|- # J - -> - º x -ºs - ºf ºf - *: . t ** Rºjºſº. sº . . . c Sº rº º C º [] º Cº. – [. Q D [] . . D D [] L O () D C t . U -- g 0 - - C U → | r. D Il- Cº-- t- O -- O -- D C = O º [] D º U O ſº 0. O ſ D { D : WAR AT containing Detailed Maps of the Nations Pertinent Statistics of the Contending Powers Anal Africa Alaska . Albania Amsterdam Antwerp Asia Australia ysi Austria-Hungary Balkan States . Balkans, War in Belgium Berlin Bosnia Bosporus, The British Isles Bulgaria Canada, Dominion of - Central America China Republic of Constantinople Crete Denmark England PAGE * 4.4 5 y1| 2,- 1 4. 1 s of Conditions Leading to the Present Struggle PAGE Europe - - - 2,4,5 European Conflict, Conditions Preceding . . . . . . 15 European Nations, Resources of . . . . . . . . 16, 17 European Nations, Fighting Strength 16, 17 France . . . . 4, 8, 9 French Indo-China 14 German Empire 3, 4 Greece . 5, 7 Hawaii ... 2 Hungary 5, 6 Iceland . . . . . . . 4. India . . . . . . . . 14 Ireland 4, 12 Italy . . . . . . 4, 11 Japan . . . . . . . . 14 Korea . . . . . . . . 14 Luxemburg . . . . . 4, 13 Malaysia . . . . . . . 14 Mexico . . . . . . . 2 Montenegro . . . . . 4, 5, 7 Rand McNally & Company Publishers CHICAGO 1914 PAGE Netherlands . . . . . 4, 13 North America . . . 2 Norway 4. Oceania . . . . . . 2 Panama . . . . . . . 2 Philippine Islands . . . . 14 Portugal 4. Prussia . . . . . . . .3 Rome . . . . . . . . 11 Roumania . . . . . 5, 7 Russia . . . . . . . 5, 10, 14 Scotland - - - - - Servia . . . . . . . . 5, 7 Siberia . . . . . . . 14 South America 2 Spain 4. Sweden 4. Switzerland . . . . . . 4 Turkey in Asia . . . . . 14 Turkey in Europe . . . 5, 7 United States . 2 West Indies . 2 World, The 2 ------ - --- : Air Line Distance Between Principal Cities of Europe - - - - - - _. r: r | | | | | P. : - § >. & 22 : | | | º: : as : : * | = |a| 3 || 2 || || 3 || 3 || E E = |s # ~ É - # = | # = | 3 || || #| |= E ºf P. º: ~ º: sº - || > * > ~ || - || – E - # 5 #| |s|*||5||5||5||7|3|f|E|3|-|3|##| | | | | | || Eli * # # = | = = |3 ă #|F 3 .: # = |} É = |s|# % = | f |#| | | | | #|#| 3 || 3 || 3 |z|= | f | #| || 5 |#| |}|#| || || 3 || 3 |*|| 3 || 5 || 4 |f| = |}| || 3 || || 3 || || 3 || 4 || 5 || |#|#| 2 |2|+| | | ||= |3|E|| || || 4 || 2 || || 3 || |#|s #|##| | | | | | | ||5||5||3|#| || 3 || |-|3|7|3|_|}|, |g| |#| || 3 ||3|||}| 3 ||3|E|3|É|#|#| || |#|##|5|##|#| || 3 || 3 ||3|#|4|#|: - - -- - - - +- - - - - - - tf c - R - º & +- - - - - c - - º ~ - - - - +- - - ºn #| 5 || || 5 || |#| || 7 || 4 || 3 || 3 || || 5 || 3 |g| = | #| 5 || || 5 || 5 || 5 || || 3 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 3 || | #|*|| || 3 || 5 || |#|E|3|#| || 3 || 3 || || || |#| 3 || 3 || 2 |*|| 3 || || || 3 || 3 || || 5 || 3 || ||= | 3 || || 2 |* # #| #| || 3 || || 3 || |z|= | 5 ||= | f |z| < | #| |#|= | 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 | #| = |#| = | | | 3 || 5 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 |#| 3 || 7 || 5 |2|= | f | #| 3 || 3 ||= | 5 || || 3 || 3 || 5 || 2 | #| = | = | 3 || 3 |5 2 || 3 || = | < || 3 | tº = | 5 || 5 || 3 || 3 || E E | E | 3 || 5 || 5 || 3 || E | = | E | F | = | 3 || 3 - # = | 3 | # | 3 ||= | 5 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 | = | = | < | = | #| = | = | #| = | 3 | f | = | 3 || 3 |*| #| # || 3 | E | 3 || 5 | #| = 5 || 3 || || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 |#|#| 3 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 |5|| 5 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 |#| 3 || 3 || 3 |#| 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 |5|| 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 3 |f| 3 || 5 || 3 |}|}|#|#|}|z||5||= |f| = | 3 |#| |5 Amsterdam, Neth--------- 85.1350 780. 470 890 350 395. 105 710.1120. 950. 475 420, 13C1380 390 390 4651035, 405 430 585.1260 440 230 940 285 320 840 125,1180) 330 215 465. 200 950, 300 630) 515||1320|| 415 915|1235.1015, 270,1175. 280 44C 810.11751.180/10001080 7101C90, 8102000, 610) 525 950 580 675-380 Antwerp, Belgium-------- 85 |1325 695 470 860 390 330 25 7101105 920 660 510 110.1170 460 400. 465 990 445 360 515||1160 480 2851010 220 340 860 65||1115| 330, 190 380 135 850, 315 560 455.1370) 385 870.1215 940, 1851145|240, 445 750,1140|1085 c651C60, 770.1150 7902020. 580. 450. 845 575 710 325 Athens, Greece----------- 13501325 1200 1795 505||1130 1035||1300 710 460 400|1640.1550.1210 350|1340,104G|1770 330.1750.1075, 8951650.1800.1265.1530,12001080 82012.45|18001660.1465,11001180.15001640.1045 910|1400. 935. 550 690,1750|1315 295,1500. 960 670, 1901670, 370 330.1510.1550 6001370, 750, 980.1340 800/10001010 Barcelona, Spain---------- 780, 6051200 985, 970 940 470 670. 9351240 870,1330/1190 710.14151100 870, 920. 910.1040 390 410 5601050, 9251625 570 850.1210 670) 640 870 715 335 600 325, 870 215 455.1870) 660 6401500|570, 530,1200 680 850, 540 1110) 525 9001100.1410,1750. 970.2210 650 380, 195.850,1165 530 Belfast, Ireland___________| 470 4701795, 985 1335||790. 775. 490.11751570.1390 710 580 5851850 710 850 90.1480 150 780 950.1280 110 640.1185 430 780|1309| 5501130 150 320|770. 610 990 165 940, 9101670, 860132C1670 945. 5201620 325 9001:22016201190,1485.1550, 9351375.1260.2440.1060 890.108510501100 790 Belgrade, Servia---------- 890 860 505, 970.1335 630 640 860 200 280 180.1135||1060 765 505 850, 540|1335 2501205 720, 575.1510|1310|780|10851010 590 390 8001615.1200.1040 760 7501275||1170 765 5601050. 475 420, 5101500 910 280.1060 460 450 3101490, 200 20010101120 100.1250) 330 6201135, 310|| 510 600 Berlin, Germany---------- 350 390.1130 940, 790 630 470 400 430, 815. 750, 520 430, 290.1080 225 100 810 830, 700 550 6001460 740 150 685 600 90 490 3501450 660 560 600 3701160 640) 750, 530 990 310 810 880,1290. 540 900 630, 175||785, 940/1410. 780 820, 500 830, 5301660. 470 5751120 320 320|| 415 Bern, Switzerland--------- 395 330.1035, 470 775 640 470 300 540, 920 640, 910. 780 2801145 650 410. 750 710 770 85, 1901010 790 475||1150. 400 375 780 270,1040. 640 460 150 200|730 630 280 1301400. 205 540 1100 905 280, 920 470 380. 430 890. 960 690 840, 950 1285 6051860. 310 130 670 430 700 60 Brussels, Belgium--------- 105 25||1300|| 670 490, 860 400 300 695|1090 890 670, 530 110|1315|475 400. 475 970, 465 330 490|1130 490 3001010 210 340 850, 50.1070 350, 200 350. 115 825 325 525 425.1370 370, 825.1225 910 1601.130 245. 440 730|1130.1050, 9351050, 790,1165. 7801990. 560 425 820, 560 710-300 Budapest, Aust-Hungary – 710 710 710. 9351175 200 430 549 695 400 350, 920 860 590 665 630 3451165. 425.1095 615 530.1485.1125 570 900, 865 400 280) 6401545,1025 885 680 6051235|1005. 735. 490. 965 350, 520 550.1435 770 465 925 275 500|51C1460 375 390, 815, 970 100.1320 275 5651125 130 340-490 Bukarest, Roumania------ 1120,1105 460,1240.1570 280 815 920.1090 400 390 1245,1205 990 275 ¢80. 730.1550400.1500. 970, 850.1755,1525 950.10901260 790, 380,10401850.1380,1290.1050 9001550.14001030 830, 925 740 660 20017701160 1701320 670 710 3101740, 375, 1801080 1080 310 960 610 0001405 530 585 860 Cetinje, Montenegro------ 950, 920 400 870,1390 180750 640 890 350 390 1260.1180 815 535, 960 645|1365. 751350 680 520,1385.1380 87G1250.1015 690) 570 8451510.1250.1085. 735 785,1190,1230 695 530,1240. 535 270, 650.1430. 915, 3101100 57C 330 2451380, 40 2801170,1300 2751345 340, 500.1040 420 600 615 Christiania, Norway_ _ _ _ _ _ 475 €60.1640,1330 710|1135. 520. 910 670 920/1245.1260 155 655.1500 300 625 770.1330) 570. 970.1075,1790, 610 450 430, 820, 595 870 6701720, 680 660 955 870.1485 6501170.10001000 815||1330.12251540 830.1370 770 7001:240.1435,1720,1290/1300 250 670.1015/19001000.1030,1500 835 660 865 - Christiansand, Norway____| 420 5.10.15501190 580.1060 430 780. 530 86012051180 155 5001485. 235 535 640.1265. 440 825 9451640 480 325 610 675 495 855 525,1545, 530 560 870 5951330. 5101030, 8751100 710.1225'1235||1380 680.1320 625 610|1135||1370,1565.1215.1250) 365 785, 9601940, 895, 9001345 765 645 745 Cologne, Germany-------- 130 1101210 710 585 765 290 280 110 590 990 815. 655 500 1250 400 290 575 885 525, 330 460.1190 565 220. 935, 310|230|| 750 230|1150. 450 300 375 95 890. 420, 525. 390.1270 280 780.11001000 250.1030, 345 325 67510501130 850, 950 715||11C0. 730.1880 480 400 860 450 600 255 Constantinople, Turkey_-_13801170 350,14151850, 50510801145||1315|665 275 535,1500.1485.1250 |125010001820, 5051755,1195,1050.19101795.1225,1325.15051065. 650.129520451695,1545.1255.1250.17251670.1225'10451090. 985 780 390.1965.1400 2301575, 940, 865. 320|1910 500 315||13451300|570, 835 830|1115||1575, 790, 8601.100 Copenhagen, Denmark____| 390 460|1340,1100 710 850. 225 650. 475 630 980. 960 300 235 4001:250 325||755,1040. 595 715 7951595 640 180 540 670 305 625 450.1545 625, 590 770 500||1290 600. 915 725 955 530 103510051385 635.1085. 650 400 950.1140|1535, 995.1015. 320 700 730.1730 700 7651270. 545. 420 600 Dresden, Germany-------- 390 400|1040, 870, 850, 540 100 410 400 345 730. 645 625, 535 290.1000 325 840, 725 755, 485| 5101405, 795 225 755 605 60 455 350|1405, 710 590 550 350.1120) 685. 665. 445 1015, 225 705. 825.1265 525, 805 640, 75 635, 840,1355 680, 736 590, 875 445 1600 375 500|1060 230 320 345 Dublin, Ireland----------- 465. 4651770, 920 90.1335. 810. 750. 475,1165.1550|1365 770) 640, 5751820 755, 840, 1440 220 730 9001140|| 190 660|1235 375 77511285 5201020 130 280 710 580 900 160 865 8601700. 840,1270.1660, 845 480.1500 275 8901150.15951100.1400151010001410.1250.2430.1025 835100010201110 760 Durazzo, Albania--------- 1035, 990 330 9101480 250 830 710. 970 425 400 75||1330.1265 885 5051040, 725.1440 [1420) 745, 580.14051450, 9451320||1090 770 630 9201545||1320,1155 795 8601225||1300 740, 59.51285. 610 275 670.1470. 980 285.1170, 650, 365, 1951405 45 2251240.1365 3451325|| 415 650.1070 500 760 680. Edinburgh, Scotland.------ 405 445.1750.1040 150.1295 700 770 465,1095.1500||1350, 570, 440, 525,1755, 595 755 220,1420 775 950.1375 45, 540 1040, 465 690,1180 5051225, 175 330 780 5751075, 175 945, 89.01530, 810|1295,15651C50, 535,1555, 365 81511851570,1290.1380.1470 800.1220,119023101010 8801145, 970 990) 765 Geneva, Switzerland.------ 430 360/1075. 390 780, 720 550 85 330, 615, 970, 680. 970, 825, 330/1195 715. 485. 730 745 775 180 920 800 4351220 360 455 855, 310 940. 635, 465 70 235 640) 625, 205 150.1485 285 550,1165 820 260 965 460 465 430 325 880, 720 880,10251360 6701930 370 105 575 500 780 140 Genoa, Italy------------- 585 515 895 410 950, 575 600 190 490. 530 850, 5201075, 945, 4601050, 795 510 900 580 950 180 955, 975 6351270. 540, 505 800, 460|1025 815. 640 220 385 710 800, 195 75.1470 285 365,1065, 925. 440, 815. 640 470 250 765 925. 555. 7351100.1385 560.1820 250, 75 595 440 770 205 Gibraltar---------------- 1260.1160.1650, 560.1280.1510.1460.10101130.1485.17551385.1790.1640,1190/19101595.1405||1140|1405.1375 920. 955 |1365.14152130. 965||1370|1750|1145|280.1200||1095 8551100 3101210 76510002415.120011302000 35' 070.16901035.1380,1055.1595, 9514101620,1915,2270.1505/2730.1200. 930 360.1390.17051060 Glasgow, Scotland-------- 440 480/18001050 110.1310| 740, 790 4901125,1525,1380, 610 480 565.1795. 640, 795, 1901450 45 800. 975||1365 590.1075, 475, 740|1225 5401200 180 350 800, 6001075, 190 970 9201565. 850/1320|1600|1030 550.1590. 475 8501170.1620.1475.1410,1510, 8501270.1225,2350.1045, 900115010051030 790 Hamburg, Germany------- 230 285.1265. 925. 640 780 150. 475 300 570 950, 870 450 325, 220,1225, 180 225 660 945. 540, 435 635.1415 590 720, 505 180 640) 270|1355 520 440 580 320,1100 495 740 210.1080, 380 90010201200. 4601030) 500 300, 810,10651350 900 º º sº. º.º. 450 tº 430 Helsingfors, Russia------- 940.10101530,1625,11851085. 685||1150.1010 900109.01250. 430, 610, 935||1325 540, 755|1235||1320|1040.1220,12702130/1075 720 |1205 770, 720. 980,2100||1130.1120,127510201820,1100.1410.1200 550, 985.1400. 970|1930.1170,11801185 800.1360135020501270.1200 240 180 975.1520,1100,1250.1790 890. 565.1090 Le Havre, France -------- 285 220,1200 570, 430.1010 600 400 210 865.1260.1015 820 675 310|1505 670 605 375,1090 460 360 540. 965. 475 5051205 710|1050 250 880, 300 140, 340 260 660 290 490 5001560 520 9001400 720 100.1275 100 630 780.1250 890/10501200. 980.1375 945,2185 680. 465 700, 735 910 410 Leipzig, Germany--------- 320 340 1080, 850, 780 590 90 375 340 400 790 690. 595. 495 230|1065, 305 60 775 770 690 455 5051370, 740 180 770 710 515 295,1360, 650, 530) 520, 295,1080) 620) 645 430.1060 225 730 890.1215, 475 860 580 125 650 895,1320|| 725 785 590 900 500|1660 400 4851030 280 370 320 Lemberg, Aust-Hungary__| 840, 860, 82G1210|1300 390 490 780 850. 280 380 570, 870 855 750, 650 625 4551285 630.1180 855 800|1750.1225 640 720,1050. 515 805180011601045 930|79014951130 990) 750 €90 575, 780 3851675, 970, 530.1095 425 780 6351720 585 490 690 735, 3051140|555 8251395, 365 210 720 Liege, Belgium----------- 125 651245 670 550 800 350 270 50 640.1040. 