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PRO GRAMM
der
ANNEN-REALSCHULE
(Realschule erster Ordnung)
ZUl
DRESIDEN,
womit zu den
Öffentlichen Prüfungen am 30, und 31. Marz 1882
das
** 5
Lehrerkollegium
ehrerbietigst einladet
durch
Prof. Dr. Robert Liesske, Konrektor.
-A. The Love of Nature in the Early English Poetry,
by OsKAR DOLCH, Dr. phil.
B. Schulnachrichten und Schulchronik, vom KONREKTOR.
C. Mitteilungen und Werordnungen.
D. Werzeichnis der Schüler.
E. Programm der Prüfungsordnung,
-> ---~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r*-*.**-*
DRESDEN,
Druck von B. G. Teubner.
1882.
Progr. Nr. 493.

i
THE LOVE OF NATURE
IN T H E E A R LY E N G L Is H. P. O ET R Y
y
PRECEDED BY SOME INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON THE POETIC INTERPRETATION
OF NATURE.
BY OSCAR DOLCH, DR. PHIL.
The various aspects of Nature have always exercised a great influence on Man's ideas; Influence of the
they have, in different countries, caused different habits of national thought and thus given a "...".
particular tone to religion, arts, literature and, in a word, to all the principal manifestations of ideas.
the human mind. This influence has partly been directed to the intellect, partly to the imagi-
nation: in the first case it has given rise to a spirit of scientific analysis, to natural and phy-
sical science; in the second case to an admiration and veneration of nature, which has found its
foremost expression in art, especially in poetry. Both these contemporaneous influences of the
aspects of nature, the intellectual or scientific one and the imaginative or poetical one, which,
in the infancy of mankind, had their common origin in mythology, have been very powerful in
our times; indeed, they form the two opposite sides of the one great current of modern thought.
The ardent, sensitive, reverent regard, with which the modern poet treats Nature, shall, in the
following researches, be traced to its origin in the English poetic literature, in which the love
of nature has been made, perhaps more than in any other, a distinct element of poetry.")
Nor is this to be wondered at. There is no country that offers on so comparatively English
small a space so much variety and beauty of landscape as Britain. Take, for instance, a quiet "..."
and tame English landscape: green meadows with gazing and ruminating cattle; canals or navi- ***
gable rivers; meat, clean, scattered cottages beside proud family mansions; antique churches with
churchyard elms; footpaths, intersected by stiles, leading across pleasant fields and along shady
hedgerows — and compare it to a wild and romantic Welsh or Highland scene: lofty mountains;
rocky and lonely recesses; tufted woods overhanging precipices; lakes intersected with castled
promontories; wide and solitary moors; gigantic ruins; mountain echoes repeating the scream of
the eagle and the roar of the cataract; in short, all those glens, braes, shaws, leas, burns,
linns and lochs sung by the poets. What a contrast!") And moreover, there is no nation that
has a finer feeling for the beauties of nature and that has studied them more intently for the
purpose of landscape gardening than the English. The magnificence of English park scenery
is imposing; art combined with nature has done every thing to encompass the domestic abodes
of the higher classes with the most exquisite charms. But what is still more to be acknow-
ledged, is the tendency and the talent of the middle and even of the lower classes to create a
littéoparadise around their homes.
*
L471.78
2
The love of Na- In such a country and with such a people it appears natural, that the soul should be
“...” powerfully affected by the outward world and that art should have seized upon and expressed
this relation in its manifold ways. Indeed, a rural feeling runs through English poetry, matural
description occupies a considerable portion of it, the poetical images are frequently taken from
the life of nature; and it would be of no little interest to follow up the traces of this love of
nature throughout the wide range of English literature, composing a picture that should point
out, in its different periods, the many kinds of intimacy between the movements of Nature and
the heart of Man and the different ways in which poets have represented and interpreted them.
This has not yet been done by anybody, as far as I know, and it certainly can only be well
done by one who is himself a poet, gifted with the power of minute observation, intense feeling
and skilful representation. Far from attributing to myself such high qualities, I purpose only,
attracted by the interest the subject has for me as a teacher, to go back to the earliest times
of English literature and submit its poetic monuments to such researches as enable us to dis-
cover the sources of that love of nature which plays so great a part in English poetry. I have
repeatedly had the pleasure of observing the great delight with which the pupils of our upper
classes read the poetic descriptions of nature in English works such as Walter Scott's Lady of
the Lake, Milton's l’Allegro and Il Penseroso, Macpherson's Ossian, Thomson's Seasons &c. But
before entering into the subject at large, I think it advisable for better understanding it and
for avoiding unnecessary repetitions, to make some general remarks on the poetic interpretation
& of Nature and on the different ways in which poets have treated her.
Science and Natural Science explains Nature by the properties of matter and reduces all her mani-
poetry.
fold aspects to the operation of some simple laws; poetry seizes the relation of those aspects to
the human heart and tries to interpret them. Both the man of science and the poet must be
observers, but they extract distinct truths from the same object. The botanist, for instance,
examines the different organs of a flower, its form and hues, to give it its place in his system;
the poet, must observe all that as accurately, but to another end, he wants to see what gives
it meaning to the soul. Long before the botanist, the geologist, the scientific man, generally
speaking, had made their investigations, the poet had had his eyes upon the objects of nature
and had noted their distinctions. The poet was the first faithful observer of nature, even in her
minutest details, as may be seen by the beautiful descriptions and exact images in the Psalms
and in the poems of Homer. A true poet cannot make of Nature what he chooses. He must
paint her as she is; he must study her features and aspects with fidelity and exactness, before
his imaginative power can make them symbols of human sentiment;”) he must be as sensible
to the great movements of the celestial bodies, to the light and shade they cast, to the grand
and wonderful phenomena of Nature, to the delicate veins in the tiniest leaf, as to the sighing
of the reeds, before being able to awaken sentiments and emotions in the mind of man.*)
Alexander von Humboldt distinguishes three stages of contemplating and enjoying Nature.")
Physical and re- The lowest is independent of man's scientific knowledge and almost of the peculiar cha-
lsº racter of the surrounding scenery. Wherever the eye may rest on the ranging landscape, the
heart must respond to its beauty in consequence of the wonderful harmony which exists between
the soul of man and the Universe. The emotions evoked are spontaneous and unconscious, as
true and rational however as are the actions of any law of Nature, for they are not confined
to any age or any class of men or any degree of civilization, but belong alike to the child, the
peasant and the man of knowledge, if only the heart be natural and unspoiled. The contemplation
3
of Nature suffices to refresh and cheer the weary soul; she has a wonderfully soothing and tran-
quillizing influence upon our heart, afflicted by pain and grief, agitated by wild passion. This
unconscious delight, which we find in out-of-door life, im Freien, may be said to be me-
rely physical, a thing rather of the nerves; but it is closely allied to our religious sentiment.
We feel that the Universe must be governed by eternal laws, that all celestial and terrestrial
things must be subject to a higher order, that there must be a Supreme and Almighty Being.
Nature's universality and divinity contrast then with the narrowness of our own existence and
our soul is borne away in ecstacy and wonder. If we cast a look into the albums for travellers
which we find in much resorted-to places, almost all inscriptions, as far as they result from
the impression the surrounding landscape has made upon the human mind, betray these feelings.")
A second kind of admiration derived from the outward world arises from the impressions
which the individual character of the aspects of Nature make upon the human mind. Such im-
pressions are more lively, more precise, more expressive, and bear therefore more relation, whether of
likeness or contrast, to certain mental emotions. The merry month of May with its sweet-singing
birds, its green woods, its crystal brooks and azure sky, calls forth or responds to feelings different
from those called forth by the joyless winter-day with its leafless trees, its blinding sleet and snow, its
howling tempest and cloudy sky. The wee, modest, crimson-tipped flower and the sturdy high-towering
oak, or the cloud-like beauty of the pine-tree; the rising and the setting sun; the peacable, lovely and
fertile plain, the solitary moor, the wild, craggy mountains; the sweet-breathing Zephyrus and the
biting blast of the north; the soft-murmuring brook and the foamy, wild-roaring sea; the calm, starry
night, the flashes of lightning and the rolling thunder — these are a few of the endless number
of characteristic pictures nature presents to the great variety of man's ideas and sentiments.
The peak of Teneriffa, where piles of clouds separate the cone of ashes from the lower surface
of the earth, but suddenly, torn by a rising current of air, unveil to the surprised eye of the
spectator the vine-clad hills of Orotava and the beautiful gardens of the coast;") Fingal's cave
on the isle of Staffa with its high walls formed of the most regular basaltic columns, with its
arched roof looking like Mosaic work and the sea rushing in and dashing against the rocks with
a loud roar; the Northern Light or Aurora borealis, an immense belt, consisting of fiery rays,
and extending in a semicircle over the horizon, exhibiting the greatest variations in the brilliant
changes of its colours, and the continued increase and disappearance of its rays, often accom-
panied by a crackling, sparkling, hissing, whistling and a noise equal to that of artificial fire-
works — these grand scenes of Nature act upon the human mind by their individual character.
In fact, there lies an endless treasure of meaning hid in Nature, but just as much or as little,
as the soul of every one can see in her.
Of all the aspects of Nature there is none that acts so powerfully and agreeably upon
the human mind as the great variety of the plants. They are the colored carpet that clothes
the rocky body of the earth, softening its asperities, subduing its harsher features and animating
the landscape. Among the great number of vegetable individuals, several groups may however
be distinguished which have certain characteristic signs and appearances common to them. Each
of these groups produces an impression of its own, which may be called a typical one. Humboldt
counts sixteen types which determine the physiognomy of all the different landscape pictures of
the earth;*) others count more or less. The ferns and the grasses, for instance, give to the
landscape a character of tenderness and ease, of grace and elegance, while the Cactus tribe is
the type of stiffness; the pine-forest is the image of peace, sternness, solemnity, bold elevation
Individuality
in Nature.
Physiognomy ,
of vegetation
|
1%
4
Science and
imagination.
towards Heaven and forms a decided contrast to the graceful charm and to the variety of the
forests of leaf-bearing trees.")
However not only through the forms and colors discerned by the eye, but also through
the odors they exhale and the sounds they produce, plants give relation and meaning to man's
soul. It is especially the latter point which must not be neglected in the physiognomy of the
vegetable kingdom, for the plants also have their distinct voices and Nature has her music.")
When the wind blows over the grassy fields or the bloomy heather, through the green wood or
the dry copse, the whispering, rustling, rushing, whistling, creaking, screaking, rattling voices
of the plants together with a thousand other voices of the animate and inanimate creation make
a natural concert that speaks to man, rouses his inmost feelings and inspires him with the
divine song.
A third and still higher degree of the admiration of the objects and effects in nature is
that where ideas unite with the emotions of the heart, where man has not only the sentiment
but the knowledge of the harmony and lawfulness in the world. Nature is commonly said to
lose by the investigation of her powers and virtues part of her charms, her mysteriousness and
consequently her sublimity; but the admiration of the imaginative man of science will, on the
contrary, be fuller, greater, more intense, because his knowledge enables him to see on whatever
side of the Universe he looks, marvels more complicated, resemblances more wonderful than
those seen by any other mortal. Such wonders the contemplation of Nature must have awakened
in the minds of Kepler, Newton, Faraday, Humphry Davy (who himself was a great poet),
A. v. Humboldt and many other men of the highest scientific order.
The natural philosopher who, like Thomas Young, Arago and Fresnel, observed the un-
dulatory motion of two rays of light interfering so as to destroy or increase each other; the
astronomer who, by means of his telescope, discovered the satellites of Uranus at the extreme
verge of our solar system or who, like Herschel, South and Struve, distinguished colored binary
stars in luminous points flashing up; the botanist who studied the circulation of the sap through
the cells and through the whole plant, or who discerned the same typical structure in all the
natural families of plants") — they certainly, when looking at the heavens above their heads
or at the green and blooming cover of the earth at their feet, will feel an admiration grander
and more sublime than those whose sense for nature has not yet been sharpened by the insight
into the connection of the natural appearances. Is it not a sublime instance of that intimate
connection between all the natural events, that the rays of the sun cause the currents of the
air and of the sea which make the vapors of water rise from the tropical seas and pass over
mountains and lands to flow back again at last to the ocean in the shape of springs and rivers;
that those solar rays give plants the faculty of decomposing carbonic acid and water so as to
prepare combustible substances which serve as nutriment to animals? Is it not wonderful and
highly poetical to think that all the ends of an acacia or a mimosa or of any other plant, that
all the thousands of leaves and leaflets, of roots and rootlets, are continually describing curves
which are not at all of a microscopic minuteness?”)
Certainly, Science does not oppress imagination, it opens new fields for it; for what is
order but the presence of thought, the ground of all beauty? Every new discovery, every new
truth of matural science may therefore be taken possession of by poetry as soon as it has become
familiar to the mind of the poet, and in some measure to that of his audience.
5
Indeed, it would not be an ungrateful task to follow up, in the history of poetic lite-
rature, this tendency of familiarizing men's thoughts with the new regions which science has won.
Let me only mention a few examples. In Chaucer's The Squyeres Tale the properties of the
magic mirror are explained by composiciouns Of angels and of heigh reflewiouns.”) John Lydgate
mentions that the moon keeps her light from the sun: In Feverier, when that the frostie Mome
Was hornid, full of Phoebus fiery light.*) In Spenser's fragment of Mutability Nature passes the
sentence: that though all things are varied and shift their forms, they do not perish, but return to
their first beings.") Thomson, in his Seasons, ventures a theory upon the composition of the air:
and thro’ the blue Serene,
For sight too fine, th’etherial nitre flies;
Killing infectious damps, and the spent air
Storing afresh with elemental life.")
Byron says in one of his poems that the light of the stars penetrates by means of the dew into
the interior of the plants, by which it is then reflected in their various hues:
for the starlight dews
All silently their tears of love instil,
Weeping themselves away till they infuse
Deep into Nature's breast the spirit of her hues.")
Tennyson, in some of his poems of In memoriam, has finely inwrought new truths of Science
into the texture of yearning affection and spiritual meditation, as, for instance, the modern view
of the successive formation of the earth's crust and of man:
They say
The solid earth whereon we tread
In tracts of fluent heat began,
And grew to seeming-random forms,
The seeming prey of cyclic storms,
Till at the last arose the man;
Move upward, working out the beast,
And let the ape and tiger die.”)
In fact, there may be danger lest this tendency in poetry go too far. A most curious Darwin's Love:
poem in this respect is Dr. Darwin's The Botanic Garden in 2 parts, containing the Economy of
Vegetation and the Loves of the Plants. The sexual system of Linneus has given the basis to the
latter poem. Ovidius, whom Darwin justly calls the great necromancer at the famous court of
Augustus, had transmuted men into trees and flowers; the English poet transmutes, on the con-
trary, plants into men. According to the ancients the soul of Daphne slept, so to say, in a laurel
tree, that of Clytie in a sunflower, that of Thisbe in a mulberry-tree; Darwin has undertaken
to restore them to their original animality, after having remained prisoners so long in their respective
vegetable mansions. He does not only give sentiments to the plants, he gives them also a face
and human forms; he imputes to them all the passions and all the customs of civilized people;
he attributes to the flowers all the caprices and ridiculousnesses of our belles. The following
examples, are some of his metamorphoses: *
of the Plants.
6
With languid step fair Dipsaca retreats,
Seeks the low dell, and in the sultry shade
Invokes in vain the Naiads to her aid.
Four Sylvan youths in crystal goblets bear
The untasted treasure to the grateful fair;
Pleased from their hands with modest grace she sips,
And the cool wave reflects her coral lips.”)
What is the meaning of all these fine words? Who is that fair lady Dipsaca? Who are the
four youths ready to serve her? You learn by the notes (for without them there is no under-
standing the sense of Darwin's poems), that the common teasel is meant, which has four stamens
or males and that there is a cup around every joint of the stem of this plant, which contains
from a spoonful to half a pint of water serving for the nutriment of the plant in dry seasons.
With fierce distracted eye Impatiens stands,
Swells her pale cheeks, and brandishes her hands,
With rage and hate the astonish’d groves alarms,
And hurls her infants from her frantic arms.”)
Who can this vegetable monster be? It is the Touch me not. The seed vessel of this plant
consists of one cell with five divisions; each of these, when the seed is ripe, on being touched,
suddenly folds itself into a spiral form, leaps from the stalk, and disperses the seeds to a great
distance by its elasticity.
Sopha'd on silk, amid her charm-built towers,
Her meads of asphodel, and amaranth bowers,
|Where Sleep and Silence guard the soft abodes,
In Sullen apathy Papaver nods.
Faint o'er her couch in scintillating streams
Pass the thin forms of Fancy and of Dreams;
Froze by inchantment on the velvet ground,
IFair youths and beauteous ladies glitter round;
On crystal pedestals they seem to sigh,
Bend the meek knee, &nd lift the imploring eye dºc.”)
Who is that sorceress or fairy of the vegetable kingdom, surrounded by young gentlemen and
beautiful ladies? It is the poppy, with many males or stamens and many females or pistils,
producing the opium, which, when taken in large quantities, is succeeded by intoxication and sleep.
Metaphors and Some of these metamorphoses are, no doubt, very beautiful and highly poetical. There
“is however an essential difference between the metaphor as we find it in the modern poets and
the unconscious metaphor of the ancients: what poetical fiction to us is, was reality to them.
It has already been said that, in the prehistoric ages, mythology, as being the creation of the
human imagination in its attempt to explain the appearance of visible Nature, was the common
source of philosophy and poetry. The stars, the clouds and the winds, the hills and the valleys,
the trees and the rivers, in short, all the different natural objects had their spirits that ruled
the Universe by their personal power and their own will. This religious system was embellished
by poetry and gave, by and by, rise to physical science. It must be borne in mind therefore,
that, in ancient times and with uncultivated nations, the natural metaphors and personifications
7
were believed to be truths, whilst, in modern times, they have shrunk into mere poetical ex-
pressions. To the old Scandinavians the description of Hel, the goddess of Death, had much
more meaning and real life than to us. Grim, inexorable and pale she sat in her high, firmly
bolted mansion, confinig the souls of the deceased in her nine worlds. Hunger is her dish, want
her knife, sorrow her bed and misery her curtain. Such ancient material descriptions transferred
to modern times lose their intuitive evidence. Poetry however has kept the old animistic theory
so far alive as to cause us little effort to represent to ourselves the water-spout as an enormous
giant or sea-monster or the howling of the storm as the voices of some aerial beings. But
when Shelley speaks of the moon as
That orbed maiden with white fire laden,
Whom mortals call the Moon,”)
there is not the least danger that any one of us should confound the moon with a maiden; or
when he personifies winter by the following lines:
Winter came; the wind was his whip
One choppy finger was on his lip :
Fle had torn the cataracts from the hills,
And they clanked at his girdle like manacles;
His breath was a chain that without a sound
The earth, and the air, and the water bound;
He came, fiercely driven in his chariot-throme
By ten-fold blasts of the arctic zone,”)
this powerful and vivid personification does not pass into mythology on account of the reflective
age in which it was created.
The fanciful tradition of the Red Swan shows the peculiar way with which the North
American Indians looked at the sunset. The hunter Odjibwa had killed a bear and commenced
skinning him, when suddenly something red tinged all the air around him. Hearing a strange
noise at a distance, he followed it and reaching the shores of a lake soon saw that it came from a
most beautiful red swan, whose plumage glittered in the sun. He shot at it, but his arrows
took no effect and the swan remained moving round and round. At last he remembered the three
magic arrows of his deceased father. He ran home to fetch them. The first arrow came very
near to it; the second came still closer and the third passed through the neck of the swan a
little above the breast. Then the bird flapped its wings, rose gradually into the air, and flew
off towards the sinking sun. Longfellow, inspired by the poetic charm of this myth, has adopted
it in one of his Indian poems for picturing a sunset:
Can it be the sun descending
O'er the level plain of water?
Or the Red Swan floating, flying,
Wounded by the magic arrow,
Staining all the waves with crimson,
|With the crimson of its life-blood,
Filling all the air with splendour,
With the splendour of its plumage?”)
The tradition of the four winds has scarcely anywhere been developed more beautifully and more
powerfully than in the mythological narrations of the North American Indians. Shawondasee,
8
the careless south-wind that sends the wood-birds, the melons, the tobacco and the grapes in
purple-clusters, had one sorrow in his heart: he sighed for a tall and slender maiden all alone
upon a prairie. He longed for her, till her yellow tresses were changed and covered over with
whiteness; breathing then his sorrow into the air, it filled with white flakes and the maid va-
nished from his sight for ever:
Poor deluded Shawondasee /
'T' was no woman that you gazed at ,
'T' was no maiden that you Sighed for,
'T' was the prairie dandelion
That through all the dreamy Summer
You had gazed at with Such longing,
You had sighed for with Such passion,
And had puffed away for ever,
Blown into the air with sighing.
Ah! deluded Shawondasee!”)
Endless are the metaphors and personifications of natural objects in modern poetry. But to us
they are mere decorations, poetical paraphrases, which have no reality; we use them with perfect
consciousness that they are metaphors and personifications. In spring, May has vanquished Surly
Winter that passes off far to the north and calls his ruffian blasts; the north-east is shut up within
his iron cave (Thomson, The Seasons). — Autumn is a maid with straw-wove west and russet
cincture, lose pale-tinged, melancholy voice, languid air (Brydges, To Autumn, near her departure).
— The Queen of Night pursues her way among scattered clouds, shrouding her head (Words-
worth, Miscellaneous Poems). — The Ocean is the glorious mirror, where the Almighty's form
glasses itself in tempests (Byron, Apostrophe to the Ocean). — The opening eye-lids of the morn;
the valley with quaint enamell'd eyes; the still morn went out with. Sandals grey (Milton, Lycidas).
— Child of the clouds / Thy hand maid Frost with Spangled tissue quaint Thy cradle decks; — to
chant thy birth, thou hast No meaner Poet than the whistling Blast, And Desolation is thy Patron-
saint (Wordsworth, The River Duddon II). — Night’s candles are burnt out — and jocund Day
Stands tiptoe on the misty mountains' tops! (Shakespeare).
The English language is especially adapted for personifying inanimate objects, because
it has the great advantage over the other European languages of being able to assign either
gender, masculine or feminine, to neuter nouns. This faculty makes it much more effective in
poetry or in prose-personifications than the other languages, because inanimate objects have
a reality given to them by this means which they cannot have in languages that always speak
of them by masculine or feminine names. It is a natural principle of personification, that the
masculine gender should be assigned to things remarkable for strength, courage, majesty, as
winter, north-wind, death, the bigger animals; and the feminine gender to things remarkable for
gentleness, fruitfulness and beauty, as spring, earth, flowers, the smaller animals &c. The English
poets differ sometimes in this respect; even the Sun, commonly of masculine gender, has been
made feminine by Shakespeare, speaking of this celestial body as a fair wench in flame-colored taffeta.
In spite of this great facility of coining poetical expressions ad libitum, the English
poets employ in too profuse a manner expressions taken from ancient mythology and have
thus created an authorized poetical jargon that reminds one too much of scholastic learning to
be able to please and often disgusts on account of its triteness. One gets tired of hearing 'con-
&
9
tinually such expressions as ruddy Phoebus and his chair, fair Phoebe, fiery Titan, dame Flora,
Aurora with her rosy hair, Tithon's bed, Memnon's mother &c. &c. Such expressions have received
currency in the English poetical language more than anywhere else; they are not restricted to
any period or any school of English literature, but extend to the old and the new times, to po-
pular songs as well as to the poetry of the learned.
The three ways of regarding Nature spoken of have different forms of poetic interpretation. . . Poetic.
The first form may be called the physical interpretation, expressing the unreflected, child-like interpretation.
delight in Nature. This form has especially found expression in the early poets, before all in
Chaucer. The second method is that of using Nature as a background to human action or feeling
and may be called the objective or epic interpretation. To it may be reckoned the historic
coloring of Nature and the similes taken from the aspects of the exterior world. Walter Scott
is a chief representative of this form. The third mode is the subjective or lyric interpretation,
by which we may understand the subjective coloring of Nature under the impression of some
sentiment. This form occurs chiefly in lyric poetry, but it may be found as well in epic and
dramatic pieces. The works of Coleridge, Shelley, Wordsworth, Shakespeare are full of passages
relative to it. The fourth way of poetically treating Nature is the purely descriptive inter- . .
pretation. This is a modern form, although it may seem to be one of the simplest: early poets
almost constantly interweave natural description with human action and emotion. Thomson,
Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Tennyson and also Gawin Douglas of the beginning of the 16* cen-
tury, are examples. The fifth form is the naturalistic or magic interpretation, which, by a
happy and surprising expression of the physiognomy and movement of the exterior world, gives
a magic insight into the secret and mysterious life of nature. In this faculty the two great
magicians Keats and Wordsworth excel. The latter, for instance, has very characteristically de-
scribed the stern feeling of loneliness about some crag-engirdled tarn in the Highlands by these
two strokes:
There sometimes doth a leaping fish
Send through the tarn a lonely cheer;
The crags repeat the raven's croak
In Symphony austere.”)
The sixth form is the scientific interpretation, of which enough has already been said. The seventh
is the religious interpretation, which acts upon the religious imagination of the human soul
and administers to it symbols of a better life and a brighter world to come.
The classification I have just given of the different ways in which Nature lends itself
to the poet's service, is as follows:
1. The physical interpretation. 5. The naturalistic or magic interpretation.
2. The objective or epic interpretation. 6. The scientific interpretation.
3. The subjective or lyric interpretation. 7. The religious interpretation.
4. The purely descriptive interpretation.
\,
The love of Nature as a distinct element in English poetry can be traced to the earliest Love of Nature
§ * tº * @ during the
times. There is a deep relation to be observed between man and the visible landscape aroundai tºa,
him even during the Saxon period and after the Conquest. Chaucer gave it ample expression in .
his poetical works and set an example to his followers. During the Elizabethan era, the delight
e - a "a • * * *
* s
º : v e < e ... •
* Q *e * e tº •
10
Beowulf and
the love of
savage Nature.
in natural scenery was nourished by the wonders told by the sailors and captains who explored
and fought from the North Pole to the Southern Seas. Before and after the civil war the Puritans,
because they hated the politics of the Stuarts and the corruption of the court, set up a poetry
of nature against a poetry of man: the best natural descriptions we have from that time are
those of two Puritans, Marvel and Milton. During the reigns of Queen Anne and the first Georges,
Nature and Imagination decay in poetry then under the influence of the French literature: Pope's
descriptions of Nature are rather unnatural. But while Pope was still living, Thomson's Seasons
appeared, a work which gave a new impulse to the poetry of natural description and led to a new
world of nature in poetry, which has moved and enchanted us in the works of Wordsworth, Shelley
Keats and Tennyson. Wordsworth's view of Nature was entirely different from that which up
to his time the English poets had held; it had something of the old mythological character.
To him Nature was alive, she had a soul, an active principle entering into all things and giving
to each of them a distinct life and a thinking spirit of their own; to him she was a person,
whom he loved with a personal love. Hence arose his minute and loving observation of her and
his passionate description of all her forms.”) The contemporaneous English poetry continues to
be inspired by the love of Nature and to spread it all over the country.
