2, t. 39. f. 2.
Meles labradorius, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 315.
Taxus labradorius, Say, Long’s Exped. i. pp. 261 & 369, 1823.
Carcaj ou, Bujon, N. H. Supp. iii. . 242, t. 49 (not La Houtan).
Taxidea americana, Baird, Mamm. A. p. 202; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 141.
K
130 4 MELINIDZE.
American Badger, Penn. Syn. p. 204.
?B_rairo (French Canadians), Lewis 8* Clarke, Trav. ii. p. 40.
Siffleur, French Canadians.
Flacyotl, Hernandez.
Var. Berlandieri. Smaller; reddish above, with a narrow white
dorsal streak.
Taxidea Berlandieri, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 205, t. 39. f. 1 (Mexico).
Var._ californica, pale line continued from nape to base of tail
(Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 42). (Skull, B.M.)
Hab. California (David Douglas); Texas (skull, B.M.).


in. lin.
Length of skull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 10 '
of nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3-21
of palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6
of orbit and zygoma . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5
Width of skull over ears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 6
of nose at orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
of skull behind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
Length of lower jaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
4. MYDAUS.
Head conical. Nose attenuated. Muzzle rather produced, mo-
bile, obliquely truncated ; beneath rather bald, with a distinct cen-
tral longitudinal bald groove. N ostrils inferior, lateral. Body
short ; limbs short. Feet plantigrade, soles broad, bald to the heel.
Tees 5 . 5; front claws elongate, strong, unequal; hinder strong,
rather acute. Tail short; anal glands distinct. Skull elongate;
orbit not contracted behind. Teeth 34 ; grinders % . -§- ; false grin-
ders . %, one-rooted (Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursus, t. 1).
Mydaus, F. Cuv. ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxi. p. 69; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 14-s.
Mephitis, sp., Desm.
Mydaon, Gloger, 1842.
Skull elongate, slender in front; nose elongate, tapering, shelving
on the sides; orbit very incomplete, small ; suborbital foramen mo-
derate, ovate, zygoma-tic arch flattened, slender; brain-case ovate,
ventricose, truncated behind; palate slightly concave, especially in
the middle behind; hinder opening to the nostrils ovate; in a line
with the middle of thev zygomatic arch; bulla of the ears low,‘
slightly convex. The cutting-teeth broad, in an arched line, trun-
cated, the outer ones rather the largest, with a slight notch in the
hinder edge; canine compressed, far from the cutting-tooth; false
grinders two, the first small, second compressed; the flesh-tooth
roundish, trigonal, outer edge with a compressed marginal tubercle,
inner lobe broad, rounded, with two conical tubercles, the hinder
small, and united to the ridge on the outer margin; the tubercular
grinder oblong subrhombic, rather longer than wide, the front and
5. MELLIVORA. 131
- hinder edges obliquely truncated, with two compressed tubercles on
each edge, the inner tubercle largest. Lower jaw rather slender;
chin flattened, shelving; the cutting-teeth truncated, the middle on
each side rather behind the rest; canine curved; false grinders
three, compressed, the front small, the third with a conical lobe on
the hinder edge; the flesh-tooth oblong, with three compressed
tubercles on each edge ; the hinder outer and the front inner being
the largest and single, the front outer and hinder inner lobe being
double-coned ;" tubercular grinder moderate, circular.
Length of skull 3" 2"’, palate 1" 7 ’”, of lower jaw 2", of nose 1",
width of brain-case over ears 1" 4-z1~”', of nose at front of orbits 9"’.
Mydaus meliccps. B.M.
Brown; crown, nape, dorsal streak, and tip‘ of a very short tail
white.
Var. a. Dorsal streak broad in front, and continued to tip of ,
tail. B.M.
Var. b. Streak interrupted on withers, narrow behind ; tip of tail
white. ' B.M.
Var. c. Streak dilated into a broad patch over the withers, narrow
behind ; tail, great part white. B.M.
Ursus foetidus, Desch. MS. Icon. in B. M. !
Mydaus rneliceps, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t. ; H'orsf. Java, t. ; Cuvier,
Oss. Foss. iv. p. 474; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 142.
Mephitis javanensis, Desm. Mamm. . 187.
Mydaus avanicus, Blainv. Ostéogr. ubursus, t. 1 (skeleton).
Mydaus javanensis, Blainv.0stéogr. Subursus, t. 7 (skull), t. 9 (teeth).
Stinkkard or Teledu, Marsden, Sumatra, p. 117.
Hab. Sumatra (Rafles).
Tribe I1. MELLIVORIN A.
Tubercular grinder transverse, band-like; palate only slightly
produced behind; flesh-tooth with a small internal lobe, with a
single tubercle. Fur black below, white above.
Mellivorina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 143.
5. MELLIVORA.
Head depressed; nose blunt; ears indistinct. Body stout, de-
pressed; legs short, strong; plantigrade. Toes 5. 5; front claws
elongate, very strong, the bald sole of hind foot occupying the
whole undersurface, only slightly divided across about one-third of
its length from the front (Hodgson, J. A. S. B. t. 31. f. 2). Tail
short, subcylindrical. Skull contracted behind; orbits very incom-
plete, scarcely contracted behind. Teeth 32; premolars . §-;
grinders %- (Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 2). 2
x
132 MELINIME.
Mellivora, Stor.; F. C'uv.; Gray, L. M. B. M. v. p. 68; P. Z. S.
1865, pp. 143, 680.
Ratelus, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Schinz, Syn. p. 329.
Lipotus, Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1841, p. 211.
Ursitaxus, Hodgson, Asiat. Research. xix. p. 60, 1836.
Melitonyx, Gloger, 1842.
De Blainville figures the skull and teeth of M. inolica and M. ca-
pensis, t. 11 and t. 13; he represents the tubercular grinders of
ill. indica as much smaller than those of M. capensis, and the flesh-
tooth as more unequally triangular (see t. 13).
' 1. Mellivora indica. (Bharsiah.) B.M.
Black ; the back iron-grey; crown of head white.——Gray, P. Z. S.
1865,p.680.
Ursus indicus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 470, 1800.
Meles indica, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 151.
Indian Badger (Ursus indicus), Hardw. Linn. Trans. ix. p. 115, t. 9.
Indian Badger, Penn.
Ratelus mellivorus, Benn. Zool. Gard. p. 13 (fig. good).
Mellivora ratel, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 96.
_ Mellivora ratelus (Indian var.), Fraser, Cat. Zool. Gardens, 1862,
p. 9; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1835.
Ratelus indicus, Schinz; Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, . 113.
Mellivora indica, Blaine. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 6 (s ull) ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, pp. 143, 680; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 98.
Mustela indica, Blaine. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13 (teeth).
Ursitaxus inauritus (Bharsiah), Hodgson, Asiat. Research. xix. p. 60,
J. A. S. Beng. 1836, p. 671.
Hab. India (called “ Beejoo ”), Nepaul (called “ Bharsiah ”).
Skull ovate, elongate ; nose short, concave on the sides, flat
above ; forehead short, convex; orbits incomplete ; suborbital fora-
men small, ovate. Brain-case swollen behind and truncated. Palate
nearly flat in front, concave behind and slightly produced; hinder
opening of the palate large; keeled on the sides, front edge arched ;
as wide as long. Four middle cutting-teeth equal, truncated, the
side ones conical, with a recurved tip ; canines conical, nearly
straight; false grinders two, crowded, thick, conical: flesh-tooth
trigonal ; outer'edge rather the longest, with two conical confluent
tubercles; the inner lobe anterior, roundish, with an acute conical
tubercle : tubercular grinder transverse, band-like; outer half nar-
row, inner half considerably wider, rounded on the inner edge.
Lower jaw strong ; chin arched ; cutting-teeth crowned, truncated,
the middle one on each side behind the others; canines conical,
curved back; false grinders three, rather crowded, thick, conical;
the flesh-tooth oblong, of moderate size, with three conical tubercles
in a single longitudinal series ; tubercular grinder none (or small or
early deciduous). ' in_ lin.
Length of skull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4
palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4
lower jaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6
orbit over ears . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3
nose in front of orbits . . . . . . 1 5%
MEPHITINA. 133
The skull is very like Gala in general form; but the upper flesh-
tooth is triangular, and the larger internal lobe in Gulo is oblong,
longitudinal, with a small internal lobe near the front end.
2. Mellivora ratel. (Ratel.) B.M.
Black ; the back iron-grey ; the crown and a broad streak down
each side to the tail white.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 680.
Known from Ml indiea by the greater quantity of white on the
head and the broad white lateral edge to the iron-grey colour on the
back. Skull higher.
Gulo capensis, Desm. Jllamm. p. 176.
Ursus mellivorus, Cup. Tab. Elém. p. 112, 1798.
Viverra capensis, Schreb. Sltugeth. p. 450, t. 135.
Viverra ratel, Sparrm. Act. Stochh. 1777, t. 4. f. 2. .
Mellivora capensis, F. C'uo.; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 6 (skull),
t. 2 (skeleton) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 98. '
Mellivora ratel, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 68; P. Z. S. 1865,
pp. 145, 680.
Viverra mellivora, Blumenb. Naturg. p. 97.
Ursus mellivorus, Blumenb. Naturg. edit. 10, p. 99.
Taxus mellivorus, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 377 .
Lipotus mellivorus, Sunderall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1841, p. 211.
Mellivora capensis, Peters.
Ratelus capensis, Schinz.
Meles mellivora, Thunb. in Mém. Pétersb. iii. p. 107.
Ratelus typicus, A. Smith.
Mustela capensis, Blaine. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth).
Stinkbinksen, Kolbe.
Blaireau puant, La Caille, Voy. p. 182.
Fizzler Weasel, Penn. Syn. p. 224.
Honey-Weasel, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 395.
Ratel, Sparrm. Kong. Vet. Ahad. Harz-dl. 1777 , p. 49, t. 4. f. 3.
Hab. South Africa (Sparrman) ; East Africa, Sennaar (Sunde-
vall) ; Tette (called “ Seve,” Peters).
3. Mellivora leuconota.
Smaller: black ; back white, purer towards the crown.
Mellivora leuconota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 98, t. 8.
Hab. West Africa. Zoological Gardens. Smaller than M. ratel.
Mr. Sclater, when describing this species, copied my specific
characters for the two known ones (see P. Z. S. 1865, p. 680 ; 1867,
p. 98).
Tribe III. MEPH1TINA.
Tubercular grinder oblong, quadrangular. Palate scarcely pro-
duced behind, nearly in a line with the binder end of the tooth-
line. Fur black, white-streaked. Skull short.
Mephitina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 145.
The flesh-tooth in the three genera which Lichtenstein and most
compilers have kept together under the name of Mephit-is differs
134 MELINIDE.
very considerably. In Mephitis and Conepatus it is short and
broad; in Mephitis the inner lobe has a conical tubercle, and in
Conepatus it has a long, marginal, semilunar one. In Zorilla the
flesh-tooth is elongate, slender, much longer than broad, and it has
a conical tubercle on its subcentral small inner lobe. The tubercular
grinder in the first two genera is broad, massive, and square; in
Zorilla it is oblong and transverse.
6. CONEPATUS.
Head conical; nose produced, hairy, and without any central
groove beneath; muzzle produced, bald above, obliquely truncated
beneath; nostrils inferior; ears orbicular, scarcely visible. The
hind feet large, broad ; the soles naked, half the length of the foot, '
oblong, broad, rugose and warty, rounded behind, divided into two
convex parts by a cross groove, scarcely subdivided into smaller
pads; front claws very long. Tail short, bushy, subcylindrical.
Teeth as in Mephitis. Teeth 32; false grinders but flesh-
tooth with long, marginal, semilunar tubercle.
Conepatus, Gray, Mag. Nat. IIist. 1837; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 145.
Marputius, Gray, Mag. lVat. Hist. 1837, i.
Thigsgrgus, Licht. Abhand. Ahad. Berl. 1836, p. 214, published
Lycodon, D’Orbigny.
Ozolictus, Gloger, 1842. t
It has been supposed that Lichtenstein has the priority for the
subgenus Thiosmus, because the paper appears nominally in the
‘Transactions’ for 1836, and my paper in the ‘ Mag. Nat. Hist.’
1837 ; but there cannot be a doubt that my paper was anterior, for
Lichtenstein quotes it throughout.
Conepatus nasutus. B.M.
Black, with one or two white dorsal streaks. Tail short, bushy,
white or white-and-black varied.
Conepatus nasutus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 145.
Var. 1. nasuta. Black, with a very broad white dorsal streak;
from forehead to tail white. B.M.
Mephitis nasuta, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 39; Gray, Mag. N. H.
1837, i. ; Fraser, Zool. T ypiea, t.
Mephitis mesoleuca, Licht. Ab. Ale-ad. Berl. 1sss, p.271; Darstell. I
t. 44. f. 2.
Thiosmus mesoleuca, Less.
Marputius nasuta, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837, i.
Viverra putorius, Mutis, Act. Helm. 17 69, p. 68.
Viverra ma utio, Gmelin, S. N.
Mephitis (T iosmus) marputio, I/icht. Abh. Ah. Berl. 1836, p. 270.
Me hitis (Thiosmus) leuconota, Licht. Abh. Ahad. Berl. 1836, p. 270
1838).
Mephitis intermedia, Saussure, Ree. Zool. 1860, p. 6.
Mephitis mesoleuca P, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280.
6. connrxrus. - 135
Mephitis longicaudata ?, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280.
The Chinche (Viverra chingu),Molina, Essai H. N. du Chili, p. 240.
Hab. Mexico; New Granada; Santa Fé de Bogotzi; California.
The Mephitis (Thiosmus) Molince, Licht. l. c. p. 272, with the
white dorsal streak broken into five oval spots, is probably only an
accidental form of this variety.
Var. 2. Humboldtii. Black or blackish brown, with a very broad
dorsal streak, like var. 1, with a narrow black streak up the centre
of the back, widest in the middle. B.M.
Conepatus Humboldtii, Gray, Flag. Nat. Ifist. i. p. 581, 1837.
Mephitis Humboldtii, Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth).
Conepatus Humboldtii, Owen, Odont. t. 11, 12.
Mephitis patagonica, Licht. Abhancll. Akad. Berl. 1836, p. 275, t.
(1838).
? Mustela (Lyncodon) patagonica, D’Orb. Voy. Amér. ix. t. 13. f. 4
. (skull).
P Mephitis Westermannii, Reinhardt, K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. 1856,
p. 270. -
Mephitis conepate, Desm., Waterli. Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. pp. 29, 176.
Yaguare, Maikel, Falk. Patagon. p. 128.
Hab. Magellan Straits. B.M.
Var. 3. chilensis. Black ; back with two broad white streaks,
which are confluent on the forehead and continued to the tail ; tail
black and white. In one specimen the lateral streaks are narrow,
interrupted on the side of loins, and in another, very young, narrow
and not united on the forehead. B.
Conepatus Humboldtii, var.,Gray,Mag.N. If. i. p. 581, 1837 BM.
Conepatus amazonicus, Gray, Dist Jllamm. B. M. p. 69, 1842 (1). HM.
Mephitis furcatus, PVagner, Schreb. S'du-_(]eth. Suppl. ii. p. 129.
Mephitis chilensis, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xiii. p. 126.
Mephitis suifocans, Illiger, Licht. Darstell. t. 48.
Mephitis (Thiosmus) amazonica, Licht. Abhand. Akad. Berlin filr
1836, p. 275, t. (1838) (l). Type, B.M.
Mephitis (Thiosmus) chilensis, Licht. Abhand. Ak. Berl. 1838, p. 272;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1848 (l). B.M.
Mephitis (Thiosmus) quitensis, Licht. l. c. p. 273.
Gulo quitensis, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 346.
Moufette du Chili, Bufibn, H. N. Suppl. vii. p, 233, t. 57.
Mephitis of Chili, Grifiith, A. K. ii. 1:.
Conepatus chilensis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 97 (I). BM.
Ma-rputius chilensis, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, i..(!) B.M.
Hab. Chili (Bridges, B.M.) ; Magellan Straits (King, B.M).
Buffon’s figure represents the tail too long and broad ; it is a
subcylindric tuft only, not so long as the body without the head.
Var. 4. Lichtensteinii. Black ; crown and nape with a broad
white blotch, separated behind into two narrow nearly parallel
white streaks on the middle of the back, reaching nearly to the
loins ; tail, end-half white. B.M.
Hab. Tropical America.
This specimen is much distorted in stufling ; the tail is elongated
136 MELINIDJE.
by the stretching out of the hinder part of the body, so as to make
it look like a Mephitis, for which the stuffer evidently mistook it.
From the examination of the stuffed and unstuifed skins, I have
considered all the specimens we have in the British Museum to be
varieties, because the differences in the coloration appear to pass
into one another; but when we have the power to compare the
living animal and the skeleton of each, we may discover that some
of them are distinct species, having a peculiar geographical range.
Professor Lichtenstein notices another species, under the name of
M. Gumillw, on the authority of a notice of Skunk called “ Maskutio ”
and “Mafutiliqui” in Gumilla’s ‘Orinoko’ (vol. p. 276), which is
said to have many decurrent streaks and a villous tail.
7. MEPHITIS.
Nose short, underside hairy, with a distinct central groove ; muzzle
small ; ears ovate, hairy, exposed. Hind feet moderate, subplanti-
grade; sole bald nearly or quite to the heel, the front portion di-
vided into three large pads, placed in an arch ; front claws elongate,
arched, strong, white. Tail elongate, as long as, or longer than the
body, with long, flaccid, dependent hair. Skull ovate; orbit incom-
plete. Teeth 34 ; false grinders +3 ; upper tubercular grinder small,
moderate-sized.
Mephitis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 147.
Mephitis, § 1, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837.
“ The foetid liquid is secreted by two glands, which empty directly
into the rectum, and areenveloped in a thick muscular membrane, the
contraction of which causes the ejection of the fluid to a considerable
distance ; it is said, however, to be restrained by holding the animal
up by the tail ; when first discharged, it is said to be phosphorescent
at night.”—-Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 191. See also “ Anal Pouches
of the Mephitis americana,” Warren, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. ii.
p. 175, 1850 ; Wyman, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 1844, p. 110.
Prof. Lichtenstein divides this into two subgenera—“planta piles a’ ’
for M. mesomelas, and “ planta subnuda ” for M. chinga and the other
species. I find the extent of the baldness of -the sole varies in the
different specimens of the same variety, both in the young and old
specimens. The form and number of the pads are always alike, only
becoming more marked in the older examples.
* Tail as long as body.
1. Mephitis varians. B.M.
. Black, with two white streaks, converging and united on the
crown; tail elongate, bushy; hair flaccid, black, generally white at
the base, or all white.
Mephitis varians, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 148;
Baird, Ma-mm. N. A. p. 193; Mexico, 19, 192 (skull).
l\I<e1‘pl1j1;i3 macroura, Aud. & Bachm. N. . Quad. i1. t. p. 102 (not
‘lCl . .
7. msrnrrrs. 137
Var. a. mesomelas. Crown white; streak broad, continued from
the crown to the end of the tail; face with a narrow white streak.
Mephitis mesomelas, Licht. Darstell. d. Siiugeth. t. 45. f. 2 ; Abh.
Akad. Berl. 1836, p. 277.
Mephitis occidentalis, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 194.
Moufette de l’Amérique Septentrionale, F. Cue. Mamm. Lith.
Var. b. mephitica. Like a, but no white streak on the face; back-
streaks narrowed and almost interrupted on the loins. . .
Mephitis mephitica, Baird, ~Mamm. N. A. p. 195.
Var. c. varians. Like a, with face-streak; but back-streak not
reaching beyond (and some specimens not even to) the middle of the
back , the white on the crown varying in size at the same time. B.M.
Mephitis varians, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837, t.; Baird, Mamm. N. A.
p. 193 ; Mestico, p. 192, t. 60. f. 2 (skull).
Var. d. Like 0; but no white face-streak ; the spot on the
crown with a pair of short streaks behind, not reaching to the
shoulders. B.M_
Var. e. chinga. Face-streak broad; crown-spot and dorsal streaks
very broad, occupying nearly the whole upper surface of the body, a
short black dorsal streak from the base of the tail to or towards the
shoulders. .
Mephitis chinga, Tiedemann, Zool. i. p. 361; Licht. Darstell. d. Stiu-
geth. t. 45. f. 1; Fr. Max. Arch. Naturg. 1861, p. 218. _
Mephitis mephitica, Baird, Mamm. N. A. i. p. 195.
Mephitis chinche, Fischer.
Mustela chinga, Blaine. Ostéogr.fMustela, t. 13 (teeth), t. 1 (skeleton),
t. 6 (skull).
Viverra mephitis, Grifiith.
Chincha americana, Lesson.
Mephitis americana, De Kay, Zool. N. Y. t. 12. f. 1. .
Mephitis americana, var. hudsonica, Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. 1.
. 55.
Chlinche, Bufion, H. N. xiii. p. 300, t. 39 ; Pennant, Arct. Zool. Mamm.
p. 40; F. Gav. 3- Geryffi Mamm. I/ith. t.
Skunk, Kalm.
Wegak, or Skunk, Hearne.
Enfant du Diable, Charlevoiar.
Hab. North America.


Mephitis Mephitis
vanans, c varians, b
in. lin. m lin.
Length of skull .................................... .. 3 () 2 9
-———- nose ........................................... .. O 10% 0 10
, zygoma and orbit .......................... .. 1 3% 1 2
--— palate ........................................ .. 1 1%; 1 0%;
lower jaw ..................................... .. 2 1 1 9%
Width of brain-case over ears .................. .. - 1 3%
nose in front of orbit ...................... .. 0 ll 0 10%
—— tooth-line of canine and grinders ....... .. 0 ll 0 10
138 MELINIDJE.
Speaking of the Skunk, Dr. Baird observes, “ The species varies
considerably in marking, though individuals from the same locality
are usually quite similar.” He also states, in his specific characters,
“ The dorsal stripe sometimes broader, sometimes wanting, as also
the nuchal patch.” Dr. S. Baird has kept the M. mesomelas distinct
because Lichtenstein describes the sole of that species as hairy ; but
some specimens of M. oarians are so in the young state.
2. Mephitis vittata.
Black; sides with a white streak from each shoulder; tail elon-
gate; base of tail bushy; hairs flaccid, the greater part of them
white at the base.
Mephitis vittata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, 149.
Var. a. vittata. Face with a narrow white frontal streak; streaks
on sides very broad, arched in front over the shoulder. B.M.
Mephitis vittata, Licht. Stiugeth. t. 47 (var. P) ; Abh. Ahad. Berl.
1838, p. 278; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 200.
Var. b. intermedia. Face-streak none ; streaks on sides moderate,
straight, of same width. B.M.
Var. c. concolor. Face with a very narrow indistinct streak ; fur
all black; streaks on sides none, or reduced to a small white spot on
the hinder part of one side, not seen on the other; hair on underside
of tail white at the base. B.M.
Mephitis concolor, Verreauzr, MS. P B.M.
Hab. Mexico Salle).
Lichtenstein’s figures above quoted (t. 47) represent a variety of
this species I have not seen, with spots on the withers, and the tail
very long.
** Tail longer than the body.
3. Mephitis mexicana. B.M.
Fur very soft, silky ; tail elongate, hair flaccid, long, and pendent,
black; a narrow streak on the nose, a broad vertebral streak from
crown to tail, and a narrow streak on each side of the back.
Var. a. With a small white spot on each shoulder.
Mephitis mexicana, Gray, Mag. Nat. .Hist. i. p. 581, 1837 : P. Z. S.
1865, P. 149. ‘
Mephitis macroura, Licht. Abh. Ahad. Berl. 1838, t. 77; Darstell.
t. 46. f. 1, 2.
Hab. Mexico.
8. SPILOGALE.
Head conical. Nose short, underside with a distinct central
groove; muzzle small, bald, rather notched in front; nostrils lateral.
Tail short, cylindrical, bu‘shy,'not so‘ long as the body, ending in a
long pencil of hair. Hind feet moderate; sole bald, flat, the front
po1:tion.divided- into four oblong pads, the central one small and
9. zonrrm. 139
triangular, before the others, hinder part narrow; front claws elon-
gate, brown. False grinders §-; upper tubercular grinder square,
moderate-sized (Lichtenstein, Abh. Akad. Berl. 1836, t. 1. f. 2, skull).
Mephitis, § 2, Gray, Mag. N. .H. i. 1837.
Spilogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 150.
Spilogale interrupta. (Little Striped Skunk.) B.M.
Black; a spot on forehead, a spot on each temple, four streaks on
back of neck and withers, a streak on side of body, that is bent up
to the middle of the back behind, an interrupted band across rump,
a spot on each buttock, and the base and tip of tail white.
Mephitis interrupta, Rafinesgue, An. of Nat. iii. No. 4, 1818; Licht.
Abh. Ahad. Berl. 1836, p. 281, t. 2. f. 1 (tail not good).
Mephitis bicolor, Gray, Ann. N. H i. p. 583, 1837 (B. ; Baird,
Mamm. N. A. p. 197, t. 19 (Mexico).
Var. Tail-end black.
Mephitis zorilla, Licht. Abh. Ahad. Berl. 1836, p.281, t. 2. f. 2 (not
Darstell.).
Le Zorille, Buflon, H. N. xiii. p. 302, t. 41.
Hab. North America, California (Douglas).
Prof. Lichtenstein has described two species—-one with an oval
nose-spot and white tail, the other with a small triangular frontal
spot and black tail. I have only seen three specimens: one had a
black, the other a white, and the last a black-and-white tail. They
each had a difl'erent-sized and -shaped nose-spot.
Prof. Lichtenstein has determined that the Zorille of Buffon
is the American animal. It had been previously regarded as the
Mcer-Cat of South Africa. It is figured by Buffon as from America;
but his figure does not accurately represent either species.
B. Subdigitigrade. Hind feet rather narrow ; soles hairy, with a narrow,
elongate, triangular bald space behind the palm-pads; toes unequal;
claws elongate, slender; tubercular grinders band-lihe, transeerse.——
Gray, l. c. p. 150.
Tribe IV. ZORILLINA.
Flesh-tooth elongate, with a small anterior inner lobe with a
single tubercle. .
Zorillina, Gray, P. Z. s. 1865, p. 150.
9. ZORILLA.
Head conical. Nose acute, hairy, with a central groove below.
Muzzle small, bald, notched in front ; nostrils lateral. Ears rounded,
covered with hair. Fore feet strong; toes unequal, three middle
longest ; claws elongate, compressed, acute. Hind foot digitigrade;
sole flat and bald in front, with four unequal, large, convex pads, the
hinder part compressed and covered with hair; toes unequal, the two
140 nnnrnrnza.
middle longest and unequal; claws acute, short. Tail elongate, co-
vered with long flaccid hair. Teeth 34'; false grinders . %; upper
tubercular grinder short, oblong, transverse (Licht. Abh. Akad. Berl.
1836, t. 1. f. 3, skull).
Zorilla, Gray, List. Mamm. B. M. xx. p. 67 ; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 150.
Ictonyx, Kaup; Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1841, p. 214
(1842).
Rhabdogale, Wagner.
1. Zorilla striata. (The Zorille.) B.M.
Black; spot on forehead, and each temple, and four stripes on the
back (which are diluted on the sides, only leaving a broad black
patch on middle of the back;and then curving to the base of the tail)
white ; tail black-and-white varied.
Viverra zorilla, Thunb. Act. Petrop. iii. p. 306.
Mustela zorilla, Cuv. Tabl. Elém. p. 116 (1798).
Viverra striata, Shaw.
Mustela zorilla, Cuvier, R. A.; Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f.
(teeth).
Zorilla capensis, Waterh. Cat. Zool. Soc.
Putorius zorilla, A. Smith.
Mephitis africana, Licht. ' '
Mephitis zorilla, Licht. Darstell. d. Stiugeth. t. 48. f. (not Abhand.).
Zonlla leucomelas, F. Cuv.
Rhabdogale mustelina, Wagner, Schreb. Suppl. ii. p. 219, t. 133 a.
Icton capensis, Sundev. K. Veten. Akad. Hand. 1841, p. 214.
?Me hitis libyca, Ehrenb.
Zori la striata, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 67 ; R Z. S. 1865, p. 151.
Mustela lib ca, Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f. (teeth).
Putois du ap, ou Zorille, Bufon, H. N. xii.
Muis-hond, Cape Colonists.
Hab. South Africa.
Var. senegalensis. White streaks broader, leaving only very nar-
row dark dorsal ones; tail whiter.
Hab. Senegal.
2. Zorilla frenata. B.M.
Brown; fur elongate, very soft, fluffy; lips, chin, a broad band
encircling the face, two broad bands diverging from the crown and
two narrower diverging from shoulders, and some spots on the binder
part of the back white; tail white-and-black varied.
Mephitis (Ictonyx) frenata, Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1841 ,
t. 4. . 1.
Mephitis africana, var., Licht.
Mustela zorilla, var., Riippell.
?Rhabdogale multivittata, Wagner, Schreb. Sliugeth. Supp.
Zorilla frenata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 151.
Hab. Sennaar.
See also Zorilla Vaillantii, Loche(Rev. Zool. p. 497), from Algeria,
which I have not seen.
10. HELICTIS. 141
Tribe V. HELICTIDINA.
Flesh-tooth trigonal, with a broad internal lobe with two conical
tubercles. Tail cylindrical.
Helictidina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 152.
10. HELICTIS.
Head tapering; nose acute, conical; muzzle bald, obliquely trun-
cated; underside hairy, with a central groove ; nostrils inferior ; ears
ovate. Body slender; legs short ; toes 5 . 5 ; front claws elongate,
curved; hinder short and acute; sole of hind foot hairy behind,
bald in front, and rhombic, for half the length of the foot, with three
large oblong pads on the front and three small ones on the hinder
edge; toes elongate; thumb short, far back, like Herpestes. Tail
moderate, subcylindrical. Teeth 38; premolars is . ii; grinders %
(see Hodgson, J . A. S. B. t. 31. f. 6).
Helictis, ‘Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 94, 1833; 1865, . 152.
Melogale, I. Geofli; Guérin, Mag. Zool. v. p. 1, t. 16, 835.
Rhinogale, Gloger, 1842.
Mydaus, sp., Temm. & Miiller.
Galictis, Wiegmann. ,
The external appearance of the species of this genus is very similar;
and there appears to be an indication of the differences in colour
passing into one another.
The skulls are very distinct. 1. The skull short and ventricose ;
nose short, thick; the hinder part of the palate flat, with a broad
opening, as wide as long on the sides, the front edge arched. H.
orientalis. 2. Skull elongate; the nose produced, attenuated; the
hinder part of the palate concave, and contracted behind the aper-
ture; longer than wide; the front edge arched. H. moschata and
H. nipalensis,
The teeth and size of the aperture in front of the orbits also differ
thus in the different species :--1. The flesh-tooth large, with three
lobes on the outer edge, the front one small, with two acute tuber-
cles on the broad inner lobes; the aperture in front of the orbits
moderate. H. orientalis and H. nipalensis. 2. The flesh-tooth
small, shaped like those of the other species, but rather more
slender; the aperture under the front of the orbits very large.
H. moschata.
* Flesh-tooth large ; aperture in front of orbits moderate.
Melogale.
Melogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 152.
1. Helictis orientalis. (Nyentek.) B.M.
Brown, paler beneath; cheeks, upper lip, chin, throat, sides of '
neck, chest, three spots across forehead, and a narrow streak from
142 ‘ mmnm.
nape to middle of the back yellowish white ; end of tail grey; feet
brown. ' .
Gulo orientalis, Horsf. Java, t.
Mydaus macrurus, Kuhl, Temm. Monogr. pl. 20.
Mydaus orientalis, S. Mitller.
Melogale fusca, I. Geofi Guér. Mag. Zool. 1835, t. 16.
Heliqtis orientalis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 195; P. Z.S. 1865,
p. 52.
Hab. Java (Horsfield, called “Nyentek”).
2. Helictis nipalensis. (The Oker.) B.M.
Grey-brown; forehead and nape darker; cheek, band between
orbits, chin, throat, sides of neck, chest beneath, and a streak from
nape to loins white; end of tail greyish. Teeth large.
Gulo nipalensis, Hodgson, J'.~A. S. B. 1836, p. 237.
Helictis nepaulensis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, 191.
Helictis nipalensis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 8; Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 153.
Hab. Nipal (Hodgson) ; Tibet.
** Flesh-tooth small; aperture in front of orbits very large. Helictis.
3. Helictis moschata.- B.M.
Brown; spot on crown, temples, broad band across forehead, a
small spot on cheek and on side of nose, the chin, throat, chest, and
beneath white. Teeth small; upper tubercular grinder transverse,
narrow, oblong. ' _
Helictis moschata, Gray, P. Z. S. p. 94; 1865, p. 153.
Melogale personata, I. Geoffl Voy. de Bélanger, t. 5.
Mustela personata, Blainv. Ostéogr. Mustela, t. 13. f.
Hab. China (John Reeve) ; Pegu (I. Geofii).
4; Helictis subaurantiaca. B.M.
Brown; face white-varied; with a white streak from the crown
to the middle of the back. Upper tubercular grinder transverse,
broadly oblong in shape.
Helictis subaurantiaca, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 355, pl. 44;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 153. ‘“
Hab. Formosa.
This species is nearly identical in external appearance and colouring
with the H. orientalis; but it has the small tooth, elongate nose, the
large suborbital aperture, and narrow hinder opening to the palate of
H. moschata. It differs from H. moschata in its teeth—the flesh-
tooth and the tubercular tooth being relatively rather larger—and
especially in the tubercular tooth being longer and more massive,
being a broad oblong instead of a narrow one. '
mmrusrmm. 143



15% ~ '5 it at
is 5% mi "5
as -s E “'5
- in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1.
Length of skull (rather imperfect) ............. .. ?2 10 3 O 3 1% 2 11
——- nose ..................................... .. 0 10 1 O 1 0% 1 0
zygoma and orbits . ............. 1 5 1 3 1 2% 1 3
palate .................................... .. 1 4 1 5% 1 5% 1 5%
Width of brain-case over ears ................... .. 1 2-}; 1 3 1 3 1 3
nose at front of orbit ................ .. 0 8 0 8-15 0 8% O 7%
Length of tooth-line of canine and grinders 0 9% 1 O 1 1 0 11
lower jaw 1 9 1 10% 2 O 1 10%

Fam. s. HERPESTIDPE.
Tubercular grinders two on each side in the upper, and one in
the under jaw. Nose flat and bald, beneath with a central longi-
tudinal groove. The hind feet slender ; underside bald, or more or
less covered with scattered hairs. The toes slender, free, com-
pressed, straight, slightly hairy; the claws exserted, exposed, blunt
at the end. The body elongate; legs generally short. The fur is
generally harsh, grizzled. The back is not crested. The tail conical
or cylindrical, hairy, not dark-ringed. The anal‘ pouches shallow,
or not present. The orbit of the skull complete, or only slightly
imperfect on the hinder edge.
Viverridae (Oynopoda, or Dog-footed Viverridae), Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 546.
Herpesteacea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 547 ._
Synopsis of the Genera.
Tribe 1. Herpestina. Head elongate, conical; tail conical or cylin-
drical.
"“ Front claws elongate, compressed ; back streaked.
1. Gsmnrcrrs. Toes 5 . 5. . Tail subcylindrical, covered with long
hair. Back striped.
*‘*’ The front claws short, compressed; baeh grizzled; _/lesh-tooth long,
narrow.
2. Hsnrnsrns. Toes 5.5. Tail conical, with long hair. Teeth
moderate. -
3. Arnrmx. Toes 5 . 5. Tail conical, with long hair. Teeth
very large.
4. CALOGALE. Toes 5 . 5. Tail cylindrical, elongate, covered with
shortish hairs ; tip pencilled.
144 ' HEBPESTIDE.
5. GALERELLA. Toes 5 . 4. Tail cylindrical, elongate, covered with
short hair.
*"'"“‘ The front claws short, compressed; flesh-tooth broad, triangular.
6. Canrcrrs. Toes 5 . 5. Tail conical, with long hairs. Back
grizzled. Pupil oblong, transverse.
7. Anrnnm. Toes 5 . 5. Tail elongate, subcylindrical. Back
cross-banded.
8. Icnxnuma. Toes 5 . 5. Legs rather high. Tail conical, bushy.
Back grizzled
9. Bnnoeun. Toes 5 . 4. Legs moderate. Tail conical, bushy.
Back grizzled. Soles hairy ‘?
***"“ Front claws elongate, produced; tail conical, with long hair ;
back grizzled. Lutronectes.
10. URVA. Toes 5 . 5. Head elongate. Soles of hind feet hairy.
False grinders g.
11. TENIOGALE. Toes 5 . 5. Head elongate. Soles of hind feet
bald. False grinders 5.
12. Oxvcnoexnn. Toes 5 . 5. Head elongate. Soles of hind feet
hairy; front claws very long. False grinders
13. HELOGALE. Toes 5 . 5. Nose short. False grinders Body
, slender. Soles bald.
Tribe 2. Cynictidina. Head short, ventricose; tail bushy, expanded
laterally; claws elongate.
14. Crxrorrs. Toes . 4.
Tribe I. HERPESTINA.
Head elongate, conical ; tail conical or cylindrical; back streaked;
claws elongate, compressed.
- 1. GALIDICTIS.
Nose flat, and with a groove below; ears moderate; tail bushy;
whiskers slender. Toes 5 /5; front claws elongate, compressed,
much arched; thumb low down, with a long claw; hinder toes :—- _
third and fourth longest, subequal; great toes low down ; claws all
'moderate, compressed. Soles broad, bald the whole width to the
heel. False grinders Tail subcylindrical, curved, with long hairs.
Back streaked.
Galidictis, I. Geqfli Compt. Rend. 1837, p. 580; Mag. Zool. 1839, t. 18;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 21 (not Hodgson) ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 547.
Galictis, I. Gemfi Compt. Rend. 1837, p. 581.
2. manrnsrns. 145
1 . Galidictis vittata. B.M.
Grey, black-and-white grizzled; back and sides with eight nearly
equal, parallel, narrow, black-brown streaks; chin and beneath pale
brown; hind feet and outer sides of fore legs reddish brown; tail
subcylindrical, bushy, black-and-grey grizzled, white towards the
end ; hairs elongate, brownish white, with two, rarely three, broad
black rings.
Galidictis vittata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 21, pl. 1 ; in Zool. Suhahur,
t.; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 547; Coguerel, Mag. de Zool. xi. p. 465, t. 18.
f. 2 (skull).
Hab. Madagascar (T. Thompson, Mus. Brit.).
The skull described in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848 is not quite adult;
it has a small adult false molar.
2. Galidictis striata.
Pale brown ; seven or nine longitudinal black streaks, the middle
one on each side behind short; head and limbs pale brown; tail
whitish.
Galidictis striata, I. Geoyfi Mag. deZool. 1839, t. 18, 19; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 547.
Galictis striata, I. Geofii Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1837, p. 581.
Mustela striata, Geqfl‘. Mus. Paris.; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 224.
Pictorius striatus, Cuvier, Regne An. ed. 2, p. 144.
La Belette grise de Madagascar, Sganzin, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1855,
p. 41.
Hab. Madagascar.
In the figure the brain-cavity is nearly three-fifths the entire
length of the skull, and the skull at the widest part of the zygo-
matic arch is as large as the brain-cavity. Skull oblong, rather
elongate; brain-cavity rather more than half the entire length;
orbit very incomplete behind; forehead arched; crown flat; upper
false grinders two, compressed; the flesh-tooth elongate, trigonal,
much longer than broad at the front edge—the internal tubercle
moderate, on the front edge; tubercular grinders transverse, the
first rather trigonal, narrow on the inner side, the second oblong,
much smaller (see 1. Geoff. l. c. t. 19).
2. HERPESTES.
Body elongate ; limbs moderate ; back grizzled. Tail conical,
coveredlwith long hairs. Tees 5 . 5; claws short, compressed. Pupil
linear, erect. Skull elongate. Teeth 40; false grinders 2 . ; flesh-
tooth elongate, narrow, longer than broad on the front edge ; tuber-
cular grinders ‘transverse.
Herpestes, Illiger ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 548.
Mangusta, Olivier.
Ichneumon, Geqfl‘.
146 mnrnsrrnsa
* Animal large : hair of ‘body and tail long‘, harsh ,- tail ending in a
~ black pencil.
1. Herpestes ichneumon. B.M.
Grey, hairs largely ringed; head and middle of the back darker ;
legs reddish; feet and end of tail black, with a long flaccid pencil ;
under-fur short, reddish.
Herpestes ichneumon, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 51 ; P. Z. S. 1864,
. 548.
Vilvlerra ichneumon, Linn. S. N. .
Herpestes Pharaonis, A. Smith, S. A. Quart. Journ. i. p. 49; Schinz,
Syn. Mamm. i. p. 367.
Ichneumon Pharaonis, Geofll Mém. Egypt.
Mangusta ichneumon, Fischer, Syn. p. 163.
Ichneumon 1/Egypti, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 364.
Mangouste d’Egypte, F. Cuv. Jllamm. I/ith. t.
Mangouste d’Alger, F. Gav. M'amm. Lith. t.
Hab. North Africa; Egypt; Senegal (Reade, B.M.); Cape Filpila,
1850.
The skull is elongate, rather slender; the brain-case (that is,
from the occiput to the back edge of the orbit) is three-fifths of the
entire length ; the crown is straight; the forehead arched and rather
convex; the orbits are not quite complete behind. The teeth are
normal, moderate-sized ; the flesh-grinders of the upper jaw rather
narrow, the front being two-thirds the length of the outer edge;
the front tubercular trigonal, transverse; the hinder one ‘small and
oblong, transverse. Length 3%‘; inches, width at zygomatic arch
2 inches——the same as the length of the brain-case; width of brain-
case 1-3 inch. The skull is contracted in front, just over the back
edge of the orbits. Lower jaw very shelving in front; false grinders
-i ; tubercular grinder . oblong, elongate, moderate, with a very
obscure anterior lobe, two lateral, and one larger hinder lobe.
2. Herpestes calfer. B.M.
Like the preceding, but darker; under-fur shorter, red; end of
tail with a long, black, flaccid pencil.
Herpestes caffer, I/icht. Verz. der Stiugeth. 1835 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
. 549
Viverra caffra, Gmelin, S. N.
Ichneumon Pharaoms, Verreaux.
Hab. South Africa, on plains away from the sea; Natal (Kraus).
The skull of H. cafer is elongate, larger and longer than that of
the adult H. ichneumon, and is more convex on the forehead and
behind the orbit. The front of the brain-case is contracted some
distance behind the back edge of the orbit, while in H. ichneumon
this contraction is just over that part. The zygomatic arch is very
long, much longer than in H. ichneumon, and not so arched out as
it is in the latter species. Like as the two species are externally,
they are very distinct in the form of their skulls. The teeth of the
2. HERPESTES. ‘47
two species are very similar; but the teeth of H. cafe-r are consider-
ably longer, stronger, and rather wider proportionately, especially
the tubercular teeth. Length of skull 4 inches ; width at zygomatic
arch 2% inches, of middle of brain-‘case 1% inch. Lower jaw very
shelving in front, with a prominence on the lower edge under the
end of the tooth-line; false grinders %; tubercular moderate, oblong,
with two anterior lateral and one larger posterior prominence.
The great difference between the skulls of these two species,
which are so like externally, should.act as a caution to naturalists,
who complain so frequently that species are often separated 01:1 too
slight external characters. Temminck, for example, would unite
H. ichneumon, H. ea_fl'er, and H. Widdringtonii as one species, and at
most only as “permanent local varieties,” whatever those may be.
3. Herpestes dorsalis.
“ Back with a narrow, moderately distinct, golden-yellow stripe
from nose to tip of tail, and another on each side of the face, which
diverges from the front, passes over the eyes, and terminates on the
side of the head.
Ichneumon pharaonis, var., A. Smith, S. A. Q. J. p. 49.
“Hab. South Africa.
“ Length --head and body 18 inches; tail 15 inches (not adult).”
4. Herpestes Widdringtonii. B.M.
Like H. pharaonis ; but fur shorter, under-fur more abundant and
longer, giving the animal a reddish tint; tail pencilled, distinct, but
shorter.
Herpestes Widdringtonii, Gray, Ann. Nat. Ifist. ix. p. 49, 1842;
P. Z. s.- 1864, p. 54.9.
Hab. South of Europe; Sierra Morena (Widdrington).
5. Herpestes numidianus. B.M.
Like H. ichneumon, but blacker ; the rings of the hairs very distinct ;
throat, legs, and feet black.
Herpestes numidianus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. I/ith. t.; Verreaurv, MS;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 550.
Hab. N umidia (Verreauaz).
6. Herpestes madagascariensis.
“ Hair of the head, throat, breast, belly, and ‘lower part of the
extremities short, that of the other parts longer. The colour of the
upper and lateral parts of head and of lower parts of extremities
brown-red, freely speckled with black and white; the upper and
lateral parts of the neck, body, and the whole of the tail speckled,
being black, brown-red, and pale reddish white, each hair annulated
with these three colours, which are darkest upon the back; throat
L 2
148 ' HERPESTIDJE.
and lower part‘ of the neck pale tawny; breast, belly, and inner -side _
of extremities dirty pale rufous, speckled with white; woolly hair
yellowish white ; tail‘ rather thick towards the root, very slender at
the point; outer surface of cars thickly covered with short brownish-
yellow hairs, inner surface more thickly with a dull tawny sort;
whiskers black; nails dark horn-colour. Length of body and head
15% inches, of tail 14 inches.”
Ichneumon madagascariensis, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. p. 56 ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 550.
“ Hab. Madagascar (A. Smith).
“Size and form of H. cafier, but colours much lighter; and when
placed side by side, various other differences are evident.”
7. ? Herpestes Bennettii.
Red-brown, slightly grizzled with whitish; tail rather depressed,
underside pale red, tip black-pencilled.
Herpestes Bennettii, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. N. H. i. p. 578; P. Z. S.
1864, p. 550.
Hab. Madagascar (Mus. Zool. Soc.). Specimen not to be found.
8. Herpestes Jerdonii. B.M.
Grey, closely and broadly white-ringed; the head darker; the
feet darker brown, only slightly annulated; tail conical, with a black
pencil of elongated, flaccid, black hairs.
Herpestes Jerdonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 550.
Hab. Asia: Madras (Jerdon, 1846).
Very like H. ichneumon, but rather paler.
Length of head and body 19 inches, of tail 17.
Skull (aged) elongated; orbit complete. The false grinders -2;
the front very small; the second and third triangular, with an
internal lobe. The flesh-tooth narrow, elongate; outer edge much
longer than the width of the front margin; internal lobe small,
slender, on the front edge. Tubercular transverse; first triangular,
‘very short and broad, outer edge oblique, inner part very narrow,
acute ; second very small, oblong. The hinder part of the palate
‘contracted, with a small wing on each side on the upper, and with
an acute keel on each side of the lower -edge, ending in a long pro-
cess behind, with a nodus on the outer side near the end ; internal
opening narrow, transverse. Lower jaw rather strong; chin shel-
ving, lower edge straight, angle produced, lobe keeled on the inner
upper margin. Length of skull about 2" 3"’ (imperfect), of nose 11"’ ;
width of back of mouth 1',’ 1"’.
See 1. Ichneumon Edwardsii, Geoff. Egypt, p. 138, from Edw.
Birds &c. p. 199, t. 199.
2. Ichneumon major, Geoff. l.c. p. 139, from Grande mangouste,
Buff. Supp. p. 173, t. 28. These species are only known from the
figures cited. '
2. HERPESTES. . 149
** Smaller animal : hair shorter ; tail with a small black or red tip.
9. Herpestes apiculatua B.M.
Fur harsh, dark grey, grizzled with broad black-and-white rings ;
ha1r rather elongate, with black tip and a broad white subterminal
band; tail with a very slight black tip ; from the dark end of the
terminal hairs. ~
Length 14 inches ; tail 11 inches (B.M.).
Herpestes apiculatus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.M. p. 51; P. Z. S. 1864,
I p. 551
Herpestes pulverulentus, Wagner, Supp. Schreb. Sttugeth. t. 116. f. 2.
Herpestes caifer, Verreauze, MS.
Hab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope, on rocks near the sea
(A. Smith).
*** Smaller animal: hair of body shorter ; tail coloured like the back.
1' African.
10. Herpestes punctatissimus.
Fur short; the hairs at the base of the tail twice as long as those
of the body; the upper part of the body and limbs pale yellow,
dotted with very fine blackish-brown rings, covering all the parts
except the chin; the middle part of the neck and belly dirty white ;
the hairs of the tail, to the extreme point, have many rings; the tip
of the tail pale reddish. '
Length of head and body 10;} inches, tail 9 inches.
Herpestes pimctatissimus, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 108; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, P. 551.
Hab. Central and Eastern Africa (Temm., .Mus. Leyden).
Teeth very strong, much larger than in other skulls of the same size.
11. Herpestes loempo. B.M.
Under-fur pale ochraceous; longer hairs black-tipped; fur of
head, neck, and back yellow-dotted; back and nape blacker; tail
variegated at the base and tufted with long black hairs which are
yellowish at the base ; legs deep black.
Herpestes loempo, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 93, 1853; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
5
p. 51.
Herpestes mutgigella, Verreauze, MS. (not Ritppell).
8
Arompo, Bosman, Guinea, p. 33, . .
In the specimen not in complete fur the ochraceous undercoat is
seen through the longer hairs.
Hab. Guinea, near the graves. (Called 9‘ Loempo” by a negro at
Guinea.) 7
The skull is long, ventricose; face and forehead flat, shelving
gradually to the back of the orbits, and thenushelving in a straight
line towards the hinder part of the head. The cavities for the
temporal muscles are very large, and they extend in front, and meet
1 50 nnnrnsrrnrn.
together on the forehead at a line rather in front of the hinder edge
of the orbit. The orbits are large, the hinder edge entire ; the hinder
part of the skull is broad; the hinder part of the palate between the
temporal muscles is narrow and elongate, the hinder opening being
nearer the binder than the front edge of the temporal fossae. The
hinder grinders are slender; the crown of the flesh-tooth is trian-
gular, the front side -being the shortest, with the inner tubercle on
the straight front edge.
12. Herpestes Pluto. B.M.
Black ; sides of the head, neck, and front of the body pale brownish,
with broad white subterminal bands on the ends of the hairs ; hairs
harsh; tail black, grey at the base, hairs not ringed at the end;
front of thighs, legs, and feet black.
Ilerpgs5t2es Pluto, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 93, 1853 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. .
Hab. Guinea (Temminck) ; West Coast of Africa (Gerrard), adult;
‘Z East Africa (Verreauw).
The adult specimens from Gerrard and Verreaux are rather paler
than the younger one from Leyden; length of head and body 20
inches, tail 14 inches. Younger from Guinea, length of body and
head 16 inches, tail 11 inches. They have also a slight indication
of a crest of longer black hairs on the back of the neck.
Skull short, broa.d ; nose shelving ; forehead convex ; crown flat;
orbits complete. False grinders first conical, blunt; the second
compressed ; the third trigonal, with a distinct internal and hinder
tubercle. Flesh-tooth rather longer than wide on the front edge;
the inner tubercle on front edge, broad, rounded. Tubercular grinders
transverse ; the front about twice as wide as long, rounded on the
inner edge ; the second smaller, rather oblong, with two well-marked
tubercles, rather narrower and more acute on the hinder part of the
inner edge.
Skull—length 3% inches; width at zygoma 2% inches, of brain-
cavity 1% inch.
“ Like the H. loempo ; the head an.d muzzle longer ; tail shorter,
covered with hairs like those of the body; fur of body, limbs, and
tail intense shining black; under-fur sombre or dark brown; the
fur of the chin, throat, and cheeks black, with very small yellow
dots ; all the rest intense black. The younger are marked with very
fine dots, produced by the yellow rings on the black hairs.”—-Temm.
This does not agree with the specimen (which appears to be chan-
ging its teeth) which we received from the Leyden Museum.
13. Herpestes iodoprymnus.
“ Supra ex albido griseoque variegatus, capite, collo, maniculis
atque podariis cinerascentibus, hypochondriis viridi-griseis, prymna
saturate castanea, pectore, abdomine cristaque unicoloribus ex ru-
fescente isabellinis ; cauda longe disticha, basim versus villosissima,
2. HF.-_-rssrEs. 151
supra et infra ad apicem nigrum usque castanea, rhinario et plantis
denudatis nigris.
“ Long. tota 24".”
Herpestesjodoprymnus Heu lin No . A ta L . ' . .23' G
P. Z. s. 1sc4, p. 553.’ 9 ’ v C 60? mm P ’ My’
“ Hab. Eastern Abyssinia.”
14. Herpestes Lefebvrii.
Herpestes Lefebvrii, Des llfurs et Prevost; Heuglin, Nov. Act. Leop.
xxix. p. 23; Lefeb-vre, Voy. Mamm. t. 1 (not described); Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 553.
Hab. North-east Africa (Heuglin).
‘H Asiatic.
15. Herpestes griseus. B.M.
Pale grey, largely white-ringed; head and legs darker; hairs harsh,
elongate, with a very broad white subterminal ring; feet blackish;
tail bushy; cheeks and throat more or less reddish. '
Herpestes griseus, Desm. Mamm. p. 212; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 553.
Ichneumon griseus, Geogf. Egypt. 1i. p. 157.
Mangusta grisea, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 164.
Herpestes pallidus, Sc/zinz, Syn. Zllamm. i. p. 373.
Viverra grisea, Thunb. Mém. Acad. Pétersb. iii. p. 306.
Hab. India: Bengal (Oldham) ; Travancore (P. Poole); “ Su-
matra” (Rajfles, Waterh. Oat.) ; Dukhun (Sykes) ; Nepal (Hodgson).
Var. Paler, with a reddish tinge, and the pale rings rather nar-
rower.
Hab. India (Hardwiele).
Skull and teeth normal; orbit complete ; nose short, thick ; false
grinders 3 . 3, first conical, roundish, third triangular. Flesh-tooth
rather longer than broad in front. Tubercular transverse; the first
with the outer side sloping ; the hinder small, oblong, short. Lower
jaw shelving in front. Skull-—-length 22,3 inches; width of brain.-
case 2%; inches, at zygomatic arch 1-1-5g inch.
16. Herpestis persicus. B.M.
Pale ashy, very closely and abundantly black- and white-punctu-
lated; hair short and soft, with black ends and a broad white band
~ near the tip; the chin and underside uniform ashy ; tail conical,
tapering, coloured like the back; feet like the back, but with shorter
hair.
Herpestes persicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 554.
Hab. Persia: Rhugistan and Mohammerah, date-groves (Kennet,
Loft-us, 1853).
Skull (adult) rather elongate; nose short, forehead very broad,
convex ; the orbits complete; lower. jaw moderately strong, chin
shelving. Teeth 40, normal; the third false grinder subtriangular,
152 nnnrnsrrnaa.
with small, central, prominent lobe ; the flesh-tooth elongate, sub-
trigonal, the outer side considerably longer than the front one, the
inner tubercle small, on the front edge; the front tubercular trian-
gular, transverse, with a very sloping outer edge. Length of skull
2" 6"’, of nose 7 %"’ ; width of under palate behind 9%-"', of brain-case
10"’, of zygomatic arch 1" 3"’.
Somewhat like Oalogale nyula, but much paler and more uniform
in dotting ; the head shorter and broader, and the tail conical,
tapering, thicker at the base.
17 . Herpestes fuscus. B.M.
Black-brown, white-dotted ; hair very long and harsh; ends black,
with a narrow pale band very near the tip ; throat and belly reddish
brown; tail bushy, like the back.
Herpestes fuscus, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 55; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 554.
Hab. India (Waterhouse) ; Madras (Jerdon, 1846).
Mr. Waterhouse’s type is in the B. M. : length of body and head
10 inches, tail 17 inches. The one from Madras is smaller.
The skull is intermediate in form between that of H. ichneumon and
that of Athylax paludosus; the brain-case is nearly of the same ex-
ternal form as the latter, but not quite so ventricose; the orbit is small
and rather incomplete behind ; the zygomatic arch is rather convex,
but, as in H. ichneumon, the convexity is more on the hinder end,
while it is regularly bowed out in A. paludosus. The teeth of the
upper jaw are very like those of H. ichneumon; but the outer edge
of the front tubercular is not so oblique, and the hinder tubercular
is even smaller; they are very much slenderer and less bulky than
the teeth of A. paludosus. Lower jaw very shelving in front; lower
edge arched, narrow behind; false grinders 4 . 4 ; tubercular oblong,
elongate, rather small, crown four-lobed, one lobe at each end and
two in the middle portion.
The length of the skull 3% inches; the width of the brain-case
1% inch, of the zygomatic arch 1% inch.
18. Herpestes javanicus. B.M.
Dark black-brown, very minutely punctured with yellow ; head
redder ; tail conical; claws short, conical.
Mgngusta javanica, Horsf. Zool. Java, t.
Mustela galera, Desm. (fide icon.
Viverra mangusta, Temm. _
Ichneumon javanicus, Geofli Mém. Egypt. p. 157.
Hab. Java and Sumatra (Horsfield, Milller); Penang and Malay
peninsula (Cantor).
1/'oung.—Pale bay; some of the hair of the tail with long grey tips.
Hab. Sumatra (Rrgfles).
Herpestes javanicus, Desm. Mamm. p. 212; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, -
554.
2. nnnrnsrns. 153
19. Herpestes semitorquatua B.M.
Dark red-brown, very slightly punctulated ; cheeks and sides of
the neck uniform pale bay; legs and feet black; tail black, with
some white tips to the hairs. Length of body and head 18 inches,
tail 11 inches.
Herpestes semitorquatus, Gray, Zool. Sulphur, t. 3. f. 1-3, 1849;
P. Z. /S’. 1864, p. 555. ‘
Hab. Borneo (Belcher). »
The skull is not quite adult, much broader compared with its length
than even that of Athylam palmlosus. The contraction in the front
of the brain-cavity is slight, and rather in front of the back edge of
the orbits. The orbit is rather large, and slightly incomplete behind ;
the zygomatic arch is rather short, and not much bowed out. The
teeth are normal, and very like those of H. iclmeumon; they occupy
a rather shorter space. Length of the skull 3%» inches; width of the
1‘tJ>rain-case 1%, of the zygomatic arch 1% inch. Skull short and
road.
Lower aw—chin shelving; lower edge arched, without any pro-
minence under the end of the tooth-line ; false grinders 4 . 4 ; the
front false grinder small, deciduous ; the tubercular grinders oblong,
longitudinal, with two unequal anterior and one large posterior
tubercle. ,
Like H. brachyurus in some respects; but the tail is longer, and
the sides of the neck bright pale red, separated from the other parts
by a defined line.
20. Herpestes exilis.
“ Pallide flavo nigroque annulatis ; capite et dorso cinnamomeo et
nigro annulatis; pedibus nigrescentibus, gula cinnamomea, ventre
pallidiore ; cauda pilosa, non penicillata, palmis plantisque nudis.
“ Long. corp. 10% poll., caudae 8 poll.”
Herpestes exilis, Eydouér, Zool. de la Bonita, t. 3. f. 7-9; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 555.
“ Hab. East Indies, Touranne (Eydouw).”
21. Herpestes malaccensis.
Dull ashy, beneath rather paler; hairs black, white- and yellow-
ringed; orbits, ears, and tip of nose naked, violet ; tail the colour of
the body, very thick at the base, ending with yellow hairs.
Herpestes malaccensis, F. Cuv. M. I/ithoy. 13.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 555. .
Mangusta malaccensis, Fischer, Syn. p. 164.
Herpestes allidus, var., Sclzinz, Syn. Manzvn. i. p. 373.
Herpestes rederici, Desm. Diet. 8. Nat. xxix. p. 60.
Herpestes Leschenaultii, Sclzinz, Gav. Thierr. t.
Hab. Malacca, Pondicherry (Leschenault).
154 nnnrnsrrnm.
**** Smaller : tail like back, much shorter than the body.
22. Herpestes brachyurus. B.M.
Black, hairs yellow-ringed ; under-fur brown; face, cheeks, and
sides of neck yellower; belly and tail darker; throat pale yellow-
brown; fore legs and feet blackish; tail thick, about half as long as
the body. Length of head and body 18 inches, tail 7% inches.

Herpestes brachyurus, Gray, Mag. N. H. i. p. 578, 1836; Voy. of the
Samarang, Mamm. t. 4. f. 123, 1849; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 556.
Mangusta brachyura, De Blaine. Ost. Atlas, t. 6.
Hab. Borneo (Malacca).
The skull is most like that of H. eayfer, but shorter; the brain-
case, the zygomatic arches, and the face are shorter and more ven-
tricose; the forehead broader and regularly convex. The constric-
tion of the front of the brain-case is rather behind the orbit, and
not very great; the orbit is rather small, and complete behind.
The teeth are normal, and very like in proportion and form to those
of H. iehneumon, but rather larger in all parts, as the skull is larger;
brain-case five-eighths of entire length. Length of the skull inches ; width of brain-case -1% inch, at zygomatic arch 2% inches.
3. ATHYLAX.
Atilax, F. Cuvier, Mamm. I/ithogr. 1826, iii. t.
Athylax, I. Geofll Mag. Zool. 1837; De Blainv. Oste’ogr.; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 556.
Galera, Brown, Hist. Jam. i. p. 85, 1756.
Like Herpestes, but teeth and jaws stronger. Toes 5 . 5; claws
blunt. Skull elongate. Teeth 40, normal, very massive, with large
acute tubercles on the crown ; the false grinders The lower aw
very strong, with a well-marked chin, and a tubercle on the lower
edge under the posterior end of the tooth-line (De Blainv. Ost.
Viverra, t. 5). The grinders much longer and broader, with larger
and higher tubercles, and the hinder upper tubercular grinder much
larger than in most, if not in any other, of the genera; but in the
disposition and number of the tubercles they are just like those in
the other species.
M. I. Geoffrey compares this genus with his Galidia, and concludes
that they are distinct (see Mag. de Zool. 1839, p. 25).
This genus is separated from Herpestes by the large size and thick-
ness of the teeth and the strength of the lower jaw, with its two
distinct prominences. The skull and lower jaw of both species, if they
are distinct, are figured by De Blainville, as above referred to.
1. Athylax vansire.
Atilax vansire, F. Cuvier, Jldamm. Lithog. p. 411, t. ; Diet. Sci. Nat. t.
Athylax vansire, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 557.
Mustela galera, Er.-rl. Syst. p. 453; Schreb. Stiugeth. t. 155.
Viverra galera, Shaw. ‘
A'.l_‘HYT.AX. 155
Herpestes galera, Desm. Mamm p. 212 ; Wagner, Gel. Anzeig. ix.
Mangusta galera, Fischer, Syn. p. 165. .
Mangouste vansire, Gergfh
Mangusta (Athylax) galera, De Blainv. Ostéogr. Viverra, t. 5 (skull).
Ichneumon vansire, A. Smith, S. A. Q. J. p. 53.
Ichneumon galera, Ge<gflI Mém. Egypt, p. 138.
Vansire, Buflbn, H. N. xiii. p. 157, t. 21.
Hab. Madagascar.
According to De Dlainville’s figure, the skull is more solid and
stronger than that of A. paludosus. Temminck thinks this a
variety or local state of Herpestes paludosus (Esq. Zool. p. 100).
The description of the Vansire, from a stuffed specimen, is as
follows :-—“ The fur is less long than that of a Marten or Polecat,
of the same dark brown colour on all parts of the body; the under-
fur is brown ; the longer hairs are brown at the roots; the remain-
der blackish and reddish, which succeed each other at small inter-
vals to the tip. These two colours occupy all the length of the hairs
of the tail. Toes 5 . 5. Length of body and head 13 inches, tail
7 inches, hair 2% inches long. Madagascar.”—-Buflbn, H. N. xiii.
p. 169, t. 21.
In the figure, the claws are represented as long, compressed,
arched, acute.
The skull of the animal figured by F. Cuvier is engraved in
De Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 5.
2. Athylax paludosus. B.M.
Brown, closely yellow-punctulated ; hair elongate.
Herpestes paludosus, Cuv. R. A. ,
Mangusta urinatrix, A. Smith, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 237.
Herpestes palustris, Rilppell.
Herpestes griseus, Burchell, Cat.
Herpestes caffer, Mus. Stuttgard.
Herpestes paludinosus, Peters, Reise Mossamb. Sliugeth. p. 119.
Herpestes atilax (partly), Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 371.
Ichneumon minatrix, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. i. p. 51.
Mangusta paludinosa, De Blainv. Ostéog. Viverra, t. 5 (skull), t. 12
teeth .
At(hylax)paludosus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 557.
Hab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope, on the banks of the rivers,
a great diver (A. Smith) ; East Africa, Quillimane (Peters).
Var. Black-brown, only very slightly punctulated, except on the
side of the throat.
Var. Canine teeth very strong.
Hab. Guinea (Gervais).
The skull is wider, compared with its length, than in most species
of the genus ; the brain-case is more convex; the contraction in the
front of the brain-case is not so great or so sudden as in Herpestes
ichneumon and H. ca,-fer, and is only a very small distance behind
the hinder edge of the orbits. The orbit is very incomplete behind.
156 HERPESTIDAL
The teeth are normal; they are all much more bulky and broader
than in any of the other species of the genus which I have seen;
the hinder upper false grinder is triangular, with nearly equal sides;
the flesh-tooth is very strong, the front edge being nearly four-
fifths of the length on the outer side; the first tubercular is not
twice as broad as the length of the outer edge. The brain-case is
about five-eighths of the entire length. The hinder part of the
palate contracted, flat, with a diverging crest on each side above,
and a ridge on each side below, with the aperture transverse, in a
line with the base of the lateral crest. The bullae large, vesicular,
rounded below and behind. Length of the skull inches; width
of brain-case 1% inch, at zygomatic arch 2% inches. The zygoma-
tic arch, in comparative length and convexity, is very like that of
the skull of H. ichneumon. Lower aw strong, short, with a distinct
chin‘-angle in front; teeth very large and strong; tubercular oblong,
longitudinal, large, with two anterior and one broad hinder lobe;
the angle behind with flattened expanded processes.
3. Athylax robustus. B.M.
Brown, very minutely and closely punctured ; the head blacker,
with a subvertical band; the edge of the lower jaw and cheeks under
the ears yellowish, not punctulated; legs and feet nearly black; tail
black-brown, punctulated.
' Athylax robustus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 558.
Hab. Africa: “White Nile ” (no. 6168, adult; no. 6169, younger)
(Parzudaki).
' Very like A. paludosus, but paler, and with pale checks; the
teeth are very large and strong, like those of the A. paludosus variety
from Guinea.
Lower jaw like that of A. paludosus, but not quite so strong, and
more sloping in front; the compressed teeth rather large ; the tu-
bercular oblong, elongate, moderate, with two large lobes in front,
and one larger behind. '
Skull elongate ; nose short, thick ; forehead convex; orbits com-
plete. Teeth 36; the false grinders with a short space be-
tween the canine and the first false molar, where a small tooth may
have fallen out. The false grinders triangular, with a triangular
tubercle on the middle of the inner side. The flesh-tooth massive,
triangular, nearly as wide in front as long on the outer side, with a
large internal tubercle in a line with the front edge. Tubercular
grinders transverse; the front triangular, much wider than long,
outer edge oblique, inner edge narrow; hinder one oblong, much
smaller. The hinder part of the palate produced nearly to a line
with the condyles, keeled on each side, and with a strong keel on
each side of the lower surface, edging the very narrow contracted
hinder opening. Ear-bullae very large, vesicular, rounded below and
behind. Lower jaw strong, solid, nearly as high behind as in front;
chin shelving; gonyx long, the angle produced, bent up at the end,
4. CALOGALE. 157
and keeled on the outer lower edge. Length of skull 4-1% inches,
of nose 1% inch; width of brain-cayse 1% inch, of back of mouth
1% inch, of zygomatic arch 2% inches.

Skull of Athylax robustus.
4. CALOGALE.
Body elongate. Tail very long, slender, cylindrical, covered with
short hair, with longer at the tip. Toes 5 . 5; claws short, triangular,
acute. Pupil linear, erect. Skull elongate ; brain-case elongate,
two-thirds the length of skull (see Peters, Beise, t. 28). Teeth 40 ;
false grinders . +3-, compressed; flesh-tooth narrow, much longer
158 Hnnrnsrrrnm.
than broad, with inner tubercles on front edge; tubercul ar grinders
if . %, transverse, hinder very small.
Calogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 560.
* Tail like back, rather thick. Pupil oblong, horizontal.
1. Calogale nyula. B.M.
Pale grey, very closely and minutely black- and white-punctulated;
tail elongate, rather tapering, coloured like the back.
Herpestes nyula, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beny. 1836, p. 236.
Herpestes pallidus (partly), Sckinz, Syn. Mamnz. i. p. 373.
Herpestes nigula, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. p. 287.
Oalogale nyula, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 560.
Hab. India: Nepal, Open Tarai (Hodgson) ; Salt Range (Old-
ham).
Length of head and body 15 inches, tail 12 inches.
The largest species of the genus, but much smaller than H er-
pestes griseus, which it somewhat resembles.
Skull very like H. griseus, but nose longer; orbit complete, and
more compressed and tapering; the flesh-tooth and the front tuber-
cular‘ grinder rather larger and more massive. Skull—-length
2% inches; width at brain-case 1 inch, at zygomatic arch 1% inch.
These animals have the tail rather more bushy than the more
typical Galogale; but they have the narrow skull and longer narrow
brain-case and slender narrow flesh-tooth of the genus.
2. Calogale nepalensis. B.M.
Dark grey, very minutely and closely punctulated, with black and
pale-whitish hairs, with a broad subterminal pale band; tail subcy-
lindrical, pencilled at the end, coloured like the back.
Length 13 inches, tail 11 inches.
Herpestes nepalensis, Gray, Mag. N. H. p. 578, 1836; Hodgson,
J. A. S. Beng. p. 235.
Herpestes auropunctatus, Hodgson, J. A. Soc. Bang. i. p. 578.
Herpestes javanicus, Hodgson.
Herpestes griseus, Hoclgson, Joarn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. xiv. p. 346.
Herpestes pallipes, Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 346.
Galogale nepalensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 560.
Hab. India: Nepal,hillregions (Hodgson) ; Assam (M‘Glelland);
Affghanistan (Griflith). .
Skull—-orbit complete, like 0'. grisea and G. nyula, but smaller;
the nose short, like 0. grisea, but more compressed ; teeth normal,
very like 0'. nyula, the hinder tubercular being larger than in 0.
grisea. Skull—length 1% inch; width at brain-case §- inch, at zy-
goma 1;} inch.
3. Calogale rutila. B.M.
Grizzled chestnut-brown, variegated with black and white rings
on the hairs; head and limbs darker chestnut, with scarcely any,
4. canoeatn-. 159
or very narrow, white rings; lips and throat and underpart of the
body uniform duller brown, not grizzled; ears brown ; the nape
with longer hairs, forming broad short crests.
Herpestes rutilus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 136.
Calogale rutila, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 561.
Hab. Cambogia (Mouhot, onespecimen).
4. Calogale microcephala.
Head very small ; teeth very small; ears close, short; nose very
short and narrow. Fur finely dotted all over, deep brown and dull
yellow, of the underpart dirty white; the under-fur ashy at the
base, with a very broad yellow band; the hairs silky, blackish
brown, with small ochraceous rings; the hairs of the tail with
broader rings, those of the tip similar. Length of head and body
10 inches, of tail 9% inches.
Herpestes microcephalus, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 113.
Calogale microcep ala, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 561.
Hab. ‘? (Mus. Leyden, procured at Haere).