845 670) 525 230||1295 450 350 520. 920, 505 310|| 460|1145| 540 270 980 250 295 805 |1100 400 250 340, 75 840 380. 510 3901340 320 79.01170 945, 1901080 290 390 6851080 1080 8851000 770.1140|| 725 1945. 510 400 830. 510 665. 260 Lisbon, Portugal.---------- 1180.1115||1800. 640|11301615.1450.1040 1070.1545.1850.15101720.1545115020451545.14051020.1545.1225 C40|1025, 2801.2001355,2100 880.1360.18001100 1060 985, 870.1070 3201075. 830,1055.2425.12301270.2090 170 9101820, 925.14001180.1735, 2001535,1740.185522401590,284.01275 980 485.1435,17201080 Liverpool, England-------- 330 3301660, 870 1501200 660 640 350,1025.1380.1250, 680. 530. 4501695 625 710 130|1320, 175 635, 8151200 180 520,1130 300 650,1160 400|1060 175 630, 465 900 25 79C 7601580. 720.1170.1540 890, 380.1480, 195 760.1066,1480.1120,1285.1395 880|1300||11202300. 910. 740. 975 900. 980. 645 London, England--------- 215, 1901465. 715. 320|1040. 560 460 200 885|1290.1085. 660 560 300||1545, 590. 590 280.1155 330, 465. 6401095, 350 440.1120 140. 5301045 250 985 175 450 300 780 160 620, 590.1525, 560 995.1400. 820, 2001330, 60 630 880|1320|1010.1120,1250. 885.1280. 975.2185 740. 560 830, 750 885 475 Lyons, France------------ 465, 380,1100 335 770, 760 600 150 350 6801050, 735 955 870, 375.1255, 770 550 710, 795 780, 70 220 855 800 5801275 340, 520. 930 340 870 630 450 275 570 600 170 210.1550 350 580.1230. 750 250|1020 450, 530, 470 980 800, 770 930.10801415. 730|2000. 430, 150 510 560 850 210 Luxemburg, Lux.--------- 200 135||1180 600 610. 750 370 200 115 605 990 785, 870 595 95.1250, 500 350 580 860 575. 235 3851100 600 3201020, 260 295 790) 751070 465 300 275 800, 440, 440 320||1355 265 720,1145, 925, 1751030 325, 365 6151025 1040. 825 945, 815||1175 685/1920. 450 325 775 470 665, 190 Madrid, Spain____________ 950, 850/1500 325 99012751160 730, 8251235.1550/1190.1485.1330 890.725||1290.1120 9001:225/1075. 640 710 310|1075,11001820, 660|1080 1495 840 320 900 780 570 800 905. 515 745,2130 925 955.1770 265 660|1500 725||1105 860.1415, 240.1225,1420,1610|1975.12702525, 960 670 1901125,1420 780 Manchester, England_ _ _ _ _ 300 315||1640, 870, 1651170) 640 630 325|10051400|1230, 650, 510, 420,1670 600 685. 1601300|| 175 625, 800||1210, 190 495/1100 290 6201130 380.1075. 25 160 600 440, 905 780. 745/1555 695.11551510 900, 370,1455, 190 735,10451460.1125.1265,1375, 8601280.1100,2275. 890 725, 970, 875 955 625 Marseilles, France_-_______ 630) 5601045 215 940, 765 750. 280 525 725 1030, 695||1170.1030) 525/1225 915 665 865 740, 945. 205, 195 765, 970, 740/1410 490. 645 990. 510 830, 790 620, 170 440. 515. 780 2401650 445. 4901260 740 415 995 600 630 380, 930, 730, 725 915.12251545 7552010 450 170 405 625 950 320 Milan, Italy-------------- 515 455 910. 455 910 560 530 130, 425. 490 830, 530 1000 875 390 1045 725. 445 860 595 890 150, 751000 920 210,1200 500 430, 750, 39C1055, 760 590 210 320 745 745 240 1410 210 4151035, 945 395 815 590 400 300 775 970) 570, 735,10201315 5351800 225 70 645 390 710 130 Moscow, Russia---------- 1320||1370,1400|1870.1670 1050 90014001370. 965, 9251240.10001100.1270.1090 955.1015/1700,1285.1530.1485.1470.241515651080 5501560.1060 690,1340.2425.158015251550,1355,2130/15551650.1410 1200.1460 7002290.1520110015851025.1460.1225,2350.1250.1100 750 390 99010201230.1475,2040 1020 7001350 Munich, Germany-------- 415 385 935 660 860 475 310, 205 3.0) 350 740. 535, 815. 710 280 985 530 225 840, 610, 810 285 285.1200 850, 380. 985 520, 225 575 320||1230|| 720 560 350 265 925 695 445 210,1200 515 9001100. 425 765 590, 185 430, 760.1160 570, 680 875||1100. 420,1675 200 270 840 215 500 150 Naples, Italy------------- 915 870 550 640,1320, 420 810. 540 835. 520' 660 270|1330.1225 780 780.1035, 7051270 275||1295. 550, 365||1130|1320|| 9001400 900 730 780 790.1270,1170. 995 580. 720 955.1155. 490 4151460 5.15 920/1200 800 560.1000 640 115 460.1120 280 490.1280|1500. 475,1600 330, 440 480. 520 850, 530 Odessa, Russia----------- 1235,1215 690,15001670 510 880,1100.1225, 550 260 550.1225,1235,1100 3901005 8251660 670.15551165,1065.2000.16001020. 970.1400 890 3851170.2090.1540.140012801145,1770.1510.12601035 700 900 920, 1970.1220 420,1450 780 950, 560 08: 535, 4501020. 930 500 775, 80511101640 380 5901030 Oport0, Portugal__________ tº º ſº tºº ººlººlººlººlºº $45,1470.1% sºlº sºlº ſºlº º ſº sº sº ſº º żº º Aº ºilº 760|1730 760.1265.11101665 3001460.1655.1690208014802745||1170, 870 460.1315||1580 955 Paris, France--___________ 270 1851315| 530 520. 910. 540 280 160 7701160. 915 830, 680 250,1400 635, 525 480, 980 535 260 440 970 550 460.1170 100. 475 970 190 910| 380, 200 250, 175 660 370 415. 395.1520, 425 800.1220 760 |1175 200 545 6901155 900 9551095, 950,133C 845.2090 580 360 675 640 840 305 Philippopolis, Bulgarialisiifºliº 2s. 800 ºligo is no sidiºiºſºlios; sº sºli; sº sºlºisºdiºisºlºis sº sºlios isºlºsiºiºdiºisodiº gº sisſiºn is sºlºurs 13; iſ ºn iſºlº gº sº; gº too sº, sº is sº Portsmouth, England_ _ _ _ _ 2s, ºligºſºsºliº go ºn 245 ºhiºſº gº ºsmºſº, tº ºiºſº sºils, ſº sºliºſºſºſºſº gº sºliºs, ºligºs 675 885||1345, 960|1140|1270. 9451350.10102230 765 565. 785 790-940 495 Prague, Aust-Hungary---|440445, 960, 850 000 400 175 380 440 275 670 570 700 610 325 940 400 75 soo 650 slå 465, 470.1880, 850, 300 soo 630, 125 425' 390 1400 760 630, 530, 365'1105 785 630 ſodio25 is; 540 1801265 545 740. 675 570 7701340, 600 660 660, 870 375.1560 305, 4601030, 150 320 320 Rome, Italy-------------- 810. 750 670. 540.1220 450 785 430, 730 500 710) 330|1240|1135| 675 865. 950, 635||1150, 365.1185 430 250/1055||1170, 810||1360 780, 650 780 685||1180,1060 880. 470. 615 8601045, 380 3001460. 430, 115 950.1110 690 640 885 570 550,1050 360 560|1230|1450 485.1675. 260 325 705. 475 810 420 Salonica, Greece ---------- 1175,1140 19011101620, 310 940 890.1130) 510 310, 2451435,1370,1050 320|1140 8401595, 1951570 925 (65.159,1620,10651350.1250 895 635108011735,1480.1320. 9801025.14151460. 930 7751225 760 460 560.1665.1155 1401345, 770 550, 1590. 205 1401300||13704201150 580, 825.1250 610 800 850 Seville, Spain-----------. 1180.10851670) 525.1190/1490.1410. 9601050.1460.17401380,1720,1565||11301910.1535||135511001405|1290 880, 925 95147513502050 890|1320|1720,1080, 2001.120.1010 800.1040 240.1125. 730. 97.02350,1160.1120. 980 300 9001690. 960|1340,1050|1590 1400||159518502220,1485,27501175 890 340,135016501005 Skutari, Albania---------- 1000. 965' 370 9001485, 200 780 690. 935 375 375 40|1290.1215 850, 500 995 680/1400. 451380, 720, 5551410/1410 9001270,1050, 725, 585 885.15351285.1120) 770, 825.1225.1265. 725, 57.01250, 570 280 535,460. 955 2751140. 600 360 2051400 20011901310| 290.1320, 370 630.1060 450 710, 650 Sofia, Bulgaria---------- 1080 1060 3301.1001550, 200 820, 840,1050 390 180 230|1300|1250. 950, 3151015. 730.1510, 225.1470 880. 7351620.1510 9001200 1200 785, 490.10001740,1395.1250. 930 9451420.1375 915. 735,1100 €80 490 45016551095 85.127C 660 550 14c1595, 200 1160.1215, 285.1110 520 800.1270, 505 665 790 Stockholm, Sweden.------- | 710 770.1510.1410, 9351010 500 950, 790, 81510801170 250 365 715.1345, 320 590.1000.1240 8001025.1100 1915 850, 500 240 980 590 690 770.1855 880 8851080 8151610| 8601225'1020 750 8751280,1020.1690. 950.1220. 945, 660.1230||130018501190,1160 425 9051660. 960 1070.1590 770 500 910 St. Petersburg, Russia----- 10901150.1550.1750.1375.1120) 830,1285.1165, 970 1080 1300|| 670 785||1100||1300 700 87514101365.1220.1360|1385,2270.1270, 860, 180.1375 900, 735||1140|2240||13001280.1415||11751975.1280.1545||1315. 3901.100.1500. 9302080 1330|12451350. 870,1450.137022201310|1215. 425 ||10251395.1190,1375/1930 980 63,1225 Szegedin, Aust.-Hungary-- 810. 790 600. 970.1260 100. 530, 605 780 100 310 2751015, 960, 730) 570, 730, 445.1250, 3451190 670 560.1505/1225 670. 975 945, 500 305 7251590.1120. 975. 730, 685.1270,1100, 755, 535, 990 420, 475 500|1480. 845, 3651010, 375 485 420.1485 290 285 9051025 1265. 310. 610.1150 220 415 555 Tiflis, Russia------------- 20002020.1370.22102440.1250.1660.1860.1990.1320. 960||1345.1900.1940.1880 8351730,1600|2430|1325|2310|1930|1820,27302350.1780.15202185.1660.1140|1945,2840|2300|21852000|19202525.2275|2010|180010201675|1600 775.2745.2090104022301560.16751159.27501320||11101660.1395.1265 15751870.238014501325||1815 Trieste, Aust.-Hungary----| 610 580. 750, 650.1060 330 470 310 560 275 610 340 1000 895 480 830, 700, 37.51025. 415101C 370 2501200 1045 570,1100, 680 400 555 5101275 910. 740, 430 450, 960 890. 450 225.1230, 200 330 8051170) 580 600 765, 305 260 5801175 370 520. 9601190 310.1575 295 845 215 560 270 Turin, Italy-------------- 525 450 980, 380 890 620, 575 130, 425 565. 900 5901030 900 400||1115| 765 500 835 650 880 105 75 930 900, 600||1250 465. 485 825 400. 980, 740. 560 150 325 670, 725 170, 70.1475 270 440.1110 870 360 880 565. 460 325 825 890 630 800107011375 610|1870 295 570 465 780 160 Valencia, Spain----------- 950. 8451340 19510851135.1120 670 820.1125.14051040 1500.1345, 860157: 1270,1060.100010701145, 575 595 360.115(1090.1790 700 1030,1395 830 485 975 830. 510 775, 19C 970 405 645,2040 840 480.1640 460 6751345 7851030 705.1250 340,10601270.15901030,11502880 845 57c. 1030,1350 710 Vienna, Aust.-Hungary ---| 580 575, 800 850/1050, 310 320 430 560 130 530, 420 835 765 450 790. 545 2301020, 500. 970, 500 440,1390 1005 450 890) 735 280, 365 5101435, 900, 750, 56C 470.1125 875 625, 3901020, 215 520' 680.1315. 640 585 790 150. 475 610 ſº 450, 505 770 980 220,1450 215 4651030 345, 365 Warsaw, Russia---------- 675 710100011651100 510 320 700 710 340 585 690 660 645 600 860 420 320.1110 760 990 780. 770.17051030, 460 565 910 370 210 6551720. 980 885 850 €651420, 955 950 710 700 500 850, 5001580 840 715, 940 320 810 sºlº º, sº 635, 4151325, 560 7801350 345 º Zurich, Switzerland-------' 380 325 1010 530 790 600 415 60 300 490, 860 615 865 745' 255'1100 600 345 760 680. 765 1402051060 790 430'1090 410 320 720, 2001080 645, 475 210, 190 780 625 320 1801350 150, 530 1030 955, 305, 875 495 820 420 S501005 650 700 910.1225, 5551815, 270 160 710, 365. 645 CONTAINING - - Detailed Maps of the Nations Pertinent Statistics of the Contending Powers RAND McNALLY & COMPANY - CHICAGO 1914 Copyright, 1914, by Rand, McNally & Co. 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Falster- garaescher see Is A Y KIEL BAY cº- - ºAº º º: zanow 9 - Kosil º - - - º - º - wentau - º º 54° Helgoland I. s º on, ºvº º º º *se º tº - º º 3 || *, *. ---> C- - "ºrde, *Osterholz Tutz - Syke Lüchow N º Kºnar - Hoya - - - - Filehue budsin 4. - Barnstorf - º: Landsberg R- Rogascn - metze Barenburg Knesebecko Klotze Welten Nº. -- i. Stolzenau - summern ºna, º Bramsche Lemförde - º kustºn Blesene Drossen 52* Beelitz Czempin Treuenbrietzen % º Juterbog Dahme Neusalz -- Alex º - Rixhöft wannigº - pregel R. N. E. EXTENSION States of the German Empi Merseburg oueltsch * A. hrweiler Andernach Neuwied Leitmeritz - Mayen - - - - 7 - - *c. & IBERLIN - Klattau Malchow ANI). º RoNs. statute Miles, 4.3-1. Inch. o - 2 º Salins º º tein Kilometres, 7 -: Inch. Budweis I-IN GOOMs - 1 Prussia 2 Bavaria 3 Saxony 4 wiirtemberg GIRAND IDUC-IES : 5 Baden 5 Hesse 7 Mecklenburg-Schwerin 8 Saxe-Weimar 9. Mecklenburg-Strelitz 10 Oldenburg Luc-Les- 11 Brunswick 12 Saxe-Meiningen 13 Saxe-Altenburg 14 Saxe-Koburg-Gotha. 15 animalt - *RINCIPALITIES : 16 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 17 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 18 Waldeck 19 Reuss, elder line 20 Reuss, younger line 21 Schaumburg-Lippe 22 Lippe F-EE TOWNS - 23 Lubeck 24 Bremen 25 Hamburg IMPERIAL TERRITORY: 25. Alsace-Lorraine GERMAN EMPIRE 48 - - H - SCALES º OF B-R--- - -- so Statute Miles, 63 = 1 Inch. 2- -- º -- kilometres, 101 = 1 Ineh. 50 70 so --- --- ---- -70 -- empelhof Band, McNally & Co.'s, New 11 kiº Map of German Empire. Copyright by Rand McNally & Co. 1914 - - - - º C D G12 H J 16L M N 18 O P 20 £3333ssee tº ºff tº 35&t== 33.33 ± 3.333s,33e33333 333333333 ± 3.3-33 33:33,333 33 335 ; 3 ==EEgg::= E: 53: 5355 ; 33 gºššš is ##### # 3 3 cº-ºr-º-º: 32:28: EF3 E3:32 =3:53: 5-ºgººgºººººººo:::::::::::::: : zºº E::32:3: 23: 35. ==Cº. §§ E3 #53 =3.33 ± 3.5 ± => *ś - 3 & ºšāgāśā gºggäää, ä53; ==#E_########################3 & #### 3333333; #5 ==2 # 3 ºf 5: ######## £ 45 #3.55%; º; #3;5_3 z = -- - - - - - - -- -- E3 E3 - --- FE = E: E → *tº 35 = E = 3.5 ± - N - ----- ----- = E35 tº 5 E = **E= 35.5 E → E * * = Fºlº E - E + - E - E--> *: º E - 2 = --> º E 5* +5.35: "E Bºis E. #55 3.35 EEEsº EE 32.53 E3:3: Tº EEEEEs sº 535:35 * S. E. Eºſ3.5 ± 3.5s EE = c → E tº 5. E. : : EEE: **E. - - £33; #53 5: ; F = -- ºr -- E --- * = E = - ºr 3: "EEP = #335 # 35 = 5.3 F 3:33; #######: º33 ºf £5535 gº 5:55 E. B. 3 #3; # 35 Bºsº. 5 # 33.3 g = 3 g5 5.53 E3 E3 E3: 32555 ºf HSE = ?? ETE #55 E = 3; E = 3.5 ± g : iſ ##########" ſº Hājī Hāāāśāº; #########################| | #5 iſ; ; ; #########"###########| ############## = ºf . º. 7 FE is . . . . . º' E. E. L. L.' º Lº ºf ºf 7 sº - - - - tº Bº L: tº tº sº. 3 ºf 32 5. L. E. E. E. E. E. Eº ºf L_E *s. 3.