The earliest monument of ancient English poetry is the Anglo-Saxon epic poem of Beo-
wulf. The descriptions of wild nature in this work and the way in which the Nature-worship
of the people is shown in it, make it in some measure the one end of the long line of natural
poetry of which Wordsworth and the moderms are the other. On both sides Nature is considered
to be alive. Wordsworth peoples the world with thinking spirits; in Beowulf the dreadful and
savage places are dwelt in by monstrous beings. The heathen poem was written under the in-
fluence of mythology, the old natural religion which gave each distinct thing a spirit of its own
and represented the world as governed by a plurality of deities; to the christian poet the life
which varies itself in each thing is at the same time One Life, to which he gives personality
and which in his view is the one living Spirit of God. The love of Nature as it shows itself in
Beowulf is like the love of war: the wild spirits of Nature were hostile to man, who had to
fight against them. The love of wild nature in the modern poets is a result of their better know-
ledge of the laws of Nature, of the turn of imagination that links their thoughts to her and
of the personal security and comfort with which they can now travel through the wild regions,
where roads have been cut out of the rocks, bridges have been flung over the torrents and inns
have succeeded to the dens of robbers. Formerly man looked up to mountain scenery with shud-
dering horror rather than with sympathy; the power of hills had not yet burst on his soul;
his eyes liked to rest on tame and lovely landscapes; the mountain rapture was reserved for this
century only.*) It is matural, that the sublime and terrible aspects of Nature, occasional pheno-
mena such as earthquakes, tempests, as well as permanent ones such as mountains, cataracts,
should excite in man a painful feeling, as he gets conscious of his own insignificance in contrast
with the force and majesty of Nature. On the other hand, where the external world is weak
and tame, he regains confidence and is more able to rely on his own power. Chaucer is so far
from appreciating mountain scenery as to call it devilish: But, lord, this grisely fendely rockes
blake, That Semen rather a foul confusioun Of werke, than any faire creacioun Of Suche a parfit wise
God and stable, Why han ye wrouht this werk unresonable?”. Other passages in the early English
poets make it evident, that the taste of the time was in favour of plain landscapes, abhorring
mountains and rocks. The ideal landscape described by Kynewulf in the 8th century has delight-
© 2
a
2 * : •; ; e°s s Q
• * * * • - e s
ſº
• * ~ * * *
..
11
ful fields with the sweetest odors of the world, green and extensive woods, verdant plains; neither
rain, nor snow, nor hail, nor hoar-frost, nor intense heat, nor hard winter with cold icicles; no
storms that lash the rain in the air. Pretty flowers are blooming every where; the trees are
continually green, hung with blossoms and delicious fruit in winter and in summer. Cool, clear
brooks and fountains of water spring in the midst of the woods and their billows lick the ground '
in their course. No mountains or steep hills are standing there, nor rocky cliffs rising as here with
ws; no dens, no dales, no ravines, nor mounds, nor elevations; nothing that is rough or uneven is
sloping there.") In the romance of Sir Orfeo about the end of the 13% or the beginning of the
14th century it is said: He com into a fair cuntray As brygt So Sonne on Sommers day, Smobe and
plain and al grene, Hille no 'dale was per non ysene.*) In Shakespeare we find many notices of
the fields, the forest and the sea, and of the way they affect human imaginations, but there is
no allusion to the effect of mountain scenery. In Cymbeline the two noble youths are brought
up in caves among the mountains, but from this their characters receive no touch of freedom
or grandeur. Yet Goldsmith in his poem The Traveller, published in 1765, looks up to the Alps
with horror; the one thought that strikes him is the hard lot of the mountaineers.
Here is, as a specimen, the description of the dwelling-place of the Grendel, a man-fiend
that devoured men, and whom Beowulf overcomes in battle:*)
A lonely land Than a mile's space
Won they in ; wolf-caverns, Is the place of the mere;
Wind-traversed messes, Over which frown
Perilous fen-paths, And rustle the forests.
Where the mountain flood, Fast- rooted the wood
Under the mists of the mess, The water that shadows;
Downwards is moved; . There deadly the wonder
I'lood under feld. One may watch every night,
Not further from hence Fire in the flood.
The Anglo-Saxon poetry is full of the sea: no nation has ever written so much sea- Anglo-Saxon
* poetry as the English. But it is also full of the dearness of home and the ties of kinsfolk. In sea - poetry.
the Navigator the pains and terrors of a lonely sea-voyage are contrasted with the longing for
the sea, when spring approaches.
ſy
That is wºnknown to the man
who always lives in joy on earth,
how, miserable and sorrowful, on the frosty Sea
I fared in easile, during winter,
deprived of pleasure, far from kinsfolk,
hung with icicles: hail flew in showers.
There I heard nothing but the roaring Sea,
the icy cold flood, sometimes the song of the Swan:
I took delight in the voice of the water-hen
and the cry of the whelp (sea-dog) instead of the jocund laughter of men,
in the Singing sea-mew instead of mead-drinking.
The storms beat against rocky cliffs, where the term answered them
icy-feathered: full often the eagle Sang that with bedeved plumage.”)
2%
12
Anglo-Saxon
war-poetry.
Metrical
r0m3. IlC68.
King Horn.
Other passages referring to the sea are numerous, for instance:
The hornfish played
gliding through the ocean and the gray gull
turned greedy of flesh, the weather-candle darkened,
winds increased, waves ground,
Storms stirred, ropes Screaked,
surges heaved, waters were in uproar.”)
Or in the Traveller: He sees before him the fallow waves, the birds of the surf bathing and spreading
their feathers, snow and rime falling, mia!ed with hail.”)
In epic poems, natural scenery is generally used as a background to the picture of human
life. Frequently the poet mentions appearances of secondary importance, but of such exquisite
expressiveness, that he produces great effect and often fills the heart of the reader with awe and
expectation. Thus in the Song of Brunanburh, which describes the fight of King Athelstan
with Anlaf the Dane. From morn till night they fought till they were weary of red battle and
the Northmen fled, and only the war screamers were left behind, the black raven with horned nib
and the ash-colored eagle, to feast on the white flesh, and the greedy battle-hawk, and the grey beast
the wolf in the wood.”) Or in Kynewulf’s Elene: The wolf in the wood sang the war-song, unhiding
the battle-field; the eagle with bedeved plumage raised his cry behind the enemy"), The dark raven
croaked aloft, greedy of flesh”).
Some of the metrical romances of he 13th and 14th centuries contain detailed descriptions
of natural landscape and almost all of them work on Man's imagination in this respect, calling
forth his interest in the various aspects of Nature by the narration of the travels and battles of
chivalry in foreign countries and of the naval expeditions of the Danes. In the Geste of Kyng
Horn it is again the sea and the sea-voyage which are described. Horn had been compelled by
the heathen pirates to put to sea in a small boat, with several companions:
Be se bigan to flowe, Bi be se side
And Horn child to rowe, Hi leten bat Schup ride.
Be se bat Schup so faste drof, Banne Spak him child Horn,
pe children dradde berof. In Suddene he was born:
Hö wenden to wisse , Schup, bi be se flode
Of here lif to misse, Daies have bu gode;
Al be day and al be nigt, Bi be se brinke
Til hit sprang day ligt, No water be madrinke.
Til Horn Sagh on be stronde Zef bu cume to Suddene,
Men gon in be londe. Gret bu wel my moder,
, Feren”, quab he, , gonge, Godhild quen be gode;
Ihe telle gow tibinge, And Seie be paene kyng,
Ihc here fogheles singe, Jesu Cristes wipering,
And Se bat gras him Springe. Bat ihc am hol and fer,
Blipe beo we on lyue, On this lond arived her;
Ure Schup is on ryue.“ And Seie bat hei Schal fonde
Of Schup hi gunne funde, pe dent of myne honde.“*)
And setten fot to grunde,
13
These few lines direct the reader's imagination more than a long poem could do towards the
wild sea and far-off countries.
In Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight”), an alliterative romance of the 14* century, there
is much landscape-scenery interwoven. The unknown author of this poem feels himself very
much attracted to Nature and likes to observe her different appearances during the seasons of
the year. After Christmas the weather struggles with winter: the cold sinks and the clouds rise. Spring
sets in and warm showers descend on the fair plain from which flowers Spring forth The meadows
and the groves are clothed with verdure, the birds build their nests and sing merrily, for joy of the
summer that follows. Proud and beautiful blossoms begin to bloom and noble notes are heard in the
woods. Then the soft winds of summer blow over the seed and the herbs, joyously growing when the
wet dew drops from the leaves, waiting for the blissful rays of the bright Sun. But harvest approaches
soon. He drives the dry dust about that rises to the sky before the flock of sheep; boisterous winds
wrestle with the sun; the leaves drop off the linden-trees, the grass becomes gray and all ripens and
rots. Thus the year passes full quickly and never returns. (vv. 502–532)
To meet the Green Knight, Gawayn rides through the realms of England, through woods
(frythes) and over downs, with no companion but his horse, and no one to hold converse with 4-
save God alone. From Camelot, in Somersetshire, he proceeds through Gloucestershire and the
adjoining counties into Montgomeryshire, and thence through North Wales to Holyhead, adjoining
the Jsle of Anglesea, from which he passes into the very narrow peninsula of Wirral in Cheshire,
wonde her lyte bat auber god ober gome wyth goud hert louied. The knight thence pursues his journey
by strange paths; he climbs over many a cliff and crosses many a ford and stream, encountering
on his way not only serpents, wolves, bulls, bears and boars, but also wood satyrs and giants.
But worse than all these, however, was the sharp winter, when the cold clear water shed from the
clouds, and froze ere it might fall to the fallow earth. Nearly slain with the sleet he slept in his
armour, more nights than enough, in naked rocks, from the top of which the cold water dropped bub-
bling down and hung high over his head in hard icicles. Thus in peril and plight the knight travels
on until Christmas-eve. On the morn he arrives at an immense forest, wondrously wild, sur-
rounded by high hills on every side, where he found hoary oaks full huge, a hundred together.
The hazel and the hawthorn intermingled were all overgrown with shaggy moss, and upon their
bare twigs sat many sad birds that piteously piped for pain of the cold. Through many a mire
he proceeds and beseeches the Virgin Mary to guide him to some lodging where he may hear
mass. Scarcely had he crossed himself thrice, when he perceived a dwelling in the wood set
upon a hill. It was the comeliest castle he had ever beheld, pitched on a prairie, with a park
all about it, enclosing many a tree for more than two miles. It shone as the sun through the
bright oaks. (vv. 695–772.) In the third canto the poet describes elaborately and with obvious
pleasure the hunting and breaking the deer, the hunting and unlacing the wild boar, and a fox
hunt. In the fourth canto Gawayne takes his departure from the castle that he may meet the
Green Knight by the appointed time. It is New Year's Day. The weather is cold and stormy:
clowdes kesten kenly be colde to be erbe, the snow sharply nipped the beasts of the chace (he wylde),
the whirlwind (pe werbelande wynde) blew from the heights and tilled every dale with snow drifts.
He and his guide climb over cliffs, where each hill had a hat and a mist-cloak and where boiling
brooks fell dashing down, until the next morn, when they find themselves on a high hill covered
with Snow. There the servant shows Gawayne the way and leaves him. Then the knight pursues
his journey alone, rides through the dale and looks about; but he sees only high, steep and craggy
Sir Gawayne
and the
Green Knight.
14
rocks, and the very shadows of the high woods seem wild and distorted. After a while he sees
a round hill by the side of a stream; thither he goes, alights and fastens his horse to the branch
of a tree. Soon there comes out of a hole in the cray — Be gome in be grene gered as fyrst.
The natural description of this poem is quite extraordinary and uncommon for those
times. It is especially the picture of wild nature which must attract our attention, for nothing
of the sort is to be found in other contemporary English poems. The author paints the true Welsh
landscape, totally different from English scenery: the steep rocks, the noisy waterfalls, the boiling
brooks, the miry tracts, the high hills almost always enveloped in clouds and, above all, the
bitter cold of winter, unknown to the milder English counties. If therefore not an inhabitant
of Wales himself, the poet had doubtless travelled there and knew the country well. His de-
scription of the landscape can only be compared to Scottish work of this kind; indeed: steep
cliffs, narrow vales with drifts of snow, mossy trees, roaring cataracts, inundated rivulets, clouds
of mist, bemired fields, frost, sleet and icicles, violent winds, piteously piping birds—all may exactly
be found again in Gawain Douglas's picture of winter. {
‘....'. A most curious feature of many of these romances is the descriptive passages which
the romance, introduce the divisions of the story. These have in general no connection with the narrative
and nearly all refer to a time or season of the day or year. They or at least most of them,
have probably not been written expressly for introductions to such romances, they have either
been composed as poetical embellishments of calendars or have been taken from popular lyric
songs that circulated in many variations over the whole land among the people. We shall soon
see that the same expressions, the same images, the very same verses are to be met with among
the lyrical songs of the 13* and 14* centuries. These passages were as old acquaintances placed
at the head of the chapters of the romance, merely to excite the interest of the reader, which
clearly shows the great sympathy of the Englisch people with the life of Nature. Sometimes
they were followed by moral reflections.”) *
Thus in the Romance of Alexander, part I, chap. 2:
Averil is meory, and longith the day;
Ladies loven Solas, and play;
Swaynes, justes; knyghtis, turnay;
Syngith the nyghtyngale, gradeth theo jay;
The hote summe clingeth the clay,
As ye well y-seen may.
Or with a moral reflection, chap. 4:
When corn ripeth in every steode,
Mury hit is in feld and hyde;
Synne hit is and Shame to chide;
Jónyghtis wollith on hwntyng ride;
The deor galopith by wodis side.
He that can his time abyde,
Al his wille him Schal bytyde.”)
In the Romance of Merlin, canto II:
Mirie it is in time of June,
|When ſenil hangeth abroad in town;
15
Violet and rose flower
|Woneth then in maiden's bower.
The Sonne is hot, the day is long,
Foulis maketh miri song.
Or in canto III:
In time of winter alange (tedious) it is!
The fowles lesen her bliss;
The leves fallen off the tree;
Rain alangeth the cumtree:
Maidens leseth her hewe;
Ac ever hi lemeth (they shine) that be trewe”)
The Romance of Sir Orfeo also begins with the usual description of Spring:
Mery tyme is in Aperelle
Bat mekyll schewys of manys wylle.
In feldys and nedetwys flowrys Spryng,
In growys and wodys foules Syng,
Ban wea gong men jolyffe &c.”)
Thomas of Erceldoune begins:
g Als i me wente bis endres daye
Faste in mynd makand my mone
In a mery mornynge of maye
By Huntlebankkes my Selfe allone,
I herde be jaye and be prostell,
The mawys menyde of hir songe,
be wodewale beryde als a belle,
That alle be wode aboute me ronge.”)
The Siege of Calais, a poetical relation of the year 1400, is introduced by the following lines:
In Juyl whan the Some Schon,
Tres, levys, and herbis grene,
Wyth many sonder colowris;
And fresch flowris that April mad,
Game for to feynt and to fad,
Of lusty colowris,
And of Swete odowris.
And fruyte on tre both gret and Smale,
Gan for to rip and wea: fulle pale,
Than comyth time off labowr.”)
Such passages also occur in the midst of the romance, not only at the beginning; they are then
put more or less in some connection with the story, forming the transition to such short natural
descriptions as are frequently found in story-telling poetry, e.g. in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
In the Romance of Richard Coeur de Lion, the author, after having related the execution
of sixty thousand unbelievers, expressly enjoined by angels, could not forbear giving great pleasure
to the reader and introduced the following episodical description of Spring:
16
Merry is in time of May
When fowlis sing in her lay.
Flowers on apple-trees and perry;
Small fowlis sing merry.
Ladies strew her bowers
With red roses and lilly flowers.
Great joy is in frith and lake;
Beast and bird plays with his make;
The damisels lead dance;
Knights play with shield and lance; dºc.”)
In Sir Frumbras a chase is introduced in a similar manner:
In Sir Orfeo:
It befell between March and May .
When kind corage beginneth to prick,
When frith and fielde waven gay,
And every wight desireth her like:
"When lovers slepen with open eye,
As nightingales on green tree,
And Sore desire that they could fly,
That they mighten with their love be;
This worthy Sowdan, in this season,
Shope him to greene wood to goon,
To chace the boar, or the venison,
The wolf or the bear, or the bawson (bison).
He rode tho wbon a forest stronde,
|With great rout and royalté,
The fairest that was in all that londe,
With alaunts (mastiffs?), lymeries (fr. limiers)
and rachees (common hounds) free.**)
Bifel So in be comessing of May
When miri and hot is be day
(When foules Syng on every sprey)
Oway beb winterSchours,
And everi feld is ful of flowrs,
And blosme breme on everi boug
Overal wealeb miri anoug
Pis ich quen dame Heurodis
Tok to maidens of priis
And went in an undrentide
To play bi an orchardside,
To se be floures sprede and spring
And to here be foules sing.
Pai sett hem down al bre
Under a fair ympetre &c.”)
17
In Torrent of Portugal I found three times the following stereotypic lines: Tylle the day began to
spryng, Fowllys gan myrré to syng, Bothe in frethe and in feld p. 25; Tho the day began to spryng,
Ffoulles arose and mery gan syng, Delicious notys on hight p. 78: Anon the day began to sprymg,
And the foules gan to syng, With bliss on every bowge p. 85.”)
In the same unreflected, child-like manner the delight in Nature shows itself in the old Love of Nature
ballads. One of the Robin Hood ballads begins: *.
|Whan shaws beene shune, and shrobbes full fayre,
And leaves both large and longe,
Itt's merrye walkyng in the fayre forrést
To hear the small birdes songe.
The woodweele Sang, and wold not cease,
Sitting upon the spraye,
Soe lowde, he wakened Robin Hood,
In the greenwood where he lay.")
Another one begins nearly in the same terms and confirms what we have been saying about the .
stereotypic introductions of many songs:
In somer when the shawes be sheyne, And shadow hem in the leves grene
And leves be large and longe, Vndur the grene wode tre.
Hit is fulle mery in feyre foreste Hit befel on whitsontide
To here the fowlys songe. tº
Erly in a may mornyng,
To se the dere draw to the dale The son vp fayre can Shyme
And leve the hilles hee, And the briddis mery can syng déc.”)
It is the general way of the ballads to paraphrase the date of the action by mentioning an oc-
currence which takes place in nature at that time: yt felle abought the Lamasse tyde, When husbonds
wynn ther haye (The Battle of Otterbourne); In summer time, when leaves grow greene, And blossoms
bedecke the tree (The Tanner of Tamworth); All in the merrye month of May, When greene buds they
were swellin (Barbara Allen's cruelty); It was in and about the Martinmas time, When the greene
leaves were a fallan (Sir John Grehme and Barbara Allan) &c. Although the ballads treat mainly
human actions or sufferings, yet there are many side-glances at Nature interwoven in them, which
are very affecting. Douglas, being severely wounded in the battle of Otterbourne, says to his
nephew: And hide me by the braken-bush That grows on yonder lilye lee. O bury me by the braken-
bush, Beneath the bluming brier; Let never living mortal ken That a kindly Scot lies here.”) Or that
gentle touch in the ballad of Chevy-Chase, when the dead are removed: So on the morrowe the
mayde them byears Off' byrch, and hasell so gray.”) Sometimes a few lines sketch admirably the
scene of action. The beginning of the following English border song paints very well a Scotch
encampment on a summer morning: The sun was glinting thro' the shaws And flowered the elder
tree, When Malcolme, king o' braid Scotland, Rose up from the dew wet lea.") Or the vivid de-
scription of a storm at sea in Sir Patrick Spens: When the lift grew dark, and the wind blew loud,
And gurly grew the sea. The anchors brak, and the top-masts lap, It was sic a deidly storm; And
the waves cam ower the staggering ship, Till a’ her sides were torn.”)
As to the English legends and the religious epic poems in the middle-ages, there are Legends and
only slight touches of love of nature to be found in them. The legend of St. Brandan opens a ""
3
18
Lyric Poetry
world of maritime wonders and points at unknown parts of the world;") the Stasyons of Jeru-
salem describe a pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulchre;*) the legend of St. Eustas has some de-
scriptive passages, relating a voyage to Egypt.”) The pretty poem Why I can't be a nun relates
the vision a young lady had one morning in May, as she walked in her garden to see the swete
effecte of Aprelle flowres, the fair herbs and birds with federys Scheme sitting on the green boughs
and singing full merrily.") But as a characteristic trait must be considered the geographical,
astronomical and cosmological knowledge taught in some of them, for instance in the legend of
the archangel Michael or in the legend of St. Kenelm. Robert of Gloucester's Chronicle of Eng-
land and Lives of the Saints, written about the year 1300, have been of the greatest influence
in this respect. Of course, scientific accuracy is not to be looked for in a work of that period,
but its views of the laws of nature and of great cosmical facts, such as the relative magnitudes
and distances of the sun and moon, the phases of the latter, the moon's influence on the tides
&c. are not at all absurd.") \
In the Vision of Piers the Plowman, probably written in 1362 by William Langland, the
dreamer, weary, forwandered, falls asleep on a May morwenynge on Malverne hilles, under a brood
bank by a burn's side, the poet thus happily suggesting, at the commencement of the poem, the
cheerful images belonging to the return of spring and the beautiful scenery for which that locality
is still famous. The poem shows much sympathy with nature.
The lyric poems of the 13% and 14* centuries sing of springtime with its blossoms, of
the woods ringing with the song of the thrush and nightingale, of the flowers and of the seemly
sun, but also of winter with its silent woods and falling leaves. They are tinged with the
color of French romance, but the natural feelings expressed in them, the pictures of landscapes
serving as a background to the human emotions, are thoroughly English. The old English
poetry is characterised by a somewhat elegiac softness and tenderness and widely differs in this
point from the French poetry; the Englishman has a more direct intercourse with nature, than
the Frenchman.”)
About 1280, a beautiful little idyll taking its subject in nature and called the Owl and
the Nightingale, was written in Dorsetshire. It is a dispute, a strif, between an owl and a
mightingale concerning their respective powers of song. The author, Maister Nichole of Gulde-
forde, embraces with a full and warm sympathy the life of man and of nature. The nightingale
sat on a bough in the corner of a beech-grove and sang a beautiful melody; the thick hedges
intermixed with spire and grene Segge were in blossom; the owl sat on an old stock overgrown
with ivy, hit was thare hule earding-stowe (dwelling-place).")
Towards the end of the 13° and the beginning of the 14* century we meet with a few
lyric poems full of charm and natural description. In the following amorous complaint the
poet is so much captivated by his love of natural scenery, that he quite neglects his proper
subject:
Lenten ys come wib lowe to towne, pe prestlecoc him pretep 00;
wib bloSmen ant wip briddes roune, away is huere wynter woo,
Pat al pis blisse bryngeb; when woderowe springep.
dayes eges in bis dales, pis foules singep ferly fele,
notes Suete of myhtegales, ant wiytep on huere wynter wele,
vch foul song singeb. pat al be wode rymgep.
19
Be rose rayleft hire rode, pe mone mandeb hire lyht,
be lewes on be lyhte wode so dob be semly sonne bryht,
waven al wib wille. when briddes singep breme;
Be mone mandeſ hire bleo, deawes donkel be dounes,
be lilie is lossom to Seo, deores wip huere derne rounes,
be fenyl ant be fille; domes forte deme;
wowes bis wilde drakes, wormes wowep under cloude,
miles murgep huere makes, wymmen waaleb wounder proude,
ase strem bat strikeb stille; so wel hit wol hem seme.
mody menep, so dob mo, Zef me shal wonte wille of on
Ichot yeham on of bo, bis wunne wedle y wole forgon,
for lowe bat likes ille. ant wyht in wode be fleme.”)
Spring is come with Love to town, with blossoms and the singing of birds. Daisies grow in
the dales, the woods ring with the sweet tunes of the nightingale and with the songs of the
throstle-cock and all the other birds. Away is their winter woe, when wood-ruff springs. The
rose puts on her red garment, the leaves in the merry wood grow lustily; the lily, the fennel
and the thyme are lovely to see; the wild water-flies and even the worms are wooing, animals
are happy with their mates, women grow wondrous proud as well may become them. The sor-
rowful complain; I know I am one of those who are discontented out of love. If some one won't
love me, I can well do without all that bliss.
Another strif between the Thrush and the Nightingale, written in the reign of Edward I,
almost literally begins as the spring-and love-song above quoted: Somer is comen with love to
toune, With blostme and with brides roune, The note of hasel springeth; The dewes darkneth in the
dale, For longing of the nigtegale, This foueles murie singeth.”)
The lyric songs of that time frequently begin with a short conventional description of
Spring; the love springing up in the heart of the poet is put in connection with the young
season and explained by the love-longing that pervades the whole realm of nature:
Bytuene mersh ant aueril
when spray biginneb to springe
be lutel foul hab hire wyl
on hyre lud to Synge.
Ich libbe in lowe longinge
for semlokest of alle binge dºc.”)
Or
( In may hit murgeb when hit dawes
in downes wib bis dueres plaves
and lef is lyht on lynde,
blosmes bredep on be bowes,
al his wylde wyhtes wowes
so wel yeh vnde fynde dºc.”)
Of .
When Be myhtegale singes, be wodes waacen grene,
Lef d' gras & bloSme springes in aweryl, y wene &c.”)
3%
20
Chaucer.
*** ----------------ºs-ºs-a-sºms
The poet compares his mistress to natural objects, to precious stones, plants and animals, especially
birds. . In a poem Johon") are mentioned in a rather pedantic manner: beryl, saphyr, iaspe,
gernet, onycle, diamaund, coral, emeraude, margarite, charbocle; rose bat red is on rys, lilye
white, primerole, paruenke (fr. pervenche, periwinkle), alisaundre (parsley), ache (smallage), co-
lumbine (coynte ase columbine such hire cunde is), celydoyne, Sauge, solsecle (heliotrope), muge
(lily of the valley, fr. muget), mondrake, licoris, quibibe, comyn, canel, gyngyure, sedewale
(setwall, valerian), gylofre (gilliflower), gromyl (gromwell, gremil; ase gromyl in grene grene is
be grone: as vivifying as verdant gremil is her grudging); papeiai, trewe tortle in a tour, prustle,
laueroc (lark), wolc (?), wodewale (woodpecker), faucon, nyhtegale.
In other poems the religious feeling seeks relation to the life of nature. Winter with
his bare trees reminds us of the vanity of all the joys of this life: Winter wakeneb al my care");
the beautiful flowers fading in autumn foreshadow our own death: Now Skrinkeb rose and lylie
flour"); spring and the green wood make our hearts think of the holy virgin Suetest of alle binge:
Ase y me rod bis ender day.") In some of them the reflexion of the poet is so intimately con-
nected with the aspects of nature, that they are true pictures of the turn and frame of the mind
relative to the outward world, Stimmungsbilder.”)