** Tail-end bright bay, very slender.
5. -Calogale sanguinea.
Head ashy, black-dotted; body isabella-red; hair with tip and
rings brown; throat, chest, and belly white ; feet pale; tail isabella
and black, varied, tip bright red-brown. Length of head and body
11% inches, of tail 12% inches.
Herpestes sanguineus, Ritpp. Fauna Abyss. p. 27, t. 8 82; 10 (skull).
Calogale sanguinea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 561.
Hab. Abyssinia.
6. Calogale Grantii. ‘ B.M.
Pale yellow-brown, nearly uniform, very slightly grizzled, with
white tips to the hairs; end of tail bay.
Herpestes badius, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 100.
Calogale Grantii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 561.
Hab. East Africa: Mgunda Mkali (Capt. Spehe).
W Tail-end black, very slender.
7. Calogale mutgigella. B.M.
Dark olive-brown, very minutely punctulated; tail-end black.
Length of body and head 13% inches, of tail 11% inches.
Herpestes mutgigella, Riipp. Fauna Abyss. t. 9. f. 1.
Calogale mutgigella, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 561. '
Hab. Abyssinia.
Skull rather elongate, narrow, like that of C. nyula; nose flat ;
forehead and crown in one line ; brain-case ovate, flat-topped, con-
tracted in the front over the orbits; orbit incomplete ; false grinders
160 nnnrnsrrmn.
§- or %, front small, hinder rather compressed, with a small internal
and a small hinder . acute tubercle; flesh-tooth much longer than
broad-—inner tubercles small, on front edge; tubercular grinders
transverse, the first trigonal, the outer edge broader, the inner nar-
row, acute ; the second very small, nearly like the first in form.
Skull 2 % inches wide at the broadest part ; brain-case 1 inch.
. 8. Calogale ornata.
Herpestes ornatus, Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin, 1852, p. 81; Reise
n. Mossamb. Sdugeth. i. p. 117, t. 26, 1852.
Calogale ornata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 562.
Hab. Eastern Africa: Tete, lat. 17° (Smith).
The figure is very like 0. mutgigella; but the grizzling of the
back seems to form more irregularly waved cross streaks ; perhaps
this is only the attempt of the artist to represent the grizzling. The
V figure of the skull also resembles that of the former species.
Temminck regards this as a variety of C. mutgigella (Esq. Zool.
p. 116).
9. Calogale punctulata. BM.
Reddish grey, minutely black- and grey-punctured ; face redder ;
under-fur black; long hairs brown, upper half whitish, with a broad
black subapical band and a bay tip ; tail-end black; front claws
rather slender, acute; inner toes very short, claws short.
Herpestes unctulatus, -Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 11.
Herpestes adius, var. 2, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 105.
Calogale punctulata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 562.
Hab. South-east Africa: Port Natal (Williams).
Like C. mutgigella, but redder; face red-bay.
10. Calogale melanura. B.M.
Reddish brown, minutely punctulate; hair short ; tail-end black;
front claws acute, short.
Cynictis melanura, Martin, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 56; Fraser, Zool. Ty-
pica t.
Herpeistes melanura, Gray, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 5.
Herpestes badius, var. 3, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 107.
Calogale melanura, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 562.
Hab. West Africa, Sierra Leone (Capt. P. L. Strachan) ; Damara
Land (Alexander).
Var. ‘? Rather paler (not in good state). V B.M.
Herpestes ochromeles, Pucheran (fide Verreaux).
Hab. “ Central Africa ” (Verreaua).
Skull elongalte, very much contracted in front over the orbit; the
O flesh-tooth trigonal, longer than broad; hinder tubercular very mi-
nute, transverse.
11. Calogale badia. B.M.
Bright bay, nearly uniform ; end of tail black.
5. GALERELLA. . 161
Young ? pale brown, with an obscure waved appearance from the
broad bands on the hairs.
Herpestes badius, A. Smith, lllust. Zool. S. A. Mamm. t. 4, SB.
Ichneumon ratlamuchi, A. Smith, App. Report, 1836, p. 42.
Herpestes Cawii, A. Smith.
Calogale badia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 563.
Hab. South Africa, on plains away from the sea; ? Guinea (called
“ Koukeboe ”) (Temm.), perhaps a variety or species.
Skull rather elongate, compressed ; brain-case elongate, contracted
- in front ; orbit complete in the adult, incomplete in the young. The
false grinders 3 . 3; the first very small; second compressed, conical;
third subcompressed, placed obliquely, with a very minute, scarcely
appreciable internal lobe and no hinder one. Flesh-tooth trigonal,
considerably longer than broad; the internal lobe small, on the
front edge. The first tubercular grinder transverse, outer edge
oblique, inner (narrower) rounded; the second very minute, linear,
with two tubercles.
M. Temminck thinks that Herpestes punctatus and Oynictis me-
lanura are varieties of this species (Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 100).
12. Calogale venatica. B.M.
Dark bay, white-grizzled, the long hairs white-tipped; tail-end
black.
Herpestes badius, var., Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 11; Peters, Reise n.
Mossamb. Sdugeth. p. 119. - ‘
Calogale venatica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 563.
Hab. East Africa.
13. Calogale gracilis. B.M.
Brown or blackish brown, scarcely grizzled; fur on sides of the
neck shorter and very minutely grizzled ; end of tail blacker.
Herpestes gracilis, Riippell, Fauna Abyss. t. 8. f. 1, t. 10.
Ichneumia gracilis, I. Geofil Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 17 .
Ichneumia nigricaudatus, I. Geqfll MS. , l. c. p. 18.
Calogale gracilis, Gray, .P. Z. S. 1864, p. 563.
Hab. Abyssinia (Ritppell).
14. Calogale? thysanura.
Minor, pilis fusco et pallide luteo annulatis; pedibus fuscis; cauda
longa, penicillo magno aterrimo terminata.
Length of head and body 12 inches, of tail 13 inches.
Herpestes thysanurus, Wagner, Milnchen. gelehrt. Anz. ix. p. 449.
Calogale P thysanura, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 564.
Hab. India : Cashmere.
5. GALERELLA.
Body slender. Legs short. Tail elongate, slender, tapering,
covered with shortish hairs. Toes 5 . 4. Claws short, compressed,
M
162 _ HERPESTIDJE.
acute. Skull elongate; brain-case rather ventricose. Face short.
Teeth 38; false grinders . 3,-; flesh-tooth triangular, longer than
broad; tubercular grinders % . %, transverse.
Galerella, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 564.
Galerella ochracea. 1 15.11.
Pale brown, minutely punctulated ; throat, underside, and inside
of the limbs white; tail-end black; front thumb very small, low
down. '
gynictis ochracea, Gerrard, Cat. Ost. B. M. p. 7 7.
erpestes ochraceus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 138, pl. 8 ; Aim. 3- May.
N. H. 1849, iv. p. 376.
Herpestes mutgigella, var., Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 116.
Galerella ochracea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 564.
Hab. East Africa: Abyssinia (F. H. Hora).
Skull elongate; brain-case rather ventricose; face short, fore-
head arched; flesh-tooth triangular, much longer than broad, inner
tubercle anterior; false grinders . the hinder tubercular very
small; orbit incomplete behind; not so contracted in front over the
back of the orbit. Like Oalogale badia in size, but brain-case more
ventricose.
M. Temminck regards this as only a seasonal state of H. mutgi-
gella (Esq. Zool. p. 116), not observing that it has no internal toe
on the hind feet.
6. CALICTIS.
The pupil oblong, transverse. Claws rather arched, compressed.
Tail thick, conical, tapering. Ears rounded. Skull elongate, face
short. Teeth 40; false grinders . g; the flesh-tooth triangular,
scarcely longer than broad; tubercular grinders % . fa
Calictis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 564.
The skull elongate, rather narrow, much contracted in front of
the grain-case ; orbit rather incomplete ; the nose shelving ; crown
flat. The false grinders i}; the first very small; -second compressed;
third trigonal, with a small internal and a small hinder lobe. The
flesh-tooth triangular, scarcely longer than broad in front, the inner
lobe on the front edge. Tubercular grinders transverse; the first ,
subtrigonal, oblique, much broader than long; the second very mi-
nute. The skull 3 inches long, and brain-cavity 1%; inch broad
behind.
Calictis Smithii. B.M.
Reddish brown, very closely pale-grizzled, hair with red-brown
ends and subconical white bands ; feet and tip of tail black.
Herpestes Smithii, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. N. Hist. 1837, i. p. 2; Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 131, pl. 31. .
Calictis Smithii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 565.
Hab. Ceylon (A. Grace).
M. Temminck, misled by some dealer, believes that this animal
8. ICHNEUMIA. 163
inhabits Cape Coast and Guinea. He complains of the shortness of
my diagnosis ; but says -himself it is well characterized by a shorter
but nearly identical one (see Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 98). (See Calo-
gale nyula and O. nepalensis, p. 158).
7. ARIELA.
Body elongate. Tail slender, elongated, subcylindrical, thickest
at the base. Toes 5 . 5. Skull elongate. Face short. Teeth 40 ;
false grinders . ; flesh-tooth trigonal, rather broader than long,
inner lobe -long, rounded, on front edge ; tubercular grinders -12- . -2-.
1
Helogale (part.),' Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 308.
Ariela, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 565.
Ariela taenionota. B.M. (skull only).
Hair of head, underpart of neck, and lower part of the extremi-
ties short, elsewhere pretty long; centre of the face, forehead, crown,
cheeks, and space between the eyes and ears black, freely. pencilled
with white. Muzzle, upper and lower lips, and space under lower
jaw light chestnut ; outer surface of the ears brownish, inner surface
dirty reddish white; back and sides of neck, shoulders, anterior
part of back and sides, and outer surface of ‘anterior extremities finely
pencilled black and white ; the rest of back and upper part of sides
banded transversely deep black and yellowish white or light yellow-
brown; flanks and outer surface of hinder extremities towards the
body pencilled dull black and yellowish white ; lower part of neck,
breast, belly, and lower surface of extremities black; tail slender,
thickest towards the root, for about two-thirds of its length pencilled
black-brown and pale ferruginous, last third nearly uniform black.
Length of head and body 15 inches, of tail 7 % inches.
Helogale taenionota, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 308.
Herpestes taenionotus, A. Smith, S. African Journ. p. 52, 1834.
Herpestes zebra (partly), Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. p. 371.
Ichneumon taenionotus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. p. 50.
Ariela taenionota, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 565.
Hab. South Africa: Natal (A. Smith).
The flesh-tooth broader than long; the inner lobe long, rounded,
on the front edge. The first false grinder conical, compressed; the
second trigonal, with an internal tubercle. The tubercular grinders
transverse ; the first large, with a long internal lobe, rather thinner,
narrower than the outer edge, and rounded within. Orbit incom-
plete behind. Skull elongate.
8. ICI-INEUMIA.
Body compressed. Legs rather long. Fur grizzled. Tail conical,
bushy. Toes 5 . 5.‘ Claws rather elongate, sharp. The greater part
of the soles of the hind feet are covered with hair. Teeth 40; false
grinders I} . -2 ; flesh-tooth triangular ; tubercular grinders 5% .
M 2
164 nnnrnsrmn.
Ichneumia, I. Geofll Compt. Rend. 1837, p. 582; Mag. Zool. 1839,
pp. 13 a 31; Gray, P. Z. s. 1334,11. 566.
Lasiopus, E. Geqfll Cours del’Hist. Nat. des Mamm. p. 57 , 1835.
The most Viverrine form of this family.
M. Geoffrey separates this genus on account of its peculiar den-
tition, which he describes :—-false grinders 3-, true 11-, tubercular -§-
(Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 13). M. Geofl'roy’s figures are lowerqon their
legs and more vermiform than our specimen of I. albicauda.
Dr. A. Smith, when first describing this species, observed, “ Its
teeth exhibit a slight difference in form, and are not so closely set
as in the true Ichneumons. This peculiarity, in addition to the
state of the soles of the feet, may, when its manners and habits are
better known, require it to be separated from the -present genus ”
(South African Quart. Journ. p. 52, 1834).
“ Shorter and more robust, and stands higher on its limbs, than
'Herpestes.”—A. Smith.
1. Ichneumia albicauda. B.M.
Tail white nearly to the base.
Ichneumia albicauda, I. Geqfl‘. Mag. Zool. 1839, pp. 13, 35, t. 11; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 566.
Herpestes albicaudus, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. ed. 2, 1834.
Herpestes albicaudatus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. p. 181,
1834. '
Mangusta albicauda, De Blaine. Ostéogr. Viverra, t. 12 (teeth).
Hab. Africa: Port Natal (A. Smith); Senegal (Heudelot); Ga-
lam (Delambre).
2. Ichneumia leucura.
Herpestes leucurus, Ehrenb. Sym. Phys. Mamm. t. 12, cop. Schreb.
Siiugeth. t. 116.
Ichneumia leucura, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 566.
Hab. East Africa: Nubia and Dongola (Ehrenb.).
This may be the same as the preceding. See observations of M.
I. Geoffrey, Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 14, note.
3. Ichneumia albesoens.
Pale brown ; tip of tail white.
Ichneumia albescens, 1. Geoff Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 35, t. 12; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864,‘p._566.
-Hab-East Africa: Sennaar (Betta).
‘Skull ovate, swollen ; the brain-cavity one-half the length ; nose
-shelving ; forehead and crown rather convex ; orbit incomplete be-
hind. False grinders 3 ; the third triangular, sides of equal length,
with aninternal tubercle on the hinder edge. The flesh-tooth tri-
angular; rather longer than wide in front, narrow behind; the in-
ternal tubercle anterior, rounded internally. The tubercular grinders
large, oblong, trigonal, about half as wide again as long ; the hinder
rather the smallest (see 1. Geoff. Mag. Zool. 1839, t. 13).
1 0. unvx. 16-5
In the figure the brain-cavity is half the length of the skull, and
the skull is as wide at the widest part of the zygomatic arch as the
length of the brain-cavity.
4. Ichneumia nigricauda.
Ichneumia nigricauda, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. vii. p. 39 ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 567.
Hab. Senegal.
9. BDEOGALE.
Toes 4 . 4, short. Heel hairy to the soles. Claws compressed.
Tail bushy. Skull, orbits incomplete behind (Peters, t. 27 (it 28).
False grinders 3 . 3; hinder broad, triangular. Flesh-tooth triangu-
lit? broad; sides nearly equal; angles rounded (t. 27. f. 4). Hab.
r1ca.
Bdeogale, W. Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. Mamm. p. 119 (1850):; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 567 .
The teeth are like those of Rhinogale, and the nose is rather pro- _
duced and rounded below in the figure; so that perhaps this genus
ought to be arranged near to it ; but it differs from it in having four
toes on each foot.
1. Bdeogale crassicauda.
Blackish-ashy hair, black- and white-ringed; limbs and tail black.
Bdeogale crassicauda, W. Peters, Monatsb. K. Akad. Berl. 1852,
p. 81; Reise n. Mossamb. Mamm. p. 120, t. 27; Gray, P. Z. S.
864, p. 567.
Hab. East Africa: Tete, Boror (Peters, Mus. Berlin).
2. Bdeogale puisa.
Brown hairs, black- and yellow-ringed; limbs and tail blackish
brown.
Bdeogale puisa, W. Peters, Monatsb. K. Akad. Berl.1852, p. 82 ; Reise
n. Mossamb. Mamm. p. 124, t. 28; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 567.
Hab. East Africa: Mossimboa (Peters, Mus. Berlin).
3. Bdeogale nigripes.
“ Body whitish ; tail snow-white ; feet black.”
Bdeogale nigripes, Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. vii. p. 111; Gray,
P. Z.' S. 1864, p. 567 . _
Hab. Gaboon (Aubry Lecomte, Mus. Paris).
“ Larger than the other species]?
10. URVA.
Head broad. Ears rounded. Nose rather produced, with a lon-
gitudinal groove beneath. Pupil linear, erect‘? round ?—-Hodgson.
Body elongate. Legs short. Tail conical, attenuated, covered with
1 66 HERPESTIDE.
long hairs. Toes 5 . 5; claws compressed, rather short; curved;
inner toes of fore and hind feet very short, with short claws rather
high up the foot. Claws brown. Hind part of the soles of hind
feet covered with hair, which is bent towards the centre on each
side; the front part bald, oblong, narrow behind, occupying less than
two-thirds of the foot, with three subequal pads in front and two
elongated pads on each side of the hinder edge (Hodgson, J . A. S. B.
t. 31. f. 5). Front upper false grinders 2, compressed; the third
subtriangular, with a very small subposterior internal tubercle, and
a small posterior marginal one; flesh-tooth large, elongate, tri-
angular, nearly twice as long as the front margin, with a large in-
ternal lobe on the front edge; tubercular grinders transverse, twice
as bread as long on the outer edge ; hinder tubercular very small.
Urva, Hodgson; Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. p. 50; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 568.
Mesobema, Hodgson.
Urva cancrivora. (The Urva.) B.M.
Black; grizzled, hairs with a very broad white subterminal ring;
a white streak on the side of the neck; legs and feet black ; tail
ashy red at the end.
Urva cancrivora, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 560; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 568.
Mesobema cancrivorus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. p. 910
Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. p. 214, iv. p. 287.
Gulo urva, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. v. p. 238; Calcutt
Journ. N. II. ii. p. 45, t. 13%. f. 2.
Hab. India—Nepa1, in caverns, Central Northern region (Hodg
son) ; Affghanistan (Griflith); Arakan (Blyth).
. Fur lax, elongate, ringed, blackish ashy, more or less grizzled by
the white tips to the hairs ; lips and checks whitish; a long streak
on the side of neck white ; legs and feet black; tail bushy, appearing
more or less irregularly banded from the dark band on the hairs.
The not quite adult skull of Urva canerivora is very like that of
T<eniogale vittieollis, but considerably smaller. The orbit is incom-
plete ; the zygomatic arches not so bowed out, with the most convex
part nearer the hinder end. The nose is rather thick. The con-
traction of the brain-case is just over the hinder part of the orbit ;
the brain-ease is rather longer (perhaps -116) than the face. The
teeth are normal, and very like in form and proportion to those of
T. vitticollis; but they are rather narrower, and the first tubercular
molar is shorter and broader, more oblong, and the hinder tubercular
molar smaller. Length of the skull 3% inches ; width of the brain-
case 1% inch, of the zygomatic arch 2 inches.
Lower aw slender; chin gradually shelving; the lower edge
curved, arched up behind, to near the condyle. The false grinders
4.4; the front small, concave. Tubercular grinders moderate,
oblong, elongate, with two small anterior and two large high poste-
rior prominences. 9
. 11. raznroens. 167
In the ‘ Illustrations of Indian Zoology ’ I figured an animal under
the name of Viverra ‘? fusca, from one of General Hardwick’s draw-
ings. In the ‘Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1842, p. 260, I P1'°P°Sed
for it a genus named Osmetectis. As yet I have never seen or heard
of an animal from India that agrees with the figure. It has been
supposed that it may be Urva cancrivora of Hodgson; but it does
not well represent that species.
11. TENIOGALE.
Whiskers weak, slender. Nose grooved beneath. Toes 5 . 5.
Claws compressed, rather elongate, very acute. Thumb short; claw
distinct, rather elevated. Great toes very short, indistinct, with a
small claw; hinder claws broader. Soles of the hind feet quite bald
to the heel. Ears rounded. Skull oval. Teeth 42; false grinders
3}. 2, first conical, second and third with three unequal tubercles;
tubercular grinders -% . 3-, first upper triangular, large, second short,
twice as broad as long (0gilby, l. c.).
Mungos, sp. ?, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 103.
Taeniogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 569.
Mr. Ogilby described this animal as having 42 teeth, 3 false
grinders in the upper, and 4 in the lower jaw. Perhaps one tooth
in the lower aw was changing.
Twniogale vitticollis. B.M.
Black, red-washed; hair very long, soft, black, with long red tips ;
head black, minutely punctulated ; legs and feet black; tail black;
streak on side of throat black; the front claw elongate, compressed,
arched.
Mungos vitticollis, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. p. 50 (not Ogilby).
Herpestes vitticollis, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 67; llladras Journ.
1839, p. 103, t. 2.
Mangusta vitticollis, Elliot, Madras Journ. of Lit. & Sci. 1840, p. 12,
t. 1; De Blainv. Ost-e’ogr. p. 48, t. 96.
Mungos P vitticollis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 103.
Taeniogale vitticollis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 569.
Hab. India: Madras, in thick forests Elliot); Travancore
(P. Poole).
Varies in the greyness of the fur and the extent and darkness of
the red-bay on the sides of the neck and body, there being least on
the specimens that have the most grey and distinctly white rigid
hairs. In some specimens (perhaps in some seasons) the whole
animal has a bright bay tint from the tipsof the longest hairs.
The skull is elongate, like that of Athylasc paludosus ; but the
brain-case is more ventricose and higher, and the orbit smaller and
complete behind. The zygomatic arch is rather short and very
much bowed out, the most convex part of the arch being rather be-
hind the middle of its length. The contraction of the brain-case is
rather behind the back of the orbit. The teeth are normal, nearly
168 nnnrnsrrnra.
as massive as, and agreeing very generally in proportion of parts and
position or form of the internal lobes with, those of A. paludosus; but
they are rather slender and longer comparatively in all their parts.
The palate also is much narrower and longer. The third upper false
molar has a small central internal lobe. The front edge of the flesh-
tooth is fully two-thirds the length of the outer edge; the binder
lobe of it is narrow, and angular behind. The front tubercular
molar has a very oblique outer edge. The brain-case is rather more
than half the entire length. I
The length of the skull 3% inches; the width of the brain-case
1% inch, of the zygomatic arch 2% inches.
The lower jaw broad in front, narrow behind, without any tu-
bercles on the lower edge under the end of the tooth-line. False
grinders 4 . 4; the front very small, curved, close at the front of the
second. The tubercular grinder very large, oblong, subcircular, with
two large unequal tubercles on the front and a very large one on the
hinder part of the crown.
The lower aw is distinguished from that of the genus Herpestes
by having no prominence or tubercle on the lower edge under the
hinder end of the tooth-line.
12. ONYCHOGALE.
Body slender. Tail conical, hairy, about as long as the body.
Toes 5 . 5; inner toes small; front claws very long, compressed,
curved. Teeth 40; false grinders 2 . -in
Onychogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 570.
The hinder end of the skull deeply and sharply notched, instead
of being transversely truncated as in the small Herpestes. The
notch in the living animal is filled up with a cartilaginous septum.
Onychogale Maccarthiae. B.M.
Red—brown; hair elongate, flaccid, pale brown, with a broad, thick,
subterminal band and a long whitish-brown tip; fur of hands and
face shorter. Feet blackish brown; hair white-tipped. Tail redder;
hair elongate, red, one-coloured. Ears rounded, hairy.
Herpestes Maccarthiae, Gray, B. M.; Gerrarcl, Cat. of Bones B. M.
p. 75.
~ Cynictis Maccarthiae, Gray, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 131, Mamm. pl. 31;
Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1853, xii. p. 47.
Herpestes fulvescens, Kelaart, Ceylon.
Onychogale Maccarthiae, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 570.
Hab. Ceylon (Lacly Maccarthy).
13. HELOGALE.
Body slender. Head oval. Ears distant. Toes 5 . 5; the inner
toe small; front claws rather elongate, compressed, acute. Soles of
the hind feet partly bald. Tail conical, covered with elongate hairs.
14. cxmorrs. 169
Skull short, broad. Face short. Teeth 36 (see P. Z. S. 1861, p. 308,
fig.); false grinders §- . % ; the flesh-tooth triangular ; tubercular
grinders -?~ .
Helogale, Gray, P. Z. s. 1331, P. 303; 1334, p.570.
Herpestes toenionotus, A. Smith, which I referred to this genus, is
distinct.
1. Helogale parvula. B.M.
Fur uniform blackish brown, very minutely pale-punctulated.
Length of body and head 7 inches, of tail 7 inches.
Helogale parvula, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 308 (fig. skull); 1864,
. 571
p .
Herpestes parvulus, S-undevall; Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 110.
Hab. South Africa: Port Natal (Sundeval).
The skull moderate, swollen ; brain-cavity ovate, contracted over
the back of the orbit; nose arched ; orbit incomplete behind; false
grinders %, front compressed, moderate, second trigonal ; flesh-tooth
small, broader than long, with the inner tubercle on the front edge ;
tubercular grinders transverse, much broader than long, the hinder
about half the size of the other.
2. Helogale undulata.
“ H. nigro et rufo-flavido undulatus, subtus undique rufus; cauda
corpore breviore, sine penicillo.”
Herpestes undulatus, Peters, Reise nach Mossamb. Stiugeth. p. 114,
t. 25 1852.
Helogale undulata, Gray, P. z. s. 1334, p.571.
Hab. Eastern Africa: Mossambique; Quitangonka; from lat. 10°
to 15° S.
The grinders -2-; the front claw much longer than the hinder;
the skull ventricose, with a short nose. Allied to Herpestes micro-
eephalus, according to Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 118.
Tribe II. CYNICTIDINA.
Head short, ventricose; tail bushy, expanded laterally; claws
elongate ; orbit of the skull complete behind.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 571.
14. CYNICTIS.
Body slender. Ears short, rounded. Nose truncate, with a di-
stinct central longitudinal groove. Tail with long hairs, flattened
horizontally. Legs short. Toes 5 . 4; front claws elongate, com-
pressed, arched. Soles of feet partly covered with hair. Skull short
and broad, ventricose. Face moderate ; forehead swollen. Teeth
170 . nnnrnsrrnna.
38; false grinders -2 ; flesh-tooth triangular, sides subequal; tu-
bercular grinders -§- .
Cynictis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 48; Gray, 1864, p. 571.
1. Cynictis penicillata. B.M.
The under-fur short, soft, and black.
Mangusta penicillata, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. (ed. 2) ; De Blainv. Oste’ogr.
Viverra, t. 12 (teeth).
Ichneumia albescens, I. Geqfii Mag. Zool. 1839, t. 12 (not descrip.).
_Mangusta Levaillantii, A. Smith, Zool. Journ.
Cynictis typicus, A. Smith, South Quart. Journ. i. p. 53.
Cynictis Steedmanii, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 49; Trans. Zool. Soc.
1835, i. p. 34, t. 3 (a skull).
Cynictis Levaillantii, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 53.
Cynictis penicillata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 572.
Meeskal, Barrow, Trav.; Swains. Lard, Ency. p. 159. f. 71.
Mangusta (Cynictes) penicillata, De Blainv. Ost. t. 5.
Var. redder.
Ichneumia ruber, Geqfh
Herpestes ruber, Licht. Mus. Berlin.
Hab. South Africa (Steedman).
The skull short and curved; the forehead convex; brain-cavity
rather swollen ; upper false grinders the first very small, the
third trigonal; the flesh-tooth rather longer than broad; the tuber-
cular grinders transverse, very short and broad, the last small.
9 Skull broad, the width about two-thirds the entire length; the
brain-case half the entire length ; orbit complete behind ; forehead
convex, especially between and in front of the eyes. The two front
upper false grinders compressed ; the third subtrigonal, with a small
central internal lobe ; the flesh-tooth longer than broad on the front
margin; the false grinder transverse, short, and very broad, subtri-
gonal, widest on the outer edge, the hinder much smaller.
The skull of a younger animal very similar, but larger, and the
forehead not so convex and swollen before and between the eyes.
Ichneumon rubra (Geoff. l. c. p. 139), “ Very splendid ferruginous
red, especially the head,” is said to be Cynictis Steedmanii, Licht.
2. Cynictis Ogilbii. B.M.
Yellow, black- and white-pencilled; beneath whitish; chin, throat, '
and tip of tail white ; ears reddish brown.
Cynictis Ogilbii, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. i. p. 53; Illust. Z.
S. Africa, Mamm. t. 16, 6‘ ; Gray,'P. Z. S. 1864, p. 572.
Hab. South Africa: barren plains, north part of Graaf Reynet
district and Bushman Flat (passes a great part of its time under-
ground (A. Smith).
Skull very like that of C. penicillata (803 c); but the forehead
not so convex, and the skull, though longer, is rather narrower at
the zygomatic arch; the brain-cavity of the two of the same width ;
nnrnoeurnac. 171
in the most swollen part more like 803 a. The flesh-tooth is similar
to that of 0. penicillata.
3. Cynictis? fimbriata.
Fur very pale, whitish ; hairs white at the base, silky, with black
and white bands and a white tip ; below dirty white. The black and
white rings on the silky hair of the tail are broader; the lateral hairs
and the tuft at the tip are tipped by an isabella band. The feet
pale brown, dotted with white.
Length of body and head 1.1 inches.
Herpestes fimbriatus, Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 112.
Cynictis fimbriata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 573.
Hab. India (? Temm., Mus. Leyden).
The account of the tail would lead us to believe that this is a
Cynictis : but the under-fur of that animal, even in the very young
state, is black.
4. Cynictis leptura. B.M.
Pale foxy brown, brown-pencilled ; lips, chin, and tip of the tail
white ; tail fulvous, grizzled with chestnut-brown, hair with a broad
central chestnut-brown ring; underside yellowish white.
Cynictis leptura, A. Smith, Illust. Zool. S. Africa, Mamm. t. 17;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p.573.
Cynictis Levaillantii, var., Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 77.
Hab. South Africa, in barren places.
The skull of Cynictis leptura (803 e, A. Smith) is very like that
of C. penicillata (803 c); the forehead is convex before and be-
tween the eyes, and the teeth are very similar ; but the flesh-tooth
is much shorter compared with the width of the front margin, more
equally triangular, as the front lobe on the inner edge is longer com-
pared with the rest of the tooth; the hinder tubercular is rather
wider and more like the front one.
Fam. 9. RHINOGALIDZE.
Tubercular grinders two on each side of the upper, and one on
each side of the lower jaw. Nose produced, underside convex,
covered with short adpressed hairs, without any central bald longi-
tudinal groove. The toes linear, separate, extended. Claws blunt,
fore one often elongated. Soles of the hind feet bald, or slightly
covered with hair. 7 The fur rigid, grizzled. Tail not ringed.
Viverridae, §Rhinogaleacea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 573.
Daub.enton, in the description of the Suricate (Hist. N at. xiii.
p. 75), observes, “ Les narines ressemblent a celles du chien ; mais
172 E nnmoeumm.
le nez n’avait pas, comme celui du chien, un sillon qui s’étendit de-
puis l’entre-deux des narines jusqu’a la levre ; cet espace était con-
vexe.” The character here described does not seem to have been
remarked, since, indeed, I- only accidentally discovered that Dau-
benton had observed it, long after I had seen its importance as a
characteristic in a group allied to Viverridae. The same character is
found in the Mangouste figured by M. Daubenton (t. 19); but he does
not notice it in his short description of a living female of that animal.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Tribe 1. Rhinogalina. Head elongate. Nose short. Teeth 40.
False grinders 1. Rnnvoeann. Tail conical. Toes 5. 5. Front claws short.
2. Muneos. Tail conical. Toes 5 . 5. Front claws elongate.
Tribe 2. Crossarchina. Head ventricose. Nose elongate. Teeth 36.
False grinders . 3-. ,
3. Cnosssncuus. Toes 5 . 5. Claws hooked. Hind soles bald.
4. Eurnnuns. Toes 5 . 5.1 Claws short, hooked. Hind soles
hairy.
5. Sunrcxra. Toes 5 . 4. Claws elongate, slender. Hind soles
hairy.
Tribe 1. RHINOGALINA.
Nose short; teeth 40 ; tubercular grinders %.
1. RHINOGALE.
Head ovate. Nose shortly produced, convex beneath. Body
elongate. Toes 5 . 5. Claws short, compressed, acute. Tail conical,
covered with elongated hair. Skull elongate, -ventricose. The orbit
incomplete on the hinder edge. Teeth 40. False grinders -Z1.
Flesh- tooth triangular, broad, angle rounded; inner tubercle broad,
near the middle, and occupying the greater part of the inner side.
Tubercular grinders % . %; upper broad, transverse, rounded on the
side, only half as long as wide.
Rhinogale, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 573.
This genus, in the prolongation of the nose, has some afiinity
to Grossarchus and Suricata; but the elongation is much less de-
veloped.
1. RHINOGALE. 173
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Skull of Rhinoyale Melleri.
Rhinogale Melleri. B.M.
Grey-brown, very minutely and closely white-speckled; the middle
of the binder part of the back with an obscure, broad, darker longi-
174 RHINOGALIDZE.
tudinal streak; tail (all but the base) black; nose and feet rather
brown; under-fur brown.
Rhinogale Melleri, Gray, P. Z. S.1864, p. 575.
Hab. East Africa (Dr. Meller).
The skull is narrow, more especially the hinder portion. The face
is short and rather narrow. The forehead and crown of the head
form a gradually arched line from the end of the nose to the occiput.
The cavities for the temporal muscles are moderate; they meet on
the crown, just over the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, leaving a
large lozenge-shaped convex forehead between the orbits. The orbits
are rather small, the hinder edge incomplete; the hinder part of
the palate between the temporal muscles moderately broad and short,
the hinder opening being in a line with the middle of the temporal
fossae. The grinders are short, broad, and solid ; the carnassier
is triangular, the sides very nearly equal, the inner lobe being
broad and rounded and placed nearly in the middle of the outer side.
The tubercular grinders are oblong, transverse, with the inner side
rounded and nearly as broad as the outer one ; they are much worn,
showing that the animal was fully adult.
2. MUNGOS.
Head elongate. Nose slightly produced; underside convex, with
close-pressed hairs, without any central groove, Body slender. Fur
rather harsh. Tail subcylindrical, covered with harsh hairs. Toes
5 . 5 ; front inner toe strong, hinder smaller. Claws strong, acute;
front rather elongate, compressed, arched. Teeth 40 ; false grinders
. %; flesh-tooth triangular, as broad as long; tubercular grinders
. ,2, upper transverse.
Mungos (partly), Ogilby, MS. (see Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 103, 1835).
Mungos, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 575.
Ogilby separated the genus, because in the two African species he
examined there were only % false molars.
M. Temminck, overlooking several organic peculiarities, unites
these animals and Herpestes eitticollis as a single species (see Esq.
Zool. p. 111).
>-1110 Me
* Bach and tail grizzled.
1. Mungos gambianus. B.M.
Grey, grizzled with black and grey, hair rigid, with a broad pale
ring and large black tip ; streak on side of neck, feet, and end of the
tail black ; lips, chin, and throat white ; belly reddish; hair of hind
limbs elongate, reddish.
Young greyer; the black tips of the hairs shorter.
Herpestes (Mungos) gambianus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 102; Schinz,
Syn. Jllamm. i. p. 374; Temm. Esq. Zool. p. 111.
Mungos gambianus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 50; P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 575
Hab. West Africa; Gambia (Rendall).
2. rruneos. 175
** Back cross-banded ; tail obscurelg ringed. Y
2. Mungos fasciatus. B.M.
Blackish, minutely grizzled with ashy; back and rump washed
with reddish, with many blackish and white cross bands; nose, feet,
and end of tail blackish.
Young paler, obscurely cross-banded.
Mungos fasciatus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. ; P. Z. S. 1864_, p. 576.
Viverra ichnemnon, Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 116 (from Bufii).
Herpestes fasciatus, Desm. Diet. S. N xxix. p. 58.
Herpestes mungo, Desm. Mamm. p. 211.
Herpestes zebra, Rilppell, Fauna Abyss. t. 9. f. 2.
Ryzena suricata, Children, Clapperton’s Trav. Append.
Herpestes (Mungos) fasciatus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 102.
Mangusta mungo, Fisch. Syn. ]VIamm. p. 163.
Hab. Africa: Cape of Good Hope (A. Smith); Lake Tschad (Clap-
perton) ; Gambia(Rendall); Abyssinia (called “Gottoni ”) (Riippell).
The not quite adult skull is rather elongate, ventricose behind, the
contraction of the brain-case being in a line with the binder part of
the orbit. The orbit imperfect behind. The zygomatic arch mo-
derately bowed out, the more convex part being nearer the hinder
end. The nose tapering on the side and above, making a shelving
forehead and a slightly arched crown-line. The false molars are
only two on each side, there being a short space between them and the
base of the canine; the second false grinder triangular, with a good-
sized lobe on the inner part of the hinder edge, and with only a very
rudimentary point on the binder outer margin. The flesh-tooth
triangular, the front edge being as bread as the outer one, with a
large, thick, rounded inner lobe. The first tubercular grinder trans-
verse, short, narrowed on the inner edge; the second similar, but
smaller. .
Length of the skull 2% inches; width of the brain-case 1 inch,
of the zygomatic arch 1% inch.
Lower jaw rather slender, with a rounded angle under the con-
dyle. The false grinders %; the first compressed, sharp-edged.
Tubercular grinders rather large, with two high lateral anterior and
one large posterior rather high prominence.
3. Mungos adailensis.
“ Cinereo-flavicans, pilis nigro-fusco annulatis, vertice cerviceque
nigro-schistaceis, dorso fasciis transversis obsoletis nigricantibus;
abdomine dilutiore, in flavidum vergente; antepedibus obscurioribus;
cauda corpore paruin longiore, apice attenuata haud penicillata,
dorso concolori, in ultimo triente nigra, plantis denudatis; oculis
pupilla vertico-elliptica, iride fusca. _
“Long. tota 22%, caudae 15 poll.”
Herpestes adailensis, Heuglin, Peterm. Mittheil. 1861, p. 17; Nova
Act. Acad. Leop. xxviii. p. 5, t. 2. f. 4 (skull).
Mungos adailensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 57 6.
Hab. Adail coast (Heuglin).
1 76 nnmoeurnm.
I do not see how this differs from M. faseiatus; but Herr Heuglin
has them both in his list.
Tribe II. CROSSARCHINA.
Nose elongate ; teeth 36 ; tubercular grinders
3. CROSSARCHUS.
Head roundish. Nose elongate, much produced; the underside
convex, hairy, without any central longitudinal groove; hair rigid,
short, shorter on the head and throat ; mufiie large, callous. Pupil
round. Ears rounded. Body slender. Fur harsh, with longer and
more rigid hairs. Tail slightly compressed, tapering, covered with
shorter hair. Toes 5. 5, free ; two middle toes longest; front inner
toe large, hinder smaller. Soles naked. Claws rather elongated,
compressed, hooked, acute, sometimes very much so. Teeth 36;
false grinders . -§; flesh-teeth 4- . -}- ; tubercular grinders -,2 . Crossarchus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. iii. p. 47, 1825; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864,p.577.
Crossarchus obscurus. B.M.
Uniform deep brown; head rather paler ; hairs brown, with yel-
low tips. '
Length of body and head 12 inches, of tail 7 inches.
Crossarchus obscurus, Ouv. R. A. i. p. 158; Martin, P. Z. S. 1834,
p. 114 (anat.) - De Blainv. Ostéogr. pp. 49 99 t. 12 ' Gray P. Z. S.
1sc4, .577.’ ’ ’ ’ ’
Crossarc us ty‘-pious, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. ii. p. 135.
“ Crossarchus ubius, F. C'uv.,” A. Smith.
La Mangue, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. ii. pl. 199.
Hab. Western Africa: Guinea (called “ Aevisa ”), living in deep
holes with many openings (Temm.). Eastern Africa ‘?
See Crossarchus rubiginosus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. ii. p. 329.
Bay-brown; feet and tip of the tail black. Length 16% inches, of
tail 12 inches.
Hab. East Indies (Wagner).
4. EUPLERES.
Skull ventricose, very much produced, slender, compressed ; lower
jaw compressed and produced in front. Nose elongate, slender,
acute, proboscidiform ; underside ?, with a small muffle. Eyes
large. Ears large and triangular. Body vermiform. Legs mode-
rate. Tarsi elongate, hairy beneath; a very slender bald streak to
the heel, like Genetta, but not so distinct. Tees 5 . 5, apparently
united, with scattered hairs above; thumb very short; great toe
short and high up. Claws acute, semiretractile. Fur thick, formed
of silky hairs, with a short close under-fur. Tail elongate, cylin-
drical, rather tapering, covered with hair. Cutting teeth -8; canines
small, compressed; false grinders 3, very small, compressed, far

" 77
o. SURICATA. 1
apart, the hinder with a small central internal lobe; the flesh-tooth
triangular, about as long as wide, the inner lobe central ; tubercular
grinder trigonal, somewhat like the flesh-tooth (see De Blainv.
Ostéogr. Viverra, t. 8. f. 1-4, from a young animal).
Eupleres, Doyiare, Ann. Sci. l\/vat. 1835, iv. p. 281 ; De Blainv. Ostéogr.
V iverra, t. 8; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 577.
According to M. de Blainville’s figure of the skull, this genus
(which I have never been able to examine) was properly referred by
Flacourt, who first noticed it, to the Civets.
M. Doyere referred it to the Insectivora (see Ann. Sci. Nat. iv.
~78) ; but, to make this alliance, he considers the front double-
rooted tooth in the lower jaw a canine.
M. de Blainville, in his essay on Mamm. Insectivores, in ‘ An-
nales Fr. et Etrang. d’Anat. et de Physiol.’ ii. p. 1, justly observes,
“ the Eupleres, which has been referred to the Inscctivora, on ex-
amination has proved to be allied to Ilfangusta, or to the section
Genetta of the Viverridce ” (l. o. p. 37).
Eupleres Goudotii.
Fur very dark brown; under-fur fulvous, with black transverse
streaks over the shoulder; throat and beneath whitish.
Eupleres Goudotii, Doyere, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1835, iv. p. 281, t. 18 (ani-
mal and skull) ; De Bla-inv. Ostéogr. Viverra, t. 8 (skull); G-ray,
P. Z. s. 1sc4, p. 578.
Falanouc, Flacourt, Madagascar.
Length 12 inches, of tail 5 inches.
Hab. Madagascar, at Tamatave, in burrows (called “ Falanouc ”)
(Goudot) (M'us. Paris).
5. SURICATA.
Head spherical. Nose elongate, produced; underside hairy, con-
vex, without any central groove ; muflle callous; nostril long, open-
ing 011 the sides. Ears rounded, nakedish internally. Body elon-
gate; hair soft, annulated. Legs moderate. Toes 4 . 4; hind solos
hairy. Claws lo11g; front very long, slender, compressed, arched;
anal glands two. Tail tapering, slender, covered with short hair,
and rather pencilled at the tip. Teeth 36; false grinders . flesh-teeth 11- . -1- ; tubercular grinders % .
Suricata, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxiv. p. 16, 1804; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 578.
Ryzeena, Illiger, Prod-r. Mamm. 1812.
A Suricata zenick. BM.
Grey; orbit and tip of the tail black; hinder part of the back
with dark cross bands; chin, throat, and vent whitish; tail rather
redder, underside lighter, under-fur reddish.
Suricata zenick, Gray, Cat. fllamm. B. M’. p. 53 ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 578.
Viverra suricata, Erzrl. Syst. p. 488.
N
178 C.-INIDZE.
. Viverra tetradaetyla, Pallas; Schreb. :S‘a?uyeth. t. 117 (from Buflbn).
Surieata viverrina, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxxii. p. 297.
Surieata capensis, Desm. Mamm. p. 214.
Viverra zenick, Gnzel. S. N. i. p. 92 (from Sonn.).
l\I?Hi§;1St& (Surieata) tetradactyla, De Blainv. O.stéoyr._ p. 28, t 5.
Ryzaena typicus, A. Smith, S. A. Q. Journ. i. p. 53.
Ryzaena capensis, Lesson, llfamm. p. 178.
Ryzaena tetradactyla, Schina, Syn. illamm. i. p. 380.
Ryzaena suricata, Fischer, Syn. Illa/mm. p. 167.
Surikate, Bu_.fl"on, II. N. xiii. t. 8.
Zenic, Sonncrat, Voy. t. 92; Jlliller, Ginz. Phys. t. 2.
Hab. South Africa (called “ Meer Kat” at the Cape).
Skull short and broad, the width three-fourths the length; the
brain-case broad, half the length of the skull; orbit complete be-
hind; forehead shelving, arched; crown convex. The first upper
false grinder compressed ; the second subtrigonal, with a lobe on the
middle of the inner side. The flesh-tooth subtrigonal, broader than
long in front. The tubercular grinders transverse; the front with
the inner nearly twice as broad as the outer edge ; the hinder similar,
but much smaller. Hinder palate-opening contracted.
Fans. 10. CANIDZE.
Tubercular; grinders two on each side of the upper and lower
jaws; false grinders 2 or 3 on each side of each jaw ; molars ,-,‘l.-‘.§-
or more. Feet produced; toes 5 .5, straight, free, with blunt, ex-
posed, worn -tipped claws ; the front inner toe high up, rarely want-
ing. The upper seetorial grinder compressed, three-lobed, with a
small tubercle on the front of the inner edge. Head elongate; nose
more or less produced, flat and bald, beneath with a central longitu-
dinal groove.
Canidae, Baird, llfam-. N. Amer. p. 103, 1859; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 493.
The Canidae have been separated by general consent into three
natural groups, according to the length and form of the tail,—the
l/Volves having a short and straight tail, the Dogs a more or less
elongated tail bent to the left and more or less curled, the Foxes an
elongated bushy tail. In South America there is found a group with
the skull like the VVolves’_, but with a long slender tail, which may
be called long-tailed ‘Wolves. The Foxes are generally nocturnal,
and have the pupil of the eye elliptical and erect when contracted.
The form of the contracted pupil of the eye has yet to be observed
in a large number of species. Mr. Bartlett, in reply to my inquiry,
states that “ the females of the Long-eared Fox, the Arctic, and the
Common Fox"‘have oblong erect pupils. The Black-backed and
camn.n. 17 9
ggmngon Jackals have round pupils like the Wolf and Dog” (March
, 1 68).
Mr. Bryan Hodgson, in his collection of Drawings of Nepalese
Animals, represents the Buansu (Cuon), the Jackal or Shidar (Saca-
lius indicus), the Cabul Greyhound (Canis eabulensis), the Tibetan
Terrier‘, Tibetan Mastiff (with four and five claws), Vulpes fer-rilatus,
V. indieus, and V. subhimaehalus, as all having round pupils; but I
doubt if in the three last-mentioned this is not a mistake of the
artist.
Dr. Riippell, in his ‘Atlas,’ figures the Fennec and the North-
African Foxes with round pupils.
The dentition of the family is generally uniform. The normal
number of teeth is 42, viz. cutting-teeth -g, canines % . 11-, premo-
lars . §, sectorial teeth % . %, tubercular grinders -% . The incisors,
canines, and the last lower molar have a single fang; the second and
third upper premolars and all the premolars and molars below, but
the last, have two fangs. The upper sectorial or fourth premolar
a11d the last upper true molar have three fangs, the first upper pre-
molar four fangs. (See De Blainville, Ostéographie.)
Some genera of the family present certain anomalies. Thus
I etieyon has only 38 teeth, there being only one tubercular grinder
on each side of each jaw ; Cuon has 40 teeth-—that is, has two
tubercular grinders on each side of the upper, and only one on each
side of the lower jaw. On the other hand, Thous and .Megalotis have
44 teeth—-that is, two tubercular grinders on each side of the upper,
and three on each side of the lower aw. Sometimes some anomalous
specimens present an excess over the usual number of teeth: thus
M. de Blainville has figured a Mastiff with three tubercular grinders
on each side of each jaw, the hinder small, cylindrical. (Ann. Frang.
' et Etrang. d’Anat. gin. p. 313, t. 1. f. 2.)
The sectorial teeth in the upper jaw, in all the typical Canidaz,
are compressed, three—lobed, with a small internal lobe close to the
front edge. In the aberrant Otoeyon, on the contrary, the sectorial
tooth is nearly triangular, almost as wide as long, very unlike those
of the other Dogs.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Section I. LUPINE. The skull thick, solid; the postorbital pro-
cess thick, convex above and bent down at the tip. '
Subfam. 1. LYCAONINA. .Head. short, broad; nose short, broad. Teeth
large, close together. Palate very broad, short. Tail short, straight.
1. Lvcaox.
Subfam. 2. CANIN A. I-Iead more or less elongate ; nose tapering. Teeth
moderate. Palate elongate.
A. VVOLVES. Tail short, straight, bushy. Shull elongate. Old World
and America.
* Ifead short; teeth 38 ; tubercular grinders l .
2. Icmorox. South America.
N ‘-
2
180 CANIDZE.
*"“ Head short ,- teeth 40 ; tubercular grinders % . -2,.
3. Cuon. Old World-—Asia.
"“““““ ‘Head elongate ; teeth 42 ; tubercular grinders % . -3-. Temporal muscles
separated by a narrow linear central ridge.
4. Lupus. Head moderate; nose broad. Upper sectorial grinder
in a line with the other grinders. Europe and North
America. , .
5. Drum. Head moderate; nose broad. Upper sectorial grinder
placed oblique as regards the other grinders. Africa.
6. SIMZENIA. Head very long; nose slender. Premolars far apart,
small. Africa.
7. Cnnrsocron. Head very long; nose slender. Premolars ap-
proximate, large. South America.
B. Does. Tail elongate, bent or curled. Skull short or elongate.
8. Cxnrs. Domesticated.
0. Fox-TAILEi) WOLVES. Tail elongated, hairy. South America.
* Teeth 42 ; tubercular grinders % . %.
9. Lrcnornx. Pupil circular. Upper tuberculars large.
10. Psnunuornx. Pupil elongate. Upper tuberculars moderate.
"‘"“‘ Teeth 44 ; tubercular grinders %. %.
11. Tnons.
Section II. VULPINE. Skull slight, thin, elongate; nose taper-
ing, long. Postorbital process thin, concave above, and '
spread out horizontally at the tip.
Vulpina, Burmeister.
Subfam. 3. VULPINA.
:0. Foxns. Tail elongate, bushy, with a gland covered with coloured hair
on the upper part, near the base. Skull very long. Upper sectorial
grinders compressed, three-lobed, with a small tubercle on the front part
of the inner side ; tubercular grinders % . %. Pupil often elliptical, erect.
12. Vunrns. Ears moderate; ear-bullae moderate.
13. Fnmvneus. Ears very large; ear-bullae large.
14. Lnucocron. Skull broad in front of orbits.
E. BRISTLE-TAILED Foxns. Tail elongate, hairy, with a crest of bristles
along the upper edge. Teeth like Foxes’.
15. Unoeron.
F. Raccoon Doe. Tail short, straight, bushy. Upper sectorial grinders
compressed, three-lobed, with a small anterior internal lobe ; tubercular
grinders %- . %.
16. Nrernnnurns.
1. LYCAON. 181
The subfamilies may be thus arranged :-
1. LYCAO-NINA .......... .. . I
1. Skull solid; postorbital I2. CANINA .... . . . . . .. lTail short, straight, bushy.
process thick, convex Wolves .... . .- ....... ..
above. LUPIN1E .... .. I Oaninia (Dogs) .. Tail elongate, curled to the left.
\ Fox-tailed Wolves... Tail elongate, straight.
ll. Skull thin; postorbital 1. Foxes Tail elongate, soft, bushy.
process thin, concave 2. Bristle-tailed Foxes. Tail elongate, bristly, bushy.
above. VULPIME .... .. 3. Raccoon Dog ....... .. Tail short, straight, bushy.
Section I. LUPINZE. Skull thick, solid; postorbital process thick, con-vex
above, and bent down at the end.
Lupinae, part., Burmeister and Spencer Baird; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 495.
-Subfam. I. LYCA ONINA.
Head short, broad; nose short, broad. Teeth large, close toge-
ther. Palate very broad, short.
Lycaonina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 495.
1. LYCAON. (Hyaena Dog.)
Skull short, broad ; nose short, broad, swollen; palate short, very
broad ; internal nasal opening broad. Postorbital process thick,
convex above, bent down at the end. Teeth 42 ; false grinders . §’ ;
sectorial 4 . 4; molars . % ; the upper and lower premolars acutely
dentated on the front and, especially, on the hinder edge; upper
sectorial teeth strong, elongate, trigonal, bread, with a small but
well-marked interior lobe in front. First upper tubercular tooth
large, with a broad rounded internal lobe ; the second upper tuber-
cular oblong transverse, much smaller; lower hinder tubercular very
small, cylindrical.
Lycaon, Brooks; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 495.
This group is intermediate between the Hyaena and the Dog.
The manner of copulation is said to be different from the Dog’s, and
similar to that of the Hywna.
.Lycaon venaticus. (Simir or Mebbia.) B.M.
Kynos pictus, Riippell.
Lycaon tricolor, Brooks.
Lycaon typicus, A. Smith.
Lycaon venaticus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 67 ; P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 497 ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones in B. M. p. 90.
Canis aureus, Thu-nberg, Me’m. Aead. Pe’tersb. iii. p. 302.
Hyaena picta, Temm. Ann. Ge’n. Sci. Phys. iii. p. 54, t. 35; Kuhl,
Beitr. p. 75.
Hyaena venatica, -Burch. Travels, i. p. 456, fig., ii. pp. 222, 232.
Chien hyénoide, Cuv. Oss. Foss. iv. p. 386.
Hyaena Dog, Grifith, A. K.
182
CANIDIE.
Fig. 23.


Skull of Lycaon venaticus. (No. 1141.)
cuon. ' 183
Canis tricolor, Grifilth, A. K. v. p. 288, t.
Canis ictus, Desm. Mamm. Suppl. p. 388; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 8
(sk ), t. 9 (teeth).
Var. ? Canis pictus, Cretseh. in Ritppell’s Atlas, p. 35, t. 12.
Hab. Africa: Cape of Good Hope (Burchell) (called “ Mebbia ”) ;
East Africa, Cordofan (Rilp_;_oeZl) (called “ Simir”).
Subfam. II. CANINA.
Head more or less elongate; nose tapering. Teeth moderate.
Palate elongate.
Canina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 497.
A. WOLVES. Tail short, stra-ight, bushy, not reaching below the heel.
* Head short. Skull elongate. Teeth 38; tubercular grinders -§- . %,
rarely -21-.% or -}-.
2. ~ mrrcron.
Head short, broad. Teeth 38; false grinders 3 . 3 in each jaw;
flesh-teeth large, three-lobed ; upper with a small internal lobe on
the front edge; the lower sharp-edged; tubercular grinders % . -l-; ‘
upper large, triangular, transverse; lower small, circular; false
grinders -*°§- .
Ietieyon, Lund, 1842; Burmeister, Fauna Bras. ii. p. 1; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 497.
fiynalycus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, xvii. p. 293.
elictes, Schinz, 1849. .
Ietieyon venaticus. B.M.
Ietieyon venatieus, Lund, Fauna Bras. p. 184; Wagner, Wiegm.
Arch. 1843, p. 355; Burmeister, Fauna Bras. i. t. 18-20; Gerrard,
Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 89; Van der Hoeven, Kais. Ah. d. Wiss.
vii.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 498.
Cynalycus melanogaster, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, xvii. p. 293;
Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 15. (B.M.)
1(slynogale venatica, I/and, K. D. V. Selsh. 1842.
elictis Beskii, Schinz, Wiegm. Arch. 1849, p. 10.
Canis brachyotus, Blaine. Ostéogr. t. 9 (skull), t. 12 (teeth).
Hab. Brazil.
** Teeth 40 ,- tubercular grinders % . %. Temporal muscles separated by
a narrow cranial ridge.
3. CUON.
Skull short ; nasals elongate. Teeth 40 ; tubercular grinders -§- . -f-,
the lower hinder tubercular grinder deficient.—Blainu Ann. Frane.
et Etrang. d’Anat. i. t. 8. f. 4.
184 ' cnzrnrn.
Cuon, Hodgson; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 498.
The small hinder tubercular grinders of the upper and lower jaw
deficient. (See Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 9 ?)
1. Cuon primaevus. (Buansuah.) B.M.
Skull—nose short, broad, swollen; forehead broad, convex, gra-
dually shelving from the nose-line; nasals produced beh1nd the
hinder upper edge of. the maxillaries. -
Canis primaevus, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1833, p.111; Blainv. Ostéogr.
Canis, p. 49, t. 8 (skull), t. 9 (teeth); Laur. & Bazin, Ann. d’Anat.
et Phys. i. t. 8. f. 4 (skull); Hodgson, Trans. Asiat. Soc. , t.;
Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 57 ; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 498.
Cuon primaevus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. B. M. p. 81.
Canis himalayanus, Lesson.
Hab. Nepal (Hodgson, B.M.) ; Cashmere (Abbott).
2. Cuon alpinus. B.M.
Canis alpinus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 34; Van der Hocven,
.Kais. Ahad. d. Wiss. vii. t. 17 (teeth); Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.
p. 57; Schrench, Amurland, p. 48.
Cuon alpinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 498; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of
Marnrn. B. M. p. 81.
Hab. Siberia, Altai Mountains (Brandt) (skull, B. M.).
Skull very like that of the Preceding species, if different‘.
3. Cuon sumatrensis. B.M.
Skull—nose short, broad, swollen, slightly raised above the nose-
line; nasals produced behind the binder upper edge of the maxil-
laries.
Canis (familiaris, var.) sumatrensis, Hardwiche, Linn. Trans. p. 235, t. 25; Rafltes, I/inn. Trans. xiii. p. 249.
Canis sumatrensis, F. Cue. Diet. d’H. N. viii. .557.
Cuon sumatrensis, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones 0 Mamm. B. M. p. 81;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 498, 499 (skull). .
Hab. Sumatra (B.11[.); Malacca (Carlton, B.M.); Java (Les-
chenault, B.M.). - "
The skull figured by De Blainville (Ostéogr. t. 8) is that of a
domestic Dog, perhaps from Java. The skull in the British Mu-
seum is very like that of the Cuon alpinus. A skeleton sent from
Paris, and marked “ Canis javanicus ” (160 e), is a Cuon; and the
skull is so like that of Cuon sumatrensis that I cannot discover any
difference between them. I suppose this is the animal named Canis
rutilans by Boie, and C. hodophylaee, C. hodophilaae, and C. hip-
pophylax by Temminck in the ‘ Fauna J aponica,’ called Jamainu,
said to have small, erect ears, and to be of the form and size of a
Wolf. '
-3
1;
3. cuon.
Fig. 24.
... U.

Skull of Cuon sumatrensis. (Sumatra, N o. 160 a.)
186 csnrmn.
4. Cuon dukhunensis. (Dhole.) B.M.
Skull—nose slender, elongate; nasal bones the same length.
Forehead much raised above the nose-line.
Canis dukhunensis or Kolsum, Sykes, P. Z. S.
Cuon dukhunensis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 37 ; P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 500; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 81.
Canis dhola, Gray, A. K.‘
Canis familiaris, var., Elliot, llfadras Journ. x. p. 100.
Wild Dog or Dhole, I/Villiamson, Wild Sports.
? Dhole, Wooler.
Hab. India; Deccan (Sykes, B.M.).
The skull, in the British Museum, from Col. Sykes is of a young
specimen changing its milk-teeth. There is a second skull in the
Museum (158 b), received from the Zoological Society under the
name of Canis dukhunensis; but it appears to be rather the skull of
C. primcevus.



21- al— - . dukhu-
gaegiis. poinus. 0' 8umatwn8w' Onensis.
158 c. 161 a. 160 a. 1 60 c. 162 a
in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin
Length from nose to occipital condyle 6 9 7 0 6 3 6 3 6 6
of nose from front of orbits 2 9 2 11 2 7 2 8 3 0
of lower jaw ................... .. 5 4 5 9 4 ll 5 2 4 10
Width of brain-case, over ears 2 6 2 7 2 4 2 4 2 2
of forehead between orbits 1 4 1 6 1 3 1 2% 1 1
of nose at preorbital foramen . 1 6 1 9 1 5% 1 51} 1 5
at back of zygomatic arches 4 1 4 3 3 8 3 11 3 6
Height of jaw at front of orbit ...... .. 3 3 3 3 2 11 3 3 2 ll
’ All adult but 162 a.
4. LUPUS. (Wo1f.)
Head moderate, elongate; nose moderate, tapering. Upper pre-
molars slightly separated; the upper flesh-tooth in the same line as
the other grinders.
Lupus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 501.
1. Lupus vulgaris. (European Wolf.) B.M.
Canis lupus, I/inn. Fauna Suecica, p. 3; Syst. Nat. i. p. 58; Gerrard,
Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 84.
Lupus vulgaris, Brisson, R. A. p. 235; Gray, P.'Z. S. 1868, p. 501.
Lupus sylvestris, Aldrov. Digit. p. 173, fig -
Wolf, Pennant.
Loup, Bufon, H. N. vii. p. 39, t. 3 (skull).
Lou d’Europe (C. lupus), Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 3 (skeleton), t. 6
(s ).
Hab. Europe, France (B.M.).
4. LUPUS. 187 ~
Var. Black. Black Wolf.
Canis lycaon, Erxleben, Syst. p. 560; Schrebcr, Stiugeth. p. 353, t. 89.
Canis lupus niger, Herm. Obs. Zool. p. 32.
Loup noir, Bufon, H. N. ix. p. 362, t. 41; F. C'uv. Mamm. Lith. t.
Black Wolf, Shaw.
Hab. Europe, Pyrenees.
2. Lupus chance. (The Chanco or Golden Wolf.) B.M.
Fur fulvous, on the back longer, rigid, with intermixed black and
grey hairs; the throat, chest, belly, and inside of the legs pure
white. Head pale grey-brown; forehead grizzled with short black
and grey hairs. Length of the body and head 42, tail 15 inches.
Skull 8;} inches long. -
Canis chanco, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 94; Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3.
xi. p. 475; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 501.
? Lupus laniger, Hodgson, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1847.
Hab. Chinese Tartary (Lieut. W. P. Hodnell, B.M.).
The skull 1422 a is that of a normal European Wolf and about
the same size (but the nose is longer, rather more slender); and the
teeth, as well as the shape of the skull, are very similar to those of
that animal. Two small grinders below behind the canines.
3. Lupus occidentalis. (American Wolf.) B.M.
Skull—forehead convex, rounded ; internal nostrils broad in front
and narrow behind.
Canis lupus griseus et albus, Sabine, Journ. p. 654; Aud. & Bachm.
N. A. Quad. iii. p. 276, 1854.
Canis lupus occidentalis, var. griseus et albus, Richard. F. Bor.-Am.
i. . 66, 1829.
Canili occidentalis, Dekay, Z. N. Y. i. p. 42, t. 27. f. 2; S. Baird,
Mamm. N. A. p. 105; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 84.
(Skull 165 e.)
Canis variabilis, Pr. Max. Reise N. A. p. 95, 1841.
P Lupus gigas, Townsend, Journ. Acad. N. S. Phil. ii. p. 75, 1850.
Lupus occidentalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 501.
Canis lupus canadensis, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (skull).
Hab. North America (B.M.).
Var. 1. nubilus. “ Colour light sooty or plumbeous brown.”
Canis nubilus, Say, Long’s Eaped. i. p. 168, 1822.
Canis occidentalis, var. nubilus, Spencer Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 111.
Var. 2. mewicanus. “ Fur varied with grey and black; neck
maned more than usual; a black or dusky band encircling the
muzzle; a dusky slope down the fore leg.’.’-—Baird.
Canis mexicanus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 60. '
Canis occidentalis, var. mexicanus, S. Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 113.
Xoloit cuintli, Hernand. .Me.r. p. 479, fig.
Lupus mexicanus, Brisson, R. A. p. 237 .
188 - camnm.
Loup de Mexique, B-afion, N. H. xv. p. 149.
Mexican Wolf, Penn.
Cuetlaehti, Fernand. N Hisp. p. 7.
Hab. Mexico (Hernand.) ; Santa Cruz; Sonora.
Var. 3.1 ater. Black Wolf. B.M.
Forehead of skull concave in the central line; internal nostrils
narrow, parallel.
Canis lycaon, Harlan, Fauna Amer. p. 126, 1828.
Canis lupus ater, Rich. F. Bor.-Am. i. p. 70; Aud. & Bachm. N. A.
Quad. p. 126, t._ . f. 7, 1851. .
Canis occidentalis, var. ater, S. Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 113. (Skull
165 c,
Ha b. Florida ; Georgia.
' Var. 4. rufus. ,
Mixed red and black above, lighter beneath.
Ca:pgs51lupus, var. rufus, Aud. & Bachm. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 240, t. 82,
Canis obcidentalis, var. rufus, S. Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 113.
Hab. Texas.
4. Lupus aureus. (J ackal.) B.M.
Skull-—nose sloping on the sides, broad in front of orbits. The
sectorial tooth is placed obliquely in respect to the line of the pre-
molars and tubercular grinders.
Canis aureus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 59; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 39,
t. 3; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.M. p. 58; F. Cue. Mamm. Lith. t.;
Blaine. Ostéogr. t. 4 (skull, var. barbarus), t. 6 (var. mareoticus,
skull rather wider).
Canis barbarus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 54.
Barbary Jackal, Pennant, Quad. i. p. 260.
Lupus aureus, Kampf. Amoen. Exot. p. 413, t. 407. f. 3; Gray, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 504. ,
Canis micrurus, Reichenbach.
Thos, Pliny.
Chacal adivé, Bufon, H. N. xiii. p. 255, Supp. iii. t. 16.
Schakall, S. G. Gmelin, Reise, 1ii. p. 80, t. 13: Gilldenst. in Nov.
_ Com. Petrqa. xx. p. 449, t. 10. '
Jackal, Penn., Shaw.
Hab. India; Ceylon (Reid).
The several skulls in the British Museum differ from each other.
163 c is very wide at the zygomatic arches. Length 5 inches 4 lines,
width 3 inches 3 lines. The aperture of the internal nostril is wide,
8 lines, much wider than in other skulls. The skull of a Jackal from
Barbary, sent to the Zoological Gardens by E. W. Drummond Esq.,
163 d :—length 5 inches 1 line, width 3 inches 1 line; aperture of
internal nostril 6 lines.
163 c. Nepaul. Presented by B. Hodgson, Esq.
A skeleton with skull in the British Museum, 163 la (Canis aureus,
part., Gerrard), from the Zoological Gardens is peculiar. Length
5. DIEBA . 1 89
5 inches 4 lines, width 2 inches 2 lines, internal nostril 5 lines. The
skull like that of I/apus aureus; but the coronal ridge is rather
dilated or vase-sha.ped in the middle of the length, and the upper
hinder tubercular grinders rather larger in comparison with the
other grinders. They are perhaps different species.
5. Lupus pallipes. (The Landgak.) B.M.
Coronal crest linear, high ; upper sectorial teeth large, elongate.
Canis pallipes, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 101 ; Gray, List Mamm. B.M.
p. 58; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of fllamm. p. 82.
Canis lupus, Hodgson; Elliot, Madras Journ. X. p. 101.
Saccalius indicus, Hodgson, MS.
Lupus pallipes, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 504.
Hab. N epaul (Hodgson) ; India (0ldham, 163 e).
5. DIEBA.
Head moderate, elongate; nose rather elongate. Upper pre-
molars slightly separated; the upper flesh-tooth prominent in the
tooth-line and placed obliquely to the other teeth. Tail straight to
the hooks.
Dieba anthus. (Dieb.) B.M.
Skull (816 e)—forehead fiattish, rather concave; pterygoid bones
converging behind. Sectorial teeth prominent in the tooth-line and
placed obliquely to the other teeth. Internal nostril narrow, sides
parallel.
Canis anthus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t. ; Ritppell, Zool. Atlas,‘
p. 44, t. 17; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones
of Mamm. p. 85.
Lupus anthus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 502, f. 3 (skull).
Hab. West Africa, Senegal (F. Cuvier) ; Algiers ; Tunis (Frazer) ;
North Africa; Egypt; Nubia (Rilppell, Christie).
Var. Head narrow. Skull (816 a) very like that of D. anthus
(816 e), from the Zoological Gardens. The forehead and face very
much narrower compared with its length ; the whole length of the
face, from the end of the palate to the front teeth and the canines,
is smaller.
Hab. Algiers and Tunis.
There is another skull, 816 b (fig. 25, p. 190), from Tunis, that
is somewhat intermediate in width ; it wants the occiput.

816 c. 816 b. 816 a.
in. lin. in. lin. in. lin.
Length of skull ........................................... .. 6 7 6 5 ? 6 2
Width at zygomata ........................................ .. 4 2 3 9 3 6
at foramen ........................................ . . —- —- -—
before orbits ..................................... . . 1 6 1 5 1 3
of palate at outer hinder edge of sectorial teeth 2 5 2 1 2 1
190 cxnrnrs.
Fig. 25.









,.-r'f1 I 1 .
1 -—-—”'"“ ';';_”hZ:.zll1'¢ 0
r /
Skull of Dieba anthus. (Tunis, N o. 816 b.)
6. srnnnm. 191
Fig. 26. ..

Skull of Simenia simensis. (Abyssinia, No. 162 a.)
192 cxnrnm.
6. SIMENIA. ' B.M.
Head elongate ; nose very slender, elongate. Skull with a very
slender elongate nose; the premolars small and very far apart.
Simenia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506.
Simenia simensis. (Abyssinian Wolf.) B.M.
Canis simensis, Riippell, -Abyss. Fauna, t. 14 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm.
B. M. p. 58; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones Mamm. p. 82.
Simenia simensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506, f. 4.
Hab. Abyssinia (Riippell, type in B.M.).
Skull 162a (fig. 26). Length 7 inches 9 lines. Coronal ridge linear.
7. CHRYSOCYON.
Head very long; nose slender. Pupils round. Tail short, reach-
ing only to the hooks.
Skull elongate; nose very long, slender; coronal crest single,
linear; postorbital process thick, convex above, bent down at the
tip. Premolars approximate, large. Sectorial tooth in the same
line as the other teeth. Internal palate narrow.
Chrysocyon, Ham. Smith, Dogs; Burmeister, Faun. Bras. p. 24;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506.
* Upper sectorial tooth moderate. Chrysocyon.—Gray, l. c. p. 506.
1. Chrysocyon jubata. (Guara.)~ B.M.
Canis mexicanus, Sonn. Nouv. Diet. vi. p. 505 (not Linn.).
Caknis jubatus,De-sm. Mamm. p. 198; Burm. Faun. Brasil. t. 21, t. 26.
1.
Chrysocyon jubata, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 89; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506.
Canis campestris, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 334. n. 1; Blainv. Ostéogr.
t. 7 (skull).
Loup rouge, Cuv. R. A. i. p. 154, iv. t. 1.
Hab. South America (solitary); Paraguay (Azara); Brazil (Pr.
Maw.) ; Buenos Ayres.
** Upper sectorial tooth transverse, very large. N eocyon.--
Gray, l. c. p. 506.
2. Chrysocyon latrans. (Prairie-Wolf. Coyote.) B.M.
Skull 171 a very like Lupus anthus; but nose longer and more
slender. Muzzle short, like that of a Fox; tail short, like a Wolf’s.
Canis latrans, Say, in Long’s Erped. i. p. 168 ; Aud. & Baehm. N. A.
Quad. ii. p. 150, t. 71, 1829; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 113; Ger-
rard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 85; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. Ill.
p. 58 ; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7
Vulpes velox, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. n. 1237 a.
Chrysocyon (Neocyon) latrans, G-ray,-P. Z. S. 1868, p. 506.
8. cams. 193
Var. Small.
Canis frustror, Woodhouse, Proc. Ac. N. S. Philad. iv. p. 147 (1850),
v. . 157 (1851).
Small) Wolves, Dupretz.
Burrowing Dog, Lewis 6‘ Clark.
Cased Wolves, Furrier’s List.
Lyciscus cagotis, Ham. Smith, Nat. I/ab. Dogs.
PCanis ochropus, Eschsch. Zool. Atlas, i. t. 11; Gray, I/ist. Mamm.
B. M. p. 59; Zool. Salph. p. 32, t. 10.
Hab. North America (in packs) : Upper Missouri (Long) ; Cali-
fornia
“ Replaces the Jackal of the Old World. Brings forth its young
in a burrow. Barks like a Domestic ])og.”—S. Baird.
Skulls 171 a, b, c. Width at zygomata 3 inches 4 lines ; length
of palate 3 inches 5 lines, of the upper jaw at the hinder edge of
the sectorial tooth 2 inches, at the base of the canines 1 inch 1 line.
1237 a. “ Vulpes velooe, Rich.”
Skull 171 0. Length 7 inches; width at zygomata 3 inches 10
lines, at preorbital foramen 1 inch 3 lines, at outer» hinder end of
the sectorial tooth 2 inches 1 line, of the upper jaw at the base of
the canines 1 inch 1 line; length of palate 3 inches 9 lines.
B. Does. Tail elongate, curved or curled; temporal muscle only separated
by a line or coronal ridge.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 508.
8. CANIS. (Dog.)
Head moderate or elongate. Ears often dependent or recurved.
The small hinder tubercular grinder of the upper and lower aws
well developed.
Canis, Gray, P. Z. s. 1868, p.508.
.1. Canis familiaris. (Dog.) B.M.
Canis familiaris, Linn. S. N. i. p. 56; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.
p. 57 ; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 508; Garrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm.
. 82.
Canis domesticus, In'nn. Mus. Adohah. Frid. i. p. 6.
Canis familiaris Terrae Novee, Blainv. Ostéogr. Canis, t. 8 (skull).
Chien, Bufon, .H. N. v. p. 300, t. 15.
Chien domestique, Cue. R. A. i. p. 152.
Dog, Penn.
Common Dog, Shaw.
Hab. The World where inhabited by man.
Skull 166 Bhotea Dog (black and tan). Nepaul (Hodgson).
Length 8 inches 2 lines. Very like the skull of the Wolf of Europe.
B.M.
Skull 166 b. Tibetan Mastiff. Nepaul (Hodgson). Length 9
inches. B M
Skull 166. Bull-Dog (fig. 27, p. 194). Utrecht Collection. BIMI
Var. 1. Canis familiaris nepalensis, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (teeth).
0
194 canrnn.
Fig. 27.
. -\
,;~:v -
. _'.~.- .-


¢ 4/E/3
M ’
w
)0"-' 77"
,.


~ "*9/’


Skull-of Bull-Dog. (N 0. 166.)
8. cams. 195
Var. 2. Canis familiaris japonicus, Temm.‘ Fauna Japon. t. 10.9
f. 5, 6 (skull) ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 84.
Var. 3. Canis familiaris chinensis, Gray, B. Z. S. 1868, f. (sk1qlll)i
Var. 4. Canis familiaris Nome Hibernioe, Fischer, Syn. p. 186
(called “ Poull”).
Var. 5. Native Dog of New Zealand. Fur rather long, black- and
white-varied. ’ BM.
2. Canis ceylanicus.
Chien sauvage indien, Vossmar, Descript. 1775, t.
Canis ce lanicus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 312 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 509.
Ceylon og, Penn.
Hab. Ceylon.
3. Canis tetradaetyla. .
Chien sauvage de Cayenne, Actes de la Soc. d’II. N. de Paris, i.
6). 115; Meyer; Zool. Am. i. p. 134. ~
P anis familiaris ca anensis, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7* (skull).
Canis tetradactyla, iseher, Sf:/n. p. 292 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p.509.
Hab. Cayenne.
4. Canis dingo.
Ears erect. Tail elongate. Tubercular grinders %.—Blainville.
Canis dingo, Blumenb. Handb. p. 103 ; Gray, List 0‘/‘Mamm. B. M.
p. 57; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 509; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm.
p. 84.
Canis familiaris Australasiae, Desm. Mamm. p. 190; Blainv. Ostéogr.
t. 8 (skull).
Dingo or Australasian Dog, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 277, f. 76.
Hab. Australia.
Var. sumatrensis. Skull’ short; face short, broad. Tubercular
grinders %, well developed.-—Gray, l. c. p. 509.
Canis familiaris sumatrensis, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 235, t. 23.
Canis sumatrensis, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 186.
Hab. Sumatra.
The Domestic Dog has been bred into various well-marked varie-
ties, some of which have existed from the earliest historical period,
and are to be found everywhere the companions of man. New
varieties are very rarely if ever produced; and some of the old or
well-known varieties have a great tendency to die out, at least for
a time. Indeed all varieties are only to be retained by careful
breeding and weeding-—that is, by the destruction, or at least~ ex-
clusion from breeding, of the examples that do not come up to the
standard. If this is not done, they soon deteriorate into the common
Cur or the Pariah Dog of India.
Most varieties occur of very different sizes--from very large to
large, middle-sized, small, or very small.
The varieties always present the same general external appearance,
and often have a peculiar colour. For example, the Poodles always
o 2
196 CANI_DZlih
have curly hair. Other varieties occur with either long or short
smooth‘ hair, with bristling or rough hair, curly hair, or with a nearly
naked skin; the latter generally also have imperfect teeth, or teeth
that early decay or drop out.
1. Straight-haired . . Greyhound . . . . . . Black - and -tan Spaniel.
_ _ Terrier.
Large-sized . . . . Deerhound.
. Small-sized . . . . Italian Greyhound Toy Terrier. .
2. Soft silky hair. . . . Thibet Greyhound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spaniel.
3. Soft curly hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poodle.
4. Harsh wiry hair . . Irish Greyhound. . Wiry or rough-
haired Terrier.
5. Naked or nearly so. Naked Greyhound Naked Terrier. . Naked Spaniel.
6. Short - legged or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turnspit Dog . . Turnspit Dog.
Turnspit. Scotch Terrier.
7. Bull-head with im- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Bull-Dog . . . . .. King Charles
perfect upper jaw. paniel.
Bull-Terrier.
8. Small variety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pug-Dog . . . . . . Japan Sleeve-
Dog &c.
9. Large-eyed Dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toy Terrier. . . . J apanDSleeve-
og.

