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ANSWERED QUESTIONS,
AND
IMI I T A T IV E E X E R C I S E S.
BY THE
REV. THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M.A.,
IRECTOR OF LYNDON,
ANO LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
CAREFULLY REV1SED, WITH NOTES BY
E. A. JOHNSON,
PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF
NEW-YORIX.
A NEW EDITION, ENLARGED, WITH A LEXICON, HISTORICAL
AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, ETC.
INEW.YORK ;
D. A PP L E T O N & C O., 200 B R O A D W A Y.
1853.
Entered, according to the Act of Congress, fm the year 1846
By D. APPLETON & COMPANY,
[n the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United Statès for the Southera
District of New York, -
ADVERTISEMENT.
BUT little has been done to this edition save to add
Notes om the Lives from Epaminondas (XV.), and
onwards. A Lexicon has also been added, which is
believed to be accurate. A Historical and Geographi-
cal Index completes the additions which have been
made. It is proper to state that the editor of the first
edition of this work is not responsible for the addi-
tions now made. They have been added owing to the
pressing desire of teachers to possess the complete
work. These additioms will be found to be improve-
ments, and serve to render the work as nearly perfect
as the plan submitted permitted.
M*w YoyK, June, 1848.
P R E F A C E.
THE English edition of this little work was accorn-
pamied by the following brief announcement:
“ Should the plam and execution of this little volume
meet with the approbation of able instructors, it will
probably be followed by a similar one on selected por-
tions of Xenophon's works.
“ For the answers to the questions I am principally
indebted to the excellent editions of Cornelius Nepos
by Bremi, Dähne, and Jaumann.
» »
** LyNDON, Jam. 31, 1845. T. K. A.
In this Americam editiom the alterations will be found
to consist principally in a more full and correct citation
of illustrative passages, in frequent references to the
recent reprint of Zumpt's Latin Grammar, to confirm
or silently modify the positioms taken, and in the addi-
tion of the notes at the foot of the page, which are re-
ferred to by letters of the alphabet.
Many other changes have been made in the correc-
tion of errors, which appear to have been the conse-
quence of haste, of which it is hoped this edition will
be comparatively free.
With these brief statements of what the éditor is
responsible for, he leaves this little volume to wim for
itself, both with teachers and pupils, the favor which
it deserves.
E. A. J.
N. Y. UNIVERSITY, Aug 6, 1846.
{}0 N T E N T S.
PRÆFATIO........................-.............................. ............. 7
Questions and Exercises................ e • • • • • ia • • • • ® • ( » • • • • • ....... 111
1. MILTIADES.......................................... * e • s • ■ • • • • • • è • e • s • • . 9
Questions and Exercises............................ � s α ε s * e • • * ■ * «• • 116
• TIIEMIstocLEs....................................................... ... 14
Questions amd Exercises............... � & • • • • • • «… s s e ę ę ę e • • e s • • • • * • €• 135
3. ARISTIDES ...............................
Questions and Exercises............................. * * e s e e • e s e • • s * 161
4. PAUSANIAs ....................... «• • • • • s ® e • • s* *e se e se e s & •..................... 22
Questions and Exercises............................ .............. 166
5. CiMoN...............................................••................. .. 25
Questions and Exercises................ se se e s • * * * d* • • ■ «• '• • «• e • * * ® s ■ s • • e» • 179
6. LysANDER .................................... .... ę ó & © ■ ę & e s e s . * • • • ò ê ê • v* * 27
Questions and Exercises........... υ s ε e © ■* & * • • • • * • • • • s * e «• e • • * e © • • • • • • 187
7. ALCIBIADES............................................................ . 29
Questions and Exercises.......................................... 195
8. THRASYBULUS.................................. ·························· 36
%
Questions and Exercises.......................................... 219
10. DioN ..................................................................... 41
Questions and Exercises......................................... . 223
11. IPHICRATEs ............................................................ . 47
Questioms and Exercises................ .......................... 236
12. CHABRIAS................................................................ 48
Questioms and Exercises.......... te es • e e s e o • • s © © ® ® e � & ® ® ® • e * * • • • • • • . 239
13. TIMOTHEUs.............................................................. 50
Questions and Exercises................. • • • • • ■» & e e e. • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • 243
14. DATAMEs..................................................... o s • ε s s. e • ... 53
Questions and Exercises.......... * * • e • e • «* • • v • • _ • • e * .............. 246
6 CONTENT§.
15. EPAMINONDAS...............-.-................ e ce e e s e e e* • • s • & e s u s • a • • • • ■ o e 59
Notes.................................................................. 256
16. PELOPIDAS.................••...•••...•••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 65
Notes.................................................................. 258
17. AGESILAUS............•...•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• 68
18. EUMENEs.................•...•••••...•...•.•.•.•.•...•••...•.•.•...•... .- 72
19. PriocioN...............................................-...•••............ 80
20. TIMOLEON...................................•...•••...•••................ 82
21. DE REGIBUS............................................................. 85
22. HAMILCAR ............................................................... 87
23. HANNIBAL ............................................................... 89
24. M. PoRTIUS CATo ...................................................... 96
25. T. PoMPONIUS Atticus............................................... '.
LEXICON .........................................•...•••. e •
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEx................................. 354
INDEx..........••...•••.••..•.•.•.•.•..••...•.•..••• � • • * • • ■ • • • • • • • • • ® ® ® • • • • • • . 397
P R Æ F A T I O.
ARGUMENTUM.
Auctor scripturæ genus, quo usus est, et rerum, quas per-
secutus est, levitatem eaecusat morum Graecorum et Ro.
■manorum diversitate.
I. NoN dubito, fore plerosque, Attice, qui hoc genus
scripturæ leve et non satis dignum summorum virorum
personis judicent, quum relatum legent, quis musicam
docuerit Epaminondam ; aut in ejus virtutibus comme-
morari, saltasse eum commode scienterque tibiis cam-
tasse. Sed hi erunt fere, qui, expertes litterarum
Græcarum, mihil rectum, misi quod ipsorum moribus
convemiat, putabunt. Hi si didicerimt, mom eadem ommi-
bus esse honesta atque turpia, sed omnia majorum insti-
' tutis judicari, mom admirabumtur, mos im Graiorum virtu-
tibus exponendis mores eorum secutos. Neque emim
Cimoni fuit turpe, Athemiemsium summo viro, sororem
germanam habere im matrimonio: quippe quum cives
ejus eodem uterentur imstituto. At id quidem mostris
moribus mefas habetur. Magmis im laudibus totâ fere fuit
Græciâ, victorem Olympiæ citari; in scemam vero pro-
dire et populo esse spectaculo, memimi im eisdem genti-
bus fuit turpitudini. Quæ omnia apud mos partim
4
5
8 PRÆFATIO.
infamia, partim humilia atque ab homestate remota
pomumtur. Contra ea pleraque nostris moribus sunt
decora, quæ apud illos turpia, putamtur. Quem emim
Romanorum pudet uxorem ducere im convivium ? aut
cujus mom materfamilias primum locum temet ædium
atque im celebritate versatur ? Quod multo fit aliter im
Græcia. Nam meque im comvivium adhibetur, misi pro-
pimquorum ; meque sedet, misi im interiore parte ædium,
quæ yvvo/xojvîris appellatur, quo memo accedit, misi pro-
pinqua cogmatiome comjumctus. Sed hic plura persequi,
tum magnitudo volumimis prohibet, tum festimatio, ut ea
explicem, quæ exorsus sum. Quare ad propositum
veniemus et in hoc exponemus libro de vita excellentium
Imperatorum, *.
I. M I L T I A D E S.
ARGUMENTUM.
CAP. 1. Duæ colonorum in Chersonesum mittitur. Irri-
detur a Lemniis. II. Chersoneso potitur. Lemnum caput
et Cyclades. III. Pontis in Histro eustos a Dario, quâ
Scythas bello petebat, constituitur. Dat consilium liber-
tatis recuperandæ. Ab Histiaeo impeditur. IV. Suis est
auctor, ut ingentibus copiis, a Dario ad puniendos Athe-
^ienses missis, obviam eant. V. Ante sociorum adven-
tum vincit Darium. VI. Præmium victoriæ. VII.
Omittit oppugnationem Pari. Damnatur et în vînculis
moritur. VIII. Vera ejus damnationis causa.
I. Milt'ädes, Cimömis filius, Athemiensis, quum et
amtiquitate gemeris, et gloria majorum, et sua modestia
unus ommium maxime floreret, eaque esset ætate, ut jam
mom solum de eo bene sperare, sed etiam confidere
cives possemt sui, talem futurum, qualem cogni- 515
tum judicarumt: accidit, ut Athenienses Cherso- a. C. n.
mesum colonos vellent mittere. Cujus gemeris quum
magnus numerus esset, et multi ejus demigrationis
peteremt societatem: ex his delecti Delphos deliberatum
missi sunt, qui consulerent Apollimem, quo potissimum
duce uteremtur. Nam[que] tum Thraces eas regiones
tenebant, cum quibus armis erat dimicandum. His com-
sulentibus mominatim Pythia præcepit, ut Miltiadem sibi
imperatorem sumerent : id si fecissent, incepta prospera
2
10 I. 2, 3. (Miltiades.)
futura. Hoc oraculi respomso Miltiades cum delecta
manu classe Chersomesum profectus quum accessisset
Lemmum, et imcolas ejus insulæ sub potestatem redigere
vellet Atheniensium, idque Lemmii sua sponte faceremt,
postulasset : i]li irridentes responderunt, tum id se fac-
turos, quum ille, domo mavibus proficiscens vento aqui-
lome, vemisset Lemmum. Hic emim ventus, ab septem-
triomibus oriems, adversum temet Athemis proficiscenti-
bus. Miltiades, moramdi tempus nom habens, cursum
direxit, quo temdebat, pervemitque Chersomesum.
II. Ibi brevi tempore barbarorum copiis disjectis, tota
regiome, quam petierat, potitus, loca castellis idomea com-
mumivit, multitudinem, quam secum duxerat, in agris
collocavit, crebrisque excursionibus locupletavit. Neque
minus im ea re prudentia, quam felicitate, adjutus est.
Nam quum virtute militum hostium devicisset exercitus,
summa æquitate res constituit, atque ipse ibidem manere
decrevit. Erat enim inter eos digmitate regia, quamvis
carebat momine ; meque id magis imperio, quam justitia,
consecutus. Neque eo secius Atheniensibus, a quibus
erat profectus, officia præstabat. Quibus rebus fiebat,
ut mom mimus eorum volumtate perpetuo imperium obti-
meret, qui miseramt, quam illorum, cum quibus erat pro-
fectus. Chersoneso tali modo comstitutâ, Lemmum rever-
titur, et ex pacto postulat, ut sibi urbem tradant. Illi
emim dixeramt, quum, vento borea domo profectus, eo
pervemisset, sese dedituros; se autem domum Chersomesi
habere. Cares, qui tum Lemmum imcolebant, etsi præ-
ter opimionem res ceciderat, tamen, mom dicto, sed
secumda fortuma adversariorum capti, resistere ausi mom
sumt atque ex imsula demigrarumt. Pari felicitate ceteras
insulas, quæ Cyclades momimantur, sub Atheniemsium
redegit potestatem.
III. Eisdem temporibus Persarum rex Darius, ex
54 Asia im Europam exercitu trajecto, Scythis
a. C. n. bellum imferre decrevit. Pomtem fecit im Histro
flumime, qua copias traduceret. Ejus pomtis, dum
ipse abesset, custodes reliquit , principes, quos secum
ex Iomia et AEolide duxerat ; quibus singulis ipsarum
urbium perpetua dederat imperia. Sic enim facillime
putavit se Græcâ linguâ loquentes, qui Asiam imco-
lerent, sub sua .retenturum potestate, si amicis suis
i. 4. (Miltiades.) 1 Í
oppida tuemda tradidisset, quibus, se oppresso, nulla
spes salutis relinqueretur. Im hoc fuit tum mumero
Miltiades, cui illa, custodia, crederetur. Hic quum crebri
afferrent mumtii, male rem gerere Darium, premique ab
Scythis, Miltiades hortatus est pomtis custodes, me a for-
tuma datam occasiomem liberamdæ Græciæ dimitteremt.
Nam si cum his copiis, quas secum transportaverat,
interisset Darius, mom solum Europam fore tutam, sed
etiam eos, qui Asiam incoleremt Græci gemere, liberos a
Persarum futuros domimatione et periculo. Id et facile
effici posse ; ponte emim rescisso, ' regem ve! hostium
ferro, vel imopia paucis diebus interiturum. Ad hoc con-
silium quum plerique accederent, Histiæus Milesius, me
res conficeretur, obstitit, dicens: mom idem ipsis, qui
summas imperii temerent, expedire et multitudini, quod
Darii regno ipsorum miteretur dominatio ; quo exsiimcto
4
ipsos potestate expulsos civibus suis poemas daturos...
Itaque adeo se abhorrere a, ceterorum consilio, ut mihil
putet ipsis utilius, quam confirmari regnum Persarum.
Hujus quum sententiam plurimi essent secuti, Miltiades,
Imom dubitans, tam multis comsciis ad regis aures comsilia,
sua perventura, Chersomesum reliquit, ac rursus Athemas
demigravit. Cujus ratio etsi mom valuit, tamem magmo-
pere est laudamda, quum amicior omnium libertati, quam
suæ fuerit domimatiomi.
IV. Darius autem, quum ex Europa in Asiam redisset,
hortantibus amicis, ut Græciam redigeret im suam potes-
£atem, classem quingentarum mavium comparavit, eique
Datim præfecit et Artaphermem ; hisque ducenta pedi-
tum, decem milia equitum dedit : causam interserems,
se hostem esse Atheniensibus, quod eorum auxilio Iones
Sardis expugnassent, suaque præsidia interfecissent. Illi
præfecti regii, classe ad Eubœam appulsa, celeriter Ere-
triam ceperunt, omnesque ejus gentis cives abreptos im
Asiam ad regem miserumt. Imde ad Atticam accesse-
rumt, ac suas copias in campum Marathoma deduxerunt.
Is abest ab oppido circiter milia passuum decem. Hoc
tumultu Athenienses tam propinquo tamque magno per-
moti auxilium musquam, misi a Lacedæmoniis, petiverunt,
Phidippidemque cursorem ejus generis, qui άμεgoógδμοι
vocantur, Lacedæmonem miserunt, ut mumtiaret, quam
celeri opus esset auxilio. Domi autem creant decem præ-
% •
í12 I. 5, 6. (Miltiades.)
5
tores, qui exercitui præessent, im eis Miltiadem. Inter
quos magma fuit contemtio, utrum moenibus se defende-
rent, am obviam irent hostibus, acieque decermeTemt.
Umus Miltiades maxime mitebatur, ut primo quoque
tempore castra fieremt. Id si factum esset, et civibus
amimum accessurum, quum viderent, de eorum virtute
nom desperari, et hostes eadem re fore tardiores, si
amimadverterent, auderi adversus se tam exiguis copiis
dimicare.}
V. (Hoc in tempore mulla civitas Atheniensibus auxilio
fuit præter Platæenses. Ea mille misit militum. Itaque
horum advemtu decem mi}ia, armatorum completa sunt:
quæ mamus mirabili flagrabat pugnandi cupiditate. Qu®
factum est, ut plus, qugm collegæ, Miltiades valuerit.
Ejus auctoritate impulsi Athenienses eopias ex urbe
eduxerunt, locoque idomeo castra fecerumt. Deinde pos-
tero die sub momtis radicibus, acie e regiome imstructa,
mova, arte, vi summa prœlium commiserunt. Namque
arbores multis locis erant stratæ, hoc consilio, ut et
montium tegerentur altitudine, et arborum tractu equi-
tatus hostium impediretur, me multitudine clauderemtur.
Datis, etsi mom æquum locum videbat suis, tamem, fretus
mumero copiarum suarum, comfligere cupiebat: eoqüé
magis, quod, priusquam Lacedæmonii subsidio venirent,
dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Itaque im aciem peditum
centum, exquitum decem milia produxit, prœliumque
commisit. Em quo tanto plus virtute valuerunt Athemi-
„ „ £nses, ut decemplicem mumerum hostium pro-
§í;. fligarimt ; adeoque perterruerumt, ut Persæ mom
„£, castra, sed mayes petierint. Qua pugna nihil
adhuc est mobilius ; mulla enim umquam tam ex-
igua manus tantas opes prostravit}
VI.(Cujus victoriæ nóm alienum videtur quale præ-
mium Miltiadi sit tributum, docere, quo facilius intelligi
possit, eamdem omnium civitatum esse maturam. Ut enim
populi nostri homores quomdam fuerunt rari et temues,
ob eamque causam gloriosi ; mumc autem effusi atque
obsoleti: sic olim apud Athemienses fuisse reperimus.
Namque huic Miltiadi, qui Athenas totamque Græciam
liberarat, talis homos tributus est im porticu, quæ
IIo;xîX' vocatur, quum pugna, depingeretur Marathomia,
ut in decem prætorum numero prima ejus imago pome-
x*
I. 7, 8. (Miltiades.) • i3
retur, isque hortaretur milites, proeliumque committeret.
Idem ille populus, posteaquam majus imperium est
mactus, et largitione magistratuum corruptus est, tre-
cemtas statuas Demetrio Phalereo decrevit.
VII. Post hoc prœlium classem septuaginta mavium
Athemienses eidem Miltiadi dederumt, ut insulas, quæ
barbaros adjuverant, bello persequeretur. Quo imperio
plerasque ad officium redire coëgit, mommullas vi expug-
nuavit. Ex his Parum insulam, opibus elatam, quum
oratione reconciliare non posset, copias [e mavibus]
eduxit, urbem operibus clausit omnique commeatu prj-
vavit ; deinde vineis ac testudimibus constitutis, propius
muros accessit. Quum jam im eo esset, ut oppido poti-
retur, procul in continenti lucus, qui ex insula conspicie<
batur, nescio quo casu, nocturmo tempore incensus est
Cujus flamma, ut ab oppidanis et oppugnatoribus est
visa, utrisque vemit im opinionem, signum a, classiariis
regiis datum. Quo factum est, ut et Parii a deditione
deterreremtur, et Miltiades, timems, me classis regia ad-
ventaret, imcemsis operibus, quæ statuerat, cum totidem
navibus, atque erat profectus, Athemas magna cum offen-
siome civium suorum rediret. Accusatus ergo prodi-
tionis, quod, quum Parum expugnare posset, a rege cor-
ruptus imfectis rebus discessisset. Eo tempore æger
erat vulneribus, quæ im oppugnamdo oppido acceperat.
Itaque quoniam ipse pro se dicere mom posset, verba
fecit frater ejus Tisagöras. Causâ cognitâ capitis abso-
1utus, pecunia multatus est, eaque lis quinquaginta ta-
lentis æstimata est, quamtus im classem sumtus factus
erat, Hanc pecumiam quod solvere im præsentia 488
mom poterat, im vimcula, publica comjectus est * 9. n.
ibique diem obiit supremum.
VIII! Hic etsi crimime Părio est accusatus, tamem alia,
fuit causa dammationis. Namque Athenienses propter
Pisistrati tyrammidem, quæ paucis ammis amte fuerat, om-
mium suorum civium potentiam extimescebant. Miltiades,
multum in imperiis magistratibusque versatus, mom vide-
batur posse esse privatus, præsertim quum consuetudine
ad imperii cupiditatem trahi videretur. Nam Cherso-
mesi omnes illos, quos habitarat, ammos perpetuam ob-
timuerat dominationem, tyramnusque fuerat appellatus,
sed justus, Nom erat enim vi consecutus, sed suorum
•}
6
í
14. H. 1. ('!'/we//i istocles.) '
voluntate, eamque potestatem bomitate retimebat. Om.
nes autem et habentur et dicuntur tyrammi, qui potestate
sunt perpetua in ea civitate, quæ libertate usa est. Sed
im Miltiade erat quum summa humanitas, tum mira com-
mumitas,* ut memo tam humilis esset, cui mom ad eum
aditus pateret ; magna auctoritas apud omnes civitates,
mobile momem, laus rei militaris maxima. Hæc populus
respiciens maluit eum immoxium plecti, quam se diutius
esse im timore)
I I. T H E M I S T O C L E S .
ARGUMENTUM.
CAP. I. Adolescens liberius vivit. Eaheredatus reipubl. se
dedit. II. Clarus Corcyræo et Persico bello. Inter-
pretatur oraculum de muris ligneis in bello Persico II
ad servandos eorum cives. III. Secundum prælium ad
Artemisium. IV. Dolo Xeræem vincit juæta Sala-
mina. V. Callido nuntio Xeræem decipit, quo Græciam
liberat. VI. Piraeei portum et muros Athenarum eæ-
struit. Lacedæmonii repugnant. VII. Lacedæmonios
arte deludit, eosque reprehendit. VIII. Ostracismo in
eœsilium ejectus, varia fuga agitatur. IX. Ad Arta-
aceræem litteras dat salutis causa. X. Multis munerì-
bus ab eo ornatur. Magnesiæ moritur.
I. ( Themistöcles, Neöcli filius, Atheniensis. Hujus
vitia ineumtis adolescentiæ magnis sunt emendata virtuti-
pus, adeo ut amteferatur huic nemo, pauci pares putentur.
Sed ab imitio est ordiendum. Pater ejus Neöcles geme-
rosus fuit. Is uxorem Acharmämam civem duxit, ex qua
matus est Themistocles. Qui quum mimus esset pro-
batus paremtibus, quod et liberius vivebat, et rem fami-
liarem megligebat, a patre exheredatus est. Quæ com-
tumelia, mom fregit eum, sed erexit. Nam quum judi-
casset, sine summa industria mom posse eam exstingui,
totum se dedidit reipublicæ, diligentius amicis famæque
* AL. comitas,
H. 2, 8. (Themistocles.) ,»s . . 15
serviens. Multum in judiciis privatis versabatur ; sæpe
im coracionem populi prodibat ; mulla res major sine eo
gerebatur, celeriterque, quæ opus erant, reperiebat.
Neque mimus in rebus gerendis promtus, quam excogi-
tamdis, erat, quod et de instantibus (ut ait Thucydides)
verissime judicabat, et de futuris callidissime comjicie-
bat. Quo factum est, ut brevi tempore illustraretur}
II.{Primus autem gradus fuit capessendæ reipublicæ
bello Corcyræo : ad quod geremdum prætor a populo
factus mom solum præsenti bello, sed etiam reliquo tem-
pore ferociorem reddidit civitatem. Nam quum pecunia
publica, quæ ex metallis redibat, largitiome magistra-
tuum quotammis interiret, ille persuasit populo, ut eâ pe-
cuniâ classis centum mavium ædificaretur. Qua celeriter
effecta, primum Corcyræos fregit, deinde maritimos præ-
domes consectamdo mare tutum reddidit. Im quo tum
divitiis ornavit, tum etiam peritissimos belli mavalis fecit
Athemiemses. Id quamtæ saluti fuerit umiversæ Græ-
ciæ, bello cognitum est Persico, quum Xerxes et mari
et terra bellum umiversæ imferret Europæ cum 4si
tantis copiis, quamtas meque antea, meque postea, a. C. n.
habuit quisquam. Hujus enim classis mille et ducem-
tarum mavium longarum fuit, quam duo milia, omeraria-
rum sequebantur ; terrestres autem exercitus septim-
gemtorum milium lpeditum, equitum quadrimgemtorum
milium fuerunt} {Cujus de adventu quum fama in Græ-
ciam esset perlata, et maxime Athenienses peti dicerem-
tur propter pugnam Marathomiam : miserunt Delphos
consultum, quidmam facerent de rebus suis. Deliberam-
tibus Pythia respondit, ut mœnibus ligneis se maumirent.
Id responsum quo valeret, quum intelligere: memo,
Themistocles persuasit, comsilium esse Apollimis, ut im
maves se suaque conferrent: eum emim a deo significari
murum ligmeum. Tali consilio probato, addunt ad supe-
riores totidem maves triremes, suaque ommia, quæ moveri
poteramt, partim Salamina, partim Trœzëma asportamt ;
arcem sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus matu, ac sacra
procuranda, tradumt, reliquum oppidum relimquunt.
III. Hujus comsilium plerisque civitatibus displicebat,
et im terra dimicari magis placebat. Itaque missi a. g j,„
slimt delecticum Leomida, Lacedæmoniorum rege, £?
quiThermopylas occuparent, longiusque barbaros * * *
#.
1 6 H. 4, 5. (Themistocles.)
a*
'2
4
progredi mom pateremtur. Hi vim hostium mom sustinue-
runt, eoque loco omnes interierumt. At classis communis
Græciæ trecentarum mavium, in qua ducemtæ erant
Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium, inter Eubœam
gomtimentemque terram, cum classiariis regis comflixit.
Angustias enim Themistocles quærebat, me multitudime
circumiretur. Hic etsi pari prœlio discesserant, tamen
eodem loco mom sumt ausi manere : quod erat periculum,
me, si pars mavium adversariorum Eubœam superasset,
amcipiti premerentur periculo. Quo factum est, ut
ab Artemisio discederent, et exadversum Athemas apud
Salamima classem suam constitueremt.
IV. At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugmatis, protimus
accessit astu, idque, mullis defemdemtibus, interfectis
sacerdotibus, quos im arce imvemerat, imcemdio delevit.
„ „, Cujus famâ perterriti classiarii quum manere mom
Jul. auderemt, et plurimi hortarentur, ut domos suas
quisque discederemt, moenibusque se defenderent:
Themistocles umus restitit, et umiversos pares esse posse
aiebat, dispersos testabatur perituros, idque Eurybiädi,
regi Lacedæmoniorum, qui tum summæ imperii præerat,
fore affirmabat. Quem quum mimus, quam vellet, move-
ret, moctu de servis suis, quem habuit fide}issimum, ad
regem misit, ut ei muntiaret suis^ verbis: adversarios
ejus in fuga esse : qui si discessissent, majore cum
labore et longinquiore tempore bellum comfecturum, quum
singulos consectari cogeretur ; quos si statim aggre- ,
deretur, brevi umiversos oppressufum} Hoc eo valebat,
ut ingratiis ad depugnamdum ommesTcogerentur. Hac
re audita barbarus, mihil doli subesse credens, postridie
aliemissimo sibi loco, contra opportumissimo hostibus,
adeo angusto mari conflixit, ut ejus multitudo
É navium explicari non potuerit. Victus ergo est
„£, magis comsilio Themistoclis, quam armis Græ-
* *** *** Clae.
V. Hic etsi male rem gesserat, tamem tantas habebat
reliquias copiarum, ut etiam cum his opprimere posset
hostes. Iterum ab eodem gradu depulsus est. Nam
Themistocles verens, me bellare perseveraret, certiorem
eum fecit, id agi, ut poms, quem ille im Hellesponto
fecerat, dissolveretur, ac reditu im Asiam excluderetur ;
idque ei persuasit, Itaque qua sex memsibus iter fece-
H. 6, 7. (Themistocles.) 17
rat, eädem mimus diebus triginta im Asiam reversus
est seque a Themistocle mom superatum, sed conserva-
tum judicavit. Sic umius viri prudentià Græcia liberata 3
est, Europæque succubuit Asia. Hæc altera, victoria,
quæ cum Marathomio possit comparari tropæo. Nam
pari modo apud Salamina parvo mumero mavium maxima.
post hQmimum memoriam classis est devicta.
VI.(Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit, nec mimor in 1
pace. Quum emim Phalerico portu, meque magno 47s
meque bomo, Atheniemses uteremtur : hujus com- a. C. m.
silio triplex Piræei* portus constitutus est, isque moeni-
bus circumdätus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate æquipararet,
utilitate superaret. Idem muros Athemiemsium restituit 2
præcipuo periculo suo. Namque Lacedæmomii, causam
idomeam macti propter barbarorum excursiones, qua
megaremt, oportere extra Pelopommesum ullam urbem
habere, me essent loca munita, quæ hostes possideremt,
Athenienses ædificamtes prohibere sumt comati. Hoc 3
longe alio spectabat, atque viderivolebant. Atheniemses
emim duabus victoriis, Marathomiä et Salamimiâ, tamtam
gloriam apud omnes gentes eramt consecuti, ut intellige-
rent Lacedæmomii, de primcipatu sibi cum his certamem
fore. Quare eos quam infirmissimos esse volebant. 4
Postquam autem audierunt, muros imstrui, legatos
Athemas miserunt, qui id fieri vetarent. His præsenti-
bus desierunt, ac se de ea re legatos ad eos missuros
dixerunt) (Hane legationem suscepit Themistocles, et 5
solus primò profectus est ; reliqui legati ut tum exirent,
quum satis altitudo muri exstructa videretur, præcepit ;
interim omnes, servi atque liberi, opus faceremt, meque
ulli loco parcerent, sive sacer, sive profamus, sive pri-
vatus esset, sive publicus, et undique, quod idomeum
ad mumiendum putarent, comgererent. Quo factum est,
ut Atheniensium muri ex sacellis sepulcrisque constarent,
VII. Themistocles autem, üt Lacedæmónem venit, 1
adire ad magistratus moluit, et dedit operam, ut quam lom-
gissime tempus duceret, causam interpomems, se collégas
exspectare, quum Lacedæmonii quererentur, opus mihilo-
minus fieri, eumque im ea re comari fallere. Interim 2
reliqui legati sumt consecuti. A quibus quum audisset,
non multum superesse mumitionis, ad ephoros Lacedæ-
^ * Pirigi,Bremi.
18 H. 8. (Themistocles.)
momiorum accessit, penes quos summum imperiurn erat,
atque apud eos comtemdit, falsa his esse delata ; quare
æquum esse, illos viros bomos mobilesque mittere, quibus
fides haberetur, qui rem explorarent ; interea se obsi-
dem retinerent} (Gestus est ei mos, tresque legati,
fumcti summis homoribus, Athemas missi sumt. Cum his
collegas suos Themistocles jussit proficisci, eisque præ-
dixit, ut me prius Lacedæmomiorum legatos dimitterent,
quam ipse esset remissus. Hos postquam Athemas per-
vemisse ratus est, ad magistratum sematumque Lacedæ-
momiorum adiit, et apud eos liberrime professus est:
Athenienses suo consilio, quod communi jure gentium-
facere possent, deos publicos, suosque patrios ac pemates,
quo facilius ab hoste possemt defendere, muris sepsisse ;
meque im eo, quod imutile esset Græciæ, fecisse. Nam
illorum urbem ut propugnaculum oppositum esse bar-
baris, apud quam jam bis classes regias fecisse maufra-
gium. Lacedæmonios autem male et imjuste facere,
qui id potius imtuerentur, quod ipsorum domimationi,
quam quod universæ Græciæ utile esset. Quare, si
suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athemas miserant, se
remitterent, aliter illos mumquam im patriam recepturi.
VIII. Tamem mom effugit civium suorum invidiam.
Namque ob eumdem timorem, quo dammatus erat Mil-
tiades, testarum suffragiis e civitate ejectus, Argos
habitatum comcessit. Hic r,uum propter multas ejus
virtutes magna, cum digmitate viveret, Lacedæmonii
legatos Athemas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent,
quod societatem cum rege Persarum ad Græciam oppri-
fhemdam fecisset}{Hóc crimine absens proditiónis
475 est damnafus. Id ut audivit, quod non satis
a. 0. m- tutum se Argis videbat, Corcyram demigravit.
Ibi quum ejus primcipes civitatis amimadvertisset timere,
me propter se bellum his Lacedæmonii et Athenienses
imdiceremt : ad Admëtum, Molossorum regem, cum
quo ei hospitium fuerat, comfugit. Huc quum venisset,
et im præsentia rex abesset, quo majore religione se
receptum tueretur, filiam ejus parvulam arripuit, et cum
ea se im sacrarium, quod summa colebatur cærimomia,
conjecit. Imde mom prius egressus est, quam rex eum
datâ dextrâ im fidem reciperet, quam præstitit. Nam
quum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedæmoniis exposceretur
publice, supplicem mom prodidit, momuitque, ut comsu
H. 9, 10. (Themistocles.) 19
feret sibi ; difficile emim esse, im tam propimquo loco
tuto eum versari. Itaque Pydnam eum deduci jussit,
et quod satis esset præsidii, dedit. Hic im mavem ommi-
bus ignotus mautis adscendit.}{Quæ quum tempestate
maxima, Naxum ferretur, ubi tum Atheniensium erat
exercitus: semsit Themistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi
esse pereumdum. Hac mecessitate coactus domimo mavis,
qui sit, aperit, multa pollicems, si se comservasset. At
ille, clarissimi viri captus misericordia, diem moctemque
procul ab insula im salo mavem temuit im amcoris, mejue
quemquam ex ea exire passus est. Inde Ephesum per-
vemit, ibique Themistoclem expomit : cui ille pro meritis
gratiam postea retulit.
IX. Scio, plerosque ita scripsisse, Themistoclem,
Xerxe regmamte, im Asiam transisse. Sed ego potissi-
mum Thucydidi credo, quod ætate proximus, qui illorum
temporum historiam reliquerunt, et ejusdem civitatis
fuit. Is autem ait, ad Artaxerxem eum vemisse, atque
his verbis epistolam misisse : Themistocles veni ad te, qui
plurima mala omnium Graiorum in domum tuam intuli,
quum mihi necesse fuit, adversus patrem tuum bellare,
patriamque meam defendere. Idem multo plura bona
[rursus] feci, postquam in tuto ipse, et ille in periculo esse
cœpit} ζNam quum in Asiam reverti vellet, prælio apud
Salamina facto, litteris eum certiorem feci, id agi, ut pons,
quem in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolveretur, atque ab hosti-
bus circumiretur : quo nuntio /le perìculo est liberatus.
Nunc autem confugi ad te, eæagitatus a cuncta Græcia,
tuam petens amicitiam : quam si ero adeptus, non minus
me bonum amicum habebis, quam fortem inimicum ille
eæpertus est. Ea autem rogo, ut de his rebus, quas tecum
colloqui volo, annum mìhì temporis des, eoque transacto ad
te venare patvaras.
X. Hujus rex amimi magmitudinem admirams, cupiens-
que talem virum sibi comciliari, vemiam dedit. Ille omme
illud tempus litteris sermomique Persarum dedit : quibus
adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius dicatur apud
regem verba fecisse, quam hi poteramt, qui im Perside
eramt mati. Hic quum multa regi esset pollicitus, gratis-
simumque illud, si suis uti comsiliis vellet, illum Græciam
bello oppressurum ; • magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe
domatus in Asiam rediit, domiciliumque Magnesiæ sibi
20 HI. 1. (Aristides.)
3
constituit) (Namque hamc urbem ei rex domarat, his
quidem verbis : quæ ei pamem præberet (ex qua regione
quinquaginta talemta, quotammis redibamt) ; Lampsacum
autem, unde vinum sumeret ; Myuntem, ex qua opso-
mium haberet. Hujus ad mostram memoriam momu-
menta mamserunt duo : sepulcrum prope oppidum, im
quo est sepultus ; statuæ im foro Magnesiæ. De cujus
morte multimodis apud plerosque scriptum est: sed mos
eumdem potissimum Thucydidem auctorem probamus,
„, qui illum ait Magnesiæ morbo mortuum, meque
(al. 465) megat, fuisse famam, venenum sua spomte sumsisse,
* ° * quùm se, quæ regi de Græcia opprimemda polli-
citus esset, præstare posse desperaret. Idem, ossa ejus
clam im Attica ab amicis sepulta, quomiam legibus mom
comcederetur, quod proditiomis esset damnatus, memoriæ
prodidit.
I I I. A R I s T I D E s.
AR.GUMENTUM.
CAP. I. Aemulus Themistoclis ; multatur eæsílio. II.
Ante tempus revocatur ; prætor contra Mardonium ;
ámperium Atheniensibus conciliat. III. Aerario præest;
pauper moritur.
I. Aristides, Lysimachi filius, Athemiemsis, æqualis
fere fuit Themistocli. Itaque cum eo de primcipatu com-
temdit : mamque obtrectarumt inter se. In his autem
cognitum est, quanto amtestaret eloquentia immocentiæ.
Quamquam emim adeo excellebat Aristides abstinentia,
ut unus post hominum memoriam, quod quidem
(ai.382) mos audierimus, cognomime Justus sit appellatus.
* ° * tamem, a Themistocle collabefactus, féstulâ illâ
exsilio decem annorum multatus est.}{Qui quidem quum
i, $elligeret, reprimi concitatam multitudinem mom posse,
cedensque amimadvertisset quemdam scribemtem, ut patriâ
pelleretur, quæsisse ab eo dicitur, quare id faceret, aut
HI. 2, 3. (Aristides.) 21
quid Aristides commisisset, cur tanta poema digmus duce-
retur ? Cui ille respondit, se ignorare Aristidem ; sed 4
sibi mom placere, quod tam cupide elaborasset, ut præter
ceteros Justus appellaretur. Hic decem ammorum legi-
timam pœmam mom pertulit. Nam postquam Xerxes
im Græciam descemdit, sexto fere ammo, quam erat ex-
pulsus, populiscito im patriam restitutus est.