Till now, the love of Nature has been traced in the epic and lyric poems from the Anglo-
Saxon time to the 14th century. Towards the middle of this century there arose a poet who,
sharing the popular taste, concentrated in himself all that had been felt and sung in the past
relative to Nature and natural objects, and who, by his great talent for observation, by the tender-
ness and cheerfulness of his spirit and by his poetical taste and skill, was able to make the
love of Nature a distinct element in English poetry, and this element is still alive at the present
day. This man is the Morning-Star of English song, the Father of English poetry: Geoffroy
Chaucer. A man of the world and of business, at home at courts and in aristocratic society,
conversant with the ways of men of all ranks, a close student reading morning, noon and night
till his look was dazed, he could turn aside from the many human types and the various mediaeval
manners, costumes, ceremonies and processions that filled his poetical tales, gathered from many
lands, – to dwell tenderly on the sights and sounds of inanimate mature, and to sing of the
springing herbage and the dew drops on the leaf and the rivulets bright beneath the morning
ray and the singing of the little birds, with the rapture and sweetness of a child. Chaucer's
love of Nature is the spontaneous and unreflecting pleasure which all true and sincere beings
feel in free out-of-door life. The scenes he describes are the homely scenes of the South of
England, the green lanes and downs of Surrey and the quiet fields and natural copsewoods of
Kent; his favorite season is the lusty Maytime with showris Sote and floures newe. At three o'
clock in the morning”), long before the bright sun has risen, he will leave his bed to take his
walk to the pleasant grove and hear the song of the nightingale that sings as loud as if her
heart would burst for love. The misty vapours make the sun seem red and broad"), but soon
the morning gets clear and fair, the dew upon the leaves glitters in the sun that dries it up,
the lark rises into the sky warbling her morning-song, the throstle-cock, the goldfinch and all
the other little birds sitting on the broad branches of huge oak-trees begin to sing, the flowers
of the mead display their leaves. Then, near the murmuring brook clear as beryl, he will kneel
down on the young grass, soft as velvet, to greet the daisy when it first opens and to gaze on
her the whole day,”) for she is the empress of all the flowers. Or he will step into a park
enclosed with a wall of green stone;”) there the tender flowers grow in the shade of ashes, firs
21
and oaks, which protect them from the hot rays of the sun; the white blossoms of the fruit
trees and of the haw-thorn exhale their sweet smell; a little well with golden gravel and water
pure as crystal is surrounded by the thick foliage of gigantic trees; the hart, the doe and the
roe are trooping in silent herds across the woodland glades and the squirrels are playing in the
branches. Or he will enter a garden,”) upon a river, shady with blossoming boughs, full of
fragrant flowers white and blue, yellow and red that wold han y-maked any herte light”), with
railed alleys and sandy paths.”) There he will sit down in a green arbor") on a seat of newly
cut turf that looks like green wool, so Small, so thick, so short, so fresh of hue; the sides of the
arbor are of holly and honey suckle or of sycamore and eglantine, clipped and trimmed in the
inside of equal length and plain as a board, thick as a castlewall, roof and sides all like a
pretty parlor. *
This is exactly the Chaucer landscape. The forest trees are described each after its
kind: the bildir Oke, and eke the hardie Ashe, the pillir Elme, the coffir unto caraine, the Boase
pipetre, the Holme to whippis lashe, the sailing Firre, the Cypres deth to plaine, the Olive of pece and
eke the dronkin vine, the victor Palme, the Laurir to divine.*) Even the varieties of color in oak-
leaves in spring he notes, some coming out very rede, some of a glad light grene. The note
of each song-bird he knows and delights in. He mentions the roiall Egle, the Goshauke, the gentle
Faulcon, the hardie Sperhauke, the Quale, the Merlion, the Larke, the Dove with her eyin so meke,
the jelous Swan ayenst his deth that singeth, the Oule that of deth the bode ybringeth, the Crane,
the Geant with his trompis soune, the Chough, the chatiring Pie, the scornyng Jaie, the Heroume, the
false Lapwing, the Starling that the counsaile can bewrie, the tame Ruddocke, the cowarde Kite, the
Cocke that horiloge is of thorpes lite, the Sparow Venus son, the Nightingale that clepith forth the
freshë levis newe, the Swalowe murder of the Beis Smale, the weddid Turtell with his herté true,
the Pecocke with his angell fethirs bright, the Fesaunt scornir of the Cocke by night, the waker Gose,
the Cuckowe er unkinde, the Popingeie full of delicasie, the Drake destroyir of his owné kinde, the
Storke the wreckir of advouterie, the hote Corméraunt full of glotonie, the Ravin wise, the Crowe with
voice of care, the Throstill olde, and frostie Feldéfare.*) The soft and short green grass, still
a characteristic sign of English landscape, he has never done praising. But the greatest ad-
miration, the most tender affection, the highest praise, a sort of veneration indeed he has, of
all natural objects, for the daisy; again and again he turns to this during flower that no wethir
stainid, the Sun's daughter, the very ground of comfort, proving that it was a favorite of the poet
before the time of Burns, Wordsworth and others. In the Prologue to the Legende of Good Women
he tells us, that he has such love for the daisy that
Wham comin is the Maie
Then in my bedde there dawith me no daie
That I n’am up and walking in the mede,
To sene this flowre ayenst the Sunné sprede,
|Whan it uprisith erly softinith all my sorowe;
So glad am I, whan that I have presence
Of it, to doin it all reverence,
As she that is of all flouris the floure.**)
Everywhere Chaucer describes the aspects of nature with the simple and sincere freshness
and gladness which a feeling heart and clear eye always give, contrary to our modern poets who,
in conformity with the taste of the century, embellish their descriptions by some subtle or
22
stimulative remarks. The highest delight he again and again feels in the sweet pleasant air, the
yonge sunshine, the tender crops, the singing birds of springtime. The very commencement of
the Canterbury Tales expresses this feeling:
|Whan that Aprille with his schowres swoote
The drought of Marche hath perced to the roote,
And bathwd every veyne in swich licour,
Of which vertue engendred is the flour; —
Whan Zephirus eek with his Swete breeth
Enspirud hath in every holte and heeth
The tendre croppes, and the yonge Sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours i-ronne,
And smale fowles maken melodie,
That slepen at the might with open yhe,
So priketh hem nature in here corages: —-
Thamme longen folk to gom on pilgrimages.
Such descriptions might be quoted without number. Sometimes they are, as in the romances,
only loosely connected with the tale that is told; generally they introduce happy events. In the
Prologue Spring invites people to go on pilgrimages; in the Knight's Tale Emelye is induced to
take a walk in the garden, where she is espied by Palamon (1040 seq.), Arcite to ride to the
grove to make a garland of woodbine and haw -thorn leaves (1493 seq.), Palamon to go singing
like the lark to the temple of Venus (2211 seq.) and at the feast in Athens every man to joust
and dance (2485 seq.); in the Squire's Tale the Tartar king has his birthday in the beautiful
season of lusty wedir and benigme, of the yonge greene and the singing of the foules (10360 seq.);
in the Franklin's Tale Dorigen was led by her friends to a garden on the state morwe. of May to
play all the day long (11213 seq.); Sir Thopas fell in love-longing whan that he herde the briddes
synge (15171 seq.) &c. It is the same with Chaucer's minor poems. His May-day has become
proverbial. Repeatedly he alludes to the custom of doing honour and observance to May,”) a
custom probably derived from the pagan ages and still practiced in different parts of the country
by going a-maying on the morning of the first day of the month.”) Rarely is Winter mentioned
by Chaucer, as for instance in the Franklin's Tale: The colde frosty Seisown of Decembre. Phebus
waa, old, and hewed lyk latoun; The bitter frostes with the sleet and rayn Destroyed hath the grene in
every yerd. (11556 seq.)
Chaucer also likes to choose his similes from the lovely aspects of nature. Whit was
his berde, as the dayesye (Prologue 334); She was fairer to seene Than is the lilie on hire stalkes
grene, And fresscher than the May with floures newe, For with the rose colour strof hire hew (The
Knight's Tale 1037 – 1040); That fresscher was and jolier of array, than is the moneth of May
(The Franklin's Tale 1240); And ben a festly man, as freisch as May (The Squire's Tale 10595);
And he himself as swete as is the roote Of lokorys, or eny cetevale (The Miller's Tale 3206–3208);
As eny pecock he was prowd and gay (The Reeve's Tale 3924); Gaylard he was, as goldſynch in
the Schawe, Brown as a bery (The Cook's Tale 4365-4366); He was as ful of love and paramour
As is the honycombe of hony swete (ibid. 4370–4371); Though I be hoor, I fare as doth a tree,
That blossemith er that the fruyt i-waze be (The Merchant's Tale 9335–9336); Myn herte and al
my lymes ben as greene As laurer thurgh the yeer is for to seene (ibid. 9339–9340); Wyt was his
23
wº
face as paymdemayn, His lippes reed as rose (Sir Thopas 15136–15137); His heer, his berd, was
like Safrown (ibid. 15141).
A characteristic sign of Chaucer's and indeed of the old English poetry is the frequent
allusions to astrology, especially the computations of time by the figures of the zodiac. Phebus
the sonne was joly and cleer. For he was neigh his ea'altacioum In Martes face, and in his mansiown
In Aries, the colerik, the hote signe (The Squire's Tale 10362 seq.); (Phebus) that in his hoote decli-
nacioun Schon as the burned gold, with stremes bright; But now in Capricorn adoun he light, Wher
as he schoun ful pale (The Franklin's Tale 11556 seq.); Phebus hath left the angel merydyonal And
yit ascendyng was a best roial, The gentil Lyoun, with his Aldryan (The Squire's Tale 10577 seq.);
When that Phebus in the Bole was entrid certainly (the Floure and the Leafe p. 473); He (Phebus)
was that tyme in Gemines, as I gesse, But litel for his declinacioun Oſ Canker, Joves ea'altaciown
(The Merchant's Tale 10096 seq.); For in the Fissch her lady (Venus) sat ful heyghe (The Squire's
Tale 10587); Mercury lovith wisdom and science And Venus loveth ryot and dispense. And for her
divers disposicioun, Ech fallith in otheres eacaltacioum. And thus, God wot, Mercury is desolate In
Pisces, wher Venus is exaltate, And Venus faylith wher Mercury is preised (The Prologue of the
Wyf of Bathe 6281—6287). According to the belief of the middle ages every man stood under
the influence of certain stars that reigned at his birth. In the sterres, clerere then is glas, Is
wryten, God woot, who so cowthe it rede, The deth of every man, withouten drede (The Man of Law's
Tale 4614 seq.). A planet was said to be in its exaltation, when it was in that sign of the
zodiac in which it was supposed to exert its strongest influence; the opposite sign was called
its dejection, as in that it was supposed to be weakest.
Chaucer has apparently much occupied himself with the solution of many a physical
problem; he has reflected on mirrors and prospectyves, on the hardening of metal, on the making
of glass (of ferne aisschen), on thunder, ebb and flood, on gossomer, on mist &c. (The Squire's
Tale, 10539 seq.). He knew well how to determine the time by the shadow of objects. Owre
hoste saw that the brighte sonne The arke of his artificial day hath i-ronne The fourthe part, of half
an hour and more; And though he were mat depe eaſpert in lore He wist it was the eightetene day
Of April, that is messanger to May; And saw wel that the Schade of every tree Was in the lengthe
the same quantité That was the body erecte, that caused it; And therefore by the Schadwe he took his
wit, That Phebus, which that schoon so fair and bright, Degrees was five and fourty clombe on hight;
And for that day, as in that latitude, It was ten of the clokke, he gan conclude (The Man of Law's
Prologue 4421 seq.). He has also reflected upon the law of gravity:
Geffrey, thou wost ryght wel this . . . Ryght so Sey I, be fire, or Soune,
That every kymdely thynge that is, Or smoke, or other thynges lyghte,
Hath a kyndely stede ther he While eche of hem is at his large;
May best in hyt conserved be; Lyghte thinges upwarde, and downwarde
Unto whiche place every thynge, charge.
Thorgh his kyndely enclynynge, . . . Thus every thinge by his reasoun
Moveth for to come to Hath his propre mansyoun,
|Whan than it is awey therfro. To which he seketh to repaire.
(Hous of Fame II, 221–228, 234–238, 245-–247.)
Chaucer would have made a good naturalist; his great talent for observation would have enabled
him to direct the eyes of his contemporaries to nature and, what his countryman Bacon undertook
24
Poets under
Chaucer’s
influence.
two centuries later, make experience the base of study. He treats the outer world in its most
concrete forms and objects and seldom dwells on Nature as a great whole or as an abstraction.
In the Assemble of Foules he speaks of this Quene, this noble Goddesse Nature (303) or this noble
Empresse full of alle grace (319) or, in a more serious manner, of Nature, the vicare of the almightie
Iorde (379), all expressions, which only show his unbounded admiration for Nature and her objects.
After having seen both the lights and the shades of human existence, — at one time
the admired favourite of a brilliant court, at another a prisoner and an exile, – Chaucer spent
the last ten years of his life in quiet, rural seclusion at Woodstock and Donnington Castle. In
a house which is said to have stood in a garden near the site of Henry the Seventh’s Chapel
in Westminster, he died on the 25* of October 1400, seventy-two years old. It will soon be
500 years that he is gone, but his works still delight our hearts and his sympathy for mature
fills them with comfort and solace; he may indeed serve us as a model of activity, modesty and
cheerfulness of mind. May we, like him, bear a heart unsoured by care through every change
of life! may we, like him, reach and old age and retain a joyous spirit! And — when spring comes
after winter, the east wind gone, and the west wind blowing softly, the leaves and blossoms
coming out, and the birds singing, — at such a season, at such a Chaucer time, let us, like
him, rise with the lark and cry: Farewell my book and my devocioun /
The English poetry of the 15* and 16* centuries was under the overpowering influence
of Chaucer up to the time of Elizabeth; but none of the poets of that period can be placed in
the same rank with him. John Lydgate, who was thirty years of age when Chaucer died was
as much a lover of nature as Chaucer, but his sympathy was not, as it seems, so original, so
spontaneous, so divine as Chaucer's. His poems are extremely numerous, and mostly still inedited.
The Complaint of the Black Knight is stated to be Lydgate's by Shirley, a contemporary of his,
but it is usually assigned to Chaucer. As far as the natural and descriptive element in it is
concerned, I should not hesitate to attribute the poem to the latter, at least to the author of
the Flower and the Leaf.
Lydgate is by some considered to be the author of the pretty little poem called the
Cuckoo and the Nightingale, which is also included in Chaucer's works, but of unknown author-
ship. There is certainly much said in it in imitation of Chaucer: the early rising, the love of
May, the admiration of the daisy &c.; but there is more reflexion in it than there is in Chaucer's
descriptions. May, says the poet, brings to the heart both pleasure and grief:
For whan that they may here the birdis singe,
And se the flouris and the levis springe,
That bringith into ther rememberaunce,
A manir ese ymedlid with grevaunce,
And lusty thoughtis ful of grete longing;
And of that longing comith hevinesse,
And therof growith oft grete sikenesse,
And for the lacke of that that they desire;
And thus in May ben hertis set on fire,
So that they brennin forth in gret distresse.**)
The Floure of Courtesie, an authentic poem of Lydgate's, speaks of the crystal tears Aurora sheds
from grief and of her shame at appearing under the light of Phoebus. Such poetical decoration
25
together with the tendency of reflecting and using Nature, more than before, as a background to
human emotion, may be considered as coming out more and more in the descriptive poetry of
the 15* and 16* centuries. Lord Surrey (1520–47) may therefore also in relation to the way
in which he deals with nature be called quite a modern poet. His beautiful and well-known de-
scription of Spring: The soote season, that bud and bloom forth brings, With green hath clad the
hill and eke the vale &c. serves as a frame to his feelings summed up in the sentence: In spring
every thing revives, save only the lover.
Richard Edward, another poet of that time (1523–1566) closes a description of May
with the invitation to enjoy it before it be too late: Use May, while that you may, For May hath
but his time; When all the fruit is gone, it is Too late the tree to climb.") An unknown author in
Queen Mary's reign exemplifies in one of his descriptive poems the liableness to decay of all
things in nature, adding, that virtue alone remains triumphant; in another one he makes nature
the background of his complaint for the loss of a friend.”) $
But I do not intend to examine the whole English poetry of that time with regard to
the poetic interpretation of Nature it may afford: the century that followed Chaucer is the most
barren in English literature. I shall only, from the point of view I have taken, cast a look on
the Scottish poetry of the 15* and the beginning of the 16* century, as it is distinguished by
a particular love of nature for its own sake and a lavishing of color.
The landscape of Scotland differs considerably from that of England. Gigantic walls of Scottish Poetry
mica slate and granite tapestried with broom and briar-roses; a marvellous combination of cliffs,
corries, crevices, terraces and protuberances representing the boldest outlines; narrow and deep
defiles and dark gorges overtopped by the snowy peaks of high mountains; extensive moors and
morasses; roaring torrents coming headlong down through the birchwood and rushing into large
basins of blue water studded with well-wooded picturesque islets; little crag-engirdled tarns far
up in the heart of the solitary highlands, re-echoing the screams of the eagles and ravens: such
are some of the prominent features of that romantic country. It is natural that such aspects
should stimulate the imagination and give rise to a close and passionate observation and de-
scription of natural scenery. It is not necessary therefore, I think, recurring to the Celtic ele-
ments, as Mr. Stopford Brooke does in his excellent Primer of English Literature, to explain the
love of nature and of color with the Scotch nation. Nor do I think, that it is a love of wild
nature for its own sake, that shows itself in the early Scottish poetry: wild nature has remained
hostile to man till our present time. By inflaming the imagination of the people, it encouraged
at the same time superstition and aroused a strong religious sentiment; putting man in contrast
to its grandeur, it impressed upon him the sense of his inferiority.
Among the Scottish imitators of Chaucer, one of the first and not at all a blind one, is
James I of Scotland, who from his 11" year, was kept a prisoner in England for 19 years, till
1424, and received an education befitting his royal birth. Early one morning, looking out of a
window at Windsor upon a garden thick with May leaves and resounding with the song of night-
ingales, he saw a young and lovely lady walking below. This was Lady Jane Beaufort, niece
of Henry IV. His love for her inspired his greatest poem The King's Quhair, which contains
pretty natural descriptions, more varied, more vividly colored, more self-reflective, than those
of Chaucer. The stanzas preparatory to the appearance of his mistress describe the leafy garden
at Windsor. James was in the habit of rising early, to seek comfort against his distress. Fast by
the tower's wall there was a fair garden and in its corner a green arbor railed about with long
4
^ 26
and Small wands. There were many trees and haw-thorn hedges and on the small green twists
sat the sweet mightingales, singing so loud and clear, that the garden and the walls rung with
their song: Away! winter away! come summer, comeſ the sweet season and sum.'
"When they this song had sung a little throw
They stent awhile, and therewith unafraid,
As I beheld, and cast mine eyen a-lowe,
From bough to bough they hipped dº they play'd,
And freshly, in their birdis kind, array'd
Their feathers new, and frit them in the sun,
And thanked love that had their makis won.”) &
Robert Henryson, who died before 1508, was also an imitator of Chaucer. His Moral Fables of
Aesop are long stories full of descriptions of Scotch scenery. His fine short pastoral of Robin
and Makyne: Robin sat on the gude grene hill Keipand a flock of fie &c. may be found in Percy’s Reliques.
William Dunbar (1465–1530) carries the influence of Chaucer on into the 16th century.
His leading poems are three: The Thistle and the Rose, The Golden Terge, and The Dance of the
Seven Deadly Suns. The first of these is an allegorical, poem, composed for the marriage of King
James IV with the English Princess Margaret. It begins with Chaucer's conventional May morning
and contains some descriptions of Scotch natural scenery. The second likewise begins with a
walk of the poet in a vernal morning, which he describes much at large and in glowing language:
Full angel-like thir birdis sang their hours
Within their curtains green, within their bowers,
Apparall'd, white and red, with bloomis sweet:
Enamel'd was the field with all colours:
The pearled drops shook as in silver showers,
While all in balm did branch and leavis fleit.
Depart fra Phoebus did Aurora grete:
Her chrystal tears I saw hang on the flowers,
While he, for love, all drank up with his heat.**)
In spite of the songs of the birds and the sound of the river running by, he falls asleep on
Flora's mantle. Venus and her train arrive in a ship amongst the green bulrushes and reeds on
the bloomy mead, where he lay covered with rank leaves. The merry fowls salute Nature and
all the blooms open their balmy leaves, full low inclining to their queen. The poet quits his
ambush, is attacked by the keen archers of Venus and becomes the captive of Lady Beauty. At
last a storm arises and the scene vanishes with a clap of thunder, so loud that the rainbow
seemed to break. He awakes amid the song of birds and the perfume of bright May flowers. —
The Dance describes a vision, beheld during a trance into which the poet fell on a winter might.
— Of his minor poems there are some to be mentioned for their descriptive part, for instance
Meditation in Winter (Pinkerton's Ancient Scottish Poems, p. 125).
Sir David Lyndsay (1490–1554) is connected with Chaucer by his poem The Dreme, .
written in the old poet's manner. But the scenery he describes is Scottish and instead of the
May morning of Chaucer it opens on a winter's day of wind and sleet:
27
I met dame Flora in dull weed disguised;
(Which, into May, was dulce and delectable),
With stalwart storms her sweetness was surprised;
Her heavenly hues were turned into sable,
Which, onewhile, were to lovers amiable:
Fled from the frost, the tender flowers I saw,
Under dame Nature's mantle lurking law dºc")
The place is a cave over the sea, whence Lyndsay sees the weltering of the waves.
Gawin Douglas (1474–1522) was the first poet who translated a Latin classic into the Gawin Douglas.
English tongue by rendering Virgil's Aeneid into Scottish verse.") Original prologues stand
before each book, and it is chiefly by these that he takes rank among the Scottish poets. Three
of them describe the country in spring, in summer and in winter, making a true, close and ex-
quisitely coloured picture of Scotch landscapes. There is nothing even resembling it in England
for centuries subsequent: the reader feels astonished and enchanted at the same time; he is at
once reminded of the descriptive poem of another Scotchman, that appeared 213 years later and;
also describes the scenery and country life of spring, summer, autumn and winter — of Thomson's
Seasons. And indeed, the two poems may be compared in more than one respect; there can be
no doubt that Thomson had his eye on the descriptions of his countryman. The subject, the
scenery, the metre are the same in both; many epithets, images and similes are alike; both are-
full of artificial invocations and insipid classicalities; the descriptions in them are too much like
catalogues, but Thomson's work contains a great deal of reflection, while there is almost none
in that of Douglas. Also Milton must have known the poems of Douglas, for in his Paradise
Lost (B. 7, vv. 438 seq.) he describes the swan, the cock and the peacock in the order and with
several of the attributes that our author has given them in his description of May. As the -
poems of the Bishop of Dunkeld are less known than they deserve to be, I let them follow here
more or less literally translated into English.
The Prologue of the 12* boke of Eneados.
Ane singular lernit prologue of the description of May.
The poem begins with a beautiful description of the sunrise. The stars disappear one by one
from the firmament, the screech-owl retires to her hiding-place. Aurora rises from her saffron
bed and leaves her ivory house; her violet robe is stained with crimson, her vermilion cape is
bordered with blue. She opens the windows of her large hall, spread with roses and full of
balm. The wide expanded crystal gates of Heaven diffuse streams of splendor; the beaming
Orient, shedding purple rays mixed with gold and azure, disperses the gloom of the Night. The
Sun's coursers in their red harness raise their heads above the ocean; fired by the whirling whip
their nostrils issue flames. Forth from his royal palace steps Phoebus with the blazing torch of
day, with his golden crown, his flaming mantle, his glorious visage, his glossy locks bright as
chrysolite or topaz; fiery sparks come out of his eyes. Before the King of day thin vapours rise
like clouds of sweet incense, hovering over the vale. The golden beams overspread the ocean
and glitter in the streams. What a glorious aspect! The calm sea, the balmy season, the serene
firmament, the illumined landscape and the clear water where sportive fish display their silver
scales, their russet fins and chisel tails. New lustre gilds the land while the reflection of the
4%
28
glowing beams plays on the banks in variegated gleams. Under the feet of Apollo's radiant
coursers spring up innumerable flowers, the gay carpet of the earth displays various hues, the
forest is enveloped in deeper shade and the branches, chequered on the green, imbrown the rigid
rocks. Towers, turrets, battlements, every dome, pinnacle and fane are reflected on the plain
by their own shadows. The glebe, now fearless of the northwind spreads her broad bosom to
the zephyr. The new corn clothes the earth with a robe of green and everywhere herb and
flower diversify the scene. The silvery springs flow through the meadows in many a rill; flowers
of all colours are blooming in the gardens and in the fields: the daisy, the banewort, the clover,
the bird's-foot (catcluke), the camomile, the flower-de-lis, the damask rose, the columbine, the
dandelion, the strawberry, the gilliflower, the primrose, the violet, the rose – The rois knoppis
tetand furth thare hede, Gan chyp, and kyth thare vernale lippis rede, Crysp skarlet lewis sum Scheddand
baith attanis, Kest fragrant Smel amyd fra goldin granis —, the lily — Hewinlie lyllyis, with lok-
kerand toppis quhyte, Opymnit and schew thare creistis redemyte —. Ambrosial fragrance fills the
air, dew-drops like diamonds hang on tree and herbage, every burgeon, scion, herb or flower
sips the fresh fragrance of the morning dew. The busy bees rove about and suck the liquid
nectar from the flowers; the silver swans sail on rushy-fringed lochs and gray rivers; the cock
struts about in gallant pride, followed by the hens; the peacock bends fan-like his gaudy
tail and starry plumes resembliug Argus with his hundred eyes; the small birds build their nests;
the spider weaves her web to captivate the little gnat or fly; beneath the trees in the vale and
in the park the nimble-footed deer seek the shelter of the shade; young, light-skipping kids
and timorous fawns brush through the copse, while in fresh pastures or gray fallows the little
lambs are playing. Gentle maids collect green boughs and fair flowers to weave garlands for
their golden hair; the dale re-echoes their songs — Ring Sangis, dancis, ledis, and roundis, Ane
sang, The Schip Salis ouer the salt fame, Wil bring thir merchandis and my lemane hame; Sum vthir
singis, I wil be blyith and licht My hert is lent apoun sa gudly wicht —; impassioned lovers now
complain to the winds and now warble gay madrigals, now live in hope and now in sad despair.
Nothing surpasses the joyful month of May, when new courage tickles (kitillis) all gentle hearts.
The merry minstrels of Dame Nature sing their love-songs: the merle, the thrush (mauys), the
nightingale (the kowschot), the ring dove, the starling, the sparrow, the goldspink, the linnet
(lintºuhite), the cuckoo, the quail, the lark. Thus they all sing on the sprays:
Welcum the lord of licht, and lampe of day, Welcum reparare of woadis, treis, and bewis,
Welcum fosterare of tendir herbis grene, Welcum depaynter of euery thing that spredis,
Welcum quhikkynar of flurist flouris scheme, Welcum storare of al kynd bestial,
Welcum support of euery rute and vane, Welcum be thy bricht bemes gladand al,
Welcum comfort of al kind frute and grane, Welcum celestiall myrrour and espye,
Welcum the birdis beild apoun the brere, Atteiching all that hantis sluggardry.
Welcum welefare of husbandis at the plewis,
The Prologue of the 13% booke.
A dyscription of June.
Towards evening, after supper, the author walks through the fields full of herbs, corn, cattle,
fruit trees, birds and busy bees, to rest after his day's labor in the green meadows. The evening
sky begins to grow burning red; the sun all in fire is fast declining towards the north and the
ardent coursers dive their heads in the gray flood. Hesperus springs up in the west with bright
29
beams as the herald of the night. In meadows and vales the dew begins to fall to allay the
heat where the sun has shone. On every blade of grass and ear of corn the dew stands like
beryll drops, on every herb and weed like silver beads. The day darkens, mists arise, the rime
falls, shadows spread. The bat flies up with leathern wings, the lark descends from the sky
singing her even song to take her rest, the thick mist hovers over the tops of the hills. Night
spreads her dark cloak and covers man, beast, firth, river and wood; all creatures on the earth,
in the water or in the air take their night's rest after the day's labor and heat. The small birds
sit on their nests, the little gnats and the troublesome fleas, the laborious ants and the busy
bees go to sleep, only the nightingale sits on the twig singing her mirthful notes. To hear these
the poet walks to a garden and sits down on a seat under a green laurel-tree, musing upon this
and that and looking at the bright stars, which in summer shine so clear. Soon he falls asleep
and in a dream Mapheus Vegius appears and speaks to him. – When he awakes the evening
sky is waning, and the day begins to dawn. The stars die away — one by one till Lucifer
is left all alone. The birds are waiting for the blissful day. The lark rises to salute the bright
morrow with her song. The sun soon shines, welcome to the wanderer and the laborer. The
hind awakes and goes to his work; the shepherd calls his boy, to drive the cattle to their pasturage
and the hind's wife wakes her servants Katherine and Giles. The dewy green powdered with gay
daisies shows on the sward a dappled gray; the misty vapors rising ful Swete gladden everyone's
spirit. Thereto the birds are singing in the woods, as the minstrel plays: The ioly day now dawis.
The Prologue of the 7th buke.