- : 3 -º-º: ºcºtº ººzº cº-o tººzººtoºººº 5*** º ºcºcº-ººººº- ***cº-ºo-ºº::=eeßeºcºso- **oge=== Fºgº Fºod 52*-āºriae====-ºº::=~5-foº-ºº::== - -----------n -oooo -o-º-º-o-º-º- ------ ºn co-º- - co-cho-º-º-tºº-ºooººoº-ºº -o-o-º-o-º-oooº cº º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º- ºn to -o-, *- - --------- ºne' ºn ºn -----> -- - --------- - - ----- - - Q R. -> --> 3 > 3 º' -- ~ * Bé £333333 = 3 : º - * - > *tº 53-35E::: | - : =3:5:3 E = 3 : -- tº cº- ---> --> --> --> --> → º ºf E3 = FEE = B = + Eº º is - # cº- *-º- 5 º # -- - ------- - - - 48° o EUROPE Andorral.--F5 (Republic) Area_-_175 sq. m. Pop. -------- 5,231 AUSTRIA- Hungary. I 4 (Monarchy) Ar. 241,491 sq. m. Pop.---- 49,458,421 Bºlgium ---- F3 (Kingdom) Area 11,373 sq. m. Pop.----- 7,571,387 BRITISH Isles (Kingdom) D3 Ar. 121,633 sq. m. Pop.---- 45,370,530 Bulgaria - L. 5 Denmark H2 (Kingdom) Area 15,582 sq. m. Pop.----- 2,775,096 France. ---- F4 (Republic) Ar. 207,054 sq. m. Pop----- 39,601,509 Germany--- H 8 (Empire) Ar. 208,780 sq. m. Pop.....64,925,993 Gibraltar E 6 (Colony) Area 17-8 sq. m. Pop. -------23,5 GREECE ----- K 6 (Kingdom) Area 41,983 sq.m. Pop.-----4. 000 ICELAND----- B 1. (Danish Colony) Area 39,756 sq.m. Pop. ------- 85,188 Italy -------- H5 (Kingdom) Ar. 110,550 sq. m. Pop----- ºi Luxemburg G 4 (Grand Duchy) Area_-_998 sq. m. Montºn EGRo15 (Kingdom) Area 5,603 * na. Pop ------- 51 ,000 NETHERLANDS The) - G 3 (Kingdom) Area 12,648 sq.m.; Pop. ---- 6,114,302 Norway---- H1 (Kingdom) Ar. 124,130 sq. m. Fop. 2,391,782 Portugal.--D 6 (Republic) Area 35,490 sq. m. fºop......5,957,985 Roumania - Lº (Kingdom) Area 53,489 sq. º. Pop.-----7,516,418 Russia ------ N-2 (Empire) Ar. iº97,310sq.m. Pop.---140,688, San MARINo H5 (Republic) Area----38 sq. m. Pop...-----11041 SERVIA ------ K 5 (Kingdom) Area 33,891 sq. º. Pop.-----4,547. SPAIN-------- E 5 (Kingdom) Area 194,7 8sq.m. Pop.---- 19,588,688 Swºoººw'------ I 1. (Kingdom) Ar. 172,963 sq. m. Pop------ 5,604.1 SwitzERLAND (Republic) Area 15,976 sq. m. Pop------3,781,430 TURREY ----- L 5. (Empire) Area 8,644 sq. m. Pop------ 1,590,000 (14x21) 4. 45° asºl ******* - º º - º-ºº: º Longitude West/ from Greenwich. E 10° D 5° Rana, McNally & Co.'s New 14-21 Map of Europe- copyright, 1904, by Rand, McNally & ca o° - --- F |- * --- - - º - º The º º - - º | - º * - E D | r - º º - - º - º - º - - º º --- º - º º - º - ºf 5 - º º º -º-º: º º º - - º ºn º - - - - º - . - - - **. - º º --- Lºs --- º "º: º - º º sº º - º * pºpº - ºrnau Lakº º Dorpa salis ------ Rºaº Mitau - º º º -Friedrichº º - Salantic bunaburº ºver - nº - R ºilkomir Polo e Suentziº - ſº º - Drissa skalisz sºlo º --- º º º Szentes * º edin º ----- S. º – orsº" - º ºbruiskd Nº. ºuraj - Kutnº gºuskº - sº Naritchiº ºmen Nºwolinsk AKiev suitomi. o Per - º º º º * Alcº sº s º - sºmeº Elav ºmoºney º ºneº poster gºtº Lenkovo ------ - ---- Berditenº *…* Bog. º sº slavian sºng'ºrº º in **** - - - º ºriº - *sº º Nº. - º º º º º, º º 0. 50_100 -- I - 40° 2010 60801.00 200 EURO PE SCALES. statute Miles, 69.16 = 1 Degree. 200 300 400 Kilometres, 111.307–1 Degree. 300 400, 500 Copyright, by Rana Mónally & Co. 1914. O - 45° - 50 5 AUSTRIA- HUNGARY (Monarchy) Ar., 241,491 sq. m. Pop, ____49,458,421 PROVINCES. Bonae vir a . . F' 2 Area, 20,065 sq. m. Pop. ……6,769,548 Bosnia a Nilo Haezeeovisº,n. Area, 19,768 sq. m. Pop, _____1,898,0.44 Bukowin Al-Q4 Area, 4.033 sq. m. Pop, … …800,098 Carsraehr allº 5 Area, 3,989 sq. m. Pop, lill-396,200 Carnior, a ll_lº 6 Area, 3,845 sq. m. Pop, lill-525,995 Coast LAN oli E 6 Area, 3.087 sq. m. Pop, ……… 893,797 Croatra Anio SLAvonia 16 Area, 16,421 sq. m. Pop ………2,602,544 Dalmatial_._h 8 G 8 Area, 7,658 sq. m. Popill.3,531,814 Moravia （lih 2 Area, 8,584 sq. m. Popil 2,622,271 Salzburg_li_D 4 Pop.……….214,737 Silesia…12 Area, 1,988 sq. m. Pop…………756.949 Styria lill-ſººſ Area, 11,312 sq. m. Pop … …1,092,021 Upprør Austrata Rº 8 Area, 4,628 sq. m. Pop………….853,006 CHIEF CITIES. Pop–Thousands. 2031 Vienna__HI 3 (Wien) 880 Budapest_J 4 161 Trieste ___ E 6 224 Prague ___F 2 206 Lemberg （P 2 154 Cracow __ K. º. 152 Graz… G 5 (Gratz) 126 Brunn 1.112 118 ~zegedin - L 6 93 Debreczem M 4. 87 Czernowitz） 3 80 Pilsen …__E 2 79 Agram_l_i_ G-6 68 Linz … E 3 67 Kecskemét Kő 66 Pressburg 14 (Pozsony) 63 Arad …MI5 62 Hódmezo- Vásárhely.M. 5 59 Pola __ __ _E 7 55 Przemysl_ _N 2 53 Temesvár. M. 6 52 Sarajevo…J 8 (Bosna-Serai) 52 Smichow - º 2 51 Miskolcz – 1. 4 50 Fiume ____ ſº 6 50 Grosswardein N 5. 49 Klausenburg (Kolozsvár) Ö 6 45 Budweis_ __F 3 44 Fünfkirchen (Pécs) … J 6 44 Kaschau…M. 3 (Kassa) 44 Raab (Györ) 14 41 Laibachill_E 6 41 Kolomea l-Q 3 41 Kronstadt. № 6 88 Nyíregyháza IN 4 37 I moski .____18 37 Stuhlweissen- burg - J 5 (Szekes Fejervar) 37 Tarnow __ _M 2 36Reichenberg1 86 Salzburg_-_D 4 35 Mako …IL 5 34 Czegléd … K 5 84 Tarnopol __R 2 33 Odenburg - H 4 33. Félegyháza K 5 33 Zara_ _ _ _ _ _ _ſº 7 38 Wiener Neu- stadt_G 4 38 Stanislau…P 8 32 Szentes_： __L 5 31 Zombor … K. 6 30. Mährisch Ostrau J 2 30Hermanneſſ; 29 Neusatz _ _ _K 6 (Ujvidek) 29 Zenta . ____IL 6 27 Spalato ___H 8 27 Innsbruck U 4. 27 Szatmár- Németi. O 4 praecipalit， Likohtaen straein A 4 (Principality) Area, 65 sq. m. Pop.….……10,716 CHIEF CITY. Pop. —Thousands. 1. Vaduz…A 4. [ Austria-Hungary.] - viaamirºvoº S -- s - S Erfurt Jena chmielnik - Belº. - - - ſº Sadowa wisznia Tomaszowo -- kºakowiec o Blazow- t" Schweinfurt ∞ Nizamkowice \ Dobromil sº -- - º N - orº, - º Schwana Ratisbon Weisenburg Gaya Austerlitz Nºrdlingen - Ingolstadt Mühldorf ow IN ºw º - º Gottschee && ： www： /////， www.， 111， erciorowa Sassuolo ä ---- |- |- |× ---- ~ ić º - piccolo £2.5 º __ Paemuda s - º yº. is ſº Melana º Rand, McNally & Co.'s New 11- 14 Map of Austria-Hungary- B º O O Kraguyevats AUSTRIA-HUNGARY SCALES Statute Miles, 63 =1 Inch. -- Jagodina - º *- C. S’ ºly Mººpa IN: Babinopolie 1. ^z a *… -0 ºC. so 70 º- = 1 Ineh. 0 to 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 -0. -o- 90 kilometres, 101 U- º º ºccº DALAMATIA Asv HERZEGOVINA 0N SAME SCALE. Rand McNally & Co.'s New 11 r 14 Map of Austria-Hungary. Copyright by Rand McNally & Co. East from Greenwich. [Roumania. ] 7 E. 22° E" G 24° H ngitude East from º 29° Byeltsy" ROUMANIA Area, 53,489 sq.m. Pop. ----7,516,418 GHIEF GITIES. Pop.–Thousands 338 Bukarest..J. 4 76 Yassy ----K 72 Galatz --- K 3 65 Bralla ----Ex 3 57 Ploesci - J 4. 52 Craiova-G 4 33. Botosan1-J 3. 29 Buzeu --- K-3 26 Constantza M4 25 Barlad ---K 2 25 Focsani___K 3 BULGARIA Area, 43,305 sq.m. Pop......4,752,997 GHIEF GITIES. Pop.–Thousands. 103 Sofia - G 6. 48 Philippopº, 41 Varna_____ L 36 Rushchuk. J 23 Plevna-...-H. 22 Shumla ---J & 22 Sliven ----J 6 klauseul, 1. ºùù - ºu - ºpen Nºoreschi \ is 2. º #Tecuº - - Mastak Sº N. * º Nºid sº Cº. &Moº!" T sºn 1. - º º º º Riºvası pe. caº - Semlin ºº -- º | Gradište - - º * Turnu | º severinu - Rogova. Zapalanka. i Budes hi ºuima -- - º Rºuſsº Cra - yºº- Amniº - A Nº-Ghirlamare º sa ºpticºs *. º ca ºs Kraguyevºts Zl - Q scºri - al evº 44 - - 44° R º-' suisº º -Tuzla GREECE Tuttrakan *Raupak Area, 41,993 sq.m. *A*atar-o JMangalia Pop-----. 4,363,000 tº ſº * 5 || GHIEF GITIES. Bazaarºv - º Pop.–Thousands. - ºrdjik Zº * - ſº ------ 174 Salonica-G 8 - - 167 Athens-G 11 74 ºº: Siriº º Zaj ( º º º º º- º * |- º -- - Gºgº º ela º -o-º-º: a y º º - ºlivanjicº º Studenitza - º º º º º Mostar sº - º hºla sº. Kºluſ º --- ºf ºº º º: º lsº -i. deran º Andrijeº - y ***GRQº º Gºº º º º = 'º º: Estimula (ighlan - - - ºf ºf Varoº º ºf sº \\ 42° Antivariº º - º Dulcignº ºf Uſº ºs - buº - Drºn 7 º º Cape Redoni - º - 19 Drama H. 7 6 18 Hermº, - rº ſ º **º. --- º - --- º º - º - -- - Kºprivºiciº º f - º Peº º ºlofer º º º - sº º - - - - º º Nº. º º º º º Slivan. ºarnabaº * - ſº - ºn gas º º amºol - º ºscºpolis º 14 Pyrgos --E 11 14 Zante ---D 11 42° 11 Chalkis.--G 10 11 Tripolis-E 11 SERVIA Area,33,891 sq.m. Pop------ 4,547,992 GHIEF GITIES. Pop-Thousands. - 91 Belgrade D 4 -- º º ºriº - -Krutº Nº. º º - º Radiº - 47 Uskub 7 - * º --- - --- º Nish ---E Lº ºf karasºu. ONigritaº stan" 18 Kraguyevats - ºne ºr ºld sº N. > D 5 * \º. - a ºn tº 14 Leskovac. E 6 - acº º 8 13 Pozarevac E. 4 -- " - - º - º - º- - - º 11 Vranja----E 6 - º sº Star hasos i- -- 11 Pirot -----F 6 sºka º hººkeº, º º samotunaki I º - º - - - - ----- º - - wº- º º * - s ALBANIA --- - slapsista a º ºn "º - - tº º/ e sº ryes almºsº * Area, 11,317 sq.m. * * ~~ º - * º Kassasº º sº ->MT. At Hos Iºnosº º Aºkalº – 40° Fop". Tº --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - º *Hºº ". sºvº kholivado º _Pº. º º º __ CHIEF G. º º, º ºſº |º Drepanon ºf . º Pop.–ºh º - * Elasºon - --- - - - - Lenini (L. º - op.-Thousands. ºw. --- Tº unelakia Pahuri º s - 9 . - ºf ººlºkas ºrna --- -> º 32 Skutari ----C 6 sººnispºlis ºNº. º - Adramyºti º 9 12 Tirana -- C 7 º ºrikalºv - - ~ - Sºphiliatas” Pºsa, º - Balıkesri º *utaia 9 Berat ----. C 8 - *Adenatº º ÖHagiostºn I. º 8 Koritsa ---D 8 2, º º ** º: - Pººvºsºrtiocº Vulgarºlio º º T R A. O AV A - (C. Bianco), - Pipeat I º º URKEY A. Paxos º - | AV * º l º 1. Area,710,224sq.m. ºurna - º Pop.---- 21,273,900 º º º ºxoºth ERN - - º sº CHIEF CITIES. - º º C. Pop.–Thousands. eurº - skyros I. 1200 Constanti- º 83 Andr * 42 Rodosto. L. 8 25 Sillyri - M 8 25 Kirk Kulº, 14 Gallipoll-K 8 MONTENEGRO Area, 5,603 sq. m. 11 Pop. ------ 516,000 10 -*. l. Amºniº, ºvº Galaxydion, º ºr" Z. º 38° º ne-3- y Alaina L. - Aigi 11 º Keos Kyunº - º - º GHIEF GITIES. º synoºpoºniºsos I. Patmos I. - Pop-Thousands. º º - sº - B M 2. sºº ºf * **, *, * * * * * º | ** Jº ºº:: Z) -> "º- En-PHos º Paroikiaº º: - º 5. Dulcigno --B 7 º sº * ºf º ºsº, ºf Sº ſº ſº 5 Cetinje ----B 6 - wrie - 2. *º - Apºlº * º º Mongos I. º Kºs I. CRETE Sapienza Lº - º º, Sukinos º-fºups CºAmorgos º º: Makri 12 Kanaena º alº - ººids 1. - ſº º, º 12 Area, 3,326 sq. m. cº Melos I. astrºpolykandrºs -- - º *- º d - Pop. ------ 342,151 Rhodes - -> - º - --- olymanokos º º ROUMANIA CMatapaº º " * ~... . tº S CHIEF CITIES. - - Łagoniº” santonix I Pyrgos - º Rhodes Pop.–Thousands. - - < º - º 1st AND - 25 Candia----113 * || SERVIA, BUL.GARIA, MONTENEGR0, ºkapsalion ſ - 36 - 24 Kanea----G 13 ALBANIA AND TURKEY IN EUROPE º 20 Çf 9 Retino-- H. 13 ScALEs. - A” "… N A. A1 AV scarpanto I. (11x14) - C. Tripiti (Kears) Statute Miles, 75–1 inch. -- 13||| 9 s to go so as a "sº sº ºne as so two so Cape Busa º ºnoma CRETE º S. 13 ºilometres, 121-1 inen. - -PRN. C. Stavr Di-t. - º Æ A. - to *: * 200 kaº Kºº cº- º º º Ž 1. -- - º rt Army. nºtes Bºº. - Cape sidero Kashut 1. Rand McNally & Co.'s New II* 14 Map of Roumania, º ºnes- - candº Cape Salmon- Sºvia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania and Turkey in Euro c. 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G. o. H Longitude East from Greenwich 35° ow ºr A S RUSSIA IN - A. EUROPE - ^ / 2. K O A A N º - - North c.19e - Area, 1,997,310 º - - º sq. miles. - º ºv. Pop.---140,683,000 - L : sº - PROVINGES. - - - - Sakhº Area. Pop. s - Axon Angel, I 2 --- - woº 326,063-----462,500 * **** . Ast Rakitan J 5 - - - 91,042-1,279,400 Bessa Rap A.C. 5 º - 17,143 - 2,538,900 º C. Kanin Chernigov E 4 - - C. Svyatoi. 20,232 - 3,083,500 4” Couri, and B-3 ... * * * Gorodezki - 10,435 ----- 758,800 - - cheshskaya = Don Cossacris Bay 63,532-3,691,800 ERATERINos- LA v_F 5 º 24,477 - 3,061,300 º, Esthoxia C 3 - - - ZZTE 7,605------- 479,700 - Souavetskºye Grodno. B 4 14,896 ----1997,600 * A* * rumors” KALua A. F. 4 11,912 ----1,430,400 Kazan J 4 24,587 - 2,792,400 RHARE ov. F-5 21,041 - 3,329,700 Kºsson is 27,337 ---_3,547,500 KIEv___ ____. C 5 19,676 -- 4,635,700 Kostrom a I 3 32,432 - 1,745,800 Livonia - C 3 *oor 17,574----1,479,700 º - Minsk - - - - C 4 ºis, º 35,220---2,926,200 º Mogun, Ev. D. 4 4M, 18,514-2,307,200 -- Wi Moscow - - - F 4 º hdan 12,847 - 3,803,400 Nizhniy Nov- - - Gorod 4 A 12 19,789 - 2,034,900 p A Novgorod - E 3 45,770 - 1,646,400 Olonºrs - F 3 49,355----- 454,500 OREL--------- F 4 G. E. 18,042----2,676,800 ORENBurg - N 4 73,254----2,121,200 PEN zA I 4 14,997 ---- 1,853,900 PERM -------M 3 127,502-3,853,900 Podolia. C. 5 16,224-3,882,700 Point Ava E. 5 19,265---- 3,673,100 Pskov. ------ D 3 16,678... 1,390,000 Yazan__ Saratov - 14 32,624,---- 3,156,100 SIMBIRsk J 4 19,110 - 1,997,500 SMo, Ensk. E 4 21,624-2,050,200 St. Prºtºrs- ==- * - 5. BURG D 3 17,226.-2,949,000 TAMBov. ---- H 4 25,710---- 3,473,000 TAURIDA - E 6 23,312---- 1,965,900 F. * * * * ask º - º - O 16,181 ----1, - C. Tarkha, ITEBSR----- C 4 *khankut º 16,983. 1,875,100 VLADIMIR --G 4 18,821---- 1,941,800 Un Volhynia B5 - 27,699 ----8,995,700 Vologda ----J 2 ~ 155,265-1,678,600 Voron Ezº – G 5 - 25,443---- 3,491,200 3. Vyatka ---- K 3 ºn. 59,329.