Some varieties are malformations, as (1) the Bull-Dog and the
Pug Dog have a short, imperfect upper jaw and a broken nose; but
this malformation occurs as a subvariety among Spaniels, as in the
Japanese Sleeve-Dog; and (2) other Dogs (continued by breeding)
have the lips, on the sides of the mouth, very large and pendulous,
as the Mastiff. Several varieties also occur presenting (3) short-
legged long-bodied breeds,—-as the Turnspit, the Scotch Terrier,
and the Muff-Dogs or Short-legged Spaniels. There is another
variety (4) with very large, protruding eyes, Which, in some of
the Dogs of Japan, where this breed is esteemed, are sometimes
so large and prominent as to be easily knocked out of the orbit by
accident.
The Domestic Dog presents three distinct forms of cars. (1) Some,
as the Spitz Dog, have short ovate, erect, hairy ears; (2) others,
like the Greyhound, have elongated ears that are folded together,
bent backward on the sides of the head; while (3) the Hound and
Spaniels have broad ears bent down on the sides of the head.
When the varieties with different forms of ears are bred together,
intermediate forms may be observed. _
The tail, in most varieties, is elongated, tapering and generally
white at the end; it is often more or less curved, and sometimes
closely spirally bent. But the tails of many Domestic Dogs are cut;
and some few breeds are said to be born tailless. But I have never
seen any examples of the latter.
Varieties which are very distinct in their external form, length
and kind of hair, and colour, have skulls so alike that they are not
to be distinguished by any appreciable character. Thus it is im-
possible to distinguish the skull of a Terrier from that of a Spaniel,
9. LYCALOPEX. 197
or either of these from that of the Pariah Dog of India, or the
“ Mongrel Our ” as it is called in England. . . ,_
Some of the figured and named varieties, as the Lion-Dog (O'hz'en-
lion, Bulfon, v. t. 40. f. 2; Canis familiaris leoninus, Gmelin), are
described from Dogs that had been artificially trimmed; and of
some, as the Prick-Eared Dog, the ears had been artificially clipped;
and the same is the case with some of the short-tailed Dogs. _
If the varieties of Dog are stumblingblocks to the systematic
zoologist, which some say they are (for what reason I cannot, con-
ceive), they are never mistaken by their wild allies. It is true that
a Wolf will breed with a female Dog, but so will a wild Pheasant
with a domestic hen. The system of improving the breed of do-
mestic animals by breeding and weeding seems to have been coex-
istent with human civilization; and to keep up the good breeds it
is as necessary to be carefully attended to now as in the earliest
period, showing that the varieties produced have no tendency to
become perpetual. I
The varieties of the Dog, like the varieties of Oxen, Sheep, Pigs,
Poultry, and Pigeons, are limited; and the limits seem to have
been early discovered, as most, if not all, of the varieties now exist-
ing seem to have been known in the earliest historical period, and
‘even anterior to it.
How any one can think that the differences between varieties of
domestic animals are such as zoologists would use to distinguish
genera and species, is a mystery that I cannot understand; and
the theory that the variation produced by breeding and weeding,
or selection as it is called, is to be regarded as the origin of the dif-
ference between natural species, is more astonishing, and can only
have arisen for want of careful study of the subject. There are some
minds so constituted, even among the well educated, who believe
in animal magnetism, metallic tactors, table-turning, phrenology,
spiritualism, mesmerism, the great pyramid, natural selection, and
mimicry of animals—-and some even two or more of these theories in
succession, or at the same time. ' I --
I do not know of any work giving a systematic or scientific de-
scription of the varieties of Dogs. Professor Fitzinger, in the ‘ Trans-
actions of the Vienna Academy,’ has written a long paper on the
history of the different varieties and breeds, similar to the paper on
the breeds of Sheep.
0. F OX-TAILED WOLVES. Tail elongate, reaching below the heels‘, more_0r
less curved, and covered with more or less elongated hair not formmy
a fall brush. South America.
Fox-tailed Wolves, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 511.
9. LYCALOPEX.
Pupil circular. Tail reaching below the hooks. The upper tu-
bercular teeth oblong, taken together much longer than the flesh-
tooth. South-American.
198 cmrnm.
Cerdocyon, Ham. Smith, Dogs, p. 289, 1839.
Lycalopex, Burmeister, Fauna Brasil. pp. 24, 31; Gray, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 511.
1. Lycalopex vetulus. B.M.
Tail very long, bushy; underside pale yellow. Snout reddish
brown. Coronal ridge narrow linear.
Canis vetulus, Sund. Bras. . 21, t. 40.
Canis Azacrae, Pr. Wied, A ild. t.
Canis (Lycalopex) vetulus, Burmeister, Faun. Bras. p. 37, t. 23, t. 28.
f. 1, t. 29. f. 1.
Lycalopex vetulus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 511.
Hab. Brazil.
2. Lycalopex fulvicaudus. B.M.
Underside of tail reddish yellow. Temporal muscles separated
by a well-marked narrow lanceolate crown, which is linear for one-
fourth of its length behind (see Burm. t. 28. f. 2). The upper
sectorial tooth short, broad, thick ; upper tubercular teeth large,
nearly similar in size and form. ,
Canis fulvicaudatus, Sund. Bras. p. 20. -
Canis (Lyealopex) fulvicaudus, Burrn. Faun. Bras. p. 40, t. 24, t. 28.
f. 2 t. 29. f. 2. Lycalbpex fulvicaudus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 511.-
Hab. South America.
Skull 820 a is very like those figured by Burmeister, t. 28. f. 2,
t, 29. f. 2; but the lower edge of the lower jaw is not so much
arched.
Skulls 821 a and b both differ from 820 a in the upper sectorial
and the tubercular grinders being smaller than they are in that skull.
In 820 a the upper sectorial tooth is thick, nearly triangular, broad-,
and with a well-marked lobe on the front of the inner edge. In
821a it is nearly of the same form--if anything, rather more equi-
laterally triangular; but it is smaller than in 820 a.
* in. lin.
Skull 820 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 long.
Skull 821 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 ,,
It is evident that the teeth of these Dogs vary in size in the same
species.
Var. 1. chiloensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 511. RM:
Upper sectorial tooth compressed, with inner front lobe rather in
front of the front edge of the tooth; crown of skull flat, narrow,
sub-vaseshaped. Hinder opening of the palate broad, expanded.
Skull 821 b, 4 inches 2 lines long.
Vulpes Azarae (Chiloe), Waterhouse, MS.
Vulpes vetulus (partly), Gerrard, Cat. Bones of lllamm. (821 b).
- Hab. Chiloe.-
|-A
10. rsnunuornx.
10. PSEUDALOPEX.
elongate, reaching below the hooks. Pupil elliptical in the
daylight. Skull with a linear coronal ridge ; the upper tubercular
teeth taken together scarcely so long as, or very little longer than
the flesh-tooth.
Pseudalopex, Burmeister, Faun. Bras. pp. 24, 44; Gray, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 512. _
* The fore legs grey externally; soles of the feet blackish brown.
1. Pseudalopex Azarae. (Agoua rachay.) B.M.
Tubercular grinders 3 ; front always largest.
Canis Azarae, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 338; Abbild. t.; Darwin, Zool.
Beagle, xiv. t. 7 ; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 4 (skull). '
Canis brasiliensis, Schinz, Cue. Thierr. i. p. 222.
Vulpes Azarae, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 60; Gerrard, Cat. of
Bones of Mamm. p. 87 . ,
Agoua rachay, Azara, i. p. 317.
Canis melanostomus, Wagner, lViegm. Arch. 1843, i. p. 358.
Canis (Pseudalopex) Azaree, Burm. Faun. Bras. pp. 24, 44, t. 28. f. 3,
t. 29. f. 3.
Pseudalopex Azaree, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 512.
Canis Azarae, Van der Hoeven, t. 1. f. 8.
Hab. South America: Brazil (Pr. Ma.v.); Paraguay (Azara) ;
Patagonia (Darwin).
*"“ The fore legs entirely red-yellow ; soles of the feet red-brown.
2. Pseudalopex griseus. B.M.
Fur reddish-yellow-grey ;’ legs red-yellow. Size small.
Canis griseus, Gray, P. Z. S. iv. pp. 88, 123,12. 6; May. N. H. 1837,
p. 578.
Vulpes griseus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88.
Canis (Pseudalopex) griseus, Burmeister, Faun. Bras. pp. 28, 48,
' t. 25.
Pseudalopex griseus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 512.
Hab. Patagonia (King).
3. Pseudalopex magellanicus. (Colpeo.) B.M.
Fur fox-red; back blackish. Large-sized. _
Canis magellanicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 88; Mag. N. H. 1837,
p. 657f 8; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, x. t. 5; Burmeister, Faun. Bras.
1;. . . 3.
Canis (Pseudalopex) magellanicus, Burm. Faun. Bras. pp. 24, 51;
Reise La Plata, p. 405; Wiegm. Arch. 1862, p. 329.
Pseudalopex magellanicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 512.
Canis cancrivorus americanus, Burmeister, Fauna Bras. t. 27 (skull).
Vulpes magellanicus, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1836, p. 578; List Mamm.
B. M. p. 61 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones of Mamm. p. 87 .
~ 3’ Canis Azaree, lVaterhouse. -.
i’ Colpeo, Canis colpaceus, lllolina.
200 . . cxmnzs.
P Canis tetradactyla, Meyer.
Chile-Fox, Shaw, Zool. p. 329. . -
Hab. Chili and Bolivia (Bridges); Strait of Magellan (Darwin).
In the British Museum there are skulls from Chili, marked 184 a,
184 c, and 184 f, Vulpes magellanicus, which are those of adult
animals, and have a linear crest extending the whole length of the
crown.
There is another skull, evidently from the same series, no. 184 e,
also without any skin belonging to it, which has its adult teeth, but
is not so large or aged as the others. It has a broad flat crown
(separating the temporal muscles), which is wide in front and taper-
mg to the occiput; and the side margins are rather curved in, giving
it a slightly vase-like form. Length 5 inches 7 lines, width 2 inches
11 lines.
There are also a skull and skeleton (no. 184 b) foom Chili, of
which the skull is intermediate in size between the larger skulls
and the small one. The coronal crest is linear; but there is an
indication of the vase-shaped crown-plate on each side of the central
‘ ridge.
Nos. 817 a, b, c, d, e are five smaller skulls, named Vulpes Azaree,
sent from Bolivia by Mr. Bridges. They are very similar externally,
but they vary considerably in the size of the u per tubercular grinders
as compared with the other teeth, and slig tly in the form of the
lobes of the upper sectorial tooth. The hinder upper tubercular is
always of the same form as the penultimate, but smaller. The
internal lobe of the sectorial tooth of V. magellanicus from Chili,
184 e, is rather larger, with the front edge on a level with the front
edge of the body of the tooth; in the small skulls from Bolivia
the lobe is very slightly in front of the line of the fore edge of the
I tooth.
I believe these all belong to one species; and they are very like
the skulls figured as Canis crancrivorus, var. brasiliensis, by Bur-
meister, Fauna Bras. t. 27 . They are very different in the form of
the crown and other details from the skull figured as C. Azarce by
Blainville, Ostéogr. t. 4, and by Burmeister, Fauna Bras. t. 28. f. 4.
4. Pseudalopex antarcticus. B.M.
Canis antarcticus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 331 ; Desm. Mamm. p. 199; Gray,
I/ist Mamm. B. M. p. 59; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, ii. t. 4.
Antarctic Fox, Penn.
Pseudalopex antarcticus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 513.
Hab. Falkland Islands.
5. Pseudalopex gracilis.
, Canis (Pseudalopex) gracilis, Burm. Reise La Plata, ii. p. 406;
Arch. Naturg. 1862, p. 130.
Pseudalopex gracilis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 513.
Hab. Pampas of Mendoza.
11. rnous.
[O
(D
;._.s
11. THOUS.
Skull elongate; nose tapering, moderate. Temporal muscles se-
parated by a vase-shaped crown. Teeth 44:-3--2-; two tubercular
"_ grinders in each side of the upper, and three in each side of the
lower jaw, the two hinder circular, the hindmost very minute.
Lycalopex, § 1, Burmeister. "
Thous, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 514.
There are three skulls in the British Museum, all showing the
additional hinder lower grinders. One, 1033 b, has a group of four
small hinder tubercular grinders on one side of the lower jaw, which
displaces and throws out of the regular line the larger penultimate
tubercular lower grinder. '
1. Thous crancrivorus. (Crab-eating Dog.) ‘ B.M.
Tail moderately long. Snout blackish.
Canis cancrivorus,; Desm. Mamm. p. 199; Blainv. Oste’ogr. t. 9 (skull),
t. 12 (teeth), t.
Viverra cancrivora, Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. p. 135; Actes de la ‘Soc.
d’H. N. a Paris, i. p. 115. '
Canis brasiliensis, Land, Bras. 1842, t.
Canis melam pus, Wagner.
Vulpes brasil1ensis, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88.
Carns (Lycalopex) cancrivorus, Burm. Fauna ‘Bras. p. 24, t. 22, t. 27.
, .
Thous crancrivorus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 514.
Lycalopex cancrivorus, Gerrard, Cat. 0 Bones of Mamm. p. 89.
Chien des bois, Bufon, H. N. Sew. vii. p. 146, t. 38.
Chien sauvage, Fermin in Hell. Eguin. p. 10. ’
?Canis thous, Linn. S. N. i. p. 60.
Surinam Dog, Penn.
Hab. French Guiana, in small packs.
2. Thous fulvipes. ‘
Canis fulvipes, Martin, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 11 ; TVaterhouse, Zool. Beagle,
_ t. 6 (1839) (type in B.M.).
Vulp'es fulvipes, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Zllamm. p. 88.
P Canis (Lycalopex) entreria-nus, Burmeister, Uebersieht der Sttugeth.
von La Plata, ii. p. 400, 1861 ; Arch. Naturg. 1862, p. 130. . '
Thous fulvipes, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 514.
Hab. Chili (Bridges).
Section H. VULPINZE. Skull thin, elongate. Postorbital process of the
frontal bones bent but little downward, the anterior edge turned up ; a
longitudinal shallow pit or indentation at its base. Pupil of eye often
4 elliptical, erect. Head slender. Upper incisors scarcely lobed. '
_ Subfam. III. VULPINA.
Vulpina, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 121; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 514.
202 ‘ cxnmm.
D. THE FOXES. The tail elongated, reaching to the ground, covered with
abundance of soft hair forming a brush, with a gland above the base.
Eyes often nocturnal, with oblong erect 'pupils.—Gmy, l. c. p. 515. '
12. VULPES.
Muzzle long. Temporal crests of the skull linear or nearly
linear. Ears moderate, erect, acute. Tail with soft fur and long
hairs uniformly mixed. Bullae of the ear-bones moderate, oblong,
strongly keeled, angular.
Vulpes, Baird, Marnm. N. A. p. 121; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 515.
* Large. European.
1. Vulpes vulgaris. (_Fox.) B.M.
Canis vulpes, Linn. S. N. i. p. 59; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 4 (skull);
Gray, Cat. .Mamm. B. M. p. 59.
Vulpes vulgaris, Brisson, R. A. p. 239; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of
Mam-m. p. 86; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 515.
Var. 1. Tail-end black.
Canis alo ex, Linn. S. N. i. p. 59. B.M.
Renard c arbonnier, Bufion, H. N. vii. p. 82.
Brant Fox, Penn.
Var. 2. crucigera. Fulvous, with a black dorsal cross.
Vulpes crucigera, Brisson, R. A. p. 240; Gesner, Quad. f. at p. 90;
Aldrov. Quad. Digit. p. 221, f. at p. 222.
Cross Fox, Penn.
Hab. Europe.
Var. 3. melanogaster. B.M.
Vulpgg melanogaster, Pr. Bonap., Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of lllamm.
p. .
Hab. Italy.
** Large. African.
2. Vulpes wnilotica. (Sobora or Tahaleb.) B.M.
Skull-—~crown-line narrow behind, elongate triangular in front
half. .
Canis niloticus, Geofli Cat. Mus. Paris; Desm. Mamm. p. 204 ;LechZ.
Doubl. p. 4; Rilppell, Zool. Atlas, p. 41, t. 15 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm.
B. M. p. 60.
Canis eeg tiacus, Sonnini, Nouv. Diet. d’H. N vi. p. 524; Riippell,
Zool. At as, t. 15; Ehrenb. Sgmb. Phys. t. 19. '
Vulpes niloticus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Jllamm. p. 85; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1868, p.515.
Hab. North Africa; Egypt. Called “ Tahaleb” by the Egyptians,
“ Sobora” by the Arabs.
Skulls 172 a, b, c, d. Length 5, width 2% inches.
12. VULPES. 203
3. Vulpes adusta. (The Burnt Dog.)
Canis adusta, Sundevall, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 85.
Vulpes adusta, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 515.
Hab. South Africa. Caffraria (Sunder/all) (called “ Candué ”).
4. Vulpes variegata. (Schom or Abu.) B.M.
Canis variegatus, Rilppell, Zool. Atlas, p. 31, t. 10; Ehrenb. Symb.
Phys. t. ; Gray, I/ist Zllamm. B. M. p. 59.
Canis mesomel as, var., Riippell, Cat. Mus.
Vulpes variegata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 516.
Hab. Upper Egypt and Nubia, called “ Abu Schom ” by the Arabs
(Riippell).
5. Vulpes mesomelas. (Tenlie.) B.M.
Canis mesomelas, Ehrenb. Saugeth. p. 370, t. 95; Gray, List Mamm.
B. M. p. 58. .
Canis variegatus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. p. 30.
Vulpes mesomelas, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 516.
Jackal, Kolbe, Besch. des Vorgeb. d. g. Hqflii. p. 150.
Cape Jackal, Shaw.
Renard du Cap, Cuv. R. A. i. p. 158.
Hab. South and East Africa: Cape of Good Hope (Kolbe); Abys-
sinia (Riippell).
*** Large. Asiatic.
6. Vulpes flavescens. (The Persian Fox.) B.M.
Skull—crown-line of adult narrow linear, of young tapering back-
wards to occiput.
Vulpes flavescens, Gray, Ann. <§~ Mag. N. H. 1843, xi. p. 118; List
0
Mamm. B.]l[. p. 60; P. Z. S. I868, p. 516; Gerrard, Cat. of
Bones of Mamm. p. 86.
Hab. India, Salt Range (Oldham).
Skulls 1175 a, b, c. Length 5 inches, width 2%.
- 7. Vulpes montana. (Hill-Fox). B.M.
Vul es montanus, Pearson, J. A. Soc. Beng. 1836, p. 313; Gray,
V ist. Zllamm. B. M. p. 195; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 516; Gerrard, Cat.
of Bones of Marnm. p. 86.
Vulpes nepaulensis, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1837.
Canis himalaieus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 183 ; Royle, Illust. Cash-
mere, t. (B.M.).
Hab. Nepal (Rev. R. Ewing) ; Thibet.
Skull 176 a. '
8. Vulpes Griffithsii.
Vulpes Griflithsii, Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng. 1854, p. 729; Gray, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 516.
Hab. Afghanistan.
204 cxnrnm.
Small. Asiatic.
9. Vulpes ferrilatus. B.M.
Vulpes ferrilatus, Hodgson; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 516.
Pa. Thibet. ~
10. Vulpes leucopus. B.M.
Vulpes leucopus, Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng. 1854, p. 729; Gray, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 516.
Hab. North-west India: Mooltan.
11. Vulpes japonica. B.M.
Skull—-crown-plate elongate, slender, tapering behind to the occi-
put (adult).
Vulpes japonicus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 86; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 517. -
Hab. Japan.
Skull 180 a. _ Length 5 inches, width 2%.
Fig. 23.
____ _
_{..'_z,,';_._., we.-h-rm;-rflk “""v- “Q:--~ L! -1"; . - -
)1!

5;


Skull of Vulpes bengalensis. (India, No.174 b.)
12. Vulpes bengalensis. (Kokrce.) Skull—- crown-plate wide towards the occiput, vase-shaped.
Canis bengalensis, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 230.
Canis rufescens, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. 1;. 3.
Canis kokree, Sykes, P. Z. S. i. p. 101.
Canis corsac, Blyth. >
Vulpes corsac, Ogilby, P. Z. S.
Vulpes indicus, Hodgson. -
Vulpes bengalensis, Gray, I ll. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 2; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 517,
f. 6; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of lllamm. p. 86.
Bengal Dog, Penn. Quad. i. p. 160.
12. vnnrns. 205
Var. Canis xanthurus, Grag/, P. Z. S’. 1837, p. 68.
Canis chrysurus, Gray, Mag. H. 1836, p. 577.
Hab. India; Bengal. _
Skulls174: a-f. Length 4;} inches, width 2%. y
13. Vulpes pusilla. (Small Fox.)
1 Vulpes gusilla, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bong. 1854, p. 7 29; Gray,
P. Z. . 1868, p. 517.
Hab. Pendsohab ?
14. Vulpes karagan. (Karagan.)
“ Larger than the Corsao.”
Canis karagan, Erxl. S3/st. . 556. .
Vulpes karagan, Gray, P. .8. 1868, p. 517.
Canis melanotus, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 44.
' Karagan, Schreb. Séiageth. p. 359.
Karagan Fox, Shaw.
Hab. Ural and Tartary.
15.Vu1pes corsao. (C0rsao.) ~ B.M.
Canis corsac, Linn. S. N. i. p. 223 ; Tiles. Nov. Acta Acad. Nat. Car.
xi. p. 400, t. 49 ; Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. i. 41, t. 4 5 BZaz'nv.
Ostéogr. t. 5 (skull). '
Vulpes corsac, Gray, List. lllamm. B. M. p. 62; B, Z. S’. 1868, p. 518.
? Isatis or Adive, Bafon, If. N. Supp. iii. t. 17.
Oorsao Fox, Penn.
Corsac, Cu-v. Régne Anim. i. p. 155.
Bab. Tartary, in deserts; Siberia._
*g‘*** Large. American.
16. Vulpes pennsylvanica. (Cross Fox.) B.M.
Hair long, silky and soft; tail very full, composed of an under-
fur with long hair distributed uniformly among it. Tail with a
white tip; feet and ears black. Ears with both sides covered with
hair.
Canis fulvus, Rich. Fauna B.-Am-er. p. 93, 1829; Aucl. & Bach. N.
A. (éluad. ii. pp. 263, 414, tt. 87, 116, iii. p. 70; Desm. Zllamm.
. 2 3.
Ca.I1)1is argentatus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 328.
Canis vulpes, var. 8. pennsylvanicus, Boold. Elenoh. i. p. 96, 1784.
Canis decussatus, Geryffl Mus. Par.; Desm. Manzm. p. 203.
Canis cruoiger, Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 91 a.
Renard argenté, Charlerois, N. France, i. p. 196 ; Cuv. R. A. i. p. 155;
Geoffl Mam. Lithog.
Renard de Virginie, Palisot do Beau/vois, Bull. Soc. Philom.
Pennsylvanian Brant Fox, Perm.
Vulpes fulvus, S. Baird, N. A. Marn. p. 123; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones
of Manzm. p. 85.
206 ' CANIDE.
Canis vulpes nigra americana, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skeleton).
Vulpes pennsylvanica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 518.
Hab. North America.
Var. 1. fubua. “ Reddish yellow; back behind grizzly; throat
greenish; a narrow line on the belly white; ears behind, and tips of
caudal hairs, except terminal brush, black.” Skulls 173 a, b, 0, cl.
Var. 2. decussatus. “ Muzzle and underparts, with the legs, black ;
tail blacker than in var. 1 ; a dark band between the shoulders, crossed
by another over the shoulders.”
Canis decussata, Desm. B.M.
Canis fulvus decussatus, Rich, Baird.
Vulpes fulvus decussatus, Aud. 6} Bach.
Cross Fox.
Var. 3. argentata. “ Entirely black, except on the posterior
part‘of the back, where the hairs are annulated with grey; tail-tip
white; ” foot-pads often covered with hair.
Canis argentatus, Shaw.
Canis fulvus argentatus, Rich. , Baird.
Vulpes fulvus argentatus, Aud. & Bach.
Renard noir d’Amérique, Blainv. Oste’ogr. t. 12 (skeleton).
Silver or Black Fox. ‘
Var. 4. macrura. Larger, varies in colour like the smaller
varieties ; foot-pads covered with hair. '
Skulls 1402 a, b. Length 5% inches, width 2%.
Vulpes macrourus, Baird, in Stansbury’s Erplor. Great Salt Lake,
p. 309, 1852; Mamm. N. A. p. 130. .
Vulpes utah, Aud. <§~ Bach. Proc. A. N. S. Philad. v. p. 114; N. A.
Quad. iii. p. 255, t. 151.
? Vulpes fulvus, Pr. Mar. Reise, ii. p. 98, 1841.
Hab. Great Salt Lake. a .
17 . Vulpes velox. (Burrowing Fox.) B.M.
Canis velox, Say in Long’s Erped. i. p. 486, 1823.
Vulpes velox, Aud. 8‘ Bach. N. A. Quad. p. 13, t. 52, 1851; S.
Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 133; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of 'Mamm.
p. 88; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 519.
Burrowing Fox, Lewis & Clarke’s Travels, ii. p. 351.
Kit-Fox, Lewis & Clarke, ibid.
Canis cinereo-argentatus, Sabine, Franklin's Jour. p. 658; Blainv.
Ostéogr. t. 4 (skull).
Canis vulpes cinereo-argentatus, Rich. F. B.-A. p. 98, 1827.
Vulpes cinereo-argentatus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 60; Gerrard,
Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 87. '
Canis microtis (or Kit-Fox), Reichenb. Regne Anim. i. p. 10, f. 72, 73.
Hab. North America, Missouri, burrowing in the earth.
13. FENNECUS.
Ears large, elongate, hairy, spreading. Tail elongate; bushy,
covered with soft hairs. Pupil roundish ?
_-I
13. Fnrmncus. 20
Skull elongate; brain-case ovate. Temporal muscles separated
from each other by a very wide urn-shaped crown to the occiput.
Upper premolars compressed; flesh-tooth compressed, with a small
mternal process in front; tubercular grinder much wider than long.
Bullae of ears very large, thin, swollen and rounded below. Africa.
Fennecus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 519.
1. Fennecus dorsalis. (Sabora.) B.M.
Canis dorsalis, Gray, P. Z. 8'. 1837, p. 132. (B.M.)
? Canis famelicus, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, p. 15, t. 56.
Canis Riip ellii, Schinz, Cuo. Thierr. iv. p. 508.
F ennecus orsalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p.519.
Hab. Sandy deserts of Nubia and Cordofan (called “ Sabora ” by
the Arabs) ; West Africa, Senegal (B.M.).
‘F
2. Fennecus zaarensis. (Fennec.) B.M.
Canis zerda, Zimmerm. Geogr. Gesch. ii. p. 242 ; Leuckart, Isis, 1825,
p. 211; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, p. 5, t. 2.
Fennecus zaarensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 519.
Canis cerdo, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 75. _
Canis fennecus, Lesson, Man. p. 168.
Megalotis cerdo, Teng. Prod. p. 131.
Fennecus cerdo, Gray, Denham, i. p. 85.
Fennecus arabicus, Sonnini 8- Desm. N. Diet. d’1L N. xi. p. 342.
Fennecus Brucei, Desm. Mamm. p. 235; Enc. Méth. t. 108. f. 9.
Viverra aurita, Blumenb. Handb. p. 95.
Vul es minimus zoarensis, /S'k_fl>'ldebrand in K. Vetens. Akad. Hand.
1 77, p. 265, t. 6.
Vulpes zoarensis, Gray, List Zllamm. B. .M. p. 62; Gerrard, Cat of
Bones of Mamm. p. 87.
Fennec, Bruce, Travels, V. p. 128, t. 28.
Animal anonyme, Bzgfon, H. N. Suppl. iii. p. 148, t. 19.
Whitish Dog, Shaw (from Bruce).
Hab. Northern Africa (Bruce, Riippell), Algiers.
Skull 182 c.
3. Fennecus pallidus. (Hosseen.) B.M.
Canis pallidus, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, p. 33, t. 11.
Vulpes pallidus, Gerrard, Oat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 87.
Fennecus pallidus, Grag, P. Z. S’. 1868, p. 520.
Hab. Darfur and Cordofan (Riippell) (called “ Abu Hosseen” by
the Arabs).
Skull 814 a ; orbits very large. Skull 814 b, described by M-. de
Blainville when in the Museum of the Zool. Soc.
4. Fennecus caama. (The Asse.) B.M.
Skull—the crown broad, vase-shaped, rather contracted behind,
and linear near the occiput.
208 CANIDE.


Canis caama, -A. Smith, South African Quart. Journ.
Vulpes caama, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 87.
Hab. South Africa (Dr. A. Smith).
I The skull 815a in the British Museum, out of this skin, is very
like that of Urocyon eirginianus in the form of the crown-plate,
but it differs from that skull in the bullae of the ear-bones being
longer, more ventricose and rounded, and in the last upper tuber-
cular grinder being small and more triangular, narrower on the
inner edge. '
Fig. 29.
-'-”'»~‘-.—-_$vw=s=-._,, \
Y" :4i'_'_;_—?::
. ‘
-7-N _
P, "\*»,3.
.
Skull of Fenneeus eaama. (South Africa, No. 815 a.)
14. wucocron.
Tail very full and bushy; soles of feet densely furred. Fur, of
the adult, white ; of the young, greyish lead-colour. Pupil oblong,
erect. Skull short ; nose broad below the orbits.
Leucocyon, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 521.
Leucocyon lagopus. B.M.
Canis lagopus, Linn. Fauna Suec. p. 4; S. N. i. p. 59; Pallas, Zoog.
Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 51, t. 5 ; Tilesius, Noe. Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xi.
p. 375, t. 47; Blaine. Ostéogr. t. 5 (skull).
Canis (Vulpes) lagopus, Rich. F. Bor.-Amer. i. p. 83, 1829.
Vulpes lagopus, Aud. & Bach. N. A. Quad. ii. p. 89, t. 12l,_1829;

Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 60; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. I
p. 88.
Leucocyon la-gopus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 521.
Renard blanc, Bufon, H. N. Suppl. t. 51.
Arctic Fox, Pennant, Shaw. (Skulls 780 a, c, cl.)
. Junior‘? Sooty black. Skull shorter and broader.
Canis fuliginosus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 351. (Skulls 1316 a, b, c.)
Sooty Fox, Pennant. .
|.._l
U!
Cl
215
O
O
*4
C
2
N)
\S‘
H:
Isatis gris, F. Cue. Mamm. Lithog.
Vulpes fuliginosus, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamm. p. 88.
Vulpes lagopus (Arctic Fox), Aud. 8‘ Bach. N. A. Quad. iii. t. 122;
Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 137.
Canis isatis, Gmelin, Nov. Com. Petrop. v. p. 358.
Hab. Arctic region: Newfoundland (Audubon).
Var. smaller ? Pessez or Golubri.
Canis isatis, Gmelin, Nov. Com. Petrop. v. p. 358; Thiencm.
Canis lagopus, Pallas, Zoogr. R.-Asiat. i. p. 51, t. 5; Tiles. N. Act.
Nat. Cur. xi. p. 375, t. 47.
Canis isatis, Gmelin, Nov. Com. v. p. 358 ; Buflon, II. N. xiii. p. 372
(part).
Hab. North Asia.
E. BR-ISTLE-TAILED FOXES. Tail elongate, covered with soft elongated hair
and with a central concealed crest of stifl' hairs unmis:ed with soft
fur. Skull——temporal muscles separated by a wide t/lat crown, narrow
at the occiput.——Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 521.
15. UROCYON.
Muzzle short. Temporal crests of the skull always widely sepa-
rated. Postorbital process thin, spread out, concave above. A
supplementary tubercle on the lower sectorial. The under aw with
an angular emargination below. - Pupil '? Bullae of ear-bones
moderate, ovate, swollen. Upper tubercular grinders large, long and
broad. '
Urocyon, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 121 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 521.

1. Urocyon virginianus. (Grey Fox.) B.M.‘
Canis virginianus, Erxl. S. A. p. 567, 1777 (from Catesby).
Canis vulpes virginianus, Rich. F. B. A. i. p. 96, 1827.
Vulpes virginianus, Dekay, N. Y. Zool. i. p. 45, t. 7. f. 2, 1842; Aud.
& Bach. N. A. Quad. i. p. 162, t. 21.
Canis cinereo—argenteus, 1:'r:el. S. A. p. 576, 17 77 ; Schreber, Saugeth.
p. 360, t. 92, 1778.
Canis griseus, Bodd. Elench. Anim. i. p. 97, 1784.
Urocyon virginianus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p, 5221
Grey Fox, Catesby, Carol. ii. p. 78, t. 78, 1731; Pennant.
Corsak Fox, Penn. Quad. p. 235, 1781 (not Linn.).
Vulpes (Urocyon) virginianus, S. Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 138.
Fulvous.-necked Fox, Shaw.
Renard tricolore, Cue. R. A. i. p. 155.
Hab. North America. Skulls 179 a, b, e, d, e, female adult.
2. Urocyon littoralis. (Coast-Fox, or Short-tailed Fox.)
Tail one-third the length of the body, with a concealed mane of
stiff hairs and with a black stripe above. Fur above hairy and
P
210 MEGALOTIDE.
black; sides of neck, fore legs, and lower part of sides dull cinna-
mon ; chin and sides of muzzle black.
Vulpes (Urocyon) littoralis, S. Baird, lllamm. N. A. p. 143, t. 1
(animal), t. 35. f. 2 (skull).
Urocyon littoralis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 522.
Hab. California, Island of San Miguel.
Scarcely more than half the size of the Grey Fox (U. -virgimlanus).
F. RACCOQN Doe. Tail short, bushy; upper sectorial tooth compressed,
three-lobed, with a small z'uternal tubercle. Temporal muscles separated
by a vase-shaped crown.—Gray, l. c. p. 522.
16. NYCTEREUTES.
Tail short, bushy, straight. Teeth 42; premolars it 4 molars -?- 2
sectorial tooth compressed, with a small internal tubeicle rathei front of the fore edge of the body of thetooth.
Skull broad; nose moderate, tapering; postorbital process thin,
rather concave above, bent down at the tip. Crown of the head
broad, vase-like, separating the temporal muscles nearly to the occi-
put. Lower edge of lower jaw straight.
Nyctereutes, Temm.; Gray, List of Mamm. 1840; P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 522.
Nyctereutes procyonoides. (Tanate, or the Raccoon Dog.) B.M.
Canis procyonoides, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. ii. t. ; May. N. H. 1837,
p. 578; Sohrenek, Amurland, p. 53, t. 5.
Canis (Nyctereutes) viverrinus, Tem. Fauna Japan. t. 8; Sehrenck,
Reisen, figs. 2-6. .
Nyctereutes procyonoides, Gray, List of Manzrrz. B. M. p. 62; B. Z. S.
1868, p. 522; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones of Mamrn. p. 89.
Hab. China? Japan (Reeve); Amoorland.
F3111.‘ 11_.- MEGALOTIDZE.
Teeth 46 : molars %- . %_‘; ‘premolars £2 . %. Sectorial grinders 4 . J1~,
small; upper triangular, with a broad internal lobe; lower com-
pressed. Tubercular molars . ; upper oblong, transverse ; lower
four-sidedffront lower largest, last lower least, the rest subequal.
Upper sectorial grinder short, triangular, as wide as long. Tail
short, straight, bushy, not reaching to the heels.
Megalotina, Gray, B. Z. S. 1868, p. 523.
nrmnrnm. , 211 ,
Skull elongate ;. nose slender, elongate. - Temporal muscles sepa-
rated by a broad flat crown to the occiput, which is formed with a.
raised edge. The three first upper grinders are compressed; the
front one in the middle of a wide space, very small; the hinder pre-
molar triangular, about as long as broad, and the three following
oblong transverse, the two front subequal, and the hinder smaller ;
the lower premolars compressed ; the flesh-tooth small, with a fine
tubercle ; these teeth become worn down with a flat crown.
MEGALOTIS.
Forehead and crown flat, bread, with a raised margin, and sepa-
rating the temporal muscles to the occiput. Skull elongate; face
very long, tapering. Teeth 48. Grinders 3- . 5;-. Premolars % . Sectorial 11- . 4, small ; upper triangular, with a broad internal lobe ;
lower compressed. Tubercular molars . §_,-; front lower largest,
last lower least, the rest subequal. ,
Megalotis, Blainv. Ann. Frang. et Etrang. d’Anat. i. t. 8. f. 1, 1 a, b
(skull and teeth) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 523.
Agrodius, H. Smith, 1839.
Otocyon, Licht.
This genus has the teeth very like those of the suborder Omnivora.
Megalotis Lalandii. B.M.
Canis megalotis, Desm. Mamm. Suppl. p. 538; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 1
‘ (skeleton), t. 4 (skull).
Canis Lalandii, Desm. Diet. Class. d’1I. N. iv. p. 18, t.
Megalgtis Lalandii, Gray, An. Kingd. t. 54; P. Z. S. 1868,
. 5 3.
Othcyon caffer, Licht.
Otocyon Lalandii, Gerrard, Cat. of B. of Mamm. p. 90.
The Fennec of Delalande, Grifiith, A. K. ii. t. 54, p. 372 (from Mus.~
Paris).
Hab. South Africa ; Cape of Good Hope (Lalande).
Fam. 12,. HYZENIDZE.
Head rather elongate; nose rounded, flat and bald beneath, with
a central longitudinal groove. Skull—-muzzle narrowed in front.
Teeth large, well-developed, 34. Tubercular grinders single, only
in the upper jaw. Feet produced ; toes straight, free, with blunt,
exposed, worn claws. Tail short, bushy.
P 2
212 HYENIJJE.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Hvnnm. With a large, deep subcaudal gland. ' The tubercular
grinders of upper jaw elongate, with three roots. The flesh-
tooth with three equal-sized lobes, the front lobe large.
2. Cnocurk. No subcaudal gland. The tubercular grinders of
upper jaw small, with two roots. Flesh-tooth with unequal
lobes,.the front one small, and the binder elongate.
1. HYENA.
A large, deep subanal gland. The tubercular grinders of the
upper jaw elongate, transverse, with three roots. The flesh-tooth
with large, broad, equal-sized lobes. Legs subequal.
Hyaena, I/inn. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 524.
* The brain-case of the skull compressed. Fur clouded; hair very long.
1. Hyaena brunnea. B.M.
Hyaena brunnea, F. Cuv. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxii. p. 294; Bush, Proc. Linn.
Soc.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 524.
Hyaena fusca, Geofi Diet. Class. H. N. vii. p. 444, t. 2. f. ; Fischer,
Syn. p. 195.
Hyene, Bufon, II. N. Suppl. p. 111, t. 46.
Hab. South Africa.
""“‘ Skull with the brain-case swollen behind. The fur banded.
2. Hyaena striata.
Canis hyaena, Linn. S. N. i. p. 58.
Hyeena striata,Zimmerm. Geogr. ii. p. 256; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 524.
Hyaena vulgaris, Desm. Mamm. p. 215.
Hyaena orientalis, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 500. '
Hyaena antiquorum, Temm. Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. iii. p. 51.
Striped Hyaena, Penn.
Hyaena virgata, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 397.
Hab. North, West, and South Africa.
2. CROCUTA.
Subanal gland none. Tubercular grinders of the upper aw small,
with two roots. Flesh-tooth of the under jaw with unequal lobes;
the front lobe small, and the hinder one broad. Fur spotted. The
hinder legs short.
Crocuta, Gray, Kaup; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 525.
rnorrr EIDE. 213
Crocuta maculata. B.M.
Canis crocuta, Errl. Syst. p. 57 8.
Hyaena crocuta, Zimmerm. Geog. ii. p. 256; Bush, Proc. Linn. Soc.
Hyaena capensis, Desm. Mamm. p. 216.
Hvaena maculata, Thunb. Acad. de St. Pétersb. iii. p. 303.
? Hyaena rufa, Cue. Oss. Foss.
Crocuta maculata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 525.
Spotted Hyaena, Penn. Syn. p. 162, t. 17 .
Tygerwolff, Kolbe, Vorgeb. p. 171, t. 8. f. 5.
Hab. South Africa.
Fam. 13. PROTELEIDJE.
Head elongate, nose very broad. Back slightly crested with long
hairs. Legs elongate, hind legs rather the longer. Claws com-
pressed, exposed, rather blunt; hind part of heel hairy. Digiti-
grade. Skull oblong, face very broad, and rounded in front ; bullae
of cars large; palate broad, concave, as wide before as behind;
internal nasal opening wide. Cutting—teeth %; canines conical,
small; grinders % . %, very small, far apart; false grinders conical,
compressed, small; flesh-tooth of upper jaw very small, triangular;
the fourth grinder in lower jaw very small, rudimentary; tuber-
cular grinders none above or below; the front lower false grinder
largest, conical, carved like a canine, and separated from the canine
by a wide space. »
They have “ the habit as well as appearance of Hyoena, and have
the same mode of endeavouring to save their feet from injury when
fighting or defending themselves, by doubling them under them and
walking or crawling on the wrist- or ankle-joints.” “ He [P-roteles
Lalandii] snarls or snaps at you, and has the same kind of face,
eyes, and growl as those animals.”——Bartlett, 5th Dec. 1868‘.
PROTELES.
Grinders ii-, far apart, rudimentary; no hinder upper tubercular
grinder. I .
G. and F. Cuvier arranged this genus with the Vruerrce, Blam-
ville with the Dogs. It has the external form and colours of the
Hycena. The skull is unlike either of these families; indeed it is
very unlike any genus of Carnivora that I am acquainted with.
' 214 ‘ onmrvom.
Proteles Lalandii. "(Aard Wolf.) B.M.
Grey, black-banded.
Proteles Lalandii, I. Geqfil Mém. Mus. xi. p. 370, t. 20; Blainville,
Ostéog. Canis, t. 4 (skeleton).
Viverra hyaenoides, Desm. lllamm. p. 538.
Genette hyénoide, Cuv. Os. Foss. iv. p. 388.
Civette hyénoide, F. Cuv. Diet. Sc. Nat. xii. .
Proteles cristatus, I. Geqfi Mag. de Zool. 184 , 1. t. 30 (skull); Ger-
rard, Oat. of Bones of Mamnz. p. 70; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 525.
Ha-b. South Africa; Cape of Good Hope.

Suborder II. OMNIVORA.
The grinders all of nearly the same form, and gradually
passing into each other, only varying in size from the false
grinder to the tubercular grinder, and without any distinct
sharp-edged flesh-tooth.
Ursidae, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 678.
Synopsis of the Families.
Section I. Brachypoda. Toes straight, claws exserted.
Fam. 1. Unsmza. Nose short. Body massive; limbs short. Tail
very short. Teeth 42.
Fam. 2. N ASUIDE. Nose elongate, mobile, underside convex,
rather bald, without any longitudinal central groove. Tail
elongate. Teeth 40.
Fam. 3. Pnooromm. Nose short, bald, underside flat, hairy, with
a central longitudinal groove. Tail elongate. Teeth 40.
Section II. Dendropoda. Toes short, arched, webbed; claws re-
tractile, sharp-pointed. Head short. '
Fam. 4. OERCOLEPTIDE. Tail elongate, prehensile; soles of the
feet bald.
Fam. 5. Bassmrnm. Tail subcylindrical, elongate, not prehen-
sile. Soles of the hind feet hairy.
Fam. 6. AILURIDZE. Tail bushy, not prehensile. Soles of the
feet hairy. Grinders very tubercular.
ur.smm. 215
The Omnivorous Mammalia (Omnivora) are differentiated from the
Carnivora by having the hind upper grinders (that is to say, the
hinder false grinder, the flesh-tooth, and the tubercular teeth) very
similar in form ; they are broad and strongly tubercular. The three
hin der teeth in the lower jaw are similar, but they are narrower
and more elongate.
They form a very natural group, consisting only of a limited
number of species. The species require particular study, as they
are very similar externally, and the skull and teeth, which are very
similar in many of the specimens, appear to be liable to a consider-
able amount of variation in specimens from the same locality, and
with the same habits.
The examination of the bones, and especially the skulls, of the
Ursidce shows still further than the study‘ of the bones of the Viver-
ridce the necessity of great caution in depending on the study of
osteological specimens for the distinction of species. The fact that
M. de Blainville considers the Californian Grizzly Bear, after a very
careful study and comparison of its bones, to be only a variety of
the common European Bear, shows how a most experienced and
accurate osteologist may be misled by placing too much confidence
in a single branch of study. If such a naturalist may be so misled
by the study of the bones of recent animals, how much more caution
is required in giving any opinion or forming any theory on the
study of fossil specimens of bones, where the determination of the
osteologist cannot be verified by the examination of other parts of
the animal in its perfect state ! .
The species of Omnivora are distributed over Europe,Asia,Africa,
and America, and they are generally inhabitants of the mountainous
regions of these countries. One species is marine, and common to
the Arctic parts of Europe, Asia, and America.
Section I. BROAD-FOOTED BEARS (BRACHYPODA). ‘
The feet broad and short, generally bald and callous below ; toes
straight; the claws exserted, more or less curved, blunt.
Brachypoda, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, pp. 506, 679.
Fam. 1. URSIDf.E.
Tail short or none ; body massive, limbs short.
Ursina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 72; B. Z. S. 1864, p. 67 .
They sometimes climb trees, but usually descend backwards. When
running, they carry their young on their back.
The young born naked and blind, of a very small size ; their eyes
open and they become covered with short thick black fur when -
about five weeks old (Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 130).
2.16 _ UBsIn.n.
In the ‘ Annals of Philosophy’ for 1825, I divided the Bears into
groups; according to the characters of their feet and claws, and into
the genera Ursus, Danis, Pr-ochilus, and Thalassaretos.
The examination of the series of skulls of Bears in the Museum,
like the examination of the series of bones of the Viverridae, has
strongly impressed me with the uncertainty that must always attend
the determination of fossil bones, or indeed of bones of all animals
when we have only the skulls or other bones of the body to com-
pare with one another. There can be no doubt that the study and
comparison of the bones of the different species is very important
-—that_ the skull and teeth afford some of the best characters for
the distinction of the genera and species; but few zoologists and
paleeontologists have made suflicient allowance for the variations
that the bones of the same species assume. In the Bears I have
observed that there is often more difference between the skulls of
Bears of the same species from the same locality than between the
skulls of two undoubted species from very different habitats and
with very different habits. Thus I have the skulls of some Bears,
the habitat of which is not certainly known, which I have doubts
whether they should be referred to the Thibet Bear (U. torquatus)
or to the N orth-American species (U. amerioanus) ; but I have ‘re-
ferred them to the latter with doubt, as they were said to have come
from the latter country. It is the same with regard to the skull
of a Bear that lived in the Zoological Gardens for years, which has
the general form of the skull and the wide palate of the European
Bear, but the long last grinder and some other characters of the
Ursus ferozc.
This similarity of the skull is more remarkable, as no two Bears
can be more distinct from each other than the species above named
(which have such similar skulls, showing that similar skulls do not
always imply very nearly allied or doubtfully distinct species.
The Bears may be arranged, by the size of the tubercular grinders,
thus :-- .
Very large, more than half as long again as the flesh-tooth. (The
number gives the medium measurement of the flesh-tooth, in inches
and twelfths.) 1" 4"’, Ursus isabellinus. 1" 5"’, U. oinereus. 1" 4"’,
U. grandis. 1" 3"’, U. torquatus.
Moderate, above half as long again as the flesh-tooth. Thalas-
sarctos maritimus. 1" 2"’, Ursus aretos. 1", U. arboreus. 1", U.
americanus. 1" 6"’, Myrmarctos.
Small, only rather larger than the flesh-tooth. Helarctos malay-
anus, Melursus lib?/eus.
1. THALASBARCTUS. 217
Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Sea-Bears. Soles of the feet hairy, with a few bald pads. The tuber-
cular grinder longer tian the _flesh- tooth. Lips slightly extensile.
Cutting-teeth %. Ears rounded, hairy.
1. Tnuassanoros. Nose of skull produced, longer than broad.
Front false grinders small, far apart; upper tubercular
moderate.
B. Land-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callous. Cutting-teeth -g-. Lips slightly
extensile. Cover of nostrils moderate. Ears rounded, hairy. Under-
side of the base of the toes hairy.
2. Unsus. Nose of skull produced, longer than broad, rounded
above. Forehead convex, separated from the nose by a cross
line. False grinders far apart, small. Palate fiat. Brain-
case swollen. Lower jaw moderate.
3. MYRMARCTOS. Nose of the skull produced, much longer than
broad, flat above. Nose, forehead, and front of crown all
on one line. False grinders far apart, small. Palate concave.
Brain-case compressed. Lower jaw large, elongate.
4. Hnmncros. Nose of skull very short, as broad as long, form-
ing a line with the forehead. False grinders crowded, large.
Palate broad, flat.
C. Honey-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callous. Cutting-teeth %. 8 Lips
very eatensile. Nostrils large, with a large cover. Front of palate
bent up. Ears tufted. Underside of base of toes bald.
5. Mnmmsus. Nose of the skull produced, longer than broad,
rounded above. False grinders far apart; upper hinder
tubercular short.
A. Sea-Bears. Soles of the zgiet covered with close-set hairs, with a few
small bald pads. Head e gate ,- forehead scarcely raised above the line
of the nose ,- cutting-teeth % ; lips slightly eatensile ; nostrils moderate.
1. THALASSARCTOS.
Head elongate; ears rounded, hairy; forehead scarcely raised
above the line of the nose. Neck elongate. Feet broad, large ; front
claws elongate, curved. Fur short, soft, dense. Skull elongate.
The upper tubercular grinder elongate. The palate broad, concave,
rather contracted behind, and then suddenly contracted behind the
last tooth. The hinder nasal aperture elongate, narrow, the sides,
much longer than the front edge, which is arched ; the sides bent in
towards the middle, contracting the aperture. '
Sea-Bears (Thalassarctos), Gray, Ann. of Philos. 1825; P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 680.
Thalassarctus, Gloger, 1842.
Hab. Arctic Seas.
218 UBSIDZE.
Thalassarctos maritimus. B.M-
White or yellowish white.
Ursus maritimus, Desm. Mamm. p. 165; Schreb. Situgeth. p. 513,
t. 141*; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 145; Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 44
(skull) ; Temm. Fauna Japan. p. 29; Schrenck, Amurland, i. p. 16. ,
Ursus marinus, Pallas, Reis. iii. p. 691 ; P. Z. S. 1859, p. 102.
Ursus polaris, Shaw, Mus. Lever. i. p. 7, t. 2.
Ursus albus, Brisson, Regne Anim. p. 260.
Thalarctos polaris, Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, p. 62.
Thalassarctos maritimus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 73; P. Z. S.
1864, p. 680.
Ours blanc (Ursus maritimus), Bufon, H. N. xv. p. 128; Suppl. iii.
p. 200, t. 34; De Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 1 (skeleton Q), t. 4 (bones),
t. 5 (skull Q ).
Ours polaire, Cuv. Mérmg. Jllus. ; Oss. Foss. iv. t. 20. f. 4, t. 21. f. 4.
Polar Bear, Penn. Syn. p. 192, t. 20. f. 1.; Shaw, Zool. i. p. 257,
t. 105.
Hab. Arctic Seas of Europe, Asia, and America: Japan (Siebold).




E55-EH gm :25 ‘sci Em 3,5
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3 221’ s°°s“e°.3"*s“’*.;'~.’ 1:1
in. l. in. 1. in. Lin. 1. in. 1. in. l. in. l. in. 1. in. 1.
2216. Adult. ................ ..1 215 39 63 74 0 92 74 92 2
22162. Young ................ ..1 012 68 d2 93 06 62 03111 9
221h. Young ................ ..1 012 67 0'2 82116 72 as 91 6

B. Land-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callous. Cutting-teeth 6. 6. Bars
rounded, hairy. Lips slightly ezrtensile. Nostrils oval, with a moderate
lid. Underside of the base of the toes hairy. The upper tubercular
grinder elongate.
2. URSUS. (Carrion Bear.)
Head elongate. Ears rmmded, hairy. Nose rather produced,
compressed. Forehead rounded. N ostrils ovate, covered with a
moderate lid. The underside of the base of the toes covered with
hair, making a hairy band between the toe-pads and the soles of
the feet. Nose of the skull produced, as wide or wider than the fore-
head between the orbits, rounded above, separated from the more or
less convex forehead by a cross line, which is less distinct as the
animal becomes aged. Front false grinders sm.all, far apart; hinder
tubercular grinder large, elongate, larger than the flesh-tooth. Pa-
Ilate flat or slightly concave. The aperture of the hinder nostrils
with the sides longer than the width of the front edge. The aper-
ture for the blood-vessel to the palate is behind the front edge of
the tubercular grinder.
Ursus, Gray, P. Z. s. 1864, p. 681.
Middendorff, in his ‘ Mammalia of North and East Siberia,’ has a
very long essay on the Bears. He regards the species found in
2. ‘unsus. .19
Europe and Northern Asia and the Grizzly Bear of North America
as varieties of Ursus arctos. He enters into a minute examination
and comparison of the external and osteological characters, and gives
most minute measurements, in elaborate tables, to support this con-
clusion ; but I think that his not having been able to distinguish the
Ant- from the Carrion-Bear (and he figures a skull of each as a
subvariety of Ursus arctos, var. beringiana) must make one cautious
in accepting his theory without more examination.
Von Schrenck, in his ‘ Amurland,’ says that the size of the tuber-
cular grinder varies in the Bears of North Asia ; but I suspect
he also has combined the Carrion-Bear and the Ant-Bear into one
species.
a. Old-World Bears. The far shaggy. The hincl feet elongate. The
claws moderate. The palate _/lat, rather broad. UIRSUS.
Euro ean Bears, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
Old- orld Bears (Ursus), Gray, P. Z. S’. 1864, p. 682.
*‘ Far shaggy, brown, or grey, or whitish.
1. Ursus arctos.
Brown or blackish; fur shaggy; hair longer on the withers.
The palate broad. The upper tubercular grinder nearly half as
long again as the flesh-tooth.
Ursus fuscus, Albert. Mayra. de Anim. lib. xxii. p. 183.
Ursus arctos, I/inn. S. N. p. 169; Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. 1. p. 6 -
’
De Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 6, t. 7 (adult skull) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 682.
Ours brun d’Europe, Cnm'er, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 332.
Ursus cadaverinus, Eversm. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1840, p. 8, pl. 1. f. 1.
Brown Bear, Pennant, Arctic Zool. i. p. 61.
Var. 1. normalis. The upper tubercular grinder nearly half as
long again as the flesh-tooth. Lower edge of lower jaw straight.
Subvariety a. seanclinavicas, Gray, l. 0. p. 682. B.M.
Ursus arctos, Linn. Faun. Snea; Nilsson, S/hand. Fauna, fig. t. 23
(ring-necked variety).
Hab. Sweden.
Nilsson describes six varieties found in Sweden :-—1. Black ;
2. Dark brown; 3. Brown, washed with white (the Silfver bjorn) ;
4. Red-brown ; 5. Brown, with a white ring on the neck ; 6. Varie-
gated or Albino Bear (l. 0. p. 193).
Subvar. b. llclgeesoljar, Worm. Mus. p. 318.
Hab. Norway.
Subvar. c. rossieus. Russian Bear.
Hab. Russia.
Subvar. cl. sibiricns.
Hab. Siberia.
Fur in all states and ages brown.
220 unsrnm.
I Subvar. e. meridionalis, Middendorfl‘, Sibir. Reise, p. 7 4; Schrenck,
Amurland, p. 13.
Hab. Caucasus.
Subvar. polonious.
Ours brun de Pologne (premiere variété), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 332,
t. 22. f. 3; De Blainville, Ostéoyr. t. 7. f. (adult skull).
Crown of the skull very high over the condyles, and sloping down
rapidly behind and before; canines very large, lower edge of lower
slightly curved. .
Subvar. g. pyrenaieus. _
Ours brun des Al es, Bufion, II. N. viii. pp. 24, 86, 61 ; Cuvier, Oss.
Foss. iv. t. 22. . 1, 2. ‘
Ours brun des Pyrénées, Gus. Oss. Foss. iv. p. 332.
Ours des Asturies, foem. (U. arctos), De Blainv. Ostéoyr. Ursus, t. 3
(skeleton), t. 7 (skull 6‘ , adult).
Ursus arctos, Schreb. t. (from Bufon). _
Ursus pyrenaicus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithoyr. xlv. t. (young).
Ursus arctos pyrenaicus, Gray, B. Z. S. 1864, p. 683.
Hab. Pyrenees. -
Fur of young yellowish; hairs brown, yellow-tipped ; head deep
yellowish ; feet black.
Subvar. h. niyer. Fur black-brown.
Ursus niger, Albert. Magn. de Anim. lib. xxii. p. 183.
Ursus arctos niger, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 100.
' Curs noir d’Europe, Daubenton; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 333, t. 20.
f. 2-5, t. 21. f. 1, 2, 6-8.
Ursus niger, F. Cuvier ; Fz'scher, Syn. Mamm. p. 143; Keys. & Blasius,
Wirb. Eur. xix. p. 64.
Ursus arctos, var., .Nz'lsson, Skand. Fauna.
Hab. Europe (Daubenton and Cuvier).



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218a. Noseflattenedabove...1 2%-13 4 9 9 3 23 57 32 5 4 101 11


Skull of adult from Sweden. Presented by the Earl of Selkirk.
—Like former, 218 e, the palate is rather concave; but the binder
part in front of the inner nostril is flat, and the cavity of the
inner nostril contracted, with a thick arched front edge, of nearly
the same width as the back one. The lower jaw with a long, regu-
larly arched suture. Length of the skull, from the front teeth to
the end of the condyle, 13% inches; width at back of zygoma
2. Unsus. 221
10% inches, of the nose 3% inches; the hinder nostrils wide in front
(1-112 inch) and behind (1-1-1% inch) ; the length of the suture of the
lower jaw 3% inches.
Skull of adult, of large size.--The nose very broad, swollen, evenly
rounded above. The palate rather concave, deeply concave and
rather contracted behind, in front of the large hinder opening of the
nostrils, which contracts on the sides behind, and with a thin regu-
larly rounded front edge. The front of the chin of the lower jaw
rather short, keeled on the suture. Length of the skull, on the inner
side, from front teeth to the end of the condyles, 13% inches ; width
of the skull at the binder edge of the zygoma, in a line with the
condyles of the lower aw, 10 inches; width of the nose at the aper-
ture of the vessel in front of the zygoma 3% inches; width of the
front part of the hinder opening of the nostrils 1% inch, of hinder
part 1 inch. Length of suture of lower jaw 3 inches.
Skull of a nearly adult, collected by Mr. Lloyd in Sweden.-—-The
palate is rather concave in the middle in front, and is raised on a line
with the false grinders ; it is flat behind, with a thin edge to the
broad internal nostril, which has a transverse front edge; the aper-
ture is large, rather wider behind than in front. Lower suture of
lower jaw long and regularly curved. Length of skull, from
cutting-teeth to end of condyle, 13 inches; width of skull at back
of zygoma 9 inches ; width of nose 4 inches, of hinder nostrils
1% inch; width of nose-aperture 2% inches, rather wider than high.
Length of suture of lower jaw 3 inches; length of grinder 1% inch,
of all three. ‘
Cuvier, from the examination of two skulls in the Paris Museum,
regards the Black Bear of Europe as a distinct species (see Oss.
Foss. iv.). Keyserling and Blasius, in ‘ Die Wirbelthiere Europas,’
1840, separate it from the U. arctos, because it has the “last upper
grinder shorter than the flesh-tooth,” probably misled by Cuvier’s
figure (Oss. Foss. iv. t. 21. f. 6) ; but if they had looked at the
other figures, they would have seen that the last grinder is repre-
sented long, like that of the other European Bears. Blasius, in his
‘ N aturg. der Sétugethiere Deutschlands,’ 1857, does not give the U.
niger as a distinct species; and Nilsson (Scand. Daggdjur, 1847,
p. 208) evidently considers it only a variety of U. arctos.
Ursus falciger of Beichenbach, which is said to have rather fal-
cated claws, is probably from a specimen which had been long kept
.in confinement without exercise, when the claws lengthen and curve.
Var. 2. grandis. B.M.
The upper tubercular grinder elongate, more than half ‘as long
again as the flesh-tooth; lower edge of lower jaw straight. Fur
dark red-brown, of uniform length, smooth.
‘ ?Graessdjur, Worm. Mus. p. 328.
Ursus arctos, Fraser, Oat. Zool. Gard. (male).
Ursus arctos grandis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 684.
Hab. North of Europe. A male, purchased at Hull, living in the
Zoological Gardens from 1852 to 1863.
222 unsrnzs.



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sins B 8“ B° s“ B“ s“ 65°
in. 1. in. 1.in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1.
218g. ...................... ..,1 41166 729 2s;e s111;s1o2 7
1 41469 934%34%7 52 34 62 1

Skull of very old animal, with the crown-crests very high.-—Nose
broad, as broad as the width of the forehead between the orbits,
rather flattened above. Forehead concave in the middle, in front
and between the orbits. The zygomatic arch very broad and con-
vex. The orbit small, rather oblong, oblique. The palate nearly
flat, broad. The tubercular grinders very large, elongate, full half
aslong again as the flesh-teeth.
This skull is full as large as that of U. fero.-2:, but more ventricose;
the palate is broad, as in U. arctos; but the tubercular grinder is
longer, and as long as that of U. fer-o.v. I am inclined to regard it
as a good species, but wait for further specimens. .
In a smaller skull of an adult Bear, sent from Sweden by Mr.
Lloyd, the palate is even and rather concave. The hinder aperture
of the nostrils is rather wide, scarcely contracted behind, and regu-
larly arched in front, with a slight central tubercle. The length
of the skull below, from front teeth to condyle, 1% inch, of palate
6% inches; width at condyles of lower jaw 6% inches, of nose in front
of orbit 23- inches, of nose-aperture 1% inch, higher than wide;
length of suture of lower jaw 2% inches ; length of hinder upper
grinder 1% inch, rather longer than in the other larger skulls, and
much longer than in the skulls of nearly the same size from Nor-
way, where the tooth is only 1§1§ inch long; width between orbits
2% inches, at back of orbit 3% inches.
Var. 3. collaris.
Fur shaggy, hair long, with closer under-fur, black-grey; the
legs and feet blacker; the head pale brown; the shoulders often
marked with a white oblique streak, making a collar.
Ursus collaris (Ours de Sibérie), F. Cuvier, Jlfamm. Lithogr. xliii.
Ursus arctos collaris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 685.
Ursus arctos, var. beringiana (partly), llliddendorfi; Sib. Reise, i.
pp. 53, 74, t. 1. f. 1-4 (skull); Von Schrenck, Reisen im Amurlande,
i. pp. 11, 13, 16.
Ursus ferox, Temm. Fauna Japon. (not Lewis and Clark).
A Brown Bear from Hakodadi, Selater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 374.
Hab. Kamtschatka and Amurland; Japan, Northern Island;
Zool. Gardens.
The French naturalist of the ‘ Venus ’ obtained a Brown Bear at
Kamtschatka, and carried it alive to Paris ; and they considered it
like the true U. aretos (Baird, Rep. p. 221). '
This Bear is very unlike the Ursus aretos of Sweden, with which
alone I have the opportunity of comparing it.
rmsus. 223
It is only necessary to compare the figures of the two skulls given
in the plate of Middendorif, above referred to, to see the distinction
between the skulls of the Carrion- and Ant-Bear of Northern Siberia.
The Carrion-Bear (U. colla-ris) has a short, broad skull, with a short
nose and small, short lower jaw; the Ant-Bear has an elongated,
narrow skull, with an elongated nose and a large, strong lower
jaw: the lower jaw in the first is three-fifths, in the second five-
sevenths the length of the skull.
Var. 4‘? stenorostris. I
Nose of the skull produced, attenuated. Lower edge of lower aw
arched. I
Ours brun de Pologne (seeonde var.), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 332,
t. 22. f. 4.
Ours brun élancé de Pologne, De Blaine. Oste’ogr. t. 7 (skull).
Hab. Europe, Poland.
Only known from a skull in the Paris Museum. It is very diffe-
rent from the other skull from Poland; the nose is much more pro-
duced ; the crown more evenly convex; the forehead raised more
suddenly from the nose; the lower edge of the lower jaw curved,
much arched up behind. I have not seen it: it may be only an
accidental variety.
2. Ursus lasiotus.
Black, nose brownish. Ears covered externally with soft and
internally with long hairs, forming a projecting tuft. Fur elongate,
forming a large tuft on the throat.
Ursus lasiotus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3. xx. p. 301. '
Ursus piscator, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 817 (fig. head), not
Pucheran.
Hab. Siberia, Northern.
Dr. Sclater thinks that the Bear here described may be the Ursus
arctos, var. du Kamschatka, of I. Geoffrey, in the ‘ Zoology of the
Voyage of the Venus,’ t. 4, to which M. Pucheran has given the
name of U. piscator, Rev. Zool. 1855, p. 392. One might think
that it is very probably the same Bear by the habitat given ; but the
figure does not represent any of the peculiarities of the Bear as seen
living in the Zoological Gardens, and is much more like a figure of
the common Ursus arctos of Europe, both in form and colouring. Did
the artist make his sketch from the European Bear instead of the
one found in Siberia ‘B As the description does not point out any of
the characters which induced me to regard the living Bear as‘ a dis-
tinct species, I am inclined to use the name I described it by.
3. Ursus isabellinus. (Indian White Bear.) B.M.
Fur dirty white or yellowish ; hairs of the back and nape elon-
gated, very soft, curled, of the sides rigid, adpressed; claws short,
straight, and blunt; forehead of skull convex over the orbits, sepa-
rated from the nose ; palate flat, rather slender, narrow ; the upper
224 unsumz.
tubercular grinders long, considerably more than half as long again
as the flesh-tooth.
Ursus isabellinus, H'orsf. Linn. Trans. xv. p. 332; Fischer, Syn.
llfamm. p. 143; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 686.
Ursus arctos albus, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 100.
Ours blanc terrestre, Bzgfon, H. N. viii. p. 248, t. 32.
Hab. Nepal, Thibet (called “ Ritok ” by the Nepalese).



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10100. $2Cashmere ....... ..l 3%l0 66 8 2 62 75 8 1 9 3 71 9
lOlOe. QCashmere,young .l 4 9 95 6&2 02 O5 3&1 6 3 31 6
1010f. Cashmere .......... ..l 4 ll 66 11 2 72 96 1 1 1053111 9


The skull rather short. Nose narrowed, compressed, flat at the
top, with a very large nasal aperture, not so wide as the forehead
between the orbits. Forehead broad, flat, convex, on a line, at the
back edge of the orbit, with a concavity in the middle in front of
the orbit; the most convex part of the crown over the condyles.
Orbit oblong, oblique, much higher than broad; zygomatic arches
regularly convex, more prominent in the middle of their length.
Cutting.-teeth normal; the outer in both aws larger, with a lobe ;_
the two front upper false grinders small, first smallest ; the hinder
upper grinder very large, elongate, much larger than the flesh-tooth.
The palate flat, moderately broad, suddenly contracted behind, on a
line rather behind the hinder edge of the last tooth; inner nasal
apertures moderate, truncated in front, the sides half as long again
as the front edge. Lower jaw with a rather large chin and a flat
lower edge.
The British Museum received, in 1853, three skulls (0, cl, e) of the
“ White Bear of Cashmere ” from Lieut. Abbot, belonging to a male
and two females. They all have a rather convex forehead, which is
well separated from the nose by a depression in front of the orbits.
This depression is much more deep and decided in the females than
in the males ; in one it forms a deep concavity in the middle of the
forehead between the orbits. In one female the crown behind the
orbits _is flat, short, rhombic, broad; and in the other it is much
larger, more oval, and convex. In the male and one female the
nose-hole is higher than broad, and in the other female broader and
lower. They all have a large elongated upper tubercular grinder.
4'. Ursus syriacus. (Syrian Bear.) _ B.M.
Fur dirty yellowish; the palate narrow, concave; the tubercular
grinder very broad, strong, not half as long again as the flesh-tooth ;
2. UBSUS. 225
the forehead flat, nearly on a line with the very broad nose; the
aperture of the nose large, broad, as broad as high.
Ursus syriacus, Hempr. Z9 Ehrenb. Symb. Physiwe, i. t. 1; Gray,
B. Z. S. 1864, p. 687.
Hab. Syria, Mount Lebanon (Ehrenb.) ; Persia '? (Fraser).
This Bear is very like U. isabellinus in external appearance; but
the form of the skull is very different. The nose is broader, stri-
ated, only separated from the forehead by a very slight depres-
sion. The upper tubercular grinder is shorter and thicker than in
the generality of the skulls of the Indian White Bears.
The skulls of the adult and half-grown Bears from Syria are very
like that from Cashmere of the same age ; but the forehead is rather
broader and more convex, and it extends further back between the
temporal muscles. The nose is considerably broader at the end,
being 3 inches and 1 line over the canines, and only separated from
the forehead by a very slight depression ; while in the male U. isa-
bellinus it is only 2 inches and 9 lines wide. The outer maxillae on
the sides of the nasal bread. The lower jaw is stronger and higher,
especially at the hinder part. The zygomatic arch is much wider
and stronger, especially in the front part under the orbit. The
upper tubercular grinder is thicker, but shorter than in the skulls
from Cashmere.



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1010a. ,, ,, ....... ..l 2510 96 22 42 45 81 9 3 91 8

The skins of each of these animals are in the British Museum:
b is a large whitish animal; a is a smaller pale-brown one.
They were both formerly living in the Zoological Gardens.
** Fur short, close, unzform, deep black. Asia.
5. Ursus torquatus. (Indian Black Bear.) B.M.
Fur black ; chin white ; a broad, forked, white mark on the chest,
rather contracted behind; cheeks with prominent bushy hairs; face
brownish; palate of skull narrow, concave; upper tubercular elon-
gate, half as long again as the flesh-tooth.
Ursus thibetanus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithoyr. t. ; Owen, P. G. S. Z.
S. i. p. 76, 1831 (anatomy); Radde, Mélanyes Bioloyiques de St.
Pétersbourg/, iii. p. 677, 1861; Hodyson, J. A. S. B. i. p. 340, x.
p. 910; P. Z. S. i. p. 96; Galeut. I N. H. iv. p. 288 ; Swinhoe, P.
Z. S. 1862, p. 351; Selater, B. Z. S. 1867 , p. 818; Radde, Reisen
Nord-Ost-Sib. Sduyeth. p. 12.
Q
226 rnsmzn.
Ursus ferox, Robinson, Assam, p. 69.
Helarctos malayanus, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. p. 340.
Helarctos tibetanus, Gray, Ca-t. Mamm. B. M. p. 73.
Ursus torquatus, Schinz, Syn. Zlfamm. p. 302; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb.
t. 141 D; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 688.
Ursus formosanus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 380; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 689. B.M.
Hab. India, Nepal, central hilly region (Hodgson) ; East Siberia
(Radde). Not found in Thibet (Hodgson, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 282) ;
Formosa (Swinhoe).


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The specimen h, which has the wider palate, also has a much more
convex forehead.
Var. 1. arboreus.
Upper tubercular and nose shorter.
Ursus hindaicus arboreus, Oldham, MS. 15’. M. (young skull).
Hab. Darjeeling (Oldham, Hodgson).
The skull has a broad short nose, rounded above; the nose-open-
ing as high as wide ; forehead convex, broad, rounded on the sides ;
nasal bones very broad, large, extending back to a line even with
the middle of the orbits ; lower edge of lower jaw straight; the last
tubercular grinders broad, larger than the flesh-tooth, oblique, trun-
cated on the outer hinder side, not wider than long; palate nearly
fiat, slightly concave in front, rather contracted behind, on a line
with the last edge of the tubercular grinder ; hinder opening of the
nostrils elongate, scarcely contracted behind, sides longer than the
width of the front edge.



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2199. ......................... ..1 O 99 5112 42 55 311 5,2 91 6
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Two of these specimens (g and 0) have a much shorter nose than
the generality of the skulls of U. torquatus; but f, which has also
a short tubercular grinder, like them has the nose of the skull of the
2. URSUS. 227
usual length; they all have rather narrow palates. The forehead
of f is convex and rounded.
Skull elongate. Nose broad, compressed, the sides shelving above,
and flat over the nasals; nasals short, scarcely reaching to the front
edge of the orbits. Orbits oblong, ovate, longitudinal. The fore-
head between the orbits convex, rounded, rather wider than the
hinder part of the nose. The crown arched, the most convex part
being in front of the condyles. The zygomatic arch narrow, elon-
gate. The palate narrow, deeply concave in front, narrower between
the tubercular teeth, narrower behind, with a large elongate opening
to the hinder nostrils, which has an arched front edge, and the side
more than twice the length of the width of the front edge. The
tubercular grinder very large, wide, oblong, as wide and much longer
than the flesh-tooth. I 1 ~
As in the other Bears, the skull varies in the width and form of
the front edge of the opening of the hinder nostrils, and also a little
in the surface of the palate. There is in the Museum a specimen of
a young Bear, received from Mr. Oldham under the name of Ursus
hindaieus arboreus, that has a wide front edge to the hinder nostrils;
and the palate in front of the opening is concave, with a slight keel
on each side; but we have a skull of a young Ursus tibetanus, from
Mr. Hodgson, with a similar opening to the hinder nostrils.
6. Ursus japonicus.
Black ; fur short, dense, polished ; hair on sides of neck longer ;
face black, clothed with short hair ; ears large ; throat with a slight,
undefined whitish line ; head short, rounded; muzzle rather short.
Ursus japonicus, Selater, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 261, pl. 32; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 689.
Ursus tibetanus, Temm. Fauna Japon. p. 29.
Hab. Japan (Vivar. Soc. Zool.).
7. Ursus inornatus.
Ursus inornatus, Pueheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. viii. p. 392; Arch. fiir
Naturg. 1856, p. 43; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 690.
Hab. Ceylon. A young specimen.
b. Long-clawedAmerican Bears. The shaggy. Front elaws much longer
than the hinder one, broadly depressed, whitish. The palate narrow and
contracted behind. Ears small. Ifind feet elongate. North America.
DANIS.
Grizzly American Bears (Danis), Gray, Ann. of Philosophy, 1825;
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 690.
The skull of these Bears more resembles that of the European
Bears than that of the short-footed, smooth-haired American Bears;
for De Blainville calls the Pacific Grizzly Bear only a variety of Ursus
arctos. '
228 _ URSIILZE.
8. Ursus (Danis) cinereus. . B.M.
Fur very long, very dense, longer on the neck and occiput, dark
brown, with ashy tips.
Ursus cinereus, Desm. Zlfamm. p. 165; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 690.
Ursus griseus, Desm. Diet. H. N. xxiv. p. 266.
Ursus horribilis, 0rd, in Isis, 1819, p. 107; Say, Long’s .Earped.;
Baird, Mamm. N. A. t. 41, 42 (skull). '
Ursus ferox, I. Geofll Diet. Class. H. N. xii. p. 521; Lewis 6- Clerk,
Travels, i.; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 144; Prinz Max. von Neuwied,
Acad. Nat. Cur. xxvi. p. 33, 1857.
Ursus arctos, var., Zlfiddendorfl", Sibirische Reise, 4. p. 54, 1853.
Ours de Californie (Ursus arctos ferox), De Blaine. Ostéogr. Ursus,
t. 2 (skull), t. 6 (skull, old and young).
Danis-ferox, Gray, Ann. Philos. lv.
Ursus candescens, H. Smith. ’
L’Ours noir d’Amérique, Curier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 332, t. 23. f. 1, 2.
Hab. North America; California (Douglas).
“ Size very large. Tail shorter than ears. Hair coarse, darkest
near the base, with light tips ; an erect mane between the shoulders.
Feet very large; fore claws twice as long as the hinder ones. A
dark dorsal stripe from occiput to tail, and another on each side
along the flanks, obscured and nearly concealed by the light tips;
interval between the stripes lighter; all the hairs on the body
brownish yellow or hoary at tips; region around ears dusky; legs
nearly black; muzzle pale, with a dark dorsal stripe.”—Baird,
Mamm. N. A., San Francisco. .


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The two skulls vary considerably : the first is much broader, the
palate wider, the nose shorter, and the orbit smaller, rounder ; the
second, from the Rocky Mountains, is narrower, the nose longer, the
palate much wider, and the orbit much higher and more oblong.
The lower jaw with a straight lower edge, very slightly bent up
behind the chin, and scarcely bent up at the hinder end. The outer
lower cutting-teeth larger, and lobed on the outer side. The outer
upper cutting-teeth larger, with a lobe on the inner side. The two
front upper false grinders very small, far apart; the third larger,
three-lobed. '
There are two skulls in the Museum collection ; they both agree
in being narrower than the skull of U. arotos of Europe, in having
a much larger hinder tubercular grinder, and in having a narrow
opening to the hinder nostrils, which are oval at the front edge; the
size of the opening differs considerably in the two specimens, being
2. masus. 229
smaller and narrower in the oldest one. Nasal bones elongate, nearly
to a line in middle of orbit. Length of the hinder grinder in all
long, about 1% inch.
The skull collected by Mr. Douglas and sent to the Zoological
Society is 14% inches long, from front teeth to end of condyle;
palate 7% inches long; width at back of zygoma 8% inches ; width
of nose, at aperture of artery, 3% inches; length of last grinder
1% inch ; length of suture of lower jaw 3%. The hinder nostrils
wide, 1% inch in widest part, rather narrower behind; length 3
inches.
The skull of an old specimen that lived many years in the Tower
and in the Zoological Gardens, with some of the grinders and the
canines worn down.——The internal nostril is narrow, rather wider
behind than in front; the front edge ovate. Length of the skull
below, from front cutting-teeth to end of condyle, 14 inches, of
palate 7% inches; width at back of zygoma 10 inches, of nose, at
hole for artery, 3% inches; length of suture of lower jaw inches;
width of nose-aperture 2 inches, rather higher than wide.
9. Ursus (Danis) horriaceus. B.M.
Ursus arctos? (Barren.-ground Bear), Richardson, Fauna Boreali-
Americana (see Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 229).
? Ursus horribilis, var. horriaceus, Baird, N. A. Mamm. t. 80 (skull) ;
Rep. Mexican Boundary.
Hab. New Mexico, Sonora. I
This Bear, according to Sir John Richardson, exhibits peculiarities
not found in the Grizzly Bear of the Pacific Coast. Dr. Spencer
Baird’s figure represents a Jllyranarctos.-_— Gray, P. Z. /S’. 1864, p. 691.
Ursus horribilis, var. horriaceus, Baird, Mexican Mamm. p. 24
(Sonora Grizzly Bear) is less than the Grizzly Bear of the Pacific Coast.
Head very broad; ears and tail nearly equal; fore claws twice as long
as the hinder ones. General colour dark brownish, with the tips of the
hairs much lighter, of a dirty amber-colour ; no distinct indications
of dark stripes on back and sides.
Hab. Los Nogales (Dr. Kennerly).
c. Short-clawed American Bears. Fur short, uniform. Front claws mode-
rate, not much longer than the hind ones. Ifind eet short. Upper
tubercular moderately long, ‘narrowed behind. l1.UARCTOS.—-Gray,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 691.
American Bear, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
10. Ursus (Euarctos) americanus. B.M.
Fur entirely uniform throughout, either black or brownish; hair
darkest towards the tips; nose brown; feet moderate; fore claws
not twice as long as the hinder.
Ursus americanus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. ; Schreb. Séiugeth. t. 141. f. B.
Ours (noir) d’Amérique (U. americanus), Cuvier, Ménag. Mus. ; Ann.
230 unsmzs.
Mus. vii. p. 333, t. 18. f. .7, t. 21. f. 1-3; Oss. Foss. v. p. 318, t. 22.
f. 5, 6, t. 23. f. 1; F. Cuvier, Mamm. I/ithogr. t.; Fischer, Syn.
Marnrn. p. 145 ; Baird, Mamm. N. A. . 225, t. 43. f. 10-13 (skull) ;
Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 72 ; De lainv. Ostéoyr. Ursus, p. 20,
t. 5 (skull of adult and young), t. 11 (bones), t. 12 (teeth) ; P. Z. S.
1859, p. 477 ; 1860, pp. 130, 180, 417; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 692.
Ursus niger americanus, Sehinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 301.
Ours gulaire, I. Geqf. Mus. Paris.
Black Bear, Penn.
Hab. North America.
Mr. Bartlett notices the two hybrids, believed to be from a male
Ursus amerioanus and a female U. arctos (P. Z. S. 1860, p. 130).
The series of skulls of North-American Bears iii the British Mu-
seum oifers a very considerable amount of variation: in some the
nose and forehead are nearly on the same plane; that is to say,
there is very little depression in front of the orbits; but in others
the depression is more decided; and in the skull of the Cinnamon
Bear it is as great as in the usual form of the European Bears. The
greater number of the skulls have the forehead and front of the
crown more or less convex, sometimes decidedly so; but in a few
the forehead is nearly flat.



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The specimens lo and l have the opening for the vessel of the palate
in front of the front edge of the upper tubercular tooth. In a skull
(i) in the British Museum it is opposite the middle of the tubercular
on one side, and opposite the front edge on the other. The specimen
k is from the western slope of therocky mountains (Lord).
The skull elongate. Nose rather produced, compressed on the
sides, rounded above; nasal bones long, of the same length as the
upper part of the maxillae, and extending to a line level with the
middle of the orbits. Forehead convex, rounded, rather shelving
on the sides. The nose-aperture higher than broad, oblique. Orbits
small, oblong, longer than high. The zygomatic arch moderately
strong. The palate rather contracted at the line of the last tooth,
and more so behind towards the inner nasal opening, which is
rather narrow, with a transverse front edge, and with the sides
considerably longer than the width of the front edge. The tuber-
cular grinder large, broad, considerably longer than the flesh-tooth.
The outer cutting-teeth largest, lobed. The front false grinders
small, subequal, far apart.
There is an adult skull in the Museum, received from the Zoolo-
3. MYRMABCTOS. 231
gical Society as the skull of a Bear said to have come from North
America. It is very like the other specimens of U. americanas; but
the nasal bones are shorter, and do not extend so far up the nose as
in the other specimens, stopping nearly a third of an inch short of
the upper hinder angle of the maxillary bones. The palate also is
rather more concave. The length of the skull is 11 inches, of the
palate 5;} inches, of tubercular grinder 1%, inch ; width of zygoma
6%, of nose 2-21-, of forehead between the orbits
11. Ursus (Euarctos) cinnamomeus B.M.
Ursus luteolus, H. Smith, GrgIfi‘ith’s A. K.
Ursus americanus cinnamomeus P, Baird, Zllamm. N. A. t. 79 (skull).
Small Brown Bear from the copper-mines of New Mexico, Baz'rd,
M'amm. N. A. pp. 217, 228.
Ursu.:13&i))nnamomeus, Baird, Zl/lea. Marnrn. p. 29 ; Gray, P. Z. /S’. 1864,
Urgus americanus cinnamomeus, Bachm. N. A. Journ. ii. t. 127, 1853?
“ Size equal to or less than that of the Black Bear. Colour varies
in different shades of brown, very rarely black. Skull broader than
in the common Black Bear” (Baird).
The skull of an adult Cinnamon Bear in the Museum agrees with
the skulls of the other North-American Bears in most particulars ;
but the orbit is oblong, oblique, much narrower from before back-
wards than in the common U. americanus, and the tubercular grinders
longer and broader. The palate is concave, and the hinder aperture
of the nose with an arched front edge. The nasals are broad, ex-
tending up as far as the maxilla, and in a line with the middle of
the orbits. The lower aw is not so high. The length of the skull
9% inches, of the palate 5%, inches, of the tubercular grinder {% inch;
width at zygoma 6% inches, of nose 2% inches, of forehead between
the eyes 2% inches.
Ursus amblyceps (Baird, MS.). “ The skull shows conclusively a
different species from the American Bear of the eastern States ”
(Baird, Z. 0. p. 217
3. MYRMARCTOS. (Ant-Bear.)
Head elongate, narrow. Lips moderately extensile. The skull
flat above, the nose, forehead, and front of the crown forming a
regular shelving line; brain-case compressed. The nose moderate,
flat above, compressed on the sides. The forehead narrow; the
space between the orbits narrower than the nose. The last grinder
moderate, longer than the flesh-tooth. Palate deeply concave; the
hinder nasal aperture large, broad ; the sides longer than the width
of the front edge. Lower jaw large, elongate.
Myrmarctos, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 694. _
The Ant-Bears seem to have been long known, but somehow most
unaccountably overlooked. They are evidently very distinct from
the carrion or omnivorous Bears (Ursus). _
Worm (Mus. p. 318) mentions three Bears as inhabiting Norway:
1. the Brown Bear, which is called Groesscljar (Herb-Bear), the
232 _ unsmm.
largest and most dangerous, living principally on vegetables; 2. the
Black Bear or I ldgiescljur, the most carnivorous, attacking horses;
3. the Ant-Bear or Myrebjorn, the smallest, but still dangerous (see
Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 313).
Pallas, in ‘Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,’ observes, “ Rossi distinc-
tionem faciunt Ursorum inter formicarios (Muravenilei) et cada-
verivoros (Stervenilei), sed nullo solido argumento: variunt solum-
modo colore vel nigriore, vel e fusco magis rufescente; et magis
' minusve iracundi et crudeles fiunt anni tempore, aetate et alimenti
copia vel inopia.”
Dr. Edward Eversmann, in the ‘ Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Nat.
de Moscou’ for 1840, p. 8, says that in the east of Moscow there
are two kinds of Bear, one the Aasbaren (Sterveniki), or Carrion-
Bears, and the other the Ameisenbéiren. (Muravenilei), or Ant-Bears;
and he gives the characters which distinguish them, and figures the
skulls of the two species. He states, “ In the Ant-eating Bear the
skull is more elegantly formed. The anterior level of the frontal
bone forms a plane with the nasal bone; the forehead also does not
stand forwards, and forms no depression, but is fiat. The molar
teeth are narrower and longer; the zygomatic arch is thinner and
more slender; altogether the entire skull is proportionally longer,
not so high, and not so robust as in the carrion-eater (Ursus aretos).”
1. U. eaclaveri-nus (= U. arctos, Linn.). Fronte supra oculos con-
vexa, rostro abrupte attenuato brevi; vellere fusco, regione humero-
rum colloque pallidioribus ; pedibus nigris (t. 1. f. 1, skull). Called
“ Stervenilci.” .
2. U. formicarius (= U. longirostris). Fronte plana, modice in
rostrum attenuata; vellere fiavicanti-fusco, pilis apice flavidis cete-
rum fuscis ; pedibus nigris (t. 1. f. 2, skull). Called “ .Muravenil:i.”
_ 1. Myrmarctos Eversmanni. B.M.
Myrebiorn, W'orm, Zlfus. p. 308.
Muraveniki, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.
Ursus formicarius (U. longirostris), Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Mose. 1840, p. 8, t. 1,f. 2 (skull) ; Bonap. Mamm. Eur. p. 11.
Ursus arctos, var. bermgiana (partly), Zlliddendorfi, Sib. Reise, i.
p. 53, t.'1. f. 5, 6 (skull).
Myrmarctos Eversmanni, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 695.
? Young or var., white-collared.
Ursufiifprvegicus, F. Ouv. Mamm. Lithogr.vii. t. ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm.
? Oiirs brun de N orvege, De Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7 (skull of young).
Hab. Norway (skeleton, B.M.).