An eloquent discription of wynter wyth hys grete stormes and tempestis.
It is winter; the cold, bitter and pale season of the year; the short days that learned men call
Brumale. The violent blasts of the north have overwhelmed Neptune in his chariot and shake
the leaves of the trees; raging storms roll over wavy seas, the rivers are red torrents, the brooks
overflow their banks and the surge roars louder than the lion or the bear; the monsters of the
ocean, such as dolphins and whales descend low into the deep. The soil is steeped in watery
vapors, the firmament overcast with black clouds; all the fields grow fallow; the tops of the
mountains are made smooth by being covered with snow; the cliffs of the rugged basaltic rocks
are frozen and shiny; barren are the lands, the fields are overspread with hoar-frost; the dim
sky is often set in an uproar by fearful lightning, flashes of fire and many a fierce blast of wind;
sharp showers of sleet and nipping snow are falling. The melancholy stone-walls are all moist
and wet, the low valleys overflowed, the streets and highways full of pools, dirt and clay; bemired
fallow fields show decayed ferns, brown moors a withered mossy hue, banks, braes (sides of a
hill) and plains become white and bare, beasts grow hoary by the stormy weather, the wind
waves the red weed on the dike; besmeared is every sike (little rill or rivulet which is dry in
summer); over crags and rocks hang great icicles; the ground is barren, withered, dusk and gray;
herbs, flowers and grass decayed; woods and forests with naked boughs, stripped of their clothing.
So boisterously Boreas blows his bugle that the deer retire into the dales, the small birds seek
thick briars as hiding places against the fearful blasts of the tempestuous season; the cataracts
roar. Poor laborers and busy husbandmen go wet, bespattered and weary in the fen. The silly
sheep and their little shepherdboys lurk under banks, woods and brooms and the other larger
beasts such as mules, horses, oxen or cows rest in their stables and stalls; the tusked boar and
the fat swine in the sty are sustained by man's forethought on the provision of the summer.
30
Far and near Eolus blows loud, the cold winds are penetrative and pure, congealing every crea-
ture's blood; man seeks warm stoves and hearty fires, double garments and wyle cote (a short
jacket, which is worn under the vest in winter time), mighty drink and abundant meat, to strive
against stern winter; well recreated and baked by the chimney he lies down in bed betimes, wraps
up his head, casts on threefold cloths to expell the piercing cold. The loathsome night owl with
her crooked and grim beak shrieks hideously within her cavern; the wild geese fly clacking about
the town; Phebus' crowned bird, the clock of night, claps his wings and crows shrilly when
day approaches; the jackdaws laugh on the roof above; the cranes cry in the air flying in a body
shaped like a Y, their voices ring like a trumpet's sound prognosticating fierce winds; the kite
whistles its melancholy tune at daybreak. Through the window opened ajar you perceive the
morning bleak, wan and sharp. The air is filled with vapors and mist; the soil is stiff, rough
and hoary; the braes (declivities) show brattling (dashing against one another) branches and wag-
ging bents; the dew drops are frozen on stubble and rind and sharp hailstones are hopping on
the roof and the road. Shivering you close the shutters and withdraw in haste, to dispel the
fierce frost with hot flames.
(This niact buke followand [the 7th book of Virgil] of profound science)
Thus has begun in the chyll wynter cald
Quhen frostis dois ouer flete baith firth and fald.
In spite of the faults already mentioned, what a surprising in pression do these descriptions
make on the reader by their originality, their poetical feeling and the glowing color applied in
them. What a vast distance between them and contemporary poetry in England such as Skelton's!
The poet dwells upon his subject in a minute loving manner and mentions facts and images scar-
cely before touched on in poetry. The landscape is altogether Scotch, the pictures are true to
nature and their color is superb.
The life of Gawin Douglas fell in a turbulent time and was full of agitation. Flodden
was a fatal day for his house. His brother William and many of his family wet the Cheviot
heather with their life-blood; his father, the old earl, retired to Galloway to die and the gentle
scholar had soon to flee to the English court, where he perished by the plague in 1522, forty-
eight years old. His life was short, he was not allowed to reach a happy and quiet eve of age,
like Chaucer. But, whatever fate refused to these two men, Nature permitted them the most
exquisite enjoyment of her sensuous gifts and gilded their lives with the most exalted pleasures
of the world of sense.
Tºº Geoffroy Chaucer and Gawin Douglas are the two great lovers and interpreters of Nature
eelung
awakened by in the early English literature. Soon after the death of Douglas the modern time begins. Its
"... " first period brought forth two great poets, an epic and a dramatic one, both charmed by the
beauties of Nature and interpreting them from the richness of their own minds, each in his way
– Spenser and Shakespeare. And after them alose Milton and then others, equally enchanted
by what is sweet and majestic in the etermal aspects of Nature and pointing them out to their
fellow-men after their manner. Thus Nature is and will ever be the great store-house of wonder
and poetical thought. Man will continue to seek and find in contemplating her the purest joy,
peace and consolation; he will ever look on her magnificence as the proof and witness of the
Divine Omnipotence and, lifting his eyes to the Heavens above him, call aloud in his soul's
exultation with the great poet-prophet Isaiah: Break forth into singing, ye mountains, O forest
and every tree therein!
31
Note S.
1) Alexander von Humboldt gives an historical sketch of the admiration of nature as represented in the
poetry of the various times and nations. This feeling was not at all unknown to the ancients, but they lacked that
intimate, delicate sympathy which we find in the modern nations. See Kosmos II pag. 6—75. With nations it is
the same as with individuals. The perception of landscape beauty depends upon a long training of the eye,
which is hardly perfected until we reach a somewhat advanced period of life. In the hey-day of youth, we do
not see God in his works, and the increased enjoyment of rural scenery is one of the compensations reserved by Pro-
vidence for the sober age of those who have familiarized themselves with the ways of Nature as to whderstand some
of the many voices in which she speaks to her children. Marsh, English Language, London 1862, pag. 415.
2) The landscape in England is not everywhere so tame and quiet as has been described. In Derbyshire,
the rocky peaks present every variety of appearance, and the scenery is wild and romantic. In Cumberland and
Westmoreland the high, steep and rugged hills, the lakes they imbosom, the mountain streams, and the rich
vegetation of some parts, make the scenery (the Lake District) the most beautifully picturesque to be found
in England.
3) Dryden, to express the silence of night, makes the drowsy mountains nod. ... <
4) Schiller requires three things as indispensable for the poetic representation of a landscape: 1. Wahrheit
und Anschaulichkeit der Natur; 2. Musikalische Schönheit, d. h. Empfindung der Analogie zwischen Gemüt und
Natur; 3. Geistige Schönheit, d. h. Ideen, durch welche die Seele sittlich gestimmt wird. Schiller, Uber Matthisons
Gedichte in Sämtliche Werke, 12. vol., pag. 364 seq. *
5) Alexander von Humboldt, Kosmos I pag. 6 seq.
6) People kneel down in admiration and adoration before the almighty and all-bountiful Being; etermity
and infinity strike the soul and excite it to love God, mankind and the country; hope, consolation, peace, a vague
longing, self-confidence fill the heart: such are the feelings commonly expressed in travellers' albums. Compare
Gedanken und Gedichte aus den Fremdenbüchern in der Sächsischen Schweiz, gesammelt von J. G. Lehmann,
Dresden 1838; Jahrbücher des Brockens won 1753–1790, Magdeburg 1791.
7) Alexander von Humboldt, Kosmos I, pag. 8.
8) ibid. pag. 13 seq.
9) Compare Karl Müllers Buch der Pflanzenwelt. Leipzig 1857, vol. I, pag. 163 seq.
10) Compare Bermardin de Saint-Pierre, Harmonies de la nature, livre II.
11) Kosmos, pag. 19, 20.
12) Charles Darwins Neue Beobachtungen über das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen. Gartenlaube
Nr. 14, 1881.
13) Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, ed. by Th. Wright, vol. 10543, 10644.
14) The Flow” of Courtesie in the Works of G. Chaucer ed. by John Urry, London 1721, fol; pag. 419.
15) The Works of Edm. Spenser, London 1750, Book VII.
16) Thomsons Season's (Winter), London 1840, pag. 168.
17) Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Canto III, 84
18) In memoriam CXVII.
19) The Botanic Garden, Part II containing The Loves of the Plants, a poem with philosophical notes.
~4th ed. London 1794, pag. 37.
20) ibid. pag. 102. "
21) ibid. pag. 73.
22) Shelley's Poetical Works, London 1837, pag. 506 The Cloud.
23) ibid. pag. 571 The Sensitive Plant.
24) The Song of Hiawatha by Longfellow, London 1855, Nr. XII The Son of the Evening-Star.
25) ibid. Nr. II. The four Winds.
26) The select poetical works of W. Wordsworth, Tauchnitz edition, II pag. 308 Fidelity.
27) Compare Brooke's English Literature, London 1878.
32
28). Formerly the gentle valley of the Loire was considered as the ideal of French landscape-scenery,
D'Urfe made the valley of the Lignon the scene of his celebrated Astrée. Torquato Tasso, who had seen la belle
Towraine himself, describes it by the following harmonious verse: La terra molle e lieta e dilettosa. (La Gerusalemma
liberata, c. I, v. 62.) But frequent voyages, the contemplation of the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Ocean, the
changed education of our time, have also produced a change in the appreciation of the exterior world. La belle
Touraine m'existe plus.
The Highlands of Scotland that now-a-days swarm every season with admiring gazers and sketchers
were looked at with disgust by Oliver Goldsmith, who declared that he greatly preferred the charming country
round Leyden, the vast expanse of verdant meadow, and the villas with their statues and grottoes, trim flower
beds, and rectilinear avenues. (Macaulay's History of England V, pag. 298 seq. Tauchnitz edition). About the
year 1780, Captain Burt, one of the first Englishmen who caught a glimpse of the Highland scenery, in his
Letters from Scotland pronounced those mountains monstrous excrescences. Their deformity, he said, was such
that the most sterile plains seemed lovely by comparison. Fine weather, he complaimed, only made bad worse;
for, the clearer the day, the more disagreeably did those misshapen masses of gloomy brown and dirty purple affect
the eye. What a contrast, he exclaimed, between these horrible prospects and the beauties of Richmond Hill.
(Macaulay's History V, pag. 299.)
Two Saxon clergymen may be said to have discovered the beauties of Saxon Switzerland in the beginning
of this century; almost unknown before, this part is now annually overrun by thousands and thousands of travellers.
Every year a number of well-trained tourists climb up to the steepest and most inaccessible tops of the
Alps, the Carpathian and Norwegian hills &c. *
Mountain clubs and alpine societies arise everywhere exhibiting the great interest modern people take in’
mountain scenery. Our taste of matural beauty has changed: the power of hills has come over us.
29) The Canterbury Tales ed. by Th. Wright: The Frankeleyne's Tale, vv. 11180–11184.
30) Grein, Bibliothek der Angelsächsischen Poesie, Göttingen 1857, I, Phönix, pag. 215 seq. Beorgas
Baer ne muntas stedpe ne stondad; ne Stânclifu heſih hliſiad, Svá her mid us, ne dene ne dalu ne danscrafu, hlavas
me hlincas, ne Baer hleomad 6 winsmédes viht.
31) Sir Orfeo, herausgegeben von O. Zielke, Breslau 1880.
32) Beowulf, herausgegeben von M. Heyme, Paderborn 1863, XXI, vv. 1358–1367.
33) Grein, Bibliothek I, pag. 242, Der Seefahrer, vv. 12–25.
34) ibid. II, pag. 18, Andreas, vv. 370 – 375.
36) ibid. I, pag. 239, Der Wanderer, vv. 46 -–48.
36) ibid. I, pag. 354, Athelstán, vv. 59–65.
37) ibid. II, pag. 105, Elene, vv. 27–30.
38) ibid. II, pag. 106, Elene, vv. 52–53.
39) ten Brink, Geschichte der Englischen Litteratur, Berlin 1877, I, pag. 285.
40) Sir Gawayme and the Green Knight, re-edited by Rich. Morris, London 1864.
41) Analogies may be found in other literatures. The Welsh poem of the Months, Englynion y Misoedd,
probably of the 15th century, and some other poems of the sort may well be compared with these English de-
scriptions. A passage on December of the Welsh bard Guttyn Owain is in the German translation as follows: Die
tage sind kurz, die nāchte lang. Krähen suchen das keimende korm wºnd binsen Sind auf dem meer. Still sind die
bienen und die nachtigall. Getóse giebt’s bei den festen am schlusse der nacht. Das haws des klugen ist wohl ein-
gerichtet; Der sorglose ist whglūcklich durch seine eignen fehler; Und leben, wenn es awch lang ist, Wird enden am
tage wnd in der nacht. Geschichte der wālschen Litteratur von Th. Stephens, herausgegeben von San-Marte,
Halle 1864, pag. 232, 233. An elegy of Einion ap Gwalchmai of the 12th century is preceded by a description
of Spring which has not the least connection with the poem: Der frühling kehrt, der mai mit langen tagen; Die
bäume stehn in blite, der wald in Seiner pracht; Die vögel singen und das meer" ist eben; Hohl tont die sanft
steigende flut; die winde ruhn. Ibid. pag. 42.
42) The Romance of Kyng Alisawnder in Marsh's Origin and History of the English Language, London 1862,
pag. 198 seq.
43) G. Ellis, Specimens of early English metrical romances, vol. I, London 1805.
44) Sir Orfeo, herausgegeben von Zielke.
45) Thomas of Erceldoune ed. by Alois Brandl, Berlin 1880, pag. 76.
46) Reliquiae antiquae ed. by Th. Wright and Halliwell, II, pag. 21.
.33
47) G. Ellis, Specimens II, pag. 237.
48) ibid. pag. 358.
49) Sir Orfeo ed. Zielke.
50) Torrent of Portugal ed. by Halliwell, London 1842.
51) Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne in Ritson's Robin Hood, a collection of all the ancient poems,
songs and ballads, London 1832, 2 vols. I pag, 114.
52) Robin Hood and the Monk ibid. II, pag. 221.
53) The Battle of Otterbowrme in The Scottish Ballads ed. by R. Chambers, Edinburgh 1829, III, pag. 17.
54) The Ancient Ballad of Chevy-Chase in Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, Tauchnitz edi-
tion I, pag. 12. )
55) Kynge Malcolme in Sheldon's Minstrelsy of the English Border, London 1847, pag. 146.
56) Sir Patrick Spens in The Scottish Ballads ed. by Chambers, III, pag. 6.
57) ten Brink, Geschichte der englischen Litteratur, pag. 339.
58) Horstmann, Altenglische Legenden, Heilbronn 1881.
59) ibid.
60) Early English Poems and Lives of Saints ed. by Furnivall, Berlin 1862, pag. 138, vv. 64–75.
61) Beda's works (8th cent.), especially his cosmography De natura rerum had long been a rich source
of natural knowledge. In the beginning of the 12th cent. natural science was much studied and promoted by
Aethelward of Bath, who borrowed his physical theories (Quaestiones maturales) from the Arabs, and by Alexander
Neckam, who wrote a natural history in prose and one in verse. Ten Brink (Geschichte, der englischen Litteratur,
I. pag. 272) points out the analogy between a passage in a poem of the 13th cent. The Owl and the Nightingale
and one in Neckam's De naturis rerum.
62) See ten Brink, Geschichte pag. 382.
63) T. Wright, The Owl and the Nightingale, an early English poem, London 1843.
64) Böddeker, Altenglische pichtungen des M. S. Harl. 2253, Berlin 1878, pag. 164.
65) Reliquiae antiquae, vol. I, pag. 241.
66) Böddeker, Altenglische Dichtungen Alysown, pag. 147.
67) ibid. pag. 166.
68) ibid, pag. 173.
69) ibid. pag. 145.
70) ibid. pag. 195.
71) ibid. pag. 212
+y ------ tº “b - - - - -
72) ibid, pag. 217.
73) See ten Brink, Geschichte pag. 389.
74) And up I rose thre houris aftir twelfe (The Floure and the Leafe pag. 473), Although it were nowght
day by howres two (The Knightes Tale v.v. 2211 — 2216). *
Although some works generally ascribed to Chaucer and especially containing natural description have
been declared spurious or doubtful by some modern critics (See Chaucer von ten Brink 1, Münster 1870), I never-
theless do not think it necessary to leave them unnoticed in the composition of this little sketch, because the
question has not yet been satisfactorily settled in England and because the picture of Chaucer in this case would
not materially be altered by them. The principal criterion from my point of view is the way of interpreting
nature: all natural description that is unconscious and unreflective is Chaucer's or Chauceream; all reflection in it
indicates a later period. — For the quotations from the Canterbury Tales I used the edition of Th. Wright; for
those from the other works the edition of John Urry, London 1721, fol.
75) The vapour, which that of the erthe glod Maketh the sonne seme rody and brod. Squyeres Tale,
10707, 10708. z
76) Adowne full softily I gan to Sinke And leaning on my elbowe and my side, The longé daie I shope
me for to abide For nothing ellis, and I shall mat lie, But for to lokin wbon the Daisie. The Legende of good
Women, vv. 178 seq.
77) Parks, to keep the deer in, were enclosed with stone walls, piles of slate; at the time of Queen
Elizabeth with oak palings. They were 4 or 5 miles round and very numerous. In Kent and Essex there were
alone 100 of them; the Queen had nearly 200. Harrison, Description of England in Shakespeare's youth, London
1877, pag. 303.
* &."
-g
5
34
78) Gardens and orchards are frequently mentioned in the old English romances and in the poems of
Chaucer and his contemporaries. First they seem to have been very small: in Chaucer's Troilus and Cressida we
find the same place indifferently called a garden and a yard. The garden fair at Windsor fast by the tower’s wall
which has been sung by James I, King of Scotland, was probably either in the yard or on the terrace. Harrison
says, that the beauty of the gardens annexed to our houses had wonderfully increased within the last 40 years, so
that the ancient gardens were but dunghills and laystalls, compared to those of his time. Harrison, Description
&c. pag. 322. In the romances of southern origin, the garden with the herbere or erber is, like the Moorish
vergel, represented as the terrestrian Paradise, where the young ladies sick from love-longing pluck the lilies and
the roses, hear the sweet song of the birds and expect the knight on whom they have laid their hearts.
79) The Frankeleynes Tale, 11226.
80) Troilus & Cres. II. pag. 813.
81) The Assemble of Foules pag. 413, vv. 176 seq.
82) ibid.
83) Prologue of the Legende of good Women pag. 338
84) Of the Cuckowe and the Nightingale in Urry's ed. of Chaucer, pag. 543.
85) G. Ellis, Specimens of the early English poets.
86) ibid.
87) King's Quair, second canto, 16* stanza in Ellis, Specimens.
88) The Golden Perge in Ellis, Specimens.
89) The Dream of Sir David Lindsay in Ellis, Specimens.
90) Virgil's Aeneis translated into Scottish verse by the famous Gawin Douglas, bishop of Dunkeld,
Edinburgh 1710, fol. e
Schulnachrichten,
1. Durch genommene Pensa.
Sexta.
Ordinarius: in a Oberlehrer Dr. Siebeking, in b Oberlehrer Flemming.
1. Religion 3 St., Flemming. Biblische Geschichte des alten Testamentes. Allgemeines
ūber Religion. Besprechung des 1. Hauptstückes. Erlernung von Sprüchen und Liedern.
2. Deutsch 6 St., in a Dr. Siebeking, in b Flemming. Die Wortarten, das Hauptwort,
Eigenschaftswort, Fürwort, Zahlwort und Zeitwort. Die Lehre vom einfachen Satze. Leseiibungen.
Besprechung und Recitation poetischer und prosaischer Stücke. Mündliche und schriftliche gramma-
tische Ubungen. Deutsche Aufsätze und orthographische Diktate (wöchentlich abwechselnd).
3. Lateinisch 8 St., in a Dr. Siebeking, in b Harich. Substantiva, Adjectiva, Pronomina
(excl. indefinita), Numeralia (cardinalia und ordinalia); esse und die Composita won esse; Aktiv und
Passiv der vier regelmässigen Konjugationen. Mündliche und schriftliche Ubungen. Auswendiglernen
von Wokabeln. Specimina und Extemporalia (wöchentlich abwechselnd). Grammatik von Middendorf
und Grüter; Ubungsbuch von Ostermann für Sexta.
4. Geographie 2 St., in a Dr. Welte, in b Flemming. Grundbegriffe der mathematischen,
physischen und politischen Geographie. Specielle Geographie von Deutschland mit besonderer Rück-
sicht auf das Königreich Sachsen mach Daniels Leitfaden.
, 5. Geschichte 2 St., in a Dr. Welte, in b Flemming. Alte Geschichte in worwiegend
biographischer Form mach Köperts Elementarkursus.
6. Naturgeschichte 2 St., in a Dr. Kell, in b Wobst. Sommerhalbjahr. Botanik. Be-
sprechung einheimischer Pflanzen mit Einprägung der einzelmen Pflanzenteile und Einreihung der
Pflanzen in die leichteren Familien des natürlichen Systems nach Bessers Pflanzenkunde. Winter-
halbjahr: Zoologie. Betrachtung einzelner charakteristischer Arten der Wirbeltiere nach Bau und
Lebensweise.
7. Rechmen 4 St., in a Dr. Kell, in b Wobst. Die vier Species in unbenannten, benannten
und ungleichbenannten Zahlen. Regeldetri. Zeitrechnung. Bothe, Rechenaufgaben Heft I.
8. Kalligraphie 2 St., in a und b Dietrich. Erlernung der deutschen und lateinischen
Kurrentschrift nach genetischer Reihenfolge.
9. Zeichnen 2 St., a und b Strauss. Erklärungen und Vorbegriffe des Zeichnens. Die gerade
Linie und Teilungen derselben. Einäbung durch geometrische und ornamentale Figuren. Ubergang
zur Kreislinie.
10. Gesang 2 St., a und b komb. Müller. Notenkenntnis: a) Namen, b) Wert derselben;
c) Worzeichnungen bis zu 3b und 3%. Trefftibungen nach L. Grosse. Werschiedene Choråle und
Wolkslieder (ein- und Zweistimmig).
11. Turnen 2 St., a und b Dietrich. Nach der Anleitung von Prof. Dr. Kloss. 3. Stufe.
* 5%
36
Quinta.
Ordinarius: in a Oberlehrer Dr. Schneider; in b Oberlehrer Wobst.
1. Religion 3 St., in a Böhme, in b Harich. Biblische Geschichte des neuen Testamentes
in a nach Matthäus, in b nach Markus; Allgemeines àber Religion, heilige Schrift und Offenbarung.
Besprechung und Lernen des 2. Hauptstückes. Wiederholung des 1. Hauptstückes. Memorieren und
kurze Erläuterung des 3. Hauptstückes. Erlernen von Sprüchen und 5 Liedern.
2. Deutsch 4 St., in a Dr. Schneider, in b Wobst. Grammatik nach Hoff und Kaisers
Leitfaden (Wortlehre; der erweiterte Satz; Satzverbindung; relativer Nebensatz). Monatlich 2 Auf-
sätze (Erzählungen, Schilderungen, Beschreibungen) und 1 Diktat. Lektüre aus Masius' Lesebuch T 1.
Deklamation leichter Gedichte und prosaischer Stücke.
3. Lateinisch 5 St., in a Dr. Siebeking, in b Pietzsch. Grammatik: Repetition des
Kursus von Sexta. Verba deponentia. Unregelmässige Deklination und Komparation; Beendigung
der Numeralia und Pronomina. Lehre vom Adverbium, von den Präpositionen und den gebräuch-
lichsten Konjunktionen. Unregelmässige Verba nach Ostermanns Vocabularium für Quinta, sowie
das Verb. anom. posse. Aus der Syntax der einfach erweiterte Satz mach Middendorf und Grüter
§§ 1 bis 21. — Memorieren von Wokabeln und kleinen Lesestücken. — Schriftliche Ubungen: monatlich
2 Scripta und 2 Extemporalia. Mündliche Übersetzungen aus Ostermanns Ubungsbuch für VI und V.
4. Französisch 6 St., in a und b Schindler. Aussprache und Formenlehre bis zur Be-
endigung der regelmässigen Konjugationen, mit Einschluss des passiven Verbs, Pronom conjoint
und Article partitif. Plötz Elementargrammatik Lekt. 1 bis 81. Wöchentlich schriftliche Arbeiten,
teils Scripta, teils Extemporalien.
5. Geographie 2 St., in a Dr. Welte, in b im Sommer. Uhde (während dessen Erkrankung
Kula), Flemming. Die Grundlehren der Geographie. Kurze Ubersicht tiber Europa. Die ausser-
deutschen Länder Europas nach Daniels Leitfaden. Einige Kartenumrisse gezeichnet.
6. Geschichte 2 St., in a Dr. Welte, in b Unbescheid. Geschichtsbilder aus der mitt-
leren und neueren Geschichte nach Köperts Elementarkursus.
7. Naturgeschichte 2 St., in a Dr. Schneider, in b Wobst. Sommerhalbjahr: Besprechung
von den Schülern gesammelter Pflanzen; Organographie; die Klassen des Linnéschen Systems nach
Bessers Pflanzenkunde. Winterhalbjahr: Wirbeltiere; die wichtigsten Ordnungen und Familien der
Sãugetiere, tibersichtliche Betrachtung der Vögel, Reptilien, Amphibien und Fische nach, Leunis’
Schulnaturgeschichte.
8. Rechnen 4 St., in a Dr. Kell, in b Wobst, Die vier Species in Decimal- und gemeinen
Brüchen. Bothe, Heft II Zum grössern Teil.
9. Kalligraphie 2 St., in a und b Strauss. Wiederholung und Fortbildung der Kurrent-
schrift bis zu Wörtern und kurzen Sätzen.
10. Zeichnen 2 St., in a und b Strauss. Kreisbogen und Kreisformen mittels analoger
und ornamentaler Figuren nach Diktat, als Vorbereitung für die Ornamente von Prof. Herdtle.
11. Gesang 1 St., a und b komb. Müller. Choralibungen (2 stimmig). Einäbung VOIl
Volksliedern (2 stimmig).
12. Turnen 2 St., in a und b Dietrich. Nach der Anleitung von Prof. Dr. Kloss. 2. Stufe.
Quarta.
Ordinarius: in a Oberlehrer Dr. Albert, in b Oberlehrer Schindler.
1. Religion 3 St., in a Böhme, in b Pietzsch. Erklärung der 5 Hauptstücke. Biblische
Geschichte des Neuen Testaments in a mach Lukas und in b mach Matthäus. Auswendiglernen von
Sprüchen und Kirchenliedern.
37
2. Deutsch 4 St, in a Dr. Albert, in b Flemming. Lesen, Nacherzählen, Memorieren
und Deklamieren mit Hervorhebung der Disposition der behandelten Stücke. Kurze Besprechung der
wichtigsten Dichtungsarten in der epischen Gattung, Wiederholung der Formen- und Wortbildungs-
lehre. Die Lehre vom zusammengesetzten Satze (Hoff und Kaiser bis § 77). Dreiwöchentlich eine schrift-
liche Arbeit (Erzählungen, Beschreibungen, Briefe u. s. w.) und monatlich ein orthographisches Diktat.
3. Lateinisch 4 St., in a Dr. Albert, in b Pietzsch. Beendigung der Formen- und Wort-
bildungslehre. Syntax nach Middendorf und Grüter I bis § 65, Lesen und Memorieren lateinischer
Stücke aus der Grammatik, resp. aus Ostermann für V. Wöchentlich eine schriftliche Arbeit (ab-
wechselnd ein Exerzitium und ein Extemporale).
4. Französisch 7 St., in a Stiefelhagen, in b Schindler. Grammatik: Elementargrammatik
von Plötz, Lektion 82 bis 105; Schulgrammatik Lektion 1 bis 16; alle acht Tage ein Exerzitium
oder Extemporale. Lektüre aus Herrig Premières Lectures.