--- 3,869,100 º º Si - 723---- 1,239, inope - *2. POLAND º A 4 º, Area------- 49,018 - º Pop.----12,776,100 RUSSIA CAUCASIA - A. lsº 4 real------ -17 - Pop.----12,288,100 P. JN EUROPE. - - ScALES. - - FINLAND - I A - - Van Lake D 2 Statute Miles, 220 = 1 Inch. Area------ 125,689 y o 25 50 too 150 200 250 300 350 J - - Pop.----- 3,140,100 - ºn nº ſº. Tº O ºwnſt tº A. - ------L--es- - - - ------ - - 11 x 14. Adalia o so too … " "...o -oo 500 M I. N Lake W. Rand McNally & Co.'s New 11 x 14 Map of Russia. - Copyright by Rand, McNally & Co. P E. Rana McNally & Co.'s New 11 kiº Map of Russia. 1914 - Copyright, 1906, by Rand, McNally & Co. D 35° E. E" G 49 H K L. 99 M. 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Anºue » ſcastel dei Pazzi GN sº - - - - sº : º º - - --- villa Mar 1. - º --- ºwulº. ſaw º' ar. sº S - * ºwn -º º - º º º "/> * º - --Z *º sº Nº. - - -- -14 º º %" -- ºwº - - ~ º- - - º º º N P sº º º º -- Sonario ºr , º -- º º r -lº H wº 2 *, ºn 0.1-0. º º- - - viºlalºel Friuli º º - -Felt - ºn º, N º ſ º º Pordenome º * ------ - - º - º - - - º * Siºn. º º ººl. * \, ( \º º ---> erºs - º Villa jº º ------- T ºn 2 A - ºwſ: º Bussanº, Portogruaro ſ" - - - - s - | º Thiene Treviso tº dº - Aſ /Chiari Garº * º º presei *Campoºnbiero Mºre - cquari. º º º Verona Mirºnolº V ºvular -> lon - Crema * M - ºngo - ENICE º ºil. º Padua. Z G. L. L. F. - Asoº - - * Este. A Conserve Cremona o Maſºuia - V.E. M. I. -_ evºlº º º º Rººs Chioggia º *Bozzº ov. º re Rovign C & **. Pºlese º ------ - - º - º - Pola º - º º º). Abºatia aene º *}=º - ºf Tre Fontane 3 - - º - sº º Walchettº ºpente Batters Sºº- Lºcanopago º º - º - ** - º º º - - | Statute Miles, 3% = 1 Inch. º ------ - sº - º - º ºnenza PREMuba I. *s º Environs of ROME. - Zara - --- - 44° º º N. Obrovazzo 17 - Lunga I. sºjevo Oneglia | RINO Livna - - - Porto Maurizio - - O San Remo - º Sebenico - ºy sºmºrone - - - - 4. - - co ºsenigalla sº ~ s 4. finaldº Ancona * Spalato 4 º º - º - Mostar AP ARCHES soºn lºs* 5 - º }* Macºrata º BRAZZA 1. º - o Termo Lºsina I. - * Metkovic. - - -> Pedasoº. …” a Lissa 1. Curzola I. -) ~ * - * Lagosta 1. Melena 1. º º Ragusa. 5 - A - º º Talam - O- º *... 1. - --- º º * . º º: - - - - Mosie Cºnsºo I. Giulio º º Rouviglione - - Giannuthii. - Tºº - 42° Lakeº --Gam - | Civita vecchiº L. T erºnoli Paº Tivºliº - º lestrina º *: - -º Lanfredonia 6 Gulf ºf . -Z Manfredonia - Pn º onteº sº Sºrazº a - º *ina tºº Formia e) Teano º º Tºstºsºlºraesa I. - - - - - Asixanºi Cala d'Oliva . *ºssai Galiura Gaº ula Tºrºnio tº ºſonopoli ºlºnia º - Tavoºr. Pºol, I., alsº I. o º º - - - - *ºss ºc. coda cavana Ponza I. NAPLEs. º ºstºn - - º ºf Noºr * ºrindis, Vºrorºne 1 º' - - es º º º wº - isoma ºre sº --~~~ - Hºº. 7 * ºsmºna ſº º . sa, º, .º º - Amalfi - SAEyo B * . º tº º Campº Bittiº ºf S caº Garm tº ulf of --- º Nuo s - Salerno -- ſº - - Agropolº pºſ” T | V K R H E V / A N grop *- an unº. -- Wallo deliº Lučaniac Molitº º I N I A. Pisc - ſº - º º T. G. º EVAmendolara O AE C. San Marcº Dristanº º lic - º - -- - - o *º * usei cauſeſ " …, TA RAN TO - * . -- - Sa luri Belvedera iguano Calabro 8 ** sºlº S. A. A Cetrarº N-Gariati Mr. Linºsº º - º - * ºil. idro ºf Muravera Porto Wesme Decimomannu - - AGLlani ºº. - * º- C. Carbonara. Nocera Tirinesº - *c. - º - ;Stºomboiſ I. . Gulf ºf º Pizz lace Tropeae: Squilla ºustical- - I * º 9 *…* IP A R. sº I. - º * ºup. º º Lipari I. onia 0. - - - D. S. Polº Js, sº 1 S.L. A. N. - - º cº vulcano Iº º occella 38° Manitrimo Iº. . poponº w Hompre Pierre B U - L'egºise o Leg o Anlier Mellier attert - la Neuve - - --~~~~ Oostmalled oorgeo - - ſaw o Waes o rp Ertvelde - Messancy Cº. Tamise verghem Dacknam w º * sº - º * Rand, McNauys co-e New luxiº Map of Belgium and Luxemburg. - - Cºpyright, 1905, by Rand, McNally & Co. Zele º º º º NETHERLANDS (Kingdom) Area, 12,648 sq.m. #### GITIE8. º: 588 Amsterdam G-4 447 Rotterdam 295 The Hague 123 Utrecht-G - 18 Groningen J 2. 70 Haarlem...E - 65 Arnhem...H. 5 59 Leiden.-- E - 58 Nîmeguenº. 5 53 Tilburg---G 5 48 Dordrecht F-5 39 Maastricht 38 Leeuwarden 38 Apeldoorn H 4 36 Enschede.J. 4 34 Zwolle --- 34 Schiedam. 33 Hilversum 29 Deventer. 28 Emmen... 27 Breda..... 27 Helder.... 26 Zaandam. 25 Gouda - - - - 24 Amerfoort G. 4 23 Yearanº 5. 22 Hengelo --J 4 21 Alkmaar - F 3 20 Kampen-H 3 20 Middlebur 19 Flushing D 6 (Vlissingen) 19 Ede------- H - 18 Rheden ----14 18 Velsen. F 4 18 Lonneker-J 4 18 Zutphen... I 4 17 Venlo ----1 5 17 Roosendaal- en-Nispen. F 16 gº op : 4. 14 Roermond 5 6 6 H & 13 Sneek ---H 2. 13 Winter-wº. 13 Assen ----- J 3 13 Slochteren, 2. 13 Hoogeveen 13 Oosterhout 12 Gorinchem 5 12 Veendam - J 2 11 Tiel…. G 5 11 Winschoten K 2 11 Sliedecht. F-5 11 Meppel----I & BELGIUM (Kingdom) Area, 11,373 sq.m. Pop.-----7,571,387 gºlff GITIES. op.–Thousands. 664. Brussels--E 7 313 Antwerp-E 6 171 Liege ---H 7. 167 Ghent ----D 6 82 Schaerbeek E 7 60 Malines...F 6 (Mechlin) 54 Bruges ----C 6 49 Borgerhout - F 6 46 Verviers...H. 7 43 Ostend ----B 6 42 Louvain--- F 7 42 Seraing ---H 7. 37 Tournay. --D 7 36 Courtrai --C 7 35 Alost ------ E 7 35 Laeken-E." 35 St Nicolas E 6 32 Namur ---- F 8 30 Berchen. F 6 29 Charleroi...E. 8 28 Jumet ---. Fºs 28 Mons -----. D 8 27 Uccle ----- E 7 26 Lierre ----- F-6 25 Rousselaere - C 7 lly ------ F-8 24 Turnhout - F 5 2: Montignies: sur-Sambre F. 22 Marchienne- au Pont_E. 21 La Louviere 19 Tirlemont F 7 9. Menin ----- C 7 1. 7 H a. s s ol t - 17 Quaregnon 17 Hoboken-D 9 16 Wetteren -D 7 16 Vilvorde --F 7 16 St. Trond...G. T. 16 Wasmes --D 8 16 Chatelineau. 14 Zele ------- 14 Jemappes-D 8 14 Hamme ---E 6 14 Gentorugge sº 6 14 Eecloo ----D 6 13 Tamise ----E 6 13 Chatelet --F 8 13 Frameries D 8 13 Nivelles ---E 7 13 Dour ----D 8 13 GrammontL) 7. LUXEMBURG (Grand Duchy) Area, 998 sq. m. 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Total-------------- 241,491 sq. miles Population Austria____28,571,934 (14,034,022 males) ungary __20,886,487 (10,345,333 males) Total ---49,458,421 (24,379,355 males) SERVIA—Area-------------------------------------- 33,891 sq. miles Population Old Servia----------------------- 2,911,701 New Servia---------------------- 1,636,291 Total------------------------- 4,547,992 (St. Yr. Bk.) Servia obtained 15,241 sq. miles of new territory as a result of the treaties following the Balkan Wars. GERMAN EMPIRE-Area_________________________ 208,780 sq. miles Population__64,925,993 (32,040,166 males) by Census of Dec. 1, 1910 RUSSIA—Area---------------------------------- 8,417,118 sq. miles Population - European Russia --150,755,000 Asiatic Russia----- 20,304,900 Total----------- 171,059,900 (Estimated for 1912 by Russian Central Statistical Committee) FRANCE-Area------------------------------------ 207,054 sq. miles Population___________ 39,601,509 (Census of March, 1911) Population per sq. mile (1911)----------------------- 139.5 UNITED KINGDOM–Area (British Isles)----------- 121,386 sq. miles Population------------------------ 45,370,530 ITALY-Area-------------------------------------- 110,659 sq. miles Population (1911)--35,238,997 (January 1, 1913, St. Yr, Bk.) Though the hereditary enemy of Austria, Italy is allied with her in the Triple Alliance. BULGARIA—Area---------------------------------- 43,305 sq. miles - (Estimated for 1914, St. Yr. Bk.) Population---------- 4,337,516 (2,206,691 males) by Census of Dec. 31, 1910 MONTENEGRO–Area (Estimated for 1914, St. Yr. Bk.) 5,603 sq. miles Population (Estimated for 1914, St. Yr. Bk.) 516,000 The Montenegrins belong mostly to Servian branch of Slav race. GREECE—Area------------------------------------- 41,933 sq. miles Population____(Estimated for 1914, St. Yr. Bk.) 4,363,000 These figures do not take account of recent acquisitions in the AEgean. ROUMANIA—Area--------------------------------- 53,489 sq. miles Population------------------- (St. Yr. Bk.) 7,516,418 By Treaty of Bucharest (Aug. 7, 1913) Bulgaria ceded to Roumania #º sq. miles of territory, with a population of 286,000, mostly urks. ALBANIA—Area__(Estimated St. Yr. Bk.) 10,500 to 11,500 sq. miles Population(Estimated for 1914 St. Yr.Bk.)800,000 to 850,000 About two-thirds of the Albanians are Moslems. TURKEY-Area (excluding Egypt). Total---------- 713,984 sq. miles In Europe (1914) Population (excluding Egypt) ------------------ 24,414,300 In the small European territory now remaining under Turkish rule Moslem's preponderate. Other races represented are Greeks, Bul- garians, Armenians, Gipsies, Jews. BELGIUM-Area----------------------------------- 11,373 sq. miles Population.-- (according to census Dec. 31, 1910) 7,423,784 About 2,833,000 speak French only, 3,220,662 Flemish only, and 31,415 German only. Of foreigners, French are most numerous. THE NETHERLANDS–Area________________________ 12,648 sq. miles Population (1913).----------------- 6, ,302 DENMARK-Area---------------------------------- 15,582 sq. miles Population (1911)---------------------------- 2,775,076 NORWAY-Area_________________________________ 124,129.7 sq. miles Population (Dec. 1, 1910)----------------------- 2,391,782 SWEDEN-Area----------------------------------- 172,963 sq. miles Population (1913).----------------------------- 5,604,192 ARMY AUSTRIA-HUNGARY- PEACE ESTABLISHMENT Officers and All other Horses Officials Ranks COMMON ARMY-Staff and Establishments 8,782----18,698----4,266 INFANTRY- 102 regiments of 4 battalions, and 102 depot cadres----------------------- 9,600----- 161,987----2,030 4 regiments of Tyrolese jägers of 4 battalions, and 4 depot cadres, and 26 independent jäger battalions______ 1,163------ 17,010---- 242 4 Bosnian-Herzegovinian regiments of 4 battalions, and 1 jäger battalion----- 430------ 6,717---- 42 Total infantry-------------------- 11,243----- 185,714----2,354 CAVALRY- 42 regiments of 6 squadrons, and 42 600'S ---------------------------- 1,987 ------ 45,164___41,032 FIELD ARTILLERY- 42 regiments of 4 batteries and 42 reserve cadres 14 regiments of field howitzers of 4 batteries 8 divisions of horse artillery of 3 batteries 2,297------ 34,772 -- 17,733 10 regiments of mountain artillery in divisions of heavy howitzers of 3 batteries, and 5 reserve cadres. FORTRESS ARTILLERY-- . 6 regiments (14 battalions) and 10 independent battalions-------------- 574------ 9,360---- 50 PIONEERS AND ENGINEERS--_______ 894------ 12,100---- 29 MEDICAL CORPS---------------------- 100------ 2,833.--------- TRAIN– 16 independent divisions and 16 depot cadres---------------------------- 474------ 4,440____3,067 AUSTRIAN LAND WEHR– INFANTRY-40 regiments.--------------- 3,943------ 37,214----1,370 CAVALRY-6 regiments and 5 squadrons - 379______ 4,021--__3,251 ARTILLERY-32 batteries_______________ 207------ 2,795---_1,321 Total Austria Landwehr---___________ 4,549------ 44,030----5,924 HUNGARIAN HONVEDSEG- INFANTRY-32 regiments and depot cadres------------------------------ 2,472------ 24,958---- 418 CAVALRY-10 regiments and depot cadres. 447------ 5,176---13,318 ARTILLERY--------------------------- 190______ 3,001____1,668 Total Hungarian Honveds&g --________ 3,109______ 33,138--_15,404 Total Peace Establishment --------- 34,009__ ___ 390,249___89,877 All batteries have 4 guns in peace; in war, field - - - guns and howitzer batteries, 6 guns, mountain batteries, 4. and Resources of Contending Nations WAR STRENGTH Regulars in field army------------------------------- 590,000 Austrian Landwehr (8) and Honved (7) divisions------- 230,000 Grand total.-------------------------------------- 820,000 ( ) There are 6 permanent cavalry divisions (3 on Russian frontier), but 8 can be mobilized. First Line Austro-Hungarian Army (“Common.” Army), under common management, includes troops raised in newly annexed Provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Austrian Landwehr and Landsturm entirely separate from Hungarian Landwehr (Honved) and Hungarian Landsturm. Two latter form Hungarian national army. Military service is compulsory and universal throughout empire. Active service begins at age of 21. Service in Common Army and both Landwehrs for 2 years (3 years for cavalry and horse artillery); 10 years in reserve (7 for cavalry and horse artillery, and then 2 in reserve of Landwehr.) FORTRESSES- Austria-Hungary liesin heart of Europe. It has many natural frontier, mountains, and rivers. The Drina, Save, and Danube rivers lie between Austria-Hungary and Servia. There are 11 principal fortified places in Austria-Hungary, 3 of them, Komarom, Petervárad and Orsova, on the Danube, and 2 others, Arad and Temesvar, near the Servian frontier. Sarajevo is a fortified place. Vienna and Budapest are unfortified. Pola, chief naval port, strongly fortified both towards sea and land. Harbor will accommodate entire fleet, Arsenal of navies also in Pola. Triest is great storehouse, and there is also naval arsenal. SERVIA— Service is compulsory and universal from 21 to 45 years of age; liability, from 18 to 50 years of age. The levee en masse comprises all males between 18 and 50 years of age. Peace strength: 361,747. War strength of the field army and reservists: 270,000. The Servian infantry is armed with the Mauser rifle, calibre 7 min. A series of forts have been completed at Nish. At Zayechar, near the Bulgarian frontier, are 5 forts. PEACE ESTABLISHMENT, 1913 Officers N.C.O.and Men Total Horses GERMAN EMPIRE- Infantry, 217 regiments.