II. Imterfuit autem pugnæ mavali apud Salamima,
quæ facta est prius, quam poenâ liberaretur. Idem
prætor fuit Athemiemsium apud Platæas im prœlio, quo
Mardomius fusus, barbarorumque exercitus interfectus
est. Neque aliud est ullum hujus in re militari illustre
factum, quam hujus imperii memoria ; justitiæ vero, et
æquitatis, et immocentiæ multa : im primis, quod ejus
æquitate factum est, quum im communi classe esset
Græciæ simul cum Pausamia, quo duce Mardomius erat
fugatus, ut summa imperii Jmagitimi ab Lacedæmoniis
transferretur ad Å$
et mari et terra duces eramt Lacedæmonii. Tum autem
ct intemperamtia Pausamiæ, et justitia factum est Ari-
stidis, ut ommes fere civitates Græciæ ad Athemiensium
societatem se applicarent, et adversus barbaros hos duces
deligerent sibi.
III. Qugs quo facilius repelleremt, si forte bellum
removare comarentur, ad classes ædificamdas exercitus-
que comparamdos quamtum pecumiæ quæque civitas daret,
Aristides delectus est, qui constitueret, ejusque arbitrio
quadringema, et sexagena talenta, quotammis Delum sumt
collata. Id enim commune ærarium esse voluerumt.
Quæ ommis pecumia postero tempore Athemas translata,
est. Hic qua fuerit abstimentia, mullum est certius
indicium, quam quod, quum tamtis rebus præfuisset, im
tanta paupertate decessit, ut, qui efferretur, vix reli-
querit. Quo factum est, ut filiæ ejus publice alerentur,
et de commumi ærario dotibus datis collocarentur. De-
cessit autem fere post ammum quartum, quam 471
Themistocles Athenis erat expulsus) a C. n.
Namque amte id tempus 3
5
or
Y
1'
32 IV. 1, 2. (Pausanias.)
I V. P A U S A N I A S.
AER.GUMENTUM.
CAP. I. Pugna ad Platæas. II. Byzantium ea pugnat,
Xeraei favet, Græciæ futurus proditor. III. Peregrinis
moribus ipse se prodit, scytalaque domum revocatus
Helotas sollicitat. IV. Litterarum commercium cum
hoste ; perturbatus se ipse indicat. V. In Minervæ
templum confugit, îbî obstruitur et moæ interit.
I. {Pausanias, Lacedæmonius, magmus homo, sed
variusTim ommi gemere vitæ fuit. Nam ut virtutibus
eluxit, sic vitiis est obrutus. Hujus illustrissimum est
479 prælium apud Platæas. Namque illo duce Mar-
ă'j5 domius, satrapes regius, matione Medus, regis
§¤, gener, in primis omnium Persarum et manu
• fortis et consilii plemus, cum ducentis milibus
peditum, quos viritim legerat, et viginti [milibus] equi-
tum, haud ita magna mamu Græciæ fugatus est, eoque
ipse dux cecidit prœlio. Qua victoria elatus plurima
miscere cœpit, et majora comcupiscere. Sed primum im
eo est reprehensus, quod ex præda, tripödem aureum
Delphis posuisset, epigrammate scripto, im quo erat hæc
sententia : suo ductu barbaros apud Platæas esse deletos,
ejusque victoriæ ergo Apollimi domum dedisse. Hos
versus Lacedæmonii exsculpserunt, meque aliud scripse-
runt, quam mömina earum civitatum, quarum auxilio
Persæ eramt victi.
II. Post id prœlium eumdem Pausamiam cum classe
477 communi Cyprum atque Hellespomtum miserumt,
a. C. m. ut ex his regionibus barbarorum præsidia depel-
leret. Pari felicitate im ea re usus elatius se gerere
coepit, majoresque appetere res. Nam quum, Byzantio
expugnato, cepisset complures Persarum mobiles, atque
in his mommullos regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remi-
sit, simulams, ex vimculis publicis effugisse ; et cum his
Gongylum Eretriensem, qui litteras regi redderet, in
IV. 3. (Pausanias.) 23
uibus hæc fuisse scripta Thucydides memoriæ prodidit : í
á Pausanias, duæ Sparte, quos Byzantii ceperat, postquam 3
propinquos tuos cognovit, tibi muneri misit, seque tecum
affinitate conjungi cupit : quare, si tibi videtur, des ei
filiam tuam nuptum. Id si feceris, et Spartam et ceteram 4
Græciam sub tuam potestatem, se adjuvante, te redacturum
pollicetur. His de rebus si quid geri volueris, certum
hominem ad eum mittas face, cum quo colloquatur. Rex, 5
tot homimum salute, tam sibi mecessariorum, magnopere
gavisus, confestim cum epistola, Artabazum ad Pausa-
miam mittit, im qua eum collaudat, ac petit, me cui rei
parcat ad ea perficiemda, quæ pollicetur. Si fecerit, mul-
lius rei a §é repulsam laturum. Htijus Pausamias volum- 6
tate cognita, alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, im suspi-
cionem cecidit Lacedæmomiorum. Im quo facto domum
revocatus, accusatus capitis, absolvitur ; multatur tamen
pecuniâ : quam ob causam ad classem remissus mom est.
III. At ille post mom multo sua sponte ad exercitum 1
rediit, et ibi mom callida, sed dementi ratione cogitata
patefecit. Non enim mores patrios solum, sed etiam
cultum vestitumque mutavit. Apparatu regio utebatur, 2
veste Medica ; satellites Medi et Ægyptii sequebamtur ;
epulabatur more Persarum luxuriosius, quam, qui ade-
raiit, perpeti possent ; aditum petentibus comveniendi 8
mom dabat ; superbe respondebat, [et] crudeliter impe-
rabat. Spartam redire molebat. Colömas, qui locus in
agro Troäde est, se contulerat: ibi consilia, quum pa-
triæ, tum sibi imimica, capiebaf}(id postquam Lacedæ- 4
monii rescierumt, legatos ad euffi €um scytala miserunt,
im qua more illorum erat scriptum : misi domum rever-
teretur, se capitis eum dammaturos. Hoc mumtio com- 5
motus, sperans, se etiam tum pecumia, et potentia instans
periculum posse depellere, domum rediit. Huc ut venit,
ab ephoris in vincula publica comjectus est. Licet emim
legibus eorum cuivis ephoro hóc facere regi. Hinc
tamem se expedivit ; meque eo magis carebat suspiciome.
Nam opimio mamebat, eum cum rege habere societatem.
Est gemus quoddam hominum, quod Ilotæ vocatur, 6
quorum magna multitudo agros Lacedæmoniorum colit
servorumque mumere fumgitur. Hos quoque sollicitare
spe libertatis existimabatur. Sed quod harum rerum 7
mullum erat apertum crimem, quo argui posset, mom
24 IV. 4, 5. (Pausanias.)
putabant, de tali tamque claro viro suspicionibus oportere
judicari, et exspectamdum, dum se ipsa res aperiret.
IV. Interim Argilius quidam, adolescentulus, quum
epistolam ab eo ad Artabazum accepisset, eique im suspi-
ciomem vemisset, aliquid im ea de se esse scriptum, quod
nemo eorum rediisset, qui super tali causa, eodem missi
erant, vimcula epistolæ laxavit, sigmoque detracto cog-
movit, si pertulisset, sibi esse pereundum. Erant im
eadem epistola, quæ ad ea pertimebant, quæ inter regem
Pausamiamque convemeramt. Has ille litteras ephoris
tradidit. Non est prætereunda gravitas Lacedæmìo-
miorum hoc loco. Nam me hujus quidem indicio in-
pulsi sumt, ut Pausamiam comprehenderemt ; meque prjmis
vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse imdicasset.
Itaque huic indici, quid fieri véllent, præceperuit} [j'a-
mum Neptumi est Tæmari, quod violari nefasTjiifamt
Græci. Eo ille index confugit ; im ara comsedit. Hanc
juxta locum fecerunt sub terra, ex quo posset audiri, si
quis quid loqueretur cum Argilio. Huc ex ephoris
quidam descenderumt. Pausanias, ut audivit, Argilium
comfugisse im aram, perturbatus vemit eo. Quem quum
supplicem Dei videret im ara, sedemtem, quærit, causæ
quid sit tam repemtimo consilio. Huic ille, quid ex lit-
teris comperisset, aperit. Modo magis Pausamias per-
turbatus orare cœpit, me emumtiaret, mec se, meritum de
illo optime, proderet. Quod si eam veniam sibi dedis-
set, tamtisque implicatum rebus sublevasset, magno ei
præmio futurum.
V. His rebus ephori cogmitis satius putaverunt, in
urbe eum comprehendi. Quo quum essent profecti, et
Pausanias, placato Argilio, ut putabat, Lacedæmónem
reverteretur: im itimere, quum jam in eo esset, ut com-
prehenderetur, ex vultu cujusdam ephori, qui eum ad-
monere cupiebat, insidias sibi fieri intellexitj Itaque
paucis ante gradibus, quam qui sequebantur, im ædem
Minervæ, quæ χαλxfo/xog vocatur, confugit. Himc me
exire posset, statim ephori valvas ejus ædis obstruxe-
rumt, tectumque sunt demoliti, quo facilius sub divo
interiret. Dicitur, eo tempore matrem Pausaniæ vixisse,
eamque jam magmo matu, postquam de scelere filii com-
perit, in primis ad filium claudendum lapidem ad im-
troitum ædis attulisse. Sic Pausamias magmam belli
V. 1. (Cimon.) 25
gloriam turpi morte maculavit. Hic quum semi- 460
amimis de templo elatus esset, confestim amimam a- 0. n.
efflavit. Cujus mortui corpus quum eodem momnulli
dicerent imferri oportere, quo hi, qui ad supplicium
essemt dati: displicuit pluribus, et procul ab eo loco
infoderunt, quo erat mortuus. Imde posterius [dei]
Delphici responso erutus, atque eodem loco sepultus,
úbi vitam posuerat.
V. C I M O N.
ARGUMENTUMI.
CAP. I. Heres paternorum vinculorum ab uæore liberatur.
II. Ejus virtutes et res gestæ : Persas eodem die navali
et terrestri prœlio vincit. III. Ostracismo ejicitur.
Revocatus pacem cum Lacedæmoniis conciliat. Citii
moritur. IV. Laudatur ejus liberalitas.
I. Cimom, Miltiädis filius, Athemiemsis, duro admodum
imitio usus est adolescentiæ. Nam quum pater 4so
ejus litem æstimatam populo solvere mom potuis- a. 9. n.
set, ob eamque causam im vimculis publicis decessisset:
v ,imom eadem custodia temebatur, meque legibus Athe-
niensium emitti poterat, nisi pecumiam, qua pater mul-
tatus erat, solvisset. Habebat autem in matrimonio
sororem germanam suam, nomine Elpinicem, mom magis
amore, quam more ductus. Nam Athemiensibus licet
eodem patre matas uxores ducere)} Hujus conjugii cu-
pidus Callias quidam, mom tam generosus, quam pecú-
niosus, qui magnas pecunias ex metallis fecerat, egit
cum Cimöme, ut eam sibi uxorem daret : id si impe-
trasset, se pro illo pecumiam soluturum. Is quum talem
comditionem asperiìaretur, Elpimice megavit, se passuram,
Miltiädis progeniem im vinculis publicis interire, quo-
miam prohibere posset, seque Calliæ nupturam, si ea, •
quæ polliceretur, præstitisset.
3
26 V. 2, 3, 4. (Cimon.)
1
4
II. Tali modo custodia liberatus Cimom celeriter ad
principatum pervenit. Habebat emim satis eloquentiæ,
summam liberalitatem, magnam prudentiam tum juris
civilis, tum rei militaris, quod cum patre a puero im
exercitibus fuerat versatus. Itaque hic et populum
urbamum in sua tenuit potestate, et apud exercitum
plurimum valuit auctoritate. Primùm imperator apud
flumem Strymöma magnas copias Thracum fugavit,
oppidum Amphipölim constituit, eoque decem milia
Atheniensium in coloniam misit. Idem iterum apud
Mycälem Cypriorum et Phœmïcum ducentarum mavium
classem devictam cepit ; eodemque die pari fortuma im
459 terra usus est. Namque hostium mavibus captis,
* 9. ** statim ex classe copias suas eduxit, barbarorum
[que] umo concursu maximam vim prostravit. Qua
victoria magna, præda potitus quum domum reverte-
retur, quod jam momnullæ insulæ propter acerbitatem
imperii defeceramt, beme amimatas comfirmavit, aliematas
ad officium redire coëgit. Scyrum, quam eo tempore
Dolöpes incolebant, quod comtumacius se gesserant,
vacuefecit, sessores veteres urbe insulaque ejecit, agros
civibus divisit. Thasios opulentia fretos suo adventu
467 fregit. His ex manubiis Athenarum arx, qua ad
* 9 * geiidiem vergit, est ornatâ]
III. [Quibus rebus quum umusTim civitate maxime
461 floreret, imcidit in eamdem invidiam, quam pater
* ° * suus ceterique Atheniensium principes. Nam tes-
tarum suffragiis, quod illi άστgσχισμόν vocant, decem.
ammorum exsilio multatus est. Cujus facti celerius
Athenienses, quam ipsum, pœmituit. Nam quum ille
animo forti invidiæ ingratorum civium cessisset, bellum-
que Lacedæmonii Atheniensibus indixissent : confestim
motæ ejus virtutis desiderium comsecutum est. Itaque
post ammum quintum, quam expulsus erat, im patriam
revocatus est. Ille, quod hospitio Lacedæmoniorum
utebatur, satius existimans, contendere Lacedæmónem,
sua sponte est profectus, pacemque inter duas potentissi-
450 mas civitates comciliavit. Post, meque ita multo,
* 9. * Cyprum cum ducentis mavibus imperator missus,
449 qüum ejus majorem partem imsulæ devicisset, im
a 0. m- morbum implicitus, im oppido Citio est mortuus.
IV. Humc Athenienses mom solum im bello, sed, in
¥
a^
VI. 1. (Lysander.) 27
pace diu desideraverunt. Fuit enim tanta liberalitate,
quum compluribus locis prædia hortosque haberet, ut
mumquam in eis custodem imposuerit fructus servandi
gratia, me quis impediretur, quo mimus ejus rebus, qui-
bus quisque vellet, frueretur. Semper eum pedisequi
cum mummis sunt secuti, ut, si quis opis ejus indigeret,
haberet, quod statim daret, me differendo videretur megare.
Sæpe, quum aliquem offensum fortuma, videret mimus
bene vestitum, suum amiculum dedit. Quotidie sic cœma
ei coquebatur, ut, quos invocatos vidisset im foro, omnes
devocaret : quod facere mullum diem prætermittebat.
Nulli fides ejus, mulli opera, mulli res familiaris defuit ;
multos locupletavit ; complures pauperes mortuos, qui,
umde efferrentur, mom reliquissent, suo sumtu extulit.
Sic se geremdo minime est miramdum, si et vita, ejus fuit
secura, et mors acerba
V I. IL Y S A N D E R, .
ARGUMENTUM.
CAP. I. Athenarum victor ; decemvìros Græciæ civìtatìbus
imponit. II. Crudelis in Thasios. III. Reges tollere
et oraculum corrumpere conatur ; accusatus absolvitur :
occiditur a Thebanis. IV. Lysander Pharnabazi fraude
„S€ ¢pse (lccuSat.
I. [Lysander, Lacedæmonius, magnam reliquit sui
famam, magis felicitate, quam virtute partam. Athe-
mienses emim im Pelopommesios sexto et vicesimo ammo
bellum gerentes comfecisse apparet. Id qua ratione
consecutus sit, latet. Nom enim virtute sui exercitus,
sed immodestia factum est adversariorum, qui, quod
dicto audientes imperatoribus suis mom erant, dispalati
im agris, relictis mavibus, im hostium vemerumt potesta-
tem. Quo facto Athenienses se Lacedæmomiis dedide-
rumt. Hac victoria Lysamder elatus, quum amtea semper
4
28 VI. 2, 3. (Lysander.)
3
factiosus audaxque fuisset, sic sibi indulsit, ut ejus opera
im maximum odium Græciæ Lacedæmonii pervemerint.
Nam quum hamc causam Lacedæmonii dictitassent
„?, sibi esse belli, ut Atheniensium impotentem domi-
„P$; mationem refringerent, postquam apud AEgos
* * " flumem Lysander classis hostium est potitus, mihi'
aliud molitus est, quam ut ommes civitates in sua temeret
potestate, quum id se Lacedæmoniorum causa facere
simularet. Namque undique, qui Atheniensium rebus
studuissent, ejectis, decem delegerat in umaquaque civi-
tate, quibus summum imperium potestatemque omnium
rerum committeret. Horum im mumerum memo admitte-
batur, misi qui aut ejus hospitio contimeretur, aut se illius
fore proprium fide confirmarat. -
II. Ita decemvirali potestate im ommibus urbibus com-
stituta, ipsius mutu omnia gerebamtur. Cujus de crude-
litate ac perfidia satis est unam rem, exempli gratia,
proferre, ne de eodem plura enumerando defatigemus
lectores. Victor ex Asia, quum reverteretur, Thasumque
devertisset, quod ea, civitas præcipua fide fuerat erga
Athenienses, proinde ac siiidem firmissimi solerent esse
amici, qui comstantes fuissent imimici, eam pervertere
comcupivit. Vidit autem, misi im eo occultasset volum-
tatem, futurum, ut Thasii dilaberentur, consuleremtque
rebus suis)(!taque + + +
~€III. f f decemviralem suam potestatem [sui]
ab illo constitutam sustulerunt. Quo dolore imcemsus
imiit comsilia, reges Lacedæmoniorum tollere. Sed
sentiebat, id se sime ope deorum facere mom posse,
quod Lacedæmonii omnia ad oracula referre comsue-
verant. Primum Delphos corrumpere est comatus.
Quum id miom potuisset, Dodömam adortus est. Hinc
quoque repulsus dixit, se vota suscepisse, quæ Jovi
Hammoni solveret : existimams, se Afros facilius cor-
rupturum. Hac spe quum profectus esset im Africam.
multum eum antistites Jovis fefellerumt. Nam mom
solum corrumpi mom potuerunt, sed etiam legatos La-
cedæmöma, miserunt, qui Lysandrum accusaremt, quod
sacerdotes fami corrumpere comatus esset. Accusatus
395 hoc crimine, judicumque absolutus sentemtiis, Or-
* 9. "- chomeniis missus subsidio, occisus est a Thebamis
apud Haliartum. Quam vere de eo foret judicatum,
VII. (Alcibiades.) 29
oratio indicio fuit, quæ post mortem in domo ejus re-
perta est, in qua suadet Lacedæmoniis, ut, regia potes-
tate dissoluta, ex omnibus dux deligatur ad bellum ge-
remdum ; sed ita scripta, ut deorum videretur congruere
semtentiæ, quam ille se habiturum, pecunia fidens, mom
dubitabat. Hamc ei scripsisse Cleom Halicarnasseus
dicitur. -
IV. Atque hoc loco mom est prætereumdum factum
Pharnabazi, saträpis regii. Nam quum Lysander præ-
fectus classis im bello multa crudeliter avareque fecisset,
deque his rebus suspicaretur ad cives suos esse perla-
tum, petiit a Pharnabazo, ut ad ephoros sibi testimonium
daret, quamta sanctitate bellum gessisset sociosque trac-
tasset, deque ea re accurate scriberet : magnam enim
ejus auctoritatem im ea re futuram. Huic ille liberaliter
pollicetur ; librum gravem multis verbis conscripsit, im
quo summis eum fert laudibus. Quem quum legisset
probassetque, dum signatur, alterum pari magnitudine,
[tanta similitudine,] ut discerni mom posset, sigmatum
subjecit, in quo accuratissime ejus avaritiam perfidiamque
accusarat. Himc Lysander domum quum redisset, post-
quam de suis rebus gestis apud maximum magistratum,
quæ voluerat, dixerat, testimonii loco librum a Pharna-
bazo datum tradidit. Humc, summoto Lysamdro, quum
ephori cognossemt, ipsi Iegemdum dederumt. Ita ille
imprudens ipse suus fuit accusator)
VII. A L CIBIADE S.
ARGUMENTUMI.
CA P. I. Eaccellens în vîrtutibus et vîtîs. II. Juvenis
educatio et mores. III. Duæ contra Syracusanos. In
suspicionem civium suorum incidit. IV. Domum revo-
catus aufugit. Lacedæmoniis inservit, atque arma contra
patriam capit. V. Lacedæmoniis suspectus transit
ad Persas ; Atheniensibus reconciliatur. VI. Insigni
civium benevolentia recipitur. VII. In invidiam recidit.
In Thracia prospere pugnat. VIII. Civibus Atticis
3*
30 VII. 1, 2, 3. (Alcibiades.)
bene consulit. IX. In Asiam transit. X. In Phrygia
δnterficitur. XI. Alcibiadis laus et vituperatio.
3* -
I. (Alcibiădes, Cliniæ filius, Atheniensis. In hoc
matura, quid efficere possit, videtur experta. Constat
enim inter omnes, qui de eo memoriæ prodiderumt,
nihil illo fuisse excellentius, vel im vitiis, vel im vir-
tutibus. Natus im amplissima civitate, summo genere,
omnium ætatis suæ multo formosissimus, ad omnes
res aptus, consiliique plemus. Namque imperator fuit
summus et mari et terra ; disertus, ut imprimis dicendo
valeret, quod tanta erat commendatio oris atque ora-
tionis, ut memó ei dicemdo posset resistere ; deinde,
quum tempus posceret, laboriosus, patiems, liberalis,
splendidus mon minus im vita, quam victu ; affabilis,
blandus, temporibus callidissime inserviems. Idem,
simul ac se remiserat, meque causa suberat, quare amimi
laborem perferret, luxuriosus, dissolutus, libidinosus,
imtemperans reperiebatur, ut omnes admirarentur, im
umo homine tantam esse dissimilitudinem, tamque di-
Vel-Sa.m maturâ.m.
II. Educatus est in domo Pericli (privignus enim
ejus fuisse dicitur), eruditus a Socrate. Socerum habuit
Hipponicum, omnium Græca limgua loquentium divitis-
simum, ut, si ipse fimgere vellet, meque plura boma
reminisci, meque majora posset consequi, quam vel for-
tuma vel matura tribuerat.
III. Bello Pelopomnesio hujus consilio atque auctori-
tate Athenienses bellum Syracusamis indixerunt : ad
quod gerendum ipse dux delectus est ; duo præterea
collegæ dati, Nicias et I,amächus. Id quum appara-
retur, prius quam classis exiret, accidit, ut uma mocte
omnes Hermæ, qui in oppido erant Athenis, dejice-
rentur, præter unum, qui ante jamuam erat Ando-
cidis. Itaque ille postea Mercurius Amdocides voci-
tatus est. Hoc quum appareret mon sine magna mul-
torum consensione esse factum, quod mon ad priva-
tam, sed ad publicam rem pertineret, magnus multitu-
dimi timor est injectus, ne qua repentima vis im civitate
exsisteret, quæ libertatem , opprimeret populi. Hoc
maxime convenire in Alcibiadem videbatur, quod et po-
temtior et major, quam privatus, existimabatur. Multos
VIH. 4. (Alcibiades.) 31 .
Y
emim liberalitate devinxerat, plures etiam opera forensi
suos reddiderat. Quare fiebat, ut omnium oculos, quo-
tiescumque im publicum prodisset, ad se converteret,
meque ei par quisquam in civitate pomeretur. Itaque
mom solum spem im eo habebamt maximam, sed etiam
timorem, quod et obesse plurimum et prodesse poterat.
Adspergebatur etiam imfamiâ, quod im domo sua facere
mysteria dicebatur : quod mefas erat more Atheniem-
sium ; idque mom ad religionem, sed ad conjurationem
pertimere existimabatur. -
IV. Hoc crimime in comciome ab imimicis compella-
batur. Sed instabat tempus ad bellum proficiscendi.
{d ille intuems, meque ignorans civium suorum comsue-
tudinem, postulabat, si quid de se agi vellent, potius de
præsente quæstio haberetur, quam absens invidiæ cri-_
mine accusaretur. Imimici vero ejus quiescendum im
præsenti, quia moceri mom posse intelligebamt, et illud
tempus exspectandum decreverunt, quo exisset, ut sic
absentem aggrederentur: itaque fecerunt. Nam post-
quam im Siciliam eum pervemisse crediderunt, absentem,
quod sacra, violasset, reum fecerunt. Qua de re quum
ei muntius a magistratu im Siciliam missus esset, ut do-
mum ad causam dicendam rediret, essetque in magna
spe provinciæ beme admimistramdæ : mom parere moluit,
et im triremem, quæ ad eum deportamdum erat missa,
adscendit. ~Hac Thurios im Italiam pervectus, `multa
secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia
crudelitateque erga mobiles, utilissimum ratus, impem-
demtem evitare tempestatem, clam se a custodibus sub-
duxit, et imde primum Elidem, deimde Thebas venit.
Postquam autem se capitis dammatum, bonis publicatis,
audivit, et, id quod usu vemerat, Eumolpidas sacerdo-
tes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ejusque devo-
tiomis, quo testatior esset memoria, exemplum, im pila
lapidea imcisum, esse positum im publico, Lacedæmonem
demigravit. Ibi, ut ipse prædicare consueverat, non
adversus patriam, sed inimicos suos bellum gessit, quod
iidem hostes essent civitati. Nam quum intelligeremt,
se plurimum prodesse posse reipublicæ, ex ea ejecisse
“plusque iræ suæ, quam utilitati commumi paruisse.
Itaque hujus consilio Lacedæmonii cum Persarum rege
amicitiam fecerunt ; deinde Deceléam im Attica mumie-
5;
6
]
6)
•©
4
32 VII. 5, 6. (Alcibiades.)
runt, præsidioque ibi perpetuo posito im obsidiome Athe-
mas temuerumt. Ejusdem opera Iomiam a societate
averterumt Atheniensium. Quo facto multo superiores
bello esse cœperumt. - -
l V. iNeque vero his rebus tam amici Alcibiadi sunt
facti, quam timore ab eo alienati. Nam quum acerrimi
viri præstantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognos- . .
cerent, pertimuerunt, ne caritate patriæ ductus aliquando
ab ipsis descisceret, et cum suis in gratiam rediret.
Itaque tempus ejus interficiendi quærere instituerumt.
2 Id Alcibiadi diutius celari mom potuit: erat enim ea
sagacitate, ut decipi mom posset, præsertim quum amimum
attendisset ad cavendum. Itaque ad Tissaphernem,
3 præfectum regis Darii, se comtulit. Cujus quum im
intimam amicitiam pervemisset, et Atheniensium, male
gestis in Sicilia rebus, opes semescere, contra Lacedæ-
momiorum crescere videret : imitio cum Pisandro præ-
tore, qui apud Samum exercitum habebat, per internum-
tios colloquitur, et de reditu suo facit memtionem. Erat
emim eodem, quo Alcibiades, sensu, populi potentiæ mom
4 amicus, et optimatum fautor. Ab hoc destitutus primum
per Thrasybülum, Lyci filium, ab exercitu recipitur,
prætorque fit apud Samum : post, suffragante Thera-
même, populiscito restituitur, parique absens imperio
5 præficitur simul cum Thrasybülo et Theramême. Horum
im imperio tanta commutatio rerum facta est, ut Lace-
dæmonii, qui paullo ante victores vigueramt, perterriti
pacem peterent. Victi emim eramt quimque prœliis ter-
restribus, tribus navalibus, im quibus ducemtas maves
triremes amiserant, quæ captæ in hostium veneránt po-
6 testatem. Alcibiades simul cum collegis receperat Io-
miam, Hellespomtum, multas præterea urbes Græcas,
quæ im ora sitæ sunt Asiæ, quarum expugnaramt com-
plures, im his Byzantium ; neque mimus multas comsilio
ad amicitiam adjumxeramt, quod im captos clementia
7 fuerant usi. Ita præda, omusti, locupletato exercitu,
— maximis rebus gestis, Athemas venerunt\
1 [VI. His quum obviam umiversa civitas in Piræéum
descemdisset, tamta fuit omnium exspectatio visemdi Alci-
biadis, ut ad ejus triremem vulgus comflueret, proinde ac
2 si solus advemisset. Sic enim populo erat persuasum, et
adversas superiores, et præsentes secundas res accidisso
VII. 7. (Alcibiades.) 33
jy
* **& *£&g:
ejus opera. Itaque et Siciliæ amissum, et Lacedæmo-
miorum victorias culpæ suæ tribuebant, quod talem virum
e civitate expulissemt. Neque id sime causa, arbitrari
videbantur. r Nam postquam exercitui præesse cœperat,
meque terra, meque mari hostes pares esse potueramt.
Hic ut e navi egressus est, quamquam Theramêmes et
Thrasybülus eisdem rebus præfuerant, simulque vemeramt
im Piræéum : tamem illum unum omnes prosequebantur,
et, id quod mumquam amtea usu veherat, misi Olympiæ
victoribus, coromis aureis æneisque vulgo domabatur.
Ille lacrimams talem benevolentiam civium suorum acci-
piebat, remimiscens pristimi temporis acerbitatem. Post-
quam astu vemit, conciome advocata, sic verba fecit, ut
memo tam ferus fuerit, quim ejus casum lacrimarit, imi-
micumque his se ostemderit, quorum operâ patriâ pulsus
fuerat, proinde ac si alius populus, mom ille ipse, qui
tum ~flebat, eum sacrilegii damnasset. Restituta ergo 5
huic sunt publice boma ; iidemque illi Eumolpidæ sacer-
dotes rursus resacrare sunt coacti, qui eum devoverant ;
pilæque illæ, in quibus devotio fuerat scripta, im mare
præcipitatæ.
Nam quum ei omnes essent honores decreti, totaque
respublica domi bellique tradita, ut umius arbitrio gere-
retur ; et ipse postulasset, ut duo sibi collegæ daremtur,
Thrasybulus et Adimamtus, meque id megatum esset :
classe jam im Asiam profectus, quod apud Cymen mimus
ex sententia, rem gesserat, im invidiam recidit. Nihil 2
enim eum mom efficere posse ducebant. Ex quo fiebat,
ut omnia mimus prospere gesta ejus culpæ tribuerent,
quum eum aut megligenter, aut malitiose fecisse loque-
remtur : sicut tum accidit. Nam, corruptum a rege ca-
pere Cymem moluisse, arguebant. Itaque huic maxime 3
putamus malo fuisse nimiam opimiomem ingemii atque
virtutis. Timebatur enim mom minus, quam diligebatur,
me, secumda fortuna magnisque opibus elatus, tyrammi-
dem concupisceret)[Quibus rebus factum est, ut absenti
magistratum abrogarent, et alium im ejus locum substi-
tueremt. Id ille ut audivit, domum reverti moluit, et se 4
Pactyem contulit, ibique tria castella communivit, Bor-
mos, Bysanthem, Neontichos ; manuque collecta primus
Græciæ civitatis im Thraciam introiit, gloriosius existi-
VII. Hæc Alcibiadi lætitia mom mimis fuit diuturma. 1
, \ '
{<.
34 VII. 8, 9. (Alcibiades.)
]
3
mams, barbarorum præda, locupletari, quam Graiorum
Qua ex re creverat quum famâ, tum opibus, magnamque
amicitiam sibi cum quibusdam regibus Thraciæ pepererat.
VIII. Neque tamem a caritate patriæ potuit recedere.
Nam quum apud Ægos flumem Philöcles, prætor Atheni-
ensium, classem constituisset suam, meque longe abesset
Lysander, prætor Lacedæmoniorum, qui im eo erat occu-
patus, ut bellum quam diutissime duceret, quod ipsis
pecunia a rege suppeditabatur, contra Atheniensibus
exhaustis præter arma, et maves mihil erat super : Alci-
biades ad exercitum vemit Atheniensium, ibique præsente
vulgo agere cœpit, si vellent, se coacturum Lysandrum
aut dimicare, aut pacem petere : Lacedæmomios eo molle
confligere classe, quod pedestribus copiis plus, quam
mavibus, valerent; sibi autem esse facile, Seuthem, regem
Thracum, deducere, ut eos terra, depelleret : quo facto
mecessario aut classe conflicturos, aut bellum compositu-
ros. Id etsi vere dictum Philöcles animadvertebat,
tamem postulata facere moluit, quod sentiebat, se, Alci-
biade recepto, mullius momenti apud exercitum futurum,
et, si quid secumdi evenisset, mullam in ea re suam partem
fore ; comtra ea, si quid adversi accidisset, se umum ejus
delicti futurum reum. Ab hoc discedens Alcibiades,
quoniam, inquit, victoriae patriæ repugnas, illud moneo,
juæta hostem castra habeas nautica : perìculum est enim,
ne immodestiâ militum nostrorum occasio detur Lysandro
rostri opprimendi eæercitus. Neque ea res illum fefellit.
Nam Lysamder, quum per speculatores comperisset,
vulgum Atheniensium in terram prædatum exisse, ma-
vesque pæne imames relictas, tempus rei gerendæ mon
dimisit, eoque impetu totum bellum delevit.
IX. At Alcibiades, victis Atheniensibus mom satis
tuta eadem loca sibi arbitratus, pemitus im Thraciam se
supra, Propontidem abdidit, sperans, ibi facillime suam
fortumam occuli posse. Falso. Nam Thraces, postquam
eum cum magna pecunia vemisse senserumt, insidias fece-
runt : qui ea, quæ apportarat, abstulerumt, ipsum capere
non potuerunt] [Ille cernens, mullum locum sibi tutum
im Græcia, propter potentiam Lacedæmoniorum, ad
Pharmabazum im Asiam tramsiit : quem quidem adeo sua
cepit humanitate, ut eum memo im amicitia antecederet.
Namque ei Grumium dederat im Phrygia castrum, ex quo
VII. 10. (Alcibiades.) 35
*\*-**-*
sv **.
quimquagena, talemta vectigâlis capiebat. Qua fortum}
Alcibiades mon erat contentus, meque Athenas victas
Lacedæmoniis servire poterat pati. Itaque ad patriam
liberamdam ommi ferebatur cogitatione. Sed videbat, id
sine rege Persarum mom posse fieri: ideoque eum amicum
sibi cupiebat adjumgi ; meque dubitabat, facile se conse-
cuturum, si modo ejus comvemiendi habuisset potestatem.
Nam Cyrum fratrem ei bellum clam parare, Lacedæmo-
niis adjuvantibus, sciebat ; id si aperuisset, magnam se
imiturum gratiam videbat.
X. Hæc quum moliretur, peteretque a Pharmabazo,
ut ad regem mitteretur, eodem tempore Critias ceterique
tyramni Atheniemsium certos homines ad Ilysandrum im
Asiam miserunt, qui eum certiorem facerent, misi Alci-
biadem sustulisset, mihil earum rerum fore ratum, quas
ipse Athenis constituisset. Quare, si suas res gestas
mamere vellet, illum persequeretur. His Laco rebus
commotus statuit accuratius sibi agemdum cum Pharma-
bazo. Huic ergo remuntiat, quæ regi cum Laceda>moniis
essent, irrita, futura, misi Alcibiadem vivum aut mortuum
tradidisset. Nom tulit hoc satrapes, et violare clemem-
tiam, quam regis opes minui maluit. Itaque misit
Susamithrem et Bagæum ad Alcibiadem imterficiendum,
quum ille esset im Phrygia, iterque ad regem compararet.
Missi clam vicimitati, in qua tum Alcibiades erat, damt
megotium, ut eum interficiant. Illi quum [eum] ferro
aggredi mom' auderemt, moctu ligna, contulerunt circa
casam eam, in qua, quiescebat, eamque succenderumt:
ut incendio comficerent, quem manu superari posse diffi-
debant. Ille autem ut somitu flammæ est excitatus, etsi
gladius ei erat subductus, familiaris sui subalare telum
eripuit. Namque erat cum eo quidam ex Arcadia, hos-
pes, qui numquam discedere voluerat. Humc sequi se
jubet, et id, quod im præsentia, vestimentorum fuit, arri-
puit. His im ignem ejectis, flammæ vim tramsiit. Quem
ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, telis emimus
mmissis imterfecerumt, caputque ejus ad Pharnabazum re-
tulerumt. At mulier, quæ cum eo vivere consuerat,
muliebri sua veste contectum ædificii imcemdio mortuum
cremavit, quod ad vivum interimendum erat comparatum.
Sic Alcibiades, ammos circiter quadraginta matus, ao,
diem obiit supremum. a. C. n.
5
6
36 VIII. 1. (Thrasybulus.)
XI. Humc infamatum a plerisque tres gravissimi histo-
riéisummis laudibus extulerunt: Thucydides, quiejusdem
ætatis fuit ; Theopompus, qui post aliquanto matus, et
Timæus : qui quidem duo maledicentissimi, mescio quo
modo, in illo umo laudando conscierumt. Namque ea,
quæ supra diximus, de eo prædicarumt, atque hoc am-
plius: quum Athenis, splendidissima civitate, matus esset,
ommes splendore ac dignitate superasse vitæ ; postquam
inde expulsus Thebas vemerit, adeo studiis eorum inser
visse, ut nemo eum labore corporisque viribus posset
æquiparare (omnes emim Bœotii magis firmitati corporis,
quam imgenii acumimi inserviunt) ; eumdem apud Lace-
dæmonios, quorum moribus summa virtus in patientia
ponebatur, sic duritiæ se dedisse, ut parsimoniâ victus
atque cultus ommes Lacedæmonios vinceret ; vemisse ad
Persas, apud quos summa laus esset fortiter vemari, luxu-
riose vivere : horum sic imitatum comsuetudinem, ut illi
ipsi eum im his maxime admirarentur. Quibus rebus effe-
cisse,ut,apud quoscumque esset, primceps pomeretur, habe-
returque carissimus. Sed satis de hoc ; reliquos ordiamur.