5. Geographie 2 St., in a im Sommer Uhde (während dessen Erkrankung Kula), im Winter
Unbescheid, in b Dr. Schneider. Die aussereuropäischen Erdteile nach Daniels Leitfaden § 36 bis 70.
6. Geschichte 2 St., in a im Sommer Uhde (während dessen Erkrankung Kula), im
Winter Unbescheid, in b Böhme. Geschichte der orientalischen Völker, Griechische und Römische
Geschichte nach Köpert, Mittelstufe pag. 4 bis 72.
7. Naturgeschichte 2 St., in a und b Dr. Kell. Sommerhalbjahr: Botanik. Repetition des
Linnéschen, sowie Besprechung der wichtigeren Familien des natürlichen Systems. Winterhalbjahr:
Zoologie. Wirbellose Tiere, speciell Insekten nach Leunis' Schulnaturgeschichte.
8. Rechnen 4 St., in a Dr. Kell, in b Wobst. Wiederholung der gemeinen und Decimal-
brüche. Abgekürzte Multiplikation und Division. Einfache und zusammengesetzte Regeldetri. Ver-
hältnisse und Proportionen. Prozentrechnung. Bothe, Heft II und III zum Teil.
9. Geometrie 2 St., in a und b Dr. Kell. Einleitung. Grundsätze. Lehrsätze über Winkel
und geradlinige Figuren. Kongruenz der Dreiecke. Das Parallelogramm. Aufgaben. Nach Mehler
§§ 1 bis 47.
10. Kalligraphie 1 St, a u. b. Ausbildung der deutschen und lateinischen Schrift durch kürzere
und später längere Sätze. Im Sommer mit Hilfslinien, im Winter ohne dieselben. (Taktschreiben.)
11. ZeichneI 2 St., a und b Strauss. Einführung in die Beleuchtungsgesetze. Zeichnen
plastischer Formen, des Kegels, der Kugel etc. in Bleistift, später Kreide. Anfänge des Gips-
zeichnens.
12. Turnen 2 St., a und b Dietrich. Nach der Anleitung von Prof. Dr. Kloss. Erste Stufe.
Tertia.
Ordinarius: in a Oberlehrer Unbescheid, in b Oberlehrer Dr. Herrmann.
1. Religion 2 St., in a Böhme, in b Pietzsch. Lektüre und Erklärung des Evang.
Johannis, 1 St. Lehre von Gott, von dem Gesetz und der Sünde, nach Noack, Leitfaden §§ 96 bis 106.
Wiederholung der Hauptstücke. Erlernung von Sprüchen und Kirchenliedern.
2. Deutsch 4 St, in a im Sommer Uhde (während dessen Erkrankung Kula), im Winter
Unbescheid, in b Böhme. Wiederholung der Formenlehre und der Syntax nach dem Leitfaden
von Hoff und Kaiser. Lektüre ausgewählter Prosastücke aus Masius’ Lesebuch, Teil II. Erklärung
und Vortrag klassischer Dichtungen, besonders Schillerscher Balladen. Aufsätze.
3. Lateinisch 4 St., in a Dr. Albert, in b Pietzsch. Wiederholung der Formenlehre.
Syntax nach Middendorf und Grüter I bis § 113. Lektüre aus Vogels Nepos plenior; in a Pausan,
Cim, Pericl., Alkib.; in b Phocion, Miltiades, Aristides. Wöchentlich eine schriftliche Arbeit (ab-
wechselnd ein Exerzitium und Extemporale). Memorieren einzelner Kapitel aus der Lektüre.
Z8
4. Französisch 4 St, in a Stiefelhagen, in b Dr. Herrmann. Grammatik: Schul-
grammatik von Plötz, Lektion 7 bis 35. Wöchentliche Exerzitien, abwechselnd mit Extemporalien.
Lektüre aus Herrig, Premières Lectures. In b Memorieren von Gedichten und prosaischen Lesestücken.
5. Englisch 4 St., in a Schindler, in b Dr. Herrmann. Grammatik: Gesenius, Elementar-
buch, Kap. I bis XXIV. Vierzehntägliche Exerzitien und Extemporalien, Lese- und Sprechübungen.
Memorieren prosaischer und poetischer Lesestücke. Lektüre: Ausgewähltes aus dem Anhang zum
Elementarbuch.
6. Geographie 2 St., in a im Sommer Uhde (während dessen Erkrankung Kula), im Winter
Unbescheid, in b Dr. Schneider. Physikalische und politische Geographie von Deutschland nach
Ruges Lehrbuch der Geographie §§ 57 bis 121.
7. Geschichte 2 St., in a im Sommer Uhde (während dessen Erkrankung Kula), im Winter
Unbescheid, in b Böhme. Deutsche Geschichte des Mittelalters von 375 bis zur Reformation 1517
nach Köperts Geschichtskursus, Mittelstufe.
8. Naturgeschichte 1 St., in a und b Besser. Sommer: Das natürliche Pflanzensystem.
Winter: Anthropologie.
9. Rechnen 2 St., in a und b Demme. Zusammengesetzte Proportionsrechnung. Ketten-
rechnung. Prozent- und Zinsrechnung. Gesellschaftsrechnung. Bothe, Heft III.
10. Mathematik 5 St. Planimetrie 3 St, im Sommer in a Finsterbusch, in b Demme;
im Winter in a und b Demme. Repetition des Pensums der Quarta. Gleichheit und Ausmessung
geradliniger Figuren. Einfache Sätze über den Kreis. Proportionalität und Ahnlichkeit der Drei-
ecke. Aufgaben zur Einübung des Beweises und der Analysis. Mehler, §§ 47 bis 81. Algebra 2 St.,
in a und b Dem me. Die vier Species. Gleichungen ersten Grades mit einer Unbekannten. Aus-
ziehen der Quadratwurzel Mehler §§ 122 bis 124.
11. Freies Handzeichnen 2 St., Strauss a und b. Zeichnen nach Gipsmodellen, sowohl
in Kontur, als auch mit Ausführung in Kreidemanier. Heranziehung und Erklärung der notwendig-
sten perspektivischen Gesetze.
12. Turnen 2 St., in a und b Dietrich. Frei- und Ordnungsübungen mit Belastung durch
leichte Eisenstäbe oder Hanteln. Geräte: Barren, Bock, Pferd, Reck. Im Sommerhalbjahr besonders
Sprungübungen.
13. Stenographie, fakultativ, je zweistündig in a und b Dr. Rotter. Im Elementarkursus
die Wortbildungslehre mit Sigeln und die Wortkürzung (Korrespondenzschrift) behandelt und an der
Wandtafel erläutert. - Bei den Lese- und Schreibübungen wurden die Kriegschen Lehrmittel und die
Zeitschrift „Lesebibliothek pro 1882“ benutzt.
Unter-Secunda.
Ordinarius: in a Oberlehrer Harich, in b Oberlehrer Dr. Welte.
1. Religion 2 St., in a Harich, in b Pietzsch. Die prophetischen und poetischen Bücher
des alten Testaments in Auswahl gelesen und erklärt. 1 St. – Evangelische Glaubens- und Sitten-
lehre nach Noack §§ 107 bis 125. 1 St.
2. Deutsch 4 St., in a Harich, in b Dr. Welte. Litteraturgeschichte von Luther bis Goethe
nach Kluges Lehrbuch und im Anschluss an Viehoff, Handbuch der deutschen Nationallitteratur. 1 St.
– Metrik und Poetik. 1 St. – Gelesen: Goethes „Hermann und Dorothea“ und Schillers „Wilhelm
Tell“. 1 St. – Lehre vom deutschen Aufsatze. Freie Vorträge. 1 St. – Themata der monatlichen
Aufsätze in a: 1. Der Mensch im Gebirge. 2. Was macht Dresden für Fremde so anziehend? 3. Was
soll man vergessen und wessen soll man gedenken? 4. Das Besitztum der Eltern Hermanns. 5. Kleines
ist die Wiege von Grossem (Examenaufsatz). 6. Das Meer ein Freund und Feind der Menschen.
7. Baumgarten erzählt seine Rettung durch Tell. 8. Warum hat der Deutsche den Rhein so lieb?
Z9
9. Die Verkehrsmittel der Gegenwart. 10. Wodurch wird Ulrich von Rudenz seinem Vaterlande
wiedergewonnen? 11. Examenaufsatz. Themata der Aufsätze in b: 1. Das menschliche Auge und
dessen weise Einrichtung. 2. Welche Bedeutung besitzen die Sinnesorgane für unser Dasein? 3. Früh
übt sich, was ein Meister werden will (Chrie). 4. Frühere Geschichte der Niederlande bis Karl V.
5. Wodurch erklärt sich die Uberlegenheit Europas über die anderen Erdteile? 6. Uber den Nutzen
des Holzes. 7. Die Ortlichkeiten in Goethes „Hermann und Dorothea“. 8. Inhaltsangabe des 1. Auf-
zuges aus Schillers „Wilhelm Tell“. 9. Examenarbeit.
3. Lateinisch 4 St., in a Dr. Albert, in b im Sommer Conrektor, im Winter Uhde.
Syntax nach Middendorf und Grüter II §§ 1 bis 394. Zweiwöchentliche schriftliche Arbeiten (Scripta
und Extemporalia abwechselnd). Lektüre in a Caes. de bell. Gall. lib. IV 20 bis VII 33. b Caes.
bell. Gall. lib. I, VI. Privatim gelesen: Cornelus Nepos, Themistokles, Miltiades, Atticus, Cato.
4. Französisch 4 St., in a Stiefelhagen, in b Dr. Herrmann. Grammatik: Schul-
grammatik von Plötz, Lektion 29 bis 57. – Alle 14 Tage abwechselnd ein Exercitium oder ein
Extemporale. – Lektüre: Ausgewählte Erzählungen aus Souvestre, Au coin du feu. – In b Memo-
rieren von Gedichten.
5. Englisch 3 St., in a und b Dr. Herrmann. Grammatik: Gesenius, Gramm. §§ 1 bis 80.
Repetition des Pensum d. III. Lektüre: in a Scott, Tales of a Grandfather Kp. X“, X”, XI, XII, XIII,
in b Kp. XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI. Mehrere Gedichte gelesen und memoriert; vierzehntägliche
Exercitien und Extemporalien.
6. Geographie 2 St., in a Dr. Schneider, in b Dr. Welte Das ausserdeutsche Europa
mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der physischen und ethnographischen Verhältnisse wie der Produk-
tion. Ruge §§ 122 bis 277.
7. Geschichte 2 St., in a Harich, in b Dr. Welte. Neuere Geschichte (1517 bis 1815)
mit Hervorhebung der deutschen. (Köpert, Kursus für Mittelklassen S. 117 bis 157).
8. Naturgeschichte 1 St., in a und b Besser. Sommer: Botanik. Anatomie und Physio-
logie der Pflanze. Winter: Mineralogie. Krystallographie.
9. Physik 3 St, in a Dr. Helm, in b Demme. Einiges aus der Lehre vom Licht. Mag-
netismus und Elektricität nach Jochmann §§ 263 bis 346. Beginn der Wärmelehre.
10. Mathematik 4 St., Geometrie 2 St., in a Sommer: Dr. Helm, Winter: Finsterbusch,
in b Demme. Ahnlichkeitslehre. Der Kreis und seine Berechnung. Harmonische Gebilde. Anf-
gaben. Ubung stereometrischer Anschauung. Algebra 2 St., in a Dr. Helm, in b Demme. Potenzen
und Wurzeln. Gleichungen 1. Grades mit einer und mehreren Unbekannten.
11. Geometrisches Zeichnen 1 St., in a Sommer: Dr. Helm, Winter: Finsterbusch, in b
Demme. Gebrauch der Zeicheninstrumente. Planimetrische Konstruktionen, zum Teil im Anschluss
an den geometrischen Unterricht.
12. Freihandzeichnen 2 St., in a und b Strauss. Zeichnen nach Gipsmodellen, später
nach guten Vorlagen.
13. Turnen 2 St., in a und b Dietrich. Frei- und Ordnungsübungen mit Belastung durch
Eisenstäbe (9 Pfund) oder Hanteln (8 Pfund). Vervollständigung der Ubungen an den verschiedenen
Turngeräten. Im Sommerhalbjahr: Sprungübungen, besonders Stabspringen und Gerwerfen.
14. Stenographie, fakultativ, 2stündig a und b komb. Dr. Rotter. Im Fortbildungs-
kursus die Lehre von der Kürzung im Satze behandelt, erläutert und befestigt durch Lese-, Schreib-
übungen und Extemporalien unter Benutzung der Zeitschrift „Echo pro 1882“. /
Ober-Secunda.
Ordinarius: in a Oberlehrer Dr. Dolch, in b Oberlehrer Dr. Henke.
1. Religion 2 St., Conrektor. Erklärung der confessio Augustana, hierauf Symbolik; Er-
klärung der Briefe Petri und des ersten Briefes Johannis.
40
2. Deutsch 3 St, in a für den erkrankten Oberlehrer Unbescheid im Sommer Dr. Welte,
im Winter a und b kombiniert Dr. Welte. Litteraturgeschichte von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf
Luther nach Kluges Leitfaden. Lektüre nach dem Lesebuche von Schauenburg und Hoche. Die
Grundzüge der mittelhochdeutschen Grammatik. Dispositionslehre im Anschluss an die schriftlichen
Ubungen. Figuren und Tropen. Freie Vorträge der Schüler. Themata der Aufsätze: 1. Wem nicht
zu raten ist, dem ist auch nicht zu helfen (Chrie). 2. Erkenne dich selbst! (Chrie) 3. Kleines ist
die Wiege des Grossen. 4. Denke klein, sehr klein von dir! 5. Welche Hindernisse hatte der grosse
Kurfürst bei der Gründung des brandenburg-preussischen Staates zu überwinden? 6. Welche Um-
stände vereinigten sich von der Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts an zur rascheren Entwickelung der Blüte
unserer Nationallitteratur? 7. Gebirgsland und Flachland. 8. Charakteristik Rüdigers von Bech-
laren. 9. Examenarbeit.
3. Lateinisch 3 St., in a Dr. Albert, in b Sommer Conrektor, Winter Uhde. Syntax nach
Middendorf und Grüter II. §§ 395 bis 489, 559 bis 616. Scripta und Extemporalia dreiwöchentlich.
Lektüre in a: Caes. b. g. VII, 1 bis 90. Cic. in Catil. I, II. Ovid. met. X, 1 bis 219, 524 bis 551.
705 bis 739, X 1 bis 409 (teilweise memoriert). in b Caes. bell. gall. lib. I und IV. Cic. in Cat. I, IV,
(teilweise memoriert). Ovid net. V und VI, XII, 580 bis 628, XIII, 1 bis 398, XV, 745 bis 879,
4. Französisch 3 St., in a und b Dr. Dolch. Grammatik: Plötz, Lektion 58 bis 79 nebst
14täglichen Exerzitien und Extemporalien 2 St.; Lektüre: Thiers, die ägyptische Expedition, Kap.
7 bis 12 (inkl.).
5. Englisch 3 St., in a Dr. Dolch, in b Dr. Herrmann; seit Juli 1881 a und b komb.
Dr. Herrmann. Grammatik: Gesenius, §§ 81 bis 200 nebst 14-täglichen Exerzitien und Extem-
poralien 1 St. Lektüre: Macaulay, History of England, Vol. III, Chapt. VII. 2 St. Memorieren
von Gedichten, Inhaltsangaben etc.
6. Ge0graphie 2 St., in a und b Dr. Schneider. Afrika mit specieller Besprechung der
physischen und ethnographischen Verhältnisse wie der Produktion. Physische Geographie von Asien.
Ruge, § 278 flg.
7. Geschichte 2 St., in a und b Böhme. Die orientalischen Völker des Altertums, die
Griechen und Römer, die Völkerwanderung.
8. Naturgeschichte 2 St., in a und b Besser. Sommer Botanik: Sporenpflanzen. Winter
Mineralogie: Elemente. Oxyde der Nichtmetalle und Metalle. Sulfide. Chloride.
9. Chemie 2 St., in a und b Besser. Elemente der Chlor-, Sauerstoff-, Stickstoff- und Kohlen-
stoffgruppe. Stöchiometrische Aufgaben. Lötrohranalyse.
10. Physik 2 St., in a und b komb. Dr. Helm. Einiges aus der Optik. Lehre von der
Wärme. Meteorologie.
11. Mathematik 5 St. Geometrie 3 St., in a Dr. Helm, in b Dr. Henke. Trigonometrie.
Algebra 2 St., in a Dr. Helm, in b Sommer Dr. Henke, Winter Finsterbusch. Wiederholung
der Potenz- und Wurzellehre. Logarithmen. Gleichungen 1. und 2. Grades. Imaginäre und kom-
plexe Zahlen.
12. Projektionslehre 2 St., in a und b komb. Dr. Henke. Darstellung begrenzter Gebilde,
besonders eben- und krummflächiger Körper mit Drehungen um Gerade in der Horizontalebene. Dar-
stellung der Netze. Die Ellipse als Projektion des Kreises.
13. Freies Handzeichnen 1 St., Strauss, kombinierter Kötus mit O und UI, fakultativ.
Zeichnen von Landschafts- und Kopfstudien nach guten Vorlagen.
14. Turnen 2 St, a und b komb. Dietrich. Frei- und Ordnungsübungen mit Belastung
durch Eisenstäbe oder Hanteln. Vervollständigung der Ubungen an den verschiedenen Turngeräten.
Im Sommerhalbjahr besonders Sprungübungen. Gerwerfen.
41
Unter-Prima.
Ordinarius: Conrektor Prof. Dr. Lies ske.
1. Religion 2 St., Conrektor. Kirchengeschichte von Anfang an bis Karl d. Gr. Er-
klärung der Briefe Pauli an die Galater und Epheser.
2. Deutsch 3 St., Stiefelhagen. Litteraturgeschich te von Luther bis auf Lessing. —
Gelesen (ausser vielem Einzelmen): Eine Auswahl aus Klopstocks Oden, Emilia Galotti, Iphigenia,
Wallensteins Lager. — Freie Worträge über verschiedemartige Themata. — Schriftliche Arbeiten
iiber folgende Themata: Die Vervollkommnung der Beleuchtungsmittel als Faktor des Kulturfort-
schrittes. – Das Geld und das Glück. — In welchem Sinne darf die Geographie sich eine Universal-
wissenschaft mennen? — In der Beschränkung zeigt sich erst der Meister (Goethe). — Euch, ihr
Götter, gehört der Kaufmann etc. (Schiller). — Ubersetzung eines Briefes von J. J. Rousseau. —
Lessings Emilia Galotti (Fabel und Hauptcharaktere, nebst einigen Betrachtungen über das Drama).
— Der Gegensatz zwischen der alten und der neuen Welt. — Wallensteins Lager, eine vollendete
dichterische Schöpfung. \
3. Lateinisch 3 St., Conrektor. Sallust. Catilina c. 1 bis 60; eine Rede des Catilina
wurde memoriert und recitiert. Ovid metam. (Pyramus und Thisbe; Fama; Landung der Griechen;
Cycnus; Kampf der Lapithen und Centauren). Privatim: Caes. de bell, civ. I, 1 bis 36. Grammatik
zu Ende, Scripta und Extemporalia. Freie Arbeiten.
4. Französisch 3 St., Dr. Dolch. Grammatik: Repetition nach der Schulgrammatik von
Plötz nebst Extemporalien, Exerzitien und einigen freien Arbeiten, 1 St. Lektüre: 3 Briefe von
Mme. de Sévigné, 3 Gesänge von Le Lutrim von Boileau, Horace von Corneille, Le Suicide von
Rousseau, Les forêts agitées par les vents von Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Le rossignol, le coucou
et l’āne von Diderot, 1 St. Litteratur: Von den ersten Anfängen bis zum 17. Jahrh., zugleich in
schriftlicher Ausarbeitung.
5. Englisch 4 St., Dr. Dolch. Grammatik: Gesenius, Š 201 bis 267 nebst Extempo-
ralien, Exerzitien und einigen freien Arbeiten, 1 St. Lektüre: Thomsons Winter; Battle of Lepanto
von Prescott; Richard II. von Lingard; Venice, Italy and Lake of Geneva von Byron; Song of Selma
von Macpherson; The Way to Wealth von Franklin; Voyage to Liliput von Swift; Of Travel von
Bacon; Causes of Weakness in Men's Understanding von Locke; einige historische Abschmitte von
Hume, 2 St. Ubersetzung ins Englische (Zschookes Neujahrsnacht), Anleitung zum Sprechen
(Geographie von England), Repetitionen, 1 St.
6. Geographie 2 St., Dr. Schneider. Asien, Australien und Amerika mit besonderer
Berücksichtigung der physischen, ethnographischen und produktiven Verhältnisse. Ruge $$ 337 bis 461.
7. Geschichte 2 St., im Sommer Flemming, im Winter Unbescheid. Deutsche Ge-
schichte von der Urzeit bis auf Maximilian I., mit Berücksichtigung der Kunstgeschichte. Beginn
der Reformation.
8. Naturgeschichte 1 St., Besser. Sommer: Pflanzen- und Tiergeographie. Winter:
Mineralogie. Schwefelmetalle. Chloride. Carbonate. Phosphate. Sulfate. Silikate.
9. Chemie 2 St., Besser. Kohlenstoff- und Siliciumverbindungen. Leichte und schwere
Metalle nebst ihren wichtigeren Werbindungen. Lösung stóchiometrischer Aufgaben.
10. Physik 2 St., Dr. Helm. Mechanik des Punktes und des starren Körpers.
11. Mathematik 5 St., Dr. Henke. Geometrie 3 St. Trigonometrie. Algebra 2 St.
Quadratische Gleichungen mit mehreren Unbekannten. Diophantische Gleichungen. Arithmetische
und geometrische Progressionen. Zinseszins- und Rentenrechnung.
12. Projektionslehre 2 St., Dr. Henke. Punkt, Gerade, Ebene. Drehung der Ebene um
ihre Spuren. Ebene Schmitte und Netze von Prisma, Cylinder, Pyramide, Kegel.
13. Feldmessen, fakultativ, im Sommer, Prof. Erler: Sonnabend Nachmittag.
6
42
*º-ºº-ºº:
14. Freies Handzeichnen 1 St., fakultativ, siehe OII.
15. Turnen 2 St., Dietrich. Eisenstab-und Hantelübungen. Vervollständigung der Ubungen
an den verschiedenen Turngeräten. &
Ober-Prima.
Interimistischer Ordinarius: Conrektor Prof. Dr. Lies ske.
1. Religion 2 St., Conrektor. Nach genauer Wiederholung der älteren Kirchengeschichte
Fortführung derselben bis zur Reformation. Erklärung des Briefes Pauli an die Römer.
2. Deutsch 3 St., für den erkrankten Rektor: im Sommer Stiefelhagen, im Winter Un-
bes cheid. Litteraturgeschichte von Klopstock bis zu Schillers Tode, Kluge $$ 45 bis 57, 1 St.
Lektüre: Lessings Nathan der Weise, Schillers Wilhelm Tell, 1 St. Vorträge der Schüler tiber selbst-
gewöhlte Themata, 1 St. Themata der Aufsätze: 1. Von welchen Gesichtspunkten aus kann man die
drei Gedichte: Goethes , Sānger“, Schillers ,Graf von Habsburg" und Uhlands , Sāngers Fluch" als
eine Zusammengehörige Gruppe betrachten? 2. Verschiedene Standpunkte der Naturbetrachtung.
3. Das Geld und das Glück. 4. Die Teilung der Arbeit (Klausurarbeit). 5. Inwiefern kann man
mit Gustav Freytag sagen, dass mit Luthers Klostergebeten die neue Zeit der deutschen Geschichte
beginne? 6. Uber den Ausspruch Lessings im Nathan: , Der wahre Bettler ist doch einzig und allein
der wahre König". 7. Der Bau der Rütliscene in Wilhelm Tell. 8. (Klausurarbeit.)
3. Lateinisch 3 St., Conrektor. Livius lib. XXI, c. 1 bis 40. Vergil. Aen. lib. II, dann
einige Oden des Horatius. Privatim lasen die Schüler Sall. Jug. zu Ende. Dreiwóchentliche Scripta;
Extemporalien; daneben eine freie Arbeit: De laudibus linguae Francogallicae (Brief).
4. Französisch 4 St., Dr. Dolch. Wiederholung einzelner Abschmitte der Syntax in Wer-
bindung mit Extemporalien, Exerzitien und freien Arbeiten (Situation de l’Allemagne pendant la
guerre de 30 ans, L'architecture souterraine au moyen àge, Jupiter et la Brebis, Le Corbeau et le
Renard, Une Lettre, L’Argent du Jeu, Milton, La seconde Guerre punique, César et Arioviste), 1 St.
Lektüre: Louis XI. von Lacretelle, Mérope von Voltaire, einige Lettres persanes von Montesquieu,
Cromwell von Willemain, L'Avare von Molière und einige kleinere Stücke aus Herrig mit UI, 2 St.
Litteratur: Wom 17. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert, mit schriftlicher Ausarbeitung, 1 St.
5. Englisch 4 St., Dr. Dolch. Wiederholungen aus der Grammatik von Gesenius, besonders
die Präpositionen, die intransitiven, reflexiven, unpersönlichen Zeitwórter und die unvollständigen
Hilfszeitwórter, Kasuslehre, Moduslehre, Gerundium nebst Extemporalien, Exerzitien...und vier freien
Aufsätzen (Mary Stuart, The Aborigenes of America, Henry IV., Coriolanus), sowie Ubersetzung aus
Voltaires Charles XII. ins Englische, im Sommer 2 St., im Winter 1 St. Lektüre: im Sommer
2 St. mit UI, im Winter 1 St. Allein wurde gelesen: Shakespeares Richard II. Litteratur: kurzer
Abriss von Chaucer ab, im Winter 1 St.
6. Geographie a) politische 1 St., Dr. Schneider. Sommer: Physische Geographie mit
Zugrundelegung von Ruge $$ 7 bis 42 Winter: Allgemeine Repetition, vorzüglich Europas; b) mathe-
matische Geographie 1 St., Dr. Helm. Das Himmelsgewölbe. Scheinbare Bewegung der Gestirne,
Kopernikus, Keppler, Newton. Jochmann $$ 1 bis 42.
7. Geschichte 2 St., im Sommer Böhme, im Winter Unbescheid. Deutsche Geschichte
nach 1517, mit teilweiser Wiederholung des Mittelalters. Die Reformationszeit. Das 17. und 18.
Jahrhundert. (30.jähriger Krieg und Zeitalter der grossen Monarchen.)
8. Naturgeschichte 1 St., Besser. Schluss der Mineralogie. Geognosie und Geologie.
Im Sommer Exkursionen.
9. Physik 2 St., Dr. Helm. Lehre von der Wellenbewegung zur Erklärung der wichtigsten
Licht- und Schallerscheinungen, Jochmann $$ 113 bis 183. Aufgaben.
10. Chemie 2 St., Besser. Elemente der organischen Chemie.
43
11. Mathematik 4 St., Dr. Henke. Geometrie 2 St.: Analytische Geometrie. Algebra
2 St.: Gleichungen dritten und vierten Grades. Kombinatorik und Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung.
Binomischer Lehrsatz. Reihen.
12. Projektionslehre 2 St., Dr. Henke. Schattenkonstruktionen. Figuren in perspektivi-
scher Lage. Elemente der Perspektive.
13. Turnen 2 St., Dietrich. Eisenstab-und Hantelübungen. Vervollständigung der Úbungen
an den verschiedenen Turngeråten.