----------- 16,578–1471,796––488,374-- 4,821 Rifles (Jäger) 18 battalions-------- 620-- 15,134__ 15,754__ 352 Machine-gun sections, 26---------- 134__ 2,294-- 2,428__ 929 District headquarters, 317--------- 1,067__ 6,593__ 7,660-- --- Cavalry, 110 regiments.------------ 3,696 - 82,007 - 85,703__ 80,248 Field artillery, 100 regiments.------ 4,692 - 86,777 - 91,469-– 57,339 Foot artillery, 24 regiments.-------- ,469 - 33,230-- 34,699 - 3,397 Pioneers, 35 battalions------------ 1,046 – 22,999__ 24,045__ 650 Railway, telegraph and balloon units 935–- 18,006-- 18,941-- 2,433 Train, 26 battalions--------------- 631-- 10,961.-- 11,592 – 7,561 Small miscellaneous corps, etc.----- 785-– 2,040__ 2,825__ - - - Staff, attendants, etc.------------- 3,651__. 1,660 - 5,311__ --- Total.---------------------- 36,304__752,497-1788,801--157,816 WAR STRENGTH Field army (25 army corps and independent cavalry) and reserve troops.------------------------------ 1,250,000 Mobile Landwehr--------------------------------- 600,00 Total mobile forces------------------------------ 1,850,000 Estimated reserve (estimated St. Yr. Bk.)------------ 1,500,000 Thiſ figures do not include garrison units or any part of the Land- Sturm. Under the Army Law of 1913, 5 aeroplane battalions are to beformed, mustering 17 companies. In 1913 there were 24" dirigibles in military charge. Establishment 173 officers, 4,446 other ranks. Military service is compulsory and universal. Active service (Heerp- flicht) begins at age of 20. Eighteen cyclist companies have been formed. There is only one permanent cavalry division, that of the guard, but º war at least 8 divisions would be formed from the line regi- Inents. FORTRESSES- Germany has a total frontier length of 4,570 miles, 843 miles along Russia, 1,043 along Austria, and 242 along France. Empire divided into 10 “fortress districts,” each including a certain area with fortified places. Fortresses are all connected with each other by means of underground telegraphs, while strategical railway lines lead from principal military centers toward frontiers. Fortified places of the first class, serving as camps, are at Königsberg, Danzig (also a coast fortress), Posen, Neisse, Spandau, Magdeburg, Küstrin, Maz, Ulm, Rastatt, Metirz, Cologne, Koblenz, Keil, Strassburg, Ingolstadt. RUSSIA—The peace strength of the armies of Russia is upward of 1,200,- 000 of all ranks. WAR STRENGTH Field armies of European Russia and the Caucasus, with first category reserve divisions, and second category regiments of the Don and Caucasian Cossacks______ 1,550,000 Asiatic army------------------------------------- 300,000 Grand total (Estimated, St. Yr. Bk.)______________ 1,850,000 Military service is compulsory and universal service begins at age of 20 and extends to completion of 43d year. There are 3 armies in Russia: the army of European Russia, the army of the Caucasus, and the Asiatic army. These armies are practically distinct from one another, and terms of service in each are slightly different. There are 3 aerial battalions and 11 independent companies, besides special instructional section. In 1913 Russia had only one dirigible. The troops of Russian Empire are sofar territorialized that each corps draws recruits from particular district, and is as a rule permanently quartered in same garrisons. But in European Russia bulk of army is stationed west of Moscow meridian. Consequently most recruits and reservists have to travel long distances to join corps. Moreover, a number of recruits from Great Russia are sent to corps outside. All this makes mobilization slower and more difficult process than in Germany or France. FORTRESSES- Russia has an extensive frontier both by sea and land, protected by numerous fortifications. On west, Poland is defended by system of four strongholds, called the Polish Quadrilateral. More important fortresses are 4 in first class, 6 in second class, and 7 in the third class. . There are also 46 unclassified places, many of them mere fortified posts. FRANCE– PEACE ESTABLISHMENT, 1912–1913 (According to budget estimate) France Algeria Tunis Total Staffs and services, etc.----------- 7,274--- 1,226--- 262-- 8,762 Military schools----------------- 2,828-------------------- 2,828 Infantry------------------------ 312,429-1-36,546---12,373__361,348 Çavalry------------------------ 64,061--- 7,466 --- 1,842__ 73,369 Artillery------------------------ 92,237 --- 3,532--- 1,802 – 97,571 Engineers----------------------- 16,564--- 1,302--- 469 - 18,335 Train-------------------------- 8,020--- 1,859 --- 613__ 10,492 Administration corps------------ 14,550--- 3,750--- 700 - 19,000 Gendarmerie and garderepublicaine 24,847------------ 143-- 24,990 Saharan Companies------------------------ 1,005----------- 1, Total Metropolitan Army--------- 542,810---56,686–18,205__617,700 Colonial troops in France---______ 27,944-------------------- ,944 Tota -570,754---56,686-18,204-1645,644 These figures are for Metropolitan Army and Colonial Army in France. WAR STRENGTH Field army of France------------------------------ 800,000 Reserve troops and cavalry------------------------- 500,000 Algerian troops and troops of Colonial Army in France, and Algerian cavalry division--------------------- 80,000 Grand total (Estimated, St. Yr. Bk.)______________ 1,380,000 French army consists of national (Metropolitan) army and Colonial Army. Military service is compulsory and universal (exemption for physical disability alone). Liability from age of 20 to age of 48. First Line active army (3 years' service) from age of 20 to age of 23; Reserve (11 years' service); territorial army (7 years' service); territorial reserve (7 years' service). There are no “one year volunteers” in France, but voluntary engage- ments for 3, 4, or 5 years are encouraged. In peace time troops on eastern frontier have much higher establish- ments than remainder. - There are 10 permanent cavalry divisions. Aeronautical corps organized in 3 territorial groups. There are at present 27 sections of 8 aeroplanes each, 10 cavalry sections of 3 aeroplanes, each, and 11 fortress sections of 8, aeroplanes each. Total number of aeroplanes, 334. There are 14 dirigibles in charge of the Corps. - Reserve, troops of regional regiments, foot artillery and engineers available for garrisoning fortresses. FORTRESSES- France has coastline of 1,760 miles, 1,304 on Atlantic, 456 on Mediter- ranean. Land frontier extends over 1,575 miles, of which 1,156 miles are along Belgian, German, Swiss, and Italian frontiers. On German frontier Verdun, Toul, Epinal, and Belfort form an advanced line of fortified places. There are 9 other fortified places on or near the Italian and German frontiers. There are 5 fortified naval harbors. UNITED KINGDOM–PEACE ESTABLºWT. 1914-15 .C.O.'s, Ran Branches of the Service Officers Drummers,etc. and File Total Staff and Departments------------- 1 -- 119-- 12-- 1,292 Regimental establishments.----- Cavalry-------------------------- 547-- 1,328-- 12,834__ 14,709 Horse and field artillery------------ 702-- 1,472-- 16,315__ 18,369 Garrison artillery------------------ 611-- 1,486-- 12,083__ 14,170 Engineers------------------------- 691-- 1,547-- 7,612-- 9,850 Royal Flying Corps---------------- 165-- 173-- 1,069 - 1,429 Infantry-------------------------- 3,416-- 9,592-- 82,793-- 95,799 Army Service Corps--------------- 456-- 1,202–- 4,657-- 6,505 Army Medical Corps--------------- 663-- 559-- 3,238-- 4,460 Colonial and Native Indian Corps--- 300-- 561.-- 7,910– 8,771 Departmental Corps. -------------- 330-- 1,465-– 1,542__ 3,337 “Additional Numbers”------------ 10---------- -- 1,000 Total-------------------------- 7,894-19,406–150,971-178,271 Staff of Territorial Force----------- 629__ 2,421__ 8__ 3,058 Miscellaneous establishments.------- 398__ 813__ 265-– 1,529 Grand Total-------------------- 10,032-122,640--151,309-–181,100 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REGULAR ARMY., 1914–15 Establishments, 1914–15 Effectives, Jan. 1, 1914 Regular Forces, Home and Colonial (partially stationed abroad)----------------------------------------- 168,500--156,210 Colonial and Native Indian Troops (stationed abroad). 8,771-- 8,638 Army Reserve------------------------------------- 147,000--146,756 Special Reserve------------------------------------ 80,120-- 63,089 Militia Reserve------------------------------------ 60__ 69 Militia (U.K.)--------------------------------------------- 4 Channel Islands Militia----------------------------- 3,166-- 3,067 Malta and Bermuda Militia (stationed abroad)-------- 2,894-- 2,703 Territorial Army----------------------------------- 315,485-251,706 Isle of Man Volunteers----------------------------- 126__ 119 Officers' Training Corps---------------------------- 1,019__ 795 Total------------------------------------------- 727,141__633,099 British Troops Serving in India---------------------- 75,896-- 78,476 Grand Total------------------------------------ 803,037__711,575 Land forces of United Kingdom consist of Regular Army and Terri- torial Army. Large part of Regular Army serves in British Domin- ions oversea. Territorial Army serves only at home in peace time. Rank and file for both Regular and Territorial armies obtained by voluntary enlistment. In peace time Regular Army consists of permanently embodied troops, Army Reserve, and Special Reserve, Service in permanently embodied portion of Regular Army and Army Reserve for 12 years (3 to 9 years" with the colors,” i.e., on permanent service; remainder in Army. Reserve). Most men serve 7 years with colors and 5 years in Army Reserve (rule for infantry other than Foot Guards). - - Men enlist between 18 and 25 years of age. Peace establishment of regular, troops at home considerably below war establishment; in South Africa and Colonies it is higher; in India it is practically the same. On mobilization for war the ranks, after eliminating re- cruits and young soldiers, are filled up from Army Reserve, and also, to small extent, from Special Reserve. t Special Reserve consists mainly of troops not permanently embodied, but its units also act as permanently embodied depôts. Special reservists serve 6 years. Officers are mostly non-professional. Special Reserve available for service abroad in time of war. Territorial Army is intended for home defence, although nearly 20,000 officers and men have accepted liability for service abroad in war. Terms of service 4 years. Age-limits for enlistments from 17 to 35 inclusive. Officers, except certain of generals and staff, are non- professional. Territorial Army confined to Great Britain. There is none in Ireland. Establishment practically same in peace and war. On mobilization of the Regular Army, Territorial Army is embodied practically automatically. For purposes of command United Kingdom is divided up into 7 “com- mands” and London district. Regular Army, being for most part quartered in south of England or in Ireland, is somewhat irregularly distributed among commands. The military wing of Royal Flying Corps will eventually comprise 8 aeroplane squadrons; at present only 6 aeroplane squadrons have been formed; establishment of squadron is 18 aeroplabes. ITALY- PEACE ESTABLISHMENT, 1913 (Exclusive of troops in Africa) Horses and - Officers Men Mules Administration, staff, military schools, etc.---- 1,284-- 1,952–- 2,442 Infantry, 389 battalions, and 88 district headquarters---------------------------- Cavalry, 150 squadrons, and 29 depôts------- Artillery, 263 batteries, 110 companies, 51 depôts, etc.----------------------------- Engineers, 82 companies, and 10 companies 7,627__162,000__ 6,205 1,006-- 27,416-- 25,467 2,359 -- 49,256__ 23,084 engineer train--------------------------- 630-- 11,099 - 1,284 Medical, 12 companies--------------------- 769 – 3,712__ 81 Commissariat, 12 companies---------------- 452-- 3,978 - 420 Carabineers, 12 legions--------------------- 709__ 30,087 – 5,362 Total.---------------------------------- 15,172.