VIII. T H R. A S Y B U L U S.
AR.GUMENTUM.
CAP. I. Patriam a tyrannis liberat. II. Phylen confugit ;
Munychiam occupat ; parcit civibus. III. Pace facta
legem fert oblivionis. IV. Coronâ oleaginâ ornatur.
Ad Ciliciam a barbaris interficitur.
I. Thrasybülus, Lyci filius, Atheniensis. Si per
se virtus sime fortuma ponderanda sit, dubito, am humc
primum ommium pomam. Illud sime dubio : memimem
huic præfero fide, comstantia, magnitudime amimi, im
patriam amore. Nam quod multi voluerunt, pauci potue-
runt, ab umo tyrammo patriam liberare ; huic contigit, ut
a triginta oppressam tyramnis ex servitute im libertatem
VIII. 2. (Thrasybulus.) 37
vindicaret. Sed, mescio quo modo, quum eum memo
anteiret his virtutibus, multi mobilitate præcucurrerunt.
Primum Pelopommesio bello multa hic sime Alcibiade
gessit, ille mullam rem sime hoc : quæ ille universa matu-
rali quodam bomo fecit lucri. Sed illa tamem omnia
commumia imperatoribus cum militibus et fortuma, quod
in proelii cQngursu abit res a, consilio ad vires vimque
pugnantium] Itaque jure suo mommulla ab imperatore
miles, plurima vero fortuma vindicat, seque hic plus
valuisse, quam ducis prudentiam, vere potest prædicare.
Quare illud magnificentissimum factum proprium est
Thrasybuli. Nam quum triginta tyranni, præpo- 4o,
siti a Lacedæmomiis, servitute oppressas temeremt a. C. n.
Athemas, plurimos cives, quibus im bello parserat fortuma,
partim patria expulissent, partim interfecissent, plurimo-
rum boma publicata, inter se divisissent : mom solum
primceps, séd et [jam] solus initio bellum his indixit,]
Hic enim quum Phylem confugisset, quod est cas-
tellum im Attica mumitissimum, mom plus habuit secum,
quam triginta de suis. Hoc initium fuit salutis Actæo-
rum, hoc robur libertatis clarissimæ civitatis. Neque
vero hic mom comtemtus est primo a tyramnis, atque ejus
solitutio. Quæ quidem res et illis contemmentibus per-
niciei, et huic despecto saluti fuit. Hæc emim illos ad
persequendum segmes, hos autem, tempore ad compa-
ramdum dato, fecit robustiores. Quo magis præceptum
illud omnium im animis esse debet: “ Nihil in bello opor-
tere comtemmi;* mec sime causa dici: * Matrem timidiflere
non solere.* Neque tamem pro opimiome Thrasybuli
auctæ sunt opes. Nam jam tum illis temporibus fortius
boni pro libertate loquebantur, quam pugnabant. Hinc
in Piræéum tramsiit, Munychiamque mumivit. Hamc bis
tyranmi oppugnare sunt adorti, ab eaque turpiter repulsi
protinus im urbem, armis impedimentisque amissis, refu-
gerunt. Usus est Thrasybulus mom mimus prudentia,
quam fortitudime. Nam cedemtes violari vetuit ; cives
enim civibus parcere æquum censebat. Neque quisquam
est vulneratus, misi qui prior impugnare voluit. Nemi-
nem jacentem veste spoliavit ; mil attigit, misi arma,
quorum indigebat, et quæ ad victum pertimebant. Im
secundo prœlio cecidit Critias, dux tyrammorum, quum
quidem exadversus Thrasybulum fortissime pugnaret.\
38 IX. (Conon.)
III. Hoc dejecto Pausamias venit Atticis auxilio, rex
Lacedæmoniorum. Is inter Thrasybulum et eos, qui
urbem temebamt, fecit pacem his conditiomibus : me qui
præter triginta tyrammos et decem, qui postea prætores
creati superioris more crudelitatis eramt usi, afficeremtur
exsilio ; meve boma publicarentur ; reipublicæ procuratio
populo redderetur. Præclarum hoc quoque Thrasybuli,
4oa quod, recomciliata pace, quum plurimum im civi-
a C. m. tate posset, legem tulit: , ne quis ante actarum
rerum accusaretur, meve multaretur ; eamque illi obli-
viomis appellarumt. Neque vero hamc tantum feremdam
curavit, sed etiam, ut valeret, effecit. Nam quum qui-
dam ex his, qui simul cum eo in exsilio fuerant, cædem
facere eorum vellent, cum quibus in gratiam reditum erat
publice, prohibuit, et id, quod pollicitus erat, præstitit.
IV. Huic pro tantis meritis honoris corona a populo
data est, facta duabus virgulis oleagimis, quam , quod
amor civium, mom vis expresserat, mullam habuit invidiam,
magnaque fuit gloria. Bene ergo Pittäcus ille, qui
septem sapiemtum mumero est habitus, quum ei Mytile-
mæi multa milia jugerum agri mumera darent, Nolite,
oro vos, inquit, id mihi dare, quod multí ínvideant, plures
etiam concupiscant. Quare eae istis nolo amplius, quam
centum jugera, quæ et meam animi aequitatem et vestram
voluntatem ìndicent. Nam parva munera diutina, locu-
pletia mom propria esse comsueverumt. Illa igitur corona
comtemtus Thrasybulus neque amplius requisivit, meque
quemquam homore se antecessisse existimavit. Hic
sequenti tempore, quum prætor classem ad Ciliciam
appulisset, meque satis diligenter in castris ejus agerem-
ggo tur vigiliæ, a barbaris, ex oppido moctu eruptione
a. C. n. facta, in tabernaculo interfectus est.
IX. C O N O N.
ARGUMENTUM.
CAP. I. Peloponnesio bello bene meretur de repbl. II.
Eæsul Persis usuj est adversus Lacedæmonios. IIJ
• IX. 1, 2, 3. (Conom.) 39
Accusaturus Tissaphernen per litteras agit cum Arta-
acerace. IV. Vincit Lacedæmonios ad Cnidum. Graecia,
liberatur et Atheniensium muri reficiuntur. IV. A T'jrj-
bazo in vincula conjicitur. ]
I. Conom, Atheniemsis, Pelopommesio bello accessit
ad rempublicam, im eoque ejus opera magni fuit. Nam
et prætor pedestribus exercitibus præfuit, et præfectus
classis res magmas mari gessit. Quas ob causas præci-
puus ei homos habitus est. Namque omnibus umus
insulis præfuit : im qua potestate Pheras cepit, colomiam
Lacedæmoniorum. Fuit etiam extremo Pelopom- 4o;
mesio bello prætor, quum apud Aegos flumem copiæ a. C. n.
Athemiensium a Lysandro sunt devictæ. Sed tum
abfuit, eoque pejus res administrata est. Nam et prudens
rei militaris, et diligems erat imperii. Itaque memimi
erat his temporibus dubium, si affuisset, illam Athemiem-
ses calamitatem accepturos mom fuisse.
II. Rebus autem afflictis, quum patriam obsideri audis-
set, mom quæsivit, ubi ipse tuto viveret, sed unde 3oo
præsidio posset esse civibus suis. Itaque contulit a. C. n.
se ad Pharmabazum, satrapem Ioniæ et Lydiæ, eumdem-
que generum regis et propinquum : apud quem ut multum
gratiâ valeret, multo labore multisque effecit periculis.
Nam quum Lacedæmonii, Atheniensibus devictis, im :
societate mom mamerent, quam cum Artaxerxe fecerant,
Agesilaumque bellatum misissent in Asiam, maxime
impulsi a Tissapherne, qui ex intimis regis ab amicitia
ejus defecerat, et cum Lacedæmoniis coierat societatem : '
numc adversus Pharmabazus habitus est imperator ; re
quidem vera exercitui præfuit Conom, ejusque Ommia ar-
bitrio gesta sumt. Hic multum ducem summum, Agesi-
laum, impedivit, sæpeque ejus consiliis obstitit ; meque
vero mom fuit apertum, si ille mom fuisset, Agesilaum
Asiam Tauro tenus regi fuisse erepturum. Qui postea-
quam domum a suis civibus revocatus est, quod Bœotii
et Athenienses Lacedæmoniis bellum imdixerant, Comom
mihilo secius apùd præfectCis regis versabatur, hisque
ommibus maximo erat usui.
III. Defecerat a, rege Tissaphermes, meque id tam Ar-
taxerxi, quam ceteris, erat apertum. Multis emim mag-
misque meritis apud regem, etiam quum im officio mom
40 IX. 4. (Cono m.)
2
mameret, valebat. Neque id miramdum, si mom facile
ad credemdum adducebatur, remimiscems, cjus se opera
Cyrum fratrem superasse. Hujus accusandi gratia
Comom a Pharmabazo ad regem missus, posteaquam venit,
primum ex more Persarum ad chiliarchum, qui secum-
dum gradum imperii temebat, Tithraustem accessit, seque
ostemdit cum rege colloqui velle. Nemo enim sime hoc
admittitur. Huic ille, nulla, imquit, mora est ; sed tu
delibera, utrum colloqui /na/is, an per litteras agere, quæ
cogitas. Necesse est enim, sî în conspectum veneris, vene-
^ari te regem (quod τgogxvvsiv illi vocant). Hoc si tibi
grave est, per me nihilo secius editis mandatis conficies,
quod studes. Tum Comom, mihi vero, inquit, non est
grave, quemvis honorem habere regi ; sed vereor, ne civitati
^meae sit opprobrio, si, quum eae ea sim profectus, quæ cete-
^is gentibus imperare consueverit, potius barbarorum, quam
δllius, more fungar. Itaque, quæ [huic] volebat, scripta
tradidit. * .
IV. Quibus cognitis, rex tamtum auctoritate ejus
goa motus est, ut et Tissaphernem hostem judicave-
a. C. n. rit, et Lacedæmónios bello persequi jusserit, et
ei permiserit, quem vellet, eligere ad dispensandam pecu-
niam. Id arbitrium Comon megavit sui esse consilii, sed
ipsius, qui optime suos mosse deberet ; sed se suadere,
Pharmabazo id megotii daret. Himc magnis muneribus
domatus ad mare est missus, ut Cypriis, et Phœnicibus,
ceterisque maritimis civitatibus maves longas imperaret,
classemque, qua proxima æstate mare tueri posset, com-
pararet: dato adjutore Pharmabazo, sicut ipse voluerat.
Id ut Lacedæmoniis est mumtiatum, mom sine cura rem
administrarunt, quod majus bellum immimere arbitra-
bantur, quam si cum barbaro solum comtemderent. Nam
ducem fortem prudentemque regiis opibus præfuturum,
ac secum dimicaturum videbant, quem neque consilio,
meque copiis superare possent. Hac mente magnam
304 contrahunt classem; proficiscumtur Pisandro duce.
a. C. n. Hos Comom apud Cmidum adortus magno prœlio
fugat, multas maves capit, complures deprimit. Qua
victoria mom solum Athenæ, sed etiam cuncta Græ-
cia, quæ sub Lacedæmomiorum fuerat imperio, liberata
est. Comom cum parte mavium in patriam venit, muros
dirutos a Lysandro, utrosque et Piræéi et Athemarum,
X. (Dion.)
X.
i
reficiendos curat, pecumiæque quinquaginta ta- 303
lenta, quæ a Pharmabazo acceperat, civibus suis * 9. m
domat. -
V. Accidit huic, quod ceteris mortalibus, ut imconsi-
deratior im secunda, quam im adversa esset fortuma.
Nam classe Pelopommesiorum devicta quum ultum se
imjurias patriæ putaret, plura comcupivit, quam efficere
potuit. Neque tamen ea mom pia et probamda fuerumt,
quod potius patriæ opes augeri, quam regis maluit.
Nam quum magnam auctoritatem sibi pugma illa mavali,
quam apud Cnidum fecerat, comstituisset, mom solum
inter barbaros, sed etiam omnes Græciæ civitates, clam
dare operam coepit, ut Íomiam et Æoliam restitueret
Atheniensibus. Id quum mimus diligemter esset cela-
tum, Tiribazus, qui Sardibus præerat, Comönem evocavit,
simulams, ad regem eum se mittere velle magna 303
de re. Hujus mumtio parens quum vemisset, im a. C. n.
vincula conjectus est, in quibus aliquamdiu fuit. Inde
mommulli eum ad regem abductum, ibique perisse scrip-
tum reliquerunt. Comtra ea, Dimom historicus, cui mos
plurimum de Persicis rebus credimus, effugisse, scripsit:
illud addubitat, utrum Tiribazo sciente, am imprudente
sit factum. -
X. D I O N.
ARGUMENTUM.
CAP. I. Dionysiorum affinis et intimus. II. Platonis
discipulus et amicus. III. Simultas Dionis et Dionysii
junioris. IV. Corinthum devehitur. Ejus filius pes-
sime educatur. V. Syracusarum potitus tyrannum ad
pactiones adigit. VI. Heraclidis caede populum a se
alienat. VII. Tyrannus vulgo appellatur non ferendus.
VIII. Callicratis consilio decipitur. IX. Domi suæ
die festo occiditur. X. Tumultus post ejus mortem et
desiderium mortui. -
42 X. 1, 2. (Dion.)
I. Diom, Hipparimi filius, Syracusamus, mobili gemere
natus, utraque implicatus tyrammide Dionysiorum. Nam-
que ille superior Aristomächem, sororem Dionis, habuit
in matrimonio, ex qua duos filios, Hipparimum et Ny-
sæum, procreavit, totidemque filias, momime Sophrosymer,
et Aretem : quarum priorem Dionysio filio, eidem, cu:
regnum reliquit, nuptum dedit, alteram, Aretem, Diomi.
Diom autem præter mobilem propinquitatem gemerosam.
que majorum famam multa alia ab matura habuit bona,
in his ingemium docile, come, aptum ad artes optimas ;
magnam corporis dignitatem, quæ mom minimum com-
mendatur ; magnas præterea divitias a patre relictas,
quas, ipse tyrammi muneribus auxerat. Erat imtimus
Dionysio priori, meque minus propter mores, quam affi-
mitatem. Namque etsi Diomysii crudelitas ei displice-
bat, tamen salvum propter necessitudinem, magis etiam
suorum causa, studebat. Aderat im magnis rebus ejus-
que consilio multum movebatur tyrannus, misi qua in re
major ipsius cupiditas intercesserat. Legationes vero
[omnes], quæ essent illustriores, per Diomem admimis-
trabantur ; quas quidem.ille diligenter obeundo, fideliter
administrando, crudelissimum momen tyranni sua huma-
mitate tegebat. Hume a Dionysio missum Carthaginiem-
ses suspexerunt, ut meminem umquam Græca lingua
loquentem magis sint admirati.
II, Neque vero hæc Dionysium fugiebant. Nam,
quanto esse. sibi ornamento, sentiebat. Quo fiebat, ut
umi huic maxime imdulgeret, meque eum secus diligeret
ac filium : qui quidem, quum, Platonem Tarentum, ve-
misse, fama im Siciliam esset perlata, adolescenti megare
mom potuerit, quin eum arcesseret, quum Diom ejus au-
diemdi cupiditate flagraret. Dedit ergo huic vemiam
magnaque eum ambitione Syracusas perduxit. Quem
Diom adeo admiratus est atque adamavit, ut se totum ei
3g5 traderet. Neque vero minus Plato delectatus est
a. C. m. Diome. Itaque quum a Dionysio [tyranno] cru-
deliter violatus esset, quippe quem venumdari jussisset,
tamem eodem rediit, ejusdem Dionis precibus adductus.
Interim im morbum incidit Dionysius. Quo quum gravi
comflictaretur, quæsivit a medicis Diom, quemadmodum
se haberet ? simulque ab his petiit, si forte majori esset
periculo, ut sibi faterentur : mam velle se cum eo collo-
X. :3, 4. (Dion.) <43
qui de partiendo regno ; quod sororis suæ filios ex illo
matos partem regni putabat debere habere. Id medici
mom tacuerunt, et ad Diomysium filium sermonem retule-
rumt. Quo ille commotus, me agemdi esset Diomi potes-
tas, patri soporem medicos dare coëgit. Hoc æger
sumto, ut somno sopitus, diem obiit supremum.
III. Tale imitium fuit Diomis et Dionysii simultatis,
eaque multis rebus aucta est. Sed tamem primis tem-
poribus aliquamdiu simulata inter eos amicitia mansit.
Quumque Diom mom desisteret obsecrare Dionysium, ut
Platomem Athenis arcesseret, et ejus consiliis uteretur ;
ille, qui im aliqua re vellet patrem imitari, morem [ei]
gessit. Eodemque tempore Philistum, historicum, Syra-
cusas reduxit, hominem amicum mom magi$ tyrammo,
quam tyramnidi. Sed de hoc in eo [meo] libro plura
sunt exposita, qui de historicis [Græcis] conscriptus est.
Plato autem tantum apud Diomysium auctoritate potuit,
valuitque eloquentiâ, ut ei persuaserit tyrannidis facere
fimem, libertatemque reddere Syracusamis : a qua volun-
tate Philisti consilio deterritus aliquamto crudelior, esse
cœpit.
IV. Qui quidem quum a Diome se superari videret
imgenio, auctoritate, amore populi, verens, me, si 358
eum secum haberet, aliquam occasiomem sui * °* "*
daret opprimendi, mavem ei triremem dedit, qua Co-
rimthum deveheretur : ostemdens, se id utriusque facere
causa, me, quum inter se timeremt, alterüter alterum præ-
occuparet. Id quum factum multi indigmaremtur, mag-
mæque esset imvidiæ tyramno ; Dionysius omnia, quæ
moveri poteramt Dionis, in mavis imposuit, ad eumque
misit. Sic emim existimari volebat ; id se mom odio
hominis, sed suæ salutis fecisse causa. Postea vero
quam audivit, eum im Peloponmeso manum comparare
sibique bellum facere comari: Aretem, Diomis uxorem,
alii muptum dedit, filiumque ejus sic educari jussit, ut
indulgendo turpissimis imbueretur cupiditatibus. Nam
puero, priusquam pubes esset, scorta adducebantur ;
vino epulisque obruebatur, neque ullum tempus sobrio
relinquebatur. Is usque eo vitæ statum commutatum
ferre mom potuit, postquam im patriam rediit pater (mam-
que appositi erant custodes, qui eum a pristimo victu
]
2
3
3
44 - X. 5, 6. (Dion.)
deducerent), ut se de superiore parte ædium dejecerit,
atque ita interierit. Sed illuc revertor. •
V. Postquam Corinthum pervenit Diom et eodem per-
357 fugit Heraclides, ab eodem expulsus Dionysio,
* 9. ° qui præfectus fuerat equitum ; ommi ratiome bel-
lum comparare cœperunt. Sed mom multum proficie-
bant, quod multorum ammorum tyrammis magnarum
opum putabatur. Quam ob causam pauci ad societatem
periculi perducebantur. Sed Diom, fretus mom tam suis
copiis, quam odio tyrammi, maximo amimo duabus ome-
rariis mavibus quimquaginta ammorum imperium, mumi-
tum quingentis longis mavibus, decem equitum, centum
peditum milibus, profectus oppugmatum, (quod omnibus
gentibus admirabile est visum) adeo facile perculit, ut
post diem tertium, quam Siciliam attigerat, Syracusas
introierit. Ex quo intelligi potest, mullum esse impe-
rium tutum, misi benevolentia munitum. Eo tempore
aberat Diomysius, et in Italia, classem opperiebatur, ad-
versariorum ratus meminem sime magnis copiis ad se
venturum. Quæ res eum fefellit. Nam Diom iis ipsis,
qui sub adversarii fuerant potestate, regios spiritus
repressit, totiusque ejus partis Siciliæ potitus est, quæ
sub Dionysii potestate fuerat ; parique modo urbis Syra-
cusarum, præter arcem et insulam adjumctam oppido ;
eoque rem perduxit, ut talibus pactionibus pacem tyran-
mus facere vellet : Siciliam Diom obtimeret, Italiam
Dionysius, Syracusas Apollocrätes, cui maximam fidem
umi habebat [Diom].
VI. Has tam prosperas tamque imopimatas res comse-
cuta est subita commutatio, quod fortuma suâ mobilitate,
quem paullo ante extulerat, demergere est adorta. Pri-
mum im filio, de quo commemoravi supra, suam vim
exercuit. Nam quum uxorem reduxisset, quæ alii fuerat
tradita, filiumque vellet revocare ad virtutem a perdita
luxuria, accepit gravissimum parens vulnus morte filii.
Deimde orta dissensio est inter eum et Heraclidem, qui,
quod primcipatum nom concedebat, factionem compa-
ravit. Neque is mimus valebat apud optimates, quorum
comsensu præerat classi, quum Diom exercitum pedes-
trem temeret. Nom tulit hoc amimo æquo Diom, et ver-
sum illum Homeri retulit ex secumda, rhapsodia, im quo
X. 7, 8. (Dion.) ; 45
hæc sentemtia est: Non posse bene geri rempublicam
multorum imperiis. Quod dictum magma invidia com-
secuta est. Namque aperuisse videbatur, omnia im sua,
potestate esse velle. Hamc ille mom lemire obsequio, sed
acerbitate opprimere studuit, Heraclidemque, quum Sy-
racusas vemisset, imterficiemdum curavit. ..
VII. Quod factum ommibus maximum timorem im-
jecit. Nemo enim, illo interfecto, se tutum putabat.
Ille autem, adversario remoto, licentius eorum boma,
quos sciebat adversus se semsisse, militibus dispertivit.
Quibus divisis, quum quotidiami maximi fierent sumtus,
celeriter pecunia, deesse coepit, meque, quo mamus porri-
geret, suppetebat, misi im amicorum possessiones. Id
hujusmodi erat, ut, quum milites reconciliasset, amit-
teret optimates. Quarum rerum curâ framgebatur, et
imsuetus male audiemdi mon æquo amimo ferebat, de se
ab iis male existimari, quorum paullo ante im cœlum
fuerat elatus laudibus. Vulgus autem, offensa in eum
militum volumtate, liberius loquebatur, et tyrammum mon
feremdum dictitabat.
VIII. Hæc ille imtuens, quum, quemadmodum sedaret,
mesciret, et, quorsum evaderent, timeret ; Callicrâtes qui-
dam, civis Atheniensis, qui simul cum eo ex Pelopom-
meso in Siciliam vemerat, homo et callidus et ad fraudem
acutus, sime ulla religione ac fide, adit ad Diomem, et
ait: eum [im] magmo periculo esse propter offensionem
populi et odium militum, quod mullo modo evitare posset,
misi alicui suorum negotium daret, qui se simularet illi
inimicum. Quem si imvemisset idoneum, facile ommium
amimos cogmiturum, adversariosque sublaturum, quod
imimici ejus dissidenti suos sensus aperturi forent.
Tali consilio probato excepit has partes ipse Callicrâtes,
et se armat imprudentia Diomis. Ad eum interficiemdum
socios conquirit; adversarios ejus convenit, comjurationem
confirmat. Res, multis consciis quæ gereretur, elata
defertur ad Aristomächem, sororem Diomis, uxoremque
Aretem. Illæ timore perterritæ conveniunt, cujus de
periculo timebamt. At ille megat, a Callicrate fieri sibi
insidias, sed illa, quæ agerentur, fieri præcepto suo.
Mulieres mihilo secius Callicratem im ædem Proserpimæ
deducunt, ac jurare cogunt, mihil ab illo periculi fore
Dioni. Ille hac religione non modo mom deterritus, sed
4
5
46 X. 9, 10. (Dion)
3
&*
3
ad maturamdum concitatus est, verens me prius consilium
aperiretur suum, quam comata perfecisset.
IX. Hac mente proximo die festo, quum a conventu
355 se remotum Diom domi temeret, atque im conclavi
a. C. n. edito recubuisset, consciis loca mumitiora oppidi
tradit ; domum custodiis sepit ; a foribus qui mom disce-
dant, certos præficit ; navem triremem armatis ornat,
Philosträtoque, fratri suo, tradit, eamque in portu agitari
jubet, ut si exercere remiges vellet : cogitans, si forte
comsiliis obstitisset fortuma, ut haberet, quo fugeret ad
salutem. Suorum autem e numero Zacynthios adole-
scentes quosdam eligit, quum audacissimos, tum viribus
maximis ; hisque dat megotium, [ut] ad Diomem eamt
imermes, sic ut convemiendi ejus gratia viderentur venire.
Hi propter motitiam sunt imtromissi. At illi, ut limem
ejus intrarunt, foribus obseratis, in lecto cubantem in-
vadunt, colligant ; fit strepitus, adeo ut exaudiri posset
foris. Hic, sicut ante [sæpe] dictum est, quam invisa
sit singularis potentia, et miseranda vita, qui se metui,
quam amari malunt, cuivis facile intellectu fuit. Nam-
que illi ipsi cu$todes, si propitia fuissent voluntate, fori-
bus effractis servare eum potuissent, quod illi imermes,
telum foris flagitantes, vivum temebant. Cui quum
succurreret nemo, Lyco quidam Syracusamus per femes-
tras gladium dedit, quo Diom interfectus est.
X. Confecta cæde, quum multitudo visendi gratia
introisset, nonnulli ab imsciis pro moxiis conciduntur.
Nam celeri rumore dilato, Dioni vim allatam, multi
concurrerant, quibus tale facimus displicebat. Hi, falsa
suspicione ducti, immerentes ut sceleratos occidunt.
VHujus de morte ut palam factum est, mirabiliter vulgi
mutata est voluntas. Nam qui vivum eum tyrammum
vocitarant, iidem liberatorem patriæ tyramnique expul-
sorem prædicabamt. Sic subito misericordia odio suc-
cesserat, ut eum suo sanguine, si possent, ab Acheronte
cuperent redimere. Itaque im urbe, celeberrimo loco,
elatus publice, sepulcri monumento domatus est. Diem
obiit circiter ammos quinquaginta quimque matus, quartum
post ammum, quam ex Pelopomr eso in Siciliam redierat,
XI. 1, 2. (Iphicrates.), 47
xi. I P H I c R A T E s.
ARGUMENTUM.
CAP. 1. Disciplina militari mobilis. II. Ejus eœpedi-
tiones bellicæ : ad Corinthum, adversus Thracas, Ægyp-
tios, atque Arcadas. III. Iphicratis mores corporisque
forma. •»
<1. Iphicrätes, Atheniensis, non tam magnitudine 1
rerum gestarum, quam disciplima militari mobilitatus est.
Fuit enim talis dux, ut mom solum ætatis suæ cum primis
compararetur, sed me de majoribus matu quidem quis-
quam antepomeretur. Multum vero im bello est versa- 2
tus ; sæpe exercitibus præfuit ; musquam culpâ [suâ]
male rem gessit ; semper consilio vicit, tantumque eo
valuit, ut multâ in re militari partim mova attulerit,
partim meliora feeerit. Namque ille pedestria, arma 3
mutavit, quum ante illum imperatorem maximis clypeis,
brevibus hastis, minutis gladiis uteremtur. Ille e com- 4
trario peltam pro parma fecit (a quo postea argλτασταί
pedites appellamtur), ut ad motus concursusque essent
leviores. Hastæ modum duplicavit ; gladios longiores
fecit. Idem genus loricarum mutavit, et pro sertis atque
æmeis limteas dedit. Quo facto expeditiores milites red-
didit. Nam pomdere detracto, quod æque corpus tegeret
et leve esset, curavit.
II. Bellum cum Thracibus gessit ; Seuthem, socium 1 .
Atheniensium, in regnum restituit. Apud Co- 303
rimthum tanta severitate exercitui præfuit, ut a- C. n.
mullæ umquam im Græcia meque exercitatiores copiæ,
meque magis dicto audientes fuerimt duci; im eamque 2
consuetudinem adduxit, ut, quum prœlii signum ab im-
peratore esset datum, sime ducis opera sic ordinatæ com-
sisterent, ut singuli ab peritissimo imperatore dispositi
videremtur. Hoc exercitu moram Lacedæmoniorum 3
intercepit: quod maxime tota celebratum est Græcia
Iterum eodem bello omnes copias eorum fugavit. Quo
48 XH. (Chabras.)
fa^*^ magnam adeptus est gloriam. \ Quum Artaxerxes
379 Ægyptio regi bellum inferre voluit, Iphicrätem
* 9. m. ab Atheniensibus petivit ducem, quem præficeret
exercitui conductitio, cujus mumerus duodecim milium
4 fuit. Quem quidem sic omni disciplima militari erudivit,
ut, quemadmodum quondam Fabiami milites Romami
appellati sunt, sic Iphicratemses apud Græcos in summa
5 laude fuerimt. Idem, subsidio Lacedæmomiis profectus,
350 Epamimondæ retardavit impetus. Nam nisi ejus
* 9. "- adventus appropimquasset, non prius Thebami
Sparta abscessissent, quam captam imcemdio delessent.
1 III. Fuit autem et animo magno et corpore, impera-
toriaque forma, ut ipso adspectu cuivis imjiceret admira-
2 tionem sui ; sed in labore remissus mimis, parumque
patiens, ut Theopompus memoriæ prodidit ; bonus vero
civis, fideque magna. § Quod quum im aliis rebus
et declaravit, tum maximie im Amyntæ Macedömis
394 , liberis tuemdis. Namque Eurydice, mater Per-
s* fl. ¢ «- *-* «* • • & -
diccæ et Philippi, cum his duobus pueris, Amynta
mortuo, ad Iphicratem confugit, ejusque opibus defensa
3 est. Vixit ad semectutem, placatis im se suorum civium
' •- amimis. Causam capitis semel dixit, bello sociali,
„*' „ simul cum Timotheo, eoque judicio est absolutus.
4. Memesthea, filium reliquit, ex Thressa matum,
Coti regis filia. * Is quum interrogaretur, utrum pluris
patrem matremme faceret ; matrem, inquit. Id quum
omnibus mirum videretur: at, ille, merito, imquit, facio.
Nam pater, quantum in se fuit, Thracem me creavit, con-
tré ea mater Atheniensem.
XII. C H A B R I A S.
ARGUMENTUM.
CAP. I. Thebanis auæilio mittitur ; novo pugnando genere
magnam adipiscitur gloriam. II. Ejus bella in Ægypto ;
in Cypro ; classi Ægyptiæ præest. III. Domum revo-
catur ; propter invidiam plerumque abest. IV. In bello
sociali perit, desertus a suis. -
XH. 1, 2, 3. (Chabrias.) 49
s*
I. Chabrias, Atheniensis. Hic quoque in summis
habitus est ducibus, resque multas memoria dignas gessit.
Sed ex his elucet maxime inventum ejus im prœlio, 377
quod apud Thebas fecit, quum Boeotiis subsidio a. C. n.
venisset. Namque im eo viótória fidente summò duce
Agesilao, fugatis jam ab eo comductitiis catervis, reliquam
phalangem loco vetuit cedere, obnixoque genu scuto,
projecta hasta impetum excipere hostium docuit. Id
novum Agesilaus contuens progredi mom est ausus, suos-
que jam incurrentes tuba revocavit. Hoc usque eo tota
Græcia fama celebratum est, ut illo statu Chabrias sibi
statuam fieri voluerit, quæ publice ei ab Atheniemsibus
im foro constituta est. Ex quo factum est, ut postea
athlétæ ceterique artifices his statibus in statuis ponemdis
uterentur, quibus victoriam essent adepti.
II. Chabrias autem multa im Europa bella administra-
vit, quum dux Atheniensium esset ; im Ægypto 362
sua sponte gessit. Nam Nectamäbim adjutum a. 9. n.
profectus, regnum ei constituit. Fecit idem Cypri,
sed publice ab Atheniensibus Evagoræ adjutor tsst ,
datus ; meque prius inde discessit, quam totam a. C. n.]
insulam bello devinceret : qua ex re Athenienses mag-
mam gloriam sumt adepti. Imterim bellum inter agi
AEgyptios et Persas comflatum est. Athemienses a. C. m.
cum Artaxerxe societatem habebant ; Lacedæmonii cum
AEgyptiis, a quibus magnas prædas Agesilaus, rex
eorum, faciebat. Id intuens Chabrias, quum im re mulla.
Agesilao cederet, sua sponte eos adjutum profectus
AEgyptiæ classi præfuit, pedestribus copiis Agesilaus.
III. Tum præfecti regis Persiæ legatos miserunt
Athemas questum, quod Chabrias adversum regem
bellum gereret cum Ægyptiis. Athemienses diem certam
Chabriæ præstituerumt, quam ante domum misi redisset,
capitis se illum dammaturos demumtiarumt. Hoc ille
mumtio Athemas rediit, meque ibi diutius est moratus,
quam fuit mecesse. Nom emim libemter erat amte oculos
civium, suorum : quod et vivebat laute, et imdulgebat
sibi liberalius, quam ut invidiam vulgi posset effugere.
Est enim hoc commune vitium im magnis liberisque
civitatibus, ut invidia gloriæ comes sit, et libenter de his
detrahamt, quos emimere videamt altius ; meque animo
$equo pauperes aliemam opulemtium intuumtur fortunam
Í
5
50 XIII. 1. (Timotheus.)
l
Itaque Chabrias, quoad ei licebat,) plurimum aberat
Neque vero solusTille aberat Athenis libenter, sed
omnes fere primcipes fecerunt idem ; quod tantum se
ab imvidia putabant abfuturos, quantum a comspectu
suorum recessissent. Itaque • Comom plurimum Cypri
vixit, Iphicrates im Thracia, Timotheus Lesbi, Chares
im Sigëo. Dissimilis quidem Chares horum et factis et
moribus ; sed tamem Athemis et homoratus et potens.
IV. Chabrias autem periit bello sociali tali modo.
Oppugnabant Athenienses Chium. Erat im classe Cha-
brias privatus, sed ommes, qui im magistratu erant, auc-
toritate amteibat, eumque magis milites, quam qui præ-
erant, adspiciebamt. Quæ res ei maturavit mortem.
Nam dum primus studet portum intrare, gubermatorem-
que jubet eo dirigere mavem, ipse" sibi permiciei fuit.
Quum enim eo penetrasset, ceteræ mom sumt secutæ.
Quo facto circumfusus hostium concursu quum fortissime
pugnaret, mavis, rostro percussa, coepit sidere. Himc
refugere quum posset, si se im mare dejecisset, quod
suberat classis Atheniemsium, quæ exciperet matamtes ;
perire maluit, quam armis abjectis mavem relinquere,
in qua fuerat vectus. Id ceteri facere moluerumt, qui
858 mamdo in tutum pervemerumt. At ille, præstare
* ° * honestam mortem existimams turpi vitæ, com-
mimus pugnans telis hostium interfectus est
XIII. T IM o T H E U s.
- ARGUMENTÜM.
CAP. I. Ejus virtutes et facta bellica. II. Ipsi, Lace-
dæmoniorum victori, statua ponitur. III. Seneae Me-
nestheo prætori in consilium datur. A Charete, prætore,
accusatus damnatur. IV. Filius ejus Conom muros
£eficere cogitur. Singularis amicitiae testimonium Jaso-
^is erga Timotheum.
I. Timothëus, Cononis filius, Atheniensis, Hic a
XHI. 2, 3. (Timotheus.) 5i
patre acceptam gloriam multis auxit virtutibus. Fuit
emim disertus, impiger, laboriosus, rei militaris peritus,
meque mimus civitatis regemdæ. Multa hujus sumt præ-
clare facta, sed hæc maxime illustria. Olymthios et
Byzantios bello subegit. Samum cepit, in qua a,,
oppugnanda superiore bello Athenienses mille et 357
düceiita talentâ consumserant. Id ille sine ulla * * "
publica impensa populo restituit : adversus Cotum bella
gessit, ab eoque mille et ducenta talemta prædæ im publi-
cum retulit. Cyzicum obsidiome liberavit. Ariobarzämi
simul cum Agesilao auxilio profectus est : a quo quum
Laco pecuniam mumeratam accepisset, ille cives suos
agro atque urbibus augeri maluit, quam id sumere, cujus
partem domum suam ferre posset. Itaque accepit Cri-
thötem et Sestum.
III. Idem classi præfectus circumvehems Pelopomme-
sum, Laconicem populatus, classem eorum fugavit ;
Corcyram sub imperium Athemiemsium redegit ; 376
sociosque idem adjumxit Epirötas, Athamämas, * °* "'
Chaöhas, omnesque eas gentes, quæ mare illud adjäcent.
Quo facto Lacedæmonii de diutina comtemtiome destite-
rumt, et sua sponte Athemiensibus imperii mariti- 374
mi principatum concesserunt ; pacemque his legi- * °* "*
bus constituerunt, ut Athenienses mari duces essent.