14. Freies Handzeichnen siehe O II*, Strauss.
15. Gesang 3 St., Müller. Die Klassen Ober-Prima bis Quarta inkl. bilden den Sänger-
chor; Sopran und Alt, Tenor und Bass je eine Vorübungsstunde für die 3. allgemeine Singstunde
(alle 4 Stimmen). Studiert wurden: Der Pilot von H. Hofmann; Quartette von Mendelssohn, Beet-
hoven, Mozart, Silcher (Volkslieder); einige Choråle (vierstimmig). -
Schematischer Lehrplan.
Lehrfächer. OI UI olia ombuna UIIb IIIa IIIb IV a Ivº Va vb Via VIb | Sa.
Religion 2 2 .. 2 5 2 || 2 || 2 2 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 32
Deutsch 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 || 6 || 56
Lateinisch . 3 3 3 3 4 || 4 || 4 4 || 4 || 4 || 5 || 5 || 8 || 8 || 62
Französisch 4 3 3 & 4 + 4 4 || 7 | | 6 || 6 || – | – || 55
Englisch 4 4 * . . . . . . . . . . . — — 28
Geographie 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 || 2 || 28
Geschichte. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 || 2 || 2 || 28
Naturbeschreibung . 1 || 1 || 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 || 20
Physik . * | * 2 2 & 3 – – — — — — — — 14
Chemie . * | * 2 2 — — — — — — | 8
Rechnen – – – — — — 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 || 4 || 28
Algebra 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 — — — — — — | 16
Geometrie . 2 3 || 3 || 3 || 2 2 || 3 || 3 | 2 2 – | – || – | – || 25
Handzeichnen Tººl. 2 2 2 2 ° 2 | 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 21
Projektionszeichnen 2 2 2 2 1 1 t – — — . – — | – | – || 8
Schreiben . . . . . — — — — — — — — . . 1 2 2 2 2 | 10
Gesang . . . . . . . . * -- 2 || 2 || 6
Turnen . . . . . . . 2 2 2 || 2 || 2 | 2 2 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 |26
Stenographie (fakult.). — — — — —- —- — — . — | – | – | – || 6
Feldmessen . . . . - --|--|--|--|--|- — l 1
| | | | |
44
2. Schulchronik.
Das Schuljahr Ostern 1881 bis Ostern 1882 war für unsre Schule reich an Prüfungen. Nicht
allein, dass diejenigen Kollegen, welche bei schwacher Gesundheit überhaupt leicht erkranken, auch
im letzten Jahre, zum Teil wiederholt, auf einzelne Tage oder auch auf Wochen Vertretungen not-
wendig machten: Herr Oberlehrer Unbescheid war den ganzen Sommer beurlaubt; in seinen Unter-
richt trat zum grössten Teil Herr Cand. phil. Uhde ein, bis dieser (vor Pfingsten) selbst in schwere
Krankheit fiel. Aus der neuen Verlegenheit half Herr Realschullehrer Kula, der bereitwillig den
Unterricht unsres Vikars bis zum Anfange der Sommerferien übernahm. Am Schlusse der Ferien
konnte Herr Kandidat Uhde sein Vikariat wieder übernehmen, bis zu Michaelis Herr Oberlehrer Un-
bescheid selbst wieder zu seiner Thätigkeit zurückkehren konnte. Das Schwerste aber, was unsre
Anstalt treffen sollte, war die lange Krankheit und der Tod ihres Rektors Prof. Vietor. Am 7. Sep-
tember 1880 war derselbe, wie er selbst im vorjährigen Programme meldet, von dem berühmten
Halleschen Chirurgen, Herrn Medizinalrat Prof. Dr. Volkmann mit gutem Erfolge am Kiefer
operiert worden und er lebte der frohen Hoffnung, in kürzester Zeit seine sämtlichen Arbeiten wieder
übernehmen zu können. Zunächst übernahm er wieder die Leitung der Schule, während die Wieder-
aufnahme seiner Lehrthätigkeit ärztlicher Anordnung zufolge bis Neujahr 1881 ausgesetzt blieb; aber
auch nach Ablauf dieser Zeit konnte er nur, versuchsweise, seinen englischen Unterricht beginnen.
Unter welchen Schmerzen und mit welcher Kraft der Selbstüberwindung er bis an den Schluss des
Schuljahrs (Ostern 1881) gearbeitet hat, geht schon daraus hervor, dass er sofort einen Urlaub
antreten musste. Er ist nicht auf sein Arbeitsfeld zurückgekehrt. Die ganze Last des Rektorats
fiel nun auf den Konrektor, der ausserdem noch von Ostern 1881 bis 14 Tage nach Michaelis mit seiner
ganzen Stundenzahl arbeitete, weil zunächst ein passender Vikar für ihn nicht vorhanden war, und
auch die Annahme eines zweiten Vikars nicht ratsam schien. Die 7 Unterrichtsstunden des Rektors
waren noch von ihm selbst den Herren Oberlehrern Stiefelhagen (Deutsch) und Dr. Dolch (Eng-
lisch) übertragen, bis es dem Berichterstatter gelang, Erleichterungen für die genannten Herren ein-
treten zu lassen. 14 Tage nach Michaelis konnte Herr Kandidat Uhde, der durch das Wiederein-
treffen des Herrn Oberlehrer Unbescheid freigewordene Vikar, durch Ubernahme des lateinischen
Unterrichts in O. IIb und U.IIb dem Berichterstatter einige Erleichterung bieten. – Am 2. Januar 1882
wurde der Rektor von seinen schweren Leiden durch einen sanften Tod erlöst und am 5. Januar vor-
mittags / 11 Uhr bewegte sich, unter Vortragung der umflorten Schulfahne, von Chargierten ge-
führt, mit Palmen und Fächerpalmen und reichen Blumendekorationen geschmückt der lange Zug der
Lehrer und Schüler nach der Parentationshalle des Annenkirchhofes auf der Chemnitzerstrasse. Da-
selbst warteten bereits zahlreiche Gönner und Freunde der Schule und des Verstorbenen, unter ihnen
der Herr Geh. Schulrat Dr. Schlömilch, der Herr Oberbürgermeister Dr. Stübel, der Herr Stadtrat
Heubner, Herr Dr. v. Heyden, der Herr Geh. Rath Zeuner und mehrere Rektoren und Kollegen
der hiesigen höheren Schulen. Reden wurden gehalten vom Unterzeichneten, vom Herrn Konsistorial-
rat Dr. Dibelius, vom Herrn Stud. polytechn. Tauberth und vom Primus der Schule Reichardt.
Da der sel. Rektor für das Programm von 1877 sich von mir die am Grabe des Rektor Job ge-
haltene Leichenrede erbeten hatte, glaube ich in seinem Sinne zu handeln, wenn ich eine der Reden
hier folgen lasse, welche ich zu seinem Gedächtnis gehalten habe, und zwar in der Aula der
Schule, vor versammeltem Cötus; sie lautete wie folgt:
Meine Herren Kollegen! geliebte Schüler!
Es ist ein schöner Brauch bei uns, dass, wenn Gott einen treuen Arbeiter in seinen Wein-
berg aus unsrer Mitte gerufen hat, wir noch einmal in unserm Festsaale zur Feier seines Andenkens
uns vereinigen. Diesem Zweck dient der heutige Tag. Es sei mir gestattet, mit wenigen Punkten
und Linien ein Bild des Mannes zu zeichnen, dessen sterbliche Überreste wir vor wenig Tagen zur
45
Erde bestattet haben. Am 29. Dezember 1822 zu Halle an der Saale geboren, verlor er früh seinen
Vater und dankte der aufopfernden Sorgfalt und Treue seiner Mutter seine Erziehung und seinen
Unterhalt bis zu seinem Abgange von der Universität. Den Grund zu seiner wissenschaftlichen
Bildung legte er auf der lateinischen Hauptschule zu Halle, der weithin bekannten Anstalt, welche
nebst einer Realschule dem glaubensmutigen August Hermann Franke ihr Dasein verdankt. Ostern
1843 verliess der Verstorbene die Schule mit dem Reifezeugnis, um auf der Universität philologischen
Studien, insbesondere aber der Geschichte und den neueren Sprachen sich zu widmen. 1847 erw urb
er sich im Examen pro facultate docendi das Zeugnis für die oberen Klassen in den historischen
Disciplinen, der deutschen und französischen Sprache, später auch im Englischen. Nach einer unge-
wöhnlich kurzen Lehrerthätigkeit von drei Jahren, während welcher Zeit er teils als Hauslehrer, teils
als Hilfslehrer in der Mark, teils am Conradinum bei Danzig, teils am Gymnasium und an der Petri-
Realschule zu Danzig gearbeitet hat, übernahm er als Rektor die Leitung der städtischen höheren
Töchterschule in Perleberg. Hier verheiratete er sich; zwei Söhne gingen aus der Ehe hervor, von
denen der ältere seinem Vater im Tode vorangegangen ist. 1860 übernahm der Entschlafene das
Rektorat der städtischen höheren Töchterschule in Görlitz und kurze Zeit darauf, 1868, berief ihn der
Stadtrat von Dresden an die Ratstöchterschule, die spätere höhere Töchterschule unsrer Stadt. Wie
er in Perleberg, wie er in Görlitz mit den Töchterschulen Lehrerinnenseminare verbunden hatte, so
hätte er auch sehr gern dasselbe bei uns gethan, hatte es auch begonnen: da entstand das Königl.
Lehrerinnenseminar, und er sah sich auf seine Ratstöchterschule beschränkt. Dies mag ihn bestimmt
haben, an der Realschule Verwendung zu wünschen, und im Jahre 1876 bot sich der städtischen
Behörde durch das Ableben des sel. Rektor Prof. Job die Gelegenheit, jenen Wunsch zu berück-
sichtigen. Seit dem 2. Oktober 1876 hat Rektor Vietor, dem bald nach seiner Wahl vom hohen
Ministerium des Kultus der Professortitel zu teil wurde, an unsrer Schule gewirkt, und mit welchem
Eifer, das wissen alle, welche als Lehrer oder Schüler mit ihm in Verbindung gestanden haben.
Dass bei ihm der Lehrer hinter dem Rektor zurücktrat, ist kein Wunder, da den drei Jahren seiner
Erstlingsthätigkeit als Lehrer 31 Rektoratsjahre gegenüberstehen. Unterrichtsstunden übernahm er
nur wenige, dagegen verwandte er viel Zeit und Mühe auf die eigentliche Schulregierung und -Ver-
waltung. Gerade in den Anfang seines Rektorates fällt die Einführung des neuen Regulatives; es
bedurfte gar mancher Instruktions- und Fachkonferenzen, um nach Massgabe des neuen Gesetzes die
Aufgaben und Ziele für die einzelnen Klassen festzustellen, dazu kam die Notwendigkeit, die etwas
frei gehaltenen Parallelklassen einheitlich zu gestalten. Ausserdem arbeitete er im Einverständnisse
mit der Behörde der monströsen äusseren Entwickelung der Anstalt entgegen, weise ermessend, dass
das übermässige äussere Wachstum und das innere Wachstum einer Schule in umgekehrtem Ver-
hältnisse stehen. Wo sich Unklarheit in gewissen Bestimmungen fand, da wirkte er mit Erfolg auf
Klarstellung hin, überall sah man seinen ordnenden und regelnden Geist. Und wieviel Zeit hat es
ihm gekostet, durch Anhören des Unterrichtes in den verschiedensten Klassen sich eine genaue
Einsicht in den Gang der Schule und eine klare Ubersicht über ihre Leistungen zu verschaffen! wie-
viel Zeit hat er auf die Durchmusterung der Schülerarbeiten gewandt! Durch und durch Mann des
Gesetzes war er für Viele nicht gerade liebenswürdig, aber er liebte seine Schule und seine Schüler,
wenn er auch streng gegen sie war; mit seiner Strenge Hand in Hand ging auch seine volle Ge-
rechtigkeit. Im Umgange endlich mit seinen Kollegen zeichnete ihn strenge Unparteilichkeit aus;
aller Intrigue Feind war er offen und geradsinnig, er vertrug auch den Widerspruch, wo derselbe mit
Gründen ihm entgegentrat. So haben wir den Mann gekannt, den wir zu seiner letzten Ruhestätte
begleitet haben, und so wird er auch künftig vor uns stehen, eine Zierde für unsre Schule, für unsre
Stadt, für unser Land!
Den 27. April erfolgte die Nachfeier des Geburstages Sr. Majestät des Königs. Den Anfang
machte der Gesang „Leih' aus deines Himmels Höhen“ von Gluck; dann sprach Herr Oberlehrer
Flemming das Gebet; hierauf folgte die Festrede des Herrn Oberlehrer Dr. Helm über die Ent-
wickelung des Beleuchtungswesens, an den Zusammenhang anknüpfend, in welchem die Einführung
der Gasbeleuchtung in Deutschland mit der Geschichte des sächsischen Königshauses steht. Der
Redner verfolgte die Entwickelung der älteren Beleuchtungsmittel, hob den gewaltigen Umschwung
hervor, den die letzten hundert Jahre auf diesem Gebiete herbeigeführt haben, und schloss, an den
46
Mythus von Prometheus erinnernd, mit dem Hinweise auf die hohe Bedeutung technischer Ent-
wickelung für die allgemeine Kultur. Den Schluss der erhebenden Feier machte das Salvum fac
regem von Hauptmann.
Den letzten Tag vor Beginn unserer Sommerferien schied aus unserm Kreise der um die
musikalische Ausbildung unseres Schulchors so verdiente Gesanglehrer Gast, um das Kantorat an
der Friedrichstädter Kirche zu übernehmen. Der Berichterstatter unterliess es nicht, dem tüchtigen
Meister seiner Kunst den Dank des Kollegiums auszusprechen; die Gesangsschüler beschenkten ihren
scheidenden Lehrer mit einer wertvollen Uhr. An seine Stelle trat Herr Müller, Lehrer am Königl.
Konservatorium.
Am 26. August 1881 starb der um Dresden und dessen Geschichte und um das höhere
Schulwesen hoch verdiente Herr Bürgermeister a. D. Heinrich Moritz Neubert, Ehrenbürger der
Stadt Dresden, Komthur 2. Kl. des königl. sächsischen Verdienstordens. Der Unterzeichnete wohnte
im Namen seiner Schule der Beerdigung desselben auf dem neuen Kirchhofe auf Tolkewitzer Flur bei.
Am 2. September feierte die Schule den Sedantag in Verbindung mit dem Konstitutionsfeste.
Die Feier wurde eröffnet mit dem allgemeinen Gesange des Chorals „Allein Gott in der Höh' sei
Ehr“. Nach diesem Choralgesange deklamierte der Quartaner Hübner das Gedicht „Heinrich I.“,
worauf der Tertianer Kneist Emanuel Geibels Gedicht „An Deutschland“ und Schreckenbach
Uhlands „Kaiserwahl“ vortrugen. Auf diese Deklamationen folgte die Motette „Preis und Anbetung“
von Heinrich Rinck, vorgetragen vom Schülerchore unter Leitung des Gesanglehrers O. Müller. Die
Festrede, welche durch ihre patriotische Färbung erfreute, hielt Oberlehrer Dr. Siebeking. Der-
selbe entrollte ein gedrängtes Bild des ehemaligen Verfalls Deutschlands und entwickelte an der
Hand der Geschichte die Gründe, welche denselben herbeigeführt hatten. Dem gegenüber wies er
auf die durch die ruhmreiche Erhebung geschaffene, festgegründete und Achtung gebietende Stellung
des neuen deutschen Reiches hin. Bei Erwähnung der Stellung, welche Sachsen im deutschen Reiche
einnimmt, erinnerte er an die im Jahre 1831 in Sachsen gegebene Konstitution, welcher unser
Heimatsland seine hervorragende Bedeutung im deutschen Reiche wesentlich mit verdanke. Der
Redner schloss mit der Aufforderung an die Jugend, das ganze Leben in den Dienst des Vater-
landes zu stellen, um das in hartem Kampfe Errungene zu bewahren. Hierauf trug der Schüler-
chor das Lied „Deutschland“ von F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy vor, womit die Feier schloss. –
War sonst der Sedantag durch ein grösseres Schulfest ausserhalb der Stadt von uns ausgezeichnet
worden, so wurde diesmal bei der schweren Krankheit des Rektors davon abgesehen. Ebenso
verstand es sich von selbst, dass es in diesem Jahre weder eine grössere Chorpartie noch einen
Schulball gab.
Zu dem Abiturienten examen für diese Ostern (1882) hatten sich 21 Oberprimaner ge-
meldet. Die Klausurarbeiten wurden vom 11. bis 18. Februar über folgende Themen angefertigt:
1. Deutscher Aufsatz: Uber Schillers Distichon „Würde der Wissenschaft“ (Einem ist sie die hohe,
die himmlische Göttin etc.). 2. Lateinisches Exerzitium. 3. Französisches Exerzitium: Papst Gregor VII.
von W. Menzel. 4. Englischer Aufsatz: The War of the Spanish Succession. 5. Physikalische Auf-
gabe: Die Reflexion (Grunderscheinungen, Gesetze, Theorien). 6 – 7. Mathematische Aufgaben:
I. Von einer Parabel wird durch eine im Abstande w vom Scheitel senkrecht zur Axe gezogene
Sehne 2y ein Segment abgeschnitten. In dasselbe soll ein Kreis eingeschrieben und an die Tangential-
punkte mit der Parabel sollen die gemeinsamen Tangenten gelegt werden. Dreht man dann die Figur um
die Parabelaxe, so ist zu berechnen das Verhältnis 1. des durch den Berührungskreis von Paraboloid
und Kegel begrenzten Paraboloides zum ganzen Paraboloide; 2. des durch den Berührungskreis be-
grenzten Kegels zum ganzen durch die Tangenten erzeugten Kegel; 3. der Kugel zu diesem Kegel.
Beispiel: a = 4, y =3. – II. Von einem Dreiecke sind gegeben: ein Winkel a, die Summe der
Quadrate der einschliessenden Seiten b” + c“ = q“, und der Flächeninhalt A, wie gross sind die Radien
des um- und des eingeschriebenen Kreises? c = 59°29 23" 16, q* = 394, A = 84. – III. a” +y* = 6,
a” + y” = 15, wie gross ist ac + y?
Das Ergebnis der schriftlichen Prüfung war kein durchweg erfreuliches, indem vier von den
angemeldeten Abiturienten wegen ungenügender Arbeiten zurückgewiesen werden mussten. Die
übrigen 17 haben am Schlusse der mündlichen Prüfung folgende Censuren erlangt: H.
47
Wissen-
Name. Geburtstag. Geburtsort. Isebensberuf. : ":"
i GeSt.
1. Besser, Reinhold. 25. Dezbr. 1864. I Dresden. Deutsch und Geschichte. I Ib
2. Canzler, G. Hermann. 2. Juni 1862. Limbach bei Forstwissenschaft. I IIa
Chemnitz
3. Gliemann, M. A. 21. Mai 1863. Dresden. Marine-Maschinenbau-In- I IIb
| genieur.
4. Gross, G. A. 18. Oktbr. 1863. I Dresden. Mathematik und Physik. I IIb
5. Heinichen, O. R. 21. März 1862. Reudnitz bei || Technische Chemie. I II
Leipzig.
6. Heym, L. R. 1. Februar 1863. Dölzschen Bergingenieur. I IIb
7. Hille, F. J. B. 18. August 1862. Dresden. Post. I Ib
8. Kayser, R. L. 30. Novbr. 1863. St. Louis. I Bergingenieur. Ib | IIb
9. Kroner, M. P. A. 3. Oktbr. 1862. Breslau. Mathematik. I II
10. Kühn, E. A. R. 22. März 1863. Dresden. Steuerfach. I | IIb
11. Lamer, K. L. H. 30. Januar 1864. Hainsberg. Offizier. Ib II
12. Reichardt, W. 6. Januar 1864. I Dresden. Mathematik. I I
13. Siegert, M. 14. März 1861. I Dresden. Buchhändler. I IIIa
14. Siegert, G. | 12. Februar 1862. Dresden. Schiffsbau. I | III a
15. Trenkler, B. 31. Juli 1863. Schönbach | Technische Chemie. I II
bei Löbau.
16. Westmann, M. R. 22. Juli 1862. Dresden. Offizier. I IIIa
17. Zschocke, A. | 27. Novbr. 1863. I Deuben. Post. I IIb
Valediktionsaktus und Entlassung der Abiturienten den 13. März vormittags 10 Uhr:
. Choral: O Vater, du, mein Licht etc.
. De l'Art aéronautique. Französischer Vortrag des Abiturienten Gliemann.
. Uber die notwendige Verbindung geistiger Bildung mit sittlicher Gesinnung. Deutscher
Vortrag des Abiturienten Heinichen.
. Die Ehre Gottes: von L. v. Beethoven.
Enobarbus in Shakespeares Tragedy of Antony and Clospatra. Englischer Vortrag des
Abiturienten Reichardt.
. Abschied: von Mendelssohn.
Poetischer Abschiedsgruss des Unterprimaners Günther.
Entlassung der Abiturienten durch den Conrektor.
Lebewohl! Volksweise von Silcher.
:
Hier, am Schlusse der Chronik des ablaufenden Schuljahres angelangt, sei es mir, dem unter-
zeichneten Conrektor, gestattet, Einiges von mir selbst zu melden. Auch ich bin gewissermassen
ein Scheidender, denn ich scheide als Stellvertreter des Rektors, wenn ich auch bis zum Antritte
des von der städtischen Behörde gewählten neuen Rektors, des Herrn Prof. Dr. Oertel (bisher Rektor
der Zwickauer Realschule I. Ordnung) die Rektoratsgeschäfte noch fortzuführen habe. Als Stell-
vertreter lag mir ob, nicht neue Gedanken ins Leben einzuführen, sondern die Schule in guter
Ordnung fortzuerhalten. Sollte man finden (und ich hoffe es), dass mfr dies gelungen sei, so würde
ich schon darin eine gewisse Befriedigung erblicken. Der Geist der Schüler ist im vergangenen Schul-
jahre ein guter gewesen. Meinen Herren Kollegen aber, die das ganze Jahr hindurch treu zu mir
standen, danke ich für die Liebe, mit der sie meine Liebe zu ihnen erwidert haben.
48
3a. Mitteilungen.
In Bezug auf die Aufnahme neuer Schüler gelten nach dem Gesetz vom 22. August 1876
und der Ausführungsverordnung vom 29. Januar 1877 folgende Bestimmungen:
Die Aufnahme in die Realschule erfolgt alljährlich nur einmal und zwar bei Beginn des
neuen Schuljahres. Die Anmeldung* hat vor Ostern bei dem Rektor der Schule zu geschehen.
Dabei ist der Aspirant dem Rektor in der Regel persönlich vorzustellen und hat bei seiner An-
meldung
ein Taufzeugnis (Geburtsschein),
einen Impfschein,
bei angeblich Konfirmierten ein Konfirmationszeugnis und
ein Zeugnis über Fortschritte und Verhalten aus seinen öffentlichen oder privaten
Schul- und Unterrichtsverhältnissen
vorzulegen.
Die Ansprüche, welche die Realschule an die Kraft und Ausdauer ihrer Zöglinge macht,
setzen eine gewisse körperliche Entwickelung und Altersreife voraus. Sie sind daher nicht vor er-
fülltem zehnten Lebensjahre aufzunehmen. Die Vorbildung, an welche die Realschule anknüpft, und
welche sie vorfinden muss, ist im allgemeinen diejenige Elementarbildung, wie sie nach vierjährigem
Schulbesuche auf dem Standpunkte einer guten Bürgerschule von einem fleissigen und begabten
Schüler erreicht sein wird, speciell
Bekanntschaft mit der biblischen Geschichte Alten und Neuen Testaments,
geläufiges Lesen und Schreiben deutscher und lateinischer Schrift,
Fertigkeit, ein orthographisches Diktat in lateinischer Schrift möglichst fehlerfrei
niederzuschreiben,
desgleichen in mündlicher Wiedergabe einer leichten Erzählung,
Fertigkeit im Rechnen der vier Species mit ganzen und unbenannten Zahlen und
. die ersten Anfänge der Geographie.
In Bezug auf solche Schüler, die zum Eintritt in die höheren Klassen bestimmt sind, findet
man die Lehrziele einer jeden Klasse in den Schulnachrichten. Doch sei hier erwähnt, dass in der
6. Klasse mit dem Lateinischen, in der 5. mit dem Französischen, in der 4. mit der Geometrie, in
der 3. mit dem Englischen, in der Untersecunda mit der Physik und dem geometrischen Zeichnen
der Anfang gemacht wird.
Die Aufnahmegebühren betragen 9 Mark; das Schulgeld, das vierteljährlich pränumerando
in den ersten Tagen des ersten Monats beim Hausmeister zu entrichten ist, jedoch auch monatlich
bezahlt werden kann, beträgt für die Schüler, deren Eltern Dresdner Bürger sind und in Dresden
wohnen, in allen Klassen 120 Mark, für Schüler, deren Eltern zwar ausserhalb Dresdens wohnen,
aber Dresdner Bürger sind, 144 Mark, bei denen aber, deren Eltern weder in Dresden wohnen, noch
hiesiges Bürgerrecht besitzen, 180 Mark. Schüler, welche in der Albertstadt wohnen, zahlen das
Schulgeld der Auswärtigen. Es haben nach der stadträtlichen Verordnung vom 6. November 1878
die neu eintretenden Schüler das Schulgeld auf das volle angefangene Quartal zu bezahlen; diejenigen
Schüler aber, welche vor vollständiger Absolvierung die Anstalt verlassen, haben ihren Abgang vor
Schluss des Quartals anzuzeigen, andernfalls das Schulgeld auch dann, wenn der Schüler nur wenige
Tage in dem angefangenen Quartal die Schule besucht hat, auf das volle laufende Quartal zu ent-
richten. Abiturienten werden stets mit dem Schlusse des 1. oder III. Quartals in Abgang gebracht.
Etwaige Restanten sind vom Schulgeldeinnehmer noch vor Ablauf des zweiten unbezahlten
Monats dem Rektor zur sofortigen Entlassung aus der Anstalt anzuzeigen.
Durch Krankheit entschuldigte Schulversäumnis befreit nicht von der Schulgeldentrichtung.
Für ein Abgangszeugnis sind 1% Mark an den Schulgelderheber zu zahlen.
ſ
* Die Anmeldungen werden vom 7. Januar eines jeden Jahres am vom Rektor entgegengenommen. Unter
den Angemeldeten werden zunächst die Einheimischen berücksichtigt; Auswärtige nur dann, wenn noch weitere
Plätze vakant sind. Für letzteren Fall behalten die eingeschriebenen Auswärtigen vor den nach dem 15. Februar sich
anmeldenden Einheimischen den Vorzug.
49
Die Absolvierung des vollen Realkursus erfordert einen Zeitraum von mindestens 8 Jahren,
und selbstverständlich haben nur diejenigen Schüler Aussicht, ihn innerhalb jener Frist zu vollenden,
welche nicht durch Zurückbleiben und mangelhafte Erfolge genötigt sind, den Jahreskursus irgend
einer der acht Klassen doppelt durchzumachen. Wer dagegen nach zweijährigem Aufenthalte in
einer oberen und mittleren Klasse zur Versetzung in eine höhere nicht reif ist, muss als unfähig
aus der Anstalt austreten.
Jedes Jahr findet kurz vor Ostern unter dem Vorsitze eines königlichen Kommissars eine
Maturitätsprüfung statt. Auf Zulassung zu derselben haben nur diejenigen Schüler der Anstalt An-
spruch, die mindestens ein Jahr in der Oberprima gesessen haben.
Adspiranten von auswärts, welche die Maturitätsprüfung bestehen wollen, werden nur dann
zugelassen, wenn sie durch ausdrückliche Anordnung des Ministeriums zur Bestehung der Reife-
prüfung einer Realschule zugewiesen worden sind und sind dann wegen der Zulassung nach dem
Massstabe wie die Zöglinge der eigenen Anstalt zu beurteilen.