__289,500---64,345 WAR STRENGTH Strength of field army (12 army corps and independent cavalry) is about 400,000 combatants. Nominal strength of mobile militia is 326,000, but only about 200,000 would be put into field. Service in army (and navy) compulsory and universal. Total period 19 years, beginning at age of 20. Permanent army (2 years' service); at 22 years of age men are trans- ferred to reserve with."unlimited leave” (6 years' service); mobile militia (4 years' service) from age of 28 to age of 32; territorial militia (7 years' service) from age of 32 to age of 39. - - Each regiment recruited from all parts of country, and troops change stations by brigades every 4 years. On mobilization regiments would be filled up by reservists from districts in which quartered at time. Reliefs so arranged that at least half of reservists shall have previously served in unit they would join on mobilization. Each regiment of light infantry has 1 battalion of cyclists which supplements cavalry in field. Aeronautical service consists of “specialist battalion” of 5 companies, experimental section, “flying battalion” of 2 companies, and of growing number of field squadrons of 7 aeroplanes each. There are to be 30 complete during course of 1914. Italy possessed 9 airships in 1913. FORTRESSES- Principal passes of Alps defended by fortifications. Po basin studded with fortified places. There are numerous coast and island defences. Rome is protected by circle of forts. BULGARIA—Service is universal and compulsory. First line, active service, from 20 to 22 years of age; reserve, from 22 to 40; first ban, 40 to 44; second ban, 43 to 46. Peace establishment------------------------------------ War strength------------------------------------------ 300,000 MONTENEGRO–Military forces on militia basis. Every subject is liable to service from the 18th to 62d year (2 years in recruits, 33 years in active army, 10 years in reserve). Military budget subsidized by Russia. War strength --------------------------------- -------- 40,000 The Montenegrin is a born, warrior; he never lays his weapons aside. Traditional method of fighting is by ambuscade. The Montenegrin can not be surpassed in practice of guerrilla warfare. GREECE–Military service lasts from the 19th to the 55th year. Peace establishment-------------------------------------- 24, 220 War strength ------------------------------- 120,000 to 130,000 ROUMANIA—Service is compulsory and universal in regular army from 21 to 28 years of age; reserve militia, 28 to 33; militia, 33 to 36; 2d reserve, 36 to 40. Peace establishment------------------------------------ 103,460 War strength---------------------- ------- ------------ 290,000 Fortresses: At Galatz on Danube, at mouth of Sereth, 3 lines of fortifications; at Nemolassa, 2 lines of fortifications; at Focsani, ºve lines. Eighteen forts and many batteries around Bucha- rest. TURKEY-Service is compulsory for all Ottoman subjects from the - age of 20 to 40. All males up to 70 years of age can be enrolled if necessary. Peace strength---------------------------------------- War strength ---------------------------------------- 1,300,000 Fortresses: Principal fortress, is entrenched camp at Adrianople; Constantinople is defended by works of Chekmedje; The Bosporus and Dardanelles are fortified strongly. - BELGIUM- PEACE ESTABLISHMENT, 1913 Branches of the Service Men General staff------------------------- 38------------------ Staff-------------------------------- 46------------------ Aides de camp----------------------------- ---------------- Administration----------------------- 437 ------ Medical service----------------------- - Veterinary service-------------------- Provincial staff----------------------- Cavalry----------------------------- Artillery---------------------------- Train-------------- Engineers Civilians----------- Various---------------------------------------- WAR STRENGTH It º that in war Belgium's military strength will total - men. The Belgian army is recruited partly by voluntary enlistment and partly by conscription. The total length of service is 8 years in the first line or active army, _and 5 years in the reserve. The field army includes 1 cyclist company. An aeronautical company has been formed with four aeroplanes to each section. The chief military arsenal is at Antwerp, which is strongly fortified. º are also fortifications at Liege, Huy, and Namur on the euse. THE NETHERLANDS— - The peace strength of the Netherlands army, or all units of the first line, amounts to 1,543 officers and 21,412 non-commissioned officers and men. The total strength of the field army is about 125,000 men. Every citizen is liable to service from the age of 19 to 40. Actual service is determined by lot... . The training time is 8% months in the infantry, and 26 months in the cavalry, DENMARK– The peace strength of the active army is about 820 officers and 12,900 Inen. The field army would comprise about 50,000 men. Every Danish subject is liable to service from the 21st to the 37th year, with very few exemptions. Norway– The total strength of the Norwegian line in war time is, 110,000 men of all ranks. Service is universal and compulsory, the army forming a national militia. Men belong to the line for 12 years, and to the landvärn for 8 years, after which they remain in the landstorm until the 55th year. Training lasts for 48 days in the infantry and garrison artillery; 62 days in the mountain batteries, 72 in the engineers, 92 in the field artillery and 102 in the cavalry. Subsequent training consists of about 96 days for all. SWEDEN– PEACE ESTABLISHMENT Branches of the Service Army Staff--------------------- 67 ---- 77---------_____ Infantry------------------------ 1,292----1,509____55,270____58,071 Cavalry------------------------ 272---- 264---- 6,060---- 6,594 Fº ------------------ *:::---- *#)--- 5,985---- 6,844 OSlt10n Artilllery---------------- ---- Engineers---------------------- 55---- #}} -- 1,726---- 1,931 Train and Medical Service-------- 90---- 180---- 3,686____ 3,956 Intendance--------------------- ____ 205---- 550---- 755 Total.-------------------- 2,272.____3,050----76,003----80,824 The war strength would amount to about 485,000 men. The active Royal Coast artillery consists of 1,633 officers and men. Liability to military service commences at the age of 21 and lasts till the 40th year. NAVY AUSTRIA-HUNGARY - SUMMARY OF AUSTRIAN NAVY Effective at end of 1913 1914 Dreadnoughts----------------------- 2 -------------- 4 Pre-Dreadnoughts___________________ 12 - - - - - - - - - - 12 Armored cruisers-------------------- 3 -------------- 3. Cruisers---------------------------- 7 -------------- 9 Torpedo gunboats.------------------- 7 ----------____ 7 Destroyers-------------------------- 15 - - - - - - - - - - 18 Torpedo boats.----------------------- 54 -------------- 63 Submarines------------------------- 6 -------------- -- - Austro-Hungarian navy is maintained in state of high efficſency and includes flotilla of monitors for Danube Fleet headquarters at Pola. Personnel of navy in 1913 consisted of 907 officers and cadets, 1,513 mechanicians, engineers, doctors, etc., and about 15,500 sailors. There is a small naval air service of hydro-aeroplanes. SERVIA has no navy. GERMAN EMPIRE-Navy is manned by obligatory service of maritime and semi-maritime population. - All are freed from service in army. Great inducements are held out for able seamen to volunteer in navy. Naval personnel is about 73,000 plus a reserve of about 110,000 men. It is extremely efficient, especially in torpedo service. Practically entire fleet always in commission. Ships of German Navy divided between Baltic and North Sea Stations. Chief Naval establishments are at Kiel and Danzig on Baltic Sea, and Wilhelmshaven on North Sea. Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, across Schleswig-Holstein neck from Kiel to the Elbe, facilitates trans- ference of forces from Baltic and North Sea bases. SUMMARY OF GERMAN NAVY - Effective at end of 1913 1914 1915 Dreadnoughts------------------- 17 -------- 21 -------- 23 Pre-Dreadnought battleships.------ 20 -------- 20 -------- 20 Old and coast service battleships -- 9 -------- 9 -------- - - - - Armored cruisers---------------- 9 -------- 9 -------- 9 Protected cruisers---------------- 36 -------- 38 -------- 40 Destroyers---------------------- 140 -------- 152 -------- 164 Torpedo boats (old)-------------- 47 -------- 47 -------- 47 Submarines--------------------- 27 -------- 37 or m 27 ote --- Three other dreadnoughts will be nearly completed by the end of 1915. Germany has available, as auxiliary merchant cruisers, 8 vessels with speeds of from 18 to 24 knots. Arrangements exist for rapid use of all auxiliary vessels in case of war. It is asserted that the German Admiralty has neyer conceived idea of utilization of fast liners for war purposes. In this connection it may be pointed out that, to date, there has never been a naval war in which armed merchant ships did not figure. RUSSIA—The Russian Navy is subject to special conditions such as do not affect navies of other powers. Owing to geographical situation of Empire, and widely separated season which it is situated, Russia is obliged to maintain 4 distinct fleets or flotillas, each with its own organization. Most important in regard to western relations is Baltic Fleet, the chief base of which is Kronstadt. Kronstadt and Sebastopol, headquarters of Euxine Fleet, strongly fortified. There is a flotilla in the Caspian Sea, which ensures communications of the Trans-Caspian railway between Baku and Krasnovodsk. . The total number of officers and men is about 53,500. BALTIC AND BLACK SEA FLEETS At the end of 1914 1913 4 19 º Dreadnoughts----------------------------------- - 4 -------- Pre-Dreadnought battleships------ 10 -------- 10 -------- 10 Pre-Dreadnought Armored Cruisers 6 -------- 6 -------- 6 Protected cruisers---------------- 8 -------- 17 -------- 25 Torpedo gunboats, etc.--------------------------------------------- Destroyers---------------------- 103 -------- ------------ 114 Torpedo boats------------------- 16 -------------------------- Submarines--------------------- 4 ---------------------------- 1 There are also 2 armored gunboats, and various very old torpedo boats and gunboats. - - The Caspian flotilla, which is not included in above statement, con- sists of a few small gunboats and steamships. FRANCE— SUMMARY OF FRENCH NAVY Complete at end of 1913 1914 1915 Dreadnoughts------------------- 4 -------- 7 -------- 11 Pre-Dreadnoughts--------------- ?! -------- 21 -------- 19 Pre-Dreadnought Armored Cruisers 19 -------- 19 -------- 19 Protected cruisers---------------- 12 -------- 12 -------- 18 Torpedo Gunboats, etc.----------- 7 -------- 7 -------- 7 Destroyers---------------------- 84 -------- 87 -------- - - - - Torpedo boats.------------------- 159 --______ 159 -------------- Submarines--------------------- 55 -------- 76 For purpose of administration the French coasts are divided into five maritime districts, with headquarters at Cherbourg, Brest, Lorient, Rochefort, and Toulon. The naval forces afloat are the Mediterranean squadron, the Northern squadron on the Channel, and the Atlantic, Pacific, Far East, Cochin China, and Indian Ocean divisions. The most modern ships are in the Mediterranean. The personnel consists of about 25,500 sailors out of a reserve of 114,000 men. UNITED KINGDOM– PERSONNEL OF BRITISH NAVY Estimates Sea Service— Jan. 1, 1913 1913–14 Officers and men-------------------- 109,026------------- 115,052 Coast guard----------------------- 3,053------------- 3,130 Marines--------------------------- 17,522------------- 18,235 Other Services (training, etc.)— Pensioners----------------------- ) ------------- 310 Boys (training)------------------- 6,621------------- 6,592 Naval cadets--------------------- ) ------------ 845 Various---------------------------- 1,874------------- 1,836 Total of all ranks----------------- 138,096-----________ 146,000 For 1914–15 an increase of 5,000, all ranks, is provided for. Rcyal Naval Reserve numbered 20,169 on January 1, 1913; Royal Fleet Reserve, 25,794; Royal Naval Volunteers (efficients), 4,114; Total Reserves, 50:077. SUMMARY OF BRITISH FLEET Complete by end of Class 1913 1914 1915 _Super-Dreadnoughts------ ---- ll---- 16____ 21 Dreadnoughts------------- Pre-Dreadnought battleships- Cruisers------------------ Light Cruisers---- - -- 6 Torpedo gunboats-- Sloops, gunboats, etc.