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3. mnnancros. 233
Skull of nearly adult Bear from N orway. The palate is very con-
cave, especially in the middle of its length, in a line with the first
large false molar; the hinder edge rather concave, and smoothed
behind, near the front edge of the internal nostrils, which is thin and
regularly arched; the aperture of the hinder nostril large, rather
broader in front than behind. The hinder tubercular grinder rather
short. Forehead quite fiat, produced behind to a line over the ears,
not convex above the orbits, narrow between the orbits. Nose broad,
flat at tip; nasal bones only extending to rather behind the front
edge of the orbit, not nearly so far as in U. arctos of Sweden. The
aperture for the passage of the artery to the palate in a line with


Skull of Myrmarctos Eeersmanni, from Norway.
the front edge of the hinder grinder. Length of the skull below
11 % inches, of palate 52 inches; width at condyle of lower jaw 6%
inches, of nose behind, at aperture 2%, at canines 2%, of nose-aper-
ture 1% inch, between orbits 2% inch, at back of orbits 3% inches.
' I think that the skeleton which is in the British Museum, which
was received from Mr. Brandt of Hamburg as that of a Bear from
234 unsmzc.
Norway, and named U. noruegicus, is the Myrebiorn or Ant-Bear of
Worm.
I am not so sure that it is the Ant-Bear of Eastern Siberia,
figured by Eversmann as U. formicarius, as the figure of the skull
does not quite agree with the Museum specimen: the flat plane of
the forehead is not carried so far back on the crown as in the skull
here described. If it is not the same, the U. formicarius of Siberia
must be, from the description, a nearly allied species of the same
genus.
The figure of the skull of the young Brown Bear from Norway,
figured by De Blainville (Ostéogr. t. 7), is probably a young skull
of this species: it differs from the figures of the skull of the other
European Bears in the same work, in the forehead not being sepa-
rated from the nose by any frontal cross line. De Blainville does
not give an account of its origin, but, by mistake, says it is the same
as the one figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. iv. t. 22) ; but no skull from
Norway is figured in that work. It is probably the skull of the
animal figured by M. F. Cuvier.
2. Myrmarctos horriaceus.
Ursus horribilis horriaceus, Baird, Zllamm. N. A. t. 80. f. (skull).
Hab. North America, barren ground.
The figure of the skull in Dr. Spencer Baird’s work above quoted
is more like llfyrmarctos than Ursus (see p. 229).
4. HELARCTOS.
Head short, subglobose. Nose short, forming with the forehead
and crown an arched outline. Lips rather external, very mobile.
Front claw very long, strongly arched. Fur short, rigid. Nose of
skull very short, as broad as long, forming a line with the forehead.
Nasal bones short. Front false grinders crowded, large. Upper
hinder grinder broad, scarcely larger than the flesh-tooth; the outer
upper cutting—teeth much the largest; the first false grinder large,
second very small, third two-lobed.
Hab. Southern Asia, South America, and Europe.
Asiatic Bears (Prochilus) (partly), Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
Helarctos, Horsfield, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 221, 1825; Féruss. Bull. Sci.
N. vi. p. 396,1825 ; Isis, 1830, p. 1023; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 696.
a. Australasian. Claws compressed, much curved.-
1. Helarctos malayanus. (The Bruang.) B.M.
Black; nose ferruginous; chest with a semilunar or semioval
yellow patch ; claws very long.
Ursus malayanus, Rafites, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 254; liorsf. Java, t. ;
F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr. t. ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 322. t. 22.
f. 3, 4; De Blainv. Ostéogr. Ursus, p. 25, t. 8 (skull), t. 12 (teeth);
Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 144. A
b0
4. mrsncros.
Prochilus malayanus, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, p. 61.
Helarctos malayanus, Horsf. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 221, t. 7; Gray, Oat.
Mamni. B. M. . 73; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 697.
Helarctos eu.rysp' us, Horsf. Zool. Journ. p.221, t. 7; Gray, Cat.
Mamm. B. M. p. 73.
Malay Bear, Grifith, A. K. t.
Hab. Malayan islands—Sumatra, Borneo, Java; Malay penin-
sula. Called “ Br-uany ” by Malays.



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'_<1q>'§'6‘nfi“° E E go .32. an 3 QQ
in. 1. in. 1. in. 1.1m. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. Lin. 1. in. 1.
1140a. E.(H.) euryspilus .... .. 0 10 8 36 5§2 42 54 61 1 2 71 3
1140b. Borneo (younger) .... .. O 9 7 66 3,2 42 O4 O1 2 31 0
959a. H.malayanus(veryold) 0 8 8 77 0.2 82 94 41 82 61 1

The skull of a very old animal, labelled U. malayanus, received
from the Zoological Society’s Museum, has a much shorter tuber-
cular grinder than any of the others in the Museum, which are called
U. euryspilus; but the teeth of the specimen rather differ in size,
and the figure that Cuvier and De Blainville give of the skull of the
specimen of U. malayanus which we sent to Paris by Dr. Leach,
from the species that was first described, appears to be intermediate
in size and form between the skulls in the British Museum. But
perhaps the Bornean specimen may be found to have a rather larger
tubercular grinder which is more contracted behind than in the
Javan specimens.
Skull short, swollen. Nose very short, broad; end as broad as
the forehead between the orbits; nose-opening elongate, higher than
broad. Orbits small, ovate. Forehead broad, convex, arched on
the sides and extended far back between the temporal muscles. The
palate broad, short, concave, with parallel sides, contracted behind;
the opening of the hinder nostrils broad, equal, the sides about
as long as the width of the front edge. The last tubercular grinder
moderate, broad, as broad and rather longer than the flesh-tooth,
obliquely truncated on the hinder half of the outer margin. The
side cutting-teeth larger-lobed. False grinders close together, form-
ing a crowded series: the first oblong, longer; the second small, on
the outer side of the series; the third longer, three-lobed. The
lower jaw short, stout, with a rather long chin and straight lower
edge. The nasals are short, and broad at the end, reaching to a
line level with the middle of the orbit.
P
b. European. Claws
2. Helarctos euryrhinus.
Fur dark brown.
236 unsrnzs.
Ursus euryrhinus, Nilsson, Skand. Diigycljnr, p. 212.
- Hab. Hungary (Mus. Aead. Land.)
Professor N ilsson notices a species of Bear (which he saw in the
Academical Museum at Lund, said to have come from Hungary;
the fur is coloured like U. arctos) under the name of U. mryrhinns
(Skand. Diiggdjur, p. 212), which is thus characterized :—
“ The length of the nose (reckoned from the foramen infraorbitale
to the anterior margin of the iutermaxillary bones at the suture) is
equal to the breadth of the nose, taken either at the foramen infra-
orbitale or over the roots of the canine teeth.”
c. African. Claws straight.
3. Helarctos ‘? Crowtheri.
Fur ‘long, shaggy, blackish brown, beneath orange-rufous; nose
very short, acuminate, black; toes short ; claws stout.
Ursus arctos, Shaw, Barbary.
Ours en Afrique, C'um'cr, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 325.
Bear of Mount Atlas, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 65; Wicgvn. Arch.
1842 p. 27.
Ursus flrowtheri, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 302.
Helarctos? Crowtheri, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 698.
Hab. North-west Africa; on mountains, Morocco; Tetuan.
“ Adult female, inferior in size to that of the American Black
Bear; more robustly formed; the face much shorter and broader,
though the muzzle is pointed; toes and claws remarkably short;
the claws particularly stout. Hair black (rather, brownish black)
and shaggy; the under parts of an orange-rufous colour; muzzle
black. Feeds on roots, acorns, and fruit; does not climb with
facility, and is stated to be very different-looking from any other
Bear.”

d. American. Front claws
4. Helarctos ornatus. B.M.
Fur black; the nose short, and a semicircle over each eye fulvous ;
jaws, cheeks, throat, and chest white. Length 3% feet.
“ Upper hinder grinder broad, not much longer than the flesh-
tooth, suddenly contracted behind.” ‘
Bear, Condamine, Voy. Péroa.
Ursus ornatus, F. Cuvier, Manzrn. Lithogr. t. ; .Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833,
p. 114; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 143.
Ours des Cordilleres (U. ornatus), De Blainv. Ostéoyr. Ursus, t. 4
(skeleton), t. 8 (skull), t. 12 (teeth) (of F. Cavz'er’s specimen).
Helarctos ornatus, Gray, B. Z. S. 1864, p. 698.
Hab. South America, Cordilleras (Oat. Mas. Zool. Soc. p. 184).
M. de Blainville describes the skull as being so like that of H.
malayanns that at first he thought they were the same ; but on more
careful comparison he found the bones of the nose rather broader
proportionally, the mastoid processes rather unlike and nearer to-
5. nsnunses. 237
gether, the pterygoid processes rather more-rounded and recurved,
the palatine edge less deeply cut in trefoil, the zygomatic arches
broader and more arched, &c.
The other parts of the skeleton present more essential differences
(De Blainv. Ostéogr. p. 26).
C. Honey-Bears. Soles of the feet bald, callous; the underside of the base
of the toes bald. Cutting-teeth %. Nose subcylindrical, truncated ;
nostrils large, covered with a large upper flap. Lips very eatensile.
Front of the palate of the skull bent up.
5. MELURSUS.
Head elongate. Nose produced, subcylindrical, truncated. Lips
very large, extensile, and mobile. N ostril large, with a larger upper
lid. Forehead convex, arched. Ears tufted, exposed. Fur very
long, flaccid, with a pendent cervical mane. Claws elongate.
Skull elongated. Nose longer than broad. Forehead rather con-
vex, separated from the nose by a cross line. Palate broad, concave,
flat, and bent up in front. Chin high, regularly produced below.
Two central upper cutting-teeth abortive.
Asiatic Bears (Prochilus) (partly), Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
Melursus, Meyer; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 699.
“ They never have more than four incisors in the upper jaw. This
is the case even in the crania which have the milk-teeth just giving
way to the adult ones. They feed on the black ant, termites, beetles,
fruits, and particularly the seeds of Cassia fistula, of the date-tree,
and honey. When pursued, they carry their cubs on their backs,
even when chased for nearly three miles. They are said to have
lived in captivity for forty years.”—-Elliot, ll/Iadr. Journ. of Litera-
ture and Science, 1840, p. 9.
Melursus labiatus. (The Aswail.) B.M.
Fur very long, flaccid, nape maned; chest with a white cross
band; ears very hairy, prominent.
Ursus labiatus, Desm. Mamm. p. 166; Fischer, Sign. Jlfamm. p. 144 ;
Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. p. 340, x. p. 910; P. Z. S. 1834, p. 9; Cal-
cutta J. N. H. iv. p. 288; Tichell, Cale. Journ. N. H. i1. t. 7; De
Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817, p. 74; Ostéogr. Ursus, p. 23, t. 8
(skull), t. 11 (bones) ; Gavier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 320, t. 23. f. 6.
Ursus longirostris, Tiedem. Abhandl. 1820, p. 4 (not Eversmann);
Reichenbach, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xiii. p. 323, t. 15.
Bradypus ursinus, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 159, t. 47.
Bradypus ursiformis, Shaw, Nat. Misc-. i. t. 58 ; Horsf. Cat. Mus. E.
I. Comp,z p. 124; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. p. 13 ; Wolf, Abbild. ii.
.18 t. .
MeI>lurs1,1s lybius, Meyer; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 73.
Prochilus ursinus, I lliger, Prodr.
Prochilus labiatus, Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, p. 60.
Slow Bear, Hamilton, Mysore, p. 197 ; Bewick, Quad.
238 amsurnln.
Ursiform Sloth, Pennant, Quad. p. 243, t. 92.
Petre Bear, Canton, Figures of Animals, t. _
Ours J ongleur, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t.; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. W
p. 320, t. 23. f. 6: Delamétherie, Journ. de Phys. 1792, t. 136. f. 1.
Hab. India, plains (Sykes); Southern Mahratta country (Elliot);
Nepaul (Hodgson); Benares (Pennant); Dukhun. -


L f ‘S 's_ ‘s 3 ‘S :1 ‘*6,
.=:-: .2 3 .8 Q3 -53 433 ‘:33
Skumr lrhgggro 23 38 3'3 33% .'-ifg tubercular. I311 E B B0 I321 gm 3 m
in. 1. in. l. in. 1. in. l. in. l. in. 1. in. 1. in. l. in. 1.
220k. .......... ..08; 11673262664%253618
2206. .......... .. 1686 120 7 3 2 6 2 6-5-6 6 2 23 61 7
220l.Veryold. 010 1268 3 2 9;-3 0 6 9 2 54 01 8
2200. .......... .. 1686. 120 710 2 8 2 9-5-6 6 2 4'3 8110
220f. .......... .. (813,;-}120?7 7 2 9 210;-6 8 2 63 91 8
2200. .......... .. 010 110?7 3.1-2 6 2 7 6 3
22001. .......... .. 0 9 110 610 2 6;2 6%6 3
2209. .......... ..08§’; 1207 02 9.1.2 767


Skull :--Nose broad, rather flattened above, rather wider than the
forehead between the orbits; nasal opening broader than high.
Forehead rounded, regularly sloping down before and behind. Orbits
oblong-ovate. The chin very long, sloping; the lower edge of lower
jaw straight. The upper cutting-teeth four; the inner ones ab-
sorbed; the outer on each side larger. The last upper grinder
oblong, almost as long as and narrower than the upper flesh-tooth.
The palate broad, concave, bent up in front of the canine, broader
behind, especially in the line of the hinder grinder, rather contracted
behind towards the hinder aperture of the nostrils. The nose-aper-
ture bread, with a thin transverse edge; the sides not quite as long
as the width of the aperture. The zygomatic arches most prominent
at the hinder end, rather in front of a line with the condyles.
Fam. 2. NASUIDZE.
Nose elongated, produced, truncated; the underside rounded,
rather bald, without any central longitudinal groove. Body and
limbs moderate. Tail elongate, hairy, black-ringed. Teeth 40.
NASUA.
Head elongate, tapering. Nose elongate, produced; underside
rounded, without any groove. Nostrils in front of the muifle, and
reaching only halfway along its sides; upper surface of muffle twice
NASUA. 239
as long as broad, and ending forwards in a cartilaginous snout
(Baird). Ears short, rounded. Toes 5 .5. Claws strong, acute.
Tail elongate.
Skull elongate. Nose produced, compressed. Teeth 40. Cutting-
teeth moderate ; outer ones elongate, conical ; four central upper in
an arched line, rather in front of the lateral teeth ; lower shelving
out in front. Canines large ; the lower strong, sharp-edged behind;
the upper compressed, conical, and bent out at the ends. Grinders
% . {I}; the three front conical, compressed; the fourth like the flesh-
tooth. The tubercular triangular, similar to the flesh-tooth. Lower
jaw without any prominent angle behind.
Nasua, Stor-r.; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 701.
Coati, Lacépede.
1. Nasua rufa. B.M.
Fur fulvous; back darker; sides of nose and head ashy; tail ful-
vous and black-ringed.
Viverra nasua, Linn. S. N. i. p. 64; Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 118.
Ursus nasua, Cuvier, Tab. Elém. p. 113, 17 98.
Nasua rufa, Desm. Mamm. p. 170; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 74;
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 701.
Nasua socialis, var., Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 283.
Nasua socialis or N. rufa, Fischer, Syn. lllamm. p. 148.
Coatimonde, Perr. Anim. ii. p. 15, t. 37 ; Shaw, Zool. i. p. 385.
Coati noirzitre, Bufon, H. N.
Coati roux, Cuvier, Reg. An. i. p. 144; F. Cuvier, llfamm. Lithogr.t.
Brazilian Weasel, Penn. Syn. p. 229, t. 22. f. 1.
Coati, Marcgr. Brazil, p. 228.
Myrmecophaga annulata, Desm. Mamm. (from Krusenstern’s Voy. t.) ;
Griflith, A. K. t. (figure altered).
Myrmecophaga striata, Shaw, Zool. i. . 51, 1786.
Tamandua , Bufion, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 56.
Mr. Turner (P. Z. S. 1851, p. 218) professes to have rediscovered
the fact (though it is stated in the ‘ Catalogue of the Mammalia in
the British Museum,’ p. 74, 1843) that Krusenstern’s M. annulata
in only a Coati-mondi; but he is puzzled to explain the figure in
Grifiith’s ‘ Animal Kingdom.’ This figure is engraved from a draw-
ing of Major Hamilton Smith’s, no doubt copied from Krusenstern’s
figure, but altered and improved, as was his habit when making his
very large collection of drawings—a bad habit, that has rendered
them of comparatively small value for scientific purposes, as it is im-
possible to determine whether they are from a figure or a specimen.

2. N asua narica. B.M.
Fur blackish brown, beneath yellowish; head ashy; tail black
and yellow, obscurely ringed. The sides of the nose are sometimes
marked with a black and white streak.
Viverra narica, Linn. S. N. i. p. 64; Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 119.
Ursus narica, Cuvier, Tab. Elém. p. 113, 1798.
Viverra quasie, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 87 .
24-0 NASUIDZE.
N asua quasie, Geofli Zllus. Paris.
N asua leucorypha, Tschudi, Arch. fiir Naturg.
P N asua nocturna, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 298.
Nasua obfuscata, Illiger, Prodr.
Nasua mondie, I lliger, Prodr.
Nasua fusca, Desm. Mamm. p. 170; P. Z. S. 1859, p. 435; 1860,
p.243, sss.
? asua solitaria, Pr. Max. Beitr. .299.
Nasua socialis fusca, Fischer, Syn. amm. p. 149.
Nasua narica, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 74; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 702.
Coati brun, Cuvier, Reyne Anim. i. p. 444; F. Cuvier, Jtlamm.
_ I/ithogr. t.; Bu on, H. N. viii. t. 48, 49.
Dusky Brazilian easel, Penn. Syn. p. 330.
Couati, Azara, Essai, i. p. 334.
Meles surinamensis. Bmsson, Reyne Anim. p. 255.
Narica, Linn. Act. Holm. 1768, p. 152, t.
Le Coati noiratre, Bufion, II. N. viii. t. 47 .
Hab. Surinam (J. H. Lance).
I have examined with care a series of skulls which are said to
have belonged to these two species, but have been unable to discover
any characters by which the skulls belonging to one species can be
distinguished from those belonging to the other. The skulls of
animals of each species vary considerably in the breadth and flatness
or convexity of the palate, in the form of the palate behind near the
hinder nasal aperture, and in the length of the line occupied by the
upper canines and grinders.
In most of the specimens of N. rufa and N. narica the upper
canine teeth and the grinders occupy a line of 1-,? inch; but in two
large skulls, with very strong occipital ridges and expanded zygo-
matic arches, the teeth occupy a line rather more than 2 inches
long; in another large skull, with the occipital ridge less developed,
and the zygomatic arches less prominent, they occupy the same
length-: the skulls are each 5 inches long; and one is 3%, the other
341-, and the last 3 inches wide. But I can find no other characters
to separate them, nor can I find any young specimens having similar
characters.
If I had only two or three skulls, I might have perhaps seen dif-
ferences which I might have regarded as distinctions; but when a
series of some twenty or more are examined, it is impossible to de-
fine any distinction.
3. N asua dorsalis. B.M.
Fur red-brown; under-fur dull brown, longer hairs thin, pale,
with thick red-brown tips; chin, throat, and chest whitish; face
pale, blackish-grizzled; feet and broad streak on hinder half of the
back black; tail blackish, with irregular interrupted grey rings.
N asua dorsalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 169, t. 17 .
Hab. South America.
The skull is imperfect, the face with the teeth only having been
preserved. The face resembles that of the skull of Nasua narica in
the Museum Collection, no. 225 a (the measurement of which is
NASUA. 241
given in my paper on Ursiclce, 1?. Z. S. 1864, p. 703), in having a
long narrow compressed nose and elongated canine teeth. It differs
from the skull of N. narica in the upper jaw being rather shorter
from the middle of the cutting-teeth to the end of the last molar,
and rather wide at the hinder part at the sides of the hinder molars,
and rather narrower at the end of the nose. The upper cutting-
teeth are narrower; that is to say, the space occupied by the series
is considerably narrower than the space they occupy in the skull of
N. narica above referred to. These may all be mere individual
peculiarities, since the skulls of the different specimens of Nasna in
the Museum, as I observed in the article on Ursidce above quoted,
are very variable.




"6 H5 "6 *3 “sq, 33¢ “6_§
5%“ F‘ :26 0 Pd“ '0 -5"?
Sk““B' B3 as as
s B“ 3 B 3”‘ B as
in. 1 in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1.
N.narica. 225g. Aged ............. ..5 1 3 41 10 1 .0 3 3 0 11 2 0
225h. Aged ............. ..5 0 3 51 114-1 0&3 3 0 11 2 0%
225a. Aged...............5 0 3 01 1171.0 11 3 2-30 9 2 1
2252'. Adult ............. ..4 9 2 91 9 1 O 3 0 0 10 1 10
225]’. . ................... ..4 9 2 81 81 0 3 1 0 9 1 9%
225f. Skull B.M. 6 2 51 8 0 11 2 1150 9 1 9
N.rafa... 224a. Adu1t...............4 8?2 61 7 0 11 3 0 0 9%1 10
2246.. ................... ..4 62 71 7-1-1 0211 011 1 9%;
2240. 8 2 61 8 0 9&3 0 0 8571 10
4. Nasua olivacea. B.M.
Olive-brown, grizzled; hairs black-brown, with a yellowish sub-
terminal ring; under-fur black; face pale; orbits, legs, and feet
blackish brown ; chest yellowish grey; tail short, with black rings
and a black tip.
N asua olivacea, Gray, Cat. Marnm. Bill. App. p. 195 (not described).
Hab. Santa Fé de Bogota.
I do not know :-
1. Nasua solitaria, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 292.
2. Nasua nocturna, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 292, from Brazil.
3. N asua monticola, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 102, t. 5, from Peru.
Are they distinct ?
242 rnocronmm.
Fam. 3. PROCYONIDZE.
Nose short; underside flat, with a central longitudinal groove.
Tail elongate. Teeth 40. -
Procyonina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 703.
raoovori.
Head broad, depressed. Ears small, ovate. Muzzle short, conical.
Mutfle large; under surface covered with hair, without any central
groove. Nostril subhorizontal, on hinder edge of muffle. Body stout.
Tail moderately long, black-ringed. Toes 5 . 5, front toe elongate.
Soles bald, furrowed, but without pads. Claws falcate. Skull short;
orbit incomplete, only contracted above and below. Teeth 40 ; ca-
nines sharp-edged; promolars 4.5%, three front small, conical; hinder
set broad, like flesh-teeth; flesh-teeth %, upper oblong, transverse;
molars -l- . 4, upper ovate, transverse.
Procyon, Storr ;- G. Cuvier, 1798; De Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursus, t. 3;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 703.
Lotor, Tiedem.
“ Prefers the vicinity of running water, where bushes are thick,
or hollow trees, in which it makes its bed; when pursued, it takes
immediately to the water, swimming with great rapidity and ease.
The flesh is highly esteemed by the Mexicans (who call it Tejou) as
an article of food. It throws itself on its back in a state of defence,
showing its teeth in a threatening manner; but I never heard it
utter any cry.”-—C. B. Kennerly.
* Tail bushy, four- or five—ringed ; forehead of skull high, convex ; brain-
case moderate; palate much produced and narrow behind; grinders
moderate. Procyon.——Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 704.
1. Procyon lotor. (Raccoon.) B.M.
Tail reddish, with four or five black rings. Fur ashy, more or less
black-washed ; lower side, ears, and feet whitish ; oblique streak
under the eye blackish ; face whitish, with a narrow streak across
the forehead before the eyes, becoming broader on the cheeks ; outer
side of the limbs and feet palish.
Ursus lotor, Linn. S. N. i. p. 70, 1766; Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 143; De
Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursi, t. 3 (skeleton).
Raccoon, Lawson, Carolina, p. 121, fig.; Penn. Sf:/n. p. 199; Shaw,
Zool. i. p. 464.
Raton, Bufon, H. N. vii. p. 337, t. 43; Supp. p. 215.
Procyon lotor, Storr, Prod. 1780; Desm. Mamm. p. 168; Fischer,
Syn. Mamm. p. 147; Gray, Cat. Zlfamm. B. M. p. 7 4 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 7 04.
Meles lotor, Bodd. Elenchus. Anim. i. p. 80, 1784.
Lotor vulgaris, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 380.
Procyon gularis, H. Smith, Jard. Cab. Lib. xiii. p. 222, 1842.
Procyon brachyurus, 'lViegm. Arch. iii. p. 369; Sch-reb. Suppl. t. 143 C.
rnocrox. 243
Var. 1. melanus; nearly black. ~
Procyon obscurus, lViegm. Arch. iii. p. 370; Schreb. Suppl. t. 142 D.
Var. 2. albina.
Meles alba, Brisson, Regne An. i. p. 255.
Ursus meles alba, Eral. Syst. p. 164.
Procyon nivea, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 580, 1837.
Hab. America: Mexico (Capt. Lyon).
General colour greyish white; the tips of the long hairs black,
imparting this colour to the back ; under-fur black-brown ; a large
oblique black patch on the cheek, continuous with a paler one beneath
the jaw; another behind the ears; end of the muzzle, except the
upper line, together with the portion on the border of the cheek-
patch, whitish; tail not tapering, with tip and four annuli black,
these as broad as the rusty-white interspaces; hind feet not exceed-
ing 4 inches, above dirty whitish ; fore feet not exceeding 2% inches.
Varies in being nearly black, with the markings obscured; some-
times more or less yellowish or white, with obsolete markings or
no1:__I1e—-a decided tendency to albinism (Baird, l. c. p. 201).
Var. 3. Feet black, rather large.-—Gra-y, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 705.
Procyon Hernandesii, Wagner, Isis, xxix. p. 514, 1833; lViegm. Arch.
iii. p. 367; Baird, Jllamm. N. Amer. p. 215.
Hab. Mexico.
Var. 4.
Procyon Hernandesii, var. mexicana, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 215.
Var. 5. Yellowish; cheek-patch small.—-Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 705.
Procyon psora, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. II. 1842, p. 261 ; Voy. Sulphur,
pl. 9 & 17 ; Cat. Mainiri. B. M. p. 38 ; Baird, Mamm. N A.—p. 215;
Wiegm. Arch. 1848, p. 2.
Raccoon, Cook’s Voyage P); Richardson, Beechey’s Voy. p. 4. no. 10.
Talyocoyth, Hernand. Zlfer. p. 12. no. 37 (P). '
Hab. Sacramento. Called “Psora.”
This species varies rather in the tint of its colours in the different
parts of North America. It is very apt to become white, and is the
Procyon nivea (Gray, Mag. N. Hist. 1837, p. i. 580) from Texas.
Wagner, in 1833, described the Mexican variety, which sometimes
has black feet, as P. Hernandesii (Isis, xxix. p. 514) ; I described a
specimen from California, with the tail injured, as P. psora (Ann. &
Mag. N. H. 1842); and Wiegmann described two other varieties
under the names of P. brachyurus and P. obscurus (Arch. iii. p. 369).
Dr. Baird, in the ‘ Mammals of North America,’ considers P. Her-
nandesii as pecies, and calls it the black-footed Procyon, including
P. psora, which has feet as pale or paler than P. lotor.
The skulls vary considerably in the width and concavity of the
palate; in some the width is half the length to the end of the tooth-
line, in others less than half the length. In general there is only
a single large suborbital perforation ; but in specimen d there are
two small well-separated pores.
R 2
244 PBOCYONIDE.



‘:5, sq) sgf ~5_'s.;'s ‘8 si
. IQ’-I fig 52.,-, 49 3 Ag; 9
S“““‘“" 21% st» 523 2% 52-5
3 3 33 B B 3 Si B5
in. 1. in. l. in. 1. 1n l.in.l 1n.1. in. 1. in. l.
P.lotor. 2226. ..................... ..46%-2 9 3 4%3 21 O1 3%l 6 2 1%
222d. ..................... ..402 52112 9010111319
222e. ..................... ..40 2 4%2 ll 2 90 91 012%1 9%
zzzz. Injured(young)...4 0 2 6 3 o 2 20 91 1;14 1 9
P.psora. 223. Adult ............. ..4 7 2 10 3 5 3 30 111 3 1 6 2 1%


** Tail slender, eight- or nine-ringed. Forehead of skull fiat, in a line with
the nose ; brain-case swollen; palate only shortly produced, and broad
behind: grinders large. Euprocyon.—Gra-y, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 705.
2. Procyon cancrivora. B.M.
Tail reddish, with eight or nine black rings. Fur ashy, blackish-
washed; feet brownish, beneath whitish; face with a large black
patch, extended on to the cheeks; and one side of the limbs black.
Ursus cancrivorus, Cue. Tabl. Elém. p. 113, 17 98.
Procyon cancrivorus, Illiger, Prod; Fischer, Mamm.; Gray,
Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 7 4; De Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursi, t. 5 (skull) ;
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 432.
Raton crabier, Bigfon, N. Suppl. vi. p. 236, t. 32.
Hab. South America; Demerara (Mus. Z. S.); Paraguay; Brazil.
Skull with one very large suborbital foramen. The palate con-
cave. The grinders are longer, and occupy a longer line than they
do in P. lotor and its varieties.



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8
Section II. CAT-FOOTED BEARS (DENDROPODA).
The feet moderate ; toes short, webbed, covered with hair, arched;
last joint bent up ; claws compressed, short, acute, retractile. Head
rounder.
Dendropoda, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, pp. 506, 706.
These animals climb trees, and defend themselves with their four
feet, lying on their backs.
CERCOLEP’1‘IDE. 245
Fam. 4. CERCOLEPTIDZE.
Tail elongate, subcylindrical, covered with shortish hairs, pre-
hensile. Soles of the feet bald.
Cercoleptina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. ; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 706.
CERCOLEPTES.
Head rounded. Nose short, acuminated. Ears oblong. Toes 5 .5.
Soles naked. Claws short, Sharp. Tail elongate, hairy, prehensile.
Teats two, ventral.
Skull ovate. Nose short, shelving. Forehead arched. Teeth :-
cutting %, regular, lower rather shelving out; canines grooved;
grinders . 5}, two front conical, third like flesh-tooth; tubercular
ovate, flat. The lower jaw thick, with a well-developed inferior
angle. Brain ovate; case ventricose. Orbit incomplete; suborbital
foramen large, single. Chin long, well marked.
Cercoleptes, llliyer; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 706.
Kinkajou, Lacépede.
Potos, Cuvier.
Caudivolvulus, Desm.
Professor Owen‘ has published some notes on the anatomy (sec
P. Z. S. 1835, p. 119).
Cercoleptes caudivolvulus. B.M.
Fulvous.
Viverra caudivolvulus, Pallas, in Schreb. Sa'uyeth. p. 453, t. 125 B.
Ursus caudivolvulus, Gu-v. Tab. Ele’m. p. 113, 1798.
Potos caudivolvulus, Geofi Mus. Paris; Desm. Mamm. p. 171.
Caudivolvulus flavus, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 381.
Cercole tes megalotus, Martin, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 83; Schinz, S. ZVL
. 31 .
Ceicoleptes brachyotus, Martin, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 83; Schinz, S. M.
. 31
p .
Cercoleptes caudivolvulus, I lliger, Prod. p. 127 ; Fischer, Syn. M amm.
p. 150; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 75; P. Z. S. 1848, p. 76.
Lemur fiavus, Schreb. Sdugeth. p. 145, t. 42 (fig. Penn); De Blainv.
Ostéoyr. Subursi, t. 5 (skeleton), t. 7 (skull).
?Lemur bicolor, Penn. ; Miller, Oim. Phys. t. (badly coloured).
_ Yellow Maucacoco, Penn. Syn. p. 138, t. 16. f. 2.
Potto, Vosmaer, Descrip. Amsterd. 1771, t.
Poto, Buflon, .H. N., ed. Allam. Suppl. iv. p. 160, t. 66; Curier,
Rizyne Anim. i. p. 144.
Kinkajou, Bufon, H. N. Suppl. iii. p. 245, t. 50, 51.
Prehensile Weasel, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 403. -
The two species described by Mr. Martin only depended on the
artifice of the preserver.
Skull-—length inches ; breadth 2 inches, of brain-case 1-ll,-inch;
length of palate 1% inch ; breadth of nose inch, of palate 8-,1 lines;
length of tooth-line 1 inch, of lower jaw 2 inches.
246 Bssssnmm.
Fam. 5. ‘ BASSARIDZE.
Tail elongate, subcylindrical, covered with long hair, not prehen-
sile ; soles of the feet covered with hair.
In the 1?.‘ Z. S. 1864, p. 510, I observed that this genus is peculiar
in having two tubercles on the inner lobe of the flesh-tooth, while
this tooth in all the other genera has only a single tubercle on the _
crown of that process of the tooth.
The genus Bassaris has hitherto been arranged as an anomalous
genus of Viverridce; but Mr. Flower has shown that the skull is
more like Procyon, and that Bassaris has no caecum, like the other
Omnivora (see B. Z. S. 1869).
BASSARIS.
Body elongate; back not crested. Legs moderate, equal. Tail
elongate, bushy, dark-ringed. Toes 5 . 5, separate; claws acute.
Teeth 38; false grinders . -3; tubercular grinders . Hab.
Mexico.
Bassaris, Licht. Isis, 1831, p. 510; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 512.
Bassaris astuta.
Fur grey.
Bassaris astuta, Licht. Isis, 1831, p. 510; Darst. Siiuyeth. t. 42;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 512; Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. t. 74. f. 2;
Eydouar, Voy. Bonite, t. (skeleton); De Blainv. Ostéogr. Viverra,
t. 12 (teeth).
Tepe maxthalon, H'ernand. Voy. Fan. t. 4 & 18.
Var. fulvesccns. Fur more fulvous, perhaps of a different season.
Bassaris astuta, var. fulvescens, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 512. B.M.
Bassqris Sumichrasti, De Saussure, Rev. et May. de Zool. 1860, p. 5,
t. . ,
Hab. Mexico (called “ (lat Squirrel,” often domesticated) (Phil-
li s).
loSkull ovate, rather produced in front, more compressed. Orbit
large, incomplete behind; lower edge confluent with the zygomatic
arch; zygomatic arch slender, short, and much bowed out. The
brain-case swollen; the contraction rather in front of the hinder
edge of the orbit. The teeth normal. False grinders -3-; . -Z-; the
upper compressed, second without any internal lobe. The flesh-
tooth triangular; inner lobe broad, on the inner side of the front
edge, with two distinct conical tubercles; outer side about one-
third longer than the front margin. The tubercular grinders large,
rather broader than long, with four small tubercles on the outer and
--three on the inner side ; inner edge rounded; the hinder tubercular
oblong, transverse, like the fore one, but smaller. The lower jaw
shelving in front, the lower edge arched; the tubercular grinders
AILUB1UZE. 247
large, oblong, longitudinal, with two large tubercles on the front
and two smaller in an oblique line on the hinder part of the crown.
Length of skull 3% inches; width of the brain-case 131- inch, of the
zygomatic arch 211? inches.
De Saussure’s figures represent the animal as if it were spotted,
and the tail with only a few broad rings.
Fam. 6. Al LU RIDE.
Tail not longer than the body, subcylindrical, covered with long
bushy hairs, not prehensile ; soles of the feet covered with hair.
Ailurina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.; P. Z.» S. 1864, p. 707.
AILURUS.
Ailurus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithogr.; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 707.
Head roundish, very hairy; nose acute, short; ears short, rounded,
hairy; feet short; toes 5 . 5 ; claws acute; tail elongate, tufted.
Skull ovate; nose short; zygoma much spread out. Teeth 36;
grinders squarish, many-tubercled. Lower aw arched, rounded,
very large. _
Lives on trees, but breeds in holes of rocks, living in pairs or small
families; feeds on fruit, roots, eggs, young birds and animals. Claws
completely retractile, half sheathed.
“ I can only report the frugivorous habits, gentle disposition, ur-
sine arm, feline paw, profoundly cross-hinged yet grinding jaw, and
purely triturative and almost ruminant molar of Ailurus; anus, pe-
rineum, and prepuce entirely free from glands or pores; scrotum
none ; tongue smooth ; pupil round ; feet enveloped in woolly socks,
with leporine completeness.” -—Hodgson.
Ailurus fulgens. B.M.
Ailurus fulgens, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. t.; Hardw. Linn. Trans.
xv. p. 161; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 157; Gray, Cat. Mamm.
B. M. p. 74; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 707; De Blainv. Ostéogr. Subursus,
t. 7 (skull imperfect).
Ailurus ochraceus, Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, t. 52, 53 (skull).
Hab. India, Nepal (called “ Wah ”) (Hodgson).
In the paper above referred to, Mr. Hodgson gives an interesting
account of the habits and affinities of the Wah. It walks -like the
Marten, climbs, and fights with all the four legs at once, like the
Pa-rado./vuri, and does not employ its fore feet, like the Raccoon,
Coatis, or Bears, in eating.
Skull ovate ; forehead arched; nose short; brain-case ovate,
ventricose; the zygomatic arches very large, expanded; crown bent
down behind. The palate concave in front between the canine
teeth, bent up behind in a line with the tubercular teeth, and sud-
248 _ AILURIDE. .
denly contracted behind them; the hinder opening of the nostrils
triangular, narrow in front. Lower jaw very strong, lower edge

Skull of Ailurus fulgens.
arched ; the ramus very large, elongated, extended far above the
zygomatic arch, and bent forwards and then backwards at the tip.
Teeth 36; cutting-teeth -2- regular, the upper lateral larger; ca-
nines -l- . ll, upper straight, grooved, lower curved; grinders % . -:2,
the first upper conical, triangular ; second and third and the tuber-
cular grinders like the flesh-tooth, squarish, with many conical pro-
cesses, but smaller; the lower grinders similar, but longer and
narrower; the condyles of the lower jaw very large, transverse.




9_jg. "3 E 8, “<50 83 rag’
Skulls. =5,-s 15,3 E3 3.15 "5223 '33 3s
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._ 1-1 99 14 21 [-11 1:3 148 .=>
in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. Llin. 1. in. 1. in. 1.
226g. Darjeeling (adult) .... ..4 13 01 3-;13;2 2p 91 91 10
226cl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3102 513%-l l%2 0'0 81 91 9
226h... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..‘1 O3 11412 2 1iO 9191 9%-


CATALOGUE
OF
BELLUZE-AND BRUTA (Lin).

Order BELLUE.
Teeth of two forms. Upper cutting-teeth~ 6 or none.
Grinders all similar. Canines often wanting or rudi-
mentary. Limbs exserted ; toes hoofed. Skin thick,
with scattered bristly hairs. Mammae pectoral or
inguinal. ' , '
Belluae, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Xi.; Fischer, Syn. p. 30.
Bruta, pars, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii.
Pachydermata, Cuvier, Regne Anim.
Multungula et Solidungula, Illiger, Prodr. 1811.
Pachydermata pentadactyla et P. tridactyla, Latr. Fam. Begne Anim.
p. 596, 1830.
. Ungulata anisodactyla and Proboscidians, Owen, Odont. i. 1840-
1845. '
Ungulata perissodactyla et U. proboscidea, Owen, Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. 1848.
Prince Charles Bonaparte, in his ‘ Prodromus Systematis Masto-
zoologiae,’ divided the Belluw into four families, according to the form
of the feet :—-
I. ELEPHANTIDZE. The toes hid in the integument, the hoofs only
visible. 1. Elephantina, 2. Rhinocerotina, and 3. Hippo-
potamina. '
II. Surnzn. Toes separate. 1. Tapirina, 2. Suina, and 3. Ano-
plotherina.
III. Hrnacmm. Toes covered with skin, claws lamellar.
IV. EQUIDZE. Toes in the solid hoof.
250 BELLUE.
Synopsis of Suborders and Families.
Section I. ORTHOGNATHA. The jaws of the usual shape, the
dental edge nearly straight ; the three kinds of teeth of the
usual form and shape. Teats abdominal or inguinal.
Subsection 1. Skull and jaws tapering in front; nostrils termi-
nal ; eyes lateral. Terrestrial animals.
Suborder 1. Nasuta. Nose produced into a short proboscis.
Toes 3 . 3 or 4 . 4; hoof subtriangular.
Fam. Tsrmmxs.
Suborder 2. Solidungulap Nose rounded, soft, simple; upper
lip prehensile. Toes 2, united and enclosed in a single
lunate hoof ; lateral toes none.
Fam. Eeurnza.
Suborder 3. Laminungula. Nose rounded, simple; upper lip
prehensile. Toes elongate, separate, applied to the
ground the greater part of the length; hoof small,
nail-like.
Fam. Hrnscrnzs.
Suborder 4. Nasicornia. Nose rounded, with one or more
central horns of agglutinated hair ; upper lip prehensile.
Toes 3 . 3, rudimentary and reaching the ground; hoof
nail-like.
Fam. Rnmocnnormm.
Suborder 5. Setifera. Nose truncated, with a bony button on
the edge. Tees 4, triangular; hoofs in pairs, hinder
pair not reaching the ground.
* Premolars permanent, forming one series with the molars.
Fam. Surnm. Teeth 40 or 44. Toes 4. 4, outer hinder
as long as the other. Tail thin.
Fam. DICOTYLIDZE. Teeth 38. Toes 4 . 3, the outer hinder
toe wanting. Tail none.
** Premolars deciduous, their place occupied by the development of the
> molars. *
Fam. Pnscocn<n'nrnm. Toes 4 . 4, hinder ones small. Molars
very large.
Subsection-2. The front of the jaw truncated, very wide and
dilated. Nostrils and eyes high up, on a line with the base
of the ears. Aquatic.
Suborder 6. Obesa.
Fam. Hrrrororxnlnm.
Section II. HETEROGNATHA. The front of the jaws contracted,
the upper jaw bent down on the non-produced, sloping lower
BELLUBL
ORG-
2-51
The upper and the lower cutting-teeth, when present,
produced in the form of projecting tusks.
Suborder 7. Proboscidea. Nose produced into a proboscis with
a hand-shaped end.
Teats pectoral.
Fam. ELEPHANTIDE. Nose in the form of al proboscis. The
upper cutting-teeth produced like tusks; lower ones ab-
sent or rudimentary.
Suborder 8. Sil-‘enea. Nose truncated, with open bald nostrils.
Fish-shaped, with a broad horizontal tail and fin-like
fore limbs.
Fam. SIRENIDE.

Cutting-teeth chisel-shaped, 1.
in both jaws, erect.
Nasuta or Ta-
piridae.
2. Solidungula or
B-oz
Cutting-teeth, upper ordi-
nary, lower shelving.
Cutting-teeth, up er and 6.
lower cylindrica , exserted.
Cutting-teeth, upper cylin- 7.
drical, tusk-like; lower
none.
0!,
Equidae.
. Laminun laor
Hyraci ae.
. Nasicornia or
Rhinocerotidae.
. Setigera or
Suidee, &c.
Obesa or Hip-
popotamidae.
Proboscidea or
Elephantidae.

Nose proboscis-
shaped.
Nose rounded, nos-
trils o en; upper
lip pre ensile.
Nose truncated, with
a button above,
nostrils open.
Nostrils superior,
valvular; mouth
very large.
Nose produced into
a proboscis, with a
prehensile finger
at tip.
Section I. ORTHOGNATHA.
The jaws of the usual shape, the dental edge nearly straight; the
three kinds of teeth of the usual form and shape.
Subsection 1. Skull and jaws tapering in front.
lateral.
Suborder I. NASUTA.
Teats abdominal.
Nostrils terminal; eyes
Terrestrial animals.
Nose produced into a short proboscis, soft at the end.
Lower jaw narrow in front. Cutting-teeth of each jaw normal,
subequal ; canines normal or wanting. Toes 3 . 3 or 4. 4,
subequal, radiating, more or less free, all reaching the ground,
with triangular hoofs.
Nasuta, llliyer, Proolr. 1811.
Neck short.
Tapirinae, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
252 mrrsrnzs.
- Fam. 1. TAPIRIDZE.
Nose produced into a short proboscis. Toes two or three, sub-
equal, all reaching the ground, without any prehensile process on
the upper edge, nail short; each with a separate hoof. Face not
horned. Neck short. Cutting-teeth in each jaw, erect, normal.
Tapirina, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. . 184.
Tapiridae, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 8717.
Multungula genuina, Giebel, Siiugeth. p. 177.
Onguligrades, Blainville.
Mr. Sclater has kindly presented to the Museum the skull of an
adult Baird’s Tapir from Central America, which had been sent to
him by Capt. Dow; and more lately Mr. Salvin has obtained for
the Museum the skin and the skull of a half-grown specimen of
the same animal. Thus we have the skull of this interesting genus
in two very distinct states of development. Mr. Sclater has also
kindly shown me a photograph of the very young animal, in its
spotted and banded state, which is on its way to the Gardens of the
Society. These materials have enabled me to study this very inter-
esting animal in considerable detail. To understand its characters
more completely I have compared the skull with the series of skulls
of Tapirs hi the British Museum and in the Museum of the College
of Surgeons, and with the figures of the skulls to be found in Cuvier’s
‘ Ossemens Fossiles ’ and De Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie.’
These examinations have enabled me to point out the craniological
characters by which the species may be distinguished, and also to
record the differences which occur in the skulls of the different kinds
as the animal passes from youth to adult age.
These researches have induced me to believe that one of the skulls
of Tapirs in the British Museum indicates the existence of a South-
American species that has not yet been observed in the living state.
- This is not extraordinary when we recollect that the Tapir of
Central America, which belongs to a peculiar group, was not dis-
tinguished from the common Tapir until the very peculiar formation
of its skull was observed and figured. '
There is a peculiarity in the change of the teeth of the Tapirs
which I do not find noticed in Owen’s ‘ Odontographia,’ or in De
Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie,’ or in any work that has occurred to me.
In most mammalia the second series of the cutting-teeth are deve-
loped rather within the base of the milk series; but in the Tapirs
they are developed so far within their hinder edge that, when the
milk series are about to be shed and the permanent series are just
about being developed, there are two distinct series of apertures to
be observed in the intermaxillaries and the front edge of the lower
jaw.
TAPIRINA. 253
The skulls of the American Tapir and of S. Baird’s Elasmognathus
in the British Museum show this peculiarity.
The skull of a young American Tapir in the Museum Collection
shows the same peculiarity. In this specimen, which has lost all its
milk-teeth, the development of the alveoles is not so uniform, the
cavities left by the milk-teeth being much larger and more or less
broken away on the outer edge; while the inner series of pits, from
which the permanent teeth are to be developed, are much smaller,
shallower, and far apart; perhaps they would have been larger and
more developed if the animal had been allowed to live until the per-
manent teeth were more developed.
The space between the two series is much larger in the skull of
the Elasmognathus Baircli. The skull of the younger specimen of
E. Baircli in the British Museum has lost all its milk cutting-teeth
in each of the jaws, each leaving a well-marked, regular, circular,
conical cavity on the edge of the jaw. Just within these cavities-,
but well separated from them by a bony plate, and alternating with
the cavities of the milk-teeth, is placed a regular series of six well-
developed similar, but not quite so large, circular, conical cavities.
At the base of each cavity is to be observed the commencement of a
tooth, being the teeth of the permanent series. But the cutting-
teeth of the lower jaw are more unequal in size, the central cavities
being the largest, and gradually diminishing in size to the outer one.
In the skulls of the young American Tapir and of the E. Baircli
there is a second cavity on the inner side of the base of the milk-
canine. In the skull of T. americamrs one of the milk-canines is
remaining; it is of very small size, and compressed lancet-shaped
in form. In the skull of E. Baircli the milk-canines are shed.
In the skull of the young Tapirus americanus in the British Mu-
seum, which has shed its cutting-teeth, there is an abnormal tooth
(probably afalse grinder) to be observed on each side of the maxilla,
rather in front of the middle of the space between the base of the
canine and the front edge of the first grinder. They are each placed
on the outer side of the jawbone, near the lower edge, and are co-
vered with well-developed enamel, and are similar in form and size.
Are these teeth similar to the front or false grinders in An0pZ0-
thewlum ‘?
The family may be divided into two groups or tribes.
Tribe I. TAPIRINZE.
The nasal aperture elongate, gradually contracted into a narrow
opening in front, extending nearly to the root of the upper canines.
The upper jaws only united in front as far as the root of the canines ;
the upper part of the sides of the nasal aperture broad, rounded.
The internasal cartilage only ossified at the hinder part under the
nasal bone.
M. Cuvier, in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ vol. ii. p. 145, gives the
254 TAPIRIDE.
osteology of the American Tapir (T. americanus) with considerable
detail, and devotes a chapter to the comparison of the bones of the
Indian Tapir (T. indious) with those of the American Tapir (p. 156);
he figures the skeleton and skull of the two species and some of the
other bones. The figures of the separate skull and of the skeleton
of the American species are very incorrectly drawn; they are very
unlike, and both give a very false idea of the form of the nose. It
is to be observed they are some of C-uvier’s earliest works, drawn
and etched by Cuvier himself, and certainly not to be compared with
those drawn and engraved by his humble but talented colleague M.
Laurillard.
Blainville, in his ‘ Ostéographie,’ “ Mammiferes Onguligrades,”
figures :—the skeleton of Tapirus indicus (t. 1), and the details of the
skull (t. 2), details of the members (t. 4), and of the dentition (t. 5) ;
the skull of Tapirus americanus (t. 3), details of the members (t. 4),
and of the dentition (t. 5); the skull of Tapirus pinchacus (t. 3),
and details of the dentition (t. 5).
1. TAPIRUS.
The internasal cartilage ossified just at the hinder part under the
base of the nasal ; foramen magnum nearly circular. Occipital crest
narrow, high. Forehead small, narrow. Canines in the maxilla
just behind the intermaxillary suture. The hinder upper edges of
the intermaxillaries produced behind, and forming part of the upper
margin of the nasal aperture.
4 ilieeth 42 :—-Inc. . C. -% . Pm. ~% . %. M. . Milk-molars
3 South or Tropical America.
Tapirus, Cur. Oss. Foss. iv. p. 293; Owen, Odont. p. 604, t. 96. f. 4, 5;
Gray, B. Z. S. 1867, p. 879.
Rhinochoerus, part., Wagner, Syst. Amph. p. 19.
These animals are generally brown, with white edges to the ears.
The hinder part of the back above the tail is generally more or less
destitute of hair.
1. Tapirus terrestris. B.M.
Fur short, dark brown, rather paler beneath. Skull with a high
regularly arched crest over the brain-case; nasal bones over the
back of the orbits elongate, triangular, acute; the front edge of the
cavity of the internal nostrils in a line with the hinder edge of the
sixth grinder in the adult series, or with the back edge of the last
well-developed grinder in the imperfect series of grinders; the front
part of the nasal apertures contracted, and gradually tapering in
width towards the front end; face rather elongated; the space be-
tween the grinders and canines rather longer than the length of the
outer edge of the two true grinders; the occipital end of the skull
triangular, arched above, higher than broad; lower jaw with an
arched lower edge.
Var. 1. The front edge of the cavity of the internal nostrils in a
OR
“VJ
U1
1 ... . “-v“---,.
is 1'Ak'.l nun.
line with the middle of the inner edge of the penultimate or sixth
grinder in the complete series.
Var. 2. The space between the grinders and the canines larger.
In other respects both these skulls are exactly like the normal
skull of T. terrestris. ’ '
Var. 3. With a small additional premolar close in front of the
base of the usual first premolar on the right side of the lower jaw.
Hippopotamus terrestris, Linn. S. N. p. 174.
Tapuus americanus, Schreb. Siiuyeth. t. 319; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iii.
p. 277 , t. 66-68; Blainvi Ostéoyr. Ongulig. t. 1, 5; P. Z. S. 1850,
p. 102; 1851, p. 121 ; 1859, p. 51; 1860, pp. 181, 261.
Tapirus anta, Zimm.
Tapirus terrestris, Gray, List Mamm. B. Ill. p. 184; P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 877; Gerrard, Catal..Bones B. M. p. 275.
Tapirus suillus, A. l/Vayner, Schreb. Sduyeth. iv. p. 777, t. 319; P. Z. S.
1860, p. 261.
Tapirete, Marcy. Bras. p. 229, fig.
Tapirou l’anta, Bufi H. .N. xi. p. 444, t. 43.
Junior. Cabani eléphantipede, GeoflI Mus. Paris; Desm. N. Diet.
H. N. p. 503.
The British Museum possesses six skulls of this species. Four
skulls are of full-grown or nearly full-grown animals; one is young,
with only four grinders ; and another is young, with only the milk-
teeth. ' '
These skulls show that this species is found in Brazil (Where it
was obtained by Mr. Miers), and also in Berbice and Demerara.
The specimen from the latter country was obtained by Sir Robert
Schomburgk.
The skull of the younger animal, which has only the four or five
grinders developed (even when the other grinders are being de-
veloped), has the front edge of the hinder nasal aperture in a line
with the hinder edge of the last well-developed grinder—that is to
say, the fourth or fifth, as that tooth may happen to be the last well-
developed one. A skull in this state is figured by Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
ii. t. 2. f. 2 ; but the last or fifth grinder, canines, and cutting-teeth
are represented more developed than they ought to be to agree with
our specimens. This position of the aperture has been verified in a
series of five skulls of animals with the teeth in five different states
of development; in the adult skull the aperture is figured in its
proper position.
In the skull of the nearly adult animal, in which the last or
seventh grinder is not completely formed, but of a moderate size and
nearly ready to pass through the gums, the front edge of the internal
nasal aperture is in a line with the back edge of the sixth or penul-
timate grinder, as in the skulls of the adult animals which have cut
the last or seventh grinder. The internal nasal aperture probably
slightly changes its place when the animal increases in age, or is
sometimes liable to variation.
In the skull of an adult (perhaps rather aged) animal, which has
all the seven grinders well developed, in the British Museum, and
256 rsrrnrnm.
which agrees with the adult skull of the common Brazilian Tapir,
the front edge of the hinder nasal aperture is rather more forward
than in the other adult skull; that is to say, the front edge is in a
line with the middle of the sixth or penultimate middle grinder.
The skull figured by M. de Blainville in his ‘ Ostéographie,’ t. 3, as that
of Tapirus americanus agrees much better with this skull than with
any other of our skulls of T. americanus, as, in this skull, the face is
more elongated and slender. The upper line of the central crest of
the skull is regularly arched, and not arched in front and with a
nearly straight line on the hinder part of the crown. It differs from
the skull of T. Laurillardi in the nasal bones being long, tapering,
and acute, as in the skull of the normal T. americanus.
The length of the space between the hinder edge of the canine
and the front edge of the first grinder in the figure agrees with that
found in the T. americanus; that is to say, it is only rather longer
than the length of the first two grinders.
There is a skull of an American Tapir in the Museum of the Col-
lege of Surgeons which is rather more elongate than the rest of the
skulls ; and in this respect it bears some resemblance to the skull of
Tapirus Laurillarcli.
2. Tapirus Laurillardi. B.M.
Skull with a high, regularly-arched crest over the brain-case;
the nasal bones over the back of the orbit very short, broad, broader
than long, and with rounded ends; the front edge of the cavity of
the internal nostrils in a line with the middle of the last or seventh
grinder in the complete series ; the face rather elongate, the space
between the canines and the grinders as long as the length of the
outer side of the first three grinders; the front part of the nasal
aperture suddenly contracted, and then continued as a narrow linear
groove to the front of the nose; the occipital end of the skull tri-
angular, arched, higher than broad; the lower edge of the lower jaw
slightly arched, the front part rather produced and contracted; the
grinders are rather small, the complete series being about ,% inch
shorter than in the former species, being 5% inches in T. laurillardi,
and 5% in T. tcrrestris.
Tapirus Laurillardi, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 881, figs. A & B, 1-4.
The skull here described was purchased of Mr. Brandt of Ham-
burg in 1852 as that of “ Tapirus amerioanus from South America,”
without any more special habitat. I know that Mr. Brandt had a
collector in Venezuela; so it may be from him, who “shot and skinned
himself”-—that is, the animals from that country; and Dr. Seemann
says he has seen many Tapirs in that province.
1 have named this species after M. Laurillard, the Assistant in the
Museum of Comparative Anatomy of Paris, who made most of the
drawings of M. Cuvier’s ‘ Ossemens Fossiles.’ He was a most kind,
attentive, modest man, who was always willing to give assistance to
all students, and devoted much time to assist others in their labours ;
1. rarmus. 257
it is to his industry and accuracy that great part of the value of the
‘ Ossemens Fossiles ’ is to be attributed. I am personally indebted
Fig. 32.


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Skull of Tapirus Laurilli.
to him for great kindness and an unceasing desire to facilitate any
s
258 TAPIRIDE.
researches that I might have in hand. He was one of those men
who seem satisfied——so that the work of science progressed, any one
Fig. 33.

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/in
5‘/Q


—.
A/v

, H
Y \
a. The nasal bones and upper part of the skull of T. Laurillardi. .
b. Internal nasal openings of T. Laum'Zlardq'.
0. End of the upper jaw_ of T. Laurillardi.
(1. End of lower jaw of T. Laurz'llardz'.
e. Front of the upper jaw of Tapirus terrestfis, showing the rudimen-
tary premolar.
might claim the reputation of doing it; and few men have done
more for osteology and palaeontology than M. Laurillard.
This skull, in the length of the front of the face and in the com-
2. RHINOCIEHERUS. 259
parative straightness of the lower edge of the under jaw, agrees in
some respects with the skull figured by De Blainville under the name
of Tapirus pinchacus (t. It differs from the figure of that skull
in the shortness and breadth of the nasal bones, and also in the front
of the upper jaw not being so much produced, and the lower edge of
the lower jaw not so straight, and in the narrow linear form of the
grooves in the maxillae, between which is the internasal cartilage.
The position of the internal nostril on the palate at once separates
it from the other American Tapirs.
3. Tapirus pinchacus.
“ Neck round, without fleshy crest. Body covered with very close
blackish-brown hair, which is darker at the tips. Chin with a
vylhite spot, which is elongated behind, and bent up to the middle of
t e lip.”
Tapiruslpinchaque, Boulin, Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. 1829, p. 107; Wagner,
Schre Siiugeth. vi. p. 392 ; Goudot, Compt. Rend. A. S. Paris, xvi.
1843, p. 331. ~
Ta irus pinchacus, Blainv. Ostéogr. Ongulig. t. 1-5; Gray, P. Z. S.
867, p. 884.
Tapirus Roulini, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 606; Giebel, Sdugth. p. 182.
Tapirus villosus, Fischer.
Hab. Cordilleras. '
Skull, as figured by De Blainville, depressed behind, the crest
being nearly straight over the brain-case ; the nasal bone is elongate,
acute over the binder part of the orbit; the front edge of the cavity
of the internal nostril is in a line with the back edge of the sixth or
penultimate grinder in the complete series; the space between the
canines and grinders is rather longer than the length of the outer
side of the first two grinders; the occipital end of the skull low,
broader than high ; the lower jaw is nearly straight beneath.
I have never seen this species, and only know it from M. Roulin’s
description and the figures of the two skulls in De Blainville’s
‘ Ostéographie.’
2. RHINOCH(ERUS.
The internasal cartilage ossified at the hinder part; the bony
plate extending above nearly the whole length of the nasal, not so
far below; foramen magnum sub quadrangular, large. Occipital
crest very broad, flat—topped. Forehead and crown broad. Lower
jaw straight beneath.
Hab. Asia.
Rhinochoerus, part., Wagner; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 884.
1. Rhinochoerus sumatranus. (The Kuda, Ayer.) B.M.
Fur very short, black ; back and sides white.
Tapirus indicus, Desm. lllamm. p. 411; F. Cuv. Oss. Foss. p. 297,
t. 69, 70; Giebel, Siiugeth. p. 183; Blainv. Ostéogr. Ong2ul1g. t. 1-5.
s
260 mrrnrnm.
Tapirus sumatranus, Gray, Med. Repos. 1821.
Tapirus malayanus, Rafles, Linn. Trans. xiv. p. 270; Grifltth, A. K.
1ii. t.; Horsf. Zool. Journ., Zool. Java, t.; Gerrard, Cat. Bones,
B. M. p. 276.
Tapirus bicolor, A. Wagner, Schreb. Stiuyeth. vi. p. 400.
Rhinochoerus sumatranus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 884.
Hab. Malacca. -
The upper hinder edge of the intermaxilla triangular, narrow,
produced, with a part of -the maxilla on the inner side separating it
from the margin of the internasal aperture. The front edge of the
cavities of the internal nostrils in a line with the hinder edge of the
sixth tooth when all the seven grinders are developed, and in a line
with the back edge of the fifth grinder when the sixth grinder is
being developed, and also when it is completed and the seventh
grinder is being developed. This last or seventh grinder is de-
veloped very late in life ; indeed I have not seen any skulls, either
in the British Museum or in the College of Surgeons, where it is
developed. There are three in each of these collections.
De Blainville (Ostéographie, Tapirus, pl. 2) figures the skull of
an adult animal with all the seven grinders developed; and he re-
presents the front edge of the hinder nasal opening as in a line with
the hinder edge of the sixth or penultimate grinder, as in the skull
of Tapirus americanus. The skull of the skeleton figured in plate 1
of the same work, like the skull in the British Museum, has only six
grinders in the upper, and five in the lower jaw.
Cuvier (Oss. Foss.) states that the Malay Tapir was discovered in
India by M. Duvaucel. It does not inhabit India; and M. Du-
vaucel only knew the animal from the drawing of it that was in
General Hardwicke’s collection, from a specimen obtained by Major
Farquhar in Malacca, and from a skull which he obtained from the
same source.
2. Rhinochoerus me.
Me des chinois, Remusat, Ann. Sci. Nat. xviii. p. 5, t. 1.
Hab. China.
Tribe II. ELASMOGNATHINZE.
The nasal aperture short, broad, subcordate, and truncated in
front by the bony ridges of the maxilla. The upper jaw with a high
sharp-edged crest on the upper inner edge, embracing the sides of
the very large intern asal cartilage, which early become entirely
ossified into a bony plate, permanently dividing the nasal cavity,
and forming a high bony crest on the front of the skull.
Elasmognathinee, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 885.
3. ELASI\i0"NATHUS. 261
3. ELASMOGNATHUS.
The internasal cartilage ossified nearly the whole length, the
bony part produced beyond the. end of the nasal.
Elasmognathus, Gill; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 885.
Elasmognathus Bairdii. B.M.
Fur very short, close, dark black-brown; lower part of the cheeks
and sides of the neck bay-brown; chin, throat, chest, and front edge
of the shoulders greyish white.
Young, born with pale stripes, Verrill, Sillinzan’s Amer. Journ. Sci.
July 1867; Ann. 3* May. N. H. 1867, xx. p. 232.
Elasmognathus Bairdii, Gill (P), fide Verrill; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 ,
p. 885, t. 42. '
Hab. Panama: skull, Mus. Coll. Surgeons; Brit. Mus., adult and
young skull. ~
The internasal septum is continued between the elevated sharp
upper edges of the maxillae, and even between the upper edges of the
intermaxilla. It remains cartilaginous until it reaches its adult size,
and then becomes ossified, forming a thick bony erect plate.
In the younger skull the cartilaginous septum is produced nearly
to the root of the cutting-teeth; but in the older skull, where the
septum has become ossified, the front parts of the intermaxilla are
produced, and the septum ends over the root of the canines. The
shortness of the nasal cavity and the sharp-edged crest of the
maxillae distinguishes the skull from those of the Tapirs in all ages.
The sides of the face of the skull are flattened; the zygomatic
arch and the front of the orbit over the preorbital foramen is ex-
panded, flattened, and compressing the foramen into an oblong erect
shape; the upper edge of the orbit is narrow and flat, not produced
into lobes as in the American Tapir; the nasal bones are narrow,
longer than broad at the base, with an oblong deep concavity on
each side of their base, which is continued upwards behind it, so
as to be only separated by a small central ridge; the hinder pala-
tine nasal opening varies in size in the two sexes, or it becomes much
wider and broader in front as the animal increases in age. In the
skull with the cartilaginous internasal septum, and only four grinders
in each side, the concavity containing the internal nostrils is narrow
and oblong. In the older skull with the septum entirely bony, and
with seven grinders in each side, the concavity containing the internal
nostrils is much broader, being nearly as wide as long, and the vault
is more evenly rounded.
The young animal, like the young of the Brazilian and other Tapirs,
is spotted and striped with white. Mr. Sclater kindly lent me a
photograph of a young Panama Tapir; and a copy of the photo-
graph was added to Mr. Wolfi"s figure (B. Z. S. 1867, pl. 42) of
the half-grown animal, which Mr. Salvin obtained for the British
Museum.
262 neuron
The young animal is described by Mr. Verrill as above quoted;
and the description is printed in the “Annals and Magazine of Natural
History ’ for 1867, xx. p. 232. ‘ ~
The animal is similar to the Brazilian Tapir externally; indeed
all the naturalists and zoologists who have observed it at Costa Rica
regarded it as the same as that species 1mtil the skull was examined;
and it is said that one was exhibited alive in the Jardin d’Acclimata-
tion at Paris for some time as a Brazilian Tapir; but it is easily
distinguishable by the bay cheek and white chest.
A large number of fossil genera belong to this suborder, as Ano-
plotherium, Xiphodon, Dichotrichus, Gainotherium, Merycopotamus,
Adapis, Microchoerus, Hippos, Oholicotherium, Pa-lceotherium, Ste-
reognathus, Uymototherium, Lophiodon, Thoracotherion, Anthracothe--
rion, Ooryphodon ; but many of these are only known from a few
bones or teeth.
Dr. Burmeister gives a restoration of Macrauchenia (Annales,
p. 252, t. 12) with a slender, short, cylindrical nasal trunk; but
there does not appear to be anything in the form of the nasal
organs of the skull to give any authority for the existence of a pro-
boscis, not even such a small one as is figured.
Suborder 2. SOLIDITNGULA.
Nose round, soft, simple. Neck elongated. Upper lip
prehensile. Cutting-teeth in each jaw normal, erect. Ca-
nines normal or wanting. Toes single (formed of two united
together) and covered with a single hoof ; no false hoofs.
Stomach simple.
Equus, I/inn.
Solidungula, I lliger, Prodr. i. p. 84.
Solipedes (Solidipedes), Cuvier, Reg. Anim.
Eqmdae, Bonap. Prodr. Mastol.
Fam. 2. EQUIDPE.
Two middle toes soldered: into one, covered with a single hoof ;
lateral toes subequal. Teeth -40: cutting-teeth -2- ; canines %- . 4 ;
grinders -g . Q-; in milk series, grinders -3 . -4,-; premolars Gullet and
stomachsimple. Using the hind feet in defence.
Quadru-'peda Solipeda seu Solidungula, Rai. Syn. p. 62.
Solidurigula, I lliger.
Mam. Jurnenta, Storr.
Solidipedes, Cuvier.
Equidae, Gray, Lond. Zlfed. Repos. xv. p.307; Cat. Mamm. B. 111.
p. 262. ' ' “
1. news. 263
Equus, Linn.
Horses, Gray, Knowstey Menag. p. 70 ; Cat. Ungalat. B. M. p. 267.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Eauus. Tail covered with long hair to the base. The fore and
hind legs with a wart _(sellander) on the inner side. Fur with
round pale spots.
2. Asmus. Tail with short hairs at the base and long at the end.
The hind legs without any wart on the inner side. Fur striped.
' 1. EQUUS.
Tail covered with long hair to the root. The fur marked, dappled,
or coppered with round pale spots, leaving a dark network. The
fore and hind legs furnished with hard horny bodies, called warts or
chestnuts, on the inner side above the “ knees ” or “ wrists ” on the
fore legs, and below the hook or heel on the hinder ones.
Equus, Linn. ; Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 261, 1825 ; Knowsley Menag. ;
Cat. Ungalata, B. M. p. 263, t. 37. f. I (skull).
The warts are rarely absent on the hind legs, for it is stated that
“ the bay mare ‘ Eaglet ’ was without sellanders on the hock-joint.”
—Jamaica Times, 1845, Aug. 26.
Equus caballus. (The Horse.) B.M.
Brown, grey, or black, with roundish pale spots.
Equus ferns, Pallas, Ross.-Asiat. i. p. 260 ; Eichw. Faun. Casp. Cane.
. 29.
Wilde Pferde, S. G. Gmelin, Reise Rnssland, i. p. 44, t. 9 (cop. Shaw,
Zool. t. 414; Schreb. t. 109); Pallas, Reis. i. p. 211.
Takija or Wild Horses, Hanway, Hist. Caspian Sea, i. p. 349; Bell,
Travels, i. p. 212 ; Smith, Eguidw, p. 146.
Var. 1. Domestic.
Equus antiquorum, Gesner, Quad. p. 132.
Equus caballus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 100; Gmel. S. N. i. p. 209;
Desm. Mamm. p. 416; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 455; Fis-
cher, Syn. Mamm. p. 429; Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 260; Cat. .Mamm.
B. M. p. 263, t. 37. f. 1 (skull); List Mamm. B. M. p. 182 ; List
Osteol. B. M. p. 70; List Hodgson Coll. p. 35; l2eng/tr/er, Z. c. p. 331;
Blaine. Ostéograph. Onguligrades, t. 1. f. 2 (skeleton).
Equus, Equa, Pliny, H. N.; Gesner ,- Pallas Z. R.-A. i. p. 255.
Horse, Penn. B. Z. i.
Generous Horse, Penn. Quad.
Oheval, Buj. H. N. iv. p. 174 ; Cuvier, R. A. i. p. 243.
Pferd, Redinger.
Ross, Schrank.
The Horse, Yoaatt, The Horse, its History, Breeds, <§~c., Ham. Smith,
Equidw, Jardine’s Natural-ist’s Library.
The Tarpan Wild Horse (primaeval bay stock), H. Smith, Egaidce,
. 160, t. 3.
Tliia Andalusian Horse,‘H. Smith, Eqaidee, p. 247.
264 Eeurmn.
South-American Horse, H. Smith, Eqaida>, p. 247.
The Parameros of Peru, H. Smith, -Eguidee, p. 248, t. 12.
Mexican Horse and Seminole Horse, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 249.
Feral Horses of America, H’. Smith, Equidw, p. 173.
The Arabian Horse, Bewide, Hist. Quad. p. 4, fig. ; Low, Dom. Anim.
Brit. Isl. t. 1; Smith, Eguidw, p. 210, t. 8.
The Racehorse, Bewick, Quad. p. 6, fig. ; Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 2.
English Racehorse, Smith, Eguidaz, p.251, t. 9.
Hunter, Bewick, Quad. p. 8, fig.
The Old Irish Hunter, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 3.
The Connemara Horse, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I.‘ t. 4.
Black Horse, Bewick, Quad. p. 10, fig.
The Old English Black Horse, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 5.
The Cleveland Bay Horse, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 6.
The Suffolk Punch, Low, Dom. Anim. B, I. t. 7.
The Clydesdale Breed, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 8.
Old English Road-Horse, Bewich, Quad. p. 9, fig.
Common Cart-Horse, Bewich, Quad. p. 13, fig.
Improved Cart-Horse, Bewich, Quad. p. 14, fig.
The Barb of Morocco, H. Smith, Equiclce, p. 224. a. The Shrubat
ur Reech, t. 11.
The Bornou (white) Race of Africa, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 228, t. 10.
The Dongolo (black) Race, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 229, t. 10*.
The Turkish Race, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 231.
The Persian Race, H. Smith, Eguidee, p. 233.
The Toorkee Races, H. Smith, Equidw, p. 238.
The East-Indian Races, H. Smith, Equidaz, p. 241.
The N ew-Holland Horse, H’. Smith, Fquidw, p. 245.
The Transylvania Horse, H’. Smith, Equidae, p. 245.
The Moldavian Horse, H. Smith, Equidaa, p. 245.
The Greek Horse, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 245.
The S anish Horse, H. Smith, Eguidce, p. 246.
Chev d’Islande (var. islandicus), Quoy <3; Gaim. Voy. Islande, Mam.
t. 11; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. p. 166.
Equus mongolicus, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. p. 166.
Thibet Horse, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, i. pp. 348, 349.
Cheval a port frisien (E. frisius), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.
Equus caballus frisius, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. p. 166.
Vil1ous2HorZe (primaeval of the white stock), H. Smith, Equidce,
. 26 , t. .
This White or Grey Horse, H. Smith, Eguidae, p. 262 (Marengo,
Bonaparte’s Arab), t. 8.
The Crisp-haired Horse (primaeval of the black stock), H. Smith,
Fguidw, p. 266, t. 5.
The Black Horse, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 266, t. 14 (the English
Draught-Horse), p. 269.
The Dun or Tan Horse, H. Smith, Fguidw, p. 274.
The Decussated Horse, or the Eelback Dun Horse of Ukraine, II.
Smith, Eguidw, p. 274, t. 6.
The Myautzee, or the Pied Horse of China, H. Smith, Equidw, p. 277.
The Bhooteahs’ Ponies, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 278.
The Pickarrow Ponies, .H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 27 8.
The Yaboos’ of Affghanistan Ponies, H. Smith, Equidae, p. 27 8.
The Eungarian Horse (with slit nostrils), H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 278,
t
The Coinmon Bashkir Horse, II. Smith, Eguidw, p. 278.
1. races. 265
The Morea Ponies H. Smith, Eguidaz, p. 282.
The Swedish and Norwegian Ponies, H. Smith, Eguidae, p. 282.
The Shetland Ponies, H. Smith, Eguidee, p. 283, t. 15.
The Galloway, H. Smith,_Equidae, p. 283.
The Dartmoor and Exmoor Pony, H. Smith, Equidw, p. 284.
Sardinian Wild Horse, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 285.
The Tatto or the East-Indian Pony, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 285.
Tuttoo or Mahratta Pony, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831. (Sedulously repa-
gated in the Dukhun: much used to transport luggage, an very
vicious.—Syhes.)
Tattoo or Hack Pony of Calcutta, Hardw. Icon. ined. no. 10,975.
t. 116, no. 10,974. t. 81.
The Tangum Piebald or Skewbald Horse, Equus varius, H. Smith,
Fquidee, p. 288, t. 7.
The Tangum (or Tanghans), Primaeval Piebald stock of Thibet,
H. Smith, Equidw, t. 7.
Skewbald of Achin in Sumatra, H. Smith, Equidw, p. 293.
Tangham of China, Hodyson, Icon. ined. B. IVI. t. 212. f. 1.
Tangham of Lhassa, Hodyson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 3, t. 213.
Tangham of Gyanche, Hodyson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 3.
Hubstee of Dec Dharma, Hodyson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 214.
The Koomrah, or Equus hippargus, II. Smith, Eguidre, p. 294.
The Koomrah, Equus Lalisi, II. Smith, Equidae, t. 16.
Hippargus, Oppian.
Boryes, Herodotus.
Bourra of Koldagi, Bilppell. Northern Africa. Not gregarious.
The Kuda or Saran Horse, H. Smith, Equidw, p. 287.
The Javan Horse, H. Smith, Eguidaa, p. 287.
The Tamboro or Birma Horse, H. Smith, Eguida, p. 287 .
Horse with a curled moustache on the upper lip, of Asiatic Russia,
Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. p. 5, t. 5. f. 6 ; Zooyr. Rosso.-Asiat. i. p. 250.
Horse covered with curled woolly hair, of Asiatic Russia, Falls.
Itiner. iii. p. 529 ; Pallas, Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 250.
Naked Horse of a beautiful form, of Asiatic Russia, Pallas, Zooyr.
Rosso-Asiat. i. . 250.
The Argamaki o Bocharis, a White Horse with very close, minute,
orbicular, brown spots, of Asiatic Russia, Pallas, Zooyr. Rosse-
Asiat. i. p. 250. .
Cheval, Daubenton, Buflbn, H. N. iv. t. 10; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii.
t. 1, 2, 3; -Vollcmann, Anat. Anim. i. t. 11. f. 8 ; Stevens, Book of
the Farm, 1284, f. 577.
Obs.—The specimen in the British Museum, which Col. H. Smith
mentions as being like the Koomrah (Equidae, p. 296), was a Dart-
moor pony which Dr. Leach had stuffed to place in the collection
of British animals.
The figure of the Wild Horse, as given by Gmelin, very much
resembles the ponies left at liberty on the commons of Cornwall and
mountains of Scotland, and it appears very doubtful if they are not
rather to be regarded as domestic horses which have escaped and
deteriorated. Pallas observes that the very young are easily tamed,
but the adult never (Z. R.-A. p. 260). It is to be observed that
this is not the case with the horses which have become half—wild in
the rich prairies of America, where they have nearly retained the
size and form of the well-bred horse.
266 ' EQUIDE.
The drawings of the following varieties are in the British
Museum :-
Drawing of Chinese Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. inecl. B. M. t. 212. f. 1.
Drawing of Lhassa Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. inecl. B. M. t. 212. f. 2,
and t. 213.
Driawing of Gyzinché Tangham, Hoolyson, Icon. inecl. B. M. t. 212.
. 3
Drawing of Hubstee of Dec Dharma, Hoclyson, Icon. ineol. B. M. t. 214.
Tuttoo or Hack Pony of Calcutta, Ilarclw. Icon. inecl. B. M. 11. 10,975.
t. 116, 11. 10,974. t. 81.
Var. 2. The Dun-coloured Horse.-
Dun-coloured, more or less like the Ass, with a black medial dorsal
stripe, and sometimes also a cross stripe on the withers and very
distinct bars on the limbs.
Dun 3glorses, Zoophilus (Blyth), Lancl and 7Vater, 1866, Oct. 27,
p. 6. ‘
Sometimes it has a faint longitudinal stripe on the cheek and jowl.
Tail and mane copious (“ Burmese Ponies ” at Calcutta).
Hab. Western India, Gujerat. Bred in the Independent Shan
States, geldings only being brought down to the British provinces.
See also “ Eelback dun ” Horses.
Horses were introduced by the French in the Falkland Islands in
1764, since which time they have greatly increased.‘ They have
never left the eastern end of the island, although there is no natural
boundary to prevent them from roaming, and that part of the island
is not more tempting than the rest. The stallions are said to be
constantly roaming from place to place, and compelling the mares
to accompany them, whether or not the young foals are able to
follow, and they are left to die. The predominant colours are roan
and iron-grey.
All the horses bred here, both tame and wild, are rather small-
sized, though generally in good condition, and they are not so strong
as the horses from the Plata.—-Darwin, Journal, p. 192.
The Horse was first landed at Buenos Ayres in 1537, and, the
colony being then for a time deserted, it ran wild: in 1580, only
forty-three years afterwards, one hears of them at the Strait of Ma-
gellan. The natives of Terra del Fuego are well stocked with horses,
each man having six or seven, and all the women and even children
their own horse. —-Darwin, Journal, p. 233; Benyycr, Natur.
Stiuyeth. Parayua, p. 334.
The soldiers in Bahia Blanca eat mares’ flesh for food.—Darwin,
Journal, p. 101.
In Banda Oriental they think it ridiculous to break in or ride a
mare ; they are of no value except for breeding, and, rarely, to tread
out the wheat from the ear, for which purpose they are driven round
a circular enclosure where the wheat sheaves are strewn. Numbers
are slaughtered for the sake of their hides, although only worth about
half-a-crown apiece.—-Darwin, Journ. p. 134.
senses. ’ 267
Darwin gives an interesting description of the breaking-in of the
wild young horses of Banda Oriental.—-Journal, p. 151.
Horses do not breed on the southern face of the Himalayas, but
are imported from Thibet. Muncly, Journ. ii. p. 75; Ogilby in
Royle, Himal. i. lxxi. .
Skins of horses are used for cloth, to make churns, &c.——Simpson,
Overland Journey, ii. p. 307.
The roundish marks are called copper-marked in brown, dappled
in grey horses. These marks become more visible in the brown
horses when they are in high condition.
Horses are technically called according to their colours. Bar —
brown, with black mane and tail; some have black legs, they are
then called bay with black points. C’hestnut—red-brown, either
dark or light. Brown—nearly black; if they have a tan month
they are called brown-mu:-zles. Black. Dun-colour. Roan, Straw-
berry—very red-grey. Piebald-—with three colours. Slcewbald,
—-two colours. Cream-colour. The white mark on the forehead is
a star; if down the face, a blaze.