Quæ victoria, tantæ fuit Atticis lætitiæ, ut tum primum
aræ Paci publice sint factæ, eique deæ pulvinar sit insti-
tutum. Cujus laudis ut memoria maneret, Timotheo
publice statuam in foro posuerumt. Qui homos huic umi
ante id tempus contigit: ut, quum patri populus statuam
posuisset, filio quoque daret. Sic juxta posita recems
filii veterem patris removavit memoriam.
III. Hic quum esset magmo matu, et magistratus
gerere desisset, bello Athenienses umdique premi sunt
coepti. Defecerat Samus ; descierat Hellespomtus ; Phi-
lippus jam tum valems Macédo multa moliebatur: cui
oppositus Chares quum esset, mom satis im eo præsidii
putabatur. Fit Memestheus prætor, filius Iphicrätis,
gemei Timothei, et, ut ad bellum proficiscatur, decermi-
tur. Huic im consilium damtur duo usu sapiem- 357
tiaque præstantes, quorum consilio uteretur, pater * °* "'
et socer : quod im his tanta erat auctoritas, ut magma
spes esset, per eos amissa posse recuperari. Hi quum ?
52 XIII. 4. (Timotheus.)
Samum profecti essent, et eodem Chares, adventu [illo-
rum] cognito, cum suis copiis proficisceretur, me quid
absente se gestum videretur: accidit, quum ad insulam
appropinquarent, ut magna tempestas oriretur ; quam
evitare duo veteres imperatores utile arbitrati suam clas-
sem suppresserunt. At ille, temeraria usus ratione, mom
cessit majorum matu auctoritati, et, ut si im sua mavi esset
fortuma, quo contemderat, pervemit, eodemque ut seque-
rentur, ad Timotheum et Iphicratem muntium misit.
Himc, male re gesta, compluribus amissis mavibus, eodem,
umde erat profectus, se recepit, litterasque Athemas pub-
lice misit, sibi proclive fuisse, Samum capere, misi a
Timotheo et Iphicrate desertus esset. [Ob eam rem im
crimem vocabamtur.] Populus acer, suspicax, mobilis,
adversarius, invidus etiam potentiæ, domum revocat ;
accusantur proditionis. Hoc judicio dammatur Timotheus,
lisque ejus æstimatur centum talemtis. Ille, odio imgra-
tæ civitatis coactus, Chalcidem se contulit.
IV. Hujus post mortem quum populum judicji sui
poeniteret, multæ movem partes detraxit, et decem talemta
Comomem, filium ejus, ad muri quamdam partem reficiem-
dam jussit dare. Im quo fortumæ varietas est amimad-
versa. Nam quos avus Comom muros ex hostium præda
patriæ restituerat, eosdem mepos, cum summa ignomimia
familiæ, ex sua re familiari reficere coactus est. Timo-
thei autem moderatæ sapiemtisque vitæ quum pleraque
possimus proferre testimonia, umo erimus comtemti, quod
ex eo facile comjici poterit, quam carus suis fuerit. Quum
Athemis adolescentulus causam diceret, mom solum amici
privatique hospites ad eum defendendum comvemerunt,
sed etiam im eis Jasom tyrannus, qui illo tempore fuit
omnium potentissimus. Hic quum in patria sine satelli-
tibus se tutum mom arbitraretur, Athemas sime ullo præ-
sidio venit, tantique hospitem fecit, ut mallet se capitis
periculum adire, quam Timotheo de fama dimicamti
deesse. Humc adversus tamem Timotheus postea populi
jussu bellum gessit, patriæque sanctiora jura, quam hos-
pitii, esse duxit. Hæc extrema fuit ætas imperatorum
Atheniensium, Iphicratis, Chabriæ, Timothei ; meque
post illorum obitum quisquam dux im illa urbe fuit
dignus memoria.
XIV 1. (Datames.) 53
X I V. D A T A M E S.
ARGUMENTUM.
CAP. I. Inter barbarorum duces facile clarissimus. In
bello, contra Cadusios gesto, magnâ fuit ejus opera, quo
factum est, ut paterna ei traderetur provincia.
Thyum dynasten Paphlagoniæ vivum capît. III. Cap-
tum ad regem adducit. Copiis ad bellum Aegyptium
præficitur. IV. Revocatur. Aspim Cappadocem capit.
V. Aulicorum insidias edoctus, Cappadociam et Paphla-
goniam sibi occupat. VI. In bello adversus Pisidas
amittit filium. Proditores et hostes Pisidas superat.
VII. A filio natu maximo proditur. VIII. Ducem
Persarum, contra se missum, vincit. IX. Regis insidias
callide vitat. X. Mithridatis dolo capitur. XI. In
colloquio per fraudem occiditur.
I. Vemio mumc ad fortissimum virum maximique
consilii ommium barbarorum, exceptis duobus Carthagi-
1
miemsibus, Hamilcăre et Hammibäle. De quo hoc plura, 2
referemus, quod et obscuriora sumt ejus gesta, pleraque,
et ea, quæ prospere ei cesserunt, mom magnitudime copia-
rum, sed consilii, quo tum ommes superabat, acciderumt ;
quorum misi ratio explicata fuerit, res apparere mom
poterumt. Datâmes, patre Camissäre, matiome Care,
matre Scythissa matus, primum militum mumero fuit
apud Artaxerxem eorum, qui regiam tuebantur. Pater
ejus Camissäres, quod et manu fortis, et bello stremuus,
et regi multis locis fidelis erat repertus, habuit provin-
ciam partem Ciliciæ juxta Cappadociam, quam incolumt
Leucosyri. Datâmes, militare munus fumgens, primum,
qualis esset, apparuit im bello, quod rex adversus Cadu-
sios gessit. Namque hic, multis milibus regiorum
interfectis, magni fuit ejus opera: Quo factum est, ut,
quum im eo bello cecidisset Camissares, paterna ei tra-
deretur provincia.
3
54 XIV. 2, 3. (Datames.)
II. Pari se virtute postea præbuit, quum Autophra-
dâtes jussu regis bello persequeretur eos, qui defecerant.
Namque hujus opera hostes, quum castra jam imtrassent,
profligati sunt, exercitusque reliquus comservatus [regis]
est ; qua ex re majoribus rebus præesse cœpit. Erat eo
tempore Thyus dymastes Paphlagoniæ, antiquo gemere
matus a Pylæmême illo, quem Homerus Troico bello a
Patroclo imterfectum ait. Is regi dicto audiems mom erat.
Quam ob causam bello eum persequi constituit, eique rei
præfecit Datamem, propinquum Paphlagömis ; namque
ex fratre et sorore erant mati. Quam ob causam Da-
tames primum experiri voluit, ut sime armis propimquum
ad officium reduceret. Ad quem quum vemisset sime
præsidio, quod ab amico mullas vereretur imsidias, pæne
imteriit. Nam Thyus a clam imterficere voluit. Erat
Imater CUm j,'j*imita Paphlagömis. Ea, quid
ageretur, resciit, ju$; fnomuit. Ille fuga periculum
evitavit, bellumque indixjt Thyo. In quo quum ab
Ariobarzäne, præfecto Lyìjge et Ioniæ totiusque Phrygiæ,
desertus esset, mihilo SGgnius perseveravit, vivumque
Thyum cepit cum uxore ér liberis. -
III. Cujus facti me prius $ima ad regem, quam ipse,
perveniret, dedit operam. Itaque ommibus insciis, eo,
ubi erat rex, venit, posterQquie , die Thyum, hominem
maximi corporis terribilique facie, quod et miger, et
capillo longo barbaque erat promtissa; optima veste texit,
quam satrapæ regii gerere cohsueverant ; Ormaiitque
etiam torque, et armillis aureis, ceteroque regio cultu,
ipse agresti duplici amiculo circumdátus hirtaque tumica,
gerems im capite galeam vematoriam, dextra manu clavam,
sinistra copulam, qua vimctum ante se Thyum agebat, ut
si feram bestiam captam duceret. Quem quum omnes
prospicerent propter movitatem ornatús igmotamque for-
mam, ob eamque rem, magnus esset concursus : fuit mom
memo, qui agnosceret Thyum, regique nuntiaret. Primo
mom accredidit. Itaque Pharnabazum misit exploratum.
A quo ut rem gestam comperit, statim admitti jussit,
magmopere delectatus quum facto, tum ornatu, impri-
mis, quod mobilis rex im potestatem inopimanti venerat.
Itaque magnifice Datamem domatum ad exercitum misit,
qui tum contrahebatur duce Pharmabazo et Tithrauste ad
bellum AEgyptium, parique eum, atque illos, imperio esse

XiV. 4, 5. (Dalames.) 55
jussit. Postea vero quam Pharmabazum rex revocavit,
illi summa imperii tradita est. •
IV. Hic quum maximo studio compararet exercitum,
Ægyptumque proficisci pararet, subito a rege litteræ
sumv ei missæ, ut Aspim aggrederetur, qui Cataomiam
tenebat : quæ gems jacet supra Ciliciam, comfimis Cap-
padociæ. Namque Aspis, saltuosam regionem castellis-
que munitam imcolens, mom solum imperio regis mom
parebat, sed etiam fimitimas regiones vexabat, et, quæ
regi portarentur, abripiebat. Datames, etsi longe aberat
ab his regiomibus, et a majore re abstrahebatur, tamem
regis volumtati morem geremdum putavit. Itaque cum
paucis, sed viris fortibus mavem conscendit, existimans,
id quod accidit, facilius se imprudentem parva manu
oppressurum, quam paratum quamvis magno exercitu.
Hac delatus im Ciliciam, egressus imde, dies moctesque
iter faciems, Taurum transiit, eoque, quo studuerat, vemit;
quærit, quibus locis sit Aspis ; cognoscit, haud longe
abesse, profectumque eum vematum. Quem dum specu-
latur, adventus ejus causa cognoscitur. Pisidas cum iis,
quos secum habebat, ad resistemdum Aspis comparat.
Id Datames ubi audivit, arma sumit, §uosque sequi jubet;
ipse equo concitato ad hostem vehitur. Quem procul
Aspis comspiciems ad se, ferentem pertimescit, atque a.
comatu resistemdi deterritus sese dedit. Humc Datames
vinctum ad regem ducemdum tradit Mithridäti.
V. Hæc d m geruntur, Artaxerxes, remimiscems, a
quamto bello ad quam parvam rem primcipem ducum
misisset, se ipse reprehendit, et mumtium ad exercitum
Acem misit, quod momdum Datamem profectum putabat,
qui diceret, me ab exercitu discederet. Hic, priusquam
perveniret, quo erat profectus, in itinere convenit, qui
Aspim ducebant. Qua celeritate quum magmam bene-
volentiam regis Datames comsecutus esset, mom mimorem
imvidiam aulicorum excepit, qui illam umum pluris, quam
se ommes, fieri videbamt. Quo facto cuncti ad eum
opprimemdum consenserunt. Hæc Pamdates, gazæ cus-
tos regiæ, amicus Datami, perscripta ei mittit, im quibus
docet: eum magno fore periculo, si quid illo imperamte
im Ægypto adversi accidisset. Namque eam esse com-
suetudinem regiam, ut casus adversos hominibus tri-
buant, secumdos fortumæ suæ : quo fieri, ut facile impel-
3
56 XIV. 6. (Datames.)
lamtur ad eorum permiciem, quorum ductu res male
gestæ mumtiemtur. Illum hoc majore fore in discrimime,
quod, quibus rex maxime obediat, eos habeat imimicissi-
5 mos. Talibus ille litteris cogmitis, quum jam ad exer-
citum Acem vemisset, quod mom ignorabat, ea vere scripta,
desciscere a rege constituit. Neque tamen quicquam
6 fecit, quod fide sua esset imdigmum. Nam Mamdröclem
Magnétem exercitui præfecit ; ipse cum suis im Cappa-
dociam discedit, comjumctamque huic Paphlagoniam occu-
362 pat, celams, qua volumtate esset im regem ; clam
a. C. m. cum Ariobarzane facit amicitiam, manum compa-
rat, urbes munitas suis tuendas tradit.
1 VI. Sed hæc propter hiemale tempus mimus prospere
procedebant. Audit, Pisidas quasdam copias adversus
se parare. Filium eo Arsidéum cum exercitu mittit.
Cadit im prœlio adolescens. Proficiscitur eo pater mon
ita cum magna mamu, celans, quamtum vulmus accepisset,
quod prius ad hostem pervenire cupiebat, quam de re
male gesta, fama ad suos perveniret, me cognita filii
2 morte amimi debilitarentur militum. Quo comtemderat,
pervemit, hisque locis castra pomit, ut neque circumiri
multitudine adversariorum posset, meque im^ediri, quo
3 minus ad dimicamdum mamum haberet expeditam. Erat
cum eo Mithrobarzämes, socer ejus, præfectus equitum.
Is, desperatis gemeri rebus, ad hostes transfugit. Id
Datames ut audivit, semsit, si im turbam exisset, ab
homime tam mecessario se relictum, futurum ut ceteri
4 comsilium sequerentur. Im vulgus edit: suo jussu Mithro-
barzämem profectum pro perfuga, quo facilius receptus
interficeret hostes. Quare relimqui eum mom pax esse,
et omnes confestim sequi. Quod si animo stremuo fecis-
sent, futurum, ut adversarii mom possent resistere, quum
5 et intra vallum et foris cæderentur. Hac re probata,
exercitum educit, Mithrobarzamem persequitur : qui
tantum quod ad hostes,.pervenerat, Datames sigma inferri
6 jubet. Pisidæ, nova re commoti, im opimiomem addu-
cumtur, perfugas mala fide compositoque fecisse, ut
recepti essent majori calamitati. Primum eos adorium-
tur. Ilii quum, quid ageretur, aut quare fieret, ignora-
rent, coacti sunt, cum eis pugnare, ad quos transierant,
ab hisque stare, quos reliquerant. Quibus quum meutri
7 parcerent, celeriter sumt comcisi. Reliquos Pisidas resis-
XIV. 7, 8. (Datames.) 57
tentes Datames imvadit: primo impetu pellit, fugientes
persequitur, multos interficit, castra hostium capit.
Tali comsilio umo tempore et proditores perculit, et
hostes profligavit, et, quod ad permiciem fuerat cogita-
tum, id ad salutem comvertit. Quo meque acutius ullius
imperatoris cogitatum, meque celerius factum usquam
legimus. -
VII. Ab hoc tamem viro Scismas, maximo matu filius,
desciit, ad regemque tramsiit, et de defectione patris detu-
lit. Quo mumtio Artaxerxes commotus, quod Intelligebat
sibi cum viro forti ac stremuo megotium esse, qui, quum
cogitasset, facere auderet, et prius cogitare, quam comari,
comsuesset, Autophradátem im Cappadociam mittit. Hic
me imtrare posset, saltum, im quo Ciliciæ portæ sunt
sitæ, Datames præoccupare studuit. Sed tam subito
copias contrahere mom potuit. A qua re depulsus, cum
ea mamu, quam comtraxerat, locum delegit talem, ut
meque circumiretur ab hostibus, meque præteriret adver-
sarius, quim amcipitibus Iocis premeretur, et, si dimicare
[cum] eo vellet, mom multum obesse multitudo hostium
suæ paucitati posset.
VIII. Hæc etsi Autophradates videbat, tamem statuit
congredi, quam cum tantis copiis refugere, aut tam diu
umo loco sedere. Habebat barbarorum `equitum viginti,
peditum centum milia, quos illi Cardäcas appellant, ejus-
demque gemeris tria funditorum : præterea Cappadócum
octo, Armeniorum decem, Paphlagömum quimque, Phry-
gum decem, Lydorum quimque, Aspendiorum et Pisida-
rum circiter tria, Cilicum duo, Captiamorum totidem,
ex Græcia comductorum tria [milia] : levis armaturæ
maximum mumerum. Has adversus copias spes ommis
comsistebat Datami im se locique matura : mamque hujus
partem mom habebat vicesimam militum. Quibus fretus
comflixit, adversariorumque multa milia comcidit, quum
de ipsius exercitu mom amplius hominum mille cecidisset.
Quam ob causam postero die tropæum posuit, quo loco
pridie pugmatum erat. Hime quum castra movisset,
semperque inferior copiis, superior omnibus prœliis disce-
deret, quod mumquam mamum comsereret, misi quum
adversarios Jocorum mmgustiis clausisset (quod perito
regionum callideque cogitanti sæpe accidebat) : Auto-
phradates, quum bellum duci majore regis calamitate,
2
58 XIV. 9, 10. (Datames.)
2
quam adversariorum, videret, ad pacem amicitlamque
hortatus est, ut cum rege in gratiam rediret. Quam
ille etsi fidam mom fore putabat, tamem conditiomem
accepit seque ad Artaxerxem legatos missurum dixit.
Sic beilum, quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,
sedatum. Autophradates in Phrygiam se recepit.
IX. At rex, quod implacabile odium im Datamem sus-
ceperat, postquam bello eum opprimi mom posse animad-
vertit, insidiis interficere studuit ; quas ille plerasque
vitavit. Sicut, quum mumtiatum esset, quosdam sibi
insidiari, qui in amicorum eramt numero (de quibus,
quod imimici detulerant, meque credendum, meque megli-
gendum putavit), experiri voluit, verum falsumme esset
relatum. Itaque eo profectus est, quo itinere futuras
imsidias dixeramt. Sed elegit corpore et statura similli-
mum sui, eique vestitum suum dedit, atque eo loco ire,
quo ipse consueverat, jussit. Ipse autem Ormatu vestitu-
que militari inter corporis custodes iter facere cœpit.
At insidiatores, postquam im eum locum agmem pervenit,
decepti ordine atque vestitu, in eum faciumt impetum,
qui suppositus erat. Prædixerat autem his Datames,
cum quibus iter faciebat, ut parati essemt facere, quod
ipsum vidissent. Ipse, ut comcurrentes insidiatores
amimadvertit, tela im eos comjecit. Hoc idem quum
universi fecissemt, priusquam pervemiremt ad eum, quem
aggredi volebant, confixi ceciderunt.
X. Hic tamem tam callidus vir extremo tempore captus
est Mithridatis, Ariobarzamis filii, dolo. Namque is
pollicitus est regi, se eum interfecturum, si ei rex per-
mitteret, ut, quodcumque vellet, liceret impume facere,
fidemque de ea re, more Persarum, dextra dedisset.
Hanc ut accepit a rege missam, copias parat, et absems
amicitiam cum Datame facit, regis provincias vexat,
castella expugnat, magmas prædas capit, quarum partem
suis dispertit, partem ad Datamem mittit ; pari modo
complura castella ei tradit. Hæc diu faciendo persuasit
homimi, se imfimitum adversus regem suscepisse bellum,
quum mihilo magis, me quam suspicionem illi præberet
imsidiarum, meque colloquium ejus petivit, meque im com-
spectum venire studuit. Sic absens amicitiam gerebat,
ut mom beneficiis mutuis, sed odio commumi, quod erga
regem susceperant, contineri viderentur.
XV. , (Epaminondas) 59
XI. Id quum satis se confirmasse arbitratus est, cer-
tiorem facit Datamem, tempus esse, majores exercitus
parari, et bellum cum ipso rege suscipi ; deque ea re,
si ei videretur, quo loco vellet, in colloquium veniret.
Probata re, colloquendi tempus sumitur, locusque, quo
conveniretur. Huc Mithridates cum uno, cui maximam
habebat fidem, ante aliquot dies venit, compluribusque
locis separatim gladios obruit, eaque loca diligenter
notat. Ipso autem colloquendi die utrique, locum qui
explorarent, atque ipsos scrutarentur, mittunt. Deinde
ipsi sunt congressi. Hic quum aliquamdiu in colloquio
fuissent, et diversi discessissent, jamque procul Datames
abesset : Mithridates, priusquam ad suos perveniret, ne
quam suspicionem pareret, in eumdem locum revertitur,
atque ibi, ubi telum erat impositum, resedit, ut si [a]
lassitudine cuperet acquieseere, Datamemque revocavit,
simulans, se quiddam in colloquio esse oblitum. Inte-
rim telum, quod latebat, protulit nudatumque vagina
veste texit, ac Datami venienti ait, digredientem se ani-
madvertisse, locum quemdam, qui erat in conspectu, ad
castra ponenda esse idoneum. Quem quum digito de-
monstraret, et ille conspiceret, aversum ferro transfixit,
priusque, quam quisquam posset succurrere, interfecit.
Ita ille vir, qui multos consilio, neminem perfidia cepe-
rat, simulata captus est amicitia.
X V. E P A M IN O N D A S.
I. Epaminondas, Polymni filius, Thebanus. De hoc
priusquam scribamus, hæc præcipienda videntur lecto-
ribus, ne alienos mores ad suos referant ; neve ea, quæ
ipsis leviora sunt, pari modo apud ceteros fuisse arbi-
trentur. Scimus enim, musicen nostris moribus abesse
a principis persona ; saltare vero etiam in vitiis poni:
quæ omnia apud Græcos et grata, et laude digna du-
cuntur. Quum autem exprimere imaginem consuetu-
dinis atque vitæ velimus Epaminondae, nihil videmur
4
]
60 XV. 2, 3. (Epaminondas.)
de!)ere prætermittere, quod pertineat ad eam deelaram-
dam. Quare dicemus primum de genere ejus ; deinde,
quibus disciplinis et a quibus sit eruditus ; tum de mo-
» ribus ingeniique facultatibus, et si qua alia digna me-
moria erunt ; postremo de rebus gestis, quæ a plurimis
omnium anteponuntur virtutibus.
II. Natus igitur patre, quo diximus, honesto genere,
pauper jam a majoribus relictus ; eruditus autem sic,
ut nemo Thebanus magis. Nam et citharizare, et can-
tare ad chordarum sonum doctus est a Dionysio, qui
non minore fuit in musicis gloria, quam Damon aut
Lamprus, quorum pervulgata sunt nomina ; [carmina]
cantare tibiis ab Olympiodoro, saltare a Calliphrone.
At philosophiæ præceptorem habuit Lysim, Tarentinum,
Pythagoreum: cui quidem sic fuit deditus, ut adoles-
cens tristem et severum senem omnibus æqualibus suis
in familiaritate anteposuerit, neque prius eum a se di-
miserit, quam in doctrinis tanto antecesserit condiscipulos,
ut facile intelligi posset, pari modo superaturum Omnes
in ceteris artibus. Atque hæc ad nostram consuetudi-
nem sunt levia, et potius contemnenda ; at in Græcia
utique olim magnæ laudi erant. Postquam ephebus
factus est, et palæstræ dare operam coepit, non tam
magnitudini virium servivit, quam velocitati. Illam
enim ad athletarum usum, hanc ad belli existimabat
utilitatem pertinere. Itaque exercebatur plurimum
currendo et luctando ad eum finem, quoad stans com-
plecti posset atque contendere. In armis plurimum
studii consumebat.
III. Ad hanc corporis firmitatem plurima etiam animi
bona accesserant. Erat enim modestus, prudens, gravis,
temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis manu,
animo maximo ; adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne joco qui-
dem mentiretur. Idem continens, clemens, patiensque
admirandum in modum, non solum populi, sed etiam
amicorum ferens injurias ; inprimisque commissa ce-
lans: quod interdum non minus prodest, quam diserte
dicere ; studiosus audiendi: ex hoc enim facillime disci
arbitrabatur. Itaque quum in circulum venisset, in
quo aut de republica disputaretur, aut de philosophia
sermo haberetur, numquam inde prius discessit, quam
ad finem sermo esset adductus. Paupertatem adeo fa-
XV. 4. (Epaminondas) 61
cile perpessus est, ut de republica nihil præter gloriam
ceperit. Amicorum in se tuendo caruit facultatibus ;
fide ad alios sublevandos sæpe sic usus est, ut possit ju-
dicari, omnia ei cum amicis fuisse communia. Nam
quum aut civium suorum aliquis ab hostibus esset cap-
tus, aut virgo amici nubilis propter paupertatem collo-
cari non posset, amicorum concilium habebat, et, quan-
tum quisque daret, pro facultatibus imperabat. Eam-
que summam quum fecerat, priusquam acciperet pecu-
niam, adducebat eum, qui quærebat, ad eos, qui con-
ferebant, eique ut ipsi numerarent, faciebat ; ut ille,
ad quem ea res perveniebat, sciret, quantum cuique
deberet.
IV. Tentata autem ejus est abstinentia a Diomedonte,
Cyziceno. Namque is rogatu Artaxerxis Epaminondam
pecunia corrumpendum susceperat. Hic magno cum
pondere auri Thebas venit, et Micythum adolescentulum
quinque talentis ad suam perduxit voluntatem, quem
tum Epaminondas plurimum diligebat. Micythus Epa-
minondam convenit, et causam adventus Diomedontis
ostendit. At ille Diomedonte coram, Nihil, inquit, opus
pecunia est. Nam si ea reæ vult, quæ Thebanis sint
utilia, gratis facere sum paratus ; sin autem contraria,
non habet auri atque argenti satis. Namque orbis terra-
7'um divitias accipere nolo pro patriæ caritate. Tu quod
fme incognitum tentasti, tuique similem eæistimasti, non
'miror, tibíque ignosco ; sed egredere propere, ne alios
corrumpas, quum me mon potueris. Tu, Micythe, argen-
tum huic redde ; nisi id confestim facis, ego te tradam
magistratui. Hunc Diomedon quum rogaret, ut tuto
exire, suaque, quæ attulisset, liceret efferre: Istud qui-
dem, inquit, faciam ; neque tua causa, sed mea, ne, si ti-
bi sit pecunia adempta, aliquis dicat, id ad me ereptum per-
venisse, quod delatum accipere noluissem. A quo quum
quæsisset, quo se deduci vellet, et ille, Athenas, dixisset ;
præsidium dedit, ut [eo] tuto perveniret. Neque vero
id satis habuit, sed etiam, ut inviolatus in navem ascen-
deret, per Chabriam Atheniensem, de quo supra men-
tionem fecimus, effecit. Abstinentiæ erit hoc satis tes-
" timonium. Plurima quidem proferre possemus ; sed
modus adhibendus est, quoniam uno hoc volumine vitam
excellentium virorum complurium concludere constitui-
6
62 XV. 5, 6. (Epaminondas.)
mus, quorum separatim multis millibus versuum com-
plures scriptores ante mos explicarunt.
V. Fuit etiam disertus, ut nemò ei Thebanus par es-
set eloquentia : neque minus concinnus in brevitate re-
spondendi, quam in perpetua oratione ornatus. Habuit
obtrectatorem Meneclidam quemdam, indidem Thebis,
et adversarium in administranda republica, satis exerci-
tatum in dicendo, ut Thebamum scilicet. Namque illi
genti plus inest virium, quam ingenii. Is, quod in re
militari florere Epaminondam videbat, hortari solebat
Thebanos, ut pacem bello anteferrent, ne illius impera-
toris opera desideraretur. . . Huic ille, Fallis, inquit, ver-
bo cives tuos, quod hos a bello avocas : otii enim momine
servitutem concifias. Nam paritur paae bel/o. Itaque
qui ea diutina volunt frui, bello eæercitati esse debent.
Quare si principes Græciæ esse vultis, castris est vobis
utendum, non palæstra. Idem ille Meneclidas quum
huic objiceret, quod liberos non haberet, neque uxorem
duxisset ; maximeque insolentiam, quod sibi Agamem-
monis belli gloriam videretur consecutus: at, ille, desine,
inquit, Memeclida, de uæore mihi ea probrare : nam nullius
in ista re minus uti consilio volo. (Habebat enim Mene-
clidas suspicionem adulterii.) Quod autem me Ag-
amemnonem æmulari putas, fa//eris. Namque ille cum
Vniversa Græcía víæ decem annis unam cepit urbem ; ego
contra eae una urbe nostra dieque uno totam Graeciam,
Lacedæmoniis fugatis, liberavi.
VI. Idem quum in conventum venisset Arcadum,
petens, ut societatem cum Thebanis et Argivis facerent:
contraque Callistratus, Atheniensium legatus, qui elo-
quentia omnes eo præstabat tempore, postularet, ut po-
tius amicitiam sequerentur Atticorum, et in oratione
sua multa invectus esset in Thebanos et Argivos, in
eisque hoc posuisset ; animadvertere debere Arcadas,
quales utraque civitas cives procreasset, ex quibus de
ceteris possent judicare : Argivos enim fuisse Orestem
et Alemæonem, matricidas ; Thebis OEdipum matum,
qui, quum patrem suum interfecisset, ex matre liberos
procreasset: hic in respondendo Epaminondas, quum de
ceteris perorasset, postquam ad illa duo opprobria per-
venit, admirari se dixit stultitiam rhetoris Attici, qui
non animadverterit, innocentes illos natos ; domi scelere
XV. 7, 8. (Epaminondas.) 63
admisso, quum patria essent expulsi, receptos esse ab
Atheniensibus. Sed maxime ejus eloquentia eluxit
Spartæ, legati ante pugnam Leuctricam. Quo quum
omnium sociorum convenissent legati, coram frequentis-
simo legationum conventu sie Lacedæmoniorum tyran-
nidem coarguit, ut non minus illa oratione opes eorum
concusserit, quam Leuctrica pugna. Tum enim per-
fecit, quod post apparuit, ut auxilio sociorum Lacedæ-
monii privarentur. -
VII. Fuisse patientem suorumque injurias ferentem
civium, quod se patriæ irasci nefas esse duceret, hæc
sunt testimonia. Quum eum propter invidiam cives
præficere exercitui noluissent, duxque esset delectus
belli imperitus, cujus errore eo esset deducta res [mili-
tum], ut omnes de salute pertimescerent, quod locorum
angustiis clausi ab hostibus obsidebantur: desiderari
cœpta est Epaminondæ diligentia. Erat enim ibi pri-
vatus numero militis. A quo quum peterent opem,
nullam adhibuit memoriam contumeliæ, et exercitum,
obsidione liberatum, domum reduxit incolumem. Neque
vero hoc semel fecit, sed sæpius. Maxime autem fuit
illustre, quum in Peloponnesum exercitum duxisset ad-
versus Lacedæmonios, haberetque collegas duos, quorum
alter erat Pelopidas, vir fortis ac strenuus. Hic quum
criminibus adversariorum omnes in invidiam venissent,
ob eamque rem imperium his esset abrogatum, atque in
eorum locum alii prætores successissent : Epaminondas
populiscito non paruit, idemque ut facerent, persuasit
collegis, et bellum, quod susceperat, gessit. Namque
animadvertebat, nisi id fecisset, totum exercitum propter
prætorum imprudentiam inscientiamque belli periturum.
Lex erat Thebis, quæ morte multabat, si quis imperium
diutius retinuisset, quam lege præfinitum foret. Hanc
Epaminondas quum reipublicæ conservandæ causa latam
videret, ad perniciem civitatis conferre noluit ; et qua-
tuor mensibus diutius, quam populus jusserat, gessit
imperium.
VIII. Postquam domum reditum est, collegæ ejus
hoc crimine accusabantur. Quibus ille permisit, ut
omnem causam in se transferrent, suaque opera factnm
contenderent, ut legi non obedirent. Qua defensione ,
illis periculo liberatis, nemo Epaminondam responsurum
2
64 XV. 9, 10. (Epaminondas.)
2
putabat, quod, quid diceret, non haberet. At ille in ju-
dicium venit : nihil eorum negavit, quæ adversarii cri-
mini dabant, omniaque, quæ collegæ dixerant, confessus
est, neque recusavit, quo minus legis pœnam subiret ;
sed unum ab iis petivit, ut in periculo suo inscriberent :
Epaminondas a Thebanis morte multatus est, quod eos
coëgit apud Leuctra superare Lacedæmonios, quos ante se
ámperatorem nemo Baeotiorum ausus fuit adspicere in
acie ; quodque uno prælio non solum Thebas ab interitu
retraacit, sed etiam universam, Græciam in libertatem vin-
dicavit, eoque res utrorumque perduæit, ut Thebani Spar-
tam oppugnarent, Lacedæmonii satis haberent, sì salvi
esse possent ; meque prius be//are destitit, quam Messema
constituta urbem eorum obsidione clausit. Hæc quum
dixisset, risus omnium cum hilaritate coortus est: neque
quisquam judex ausus est de eo ferre suffragium. Sic
a judicio capitis maxima discessit gloria.
IX. Hic extremo tempore imperator apud Mantineam
quum acie instructa audacius instaret hostes, cognitus a
Lacedæmoniis, quod in unius pernicie ejus patriæ sitam
putabant salutem, universi in unum impetum fecerunt,
neque prius abscesserunt, quam magna cæde [facta
multisque occisis] fortissime ipsum Epaminondam pug-
nantem, sparo eminus percussum, concidere viderunt.
Hujus casu aliquantum retardati sunt Boeotii ; neque
tamen prius pugna excesserunt, quam repugnantes pro-
fligarunt. At Epaminondas quum animadverteret, mor-
tiferum se vulnus accepisse, simulque, si ferrum, quod
ex hastili in corpore remanserat, extraxisset, animam
statim emissurum : usque eo retinuit, quoad renuntiatum
est, vicisse Boeotios. Id postquam audivit ; satis, inquit,
viaei : invictus enim morìor. Tum ferro extracto con-
festim exanimatus est. .
X. Hic uxorem numquam duxit. In quo quum re-
prehenderetur, quod liberos non relinqueret, a Pelopida,
qui filium habebat infamem, maleque eum in eo patriæ
consulere diceret: vide, inquit, ne tu pejus consulas, quo
talem eæ te matum relicturus sis. Neque vero stirps mih?
potest deesse. Namque eæ me natam relinquo pugnam
Leuctricam, quæ non modo mihi superstes, sed etiam im-
mortalis sit necesse est. Quo tempore, duce Pelopida,
exsules Thebas occuparunt, et præsidium Lacedæmoni-
XVI. 1. (Pelop^das.) 65
orum ex arce expulerunt, Epaminondas, quamdiu facta
est cædes civium, domo se tenuit : quod neque malos
defendere volebat, neque impugnare, ne manus suorum
sanguine cruentaret. Namque omnem civilem victori-
am funestam putabat. Idem, postquam apud Cadmeam
cum Lacedæmoniis pugnari cœptum est, in primis stetit.
Hujus de virtutibus vitaque satis erit dictum, si hoc
unum adjunxero, quod nemo eat infitias, Thebas et ante
Epaminondam. natum, et post ejus interitum, perpetuo
alieno paruisse imperio ; contra ea, quamdiu ille præ-
fuerit reipublicæ, caput fuisse totius Græciæ. Ex quo
intelligi potest, unum hominem pluris, quam civitatem,
fuisse.
X V I. P E L O P IID A S.
I. Pelopidas, Thebanus, magis historicis, quam vulgo,
motus. Cujus de virtutibus dubito quemadmodum ex-
ponam, quod vereor, ne, si res explicare incipiam, non
vitam ejus enarrare, sed historiam videar scribere ; si
tantummodo summas attigero, me rudibus litterarum
Θræcarum minus lucide appareat, quantus fuerit ille
vir. Itaque utrique rei occurram, quantum potero, et
medebor quum satietati, tum ignorantiæ lectorum. Phoe-
bidas, Lacedæmonius, quum exercitum Olynthum du-
ceret, iterque per Thebas faceret, arcem oppidi, quæ
Cadmea nominatur, occupavit impulsu perpaucorum
Thebanorum, qui, adversariæ factioni quo facilius re-
sisterent, Laconum rebus studebant: idque suo privato,
non publico, fecit consilio. Quo facto eum Lacedæmo-
nii ab exercitu removerunt pecuniaque multarunt: ne-
que eo magis arcem Thebanis reddiderunt, quod sus-
ceptis inimicitiis satius ducebant eos obsideri, quam li-
berari. Nam post Peloponnesium bellum Athenasque
devictas cum Thebanis sibi rem esse existimabant, et
eos esse solos, qui adversus resistere auderent. Hac
mente amicis suis summas potestates dederant, alterius-
4
6*
66 XVI. 2, 3. (Pelopidas.)
que factionis principes partim interfecerant, alios in ex-
silium ejecerant : in quibus Pelopidas hic, de quo scri-
bere exorsi sumus, pulsus patria carebat.
II. Hi omnes fere Athenas se contulerant, non, quo
sequerentur otium, sed ut, quemque ex proximo locum
fors obtulisset, eo patriam recuperare niterentur. Itaque
quum tempus est visum rei gerendæ, communiter cum
his, qui Thebis idem sentiebant, diem delegerunt ad
inimicos opprimendos civitatemque liberandam eum,
quo maximi magistratus simul consueverant epulari.
Magnæ sæpe res non ita magnis copiis sunt gestae ; sed
profecto numquam ab tam tenui initio tantæ opes sunt
profligatæ. Nam duodecim adolescentuli coierunt ex
his, qui exsilio erant multati, quum omnino non essent
amplius centum, qui tanto se offerrent periculo. Qua
paucitate perculsa est Lacedæmoniorum potentia. Hi
enim non magis adversariorum factioni, quam Sparta-
nis, eo tempore bellum intulerunt, qui principes erant
totius Græciæ ; quorum imperii majestas, neque ita
multo post, Leuctrica pugna, ab hoc initio perculsa,
concidit. Illi igitur duodecim, quorum erat dux Pelo-
pidas, quum Athenis interdiu exissent, ut vesperascente
coelo Thebas possent pervenire, cum canibus venaticis
exierunt, retia ferentes, vestitu agresti, quo minore sus-
picione facerent iter. Qui quum tempore ipso, quo
studuerant, pervenissent, domum Charonis devenerunt,
a quo et tempus et dies erat datus.