---------------------------- 17____ ____ 23 Destroyers-------------------------------- about 228____248__ __262 Torpedo boats----------------------------- about 100----100---____ Submarines------------------------------- about 77____ 85_______ Super-Dreadnoughts carry guns of or over 13.5 inch. No distinction is made between Dreadnought battleships, and Dreadnought “Cruisers”—the latter being simply fast battleships, now known as “battle cruisers.” The figures given above for torpedo boats include “coastal destroyers” and many very old torpedo boats. There is also an Australian Dreadnought, the Australia, belonging to the Commonwealth, and various shallow draft river gunboats not included in the list. Certain fast Cunarders are subsidized for use in case of war. During 1912.naval wing of Royal Flying Corps was founded. At end of year it consisted of 1 Astra-Torres, 1 Parseval, and 4 small dirigibles. The number of naval aeroplanes was about 50, including school machines. ITALY- SUMMARY OF ITALIAN NAVY Completed at end of 1913 1914 1915 Dreadnoughts---------------------------------- 3------ 4------ 6 Pre-Dreadnoughts------------------------------- 11------ 8______ 8 Armored cruisers-------------------------------- 10_ _ _ _ _ _ 9_ _ _ _ _ _ 9 Protected cruisers------------------------------- 12_____ 13______ 16 Torpedo gunboats, etc.-------------------------- 10______ 10______ 10 Destroyers-------------------------------------35------ 35------ 46 Torpedo boats---------------------------------- 86______ 86-------- Submarines------------------------------------- 20------ 25------- Ships of no fighting value are not listed. Protected cruisers are small . Only 4 up to modern requirements. The Italian coast is divided into four departments: Spezia, Naples, Venice, and Taranto, and the vessels are apportioned between them. The personnel consists of 1,925 officers, and 38,000 men. BULGARIA-Flotilla stationed at Varna and Burgas: One yacht, 2 armored cruiser, 3 gunboats, 3 torpedo boats, 10 small vessels. Personnel: 1,388 men amd officers. MONTENEGR0–No navy. GREECE–Since 1911 a British naval mission has been superintending the training and organization of the fleet. There are five battle- ships, 14, destroyers, 7 torpedo boats, 5 old boats reconstructed, 2 submarines, and a number of miscellaneous ships. In 1914 Greece purchased 2 large battleships from the United States. and º becomes an extremely important factor in Mediterranean naval affairs. ROUMANIA—The navy of Roumania consists of 1 protected cruiser, 1 training ship, 7 gunboats, 6 coastguard vessels, a despatch vessel, 6 first-class and 2 second-class torpedo boats. There are also 4 river monitors. The marine arsenal is at Galatz. TURKEY-The Turkish navy consists of 3 Dreadnoughts, 3 old battle- ships, 2 cruisers, 3 torpedo gunboats, 8 destroyers, 9 torpedo boats and a number of miscellaneous gunboats. A British admiral and staff of English officers have been reorganizing the navy since 1909. The personnel consists of 39,000 men and 929 officers. THE NETHERLANDS— The navy consists of 10 battleships, and 4 cruisers; there are 47 torpedo boats, 6 submarines, 8 destroyers, a number of gunboats, and a small river monitor. The personnel consists of 652 officers, 8,500 seamen. infantry totals about 2,640 officers and men. DENMARK– The Danish fleet is maintained for coast defense. It comprises 3 monitors, 3 torpedo gunboats, 20 torpedo boats, and 7 submarines. There are several old battleships. NORWAY- The Norwegian navy consists of 6 battleships, largest 4,900 tons, 2 old monitors, 12 gunboats, 4 destroyers, 31 torpedo boats, and 5 submarines. The personnel consists of about 1,280 officers and men. SWEDEN- The Swedish navy consists of 14 vessels of varying strength. The largest reaching 7.000 tons, The personnel consists of 4,960 officers and men on the active list. The marine PUBLIC DEBT AUSTRIA-HUNGARY- AUSTRIA—General debt, December 31, 1912-------- $1,044,575,264 Special debt of Austria------------------ 1,480,833,508 HUNGARY-Debt of Hungary, 1912---------------- 1,335,051,315 SERVIA—Public debt, January 1, 1913---------------- $ 128,120,486 GERMAN EMPIRE-Total funded debt, October, 1913 $1,114,120,144 RUSSIA—National debt, January 1, 1913-------------- $6,811,202,681 FRANCE–National debt, 1912----------------------- $6,511,579,957 UNITED KINGDOM–National debt, March 31, 1913 –$3,214,762,497 ITALY-Capital (nominal) of consolidated and redeemable debt, July 1, 1912_________________________ $2,685,872,319 Interest.------------------------------------ 90,217,136 BULGARIA—Debt, 1914---------------------------- $ 170,807,479 MONTENEGRO–Debt 1912------------------------ $ 1,895,400 GREECE—Outstanding gold debt, December 31, 1913 --S 154,170,864 Currency debt, December 31, 1912---------- 33,796,153 ROUMANIA—Public debt, September 30, 1913-------- $ 318,970,654 TURKEY-September 14, 1913----------------------- $ 568,160,083 BELGIUM-Total national liabilities Jan. 1, 1913------ $ 747,826,747 NETHERLANDS----------------------------------- $ 480,304,080 DENMARK–Total capital of debt, 1913------------ - - $ 95,444,262 SWEDEN------------------------------------------ $ 162,593,914 NORWAY----------------------------------------- $ 97,714,504 AREA AND POPULATION OF . EUROPEAN COUNTRIES º l | | i Area Population (in thousands) Countries English About About About Pop. per . Im. 1890 1900 1910 Sq. In. Austria-Hungary------- 241,491 49,4571 204 Bosnia-Herzegovina-- 19,768 1,8981 96 Liechtenstein------ 102 153 Belgium------------- - 7,4231 652 Bulgaria------------- 43,305 (a) 3,154 4,7523 109 { Denmark------------ ,582 - 2,7754 178 I France-------------. 207,054 38,343 39,6014 189 Andorra----------- 175 5 29 Monaco-l--------- - 8 225 2,750 German Empire.------ 208,780 49,428 64,925; 310 Luxemburg-------- 998 2591. 259 Greece (b)----------- 41,933 (c) 2,187 4,3633 104 S Crete (d)---------- - 0. 3534. 104 jj Samos (b)--------- 180 ------ 53° ------- 2966; Italy (b)------------ 110,500 34,6714, 314 San Marino________ 38 115 289 | Montenegro--------- 5,603 (e) 5163 92 Netherlands--------- 12,648 6,1147 483 Norway----------- 124,129 2,3911 11 Portugal_------ – 35,490 5,9574 152 || Roumania---- 53,489 ( 7,5163 140 Russia------- __1,997,310 140,6838 254 Finland-- 25,689 3,1408 24 Servia______ - 33,891 ( 4,5473 131 Spain (h)- 194,783 19,5881 100 weden.----- 2,963 5,6048 32 Switzerland___ __ –15,976 3,7819 234 Turkey (Europe) (b) - 10,882 1,8913 187 Albania (i) -------- ,00 8253 75 United Kingdom----- 121,633 37,881 41,455 45,3704 373 (a) Estimated 1914; by treaties of August 10, 1913, and Sept. 8, 1913. (b) AEgean Islands in possession of Greece and Italy, no definite are rangement as to destiny has been made. - (c) 16,919 sq. miles acquired as result of wars with Turkey and Bul- garia, 1912 and 1913. (d) Annexation by Greece recognized, December, 1913. (e) 2,129 sq. miles acquired as result of Balkan War. (f) 2,969 sq. miles acquired from Bulgaria, August 7, 1913. (g) 15,241 sq. miles acquired as result of Balkan Wars. (h) Excluding Canary Islands. (i) Independence agreed upon by Great Powers, 1913. 1 Census 1910; 21912; 3Estimated 1914; 4Census 1911; 5Census 1913; 61902; 7According to communal lists, 1912; 8Fstimated 1912; 9Estimated 1911. i *** *** * * ******, * e Austro-Servian War has precipitated a conflict that threatens the greatest catastrophe dern times, a conflict which the world has dreaded, but has accepted as inevitable. years the nations of Europe have been prepared, each shouldering immense burdens lament, each straining to surpass the other in strength, and power to destroy. nës of war have been perfected until man's ingenuity in the preparation of catastrophic º ents has been exhausted. And now the highways of Furope resound with the tramp arching men and the rattle and rumbling of accoutrements of war. It is the beginning of artial symphony that reaches its climax in the roar of battle. ehind it all and the cause of all is the thirst for aggrandizement of empire, political, ry, and commercial, and the mutual fear and jealousy of kings. Ranged on opposite and thus striving to maintain the “balance of power”, the Triple Alliance of Germany, ria-Hungary, and Italy, and the Triple Entente of Russia, France, and England, have ched each move of the other with suspicion, ominously greeting each attempt to ire new territory or to better commercial and strategic facilities by the control of a port trade route, with the savage rattle of the sword in the scabbard. or generations Austria and Russia have struggled in an intricate diplomatic game for control of Balkan seaports on the Mediterranean. The Balkan States have been the ms and have moved at the will of their masters. Lying directly across Austria's com- tial route to the AEgean by way of the Sanjak of Novi Bazar to Salonica, Servia interposes ter curb to Austria's dream of commercial and political aggrandizement. For this reason, ia is Servia's ally and supports it in every move. he destruction of Servia by Austria would mean the political and military control by ria of the great route to Salonica and Constantinople. This could not be countenanced ussia without war. Allied with Austria stand Germany and Italy, both with great rests in the Balkans, and ready at any cost to exclude Russia from the Mediterranean. Russia in the Triple Entente are France and England, France eager to leap at the throat ſermany to regain Alsace-Lorraine and to wipe out the bitterness of defeat in the Franco- ian War, and England seeking but a pretext to check the growing power of Germany, h threatens her supremacy. he outcome of the recent Balkan War was viewed with alarm. Austria uneasily watched approach of Servia to the Adriatic and the AEgean. The formation of the new autonomous of Albania between Servia and the Adriatic, was all that prevented Austria from attacking ſia during that crisis. . The terms of peace left the situation, as it concerned Austria and ia, practically as it had been. Austria made no further progress toward the sea, and sia remained the ally of Servia. Bulgaria had failed in its efforts to reach Salonica. low another element exerted its influence. Servia awoke to the possibility of a Greater a. An empire of the Slavs had long been dreamed of. In Austria-Hungary itself millions lavs are dreaming of it and awaiting the disruption of Austria-Hungary, held together now, º argue, only by the indomitable will of the old Emperor, Franz Joseph. The hatred ten the Serbs and the Teutonic Austrians is intense. The annexation by Austria of ia and Herzegovina, in which Servians predominate, increased the Servian hatred and ndignation of the whole Slav world to the point of violence. A conflict was avoided º These principalities had hoped to form part of a Greater Servia. Had not sia been exhausted by the war with Japan, Servia would have called upon her ally and the would have come then. As it was the Balkans teemed with plots and counter plots st the Austrians culminating in the assassination of the Arch-Duke and heir-apparent e Austrian throne, Francis Ferdinand, known for his anti-Slav principles, and therefore d and hated as the king to be. The assassination occurred at Sarajevo in Bosnia, where ian disaffection was seething. Austria immediately laid the crime on Servia. ailing in her peremptory demands for satisfaction, Austria declared war, July 27, 1914, rently for revenge, but behind her righteous indignation, she still held in view her tradi- ambition, a port on the Mediterranean, to be secured by the complete control of the i Bazar route to Salonica, a route which besides its commercial importance, is of tremen- strategic value to the nation which commands it. The treaty of Berlin of 1878, after usso-Turkish War, had given Austria, the military, political, and commercial control of route within the Sanjak of Novi Bazar, then a part of Turkey. ow, in the division of the spoils following the Balkan Wars, Servia gained control of i Bazar, Pristina, Uskub, and Istip, or practically the entire route to a short distance h of Salonica, where the new boundaries of Greece have been extended. This meant Austria saw herself shut out from the Sanjak, and only by the destruction and subsequent pation of Servia could Austria, regain her ascendancy over the route. Victory would a long step by Austria toward the sea. he “balance of power” among European nations has hitherto been maintained, because ormation of a single nation out of the Balkan States has not been possible. Although the le of these states have similar pursuits, and live much alike in all regions, they have rved their original racial differences. A village of Albanians may be within a few miles village of Greeks. Yet through centuries both have remained racially distinct. Here there the barriers have given way somewhat, but in general the races persist side by side, *times peaceably, more often in mutual distrust or open feud. Such division has been red by the great nations, and new states have been created, as recently Albania, since ormation of a great state in the Balkans by the union of all or the absorbing greatness of would overthrow the balance of power, and besides interpose an insurmountable obstacle een Austria and Russia, and the sea. Thus the states have been played against each r ºr . Sometimes the game has been one of diplomacy, or one of force, hurling the states ºch other's