2.‘ ASINUS. (The Zebras.)
The upper part of the tail covered with short hair, and the lower
part covered with longer hair forming a tuft ; the fur marked with
darker stripes ; the fore legs only furnished with hard horny warts
in a similar situation to those in the front legs of the Horse, but‘
there are none in the lower part of the hinder legs. Fur marked
with a dorsal and more or less distinct humeral stripes.
Asinus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 261 ; Cat. Mamm. B.M p. 268, t. 37.
f. 2 (skull).
Colour nearly uniform, with a dark longitudinal dorsal stripe; some have
a black stripe across the shoulders. The Asses of Asia.
Asses of Asia, Gray, Knowsley Menag. p. 74.
T Ears elongated, acute. The Tame or Domestic Asses.
These animals vary greatly in size and appearance according to
the climate. They are large and smooth-haired in the warmer
climates ; small and shaggy in the colder countries.
It is very doubtful if the Domestic Ass is found in a truly wild
state; the asses_which have been described as wild appear rather
to be domestic animals which have escaped, or mules between the
Domestic Ass and the allied wild species; for when caught they,
after a short time, submit themselves to man, which is not the case
with what I have here considered the wild kinds. . '
Pallas justly observes, “ In extensis Asiae desertis primam patriam
esse quaerendam Egui feri et Onagri a N omadibus in domesticos usus
domatorum, aeque ac Hemioni hactenus indomiti.”--Zoogr. Rosso-A.
i. p. 255. This is equally applicable to the African species.
268 Eenrnzc.
1. Asinus vulgaris. (The Domestic Ass.) B.M.
Grey, with a longitudinal dorsal streak and a dark streak across
the shoulders; ears elongate; facial line arched. Skull with sub-
orbital foramen as in E. hemionas.
Equus asinus, Linn.; Pallas, Zoogr. R.—A. i. p. 263.
Asinus vulgaris, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 244; Knowsley Menag. p. 71 ;
Cat. Mamm. B. .M. p. 268.
Equus asina, Fleming, Phil. Zool. lzizinlésénljzlin. lfVat. viii. p. 44.
.- eww .
Asnb, Bnjdn.
Ane, Cuvier.
Asinus onager, “ Gray,” Bonap. Index Mamm. Ear. p. 34, 1845.
Asinus domesticus (Domestic Ass), H. Smith, Equidre, p. 314.
Equus hemippus, Geqfil Compt. Rend. xli. ; Rev. de Zool. vii. p. 393.
Hab. Palmory and Bagdad.
Var. 1. Without any cross.
Var. 2. Legs and body more or less banded.
Var. 3. Domestic. .
Guddha of the Mahrattas (very little larger than a good mastiff or
Newfoundland dog), Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831.
Domestic Ass of Ispahan, H. Smith, Eqaidae, p. 314.
Domestic Ass of Beloochistan, H. Smith, Eqaidee, p. 314.
Domestic Ass of Thibet, with a cross band, Strachey.
The Pico of ancient E t, H. Smith, Equidee, p. 314.
Tasandunt of the Shel u s, H. Smith, Egaidce, p. 314.
The Djaar of Arabia, H. Smith, Eqaidw, p. 311.
The Lalisiones or Wild Ass Colts, H. Smith, Eqnidaz, p. 311.
Lalisio, Martial, xiii. p. 97.
Wild Ass, Lenant, Voy. on the Bahar cl Ahad ; Hoshins, Travels in
Ethiopia.
Egyptian Ass, H. Smith, Eqaidae, p. 312.
Osrnoroer.
Asne, Daabenton, Bafion, H. N. iv. t. 12, 13.
Hab. Europe, Asia, and Africa, always domesticated.
The common Domestic Ass is sometimes of the usual grey colour,
without any appearance of the cross. They are sometimes black,
and at others white, rarely skewbald _; but this is the common albi-
nism and melanism of domestic animals, and when of these colours
the cross is not apparent, or at least sometimes only to be seen when
the animal is observed obliquely. The legs are generally destitute of
cross bands, but they are often seen more or less distinctly cross-
banded, especially just over the hooks (the Ribbon-legged Ass, A.
valyarisfasciatas, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 245, and Guddhas of India).
Var. 4. tceniopas. Zool. Gardens.
Equus taeniopus, Heagl-in, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 374.
Zeura, Lobo, Abyssinia, i. p. 291.
IO
,1-
2
<1
go
IO
CD
CD
Ona re d’Abyssinie, I. Geofir.
VVil Ass, Blyth.
Wilder Esel, Lesson.
Hab. Abyssinia, North-eastern Africa, in a wild state. _
The ears are long and acute, and it brays distinctly, like the Domestic
Ass. Other wild asses have a mule-like, shrieking bray.——Blyth.
'H' Ears moderately short, rounded. The Wild Asses.
2. Asinus onager. ' (The Koulan or Wild Ass.) B.M.
Pale reddish (in winter greyish); dorsal streak black, rather wider
over the small of the back; skull with the infraorbital foramen high
up, about one-third the space between the face-line and the back
edge of the teeth, far back, being directly over the front end of the
cheek ridge and the back edge of the third grinder.
Asinus sylvestris, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. p. 44.
Onager, Plin. Ifist. Nat. viii. p. 44; Raii Quad. p. 6 ; Pall. Act. Acad.
Soc. Imp. Petrop. 1777, p. 258, t. 11 ; Neue Nord. Beytr. ii. p. 22,
t. 2, iv. p. 80. .
Equus asinus onager, Schred. Stiugeth. t. 312.
Equus onager, Brisson, Reg. Anim.; Pallas.
Wild Ass, Bell, Travels, i. p. 212 ; Heber’s Travels.
Koulan or Wild Ass, Penn. Quad.
Equus hemionus (Wild Ass of Kutch and the Indus), Sykes, Proc.
Zool. Soc.1837, p. 91 (not Pallas); I. Gergfll Nouo. Ann. Mus. H. N’.
iv. p. 97 , t. 2 , 3 years old.
Asinus hemionus, Gray, Osteol. Spec. B. M.; H. Smith, Eguidae,
p. 316, t. 20; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 29; Ifnowsley Menag.
. 71. .
Aslinus onager, Gray, Cat. Ungulata B. M. p. 269.
Equus Khur Ane Khur), Lesson, Manuel Mamm. p. 347, 1827.
Wild Ass or our, Ker Porter, Travels Georgia, Persia, i. p. 460.
Wild Ass or Khur of the Persians, Isis, 1823, p. 764.
Onager, Xenophon; Barboza, Collect. Ramusio. i. p. 300, b. (Malabar
and Golconda).
Hemione or Dziggtai Lesson Comp. Buflbn x. .379 fromGeo ro ~
F. Cuvier, Mol:mm.,1823 (fiot .Palla8)_ ’ P ( 17 9),
The Hymar or Hamar of Mesopotamia, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 313.
Asinus Hamar (the Hamar), H. Smith, Eguidw, t. 19.
Chamor of the Hebrews.
Hab. The Plains of Mesopotamia (B.M.); Persia, Kutch, shores
of the Indus, Punjab.
In the British Museum is a skull and bones of body from India,
Kutch, presented by the Earl of Derby.
They are abundant in Mesopotamia, and are evidently the Wild
Ass of Xenophon. The adults are very difiicult to approach within
rifle-range. The young are sometimes caught alive.-Layard.
The Khur inhabits the deserts of Persia in troops, frequenting the
hills in summer and the plains in winter. r '
Pallas, in a paper entitled “ Observations sur l’Asne dans son état
270 ‘EQ,UID.ZE.‘
sauvage, ou sur le véritable Onagre des anciens” (Act. Acad. Sci.
Imp. Petrop. 1777, p. 258, t. 11), figured a Wild Ass which was sent
by sea from Derbent to Astracan. The figure greatly resembles the
mule between the Hemione and the Ass in the Zoological Gar-
dens; but the ears appear a trifle longer. It is coloured in the
same manner as the Hemione; that is to say, the more prominent
parts of the body are dark, and the middle of the back, the front
of the haunches and thigh, and the under part of the body are
paler. The figure represents but a very indistinct cross band on the
shoulder. 1
On this Pallas observes, “ L’étalon différait encore de la femelle
en ce qu’il avait tout le corps plus robuste, .l’encolure plus grosse,
le poitrail et la croupe plus large, et surtout par un barre ou raye
transversale (tab. xi.), qui croisait sur les épaules avec celle qui
s’étend le long de l’épine dans l’un et l’autre sexe. C’est cette
croix que la plupart des anes domestiques males ont conservés,
et qui embellit surtout ceux qui ont la couleur du poil claire.
Cette barre transversale bien plus étroite que l’autre manque
entiéerement aux Onagres femelles: quelques Tartares m’ont au
contraire assure’ qu’elle se voyait assez souvent double dans les
males” (l. c. p. 269).
This paper is translated into German, and a copy of the plates
with a second figure of the back of the animal is given in Pallas,
N. Nord. Beytr. p. 22, t. 2 ; but in this figure the cross band on
the shoulders is not marked. From this description it would appear
that the animal which is called the Wild Ass is not always marked
with the cross band on the shoulder which is so permanent in the
domestic kind and has hitherto been considered its specific cha-
racter. '
The chief difference between Pallas’s figure of the Wild Ass and
the Hemione is the greater length and more acute form of the ears;
of the latter the mule varies in this character.
“ No attempt has been made to break the Wild Ass (of Rajpootana)
in for riding, nor did it appear that the natives ever thought of such.”
—Bishop Heber; H. Smith, Equidce, p. 311.
“ The Wild Ass of Cutch has the cross stripe on the shoulder, and
differs in colours and heavier proportion from the Wild Ass of Ker
Porter.”—Bishop Heber; H. Smith, Equidoe, p. 311.
Col. Ham. Smith confounds the domesticated Guddha with the
Wild Ass of the Deccan described by Colonel Sykes, and states, on
the Colonel’s authority, that “it is not larger than a mastiff ”
(Equidae, p. 307). .
Eversmann states that many specimens of the Kulan or Equus
onager, Pallas, have been brought to Orenburg from the high steppes
between the Caspian and the Aral seas. A good specimen and a
skull are in the Museum of the University of Kasa-n. All these
specimens are without the cross band, and have only the longi-
tudinal dorsal streak. Eversmann considers that the cross band is
either not the character of the species, or perhaps a sexual mark, -
as he observes that he is not able to discover the specific cha-
2. ASINUS. 271
racter which separates the E. hemionus from the E.‘ onayer. He
further observes that the Mongolians have no particular name for
the E. onagcr of Pallas ; the Tartars no name for E. hemionus: the
Mongolians called the E. hemionus “Dshiggetei,” or more properly
“ Tschikitei,” meaning long ears, and the Tartars call the E. onayer
“ Kulan.”
Eversmann remarks that Pallas (N. Nord. Beytr. ii. p. 34) states
that the male M. Hablizl brought from Persia had no cross, but
that the female which was shot on the Murecy had one. He pro-
ceeds to calculate the length of the ears of these animals, com-
pared with the other measurements of them, and he finds that the
ears of the male appear to be considerably (near 2 inches) shorter in
proportion than the ears of the female (Bull. Soc. Imp. N at. Mosc.
1840, p. 57). _
The Mule with Asinus clomesticus has the short smooth fur exactly
like the sire, but with a short narrow cross band on the shoulder,
the ears rather longer and black-tipped.
3. Asinus hemionus. (The Kiang.) B.M.
Fur short, smooth, bright red-bay ; legs straw-colour (in winter
long, rather woolly, greyish, legs whitish), with a broad longitudinal
dorsal streak, broadest over the small of the back, without any cross
band on shoulders. Skull-the infraorbital foramen low down, in
the centre of the space between the face-line and the base of the
teeth, and placed in a line over the back edge of the second grinder,
some distance in front of the end of the cheek-ridge.
Mulus dauricus foecundus, Messersch. MSS.
Equus hemionus, Pallas, Noo. Comm. Petrop. xix. p. 394, t. 7 (cop.
Neue Norol. Beytr. ii. p. 31, t. 1) ; Reise, iii. p. 217 (cop. Schreber,
Siiuyeth. t. 311); Eichw. Faun. Casp. Caur.
Equus hemionus (Kiang), Oyilby, in Boyle, Iiimal. i. p. lxxi; Walker,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. 1848, t. 1.
Equus hemionos, Boclcl.
Asinus hemionus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 244; Cat. Unyulata B. M.
p. 272 (not Knozosley M'enay.).
Equus onager, Foersmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1840, p. 56.
?Asinus onager (Onager koulan, or Wild Ass of Tartary), H. Smith,
liquids, p. 307, t. 18?
Asinus equioides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 287; Blyth,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 287.
Asinus kiang, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. t. 37. f. 2 (skull).
Wild Ass, Jlfoorcroft, Travels.
Equus kiang, Moorcroft, Residence at Laclack, i. pp. 311, 443; Lesson,
Manuel; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 29; Knowsley Menay. p. 72 ;
Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calc. 1842, p. 286.
Equus varius, part., Ham. Smith, Equiclw, p. 289.
Asinus polyodon, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. .H. 1847 , p. 469, t. 6
(animal and skull).
Jikta, Shaw, Zool. ii. p. 427.
Dshikketee, Penn.
Dgiggetai, Cuvier, R. A. i. p. 244.
272 saunas.
Dzigethai, Bu on, Supp. vi. p. 37.
Wild Mule, alf Ass, or Fecund Mule, Penn. Quad. i.
Wild Ass, English in Thibet.
Hemionos, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. c. 44.
L’Hémione, Ency. Méthod. t. 42. f. 4.
The Ghoor or Khur, Moorerghf ; H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 310.
Wilder Esel, Eversmann, ull. Mose. 1840 ; Wagner, Wiegmann,
Arch. 1842, viii. p. 49.
The Kiang, H. Smlth, Eguidw, p. 289.
Wild Horse, Gerrard, Asiat. Research. xvii. p. 247.
Hab. Thibet.
There is a male between winter and summer fur, from Thibet,
presented by Lord Gifford, and a male from Thibet, presented by the
Hon. East-India Company, in the British Museum.
Var. 1. With a distinct cross band on the shoulder like the Domestic
Ass.
Hab. Thibet (Capt. Strachey).
Var. 2. With the vertebral dorsal streak very obscure or entirely
wanting.
Hab. Thibet (Capt. Strachey).
There are in the British Museum :--a skull from Thibet, pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.; two skulls, lower jaw wanting,
presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. (the specimens referred to by
Mr. Gray in the P. Z. S. 1839); and a skull from Thibet, north of
Ladack, presented by the Earl of Gifford.
The forehead of all the three specimens of the skull of E. hemionus
from Thibet is rather convex between the eyes, and the centre of
the face is narrow and keeled on the sides ; while in the skull of E.
onager from Kutch the forehead is flat between the eyes, and the
centre line of the face is rather broader and rounded gradually off
on the sides, and the incisive bone is longer and more gradually
arched, making the incisors more perpendicular in the latter than in
any of the former.
But the most distinctive character between the four skulls is in
the position of the infraorbital foramen. In E. onager it is high
up, about one-third the space between the face-line and the back
edge of the teeth ; it is far back, being directly over the front edge
of the cheek-ridge and the back end of the third grinder; while in
all the three specimens of the skulls of E. leiang this foramen is
lower down, being nearly in the centre of the space between the
face-line and the base of the teeth, and it is placed on a line over
the back edge of the second grinder, some distance in front of the
end of the cheek-ridge. The under surface of the body of the
posterior sphenoid is narrow and convex in E. hemionus, and broad
and flat in E. lciang. The vomer is much more compressed in the
latter than in E. hemionus. I am not certain that the distinctions
here described may be suflicient to show that these two animals are
separate species; but they indicate the necessity of the subject being
more fully examined.
2. As1N’u‘s. 273
The position of the suborbital foramen in the E. hemionas more
nearly resembles the E. asinus, and the E. onager the E. zebra and
E. Barchellii (Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 29).
Two of the skulls of the Eqaas kiang show the small rudimentary
grinder in front of the other; but this tooth is to be more or less
distinctly observed in the skulls of the other Equidae in the Museum
collection. In the skull of Eqnas Barchellii in the British Museum
collection, this tooth is placed on the inner side of the first true
grinder.
The suborbital foramen in the skulls in the India House from
Thibet rather varies in position, but in all it is placed over the
middle or third tooth. In the old male it appears to be rather higher
than in the nearly adult female and in the young skull, where the
hinder grinder is just springing out.
This animal must not be confounded with the domestic asses
which are used for burden in Thibet (Capt. Strachey).
The male Kiangs are larger and deeper-coloured. They live, in
troops of from eight to ten under the care of a solitary male, where
the thermometer is below zero. They live partly on the plains
and partly on the mountains; and the lower surface of the hoof
varies considerably in form and concavity, perhaps from that cir-
cumstance.
The Ghoor Khur of Ladakh, according to Moorcroft, is white about
the nose and under the neck, the belly, and legs; the back is light
bay, and the mane dun. They herd in droves, fly at a trot, stop,
and look back.-—H. Smith, Eqnidce, p. 310.
Moorcroft saw the Kiangs on the highest summits of Thibet in
their shining summer coats and with their Antelope-form, scouring
along in numbers.—-—H. Smith, Eqaidoe, p. 286.
Dr. Walker observes :-The Kiang neighs like a horse. The Wild
Ass of Cutch brays like an Ass. The Kiang has no Zebra-stripes,
neither in the adult nor in the foal. The Wild Ass of Cutch: trans-
verse Zebra-stripes are seen on the shoulder in the adult, and still
more in the foal. Sometimes also the shoulder-cross has been seen.
The habitat of the Kiang is on the high tableland of Thibet; of
the Wild Ass of Cutch, in the sultry plains near the mouth of the
Indus.
The Kiang of Chinese Tartary greatly exceeds that of the Donkey
of Cutch in size; the stallions often stand 14 hands high. Major
Charlton and Major Biddulph state that they neigh like a Horse.
When taken young they will become so tame as to be led about
like a Horse, and will follow horses almost anywhere. They live
in a climate where the temperature is below the freezing-point
in the middle of the summer; yet they throw off their pale
woolly coat during that season and become bright bay (Major
Charlton). ' - ' i _
The Donkey of Cutch is often domesticated in India (idem).
274 EQUIDZE.
?? 4. Asinus equuleus. (The Yo-to-tze.)
Yellowish-red clay-colour. Tip of cars, ‘mane, long hairs of
tail, well-defined line down the back .to middle of tail, and cross
band on shoulder, three or four cross streaks on knees and hooks,
black.
Asinus equuleus (the Yo-to-tze), H. Smith, Eguidaz, p. 304; Gray,
Cat. Ungulata B. M. 275.
Asinus hippargus (the o-to-tze), H. Smith, Eguidae, t. 17 .
The specimen described by Col. H. Smith was alive in a livery-
stable near Park Lane, London; it was said to have been brought
from the Chinese frontier north-east of Calcutta. It was most
probably a Kiang, or perhaps a mule between it and the Do-
mestic Ass.
“ Body with a black dorsal streak and many more or less distinct trans-
verse or curved streaks. Ears rather short and broad-tipped. The
Zebras of South Africa.
Hippotigris, II. Smith. '
Hippotigrine group or Zebras, II. Smith, Eguidce, p. 320.
1' Hoofs slightly concave beneath ; legs white, not or only slightly cross-
streaked. Living on the open plains.
5. Asinus quagga. (The Quagga.)
Brown. Head, neck, and withers or front of body blackish-
istreaked; lower part of body, legs, and tail white. Hoofs fiattish
beneath.
Asinus quagga, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. p. 246; List. Mamm. B. M.
p. 533 ; Cat. Ungulata B. M. p. 275; J. Brookes, Macs. Cat. p. 20,
18 .
Equus quoagga, Lesson, Man. Mamm. p. 347.
Equus quagga, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 213; Schreb. Stiugeth. t. 317 ; F.
Cuv. Diet. Sc. Nat. vii. p. 473, t. ; Harris, W. An. Afr._t. 2.
Female Zebra, Edw. G-lean. i. t. 223. '
Le Couagga, Buflon, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 4; Cuvier, Mus. Ménag. t. ;
F. Cuvier, Ma-m. Lithog. t.
K\;‘vz:1gég(')a or Couagga, Bujl Supp. vi. p. 85; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat.
Opeagha or Quagga, Masson, Phil. Trans. lxvi. . 297.
Hippotigris quac a (the Quagga of the Cape Golonists), H. Smith,
Eguidw, p. 330, t. 24.
Quagga, Shaw, Zool. ii. p. 240.
Quacha, Penn. Quad. i. p. 14.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope, on open plains.
? Young, stripes very indistinct. South Africa. Presented by W.
Burchell, Esq., LL.D. '
Equus Isabellinus, Temm. MS.; H. Smith, Equidw.
0 U ~ _ * M
Ln A511‘ U5;
Hipp3oEggfis2gsabellinus (the Isabella Quagga), H. Smith, Eq-uid(e,
. t. .
'A1i)e Isabelle, Le Vaillant.
Lesson places the Quagga with the true Horses, because the hair
extends nearer to the base of the tail, overlooking the warts and
other natural characters (Nov. Tab. R. A. p. 166, 1842).
The Quagga is found in herds near the Cape Colony.
Le Vaillant, as Col. Smith observes, only saw, and did not pos-
sess, the Ane Isabelle. The specimen in the British Museum de-
scribed and figured by Col. H. Smith was certainly only a young
Quagga in a very imperfect condition, having lost nearly the whole
of its fur before it was stuffed. It was presented by Dr. Burchell
as the skin of a Quagga.
6. Asinus Burchellii. (The Peetsi or Peechi.) B.M.
Pale brown, underside of body whitish; head, body, and upper
part of leg black-streaked; tail, inside and lower part of leg white.
Hoof rather broad, only slightly concave beneath. Skull—sub-
orbital foramen as in E. hemionus.
Equus zebra, Burchell, Travels, i. p. 139, vig. at p. 252.
Asinus Burchelli, Gray, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 247, t. 9. f. 1 (animal), f. 2
(hogf), 1824; List Mamm. B. M. p. 183; Cat. Ungulata B. M.
p. 2 6. _
Equus zebroides, Lesson, Man. Mamm. p. 346; Nov. Tab. R. A.
p. 166, 1842.
Equus Burchellii, Bennett, List Animals Zool. Gard. 1830, p. 40.
n. 62; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 432.
Equus zebra (male), F. Cuvier, Mus. Ménag. t.
Equus montanus (the Dauw), F.‘ Cuvier, Mamm. I/ithog. t. (female
and foal) not Burchell) ; Lesson, Mammiferes, i. p. 248.
Hipgotigris )urchellii (the Dauw), H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 329, t. 23
& 'un. .
Burchell’s Zebra, Harris, W A. Africa, t. 5; Knight, .Mus. Anim.
Nat. f. 481.
Striped or Bonte Quagga of the Cape Colonists, Harris, l. c. p. 7.
Peet-sey of the Matabuli and Bechuanas.
Dauw, F. Guvier, Mamm. I/ithog. t.
Hab. South Africa, plains.
Var. Leg more or less banded.
Equus Chapmani, Layard, P. Z. S. 1865, t. 22.
.Hab. South Africa (Baines).
The skull of a female from South Africa is in the British
Museum.
Found in herds in every district north of the Orange River. It
admits of being tamed to a certain extent with considerable facility,
and occasionally a half-domesticated specimen is exposed for sale in
Cape Town with a rider on its back: even in the most tractable
state to which it has yet been reduced, it is regarded as wicked,
treacherous, obstinate, and fickle.-—H. Smith.
I T 2
276 EQUIDZE.
M. F. Cuvier has applied the Hottentot name for the true ‘Zebra
to this species, and used for it the name E. montanus (which Burchell
gave to that animal), though it only inhabits the plains.
T1‘ Hoofs narrow, deeply concave beneath; legs cross-banded. Living on
the mountains.
7. Asinus zebra. (The Zebra.)
White; head, body, and legs to the hoofs black-banded; nose
reddish; belly and inside of thighs not banded; tail-end blackish.
Hoofs narrow, deeply concave beneath. Skull—-suborbital foramen
as in E. hemionus.
Zebra indica, Aldro_v. Solid. p. 416, fig.; Raii, Syn. p. 64.
Equus indicus, Jonston, Quad. 1;. 5.
Equus brasiliensis, Jacob. Mus. Reg. p. 3, t. 2. f. 1.
Hippotigris, Dio Cass. Hist. 1.77. '
Equus zebra, Linn. S. N. i. p. 101; Schreb. Siiugcth. t. 316.
Asinus zebra, Gray, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 248, t. 9. f. 3 (hoofs); Cat.
Mamm. B. M. . 183; Osteol. Spec. B. M. p. 70; J. Brookes, Mus.
Cat. p. 20, 18281
Zebre, Buflon, H. N. xii. t. 12.
Zebra, Ray, Quad. p. 69; Penn. Quad.; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat.
f. 479, 508. '
Sebra, Stubb. -
Hippotigris campestris, H. Smith, MS. l. c. p. 329.
Equus montanus, Burchell, Travels, i. pp. 139, 265, ii. p. 270; Harris,
W. A. Africa, t. 24. f. 1.
Male Zebra, Edwards Glean. i. t. 222.
' Wild Paard or VVild llorse of the Dutch Colonists, Burchell, Trav.;
Harris, l. c. p. 7.
Wilder Esel, Kolbe. I
Daow (or True Zebra) of the Cape Colonists, Harris, l. c. p. 7.
Zeura or Zuora, Lobo, Abyss. i. p. 291 P
Wild Ass, Kolbe, Cape, ii. p. 112.
Var.2?1 Hippotigris zebra (the Zebra), H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 324,
t. .
Hippotigris antiquorum (the Congo Dauw or Zebra of Pigafetta),
H’. Smith, Eguidw, p. 327.‘
Hippotigris antiquorum (Angola Dauw), H. Smith, Eguidae, t. 21.
Hab. South Africa, mountains.
There is in the British Museum a skeleton from South Africa,
two skulls from South Africa, 'a skull of a male Mule between Zebra
and Ass, and the skull of a hybrid between Asinus zebra and Asinus
vulgaris, presented by the Zoological Society of London.
Mules or Hybrids of the diferent species of Horses.’
. 1. The Common Mule (the hybrid between the Ass and the
Mare).
Mulus, Raii Quad. p. 64.
Equus asinus mulus, Gmelin.
Equus mulus, Schreb. t. 214.
Mule, Pennant. '
Grand mulet, Bufon, H. N. iv. t. 12.
Maulthier, Bechstein.
Mule, Bewich, Hist. Quad. p. 16, fig. ; H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 334.
Common Mule, H. Smith, F uidw, p. 344.
, Grey Mule of Egypt and Bar ary, H. Smith, Eguidae, p. 345.
Black Mule of South of France and Spain, H. Smith, Fguidw, p. 345.
The gllun-colom‘ed Mules of Volterra (Italy), H. Smith, Eguidw,
p. 6.
2. The Hinny (the hybrid between the Horse and the she Ass).
Hinnus, Arist. H. A. i. c. 7.
Equus asinus hinnus, Gmelin.
Equus hinnus, Sehreb. t. 215.
Petit Mulet, Buflbn, H. N. iv. t. 13.
Maulesel, Bechstein.
The Hinny, H. Smith, Fguidee, p. 346, t. 30.
3. Mule of a male Hemione and a female Zebra (Knowsley Menag.
t. 57. f.'1). The shoulders and legs are banded. B.M
An adult, bred at Knowsley, presented by the Earl of Derby.
4. Mule of a male Maltese Ass and a Zebra (Knowsley "Menag.
t. 57 . f. 2).
The body and legs are striped ; the stripes on the head and body
are narrow, except the shoulder-cross, which is very distinct and
forked; the rump is covered with small spots.
Ribbon-legged Ass (Asinus vulgaris, var. fasciata), Gray, Zool. Journ.
i. p. 245.
An adult, bred at Windsor Park. B.M.
5. Mule between a male Ass and Zebra.
Grey indistinct cross, and a few narrow dark stripes on the shoul-
ders and fore legs; tail elongate, end tufted, upper part slightly
banded; ears moderate.
Métis femelle d’Ane et de Zébre, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t. 2 .
This is very different from the Mule with the Maltese Ass. It has
scarcely any stripes.
6. Mule between a male (?) Burchell’s Zebra and a common Ass
(Knowsley Menag. t. 58. f. 1).
Grey, with very indistinct bands on the front of the back; a more
distinct, short, narrow cross band, divided into three below, and with
some black cross bands on the outside of the legs.
An adult. Used to draw in a tandem. Bred in the Zoological
Gardens. - B.M.
7. Mule between a male domestic Ass and an Hemione (Knowsley
Menag. t. 58. f. 2). ,
It is very like the mother, but has a distinct black cross-band
and some indistinct cross bands on the outside of the hooks and
knees.
27 8' LAMINUNGULA.
This animal was living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society.
It changes its colour and becomes greyer in winter, like its female
parent. I have seen another example of this Mule, exactly like the
one here described.
8. Mule between an Hemione and a Burchell’s Zebra (Knowsley
Menag. t. 59. f. 1).
Beddish grey; head, neck, and front part of the body with very
narrow, rather darker streaks.
9. The Hybrid Ass and Zebra (H. Smith, Equidae, p. 343, t. 28;
Mus. Paris, from F. Cuvier).
Quagga Mule, H. Smith, Egaidae, 343, t. 29.
Zebra Donkey or Mule Zebras (bre between the two species of Zebra
and the Donkey), Bennett, List Anim. Zool. Gard. 1830, p. 13.
n. 63 & 43.
10. Mules between Male Quagga and Marc (Morton, Phil. Trans.
1821). _
The, Hybrid first foal of Brood Marc and Quagga, H. Smith, Egaidw,
p. 342 t. 26.
The F111;, bearing marks of the Quagga, H. Smith, Eguidw, p. 342,
t. 25.
The Colt, the third issue of Brood Marc and the second by the Black
Arab, H. Smith, Eqaidw, p. 324, t. 27.
The Brood Mare and the third foal with marks of the Quagga, H.
Smith, Egaidaz, p. 324, t. 14.
11. The offspring of a Mule (the produce of a male Ass and a
Zebra) with a bay mare Pony (Knowsley Menag. t. 59. f. 2).
Iron-grey ; with a short narrow cross band on withers, very faint
indications of stripes on the sides, and more distinct dark stripes on
outsides of the hooks and knees; tail bushy from the base, like a
a horse’s; head heavy ; mane brown and grey.
This animal was used to draw a small cart about London. It
stood 8 hands high.

Suborder III. LAMINUNGULA.
Nose rounded, simple. Upper lip prehensile. Upper cut-
ting-teeth elongate, produced, triangular, like tusks; lower
normal, erect, three-lobed. Canines none or rudimentary.
Toes "elongate, separate, applied to the ground the greater
part of their length, withnail-like hoofs. V
Laminungula, ‘-Illiger, Prodr. 1811.
Fam. 3. HYRACIDLE.
Nose blunt, without horns. Body covered with hair, with scat-
tered longer bristles. Toes rather elongate, blunt, with fiat claws.
Tail short or none. Teeth 34: incisors % . % ; canines 8- . %; pre-
molars ~%- . -4%; molars .
Hyrax, Hermann.
Lipura, Illiger.
Hyracidee, Bonap. Prodr. Mastol.; Schinz, Syst. M’amm. p. 328;
Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4. vol. i. p. 35, 1868.
The species of the Hyraces are well marked both externally and
anatomically; but there is great confusion as to the names that have
been given to them in the systematic catalogues.
Prosper Alpinus, in his list of animals of Egypt and Arabia, indi-
cated a species of Hyraa: under the name of Agnus filiorum Israel,
which Shaw regarded as a large Jerboa; but Bruce corrected this
error in his account of the Ashkoko.
Pallas described and figured the Cape species under the name of
Uavia capensis, and Butfon as the Marmotte du Cap. It is well
known to naturalists as Hyram capensis.
Bruce notices a Hyraac under the name of Ashkoko, which he de-
scribed as coloured like a wild rabbit, with scattered black bristles
and white beneath. This well agrees with a Hyrax, now found in
Abyssinia, Dongola, and Upper Egypt, which is in the British Mu-
seum. Bruce states that the animal is also found in Mount Lebanon
and Arabia Petraea.
Schreber, who only knew the animal from Bruce’s figure and de-
scription, applied to it the scientific name of Hyraa: syriacus. The
Asiatic species is very like the African; but I believe it is distinct ;
and in that case Schreber’s name is not applicable to the African
animal to which Bruce gave the name of Ashkoko (“ coloured like a
wild rabbit and white beneath”), and which has a yellow dorsal streak.
Capt. Harris, who collected animals in Abyssinia, sent home several
specimens of a large blackish Hyrax having a large black dorsal spot
and grey beneath, which he says is called Ashkoko by the natives ;
but it can scarcely be the Ashkoko of Bruce, as it does not agree
with either his description or figure : perhaps this name is generic.
Hyrax is also called Gike in Abyssinia, according to Salt.
Mr. Tristram informs us that the Hyracc in Palestine and Sinai is
called Weber, and Thofun in Southern Arabia. Bruce evidently
confounds these Hyraces together as one species.
' Several zoologists have doubted whether the Ashkoko of Bruce
was distinct from Hyraa: capensis: no one can doubt the fact who
compares the two. But the large blackish animal which is also
found in Abyssinia, and called by the same name as Bruce applies to
his species, is so like the H. eapensis that it would be doubtful if it
280 nrnscmas.
is a distinct species, if there were not such a difference in the skull.
I Hemprich and Ehrenberg regard it as distinct, and call it H. habes-
smwus.
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, in the ‘ Symbolae Physicae,’ described
and characterized by their colours and osteological characters four
species of Hyrax, viz. :——1. H. capensis, 2. H. syriacus vel sinaiticus,
3. H. habessinicus, 4. H. ruficeps vel dongolicus. They figure three;
for the dark animal figured with H. syriacus represents a young
Hyraa: habessinicus. .
There is no specimen in the British Museum that has a red head,
although Prof. Ehrenberg called one of his species H. ruficeps ; but
I think. that probably he gave that name to the species which we
received from Dr. Riippell as A. abyssinicus, and which I believe to
be the Ashkoko of Bruce.
There are specimens of four distinct species in the British Museum
that have a more or less distinct yellow dorsal streak; and there is
another, discovered by Dr. Welwitsch. Four came from Africa, and
one from Arabia in Asia. They differ from each other in the tex-
ture and the general colour of the fur and of the hairs of which it
is composed. Most probably two of these are the species with yellow
dorsal spots, characterized by Hemprich and Ehrenberg, viz. Hyraa:
syriacus or sinaiticus of Asia, and H. rujiceps vel clongolicus of
Africa. .
Two of these species have rather harsh rigid hairs.
Three specimens of the first were sent from upper Egypt by Mr.
James Burton. They are larger in size and much paler in colour
than the other species of the group, and very slightly punctulated
with black. They have the dorsal streak comparatively slightly
marked and of a pale colour, and the fur is short and close. There
is a single young specimen, received from a French collector as from
Senegal, very like those from Egypt, showing that this species has a
very wide distribution in Africa. .
The second, of an iron-grey colour, was brought from Angola by
Dr. Welwitsch. Dr. Peters names it H. arboreus; but it is quite
distinct from that species. I have called it .H. Welwitschii.
The other three species have very soft close fur; and they differ
from one another in the colour of the fur and of the separate hairs.
The first, which I believe is the Ashkoko of Bruce, is very like a wild
rabbit in general colour, and is white below; the hairs have a black
subterminal band and a yellow tip, which gives the fur a minutely
and closely punctulated appearance. The second is somewhat like
the former, and also said to come from Abyssinia; but the fur is
pale yellow-grey, minutely and slightly varied with black hairs, but
not punctulated, and the hairs have no subterminal band ; and the
underside is yellowish. The third, which is the species found in
Palestine and Arabia, is of a nearly uniform reddish-yellow colour,
and has longer and softer hairs of a nearly uniform colour.
Sir Andrew Smith, in the Trans. Linn. Soc., described a South-
African species under the name of H. arboreus; and Mr. Fraser de-
scribed a West-African species under that of H. dorsalis. Both these
HYBACIDJE. 281
species are distinguished by having a white dorsal spot. The type
specimen described by Mr. Fraser, and a young specimen received
from Sir Andrew Smith of his H. arboreus, are in the British
Museum.
M. Blainville and other French zoologists have confounded the H.
dorsalis of West Africa with the H. arboreus of the Cape, which are
most distinct species, as proved by the types in the British Museum.
Dr. Peters described the H. arboreus as found on the coast of Mo-
zambique and also in the interior at Tete.
' The animals with the white dorsal spot have a very different skull
and teeth from the other species, which have a black or yellow dorsal
spot. Sir A. Smith observed the peculiarity of the teeth when he
described H. arboreus.
The colour-spots on the back consist of the hair that covers the
situation of a dorsal gland on the vertebral line, about halfway
between the shoulders and the pelvis.
In the species which have the hair yellow or white the streak is
generally narrow and linear; in the species in which the spot is
black it is generally broad and diffused. In some specimens of H.
sinaiticus the yellow streak is deeper and brighter-coloured than in
others. It appears more marked in the younger and smaller speci-
mens in the British Museum than in the larger and older ones ; and
it is rather indistinct in the two skins which I believe may be H.
ruficeps from Abyssinia.
Professors Hemprich and Ehrenberg proposed to use the form of
the interparietal bone as a distinctive character for the species: thus
they described it as large and trigonal in H. capensis, small and
pentagonal in H. syriacus, large and nearly tetragonal in H. ruficeps,
and large and semiorbicular in H. habessinicus.
M. de Blainville, in the ‘ Ostéographie,’ “ Onguligrades,” figures
the hinder part of the skull of three species to show the interparietal
bone; he figures it as elongate and subtriangular in H. syriaous,
large, broad, and roundish four-sided in H. capensis, and very broad
in H. ruficeps. The part figured as the interparietal in the last
species is the broad upper edge of the occipital bone.
Dr. G. v. Jaeger, who has several skulls from the Cape, collected
by Dr. Ludwig, and from North Africa by Dr. Heuglin, has written
an essay to show that the interparietal bone of the same species
varies much in form and size; he figures ten varieties of it in H.
capensis and three in H. habessinicus. He seems to have confounded
two species under the latter name; for fig. 14 is evidently a Dendro-
hyrarc, Dr. laeger having mistaken the broad upper edge of the
occipital bone for an interparietal: he also figures the interparietal
of a species sent from West Africa by Mr. Dieterle, which he names
H. sylvestris, which is also a Dendrohyraw ; but the interparietal is
of a very different shape from those of the two skulls of the West-
African D. dorsalis in the British Museum.
Dr. Jaeger shows that the interparietal is variable in shape in
Cavia aguti (Wiirzb. naturw. Jahresb. 1860, xvi. p. 158, t. 2).
There is considerable difference in the form of the bladebone in
IO...
0
282
HYRACIDAE.
the genera Hyrazc and Dendrohyraw. In Hyraec (N os. 724 b, 724g,
& 724 h) it is elongate, half as long again as broad, with a short,
broad process at the lower side of the condyle. In Dendrohyraa:
(N o. 1142 b) the bladebone is broad, irregular, four-fifths as broad
as long, with an elongate compressed process on the lower side of
the condyle; the lower edge of the bone in Hyraec is sloping for
half its length, and then nearly straight ; in Dendrohyrav this edge
is arched from the condyle to the end, the broadest part being near
the middle of the lower edge (see Cuvier, Oss. Foss. t. 3. f. 1 ; Blain-
ville, Ostéogr. t. 3). The following are the measurements, in inches
and lines :-
Hyrax, Dendrohyrax,
7 24 b. 1142 b.
Length of upper edge . . . . .. ' 2 2 1 9
,, lower edge . . . . . . 2 1 1 7
Width at widest part . . . . . . . . 1 7 1 6
Skulls with the teeth in change show the milk and permanent
cutting-teeth at the same time, thus having four upper cutting-teeth.
A skull with teeth in this state is figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. ii.
p; 135, t. 2. f. 5).
In‘ most skulls there is a small hole on each side near the back
edge of the cutting-teeth, which Cuvier calls the trous incisifs (t. 2.
f.' 2n); see also Jaeger, Wiirzb. naturw. Jahresb. 1860, xvi. t. 2.
f. 20 a, who regards it as the remainder of a deciduous second cut-
ting-tooth. This pit is less distinct and nearer the base of the
cutting-teeth in the skull of Dendrohyracc.
Professors Hemprich and Ehrenberg propose as a specific character
the length of the feet compared with the tibiae; but this is ditficult
to observe in dried speciniens or in set-up skeletons, as the length
of the feet must depend greatly on how the specimens are mounted.
It is the fashion with certain naturalists (as M. Claparede, for
example) to find fault with zoologists for describing specimens in
museums ; but, as far as mammalia are concerned, it is much more
diflicult to describe them from living specimens ; for then one cannot
observe their teeth and bones, or compare many specimens with one
another, and can rarely have the opportunity of comparing several
species at the same time,—~-all much greater evils than not being
able to tell the sex &c. of the specimens contained in museums. I
must say that I think the accusation that “ museums are a great
incubus to science ” must have arisen from the naturalist making it
taking a very limited view of the subject. Museums may cause
some evil (what does not ‘?); but the advantages of a large collection
far exceed any evil I have ever experienced or can ever conceive to
arise from them.
The species may be thus arranged :—
1. Hvnxx.
a. Dorsal spot black. . . .
b. Dorsal spot yellow.
5* Fur harsh . . . . . . . . 2. Hgrax Burtonii.
‘ 3. Hgrax Welwitschii.
1. Hyrax eapensis. South Africa.
North and West Africa.
Angola.
1. nrnax. 283
** Fur soft . . . . . . . . 4. Hyraw Bracei. Abyssinia.
5. Hyraa: Ahpini. Ab ssinia ?
6. Hyraa: sinaiticas. Sinai.
7. Hyrax ferragineas. Abyssinia.
8. Hyrax irrorata. Abyssinia.
9. Hyrax Bocagei. Angola.
2. EUHYRAX . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Eahyrax abyssinicu-s. Abyssinia.
3. DENDROHYRAX . . . . . . 1. Dendrohyrax dorsalis. West Africa.
2. Dendrohyraa: arboreas. South Africa,Tete.
3. Dendrohyrax Blainoillii. (Skull only.)
1. HYRAX.
Skull with a distinct narrow sagittal crest on hinder part of crown
when adult; nose short. Diastema short, not equal in length to
the outer sides of the first three premolars; grinders in an arched
line; molars large, broad, square, much larger and broader than
the compressed premolars, the first one very compressed. Orbit in-
complete behind. Lower jaw very broad behind. Bladebone elongate
trigonal.
Skull—nose short; forehead fiat or rather convex below the orbit ;
orbit incomplete behind; the lower aw much dilated behind. The
diastema between the canines and the first premolar short, not so
long as the outer edges of the first three premolars. Lower cutting-
teeth elongate, narrow at the base, broader above, with three lobes;
but the lobes are soon worn away, only leaving indistinct grooves
on the surface of the teeth. The lobes of the lower cutting-teeth
are distinct in the very young animals which have not yet cut their
premolars and last grinder. The upper cutting-teeth of the milk
series are rounded in front, broad and spathulate at the end ; those
of the adult series are trigonal, with a strong central keel in front.
The grinders form an arched series ; the true grinders large, much
larger than the rather compressed premolars ; the first (permanent)
premolar (that is, the second in the series) small, compressed; the
first premolar in the upper jaw of the milk series is triangular, with
three roots, the two hinder ones being close together.
Hyrax, Gray, Ann. & May. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 40.
De Blainville, in the ‘ Ostéographie,’ figures the skeleton and the
skull of a species of this genus under the name of Hyrazv syriacas ;
but I am not able to determine to which of the species of this genus
it belongs. H. syriacas has almost a generic signification.
The skull in the British Museum (725 c) that agrees with De
Blainville’s figure of the interparietal bone of H. syriacas is rather
larger and has the front upper premolar rather larger than the
skulls of H. eapensis according with the same distinctive mark, viz.
724 b, 724 c, and 7 24 cl, which were all received from the Zoological
Society without skins ; and the hinder openings to the nostrils are
more contracted in those named H. capensis than in H. syriaeus.
De Blainville (Ostéograph. t. 2) figures the skull of the very young
Hyrax capensis as having all the four lower cutting-teeth three-lobed.
284 nrnscrnra.
They are so in a young skull so named in the British Museum ; but
the lobes are much less distinct and narrower than in skulls of the
half-grown and adult H. do-rsalis in the same collection; and the
lobes of H '. capensis evidently wear away much sooner than in the
Tree-Hyraces or Dendrohyraac. '
The skulls named Hyraa: capensis in the British Museum are
without skins, and therefore cannot be determined with certainty;
they differ in the width of the forehead at the hinder edge of the
orbits being greater compared with the length of the skull; they
differ considerably in the form of the flat space on the crown, even
the skulls of adult animals.
N o. 725 0 (of Gerrard’s Catalogue). The front of the crown is
triangular, uniting into a very narrow sagittal crest level with a line
over the condyles; the teeth are very large, and the palate wide.
No. 724 b. Rather smaller and wider than 7 25 0, with the teeth
equally large and the palate wide; but the crown is fiat, wider in
front, becoming narrower and continued behind, and forming a
smooth space above.
Nos. 7240 and d are smaller than either 725 0 or 724. b. The
teeth are very large, the nose is narrower and more compressed;
and they diifer from both the above in the crown being wider and
forming a broad band to the occipital crest. In 724d the crown is
only slightly broader in front, and more nearly of the same width
throughout its length. In 7 24 0 it is quite as broad behind as in
724 d, but much wider in front. -
The interparietal bones of these two skulls are visible; they are
nearly four-sided, and the width of the crown similar to, but not so
large as the interparietal bone figured by Blainville (Ostéograph. t. 2)
as that of H. capensis. '
There is the skull of a young animal, with the milk cutting-teeth,
developing the second true molar, in the British Museum (724 g),
that has the interparietal similar to those of 7240 and d, but con-
siderably larger, though the skull is smaller, like the figure referred
to in De Blainville. '
The skeleton with a skull (724 e), in the British Museum, of a
young animal with milk cutting-teeth, has a subtriangular inter-
parietal, somewhat like that of H. Burtonii.
In the British Museum there is the skull and skeleton of a very
young animal, received from the Zoological Gardens (No. 724 h),
which is peculiar in having a very broad, half-oblong interparietal
bone occupying the binder edge of the crown, with only the narrow
upper edge of the occipital bone behind it. The front edge of the
interparietal is regularly rounded, and the binder one straight. The
orbit is incomplete. De Blainville figures a skull of a young spe-
cimen (Ostéog. t. 2) as H. capensis which somewhat resembles this
skull. This skull, in the form of the interparietal, agrees with the
nearly adult skull of Dendrohyraac dorsalis (No. 1142 0); but we
have a skullof a very young animal of that genus in the Museum
Collection which has the orbit complete and the upper part of the
occipital bone dilated. This skull is so distinct from any other in
(J!
1. nvnsx. _-8-
the collection that I propose to designate it provisionally Hyrax
semicircularis.
The interparietal bone being on the edge of the occipital region
of the skull is a character (as well as the incomplete orbit) that
separates the skull of Hyrax from Denclrohyraag even in the
youngest state.
* Dorsal spot black, well marked. Africa.
1. Hyrax capensis. (The Klipdas.)
Fur black, minutely punctulated with white, with a black dorsal
streak.
Hyrax capensis, Schreb. Siiugeth. p. 920, t. 240; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii.
pp. 127, 141, t. 1, 2, 3; Gray, I/ist Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 187;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Brit. Mus. p. 283; Blainville, Ostebgraph. t. 2
(teeth & skull); W. Read, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 13; Gray, Ann. @-
Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 42.
Cavia capensis. Pallas, Misc. pp. 34, 35; Spicil. ii. p. 22, t. 2.
Marmotte du Cap, Bufon, Suppl. iii. p. 177, t. 29.
Hab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope (Dr. Andrew Smith).
Var. Dorsal streak indistinct.—Gray, l. c. p. 42.
Cape of Good Hope (Dr. Krauss). Skull and skeleton. B. M.
For anatomy, see Pallas, Miscell. l. c. ; Owen, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 202;
Martin, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 13; Murie, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 329. But I
am by no means sure that several species may not be confounded
under this name in these papers, as all the specimens formerly re-
ceived at the Zoological Gardens were called H. capensis.
”“"“ Dorsal streak yellow, linear.
a. Fur harsh.
2. Hyrax Burtonii.
Fur rather harsh, pale yellow-grey, very slightly punctulated
with blackish ; dorsal streak small, yellow; the hairs of the back
rather rigid, black or dark brown nearly the whole length, with a
moderate yellow tip; underside pale yellow; interparietal bone half-
ovate, as long as broad.
Hyrax syriacus, Gray, List Mamm. B. DI.
Hyrax abyssinicus, J. Burton, MS. B. M. ; Gerrard, Oat. Bones B. M.
. -284.
Hyrax Burtonii, Gray, Ann. 5; May. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 43.
Hab. North Africa, Egypt (James Burton, Esq.): three speci-
mens and a skull in B. M. Senegal (Parzudalei) : a young specimen
in B. M. '
The imperfect skull sent by Mr. James Burton from North Africa,
with the skins, which I have named H. Burtonii (No. 725 b), is not
quite adult, as the hinder or third upper true molar is not quite de-
veloped. It is very like No. 724 c in size, form, and in the form of
286 nrmornsa.
the crown; but the notch left by the interparietal (for it is lost with
the hinder part of the skull) shows that that bone was of a half-oval
shape and rather longer than broad, being rather wider but not near
so long compared with its width as the interparietal figured as that
of H. syriacus by De Blainville (Ostéograph. t. 2). This skull differs
from those numbered 724 o and cl in being higher behind when
placed on its upper grinders, and in the forehead being slightly more
convex in the middle below the orbit.
3. Hyrax Welwitschii.
Fur short, rather harsh, iron-grey-grizzled ; hairs of upper part
of the back black, with a large white subapical ring; of the sides
dirty brown, with a white ring; dorsal streak yellow, moderate.
Hyrax arboreus, Peters, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 401 (not A. Smith).
Hyrax Welwitschii, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 43.
Hab. Rocky places on the shores of the river Maiomba, in the
district of Mossamedes (Welwitsch, Z. c.).
The adult skull of H. Welwitschii, lent to me by Dr. Welwitsch,
differs from all the preceding in being considerably broader in pro-
portion to its length. The nose is compressed, the crown is flat to
the occipital ridge, wide in front, and gradually narrowing behind.
The interparietal bone (which is partly destroyed by a hole made to
extract the brain) is very small and nearly triangular ; the teeth are
large, and the palate rather narrow, compared with the other skulls.
The diastema is very short, not exceeding the length of the outer
side of the first two premolars. The shortness and width of this
‘skull at once separate it from the skulls of all the species of true
Hyrax that are in the Museum Collection. This species is only
known from a fiat skin and a skull collected by Dr. Welwitsch and
named by Dr. Peters as above.
Dr. Peters, in a note to me, observes, “I probably made a. mistake,
and the Hyrax (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 401) with rather harsh
and short hair does not belong to H. arboreus, Smith. It has, if I
am not mistaken, much shorter ears than H. arboreus; and there-
fore I said the H. arboreus has much shorter ears than H. capensis,
which is not the case. Dr. Welwitsch’s specimen resembles more
the H. habessinicus of Ehrenberg in this respect, and may prove to
be identical with that species.”
I may add that it differs from H. abyssinicus in the skull, the
-short diastema, and the colour and nature of its fur. It is more
allied to H. Burtonii, but differs in the colour of the fur. It is very
difiicult to state the size of the ears of the different species from
stuffed or dried skins.
Dr. Welwitsch says, “ It always diifers by its larger size from a
second species living in the interior of Angola.” He probably refers
to the species received from the Lisbon Museum, which I have called
H. bocagei. ‘ '
l.\')
<13
IQ
1. HYRAX.
b. Fur soft, close.
4. Hyrax Brucei.
Fur soft, close, yellow grey-brown, closely and minutely punctu-
lated with black; underside white; dorsal streak distinct, dark
reddish yellow; hairs of the back soft, dark grey-brown to the
base, with a narrow subterminal blackish band and a yellow tip.
Skull—“ interparietal bone oblong, longer than broad.”
Ashkoko, Bruce’s Travels, t.
Daman d’Israél, Bufion, Suppl. vi. p. 27 6, t. 24 (from Bruce).
Hyrax syriacus, Sehreb. Siiugeth. iv. t. 240. f. 13 (from Bruce) ;Blain-
ville, Ostéograph. t. 2 (skull and teeth).
Hyrax abyssinicus, Riippell, MS. B. M. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
}p 284; Barton, MS. BM.
P yrax ruficeps vel dongolanus, Ehrenberg, Symbolre Phys. t. 2 (not
Blainville).
Hyrax Brucei, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 44.
Hab. Africa, Abyssinia (Dr. Riippell) : type in B. M. ‘? Dongola
(Ehrenberg) : adult skull in B.‘ M.
The name of H. syriacus cannot be retained for this species, as it
does not come from Syria.
Dr. Peters, in a note which he sent to me respecting Ehrenberg’s
specimen in the Berlin Museum, observes, “ His lilyrar ruficeps is
hardly different from H. syriacus.” By the second name which
Ehrenberg gives to this species it evidently came from Dongola in
Africa; so it can scarcely be the H. syriacus of Ehrenberg from
Mount Sinai.
. 5. Hyrax Alpini.
Fur very soft, rather long, pale yellowish brown, very slightly
washed with blackish ; hairs soft, of uniform length, blackish brown,
with yellow tips, and a few scattered black hairs; lips, chin, throat,
chest, belly, and inner sides of the limbs pale reddish yellow; hairs
yellow to the base: crown and checks grizzled, with white tips to
the hairs ; hairs at the outer base of the ears yellow-white; dorsal
spot small, reddish yellow.
_Hyrax Alpini, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 45.
Hab. North America, “ Abyssinia (Leadbeater).”
There is only a single specimen of this species in the British Mu-
seum ; it was purchased in 1843, with the skin of a Capra nubiana,
from Mr. Leadbeater, who said they came from Abyssinia. The
special habitat may be doubtful; but there is no doubt they were
from North Africa, and probably from the borders of the Nile.
It agrees with the H. Brucei of Abyssinia in the softness of the
fur, but differs from it in its general colour, not being closely punc-
tulated, and also in the separate hairs not having any indication of
the subterminal_ black band that produces the punctulated appear-
ance of the fur of that species ; and the underside of the animal is
yellower. It differs also from H. sinaiticus in the general colour
288 macmm.
being much darker and slightly washed with black, and in the dark
colour of the hairs.
H. Bartonii, which we received from Mr. James Burton, with
specimens of Capra nubiana, is at once known from it by the harshness of the fur, as well as by the colour of the hairs.
6. Hyrax siniaticus.
Fur rather long, soft, pale yellow-brown ; dorsal streak bright
yellow; head and front slightly puntulated with whitish; chin,
throat, and underside of the body pale reddish grey. “ Interparietal
bone small, pentagonal” (Ehr.). '
Hyrax syriacus eel siniaticus, Ilemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 2,
lower front figure (not Schreber).
Coney (H. syriacus), Tristram, Nat. Hist. Bible, p. 75 (not figured).
Uabr, Forsk. Fauna, p. 5.
Hyrax sinaiticus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 45.
Hab. Asia, Palestine (Tristram) : B. M. Arabia, Mount Sinai
(Ehrenberg). -
There is a young specimen in the British Museum, that was pur-
chased at a sale with Capra nabiana, which appears to belong to
this species; it has the same long hair and fur, showing no sign of
the punctulation characteristic of the African species with a yellow
‘dorsal spot.
Mr. Tristram gives a good account of the habits and manners of
I this animal in his interesting ‘ Natural History of the Bible,’ pub-
lished by the Christian-Knowledge Society.
7. Hyrax ferrugineus. B.M.
Fur soft, rather short, close, iron-grey, minutely punetulated with
black and white ; hinder part of body and rump rusty brown ; hair
of the back short, blackish to the base, with short grey tips ; dorsal
spot small, pale yellow, hair of the spot light yellowr above and
black at the lower half of its length; chin, throat, and belly greyish
white, hairs sparse.
Hab. Abyssinia (Jesse).
Skull--length 3%; the crown with a broad flat space between
the temporal muscles ; teeth all developed.
8. Hyrax irrorata. B.M.
Fur soft, elongate, blackish, punetulated with grey; hair of the
back long, blackish grey at the base, with a broad pale whitish ring,
a -broad black subterminal ring, and a well-marked white tip; chin,
throat, and belly white ; dorsal spot small, linear, pale yellow, hair '
of the spot elongate, yellow-white to the base.
Hab. Abyssinia (Jesse, “ no. 1187 ”).
Skull with the back out off.
Var. lateogaster (B.M.). The chin, throat, and belly yellowish ; the
2. nunrnu. 289
hair of the tail less black at the base, and the subapical band nar-
rower. Skull perfect, otherwise like the preceding.
Hab. Abyssinia (Jesse).
A second specimen, purchased of Mr. Jesse with the former,
differs in the chin and underside of the body being yellowish, the
fur longer, and the dorsal spot smaller.
There is a specimen in the British Museum, received by Brandt
of Hamburg as Hyraoc syriacus, said to be from Africa, that is very
like the specimens from Abyssinia above described.
It is probable that they belong to a distinct species ; but unfor-
tunately Mr. Jesse’s animals were received without any notes as to
when and where they were obtained. 1 therefore wait for more
material, and simply describe them as_a variety.
‘*** Dorsal streak linear, white.
9. Hyrax Bocagei. B.M.
Fur rather long, soft, pale grey; hair of back pale grey, blackish
at the base, with a very narrow whitish subterminal band and minute
black tips ; nape paler ; chin, throat, and underside of body white ;
dorsal spot linear, white, hair white to the base. Ears grey, black
and naked at the tip.
Hab. Angola (Bocage, from the Lisbon Museum).
Skull with a long and very narrow compressed nose. Length
of skull 3,1-% inches, width at back of orbit 1% inch.
There is an indistinct very narrow variety with black rings round
the upper part of the neck in front of the shoulders, formed by the,
crowded tips of the hairs of this part; but this may have been pro-.
duced by the shrinking of the skin of the neck and the manner in.
which the animal is stuffed. This s ecimen, which was called_Hy-.
raw arboreus, is very distinct from a the other species of the genus.
Hy-ra.v in the length and narrowness of the nose of the skull,‘ aI1d,;
the whiteness of the dorsal streak. '
2. EUHYRAX.
Skull with a distinct narrow sagittal crest the whole length of the.
crown when adult ; occipital not dilated above ;- nose elongate, pro--
duced. Diastema elongate, longer than the length of the outer sides .
of the first three premolars; grinders in a. nearly straight series;
molars square, larger than the compressed.;pre'.m_olars., O,_1‘blt-_1I_1_COII1l_—.
plete behind. "
Euhyrax, Gray-, Ann. & Mag. N. .H_:'_ser,_ 4. i.- p. 46.1
The skull is very similarfto that of Hyraa? syr-ia0us‘?, H. B_';r.ueei,'H_.1
Burtonii, and H . capensis in general form ;\ but the space, b.et.w,e\en,5
the upper cutting-teeth and the first premolar is nearly twice._a§.10ng,-
as in those species. In the H. Br;u<;e_i it is. as long as the length of?
the outer sides of the first three. premolars and the half of;~the fourth
one ; in H-. capensis it is only asjlong as the outer sides of the first.
two premolars and one-third of the third one. The grinders are
U .
290 nvnscrnm.
' large, the first upper one being compressed as in H. capensis ; but
they are all smaller, compared with the size of the skull, and are
placed in a straighter line, than they are in the skulls of the other
species named, and the inner sides of them are more nearly parallel, so
that the palate is scarcely wider in the middle of the series of grmders
than it is at the front and hinder ends of them. Lower jaw dilated
behind. The bladebone elongate trigonal like that of Hyrax. .
Mr. Gerrard, in his ‘ Catalogue of Bones of Mammalia 1n the
British Museum,’ pointed out that there is a distinction in the ske-
leton between this species and H. capensis. He states that the spe-
cimen 7 24 a, in his Catalogue, “ has twenty-two pairs of ribs, the
first of which are articulated to the last cervical vertebra, and five
sternal bones,” the H. capensis, 7 24 b, in the same collection having
only twenty-one pairs of ribs and seven sternal bones. (See Cat.
Bones, p. 283.)
It is well worthy of observation that all these osteological charac-
ters exist in two species scarcely to be distinguished by their skins.
The skull of Euhyraa: abyssinicus is intermediate between Hyrax and
Dendrohyrax, but more allied to Hyrax.
Euhyrax abyssinicus.
Fur blackish, minutely punctulated with white, with a black
dorsal spot. .
Hyrax habessynicus, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Sym. Phys. (specific charac-
ters).
Hyrax abyssinicus, Giebel, Mam. p. 213.
Hyrax syriacus, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 2 (hinder figures
onl
Euhyifzix abyssinicus, Gray, Ann. <§~ Mag. N. H. i. p. 47 .
Hab. Abyssinia, Ankober, Dec. 1847 (male and female); called
B.M
1:; Ashkoko ” (Capt. Cornwallis Harris).
Ehrenberg describes the interparietal of H. capensis as trigonal,
and of H. habessinicus as semiorbicular, and the space between the
canine and grinders of H. habessinicus as being longer than in H.
capensis ; he also says that the fur of H. capensis is soft, and of H.
habessinicus more rigid ;. but I cannot discover any appreciable dif-
ference in this respect between the Cape and the Abyssinian species.
The skull of the adult Euhyrax abyssinicus, from the Abyssinian
skin, is larger than that of any species of Hyrax, and nearly as large
as that of Dendrohyraoo dorsalis ; it is narrow, and the smooth space
on the crown is linear, of nearly equal width from a line on a level
with the front of the condyles.
The second skull (from the skeleton No. 724 a) --which I believe to
belong to this species has decayed grinders, having been kept in
confinement. . It is very like the type specimen, but it is rather
shorter, and the hinder part of the crown or sagittal crest is nar-
rower. This’~‘r’skull is exceedingly like the skull figured with its ske-
leton under the name of Hyrax syriacus by M. de Blainville (Ostéo-
graph. t. 1 & 2). _ It differs from the figure a little in the form of
3. nnnnnonvnax. 291
the process of the lower jaw in front of the condyle; but in this
respect it also differs from the type specimens of Euhyraa abyssini-
cus. In both skulls the upper edge of the occipital bone is narrow,
as in Hyrazc.
Dr. Peters has, since the above was written, sent me the following
observations on Professor Ehrenberg’s specimen in the Berlin Mu-
seum :—-—“II. habessinicus is a very good species, and may prove to be
the same as the H. dorsalis. There is a figure of a younger speci-
men in his work ‘ Symbolae Physicoe,’ Mammalia, pl. 2. f. 2, together
with H. syriaous. As you will see from the text, the skull is. quite
different from that of H. capensis, H. syriacus (ruficeps), and H. ar-
boreus. The zygomatic arch is lower than on its junction with the
zygomatic process of the maxillary bones ; but the teeth are small,
as in H. arboreus. The hair is harsh, black and grey ; and the hair
of the belly is much shorter, greyish, sometimes yellowish, without
soft fur.”
“ The skull of my specimen from the coast (regarded as H. arboreus
in the ‘ Mammalia of Mossambique ’) agrees pretty well with that of
H. habessinicus and with another skull sent by Heuglin from Abys-
sinia. I cannot understand how this species could be confounded
with H. capensis.”
H. abyssinicus cannot be H. dorsalis, as the former has a black
and the latter a white dorsal spot, which is well marked in both
species.
3. DENDROHYRAX.
Skull rather elongate, with a broad flat crown, separating the
entire length of the temporal muscles in the adult animal; nose
elongate, produced. Diastema elongate, longer than the length of
the outer sides of the first three premolars; grinders and premolars
in a nearly straight line, and nearly of the same form, the front pre-
molar being only a little smaller. Orbit complete (or incomplete
even in a mature skull).
Dendrohyrax, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 48.
Nose rather produced; forehead flat; temporal muscles moderate,
separated in the adult skull by a broad flat crown; the upper edge
of the occipital bone thick, broad, forming part of the crown; lower
jaw broad, rounded behind. Lower cutting-teeth moderately long,
rather contracted at the base; upper edge dilated and divided into
three nearly square, rather spathulate lobes. The lower cutting-
teeth are rather elongated in the older animal, but never so long and
slender at the base as in the true Hyraces. The upper cutting-teeth
of the milk series are rounded i11 front, and obliquely truncated,
spathulate at the end. The canine of the adult series is trigonal,
with the keel in the front as in the true Hyraces. The diastema
between the canine and the first premolar, in the adult skull, is
elongate, as long as the outer margin of the three premolars. The
grinders form a very slightly arched series. The true grinders mo-
derate, not much larger than the broad square premolars. The first
permanent premolar nearly as large as the second one.
U 2
292 unscrew.
The skull of Dendroh-yrax dorsalis may be known from those of
Hyrax and Euhyr-aw, in the youngest state, by the large size of the
half-oblong interparietal bone, which is nearly twice as wide as
long. In the nearly adult skull it occupies the whole space of the
binder part of the crown. The skull of this genus is also peculiar
for the upper part of the occipital bone being produced and ex-
panded, and forming the hinder part of the crown, the binder edge
of the flattened part being keeled and sharply produced in the
centre.
There is the skull, with only a few teeth, of a very young animal-
in the British Museum (No. 7 24 j) that agrees with the skull just
described in having the upper part of the occipital bone broad and
forming part of the crown, and in having complete orbits. It also
has a very large, broad, transverse interparietal bone, nearly as wide
as the convex crown of the skull; but this is four-sided, and twice
as wide as high, as if formed of two squares united in the middle;
the outer sides of the bone are rather angular in the middle. I
suspect this is the young animal of D. dorsalis.
a. Orbit complete. Dendrohyrax.—-Gray, l. e. p. 49.
1. Dendrchyrax dorsalis. B.M.
Fur rigid, bristly, blackish; dorsal spot elongate, pure white.
Young-—fnr soft, silky, reddish brown; back with a broad dorsal
streak.
Hyrax dorsalis, Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 99; Verreaur, Cat.
Hyrax abyssinicus, Read, MS. hlus. Zool. Soc. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M.'p. 284 (no. 725 a).
Hyrax arboreus, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skull and teeth; not A. Smith) ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 284.
Dendrohyrax dorsalis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 49.
Hab. West Africa (Verreauec); Fernando Po (Fraser) ; Ashantee
Read .
( Theie are two adult skulls of this species in the British Museum
-—one obtained from Fernando Po, and the other received from Mr.
James Read, who obtained it from the cap of an Ashantee negro. In
both the forehead is flat, rather concave between the orbits, and the
orbits have a complete bony ring ; they both agree exactly with the
figure of the skull of H. arboreus in De Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie,’
and with the skull without a lower jaw in the British Museum.
There are the skeleton and skull of a young specimen in the
British Museum, purchased from Mr. J amrac-h_ ; and this skull
agrees with the two adult ones in the concavity of the forehead
over the orbits and the complete bony rings to the orbits.
2. Dendrohyrax arboreus. _ (The Boomdas.) B.M.
“ Fur reddish fulvous, varied with black; sides reddish white
mixed with black; underside and inner sides of limbs whitish;
3. nnnnnonxnax. 293
with a central white -dorsal streak.”——A. Smith. Young—fur very
soft, long, abundant, dark black-grey, varied with paler grey; lips,
chin, throat, underside of body, and inner sides of limbs white.
Skull ?
Hyrax arboreus, A. Smith, Linn. Trans. xv. .468 ; Peters, Mossa-mb.
p. 182 P (not Blainville) ; Kirk, P. Z. S. L864, p. 656?
Dendrohyrax arboreus, Gray, Ann. & May. N. H. ser. 4. i. p. 49.
Hab. South Africa (A. Smith): a young specimen with milk-
canines, South Africa, from Sir Andrew Smith. Mossambique, Tete
(Peters, Kirk).
There is no adult specimen of this species in the British Museum ;
there is a young specimen, with the milk-teeth, received from Sir
Andrew Smith, the original describer of the species. It is so dif-
ferent from the young specimen of the West-African species received
from M. Verreaux, which agrees with the adult tropical species de-
scribed by Mr. Fraser, in the British-Museum collection, that there
can be no doubt that the South- and West-African species are dis-
tinct, though the French zoologists and osteologists have confounded
them.
The young specimen is at once known from the young of D. dor-
salis by the paler colour of the fur, the want of the dark dorsal
streak, and the whiteness of the under surface. ‘
Dr. Peters, in his ‘ Mammalia of Mossambique,’ says that D.
arboreus is the only species of Hymn: he found in Mozambique. It
occurs near the capital of Mozambique, on the coast, and at Tete in
the interior, where it is called Mbira. '
It would be interesting to know if this is the same as H. clorsalis.
as the latter occurs at Ashantee.
Common on rocky hillsides, living in colonies. Caught by spring-
traps; flesh good to eat (Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864).
Dr. Peters, in a note to me respecting the Hyraces mentioned in
his ‘Mammalia of Mossambique,’ observes, “ It may be that there
are two species of Hyrax in Mossambique—one on the coast, and
the other in the interior. From the coast .1 only got a female spe-
cimen: the skull of this species shows small grinders compared with
those of H. syriacus, and seven in number.” See further observa-
tions on this skull under Euhyra.'e abyssinicus. “ The other spe-
cimen from the interior, the Carnera Hills near Tete, agrees perfectly
with the H. arboreas from the Cape.” This species is easily to be

distinguished by its soft fur and want of rusty colour; the hairs of
the underside are white, and brownish grey at the base. '
b. Orbit incomplete. Heterohyrax.-—Gray, l. e. p. 50.
_ 3. Dendrohyrax Blainvillii.
Dendrohyrax Blainvillii, Gray, l. c. p. 50.
An adult skull in the British Museum (No. 724 e), without its
lower jaw, was received from the Zoological Society without any
habitat or history attached to it. It has small, more equal-sized
294 HYRACIDBL
molars and premolars, in a nearly straight line, and the great length
of the diastema which is so characteristic of this section of the
genus. It may be the skull of the D. arboreus of South Africa. It
differs from the skull of D. dorsalis in being small, in the forehead
being convex in the centre between the orbits, and in the orbits
being incomplete behind. It has the alveoli of the upper cutting-
teeth each raised into a cup round the base of the tooth ; but this
may be only an individual peculiarity. I
This skull has all the characters of the genus Dendrohyraa-, ex-
cept that the orbit is incomplete behind. I think that it indicates
a new group, to which the name Heterohyrazc may be given. The
skull is much smaller and the tooth-line much shorter than in D.
dorsalis; and I propose to name it provisionally Heterohyrax Blain-
villii. The skull which M. de Blainville figures as that of Hyraar
rufipes (Ostéograph. t. 2) exactly represents the hinder part of that
in the Museum. It cannot be the H. ruficeps of Ehrenberg.
Dr. G. v. Jaeger figured, under the name of Hyrazv habessinicus
(t. 2. f. 14), the upper part of the skull of a Dendrohyrax obtained
from Gondar by Dr. von Heuglin. Dr. Jaeger, by mistake, figures
the upper edge of the occipital for the interparietal. This skull is
interesting as showing that the genus is found in Abyssinia.
Dr. G. v. Jaeger also figures the back of the skull and interparietal
bone of a species he calls Hyra./0 silvestris, collected in West Africa
by the missionary Dieterle. It is probably a Dendrohyraac. The
hinder part of the figure is the upper edge of the occipital. The
interparietal is urn-shaped, broader in front and contracted behind,
very unlike that found in the skulls of either of the two species in
the British Museum, and especially differing from D. dorsalis of
West Africa; so it may be a new species of the genus, Dendrohyraa:
silvestris (Wiirzb. naturw. J ahresb. xvi. p. 162, t. 2. f. 15).
The Jlleasurements of the Skulls, in inches and lines.
