III. Hoc loco Iibet interponere, etsi sejunctum ab re
proposita est, nimia fiducia quantæ calamitati soleat
esse. Nam magistratuum Thebanorum statim ad aures
pervenit, exsules in urbem devenisse. Id illi, vinc epu-
lisque dediti, usque eo despexerunt, ut ne quærere qui-
dem de tanta re laborarint. Accessit etiam, quod magis
aperiret eorum dementiam. Allata est enim epistola
Athenis ab Archia, [hierophante,] uni ex his, Archiæ,
qui tum maximum magistratum Thebis obtinebat, in
qua omnia de profectione exsulum perscripta erant.
Quæ quum jam accubanti in convivio esset data, sicut
erat signata, sub pulvinum subjiciens, in crastinum, in-
quit, differo res severas. At illi omnes, quum jam nox
processisset, vinolenti ab exsulibus, duce Pelopida, sunt
interfecti. Quibus rebus c onfectis, vulgo ad arma li-
XVI. 4, 5. (Pelopidas.) 67
bertatemque vocato, non solum qui in urbe erant, sed
etiam undique ex agris concurrerunt, præsidium Lace.
dæmoniorum ex arce pepulerunt, patriam obsidione li-
beraverunt, auctores Cadmeæ occupandæ partim occi-
derunt, partim in exsilium ejecerunt. •
IV. Hoc tam turbido tempore, sicut supra docuimus,
Epaminondas, quoad cum civibus dimicatum est, domi
quietus fuit. Itaque hæc liberandarum Thebarum pro-
pria laus est Pelopidæ : ceteræ fere omnes communes
cum Epaminonda. Namque Leuctrica pugna, impera-
tore Epaminonda, hic fuit dux delectæ manus, quæ pri-
ma phalangem prostravit Laconum. Omnibus præterea
periculis affuit. Sicut Spartam quum oppugnavit, alte-
rum tenuit cornu : quoque Messema celerius restituere-
tur, legatus in Persas est profectus. Denique hæc fuit
altera persona Thebis, sed tamen secunda ita, ut proxi-
ma esset Epaminondæ.
V. Conflictatus autem est cum adversa fortuna. Nam
et initio, sicut Ostendimus, exsul patria caruit, et, quum
Thessaliam in potestatem Thebanorum cuperet redigere,
legationisque jure satis tectum se arbitraretur, quod
apud omnes gentes sanctum esse consuesset, a tyranno
Alexandro Pheræo simul cum Ismenia comprehensus in
vincula conjectus est. Hunc Epaminondas recuperavit,
bello persequens Alexandrum. Post id factum num-
quam is animo placari potuit in eum, a quo erat viola-
tus. Itaque persuasit Thebanis, ut subsidio Thessaliæ
proficiscerentur, tyrannosque ejus expellerent. Cujus
belli quum ei summa esset data, eoque cum exercitu
profectus esset, non dubitavit, simul ac conspexit hostem,
confligere. In quo prœlio Alexandrum ut animadvertit,
incensus ira equum in eum concitavit, proculque de-
gressus a suis conjectu telorum confossus concidit. At-
que hoc secunda victoria accidit: nam jam inclinatæ
erant tyrannorum copiæ. Quo facto Omnes Thessaliæ
civitates interfectum Pelopidam coronis aureis, et statuis
æneis, liberosque ejus multo agro donarunt.
68 XVII. 1, 2. (Agesilaus.)
X VII. A G E S IIL A U S.
I. Agesilaus, Lacedæmonius, quum a ceteris scripto-
ribus, tum eximie a Xenophonte Socratico collaudatus
est : eo enim usus est familiarissime. Hic primum de
regno cum Leotychide, fratris filio, habuit contentio-
nem. Mos est enim a majoribus Lacedæmoniis traditus,
ut duos haberent semper reges, nomine magis, quam
imperio, ex duabus familiis Procli et Eurysthenis, qui
principes ex progenie Herculis Spartæ reges fuerunt.
Harum ex altera in alterius familiæ locum fieri non li-
cebat. Itaque utraque suum' retinebat ordinem. Pri-
mum ratio habebatur, qui maximus natu esset ex liberis
ejus qui regnans decessisset. Sin is virilem sexum non
reliquisset, tum deligebatur, qui proximus esset propin-
quitate. Mortuus erat Agis rex, frater Agesilai. Fi-
lium reliquerat Leotychidem, quem ille natum non
agnorat, eumdem moriens suum esse dixerat. Is de
honore regni cum Agesilao, suo patruo, contendit : ne-
que id, quod petivit, consecutus est. Nam Lysandro
suffragante, homine, ut ostendimus supra, factioso e*
his temporibus potente, Agesilaus antelatus est.
II. Hic simulatque imperii potitus est, persuasit La-
cedæmoniis, ut exercitum emitterent in Asiam, bel-
lumque regi facerent: docens, satius esse in, Asia, quam
in Europa dimicari. Namque fama exierat, Artaxerx-
em comparare classes pedestresque exercitufs, quos in
Græciam mitteret. Data potestate, tanta celeritate usus
est, ut prius in Asiam cum copiis pervenerit, quam regii
satrapæ eum scirent profectum. Quo factu£ est, ut
omnes imparatos imprudentesque offenderet. Id ut
cognovit Tissaphernes, qui summum imperium tum in-
ter præfectos habebat regios, inducias a Laeone'-p3tivit,
simulans, se dare operam, ut Lacedæmoniis curi$ rege
conveniret ; re autem vera ad copias comparandas :
easque impetravit trimestres. Juravit autem uterque,
se sime dolo inducias conservaturum. In qua paétione
«*
XVII. 3, 4. (Agestlaus.) 69
summa fide mansit Agesilaus ; contra ea Tissaphernes
nihil aliud, quam bellum comparavit. Id etsi sentiebat
Laco, tamen jusjurandum servabat, multumque in eo
se consequi dicebat, quod Tissaphernes perjurio suo et
homines suis rebus abaliemaret, et deos sibi iratos red-
deret ; se autem conservata religione confirmare exer-
citum, quum animadverteret, deorum numem facere se-
cum, hominesque sibi conciliari amiciores, quod his
studere consuessent, quos conservare fidem viderent.
III. Postquam induciarum præteriit dies, barbarus,
non dubitans, quod ipsius erant plurima domicilia in
Caria, et ea regio his temporibus multo putabatur locu-
pletissima, eo potissimum hostes impetum facturos, Om-
nes suas copias eo contraxerat. At Agesilaus in Phry-
giam se convertit, eamque prius depopulatus est, quam
Tissaphernes usquam se moveret. Magna præda mili-
tibus locupletatis, Ephesum hiematum exercitum re-
duxit, atque ibi officinis armorum institutis, magna im-
dustria bellum apparavit. Et quo studiosius armarentur
insigniusque ornarentur, præmia proposuit, quibus do-
narentur, quorum egregia in ea re fuisset industria.
Fecit idem in exercitationum generibus, ut, qui ceteris
præstitissent, eos magnis afficeret muneribus. His igi-
tur rebus effecit, ut et ornatissimum et exercitatissimum
haberet exercitum. Huic quum tempus esset visum,
copias extrahere ex hibernaculis, vidit, si, quo esset iter
facturus, palam pronuntiasset, hostes non credituros,
aliasque regiones præsidiis occupaturos, nec dubitaturos,
aliud esse facturum, ac pronuntiasset. Itaque quum
ille Sardeis iturum se dixisset, Tissaphernes eamdem
Cariam defendendam putavit. In quo quum eum opinio
fefellisset, victumque se vidisset consilio ; sero suis præ-
sidio profectus est. Nam quum illo venisset, jam Age-
silaus, multis locis expugnatis, magna erat præda poti-
tus. Laco autem, quum videret, hostes equitatu supe-
rare, numquam in campo sui fecit potestatam, et his
locis manum conseruit, quibus plus pedestres copiæ va-
lerent. Pepulit ergo, quotiescumque congressus est,
multo majores adversariorum copias, et sic in Asia
versatus est, ut omnium opinione victor duceretur.
IV. Hic quum jam animo meditaretur proficisci in
Persas, et ipsum regem adoriri, nuntius ei domo venit
2
'70 XVII. 5. (Agesilaus.)
7
$
ephorum missu, bellum Athenienses et Boeotios indixisse
Lacedæmoniis: quare venire ne dubitaret. In hoc non
minus ejus pietas suspicienda est, quam virtus bellica ;
qui, quum victori præesset exercitui maximamque ha-
beret fiduciam regni Persarum potiundi, tanta modestia
dicto audiens fuit jussis absentium magistratuum, ut si
privatus in comitio esset Spartæ. Cujus exemplum uti-
nam imperatores nostri sequi voluissent ! Sed illuc re-
deamus. Agesilaus opulentissimo regno præposuit bo-
nam existimationem, multoque gloriosius duxit, si insti-
tutis patriæ paruisset, quam si bello superasset Asiam.
Hac igitur mente Hellespontum copias trajecit, tantaque
usus est celeritate, ut, quod iter Xerxes anno vertente
confecerat, hic transierit triginta diebus. Quum jam
haud ita longe abesset a Peloponneso, obsistere ei conati
sunt Athenienses et Boeotii, ceterique eorum socii, apud
Coroneam : quos omnes gravi prœlio vicit. Hujus vic-
toriæ vel maxima fuit laus, quod, quum plerique ex fuga
se in templum Minervæ conjecissent, quærereturque ab
eo, quid his fieri vellet, etsi aliquot vulnera acceperat
eo prœlio, et iratus videbatur omnibus, qui adversus
arma tulerant, tamen antetulit iræ religionem, et eos
vetuit violari. Neque vero hoc solum in Græcia fecit,
ut templa deorum sancta haberet ; sed etiam apud bar-
baros summa religione omnia simulacra arasque com-
servavit. Itaque prædicabat, mirari se, non sacrilego-
rum numero haberi, qui supplicibus eorum nocuissent ;
aut non gravioribus pœnis affici qui religionem minue-
rent, quam qui fana spoliarent.
V , Post hoc prœlium collatum est omne bellum circa
Corinthum, ideoque Corinthium est appellatum. Hic
quum una pugna decem millia hostium, Agesilao duce,
cecidissent, eoque facto opes adversariorum debilitatæ
viderentur : tantum abfuit ab insolentia gloriæ, ut com-
miseratus sit fortunam Græciæ, quod tam multi a se
victi vitio adversariorum concidissent: namque illa
multitudine, si sana mens esset, Græciæ supplicium
Persas dare potuisse. Idem quum adversarios intra
moenia compulisset, et, ut Corinthum oppugnaret, multi
hortarentur, negavit, id suæ virtuti convenire : se enim
eum esse dixit, qui ad officium peceantes redire cogeret,
non, qui urbes mobilissimas expugnaret Græciæ. Nam
XVII. 6, 7, 8. (Agesilaus.) 7
su, inquit, eos eæstinguere voluerimus, qui nobiscum ad
versus barbaros steterunt, nosmetipsi nos eæpugnaverìmus,
illis quiescentibus. Quo facto sine negotio, quum volue-
rint, nos Oppriment.
VI. Interim accidit illa calamitas apud Leuctra La-
cedæmoniis: quo ne proficisceretur, quum a plerisque
ad exeundum premeretur, ut si de exitu divinaret, exire
noluit. Idem, quum Epaminondas Spartam oppugnaret,
essetque sine muris oppidum, talem se imperatorem
præbuit, ut eo tempore omnibus apparuerit, nisi ille
fuisset, Spartam futuram non fuisse. In quo quidem 2
discrimine celeritas ejus consilii saluti fuit universis.
Nam quum quidam adolescentuli, hostium adventu per-
territi, ad Thebanos transfugere vellent, et locum extra
urbem editum cepissent ; Agesilaus, qui perniciosissi-
mum fore videret, si animadversum esset, quemquam
ad hostes transfugere conari, cum suis eo venit, atque,
ut si bono animo fecissent, laudavit consilium eorum,
quod eum locum occupassent, et se id quoque fieri de-
bere animadvertisse. Sic adolescentulos simulata lau- 3
datione recuperavit, et adjunctis de suis comitibus locum
tutum reliquit. Namque illi, aucto numero eorum, qui
expertes erant consilii, commovere se non sunt ausi, eo-
que libentius, quod latere arbitrabantur, quæ cogitarant.
VII. Sine dubio post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedæ- 1
monii se numquam refecerunt, neque pristinum imperi-
um recuperarunt: quum interim Agesilaus nom destitit,
quibuscumque rebus posset, patriam juvare. Nam 2
quum præcipue Lacedæmonii indigerent pecunia, ille
omnibus, qui a rege defecerant, præsidio fuit : a quibus
magna donatus pecunia patriam sublevavit. Atque in 3
hoc illud imprimis fuit admirabile, quum maxima mune-
ra ei ab regibus, et dynastis, civitatibusque conferrentur,
quod nihil umquam [in] domum suam contulit, nihil de
victu, nihil de vestitu Laconum mutavit. Domo eadem 4
fuit contentus, qua Eurysthenes, progenitor majorum
suorum, fuerat usus: quam qui intrarat, nullum signum
libidinis, nullum luxuriæ videre poterat ; contra ea plu-
rima patientiæ atque abstinentiæ. Sic enim erat in-
structa, ut nulla in re differret cujusvis inopis atque
privati. $
VIII. Atque hic tantus vir, ut naturam fautricem I
••
72 XVIII. I. (Eumenes.)
habuerat in tribuendis animi virtutibus, sic maleficam
nactus est in corpore fingendo. Nam et statura fuit
humili, et corpore exiguo, et claudus altero pede. Quæ
res etiam nonnullam afferebat deformitatem : atque ig-
noti, faciem ejus quum intuerentur, contemnebant ; qui
autem virtutes noverant, non poterant admirari satis.
2 Quod ei usu venit, quum annorum octoginta subsidio
Tacho in Ægyptum iisset, et in acta cum suis accubuis-
set sine ullo tecto ; stratumque haberet tale, ut terra
tecta esset stramentis, neque huc amplius, quam pellis
esset injecta ; eodemque comites omnes accubuissent
vestitu humili atque obsoleto, ut eorum ornatus non
modo in his regem neminem significaret, sed hominis
3 non beatissimi suspicionem præberet. Hujus de adventu
fama quum ad regios esset perlata, celeriter munera eo
cujusque generis sunt allata. His quærentibus Agesi-
laum vix fides facta est, unum esse ex his, qui tum ac-
4 cubabant. Qui quum regis verbis, quæ attulerant, de-
dissent, ille præter vitulina et hujusmodi genera opsonii,
quæ præsens tempus desiderabat, nihil accepit ; un-
guenta, coronas, secundamque mensam servis dispertiit ;
5 cetera referri jussit. Quo facto eum barbari magis
etiam contemserunt, quod eum ignorantia bonarum re-
6 rum illa potissimum sumpsisse arbitrabantur. Hic quum
ex Ægypto reverteretur, donatus a rege Nectanabide
ducentis viginti talentis, quæ ille muneri populo suo
daret, venissetque in portum, qui Menelai vocatur, ja-
cens inter Cyrenas et Ægyptum, in morbum implicitus
7 decessit. Ibi eum amici, quo Spartam facilius perferre
possent, quod mel non habebant, cera circumfuderunt,
atque ita domum retulerunt. •
X V I II. E U M E N E S.
1 1. Eumenes, Cardiamus. Hujus si virtuti par data
esset fortuna, non ille quidem major, sed multo illustrior
atque etiam honoratior : quod magnos homines virtute
XVIII. 2. (Eumenes.) '73
metimur, non fortuna. Nam quum ætas ejus incidisset
in ea tempora, quibus Macedones florerent, multum ei
detraxit inter hos viventi, quod alienæ erat civitatis ;
meque aliud huic defuit ; quam generosa stirps. Etsi
ille domestico summo genere erat: tamen Macedones
eum sibi aliquando anteponi indigne ferebant ; neque
tamen non patiebantur. Vincebat enim Omnes cura,
vigilantia, patientia, calliditate et celeritate ingenii. Hic
peradolescentulus ad amicitiam accessit Philippi, Amyn-
tæ filii, brevique tempore in intimam pervenit familiari-
tatem. Fulgebat enim jam in adolescentulo indoles
virtutis. Itaque eum habuit ad manum scribæ loco:
quod multo apud Graios honorificentius est, quam apud
Romanos. Nam apud nos, revera sicut sunt, mercena-
rii scribæ existimantur ; at apud illos e contrario nemo
ad id officium admittitur, nisi honesto loco, et fide et in-
dustria cognita : quod necesse est omnium Consiliorum
eum esse participem. Hunc locum tenuit amicitiæ apud
Philippum annos septem. Illo interfecto, eodem gradu
fuit apud Alexandrum annos tredecim. Novissimo
tempore præfuit etiam alteræ equitum alæ, quæ Hetæ-
rice appellabatur. Utrique autem in consilio semper
affuit, et omnium rerum habitus est particeps.
II. Alexandro Babylone mortuo, quum regna singulis
familiaribus dispertirentur, et summa rerum tradita es-
set tuenda eidem, cui Alexander moriens annulum suum
dederat, Perdiccæ : ex quo omnes conjecerant, eum
regnum ei commendasse, quoad liberi ejus in suam tu-
telam pervenissent : (aberant enim Craterus et Antipater,
qui antecedere hunc videbantur: mortuus erat Hephæs-
tio, quem unum Alexander, quod facile intelligi posset,
plurimi fecerat ;) hoc tempore data est Eumeni Cappa-
docia, sive potius dicta. Nam tum in hostium erat po-
testate. Hunc sibi Perdiccas adjunxerat magno studio,
quod in homine fidem et industriam magnam videbat :
non dubitans, si eum pellexisset, magno usui fore sibi
in his rebus, quas apparabat. Cogitabat enim, quod fere
omnes in magnis imperiis concupiscunt, omnium partes
corripere atque complecti. Neque vero hoc ille solus
fecit, sed ceteri quoque omnes, qui Alexandri fuerant
amici. Primus Leonnatus Macedoniam præoccupare
destinaverat. Hic multis magnisque pollicitationibus
r;
74. XVIII. 3, 4. (Eumenes.)
persuadere Eumeni studuit, ut Perdiccam desereret, ac
secum faceret societatem. Quum perducere eum non
posset, interficere conatus est ; et fecisset, nisi ille clam
noctu ex præsidiis ejus effugisset.
III. Interim conflata sunt illa bella, quæ ad interne-
cionem post Alexandri mortem gesta sunt, omnesque
concurrerunt ad Perdiccam opprimendum. Quem etsi
infirmum videbat, quod unus omnibus resistere cogeba-
tur, tamen amicum non deseruit, neque salutis, quam
fidei, fuit cupidior. Præfecerat eum Perdiccas ei parti
Asiæ, quæ inter Taurum montem jacet atque Helles-
pontum, et illum unum opposuerat Europæis adversa-
riis ; ipse Ægyptum oppugnatum adversus Ptolemæum
erat profectus. Eumenes quum neque magnas copias,
neque firmas haberet, quod et inexercitatæ, et non multo
ante erant contractæ; adventare autem dicerentur Hel-
lespontumque transisse Antipater et Craterus magno
cum exercitu Macedonum, viri quum claritate, tum usu
belli præstantes: (Macedones vero milites ea tunc erant
fama, qua nunc Romani feruntur: etenim semper habiti
sunt fortissimi, qui summam imperii potirentur:) Eu-
menes intelligebat, si copiæ suæ cognossent, adversus
quos ducerentur, non modo mon ituras, sed simul cum
nuntio dilapsuras. Itaque hoc ejus fuit prudentissimum
consilium, ut deviis itineribus milites duceret, in quibus
vera audire non possent, et his persuaderet, se contra
quosdam barbaros proficisci. Itaque tenuit hoc propo-
situm, et prius in aciem exercitum eduxit prœliumque
commisit, quam milites sui scirent, cum quibus arma
conferrent. Effecit etiam illud locorum præoccupatione,
ut equitatu potius dimiéaret, quo plus valebat, quam
peditatu, quo erat deterior.
IV. Quorum acerrimo concursu quum magnam par-
tem diei esset pugnatum, cadit Craterus dux, et Neopto-
lemus, qui secundum locum imperii tenebat. Cum hoc
concurrit ipse Eumenes. Qui quum inter se complexi
in terram ex equis decidissent, ut facile intelligi posset,
inimica mente contendisse, animoque magis etiam pug-
nasse, quam corpore, non prius distracti sunt, quam al-
terum anima reliquerit. Ab hoc aliquot plagis Eume-
nes vulneratur, meque eo magis ex prœlio excessit, sed
acrius hostes institit. Hic equitibus profligatis, inter-
XVIII. 5. (Eumenes.) *75
fecto duce Cratero, multis præterea et maxime nobilibus
captis, pedester exercitus, quod in ea loca erat deductus,
ut invito Eumene elabi non posset, pacem ab eo petiit.
Quam quum impetrasset, in fide non mansit, et se, simul
ac potuit, ad Antipatrum recepit. Eumenes Craterum,
ex acie semivivum elatum, recreare studuit. Quum id
non posset, pro hominis dignitate, proque pristina amici-
tia (namque illo usus erat, Alexandro vivo, familiariter)
amplo funere extulit, ossaque in Macedoniam uxori ejus
ac liberis remisit. *.
V. Hæc dum apud Hellespontum geruntur, Perdiccas
apud flumen Nilum interficitur a Seleuco et Antigono ;
rerumque summa ad Antipatrum defertur. Hic, qui
deseruerant, exercitu suffragium ferente, capitis absen-
tes damnantur : in his Eumenes. Hac ille perculsus
plaga non succubuit, neque eo secius bellum adminis-
travit. Sed exiles res animi magnitudinem, etsi non
frangebant, tamen minuebant. Hunc persequens An-
tigonus, quum omni genere copiarum abundaret, sæpe
in itineribus vexabatur : neque umquam ad manum
accedere licebat, nisi his locis, quibus pauci multis pos-
sent resistere. Sed extremo tempore, quum consilio
capi non posset, multitudine circumventus est. Hinc
tamen, multis suis amissis, se expedivit, et in castellum
Phrygiæ, quod Nora appellatur, confugit. In quo quum
circumsederetur, et vereretur, ne uno loco manens
equos militares perderet, quod spatium non esset agitan-
di: callidum fuit ejus inventum, quemadmodum stans
jumentum eonealefieri exercerique posset, quo libentius
et cibo uteretur, et a corporis motu non removeretur.
Substringebat caput loro altius quam ut prioribus pedi-
bus plane terram posset attingere ; deinde post verberi-
bus cogebat exsultare, et calces remittere. Qui motus
non minus sudorem excutiebat, quam si in spatio decur-
reret. Quo factum est, quod omnibus mirabile est visum,
ut æque jumenta nitida ex castello educeret, quum
complures menses in obsidione fuisset, ac si in campes-
tribus ea locis habuisset. In hac conclusione, quoties-
cumque voluit, apparatum et munitiones Antigoni alias
incendit, alias disjecit. Tenuit autem se uno loco,
quamdiu fuit hiems. Quod castrum subsidia habere
non poterat, et ver appropinquabat, simulata deditione,
'76 XVIII. 6, 7, 8. (Eumenes.)
dum de conditionibus tractat, præfectis Antigoni impo.
suit, seque ac suos omnes extraxit incolumes.
VI. Ad hunc Olympias, mater quæ fuerat Alexandri,
quum litteras et nuntios misisset in Asiam, consultum,
utrum repetitum Macedoniam veniret (nam tum in Epiro
habitabat) et eas res occuparet: huic ille primum sua-
sit, ne se moveret, et exspectaret, quoad Alexandri filius
regnum adipisceretur ; sin aliqua cupiditate raperetur
in Macedoniam, omnium injuriarum oblivisceretur, et
in neminem acerbiore uteretur imperio. Horum illa
nihil fecit. Nam et in Macedoniam profecta est, et ibi
crudelissime se gessit. Petiit autem ab Eumene absen-
te, ne pateretur, Philippi domus et familiæ inimicissimos
stirpem quoque interimere, ferretque opem liberis Al-
exandri. Quam veniam si daret, quam primum exer-
citus pararet, quos sibi subsidio adduceret. Id quo fa-
cilius faceret, se omnibus præfectis, qui in officio mane-
bant, misisse litteras, ut ei parerent, ejusque consiliis
uterentur. His rebus Eumenes permotus satius duxit,
si ita tulisset fortuna, perire bene meritis referentem
gratiam, quam ingratum vivere. -
VII. Itaque copias contraxit, bellum adversus Anti-
gonum comparavit. Quod una erant Macedones com-
plures nobiles, in his Peucestes, qui corporis custos
fuerat Alexandri, tum autem obtinebat Persidem, et
Antigenes, cujus sub imperio phalanx erat Macedonum :
invidiam verens, quam tamen effugere non potuit, si po-
tius ipse alienigena summi imperii potiretur, quam alii
Macedonum, quorum ibi erat multitudo, in principiis
nomine Alexandri statuit tabernaculum, in eoque sellam
auream cum sceptro ac diademate jussit poni, eoque
omnes quotidie convenire, ut ibi de summis rebus con-
silia caperentur ; credens, minore se invidia fore, si
specie imperii nominisque simulatione Alexandri bellum
videretur administrare. Quod et fecit. Nam quum
non ad Eumenis principia, sed ad regia conveniretur,
atque ibi de rebus deliberaretur, quodammodo latebat,
quum tamen per eum unum gererentur omnia.
VIII. Hic in Parætacis cum Antigono conflixit, non
acie instructa, sed in itinere : eumque male acceptum
in Mediam hiematum coëgit redire. Ipse in finitima
regione Persidis hiematum copias divisit, non ut voluit,
XVIII. 9. (Eumenes.) r7r7
sed ut militum cogebat volumtas. Namque illa phalamx
Alexandri Magni, quæ Asiam peragrarat deviceratque
Persas, inveterata quum gloria, tum etiam licentia, non
parere se ducibus, sed imperare postulabat : ut nunc
veterani faciunt nostri. Itaque periculum est, ne faci-
ant, quod illi fecerunt sua intemperantia nimiaque li-
centia, ut Omnia perdant, neque minus eos, cum quibus
steterint, quam adversus quos fecerint. Quod si quis
illorum veteranorum legat facta, paria horum cognoscat,
neque rem ullam, nisi tempus, interesse judicet. Sed
ad illos revertar. Hiberna sumserant non ad usum
belli, sed ad ipsorum luxuriam, longeque inter se dis-
cesserant. Hoc Antigonus quum comperisset, intelli-
geretque, se parem non esse paratis adversariis, statuit
aliquid sibi consilii novi esse capiendum. Duæ erant
viæ, qua ex Medis, ubi ille hiemabat, ad adversariorum
hibernacula posset perveniri. Quarum brevior per loca
deserta, quæ nemo incolebat propter aquæ inopiam, ce-
terum dierum erat fere decem ; illa autem, qua Omnes
commeabant, altero tanto longiorem habebat anfractum,
sed erat copiosa omniumqué rerum abundans. Hac si
proficisceretur, intelligebat, prius adversarios rescituros
de suo adventu, quam ipse tertiam partem confecisset
itineris ; sin per loca sola contenderet, sperabat, se im-
prudentem hostem oppressurum. Ad hanc rem confi-
ciendam imperavit quam plurimos utres atque etiam
culleos comparari ; post hæc pabulum ; præterea ciba-
ria cocta dierum decem, utque quam minime fieret ignis
in castris. Iter, quod habebat, omnes celat. Sic para-
tus, qua constituerat, proficiscitur.
IX. Dimidium fere spatium confecerat, quum ex
fumo castrorum ejus suspicio allata est ad Eumenem,
hostem appropinquare. Conveniunt duces ; quæritur,
quid opus sit facto. Intelligebant omnes, tam celeriter
copias ipsorum contrahi non posse, quam Antigonus af-
futurus videbatur. Hic omnibus titubantibus, et de re-
bus summis desperantibus, Eumenes ait, si celeritatem
velint adhibere, et imperata facere, quod ante mon fece-
rint, se rem expediturum. Nam quod diebus quinque
hostis transisse posset, se effecturum, ut non minus toti-
dem dierum spatio retardaretur : quare circumirent,
gtiasque quisque copias contraheret. Ad Antigoni au-
2
7*
'78 XVIII. 10, 11. (Eumenes.)
%
tem refrenandum impetum tale capit consilium. Certos
mittit homines ad infimos montes, qui obvii erant itineri
adversariorum, hisque præcepit, ut prima nocte, quam
latissime possint, ignes faciant quam maximos, atque
hos secunda vigilia minuant, tertia perexiguos reddant:
et assimulata castrorum consuetudine suspicionem inji-
ciant hostibus, his locis esse castra, ac de eorum adventu
esse prænuntiatum ; idemque postera nocte faciant.
Quibus imperatum erat, diligenter præceptum curant.
de suo adventu esse auditum, et adversarios illuc suas
contraxisse copias. Mutat consilium, et, quoniam im-
prudentes adoriri non posset, flectit iter suum, et illum
anfractum longiorem copiosæ viæ capit, ibique diem
unum opperitur ad lassitudinem sedandam militum ac
reficienda jumenta, quo integriore exercitu decerneret.
X. Hic Eumenes callidum imperatorem vicit consi-
lio, celeritatemque impedivit ejus ; neque tamen multum
profecit. Nam invidia ducum, cum quibus erat, perfi-
diaque Macedonum veteranorum, quum superior prœlio
discessisset, Antigono est deditus, quum exercitus ei ter
amte separatis temporibus jurasset, se eum defensurum,
nec umquam deserturum. Sed tanta fuit nonnullorum
virtutis obtrectatio, ut fidem amittere mallent, quam
eum non prodere. Atque hunc Antigonus, quum ei
fuisset infestissimus, conservasset, si per suos esset lici-
tum, quod ab nullo se plus adjuvari posse intelligebat
in his rebus, quas impendere jam apparebat omnibus.
Imminebant enim Seleucus, Lysimachus, Ptolemæus,
opibus jam valentes, cum quibus ei de summis rebus
erat dimicandum. Sed non passi sunt hi, qui circa
erant: quod videbant, Eumene recepto, omnes præ illo
parvi futuros. Ipse autem Antigonus adeo erat incen-
sus, ut, nisi magna spe maximarum rerum, leniri non
posset,
XI. Itaque quum eum in custodiam dedisset, et præ-
fectus custodum quæsisset, quemadmodum servari vel-
let ? ut acerrimum, inquit, 7eonem, aut ferocissimum ele-
phantum. Nondum enim statuerat, conservaret eum,
nec ne. Veniebat autem ad Eumenem utrumque genus
hominum : et qui propter odium fructum oculis ex ejus
casu capere vellent, et qui propter veterem amicitiam
XVIII. 12, 13. (Eumenes.) 79
colloqui consolarique cuperent ; multi etiam, qui ejus
formam cognoscere studebant, qualis esset, quem tam-
diu tamque valde timuissent, cujus in pernicie positam
spem habuissent victoriæ. At Eumenes, quum diutius
in vinculis esset, ait Onomarcho, penes quem summa
imperii erat custodiæ, se mirari, quare jam tertium diem
sic teneretur : non enim hoc convenire Antigoni pru-
dentiæ, ut sic deuteretur victo ; quin aut interfici, aut
amissum fieri juberet. Hic quum ferocius Onomarcho
loqui videretur, quid ? tu, inquit, animo si isto eras, cur
non in prælio cecidisti potius, quam in potestatem inimici
venires ? Huic Eumenes, utinam quidem istud evenisset /
sed eo nom accidit, quod numquam cum fortiore sum con-
gressus. Non enim cum quoquam arma contuli, quin is
mihi succubuerit. Nom enim virtute hostium, sed amico-
rum perfidia decidi. [Neque id falsum. Nam et dig-
mitate fuit honesta, et viribus ad laborem ferendum fir-
mis, neque tam magno corpore, quam figura venusta.]
XII. De hoc Antigonus quum solus constituere non
auderet, ad consilium retulit. Hic quum primo pertur-
bati admirarentur, non jam de eo sumtum esse supplici-
um, a quo tot annos adeo essent male habiti, ut sæpe ad
desperationem forent adducti ; quique maximos duces
interfecisset ; denique in quo uno esset tantum, ut,
quoad ille viveret, ipsi securi esse non possent, interfec-
to, nihil habituri negotii essent : postremo, si illi redderet
salutem, quærebant, quibus amicis esset usurus ? sese
enim cum Eumene apud eum non futuros. Hic, cog-
nita consilii voluntate, tamen usque ad septimum diem
deliberandi sibi spatium reliquit. Tum autem, quum
jam vereretur, ne qua seditio exercitus oriretur, vetuit
ad eum quemquam admitti, et quotidianum victum amo-
veri jussit. Nam negabat, se ei vim allaturum, qui
aliquando fuisset amicus. Hic tamen non amplius,
quam triduum, fame fatigatus, quum castra moverentur,
insciente Antigono, jugulatus est a custodibus. -
XIII. Sic Eumenes annorum quinque et quadraginta,
quum ab anno vicesimo, ut supra Ostendimus, septem
annos Philippo apparuisset, et tredecim apud Alexan-
drum eumdem locum obtinuisset, in his unum equitum
alæ præfuisset, post autem Alexandri Magni mortem
imperator exercitus duxisset, summosque duces partim
S0 XIX. 1, 2. (Phociom.)
repulisset, partim interfecisset, captus non Antigoni
virtute, sed Macedonum perjurio, talem habuit exitum
vitæ. In quo quanta fuerit omnium opinio eorum, qui
post Alexandrum Magnum reges sunt appellati, ex hoc
facillime potest judicari, quod nemo, Eumene vivo, rex
appellatus est, sed præfectus ; iidem post hujus occasum
statim regium ornatum nomenque sumserunt, meque,
quod initio prædicarant, se Alexandri liberis regnum
servare, præstare voluerunt, et, uno propugnatore sub-
lato, quid sentirent, aperuerunt. Hujus sceleris princi-
pes fuerunt Antigonus, Ptolemæus, Seleucus, Lysima-
chus, Cassander. Antigonus autem Eumenem mortuum?
propinquis ejus sepeliendum tradidit. Hi militari ho-
nesto funere, comitante toto exercitu, humaverunt,
Ossaque ejus in Cappadociam ad matrem atque uxorem
liberosque ejus deportanda curarunt.
X I X. P H O C I O N.
I. Phociom, Atheniensis, etsi sæpe exercitibus præfuit
summosque magistratus cepit, tamen multo ejus notior
integritas vitæ, quam rei militaris labor. Itaque hujus
memoria est nulla, illius autem magna fama : ex quo
cognomine Bonus est appellatus. Fuit enim perpetuo
pauper, quum divitissimus esse posset propter frequentes
delatos honores potestatesque summas, quæ ei a populo
dabantur. Hic quum a rege Philippo munera magnæ
pecuniæ repudiaret, legatique hortarentur accipere, si-
mulque admonerent, si ipse his facile careret, liberis
tamen suis prospiceret, quibus difficile esset in summa
paupertate tantam paternam tueri gloriam : his ille,
si mei simi/es erunt, ídem hic, inquit, agel/us i//os alet,
qui me ad hanc dignitatem perduæit ; sim dissimiles sunt
futuri, nolo meis impensis illorum ali augeriqie lucuriam.
II. Idem quum prope ad annum octogesimum pros-
pera pervenisset fortuna, extremis temporibus magnum
in odium pervenit suorum civium. Primo, quod cum
XIX. 3, 4. (Phociom.) 81
Demade de urbe tradenda Antipatro consenserat ; ejus-
que consilio Demosthenes cum ceteris, qui bene de re-
publica meriti existimabantur, populiscito in exsilium
erant expulsi. Neque in eo solum offenderat, quod pa-
triæ male consuluerat, sed etiam, quod amicitiæ fidem
non præstiterat. Namque auctus adiutusque a Demos-
thene eum, quem tenebat, adscenderat gradum, quum
adversus Charetem eum subornaret: ab eodem im judi-
ciis, quum capitis causam diceret, defensus aliquoties,
liberatus discesserat. Hunc non solum in periculis non
defendit, sed etiam prodidit. Concidit autem maxime
uno crimine, quod, quum apud eum summum esset im-
perium populi, et, Nicanorem, Cassandri præfectum,
insidiari Piræeo Atheniensium, a Dercyllo moneretur,
idemque postularet, ut provideret, ne commeatibus civi-
tas privaretur, huic, audiente populo, Phocion negavit
esse periculum, seque ejus rei obsidem fore pollicitus
est. Neque ita multo post Nicanor Piræeo est potitus.
Ad quem recuperandum quum populus armatus com-
currisset, ille non modo neminem ad arma vocavit, sed
ne armatis quidem præesse voluit. [Sine quo Athenæ
omnino esse non possunt.] ,
III. Erant eo tempore Athenis duæ factiones, quarum
una populi causam agebat, altera optimatum. In hac
erat Phocion et Demetrius Phalereus. Harum utraque
Macedonum patrociniis nitebatur. Nam populares Po-
lysperchonti favebant ; optimates cum Cassandro sen-
tiebant. Interim a Polysperchonte Cassander Macedonia
pulsus est. Quo facto populus superior factus statim
duces adversariæ factionis capitis damnatos patria pepu-
lit ; in his Phocionem et Demetrium Phalereum : deque
ea re legatos ad Polysperchontem misit, qui ab eo pete-
rent, ut sua decreta confirmaret. Huc eodem profectus
est Phocion. Quo ut venit, causam apud Philippum
regem verbo, re ipsa quidem apud Polysperchontem
jussus est dicere: namque is tum regis rebus præerat.