throats. Sometimes the game has been one of treachery and assassination. can surmise the intricate plots and counterplots, or the insidious influences, the fostering tred, the failure of hopes and ambitions, that led to the assassination at Sarajevo. he history of the Balkan Peninsula from ancient times is an interesting one. From third to the sixth century A. D. great hordes of savage Slavs poured in upon the Balkan nsula, penetrating even the remote extremities of Greece. In the northern part of the sula the Slavs took complete possession of the land and settled in great numbers. Toward lose of the seventh century a tribe of Turanians invaded the northeastern part of the an peninsula and established the Bulgarian kingdom. Within a hundred years of their ion they became the greatest power in eastern Europe, levied tributes on the Byzantine ire, and subjugated the Servian Slavs. During the tenth and eleventh centuries they nued to gain strength. Meanwhile the Vlachs pushed southward from the Danube and ed numerous colonies, the southernmost being in Thessaly. In the eleventh century ervian clans united and were gradually consolidated into one country. In the twelfth thirteenth centuries the kingdom of Bulgaria attained its greatest power, at this time ng complete control over all the northern Balkan country, as well as over Albania, Mace- A, and Thrace. ulgaria gradually weakened however and Servia grew stronger. In 1330 the latter try succeeded not only in shaking off Bulgarian rule but in assuming control itself of the ern Balkan. For the brief period of forty years Servia was a great nation. The claims triotic Servians for a Greater Servia date back to this period. the middle of the fourteenth century the Ottoman Turks crossed the Dardanelles and into Europe, and for the next three centuries the fear of the Turk was upon all Christen- Southeastern Europe became an almost continuous battle ground for the allied Christian ns against the Mohammedan invaders. The Balkan States were speedily overwhelmed ntil the nineteenth century remained almost obliterated, the scene of terrible battles :en Europe and the Turks. Schooled by a century of conquest in Asia, and fired by the icism of their religion, the Ottoman Turks were the greatest fighting nation in the world they broke upon Europe. In 1361 Adrianople fell, and thereafter Turkish conquests rapid and terrifying. In 1389 the united Slav nations marched against the Mohammedan ers and gave battle at Kossovo, only to be routed with horrible slaughter. With this ended the independence of all the Christian states in the Balkan except for the crumbling nts of the Byzantine Empire and of Montenegro. Montenegro was protected by the tains and was too small a prize for the Turks, who had their eyes fixed on the conquest Stern Europe. Yet small and insignificant as Montenegro is, it has played an important a Balkan history, for after the battle of Kossovo it became a refuge of those Serbs who - | 2 e r n i - - l r t 3; 1. The European Conflict and Conditions that Brought it About refused to yield to Turkish rule. For centuries it alone preserved the ideal of a free Slav people and is still known as “the cradle of liberty of the southern Slav.” . . - Kossovo opened the way to Hungary, and in 1432 the Turks penetrated to the very heart! of that country. Not until ten years later did a levy of troops from various Christian nations drive them back, and then but temporarily. Within two years the present state of Rumania had fallen into their hands, and in a second battle at Kossovo in 1448 the flower of Hungary was annihilated. In 1454 Constantinople fell; Albania, Servia, Bosnia, and the Crimea were reduced in rapid succession. For three hundred and fifty years following 1459 Servia formed an immediate province (pashalik) of Turkey. The century that followed yas one of almost unbroken success for the Turkish arms. Nearly the whole of Hungary became a Turkish province and Poland and Italy were raided. Opulence and corruption, however, gradually developed, and with these began the fall of the mighty empire. On the east Persia was con- stantly making trouble. In the west the Christian nations were growing stronger. In 1699 most of Hungary was lost, and in 1773 Russia secured considerable territory along the Black Sea, after having failed ten years before in an attempt to secure the liberty of Greece. In 1788 Montenegro took up arms successfully against Turkey, acquired considerable territory, and secured from the Sultan formal recognition of independence. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, Turkey had lost much of its former power, and the Spirit of revolt spread rapidly through its outlying dependencies. - ... - - During the past century Turkey has not been permitted to defend itself against defections from its European domain, although at the same time western Europe has preserved Turkey from the grasping hand of Russia. In 1804 the Sultan was forced to repress an uprising under Kara George in Servia and from 1807 to 1813 this state secured autonomy while Turkey was engaged in war with Russia. Later Servia was reconquered but continued troublesome. In 1821 Russia incited the Greeks to revolt against Mohammedan rule. The rebellion was not successful and would have ended disastrously for Greece but for the interference of the Great Powers, who wished to weaken Turkey. Six years later, Great Britain, France, and Russia together exterminated the Turkish fleet in the battle of Navarino. The struggle continued two years longer and in the end only Russia was left to support Greece. In 1830, however, the powers forced Turkey to recognize the full independence of Greece. In 1867 Servia finally secured complete liberty from Turkey. In 1876 the Bulgarians embraced the opportunity presented by an insurrection in Bosnia to organize a general revolt. The Turks massacred about fifteen thousand Bulgarians. Servia and Montenegro immediately declared war to aid their sister state. Russia disappointed by the Crimean War in her designs upon Turkey now undertook to support Bulgaria in the insurrection and in 1877 declared war upon Turkey, winning a complete victory. Russia's idea was to organize Bulgaria into an autonomous state which should include about three-fifths of the Balkans and which at any time easily could be annexed to Russia. But the other European powers again interfered with Russian plans, although this time a peaceable settlement was arranged by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. This treaty made • Bulgaria an autonomous principality and Eastern Roumelia an autonomous province of Turkey. Servia and Montenegro secured additional territory as booty of war. As a peculiar result of this conflict there was a violent reaction in Servia against Russia, because the latter had intended to make Bulgaria the strongest nation in the Balkan. In 1885 eastern Roumelia ignored Turkish rule and annexed itself to Bulgaria. Turkey immediately sent out an army against Bulgaria, aided this time by Servia, which had become violently jealous of her rival. But Austria intervened before much damage was done. In 1897 Greece again plunged into war over Crete, but was unsuccessful, and the diplomats of the great European nations were once more called upon to adjust the situation. From the beginning of the decline in Turkish power Russian intrigue in the Balkans has been widespread and insidious, has dethroned princes and fomented rebellion. Railroad and other commercial concessions on the AEgean seaboard have interested Austria as much as the opening of the Black Sea is the concern of Russia. These are the two powers most immediately behind the Balkan thrones. It has been a struggle of diplomacy between Slav and Teuton. They have pulled the strings and the puppets have jumped. In 1908 Bulgaria announced its independence and Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1911 Italy involved Turkey in a desultory war, which gave the other Balkan states their long looked for opportunity to help themselves to some more territory, to secure the liberation of their brothers still under Turkish rule, and to eject Mohammedanism from Europe. An uprising of Albanians commenced in June, due to the disaffection of Albanian chiefs at the loss of certain established privileges. At the same time foreign agents helped to incite a revolt in Macedonia. Finally the Kotchana massacre in Macedonia, in which one hundred and forty Christians were put to death by Mohammedans, aroused the most widespread indignation among the Greek Christians. In all the Balkan states the voice of the people was loud for war during the summer and fall of 1912. On October 1, the various Balkan states ordered a mobilization of troons. Fighting along the frontiers began at about the same time. The Powers also went into action, but while they were preparing a note demanding reforms of Turkey, Montenegro, on October 9, declared war. By that act a people of two hundred and fifty thousand half-wild mountaineers started a disturbance which all Europe was powerless to stop. On October 11, the Montenegrins won their first battle. On October 16, Turkey hastily agreed to treaty of peace with Italy in order to turn its whole attention towards its hostile neighbors. On October 17, Bulgaria and Servia proclaimed war and the next day Greece followed suit. The Turks were slowly driven back, the Balkan allies taking stronghold after stronghold with heroic fighting. The end of the war in April, 1913, found, the Turks restricted practically to the region surrounding Constantinople and the city itself. But now quarrels arose between the allies as to the partition of the conquered territory. The powers had accomplished the formation of the new state Albania, thus keeping Servia from the Adriatic. Bulgaria had failed to reach Salonica, but nevertheless claimed it against Greece. Here the hand of Russia behind Bulgaria was visible. The difficulties failed of adjustment and war broke out between the allies. Bulgaria was signally defeated by Greece, Servia, and Montenegro. Turkey reoccupied Adrianople and Kirk Kilisse, and Rumania marched against Bulgaria from the north. With the treaty of peace, Bulgaria's gains in the first war were reduced to a mere rectification of frontier. Turkey still holds Constantinople, and the Dardanelles. Servia, Greece, and Montenegro gained materially, but the lines were laid down in such a manner by the great powers that the international situation remained unchanged. The relative strength of the Balkan states remained the same. Russia undoubtedly has the upper hand in the Balkans. Allied with Servia, Russia is approaching the Dardanelles and an undisputed outlet into the Mediterranean. Servia has the moral support of Bohemia, and of all the great Slav world, and Austria in despair and in the face of internal disruption has staked all in this last final throw. The Austrian war move has not been made without the open support of the German emperor, the war lord of Europe. Servia has not persisted in her defiance of Austria, except with the promised support of Russia, and without which such a struggle would be hopeless. Thus Europe resounds with the trade of millions of marching men, the rattle and clash of arms, and the wailing and weeping of women and children. One by one the nations leap to the struggle. Germany, striking at the heart of France, violates the neutrality of Belgium, and arouses her stubborn resistance. England, indignant, at the violation of international treaties, gathers her war forces to support Belgium and her allies against the German advance, and the order goes out, “Seek the enemy, and destroy him.” Battles rage on the Russian and German frontiers. The roar of naval combat is heard in every quarter of the globe. Little Servia, the cause of the mighty tumult, checks the advance of the Austrians. Italy, at first declaring her neutrality, thus breaking the Triple Alliance, warches her hereditary enemy, Austria, and is eager to avenge ancient wrongs. The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Nor- way, and Spain, hold their forces in war order, to guard their integrity. Everywhere the dark cloud of conflict spreads its terror and gloom over the land. News comes that Japan will take the side of England and therefore that of Russia. Mén leave a plentiful harvest to reap a bloody one on the field of battle. The pawns of royal intrigue, they are forced to march to the field of slaughter, accompanied by the weeping of their women and children, and the thought of the misery to fall upon them. : : i G - - Stavan ger siasº - - º o ºr BRITISH - E / - - Kiel. L Nº. cº Le Havre cherbourg. - - - 3 9015 6:373'8359". THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DATE DUE