. .3“ ;
6 . :§ 1,; *5 H ..
s 3 s 6 '5 E . £5 . ‘s‘
'2 s s -6 .._s 5 -s
Es is ,;s .g-.s gs‘ ,_,-0 ‘§»s '3 {Z '§~é §s<, '36
ea ss .s as as as 6 es as es s_. ss Es
r_L~ "l~ aw §§l- §g.~ §;b~ .z-- . §>l~ .I.~ .v-1 .1-4 _L~ .1‘
. #1 s N N 111 P4 is N 111 #1 Q Q Q Q
Lengthofskull .... .. 40 37 36 36 32 211 .... ..32 27%22%40 342134
,, tooth-line. 16 14%16 16 14 12 .... ..1s .......... ..17 .......... ..12%
Width, at centre of
zyg(()1ma,offore- 22%20%20%21 19 1 8% 18 20 1 7 13 23 110 1 2%-111
ea ............. ..
W1df)1;b*‘i§b&°kend°f}17'16 16 16 13 13 12%16 12 10 19 16%1015%
Width of band at
middleofcrown 03 02 0O%06 06 07 06%-08 . . . . . . . . . . ..09 10 .... ..010
. _ over condyles Wldthofnose ....... .. 07 07 08 07 06 o5;07 06%06 05 08%07 0507
,, at outer edge 1
oftooth-11ne,a.t 13 12 14 12 11 10;-10 10;010§o9 12-g-10 .... ..011g
_flrstmola-r ....... .. ’
W1d,§};8ffn,§fi?“§_ff 07% 07; 0s 07 06 0 7 06% 06% 0 6 .... .. 09 0 s .... .. 0 6


BHINOCEROTIDZBL 295
Suborder IV. NASICORNIA.
Nose rounded, with one or two horns, on a central line,
formed of agglutinated hair. Upper lip prehensile. Cutting-
teeth of upper jaw rudimentary or wanting, of lower jaw un-
equal, shelving; outer one elongate, projecting ; central ones
cylindrical, deciduous. Toes 3 . 3, nearly of same length,
radiating, more or less free, all reaching the ground.
N asicornia, Illiger, Prodr. 1811.
Fam. 4. RHINOCEROTIDZE.
Nose simple, with one or two horns on the central line. Upper ,
lip subprehensile. Toes three or five, united into a broad clavate
foot, each with a separate broad nail-like hoof. Teeth :—Incisors
variable or wanting, C. 1°, . -8, P.M. 4 . 4, M. % . 4;-, =28. Molar teeth
with distinct roots.
Rhinocerina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 186.
Rhinoceroten, Giebel, Siiugeth. p. 191.
Rhinoceratidee, Owen, Odont. p. 587; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 332,
1845. -
Rhinoceratina, Bonap. Prodr. Mast. p. 11; Gray, Ann. Phil. 1828.
Rhinocerosidise, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 1858.
Rhinocerotidae, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1005.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I . The skin divided into shields by well-marked folds. Skull with the inter-
maxillary . free, elongate; upper cutting-teeth long; nasal bones produced,
conical. Asiatic Rhinocerotes.
1. Rumocnnos. Horn single, anterior. Lumbar and neck-folds
of the skin well developed. Part of the occipital bone, near
the occipital condyle, and the condyles themselves prominent.
2. Cnnsronumus. Horns two, one behind the other. Lumbar
and neck-folds of the skin rudimentary. Occipital end of the
skull flat. Condyle not prominent.
II.‘ Skin uniform, not divided into shields. Horns two. Skull-internasal
cartilaginous ,- intermaxillary free, very small; upper cutting-teeth
none; nasal bones broad, rounded. African Rhinocerotes.
3. RBINASTER. Head short, compressed; upper lip with a cen-
tral prominence. Skull short behind; occiput erect; nasal
bones rounded in front; lower jaw thick in front; grinders
small, in arched series.
4. Cnnsrorunuruu. Head elongate, truncated; upper lip square.
Skull elongate and produced behind; occiput erect, produced
above; nasal bones broad, convex, truncated and sharp-
296 nnnvocnnorrmn.
edged in front; lower jaw tapering in front; grinders large,
in straight lines.
III. Skin uniform, not divided into shields. Horn single. Skull-—inter-
nasal bony ; nasal, internasal, and intermaaillary all united into one
mass. Asia and Europe. '
- 5. Ccnnononrs.
The Rhinocerotes of Asia and Africa are known by the conforma-
tion of their aws. The African species are easily distinguished by
the form of the head and of their nose-horns. The species of Asia,
on the other hand, are very difficult to separate from each other by
any external character, and are only to be characterized by the form
of their skulls and the locality which they inhabit, each zoological
district having a peculiar species ; and very probably there are yet
species to be described, as the Rhinoceroses of China, of Beloochis-
tan, and other countries which have not been examined by zoologists.
The British Museum contains a good series of preserved specimens
of this family, and a large series of skeletons, skulls, and horns;
and there is also a very rich collection of skulls from different loca-
lities in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,—the two
collections affording good materials for the revision of the species of
this group. I have to thank -the Council of the College of Surgeons,
and Mr. Flower; the energetic Curator of their Museum, for their
kindness in allowing me to examine the skulls in their collection.
In the British Museum there are specimens of five species, viz.
one R. unicornis and two R. javanicus from Asia, and four specimens
from Africa (viz. two R. bicornis, one B. simus, and one B. keitloa),
the three latter species being the animals that were collected and
preserved under the superintendence of Sir Andrew Smith.
_ The Indian species (B. unicornis) has been often figured from
life, amongst others by Dr. Parsons, in the ‘Phil. Trans.’ 1742,
1743, t. 1, 2 ; R. sumatranus by Mr. Bell from life in the ‘ Philoso-
phical Transactions; ’ and R. javanicus, by Dr. Horsfield; and the
two latter also by Solomon Miiller, in his ‘ Verhandlung,’ who gives
good figures of the adult and young.
' Three African species have been well figured by Dr. Andrew
Smith, in his ‘ Illustrations of the animals of South Africa,’ and two
of them by Capt. Cornwallis Harris, in his ‘ Portraits of the Wild
Animals of South Africa,’ t. 16 & 19 ; so that the external appear-
ances of these animals are well known.
The osteology of the species has been well represented by Camper,
by Pallas (in ‘ Nov. Com. Petrop.’ 1777), by Cuvier (in the second
volume of his ‘ Ossemens Fossiles ’), and further illustrated in ‘De
Blainville’ s valuable ‘ Ostéographie.’ '
In the British Museum there are three skeletons and ten skulls
of the Asiatic species, and a sheleton and four skulls of the African
Rhinooerotes. I
The osteological collection in the British Museum is quite a
modern creation, and has been made under great difliculties and with
nninocnnormza. 297
very limited funds. The Trustees at first objected to have any skulls
or other bones; but it was proved to them that mammalia and other
vertebrates could not be studied without a collection of skulls. The
fact was, one of the Trustees, Sir R. Inglis, was also a Trustee of the
Hunterian Collection (certainly ofiices that are not incompatible with
each other; for my uncle, Dr. E. W. Gray, one of my predecessors
in my present ofiice, was, on the purchase of the Hunterian Col-
lection, named one of the Trustees); and he stated to me that he
was urged to prevent the collection of osteological specimens in the
British Museum, as being a rival and injurious to the collection at
the College of Surgeons. The difficulty was to a great extent re-
moved when Mr. Bryan Hodgson offered the Museum his very large
collection of skins and skeletons from the Himalayas, which were to
be accepted together or declined together. Since that time the col-
lection has rapidly increased, and, though it was much depreciated
by Professor Owen in his evidence before the Royal Commissioners
on the affairs of the British Museum, was then, and I believe is now,
the best-determined and largest osteological collection in Europe.
As to the rivalry, if any exists, it is to the benefit of both collec-
tions, for it is conducive to the activity of the Curator of each ; but
I have always felt, and the present Curator of the Museum of the
College of Surgeons believes, that they are able greatly to assist each
other. I only know that I take almost as much interest in the col-
lection of the College as in that under my own care.
In the British Museum there is a skull belonging to the Indian
one-horned type ; it is the skull of a young animal with premolars
of the milk series and the first permanent grinder appearing. It is
considerably larger than the skulls of the Indian species of the same
age, and therefore indicates a species fully as large as that animal.
The skull is so different from that species in its compressed form
and proportions that there can be no doubt that it belongs to a very
distinct species, which has not before been observed. There are also
two skulls from Borneo, which belong to a distinct and hitherto
undescribed species.
The Museum of the College of Surgeons contains two skeletons
and thirteen skulls of the Asiatic and three skulls of the African
Rhinocerotes. One of these skulls is very interesting; it belongs to
the one-horned Indian group, and is much like that of B. unicornis
in general characters. It is an adult skull, with all the permanent
teeth; and it is so much smaller than the skull of the adult or even
a half-grown animal of that species, that it indicates an animal not
more than half, or perhaps one-third, of the size of the common
Indian Rhinoceros.
There are generally one or more skulls of the animals of the genus
to be seen in the larger local museums, as, for example, at Man-
chester, Leeds, and York. If these skulls could be collected together
and compared, they would form a most interesting collection for
study ; unfortunately they are generally without any certain history
as to habitat &c.
Cuvier, in his essay above quoted,‘ has given an excellent résumé
298 RHINOGEROTIDE.
of the history of the former knowledge of the animals; and I have
only to observe that he did not discover that the skull figured by
Camper, which he copied (t. 2. f. 7) and regarded as the skull of
the adult Rhinoceros bicornis, is the skull of the Rhinoceros keitloa.
He mentions R. simus as a distinct species, from M. de Blainville’s
note on the animal (from Mr. Burchell’s MS.) in the ‘ Journal de
Physique.’
The horns of these animals attracted the attention of Dr. Parsons,
who figured several of them in a paper in the ‘ Philosophical Trans-
actions’ for 1742 and 1743, among the rest the horns of some
African species, which have, since Cuvier’s time, been determined,
chiefly by the form of the horn, to be distinct species. Some of
these horns are still in the British Museum.
. 3. f. 4, 5. Rhinoceros bicornis, in B. M.
. 3. f. 6. Rhinoceros simus, in B. M.
. f. 7. Rhinoceros Oswellii, in B. M.
. 3. f. 8, 9. Rhinoceros keitloa?
-In the British Museum and in the Museum of the College of
Surgeons there is a large series of the horns of both the Asiatic and
African species.
I. The Asmrro Rnmocnnorns. Shin divided into shields, separated by
distinct folds. Nose-horn single, or with a small second hinder one;
nasal bones produced, conical, acute ; internasals cartilaginous ; inter-
maxillary well developed, free ,- upper cutting-teeth two, compressed,
well developed. Lower jaw attenuated in front, with a straight lower
edge. Teeth 34 :—-I. %.-.,l-. C. -3-.%. RIM. 4.5;-. M. 3-.%.—Gray,
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1006.
Rhinoceros, § 2, Giebel, p. 205.
Rhinoceros, Gray, List. of Mamm. B. M. 1840.
Rhinocéros munis de dents incisives, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 89.
The British Museum has a series of skulls of the four Asiatic
species, showing the form of the skull in the different ages of the
animal, from the just born to the adult or senile state.
There is a considerable difference in the form of the skull between
the species which has one and that which has two horns, especially
in the form of the occipital end of the skull and in the size of the
occipital condyles. The difference is well represented in Bell’s
figure of the skull of the Sumatran animal.
I at first had a difficulty in distinguishing the difference between
the skulls of the J avan and Sumatran species; but this arose from
the British Museum having received from the Leyden Museum,
through Mr. Franks, a skeleton of the Javan species under the name
of R. sumatranus. But when I received a skull of the two-horned
species from Pegu, the mistake in the name of the skeleton was soon
discovered.
Some of the specimens of skulls of R. unicornis and R. javanicus
in the British Museum have the foramen in the front of the orbit over
RHINOCEROTIDE. 299
the -front and others over the hinder edge of the second premolar.
In both the specimens of B. sumatranus it is over the back edge of
the first premolar.
The first premolar in the three adult specimens of R. unicornis
is smaller than the same tooth in B. javanicus, and appears to be
earlier shed; for in two of the skulls it has entirely disappeared with
the alveolus that contained it, and in the other one the tooth is there,
but it is nearly rootless and the alveolus is nearly absorbed.
The two large lateral lower cutting-teeth have a sharply keeled
inner edge; but the teeth often wear almost entirely away, so that
this form is lost.
The grinders of the milk or first series have much larger and more
equal folds on the outer side than those of the permanent set; in
the latter the front fold is linear and near the front margin of the
tooth.
The teeth in some specimens appear to be rather smaller than in
others; but there is a difference in the comparative size of the teeth
with regard to each other in the series.
As to presence or absence the small central lower incisor teeth seem
to be liable to considerable variation. In one adult skull from India
there are two incisor teeth ; and in another there are two holes, but
they are crowded together and are closing up.
In three specimens of R. javanicus there are no central lower in-
cisor teeth, nor space for them; between the two large ones in the
two other skulls, which are from younger animals, the central lower
incisor teeth are well developed and cylindrical, being much the
largest in the smaller and younger specimen.
The lachrymal bone varies in the different species, and is very
characteristic. In R. javanicus and R. nasalis it is large, roundish,
nearly as wide as high. In R. unicornis and R. stenocephalus it is
narrow, oblong, erect, about twice as high as wide. In Ueratorhinus
sumatranus it is very large, rather irregular-shaped, forming a con-
siderable part of the checks of the skull. It differs a little in size
and form in the specimens of the same species, but retains its general
and distinctive forms.
There is a considerable variation in the size and form of the cavity
under the zygomatic arch in the skulls that appear to belong to the
same species. Thus in the four specimens of R. unicornis, which
are nearly adult, two of them have the cavity short and broad, and
two long and narrow. The same may be observed in the skulls of
R. javanicus and R. nasalis. The aperture is widest, compared with
its length, in the oldest specimens. -This may probably be a sexual
distinction; one of the skulls with a short wide opening is known
to have belonged to a male. The size and form of the cavity is, no
doubt, greatly influenced by the age of the animal. The masseter
muscle becomes thicker and shorter as the animal increases in age,
the transverse width of the skull under the muscles becoming less
as the animal becomes more aged (see some measurements, showing
the fact, under R. javanicus). The same is shown to be the case in
the series of skulls of R. unioornis.
300 nuinoennorinzs.
Mr. Edward Blyth has published a memoir on the living Asiatic
species of Rhinoceros, with figures of some of the skulls in the Mn-
seum of the Society, which may be consulted with advantage (see
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p. 151); but
unfortunately I have not had the opportunity of comparing the skulls
with those in the London collections :--
Rhinoceros indicus: narrow type of skull, t. 1. f. 1, t. 2. f. 1.
, R. sondaicus: broad type of skull, t. 1. f. 2, t. 2. f. 2, from the
Bengal Sundarbans and Tenasserim; t. 1. f. 3, t. 2. f. 3, aged, from
Java.
R. sumatranus, t. 3. f. 1, 2 (male), t. 3. f. 3 (female).
R. sumatranus, Tavoy, t. 4. f. 1-4.
The figures are from photographs, and they show the form of the
occiput in the three species, confirming the fact that the occiput of
the two-horned species is always flat and erect.
1. RHINOCEROS.
Skin divided into distinct shields by deep folds. Lumbar fold
well marked, and extending from the groin to the back. ‘Horn one,
short, conical. Upper lip with a central prominence. Skull :—fore-
head broad, flat, or only slightly rounded; the occipital end shelving
from the occipital condyle to the occipital crest; the occipital con-
dyles large, oblong, very prominent; lachrymal bone moderate.
The skulls of the larger number of species of this genus have the
forehead and the upper surface of the nose flattened; this is seen in
the living animal. But one species, of which there is only a single
skull of a young animal in the British Museum, has the forehead
and nose subcylindrical (that is, high on the central line and arched
on the sides), as -is the ease with the Sumatran and the African
Rhinoceroses. This character, I have no doubt, is equally visible in
the living animal.
A. Forehead and nose behind the horn fiat.
Nose square on the sides above; nasal short . . . . . . R. javanicus.
Nose shelving on the sides above; upper jaw slightly contracted
before the grinders.
Nasal broad, elongate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. unicornis.
Nasal narrow, short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. nasalis.
Upper jaw much contracted before the grinders; nasal narrow,
short. . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. Floweri.
B. Forehead and nose subcylindrical, shelving on the sides above; nasal
elongate . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. stenocephalus.
A. The forehead and the nose behind the base of the horn _/lat, both in the
living animal and skull. Eurhinoceros.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1009.
““ Upper jaw slightly contracted in front of the grinders.
1. Rhinoceros javanicus. (J avan Rhinoceros.) B.M.
Skull broad; forehead behind the horn broad, flat, or slightly
1. nmnocnnos. - 301
concave, obscurelykeeled on the sides near base of horn; intermax-5
illary bone elongate, slender, straight, without any upper process;
lachrymal bone roundish, nearly as wide as high; nasal bones not
quite two-fifths of the entire length of the nose and crown.
Rhinoceros javanicus, F. Cuv. et Geog‘: Mam. Lith.; Gray, Cat.
Mamm. B. M. ; Solom. Milller, Verh. t. 33 (6 SB ); Gray, P. Z. S.
1867 , p. 1009.
Rhinoceros javanus, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 1 (skeleton), t. 2 (skull, adult
and jun.), t. 7 (teeth).
Rhinoceros sondaicus (R. unicorne de Java), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii.
p. 33, t. 14. f. 2 (skull), t. 17, 18 (skeleton) ; Bafites, Trans. Linn.
Soc. xiii.; Horsf. Zool. Java, t. (animal); Blyth, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p. 151, t. 1. f. 2, 3, t. 2. f. 2, 3 (skull ?).
Hab. Java. Skull of type from Mus. Leyden.
In the British Museum there are three skulls belonging to this
s ec1es :--
p1. A skeleton of an adult animal with a skull, purchased from the
Leyden Museum, from Java.
2. An adult skull, received from the Zoological Society.
3. A skeleton with the skull of a half-grown animal, received
from the Leyden Museum through M. Franks as R. sumatranus, from
Sumatra. The skull agrees in all particulars, especially in the form
of the occiput and the concavity and breadth of the forehead and
nose, with the adult skull of R. javanicus from Java ; so that there
must have been some mistake in the name and habitat; perhaps the
wrong skeleton was sent.
There is also an adult skull which has had the nasal bone out off
(722 h), which was received from the Zoological Society under the
name of R. unicornis ; but I have little doubt it is a R. javanious,
perhaps from Sir Stamford Raflies.
In the oldest skull (723 d) the aperture under the zygoma is
3 inches 7 lines wide in the widest part, and 4 inches 9 lines long.
In the adult skull (7 23 a) the aperture is 3 inches wide and 6 inches
1 line long. In the skull of the young specimen (723 c) the aperture
is 2 inches 2 lines wide, and 4 inches 7 lines long. The greater
width is produced by the skull under the zygoma becoming so much
narrower as the animal becomes aged. In 723d this part is only
4 inches 7 lines, and in 7 23 a it is 5 inches 9 lines wide.
In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons there are five
skulls that appear to belong to this species, but one or two of
them are in a bad condition (nos. 2970 and 2971, the rest are not
numbered). _
Camper, who paid great attention to this species of Rhinoceros, in
a letter to Pallas, printed in the ‘ Neue nord. Beytriige ’ (vii. p. 249),
first pointed out that there were two Asiatic one-horned Rhinocerotes
with upper incisors. His specimen, by the misfortunes of war, fell
into the hands of Cuvier, and was described by him in the ‘ Ossemens
Fossiles ’ (ii. p. 26). Cuvier regards the height of the occipital arch
and the want of the apophysis on the upper edge of the intermaxil-
lary as the chief character of the Javan species; but the apophysis
302 . RHINOCEROTIDZE.
is generally absent in the Indian species, it appears only to be found
in the skulls of the very old males of that kind.
2. Rhinoceros unicornis. (Indian Rhinoceros.) B.M.
Skull :-—Forehead broad, flat, concave ; nose behind the horn
convex, subcylindrical, rounded at the sides ; lachrymal oblique,
longitudinal, oblong, rather four-sided ; intermaxillary bones broad,
thick, with a bony process on the middle of the upper edge ; nasal
bones short, broad, about two-fifths of the entire length of the nose
and crown; zygomatic arch of the adult rather convex.
Rhinoceros unicornis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 104; Gray, List Mamm. B.]l[.
p. 186; P. Z. S._1867, p. 1010 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 286;
Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. t. 4. f. 1 ; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skull, adult).
Rhinoceros asiaticus, Blumenb. Handb. p. 10, Abbild. t. 7 B.
Rhinoceros indicus, Cuv. Mém. Mus. t.; Oss. Foss. p. 5, t. 1-4
(bones) ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. t. ; Schinz, Syn. p. 333; Owen,
Cat. Osteol. R. C. S. p. 513, nos. 2975 to 3074.
Inilifan Rhinoceros, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742-43, p. 525, t. 1, 2 (from
1 e .
Rhindceros inermis, Lesson, Cat.
Hab. India.
The skull figured by Cuvier and by De Blainville for the skull of
R. uni-cornis, probably from the same skull in the Paris Museum,
has a broad bony process on the middle of the upper edge of the
intermaxillary bones. The skeleton and skull in the British Museum
(722 g), from an adult male specimen that lived for several years in
the Zoological Gardens, has this bony process well marked ; so that
it seems common in the species, if not a peculiar character of it.
Mr. Blyth thinks that “ the adult male Rhinoceros that lived in
the Zoological Gardens -for several years, stated to have been captured
in Aralcan, was R. sondaicus.” He proceeds, “ The two Asiatic one-
horned species, indeed, resemble each other a great deal more nearly
in external appearance than the published figures of them would
lead to suppose ; certainly no sportsman or ordinary observer would
distinguish them apart, unless attention had been specially called to
the subject.’ ’-—Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p. 132. This
explains how the species, now described for the first time, may have
been overlooked.
In the British Museum there is the skeleton ( 722 g) with the skull
of an adult animal that lived for several years in the Zoological Gar-
dens, referred to by Mr. Blyth, and a skull from a just born animal,
which was presented by Mr. Bryan Hodgson from Nepal.
There are in the British Museum other skulls which have been
received from various persons without any special habitat that can
be relied on, which appear to belong to this species. They are
all without the process on the upper edge of the large thick inter-
maxillary bones.
1. A fully adult skull (722 d), marked “ India ?”.
2. An adult skull (722 f) that was purchased of a dealer, without
any specified locality.
1. nanveesaes. 303
In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons there is the
skeleton of an adult animal (no. 2969 a) that formerly had the long
front horns of an African Elephant placed on its nasal bones, which
Mr. Flower, the present Curator, has properly removed.
There are also skulls of half-grown or female animals, with the
seventh grinder just showing itself, of this species (nos. 2975, 2976),
with a large oblong erect lachrymal.
All these skulls have thick intermaxillaries, and the front of the
upper jaw, at the base of the intermaxillaries, is not suddenly con-
tracted. In the three adult skulls it is 3 inches 9 lines wide; in
the younger skull in the College of Surgeons (no. 2975) it is 3 inches
3 lines. The width of the diastema between the cutting-teeth and
the front premolar is 2 inches 6 lines in all the specimens.
There is a stuffed specimen and a mounted skeleton of a young
animal, just showing the horn, in the Free Museum at Liverpool,
and the skull of a second of the same age. These two animals died
on the voyage from Calcutta to Liverpool, were named R. sondaicus
by Mr. Blyth, and preserved by Mr. Moore, the energetic Curator
of that Museum. Mr. Blyth informs me there is a skeleton of
R. sondaicus in the Anatomical Museum of Guy’s Hospital, called
R. indicus.
The Indian Rhinoceroses are long-lived. Mr. Blyth speaks of a
pair that lived about forty-five years in captivity in Barrackpoor
park: they were exactly alike in size and general appearance; they
never bred; there is no difference in the horns or form of the skulls
in the two sexes (Blyth, J . A. S. B. xxxi. p. 155).
The foetal skull of R. unicornis (no. 722 D) in the British Museum,
received from Mr. Bryan Hodgson, is short; the brain-case is oblong,
ovate, swollen, and convex behind; the nasal bones are about as
long as they are broad at the hinder edge, transversely convex above
in the middle of their length and in the deep central groove in front
above; the nasal cavity is long, high, and wide; the nasal bones
are three-eighths of the entire length to the occipital crest; the
length of the skull from the nasal to the front of the orbit is two-
fifths of the entire length to the occipital condyles. The inter-
maxillaries are well developed, rather thick and short; they each
bear two blunt teeth, scarcely raised above the alveolus, the first on
each side is much larger and thicker than the hinder one, which is
small and conical. There are three grinders developed on each side,
the second and third being rather more developed than the small
front one. There appears to have been a fourth tooth on each side
more or less developed ; but it and the cavity have been lost. The
palate is narrow and deeply concave, nearly of equal width, but the
sides are less erect and more expanded behind than in front; the
front edge of the hinder nasal aperture is narrow, and rather in
front of a line even with the hinder edge of the third grinder ; the
length of the palate from the front edge of the intermaxillaries is
rather more than from the end of the palate to the suture between
the basal sphenoid and the basal occipital bone. The vomer is com-
pressed, and forms a well-marked broad ridge, which is much higher
304 nnrnoonnorrnra.
in front, and divides the internal nostrils. The lower jaw has the
incisors just developed, and slightly projecting beyond the alveolus ;
they are oblong, with a. rather sharp edge on each side. There are
cavities for four grinders on each side; the small first ones are lost;
the second and third are equally developed, just projecting and with
smooth enamel edges; and the fourth are being developed, the crown
being sunk rather below the aveolar edge.
Rhinoceros cucullatus (Wagner, Schreb. Sttugeth. vi. p. 317 ; Giebel,
Stiugeth. p. 202), described from a specimen in the Munich Museum,
appears to be only a specimen of R. unicornis, with a second horn
added by the preserver. ‘
3. Rhinoceros nasalis. B.M.
Skull elongate, the forehead and nose flat above, nose rounded on
the sides in front; the nasal bones narrow, tapering, short, about
two-fifths of the entire length of the skull from the nasal to the
occipital crest; the zygomatic arch flat; lachrymal bone narrow,
oblong, erect; the upper jaw only slightly contracted in front of the
grinders (3 % inches wide).
Rhinoceros nasalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 1012, figs. 1, 2 (skull).
‘Hab. Borneo?
There are two not quite adult skulls in the British Museum (nos.
723 b and 723 0) which appear to belong to this species. They
slightly differ from each other; but this may be sexual. They agree
with R. unicornis in the flatness of the crown, forehead, and nose,
and in the nose being rounded on the sides, and also in the slight
contraction of the upper jaw in front of the grinders, and in the
comparative flatness of the zygomatic arch. They chiefly differ from
the skull of that species of the same age,—1, in the greater length
of the skull; 2, in the breadth andflatness of the forehead; 3, in
the line of the forehead not being so concave; 4, in the comparative
slenderness and shortness of the nasal bones, they are only two-fifths
of the entire length of the skull from the end of the nasal to the
occipital crest, while in the skull of R. unicornis, nearly of the same
age, in the College of Surgeons (no. 2975) the nasal bones are at
least four-ninths of the entire length. The nasal bones are narrower
and more tapering, their length being about once and one-half the
breadth of the base. The upper jaw behind the internasal is only
slightly contracted. They are at once known from R. javanicus‘ by
the greater length and narrowness of the skull, and the rounded form
of the upper part of the nose, but they agree with the non-adult
skull of that species in the shortness of the nasal bones.
The two specimens rather vary from each other in the width of
the nasal. 7 23 b is a not quite adult animal; it is just showing the
last or seventh grinder, but it wants the intermaxillaries. It was
purchased of a dealer, and has been marked “ R. sondaicus, Cuvier,
Java,” by some previous possessor. The habitat may depend on the
person having decided it to be R. sondaicus. The skull differs from
723 0 in the nasal being broader and more gradually tapering.
RHINOCEROS.
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306 ‘ RHINOOEROTID./E.
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1. RHINOCEROS. 307
723 e is nearly in the same state of dentition, as the seventh molar
is just appearing. This was purchased of a dealer, who said that
he received it direct from Borneo. The forehead, nose, and especially
the nasal bones are narrower than in the preceding.
These skulls, from their size, indicate a species about the size of
or rather smaller than R. unicornis.
** Upper jaw much contracted and very narrow -in front of the grinders.
- 4. Rhinoceros Floweri.
Skull: -—the forehead and nose flat above, the nose rounded on
the sides in front; the nasal bones very slender, rather more than
two-fifths of the entire length of the nose and crown; the zygomatic
arch convex, arched outwards, having a very large roundish cavity
for the temporal muscles ; lachrymal bone elongate, expanded 011 the
cheeks; the upper aw suddenly contracted and very narrow (only
2% inches wide) in front of the grinders; the diastema very long,
longer than in the adult R. unicornis, being 22- inches long.
Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Owen, Cat. Osteol. Prep. Mus. Coll. Surg.
p. 506. no. 2934.
Tennu, Rrgfites, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 269. ‘
Rhinoceros Floweri, Gray, P. Z. S. .1867, p. 1015, figs. 3, 4.
Hab. Sumatra (Ragfles). Skull, Mus. Coll. Surgeons, no. 2934.
A skull of this species is in the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons, described by Professor Owen, as above cited, who calls it
the cranium of a male Sumatran Rhinoceros (presented by Sir Stam-
ford Raffles, P. Z. S.), observing that “the cranium offers no indica-
tion of the short hinder horn of this two-horned species.” It is so
distinct in form and size that I have no doubt of its belonging to
a most distinct species. I propose to designate it after the energetic
Curator of the Museum of the College of Surgeons, who in the few
years that he has had charge of the collection has wonderfully im-
proved it and increased its usefulness, not only to the zoological stu-
dent, but for professional studies.
The skull is at once known from all the others I have examined
by the convex prominent form of the zygomatics, and the contraction
of the front of the upper jaw behind the cutting-teeth. It indicates
a small species, not more than half the size of the common India11 '
Rhinoceros (R. unicornis).
The skull no. 2934 is that of an adult animal with all its perma-
nent teeth. It was named R. sumatrensis by Professor Owen : but
it certainly is not a skull of that species ; for the occipital end of the
skull is projected and the condyle produced, and, though the skull is
that of an adult animal, there is no mark of the root of the second
horn, which is always well marked in the adult skull of that species.
It is also distinguished from that species, as it is from R. unicornis
and R. javanieus, by the convexity of the zygomatic arch and the
size of the cavity for the temporal muscles.
It has been suggested that this skull may have belonged to an
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310 n'.nuvoc EROTIDJE.
Indian Rhinoceros that had been kept in a menagerie, and so very
poorly fed that it never arrived at its full growth. The skull shows
no sign of disease of any kind ; the teeth are well worn down, as if
it had had abundant food. Starvation is not likely to produce any
such change in the proportions of the parts as this skull presents
when it is compared with the skull of the adult R. unicornis, or even
when compared with the skull of a young R. unicornis of nearly
the same size. Starvation is not likely to have decreased the growth,
and at the same time to have extended the size and thickness of
the temporal muscles, which is so characteristic of this interesting
species.
This skull having formed part of the collection of Sir Stamford
Raflies renders it probable that the animal was a native of Sumatra.
Sir Stamford had in his collection a few specimens from other loca-
lities--some obtained from Singapore, that being the general entre-
pit for the productions of the Malay peninsula and islands. There
‘being in this collection only the upper jaw preserved goes far to
prove that it is not the skull of a menagerie specimen as has been
suggested.
Sir Stamford Raffles observes, “ There is another animal in the
forests of Sumatra never yet noticed, which in size and character
nearly resembles the Rhinoceros, and which is said to bear a single
horn. The animal is distinguished by having a narrow whitish belt
encircling the body, and is known to the natives of the interior by
the name of Tennu. It has been seen at several places; and, the
description given of it by several persons unconnected with each
other corresponding generally, no doubt can be entertained of the
existence of such an animal” (see Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 269; Blyth,
l. c. p. 164). I have little doubt that the skull here described is
that of the Tennu.
B. The forehead and nose subcylindrical, rounded on the sides. Rhinoceros.
5. Rhinoceros stenocephalus. B.M.
Skull (half-grown) like that of R. unicornis of the same age, but
narrower and compressed: the forehead is narrow and subcylindrical ;
the nose much narrower and more slender; the nose is semicylindrical
at the base of the horn ; the nasal bones narrow, gradually tapering
in front, more than twice the length of the width at the base of the
nasal, more than four-fifths of the length of the forehead from the
internasal suture to_th,e occipital crest; laehrymal narrow, oblong,
erect, about twice as high as wide.
Rhinoceros stenocephalus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 1018, f. 5, 6.
Hab. Asia.
‘There is a single skull of a half-grown animal of this species in
the British Museum (722 e), which was received from the Zoological
Society, without any special habitat. In the roundness of the nose
it shows some aflinity to the skull of R. sumatrensis ; it is different
from that species in ' iiiany particulars, in the prominence of the
"1. RHINOCEROS.




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Rhinoceros stenocephalus.
2. enmronnrnus. -V13
occipital portion of the skull, and especially of the occipital condyles.
When placed by the side of a R. unicor-nis of the same size and con-
dition of teeth it stands rather higher, and is immediately known by
the length and slenderness of the nose and nasal bones.
The following fossil species probably belong to this genus z—--
1. Rnrnocnnos LEPTORHINUS, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 71, t. 9, 10,
1] ; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. ; Gray, l. c. p. 1021.
Rhinoceros Cuvieri, Desm. M amm. p. 402.
Hab. Fossil.
2. Rnnvocnnos nvorsrvus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 89, t. 6. f. 9,
10; Blainv. Ostéogr. p. 1 ; Gray, l. c. p. 1021.
Hab. ?
‘ Cuvier (Oss. Foss. ii. p. 71, t. 9. f. 7) figures a fossil skull of a
species of this genus from a drawing made at Milan by M. Adolphe
Brongniart. See also an imperfect skull figured by Blainville (Os-
téographie, t. 14, figure at left upper corner of the plate).

2. CERATORHINUS.
Skin divided into shields by deep folds, the lumbar fold rudimen-
tary, short, only occupying the middle of the space between the
groin and the back. Horns two: front longer, curved backwards;
hinder small, conical. Skull :—-forehead narrow, flat; the upper
part of the nose on each side of the horns narrow, rounded, sub-
cylindrical; the occipital region erect, the part near the condyles
rather concave, the occipital condyle short, broad, oblong, placed
obliquely inferior, scarcely prominent; lachrymal bone very large,
irregular-shaped.
Ceratorhinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 1021.
1. Ceratorhinus sumatranus. ~ B.M.
Rhinocéros bicorne de Sumatra, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 27, t. 4, iii.
p. 42, t. 78. f. 8 (from Bell, skull).
Rhinoclelsros sumatrensis, C'uv-ier; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skull 52), t. 7
teet .
Rliinocéios de Java, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. t. (not good).
Sumatran Rhinoceros, W. Bell, Phil. Trans. 17 93, p. 3, t. 2, 3, 4;
Home, Phil. Trans. 1821, p. 270, t. 21, 22.
Rhinoceros sumatranus, Rrgfles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 268; Blainv.
Ostéogr. t. (skull) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 282 ; Miiller,
Verhand. t. 35 (old and young); Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 306,
1862, p. 1; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p. 151, t. 3.
f. 1, 2, 3.
Rhinoceros Crossii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 270 fig. (horns); Gerrard,
Cat. Bones B. M. p. 282.
Ceratorhinus sumatranus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1021.
Hab. Sumatra (Bell); Tavoy, near Siamese frontier (Blyth);
Pegu (Theobald, B. M.).
314 RHINOCEROTIDE. -
There are two skulls of this species in the British Museum :—-
1. Adult, with a roughness on the forehead and nose made by the
roots of the horns, from Pegu. 2. A skull of a two-thirds-grown
animal, with the seventh grinder just appearing; it has the fore-
head and nose smooth. This was received from the Zoological So-
ciety, and is probably from Sir Stamford Rafies’s collection from
Sumatra. . .
The horn in the British Museum named R. Crossii, I have no
doubt, from the figure that Mr. Blyth gives of the skull (Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1862, t. 4), he is right in referring to this
species.
When I described this horn I was told by several persons that it
was only the horn of an African Rhinoceros that had been artifici-
ally prepared and bent back after being boiled; but the colour and
structure of the horn showed that that could not be the case, and
that it was the horn of a Rhinoceros which I had not before seen.
In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons there is a beau-
tiful skeleton (no. 2938) of this species, received from Sir Stamford
Raflies. There are also three skulls of adult or nearly adult age,-
viz. nos. 2935, 2936, and 2938 ; the latter is cut open longitudinally
to show the brain-cavity. From the roughness on the forehead in
the adult skull, the hinder horn must be situated further back in
this species than in the African Rhinocerotes; the centre of the
roughness is over the orbit. One of the skulls shows a rudimentary
canine on one side of the upper jaw, placed in the front edge of the
intermaxillary suture ; this animal was just obtaining its first per-
manent molar.
The skull figured by Bell, and copied by Cuvier, represents the
erect position of the occipital plane, as also does De Blainville’s figure
of the skull of a female. Mr. Blyth, who has seen these animals
alive, thinks the horn that I provisionally described as R. Crossii is
the horn of an adult male 0. sumatranus. He says that the horns
of the females are smaller than those of the males -observing, at the
same time, that there is no .difl'erence in size in the horns of the two
sexes of R. unicornis of India. In Bell’s figure of the skull the
intermaxillaries are represented as curved downwards. This may
have been an individual peculiarity; they are more or less bent down
obliquely in the skulls I have seen, but always in a straight di-
rection. *
The Rhinocéros de Java of M. F. Cuvier (Mamm. Lithogr.) is only
a more accurate figure of the R. sumatrensis. '
M. Cuvier, in the first edition of the the ‘ Regne Animal,’ says the
Bhinocéros de Java is smaller than the R. sumatranus; but in the
second edition he refers to his brother’s figures in the ‘Mamm.
Lithogr.,’ and alters his description; so that both R. sumatrensis
and R javanensis are established on the Sumatran Rhinoceros.
This species is erroneously called by Jardine, in the ‘ Naturalist’s
Library,’ “ R. sumatrensis, the Lesser one-horned Rhinoceros.”
The horns of the Rhinoceros are exceedingly difficult to procure ;
they are eagerly bought up at high prices by the Chinamen, who
Q11
2. CER.-KTORHINUS. 31
not only value them as medicine, but carve them into very elegant
ornaments (Blyth, l. c. p. 158). ‘
2. Ceratorhinus monspellianus.
Rhinocéros de Montpellier, Marcel de Serres.
Rhinoceros monspellianus, Blainv.
Rhinoceros megarhinus, De Cristol ; Gervais, Zool. et Paléont. Franc.
ii. p. 43, iii. t. 2.
Ceratorhinus monspellianus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1023.
Fossil, Hérault, France.
This species chiefly differs from R. sumatranus in the nose behind
the base of the front horn being prolonged and subcylindrical. This
species has been mixed up with R. tichorhinus (see Gervais, l. 0.).
II. The AFRICAN RHINOCEROTES. The skin uniform, without any strong
fold, except at the junction between the head and body. Nose with two
horns, one behind the other, front longest. Shull—-occiput and condyles
not produced; nasal bones free, produced, broad, rounded in front ,-
intermaaillaries rudimentary, very small; upper cutting-teeth none.
Lower jaw arched below, thick. Teeth 28 :—I. % . g. C. % .-5-.
P.]l/[.71-.4. JII.-3-.-§~. .
Rl}il;_1aste;,816T‘2'ay, List Mamm. B. 111. 1840; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B.
The Alfrican Rhinocerotes, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 1023.
I am not aware that any adult African Rhinoceros has been seen
living in this country; and the external appearance of the species
is ehiefly known by the excellent figures given by Dr. Andrew
Smith, in his ‘ Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa,’ who
figures Rhinoceros bicornis, R. simus, and R. leeitloa. The speci-
mens of these three species which he collected and had stuffed by
M. Verreaux under his own superintendence, are in the British
Museum.
There are two-well marked forms of these animals, characterized
by the shape of the head and skull. The first (or short, blunt-
headed, narrow-nosed group) includes two, and the second (or long-
headed, broad, square-nosed group) includes one well-marked
species, and probably another distinguished by the form of the
horns, of which only the horns are known.
There is a not quite adult skull of R. bicornis, and two adult
skulls and two very young skulls of R. simus, in the British Mu-
seum; and a skeleton of R. leeitloa, previously only known from
the description and figure of Camper. Cuvier figured two of these
skulls, but considered them the adult and young of the same species.
Unfortunately, R. Oswellii is only known from the horns; I am not
aware that any skin or bones of the species have been brought to
Europe. There is a large number of the horns of each of the
species in the Museum collection; and they were known to Par-
sons, who figured them in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions ’ for
316 nmsocnnormm.
1742 and 1743; and the specimens which he figured are now in
the British Museum. ‘ '
There is considerable divergence of opinion among travellers re-
specting the horns of the African Rhinocerotes. Dr. Andrew Smith
observes, “I do not think that the horns of the same species of
African Rhinoceroses are subject to any great variations in respect
to relative length.”
Capt. Cornwallis Harris, on the contrary, after describing the
horns of C. bicornis as unequal, says “ the horns are sometimes
nearly of the same length.” Further on he observes “ that some-
times accident or disease renders the front horn the shortest of the
two.”
“ The relative length of the horns varies a little in different indi-
viduals of R. bicornis ; but the hindermost one in both sexes is inva-
riably much the shortest, a11d in young specimens it is scarcely visible
when the other is several inches in length.”—-A. Smith.
“ In R. keitloa the young have horns of equal length.”--A. Smith.
3. RHINASTER. (Black Rhinoceros.)
Head short, high; forehead convex; nose rounded in front. Upper
lip with a central conical process. Horns two, unequal. Skin
smooth, not divided into shields by plaits. Skull short, high ; the
portion of the skull behind the hinder edge of the last or seventh
grinder not so long as the portion in front of it, the occiput erect,
the upper margin only slightly produced over it; forehead concave,
shelving; nasal bones on the sides convex, subspherical above,
rounded in front. Tooth-line curved, bent up at each end. Lower
jaw thick in front. ' Shoulder with a more or less developed hunch.
Rhinaster, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 1024.
“ Living in herds; a ‘ browser,’ feeding on leaves and young
shoots of trees. It frequents forest and bush country, avoiding
grassy plains.”--Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 655.
A. Horns cylindrical, conical, front recurved, hinder short; head short and
high, compressed in front; forehead flat, narrow ; upper lip sub-
truncate ; shoulder-hump rudimentary. Rhinaster.— Gray, P. Z. S.
1867 , p. 1024.
1. Rhinaster bicornis. (Bovili.) B.M.
Horns unequal, cylindrical at the base, and conical, blunt, the
hinder smaller, front recurved; shoulder-hunch rudimentary, neck-
grooves well marked. “ Pale brown ; ” upper lip truncated, scarcely
produced in the centre.
Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742-43, t. 3. f. 3, 4.
Rhinoceros bicornis, Linn. S. N. i.' p. 104; Sparrm. K. Vet. Akad.
Handl. 1778, t. 9; A. Smith, Ill. Z. S. Africa, t. 2.
Rhinocéros bicorne du Cap (part.), Giebel, p. 200; Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
ii. p. 29, t. 4. f. 7, t. 16. f. 10' ; Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguligrades, t. 3,4
(skull B
3. RHINASTER. 317
Rhinoceros africanus, Desm. Mamm. p. 400; Harris, Portraits of
Wild Animals of S. A. p. 81, t. 11 (horns at p. 85); Duvernoy,
Arch. du Mus. vii. t. 8.
Rhinoceros Brucei, Blainv.
Rhinoceros niger, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 335.
R.hinaster bicornis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1024; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 282.
In the British Museum there is the skull of a nearly adult animal.
In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons is a very fine
skull of an adult of this species (no. 2941), and the upper jaw
covered with skin (no. 2942) and with the two horns attached to
it. The horns are both circular at the base, regular conical, and
blunt at the tip. .
Schinz, who compiled a monograph of the genus, in his Synopsis
named a species R. niger, after Capt. Alexander’s description of the
Black Rhinoceros in his ‘ Travels into the Interior of South Africa.’
B. Horns compressed, conical, elongate. Head short, swollen in front ;
forehead convex, shelving on the sides. Upper lip acute in the middle.
Keitloa. '
2. Rhinaster keitloa. (The Keitloa or Ketloa.) B.M.
Upper lip with a central prominence, acute; horns elongate,
hinder compressed, sharp-edged, often as long as the front one,
front one rather compressed, recurved; shoulder without any
hunch; skin pale yellow-brown. Skull short; face short from
front edge of the orbit to the end of the nasal, not so long as from
the front edge of orbit to occipital condyle.
Rhinaster keitloa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1025.
Var. 1. leeitloa. The horns of nearly equal length; the hinder
compressed, sharp-edged before and behind; the front one rather
compressed, broad and flat in front.
Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. lvi. p. 32, t. 2. f. 8, 9. B. M.
Rhinoceros ketloa or keitloa, A. Smith, Cat. S. A. Mus. p. 7, 1837;
Illust. Zool. S. A. t. 1; Schinz, Mam. p. 337. ..
Rhinaster keitloa, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M.
Var. 2. Camperi. The horns both compressed and sharp-edged
in front and behind, the front one twice as long as the hinder;
upper lip with an acute central prominence.
Rhinoceros bicornis capensis, P. Camper, Act. Petrop. 1777, ii. p. 193,
t. 3, 4, 5, 6 (copied Blumenbach, Abbild. t. 7. f.
Rhinoceros bicornis (adult), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. 11. t. 4. f. 5 (skull
copied from Camper).
Rhinoceros -——, Sparrman, Voy. t. 3.
Rhinoceros Camperi, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 335; Monogr. t. 1.
Black Rhinoceros, Baker, Albert Nyanza, ii. p. 275; Nile Tributaries,
fig. at p. 365 (head and horns).
Hab. South Africa Dr. A. Smith’s type in B. M.).
318 mmvoennorrnm.
There is a skeleton of this species in the British Museum, pur-
chased of Mr. Jesse, obtained during the Abyssinian expedition.
“ The length of the head of R. leeitloa, in proportion to the depth,
is very different from that of R. bicornis. Upper lip distinctly pro-
duced; inside of the thigh black. The horns are of equal length
and development in the young animal.”—A. Smith.
This species is peculiar from the length -of the hinder hem; but
Schinz describes the front horn as very long, and the hinder short,
conical.
Peter Camper (in ‘Act. Petrop.’ 177 7, part 2, p. 193) described
the head of a two-horned Rhinoceros which he received from the
Cape of Good Hope. He figures the head and the skull in great
detail. The upper lip has a distinct. central process, or prehensile
lobe; and the horns are both compressed and sharp-edged before
and behind, the front one is the longest and regularly curved, the
hinder well developed and elongate. The end of the nose of the
head and skull is rounded and not square, and the nasal bones are
not truncate, as in the skulls of R. simus in the British Museum.
I believe Camper’s to be the first description. of the R. lceitloa of Dr.
A. Smith.
Schinz gave the name of R. Oamperi to a species which he says is
R. bicornis of authors, and which is figured by A. Smith under that
name in the ‘ Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa; ’ but he
describes the front horn as very long and recurved, and the hinder
horn as small, triquetrous, compressed ; while the hinder horn of
R. bicornis is always conical, with a circular base. Schinz’s R.
Camper-i appears to be a compilation from the figures of Sir A.
Smith’s R. bicornis and Camper’s description and figure of the head
of R. leeitloa.
P. Camper, in giving the figures of this species, properly made
the drawings like a diagram, without attending to the rules of per-
spective, so that the compass can be applied to any part. He gives
a particular name to these figures, and calls them Catograph.
In Camper’s figure the length from the back edge of the seventh
molar to the front edge of the small intermaxillary is considerably
greater than the distance behind the hinder edge of the last molar to
the occipital condyle. In De Blainville’s figure of R. simus, and in
the two specimens in the British Museum, the length from the hinder
edge of the seventh molar to the front edge of the small intermaxil-
lary is rather less, or about the length behind the hinder edge of
the seventh molar to the outer part of the occipital condyle.
The Keitloa is recognized as a species distinct from R. bicornis
by the tribes of natives; they have a different name for the two
s ecies.
PIf Cuvier had had a series of the skulls of R. bicornis he would
never have thought that the skull figured by Camper was the adult
of R. bicornis. The skulls of the different species alter very little
in form during the growth of the animal when they have passed
the very youngest, nearly foetal, state.
4. CERATOTHERIUM. 319
4. CERATOTHERIUM.
Head elongate, produced behind ; forehead flat ; nose very broad,
square at the end; upper lip bovine, rounded. Horns two, very
unequal, hinder small. Skin smooth, not divided into shields.
Shoulder with a well-marked hunch. Skull elongate ; the portion
of the skull behind the hinder edge of the last or seventh grinder as
long as the one in front of it; occiput erect, the upper margin
much produced behind the condyle ; forehead concave ; nose straight,
rounded; nasal bones very broad, convex above, truncated, with a
sharp edge in front ; lower jaw thick, tapering in front ; molars large;
teeth-line straight.
The skull of the very young animal has a very convex, nearly
hemispherical prominence on the nasals, and is broad and rounded
in front; but the prolongation of the hinder part of the skull is
shown in the foetal skull in which the milk-grinders are only just
appearing, the proportion of the hinder and anterior portions being
nearly the same as in the adult skulls; the occiput is erect, without
any marked projecting crest.
Ceratotherium, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 1027.
“ Gentle and a ‘ grazer ;’ living in open plains, feeding on grass.”
-—-A. Smith. “ The first animal that disappears before firearms.”——
Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 655.
1. Ceratotherium simum. (Mahoohoo.) B.M.
The front horn very long, slender, subcylindrical, recurved ; hinder
very small, conical; nose broad, high, square. “ Pale grey-brown;
shoulder, buttocks, and belly darker.” The face of the skull from
the front edge of the orbit longer than the portion of the skull behind
this place.
Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742-43, t. 3. f. 6 (front horn).
Rhinoceros simus, Burchell ; Blainv. Journ. de Phys. lxxi. p. 163,
t. (head, horns bad) ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 28; Burchell, Travels,
ii. p. 75; A. Smith, Zool. S. A. t. 19 (animal); Cat. S. A. Mus.
p. 9, 1837; Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguligrades, t.4(skull &c.); Duvernoy,
Arch. du Mus. vii. t. 2, 3 (skull), t. 8 (skull, junior) ; Sclater, P. Z.
S. 1864, p. 100.
Rhinoceros Burchellii, Desm. Mamm. p. 401.
Rhinoceros simus (Chicore), A. Smith. Rep. p. 68, 1836; Ilarris,
Sports in S. Africa, p. 371.
Rhinoceros camus, Ham. Smith; G-rifith, A. K. v. p. 746.
Rhinaster simus, Gray, I/ist Mam. B. M. 1840 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 282.
P Rhinoceros Gordonii, Blainv.
Ceratotherium simum, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867 , p. 1027.
The Square-nosed or White Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros simus), Harris,
Portraits of I/Vild Animals of S. A. p. 97, t. 19 (horns at p. 101).
White Rhinoceros or Witte Rhinaster, Colonists, Cape G. H’.
Chickore or Mohoohoo, B-ukeiana and Matabitc.
Hab. South Africa (Burchell ; Dr. A. Smith, type spec. B. M.) ;
Central Africa (Kirk).
320 = RHINOCEROTIDE.
There is a well-stuffed young specimen of this species in the
British Museum, and two skulls of adult and two of very young
animals.
In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons is a very fine
adult skull of this species (no. 2960 a) with the two horns attached
to the skin. It was obtained from Mr. Gordon Cumming’s col-
lection. It is 35 inches long from the end of the nasal to the
occipital crest. The front horn is very long, slender, straight, and
recurved ; the front edge of the horn is worn by the animal rubbing
it on the ground.
De Blainville obtained, when he was in London, from Mr. Burchell
the drawing of the head of this species (engraved in the ‘ J ourn. de
Physique’); but the horns were added after it passed out of Bur-
chell’s hands, and are not the horns of the species.
In the British Museum there are two skulls of very young ani-
mals of this species that were received with the adult skulls in the
collection ; the milk-grinders are being formed, but could only just
have been seen through the gums. The skulls are elongate, sub-
cylindrical, and have a rounded nose, with a large nearly hemi-
spherical prominence near the end of the upper surface for the
support of the front horn. The grinders are very large compared
with the size of the skulls, and occupy a great part of the cavity
of the mouth ; the hinder one is placed in the centre of the length
of the underside of the skull from the nose to the condyle. The
larger of these young skulls (1003 b) is very like the smaller one ;
but there is a fourth grinder being developed behind the third one ;
it is not elevated above the edge of the alveolus, and has no smooth
enamelled edge. The small first grinder is only very little more
developed than in the smaller skull. The line of grinders occupies
6% inches. The intermaxillary bones are deficient. The palate
ends, as in the smaller skull, in a line even with the back edge
of the third grinder. The hinder part of the skull has lengthened
more rapidly than the part in front of the edge of the palate. The
nasals are slightly longer, compared with the length of the skull,
than in the smaller specimen; they are 4% inches long, the entire
length being very nearly 14 inches—that is to say, nearly three-
tenths of the entire length. The front of the nasal is more dilated
on the sides, and becoming broader and more truncated as in the
adult skulls.
The lower jaw of this specimen is considerably longer than the
other ; and there is little difference in the state of the teeth, except
that the second and third grinders on each side are higher -out of
the gums, rather more worn on the edge, and the first and fourth
grinders are rather more developed and larger, the first on the two
sides not being quite equally developed, but one more exposed than
the other.
The smaller specimen (1003 c) has three grinders appearing ; the
smallest front one is least developed, hardly raised above the alveolus,
and not showing any smooth enamel ; the second and third grinders
4. onnnrornnnruzs. 321
are nearly equally developed, the ridges being high and edged with
enamel; the rest of the teeth are minutely rugulose; the hinder
edge of the third grinder is on a line even with the front edge of the
hinder nasal opening. The skull is 12 inches from the intermax-
illary to the convexity of the condyle; the teeth-line is 4% inches
long. The facial portion (that is, the skull from the front of the
intermaxillary to the front edge of the internal nostril) is only two-
fifths of the entire length; it is the same length as from the front
edge of the internal nostril to the suture between the basisphenoid
and the basioccipital bone. Length from intermaxillary to front
edge of internal nostril or end of palate 4 inches 7 lines, from end
of palate to convexity of occipital condyle 7 % inches. The inter-
maxillary of one side is lost; the other has a narrow lower edge,
not showing any appearance of cutting-teeth. The nearly hemi-
spherical prominence on the nose is hollow, with thin even parietes ;
the cavity extends far back, and is open behind. The face, from
end of nasal to the front edge of the orbit, is shorter than the
part of the skull behind it, being from front end of nasalto front
edge of orbit 5 inches 4 lines, from front edge of orbit to occi-
pital crest 7 inches 2 lines. Nasal bones short and broad, being
about two-sevenths of the entire length of the skull to the occipital
crest. .
The lower jaw shows four grinders and a cavity behind the fourth;
the second and third grinders are most developed, raised above the
alveolus, and furnished with a smooth enamel edge ; the first small
grinder is just showing, as is also the case with the fourth grinder,
which is rather more developed than the front one ; neither of these
teeth is raised above the edge of the alveolus; the front edges
marked with two or three series of small circular pits; but no out-
ting-teeth are visible.
In the Free Museum at Liverpool is the head of a large specimen,
collected by Mr. Burke in Lord Derby’s exploring party. The skin
of the head is stuffed, and the skull kept separate.
An adult skull without the lower‘ jaw is in the Museum of the
London Missionary Society in Bloomfield Street, London, E.C., that
was obtained by the Rev. John Campbell. v
The Rev. John Campbell gives a figure of the head of this animal
before the skin was removed, in his work entitled ‘ Travels in South
Africa, Second Mission’ (2 vols. 8vo, London, 1822), where it is
called the “head of a Unicorn killed near the City of Mashow”
(plate at p. 294 of the second volume). The artist has added a
regular series of nearly equal-sized square teeth all along both
aws.
J This figure is copied in Froriep’s ‘ Notizen’ for 1822, at vol. p. 98 ; and a notice of the skull is given at p. 152 of vol. i. of the
same journal.
322 RHINOCEROTIDE.
2. Ceratotherium Oswellii. (Kobaaba.) B.M. (horn).
The front horn very long, thick at the base, bent back and then
forward at the end, the front of the tip worn flat.
Tres-grande corne de Rhinoceros, Bufibn, N H. x. t. 8. f. 5.
Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742, 1743, t. 3. f. 6.
Rhinoceros Oswellii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 46, f. (horn); Ann. &
Mag. N. H. xv. p. 145.
Rhinoceros Oswelh, Andersson, Lake Ngami, p. 386, f. (head), p. 388,
f. horn .
Ceraiothefiium Oswellii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1029.
Kobaaba, Baines, Land and Water, July 28, 1866, f.
Hab. South Africa. .
I have not seen any specimen, or even a skull, of this species, and
I do not believe there is one in any European Museum.
Camper probably knew R. Oswellii. He observes, “ Cornu ante-
rius A D in hoe specimine incurvum adeo fuit ut alterum E F H,
tamquam inutile reddiderit. Verum non ita in omnibus ; possideo
alterius cranii partem, cujus cornu anterius rectum, et antrorsum
inclinatum est.”—Camper, l. c. p. 186.
Mr. Baines gave a foetus of the Kobaaba to the Royal College of
Surgeons (killed 3rd of June, 1862). He has shown me a series
of drawings of the recently killed Kobaaba. One group represents
the R. simus and R. Oswellii side by side. The horns of the two are
very different in appearance.
Mr. Baines says Mr. Chapman was informed by the natives that
they had never seen a young Kobaaba= C. Oswellii. Mr. Baines
7 says that it is possible that the horn, being worn away at the end
by the constant friction on the front as it passes through the bushes,
may bend forward in the older specimens. The Kaflirs make the
horns of the cattle bend by scraping them on the sides towards which
they wish them to turn.
Schinz gives the name of niger to the Rhinoceros horn figured by
Andersson; but he describes it as curved back, in the same words as
he described the horns of the other African species.
Camper compares the labial process to a finger, and says it is not
unlike the lobe at the end of the trunk of the Elephant.
See M. F. Fresnel’s “ Sur l’existence d’une espece unicorne de
Rhinocéros dans la partie tropicale de l’Afrique ” (Comptes Rendus,
xxvi. 1848, p. 281). See also A. Smith’s ‘Lllust. Zool. S. A.’ t. 1,
where he says the natives mention a one-horned African species.
III. Shin smooth, even. Skull elongate. Intermazvillary bony, short ,- the
nasal, internasal, and the intermaxillaries united into one mass. Asia
and Europe, fossil.
5. CCELODONTA.
Nose with two horns. Skull elongate ; face rather produced; nasal
bones broad, rounded in front; cutting-teeth none; intermaxillaries
5. (XELODONTA. 323
very short; internasal bony, uniting the nasals, the intermaxillary,
and maxillm into one mass. Hab. Asia, Europe, Africa.
Rhinocéros 5. narines cloisonnées, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 64.
Coelodonta, Brown, 1831; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1030.
Crslodonta Pallasii. B.M.
Rhinoceros, Pallas, Acta Acad. Petrop. 1777 , ii. p. 210, t. 9; Nov.
Com. Petrop. xiii. p. 447, t. 9, 10.
Rhinoceros tichorinus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. p. 64, t. 7. f. 1 (skull),
t. 8, 9, 11, 14 (bones); Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 13 (from Pallas).
Rhinoceros Pallasii, Desm. lllam. p. 402.
Rhinoceros antiquitatis, Blainv.
Rhinocéros de Sibérie, Cuv. Ann. Mus. xii. p. 19, t. 1, 3, 4.
Coelodonta Pallasii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1031.
Hab. Siberia, in the ice ; fossil, Himalaya &c.
The following measurements are given in inches and lines, taken
by a pair of callipers ; so they are a straight line (or chord) from
point to point indicated, and not a line over or along the surface.
I believe they are sufficient for all zoological purposes; but it is
the fashion of some zoologists and comparative anatomists to give
measurements with three, and sometimes even four places of deci-
mals, this arising from their taking a metre, about 39 inches, for
the unit, which requires one decimal place for any measured or part
of a measured inch or space under 39 inches, two for any similar
measurement under 4 inches, and three for any under 5 lines.
Others, to avoid this evil, write of 20 or 130 mm. (millimetres);
but this is as inconvenient, as the latter unit is as much too small
as the other is too large. ~ ..
On pointing out this evil to a naturalist, who has published long
tables with such admeasurements, he replied, did it not look very
scientific ‘? I fear, unfortunately, there is a desire to mystify general
readers, and a quackery in natural history as in other less ennobling
studies.
I have never yet met with a naturalist, even German or French,
that could show me the size of a bone marked in the French me-
trical system ; few cannot do this with considerable accuracy when
marked in inches or feet. The having a measurement of well-known
different lengths, as yards, feet, inches, or lines, which bear a relation
to some parts of our own bodies, is a great advantage not found in
the metrical system.
Y2













33 .21 5
1 _ _ _ § _ ‘R. sumatra- E . R. _yavamcue. R. umcornw. E‘; R. M821/13. % mw. ;° R. mm. ,a.
P5 P6 6% *1
7 723a. 72311. 723 e. 722 722d. 722 b~ 2975. 2934. 723 b. 723 c. 722 e. 1461 a. 1461b. 1365 a. 1003 c. 1003 d. 1003a. 1003 b.
L th f d f 1 t in. Lin. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. Lin. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. .in. . in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1. in. l. in. 1. in. 1. in. 1.
SEEM 0}°§§ci‘i3‘}ta1°co1f(§§?es__‘f} 24 924 313 026 326 626 021 022 023 622 321 3 21 6 19 3 21 7 12 0 14 9 29 9 23 9 27 0
L§]?f‘1,§i‘;]§1fZ§;’§te‘:_‘f3__‘fj_f‘_‘f§f"}_Ffff‘ff} 21 020 315 923 024 623 913 619 320 919 313 9 21 0 13 6 19 6 11 0 14 0 31 3 23 3 23 6
L§fOgIfi‘ofr§§‘)iten‘_1__?_f__ff?§?%_f‘?} 11 010 3 7 611 611 911 9 9 3 9 910 0 9 0 9 0 10 9 9 6 3 9 5 3 6 6 14 6 14 0 10 3
L§§§§};1§§°;§v§’;f1__?IT__I??Sf?j_f?} 20 320 315 622 322 322 313 019 019 919 017 6 17 9 16 9 17 6 96 11 9 22 6 22 3 22 3
Lengthofteeth-lineofgrinders.. 9 910 3 7 011 010 611 0 7 9 9 610 3 9 6 7 6 3 3 7 6 9 0 4 6 7 0 12 3 14 0
Len3th0fnas31.99ntre ---------- .. 69 33 30 7 6 3 6 7 3 60 30 43
L1‘§‘§§t'§i10‘t’nf€,,j1"g‘i‘;fr.§f'f‘i':_'f‘_’__‘fPR‘f} 17 913 614 920 320 620 317 3 17 917 017 3 15 3 17 6 9 9 11 9 21 0 22 0 22 0
' f k 11 d '
H:f‘§§:f§ngfe‘§O 0‘T,If,ipi1,§;Y‘§,1;eJ_s”};"Y 17 916 612 320 621 020 616 0 16 014 616 0 13 3 15 9 3 0 9 0 24 6 21 3 21 3
]':[t"’(')1g(,l§,‘]"[1(§’}’§1€,r‘j‘“f’f‘_1_*‘__‘?f__j‘?f"f‘?f’_§_“Y‘f 3 9 9 0 6 611 011 011 3 3 9 9 0 7 3 9 0 6 9 7 6 3 3 3 6 11 6 11 3 10 0
‘ggigtlfiogqcpigitalenzik --------- .-11 6119 3 911 612 011 0 3 910 610 6 9 0 3 9 7 9 7 3 9 0 5 0 5 9 10 6 10 0 9 0
n;a§ic‘;rc]§‘_’:_‘_f’Y_Pf"f_.‘?._f§'§‘ff} 14 013 910 616 015 914 612 313 613 6 9 611 9 11 3 10 6 12 3 6 9 13 0 13 6 14 3
“;1‘§:°1E1(,‘1.ft,{’;';f1_‘f.I_’."j1_'fL’_‘_’_f_?‘:‘?¥{‘ff‘fj} 39 79 60 39 93 33 70 73 70 63 63 63 53 73 40 109 116
46 49 36 56 56 50 46 36 46 43 40 46 40 50 33 66 66 66
jun. jun. adult jun. jun. jun. adult. jun. jun. foetal. fatal.











The measurements are from the nasal bones; the intermaxillaries are sometimes wanting. The measurements have been made by
Mr. Edward Gerrard.
I
7788
'E’([IJ§OHE[OOl~IIHH
ssrmnns. 325
Suborder V. SETIFERA.
The nose truncated, with a bony button on the crest over
the nostrils, used for grubbing up roots. The toes in tri-
angular hoofs in pairs; front pair large, posterior pair not
reaching the ground; the outer one sometimes wanting.
Cutting-teeth in each jaw normal, subequal ; canines of male
recurved.
Sus, Linn. ; Cuvier.
Setifera, Illiger, Prodr. 1811.
Suidae, Bonap. Prodr. Syst. Mastol.
Pachydermata fissipeda, Latr. Reg. Anim. p. 596, 1830.
Setigera, Fitz. Site. Akad. Wiss. 1864.
Pachyderma paridigitata, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ; Burmeister, 1840.
Ungulata isodactyla seu artiodactyla, Owen, Odont.
The distribution of Swine into species and the species into genera
and families is attended with considerable difliculty; this probably
arises from three peculiarities of the group :—-
1. That most of the wild or presumed wild species are easily re-
duced to a domestic or semidomestic condition.
2. That the domestic breeds return to their wild condition, even
in countries situated far away from their native habitats, and that,
under favourable circumstances, the newly enfranchised animals are
able to hold their own against the native and colonial cultivators.
3. That the domestic, and possibly the wild species have a great
facility in breeding together, having fertile offspring.
There are very few countries that have, or are presumed to have,
a native race of Pigs, where some of the kinds are not kept in a more
or less domestic state. This is even the case where the animal is
regarded with disgust and never eaten as food, except, by the lowest
class of the inhabitants, as in India.
“ Wild Hogs abound in the Dukhun, and the male attains to a
very great size. I am not satisfied that there is any specific differ-
ence between the European and Asiatic Wild, Hogs. Every village
abounds in hogs. The Village Hog is of the same colour as the wild
animal, mostly a rusty black, and the only variations are slate-black
or slate-brown ; but it is not above two-thirds of the size of the
latter. Tail never curled or spirally twisted. They dispute with
the Pariah dogs the possession of the offal matter thrown out of the
houses, and are the public scavengers.”—Syhes, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 11.
“ The Indian Wild Hog differs considerably from the German;
the head of the former is longer and more pointed, and the plane of
the forehead straight, while it is concave in the European; the ears
of the former are small and pointed, of the latter larger and not so
erect. The Indian is altogether a more active-looking animal. The
German has a stronger and heavier appearance. The same differ-
ences are perceptible in the domesticated individuals of the two.
countries.”—-Sylees, l. o. p. 30.
In some of the islands of the Pacific the woods are stocked with
326 SETIFERA.
wild swine that are the produce of the litter of one breeding sow
that has been introduced.
As an instance of the facility and rapidity with which the Pig
may be completely naturalized and become a pest, one may mention
New Zealand, where some of the pigs introduced by the colonists
have escaped and their offspring have spread themselves over the
country, and are now a pest to the colonial farmer and breeder of
sheep, destroying the crops of the former, and following the ewes
and eating the lambs as they are dropped on the sheep-walk. A
reward of so much per head is paid for all the pigs that are destroyed
in several parts of that colony. -
I have attempted to arrange the genera of Suidae in natural groups.
All the genera are well defined, and, I believe, distinct. The only
doubtful one is my genus Centuriosus, which was established on an
animal which is as yet only known in a domesticated state, and one
that breeds with facility with the Domestic Pig of Europe, and the
mules are fertile.
The species of Pigs have been very much misunderstood. Pigs
belonging to very distinct genera have been considered varieties of
the same species, or only domestic varieties of the Common Hog.
The genera and species have been gradually unravelled.
As an example, I may here observe that Desmarest regards Sus
porous (Potamochoerus porous) as only a domestic variety of Sus scrofa.
Fischer considers Sus koiropotamus (Potamoohoerus larvatus) a
synonym of Sus larvatus, the type of the genus Phacochoerus.
Fitzinger, in his Essay on the Setifera, in the ‘ Sitzungsberichte ’
of the Vienna Academy for 1864, has brought together what has
been written on the subject, and has given a useful synopsis of the
species as characterized by their external characters.
Unfortunately we have not any good works on the Domestic Pig,
or clear history of the origin of several of the most approved breeds,
some of which are most probably the result of the interbreeding of
several varieties.
Desmarest, in his ‘ Mammiferes,’ gives a list of the domestic varie-
ties divided into subvarieties (see Mamm. p. 390).
- Youall (‘-Pig,’ 1860) and Richardson (‘ On the Pigs and their
Origin,’ 1847) have written on the English breeds.
Little information respecting the species of the family is to be ob-
tained from travellers; they are generally satisfied with stating that
a wild boar was observed, sometimes adding that it afforded good
sport, and rarely make any observations respecting the Domestic
Pigs. They often include under the name of “ wild boar” species
of different genera, as the French naturalists do under the name of
sanylier. The skins of Pigs are rarely preserved, except by profes-
sional collectors; and they only collect the wild specimens; so that
the specimens in Museums are limited in number and kinds, and
afford very imperfect materials for the systematic zoologist.
The domestic animals of the different countries inhabited by man,
and especially the effect of the climate or local circumstances on
those that have been introduced from other countries, have yet to be -
sures. 327
studied. There is no subject which naturalists living in a different
country have so entirely neglected,‘because they have supposed that
everything respecting it is known, while the truth is no animals are
so imperfectly known or understood. Take, for instance, the Horse,
which is so completely naturalized in North and South America, and_
so locally distributed in Africa-—abundant, prosperous, and high-
bred in some parts, very rare and, when present, greatly deteriorated
in others, even in the same latitudes. It is the same with the Pig.
Indeed these large animals, common to a great part of the inhabited
world, are less known than the species of the Rats, Mice, Squirrels,
Bats, and such small and comparatively unimportant animals, as far
as man is concerned, who generally classes them with vermin.
”“ The premolars permanent, forming with the molars a continuous series
of teeth.
Fam. 5. SUIDXE.
Head pointed. Snout blunt, slender. Ears large. Body com-
pressed. Legs slender. Skin covered with close bristly hairs.
Grinders tubercular, with a few separate roots. Canines prismatic,
triangular ; upper recurved from the base. Teeth 44 or 40 :—Cut—
ting-teeth . premolars §- . 3% or . -:3-; molars . Tail elongate,
rarely absent. Teats 10 or rarely 8. Young of wild races striped
on the sides.
Suina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; List Mamm. B. M. p. 284; Bonap.
Prod. p. 5; Giebel, Siiugeth. p. 221.
Setigera, Fitz. Sits. Alcad. der Wiss. 1864, p. 383.
Suidae, Owen, Odont. i. p. 543 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 22.
Suideae, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 1842, p.160.
Suidae, § 3, Schinz, Syst. Vere. ii. p. 344.
The change in the dentition of the Pig is represented by De Blain-
ville, ‘ Ostéographie, Onguligrades,’ Sus, t. 8, and by Owen, ‘ Odont.’
p. 524, t. 140. Butfon (Hist. Nat. v. p. 110) erroneously says that
the milk-teeth of the Pig are not changed, and remain permanent.
At page 181 he quotes (Aristotle, Des Animaux, lib. 2. chap. 1)
further that the Pigs never lose any of their teeth. The crown of
the grinders are many-lobed, especially the binder one, which is
larger than the rest.
a “ The progressive increase of size in the molar teeth as they are
situated further back in the mouth may also be noticed as a family
characteristic, which, with the complication of the crown and deve-
lopment of the teeth, reaches its maximum in the Phacochoeres.”--
Owen, Odont. p. 544.
328 surnm.
Synopsis of the Genera.
A. TYPICAL SWINE (SUINA). Cutting-teeth %; intermaxillary short:
diastema between the cutting-teeth and grinders short; canines thick,
spread out ; the sheaths of the upper canines spreading out and then
bent up at the end; premolars 4} . i ; molars g . § .
a. Wild Swine. Face elongate. The cars erect, moderate, hairy. Colour
uniform or grizzled; young yellow, streaked. Skull elongated ; facial
line straight; forehead convex.
1. Sus. Ears ovate, hairy. Tail moderate, tufted at the end.
Skull—nose convex, rounded and smooth on the sides above ;
concavity on the cheeks reaching to the edge of the orbit.
Male with a ridge across the upper part of the base of the
sheath of the canines.
2. Poncum. Ears ovate, hairy. Tail rudimentary. Skull—nose
tapering, rather thickened on the edge in front of the orbit.
Canines small, spreading; upper not recurved, without any
ridge on the sheath.
3. Pornmooncnnus. Ears elongate, tapering, acute, and pencilled
at the tips. Tail thick, high up on the haunches. Skull—
nose flattened above and rather thickened on the upper edge ;
concavity of the cheeks separated from the orbit by a broad
ridge. Males with the upper edge of the nose warty in front,
and with a large process from the upper part of the sheath of
the canine tooth. Females with only a ridge across the base
of the sheath of the canines. .
b. Domesticated Swine. The cars more or less dependent, often very large.
Colour black, white, or variegated; young like parents. Shull short ;
facial line sunken ; forehead and top of nose flat ; nose margined on the
sides.
4. Sonora. Face smooth or nearly so. Sheath of upper canine
with a longitudinal ridge at the base.
5. Cmvrunrosus. Face strongly concentrically wrinkled. Sheath
of upper canine with a large rounded tubercle at the base.
B. ABNOR-MAL SWINE (BABIRUSSINA). Cutting-teeth %; intermaxilla,
and maxilla in front, forming a large diastema between the cutting-
teeth and grinders; canines erect, parallel; the sheaths of the upper
canines bent up from the base, and closely applied to the side of the jaw ;
premolars ;. -3;’.-, the front ones early deciduous.
6. Bnnrnussn.