Hic ab Agnonide accusatus, quod Piræeum Nicanori
prodidisset, ex consilii sententia in custodiam conjectus,
Athenas deductus est, ut ibi de eo legibus fieret judicium.
IV. Huc ubi perventum est, quum propter ætatem
pedibus jam non valeret, vehiculoque portaretur, magni
concursus sunt facti, quum alii, reminiscentes veteris
3
3
82 XX. I. (Timoleon)
1
3
famæ, ætatis misererentur ; plurimi vero ira exacue-
rentur propter proditionis suspicionem Piræei, maxime-
que, quod adversus populi commoda in senectute stete-
rat. Qua de re ne perorandi quidem ei data est facultas,
et dicendi causam. Inde judicio, legitimis quibusdam
confectis, damnatus, traditus est undecim viris, quibus
ad supplicium more Atheniensium publice damnati tradi
solent. Hic quum ad mortem duceretur, obvius ei fuit
Emphyletus, qüo familiariter fuerat usus. Is quum la-
crimans dixisset : O quam indigma prepeteris, Phociom !
huic ille, at mom inopinata, inquit: hunc enim eæitum ple-
7ríque clari viri habuerunt Athenienses. In hoc tantum
fuit odium multitudinis, ut nemo ausus sit eum liber
sepelire. Itaque a servis sepultus est.
XX. T I M O L E O N
I. Timoleon, Coranthius. Sine dubio magnus omnium
judicio hic vir exstitit. Namque huic uni contigit, quod
nescio an ulli, ut et patriam, in qua erat matus, oppres-
sam a tyranno liberaret, et a Syracusis, quibus auxilio
erat missus, inveteratam servitutem depelleret, totamque
Siciliam, multos annos bello vexatam a barbarisque op-
pressam, suo adventu in pristinum restitueret. Sed in
his rebus non simplici fortuna conflictatus est, et, id
quod difficilius putatur, multo sapientius tulit secundam,
quam adversam fortunam. Nam quum frater ejus Ti-
mophanes, dux a Corinthiis delectus, tyrannidem per
milites mercenarios occupasset, particepsque regni pos-
set esse : tantum abfuit a societate sceleris, ut antetule-
rit suorum civium libertatem fratris saluti, et parere
legibus, quam imperare patriæ, satius duxerit. Hac
mente per haruspicem, communemque affinem, cui so-
ror, ex eisdem parentibus mata, nupta erat, fratrem ty-
rannum interficiendum curavit. Ipse non modo manus
non attulit, sed ne adspicere quidem fraternum sangui.
nem voluit. Nam, dum res conficeretur, procul in præ-
XX. 2, 8. (Timoleon.) 83
sidio fuit, ne quis satelles posset succurrere. Hoc præ-
clarissimum ejus facinus non pari modo probatum est
ab omnibus. Nonnulli enim læsam ab eo pietatem pu-
tabant, et invidia laudem virtutis obterebant. Mater
vero post id factum neque domum ad se filium admisit,
neque adspexit, quin eum fratricidam impiumque detes-
tans compellaret. Quibus rebus adeo ille est commotus,
ut nonnumquam vitæ finem facere voluerit, atque ex
ingratorum hominum conspectu morte decedere.
. II. Interim Dione Syracusis interfecto, Dionysius
rursus Syracusarum potitus est: cujus adversarii opem
a Corinthiis petierunt, ducemque, quo in bello uterentur,
postularunt. Huc Timoleon missus incredibili felici-
tate Dionysium tota Sicilia depulit. Quum interficere
posset, noluit, tutoque ut Corinthum perveniret, ef-
fecit : quod utrorumque Dionysiorum opibus Corinthii
sæpe adjuti fuerant, cujus benignitatis memoriam vole-
bat exstare ; eamque præclaram victoriam ducebat, in
qua plus esset clementiæ, quam crudelitatis ; postremo,
ut non solum auribus acciperetur, sed etiam oculis cer-
neretur, quem et ex quanto regno ad quam fortunam
detrusisset. Post Dionysii decessum cum Higeta bella-
vit, qui adversatus fuerat Dionysio: quem non odio ty-
rannidis dissensisse, sed cupiditate, indicio fuit, quod
ipse, expulso Dionysio, imperium dimittere noluit. Hoc
superato, Timoleon maximas copias Carthaginiensium
apud Crimissum flumen fugavit, ac satis habere coër*
si liceret Africam obtinere, qui jam complurc
possessionem Siciliæ tenebant. Cepit etiam Mameru
Italicum ducem, hominem bellicosum et potentem, qua
tyrannos adjutum in Siciliam venerat.
III. Quibus rebus confectis quum propter diuturnita-
tem belli non solum regiones, sed etiam urbes desertas
videret, conquisivit, quos potuit, primum Siculos ; de-
inde Corintho arcessivit colonos, quod ab his initio Sy-
racusæ erant conditæ. Civibus veteribus sua restituit ;
novis bello vacuefactas possessiones divisit ; urbium
moenia disjecta famaque deserta refecit ; civitatibus leges
libertatemque reddidit ; ex maximo bello tantum otium
totæ insulæ conciliavit, ut hic conditor urbium earum,
non illi, qui initio deduxerant, videretur. Arcem Sy-
racusis, quam munierat Dionysius ad urbem obsidendam,
84 XX. 4, 5. (Timoleon.)
a fundamentis disjeeit ; eetera tyrannidis propugnacula
demolitus est, deditque operam, ut quam minime multa
vestigia servitutis manerent. Quum tantis esset opibus,
ut etiam invitis imperare posset ; tantum autem haberet
amorem omnium Siculorum, ut nullo recusante regnum
obtineret : maluit se diligi, quam metui. Itaque, quum
primum potuit, imperium deposuit, et privatus Syracu-
sis, quod reliquum vitæ fuit, vixit. Neque vero id im-
perite fecit. Nam quod ceteri reges impeiio potuerunt,
hic benevolentia tenuit. Nullus honos huic defuit ;
neque postea res ulla Syracusis gesta est públice, de
qua prius sit decretum, quam Timoleontis sententia
cognita. Nullius umquam consilium non modo ante-
latum, sed ne comparatum quidem est. Neque id magis
benevolentia factum est, quam prudentia.
IV. Hic quum ætate jam provectus esset, sine ullo
morbo lumina oculorum amisit. Quam calamitatem ita
moderate tulit, ut neque eum querentem quisquam au-
dierit, neque eo minus privatis publicisque rebus inter-
fuerit. Veniebat autem in theatrum, quum ibi concili-
um populi haberetur, propter valetudinem vectus ju-
mentis junctis, adque ita de vehiculo, quæ videbantur,
dicebat ; neque hoc illi quisquam tribuebat superbiæ.
Nihil enim umquam neque insolens, neque gloriosum
ex ore ejus exiit. Qui quidem, quum suas laudes au-
diret prædicari, numquam aliud dixit, quam se in ea re
maximas diis gratias agere atque habere, quod, quum
Siciliam recreare constituissent, tum se potissimum du-
cem esse voluissent. Nihil enim rerum humanarum
sine deorum numine geri putabat. Itaque suæ domi
sacellum Aύτοματῖας constituerat, idque sanctissime co-
lebat.
V. Ad hanc hominis excellentem bonitatem mirabiles
accesserunt casus. Nam proelia maxima natali die
suo fecit omnia : quo factum est, ut ejus diem matalem
festum haberet universa Sicilia. Huic quidam Lames
tius, homo petulans et ingratus, vadimonium quum vel-
let imponere, quod cum illo se lege agere diceret, et
complures concurrissent, qui procacitatem hominis ma-
nibus coërcere conarentur : Timoleon oravit omnes, ne
id facerent. Namque id ut Lamestio ceterisque liceret,
se maximos labores summaque adiisse pericula. Hane
XXI. I. (De Regibus.) 85
enim speciem libertatis esse, si omnibus, quod quisque
vellet, legibus experiri liceret. Idem, quum quidam
Lamestii similis, nomine Demænetus, in concione po-
puli de rebus gestis ejus detrahere cœpisset, ac non-
nulla inveheretur in Timoleonta, dixit, nunc demum se
voti esse damnatum. Namque hoc a diis immortalibus
semper precatum, ut talem libertatem restitueret Syra-
cusanis, in qua cuivis liceret, de quo vellet, impune di-
eere. Hic quum diem supremum obiisset, publice a
Syracusamis in gymnasio, quod Timoleonteum appella-
tur, tota celebrante Sicilia, sepultu§ est.
xx I. D E R E G I B Us.
€
I. Hi fere fuerunt Græciæ gentis duces, qui memoria
digni videbantur, præter reges. Namque eos attingere
noluimus, quod omnium res gestæ separatim sunt relatæ.
Neque tamen hi admodum sunt multi. Lacedæmonius
autem Agesilaus nomine, non potestate, fuit rex ; sicut
ceteri Spartani. Ex his vero, qui dominatum imperio
tenuerunt, excellentissimi fuerunt, ut nos judicamus,
Persarum Cyrus et Darius, Hystaspis filius: quorum
uterque orivatus virtute regnum est adeptus. Prior
horum apud Massagetas in prœlio cecidit ; Darius se-
nectute diem obiit supremum. Tres sunt præterea
ejusdem generis, Xerxes, et duo Artaxerxes, Macrochir
et Mnemom. Xerxi maxime est illustre, quod maximis
post hominum memoriam exercitibus terra marique bel-
lum intulit Græciæ. At Macrochir præcipuam habet
laudem amplissimæ pulcherrimæque corporis formæ:
quam incredibili ornavit virtute belli. Namque illo
Perses nemo fuit manu fortior. Mnemon autem justitiæ
fama floruit. Nam quum matris suæ scelere armisisset
uxorem, tantum indulsit dolori, ut eum pietas vjnceret.
Ex his duo eodem nomine morbo naturæ debitum reddi-
derunt: tertius ab Artabano præfecto ferro interemtus
est.
3
8 .
86 XXI. 2, 8. (De Regibus.)
II. Ex Macedonum autem genere duo multo ceteros
antecesserunt rerum gestarum gloria: Philippus, Amyn-
tæ filius, et Alexander Magnus. Horum alter Babylone
morbo consumtus est ; Philippus Ægis a Pausania,
quum spectatum ludos iret, juxta theatrum occisus est.
Unus Epirotes, Pyrrhus, qui cum populo Romano bella-
vit. Is quum Argos oppidum oppugnaret in Pelopon-
neso, lapide ictus interiit. Unus item Siculus, Diony-
sius prior. Nam et manu fortis, et belli peritus fuit, et,
id quod in tyranno non facile reperitur, minime libidi-
nosus, non luxuriosus, non avarus, nullius denique rei
cupidus, nisi singularis perpetuique imperii, ob eamque
rem crudelis. Nam dum id studuit munire, nullius
pepercit vitæ, quem ejus insidiatorem putaret. Hic
quum virtute tyrannidem sibi peperisset, magna retinuit.
felicitate, majorque annos sexaginta natus decessit flo-
rente regno. Neque in tam multis annis cujusquam
ex sua stirpe funus vidit, quum ex tribus uxoribus libe-
rOs procreasset, multique ei nati essent nepotes.
III. Fuerunt præterea multi reges ex amicis Alexan-
dri Magni, qui post obitum ejus imperia ceperunt: in
his Antigonus, et hujus filius Demetrius, Lysimachus,
Seleucus, Ptolemæus. Ex his Antigonus in prœlio,
quum adversus Seleucum Lysimachumque dimicaret,
occisus est. Pari leto affectus est Lysimachus a Se-
leuco. Nam, societate dissoluta, bellum inter se ges-
serunt. At Demetrius, quum filiam suam Seleuco in
matrimonium dedisset, neque eo magis fida inter eos
amicitia manere potuisset, captus bello, in custodia so-
cer generi periit a morbo. Neque ita multo post Se-
leucus a Ptolemæo Cerauno dolo interfectus est ; quem
ille a patre expulsum Alexandrea, alienarum opum in-
digentem, receperat. Ipse autem Ptolemæus, quum
vivus filio regnum tradidisset, ab illo eodem vita priva-
tus dicitur. De quibus quoniam satis dictum putamus,
non incommodum videtur, non præterire Hamilcarem et
Hannibalem, quos et animi magnitudine, et calliditate
omnes in Africa natos præstitisse constat.
XXII. 1, 2. (Hamilcar) 87
X X II. H A M IIL C A. R,.
«* - - - * . • • •— ————«
I. Hamilcar, Hannibalis filius, cognomine Barcas,
Carthaginiensis, primo Poenico bello, sed temporibus
extremis, admodum adolescentulus in Sicilia præesse
cœpit exercitui. Quum ante ejus adventum et mari et
terra male res gererentur Carthaginiensium, ipse, ubi
affuit, numquam hosti cessit neque locum nocendi dedit ;
sæpeque e contrario occasione data lacessivit, semper-
que superior discessit. Quo facto, quum pæne omnia
in Sicilia Pœni amisissent, ille Erycem sic defendit, ut
bellum eo loco gestum non videretur. Interim Cartha-
ginienses, classe apud insulas Ægates a C. Lutatio,
consule Romanorum, superati, statuerunt belli finem
facere, eamque rem arbitrio permisserunt Hamilcaris.
Ille, etsi flagrabat bellandi cupiditate, tamen paci ser-
viendum putavit, quod patriam exhaustam sumtibus
diutius calamitates belli ferre non posse intelligebat:
sed ita, ut statim mente agitaret, si paullum modo res
essent refectæ, bellum renovare Romanosque armis per-
sequi, domicum aut certe vicissent, aut victi manus de-
dissent. Hoc consilio pacem conciliavit, in qua tanta
fuit ferocia, quum Catulus negaret bellum compositurum,
nisi ille cum suis, qui Erycem tenuerunt, armis relictis,
Sicilia decederent, ut, succumbente patria, ipse peritu-
rum se potius dixerit, quam cum tanto flagitio domum
rediret. Non enim suæ esse virtutis, arma a patria
accepta adversus hostes adversariis tradere. Hujus
pertinaciæ cessit Catulus. -.
II. At ille, ut Carthaginem venit, multo aliter, ac
sperabat, rempublicam se habentem cognovit. Namque
diuturnitate externi mali tantum exarsit intestinum bel-
lum, ut numquam pari periculo fuerit Carthago, nisi
quum deleta est. Primo mercenarii milites, qui adver-
sus Romanos fuerant, desciverunt : quorum numerus
erat viginti millium. Hi totam abalienarunt Africam,
ipsam Carthaginem oppugnarunt. Quibus malis adeo
§8 XXII. 8, 4. (Hamilcar)
sunt Pœni perterriti, ut etiam auxilia a Romanis petive-
rint, eaque impetrarint. Sed extremo, quum prope jam
ad desperationem pervenissent, Hamilcarem imperato-
rem fecerunt. Is non solum hostes a muris Carthaginis
removit, quum amplius centum millia facta essent ar-
matorum ; sed etiam eo compulit, ut, locorum angustiis
clausi, plures fame, quam ferro interirent. Omnia op-
pida abalienata, in his Uticam atque Hipponem, valen-
tissima totius Africæ, restituit patriæ. Neque eo fuit
contentus, sed etiam fines imperii propagavit, tota Afri-
ca tantum otium reddidit, ut mullum in ea bellum vide-
retur multis annis fuisse.
III. Rebus his ex sententia peräctis, fidenti animo at-
que infesto Romanis, quo facilius causam bellandi repe-
riret, effecit, ut imperator cum exercitu in Hispaniam
mitteretur, eoque secum duxit filium Hannibalem, an-
morum novem. Erat præterea cum eo adolescens illus-
tris, formosus, Hasdrubal, quem nonnulli diligi turpius,
quam par erat, ab Hamilcare loquebantur. Non enim
maledici tanto viro deesse poterant. Quo factum est,
ut a præfecto morum Hasdrubal cum eo vetaretur esse.
Huic ille filiam suam in matrimonium dedit, quod mori-
bus eorum non poterat interdici socero gener. De hoc
ideo mentionem fecimus, quod, Hamilcare occisso, ille
exercitui præfuit, resque magnas gessit ; et princeps
largitione vetustos pervertit mores Carthaginiensium ;
ejusdemque post mortem Hannibal ab exercitu accepit
Imperlum. -.
IV. At Hamilcar, posteaquam mare transiit in His-
paniamque venit, magnas res secunda gessit fortuna:
maximas bellicosissimasque gentes subegit: equis, ar-
mis, viris, pecunia totam locupletavit Africam. Hic
quum in Italiam bellum inferre meditaretur, nono anno
post, quam in Hispaniam venerat, in prœlio pugnans
adversus Vettones occisus est. Hujus perpetuum odium
erga Romanos maxime concitasse videtur secundum
bellum Pœnicum. Namque Hannibal, filius ejus, assi-
duis patris obtestationibus eo est perductus, ut interire,
quam Romanos non experiri mallet.
XXIII, 1, 2. (Hannibal.) 89
X X III. H A N N I B A L
I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Carthaginiensis. Si
verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus Romanus
omnes gentes virtute superarit, non est infitiandum,
Hannibalem tanto præstitisse ceteros imperatores pru-
dentia, quanto populus Romanus antecedat fortitudine
cunctas mationes. Nam quotiescumque cum eo con-
gressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. Quod
nisi domi civium suorum invidia debilitatus esset, Ro-
manos videretur superare potuisse. Sed multorum ob-
trectatio devicit unius virtutem. Hic autem velut he-
reditate relictum odium paternum erga Romanos sic
conservavit, ut prius animam, quam id, deposuerit : qui
quidem, quum patria pulsus esset, et alienarum opum
indigeret, numquam destiterit animo bellare cum Ro-
XYìàY\lS. ¢ •.
II. Nam ut omittam Philippum, quem absens hostem
reddidit Romanis : omnium his temporibus potentissimus
rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate incendit
bellandi, ut usque a rubro mari arma conatus sit inferre
Italiæ. Ad quem quum legati venissent Romani, qui
de ejus voluntate explorarent darentque operam consiliis
clandestinis, ut Hannibalem in suspicionem regi addu-
cerent, tamquam ab ipsis corruptum alia, atque antea,
sentire ; neque id frustra fecissent, idque Hannibal
comperisset, seque ab interioribus consiliis segregari
vidisset : tempore dato adiit ad regem, eique quum multa
de fide sua et odio in Romanos commemorasset, hoc
adjunxit : Pater, inquit, meus, Hamilcar, puerulo me,
utpote non amplius novem annos nato, in Hispaniam im- '
perator proficiscens Carthagine, Jovi optimo maaeimo hos-
iias immolavit. Quæ divina res dum conficiebatur, quae-
sivit a me, vel/emne secum in castra proficisci ? Id quum
/ibenter accepissem, atque ab eo petere cæpissem, me dubi-
taret ducere ; tum ille, faciam, inquit, si fidem mihi, quam
postulo, dederis. Simu/ me ad aram adduæ t, apud quam
4
8*
90 XXIII. 3, 4. (Hannibal.)
6
I)
2
2
sacrificare instituerat, eamque, ceteris remotis, tenentem
jurare jussit, numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore.
Id ego jusjurandum patri datum usque ad hanc ætatem ita
conservavi, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, quin reliquo
tempore eadem mente sim futurus. Quare, si quid amice
de Romanis cogitabis, non ìmprudenter feceris, sì me ce-
faris ; quum quidem bel/um parabis, te ipsum frustrabe-
7ros, so me non ?n eo pr?ncepem posueros.
III. Hae igitur, qua diximus, ætate cum patre in
Hispaniam profectus est : cujus post obitum, Hasdrubale
imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni præfuit. Hoc quo-
que interfecto, exercitus summam imperii ad eum de-
tulit. Id Carthaginem delatum publice comprobatum
est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et viginti annis natus
imperator faetus proximo triennio omnes gentes Hispa-
niæ bello subegit ; Saguntum, fœderatam civitatem, vi
expugnavit ; tres exercitus maximos comparavit. Ex
his unum in Africam misit, alterum cum Hasdrubale
fratre in Hispania reliquit, tertium in Italiam secum
duxit. Saltum Pyrenæum transiit. Quacumque iter
fecit, cum omnibus incolis conflixit ; neminem, nisi vic-
tum, dimisit. Ad Alpes posteaquam venit, quæ Italiam
ab Gallia sejungunt, quas nemo umquam cum exercitu
ante eum, præter Herculem Graium, transierat (quo
facto is hodie saltus Graius appellatur) : Alpicos, co-
nantes prohibere transitu, concidit, loca patefecit, itinera
muniit, effecit [que], ut ea elephantus ornatus ire posset,
qua antea unus homo inermis vix poterat repere. Hac
copias traduxit, in Italiamque pervenit.
IV. Conflixerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio
Scipione Cos. eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem [de]
Clastidio apud Padum decernit: saucium inde ac fuga-
tum dimittit. Tertio idem Scipio cum collega, Tiberio
Longo, apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. Cum his
manum conseruit : utrosque profligavit. Inde per Li-
gures Apenninum transiit, petens Etruriam. Hoc iti-
nere adeo gravi morbo afficitur oculorum, ut postea
numquam dextero æque bene usus sit. Qua valetudine
quum etiam nunc premeretur, lectieaque ferretur, C.
Flaminium Cos. apud Trasimenum cum exercitu insi-
diis circumventum occidit : neque multo post C. Cente-
nium prætorem, cum delecta manu saltus occupantem.
XXIII. 5, 6. (Hunnibal.) - 91
Hinc in Apuliam pervenit. Ibi obviam ei venerunt duo
Consules, C. Terentius et L. Æmilius. Utriusque ex-
ercitus uno prœlio fugavit ; Paullum consulem occidit,
et aliquot præterea consulares, in his Cn. Servilium
Geminum, qui anno superiore fuerat consul. -
V. Hac pugna pugnata Romam profectus est, nullo
resistente. In propinquis urbis montibus moratus est.
Quum aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset, et reverteretur
Capuam ; Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Romamus, in
agro Falerno se ei objecit. Hic clausus locorum an-
gustiis noctu sine ullo detrimento exercitus se expedi-
vit ; Fabio, callidissimo imperatori, verba dedit. Nam-
que obducta nocte sarmenta in cornibus juvencorum
deligata incendit, ejusque generis multitudincm magnam
dispalatam immisit. Quo repentino objectu viso tantum
terrorem injecit exercitui Romanorum, ut egredi extra
vallum nemo sit ausus. Hanc post rem gestam non ita
multis diebus M. Minucium Rufum, magistrum equi-
tum, pari ac dictatorem imperio, dolo productum in
prœlium, fugavit. Ti. Sempronium Gracchum, iterum
consulem, in Lucanis absens in insidias inductum sus-
tulit. M. Claudium Marcellum, quinquies consulem,
apud Venusiam pari modo interfecit. Longum est,
enumerare prœlia. Quare hoc unum satis erit dictum,
ex quo intelligi possit, quantus ille fuerit : quamdiu in
Italia fuit, nemo ei in acie restitit, nemo adversus eum
post Camnensem pugnam in campo castra posuit.
VI. Hic invictus patriam defensum revocatus bellum
gessit adversus P. Scipionem, filium ejus, quem ipse
primum apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Padum, tertio
apud Trebiam fugaverat. Cum hoc, exhaustis jam
patriæ facultatibus, cupivit in præsentiarum bellum
componere, quo valentior postea congrederetur. In
colloquium convenit, conditiones non convenerunt. Post
id factum paucis diebus apud Zamam cum eodem con-
flixit : pulsus (incredibile dictu) biduo et duabus noc-
tibus Hadrumetum pervenit, quod abest a Zama circiter
millia passuum trecenta. In hac fuga Numidæ, qui
simul cum eo ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt ei:
quos non solum effugit, sed etiam ipsos oppressit. Ha-
drumeti reliquos ex fuga collegit: novis delectibus pau-
cis diebus multos contraxit.
3
92 XXIII. 7, 8. (Hannibal)
7
VII. Quum in apparando acerrime esset occupatus,
Carthaginienses bellum cum Romanis composuerunt.
Ille nihilo secius exercitui postea præfuit, resque in
Africa gessit, [itemque Mago frater ejus,] usque ad P.
Sulpicium et C. Aurelium consules. His enim magis-
tratibus legati Carthaginienses Romam venerunt, qui
senatui populoque Romano gratias agerent, quod cum
his pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem corona aurea eos
donarent, simulque peterent, ut obsides eorum Fregellis
essent, captivique redderentur. His ex senatus con-
sulto responsum est : munus eorum gratum acceptum-
que esse ; obsides, quo loco rogarent, futuros ; captivos
non remissuros, quod Hannibalem, cujus opera suscep-
tum bellum foret, inimicissimum nomini Romano, etiam
nunc cum imperio apud exercitum haberent, itemque
fratrem ejus Magonem. Hoc responso Carthaginienses
Cognito Hannibalem domum Magonemque revocarunt.
Huc ut rediit, prætor factus est, postquam rex fuerat,
anmo secundo et vicesimo. Ut enim Romæ consules,
sic Carthagine quotannis annui bini reges creabantur.
In eo magistratu pari diligentia se Hannibal præbuit,
ac fuerat in bello. Namque effecit, ex novis vectigali-
bus non solum ut esset pecunia, quæ Romanis ex fœdere
penderetur, sed etiam superesset, quæ in ærario repo-
neretur. Deinde, anno post præturam, Marco Claudio,
Lucio Furio Coss. Roma legati Carthaginem venerunt.
Hos Hannibal sui exposcendi gratia missos ratus, prius-
quam his senatus daretur, navem conscendit clam, atque
in Syriam ad Antiochum profugit. Hac re palam facta,
Poen. 1, aves duas, quæ eum eomprehenderent, si possent
consequi, miserunt ; bona ejus publicarunt ; domum a
fundamentis disjecerunt ; ipsum exsulem judicarunt.
VIII. At Hannibal anno post, quam domo profuge-
rat, L. Cornelio, Quinto Minucio Coss. cum quinque
navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyrenæorum, si
forte Carthaginienses ad bellum Antiochi spe fiduciaque
inducere posset: cui jam persuaserat, ut cum exerciti-
bus in Italiam proficisceretur. Hue Magonem fratrem
excivit. Id ubi Pœni resciverunt, Magonem eadem,
qua fratrem, absentem poena affecerunt. Illi desperatis
rebus quum solvissent naves, ac vela ventis dedissent,
Hannibal ad Antiochum pervenit. De Magonis interitu
XXIII. 9, 10. (Hannibal.) 93
duplex memoria prodita est. Namque alii naufragio,
alii a servis ipsius interfectum eum, scriptum relique-
runt. Antiochus autem, si tarn in agendo bello parere
volujsset consiliis ejus, quam in suscipiendo instituerat,
propius Tiberi, quam Thermopylis de summa imperii
dimicasset. Quem etsi multa stulte comari videbat, ta-
men nulla deseruit in re. Præfuit paucis navibus, quas
ex Syria jussus erat in Asiam ducere, hisque mdversus
Rhodiorum classem im Pamphylio mari conflixit. Quo
quum multitudine adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse,
quo cornu rem gessit, fuit superior.
IX. Antiocho. fugato, verens, ne dederetur, quod sine
dubio accidisset, si sui fecisset potestatem, Cretam ad
Gortynios venit, ut ibi, quo se conferret, consideraret.
Vidit autem vir omnium callidissimus, magno se fore
periculo, nisi quid providisset, propter avaritiam Cre-
tensium. Magnam enim secum pecuniam portabat, de
qua sciebat exisse famam. Itaque capit tale consilium.
Amphoras complures complet plumbo ; summas operit
auro et argento. Has, præsentibus principibus, deponit
in templo Dianæ, simulans, se suas fortunas illorum fidei
credere. His in errorem inductis, statuas æneas, quas
secum portabat, omnes sua pecunia complet, easque in
propatulo domi abjicit. Gortynii ternplum magna cura
custodiunt, non tam a ceteris, quam ab Hannibale, ne
ille, inscientibus his, tolleret secumque duceret.
X. Sic, conservatis suis rebus, Pœnus, illusis, Cre-
tensibus omnibus, ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit.
Apud quem eodem animo fuit erga Italiam, neque aliud
quidquam egit, quam regem armavit et exercuit adver-
sus Romanos. Quem quum videret domesticis rebus
minus esse robustum, conciliabat ceteros reges, adjun-
gebatque bellicosas nationes. Dissidebat ab eo Perga-
menus rex, Eurmenes, Romanis amicissimus, bellumque
inter eos gerebatur et mari et terra : quo magis cupiebat
cum Hannibal opprimi. Sed utrobique Eumenes plus
valebat propter Romanorum societatem : quem si remo-
visset, faciliora sibi cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc
interficiendum talem iniit rationem. Classe paucis die-
bus erant decreturi. Superabatur navium multitudine:
dolo erat pugnandum, quum par non esset armis. Im-
peravit quam plurimas venenatas serpentes vivas colligi,
8
94 XXIII. 11, 12. (Hannibal.)
ô
3
7
easque in vasa fictilia conjici. Harum quum eonfecis-
set magnam multitudinem, die ipso, quo facturus erat
navale prœlium, classiarios convocat, hisque præcipit,
omnes ut in unam Eumenis regis concurrant navem, a
ceteris tantum satis habeant se defendere. Id facile
illos serpentium multitudine consecuturos. Rex autem
in qua nave veheretur, ut scirent, se facturum ; quem
si aut cepissent, aut interfecissent, magno his pollicetur
præmio fore. -
XI. Tali cohortatione militum facta, classis ab utris-
que in proelium deducitur. Quarum acie constituta,
priusquam signum pugnæ daretur, Hannibal, ut palam
faceret suis, quo loco Eumenes esset tabellarium in
scapha cum caduceo mittit. Qui ubi ad naves adver-
sariorum pervenit, epistolamque Cstendens se regem
professus est quærere, statim ad Eumenem deductus
est, quod nemo dubitabat, aliquid de pace esse scriptum.
Tabellarius, ducis nave declarata suis, eodem, unde
ierat, se recepit. At Eumenes, soluta epistola, nihil in
ea reperit, nisi quod ad irridendum eum pertineret.
Cujus etsi causam mirabatur, neque reperiebatur, tamen
prœlium statim committere non dubitavit. Horum in
concursu Bithymi Hannibalis præcepto universi navem
Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum vim rex quum sustinere
non posset, fuga salutem petiit : quam consecutus non
esset, nisi intra sua præsidia se recepisset, quæ in proxi-
mo litore erant collocata. Reliquæ Pergamemæ naves
quum adversarios premerent acrius, repente in eas vasa
fictilia, de quibus supra mentionem fecimus, conjici
coepta sunt. Quæ jacta initio risum pugnantibus con-
citarunt, neque, quare id fieret, poterat intelligi. Post-
quam autem naves completas conspexerunt serpentibus,
nova re perterriti, quum, quid potissimum vitarent, non
viderent, puppes averterunt, seque ad sua castra nautica
vetulerunt. Sic Hannibal consilio arma Pergamenorum
superavit : neque tum solum, sed sæpe alias pedestribus
copiis pari prudentia pepulit adversarios.
XII. Quæ dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casu, ut le-
gati Prusiæ Romæ apud L. Quintium Flamininum,
consularem, coenarent, atque ibi, de Hannibale mentione
facta, ex his unus diceret, eum in Prusiæ regno esse.
Id postero die Flamininus senatui detulit. Patres con-
XXIII. 13. (Hannibal.) 95
gcripti, qui, Hannibale vivo, numquam se sine insidiis
futuros existimarent, legatos in Bithyniam miserunt, in
his Flamiminum, qui ab rege peterent, ne inimicissimum *
suum secum haberet, sibique dederet. His Prusias ne-
gare ausus non est ; illud recusavit, ne id a se fieri
postularent, quod adversus jus hospitii esset ; ipsi, si
possent, comprehenderent: locum, ubi esset, facile im-
venturos. Hannibal enim uno loco se tenebat in castello,
quod ei ab rege datum erat muneri: idque sie ædifica-
rat, ut in omnibus partibus ædificii exitum sibi haberet,
semper verens, ne usu veniret, quod accidit. Huc
quum legati Romanorum venissent, ac multitudine do-
mum ejus circumdedissent, puer ab janua prospiciens
Hannibali dixit, plures præter consuetudinem armatos
apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores ædificii cir-
eumiret, ac propere sibi renuntiaret, num eodem modo
undique obsideretur. Puer quum celeriter, quid esset,
renuntiasset, omnesque exitus occupatos ostendisset ;
sensit, id non fortuito factum, sed se peti, neque sibi
diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbi-
trio dimitteret, memor pristimarum virtutum, venenum
quod semper secum habere consueverat, sumpsit.
XIII. Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisque perfunctus
laboribus, anno acquievit septuagesimo. Quibus cOn-
sulibus interierit, non convenit. Namque Atticus, Mar-
co Claudio Marcello, Q. Fabio Labeone Coss. mortuum,
in annali suo scriptum reliquit ; at Polybius, L. Æmilio
Paullo et Cn. Bæbio Tamphilo ; Sulpicius autem, P.
Cornelio Cethego, M. Bæbio Tamphilo. Atque hic
tantus vir tantisque bellis districtus nonnihil temporis
tribuit litteris. Namque aliquot ejus libri sunt, Græco
sermone confecti ; in his ad Rhodios de Cn. Manlii
Vulsonis in Asia rebus gestis. Hujus bella gesta multi
memoriæ prodiderunt : sed ex his duo, qui cum eo in
castris fuerunt simulque vixerunt, quamdiu fortuna
passa est, Silenus, et Sosilus Lacedæmonius. Atque
hoc Sosilo Hannibal litterarum Græcarum usus est doc-
tore. Sed nos tempus est hujus libri facere finem, et
Romanorum explicare imperatores : quo facilius collatis
utrorumque factis, qui viri præferendi sint, possit judi-
C8.í*1.
4
96 XXIV. 1, 2. (M. Portius Cato.)
X X I V. M. P O R, T I U S C A T O.
I. Cato, ortus municipio Tusculo, adolescentulus, pri-
usquam honoribus operam daret, versatus est in Sabinis,
quod ibi heredium a patre relictum habebat. Hortatu
L. Valerii Flacci, quem in consulatu censuraque ha-
buit collegam, ut M. Perperna Censorius narrare solitus
est, Romam demigravit, in foroque esse coepit. Primum
stipendium meruit annorum decem septemque, Q. Fa-
bio, M. Claudio Consulibus. Tribunus militum in Si-
cilia fuit. Inde ut rediit, castra secutus est C. Claudii
Neronis, magnique opera ejus existimata est in prœlio
apud Senam, quo cecidit Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis.
Quæstor obtigit P. Africano, consuli, cum quo non pro
sortis necessitudine vixit: namque ab eo perpetua dis-
sensit vita. AEdilis plebis factus est, cum C. Helvio.
: Prætor provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex qua quæstor
superiore tempore ex Africa decedens Q. Ennium
poëtam deduxerat: quod non minoris existimamus, quam
quemlibet amplissimum Sardiniensem triumphum.
II. Consulatum gessit cum L. Valerio Flacco, sorte
provinciam nactus Hispaniam citeriorem, exque ea tri-
umphum deportavit. Ibi quum diutius moraretur, P.
Scipio Africamus, Consul iterum, cujus in priori consu-
latu quæstor fuerat, voluit eum de provincia depellere,
et ipse ei succedere. Neque hoc per senatum efficere
potuit, quum quidem Scipio in civitate principatum ob-
tineret : quod tum non potentia, sed jure respublica ad-
ministrabatur. Qua ex re iratus senatui, consulatu
peracto, privatus in urbe mansit. At Cato, censor cum
eodem Flacco factus, severe præfuit ei potestati. Nam
et in complures nobiles animadvertit, et multas res no-
vas in edictum addidit, qua re luxuria reprimeretur,
quæ jam tum incipiebat pullulare. [Circiter annos oc-
toginta,] Usque ad extremam ætatem ab adolescentia,
reipublicæ causa suscipere inimicitias non destitit. A
XXV. 1. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 97
tnultis tentatus non modo nullum detrimentum existi-
mationis fecit, sed, quoad vixit, virtutum laude crevit.
III. In omnibus rebus singulari fuit prudentia et im-
dustria. Nam et agricola sollers, et reipublicæ peritus,
et juris consultus, et magnus imperator, et probabilis
orator, et cupidissimus litterarum fuit. Quarum studium
etsi senior arripuerat, tamen tantum progressum fecit,
ut non facile reperire possis, neque de Græcis, neque
de Italicis rebus, quod ei fuerit incognitum. Ab ado-
lescentia confecit orationes. Senex historias scribere
instituit, quarum sunt libri septem. Primus continet
res gestas regum populi Romani ; secundus et tertius,
unde quæque civitas orta sit Italica : ob quam rem om-
nes Origines videtur appellasse. In quarto autem bellum
Poenicum primum ; in quinto secundum. Atque hæc
omnia capitulatim sunt dicta. Reliquaque ,bella pari
modo persecutus est, usque ad præturam Ser. Galbæ,
qui diripuit Lusitanos. Atque horum bellorum duces
non nominavit, sed sine nominibus res notavit. In iisdem
exposuit, quæ in Italia Hispaniisque viderentur admi-
randa. In quibus multa industria et diligentia compa-
ret, multa doctrina. Hujus de vita et moribus plura in
eo libro persecuti sumus, quem separatim de eo fecimus
rogatu Titi Pomponii Attici. Quare studiosos Catonis
ad illud volumem delagamus.