Die Maturitätsprüfungen sind für die eigenen Zöglinge der Realschule unentgeltlich, aus-
wärtige Examinanden aber haben, wie auch der Ausfall der Prüfung für sie sein mag, für dieselbe
20 Mark einzuzahlen, welche bei der Schulkasse zu verrechnen sind.
Die Abiturienten, die das Maturitätsexamen bestanden haben, gewinnen das Recht zu Studien
an allen höheren Fachschulen des Landes (Polytechnikum, polytechnische Schule und Gewerbeschule
in Chemnitz, Forstakademie in Tharandt, Bergakademie zu Freiberg) und zum Besuche der Univer-
sität, um daselbst Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften sowie Pädagogik in Verbindung mit neueren
Sprachen zu studieren; es sollen dieselben nach einem mindestens dreijährigen akademischen Studium
zur Prüfung für das höhere Schulamt in Sekt. II und III zugelassen werden und erhalten nach erfolg-
reich bestandener Prüfung und Erstehung des Probejahres an einer höheren Unterrichtsanstalt die
Befähigung zur Anstellung als Lehrer an höheren Volks- und Bürgerschulen, an Realschulen I. und
II. Ordnung und Schullehrerseminaren und, wenn sie die Prüfung in Sektion III bestanden haben,
als Lehrer der Mathematik und der Naturwissenschaften auch an Gymnasien, sobald sie sich einer
Prüfung in der lateinischen Sprache unterwerfen.
Vom Portepéefähnrichs-Examen sind Diejenigen dispensiert, welche an einer Realschule
I. Ordnung das Maturitätszeugnis erworben haben.
Realschüler, die mindestens 1 Jahr in der Secunda gesessen und in den Fortschritten und
dem Betragen die Censur „gut“ erhalten haben, sind vom Examen für den einjährig freiwilligen
Militärdienst befreit. Schüler, welche die Reife für die Prima einer Realschule I. Ordnung, bei
welcher das Latein obligatorischer Unterrichtsgegenstand ist, erlangt haben, können ohne Aufnahme-
Examen in die Königl. Tierarzneischule eintreten. Nach einer Verfügung des Kriegsministeriums
vom 28. August 1878 müssen junge Leute, welche auf Kosten des Militärfiskus die Tierheilkunde
studieren wollen, vom 1. Oktober 1881 an den Nachweis der Reife für die Prima eines Gymnasiums
oder einer Realschule I. Ordnung mit obligatorischem Unterricht im Latein liefern.
Zur Anstellung eines jungen Mannes als Posteleve ist das Reifezeugnis erforderlich.
Zum Eintritt in die Steuerbeamtencarrière ist der Nachweis eines 1–2jährigen Besuchs
der Secunda nötig, ausserdem ist noch eine Aufnahmeprüfung zu bestehen.
3b. Verordnungen der Behörden.
Durch Dekret des Hohen Ministeriums des Kultus vom 3. Dezember wurde dem unterzeich-
neten Konrektor der Professortitel gnädigst verliehen und selbiges Dekret am 5. Dezember von Herrn
Stadtrat Heubner ihm feierlich überbracht.
Verordnung des Kultusministeriums, die Zulassung Büttner - Wobst’s zur Apothekerprüfung
(im Lateinischen) betreffend, vom 30. April 1881
In einem Schreiben des Stadtrats wird der Unterzeichnete aufgefordert, die Anträge für den
neuen Haushaltplan zu stellen (3. Mai 1881).
Verordnung des Rats vom 13. Mai über die Impfung der Schüler (resp. Wiederimpfung).
7
50
Durch Generalverordnung vom 14. Mai macht das Kultusministerium die Direktionen der
Höheren Lehranstalten auf die, Geographischen Bildertafeln“von Dr. Oppel in Bremen aufmerksam.
Der Stadtrat verlangt statistische Angaben für das statistische Bureau (d. 17. Mai).
In einer Generalverordnung vom 21. Juni verlangt das Kultusministerium Ausstellung be-
sonderer Unbescholtenheitszeugnisse für die sich zum einjährig-freiwilligen Militärdienst Meldenden.
Aufforderung des Stadtrats, die zu Ostern entlassenen Konfirmanden zu melden wegen der
Ableistung der Fortbildungsschulpflicht (22. Juni).
Der Stadtrat ābersendete mit einem Schreiben vom 11, Juli das von Herrn Hermann Gmeiner-
Benndorf verfasste Werkchen n ein Seemannstraum “.
Beschluss des Stadtrats, die Worausbezahlung des Augustgehaltes betreffend.
In einer Generalverordnung vom 14. Juli 1881 verlangt das Kultusministerium Beiträge zu
einer neuen Ausgabe des Handbuches der Kirchen- und Schulstatistik für das Königreich Sachsen.
Werordnung des Stadtrats vom 15. August liber die Feier des Nationalfestes.
Werordnung des Kultusministeriums, das diesjährige Programm der Annenrealschule betreffend,
vom 2. November 1881.
Werordnung des Kultusministeriums vom 17. Dezember tiber die Aufstellung eines Personal-
verzeichnisses des Lehrerkollegiums.
Werordnung des Kultusministeriums vom 7. Februar 1882 über den Termin der mündlichen
Reifepriifung.
4. Statistik.
a) Ausschuss für das hôhere Schulwesen.
Herr Stadtrat Heubner, Vorsitzender.
Herr Stadtrat Walther. Herr Stadtverordneter Dr. van Heyden.
, Stadtrat Dr. Minckwitz. , Hofrat Dr. med. Hübler.
, Stadtverordneter Generalstaatsanwalt Dr. , Dr. jur. Wolf.
von Schwarze. , Konrektor Prof. Dr. Lies ske, als Stellver-
, Stadtverordneter Baumeister Strunz. treter des Rektors.
b) Lehrerkollegium.
1. Rektor des.: Prof. Dr. Oertel. 12. Oberlehrer: Dr. Richard Kell.
2. Konrektor: Prof. Dr. Lies ske. 13. 7) Karl August Wobst.
3. Oberlehrer: Wilhelm Pietzsch. 14. ?? Dr. Oskar Dolch.
4. }) Karl Ernst Besser. 15. 2) Dr. Reinhold Albert.
5. 22 Gustav Stiefelhagen. 16. 2) Hermann Unbescheid.
6. 32 Otto Friedrich Böhme. 17. 2) Dr. Theodor Herrmann.
7. }} Ernst Emil Harich (Biblioth.). 18. 2) Dr. Georg Helm.
8. }} Dr. Karl Richard Henke. 19. 2) Max Flemming.
9. ?? Dr. Hugo Siebeking. 20. }} Karl Demme.
10. 27 Dr. Oskar Schneider. 21. }} Hermann Schindler.
11. 27 Dr. Karl Moritz Welte.
Ständige Fach- und Oberlehrer: Turnlehrer Eduard Dietrich.
Zeichenlehrer Ernst Strauss.
Fachlehrer: W. Müller, Gesanglehrer.
Prof. Dr. Bruno Rotter, Stenograph.
Prof. Erler, Feldmessen.
Herr J. Finsterbusch, Cand. des hôheren Schulamts, hat sich von Ostern 1881 an in den
Klassen IV bis OII als Candidatus prob. nitzlich gemacht; er erteilte in den genannten Klassen
Unterricht in Rechnen und Mathematik.
51
c) Freistellen.
Zur Belohmung und Förderung strebsamer, aber unbemittelter Schüler hat die Stadtverwaltung
11 ganze und 22 halbe Freistellen bewilligt, welche nach dem Patent vom 16. Dezember 1870 auf
Worschlag des Lehrerkollegiums vom Stadtrate verliehen werden, und Zwar
a) nur an Schüler der Klassen Prima bis Quarta inkl.;
b) nur auf ein Schuljahr, vom 1. April bis 1. April;
c) nur an Schüler, deren erziehungspflichtige Ernährer ihren wesentlichen Wohnsitz
innerhalb des Stadtbezirks haben;
d) laut Ratsverfügung vom 9. April 1880 sollen die Bewerber von Freistellen ein amtlich
beglaubigtes testimonium egestatis einzureichen verpflichtet sein.
Im laufenden Schuljahre haben diese Freistellen inne:
In Oberprima: Georg Hartmann (halbe).
Georg Gross (ganze). Max Holzegel (halbe, seit Michaelis.)
Richard Kühn (ganze). g. te
Willibald Reichardt (ganze). In º
Max G liemann (halbe). IClar uge (ganze).
e tº gº Arthur Beck (ganze).
Otto Heinichen (halbe). Georg Kühne (ganze).
e Friedrich Hofmann (ganze).
In Unterprima: Rudolf Göhre (halbe).
Fedor Hartmann (ganze). º
Curt Hartmann (ganze). In Tertia:
Arthur Kessler (halbe). Johannes Planer (ganze).
Karl Augustin (ganze). Max Trautmann (halbe).
Oskar Trentzsch (halbe). Curt Unger (halbe).
Georg Wobst (halbe).
Emil Kurz.reuter (halbe).
In OberSecunda: Richard Linke (halbe).
Max Lange (ganze).
Adolf Kampfrath (ganze). In Quarta:
Richard Lindner (halbe, Mich. abgeg). Johannes Engelhardt (halbe).
Aus dem Dispositions fonds:
OI. Bernhard Hille (halbe). IV. Albin Lehmann (halbe).
0II. Alexander Hohlfeld (halbe). Georg Hübner (halbe).
W. Karl Oertel (halbe).
UII. Rudolf Seelmann (halbe). g &
Albert Seidel (halbe). Hººm (halbe).
III. Richard Bürkner (halbe). Adolf Falke (halbe).
Die Joh. Meyersche Stiftungsstelle ist dem Obersekundaner Julius Noack verliehen.
Aus der Mattersdorffschen Stiftung erhielt Ernst Keller aus IV* ein Stipendium.
Das Schäfersche Stipendium erhielt Joh. Reibisch aus IV*
50 Mark und 40 Mark, Geschenk des Herrn Bankier Joseph Bondi, wurden verteilt an
den Unterprimaner Paul Gross und den Untersekundaner Friedrich Russig.
Der Herr Baron v. Burgk auf Rossthal gewährte einem Quartaner aus Deuben eine Unter-
stützung von 60 M. als. Beitrag zum Schulgelde, woftir wir dem edlen Geber hiermit unsern Dank
aussprechen, *
Das Stipendium der Alten Annenschüler erhielt in diesem Jahre Herr Stud. Neu-
mann aus Pirna.
7 %
52
Aus dem Haymannschen Legate bekamen im Jahre 1881 Bücherprämien: Aus O. I Meissner
und Wend, aus U. I Besser, aus O. II" Fedor Hartmann, aus O. II" Paul Gross, aus U. II"
Friedr. Aster und aus U. II" Julius Noack. Diese Ostern werden Prämien bekommen: aus O. I
Besser, Hille und Reichardt, aus U. l Curt Hartmann, aus O. II Hohlfeld, aus U. II Kluge
und Kotzschmar.
Endlich lässt uns der Herr Professor Dr. Rotter noch folgende Notiz zugehen, welche mit-
zuteilen Freude macht: Die Primaner Hille und Noack und der Untersekundaner Kluge erhielten
bei dem von den erweiterten Sitzungen des königl. stenographischen Instituts am 10. Februar ab-
gehaltenen Preisschreiben der stenographiekundigen Schüler der hiesigen höheren Lehranstalten den
I. und III. Preis der höheren Abteilung und den II. Preis der Elementarabteilung. Sämtliche in
stenographischen Werken bestehenden Preise repräsentieren einen Geldwert von 20, und zwei von
je 12 M.
d) Witwen- und Waisenkasse.
Kassierer: Oberlehrer Dr. Henke.
Die Privatwitwen- und Waisenkasse des Kollegiums ist bis zu M. 3806. 97. angewachsen.
An Geschenken überwiesen derselben im vergangenen Jahre: Herr Bankier J. Bondi M. 100, Unter-
sekundaner E. M. M. 5, Untersekundaner Eger M. 2, Untersekundaner Thienemann M. 10, Herr
Blumenau in Budapest M. 20, Abiturient Meissner M. 20, Herr Mehnert in Gmunden M. 100,
Untersekundaner Emil Günther M. 20, Herr Oberlehrer Pietzsch das Honorar für Ausschreiben
der Maturitätszeugnisse M. 12. 50., Herr C. M. Küntzel aus Nordamerika. M. 10, Herr Privatus G.
Rosenberg M. 3, Obersekundaner Haasmann M. 5, Frau verw. Rektor Vietor den Erlös für
einen an Herrn Oberlehrer Dr. Schneider aus dem Nachlass ihres verstorbenen Herrn Gemahls
überlassenen Gegenstand M. 8.
Den freundlichen Gebern drückt das Kollegium auch an dieser Stelle nochmals seinen herz-
lichsten Dank aus.
Die Kasse hat im Jahre 1881 an eine Witwe und zwei Waisen M. 81 Unterstützung aus-
gezahlt.
Exemplare von Schramm „Geschichte der Annenschule“ zu M. 2, und von Dolch „Les
deux Bassompierre“ zu M. 1 verkauft der Hausmeister der Anstalt zum Besten der Kasse.
Während des Programmdruckes wurden dem Berichterstatter zwei herrliche Geschenke für
unsre Witwen- und Waisenkasse überbracht: 100 M. von Herrn Kaufmann Westmann (durch den
Abiturienten Westmann) und 30 M. von dem Vater eines andern Abiturienten. Für beide schöne
Beiträge spreche ich den freundlichen Gebern den Dank des Kollegiums aus.
e) Vermehrung der Lehrer-Bibliothek,
verwaltet von Herrn Oberlehrer Harich.
a) Durch Geschenke:
Vom Königl. Ministerium des Kultus und öffentlichen Unterrichts: v. Witzleben, Entstehung der
konstitutionellen Verfassung des Königreichs Sachsen. 1881. – L. Haberkorn, Die Verfassungs-
urkunde des Königreichs Sachsen. Dresden 1881. – Bericht über den Stand der dem Mini-
sterium des Kultus und öffentlichen Unterrichts unterstellten Unterrichts- und Erziehungs-
anstalten im Königreiche Sachsen. Erhebung vom 1. Dezember 1880. Dresden 1881.
Von der Kaiserlichen Oberpostdirektion durch Herrn Geheimen Postrat Zschüschner: Postbuch zum
Gebrauch für das Publikum in Dresden und den Vororten. Dresden 1881.
Vom Königl. Sächsischen Statistischen Bureau: Zeitschrift desselben, XXVI. Jahrg. Heft III und IV.
Von der Direktion der Königl. Sächsischen Kunstgewerbeschule und des Kunstgewerbemuseums zu
Dresden: Jahresbericht derselben auf das Schuljahr 1880/81.
53
Won dem Lehrerkollegium der Realschule I. O. zu Duisburg: Festschrift zur Feier des 50.jährigen
Bestehens derselben am 20. Mai 1881.
Von Frau verw. Rektor Professor Wietor: G. Zerrenner, Der neue deutsche Kinderfreund.
I. Teil. 24. Aufl. Halle 1857. – F. P. Wilmsen, Der deutsche Kinderfreund. 114. Aufl.
Berlin 1837. &
Won der Werlagsbuchhandlung Paul Neff in Stuttgart: C. Julii Caesaris Commentarii de bello Gallico.
, Hrsg. von H. Rheinwald. 3. Aufl. 1881. (Illustrierte Schulausgabe.)
Von der Verlagsbuchhandlung A. G. Plötz in Berlin: K. Plötz, Latein. Worschule. 6. Aufl. 1880.
Von der Verlagsbuchhandlung M. Schauenburg in Lahr. G. Wendt, Deutsches Lesebuch. I. Teil. 1881.
Von der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses zu Halle: A. Kirchhoff, Schulgeographie. 1882.
Von der Verlagsbuchhandlung B. G. Teubner in Leipzig.: Verlagskatalog. 1. Nachtrag 1875–1881.
Von der Werlagsbuchhandlung Wandenhök und Ruprecht in Göttingen: J. Lattmann, Grund-
züge der deutschen Grammatik. 5. Aufl. 1882. — Derselbe, Latein. Ubungsbuch für Tertia.
1881/1882.
Von Herrn Oberlehrer Dr. O. Schneider in Dresden: C. Aberle, Wergleichende Zusammenstellung der
gebräuchlichen Pflanzensysteme etc. Wien 1877. – Derselbe, Die Gefässpflanzen des k. k.
botanischen Gartens in Salzburg. II. spezieller Teil. 1. H. Wien 1877.
Von Herrn Oberlehrer Dr. Helm in Dresden: Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse
der Königl. Bayrischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 1871. München 1871. –
Euclidis Elementorum libri sex priores, ed. J. G. Camerer. 2 Bde. Berlin 1824/25. – Reper-
torium der litterarischen Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der reinen und angewandten Mathematik.
Hrsg. von Königsberger und Zeuner. 2 Bde. Leipzig 1876/78.
Durch den Programmaustausch 160 Programme hôherer Schulen Deutschlands.
b) Durch Ankauf:
Grimm. Deutsches Wörterbuch IV. Bd. 1. Abt. 2. Hålfte. 3. Líg. WI. Bd. 7. und 8. Lfg. VII. Bd.
1. Lfg. – W. Herbst, Goethe in Wetzlar 1772. Gotha 1881. – Woltaire, Oeuvres complètes. 46 Bde.
Paris 1869. – Granier de Cassagnac, Histoire des origines de la langue française. Paris 1872. –
M. Duncker, Geschichte des Altertums. W. Bd. 5. Aufl. Leipzig 1881. – O. Posse, Die Markgrafen
von Meissen und das Haus Wettin bis zu Konrad d. Gr. Leipzig 1881. – L. von Ranke, Sämtliche
Werke. Bd. 48. Leipzig 1881. – G. Voigt, Die Wiederbelebung des klassischen Altertums. II. Bd.
2. Aufl. Berlin 1881. – Soldan, Geschichte der Hexenprozesse. Neu bearb. von H. Heppe. Stuttgart
1880. – R. König, Deutsche Litteraturgeschichte. 11. Aufl. Bielefeld und Leipzig 1881. — Allgemeine
deutsche Biographie. Lfg. 61–68. – Der deutsch-französische Krieg. Heft 19 und 20. – R. Kühner,
Ausführliche Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache. 2 Bde. Hannover 1877/78. – C. F. Gauss' Werke.
I. und II. Bd. 2. Abdr. Hrsg. von der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. 1870.
— O. Schlömilch, Handbuch der Mathematik. II. Bd. Bréslau 1881. – C. Fr. Naumann, Lehrbuch
der Geognosie. 2 Bde. Leipzig 1850/54. – F. Senft, Synopsis der Mineralogie und Geognosie. 2: Abt.
2. Hålfte. Hannover 1878. – v. Saporta, Die Pflanzenwelt vor dem Erscheinen des Menschen. Ubers.
von C. Vogt. Braunschw. 1881. – Arendt, Technik der Experimentalchemie. I. Bd. Leipzig 1881. –
Aus der Bibliothek des verstorbenen Herrn Rektors Prof. Wietor: J. A. Froude, History of England
from the fall of Wolsey to the death of Elizabeth. 6 Tle. Leipzig 1861/64. — Stanhope, History
of England comprising the reign of Queen Anne 1701–1713. 2 Tle. Leipzig 1870. – G. Bankroft,
History of the United States. 7. Bde. London o. J. – W. H. Prescott, History of fine reign of Philip
the Second, king of Spain. 3 Bde. Leipzig 1856. — Derselbe, History of the conquest of Peru.
2 Bde. Paris 1847. — Derselbe, History of the conquest of Mexico. 3 Bde. Paris 1844. – K. Elze,
William Shakespeare. Halle 1876. – Jahrgang 1881 folgender Zeitschriften: Neues Archiv für
Sächsische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. — Petermann, Geographische Mitteilungen nebst Er-
gänzungsheften. — Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Geographie. - Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie
und Pädagogik. — Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen. — Centralorgan für die Interessen
des Realschulwesens. – Annalen der Physik und Chemie. — Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik.
— Litterarisches Centralblatt.
54
** ****
f) Vermehrung der Schüler-Bibliothek,
verwaltet von Primanern unter Aufsicht des Herrn Oberlehrer Harich.
Durch Ankauf:
Prölss, Altenglisches Theater. 2 Bde. — G. Freytag, Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangen-
heit. 5 Bde. — H. Düntzer, Lessings Leben. — J. Köstlin, Luthers Leben. – E. Rietschel, Jugend-
erinnerungen. — F. Lipperheide, Lieder zu Schutz und Trutz – J. Meyer, Poetisches Waterlandsbuch
für Schule und Haus. – W. Wagner, Deutsche Heldensagen für Schule und Volk. – G. Schalk,
Nordisch-germanische Götter- und Heldensagen für Jung und Alt – E. Falck, Deutsche Götter-
geschichte. Der deutschen Jugend gewidmet. – A. Geikie, Kurzes Lehrbuch der physikalischen Geo-
graphie. Aus dem Englischen von Br. Weigand. – von Klöden und Oberländer, Unser deutsches
Land und Wolk. Bd. 5 und 9. – Böhmer, Kosmos. Bibel der Natur. — Gäa, Jahrg. 1881.
* g) Die geographische Lehrmittelsammlung.
Verwaltet von Herrn Dr. Schneider.
Durch Schenkung: Von Herrn Teichmann Proben von Wallrosshaut, von dem früheren
Schüler Herrn stud. techn. Mehnert 13 Photographien aus Italien,
von Dr. Schneider eine chinesische Zeitung.
Durch Kauf: Leeder, Karte zur Geschichte des preuss. Staates; Haardt, Schulwand-
karte von Asien; R. Kiepert, stumme physikalische und politische
Wandkarte von Frankreich; R. Andrée, Allgemeiner Handatlas (für das
Lehrerzimmer).
h) Sammlungen für Chemie und Mineralogie.
Verwaltet von Herrn Oberlehrer Besser.
Won Herrn Geh. Hofrat Prof. Dr. Geinitz erhielt die Schule eine Anzahl sehr instruktiver
Petrefakten, wofir demselben auch hierdurch gedankt wird.
* Für die chemische Sammlung wurden angekauft: Ein Gasometer für Chlor, eine Wasser-
strahlpumpe, ein Schmelztiegel von Silber, eine Terquem'sche Lampe, ein Spektroskop, verschiedene
kleinere chemische Gerätschaften zur Ergänzung, sowie die nôtigen Chemikalien.
i) Für die physikalische Sammlung,
verwaltet von Herrn Dr. Helm,
wurden angekauft: Weinhold, Physikaliche Demonstrationen; Modell einer Uhr; pneumatisches
Feuerzeug aus Glas; Apparat für die Abplattung eines rotierenden Tropfens; Elektroskop; Stroboskop
mit den Quinckeschen Bildern; Kommutator; Apparat zur Demonstration des Dichtigkeitsmaximums des
Wassers; Apparat für Saugwirkung der Gase; Eisenplatte und Elfenbeinkugel, um die Abplattung
bein Stoss zu zeigen; Bologneser Fläschehen und Glasthránen; elektrischer Nummernschrank;
Indikator für Schlagende Wetter; Phosphoroskop; Bunsens Apparat, um die Emission und Absorption
des Natriumdampfes zu zeigen Zur Aufbewahrung der Elektrisiermaschine und der Influenzmaschinen
wurden grosse Glaskästen angekauft.
k) Zoologisch-botanische Sammlungen.
Verwaltet von Oberlehrer W obst.
Angekauft wurden: Skelette vom dreizehigen Faultier und der virginischen Beutelratte;
Schädelskelette des Eisbärs, Seehunds und des Moschustieres; einige Durchschnitte verschiedener
55
Hölzer und 5 mikroskopische Bryozoa-Präparate. Ferner Leuckart und Nitzsche, Zoologische Tafeln“,
Lief. 4 und die Wandtafeln zur Blütenkunde“ von Lubarsch.
An der Wervollständigung unsrer Sammlungen beteiligten sich die Schüler Arnhold, Fürsten-
heim, Scholze und Thiele der Klasse W* und durch Schenkung einer wertvollen europäischen
Schmetterlings- und Käfersammlung Frau verw. Hauptmann von Witzleben, woftir auch an dieser
Stelle der wārmste Dank ausgesprochen wird.
1) Sammlung der Zeichnungen und plastischen Modelle.
Verwaltet durch Herrn Oberlehrer Strauss.
Angekauft wurde: Prof. Kummers landschaftl. Federzeichnungen mach der Natur. 24 Blatt.
m) Musikaliensammlung.
Verwaltet durch Herrn Gesanglehrer Müller.
Angeschafft wurde: H. Hofmanns Pilot. Verlag von Kistner, Leipzig.
, Allen, welche durch freundliche Spenden zur Bereicherung unsrer Sammlungen in diesem
Jahre beigetragen haben, spreche ich im Namen meines Kollegiums meinen wärmstem Dank dafir aus.“
Prof. Dr. Lies ske.
Schulbücher, welche Ostern 1882 gebraucht werden.
1. Religion. 3. Lateinisch.
Bibel. Gesangbuch. Petermanns Spruchbuch. Middendorf und Grüter, Latein. Grammatik.
(WI–II.) (WI–I.) tº
Berthelt, biblische Geschichte (Ausgabe ohne Ostermann, Lateinisches Ubungsbuch für
Bilder). (WI u. W.) gy Sexta. (WI u. V.) g
Noack, Hilfsbuch für den evangel. Religions- Ostermann, Lateinisches Ubungsbuch für
unterricht in höheren Schulen. (III–I.) Quinta. (W u. IV.)
Nepos plenior, von F. Vogel. Berlin, Weid-
Hoff und Kaiser, Grammatik. Essen, Bädeker.
(WI–III.)
Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis für die deut-
sche Rechtschreibung in den sächsischen
Schulen. (WI–III)
Masius, Lesebuch, Teil I. (WI u. W.)
Masius, Lesebuch, Teil II. (IW u. III.)
Wiehoff, Handbuch der deutschen National-
litteratur. (II u. I.)
Kluge, Geschichte der deutschen National-
litteratur. (II u. I.)
Hoff und Kaiser, Abriss der Rhetorik und
Poetik. Essen, Bädeker. (II u. I.)
2. Deutsch. & (III)
Iſla, Illſl.
Georges, latein-deutsches und deutsch-latein.
Schulwórterbuch. Leipzig, Hahn. §º
Jul. Cäsar, debello Gallico. (Weidm. Ausg.) (II.
Cic. orat. Catilin. (Weidm. Ausg.) (OII.)
Sallustius. (Weidm. Ausg.) tº
Ovid, Metam. ed. Sibelis-Polle. (OII u. UI.)
Virgil, Aeneis ed. Ladewig. (OI.)
Cic orat. p. Ligario. (Weidm. Ausg.) (OI.)
4. Französisch.
Plötz, Elementargrammatik. (W u. IV.)
Plötz, Schulgrammatik. (III–I.)
Herrig, premières lectures. (IW u. III.)
Herrig, la France littéraire. (I)
Ségur, Histoire de Napoléon et de la grande
armée, herausg. von Schmitz und Lambech
I. Band. (OIL) Die Lektüre für UII wird
später bestimmt.
5. Englisch.
Gesenius, erstes Lehrbuch. (III u. UIT.)
Gesenius, Grammatik. (UII–I.)
Scotts Tales of a Grandfather ed. Dr. Bendan.
(UIL)
Macaulay, hist. of England. Tom III. (OII.)
Herrig, British Classical Authors. (I)
6. Geographie.
Daniel, Leitfaden, herausgegeben von Kirch-
... hoff. (WI–IV.)
Altlas von Kiepert, oder Stiehler, oder Sydow,
oder Lichtenstern und Lange. (WI–I.)
Ruge, Geographie für Handels - und Real-
schulen. (III–I.)