A. TYPICAL SWINE SUINA). Cutting-teeth % (the outer upper rarely'
deciduous) ; intermasrilla short ; -diastema between the cutting-teeth and
grinders short ; canines thich, spreading out on sides of head; sheath
of upper canine spreading out ‘and bent up at the end ; premolars 3- . ii-.
—Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 22.
The depression in the skull behind the hinder nasal opening is
‘Without any pits on the sides behind.
1. sus. 329
a. Wild Swine. The ears erect, hairy. Colour of ar uniform or more or
less grizzled. Y oang yellow, streaked. Ska Z elongate ; facial line
straight ; forehead conve.r.—Gray, Z. c. p. 22.
1. SUS.
Face conical, simple, or with two or three small warts on each
cheek. Ears ovate, hairy. Tail moderate, tufted at the end. Skull
elongate ; the forehead and upper part of nose rounded on the sides ;
upper part of the intermaxillary bone smooth; nose very long,
tapering, convex, rounded and smooth on the sides above; concavity
on the cheek deep, continued nearly to the orbit behind. Canines
well developed, of upper jaw recurved; the sheath of the upper
canine (of the males at least) with a longitudinal ridge across the
upper part of the base.
Hab. Europe, Asia, and the Malay Islands.
S11s,L2'mz.; Gray, P. Z. 3. 1352, p. 130, 1363, P. 22; 53..., 03031.
p. 534, 1.140. 1'. 1; F92. 3773. A933. der W733. 1364, P. 334; F.
Gav. Dent. Mamm. p. 208, t. 85.
The head and skull lengthened absolutely, and as compared with
its width, as the animal increases in age, and especially as it reaches
adult and old age. The nasal bones of the skull elongated as the
animal increases in age. In the young they seldom extend beyond
a line even with the larger foramen on the side of the face; but in
the adult they are generally much produced behind it (P. Z. S. 1852,
p. 131 .
The)descriptions and the figures of the two jaws in F. (luvier’s
‘ Dent. Mamm.’ p. 208, do not agree; he says there are 14 grinders
in each jaw, and divides them into 6 false molars and 8 molars in
the upper, and 2 false and 6 molars in the lower; the 2 is perhaps
a mistake for 8. The front lower premolar is far from the canine
and second premolar; three upper and four lower premolars com-
pressed; the last grinder elongate, longer than broad.
Fitzinger, in his monograph, divides the Pigs thus, according to
the presence or absence of warts on the face :—-
Warts none :-—Sus Zeucomystrza, S. timorensis, S. vittatus, S. bar-
batus, S. cristatas, S. sennaariensis.
Warts small, under eyes :-—S. scrofa.
Warts three——one large, on the mandible, covered with long
bristles, and a small one under the eye, and the other above the
canines :-—S. aerrucosas, S. celebensis.
The Pigs may be divided geographically :—Europe, S. scrofa;
Asia Minor, S. Zibycas; India, S. cristatus, S. andamanensis; Africa,
S. se-nnaariensis; Malay Islands, S. oerracosus, S. celebensis, S. bar-
batus, S. vittatus, S. timorensis ; Japan and Formosa, S. leacomys-
tax.
330 scrms.
‘I’ Head moderate, with three small warts, and one at the back angle of
lower jaw. Skull with the lower jaw above half as long again as the
height at the occiput ,- concavity in front of orbit deep, and narrow
behind. Nape erect.—Gray, l. c. p. 23.
1. Sus verrucosus. B.M.
Ears moderate, nakedish. Fur with scattered bristles; yellowish
or blackish brown, beneath yellowish white; bristles above the man-
dibular wart white. Warts three :-—-one on the cheek, large, covered
with long bristles; another below the eye, smaller; a third above
the canine teeth, small.
Sus verrucosus, Boie, M8; 8. Miiller, Verhand. i. 42. p. 175, t. 28
(adult), t. 32. f. 1—4 (skull) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 278;
, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 23.
Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Siingeth. p. 225.
Hab. Java; Borneo; Ceram.
The skulls in the British Museum are :—- '
No. 712 c. An adult skull firom Java. Length 16 inches, height
at occiput 82 inches (see Miiller, Verh. t. 32. f. 3, 4). Nose rather
broad behind, tapering from the orbits, more compressed in front;
concavity on check very deep; forehead convex; zygomatic arch
very large, swollen, convex externally. The side of the lower aw
much swollen and prominent. The nose of this skull is much wider
than that of the skull from Ceram (712 d).
N 0. 1362 a. An adult skull, without cutting-teeth and canines,
and rather broken on the nose, received from Mr. Wallace as the
skull of /S’. oittatns from Borneo, is very similar to no. 712 c from
Java, 14% inches long, 8% inches high at the occiput. The forehead
not quite so convex; but in almost all other respects they agree,
except . that the sides of the lower jaw are not so much swollen
and convex. These skulls are known from those of S. oittatus by
the concavity in the front of the orbit being very deep, ovate, and
narrow behind, instead of broad and square (that is, ending in a
nearly straight line).
Three other adult skulls, apparently belonging to the same species,
were received without any habitat (but probably from Java or some
other Dutch colony) from the Utrecht Museum. One is 15 inches
long, 9% inches high at the occiput; the second 16 inches long, .
9%} inches high at the occiput; the third, length 15, height at the
occiput 8% inches.
Var. ceramica. No. 712 d. Skull, adult. A Wild Boar from
Ceram, collected by Mr. Waflace. Length 15 inches, height at
occiput 8 inches. Nose tapering, very narrow, compressed and
deeply concave on each side in front of the orbits; the zygomatic
arch large, swollen, and convex externally; the crest on the sheath
of the upper canine is narrow and short.
No. 712 An adult skull, obtained from the Utrecht Museum,
named “ Sns larvatus,” without any habitat, which is very like
712d from (leram, but considerably larger, being 16% inches long
1. 0 I ,
and 8% inches high; the nose is broader and rather wider in front
over the canines; the crest on the binder part of the sheath of the
upper canine is si1nilar, smaller, but thicker.
In both skulls the crest on the canine is much shorter and less
marked, and the sides of the lower jaw are swollen, but not so
swollen and convex as in 712 c from Java.
The specimen from Ceram (712 d) differs from all the others in
the nose being much narrower, more compressed, and apparently
longer compared with the length of the brain-case.
Otherwise the four skulls from the Utrecht Museum and the one
from Java (712 o) are all very much alike.
Mr. Blyth considers his Sus ceylonensis (J ourn. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
xx. p. 173; Sus zeylanensis, Blyth, MS. photogr.) a variety of S.
barbat-us, which he says has been introduced from Borneo to Ceylon.
Judging from the photograph of the skull, which has Sus zeylanensis
written on it, it is much shorter and thicker than the skull of S.
barbatus. The photograph is much more like that of Sus verru-
cosus.
‘H’ Head moderate, and without warts. Skull with the lower jaw about half
as long again as high at the occiput ; concavity on check in front of the
orbit wide behind-Gray, l. e. p. 25.
a. Skull—-concavity on check in front of the orbit deep behind, and separated
from the orbit by a well-marked ridge.
2. Sus celebensis. - B.M.
Black-brown above and below; bristles on upper mandibular
wart white. Ears moderate, nakedish; fur with scattered bristles.
“ Head with three warts; the wart on the upper aw large; the
one under the eye and the other over the canine-teeth very small,
indistinct.”
Sus celebensis, s. Milller, Verhandl. i. pp, 172, 177, t. 2s 7* (animal
and skull) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B.
1868, p. 25.
Sus verrucosus 13, Wagner, Schreb. Sdugeth. Suppl. iv. p. 299.
Sus scrofa, var~.~, Giebel, Siiugeth. p. 235.
Hab. Celebes Miiller). B.M.
Skull rather more than half as long again as high ; concavity on
the cheek in front of the orbit very deep behind, separated from the
orbit by a high narrow ridge ; sheath of upper canine with large
light crest-like ridges (see Miiller, Verh. t. 28*. f. 2, 3).
p. 278; Gray, P. Z. S.
3. Sus vitattus. B.M.
Yellowish or brown—black, with a white streak from the end of
the nose to the angle of the mandible. Ears moderate, nakedish ;
for with scattered bristles. Head without any warts. Skull short ;
concavity in front of orbit broad and deep, near the orbit, but sepa-
rated from it by a broad ridge.
332 sumzn.
Sus vittatus,Boz'e, MS. ; S. Miiller,‘ Verhand. i. 42. pp. 172, 173, t. 29
animal), t. 32. f. 5 (skull) ; Blainv. ()ste’ogr. Onguligr. t. 5 (skull);
. Z. S. 1860, pp. 442, 443; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 277;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 25.
Sue scrofa, var., Giebel, Séiugeth. p. 225.
Hab. Java; Borneo; Amboyna ; Macassar ; Banka.
A skeleton (712 e) of a Pig, received from the Zoological Society
under the name of the Javan Pig (Sus verrucosus), seems to belong
to this species; but the concavity in front of the eye is scarcely as
deep as usual, perhaps arising from its having been long in confine-
ment. ‘
No 1362 c. Skull of an adult male of Sus vittatus from Amboyna,
from Mr. Wallace. Nose rather wide before in front of the orbit,
and then with parallel sides ; concavity in front of orbit deep and
large, separated from the front of the orbit by a narrow raised con-
vex edge. Canines thick; crest at base strong. Length 12%, height
at occiput 8 inches. The processes of the sheaths of the upper ca-
nines are curved back, sharp-edged above, and straight and truncated
at the end.
No. 1362 d. Skull of adult, very like 1362 0, also from Amboyna,
from Mr. Wallace’s collection. Length 12, height 8% inches. The
concavity in the front of the orbit is deeper and the ridge separating
it from the cavity of the orbit more marked. The process of the
sheath of the upper canine is similar, but rather larger, the upper
edge is sharp-edged at the end, longer, more ovate, convex, and
rugose.
No. 1362 h. Skull of an old male from Batchian, from Mr. Wal-
lace’s collection. Length 13, height at occiput 8,} inches. Very
like 1362 cl from Amboyna; but the forehead is narrower and flatter,
and the nose broader, being rather wider in front over the canines
than in front of orbits; the concavity in front of the orbit similar
and deep, and with well-marked outer orbital ridges. The process
of the sheath of the upper canine is shorter, thicker, blunter, with
a rounded end, and without any distinctly sharp-crested front edge.
N o 1362 6. Skull of an adult, with well-worn grinders, a “ Wild
Boar from Java,” from Mr. Wallace’s collection. Length 13%,
height 8% inches. Very similar to S. vittatus from Amboyna
(1362 0 and 1362 cl) ; but the nose of the skull is rather broader,
especially in front, and the sheath of the upper canine is only fur-
nished with a well-marked ridge behind. The concavity on the
cheeks is very deep and wide in front, but not so well marked and
deep on the hinder edge, where it is separated from the orbit by a
wide flattish space.
No. 1362 Skull of an animal developing the hinder molar ; the
concavity in front of the orbit not so deep and well marked, as usual
behind; zygomatic arch and lower jaw swollen on the sides; the
ridge of the sheath of the canine slight and sharp-edged. From the
Utrecht Museum ; probably from Java or some of the Dutch colonies.
Length 13, height 7 inches.
No. 1362 g. A skull of an adult, received from the Utrecht Mu-
1. sns. 533
scum without any habitat, but most probably from Java, is very like
the preceding; it is 12% inches long and 7 43- inches high at the oc-
ciput.
4. Sus leucomystax. (Japanese Pig.) B.M.
Blackish brown ; fur dense, bristly ; streak on lower jaw and
underside of body white. Ears rather large, densely pilose. Head
without any wart.
Sus leucomystax, Temm. Fauna Japon. Mamm. p. 6, t. 20; Fitzinger,
Setigera, p. 387; Swinhoe, P. Z. S 1865, p. 466; Gray, P. Z. S.
1868,p.26. .
Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Siiugeth. p. 226.
Sus taivanus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 382, 1866, p. 419.
Porcula taivana, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 360, 1864, p. 381.
Hab. Japan; Formosa.(Swinhoe); Nagasaki (Swinhoe).
Mr. Swinhoe gave an account of the habits of the Pig in Formosa
(P. Z. S. 1862, p. 361). It is a Sus, and not a Porcula.
Mr. Swinhoe (P. Z. S. 1862, p. 361) thinks this is a Wild Pig, the
original stock of the Chinese Domestic Pig.
Mr. Blyth says this is the animal from which the Chinese Do-
mestic Pig is supposed to be derived. There are three animals in
the Zoological Gardens (Feb. 1867) which appear to be a domestic
race from Formosa, although not much altered save in colouring
from the wild animals (Blyth, Land and Water, Feb. 16, 1867,
. 84 .
P “ Mr. Fraser has just received from the Island of Formo‘sa, per the
‘ Maitland,’ one Boar and one Sow of a red variety, and one Sow in
pig, black variety, of a new species of Pig (Sus taévanus, Swinhoe,
‘Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.) supposed to be the wild origin of the well-
known Chinese Pig (Dec. 1867 ).”—P. Z. S. 1868, p. 27 .
5. Sus cristatus. B.M.
Bristles of forehead, occiput, and back elongate, forming a mane;
cheeks with a beard. Yellowish brown, black-varied; beneath dirty
white. Nose and extremity brownish. Ears moderate, nakedish,
covered with scattered bristles. Head without any warts. Hoofs
white.
Sus scrofa, Elliot, Madras Journ. x. p. 216, 1839, 1 ; Adams, P. Z. S.
1860, p. 531.
Sus scrofa, var. indicus, Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. M. E. I. C. p. 193;
Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 5.
Sus indicus, Gray, List of Mamm. B. M. p. 185, 1840; Horsfield,
P. Z. S. 1852, p. 130, 1856, p. 406; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. xv.
p. 261; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 350; Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguli .
t. 5 (skull); P. Z. S. 1848, p. 73, 1850, p. 158, 1852, p. 130, 18 0,
p. 181; Gerrard, Cat. Bones, B. flip. 277.
Sus bengalensis, Blyth, Jaurn. A. S. Bengal, xxix. p. 304.
Sus cristatus, Wagner, Jllilnch. gel. Anzeig. lx. p. 535, 1839; Fitz.
Sitz. Ahad. d. Wiss. xlix. pp. 389, 417, 1864; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868,
. 27 .
Sug aper, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 911.
334 surnm.
Sus afiinis, Gray, Oat. Osteol. B. M. p. 71, 1847.
Sue scrofa, var. isonotus, Hodgson, Icon. B. M. t. p. 216.
Hab. India; Malabar (Blainv.); Nepal, Tarai and mountains
(Hodgson); Banks of Punjab (Adams) ; Penang, Singapore, and
Lanedy Island (Fitzinger).
Mr. Bryan Hodgson describes two varieties (see Journ. A. S.
Bengal, i. pp. 245 & 911) as inhabiting the Tarai and mountains of
Nepal :——1. aipomus : tusk large; forequarters high. 2. isonotas :
tusk small; back nearly horizontal. There is a figure of the latter
variety in his drawings in the British Museum (t. 216): the nape
and back are much crested-.
716 a. Skull of adult male. Length 15, height 9% inches. “ Mar-
quis.” Nepal; B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
716 19. Skull of adult male. Length 14, height 8% inches. Marked
“ Bilmareeah, S. inclicus.”
716 k. Skull of adult male. Length 15%, height 9% inches. Marked
“Sas babirasa.” Malabar (see Blainv. Ostéog. t. .).
716 n. Skull of adult male. Length 14%, height 8% inches.
716 g. Skull of adult male. Length 14, height 9 inches. “ Mar-
quis.” Nepal; B. H. Hodgson.
716 0. Skull of adult male. Length 15%, height 9% inches. India;
Sir John Boileau. ,
716 f. Skull of adult male. Length 15, height 8% inches. Nepal;
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
716 b. Skull of adult male. Length 13, height 8% inches. India;
General Hardwicke.
716 y. Skull of adult male. Length 14, height 9 inches. India;
G. H. Money, Esq.
716 an Skull of adult male, broken. India Museum, Zoological
Society.
716 Z. Skull of adult male. Length 13, height 9 inches. Nepal;
Tarai ; Professor Oldham.
716. e. Skull of adult male. Length 13%, height 8 inches. “ Wild
Boar of the plains.” Nepal; B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Forehead nearly
flat. ‘
716 d. Skull of adult male. Length 14, height 8% inches. “ Wild
Boar of the plains.” Nepal; B. H. Hodgson.
716 n. Skull of adult female. Length 14%, height 8% inches.
India. Professor Oldham.
716 0. Skull of nearly adult female. Length 12%, height 7% inches.
Neilgherries. Sas afiinis, Gray, (lat. Osteol. p. 71, 1847.
716 6. Skull of young male ? Length 13, height 7 % inches. Tarai,
Nepal; B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
716 w. Skull of young male. Length 10, height 6% inch es. Tarai,
Nepal ; B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Sas bengalensis, Blyth (type).
716 m. Skull of young female. Length 10%, height 7% inches.
Tarai, Nepal; Dr. Oldham.
716 q. Skull of young female. Length , height inches. Nepal;
B. H. Hodgson. Nose much narrower and contracted behind in
1. sus. 335
front of the orbit, perhaps the character of the female sex. The
skulls of female exotic Pigs are very rare in collections.
This series of skulls differ in the depth of the concavity on the
hinder part of the checks in front of the orbit. It is very deep, and
with a well-defined wide ridge behind in 716 o, 716 o, and 716 ls.
It is less marked in the others, in different degrees of distinctness
and depth-.
In the skulls of the younger animals the concavity is very shallow
behind, and gradually shelving off to the orbit, as in 716 o, 716 w,
716 m, 716 q, 71641:. It is one of these skulls (716 w) that Mr.
Blyth marked as like his type of S. bengo:-lensis.
The skull of this species is like that of Sus /uerrncosns from the
Malay Islands; but all the skulls differ from the skulls of S. terra-
oosus in the flatness of the zygomatic arch, compared with the thick
swollen form of the zygoma in all the skulls of that species. The
sides of the lower jaw are convex and swollen, but not so much so
as the lower jaw of S. oerrncosns. »
b. Concavity on the cheeks of the shall in front of the orbit shallow behind,
only separated from the orbit by a narrow ridge.
6. Sus timorensis. B.M.
Yellowish or blackish brown, generally with a white streak from
the nose to the angle of the jaw. Ears moderate, nakedish; fur
with scattered bristles, maned. “ Head without any warts.” Skull
(young)——the concavity in front of the orbit shallow behind, and
only separated from the orbit by a slight ridge.
Sus timorensis, S. Milller, Verhand. i. pp. 42, 173, 178, t. 31. f. 1-3;
Gerrard, Uat. Bones B. M. p. 278 ; Gray, B. Z. S. 1868, p. 28.
Sus vittatus ,8, Wagner, Schreb. Siingeth. Suppl. iv.
Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Siinyeth. p. 225.
Sus, sp., from Dampier Straits, Solater, List of Vert. Animals Zool.
Gard. ed. 3. p. 37 . n. 235.
Hab. Timor and Rottie;
Like S. vittatas, but smaller.
1501 a. A skull of a young animal, very like the one figured
by Miiller (Verhand. t. 32. f. 2, 3) ; it is marked “ young female
Babirussa,” from Mr. Wallaee’s collection. It is certainly not a
Babirussa, having six upper cutting-teeth and short intermaxillaries,
but is more probably a young female of the preceding. It has the
concavity in front of the orbit shallow, and only separated from the
orbit by a narrow ridge.
1501 0. Skull with the last grinder being developed (on one side
only), perhaps young male ? Inscribed “ a Wild Pig, Makassar.”
Length 10%, height at occiput 6 inches. Nose broad behind, taper-
ing in front from orbit ; concavity in front of orbit large, not deep,
and extending close up to the edge of the cavity; the hinder suture
of the parietal bone is produced and angular behind.
1501 b. A rather larger skull, also developing the last molar, and
336 surnzs.
probably a young male. A Wild Pig, Ternate, from Mr. Wal1ace’s
collection. Length 12%, height 5% inches. It is very similar to the
above in all particulars,‘ particularly in the shallowness of the con-
cavity in front of the orbits, and in the crest-like form of the ridge
behind the base of the sheath of the upper canines; hinder suture
of the parietal produced and rounded behind.
The shallowness of the concavity on the cheeks of these specimens
may depend on the youth of the animal, as it is to be found in the
skull of the young Sus It is not always a character of youth,
as it is found shallow and shelving off behind in the skull of the very
old Sus andamanensis and S. sorofa.
There is the skin and skeleton (1501 d) of a “ Wild Pig from
Dampier Straits, in the Eastern archipelago,” that was brought to
the Museum by Mr. Swinhoe. It does not appear to differ from
S. timorensis of S. Miiller ; and the skull is very like the skull
from Ternate (1501 b). A specimen was living in the Society’s
Gardens. Mr. Bartlett thinks that the latter is “ a domestic Pig
running wild, because he has seen two specimens of them, both of
which had white markings about the legs in a very irregular manner
and other characters of the domestic Pig.”
7. Sus andamanensis (Andaman Pig.) B.M.
The concavity of the checks in front of the orbit deeply concave,
shallower behind, shelving off to the orbit, and only separated from
the orbit by a narrow ridge ; in the male the sheaths of the upper
canines with a well-marked ridge; the concavity. in front of the
orbit very wide ; in the female the concavity narrower, and sheaths
of the canines not developed.
Sus andamanensis, Blyth, photogr. MS. ; Sclater, List of Vert. Anim.
Zool. Gard. ed. 3. p. 37 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 30.
Hab. Andaman Islands.
Living in the Gardens of the Society. Also a hybrid between the
female Andaman Pig and the male Wild Pig from Dampier Straits.
A skull of an adult male in the British Museum, without lower
jaw (no. 1497 a) :-—The four front upper cutting-teeth very large,
entire, square; the hinder lateral one very small, early deciduous.
Lower cutting-teeth six, subequal, close together ; upper canines very
large, recurved, with a deep central ridge on the upper edge ; con-
cavity in front of the orbits very wide and deep ; sheath produced,
with a well-marked longitudinal crest on the upper reflexed edges.
A complete skull of an adult female (no. 1497 b) very similar to
preceding, but concavity in front of the orbit narrower behind :-
Upper canine small, compressed, without any developed sheath ; no ,
ridge above its root. Lower canines very large, subtrigonal; the
first, two-rooted premolar on the binder part of its base separated
a short distance from -the second premolar. Upper cutting-teeth
three, the first very large; the second on the right side, and both
the hinder ones have fallen out, and the cavity left is filled up.
1. sus. 337
The skull of this species is more nearly allied to the Babirussa
than any others of the Pigs (Sus), the part in front of the canines
being rather more produced than in other species, but not nearly so ‘
much so as in Babirussa; and the two hinder upper cutting-teeth
are very small and often deciduous. In the skull of the adult
male, for example, they were very small, but the pits they filled are
present; in the adult female, the pits they filled are entirely oblite-
rated. By a curious coincidence, the second upper cutting-teeth on
the right side of the jaws of the skulls of both the male and female
animals are wanting, and the pits they filled are obliterated; but
this may be only an accidental circumstance, as the tooth on the
other side is well developed.
8. Sue scrofa.
Ears large, densely hairy. Fur blackish brown, densely bristly.
Wart under the eye small. Skull. elongate, slender; the concavity
on the check in front of the orbit wide, shallow behind, shelving
towards the orbit, and only separated from it by a narrow ridge.
Sus aper, Brz'sson; Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 130, 1856, p. 406.
Sus scrofa, Lz'nn.; G-iebel, Séiugetk. p. 225; P. Z. S. 1856, p. 158,
1858, p. 531, 1860, pp. 183, 448: Blainv. Oste’ogr. Onguligr. t. 1.
f. 4-6; Fitz. :S’etz:l/era, p. 348; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 30.
Sus setosus aper, Bodd. Elench. Am'm. i. p. 157.
Sus scrofa aper, .Er.rl. Syst. R. A. i. p. 176.
Sus fasciatus, Gray, List Zllamm. B. M’. p. 184.
Sus scrofa fasciatus, Sehreb. S. p. 322 (jun.).
Sus scrofa ferns, Gmel. S-3/st. Nat p. 217; Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 13,
f. 1, 2, 3 (skull and palate); Blainv. Osté0_r/1'. t. 4 (skull, 6‘ ).
Sanglier, Ba:/fl‘on, II. N. v. p. 176, t. 24. f. 1 (skull). '
Hab. Europe.
Var. Domesticated. Head short, slender. Ears erect, pointed.
Limbs short, slender. Hair of body rather crisp, ferruginous or
blackish brown. Junior fasciated.
Cochon turc, F. Czwz'er, Diet. Sci. Nat. ix. p. 512.
Cochon turc ou de Mongolitz, Desm. Zllamm. p. 391.
Sus scrofa domestica tmcica, Fischer, Syn. p. 422.
? Sus scrofa, var. (Maltese Pig), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 139.
Hab. European Turkey; Hungary; Vienna; Borneo.
Skull of adult (713 0), with diseased teeth and alveoli. Length
14, height 9 inches. From the Zoological Gardens; probably from
Germany. The concavity on the cheeks wide, shallow behind, and
gradually shelving off to the orbit. The sheaths of the upper canines _
with a well-marked elevated ridge behind.
Skull of adult (713 m). Length 15, height 8 inches. From Ger-
many.
Skull of adult (713 f Length 15, height 7% inches. From the
Museum of the Zoological Society.
Skull of adult (713 3'). Length 14, height 7 2 inches. Germany,
from Dr. Giinther.
z
338 sumac.
Skull developing the last molar (713 u). Length 13, height 6%-
inches. Germany, from Mr. Gerrard. _
A skin and skeleton of a Wild Boar from Barbary (Sus scrofa bar-
. barus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 443), received from the Zoological
Gardens. Skull (712 j) does not differ from the skull of the Wild
Boar from Germany.
713 la and 713i. Two skulls of young animals from the Zoological
Society.
713 g. Skull of a nearly adult animal; purchased of a dealer.
9. Sus libycus.
Animal ?
Sus libycus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 31.
?Sus scrofa, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 84.
Hab. Asia Minor (Xantus). Skull in the British Museum, pre-
sented by Sir Charles Fellows.
Skull of adult (713 a). Length 14%, height 8,,l inches. The
concavity on the checks in front of the orbits very broad and very
shallow, with a broad concavity in the middle; the hinder part
moderately deep, separated from the orbit by a rather narrow well-
marked prominent ridge. Nose narrow, and compressed over the
lateral foramen. The sheath of the canine with only a slight ridge
behind it.
The skull is very distinct from all the skulls of the Wild Bears
from Germany in the British Museum.
The Wild Boarof the Holy Land, described by Mr. Tristram, may
be the same. He observes -:-I
“ Abundant in the wooded hills and maritime plains alike.
Swarms in all the thickets by the Jordan and Dead Sea, and in the
forest-country east of Jordan. Extends even to the bare wilderness
of Judaea, and almost into the desert, where there is no cover, and
where its only food is the roots of the desert bulbs.”—-Tristram,

~ P. z. s. 1866, p. 84.
10. Sus sennaarensis.
Fur dense, bristly, dull olive-black yellow-varied. Ears moderate,
densely pilose. Head without any warts.
Sus sennaarensis, Fitz. Sitz. Ahad. d. lViss. xix. p. 365, 1864; Seti-
gera, p. 388; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p 32.
Sus larvatus, Fitz. Sitz. Ahad. d. Wis-s. x. p. 362.
? Sus scrofa (Egypt), Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 5 (skull).
?Cochori des Negres, Bufion, H. N. Quad. v. p. 123.
Hab. North Africa: Sennaar; Kordofan; Sudan. Called “ Qua-
druk” by the Arabs. ,
Dr. Murie says he has often seen and eaten the true Wild Boar of
the genus Sus in Africa, as well as the Potamochoerus on the west
coast. I have never seen any, or the skull of one.
2. roacum. 339
Hi‘ I.-[ead very long, slender, without warts. The skull elongate, more than
twice as long as high : concavity in front of the orbit deep. Cheeks
bearded. Euhys.
11. Sus barbatus. BM.
Back covered with ochraceous, sides and beneath with black
bristles ; nose, extremities, and tuft at end of tail blackish. Skull
much compressed, very long, slender. Ears moderate, nakedish. Fur
with scattered bristles. Head very long, slender; sides of the aws
covered with crisp hairs; crown and occiput covered with short hairs.
Head without any warts.
Sus barbatus, S. Muller‘, Van der .Hoeren, Tg'jdschr. 1839, v. p. 149;
Verhandl. i. pp. 42, 17 3, 179, t. 30, 31 ; Gerrard, Oat. Bones B. .M.
p. 278; .Fz'tzz'nger, S’etz'gera, p. 392 ; Gray, B. Z. S. 1868, p. 32.
Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Stiugeth. p. 225.
Hab. Borneo. Called “Wits Warken.” _
712 a. Skull of adult, from Borneo, presented by J. Brooke, Esq.
Length from end of nasal to occipital crest 19 inches, 9% high
at occiput. Exactly like the figure in Miil_ler’s ‘ Verhand.’ t. 31.
f. 45.
712. Skull of a young animal changing its teeth, from Borneo.
Capt. Sir E. Belcher. Length 11% inches, 5 inches high at occiput.
Nose very slender, attenuated; nose from the orbit double the length
of the distance from the front of the orbit to the occiput ; the zygo-
matic arch flat, thin. '
2. PORCULA.
Head conical, moderate. Ears small, erect, hairy. Cheeks with-
out any tubercles. Tail very short, rudimentary. Cutting-teeth 6,
two upper front largest, the lateral lower small; intermaxillary mo-
derate, not produced; canines small, scarcely elevated above the
other teeth, the upper one rather spread out, but not reflexed;
premolars % . %.
Porcula, Hodgson; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 278, 1852; Fitz.
Sttz. Akad. d. Wiss. 1864, p. 404; Gray, B. Z. S. 1868, p. 33. .
The skull chiefly differs from Sus in being shorter and much
smaller. The number and form of the teeth and of the in termaxil-
laries are the same as in Sus.
"“ Back and nape maned.
1. Porcula papuensis. (The Bene.) B.M.
Ears moderate, erect, nakedish, internally white. Fur very
bristly above, with scattered bristles beneath ; bristles of nape and
back longer, forming a black mane; brown and reddish above, black
and white beneath. I -
Young. Dark brown, with five fulvous streaks.
Ben, Forrest, Voy. p. 97, t, 2, 3. _ Y H
Sus papuensis, Lesson & Garn. Bull. Scz. fiat. v11. pp. 8;, 96 ; Du.-
z
340 surnrs.
O
perrey, Voy. Coqnille, Zool. i. t. 8 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 185;
P. Z. s. 1858, P. 107.
Porcula pa uensis, Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. Wiss, 1864, p. 23; Gray,
P. Z. s. 1 68 p.33.
Papuan Hog, Lbw, Breeds of Domestic Anim. ii. P. 1.
Sus Scrofa, var., Giebel, Stiugetlz. p. 226.
Hab. New Guinea. Called ‘ Ben ’ or ‘ Bene.’
Lesson and Garnet described the skull as having only five grinders
on each side of each. jaw; but this animal was probably not full-
grown. Canines not longer than the other teeth. Tail very short.
** Bach and nape without any mane.
2. Porcula salviania. BM.
Fur very bristly above, nakedish beneath ; black-brown, grey- or
yellowish-washed. Ears naked. Back without any crest.
Porcula salviania, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. xvi. pp. 423, 593,
t. 12, 13, xvii. p. 480, t. 27; .Horsfield, B. Z. S. 1853, p. 191 ; Fitz.
Sits. Akad. d. Wissen. 1864, p. 25; Gray, B. Z. S. 1868, p. 33. '
Porcula salvania, Gerrard, Cat. Bones, p. 278; Gray, B. Z. S. 1856,
p. 406, Mamm. pl. 37.
Sus scrofa, var., Giebel, Sdugeth-. p. 226.
Pygmy Hog of the Saul Forests, Hodgson.
Hab. Nepal; Sikkim; Saul Forests in Tarai.
Skull (1077 a) from the Saul Forests. Presented to the Museum
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. It is that of an animal developing the last
molar. In form the skull is very like that of Sus, but shorter; the
forehead is convex; the nose tapers in front of the orbit, is rather
swollen and wide over the deeply concave cheeks ; the concavity is
deepest in the middle of the cheeks, and it is only separated from
the orbit by the narrow edge of the orbit. The canines are small;
the upper ones not recurved.
3. POTAMOCH(ERUS.
Face elongate, with a bony protuberance on each side, halfway
between the nose and eyes. Ears elongate, suddenly tapering, and
ending in a pencil of hairs. Tail thick, elongate, high up on the
rump. Skull elongate; brain-case swollen ; nose nearly of the same
width the whole length, rounded above, with a rather thickened
upper margin, and a deep concavity on the cheeks extending nearly
to the front of the orbit, and partly over and nearly covering the
malar process that supports the zygomatic arch. '
Male swollen and often warty on the sides in front; sheath of the
canine with a large broad process on the upper part of its base.
Female, side of the nose simple, and the sheath of the canine
with a well-marked ridge across the upper part of its base.
Teats four. Young four at a birth, with longitudinal stripes.
Koiropotamus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 185.
Choiropotamus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852.
ocnmnos. 341
Potamochoerus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xv. p. 66‘; P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 34; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 301; Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. IViss. 1864,
p. 19. '
Phascochoerus, sp., Jardine.
Phacochoerus, sp., Lesson in Tabl. R. A. 1841, p. 162.
1. Potamochoerus africanus. (Bosch Vark.) B.M.
Ears densely hairy; internally white, with black edge and tuft.
Fur black. Head and back whitish or yellowish ; forehead and back
black-varied ; large spot beneath the eyes black.
Sl:uZl.—-Male, the lateral tubercular ridge prominent, and elevated
above the upper surface of the nose; lateral process on the base of
the sheath of the upper canine broad, compressed, reaching to the
level of the upper surface of the nose. Female with transverse ridge
at the base of the sheath of the upper canine. A -
African \Vild Boar, Daniel, African Scenery, t. 22.
Sus africanus, Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 327; P. Z. S. 1852, p. 131;
BZaini~. in La-ma at Basin, Anat. Phys. t. 11. f. 9 (teeth); Blainv.
Ostéogr. t. 8. f. l ; Gray, Griflith’s A. K. t. ; Re-iclzenb. lVaturg. d.
Paclzg/d. t. 33. f. 129.
Sus larvatus, F. Our. ]VIém. ll/Ins. vii. p. 447, t. 22; A. Smith, S. A.
Qua-rt. Journ. p. 90; Blainv. Ost-e’ogr. Onguligr. t. (skull).
Sus koiropotamus, Desmoul. Diet. Class. II. N. vii. t. 1; P. Z. S.
1852, p. 131.
Koiropotamus africanus, Gray. List Mamm. B. III. p. 185.
Choiro otamus larvatus, Gray, Ann. &Mag. N. H. 1852.
Phacoc ioerus koiropotamus, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. p. 162, 1841.
Sus koiropotamus, Desmoulins, Diet. Class. H. N. t. 7, Q .
Sus choiropotamus, Reichenb. lVaturg. d; Pachg/cl. t. 33. f. 48.
Potamochoerus larvatus, Gray, Ann. & Zifag. N. H. xv. p. 66; Fztz.
Sits. Akad. cl. Wissen. 1864, p. 19. .
Potamochoerus africanus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 131, 1858, p. 58,
1860, p. 443, 1868, p. 34 ; Germ/rd, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 279; Kirk,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 656.
Phascochoerus larvatus, Jardine, Nat. Libr. p. 232, t. 28.
Sanglier a masque, Sganzin, Jllém. St-rasb. iii. p. 1, t. 1.
Female, skull with only a ridge across the base of the sheath of
the upper canines.—P. Z. S. 1868, p. 35.
Sus capensis, Gray, Gerrard, Cat. of Bones B. ill. p. 277 (skull).
Hab. South Africa, called “ Bosch Vark;” Central Africa, Zam-
besi delta, called “ Njulvi ” (Kirk).
“ Scarcely any two specimens of this species exhibit the same
colour; some are brownish black variegated with white, and others
are almost entirely of a light reddish—brown or rufous tint without
the white variations ; indeed such are the varieties that it is scarcely
possible to say what are the most prevailing colours/’--A. Smith,
S. A. Quart. Journ. p. 90.
1. In the British Museum there is a skeleton (1364 b) of a spe-
cimen that lived several years in the Zoological Gardens. In the
skull the malar process is very broad, reaching nearly to the level of
342 _ sornaz.
the top of the nose ; it is thin on each edge, and thickened near the
outer hinder edge by a strong angular keel.
2. A skull (1364 a) that was purchased of Mr. Argent in 1851
as coming from South Africa. It has the process of the ‘sheath of
the canines nearly as long as the preceding (1364 b); but it is not
so broad from side to side, and the outer surface is evenly rounded,
without any keel. This skull very nearly resembles the one figured
by De Blainville as that of Sue larvatus (Ostéograph. t. 5), and the
skull figured by M. F. Cuvier (Mém. Mus.).
3. A skull from the Museum of Dr. de Jeude, probably from the
Cape of Good Hope (1364 0).
The front of the lower jaw behind the canine is more dilated and .
swollen in P. Zarvatus (1364 1)) than in the lower jaws of the two
other skulls; but they all differ from each other more or less in this
respect.
4. A skull without its lower jaw (715 a) was brought home by
Captain Alexander from his Expedition to Damara, and presented
to the British Museum. It is recorded in Mr. Gerrard’s catalogue
of the bones in the British Museum as Bus capensis (p. 277). It
is the skull of an adult animal, with the crown of the grinders much
worn. It is probably the skull of a female, as it agrees with all the
characters of Potomochoerus, but it has only a well-marked ridge
across the upper part of the base of the sheath of the upper canine,
and the upper margin of the nose is not dilated or swollen.
2. Potamochoerus porous. (Red River-Hog.) B.M.
Ears densely hairy; edges of cars and pencil white. Fur red-
brown, beneath greyish white. “Head and ears black ; whiskers on
the cheek, streak over and below the eyes, and dorsal mane white.
Skull.-—ll[ale, the prominence of the canine flat-topped and not
raised above the surface of the nose; the lateral process of the
sheath of the upper canine narrow at the base, dilated above, short,
not reaching to the level of the upper surface of the nose. Fe-
male with only a ridge across the base of the sheath of the upper
camne.
Porous guineensis, Zl[m~c_qr. Bras. p. 230, fig. (good).
“ Cochon de guinée,..Bzg7‘m, .H. N. v. p. 146.”
Guinea Pig, Brown, Jam. p. 487. ~
Sus porcus, Linn. S. _,p. 1032. "
Pore de guinée, Desmillfarnm. p. 391; Enc. Méth. t. 39. f. 1 (from
Mareg.).
Sus scrofa, var. porous, Fischer, Syn. p. 423.
Sus guineensis, Brisson, R. A. p. 109.
Sus africanus, Smith; Gréfiith, A. K. (not Desm.).
Sus penicillatus, Schinz, Monogr. d. Siiugeth. t. 10; Rev. Zool. "1848,
p. 152 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 132.
Ohoiropotamus pictus, Gray, Ann. 3- May. N. If. x. pp. 280, 281.
Painted Pig of the Camaroons, Illustr. London News, fig., 1852.
Sue pictus, Wagner, Sehreb. Siiugetk. Supp. v. pp. 302,800.
Potamochoerus albifrons, Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston N. H. 8. vii. p. 301,
1861 ; Travels, p. 422, t. 62; Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 277.
3. rorsmocnmnus. 343
Potamochoerus penieillatus, Gray, Ann. 3- Mag. M H. xv. p. 66;
P. Z. S._1852, p. 131, t. 34; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. ild. p. 279;
Fitz. Kais. Alcad. d. T/Vissen. xix. p. 365; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 62,
t. 12 (adult and young).
Potamochoerus porous, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 36.
Hab. West Coast of Africa; Camaroons River; Guinea; natu-
ralized in Brazil (fldarcgrave).
Skeleton (no. 1363a) of a male specimen from the Camaroons,
that lived for several years in the Society’s Gardens. The skull of
this animal is figured by Mr. Sclater in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoo-
logical Society,’ 1860, p. 301. The process on the base of the sheath
of the canine is much shorter than in the skulls of P. africanus
(1364 a, b); it does not reach the upper surface of the nose, is sub-
cylindrical at the base, without any keel on its outer side, and broad
at the end. It diverges much more from the side of the nose than
in the skull from South Africa. .
Two skulls, collected by Dr. Baikie in the interior of Africa
(1363 c and 1363 cl). They are very like the skull of the male
animal from the Camaroons (1363 a). The process of the sheath
of the upper canine in 1363 c is rather shorter and broader at the
top than in that skull; and in 1363 a it is unfortunately broken off.
With these skulls Dr. Baikie brought another without the lower
jaw (715 b) which is very like the others, only the side of the nose
over the canines is not dilated, and there is only a slight ridge across
the base of the upper surface of the sheath of the upper canine, as in
the female from the Gardens (1363 b). The skull has adult den-
tition, and it is nearly of the same size, but not so aged, as the skull
sent by Captain Alexander; it differs from it in the nose being more
compressed and narrowed in front of the orbit. The condyles of
this skull are large, and separated by a broad space beneath, as in
all the other skulls of the genus, except that received from the
Zoological Society.
A skeleton of a female, from the Camaroons, that lived in the
Society’s Gardens (Gerrard, Cat. Bones, no. 1363 b). In the ‘ Cata-
logue of Bones of Mammalia in the British Museum ’ the sexes of
1363 a and b are accidentally reversed. ' The skull had the denti-
tion of an adult animal ; the canines are very imperfectly developed,
cylindrical, and smooth, and the sides flattened and grooved longi-
tudinally beneath. The side of the nose of the skull is not swollen
or warty over the canines, and there is only a well-marked ridge at
the base of the upper surface of the sheath of the upper canine.
This skull differs from the others of the genus‘ I have compared
it with in the small size of the occipital condyles, which are also
closer together on their under edge. The hinder nasal opening is
wide and rounded.
The three skulls also differ in the form of the upper jaws in front
of the base of the canines. They are longer and narrower in the
two skulls which have been named P. larvatus (1364 a, 1364 b) than
they are in the skull from the Camaroons named P. penicillatus or
P. porous (1363 a). But the two skulls with the longer intermaxil-
344 SUIDE.
laries differ from one another, the intermaxillaries of 1364 b being
longer and narrower than in the skull 1364a.
The ridges on the underside of the canine of P. penicillatus
(1363 b) are fewer, coarser, and more irregular than they are on the
canines of the two other skulls (1364 a and b). The back and front
sides of the canines are rounded in 1363 a, while they ‘are flat in
1364 a and b ; but the two latter differ considerably in flatness.
This species has bred in the Society’s Gardens, and reared the
progeny. It will not breed with the Domestic Pig, or at least has
not done so.
Marcgrave describes it as having a cyst on the navel, and says
that it had been introduced by the negroes, and naturalized in
Brazil.
I suppose that the Pig has not been found profitable, or was not
fitted for the American climate, as the breeding of it has been dis-
continued. I have inquired of persons who have lived in different
parts of Brazil; they all state that they have never seen or heard
of the Painted Pig in that country; nor do I find any account of it
iii the modern works on the natural history of the country. Mr. J.
Miers, F.R.S., has observed that Marcgrave only knew of the north-
ern provinces of Brazil, then in possession of the Dutch, and that
perhaps it still breeds there. My son and daughter, who travelled
in those districts, and first made entomologists acquainted with the
smaller Lepidoptera of the country, of which they collected very
many new species, state that they never saw any Red Pig there.
3. Potamochoerus madagascariensis.
Sanglier de Madagascar, Daubenton; Bufon, H. JV. xiv. p. 396; Fla-
court’s Hist. Madagasc. p. 151.
Potamochoerus , Gra_z/, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 38.
Hab. Madagascar.
Mr. Sclatcr informs me that a species of this genus from Mada-
gascar is living in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. I am not aware
that any specimens from that country have reached England.

b. Domesticated Swine. Face short. The cars more or less dependent, often
very large. Animal black, white, or mottled. Young like parents (not
yellow-streaked). Skull short; facial line sunken ; forehead and upper
surface of the nose flattened, more or less distinct; nose margined on the
sirles.—Gray, l. c. p. 38.
I do not believe that the Domestic Pig is derived from the Wild
Boar of Europe, any more than the Domestic Cat is derived from the
Wild Cat of Scotland, or the Dog from the Wolf of Europe; nor do
I know of any exotic species of Pig from which it is likely to have
been derived. _
There is no doubt that the Domestic Pig will breed with the Wild
Boar, and that there are hybrid breeds which are more like the Wild
Boar than the normal domestic animal. On the other hand, the
4. senor.-s. 345
wild species are_ often more or less domesticated in the countries
they naturally inhabit; but these animals differ little from their
wild_ progenitors, and are very different from the true domestic
animals?
4. SCROFA.
Face conical, smooth, or nearly so. Skull--sheath of the canine
with a more or less distinct longitudinal crest across the base.
Scrofa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p.38.
Scrofa domestica.
Scrofa domestica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 38.
Sus verres, Plinius, Hist. Nat. viii. p. 151.
Sus domesticus, Brisson, Reg. Anim. p. 106.
Sus scrofa domesticus, _Er.'cleb. Syst. p. 179; Fischer, Syn. lllamm.
p. 422.
Cochon, Bnfion, II. N. v. p. 99.
Verrat, Bnfon, H. N. v. p. 99, t. 17 . f. 2 (t. 24. f. 3, skull).
Hog, Benn.
Hab. Domesticated in most parts of the inhabited world.
Some varieties have small erect hairy ears and strong long legs
like wild swine.
‘Var. 1. Cochon de Siam, Butfon, v. pp. 125, 137, t. 17. f. 1 (t. 24.
f. 2, skull ‘?).
Sus scrofa sinensis, Schreb. t. 324 (copied from B2{#07Z; not S. si-
nensis, Brisson). -
Black. The young black, without any streaks. Face tapering.
Skull rather short; crown rather convex (Bnflbn).
Hab. Siam. I have not seen the variety.
Daubenton describes the skeleton (H. N. v. p. 181). This has most
unaccountably been confused with the Chinese Pig by Desmarest,
Fischer, and others, which has very short thin legs, with the belly
almost to the ground. I have not seen this variety.
A young boar from Algiers. Rusty brown ; hair black, with long
rusty ends. Nose, orbits, edge of cars, and a longitudinal streak
on the whiskers black. Chest nakedish. No warts on the cheeks.
Ears moderate, densely hairy.
Hab. Algiers (B.M.; Henry Ghristy, Esg.).
Skull in the British Museum (no. 713 4»). This animal lived some
time in the Zoological Society’s Gardens. The skull is short, with a
flat forehead and nose like_that of a Domestic Pig. It is, in many
respects, very like the Oochon de Siam of Button.
Var. 2. Pore noir cl jambe courte, F. Cuv.
Sus scrofa domestica meridiona-lis, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 442.
Hab. Italy.
Black. Ears small, nearly erect. A fold over the eyebrow.
346 _ sunma.
Var. 3. sinensis.
Sus scrofa sinensis, Brisson, R. A. p. 108; Erxl. p. 181. .
Chinesisches Schwein, I/inn. West Goth. p. 62. ,
Small. Black, white, or variegated. Back rather naked. Body
very large; legs very short and thin.
A short-headed, swollen-checked, full-bodied Pig, with short thin
legs, like our prize Pigs, was well known to the ancient Greeks.
There are several representations in marble of such Pigs in the
British Museum, which were procured by Captain Spratt from the
Temenos of Demeter Cnidus, and are inscribed “ Pig sacred to Per-
sephone.” These models chiefly differ from the form of the English
prize Pig in the back being furnished with a well-marked, high
compressed crest of bristles from the crown of the head to the tail.
Similar Pigs are represented on Greek silver coins.
Long-legged, flat-sided sows with their young are represented
among the reeds on the Assyrian Marbles in the Museum collection.
The Pigs naturalized in Parzi and Pernambuco are black, like the
Berkshire or Chinese breeds, with very thin legs, short nose, and
thick cheeks. They were introduced from Portugal. In Rio they
send the. Pigs out in the marshy places to destroy the snakes before
the negroes are turned-in to cultivate the land; they eat the snakes
greedily, and are said never to be injured by the bite of a snake,
however poisonous.
Var. 4. Wattled, with a cylindrical wattle on the hinder corner
of the lower jaw on one or both sides.
Irish Greyhound Pig, Richardson on Pigs, p. 30.
Var. 5. Solid-hoofecl Pigs, with two front toes united into one hoof.
Sus scrofa mononychus, Linn. Anim. v. p. 461.
Sus ungulis solidis, Plinii II. N. X. p. 146.
Sus scrofa mononyx, Fischer, Syn. p. 423.
Solid-hoofed Sow, Struthers, Edinb. N. _ P. Journ. 1863; Blaznv.
Ostéogr. p. 128; Darwin, Dom. Anim. ii. p. 75.
The British Museum has a series of thirteen skulls of the Do-
mestic Pig; all have very similar characters (see Gray, P. Z. S. 1862,
p. 16). They are known by the shortness of the skull, the side of
the nose being bluntly keeled, the cheeks concave, the concavity
extending up to the edge of the orbit and separated from the aper-
ture of the orbit by only a narrow ridge; the frontal line is more
or less concave. '
The skull of the male has a distinctly marked transverse ridge on
the base of the sheath of the upper canine; in the young male it is
only slightly indicated; in the skull of the female and young pigs it
is not to be seen.
717 a. Skull of an old male from Africa, from the Gambia (Sus
gambianits, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
277). Forehead fiat (see Sus scrofa hybridus, West-Afiican Pig,
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 325); ' .
5. cnnr unrosos. 347
- 713 h. Skull of an old male, from Africa. Forehead rather convex.
713 r. A very similar skull of an old male, purchased at a sale.
713 0 and 713 t. Two nearly adult skulls, from the Museum of
Dr. de Jeude.
713p. A skull of an old specimen, diseased, from the Zoological
Society’s Gardens.
716 r. A skull of a young specimen from India, from the Museum
of the Zoological Society; inscribed with Indian characters. Named
Bus inclicus.
713 q. Skull of a young Berkshire Sow.
713 e. Skull of a young Domestic Pig.
713 s. The skull of a very young Domestic Pig. This skull has
an abnormality in the cutting-teeth. There are six in the upper
jaw ; the first two are in their natural position, and in their proper
place; the two hinder ones on each side are close together, just in
front of the suture of the intermaxillary bone, the front one being
elongated, slender, conical, and bent outwards, and the hinder one
short, broad, conical, and compressed. The canine on the right
side is double; that is to say, the new one has appeared before the
old one has been shed.
713 w. Skull developing its last grinder, from the Museum of Dr.
de J eude. .
713 :5. Skull of an adult, with the nose of the skull more elon-
gated; from the Utrecht Collection. Probably half-bred between
the Wild Boar and the Domestic Sow; it has the fiat forehead, con-
cave facial line, and the keeled side of the nose before the orbit of
the Domestic Pig, andthe length of the face like the wild breeds.
5. CENTURIOSUS.
Face deeply and symmetrically furrowed. Ears very large, falling
down. Tail moderate. Skull—-forehead and upper part of the nose
flat, smooth, keeled on the sides; sides of the cheek concave; the
sheath of the upper canine tubercular above; upper canines coming
out in the lower edge of the jaws, and then bent upwards; palate
broad. ’
Centuriosus, Gray, P. Z. 8'. 1862, p. 17, 1868, p.40.
Gyrosus, Gray; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.‘ 1862.
Ptychochoerus, Fitz. Sitz. Akad. cl. Wissen. 1864.
This~ genus is most allied to Potamochoerus in the form of the
skull, and to Sus in its external appearance. It is not likely to be
a cross breed between the two genera.
Centuriosus plicicepps. B.M.
Ears large, flat, I'01Ul(16(1 at the end, pendulous. Fur with scat-
tered black bristles. Skin blackish grey. Limbs and beneath
whitish. ‘
Sus (Centuriosus) pliciceps, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 263, 1862, p. 14
of skull), p. 15 (fig. of palate).
348 ' surnrs.
Sus (Gyrosus) pliciceps, Gray, MS. ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
p. 278; P. Z. S.1864, pp. 160, 383.
Sus scrofa, var. pliciceps, Sclater, List Vert. Anim. Gard. Zool. Soc.
ed. 3. p. 36; P. Z. S. 1862, p. 322.
Ptychochoerus plicifrons, Fitz. Sitz. Ahad. d. Wissen. 1864, p. 409;
Fiihr. z. Zool. Garten 2. hlilnchen, p. 23.
Centuriosus pliciceps, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 41.
Japanese Masked Pig, Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 263 (figure) ; Illustr.
London News, 1862, no. 1126 (figure). -
Chinesisches Maskenschwein, Schmidt, Zool. Gart. 1862, p. 80.
Hab. Japan; China. Male in the Gardens of the Zoological So-'
ciety in 1864.
Evidently a domestic variety; the ears are pendulous, like those
of most domestic animals. The young are of a uniform colour like
the parents, and not striped like the wild species.
The skull in the British Museum (no. 1387 a), figured in the
‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1862, is very unlike any of the skulls of the Do-
mestic Pig in the Museum collection, especially in the breadth of
the nose and the rounder form of the tubercle on the base of the
sheath of the upper canine.
Skeleton of a very old animal (no. 1387 b), from the Zoological
Gardens. The forehead between the orbits deeply depressed; nasal
bones very flat.
B. ABNORMAL SWINE (B./usrnussrna). Cutting-teeth -gt ; intermaaillary,
and maxilla in front, produced, forming a long diastema between the
cutting-teeth and the grinders. Canines erect, parallel ; the sheath of
the upper canine bent up from the base, and closely applied to the side
of the jaw. Premolars ;°;- ; the front one very small, and early deci-
duous.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 41.
There are two large oblong deep cavities at the hinder part of the
depression behind the hinder nasal opening, separated from each
other by a sharp, high, central, longitudinal lamina, that are not to
be observed in the skulls of other Suidce. ‘
These depressions seem to become deeper as the animal increases
in age. I have only observed them in specimens which have well-
developed canines ; they may be confined to the males.
There is in the British Museum a small skull, obtained from Hol-
land (7180), of a half-grown animal, which has developed its second
true grinder, and which is without canines, only having a slight
ridge on the bone at the place where they are developed in the other
skulls. The skull has no indication of the depression in the hinder
part of the hinder nasal opening, and the grinders are much smaller
than those in any other skull. Is it the skull of a female, or does
it belong to a distinct species allied to Babirussa alfurus ‘?
The prolongation of the skull in front and the length of the sepa-
ration of the cutting-teeth from the grinders are produced by the
prolongation of the maxilla in front and the elongation of the inter-
maxilla behind. The first premolar is very early deciduous; it is
6. 343133333. 349
only to be observed in skulls of young animals; but the spot where
1t was placed is sometimes indicated by a porous structure in the
full-grown skull, as in specimen no 718 l.
6. BABI-RUSSA.
_ Face conical, simple. Ears rounded. Tail and limbs slender.
Skull conical ; nose elongate, simple; the hinder upper part of the
intermaxillary bones smooth; the upper cutting-teeth large, equal,
equidistant ; the sheath of the upper canine bent upwards from the
base at the side of the jaw; canines arched backwards, sometimes
even spirally recurved ; lower premolar compressed.
Babirousa, Grag, Ann. Phil. 1825.
Babiroussa, F. Can. Dent. Mamm. p. 212, t. 86 *.
Babirussa, F. Cuv. Dent. lldamm. ; Lesson, Mam. p. 338; Gray, List
Zlfamm. B. M. p. 185; P. Z. S. 1852, p. 131, 1868, p. 42; Gerrard,
Cat. Bones B. M. p. 278.
Porous, I/Vagler, Sgst. p. 17 ; Fitz. S-itz. Akad. Wissen. 1864, p. 435.
M. F. Cuvier, when adopting this genus, described and figured
the grinders as small and nearly equal-sided (see Dent. Mamm. t.) ;
but this is a mistake ; they are as large and elongate as the grinders
of the other Pigs, compared with the size of the skull. This genus
was first distinctly characterized in the ‘ P. Z. S.’ 1852, p. 131.
Babirussa alfurus. B.M.
“ Fur ashy ; dorsal streak yellowish brown ; beneath ferruginous-
washed.”
Aper orientalis, Brisson, Regn. Anim. p. 110.
Sus babyrussa, Linn. S. N. p. 50; Quoy <S~ Gaim. Vog. Astrol. Zool.
' i. p. 125, t. 22, 23; Isis, 1836, t. 13 ; Schinz, Monogr. iv. p. 5, t. 5.
f. a-d ; Blaine. Ostéogr. t. 2, t. 5 (skull, 6‘).
Sus babiroussa, Bodd. Elench. i. p. 157.
Sus babirussa, Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 328 ; Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguligr. t. 2
(skeleton, SB), t. 5. f. 7 (skull and teeth).
Babirussa a-lfurus, Lesson, lklamm. p. 338 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. Z1/I.
p. 185; P. Z. S. 1868, p. 42; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 443, t. 83
(from life) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 279.
Porous babyrussa, Wagle7', Syst. p. 17 ; Schreb. Siiugeth. Supp. v.
p. 509; Fitz. Sitz. Akad. cl. Wiss. 1864, p. 43; Giebel, Sdugeth.
. 232.
Poiicus babirussa, Reichb. lVat. Pachgd. p. 57, t. 54. f. 197, 199.
Aper in India, Plinii Hist. Nat. vii. p. 52.
Horned Hog, Green, Mus. R. S. p. 27, t. 1 (skull).
Babyroussa, Bontius, Ind. Orient. t. 1. fig.
Babyrussa, Jacob, Mus.
Baln roesa, Seba, Thes. i. t. 50. f_. 2.
Babiroussa, Bufon,‘ II. N. xii. p. 379, t. 48.
Hab. Borneo; Malacca‘?; Celebes; Ceram; Timor; Java; Su-
matra; New Guinea; New Ireland (Fitzinger). ’
350 oicorrnrnac.
Fam. op. DICOTYLIDPE.
Teeth 38 :—Cutting-teeth . ; canines 4} . %; premolars ;
molars . Tail short. Teats 2.
Choeropotamidee, Owen, Odont. p. 559 (not characterized).
Dicoty idee, Gray, B. Z. S. 1868, p. 43.
Dicotyles, Cuvier-,Reg. Anim. i. p. 237, 1817 ; F. Gav. Dent. Mamm.
p. 210, t. 86; Owen, Odont. p. 559; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 627,
t.; Fitzinger, Setigera, . 429, 1864. *
N oto_phorus, Fischer, Zoo . 1819.
These animals do not breed with the Domestic Pig, or any of the
genus Sus. They have not been domesticated, and very rarely breed
in confinement. The two species, a male (Dicotyles labiat-us) and
female (Notophorus torgnatns), bred together in the Zoological Gar-
dens, 1864 ; they have only two teats, and have two at a birth.
Mr. E. Gerrard, in the ‘ Catalogue of Bones of Mammalia in the
British Museum,’ has pointed out that the Collared Peccary has six
and the White-lipped Peccary nine caudal vertebrae (p. 289).
M. F. Cuvier, in ‘ Dent. Mamm.,’ observes that his description of
the teeth is taken from the Peccary (N. torqnatns), and the figure
from the Tagassu (D. labiatus); and he continues, “The hinder
molar of the lower aw of D. labiatas is terminated by a single tu-
bercle as large as the others, and not by three small ones.”—Dent.
Mamm. p. 211. I cannot see any difference in the form of the
crown of the last grinder of the two species. The teeth, like the
skull, are much the largest in D. labiatus. See description of den-
tition (Owen, Odont. p. 560).
1. NOTOPHORUS.
Skull-side of the face in front of the orbit dilated, spread out,
deeply concave beneath ; the longitudinal ridge on the cheeks nearly
parallel with the tooth-line; orbit small, incomplete behind, with a
concave half-ring beneath, on the cheeks and upper part of the front
of the zygomatic arch ; occipital end much dilated on the sides,
forming a case for the hinder part of the temporal muscle. Teeth
moderate. Tail rudimentary ; caudal vertebrae six (Gerrard).
Notophorus, Gray, B. Z. S. 1868, p. 43.
De Blainville’s figure of the skull on the skeleton (Onguligrades,
Sus, t. 3) is not characteristic; the concavity in front of the lower
part of the orbit is not sufliciently marked. The skull figured as
that of Sus torqnatns on tab. 5 is that of Dicotyles Zabiatus.
Dr. Spencer Baird’s figure of the skull (t. 87) is much shorter and
more ventricose than any of our specimens; the form of the ridge
on the check is very imperfectly represented.
‘ P
2. orcew ..ss. 351
N otophorus torquatus. (Peccary.)
Black-brown, yellow-washed; neck and shoulders with a white
streak.
Sus tajacu, Linn. S. N. i. p. 103.
Sus tajassu, Erxleb. S. R. A. i. p. 188. ‘
Sus torquatus,-Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguligr. Sus, t. 3 (skull), t. 8 (teeth).
Dicotyles torquatus, Gav. R. A. i. p. 237; F. Cue. Dent. Zllam. t. 86.
f. 1; .Mamm. I/ithoyr. i. t. ; Fitz. Sitz. Ah. (Z. Wiss. 1864, p. 49;
P..Z. S. 1859, p. 51, 1860, p. 181, 206, 242,262, 417, 443; Baird,
M. N. A. p. 627; Blainv. stéoyr. t. 3 (skeleton), t. 5 (skull).
Dicotyles minor, Sehinz, Ono. Thierr. iv. p. 511 (j un.).
Dicotyles tajacu, Gray, List Zllamm. B. M'. p. 186; Gerrard, Cat.
Bones B. M. p. 280.
N otophorus torquatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 44.
Cuche, Oviea’-0.
Vagassou, Lerius, Nav. in Bras. p. 115.
Saynos, Acosta, H. N. Indias, p. 287.
Zainus sive Tajacu, Jonst. Quad. p. 107, t. 46.
Tajacu, Piso, Ind. p. 98, fig.; Raii Syn. Quad. p. 97.
Peccary, Wafer, Voy. p. 222.
Musk-Hog, Tyson, Phil. Trans. cliii. p. 359; .Hill. Anim. p. 572.
Pecari ou tajacu, Bufi‘on, II. N. x. p. 21, _t. 3. f. 27 , t. 5. f. 13.
Mexican Hog, Penn. '
Pecari, Shaw.
Hab. South America : Mexico, Red River, Arkansas, Guiana,
Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, California (Baird).
Notophorus torquatus had a young one in 1860, the first occasion
that the animal has bred in confinement in England (Sclater, P. S.
1860,p.443)
The skulls of the three old [males having large canine teeth,
are rather larger than the other, and they have a well-marked ob-
long slightly sunk concavity in front of the orbits.
One adult skull, in the Museum, with large short thick canines,
has this part of the skull, which is concave in the three other skulls
above referred to, fiat.
The angle of the lower jaw in the -old skull becomes much di-
lated, with a produced lower edge, making the skull appear higher
than the skull from an animal with all its teeth just developed, aS
720 h.
2. DICOTYLES. "
Skull—side of the face in front and on the underside of the orbits .
flattened, a well-marked ridge on its lower edge ; orbits small,
incomplete. The longitudinal ridge on the cheeks bent up in an
' arched manner in front of the orbits, and then slightly indicated
parallel to the line of the forehead, becoming a large concavity on
. the cheek beneath. Teeth large (see Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguligr.
Sus, t. 5, figured as Sus torquatus). Tail rudimentary; caudal ver.-.
tebrae nine (Gerrard ).
Dicotyles, Gray, P. Z.'S. 1868, p. 45.
352 PHACOCH(ERID.-EE.
Dicotyles labiatus. B.M.
Black-brown, varied with yellowish; no neck-bands; lower jaw
white.
Sus ta'assu, Erxleb. S. Reg. Anim. i. p. 185.
Sus al irostris, Illig., Licht. Vera. d. Doubl. Berl. .Mas. p. 3.
Dicotyles labiatus, Gav. R. A. i. p. 237; F. Gav. Dent. Jlfamm. p. 210,
t. 86. f. 2; Mainm. Lith. xxvii. t.; P. Z. S. 1848, p. 7 0, 1860, p. 262;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 45. _
Sus labiatus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 281 ; Blame. Ostéogr. On-
guligr. t. 3 (foot). _ _
Dicotyles albirostris, Wagner, Sehreb. Siiugeth. Suppl. w. p. 306 ;
P.- Z. S. 1860, pp. 262, 442, 443.
Dicotyles torquatus, Blainv. Ostéogr. Sus, t. 5 (skull);
Cuche, Oviedo, II. N. de las Indias, p.21.
Saynos, Acosta, H. N. de las Indias, p. 287.
Tayacutericus, Laet, Nov. Orb. p. 551.
Tagnicati, Azara, Paraguay, i. p. 25.
- Hab. South America; Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru.
The skulls are shorter, and the ridge on the check is not so large
and distinctly marked in younger animals as in the adults. The "
alveolus for the hinder grinders, which are about to be developed,
is a kind of sheath with a slit along the middle of its exposed side.
The skulls of the young animals changing their teeth sometimes
show two small conical canines on each side of the upper jaw, as .
721 a, 721 b.
."‘ * The prerriolars deciduous, their place being filled up by the development J
of the molars.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 45.
Fam. 7. PHACOCH(ERIDfE.
Grinders formed of laminae, with numerous roots. Canines cylin-
drical, conical; the upper bent upwards. Eyes and nostrils on a
level with the top of the head. Young not streaked.
Phacochoeridee, Grag/,_P. Z. S. 1868, p. 45.
Hab. Africa. Lives floating among reeds. Intermediate between
Suidoe and Hippopota/midoe.
PHACO0H(ERUS.
Cutting-teeth . deciduous; canines -}- . ; grinders -3 . 8- ; pre-
molars . The premolars fall out, and their places are eventually
filled by the molars, as the large molar is developed and gradually
increased in length by the addition of a new plate to its hinder edge
(see Blainv. Ostéogr., Sus cethiopicus, t. 8).
PHA cocnotaus. 353
Phacochoeres (Phacochoerus), F. Cuv. Dent. Mam. 213, t. 87 .
Phascochoerus, F. Cuv. Mém. Mus. viii. p. 454; I. eoffi; A. Smith.
Phacochoerus, F. Cuv. Dent. Mamm. p. 213, t. 87; Temm. ; Reichcnb.;
Giebel, Situgeth. p. 235; Peters; Owen, Odont. p. 549, t. 141. f. 2;
Fitz. Setigera, p. 415, 1864; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 279.
Eureodon, G. Fischer, Zoogr.
See for dentition of Phacochoerus, and the changes in it, ‘ Owen,
Odont.’ p.549, t. 140. f. 4, t. 141. f. 1. He figures the premolars, the
fourth being the first tooth of the permanent series.
The whole series of teeth is never or very rarely to be seen com-
plete, as the last molar is rarely apparent until the first two or three
premolars have fallen out.
Phacochcsrus aethiopicus. B.M.
Fur dull ashy brown, beneath whitish ; ears and beard on cheeks
whitish.
Sanglier du Cap Vert, Daubenton; Bigfon, .H. N. xiv. p. 409, xv. p. 148.
Sus aethiopicus, Erxleb. Syst. R. A. i. p. 187; Grifiith, A. K. iii.
p. 410, fig.; Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguligr. Sus, t. 5.
Sus africanus, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 220; Home, Comp. Anat. ii. t. 39
(skull, adult).
Phascochoerus africanus, F. Cuv. Mém. du Mus. viii. p. 454, t. 23;
Lesson, Mamm. p. 341. _
Phascochoerus incisivus, I. Geryf Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. p. 32.
Phacochoerus africanus, F. Cuv. Dent. Mamm. p. 215, t. 87. f. b;
Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 424; Peters, Mossamb. p. 181; Giebel,
Sliugeth. p. 237.
Sanglier d’Afrique, Adanson, Sénégal, p. 76. ‘
Agerzaethiopicus, Pallas, Misc. p. 16, t. 2 ; Spicil. ii. 3, t. 1, xi. t. 5.
Sus aethiopicus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 223; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 5 (skull),
t. 8 (teeth).
Engalla, Merol. Cong. p. 667.
Pore a large groin, Vosm. Descrip. 1767.
Emgallo, Bufon, H. N. Supp. iii. p. 76, t. 11.
./Ethiopian Hog, Penn.
Sus angalla, Boddaert, Elench. A. i. p. 150.
Phascochoerus acthiopicus, F. Cuvier, Mém. du M'us. viii. p. 450, t. 23;
Dent. Mamm. . 215, t. 87. f. a. .
Phascochoerus XE iani, Rilppell, Atlas, t. 25, 26.
Phacochoerus barbatus, Temm. Monog. i. p. 29.
Phacochoerus haroja, Fhrenb. Symb. ii. t. 20.
Phacochoerus I/Eliani, Gray, List Zllamm, B. M. p. 185; Reichb. N.
Pachyd. p. 36; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 106 ; Gerrard Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 280; Owen, Odont. p. 549.
Phacochoerus aethiopicus, Home, List Comp. Anat. ii. t. 38, 39 ; G?-ay,
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 46.
Cape Verd Hog, Shaw, Penn.
Phascochoerus africanus, Desm. Mamm. p. 593; A. Smith, Cat. S. A.
Mus. . 16.
Phascoc oerus edentatus, I. Geqfl Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. p. 320.
Phascochoerus typicus (African Boar), A. Smith, S. African Quart.
Journ. . 90.
Phacochoelius aethiopicus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 424 ; P. Z. S. 1850,

2 A
354 rmoocnmurnm.
p. 78, 1860, p. 443; ‘Gray, List Mainm. B. M. p. 185; Giebel,
Sdugeth. p. 236; Fitz. Sitz. Akad. d. I/Vissen. 1864, p. 39.
Phacochoems africanus, Hao-ris; Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 656.
Phacochoems Pallasii, Van der Hbeven, Nov. Act. Leop. xix. i. p. 171,
t. 18; Owen, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. xi. p. 246; Odont. p. 553,
t. 140. f. 4 (teeth); P. Z. S. 1851,. p. 63. '
Phacochoerus aper aethiopicus, Reichenb. N. Pachgd. p. 35, t. 32. f. 111,
112.
Hab. Africa: Central Africa, Tete, &c. (Kirk); Guinea, Senegah
(Adanson) ; Mossambique (Peters) ; South Africa, called “ Kau-
naba ;” Abyssinia ; Arabia.
“ Native name ‘J iri’ or ‘Njiri’ at Tete ; in Sechuana, ‘ Kolobe.’ ”
-—Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 656.
M. F. Cuvier divides Phacochcerus into (1) Phacochaeres 3. inci-
sives, P. africanus; (2) Phacochceres sans incisives, P. wthiopicus,
Gmel. (Dent. Mam. pp. 257, 213). He adds, “ Notre dessin est tiré,
pour la machoire supérieure d’un Phacochcere sans incisives, et pour
la machoire inférieure d’un Phacochazre pourvu d’incisives, et nous
ferons remarquer que les disques des dernieres molaires du premier
sont moins grands et moins nombreux que ceux de la derniere mo-
laire du second, serait-ce encore un caractere spécifique?”-—Dent.
lllamm. p. 213.
The size and number of the disks on the crown of the last grinder
depend on the age of the tooth and how much of the surface has
been worn down. ,
In the British Museum there are three skeletons and fourteen
skulls or parts of skulls. The skulls of ten of these have two inci-
sors in the upper aw, and seven are without any incisors in the
upper jaw, as marked in Mr. Gerrard’s ‘ Catalogue of Bones,’ p. 280.
Two of these skulls belong to skeletons of a male and female Phaco-
chere that were brought together from Africa, and lived several
years in the Gardens ; they are both destitute of upper cutting-teeth.
Another skeleton of a female that lived in the Zoological Gardens
has two cutting-teeth in the upper jaw; so the existence or non-
existence of the upper cutting-teeth is not a sexual character.
The presence or absence of the upper cutting-teeth does not de-
pend on the age of the animal; for there are specimens without any
cutting-teeth that have the premolars still present and the hinder
molar small, and there are specimens which have the cutting-teeth
that have lost or are losing the premolars and have the hinder
molar very large and well developed.
Nine of the skulls or front parts of the upper jaws were bought
of Mr. Argent, who purchased them all together with a collection of
Cape skins; five of these upper jaws have distinct cutting-teeth,
and four of them are without any indications of them ; therefore the
presence or absence of the upper cutting-teeth is common to animals
inhabiting the same locality, not peculiar to the Phacocheres of cer-
tain districts of Africa as has been supposed.
Professor Simdevall observes, “ Sus (Phacoch.) Eliani, Crzm.;
Ph. harroya, Ehr., in Caffraria a Wahlbergio inventus est. Plura
QKK
uuu
speeimina utriusque sexus retulit, nullum vero Sais oethiopici ibi
vidit.”--(Efoersiyt K. V. Akad. Fiirh. 1846, p. 121.
I cannot discover any difference between the skull which we re-
ceived from Professor Sundevall as P. Eliani from Catfraria and the
skulls without cutting-teeth which were obtained from Mr. Argent,
which are called P. oethiopicns.
There is no difference, as far as I can see, except size, between the
very large skull of a male from Cape Verde, that was given to the
Museum by Mr. T. Tatum, and the skulls from South Africa and Caf-
fraria in the Museum collection, and the skull figured by Dr. Rup-
pell as the type of his P. fliani. 1
It is said that P. cethiopicns, without upper cutting-teeth, has a
soft sac under the eyes, which is not to be observed in P. africanns,
that has cutting-teeth in the upper jaw. Perhaps this may be a
sexual character; for it was a male P. oethiopicns that was first de-
scribed, with a large mane of slight bristles.
The teeth in the lower aw are generally well developed and large.
There is one skull in the British Museum, from Mr. Argent, in which
they are nearly worn away to the roots ; they are small. This skull
has no upper incisors. De Blainville figures a lower jaw in which
they are entirely absent, and another in which there are only two
very small teeth (Ostéogr. Sns, t. 5, Sns oethiopiaas). .
It has been proposed to divide Phacochcerns into two species, thus
characterized :-"-
P. cethiopicns. Head short; forehead convex; cutting-teeth none
above, and small and deciduous below.
P. Eliani. Head elongate; forehead convex; cutting-teeth two
in upper, six in lower jaw, both large and exserted.
I cannot find any difference in the form of the head and forehead
between the specimens with and without cutting-teeth in the upper
jaw. The head is as long and the forehead is as concave in the
skulls that are destitute of upper cutting-teeth as in those that have
them well developed. '
There is a considerable variation in the skulls. The skull of the
male from the Zoological Gardens is much broader, and the forehead
‘more concave, than the skulls of thefemales from the same collection;
but these are from animals that have been kept in confinement.
The teeth of the old male are greatly deformed, the grinders being
absent on one side of the upper and on the opposite side of the lower
jaw, the teeth working into cavities in the alveolar surface. The nose
of the skull below the base of the canines is much broader and more
rounded and arched in the males than in the females. The upper
canine teeth are nebrly of the same form in the two sexes; those of
the males are much the thickest.
The skull from Cape Verde is longer in proportion to its width
than any of the other skulls, the line along the upper surface of
the skull being full three times the length of the width between
the upper edges of the orbits. In other skulls it is twice and a half,
or rather more than twice and a half, the width at the same part of
the skull. I cannot see any other character to separate it.
2 A 2
356 mrrororamrn.n'.
“ The Wild Pigs of Obbo, Central Africa, live under ground; they
take possession of the holes made by the Manis ; these they enlarge
and form cool and secure retreats.”-—-Baker, ‘Albert N’yanza,’ 11.
p. 66.

Subsection II. The front part of thejaws dilated and truncated. The nos-
trils on the upper surface of the nose, closed by a valve. Eyes high up
on the sides of the head, on a line with the base of the ears. Aquatic.
Suborder VI. OBESA.
Face wide, depressed; eyebrow and orbit higher than the
forehead; mouth very wide, large. Cutting-teeth of each jaw
cylindrical, elongate, projecting, tusk-like. Canines in each
jaw very large, obliquely truncated. Limbs weak. Toes
4 . 4, nearly of the same length, radiating,‘ all reaching the
ground, more or less free. Tail compressed, short.
Obesa, llliyer, Prodr. 1811.
Fam. 8. HIPPOPOTAMIDZE.
Hippopotamus, Linn. , llliyer ; Ouoier, Reyne Anim.
Hippo otamidae, Schinz, Syst. Verz. p. 342; Owen, Odont. p. 563,
t. 1 1. f, 4; Falconer, Pal. Mem. ii. pp. 405, 406. ,
Hippopotamina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; Giebel, Séiuyeth. p. 214.
They live in lakes and rivers; on the coast they go to the sea and
play among the surf.——Kirlc, P. Z. S. 1864.
“ Essentially a gigantic Hog.”—Owen, Odont. p. 371.
The fossil genera Hexaproetoolon, Falconer, Meryeopotamus, Fal-
coner, and Ohoerotherium, Brandt, appear to belong to this family.
1. HIPPOPOTAMUS.
Cutting-teeth four in each jaw; premolars % . %, molars . = 28.
Hippopotamus, Linn. S. N. -
Hippopotamus, § 1. Tetraproctodon, Giebel, Sdugeth. p. 217.
Hippopotamus amphibius. (Zeekoe or River-horse.) B.M.
Hi popotamus amphibius, Linn. S. N. p. 101; Gray, List Mamm.
.-M; Gerrard, Gat. Bones B. M. p. 284; P. Z. ‘S. 1849, p. 163,
1850, p. 160, 1860, p. 195; Smith, I llust. Zool. S. A. t. ; Blainv.
Ostéoyr. Onguligr. t. 1-7 (var. du Cap, du Sénégal, d’Egypte); Peters,
Berlin Monatsb. 1854, p. 367. r
GHQIRQPSIS. 357
Hippopotamus capensis, Desm. Journ. Phys. v. p. 354; Diet. Class.
H. N. viii. p. 222.
'ppopotamus senegalensis,Desm.Jou'rn.Phys. v. p. 354; Diet. Class.
H. N. viii. 222. '
Hippopotamus abyssinicus, Lesson, Mamm.
Hippopotamus typicus et Hippopotamus australis, Duoernoy, L’ In-
stitut, 1846, p. 333.
Hab. North, South, West, and Central Africa.
I have not been able to discover any difference between the skulls
received from South, North, or Central Africa.
There is a foetus in spirits in the British Museum.—Gray, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 491, f. 2.
Fig. 40.


2 I'll: .
_,.___.e- 4.
If-_;“-“'. ‘I’


'\
\\ - ~ \ ~
._~\~‘::\\§ .
'. I - lg


F oetus of Hippopotamus of the natural size.
2. CI-I(EROPSIS.
Cutting-teeth four in each jaw.
Choeropsis, Leidy, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad. ii. 3. p. 207, 1853.
?Diproctodon, Dzwernoy, 1849.
Tetraproctodon, sp., Falconer, Pal. Mem. ii. p. 405.
Choeropsis liberiensis. B.M.
Hippopotamus minor, Morton, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1844, p. 14;
Ann. <§- Mag. N H. 1844, xiv. p. 75.
Hippopotamus liberiensis, Morton, Trans. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1849;
Fror. T agsber. 1850, p. 73; Duoernoy, Institut,.xvii. 1849, p. 299.
Choeropsis liberiensis, Leidg/, Journ.Acad. N. S. Philad. 1853, p. 207,
t. 21.
Hippopztamus (Tetraproctodon) liberianus, Gerrard, Oat. Bones B. M.
. 28 .
Tetraproctodmi liberiensis, Falconer, Pal. Mem. ii. p. 405.
Hippopotame de Libérie, M ilne-Edwards & A lph. M. -Edw. Becherches
des Mammiferes, 1868, t. 1. f. 2, 3 (animal and skeleton).
Hab. West Africa; Liberia (Morton).
Cast of skull in British Museum, presented by G. S. Morton, Esq.
358 . ELEPHANTIDEL
Section 11. HETEROGNATHA.
The front of the jaws contracted and bent down ; the upper one
bent down on the slanting upper surface of the lower one. The
upper and lower cutting-teeth, when present, produced in the form
of projecting tusks; canines none. Teats pectoral. Limbs well
developed or rudimentary and fin—shaped.
Suborder VII.- PROBOSCIDEA.
Nose produced into a flexible proboscis, witha prehensile
lobe on the upper edge. Limbs well developed, separate, for
walking. Toes 5 . 5, subequal, radiating, imbedded in the
fleshy club-shaped foot, with nail-like hoofs.
Proboscidea, Illiger, Prodr. 1811; Cuvier, Régne Anim. 1817.
Proboscidians, Owen, Odont. p. 610.
Elephantidae, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.
In each jaw two deciduous incisors, followed by two permanent
incisors developed as tusks; three deciduous molars on each side,
followed by one premolar and three molars on each side. The lower
tusk-like incisors are sometimes wanting (see Owen, Palaeontology,
p. 356, f. 114).
See collection of observations on the fossil Elephants of Europe
and America in different collections, in Falconer’s ‘ Pal. Mem.’ pp.
7l~307.
Fam. 9. ELEPHANTIDf.E.
The grinders with a flat upper surface, with transverse enamel
ridges formed of compressed plates united. Lower jaw smaller,
tapering in front, regular-shaped, or rather produced in front, with-
out any tusk; the upper cutting-teeth produced into tusks; the
lower rudimentary or entirely absent. Neck short.
Elephas, -
1. ELEPHAS.
Lamina of the grinders flat, with a linear crown. Skull high,
forehead concave, vertex high. Trunk subcylindrical at the base.
Ears moderate. ‘
Elephas, ; F. Cuvier, Dents Mamm.
‘
V Elephas indicus. B.M.
Elephas indicus, I/inn.
Elephas maximus, Linn. S. N. p. 45.
Elephas asiaticus, Blumenb. Albilcl. t. 19. f. 10.
2.
-..XOD0'.'°.'TA.
(‘)0
(U1
<10
Elephas indicus zeylanicus, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 1, 23.
Elephas indicus bengalensis, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 7.
Var. iiilephas sumatranus, Temm. 009}? ¢z'ua(B.1\1.); P. Z. s. 1349,
p. .
Hab. India; Ceylon (?); Sumatra (B.M.). .
The skeleton of the SumatranElephant, which the British Museum
received from the Leyden Museum, has not the differences in the
number of vertebrae from the Indian one that Temminck gives as
characteristic of the Sumatran species.
Foetus in the British Museum.--Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 491, f. 1.
Fig. 41.


Foetus of Indian Elephant of the natural size.
2. LOXODONTA.
Lamina of the teeth with lozenge-shaped crown. Skull subglo-
bular, forehead shelving, crown rounded ; front of lower jaw acute,
produced. Trunk conical, thick at the base. ' Ears very large.
Loxodonta, F. Cuvier, Dents Mamm.
Loxodonta africana. (African Elephant.) B.M.
Loxodonta africana, Grag, List Mamm. B. M. 1843; Gerrard, Oat.
Bones B. M. ‘
Elephas africanus, Blumenb. Albild. t. 19. f. 0; Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 654; Giebel, Stiugeth. p. 159; Blainv. Ostéogr. Gravigrades, t. 3
(skull), t. 7 & 9 (teeth).
Elephas maximus (part.), Linn.
Hab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope; West Africa; East Africa,
Mossambique. *
See E. insignus and E. planiclens, Falconer, Paleeont. Mem. i. t. 4;
E. ganesa, Falconer, Paleeont. Mem. i. t. 6. f. 1.
Professor Owen thinks that the depth of the cleft between the
laminae of the teeth of some of the Asiatic fossil Elephants may
form a passage to the Mastodons (see Palaeont. p. 356). .
This suborder is particularly rich in fossil genera. The family
of lllastodonticlce, with their tubercular grinders and elongated cylin-
drical tusks in the lower aw, contains the genera Mastodon (Cuvier),
360 ELEPHANTIDE.
Stegodon, Trilophodon, and Tetralophodon (Falconer), and perhaps
Elasmotherium (Fischer).
Here also should probably be referred the family Dinotheriidoe;
but unfortunately a part of the head of these animals only is known.
They seem, to form a passage to the fish-shaped Srnnnm, which
are evidently much more allied to these Bruta than to the Cetacea,
with which they have hitherto been classed. I refer, for the speci-‘
mens of these animals in the British Museum, to the ‘ Catalogue of
-Seals and Whales,’ which has lately appeared.
It is impossible to arrange with certainty a multitude of genera or
pseudo-genera established upon fragments of bones.
It is constantly asserted that if you give a palaeontologist a frag-
-ment of a bone, or even a single tooth, he will be able to build up
\ a complete animal and show you its proper position in the system ;
but one has only to observe the history of some fossil species, as
shown by their synonyms, to see that this is a very great over-
statement of the case, and that even with large portions of the
skeletons and many teeth there is great uncertainty as to their
position in the system, and as to the alliances of fossils, even in the
works of the leaders in the science. Cuvier described the Dino-
therinm and some Manati as Tapirs; but then only the teeth were
known. More recently a fossil skull with teeth from Australia has
been described as a carnivorous Marsupial (Thylacoleo). It is now
' believed to be only a leaf-eating Marsupial, nearly allied to the genus
Cuscns. A multitude of similar instances might be mentioned.
Order BRUTA .
Teeth of one or two kinds, all very similar,-often
entirely wanting; grinders rootless. Limbs four,
free. Toes united in the skin to the claws. Claws
conical or compressed, elongate. Tongue elongate.
Mammae pectoral or abdominal.
Bruta, 1'/inn. S. N.; Bonap. Prod. Mastoz.
Synopsis of Suborders and Families.
Suborder 1. Tardigrada. Face short. Limbs elongate. Pelvis simple.
Ilerbivorous.
Fam. 1. BBADYPODIDZE. Grinders rootless, cylindrical; canines
distinct, acute. Body covered with dry crisp hair. Fore
limbs long. Tail very short or wanting. Teats pectoral.
Tongue elongate.
Suborder 2. Effodientia. Face and tongue elongate. Limbs short.
Pelvis simple. Insectivorous.
Section 1. Body covered with scales, revolute. Teeth
none. Cataphracta.
Fam. 2. MANIDIDE. Body and tail covered with scales. Tail
expanded. Claws of the feet bent on the sides in walking.
Section 2. The body covered with a bony eonvolute armour, divided
into rings or bands formed of tesserce, generally resolute. Teeth
many.
Fam. 3. Dnsrronmm. The dorsal disk closely attached to the
back of the animal, divided in the middle into three parts by
free rings separating the scapular and pelvic shields; pelvis
free from the pelvic shield; scapular or pelvic shield mode-
rate; central rings many ; feet strong; hind toes free; claws '
large. Skull not soldered to the frontal shield. Tail elon-
gate. ' PELTOCHLAMYDES. I
Fam. 4. TOLYPEUTIZDJE. Scapular and pelvic shields large, con-
vex ; central rings three, only attached to the middle of the
back, which is covered with hair on the sides under the
shields. Feet weak; front with elongated unequal claws, on
the top of which the animal walks; hinder feet clavate, with
flat ovate nails; hind part of feet rounded, shielded. Skull
attached to the frontal shield. Tail short. Srnzrnoonnsnrnns,
362 ~ BRADYPODIDBL
Fam. 5. CLAMYDOPHOBIDJE. The dorsal disk divided behind into
a dorsal and a pelvic shield. The pelvic shield agglutinated
to the pelvis. Feet strong ; toes united ; claws large.
Section 3. Body covered with hairs or spines, not with scales or
armour.
Fam. 6. Onrornnoronrnzs. Body covered with bristles. Head
conical; mouth small. Teeth numerous.
Fam. 7. Mmncormemm. Body covered with hair. Head
conical; mouth small. Teeth none. '
Suborder 3. Monotremata. Pelvis with marsupial bones. Tongue
elongate. Face like a beak. Insectivorous.
Fam. 8. Onmrnonnvncnrnzs. Body covered with hair or spines.
Mouth in the form of a flat or cylindrical beak. Hind feet
of males spurred.