XXV. T. PoMPONIUs ATTICUs.
I. T. Pomponius Atticus, ab origine ultima stirpis
Romanæ generatus, perpetuo a majoribus acceptam
equestrem obtinuit dignitatem. Patre usus est diligente,
indulgente, et, ut tum erant tempora, diti, imprimisque
studioso litterarum. . Hic, prout ipse amabat litteras,
omnibus doctrinis, quibus puerilis ætas impertiri debet,
filium erudivit. Erat autem in puero, præter docilitatem
ingenii, summa suavitas oris ac vocis, ut non solum ce-
leriter aeciperet, quæ tradebantur, sed etiam excellenter
2
2
98 XXV. 2, 3. (T. Pomponius Atticus.)
promunciaret. Qua ex re in pueritia nobilis inter æqua-
les ferebatur, clariusque exsplendescebat, quam generosi
condiscipuli animo æquo ferre possent. Itaque incitabat
omnes studio suo ; quo in numero fuerunt L. Torquatus,
C. Marius filius, M. Cicero: quos consuetudine sua sic
sibi devinxit, ut nemo iis perpetuo fuerit carior.
II. Pater mature decessit. Ipse adolescentulus prop-
ter affinitatem P. Sulpicii, qui tribunus plebis interfec-
tus est, non expers fuit illius periculi. Namque Anicia,
Pomponii consobrina, nupserat M. Servio, fratri Sulpicii.
Itaque interfecto Sulpicio posteaquam vid.t, Cinnano
tumultu civitatem esse perturbatam, meque sibi dari fa-
cultatem pro dignitate vivendi, quin alterutram partem
offenderet, dissociatis animis civium, quum alii Sullamis,
alii Cinnanis faverent partibus: idoneum tempus ratus
studiis obsequendi suis, Athenas se contulit. Neque eo
secius adolescentem Marium, hostem judicatum, juvit
opibus suis ; cujus fugam pecunia sublevavit. Ac, ne
illa peregrinatio detrimentum aliquod afferret rei famili-
ari, eodem magnam partem fortunarum trajecit suarum.
Hic ita vixit, ut universis Atheniensibus merito esset
carissimus. Nam præter gratiam, quæ jam im adoles-
centulo magna erat, sæpe suis opibus inopiam eorum
publicam levavit. Quum enim versuram facere publice
necesse esset, neque ejus conditionem æquam haberent ;
semper se interposuit, atque ita, ut neque usuram um-
quam ab iis acceperit, neque longius, quam dictum es-
i set, [eos] debere passus sit. Quod utrumque erat iis
salutare. Nam neque indulgendo inveterascere eorum
æs alienum patiebatur, neque multiplicandis usuris cres-
cere. Auxit hoc officium alia quoque liberalitate. Nam
universos frumento donavit, ita ut singulis septem modii
tritici darentur: qui modus mensuræ medimnus Athenis
appellatur.
III. Hic autem sic se gerebat, ut communis infimis,
par principibus videretur. Quo factum est, ut huic
omnes honores, quos possent, publice haberent, civemque
facere studerent : quo beneficio ille uti noluit. [Quod
nonnulli ita interpretantur, amitti civitatem Romanam
alia adscita.] Quamdiu affuit, ne qua sibi statua pone-
retur, restitit ; absens prohibere non potuit. Itaque
aliquot ipsi et Phidiæ locis sanctissimis posuerunt: hunc
XXV. 4, 5. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 99
enim in omni procuratione reipublicæ actorem auctorem.
que habebant. Igitur primum illud munus fortunæ,
quod in ea potissimum urbe natus est, in qua domicilium
Orbis terrarum esset imperii, ut eamdem et patriam ha-
beret et domum ; hoc specimen prudentiæ, quod, quum
in eam se civitatem contulisset, quæ antiquitate, huma-
mitate, doctrina præstaret omnes, unus ei ante alios fue-
rit carissimus. -
IV. Huc ex Asia Sulla decedens quum venisset,
quamdiu ibi fuit, secum habuit Pomponium, captus
adolescentis et humanitate et doctrina. Sic enim Græce
loquebatur, ut Athenis natus videretur. Tanta autem
suavitas erat sermonis Latini, ut appareret, in eo mati-
vum quemdam leporem esse, non adscitum. Idem poë-
mata pronuntiabat et græce et latine sic, ut supra nihil
posset addi. Quibus rebus factum est, ut Sulla nusquam
[eum] ab se dimitteret, cuperetque secum deducere.
Qui quum persuadere tentaret, noli, oro te, inquit Pom-
ponius, adversum eos me ve//e ducere, cum quibus me con-
tra te arma ferrem, Italiam reliqui. At Sulla, adolescen-
tis officio collaudato, omnia munera ei, quæ Athenis
acceperat, proficiscens jussit deferri. Hic complures
annos moratus, quum et rei familiari tantum operæ da-
ret, quantum non indiligens deberet paterfamilias, et
omnia reliqua tempora aut litteris, aut Atheniensium
reipublicæ tribueret, nihilominus amicis urbana officia
præstitit. Nam et ad comitia eorum ventitavit, et, si
qua res major acta est, non defuit; sicut Ciceroni in
Omnibus [ejus] periculis singularem fidem præbuit : cui
ex patria fugienti LLS. ducenta et quinquaginta millia
donavit. Tranquillatis autem rebus Romanis, remi-
gravit Romam, ut opinor, L. Cotta et L. Torquato Consu-
libus: quem diem sic universa civitas Atheniensium pro-
secuta est, ut lacrimis desiderii futuri dolorem indicaret.
V. Habebat avunculum Q. Cæcilium, equitem Ro-
manum, familiarem L. Luculli, divitem, difficillima na-
tura : cujus sic asperitatem veritus est, ut, quem nemo
ferre posset, hujus sine offensione ad summam senectu-
tem retinuerit benevolentiam. Quo facto tulit pietatis
fructum. Cæcilius enim moriens testamento adoptavit
eum, heredemque fecit ex dodrante : ex qua hereditate
accepit circiter centies LLS. Erat nupta soror Attici
100 XXV. 6, 7. (T. Pomponius Atticus.)
Q. Tullio Ciceroni: easque nuptias M. Cicero concilia-
Tat, cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,
multo etiam familiarius, quam cum Quinto, ut judicari
possit, plus in amicitia valere similitudinem morum,
quam affinitatem. Utebatur autem intime Q. Hortensio,
qui his temporibus principatum eloquentiæ tenebat, ut
intelligi non posset, uter eum plus diligeret, Cicero, an
Hortensius: et id, quod erat difficillimum, efficiebat,
ut, inter quos tantæ laudis esset æmulatio, nulla inter-
cederet obtrectatio, essetque talium virorum copula.
VI. In republica ita versatus est, ut semper optimarum
partium et esset et existimaretur, neque tamen se civili-
bus fluctibus committeret, quod non magis eos in sua
potestate existimabat esse, qui se his dedissent, quam
qui maritimis jactarentur. Honores non petiit, quum
ei paterent propter vel gratiam vel dignitatem : quod
neque peti more majorum, neque capi possent conserva-
tis legibus, in tam effusis ambitus largitionibus, neque
geri e republica sine periculo, corruptis civitatis moribus.
Ad hastam publicam numquam accessit. Nullius rei
neque præs, neque manceps factus est. Neminem ne-
que suo nomine, neque subscribens, accusavit. In jus
de sua re numquam iit ; judicium nullum habuit. Mul-
torum consulum prætorumque præfecturas delatas sic
accepit, ut neminem in provinciam sit secutus, honore
fuerit contentus, rei familiaris despexerit fructum : qui
ne cum Q. quidem Ciceröne voluerit ire in Asiam,
quum apud eum legati locum obtinere posset. Non
enim decere se arbitrabatur, quum præturam gerere
noluisset, asseclam esse prætoris. Qua in re non solum
dignitati serviebat, sed etiam tranquillitati, quum suspi-
ciones quoque vitaret criminum. Quo fiebat, ut ejus
observantia omnibus esset carior, quum eam officio, non
timori neque spei tribui viderent.
VII. Incidit Cæsarianum civile bellum, quum habe-
ret annos circiter sexaginta. Usus est ætatis vacatione,
neque [se] quoquam movit ex urbe. Quæ amicis suis
opus fuerant ad Pompeium proficiscentibus, omnia ex
sua re familiari dedit. Ipsum Pompeium conjunctum
non offendit: nullum [enim] ab eo habebat ornamentum,
ut ceteri, qui per eum aut honores, aut divitias ceperant;
quorum partim invitissimi castra sunt secuti, partim
XXV. 8, 9. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 10I
summa cum ejus offensione domi remanserunt. Attici
autem quies tantopere Cæsari fuit grata, ut, victor quum
privatis pecunias per epistolas imperaret, huic non so-
lum molestus non fuerit, sed etiam sororis filium et Q.
Ciceronem ex Pompeii castris concesserit. Sic vetere
instituto vitæ effugit nova pericula.
VIII. Secutum est illud. Occiso Cæsare, quum
respublica penes Brutos videretur esse et Cassium, ac tota
civitas se ad eos convertisse [videretur] : sie M. Bruto
usus est, ut nullo ille adolescens æquali familiarius,
quam hoc sene, neque solum eum principem consilii
haberet, sed etiam in convictu. Excogitatum est a
quibusdam, ut privatum ærarium Cæsaris interfectoribus
ab equitibus Romanis constitueretur. Id facile effici
posse arbitrati sunt, si et principes illius ordinis pecunias
contulissent. Itaque appellatus est a C. Flavio, Bruti
familiari, Atticus, ut ejus rei princeps esse vellet. At
ille, qui officia amicis præstanda sine factione existima-
ret, semperque a talibus se consiliis removisset, respon-
dit : si quid Brutus de suis facultatibus uti voluisset,
usurum, quantum hæ paterentur ; se neque cum quo-
quam de ea re collocuturum, neque coiturum. Sic ille
consensionis globus hujus unius dissensione disjectus
est. Neque multo post superior esse coepit Antonius,
ita ut Brutus et Cassius, provinciarum, quæ iis necis
causa datæ erant a consulibus, desperatis rebus, in ex-
silium proficiscerentur. Atticus, qui pecuniam simul
cum ceteris conferre noluerat florenti illi parti, abjecto
Bruto Italiaque cedenti LLS. centum millia muneri
misit. Eidem in Epiro absens trecenta jussit dari ;
neque eo magis potenti adulatus est Antonio, neque des-
peratos reliquit.
IX. Secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam. In
quo si tantum eum prudentem dicam, minus, quam de-
beam, prædicem, quum ille potius divinus fuerit : si di-
vinatio appellanda est perpetua naturalis bonitas, quæ
nullis casibus neque agitur, neque minuitur. Hostis
Antonius judicatus Italia cesserat ; spes restituendi
nulla erat. Non solum [ejus] inimici, qui tum erant
potentissimi et plurimi, sed etiam, qui adversariis ejus
se dabant, et in eo lædendo aliquam consecuturos [se]
sperabant commendationem, Antonii familiares inseque-
9*
102 XXV. 10. (T. Pomponus Atticus.)
bantur ; uxorem Fulviam omnibus rebus spoliare cu-
piebant ; liberos etiam exstinguere parabant. Atticus,
quum Ciceronis intima familiaritate uteretur, amicissi-
mus esset Bruto, non modo nihil iis indulsit ad Antoni-
um violandum, sed e contrario familiares ejus ex urbe
profugientes, quantum potuit, texit, quibus rebus indi.
guerunt, adjuvit. P. vero Volumnio ea tribuit, ut plura
a parente proficisci non potuerint. Ipsi autem Fulviæ,
quum litibus distineretur magnisque terroribus vexare-
tur, tanta diligentia officium suum præstitit, ut nullum
illa stiterit vadimonium sine Attico, hic sponsor omnium
rerum fuerit. Quin etiam, quum illa fundum secunda
fortuna emisset in diem, neque post calamitatem versu-
ram facere potuisset, ille se interposuit pecuniamque
sine fenore sineque ulla stipulatione [ei] credidit, maxi-
mum existimans quæstum, memorem gratumque cog-
nosci, simulque aperire, se non fortunæ, sed hominibus
solere esse amicum. Quæ quum faciebat, nemo eum
temporis causa facere poterat existimare. Nemini enim
in opinionem veniebat, Antonium rerum potiturum. Sed
sensim is a nonnullis optimatibus reprehendebatur, quod
parum odisse malos cives* videretur. Ille autem sui
judicii potius, quid se faeere par esset, intuebatur, quam
quid alii laudaturi forent.
X. Conversa subito fortuna est. Ut Antonius rediit
in Italiam, nemo non magno in periculo Atticum putarat
propter intimam familiaritatem Ciceronis et Bruti. Ita-
que ad adventum imperatorum de foro decesserat, timens
' proscriptionem, latebatque apud P. Volumnium, cui, ut
ostendimus, paullo ante opem tulerat: (tanta varietas
iis temporibus fuit fortunæ, ut modo hi, modo illi in
summo essent aut fastigio, aut periculo) habebatque se-
cum Q. Gellium Canum, æqualem simillimumque sui,
Hoc quoque sit Attici bonitatis exemplum, quod cum
eo, quem puerum in ludo cognoverat, adeo conjuncte
vixit, ut ad extremam ætatem amicitia eorum creverit.
Antonius autem, etsi tanto odio ferebatur in Ciceronem,
ut non solum ei, sed omnibus etiam ejus amicis esset
inimicus, eosque vellet proscribere, multis hortantibus
tamen Attici memor fuit officii, et ei, quum requisisset,
ubinam esset, sua manu scripsit, ne timeret, statimque
ad se veniret : se eum, et illius causa [Gellium] Camum
XXV. 11, 12. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 108
de proscriptorum numero exemisse. Ac, ne quod [in]
periculum incideret, quod noctu fiebat, præsidiumï ei
misit. Sic Atticus in summo timore non solum sibi, sed
etiam ei, quem carissimum habebat, præsidio fuit. Ne-
que enim suæ solum a quoquam auxilium petiit salutis,
Sed conjunctim : ut appareret, nullam sejunctam sibi ab
eo velie fortunam. Quod si gubernator præcipua laude
fertur, qui navem ex hieme marique scopuloso servat:
cur non singularis ejus existimetur prudentia, qui ex
tot tamque gravibus procellis civilibus ad incolumitatem
pervenit?
XI. Quibus ex malis ut se emerserat, nihil aliud egit,
quam ut plurimis, quibus rebus posset, esset auxilio.
Quum proscriptos præmiis imperatorum vulgus conqui-
reret, nemo in Epirum venit, cui res ulla defuerit ; ne-
mini non ibi perpetuo manendi potestas facta est. Qui
etiam post prœlium Philippense interitumque C. Cassii
et M. Bruti L. Julium Mocillam, prætorium, et ejus
filium, Aulumque Torquatum, ceterosque pari fortuna
perculsos, instituerit tueri, atque ex Epiro his omnia
Samothraciam supportari jusserit. Difficile est, omnia
persequi, et non necessarium. Illud unum intelligi vo-
lumus, illius liberalitatem neque temporariam, neque
callidam fuisse. Id ex ipsis rebus ac temporibus judi-
cari potest, quod non florentibus se venditavit, sed afflic-
tis semper succurrit: qui quidem Serviliam, Bruti ma-
trem, non minus post mortem ejus, quam florente, colu-
erit. Sic liberalitate utens nullas inimicitias gessit:
quod neque lædebat quemquam, neque, si quam injuri-
am acceperat, malebat ulcisci, quam oblivisci. Idem
immortali memoria percepta retinebet beneficia ; quæ
autem ipse tribuerat, tamdiu meminerat, quoad ille gra-
tus erat, qui acceperat. Itaque hic fecit, ut vere dictum
videatur : Sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam. Neque
tamem prius ille fortunam, quam se ipse, finxit: qui ca-
vit, ne qua in re jure plecteretur.
XII. His igitur rebus effecit, ut M. Vipsanius Agrip-
pa, intima familiaritate conjunctus adolescenti Cæsari,
quum propter suam gratiam et Cæsaris potentiam nullius
gonditionis non haberet potestatem, potissimum ejus.de-
ligeret affinitatem, præoptaretque equitis Romani filiam
generosarum muptiis. Atque harum nuptiarum Conci-
�-
5
104 XXV. 13. (T. Pomponius Atticus.)
liator fuit (non est enim celandum) M. Antonius, trium-
vir reipublicæ constituendæ : cujus gratia quum augere
possessiones posset suas, tantum abfuit a cupiditate pe-
cuniæ, ut nulla in re usus sit ea, nisi in deprecandis
amicorum aut periculis, aut incommodis. Quod qui-
dem sub ipsa proscriptione perillustre fuit. Nam quum»
L. Saufeii, equitis Romani, æqualis sui, qui còmplures
annos, studio ductus philosophiæ, Athenis habitabat,
habebatque in Italia pretiosas possessiones, triumviri
bona vendidissent consuetudine ea, qua tum res gere-
bantur: Attici labore atque industria factum est, ut
eodem nuntio Saufeius fieret certior, se patrimonium
amisisse et recuperasse. Idem L. Julium Calidum,
quem post Lucretii Catullique mortem multo elegantis-
simum poëtam nostram tulisse ætatem vere videor posse
contendere, neque minus virum bonum optimisque ar-
tibus eruditum, post proscriptionem equitum propter
magnas ejus Africanas possessiones in proscriptorum.
numerum a P. Volumnio, præfecto fabrum Antonii,
absentem relatum, expedivit. Quod in præsenti utrum
ei laboriosius am gloriosius fuerit, difficile fuit judicare :
quod in eorum periculis, non secus absentes, quam præ-
sentes amicos Attico esse curæ, cognitum est.
XIII. Neque vero minus ille vir bonus paterfamilias
habitus est, quam civis. Nam quum esset pecuniosus,
nemo illo minus fuit emax, minus ædificator. Neque
tamen non in primis bene habitavit, omnibusque optimis
rebus usus est. Nam domum habuit in colle Quirinali
Tamphilanam, ab avunculo hereditate relictam : cujus
amoenitas non ædificio, sed silva constabat. Ipsum enim
tectum, antiquitus constitutum, plus salis, quam sumptus
habebat : in quo nihil commutavit, nisi si quid vetustate
coactus est. Usus est familia, si utilitate judicandum
est, optima ; si forma, vix mediocri. Namque in ea.
erant pueri litteratissimi, anagnostæ optimi, et plurimi
librarii, ut ne pedisequus quidem quisquam esset, qui
non utrumque horum pulchre facere posset ; pari modo
artifices ceteri, quos cultus domesticus desiderat, appri-
me boni. Neque tamen horum quemquam, nisi domi
natum domique factum, habuit: quod est signum non
solum continentiæ, sed etiam diligentiæ. Nam et non
intemperanter concupiscere, quod a plurimis videas,
XXV. 14, 15. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 105
continentis debet duci: et potius diligentia, quam pretio,
parare, non mediocris est industriæ. Elegans, non
magnificus ; splendidus, non sumptuosus ; omni diligen-
tia mundiciam, non affluentiam, affectabat. Supellex
modica, non multa, ut in neutram partem conspici pos-
set. Nec præteribo, quamquam nonnullis leve visum
iri putem : quum inprimis lautus esset eques Romanus,
et non parum liberaliter domum suam omnium ordinum
homines invitaret, [scimus,] non amplius, quam terna
millia æris, peræque in singulos menses, ex ephemeride
eum expensum sumptui ferre solitum. Atque hoc non
auditum, sed cognitum prædicamus. Sæpe enim prop-
ter familiaritatem domesticis rebus interfuimus.
XIV. Nemo in convivio ejus aliud acroama audivit,
quam anagnosten : quod nos quidem jucundissimum
arbitramur. Neque umquam sine aliqua lectione apud
eum cœnatum est, ut non minus animo, quam ventre
convivæ delectarentur. Namque eos vocabat, quorum
mores a suis non abhorrerent. Quum tanta pecuniæ
facta esset accessio, nihil de quotidiano cultu mutavit,
nihil de vitæ consuetudine : tantaque usus est modera-
tione, ut neque in sestertio vicies, quod a patre accepe-
rat, parum se splendide gesserit, neque in sestertio cen-
ties affluentius vixerit, quam instituerat, parique fastigio
steterit in utràque fortuna. Nullos habuit hortos, mul-
lam suburbanam aut maritimam sumptuosam villam,
neque in Italia, præter Ardeatinum et Nomentanum,
rusticum prædium : omnisque ejus pecuniæ reditus con-
stabat in Epiroticis et urbanis possessionibus. Ex quo
cognosci potest, usum eum pecuniæ mom magnitudine,
sed ratione metiri solitum.
XV. Mendacium meque dicebat, neque pati poterat.
Itaque ejus comitas non sine severitate erat, neque gra-
vitas sine facilitate, ut difficile esset intellectu, utrum
eum amici magis vererentur, an amarent. Quidquid
rogabatur, religiose promittebat : quod non liberalis, sed
levis arbitrabatur, polliceri, quod præstare non posset.
Idem in nitendo, quod semel annuisset, tanta erat cura,
ut non mandatam, sed suam rem videretur agere. Num-
quam suscepti negotii eum pertæsum est. Suam enim
existimationem in ea re agi putabat: qua nihil habebat
carius. Quo fiebat, ut omnia Ciceronum, Catonis, [Ma-
2
3
106 XXV. 16, 17, 18. (T. Pompon. Atticus.)
I.
rii, Q.] Hortensii, Auli Torquati, multorum præterea
equitum Romanorum negotia procuraret. Ex quo judi-
cari poterat, non inertia, sed judicio fugisse reipublicæ
procurationem. -
XVI. Humanitatis vero nullum afferre majus testi.
monium possum, quam quod adolescens idem seni Sullæ
fuerit jucundissimus, senex adolescenti M. Bruto ; cum
æqualibus autem suis, Q. Hortensio et M. Cicerone, sic
vixerit, ut judicare diffieile sit, cui ætati fuerit aptissi-
mus. Quamquam eum præcipue dilexit Cicero, ut ne
frater quidem ei Quintus carior fuerit aut familiarior.
Ei rei sunt indicio, præter eos libros, in quibus de eo
facit mentionem, qui in vulgus [jam] sunt editi, sex-
decim volumina epistolarum, ab consulatu ejus usque
ad extremum tempus ad Atticurm missarum : quæ qui
legat, non multum desideret historiam contextam illorum
temporum. Sic enim omnia de studiis principum, vitiis
ducum, mutationibus reipublicæ perscripta sunt, ut nihil
in iis non appareat, et facile existimari possit, pruden-
tiam quodammodo esse divinationem. Non enim Cicero
ea solum, quæ vivo se acciderunt, futura prædixit, sed
etiam, quæ nunc usu veniunt, cecinit, ut vates.
XVII. De pietate autem Attici quid plura comme-
morem ? quum hoc ipsum vere gloriantem audierim in
funere matris suæ, quam extulit annorum nonaginta,
quum esset septem et sexaginta, se numquam cum ma-
tre in gratiam redisse, numquam cum sorore fuisse in
simultate, quam prope æqualem habebat. Quod est
signum, aut nullam umquam inter eos querimoniam in-
tercessisse, aut hunc ea fuisse in suos indulgentia, ut,
quos amare deberet, irasci eis nefas duceret. Neque id
fecit natura solum, quamquam omnes ei paremus, sed
etiam doctrina. Nam et principum philosophorum ita
percepta habuit præcepta, ut iis ad vitam agendam, non
ad ostentationem, uteretur.
XVIII. Moris etiam majorum summus imitator fuit
antiquitatisque amator: quam adeo diligenter habuit
cognitam, ut eam totam in eo volumine exposuerit, quo
magistratus ornavit. Nulla enim lex, neque pax, neque
bellum, neque res illustris est populi Romani, quæ non
in eo suo tempore sit notata: et, quod difficillimum fuit,
sic familiarum originem subtexuit, ut ex eo clarorum
XXV. 19, 20. (T. Pomponus Atticus.) 107
virorum propagines possimus cognoscere. Fecit hoc
idem separatim in aliis libris : ut M. Bruti rogatu Juni-
am familiam a stirpe ad hanc ætatem ordine enumeravit,
notans, qui, a quo ortus, quos honores, quibusque tem-
poribus cepisset. Pari modo Marcelli Claudii, Marcel-
lorum ; Scipionis Cornelii et Fabii Maximi, Fabiorum
et Æmiliorum quoque : quibus libris nihil potest esse
dulcius iis, qui aliquam cupiditatem habent notitiæ cla-
rorum virorum. Attigit quoque poëticen : credimus,
ne ejus expers esset suavitatis. Namque versibus, qui
honore rerumque gestarum amplitudine ceteros Romani
populi præstiterunt, exposuit ita, ut sub singulorum ima-
ginibus facta magistratusque eorum non amplius qua-
ternis quinisve versibus descripserit : quod vix creden-
dum sit, tantas res tam breviter potuisse declarari. Est
etiam unus liber, Græce confectus, de consulatu Cice-
ronis.
XIX. Hactenus Attico vivo edita [hæc] a nobis sunt.
Nunc, quoniam fortuna nos superstites ei esse voluit,
reliqua persequemur, et, quantum potuerimus, rerum
exemplis lectores docebimus, sicut supra significavimus,
suos cuique mores plerumque conciliare fortunam.
Namque hic contentus ordine equestri, quo erat ortus,
in affinitatem pervenit imperatoris Divi filii: quum jam
ante familiaritatem ejus esset consecutus nulla alia re,
quam elegantia vitæ, qua ceteros ceperat principes civi-
tatis, dignitate pari, fortuna humiliore. Tanta enim
prosperitas Cæsarem est consecuta, ut nihil ei non tri-
buerit fortuna, quod cuiquam ante detulerit, et concilia-
rit, quod nemo adhuc civis Romanus quivit consequi.
Nata est autem Attico neptis ex Agrippa, cui virginem
filiam collocarat. Hanc Cæsar, vix anniculam, Tiberio
Claudio Neroni, Drusilla nato, privigno suo, despondit :
quæ conjunctio necessitudinem eorum sanxit, familiari-
tatem reddidit frequentiorem.
XX. Quamvis ante hæc sponsalia non solum, quum
ab urbe abesset, numquam ad suorum quemquam litte-
ras misit, quin Attico mitteret, quid ageret, imprimis,
quid legeret, quibusque in locis, et quam diu esset mo-
raturus: sed etiam, quum esset in urbe, et propter suas
infinitas occupationes mimus sæpe, quam vellet, Attico
frueretur, nullus dies temere intercessit, quo non ad
2
108 XXV. 21. (T. Pomponius Atticus.)
6
eum scriberet, quum modo aliquid de antiquitate ab eo
requireret, modo aliquam [ei] quæstionem poëticam
proponeret, interdum jocans ejus verbosiores eliceret
epistolas. Ex quo accidit, quum ædis Jovis Feretrii,
in Capitolio ab Romulo constituta, vetustate atque incu-
ria detecta prolaberetur, ut Attici admonitu Cæsar eam
reficiendam curaret. Neque vero ab M. Antonio minus
absens litteris colebatur: adeo, ut accurate ille ex ulti-
mis terris, quid ageret, quid curæ sibi haberet, certiorem
faceret Atticum. Hoc quale sit, facilius existimabit is,
qui judicare poterit, quantæ sit sapientiæ, eorum retinere
usum benevolentiamque, inter quos maximarum rerum
non solum æmulatio, sed obtrectatio tanta intercedebat,
quantam fuit incidere necesse inter Cæsarem atque An.
tonium, quum se uterque principem non solum urbis
Romanæ, sed orbis terrarum esse cuperet.
XXI. Tali modo quum septem et septuaginta annos
complesset, atque ad extremam senectutem non minus
dignitate, quam gratia fortunaque crevisset, (multas enim
hereditates nulla alia re, quam bonitate, est consecutus)
tantaque prosperitate usus esset valetudinis, ut annis
triginta medicina non indiguisset: nactus est morbum,
quem initio et ipse et medici contempserunt. Nam pu-
tarunt esse tenesmon, cui remedia celeria faciliaque
proponebantur. In hoc quum tres menses sine ullis
doloribus, præterquam quos ex curatione capiebat, con-
sumpsisset: subito tanta vis morbi in unum intestinum
prorupit, ut extremo tempore per lumbos fistula putris
eruperit. Atque hoc priusquam ei accideret, postquam
in dies dolores accrescere febresque accessisse sensit
Agrippam generum ad se arcessi jussit, et cum eo L.
Cornelium Balbum Sextumque Peducæum. Hos ut
venisse vidit, in cubitum innixus : quantam, inquit, cu-
7ram diligentiamque in valetudine mea tuenda hoc tempore
adhibuerim, quum vos testes habeam, mihi/ mecesse est plu-
'ribus verbis commemorare. Quibus quoniam, ut spero,
satisfeci, me nihil reliqui fecisse, quod ad samandum me
pertineret, reliquum est, ut egomet mihi comsulam. Id vos
ignorare nolui. Nam mihi stat, alere morbum desinere.
INamque his diebus quidquid cibi [potionisque] sumsi, ita
produæi vitam, ut auaeerim dolores sine spe salutis. Quare
XXV. 22. (T. Pomponius Atticus , 109
-* «*
a vobis peto primum, ut consilium probetis meum aceinde,
^e frustra dehortando comemini.
XXII. Hac oratione habita tanta constantia vocis at-
que vultus, ut non ex vita, sed ex domo in domum vide-
retur migrare, quum quidem Agrippa eum flens atque
Osculans Oraret atque obsecraret, ne ad id, quod natura
cogeret, ipse quoque sibi acceleraret, et, quoniam tum
quoque posset temporibus superesse, se sibi suisque re-
servaret, preces ejus taciturna sua obstinatione depressit.
Sic quum biduum cibo se abstinuisset, subito febris de-
cessit, leviorque morbus esse coepit. Tamen propositum
nihilo secius peregit. Itaque die quinto post, quam id
consilium inieràt, pridie Calendas Apriles, Cn. Domitio,
C. Sosio Coss. decessit. Elatus est in lecticula, ut ipse
præscripserat, sine ulla pompa funeris, comitantibus
Omnibus bonis, maxima vulgi frequentia. Sepultus est
juxta viam Appiam, ad quintum lapidem, in monumento
Q. Cæcilii, avunculi sui.
10
Q. U E S T I O N S.
FRAEFATIO.
[1] 1. What is the usual constructiom after non dubito
im the sense of I don't doubt ; Ifeel sure ?—2. Does Cic.
ever use the acc. amd imf. after non dubito = I dom't
doubt ?—3. What authors do ?—4. What is C. Nepos's
practice ?—5. Im what semse is non dubito regularly fol-
lowed by the infim. ?—6. Does Cic. ever use quin after
mon dubito = * I do not scruple* or * hesitate ?'—7. Do
good writers use plerique with a gem. ? Explaim plerique,
plurimi, complures.—8. Does hoc genus scripturæ relate
to the style and form, Or to the matter, contents, &c., of
[1] I—6. No n d u b i t o has two meamings: * I doubt mot :' * I
do mot hesitate.* (a) Non dubito (I doubt mot) is in Cicero (and I
believe Cæsar) always followed by quin : but the younger Cicero
in one letter, ad Div. xvi. 21, 2, has acc. with inf. (gratos tibi opta-
tosque esse—non dubito). In this sense C. Nepos has always the
acc. and inf. ; which also is not uncommom in Livy, Curtius, &c.
(b) In the sense of * I do not hesitate,' the inf. is the reg. constr.,
but even here Cic. has sometimes quin. [See Z. § 541].
After memini dubium esse C. Nep. has quin in Hamm. 2. 6.
7. P l e r i q u e , * a great many,' is not a partitive (and therefore not
followed in the best writers by a gen.*): it expresses a large number as
forming a whole ; not as the larger part of a whole. Plurimi is either
* very many* (considered as a whole) or * the greatest number,' * the
most.* Plurimi says more tham plerique ; and plerique more than
complures (Paus. 2, 2). D.—-See Död. plerique. 8. h o c g e I u s
a Cicero, however, pro CJuemt. 42, 117, has pleríque vestrum sciunt, and de
Amicit. 20, 71, quorv* plerique, and elsewhere the genitive with plerique.—See
also Z. § 109, JVote.
112 '* QUESTIONS ON
the work ?—9. Why is et non satis dignum better than
n e qu e satis dignum here ?—10. What is the original
meamimg of persona ? what its meaming here ?—11. Ex-
plaim virtutes here.—12. Give the derivatiom amd origi-
mal meamimg of commodus.—13. Give other imstamces of
commode = well.—14. What adverb would probably be
used im Greek ?—15. What amecdote that bears om this
subject is related of Themistocles ?—16. What part of
speech is musica properly, amd im what other form does
it occur ?—17. Why is musicam im the aec. ?
[2] 1 Who are hî?—2. What is the antecederit to
qui ?—3. What is the force of fere here ?—4. Why is
litterarum im the gem. ?—how is it to be construed here ?
—5. Why is conveniat in the subj. ?—6. By what Eng-
lish temse do you construe putabunt ?
[3] 1. What temse is didicerint ?—2. How do you
tramslate to judge one thing by another im Lat. ?—3. Ex-
plain ìnstituta.—4. Distimguish betweem mirari amd.
scripturæ: * this kind of historical compositiom,' relating notto the
style or form, but to the substamce or matter. 9. Et nom is used
in preference to neque when the megative belongs to only one word
or notiom of a positive clause. . 10. Persona, properly an actor's
mask ; hence the character he represemted, and them character
generally, rank, positìom, &c. 11. = res laudabiles: mearly =
accomplishments. 12. Com together, modus measure, proportion :
properly commodus, * having the full measure or proportion, that
any thing requires.' Hence commoda statura = a tall stature.
13. Commode legere, Plin. commode audire, Cic. 14.
άρμοστόs or εὐαρμόστωs. 15. Themistocles, quum in epulis recusaret
lyram, est habitus indoctior. Cic. Tusc. l, 2, 4. 16. Fem.
adj. from musicus, μουσικός. musica sc. ars. musice, (μουσική, sc.
téxvm) es. (Quint.)
[2] 1. hi de quibus loquor. 2. ii or ejusmodi homines, (qui
&c.) 3. for the most part ; principally ; to speak generally. .
It does not necessarily intimate that.the author believes his state-
ment not to be universally true, but is a cautious mode of avoiding
a universal proposition, which might be proved incorrect. 4.
literature. 5. Z. § 558.—Pr. Intr. 476. 6. By the indic. pres.
——the future here refers to the same time as the preceding erunt.
[3] 1. Fut. perf. 2. judicare aliquid aliquâ re. In a letter
to Cie. D. Brutus has * a certo [Tu enim aperto, Orell.] sensu et
vero judicas de nobis.' Ad Div. 11, 10. 3. Instituta (ka0εστάτο):
prevailing customs and usages, whether civil, military, or domestic,
mot enforced by laws, but by traditional and umiversal observance.
4. mirari is indifferent (i. e. implies neither admiratiom non
THIE PR.EFAC1E. 113
admirari.—5. What is the more usual word for Greek
im prose ?—6. Does Cic. ever use Graius ?
[4] 1. What force has enim here ?—2. Explaim ger-
mana soror. Translate * a sister by the same father and
mother,'—* a sister by the same mother.'—3. What is the
primary meaming of germanus ?—4. Whom did Cimom
marry ?—5. What is the force of quippe ? amd by what
Words is it oftem followed ?—6. How is cives to be com-
strued ?—7. What is the force of quidem in id quidem ?
amd what Greek particle has this force ?
[5] 1. Is it commom to translate * in the whole Qf
Greece' by totâ Græciâ, without the prepositiom ?—2.
When should * in' be used?—3. What and where was
Olympia ?—4. Goverm Olympiæ.—5. Explain citari.—6.
censure in itself, but either indifferently) : admirari (= admodum
mirari) generally implies admiratiom : demirari always censure.
Admirari is here simply * to wonder,' * to be surprised.* 5.
Græcus. 6. Yes, now and then : De Rep. 3, 9, quæ me reficienda
quidem G r a i í putaverunt. Ib. 2, 4. De Invent. 2, 23.—See
Död. Graeci. »
[4] 1. It introduces an instance to prove or illustrate what went
before : it may be construed * for example.** B. 2. The daugh-
ter of both a man's parents, or of his father, is his germana soror :
a sister by blood, whether half-sister, or a child of the same father
and mother: * a sister by the same father and mother,' soror eæ eis-
dem parentibus mata : a sister by the same mother, soror uterina.
3. Belonging to the same stock or race : thus, Strabo :
I'cgμανού ύτὸ * Paop.atov ka)\οῦντaι- δύνατaι δè rò òvopa y v ή σ ι ο ι. 4.