Dr. O. Schneider, Typenatlas. (WI–I.)
7. Geschichte.
Rhode oder Spruner, Geschichtsatlas. (WI–I.)
Kiepert, Atlas der alten Geschichte. (II.)
Köpert, Elementarkursus der Weltgeschichte.
(WI u. W.)
Köpert, Geschichtskursus für die mittleren
Klassen. ... (IV—UII.)
Gutmann, Ubersicht der Weltgeschichte
(OII u. I.)
8. Naturgeschichte und Naturlehre.
Besser, Pflanzenkunde. (WI u. W.)
Leunis, Schulnaturgesch, Zoologie. (WI–IV.)
º * und Leben des menschl. Körpers.
III.
Wünsche, Flora von Sachsen. (III—I.)
Hornstein, Lehrbuch der Mineralogie. (II.)
Jochmann, Experimentalphysik. (UII–I.)
Lorscheid, Lehrbuch der anorgan. Chemie.
(OII u. I.)
9. Rechmen und Mathematik.
Bothe, Sammlung von Rechenaufgaben, H. I
(WI), H. II (W u. IV), H. III. (IV—UII.)
Heis, Sammlung algebr. Aufgaben. (III–I.)
C. F. Gauss, fünfstellige Logarithmen.
10. Stenographie.
Krieg, Lehrbuch der stenogr. Korrespondenz-
schrift. Dresden, Dietze. 1876. (III u. II.)
Krieg, Schreibhefte mit Worschriftem. (III u.II.)
Lesebibliothek pro 1883, herausg. vom königl.
stenogr. Institut. (III)
Echo pro 1883. (II.)
Schüler-Verzeichnis,
Die mit * bezeichneten Schüler sind im Laufe des Schuljahres abgegangen.
Ober-Prima.

INr. IName. Geburtsort. * INr. Name. Geburtsort. *
1 | Reinhold Besser, Dresden. 1864. | 12 Max Kroner, Breslau. 1862.
2 | Herrmann Canzler, Iimbachb.Chemn. 1862. 13 | Richard Kühn, Dresden. 1863.
3 | Emil Fickert, Dresden. 1861. 14 | Herrmann Lamer, Hainsberg. 1864.
4 || Max Gliemann, Dresden. 1863. 15 Max Lotze, Dresden. 1861.
5 Georg Gross, Dresden. 1863. | 16 || Willibald Reichardt, Dresden. 1864.
6 || Bernhardt Hille, Dresden. 1862. 17 | Moritz Siegert, Dresden. 1861.
7 | Richard Heym, Döltzschen b. Dr. 1863. 18 Georg Siegert, Dresden. 1862.
8 || Otto Heinichen, Reudnitz b. Leipz. 1862. 19 | Bruno Trenkler, Schönbach bei 1863.
9 || Kurt Irrgang, Dresden. 1861. Löbau.
10 || Robert Kayser, St. Louis, Missouri. 1863. 20 | Max Westmann, Dresden. 1862.
11 || Moritz Kickelhayn, Neusérnewitz bei 1860. 21 | Alfred Zscho clºe, Deuben, 1863.
Meissen.
Unter-Prima.
1 || Karl Augustin, Oschatz. 1862. | 12 | Richard Heinze, Kamenz. 1864.
2 | Kurt Barth, Dresden. 1864. || 13 | Arthur Kessler, Gr. Erkmannsdorf 1863.
3 Yngard ‘Bornermann, Auerbach i. W. 1862. bei Radeberg.
4 || Max Brückner, Jena. 1864. || 14 || Johannes Kunze, Grimma. 1863.
5 Max Büttner, Chemnitz. 1864. | 15 Julius Mehnert, Budapest. 1863.
6 || Hugo Dammm tiller, Dresden. 1864. | 16 || Max Ranft, Niederwürschmitz. 1864.
7 | Max Funke, Oschatz. 1862. 17 | Max Schmidt, Dresden 1863.
8 || Paul Gross, Rosswein. 1864 18 Rudolf Seltmann, Zaukeroda. 1863.
9 || Adolf Günther, Dresden. 1863. 19 Oskar Trentzsch, Dresden. 1864.
10 | Fedor Hartmann, Treuen i. W. 1865. 20 | Kurt Winter, Dresden. 1864.
11 || Kurt Hartmann, Dresden. 1864.
Ober-Secunda A.
1 | Friedrich Aster, Chemnitz. 1864. || 11 || Max Lange, Dresden. 1864.
2* || Alfred Blumenau, Budapest. 1864. | 12*| Richard Lindner, Glauchau. 1865.
3 || Georg Bondi, Dresden. 1865. 13 Paul Lösche, Pirna. 1862.
4 || Bruno Dietrich, Waldenburg. 1863. 14 || Ottomar Piltz, Deuben. 1864.
5 Oskar Dietrich, Dresden. 1864. | 15* | Arno Richter, Sebnitz. 1863.
6 Felix Dietze, Dresden. 1865. 16 Julius Thallmayer, Hohenelbe. 1864.
7 | Bruno Eggert, Erfurt. 1865. 17*. Alexander Wald, Dresden. 1864.
8 Karl Ganzlin, Lauchhammer. 1865. 18 Gotthardt Seyfert, Ebersbach in der | 1863.
9 || Adolf Kampfrath, Dresden. 1864. Oberlausitz.
10* | Eugen Kaps, Dresden. 1864. -
Ober-Secunda B.
t f
1 Julius Altschul, ondon. 1864. 4 | Eugen Fritzsche, Dresden. | 1865.
2 Rudolf Ditzschhold, Gröditz. 1865. 5* Gustav Goldammer, Göppersdorf bei 1864.
3* Konrad v. Einsiedel, Kirchberg. 1863. 6*. Theodor Haasmann, Stettin. [Pirna. 1866.

8
58

INr. INſame. Geburtsort. * INr. Name. Geburtsort. *
7 Georg Hartmann, | Dresden. 1865. 13 Julius Noack, Herzogswalde. 1862.
8 Emil Heger, Gommern b. Dr. 1865. 14 | Franz Rudolph, Berlin. 1864.
9 Alexander Hohlfeld, Dresden. 1865. 15 | Florens Schäfer, Kaitz b. Dr. 1864.
10 Max Holzegel, Dresden. 1865. 16 || Max Schier, Nemmtmannsdorf 1864.
11 Bruno Reinhardt, ge- Schafstädt. 1863. b. Pirna.
nannt Lehmann, | 17 Ferdinand Wagner, Crimmitschau. 1866.
12 | Fritz Mundt, Wien. 1866.
Unter-Secunda A.
1* | Otto Graf v. Bau dissin, Reinfeld * 1864. || 15 Georg Kühne, Radeberg. 1866.
2 Paul Börner, Dresden | 1865. 16 || Arthur Mirus, Dresden. 1866.
3 || Arthur Beck, Dresden. 1866. 17 Oskar Mögel, Dresden. 1864.
4 Walter v. Bode, Elbing. 1867. 18 || Ernst Mosig, Kirchberg bei 1865.
5 Georg Fröhner, Dresden. 1865. Zwickau.
6* | Erich Geissler, Ostrowo. 1865. 19 Max Queisser, Dresden. 1864.
7 Johannes Gregor, Dresden. 1866. 20 Alfred Rausch, Dresden. 1863.
8 Otto Handrich, Dresden. 1864. || 21 Walter Schickert, Waldheim. 1867.
9 | Ernst Hattenius, Dresden. 1865. 22 | Otto Schieckel, Strehlen b. Dr. 1863.
10 Fritz Hefelmann, Laasphe in Westf. 1866. 23 Max Schiefer decker, Dresden. 1866.
tº Emil Heyne, Moskau. 1863. 24 RudolfSchreckenbach, Dresden. 1865.
12 Friedrich Hofmann, | Moskau. 1865. 25 | Franz Schwab, Dresden. º 1866.
13 Richard Kluge, | Dresden. isé. 26 Paul Thamm, Ketschdorfi. Schl. 1865.
14 Georg Kotzschmar, Altharzdorf bei 1865. 27 | Constantin Werner, Puczniew. 1865.
| Reichenbergib 28 Fritz Zeuner, Fluntern b. Zürich. 1864.
Unter-Secunda B.
1 Karl Dieckmann, Halberstadt. 1863. 14 | Herrmann Metzke, Dresden. 1865.
2 | Hermann Eberlein, Pössneck. 1865. 15 | Ernst Mühlberg, Lössnitz. 1863.
3 Willy Fichtner, Gorbitz b. Dr. 1865. 16 || Constantin v. Nolle, Warschau. 1864.
4 Rudolf Göhre, Wurzen. 1866. 17 Martin Oehme, Dresden. 1865.
5 Oskar Hânichen, Lockwitz. 1865. 18 Herrmann v. Otto, Possendorf bei Dr. 1863.
6 || Isidor Hirsch, Gollupp b Thorn. 1865. 19 Friedrich Russig, Rückersdorf b. 1865.
7 || Wolfgang Job, Dresden. 1865. Bischofswerda.
8 Friedrich Kummer, Dresden. 1865. 20 Bernhardt Sandig, Dresden. 1864.
9 Max Leichsenring, Dresden. 1865. 21 Konrad Schneider, Bischofswerda. 1865.
10 | Richard Lippmann, Deuben. 1864. 22 Karl Schönert, Zwickau. 1865.
11 Hugo Möschel, Freiberg. 1865. 23 Rudolf Seelmann, Dresden. 1865.
12 | Hermann Mangelsdorf, Naundorf b. 1866. 24 Paul Seidel, Leipzig. 1867.
Grossenhain. 25 | Friedrich Täger, Leipzig. 1866.
13 Peter v. Mankowski, Tahinka, in 1866. 26 || Georg Wimmer, Leipzig. 1864.
Podolien.
Tertia, A.
|
1 | Johannes. Beckmann, Dresden. 1867. 10 Georg Hartig, Dresden. 1866.
2 || Albert Bierling, Dresden. 1869. 11 Karl Heinermann, Rytwiany (Rus- 1866.
3*| Max Birns tengel, Dresden. 1866. sisch Polen).
4 Julius Buz, Prato in Toskama. 1866. 12 | Franz Heinze, Kamenz. 1867.
5 Julius Eggert, Erfurt. 1868. 13 | Fritz Heller, Dresden. 1865.
6 || Hans v. Egidy, Pommershof. | 1864. || 14 | Ernst Hunger, Glösab. Chemnitz. 1867.
7 Paul Glasow, Dresden 1865. 15 Johannes Klingenberg, Magdeburg. 1867.
8 Walter Günther, Dresden. 1865. 16 Curt Kreher, Waldheim. 1864.
9 Georg Herkner, Döbeln. 1866. 17 | Franz Kühn, Dresden. 1867.
59

*:: 8 $
| &
Nr. Name. Geburtsort. * INr. IName. Geburtsort. *
18 Richard L. euth old, Dresden. 1867. 26 Alexander Stein, Dresden. 1865.
19 Johannes Lewicki, Zürich. 1864. || 27 | Max Trautmann, Leipzig. 1866.
20 | Paul Liebe, * Dresden. 1866. 28 Curt Unger, Dresden. 1867.
21 | Erich Meier, Dresden. . 1865. 29 Wilhelm Wölker, Kreuznach. 1866.
22 || Arthur Rosenlö cher, Gävernitz. 1866. 30 || Arthur Wend, Sachsdorf b. 1867.
23 Paul Reibisch, | Dresden. 1867. Wilsdruff.
24 | Reinhold Schöne, Dresden. 1865. 31 Georg W obst, Dresden. 1866.
25 | Hugo Schwarz, | Dresden. 1866. 32 Herrmann Zumpe, Dresden. 1868.
Tertia, B.
|
1 | Richard Barthels, Thierbachb.Penig. 1865. 18 Rudolf Lindemann, Dresden 1866.
2 | Richard Bürkner, Dresden. 1868. 19 | Richard Linke, Neudörfchen. 1866.
3 | Otto Eckoldt, Dohna. 1865. 20 | Reinhold Löschke, Dresden. 1867.
4 Max End, Strehlen b Dr. 1866. 21 Konrad Matthäs, Dresden. 1867.
5 Alexander Friedrich, Dresden. 1865. 22 || Edmund Pfeil, Döhlen. 1863.
6 | Hans Förster, Pirna. 1864. || 23 Johannes Planer, Dresden. 1867.
7*| Paul Glänzel, Dresden. 1865. 24 | Isidor Radlauer, Lodz. 1867.
8 || Karl Hartmann, Dresden. 1866. 25 | Emil Richter, Petersburg. 1867.
9 || Willy Hessel, Dresden. 1866. 26 Walter Römer, Hainsberg. 1866.
10 | Paul Heyde, Dresden. 1868. 27 | Eduard Rubly, Pressburg. 1867.
11 | Franz Hörisch, Dresden. 1867. 28 Franz Salbach, Berlin. 1866.
12* | Friedrich Janssen, Dresden. 1863. 29 || Arthur Scheffel, Dresden. 1864.
13 August Kasper, Dresden. 1864 30° Alfred Schmidt, Dresden. 1867.
14 | Richard Kittler, Dresden. 1866. 31 Guido Strohbach, Sebnitz. 1865.
15 Paul Kneist, | Leipzig. i 1867. 32*| Charles Woilin, Paris. 1866.
16 | Herrmann Köhler, Dorfhain. 1867. 33 Fritz Weissig, Breslau. 1867.
17 | Emil Kurz.reuter, Moritzburg. 1864. || 34 Friedrich Zoller, Dresden. 1863.
Quarta A.
1 | Ludwig Barth, Dresden. 1868. 18 Karl Löser, Dresden. 1867.
2 | Richard Bergh old, Dresden. 1867. 19 August Medem, | Danzig. 1867.
3 || William Denecke, Raguhn. 1868. 20 Max Nahke, Reichenbach i. W. 1867.
4 || Johannes Engelhardt, Dresden. 1868 || 21 Bernhardt Otto, | Bernsdorf b. Rade- 1867.
5 Arthur Hantzsch, Sebnitz. 1866. 22 Johannes Reibisch, Dresden. [berg. 1868.
6 | Herrmann Henkel, Tetschen. 1868. 23 Paul Riedrich, | Dresden. 1868.
7 | Richard Hessel, Dresden. 1868. 24 Arthur Schramm, Dresden. 1868.
8 || Franz Heymann, Marienberg. 1868 || 25 || Albert Schreiber, Niedersedlitz. 1868.
9 Rudolf Heyne, Moskau. 1865. 26* | Franz Schrotky, Dresden. 1865.
10 || Alfred Hiels cher, Dresden. 1866. 27 || Alfred Tagge sell, Dresden. 1868.
11 | Ernst Këller, Deuben. 1867. 28 Leopold Thamm, Waltersdorf. 1867.
12 | Bruno Klemm, Saida b. Kreischa. 1867. 29 Alfred Ullrich, | Dresden. 1868.
13 || Georg Knie, Herzberg. 1868. 30 Otto Vogel, | Wriezen a. O. 1867.
14 | Samuel Kohn, Lodz 1867. 31 Max Wagner, | Dresden. 1868.
15 | Richard Kunz. Chemnitz. 1868. 32 Paul Wessling, Glogau. ... 1865.
16 || Ludwig Lemcke, Frankenberg. 1868. 33 Paul Wiesner, Dresden. 1867.
17 | Willibald Liebe, Dresden. 1868. 34 Richard Zenker, | Dresden. 1866.
Quarta B.
1 | Fritz Albanus, Berlin. 1868. 6 || Bruno Fichtner, Zwenkau. 1866.
2 | Otto Beckmann, Dresden. 1869. 7 Richard Franz, Dresden. 1868.
3 || Theobald Bober, Dresden. 1868. 8 || Konrad Gebhardt, Dresden. 1868.
4 || Theodor Dieckmann, Halberstadt. 1867. 9*| Max Gleissner, Plauen i. W. 1866.
5 | Franz Eisenach, Dresden. 1868. 10 || Ernst Haase, Wran b. Prag. 1869.

60

© (> *
*
INºr, TName. Geburtsort. * TNr. TName. Geburtsort. *
11 || Willy Hast, Berlin. 1868. 22 Alexander Opelt, i Dresden. 1866.
12 Kurt Helm, Grödel b. Riesa. 1867 || 23 Johannes Philippson, Dresden. 1867.
13 Oskar Herrmann, Chemnitz. 1869. 24 Oskar Regner, Dresden 1866.
14 Felix Hirschmann, Dresden. 1867. 25 Friedrich Richter, ; : Dresden. 1868.
15 Richard Hoyer, | Wilsdruff. 1867. 26 Julius Schneider, Wareni. Mecklen- ; 1867.
16 Georg Hübner, Liegnitz. 1868 - ; burg.
17 | Fritz Köb clºe, Colberg. 1867. 27 Georg Schöne, ! Schandau. 1868
18 || Albin Lehmann, Bischofswerda. 1868 || 28 Eduard Vuillaume, Dresden. 1868.
19 Kurt Lotze, Dresden. 1867. 29*| Georg Wachs, Dresden. 1868.
20 Felix Meischner, Glauchau. 1868. 30* | Eugen Wagner, | Dresden. 1867.
21 Hugo Meurer, Salbach i. Steier- 1869. 31 Martin Wolf, | Dresden. 1867.
mark. 32 Adolf Zscho che, Nogoschützi.Schl. 1868.
Quinta A.
1 Max Adam, Dresden. 1868. 23 Fritz Mehrländer, Dresden. 1870.
2 Heinrich Altmann, Pirna. 1870. 24 Georg Müller, Dresden. 1869.
3 || Hans Bähr, Dresden. 1870. 25 | Arno Müller, Ziegelheimb.Wal- 1867.
4 || Otto Barnewitz, Dresden. 1869, denburg.
5 Georg Bretschneider, Dresden. 1868. 26 || Ernst Mysing, Bremen. 1869.
6 Edmund Brill, Tysmienitz i. 1869. 27 | Curt Nahke, Reichenbach i. W. | 1869.
Galizien. - 28 Albin Naumann, Dresden. 1869.
7 | Paul Gaitzsch, Döbeln. 1870. 29 || Karl Oertel, Dresden. 1868,
8 Alfred Göhre, Wurzen. 1870. 30 Hans Pape, Braunschweig. 1867.
9 || Max Göpfert, Dresden. 1868. 31* | Richard Peters, Dresden. 1866,
10 || Max Götze, Dresden. :869. 32 Hans Rehfeld, Dresden. 1868.
11 Julius Gott's chalk, Dresden. 1868, 33 || Alfred Richter, Dresden. 1869
12 Joseph Handrich, Düsseldorf. 1868. 34 Oskar Röhrig, Dresden. 1869.
13 | Herrmann Hantzsch, Dresden. 1870. 35*| Guido Rocksch, Freiberg. 1868.
14 | Ernst Hofmann, Moskau. 1870. 36 Otto Rohde, Schandau. 1869.
15 Max Hopffe, Schieritz b. 1868. 37 | Richard Schulze, Birkenhain b. 1868.
x- º Meissen. Wilsdruff.
16 Oskar Hönemann, Schmiedeberg b. 1867. 38 || Paul Simon, Dresden. 1869.
Wittenberg. 39 Rudolf Starke, Dresden. 1867.
17 | Rudolf Jacob, Laubegast. 1867 40 | Johannes Teichmann, Dresden. 1867,
18 Otto Jacob, Laubegast. 1868. 41 | Franz Wimmer, Chemnitz. 1869.
19 || Georg Lehmann, Dresden. 1867. 42 Hugo Wünsch, Almsdorfb. Merse- 1868.
20 | Hans Loss, Dresden. 1868 J burg.
21 | Paul Luchesi, Dresden. 1869. 43 | Richard Zimmermann, Chemnitz. 1869.
22 || Alfred Marcus, Dresden. 1869
Quinta B.
1 || Alban Altmann, Dresden. 1870. 15 Gustav Köller, Breslau. 1870.
2 | Paul Arnhold, Leipzig. 1868. 16 || Arthur Kornermann, Dresden. 1869.
3 Paul Bähr, Grossburgk. 1870. 17 Konrad Küche, Dresden. 1870.
4 || Hans Becker, Dresden. 1870. 18 Max Löwenthal, Neu-York. 1868.
5 Adolf Falke, Dresden. 1869. 19 Elfried Mank, Dresden. 1869.
6 | Sally Fürstenheim, Chemnitz. 1870. 20 Arthur Mörbitz, Bautzen. 1870.
7 | Franz Friessner, Zwickau. 1870. 21 Max Opelt, Dresden. 1867.
8 Hans Gerlach, Dresden. 1868 22 || Ernst Rausch, Dübenb.Bitterfeld| 1869,
9 || August Hänsel, Dresden. 1868. 23 Paul Reh, Dresden. | 1867.
10 Oskar Hahner, Dresden. 1870. 24 Otto Renz, Dresden. 1869.
11 || Julius Hasse, Dresden. 1868. 25 Moritz Richter, Dresden. 1869.
12 Robert Holzegel, Dresden. 1870 || 26 || Paul Rocksch, Dresden. 1870.
13 Edmund Jordan, Birkigtb.Tetschen 1869. 27 | Max Schädlich, Dresden. 1868.
14 | Ernst Köcke;iº... . : Dresden. 1869. 28 Oswald Schöne, Dresden. 1868.
61

INr. TName. , Geburtsort. * INr. IName. Geburtsort. *
29 Curt Scholze, Leipzig. 1868. 36 | Paul Thiele, Leipzig. 1869.
30 Gustav Schrader, Magdeburg. 1869. 37 | Otto Uhlig, Dresden. 1869.
31 Ernst Schröter, Dresden. 1869. 38 Johannes Ulbrich, Dresden. 1869.
32*| Alfred Schwanhäuser, Cottbus. 1869. 39 Arthur Wetzlich, Dresden. 1869.
33 Max Stein, Dresden. 1866 || 40 Felix Wienrich, Schönfeld b. 1869.
34 Walter Stenz, Dresden. 1869. Leipzig.
35 | Otto Tăubrich, Dresden. 1869. 41 Rudolf Zimmermann, Dresden. 1870.
Sexta A.
1 || Oskar Baumann, Dresden. 1869. 18 || Richard Müller, Dresden. 1871.
2 | Richard Baumann, Dresden. 1870. 19 || Willy Opelt, Dresden. 1869.
3 Felix Berber, Jena. 1871. 20 Karl Philippi, Dresden. 1871.
4 || Max D at he, Dresden. 1869. 21 | Heinrich Printz v. Buc haul Dresden. 1870.
5* | Paul Eckelmann, Hirschfeld b. 1869. 22 | Bernhard Räppe, Strassgräbchen b. 1869.
Zossen. Kamenz.
6 || Max Escher, Dresden. 1870 || 23 Hans Richter, Weida (Weimar) 1870.
7 || Albert Fichtner, Obergorbitz. 1870. 24 Max Schlesinger, Berthelsdorf b. 1869.
8 || Oskar Herrmann, Dresden. 1869 p Lauban.
9 || Alfred Holstein, Leipzig. 1869. 25 Hugo Seifert, Dresden. 1870.
10 || Johannes Jentzsch, Dresden. 1871. 26 Georg Spitzner, Dresden. 1871.
11 || Georg Kluge, Dresden. 1869 || 27 Gustav Tanneberger, Dresden. 1869.
12 || Robert Köller, Wien. ; 1869. 28 Julius Udluft, Dresden, 1870.
13 Johannes Krantz, Dresden. 1870. 29 Fritz Unger, Dresden. 1869.
14 | Erich Lemcke, Frankenberg. 1870. 30 Ernst Watzke, Mickten b. Dr. 1869.
15 Paul Liebe, Chemnitz. 1871. 31 Arthur Weidemann, Dresden 1871.
16 || Otto Martin, Dresden. 1869. 32 Johannes Wetzlich, Dresden. 1871.
17 | Arno Morgeneyer, Dresden. 1869 || 33 Fritz Zumpe, Dresden. 1871.
Sexta, B.
|
1 Friedrich Besser, Dresden. 1871. 18 Karl Müller, Bautzen. 1870.
2 Johannes Bensch, Löbau. 1870. 19 || Alexander Nahke, Reichenbach i. W. 1871.
3 || Alexander Cyprian, Dresden. 1870. 20° | Herrmann Oehme, Dresden. 1871.
4 Johannes Deinert, | Dresden. 1870. 21 Max Pietzsch, Dresden. 1868.
5 Max Gmeiner, Dresden. 1870. 22 || Willy Pohl, Frankfurt a 0. * 1870.
6 Oskar Göpfert, | Dresden. 1869. 23 Alexander Philipp, Dresden. 1870.
7 | Franz Günther, | Annaberg. 1870. 24 | Herrmann Richter, Dresden. 1871.
8 || Clemens Hantschmann, Dresden. 1871. 25 | Frank Riedel, St. Franzisko. 1871.
9 || Willy Hartert, | Breslau. 1870. 26 || Ernst Riedrich, Dresden. 1870
10 Konrad Hörisch, | Dresden. 1869. 27 | Willy Scheppig, Dresden. 1871.
11 Julius Holz, Kalisch. 1869. 28 Max Seifert, Bretnig. b. Puls- | 1870.
12 | Curt Kelling, Dresden 1869. nitz.
13 || Alexander Kirchhoff, Dresden. 1869. 29 || Alfred Spitzner, Elster. 1870.
14 Rudolf Klein, | Cossebauda b. Dr. 1870. 30 || Hugo Thiele, Leipzig. 1871.
15 || Bruno Leschke, Seidnitz b. Dr. 1870. 31 || Ernst Unger, Coselitz b. 1869.
16 || Paul Lässig, | Dresden. 1870. Grossenhain. y
17 | Hans Martin, Dresden. 1870. 32 Max Wagner, Dresden. , 1871.
62
Ordnung der Prüfungen.
Donnerstag, den 30. Mârz:
. . . Wormittags 8–12 Uhr. - Nachmittags 2–6 Uhr.
8–9 WIb. - - 2–3 IW b. .*. -
Religion . . . . Flemming. | Planimetrie . . . Dr. Kell.
Latein . . . . . Harich. - Geschichte . . . Böhme.
9–10 WIa. - 3–4 IV a.
- - Geschichte . . . Dr. Welte. Deutsch . . . . Dr. Albert.
- * Latein . . . . . Dr. Siebeking, - Rechnen . . . . Dr. Kell.
10–11 Wa. 4–5 IIIa.
Französisch . . . Schindler. Geometrie . . . Demme.
Naturgeschichte . Dr. Schneider. Englisch . . . . Schindler.
11–12 Wh. A 5–6 IIIb.
Geographie . . . Flemming. Latein . . . . Pietzsch.
Deutsch . . . . Wobst. t - Französisch . . . Dr. Herrmann.
( " ' - Freitag, den 31. Mârz:
- - - Vormittags 8-12 Uhr.
8–9 UIIa. 9–10 UIIb. | 10–11 0 LIb.
Geschichte . Harich. Deutsch . . . Dr. Welte. Chemie . . Besser.
Französisch . Stiefelhagen. Physik . . . Demme. Geographie. Dr. Schneider.
11 — $412 0IIa. %. 12 — 12 UI.
Algebra . . . Dr. Helm. Deutsch . . . Stiefelhagen.
Nachmittags 3 Uhr
mit Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit:
Verteilung der Prämien, Vérôffentlichung der Versetzung, Austeilung der Censuren
- S. tº -
Das neue Schuljahr beginnt Montag, den 17. April, 8 Uhr mit der Prüfung neuer Schüler
die ihr Abgangszeugnis mitZubringen haben. Der Unterricht nimmt Dienstag, den 18. April,
8 Uhr seinen Anfang. * -
. Die Sprechstunden des' Rekters, werden bekannt gemacht werden.
Dresden, den 4. Mârz 1882. {
Prof. Dr. R. Liesske, Konrektor.
||||
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