Suborder I. TARDIGRADA.
Face short. Limbs elongate. Pelvis simple. Herbivorous.
Tardigrada, I lliger.
Bruta, Dahlbom.
Fam. 1 . BRADYPCDIDZE.
Grinders more or less cylindrical; canines distinct, acute. Face
round; neck short. Forezlimbs very long. Tail very short or want-
ing. Body covered with dry crisp hair. Teats pectoral. Stomach
2- or 3-lobed. Tongue largely extensile (see Ball, P. Z. S. _1 844,
p. 93 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 207). Malar bone with an addi-
tional inferior process.
Osteologg/.—See Gray, P. Z. S. 1849 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 206.
Bradypidee, Gray, Annals of Philos. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 192;
P. Z. S. 1849, p. 65.
Bradypodidee, Bonap. Prod. Mastoz. ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 206.
Bradypodina, Bonap.
Bradypoda, Baird, N. A. Mamm. p. 621.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Cnoncerus. Hands two-clawed; feet three-clawed; Front grin-
der large, like a canine.
2. Bnanrrus. Hands and feet three-clawed. Front grinder small.
Pterygoi d swollen, hollow, vesicular.
~3. Ancrorrrnncos. Hands and feet three-clawed. Front grinder
small. Pterygoid compressed, crest-like, solid.
(30
(D.
00
0
H 0 I
1. Cl-IOL(EPUS.
' Hands two-clawed; feet three-clawed. Front grinder large, like
a canine. Pterygoid bone rather swollen, vesicular.
Osteology.-—Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 73, t. 6, 7 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1849,
p. 65 ; Turner, P. Z. S..1851, p. 207; Blainville, Ostéogr. t.
Choloepus, 1114967-, 1811; Gray, P. Z. s. 1849, p. 65; Rapp, Edent. .
Bradypus, F. Cwv. Dents Mam. t. 77.
. 1. Cholcepus didactylus. (Unau.) B.M.
“ Cervical vertebra 7; arms and claws long.”
Bradypus didactylus, Linn.
Bradypus unau at Bradypus curi, I/ink.
Choloepus didactylus, Gray, Cat. Mamnz. B. M. p. 192; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1849, p. 65; Turner, P. Z. 821851, p. 206; Owen Odont. t. 81.
f. 3, 4 (from Blainv.); Rapp, Edmt. p. 4, t. 3. f. 2 (skull).
Hab. Brazil and Guiana.
2. Choloepus Hoifmanni. B.M.
“ Cervical vertebrae 6 ; arms shorter; claws short.”
Choloepus Hoflhoanni, Peters, Monatsb. Akaol. Berl. 1858, p. 128;
Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865, p. 300.
Hab. Porto Rico.
Dr. Peters has described the Sloth from Porto Rico as a species
under the name of Oholcepus Hofmanni (Monatsb. Berl. Akad. 1858,
p. 128), because it has six cervical vertebrae; but the number of
the free vertebrae in the genus appears from his own observations
to be variable.
“ Dr. Peters had received five skeletons of this Sloth, in all of
which the number of cervical vertebrae was six. . In four of the spe-
cimens these vertebrae were all separate; in the fifth specimen the
second and third had become united, as is sometimes the case in C’.
cliolactylns; and in this example, moreover, the sixth cervical had .
coalesced with the first dorsal vertebra.”--Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865,
p. 300.
2. BRADYPUS.
Hands and feet three-clawed. Front grinder small. Pterygoid
swollen, hollow, vesicular (P. Z. S. 1849, t. 10). Skull flattened
above on the forehead.
Osteology.-Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 73, t. 4, 5, 7 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1849; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 207.
Brad us llli er 1811 '7 Gm L0. 1849 . 66‘ Ra Edent. . .
?Acli7e?us,’F. Dent; Mania/.,t. 78. ,P , pp, ‘ P 5
Arctopithecus, Gesnen
“ The female brought forth a young one whilst in my custody;
she did not carry it on her back, but in her lap. Nevertheless,
when the young one is older, it appears to me that the most con-
364 BRADYPODIDE.
venient place would be the mother’s back, with its long arms round
her neck, and legs round her waist.”--H. Birchall, Zoologist, 1865,
p. 9517. '
1. Bradypus crinitus. B.M.
Grey, sides reddish; back of the neck with a marie formed of
elongate black hairs.
Bradypus tridactylus, Linn.; Owen, Odont. t. 81. f. 1, t. 82.
Bradypus variegatus, Schinz.
Bradypus torquatus, Illiger; Owen, Odont- t. 81. f. 2 ; Rapp, Edent.
5
p. .
Bradypus cristatus, Temm.
Bradypu; crinitus, Brown, Jam. p. 89; Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 67,
t. 10. . 1.
Acheus torquatus, Geofir.
‘ Bradypus cuculliger, Peters.
Hab. Brazil.
2. Bradypus aflinis. B.M., type.
Fur unknown; forehead of skull rather convex, &c.—Gray,P.Z. S.
1849, p. 68, t. 10. f. 2.
Bradypus afiinis, Gray; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 208.
Bradypus torquatus, Brandt, MS.
Hab. Brazil. 7
3. ARCTOPITHECUS.
Hands and feet three-clawed. Skull rounded above on the fore-
head. Front grinders small. Pterygoid compressed, crest-like,
solid.—Grag, l. c. t. 11.
Osteology.—-Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 69; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 208 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 4, 5, 7.
Arctopithecus, Grag, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 69.
Acheus, part. , F. Cuvier, Dents Mam. t. 78.
a. Fur moderately rigid, the back white-spotted, dorsal streak elongate.
1. Arctopithecus gularis. B.M.
Dark grey-brown; back white-varied, with an elongated black
streak with a broad patch .of soft hair on each side between the
shoulders. Skull, &c.-—Grag, l.c. t. 11. f. 6.
Bradypus gularis Rilppell Mus. Senck. iii. p. 138 t. 11 ' Grag Cat.
Mam. B.'M. pl 193. , ) 7 ,
Bradypus cuculhger, Wagler; Bapp, Edent. p. 5, t. 3. f. 1 (skull).
Arctopithecus gularis, Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 208.
Hab. South America; Guiana (Rumell) B.M. ; Bolivia (Bridges).
2. Arctopithecus marmoratus. ' B.M., type.
Grey-brown, back and outer side of the arms white-varied, with
an elongated narrow streak extending nearly the whole length of
3. I ‘I5’ _ mm -\.
the back. The angle of the lower jaw much produced, narrow, sub-
acute.—Gray, l. c. t. 11. f. 3, 4.
Arctopithecus marmoratus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 71, t. 11. f. 3, 4;
Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 208.
Bradypus infuscatus (female), Wagle2', Isis, 1831, p. 603; Wagner,
Schreb. Stiugeth. Supp; Rapp, Edent. p. 6.
Hab. Brazil; Para’. (Hofl'mannsegg).
3. Arctopithecus Blainvillii.
Grey-brown, back and outside of the arm white-varied, with an
elongated narrow streak extending nearly the whole length of the
back. Forehead very convex and ‘swollen over the orbits. Teeth
rather large ; front lower compressed.
Arctopithecus Blainvillii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 71, t. 11. f. 2; Tur-
ner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 209.
Bradypus tridactylus brasiliensis, Blainv. Ostéogr. Brad. t. 2, 3.
Bradypus tridactylus, var., Peters.
Hab. Tropical America; Brazil.
b. Fur elongate, very flaccid, whitish ; dorsal streak very short, indistinct,
only seen where the hair is worn.
4. Arctopithecus flaccidus. B.M.
Pale grey-brown ; back, sides of the back, and hinder part white-
varied, with a short blackish dorsal streak between the shoulders.
Skull with a broad rather convex forehead.
Arctopithecus fiaccidus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 72; Turner, P. Z. S.
1851, p. 209.
Bradypus tridactylus, Temm. ; Rapp, Edent. p. 5.
Ai seconde et Ai jeune, Bufion, H. N. xiii. p. 62, t. 5.
Var. 1. Dysonii. Whitish grey-brown ; hair of the back blackish,
back with a short black streak and a white spot on each side be-
tween the shoulders. Hab. Venezuela (Dyson).—B.M.
Var. 2. Smithii. Nearly uniform whitish grey-brown; base of
the hair blackish, without any dorsal streak. Hab. Para (J. P. G.
Smith).-—B.M.
Hab. South America.
5. Arctopithecus problematicus. B.M.
Fur unknown. Skull rather elongate; forehead broad, rather con-
vex on each side over the middle of the orbit. Lower jaw with a
rather broad produced angle. '
Arctopithecus problematicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 73, t. 11. f. 5.
Hab. Part. (J. P. G. This may be the skull of A. flaccidus Smithii.
Bnxnrronrox enavrenxna, Owen, Burm.
See fossil genera :—-1. Megatherium, Cuvier; 2. Mylodon, Owen;
366 ‘ MANIDIDE.
3. Lestodon, Gervais; 4. Seelidotherium, Owen (Platyonyx, Lund,
and Glossotherium, Owen) ; 5. Megalonyx, Jefferson ; 6. Sphenodon,
Lund ? V

Suborder II. EFFODIENTIA.
Grinders none or rootless. Canines sometimes entirely
wanting; if present, like the grinders. Face elongate; mouth
mostly small. Body armed with scales, spines, or rigid hairs.
Limbs short and strong, hinder ones longest. Stomach
simple ; malar bone simple or wanting.
Dasypidae, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 188; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 3, f. 2.
Effodientia, Baird, N. A. Mamm. p. 621.
Insektenfressende Edentaten, Rayp, Edent.
The species of this family of animals have been so well described
by Cuvier, Sundevall, Lun d, Burmeister, and others, that I have only
one or two new species to describe. I have attempted to arrange
the genera, especially of the Dasypodince, in more natural groups.
The osteological characters have been well studied by Cuvier, De
Blainville, Owen, Rapp, Turner, and others.
Figures of the skulls of a few species which have notbefore been
published.—-Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 360-61.
Section I. Teeth none. Body covered with scales ; revolute. Cataphracta.—
Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 362.
Fam. 2. MANIDIDZE.
Body covered with scales. Tail flat, expanded. Toes bent up.
Walking on the outer side of the feet. Fossorial; slow ; forming a
globe when contracted.
0steology.—See Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 99; Sundevall, Kong. Vet.
Akad. Hand. 1842, p. 274; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 219.
Manina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 188.
Manidae, Turner, l. e. 1851, p. 219-; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 362.
Vermilinguia, Giebel, Sduyeth. p. 394.
Cuvier only knew of two species, the long- and the short-tailed
Manis (see Oss. Foss. v. p. 98). I l
1. iIA.1\TIS. 367
Dr. Sundevall, in the ‘ Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handlingar’ for
1842, p. 245, published an excellent essay on the species, the ana-
tomy, and the history of the genus. The essay is nearly repro-
duced by M. Ad. Focillon, ‘ Rev. Zool.’ 1850, pp. 465 & 513.
Rafinesque has described a species under the name of ill. cceong/a’,
because he believed it had a bifid claw ; but he seems to have mis-
taken the bone that bears the claw (which in all the species is bifid)
for the claw.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1.. MANIS. Upper part of fore feet hairy, without any scales. Tail
very long, slender. Scales elongate, narrow, keeled; central
series of caudal scales continued to the end.
2. PHOLIDOTUS. Upper part of fore and hind feet covered with
scales to the toes. Scales broad, short. Tail moderate, taper-
ing ; central series of caudal scales continued to the end.
3. SMUTSIA. Upper part of fore and hind feet covered with scales
to the toes. Scales broad, short. Tail moderate, very broad
to the end ; central series of caudal scales not continued to the
end.
1. MANIS.
The upper surface of the fore feet hairy, without any scales.
Scales of the body slender, oblong, with nearly parallel striae. Tail
much longer than the body, narrow. The central series of caudal
scales continued to the end. Claws compressed ; the first or outer
claw of each foot very small, retracted behind. Africa.
Manis, § 1, S-underall, l. c. p. 251; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 363.
The nose bald; the side of the face, chin, underside of the body,
the upper surface of the hands and wrist without scales, and covered
with short hair; the couch of the car not developed.
* Scales of the body dark brown, in eleven series. Manis.
1. Manis long-icauda. (Pangolin.) B.M.
Dark brown ; hair of face and underside of body black. Scales
of the body in eleven series; end rounded, with a central promi-
nence. Tail very long. Body and head 11, tail 24 inches.
Manis tetradactyla, Linn. S. N. i. p. 53; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.
p. 188; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 220.
Manis macroura, Eral. Syst. p. 101.
Var. ? Manis africani, Desm. ]VIamm. p. 376.
Manis longicauda, Gergfil, Sundevall, Z. c. p. 251 ; Gra-3/, P. Z. S. 1865,
. 363.
Pholidotus longicaudatus, Briss. R. A. p. 31.
Manis long-icauda B, Sundeoall.
368 MANIDIDE.
Manis longicaudata, Rapp, Edent. p. 15; Sha-w, Zoo]. i. p. 180, t. 55.
Pangolin d’Afrique, Gav. Oss. Foss. v. p. 98.
Hab. Africa: Guinea, Gaboon.
Scales of the body horn-coloured, in twenty-one series. Phatagin.
2. Manis tricuspis. (Phatagin.) B.M.
Pale brown; hair of face and underside of body grey ; scales of
the body in twenty-one series, truncated, with a central prominence,
often appearing three-pointed. Body 12, tail 18 inches.
Phatagin, Bnflbn.
Manis tricuspis, Rafinesgue, Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. ale Bra.reZZes, vii.
p. 214; Sandevall, Z. c. 1841, p. 252; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 363.
Manis multiscutata; G-ray, P. Z. S. 1843 5 Cat. Zlfamm. B. Ill. p. 188;
Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843; Zool. T;/p. p. 15.
Manis 4-dactylus, Thompson, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 28.
Manis tridentata, Focillon; Rev. de Zool. 1850, t. 1.
Hab. West Africa : Fernando Po (Fraser) ; Guinea; Sierra Leone
(Thompson). Skeleton and skull
The face of the skull, from the front of the orbit, is rather more
than half the length of the brain-case.
A specimen of this species in spirits in the British Museum has
the nose produced, conical, bald, smooth, with three series of plates
on the front of the forehead, commencing about halfway between
the tip of the nose and the eyes. The nostrils are lateral, covered
with a well-developed flap. The checks and orbits with scattered,
short, black hairs, like the hairs on the back of the hand and wrist.
Ears without any external conch. The underside of the body with
scattered, very short, rigid hairs. The skin of the back between the
scales bald. The scales elongate, with straight sides for two—thirds
of their length, then contracted, with rather concave sides, with two
deep broad notches on each side of the tip, forming three more or
less distinct projections, the middle one being the most produced.
Soles of fore and hind feet bald and callous, covered with a hard
skin, which peels off in spirits. Toes 5 . 5; the front inner small;
the fifth, second, and then the fourth larger; the middle or third
largest : hinder inner small, the outer larger ; the second and fourth
larger, and the third rather larger still, but not so much larger as in
the front foot. The upper part of the fore feet and wrist unarmed,
and covered with short, scattered hairs. The hind feet covered with
scales nearly to the claws, and hairy on the sides and at the base of
the claws.
Professor Rapp separates the specimens from Fernando Po as a
species, because in the latter the tail is shorter and all the scales are
tricuspid; but the specimens from West Africa vary in the length
of the tail, and in perfect specimens all the scales are tricuspid.
In the British Museum there are a skull (fig. 42) and a complete
skeleton (fig. 43) which were extracted from the skins of two animals
from West Africa, which are so very much alike in form, and in the
l
1
1. name. ' 6‘
number and form of the scales and the length of tail, that I should
have referred them without doubt to the same species. The skulls,
Fig. 42.






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Skull of Manis tricuspis (Separate).HC
however, are so exceedingly unlike thatl believe they might be con-
sidered to belong to two species, unless the differences arise from a

Skull of Manis tricuspis (from the skéleton).
2 B
370 _MA mnrnrs.
difference of sex, which the state of the specimens does not allow me
to determine. ‘
The separate skull (fig. 42) is very ventricose, thin, light, and
showing the sutures. '
The skull belonging to the complete skeleton (fig. 43) is smaller,
narrower, more conical, solid, and with the suture much less dis-
tinctly visible.
A foetus of this species, 10 inches long, was noticed by Mr.
Thompson under the name of M. tetradactylus (Proc. Zool. Soc.
.1834, p. 28).
2. PI-IOLIDOTUS.
The fore and hind feet entirely covered with keeled scales ; the
internal claw of the fore foot nearly equal to the outer one, and not
retracted behind. Scales of the body broad, short. Tail moderate,
tapering at the end; the central series of caudal scales continued to
the tip. Hab. India and Asiatic Islands.
Pholidotus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 365.
Manis B. Pholidotus, Sundevall, l. c. p. 253; Rapp, Edent. t. 6. f. 1, 2.
* Scales dark brown, in seventeen longitudinal series ; the three or four
series on each side shorter, keeled. Tail as long as body and head.
Face of skull elongate, nearly as long as brain-case.
1. Pholidotus javanus. B.M.
Dark brown; tail as long as body and head; scales of the sides
and of the hind feet acutely keeled, the front and hinder claws
nearly equal-sized. Head and body 15, tail 15 inches.
Manis pentadactyla, Rafies, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 249.
Manis javanica (partly), Fischer, Syn. p. 400 (not of Sundevall).
Manis aspera, Sundevall, l. c. p. 253 ; Rapp, Edent. t. 2 a (good), t. 6.
f. 1, 2 (skull); Desm. Mamm. p. 377; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M.
p. 285. .-
Pholidotus javanus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 366.
Hab. Sumatra (Rafies). Male and female (B.M.).
Teats two, pectoral; penis pendent. '
Manis aspera is described from a single specimen in the Paris
Museum, sent from Sumatra. It is evidently the same as that which
Bafiles described and figured under the name M. javanica, and which
has been so named in the English museums.
The M. jaeanica of Dr. Sundevall, which he described as having
fulvescent scales, is the same as his M. Dalmanni and the M. aurita
of Hodgson, which is common in India and has been generally con-
founded with the larger-scaled M. pentadactyla or M. laticauda.
Desmarest describes, under the name of M. javanica, the Java
animal with keeled scales on the legs, and refers to Raffles.
Manis guy, Focillon, Rev. ‘Zool. 1850, t. 10; Rapp, Edent. 17 .
vi
l.L
(I ___..~.... _.,...._-.~
In l:’1'.l.Ul4.Ll)U'.l'U§.
CJO
“ Tail shorter than the body and head; twenty-one longitudinal
rows of scales; end of the tail naked on its lower surface; scales
broad, ending in an obtuse point, striated to the tip; with bristles
between the scales.”
Described and figured from a young specimen preserved in spirit,
said to have been received from Africa. Appears to me to be only
a young specimen of Pholidotus javanicus.
The front feet are covered with scales to the claws, and it has the
ear-conch moderately developed, not so much so as in P. Dalmanni.
What is Zllanis leucura, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxx.
p. 91; Bapp, Edent. p. 18, thus described, “ Tail aslong as the
body and head; scales of the tail adpressed, so that the margin is
entire, not dentated ” ? The habitat is unknown.
Manis y'avanica, Motley & Dillwyn, N. H. Labuan, p. 51. Body
with 15 rows of scales; tail with 29 marginal scales.
“ Penyoliny signifies an animal rolling itself up, which the Manis
occasionally does, presenting only its impenetrable scales. It in-
habits hollow trees, feeds on ants alone, of which its stomach con-
tains thousands. It is a slow-moving animal, but very strong, and
by means of its powerful prehensile tail (which is furnished with a
little naked callosity) climbs tolerably well among rocks and dead
trees. The tongue is exceedingly long, round, and fleshy, and is
used to obtain its food by being laid across the tracks of ants, which
stick to a glutinous secretion with which it is provided.” Its
favourite prey is said to be a black species of Termites.
”“* Scales horn-coloured ; of the back, in seventeen longitudinal series. Tail
as long as the body. Conch of ear produced.
2. Pholidotus Dalmannii.
Pale brown ; tail short, as long as the body without the head;
scales of the young striated, of the middle of back truncated, of the
sides of hind feet keeled; of the older specimen worn smooth; ears
large; hair of head and underside of body short, grey. Body and
head 22, tail 15 inches.
Manis, Dalmann, Act. Stochh. 1749, p. 265, t. 6. .
Manis, Fiirster, Act. Berol. 1789 (prmted 1793), p. 90, t. 5, 6; Sun-
devall, l. c. pp. 262, 269.
Manis Dalmannii, Sundevall, l. c. p. 256, t. 4 a. f. 10 (toe-bones),
1842; Rapp, Edent. p. 17 .
Pholidotus Dalmannii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 366. _
Manis aurita, Hodgson. .
Manis pentadactyla (partl , Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 285. _
Manis javanica, Sundeval , l. c. p. 254, t. 4a. f. 11; Turner, P. Z. S.
1851, p. 219 ?
Pangolin, Bufion, x. t. 34.
Hab. India, Himalaya (Hodgson); China (Dalenann); ‘? Java
(Sundevall). ‘
A small specimen of the species, preserved in spirit in the British
2 B 2
372 -HANIDIDE.
Museum, may be thus described :—-The head ovate, convex above
and on the sides. The end of the nose, the side of the face, inclu-
ding the orbit, to the back of the ears, the throat, underside of the
body, and the inside of the legs bald, with a few very slender, elon-
gated hairs on the front of the chin. The forehead with one scale,
and five series of scales behind it. The cars large, with a well-de-
veloped, oblong, nearly flat conch behind; an oblong prominence for
a tragus in front of the small auditory aperture. The fore and hind
legs covered with series of scales down to the base of the toes;
the toes united to the claws. The palms of the fore feet and the
soles of the hind feet hard, callous, well developed. The fore feet
with five elongated conical claws, which are strongly inflexed on both
palms ; the inner and outer small, then the second and fourth, and
the centre or third the largest. The hind feet with five short, coni-
cal, compressed claws; the inner and outer small, the three middle
larger, the middle one being rather the largest. The skin of the
back, between the bases of the scales, bald; the lower part of the
scales and the middle of the scales striated. The tongue elongate,
exsertile, fiat, linear, tapering to the tip, which is rounded. The
eyelids soft, distinct, not ciliated, but the outer surface entirely
covered with very short bristles. '
Professor Sundevall, in his Monograph, places considerable re-
liance on the form of the claws, and on the comparative size and
form of the claws of the fore and hind feet, as a specific distinction.
The specimens which I have examined from the same locality seem
to differ very much in this respect.
Manis Dalmannii was described from specimens from China, which
looked like the young of M. laticauda. It is probably the same as
the many-scaled species from India, or at least must be very nearly
allied to it, more especially as the large size of the ears, which caused
Hodgson to call it M. aurita, is mentioned.
Dr. Sundevall states that his M. jaoanica is from J ava, and he
' believes that it is common there ;. but he describes all the scales as
fulvescent. I have never seen any J avan or Sumatran specimen of
that colour. They are always dark brown, while the Indian species
is always pale-coloured; and I am inclined to believe that it must
have been the Indian species that was described.
There are two skulls of this species in the British Museum, re-
ceived from Mr. Hodgson as belonging to his M. aurita ; they are
very solid, considerably stouter in proportion to their length than
the skull of M. indica figured by Cuvier,and~they have very broad
nasal bones, which are rounded at the hinder end.
Professor Sundevall believes that the skeleton of Pangolin a courte
queue, or, as he quotes it, “ Pangolin des Indes,” figured and de-
scribed by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ is the skeleton of his
M. javanica. I think this a mistake. Compare the skull with the
skull of M. javanioa figured by Rapp, which I am assured was taken
out of the skin which he figures (which is the true M. javanica of
this essay). I believe that the . javanica of Sundevall is an Indian
and not a J avan species; and it differs from the Indian species
rnomnorus. 37 3 .-
figured by Cuvier in the skull being shorter and broader, as men-
tioned above. >
"“*‘* Scales horn-colon-red, pale; of the back, in eleven or thirteen longitu-
dinal series. Tailas long as the body. Ears with only a slightly raised
edge, without any distinct conch. Phatages.
3. Pholidotus indicus.
Pale brown; scales striated at the base; tail more slender than
the body, tapering to the end, as long as the body without the head;
ears not prominent. '
“ Varies in the width of the tail and the curvature of the claw.”-
Snndeuall. ‘
Manis pentadactyla, Linn. 8'. N. i. p. 51; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. III.
pé2?5 (partly); Gray, List Mam. B. M. p. 188; Turner, P. Z. S.
1 5 , . 219.
Manis lalticauda, Illiger ; Snndeoall, l. c. p. 259.
Manis macroura, Desm. Manznz. p. 376.
M anis brevicaudata, Tiedem. Zool. i. p. 497.
Manis brachyura, Erxl. Syst. p. 98.
Manis crassicaudata, Gray in Grifll A. K; Rapp, Edent. p. 16.
Pholidotus indicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 368.
4 Broad-tailed Manis, Penn.
Pangolin 5. courte queue, Cwv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 8 (skeleton).
Hab. Asia-—India; Bengal, Madras, Pondicherry, Assam.
The skull in Guvier’s figures (Oss. Foss. v. t. 8. f. 2-4) is much
more slender and less ventricose behind than the skulls of M. Dal-
mannii in the British Museum. The face is represented as being
about two-fifths the entire length of the head; and the nasal bones
are narrower and longer.
In a foetus in spirit in the British Museum, the eyelids are soft,
the ears are only fringed with a slightly raised edge, and there are a
few bristles projecting between the scales of the back.
Mr. MacClelland describes the Manis brachyura of Assam as
having fifteen longitudinal series of scales, with bristles in pairs
passing out between the scales. The lower part of the head and
body and inside of the legs covered with coarse white hairs (Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 153). Is this M. Dalmannii‘?
4. Pholidotus giganteus. (Ipi.) ‘ B.M.
Pale brown ; scales striated at the base; tail as long as the body,
tapering to the end. Body and head 30, tail 25 inches.
Manis gigantea, Illiyer, A/sad. Berl. 1811, pp. 78, 84, 1815.
Pholidotus africanus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 368, t. 17. _
Ipi (Pholidotus africanus), Du Chaillu, Jour. Ashangoland, p. 43, t.
Hab. West Africa, River Niger (Dr. B. Baikie); Guinea (I lliger) ;
Fernand, Vaz (Da Ohailla); Gape- Goast Castle (B.M.). .
Very like P. indiens; but the scales are larger, and the tail is
374 - MANIDIDZE.
longer. Illiger says M. gigantea from Guinea is like M. brachyura,
but 4 feet long. The Museum specimen from Cape-Coast Castle is
upwards of 5 feet long.
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Du Chaillu sent to the British Museum two specimens of Manis
longicauda and one of Pholiclotus giganteus, all under the name of
the “ Ant-eater,” evidently regarding them as one species.
Which isthe species called Ipi, or is it common to both ?
What is Manis leptura (Blyth; J ourn. Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, xvi.,
Arch. f. Naturg. 1849 ; Bapp,'Edent. p. 18) ?
3. SMUTSIA.
Upper part of the fore and hind feet covered with scales. Scales
broad, short, and pale-‘coloured. Tail very broad, rounded at the
end; central series of 'scales interrupted before reaching the end of
the tail.
Smutsia, Gray, P. Z. S: 1865, p. 369.
Smutsia Temminckii
Scales striated, elongate; of the middle series only on the base of
the tail.
Manis Temminckii, Smuts, Mamm. Cap. p. 54; Smith, Ill. S. Afr.
Zool. t. 7 (scales bad); Bennett, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 81; Turner,
P. Z. S. 1851, p.219; Gerrard, Cat. Bones, B. M. p. 285; Sun-
devall, l. c. p. 260, t. 4. f. 2 (young skull and toe-bones); Peters,
Reise n. Mossamb. i. p. 174, t. 32. f. 8 (cs hyoides) ; Rapp, Edent.
p. 17; Riipp Mus. Senck. iii. p. 179.
Smutsia Temminckii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 369.
Hab. Eastern Africa, Sennaar, Cafiraria, Kordofan (Hedenborg),
Latakoo (Steedman). ' ' '
Sundevall figures the skull of a very young specimen of this spe-
cies. It is short, ventricose ; the face broad, short, not half the
length of the brain-case; the nasal bones are short, broad, wide
behind; the lower jaw simple, without any process in the front of
the upper edge (see Vet. Akad. Hand. 1842, t. 4. f. 34).
Section II. Body covered with a bony convolute armour, formed of imbedded
tesserae placed in transverse rings.
Dasypus, Linn., Cuvier.
Dasipina, Gray, Mamm. B. M. p. 189.
Dasypodidee, Turner, P. S. 1851, p. 211; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, H
370 '
Fodientia, Illiger ; Burmeister, Thiere Bras. p. 208; Giebel, Siiugeth.
417
p. .
Loricata, Vicg-d’Azyr.
Osteology.-—See Cuv. Oss. Foss.; Turner, 1?. Z. S. 1851, p.211.
Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. p. 117. 1) divides the Armadillos into three
groups according to the number of the toes :—-
I. Hind feet with four claws, the two central equal: Dasypus
nouemcinctus, Linn. = Tatusia; D. tricinctus, Linn. = Toly-
eutes.
II. The hind feet with five claws, one of the middle ones larger:
D. seeccinctus=Dasypus; Tatou pichey and Tatou oelu=l%-
phractusa
III. The hind feet with five claws, the three outer ones very large:
D. unicinctus=Xenurus ; Tatou géant=Prionodos.
Cuvier observes, “ The Armadillos with four toes have a short
penis with a large three-lobed gland, and those with five toes a very
long penis.” The Apar (D. tricinctus), which is arranged with those
having four claws, has five claws, and has a penis like those of that
division.
These animals walk in three different manners, . each having at
particular conformation of the foot for the purpose.
The Tatusioe are digitigrade.
The Dasypocles are plantigrade.
The Tolypeutce walk on the tips of the front claws, and may be
called unguligrade. ,
376 msrronrms.
The differences in the form of the bones of the feet are described
and figured in Cuvier’s ‘ Oss. Foss. ; ’ but he does not appear to have
been aware of the differences in the habit and mode of walking.
Dr. Burmeister, in ‘ System. Uebers. der Thiere Brasiliens,’ p. 276,
1854, divides the genus Dasypus of Linné into two subgenera-—
Dasypus and Praopus—the latter for D. 9-cinctus of Linnwus, and
synonymous with the genus Dasypus as restricted by Wagler.
Fam. 3. DASYPODIDPE.
The dorsal disk closely attached to the back of the animal, divided
in the middle by free rings into scapular and pelvic shields; pelvic
shield free from the pelvis. Scapular and pelvic shields moderate;
central rings several. Feet strong; hind toes free; claws large.
Skull smooth above, and separate from the frontal shield._ Tail
elongate. Peltochlamydes.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 371.
Dasypodina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 371.
See development of teeth, Flower, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 378, and Ger-
vais, Hist. Mam. p. 252, fig.
Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Digitigrade. Backs of feet round, covered with plates ; toes of the front
and hind feet separate ; claws conical. Head elongate ; ears close to-
gether. Choerochlamydes.
1. Txrusm. Toes 5.4. Tail with rings of plates.
B. Plantigrade. Soles of . feet flat, callous, with a prominent heel; toes of
fore feet united to the claws, compressed ; claws compressed, sharp-edged
below. Toes of hind feet separate ; claws elongate. Head broad ; ears
far apart. Platychlamydes.
* Head conical. Teeth many, small.
2. Pnrononos. Toes 5 .5; middle front very large; outer front
toes very small. Intermaxillary toothless. Four front bands
of tesserae of the scapular shield partially free.
Head fiat, conical. Teeth few, nine or ten, large ; interrnaxillary with
one tooth on each side.
3. DASYPUS. Tail round at the base, tesseree convex. Marginal
plates of the dorsal disk small ; nuchal band linear, broad to
the end; first band of plates of the scapular shield fixed lik
the rest. 1
Head broad, conical. Teeth few, nine or ten, large; intermaxillary
toothless.
4. Eurnnaorus. Tail ringed at the base; tesserae convex. Mar-
ginal plates of the dorsal disk falcate ; nuchal band narrow at
the sides; first band of the scapular disk more or less free.
5. Xnnunus. Tail rather naked, with sunken shields.
1. earners. 377
A. Digitigrade The toes of the front and hind feet separate ; claws conical,
similar ; palms and soles covered with shields, without any marked heel.
Head elongate, ovate; forehead rounded; nose slender ; ears close to-
gether, on the top of the head. Body subcylindrical. Choerochla-
mydes.
These animals walk on their toes, and are very porcine in their
character, as well as in the general form of the feet ; the hinder part
of the wrist and feet is covered with plates like the rest of the legs.
1. TATUSIA.
Central rings 5 to 8. Tees 4 . 5, subequal, the two front and
three hinder middle largest; inner and outer small; claws conical.
Tail conical, elongate, annulated ; lower rings of two or three series
of plates. Cutting-teeth none; grinders 8 . 8, moderate. The penis
short, ending in a three-lobed gland (Cuvier, v. p. 118).
Osteology.—See Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 10; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 212. '
Tat-us, Gesner.
Tatusia, sp., F. Cuvier; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 371.
Dasypus, Wa_qler.
Dasypus 2 (Tatusia), Rapp, Edent. p. 8.
Praopus, Burmeister, Syst. Ueber. d. Thiere ‘Brasil. i. p. 295, 1854;
Arch. Natury. 1862, p. 98. _
* Face suddenly contracted; the nose subcylindrical; hinder part of palate
rather narrow, flat, rounded on the sides. Tatusia.
1. Tatusia peba.
Ears one-third of the length of the head ; shields smooth ; under-
side with scattered bristles ; tail as long as the body.
Tatusia septemcincta, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 189; Gerrard,
Cat. Bones B. .M. p. 286; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 212.
Dasypus septemcinctus, Linn. Am. Acad. i. p. 281.
Dasypus octocinetus, Sehreb. Stiuyeth. t. 73.
Dasypus novemcinctus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 54.
Dasypus niger, Illiger. -
Dasypus longicaudus, P. M. Abbild. t. 83 P
Tatusia aflinis, Lund.
Dasypus peba, Desm. Mamm. p. 368; Owen. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 141 ;
Ifrauss, Arch. filr Natury. 1862, p. 20, t. 3. f. (skull).
Praopus 7 —cinctus, Burmeister, La Plata, p. 428.
Tatusia peba, Owen, Odont. t. 82. f. 2; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 372.
Dasypus tatusia peba, Lesson ; Bapp, Edent. p. 8.
Praopus longicaudatus, Burm. Thier. Bras. p. 298, 1854; Abhandl.
Nat. Ges. zu Halle, 1861, p. 147.
Tatou noir, Azara; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 10 (skeleton).
Cachicame, Bufion, H. N. x. p. 215, t. 57 ; Cue. Oss. Foss. v. p. 124,
t. 10 (shield). '
?Tatouele, Bufon, H. N. x. p. 212.
Hab. Central and South America: Texas (Baird); Guiana
(Krauss) ; Brazil (Pr. Mara); Paraguay (A2-ara).
378 msrronrnxs.
“ Texan Armadillo. The people of Matamoras esteem its flesh,
and the women attribute imaginary properties to its shell. Living
on the kitchen-refuse. Nocturnal; burying flesh and vegetable
substances for food.”—Baird.
The head of the animal and the skulls in the Museum collection
seem to increase in width, compared to the length, as the animal
increases in age. The width of the head. and skull does not depend
on the sex; for we have broad-headed and narrow-headed males in
the collection. The sides of the stuffed specimens are pale whitish,
with black backs. The specimens vary in the size of the scapular
disk. In one male in the Museum it appears much smaller than in
most of the other specimens ; but they all vary more or less in this
character. The tail varies considerably in length, compared with
the length of the body; but the shortest is as long as the body.
See a. Ta-ton verdadeiro, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 118 ; Turner, P.Z. S.
1851, p. 213. Dasypns nroceras, Lund, Dansk. Vedensk. Natur.
Afh. viii. pp. 65, 225; Rapp, Edent. p. 8. Hab. Brazil de 82‘.-
Hilaire). Tail terminated by a horny sheath of one piece, the bands
broader; plates of pelvic shield larger.
There is no specimen agreeing with the above description. May
not the peculiarity of the tail be an accidental malformation?
Dr. Burmeister gives Tatn oerdadeiro as one of the common Bra-
zilian names of the species ; and ‘he gives D. nroceras as a synonym
of his D. (Praopns) longicandatns.
Dr. Peters, in the ‘ Monatsberichte ’ for 1864, p. 179, very shortly
indicates, but gives no diagnostic characters nor descriptions of,
Dasypns pentadactylns, D. fenestratns, and D. novemeinctus, var. mexi-
canns. The latter is probably the animal described by Dr. Spencer
Baird. It is to be regretted that every zoologist who wishes to
name a species does not append to it a diagnosis: in this respect
the Scandinavian zoologists of Sweden and Denmark set a good
example. ‘
2. Tatusia hirsuta.
Tail elongate, tapering; the head, body, limbs, and dorsal shield
covered with elongated hairs; the head elongate; nose slender ;
ears large. '
Praopus hirsutus, Burm. Abhandl. Nat. Ges. Halle, 1861, p. 147;
Reise durch d. La Plata Staaten, 1861, p. 228; Arch. Naturg.
1862, p. 144.
Tatusia hirsuta., Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 373.
Dasypus hispidus, Baron. La Plata, ii. p. 428.
Hab. Guayaquil (Mus. Lima, Burmeister). =
Length of head 4%, body 1141-, and tail 10% inches. The rings
and the plates of the shield are very indistinctly marked, indeed
only shown at the shoulders and by slight folds on the lower part of
the sides.
See Dasypus hispidus, Burm. Thiere Brasiliens, i. p. 287. Hab.
Brazil ; said to be distinct from D. hirsutus, Burm.
1. r1'rusL'\. 379
3. Tatusia hybrida.
Ears above one-fourth the length of the head ; plates of the pelvic
shield convex and elevated; tail about half or one-third the length
of the body.
Dasypus hybridus, Desm. Mamm. p. 368; Martin, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 13
(anat. ; Darwin, Voy. Beagle, i. p. 92.
Tatusia ybrida, Less. Mamm. p. 311 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851 , p. 213 ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, . 373.
Dasypus (Tatusia) hybmdus, Rapp, Edent. p. 9.
Dasypus se temcinctus, Schreb. Stiugeth. p. 220, t. 72 & 7 6.
Dasypus ( raopus) hybridus, Burm. La Plata, p. 428.
Tatou mulet, Azara.
Hab. Paraguay, very common; Rio Negro ; North Patagonia.
** Face attenuated ; nose elongate, conical; hinder part of the palate broad,
concave, with raised edges on the side. Praopus.
4. Tatusia Kappleri.
Da(sypus)Kappleri, Krauss, Arch. fitr Naturg. 1862, p. 24, t. 3. f. 1, 2
skull .
Dasypus raopus) peba Burm.
Tatusia liilppleri, Grag, ’P. Z. 3. 1365, p. 373.
Hab. Surinam (Krauss). -
Carapace very much like Tatusia peba ; but there are two series
of claw-like plates, with free projecting ends, on the anterior side of
the lower part of the hind legs; there are five plates in the upper
series. The skull is large, and nose much more produced; the palate
keeled on the sides in a line with the zygomatic arch.
In D. peba (l. c. t. 3. f. 3, 4) the palate is rounded on the sides,
without any keel, and the nose shorter and more slender. Neither
of the four skulls in the British Museum is near as large as the one
figured by Dr. Krauss ; but some of them have the palate keeled on
the sides, more as in his figure of T. Kappleri than as the palate is
represented in the one he calls T. peba.
See Dasypus punctatus, Lund; Tatusia, sp., Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 313. Defined from a denuded skin in Mus. Coll. Surg.
B. Plantigrade. Palms and soles bald, callous, with a prominent heel. The
toes of the fore feet united to the claws, compressed ; claws compressed,
sharp-edged beneath. Toes of kind feet separate ,- claws elongate, acute.
Head broad; forehead flattened ; nose short ; ears far apart, on sides
of the head. Body depressed. Platychlamydes.
The body is depressed, expanded, more or less covered with hair,
which sometimes almost hides the tesserw of the shield. Legs short,
strong; the whole of the feet applied to the ground in walking.
380 nasrronrnm.
A. Head ovate ; forehead convex ; teeth numerous, small; intermaxillaries
toothless. The first three or four rings of tesserw of the scapular rings
partially free. Tail not ringed. The soles of the hind feet with tesseraz
on the sides and behind.
2. PRIONODOS.
The three or four front rings of the scapular shield deeply divided,
free when young; central rings numerous. Tail not ringed, with
the tesserm placed alternately. Plantigrade; soles of the feet parti-
ally covered with tesserae. Toes 5 . 5 ; two inner front toes small ;
outer very small, rudimentary; third and fourth large; the third
very large, with a very large claw. Skull broad; nose broad. Teeth
%i~.§-1», small; intermaxillary toothless.
Osteology.-—-See Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 215 ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v.
t. 11. f. 1, 3; Rapp, Edent. t. 11. ‘
Prionodontes, F. Cuv.; Less. Mam. p. 309; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851.
Priodonta, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M.
Dasypus (Priodontes), Rapp, Edent. p. 10.
Cheloniscus, W'agler; Krauss.
Prionodos, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 374.
The skeleton is figured by B-app, Edent. t. 4b. f. 1. The two
inner toes of thefore feet elongate, slender, with small claws ; the
three others short; the third very stout, with a very large claw;
the fourth similar, but smaller; the fifth or outer very small and
short. The pelvis very broad behind ; the second cervical vertebra
elongate, with a very high superior central crest, and very rudi-
mentary lateral processes.
Prionodon gigas. (Tatou.) B.M.
Dasypus gigas, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 128, t. 11. f. 1, 5; Pr. Mar. Beitr.
ii. p. 516; Burm. Brasil. p. 277.
Dasypus giganteus, Desm. Mamm. p. 368.
Priodonta gigas, Gray, Oat. Mamm. B.M. p. 120; Owen, Odont. t. 85.
f. 1 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 287 .
Priodontes gigas, Turner, l. c. ; Gervais, Ezvpéd. de F. L. de Castelnau,
Mamm. t. 18; Rapp, Edent. t. 41) (skeleton).
Prionodos gigas, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 374.
Priodontes giganteus, Less. Mamm. p. 309.
Cheloniscus gigas, Wagler; K5‘auss, Arch. lVaturg. 1862, p. 19.
Kabalassou, Buyfon, H. N. x. t. 41.
El Maximo, Azara.
Hab. Paraguay (Azara); Surinam (Krauss); Brazil (called “ Tatu
canastra ”).
B. Head flat, conical. Teeth few, nine or ten, large ; intermaxillary bone
with a tooth on each side behind. Tail shielded.
3. DASYPUS.
Head broad, covered with large plates; a series of small shields
under the eyes; frontal plate large, broad. Central rings six or eight.
3. msrrus. 381
Two short bands of large equal plates, not so wide as the head,
between the back of the head and the front edge of the scapular
shields. Toes 5. 5. Teeth -1%, . -1%,; the first upper in the inter-
maxillary.
Encoubert, Buflbn; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. ; Rapp, t. 3. f. 4, 5.
Dasypus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 214; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 375.
Dasypus (Euphractus), Burmeister, La Plata, ii. 1861.
Euphractus, Wagl.
Dasypus (1. Dasypus), Rapp, Edent. p. 7 (skull t.).
Dorsal shield with two short hairs on the hinder margin of each tessera ;
underpart of the body with scattered bristks.
1. Dasypus sexcinctus. B.M.
Dorsal shield bald, with two hairs on the binder side of each of
the dorsal tesserae.
Dasypus sexcinctus, Linn. S. N. p. 154; C-uv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 11. f. 456;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 286 ; Burm. Ihier, Bras. p. 290; Owen,
Odont. t. 85. f. 3, 4; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 189; P. Z. S.
1865, p. 375 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 214 ; Rapp, Edent. p. 7, t. 3.
f. 4, 5 (skull .
Dasypus encou ert, Desm. lllamm. p. 370.
Dasypus setosus, P. Max. ii. p. 520; Abh. Bras. t.
Encoubert, Cm. Oss. Foss. v. t. 11. f. 4-6 (skull).
Dasypus villosus, Giebel, Zeitschrift, 1861, p. 93, t. 345. f. 1 (skull).
Dasypus gilvipes, llliyer, Abh. Berl. Ahad.
Dasypus octodecim-cinctus, Erxl.
Hab. Brazil and Paraguay.
One of the young specimens in the British Museum has only four
toes on the hind feet ; but the outer toe on one foot appears to have
been destroyed, and on the other foot there is a scale where the
fifth ought to be placed. This may be the normal state of a different
species.
The skull which Giebel figures as that of D. uillosus, Burmeister,
evidently belongs to this species.
916* Dorsal shield with numerous elongated bristles from the hinder edge of
each tessera ; underpart of body very hairy.
2. Dasypus vellerosus, sp. nov. B.M.
The forehead convex, with many polygonal shields; the dorsal
shield covered with abundant elongated bristly hairs; the underside
of the body covered with close hairs. Toes 5 . 5, the outer and inner
hinder small. '
Dasypus vellerosus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 376, t. 18.
Hab. Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bridges).
382 msrronrnm.
0. Head broad, depressed ; nose very slender, broad, depressed; intermaxillary
toothless. ,_
4. EUPHRACTUS.
Head conical, covered with a shield of very many polygonal plates,
with a tuft of hair under the eyes. Nape with a narrow short band
of small plates. Dorsal disk very hairy, the first row of plates on
the front of the scapular shield forming a free ring; the lower mar-
ginal plates of the pelvic shield large, falcate. Tail conical, covered
with rings of plates. Tees 5. 5 ; claws acute, triangular, front largest.
Skull broad, very depressed. Nose very slender, elongate; inter-
maxillary bone toothless. Teeth 3. g-, moderate.— Gray, P. Z. S.
1865,p.376. ’
Dasypus (Euphractus), partly, Burmeister.
Euphraetus, partly, Wagler.
Dasypus, sp., Turner, P. Z. S. -1851, p. 214.
Tatusia, sp., Burmeister.
* Nose short, broad; ears long.
1. Euphractus villosus. (Peludo.) B.M.
Muzzle broad; ears large ; forehead broad, covered with rugulose
tubercular plates; back covered with abundant long black hairs,
more or less deciduous.
Dasypus villosus, Desm. Mamm. p. 370; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm.
p. 86; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 214. 4
Tatusia villosa, Lesson, Mam. p. 312.
Dasypus (Tatusia) villosus, Rapp, Edent. p. 10.
Dasypus (Euphractus) villosus, Burmeister, La Plata, ii. 1861.
Euphractus villosus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p; 37 6.
El Peludo, Azara, ii. p. 140.
Hab. Buenos Ayres, Pampas.
The skull which Giebel (Zeitschrift, 1861, t. 345. f. 1) figures
I under the name of D. villosus is evidently that of D. sexcinctus.
** Nose slender, elongate ; ears small.
2. Euphractus minutus. (Pichy.) B.M.
Nose slender, elongate; ears small; forehead convex, covered
with irregular smooth polygonal plates. Back with scattered elon-
gate, slender, black or grey bristles.
Dasypus minutus, Desm. Mamm. p. 371; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
. 214.
Dalsiypus patagonicus, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxx. 11. p. 491.
Tatusia minuta, Lesson, llfam. p. 847; Gray, I/ist Mamm. B. M. p. 190;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones B.M. p 286.
Dasypus (Euphractus) minutus, Burmeister, La Plata, ii. p. 427,
1861.
Dasypus (Tatusia) minuta, Rapp, Edent. p. 10.
(I
5. XENURUS.
Euphractus minutus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 377, fig. (skull).
Tatou pichey, Azara. '
Hab. Chili; La Plate.
0. 45.

Skull of Enphractns minatas. -
“The four Chilian species of Armadillo (Dasypns) are nearly
similar in habits. The Peludo (D. oillosns) is nocturnal ; while the
others wander by day over the open plains, feeding on beetles, larvae,
roots, and even small snakes. The Pichy (D. mi-nntns) prefers a
very dry soil and the sandy dunes near the coast, where for many
months it can never taste water. In soft soil the animal burrows
so quickly that its hinder quarters would almost disappear before
one could alight from one’s horse.”—-Darwin’s Journ. p. 96.
5. XENURUS.
Head elongate. Scapular and pelvic shields convex ; central
rings many, ten or eleven. Toes 5 .5. Tail nakedish, with a few
imbedded tesserw. Teeth -8- . g-; intermaxillary teeth none. Skull
elongate ; brain-case constricted over the back of the orbit, swollen
in front; forehead convex ; nose conical, truncated.-—Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 37 7 .
The plates on the inner side of the two inner toes of the fore and
hind feet are ciliated with a series of bristle-like hairs.
Cabassou, Bujon ; Cnv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 11. f. 7, 9.
Xenurus, Wagler; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 215; Kraass; Gray.
384 ‘ nssrronrnxs.
* Nose of skull elongate, produced. Tatoua.
1. Xenurus unicinctus. (Kabassu.) B.M.
Tail nakedish, with some scattered shields; those of the base of
the tail immersed; becoming more abundant, closer, and more deve-
loped at the end, especially on the underside of the tip.
Dasypus unicinotus, I/inn. S. N. i. p. 52.
Dasypus gymnurus, Illiger; P. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 529.
Dasypus tatouay, Desm. Illamm. p. 369 ; Tschudi, Faun. Peru, _p. 206;
Guérin, Icon. Mamm. t. 34. f. 2.
Dasypus duodecim-cinctus, Schreb. Sdugeth. p. 225, t. 75, 76.
Tatusia tatouay, Lesson, Mam. p. 311.
Dasypus multicincta, Thunb. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1818, p. 68, t. 1.
Xenurus unicinotus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 120 ; P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 378; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 215; Gerrard, Oat. Bones B. M.
p. 285. _
Dasypus xenurus et D. 12-cmctus, Krauss, Arch. Nat. 1862, p. 19.
Tatusia gymnura, Rapp, Edent. p. 9.
Cabassou, Ouv. Oss. Foss v. p. 120, t. 11. f. 7-9 (skull).
Kabassou, Bufl‘. H. N. x. p. 218, t. 40.
Tatou Tatouay, Azara. '
Hab. Brazil, Sta Catharina ; Surinam (Krauss) ; Guiana ; Peru ;
Paraguay.
In a young specimen not in a good state, in the British Museum,
the plates of the dorsal shield are eroded, with a prominent ridge on
each side.
See also :——1. Dasypus verrucosus, Wagler, Seba, Thesaur. t. 30.
f. 4 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 120 ; Burm. Thicr. Bras. p. 287.
2. D. gymnurus, P. Max. and Wagner. Appear like varieties or
synonyma.
What is Xenurus nudicaudus, Lund, Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 219, from “ Tail shorter and more entirely naked ” (Cuvier, Oss.
Foss.) ‘?
** Nose of skull short, compressed. Xenurus.
2. Xenurus hispidus.
Skull short; nose short, compressed; nasal bones short.
Dasypus hispidus, Burmeister, Thiere Bras. i. p. 287 ; Giebel, Zeit-
schrift, 1861, p. 93, t. 2, 34. f. 3, 4 (skulls of old and young).
? Tatu, Seba, Thes. i. t. 30. f. 2, according to Burmeister.
Cabassou, Cut. Oss. Foss. v. p. 120.
Xenurus hispidus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 378.
Hab. Brazil.
In our skulls of X. unicinctus the distance from the perforation
under the orbit to the end of the intermaxillary is 12 inch ; in Gie-
bel’s figure it is 1,1-5 inch.
I have not seen this species. The skull figured by Giebel is that
of a Xenurus, judging from the constriction of the brain over the
orbit; but the face is very much shorter than in the skulls of X.
unicinctus in the British-Museum collection.
(D3
00
<31
'l‘OLIl’l‘l U 'I'II)..1‘I;.
' Fam. 4. TOLYPEUTIDJE.
The dorsal disk only united to the body by the centre of the hack,
free from the hairy skin on the sides. The scapular and pelvic
shields large, convex, separated by three free central rings. Feet
weak ; front with elongated unequal claws, on the tips of which the
animal walks; hind feet club-shaped, with fiat ovate nails; palms
and soles covered with plates. Tail short. Skull attached to the
frontal shield by two or more bony prominences. Sphcerochlamydes.
Tolypeutina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 361.
The animal has the power of bending the body so as to form a
nearly perfect sphere, the shield on the head and the short tuber-
cular tail filling up the aperture occasioned by the notches in the
scapular and pelvic shields. It walks on the small end of the
elephant-like hind feet, and on the tips of the slender, elongated,
middle claws of the fore feet.
TOLYPEUTES.
Head with a flat frontal shield, hinder edge prominent ; ears gra-
nular. Frontal shield narrow, produced above the head, and trun-
cated behind. Nape without any plates. Scapular and pelvic shields
large, convex ; central rings three, free. Tail conical; base broadly
expanded; end conical, rather compressed; under surface convex.
Tees 4 before, 5 behind; inner and outer small; front claws
unequal; two middle elongate, large. The hind feet small; toes
indistinct, united; claws ovate, flat, nearly like the human nail.
Skull elongate, slender; nose conical; intermaxillary toothless.
Teeth large. '
Osteology.-Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 123; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851,
p. 215. ‘
Apar, Geqf Compt. Rend. 1847, xxiv. p. 572.
Cheloniscus, Fab. Column.
Tolypeutes, Illiger, Prod. 1811 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 379.
The underside of the body covered with long bristly hairs; the
outer plate of the moveable rings thin, with a frill of elongate rigid
hairs on the outer edge. The bodies of the males are less ventricose
and more elongate than those of the females; the hair on the under-
side of the males is grey, in the females it is blackish ; the male
organ is very large and, when contracted, cylindrical and pendulous.
They are very active, running with rapidity, but looking very in-
secure, on their slender limbs. They are called “ Tatu bola ” by the
Brazilians.
2 c
386 , TOLYPEUTID.-‘E.
1. OHELONISCUS. Skull with a bony prominence above each orbit for at-
taching the frontal shield. Toes 5 . 5 ; tail conical, base thich, end
broad, flat, truncated, underside jlattish; frontal shield broad and
arched above. '
Tolypeutes, § Cheloniscus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 379.
1. Tolypeutes tricinctus. (Apar.) B.M.
Frontal shield flat, broad ; the binder margin not produced above
the head; regularly arched. Nape with three bony plates in front
of the scapular shield. Front claws five ; the inner and outer ones
small; the middle one moderately large.
Dasypus tricinctus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 53; Schreb. Siiugeth. p. 215,
t. 71. ‘
Dasypus apar, Desm. Zllamm. p. 367, t. 26. f. 3.
Tatusia apar, Lesson, Main. p. 310.
Tatusia tricincta, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 181; Gerrard, Cat..
Bones B. M. p. 286.
Tolypeutes tricinctus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 215; Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 37 9.
Dasypus (Tatusia) tricinctus, Rapp, Edent. p. 9.
Apar, Bzgfon, H. N. X. p. 206.
Hab. Bolivia; Buenos Ayres.
Fig. 46.

‘l. I
. \l\\ ‘H.
(C \\\D .~s*‘\,
I


ll]
2. TOLYPEUTES. Skull without any bony prominence above each orbit.
Toes 4. 5. Tail, base broadly expanded, end conical, beneath convex.
Frontal shield narrow, flat.
_ 2. Tolypeutes conurus. (Mataco.) B.M.
Frontal shield fiat, narrow, produced behind the head into a kind
-‘-_-~- - _-""\l\"\'I“'l'\ H
unnnm 1 uUrn.uRII‘.uTJ. 38 4
of hood, and truncated on the hinder edge. Nape without any tes-
seree. Front claws four, the outer one small, the middle one very
large and strong.
Dasypus (Tolypeutes) conurus, Is. Geofi. Oompt. Rend. 1847 ; Rev.
Zool. 1847, p. 135 ; Burmeister, Reise d. La Plata-St. ii. p. 427 ;
' Giebel, Zeitschrift, 1861, p. 93, t. (skull).
Tolypeutes conurus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 380.
Mataco, Azara, ii. p. 161.
Hab. South America, La Plata (Burmeister).
The specimen living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, I
have been informed by Mr. Bartlett and Dr. Peters, has only three
front claws ; all those in the British Museum have four, which ap-
pears to be the normal number. In other respects the animals are
similar. The shell of the living "animal is blackish brown. The
skin between the central rings is brown, bald, and smooth. The
animal sleeps rolled up with its head downwards.
The skull that Giebel (Zeitschrift, 1861, t. 234. f. 2) figures as
that of Dasypus conurus, I am assured by Dr. Burmeister, belongs to
this species; it is unlike the skull of Tolypeutes tricinctus in not
having any tubercles over the orbits; I was doubtful, as one of the
skulls figured on these plates is wrongly determined, the one named
D. villosus being D. sea:oinctus.
[Fam. GLYPTODONTIDZE.
Dorsal shield entire, not revolute, immoveably afiixed to the upper
part of the very large pelvis. '
Genera :-—1. Glyptodon, Owen; 2. Panochthus, Burm. ; 3. Ho-
plophorus, Lund (Schistopleururn, N odot.).
Dr. Burmeister thinks there is a ventral shield; but in the figure
it is only “ hypothetically indicated; ” and he calls the group Bilori-
cata (Burm. Ann. & Mag.-N. H. 1864; ‘Anales del Museo Publico
de Buenos Aires, iii. 1866, p. 183, t. 6). The head is probably con-
tractile under the dorsal shield.]
Fam. 5. CHLAMYDOPHORIDZE.
The dorsal disk divided into two parts behind, forming an elon-
gated dorsal and short pelvic shield; the latter is attached to the
bones of the pelvis.
Chlamydophorina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 381.
388 onmnrnornoaroze.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. OHLAMYDOPHORUS. The dorsal shield only attached by the
middle of the back, which is covered with hair on the sides.
2. Bunmnrsriram. The dorsal shield attached to the skin to its
edge.
1. CHLAMYDOPHORUS.
The dorsal disk free beneath, only attached to the middle of the
back. Pelvic shield and the tail covered with tesserae. The sides
of the back under the shield, the underside of the body, and limbs
covered with silky hair.
Osteology.—Yarrell, Zool. Journ.; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 213 ;
Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 8 (fig. pelvis); Ann. N. H. xix. 1857, p. 492.
Chlamydophorus, Harlan; Rapp, Edent. p. 12; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,
. 381
p . .
Dasypus (Chlamyphorus), Fischer, Syn. p. 394.
Chlamyphorus, Gray; Burmeister.
Chlamydophorus truncatus. (Pichiciago.) B.M.
Chlamydophorus truncatus, Harlan, Acad. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y orh,
1825, t. ; Burmeister, Reise La Plata-St. i. p. 297, ii. p. 429; Rapp,
Edent. p. 22; Yarrell, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 544, 1837 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1865 p. 381.
Chlamyphorus truncatus. Gray, P. Z. S. xxv. 1857, p. 9 (skeleton);
Burmeister, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xi. (1863) p. 308.
Hab. Chili, Mendoza.
2. BURMEISTERIA.
The dorsal shield attached to the skin of the back to the edge.
The pelvic disk and the tail only partly covered with tesserw. The
sides and underpart of the body and limbs covered with woolly
hair. ,
Burmeisteria, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 381.
Clamydophorus, sp., Burmeister.
Burmeisteria retusa.
The plates of the dorsal shield with one or two bristles on the
hinder edge ; those on the sides of the back with many bristles on
the lower edge. The upper part of the pelvic disk with pencils of
bristles.
Clamyphorus retusus, Burmeister, Abh. Nat-urf. Ges. an Halle, vii.
p. 167, t. 1, 1863; Ann. & Mag. N H. 1863, xi. p. 308.
Burmeisteria retusa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 381.
Hab. ' Bolivia; Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Burrneister).
Larger than Chlamydophoru-s truncatus.
onrcrnnoronrnzr. - 389
Section III. Body covered with hair or spines, not with armour.
Fam. 6. ORYCTEROPODIDZE.
Body covered with bristles. Head conical ; mouth large. Teeth
numerous. Toes 4 . 5 ; inner front wanting; three middle longest.
Claws broad.-— G-rag, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 382.
Osteologg.—-Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 139, t. 12 ; Turner, P. Z. S.
1851, p. -220 ; Rapp, Edent. t. 4; Sundevall, Kong. Vet. Akad. Hand.
1341, x. p.236, t.
Myrmecophagina (partly), Grag, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 190.
Orycteropodidae, Turner, l. e. p. 220; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 382.
Fodientia, Giebel, Sdugeth. p. 412.
ORYCTEROPUS.
Character of family.
1. Orycteropus capensis. (Aard Vark.) B.M.
Facial line nearly straight; the nose elongate, thick, scarcely
attenuated.
Myrmecophagus capensis, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 53.
Myrmecophagus afra, Pall. Misc. Zool. p. 64.
Orycteropus capensis, Geofif; Desm. Mamm. p. 372; Gray, Cat.
lllamm. B. M. p. 190; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 382; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B.'M p. 287; Smuts, Mam. Cap. p. 52; Sundevall, l. c. 1841,
p. 228; Owen, Odont. t. 76. f. 8, 9, 11, t. 77, 78; Rapp, Edent.
p. 131,1 t. 1-4 (skull); Duvernog, Ann. Sci. Nat. xix. p. 192, t. 96
Skl .
Co(chon-ile-terre allemand, Buflon, II. N. v. t. 2; Camper, Act.
Petrop. 17 7 7, p. 222, t. 4. f. 6 (skull).
Oryctérope, Guo. Oss. Foss. v. t. 12 (skeleton).
Oryctérope du Cap, Ouo. Oss. Foss. v. p. 117, t. 12 (skull).
Hab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope.
2. Orycteropus aethiopicus.
Forehead before the eyes, shelving; the nose short, thin; the
first front toe longer than the rest.
Orycteropus aethiopicus, Sundevall, Kong. V. Akad. Hand. 1841,
p. 226, t. 3. f. 1-5; Rapp, Edent. p. 13; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 382.
Hab. Sennaar (Hedenborg).
3. Orycteropus senegalensis.
?Orycteropus senegalensis, Lesson, Mam. p. 277; Ducernog, Ann.
Sci. Nat. xix. p. 192, t. 9, 1853.
Hab. Senegal. May be the same as the former.
390 - MYRMECOPHAGIDE.
Fam. 7. MYRMECOPHAGIDE.
Body covered with hair. Head conical, elongate; mouth small.
Teeth none.
Edentata genuina, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 97.
Myrmecophagidm, Turner, l. c. p. 217 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 383.
Myrmecophagina, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 190.
l\lyrmecophaga, Linn. S. N. i. p. 52.
Lipodonta, Nitzsch. _
Vermilingua, Ill. Prodr.
The ribs of the animals of this family are flat and more or less
dilated on the outer side; they are most dilated in the Oyclothuri,
where they are expanded nearly their whole length, and so much so
that they overlap each other, and form a complete armour to the
thoracic viscera. The figure given by Rapp agrees with the skele-
tons in the British Museum. The ribs of the skeleton of Myrme-
cophaga figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. t. 9) and Rapp (Edentata,
t. 6) are only dilated on the middle of the outer side, and not there
to such an extent as in the above-named genus.
Synopsis of the Genera.
* Terrestrial. Tail bristly. Teeth 5.
1. Mrnnucoruaeu. Tail covered with long hair.
""* Arboreal. Tail conical, prehensile.
2. TAMANDUA. Teeth _-2 ; covered with short hair.
3. Crcnornunus. Teeth %; covered with silky hair.
a. Terrestrial. Tail bristly ,- walking on side of feet, with claws curved up.
1. MYRMECOPHAGA.
Toes 4 . 5. Palatine and pterygoid bones united beneath the
nasal canal for its whole length. Fur of body and tail elongate,
flaccid. Tail very bushy, lax. Skull very long, very slender ; nose
very slender, much longer than the brain-case. Terrestrial, living
solitary in marshes.
Osteologg/.—Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 97, t. 9 ; Rapp, t. 46.
Myrmecophaga, Gray, P. Z. s. 12365, p. ass.
Myrmecophaga jubata.
Fur blackish grey, mixed; hind limbs and a mark running ob-
liquely from the shoulders upwards and backwards black.
Myrmecophaga jubata, I/inn. S. N. i. p. 52; Gerrard, Cat. Bones
B. M. p. 288; Rapp, Edent. p. 14, t. 46 (skull); Gray, P. Z. S.
1865, p. ass.-
2. rxmxnnux. 391
Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linn. S. N. ed. 10, p. 35.
Myrmecophaga sciurea, Pallas, Misc. p. 65.
Tama noir, Bnfon, H. N. x. p. 144, t. 29 ; Supp. iii. t. 55; Cuvier,
Oss. Foss. v. p. 97, t. 9.
Great Ant-eater, Penn.
Hab. South America, La Plata.
Anatomy.——See Owen, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 22'; Ann. & Mag. N. H.
xix. p. 59; Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 117; Rapp, Edent. t. 46 (ske-
leton) ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 9 (skeleton).
b. Arboreal. Tail conical, prehensile ; feet clasping the branches.
2. TAMANDUA.
Toes 5 . 4. Palatine and pterygoid bones united beneath the
nasal canal for the whole length. Fur of body and tail short, bristly.
Tail tapering, prehensile. Skull long, slender; nose nearly as long
as brain-case (Rapp, t. 5). Living on trees.
Tamandua, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 383.
The tongue (figured by Rapp, Edent. t. 6. f. 4) is elongate, cylin-
drical, rather tapering, covered with rings of acute tubercles, and
with a globular end. I
1. Tamandua bivittata. (Collared Tamandua.) B.M.
Head, shoulders, fore limbs, outside of hind limbs, and middle of
the tail white; a stripe from each side of the neck over the shoulder
and remaining part black. “ Tail but little longer than the body ;
its terminal third scaly.’ ’-—Turner.
Var. Black less intense.
Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linn. S. N.. p. 51.
Myrmecophaga tetradactyla, Linn. S. N. p. 52; Rapp, Edent. p. 14,
t. 3 b, t. 5 (skull). K
Myrmecophagaktamandua, Cuv. ; Desm. Mamnz. p. 374; Blainv.
Ostéogr. t. s eleton .
Tamandua tetiadactyla), Lesson; Gray, Oat. Mamm. B. M. p. 191;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 288; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 218;
Dict. II. N. p. 107; Massmann, Descr. 1823, t. 2
s ull .
Myrmecophaga bivittata, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xii. p. 107.
Myrmecophaga nigra, Gergfll; Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xii. p. 107.
Myrmecophaga myosura, Pallas, Miscell. p. 64.
Myrmecophaga ursina, Grif. A. K. p. 16.
Myrmecophaga crispus, Rilpp. Mus. Sench. p. 179.
Tamandua bivittata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 384.
Tamandua, Bufon, H. N. x. p. 144; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 101.
Middle Ant-eater, Penn.
Hab. Brazil ; Paraguay.
Zllyrmecophaga annulata (Desm. Mamm. p. 374, from Krusen-
stern, Voyage, t. fig., altered Griffith, A. K. t. 144) and M. annulata
et M. striata (Shaw, from Buff. H. N. Supp. iii. t. 56) are only a
Coati (Nasua) disfigured.
392 nranneornaemm.
2. Tamandua longicaudata. (Yellow Tamandua.) B.M.
Uniform light ochraceous, with a paler vertebral line ; tail nearly
double the length of the body, its terminal half covered with small
scales and a few scattered black hairs; ears large, rounded, about
one-third the length of the head; no shoulder-streak.
Myrmecophaga longicaudata, Wagner; Turner, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 218;
Burm. Thier. Bras. p. 304.
Tamandua longicaudata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 384.
Hab. 1 ‘? (B. M. and Zool. Soc.).

3. CYCLOTHURUS.
Tees 2 . 5 ; the outer front one much the largest. Pterygoid bones
meeting, presenting two long, parallel, and little-prominent crests,
and much extended backward, and not forming a canal. Skull short,
broad; nose moderate, slender, shorter than the brain-case. The
ribs are very broad, dilated, forming a solid armour to the chest, and
overlapping each other (see Rapp, t. 5. f. 3, 4, 5).
Cyclothurus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.; P. Z. S. 1865, p. 384; Turner,
P. Z. s. 1851, p. 218. ~
1. Cyclothurus didactylus. B.M.
Fulvous, blackish-washed ; feet and tail grey; longer hairs with
minute black tips.
Myrmecophaga didactyla, Linn. S. N. i. p. 51 ; Bapp, Edent. p. 15,
t. 5. f. 3-6 (skull); Blainv. Ostéogr. t. (skeleton); Massmann, De-
script. 1823, t. 1. .
Myrmecophaga minima, Brisson, R. A. p. 28.
Cyclothurus didactylus, Lesson; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. p. 191;
P. Z. S. 1865, p. 385.
Little Ant-eater, Edie. Glean. i. p. 220, t. 220.
Fourmilier it deux doigts, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 103.
Hab. South America, Brazil.
2. Cyclothurus dorsalis. B.M.
Golden yellow, silky; back with a broad, well-defined black stripe ;
feet and tail yellow.
Cyclothurus dorsalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 385, t. 19.
Hab. Costa Rica (Salvin).
The back and sometimes the sides are washed with blackish. Al-
ways known by the distinct, well-defined, broad dorsal streak, and
the yellow colour of the feet and tail.
onnrrnonrncnrnza. 393
Suborder 111. MONOTREMATA.
Pelvis with marsupial bones. Tongue elongate. Face like
a beak. Insectivorous.
Monotrema, Gemf.
Reptantia, Illiger.
Fam. 8. ORNITHORYNCHIDAE.
Body covered with hair or spines. Mouth in the form of a flat,
depressed, or slender beak, subcylindrical. Hind feet of the male
spurred. Skeleton with marsupial bone, and a merrythought ( far-
cula) like that of birds.
Ornithorhynchidae, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 385.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. PLATYPUS. Head depressed’. Body covered with fur. Feet ex-
panded, webbed.
2. Ecnrmva. Head slender, conical, tapering. Body covered with
spines. Feet with long claws.
1. PLATYPUS.
Beak depressed. Body covered with hair. Tail broad, short,
depressed. Feet very short. Toes 5 . 5; front toes united by a
web. Hind feet with an acute spur on the inner side.
Platypus, Shaw, Viv. Nat. 1799; Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 385.
Ornithorhynchus, Blnmenbach, Handb. p. 135,1800.
Crnithorhynque, Gav. Oss. Foss. t. 14.
Demipus, Wiedem. Zool. Arch. i. p. 175.
Platypus anatinus.
Platypus anatinus, Shaw, Nat. lllisc. t. 385; Gen. Zool. i. p. 229, t. 66,
67, 1799; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 288; Gray,P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 385.
Demipus anatinus, Wiedm. Zool. Arch. i. p. 175, t.
Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, Blumenb. Handb. ed. 10, p. 135; Abbild.
t. 41, 1800; Home, Phil. Trans. 1802, p. 87 .
Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Gould, Mamm. Austr. i. t. l.
Ornithorhynchus brevirostris, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 150.
Ornithorhynchus rufus, Leach, Zool. lllisc. p. 136.
Ornithorhynchus fuscus, Leach,-Zool. Misc. ii. p. 136, t. 111.
Ornithorhynchus crispus et 0. leevis, Macgillivray, Mem. 7Vern. Soc.
v.. . 127.
Ducklibilled Platypus, Shaw.
Ornithorhynque, Luv. Oss. Foss. v. p. 143, t. 14 (skeleton).
Hab. South-eastern Australia and Van Diemen’s Land. -
2 1)
394 'OBNITHORYNCHTD.ZE.
2. ECHIDNA.
Beak elongate, cylindrical, attenuated. Mouth small, terminal.
Tongue very long. Body covered with spines. Tail very short.
Osteologg.-—Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 13 (shield).
Echidna, Cue. Tabl. Elém. p. 143, 1797 ; Grag, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 386.
Tachyglossus, Illiger, Prodr. 1811.
Ornithorhynchus, sp., Home.
Myrmecophaga, sp., Shaw.
Echidna aculeata.
Echidna aculeata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 386.
Echidna australiensis, Less. Mam. p. 318. ,
Echidna hystrix, Gav. R./1.1. p. 226; Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. t. 90;
Gould, Mamm. Austr. i. t. 2; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 288.
Echidna longiaculeata, Tiedem. Zool. i. . 592.
Myrmecophaga aculeata, Shaw, Nat. Misc. t. 109, 1792.
Tachyglossus aculeatus, Illiger; Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 63 B.
Tachyglossus hystrix, Wagner; Schreb. Sdugeth. iv. p. 242.
Ornithorhynchus hystrix, Home, Phil. Trans. 1802, p. 348.
Porcupine Ant-eater, Shaw.
Echidne, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. pp. 144, 613 (skeleton).
Hab. Australia.
Var. More hairy.
Echidna setosa, Cue. R. A. i. p. 226, 1817; Gould, Mamm. Austr. i.
t. 3.
Echidna brevicaudata, Tiedemann, Zool. i. p. 392.
Tachyglossus setosus, Illiger; Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 63.
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

I; lilttl
Skull of Chinese Pug-nosed Lap-dog (Canis familiaris chinensis, p. 195) :_
c, fontanel ; d, hinder end of skull.
ADDITIONS.
Viverricula malaccensis (p. 47), add :-
Viverra rasse, Peters, Reise Mossamb. Mamm. 113.
Viverra Schlegeli, Poll., Schl. Contributions, Ne erl. Tijdsch. iii. p. 78;
Schl. <3‘ Poll. Faune de Madag. p. 16, t. 10.
Hab. Madagascar. B.M.
A young specimen in the British Museum, received from Mr.
Plant, agrees in all particulars with the Indian animal, and its head
has not the colours that induced Dr. Schlegel to consider it a distinct
species.
Bdeogale crassicauda (page 165), add ;-- B.M.
Specimen spirits, sent from Zanzibar by Dr. Kirk, 1869.
Canis familiaris, var. 3. chinensis (p. 195), add :—
Fig. 47 , skull. '
After Vulpes mesomelas (page 203), add :—
5 a. Vulpes variegatoides (Vaal Jackal).
Canis variegatoides, A. Smith, S. A. Quart. Journ.; Chapman,
Travels. .
Hab. South Africa, in the mountains.
“ Smaller than V. mesomelas’, the back never black, and not found
in the plains.’’——Blyth. ‘ _
See also Shualte or Barking Jackal, Chapman, ‘ Travels,’ p. 299.
After Helarctos ornatus, add (page 237) :-—-
4 a. Helarctos? nasutus.
Black; nose brown; a triangular white spot on chest.
Ursus nasutus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 72. fig. a, t. 8.
? Venezuelan Bear, Ker Porter, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 114.
Hab. America, Venezuela ?'
ADDITIONS. 39 I
4 b. Helarctos? frugilegus.
“ Uniform blackish brown, beneath brown.”
Ursus frugilegus, Tschudi, Faun. Peru. Mamm. p. 90.
Hab. Peru.
Cercoleptes caudivolvulus (p. 245), add :--
The Kinkajou was formerly considered a Lemur; and the manner
in which it uses its feet as hands might well mislead a casual ob-
server. I saw one the ‘other evening in the Zoological Gardens
resting on its rump with the tail coming out in front between its
hind legs. It was holding in its fore feet a slice of bread; and
every now and then it would take off a piece with one or the other
of its fore feet, and hold it as in a hand to its mouth, or take from
it small pieces with the other hand like a child eating a cake, and
quite as handily; yet this animal has no opposite thumb on any of
the feet, and only short fingers and toes webbed nearly to the claws.
——Gra3/, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 680.
Rhinaster keitloa (page 317).
A skeleton of a full-grown female animal in the British Museum,
collected by Mr. Jesse in Abyssinia (wanting the hinder horn).
The front horn is 16 inches long; it is nearly circular at the base ;
the upper half is much more slender, tapering and, rather com-
pressed at the end. The hinder horn is said to have been about half
the length of the front one, compressed and rather sharp-edged, the
section in the middle of the horn being about three times as long as
wide. .
Compared with the skull and horns of a younger animal of R.
bicornis in the British Museum, received from Mr. Petherick.
The horns differ in being more compressed and the front horn
more slender at the upper part ; but this may depend on the sex.
The skull differs from R. bicornis in being much broader in front,
at the hinder part of the base of the front horn, and especially be-
tween the orbits; the face is much more bulky and convex on the
sides, not flat and tapering in front as in R. bicornis. The hinder
occipital crest is more expanded backwards, the forehead flat and
broad behind, but wide, convex, and shelving on the sides under
the base of the hinder horns. There can be no doubt of this being
a distinct species.
Length from nasal to condyle 23 inches, from nasal to occipital
crest 22 inches, from nasal to orbit 10 inches, nasal to condyle of
jaw 19 inches 6 lines, of teeth-line 10 inches 6 lines, of lower jaw
18 inches; height of skull 18 inches, of ramus of lower jaw 8
inches; width at occipital end 9 inches 8 lines, between zygomatic
arches 12 inches 6 lines, of forehead 9 inches 6 lines, of nose
5 inches 6 lines.
The skull of R. keitloa described by Camper is in the Museum at
Groningen.—— Vrolilc, Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. p. 24. '
398‘ mnrrrons.
After Potamochwrus africanus (p. 341),. add :-
“ The Bosch Vark (Sus laroatns) inhabits the reedy margins of
vleys. It is said that they intermingle with the domesticated breeds,
and that the hybrid is prolific.” -Layard.
THE END .'
Printed by TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

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