Elpinìce : who was also the daughter of Miltiades, but by another ,
wife. 5. It is an affirmative particle, whose office is to add the
reasom of a preceding statement: it is oftem followed by quum, qui.
6. Fellow-citizems. 7. It corresponds to the Greek ye,
adding emphasis or intensity to the preceding word, by confining the
-assertion to it (= this at all events, whatever may be Said of other
cases). It is to be construed by laying an emphasis om this. -
[5] 1. Yes : so in C. Nep. Iphicr. 2. 3. quod maxime t o t â cel-
ebratum est G r ae c i â.—Extension and prevalence through a whole
is better expressed by the abl. omly (if there is an adj. with it), than
by the abl. with im. . See Z. § 482. 2. To demote somewhere in a
space, not throughout the whole space. 4. It is the gen. depend-
ent on victorem. Olympiæ victor = 'OXvpTtovtkms, an Olympic vic-
tor; a conqueror in the Olympic games. So Alcib. 6. 3. Olympiae
victoribus. B. 5. * to be proclaimed by the herald.? 6.
= cemsemtur, habentur, * are reckomed,' * considered.' Accordingto
- Hand says, * universa significatio hujus particulæ in eo posita est, ut veri-
tas alicujus rei vel sententiæ aliâ re vel argumento monstretur. He translatea
enìm by * so them.' :}:
1I4 QUESTIONS ON
What is the meamimg of ponuntur here ? how does it get
this meamimg ?—7. To what English expressiom cam you
compare it ?
[6] 1. Is ea to be commected with contra or pleraque ?
—2. What is meamt by the primus locus ædium ?—3.
Explaim in celebritate versari.—4. What is the meamimg
of celebritas ?—5. Declime mater-familias. -
[7] 1. What' is the force of sedet ?—2. What were.
the other mames for the yvvo/xojvîris ? from what word are
these mames derived ?—3. What is the mame for the
7men's apartments ?—4. Distinguish betweem ædes simg.
amd plur.
[8] I. What is the differemce betweem quum—tum,
amd tum—tum ?—2. Are liber amd volumen symomymous,
some, the nction is derived from a man's putting down a pebble to
declare his vote (4jiqov τίθεχθαι); according to others, from putting
down a piece om a chess- or draughts-board. 7. To lay down, an
oplnlom. •
[6] I. With contra. Contra ea = * On the contrary.* See
Alcib. 8. 4. &c. 2. The atrium, or Tp66v9ov, which was origi-
nally the only sitting-room, where the mistress sat with her maid-ser-
vants, engaged in spinning and other domestie employments. It was
also the kitchen.—Afterwards, in great houses, it was the reception-
room (distinct from the private sitting-rooms), where the patron re-
ceived his clients and other visitors. Here the nuptial couch was
placed opp. the door ; the instruments amd materials for spinning and
weaving (formerly carried on by the women of the family in this
room), the images of the family ancestors, amd the sacred focus, or
fire-place, dedicated to the Lares. [Dict. of Rom. Antiq.] 3.
* to live, as it were, in public:' i. e. to be constantly surrounded with
a numerous company. 4. * the state of being visited by many :'
them * the multitude who visit a place' (qui locum celebrant). Here
celebritas = ^umerous company. *
[7] 1. * Sits secluded* (like fia0at), intimating that she there led
a dull, sedentary life : opp. in celebritate versari. 2. yvvat-
Κεῖον, yvvatkóv' yvvatK, root of yvvij, vomam. 3. άνδρωνῖτις.
4. Im the sing. it is a building consistiag of one room : e. g. ædes
sacra, a temple, consisting of one undivided interior space. In plur.
* a house' considered as made up of several chambers, and with ref-
erence to the building. Domus is the town-house of a moble or
wealthy Roman : * the house,' with all that belongs to it, the family,
&c.: also * house' considered as the home of a family.
[8] 1. In quum—tum more weight is given to the statement im-
troduced by tum (= and especially): im tum—tum equal impor-
tance is attached to both. 2. Liber is here * a book' as a portiom
of the whole work, volumen. Hence im hoc libro, mot hoc libro. See
THE PR.EFACE. I. I5
as here used by C. Nep. ?—3. Explaim the use of the
plurals (exponemus, veniemus) imstead of the sing.—4.
What is the comstruction of ordiri amd its compoumds ?—
5. Distinguish betweem ordiri amd incipere, inchoare, cæ
pisse.—What is the opposite of ordiri ?
EXER.CISIE.
Does damcimg well become the character of a very
great mam ?—I dom't doubt that this suits the mammers of
the Romams (translate in both ways : that of Corn. Ne-
pos, and the more usual way).—If you have learmt that all
[matioms]' do mot think the same thimgs honorable amd dis-
graceful, you will mot wonder that Cimom was married
to his own sister.—Is mot that^ umlawful accordimg to our
customs ?—Butthose^[thimgs] are comsidered disgraceful
amomgst the Romans. -
Z. § 481. 3. The plural is used in a modest way, the speaker
appearing to take in others, instead of appropriating the merit to him-
self. 4. They take either an acc. or an infin. after them: e. g
r e l i q u o s ordiamur. Alcib. 11. 6. de quo s c r i b e r e ezorsi
sumus. Pelop. 1. 4. 5. See Döderlein incipere.
1 Words in [ ] are to be omitted in translation.
116 QUESTIONS ON
I. MIILTIADES.
CH. I. [1] 1. How does C. Nep. gemerally begim
his lives ?—2. Is this begimming am exceptiom ?—3. What
cam you tell of the antiquity of Miltiades's family, amd of
the celebrity of his ancestors ?—4. Give the deriv. amd
meamimg of modestia.—5. To what Greek word does it
correspomd ?—6. What is its opposite ?—7. Distinguish
betweem modestia amd mocleratio.—8. How did the Ro-
mams joim three (or more) motioms A, B, C together ?—
9. How did they not joim them together ?—10. What is
the grammatical term for the frequent repetitiom of the
conjumctiom ?—11. Give the derivatiom of this word.—
12. When should A, et B, et C be preferred to A, B, C ?
—13. Goverm omnium.—14. What force does unus add
to the superl. ?—15. What variatioms of this form occur ?
—16. Does unus stand im this way with superl. adjec-
tives ?—17. Goverm aetate.—18. What is the force of
CII. I. [1] I. He generally begins with the name, family, and
country of his hero, as a sort of inscription, sometimes uncommected
with what follows ; oftemer, however, as in the lives of Aristides and
Pausamias, the mame of the hero is the subject of the first verb.
3. According to Herodotus he was descended from the Hero Æάcus
(of AEgina, K. M. p. 146), Philaeus, the son of Ajax, being the first
of the family who settled at Athens. Codrus is also said to have
been one of his amcestors. 4. Modestia, from modus, the true
meam or measure : it implies moderation im ome's desires ; and, as a
political virtue, the disposition which makes am obedient, orderly,
peaceful citizen : * unassuming behavior.' 5. σωφροσύνm.
6. immodestia. 7. Modestia relates more to the imward charac-
ter : moderatio to the habit of acting in conformity to it. See Död.
8. Either A, et B, et C* : or A, B, C. Z. § 783. 9. Not.
A, B, et C. 10. Polysyndëton. 11. τολύς, σύν, δζω (ligo).
12. When stress is to be laid on each motion. 13. It is
the gen. after the superl. adv. maacime. 14. It strengthens it by
marking out the individual of whom the statement.is made from all
others. 15. unus eæ omnibus — maxime; unus maxime, with-
out any case of Omnis. 16. Yes: e. g. unus omnium loquacis-
i In xxiv. (Cato), 3, i, et is repeated six times: nam et agricola sollers, et
reipublicae peritus, et juris comsultus, et magnus ìmperator, et probabilis orator,
et cupidissimus litterarum fuit.
MILTIADES, CH. I. 117
* ìs' im ea ætate ?—19. What is the diff. betweem jam amd
nunc ?—20. What is the diff. betweem non jam amd jam
non?'—21. Why is the reciprocal sui used with cives ?
—22. What is the Lat. for fellow-citizens ?—23. Does
qualem cognitum judicarunt refer to a preceding or a fol-
lowing experiemce amd judgmemt ?—24. Why would
qualem cognitum judicarant be wrong ?—25. Resolve
cognitum into a sentemce with quum.—26. What temse
is accidit ? prove it.—27. Distinguish betweem accidit,
evenit, contingit.—28. Construe : * scies plura mala c o n-
t i n g e r e nobis quam' a c c i d e r e.* (Sem. Ep. 110.)—
29. Goverm Chersonesum.—30. What Chersonesus `s
meamt ?
[2] 1. Would the sentemce probably have begum
with the gem. if hujus generis had beem used ? Why ?
—2. Does Cic. ever use hoc or quod genus* im this way,
simus. 19. Jam always implies a progressiom up to the pres-
emt time ; or from the present to a future time: it thus compares
tacitly what is mow with a former or future state of things. Nunc
relates to the present moment ; * movö' as opposed to * them.' 20.
The jam stands first, when the notiom of time is to be strongly
brought out: it here refers to ea ætate. 21. It refers to ei, or
de eo, omitted after confidere. 22. Cives : no such compound
as comcives exists. 23. To their after-experiemce : * such as they
afterwards actually judged him to be, after they had learnt to know
him thoroughly.' 24. It would intimate that, having already
had the necessary acquaintance with him, they had already passed
their final sentence on his character. 25. qualem, q u u m c og-
n o v i s s e m t, judicarunt. 27. Död. accidere.
C o n t i n g í t use of things we like,
But a c c i d i t, when evils strike.
29. The acc. govermed as the name of a towm. The general prac-
tice is to express the prepositiom before the name of an island, except
where it has but one city, of which the whole island is the district.
But Nep. has Cypri, Lesbi ; and Cyprum mittere. He also says:
Chersonesi habitare. A small peminsula would naturally follow the
same rule as an island. (Cic. says Ithacae vivere, but in Cyprum
redire.)—See Z. § 398. Note. 30. The Thraciam Chersonese.
[2] 1. Yes; hujus generis having the closest relation to colonos
in the preceding sentence. 2. Yes ; sunt—eligendi (amici),
c u j u s g e m e r i s est magna penuria (de Amic. 17. 62) h uj u s
JVom jam indicat rem in tempore quod posthac sequitur non locum habere,
nec recúrrere : jam non autem rem significat non esse, ut erat ante. Hamd.
Tursell. vol. 3. j30.
8 It is of frequent occurrence in Nep.—Paus. 3, 6; Iph. 1, 4; Ages. 3, 3, &c.
118 qUESTIONS ON
instead of the simple relative ? Give imstamces.—3. In
the semtemce, eæ his delecti, &c., what word is mot abso-
lutely necessary to the semse ?'—4. Give the derivatiom
of deliberare.—5. How does Bremi distimguish it from
consulere ?—6. Distimguish betweem potissimum, præcipue,
praesertim, maæime, imprimis. What is the proper posi-
tiom of potissimum ?—7. What peculiarity is there im the
positiom of cum before the rel. im Nep. ?—8. Is it ever
foumd in this positiom im Cicero ? Give am imstamce.—
9. Whem should cum always precede the relative ?—
10. What kimd of comtest does armis dimicare inti-
mate ?
[3] 1. To what Eng. word of commandáng does
præcipere mearly correspomd ?—2. Comstrue Miltiadem
sibì ìmperatorem sumere.—3. Govern futura.—4. What
g e m e r i s est plenus Novius (de Or. 2. 70. 285). 3. deliber-
atum ; as the clause, qui consulerent, &c. would convey the purpose
vvithout. it. 4. deliberare, from de, libra or libella, a balance.
5. Bremi understands deliberare of the previous consultation with the
priests: consulere of the formal inquiry. But deliberare is used ii.
2. 6. of consulting an oracle: * d e l i b e r a n t i b u s Pythia respondit.'
6. potissimum refers to the act of choosimg this in preference
to that ; it follows the word whose meaning it strengthens: præcipue
refers to a distinction which one enjoys above all others, and to their
exclusion : præsertim (= kai raùra) refers to a condition or cause
which adds strength or importance to what is asserted: maæime, in
the highest degree, a strengthened valde : cum — imprimis, * among
the first,' places the subject or predicato before alltherest. In Eng-
lish potissimum would generally be untranslated: p r ae s e r t i m am-
swers best to especially : pr æ c i p u e to particularly, in particular,
exclusively : m a ac i m e to chiefly, primcipally. 7. He nearly
always places cum before the rel., cum quibus, not quibuscum.
8. Yes: e. g. c u m q u i b u s causas cognovit. 9. Whenewer
* with' is emphatic ; e. g. Opp. to without, as in: * ira procul absit,
c u m quâ nihil recte fieri, nihil considerate potest.* C. Off. 1, 38.
See ch. 2, 3 ; ii. 8, 3; viii. 3, 3, &c. 10. A violent contest to be
determined by superior valor, &c.
[3] 1. To direct :—of a command rendered obligatory by the su-
perior authority, wisdom, eæperience, &c. of the person who gives it.
Död. jubere. 2. * to take Miltiades fo r their commander? 3.
Fut. inf., esse beimg omitted. ' 4. Saying, promising, assuring,
&c. (that). This oftem occurs in obl. narration, whem the argu-
1 Compare the following sentences, Nep. xiii. 3, 2. huic á m c o n s £ 7 £ u m
dantur — q u o r u m , * m s í l i o at te * et u, 7* (B.): Cæs. B. G. I, 5, 1: Helve-
tii id, q u o d c o n s t í t u e r a m. t, facere conantur, w t e fi m í b u s s u i g
ea e a m. t. (£).)
MILTIADES, CH. i 119
English word must be supplied ?—5. What would Im-
perator meam, if spokem of a Romam ?
[4] 1. Construe and goverm hoc responso.—2. Give a
similar instance.—3. Goverm facerent.—4. What should
be observed in the sentemce hoc oraculi, &c. ?—5. May
sponte sua Or sua sponte be used imdifferently ?—6. With
what class of verbs is sua sponte seldom used ?—7.
What is a rare meaming of sua sponte ?—8. Distinguish
betweem sua sponte amd ultro.
[5] I. What is the English of aquilo ?—2. Compare
the Greek practice with this use of ventus with aquilo.—
3. Im appositions, which gemerally precedes, the species
or the gemus ?—4. Before what comsomamts- is ab foumd ?
—5. Before what kimd of words do the historiams seem
to prefer it to * a'?—6. What were the Septentriones ?
ments, statements, &c. of another person are related. 5. In the
language of the Romam Republic, it would meam a General to
whom a triumph had been decreed : it was afterwards appropriated
as a title to the Emperors. *-
[4] 1. In c o m S e qu e n c e of this response : or, o m t h e r e c e p-
tio m of this response : an abl. of cause*. 2. Hoc mumtio, xii. 3,
1. 3. ut omitted : so moneo habeas, &c. 4. That both the
abl. of cause, and also the nom. of the accessory sentence (quum —
accessisset) are placed before the conjunction quum. 5. The
pron. precedes sponte : in the poets and later prose writers sua often
follows or is omitted. 6. It is seldom used with a passive verb :
quod (honestum) s u a S p 0 n t e (= for its owm sake) peteretur. (C.
de Sen. 13, 43.) 7. For its owm sake : virtus est ipsa per se, s u a
s p o n t e , — laudabilis. C. Tusc. 4, 15. 8. S u α s p o m te is
opposed to compulsiom* : u lt ro to the suggestion or influence of
amother. -
[5] I. The mortheast vimd, but often used (as here) for the
morth-wind. 2. Tpòs ßopénv äv&pov, &c. 3. The species gem-
erally precedes the genus. 4. Before the liquids, and p, t, s, c, j,
(i. e. before any of the consonants in Julii Cæsaris mems imperato-
ria). 5. Liv. amd Cæsar often use ab before national and other
proper names: so also Nep. ab Scythis ; ab Lacedæmoniis ; and
also before g, ab Gallis. 6. The seven stars at the north pole
also the great and little bear* ; then * the morth' gemerally.
i Bremi calls it an a b 7 a t i v e a b s o l atte : adding, * to make this intelligi-
ble, it must be remembered, that as the I{omans had no participle of esse, they
used the abl. with a pron. or adj. in many relations, especially those of cause
and time, where the Greeks would have used a participle.'—Allowing the
mode of speech to have thus arisem, it was certainly émployed where a suitable
participle might have been found: e. g. dato here. «•
a This passage overthrows Döderleih's statement, that sua sponte is opposed
to rogatus, provocatus, invitatus. DÜd. spomte.
* §eptentrio major dnd minor.
] 20 QUESTIONS ON
IEXIER CISIE.
A [body] of colonists was semt out to the Chersomesus
by the Atheniams [1].—Cicero was greatly distinguished
above all [mem,] both by his eloquemce amd by his other
virtues.—We are all able to hope well of you.—It hap-
pened [1] that the wind was opposite [5] to them [whem]
they set out (partic.)—We' will do this *, whem you' have
arrived at the Chersomesus.—It happemed that chosem
[mem] of this [party] were sent to Delphi.—Which [of
them all] shall we take for our commamder ?—They took
Miltiades, the som of Cimom, for their leader.—He or-
dered him * to direct his course to the place he was go-
img to.
CH. II. [1] 1. What cases does potior goverm im
Nep. ?—2. Comstrue in agris collocare.—3. Why mot im
agros ?—4. Distinguish betweem creber amd frequens :
which of the two oftem implies blame ?—5. What is the
opp. of creber ? what offrequens ?
[2] 1. Is prudentiâ adjuvari a usual phrase ?—2.
What is the Latim for * to s h o w or e æ h í b í t prudence ?'
—3. Explaim the use of adjutus here.—4. What is the
grammatical term for a comstructiom of this kimd ?—5.
CH. II. [1] 1. Abl. Or gen.: but oftener the gem., and omce the
acc.: qui s u m m a m imperii potirentur, xviii. 3, 4. 2. To seiile
them in their allotmemts : the regular term for apportioming the land.
among a body of colonists. 3. With ponere, imponere, collocare,
the Romans (as we gemerally do) considered the state of rest that
follows the placing, rather than the motiom while the placing is
going on : hemce in with the abl.: as we say to place or put im,
rather tham to place or put into : but they used * in' with the acc.
(as we do * into*) when the notion of being removed or transferred
into any thing is considered, without, or more tham, the notion of
remaining there. Thus i m m a v es imponere (x. 4, 2), twrrim * i m
m u r o s collocare, Cæs. B. G. 2, 30, 4.—See Z. §§ 489, 490.
4. Död. saepe. 5. Creber opp. rarus : frequens opp. infrequens,
pauci, singuli.
[2] 1. No. 2. prudentia uti. 3. The adjutus suits
felicitate, to which it stands mearest, and sufficiently intimates the
jximd of notion to be supplied to prudentia. 4. Zeugma from
çevyv%vat, to joim : a word being used with two or more commected
*words, one only of which it completely suits. 5. It meams com-
MILTIADES, CH. II. 121
Explaim the force of de im devincere.—6. In what other
compoumds has it the same force ?—7. What prepos.
would add this force to μάχεσθαι or qroX£μεῖν ?
[3] 1. What moods does quamvis goverm ?—2. Give
its derivatiom.—3. What motiom must be supplied with
nomine ?—4. What does id refer to ?—5. With meque
magis—quam, to which motiom is the greater weight
givem ?—6. What is the force of imperio ?—7. What
Greek word would be used ?—8. To what form is neque
eo secius equivalent ?—9. What kind of officia are meant?
—10. Explaim the force of * a'im a quibus erat profectus
—11. What is the meaming of proficisci here ?
[4] 1. Give other instamces im which Nep. speaks
of settling a country instead of the fuller expressiom, set-
tling the affairs qf a country.—2. What is the force of
eæ im eæ pacto ?—3. Lemmos being am islamd, what city
did he call upom to surrender ?—4. In illi enim diœerant,
does Nep. speak im his owm persom or mot ?—5. If he
had spokem im the persom of Miltiades, i. e. had wished
to say: for [h e r e m ì n d e d t h e m] that they had said,
**,
pletely, thoroughly. 6. debellare, decertare. 7. kata-
μάχεσθαι, kata-τολεμεῖν. •
[3] 1. Quamvis has the subjunctive in the sense of however
much : the indic. when it means although, and states any thing as a
fact. (Cic. seldom uses it in the sense of although.) Z. § 574.
2. quam (as much) as : vis, you please. 3. regio, suggested by.
the preceding regia. 4. to the, esse inter eos regia dignitate :
his possessiom of regal power. 5. The notion that follows quam :
e. g. n 0 n m à g í s amore, q u a m more ductus. (v. 1, 2.) 6.
Military command: the office of commander-in-chief: thus imperia
are oftem contrasted with magistratus-: military commands with civil
magistracies. 7. jyepov&ία. 8. Neque eo mimus. 9. Not
only acts of strict duty as govermor of a colomy, but kind attentioms
and services to amy Atheniam who might visit the Chersonese, &c.
10. It does not merely designate the Athenians locally, as the
persöns from whom he came ; but causally, as those by whom he
pas sent. So in a se facere, the persom is spoken of, as himself the
pause or occasiom of the action. In Greek it would be trapâ.
11. Proficisci = Topeυεσθαι, to set out om a warlike expedition : or,
at all events, with a military command.
[4] 1. Messeme constituta (xv. 8, 5.) ; so triumvir reipublicæ
constituendae (xxv. 12, 2.) 2. Ex (= according to) describes
the thing as growing, o u t of, or proceeding fr o m something pre-
V¥©U3§. 3. Myrina, \ 4. In his owm persom. 5. illos emim
\ ] 1
122 QUESTIONS ON
how would he have expressed it ?—6. Does sîbî refer to
the mom. case of tradant ? How does it happen that it
cam be used for Miltiades ? [Pr. I. 369. 370.]—7. Was
the expressiom used before, vento borea, or mot ?—8. Ex-
plaim sese. Whem should it always be used imstead of
se ?—9. Explaim the use of habere [P. I. 460. (c), (1)].
[5] 1. From what is the use of cadere (= fall or
turn out) derived ?—2. Explaim capti.—3. What dictum is
meamt ?—4. Explaim non ausi sunt—atque.—5. Does
Herodotus's accoumt agree with this ?—6. Declime Lem-
^os, Cyclades.
IEXIER CISE.
Miltiades im a short time gaimed possesslon of the
islamd.—Havimg completely conquered the army of the
ememy, he settled the mem, whom he had brought with
him, in their apportiomments.—Have I mot performed
kimd-services towards the Atheniams, by whom I was
sent out ?—It thus came to pass [3] that he obtaimed
among them the positiom of a kimg [3].—Miltiades
settled [the affairs] of the Chersonese with mo less [2]
prudence tham justlce.—The thimg havimg turmed out
contrary to their expectatiom, the Lemmians surremdered
themselves.—It thus came to pass, that im a very short
time the whole district was reduced under the power of
the Athemiams.—Miltiades im settlimg the affairs of the
Chersomesus showed very great' prudence.
CH. III. [1] I. How should this abl. abs. be com-
strued?—2. How is qua used here ?—3. Why is tradu-
diacisse. 8. It is se strengthened by doubling: it should always
be used when it belongs to an infin., both as subject and object (i. e.
acc. before and acc. after too). - -
[5] 1. From the game of dice. 2. Caught (as in a trap):
takem (like a beast in hunting). 4. A negative proposition is fol-
lowed by an opposite positive one: so iv. 3, 7. where we should rather
use but. 5. Not exactly : according to him the people of He-
phaestia surrendered: those of Myrima stood a siege.
CH. III. [1] I. As am inf. clause dependent om decrevit. 2.
Adverbially, qua (sc. parte) = ubi. So ii. 5, 2, v 2, 5, &c.: and
1 summus.
MILTIADEs, CH. III 123
ceret im the subj. ?—4. dum abesset : why tne subj. ?—
5. Govern ipsarum.
[2] 1. What is the usual way of translatimg * to
speak Greek ?'—2. Why does Nep. probably mot say
* the Greeks' at omce ?—3. How may the clauses sic se
facillime, &c. retenturum esse, si—tradidisset be turmed
into English ?—4. Why are incolerent amd relinqueretur
in the subj. ?—5. By what kind of sent. should se op-
presso be comstrued ?—6. What temse would tradidisset
become im direct marratiom ?—7. Bremi is for rejectimg
tum, im in hoc fuit t u m numero * : how does Dähme defend
it ?—8. Why is crederetur in the subj. ?
[3] 1. Comstrue hîc.—2. What remark does Bremi
make om this use of afferre = brought word ?—3. From
what pursuit is premere amd urgere (= to be hard pressed)
derived ?—4. Before what class of words is ab preferred
to a by the historiams ?—5. Why is * a' used before
IFortuna ?
ea xxiii. 3, 4. 4. Because the thought is Darius's, mot the histo-
rian's. 5. ipsarum (i. e. Ioniæ et Æolidis) urbium : ipsarum not
agreeing with urbium, but referring to the countries Ionia and AEolis
just mentioned*.
[2] I. Graece loqui. 2. From a wish to distinguish between
* Greeks,' i. e. imhabitanis of Greece, and Asiatic Greeks. 3.
** Thought that the easiest way of retaining was—-to deliver,” &c.
4. As being accessory clauses of a sentence belonging to oblique
narration. The subj. refers these clauses to the mind qf Darius.
See P. I. 460 (b), 461. 5. By a conditional sentence. 6. Fut.
perf. 7. He thinks that it contrasts * ihem' (whem he was ome of
Darius's friemds), with his subsequent position with respect to Da-
rius. 8. It refers the opiniom to Darius's mind: “ was in the
number of those to whom that charge of guarding the bridge
m i g ht (in Darius's opinion) b e e m t r u s t e d (credi posset).**
[3] 1. In this state of things. It must mot be joined with afferre,
(which would require huc) as adv. of place. 2. That this is the
omly instance in Corn. Nep.: but that Tac. often so uses afferre,
amd evem ferre : that Cic. uses the pass. nuntii afferuntur, or the
intrans. nuntii veniunt°. 3. From hunting : to drive and urge
On the wild beast till it is completely hemmed in. 4. Chap. 1,
[5], 5. 5. Fortune is spoken of as a person.
1 So Dähne and Feldbausch, and Bremi (as referred to by Feldbausch):
but in his edition of 1830, he supposes ì p s ae urbes to mean * each of a city,'-
but of a city omly ; mot of the country im which it was situated.
2 in hoc numéro cui érederetur = in eorum numero quibus crederetttr.
Β JYumtius affertur and nuntius affert with and without nuntium, ifthe news
follows, are equally correct and classical. Krebs, Antibarbarus.
124 QUESTIONS ON
[4] 1. Why is transportaverat in the indic. ?—2.
How is free from any thing generally expressed im Latim?
—3. Explaim dominatio amd perìculum.—4. Govern posse.
—5. Comstrue et facile : what force has et here ?—6.
What are the Latim expressions for breaking down or
destroying a, bridge ?—7. Distinguish betweem rescindere
and recìdere.
[5] 1. Distimguish betweem plerique, plurimi, com-
plures, &c. [Pref. 1.]—2. Is obstare ne aliquid fiat, a
commom comstructiom ?—3. What is the more usual com-
structiom ?—4. What comstructioms are found besides
idem mihi expedit, e t t i b i ?—5. Why is tenerent in the
subj. ?—6. What is the usual phrase for supreme or sov-
ereign power?—7. Why is the plur. used here ?—8.
What is the Emg. of summa ?—9. Im quo exstincto, what
substantive do these words agree with ?—10. Give the
deriv. amd meamimg of adeo.—11. Distinguish between
[4] I. It is stated by the historiam as a fact, not referred to the
mind of Miltiades.—See Z. § 548. 2. Liber aliqua re. The * a'
here denotes the quarter from which.—Z. § 468. 3. Dominatio
is absolute despotic government. Periculum is the danger to be ap-
prehended from the Persiams: the danger of falling again under
their power. 4. P. I. 460 (c), (1). 5. * and that easily :' et
= etiam. 6. pontem rescindere, dissolvere, interrumpere.
7. rescindere, to destroy by separating the component parts of any
thing with sharp instruments: recidere, to cut away a part, leaving
the remainder uninjured: e. g. comas, ungues.
[5] 2, 3. P. I. Questions om § 15, p. 216. 4. idem mihi ex-
pedit, quod tibi: idem mihi tecum expedit: but the latter only im
Livy, Tacitus,' &c. e. g. in eadem mecum Africâ genitus (L.): eodem
mecumr, patre genitus (T). 5. P. I. 460, (b), p. 163. 6
summa imperii. 7. Because several governors are spoken of.
8. The total or sum made up of all the parts taken together - hence
the principal or most important thing. See xvi. 1, 1. 9. Proba-
bly with regno : but as eacstincto may be applied either to a persom
or a thing, it may possibly refer to Dario.* 11. Ceteri (oi άλλοι)
* the others,' in sharp opposition to Others before mentioned: each in-
dividual is then considered as belonging to the whole class, and, gen-
erally, as of equal importance : in reliqui (oi λοιτοί) * the rest,' the re-
maining individuals are considered (not individually ) but as forming
a whole, and often as of less importance tham those before mentioned.
1 In Cic. Orat. 2. 33: tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino, Crasse, vivendum, the
mecum does not belong to idem.
2 But their downfall would mot be so mecessary a comsequence of the death
cf Daríus, as of the overthrow of the Persiam empire.
MILTIADEs, CH. IV. . 125
ceteri amd reliqui.—12. Why is putet the pres. (mot imperf.)
subjumc. ?—13. Why would mot nihil putet s ί δ ζ ύtiliu$
do ?
[6] 1. What is the constructiom of non dubitare —
° mot to doubt'? [Pref. l.]—2. Parse consciis : by what
kimd of sentemce may * tam multis consciis' be resolved ?
—3. What kind of motioms are gemerally commected by
ac (atque)?—4. By what case or cases are amicus, ini-
micus, hostis, &c. followeg ?. . .
EXIER.CISE.
The easiest way to become free from the domimiom of
the Persiams will be to break dowm the bridge, which
Darius has made over the river Damube.—Histiæus of
Miletus opposed the breaking dowm of the bridge.—The
same thing is mot expedient to us, who hold sovereign
power, and to the multitude.—I will prevemt the advice
of Miltiades from coming to the king's ears.—I dom't
doubt that our sovereignty depemds om Darius's remaim-
img king.'—I dom't doubt but that you will be deprived
of your power, and pumished by your fellow-citizens.—
Not the kingdom of Darius omly, but our own sovereignty
will be extinguished.—Histiæus of Miletus prevemted
the opimiom of Miltiades from prevailing.
CH. IV. [1] 1. How is autem frequemtly used ?—
2. Distinguish betweem hortari amd monére.—3. Com-
(See Död. caeteri.) 12. P. I. 469, (d), (1). 13. P. I. 370
[6] 2. Abl. abs.: by an adverbial sentemce with * simce,' * as.'
3. Notions that have a close matural commection with each other.
4. By the dat. whem used adjectively: the gen. when used substan-
tively. Z. § 410.
CH. IV. [1] 1. As a particle of transitiom (like the Greek δ£): it
thus prevents the appearamce of abruptness by commecting what fol-
lows with what preceded.* Compare ii. 2, 1 ; iii. 2, 1, &c. 2.
Hortari (to exhort) by pointing out the advantages ; momère (to warm.
by pointing out the disadvamtages. (See also Död. hortari.) ¢*
1 , say: * om the kingdom (regnum) of Darius.'
2 In Cic. this use of autem, is most commom in the philosophical and rhetori-
cal works (where am easy flow of connected thoughts is natural) ; it occúrs less
frequently in his Oratioms, and in Cæsar, and is least common in Tacitus
Hand, who adds. ** umum nomen, quod eminet, eligitur, et primo loco ponitur
cùi adhæreat autem.”
11*
126 QUESTIONS ON
strue causam interserens.—4. What Other forms are
equivalent to causam interserere ?—5. Se hostem esse
A t h e m ì e n s i b u s : why m Jt Atheniensium ? (3, [6], 4.)
—6. Distinguish between inimicus amd hostis.—7. What
case is Sardis ?
[2] 1. What is the English of appellere navem, or
classem ?—2. After navem appellere, is the place to which
generally expressed with or without a prepositiom ?—
3. How is appellere used im Jater writers ?—4. Where
amd what was Eretria ?—5. Explain what race is meamt
by ejus gentis.—6. What case is Marathona ?—7.
What towm is meamt by oppidum ?—8. Does oppidum or
urbs gemerally demote a capital ?—9. What is Nepos's
practice ?—10. What other word for city does Nep. use
of Athems ?
[8] I. What is the meaning of tumultus ?—2. Give
Cicero's accoumt of a, tumultus.—3. Give the derivatiom
amd meamimg of Phidippìdes and %μεgoógôμος.—4. Explaim
qui im : ejus generis—qui—vocantur.—5. After mittere,
* alledging,' * under the preteact,' &c. 4. Causam imterpo-
mere (ii. 7, 1), dictitare (vi. 1, 4). 6. Död. adversarius. 7. Old
form of acc. plur. There is mo doubt that up to the age of Augustus,
this was the commoner accusative emding of words with gen. ium.
Z. § 68 and Note.
[2] 1. * to sail to ;* or, if the place is a port, * to put in to.'
2. With ad. 3. Intransitively ; as triremis a p p u l i t. 5.
Euboicae gentis, implied by the preceding Eubœa. 6. Acc. of
the Greek form. Z. § 71. 7. Athens. 8. Urbs. 9. He
often uses oppidum (like the Greek άστυ) of a capital : e. g. of
Sparta (xvii. 6, 1) ; Syracuse (x. 9, 1); Thebes (xvi. 1, 2), and of
Athens, several times. He uses urbs of Athems Only in i. 5, 2; ii.
7, 5. 10. The Greek astu, ii. 4, 1.
[3] 1. Tumultus is properly any suddem and unexpected occur-
remce, that causes confusiom. As a war, it is one that breaks out
suddemly and violently : it is, therefore, more to be feared tham bel-
lum. 2. ** lPotest emim esse b e l l u m sime t u m u l t u , t u m u l t u s
esse si m e b ello mom potest. Quid est enim aliud t u m u lt u s
nisi perturbatio tamta, ut major timor oriatur.—Gravius autem
i u m u l t u m esse quam bellum himc intelligi licet, quod b e l l o
vacatiomes valemt, t u m u l t u mam valemt.** (Cic. Phil. 8, 1.) 3.
** Horse-sparer,” from φεἰδεσθαι, to spare ; itrTos, horse.—** Day-
runner,** iigága, day ; δpaμεῖv (aor of τρέχω) to rum. 4. We may
supply ejus generis c u r s o r u m ,, qui, &c., but it is a regular ex-
ample of the rule givem P. I. 48. 5. With qui : but ut is not um-
common : Cæs. B. G. 5, 10, 1. milites—misit, ut—p e r se q u e-
MILTIADES, CH. IV. 127
proficisci, &c. how is the purpose generally expressed?
—6. Give other instamces of its beimg expressed by ut
after those verbs. *
[4] 1. Give the derivatiom amd meaming of praetor.
—2. What is the Engl. of praetorium ?—3. Explain the
sequemce oftenses im creant,—qui præessent. [P. I. 414
(b).]—4. Is this common ?
[5] 1. Parse quoque im primo qu oqu e tempore, amd
construe the phrase.—2. Comstrue nitebatur.—3. Why
is the imperf. used ?—4. Parse accessurum.—5. Why
are viderent, animadverterent used, mot vidissent, animad-
vertissent ?—6. Parse amd explaim desperari, auderi.—7.
Would mot de s u a virtute be the more regular construc-
tiom ?—8. Whem is the demomstrative is, ea, id, used in
this way whem the reciprocal suus would be more regu-
r em tur : and 7, 49, 1: ad T. Seactium legatum—misit, ut cohortes
. educeret, &c. - -
[4] 1. Præ-ätor from prae-ire, * to go before.* It was the old
appellation of the Romam generals, but when the word, as a Romam
title of office, was appropriated to the civil magistrate called the
Prætor, it was confined to the generals of a foreign state : especial-
ly to the commanders of land forces. 2. Prætorium (sc. taber-
naculum), the general's tent in a Romam camp. 4. The imperf.
subjunctive often follows the præsens historicum*.—Obs. The clause
qui exercitui præessent (which seems somewhat superfluous) may
be compared with Cp. 1. [2], qui cons. Apollinem. -
[5] 1. Abl. of quisque : = quam celerrime : * as soon as possi-
ble :' * immediately.* 2, 3. It expresses the vehemence of Miltia-
des's exertions, to prevail On the Athenians to form a eamp.as soon
as possible. The imperf. expresses it as a continued endeavor.
4. Fut. inf, esse understood: dependent on such a verb as, he
* urged,' * argued,' &c. 5. They mark the actions of seeing and
observing as contemporaneous with desperari amd auderi, and as
continuing. 6. The infin. passive, used in am impersonal way :
as is so oftem the case in the third singular ; e. g. curritur, mem rum ;
pugnatur, they fight, a battle is fought, &c. Z. § 229. 7. Yes. •
8. When the writer speaks, as it were, in his owm person and
from his own point of view. Thus Cic. de Or. I, 54, 231: quum ei
(Socrati) scriptam orationem—Lysias attulisset, quam, si ei vide-
retur, edisceret. Here sibi would be used, if the writer wished to
refer the words to Lysias, saying, ** read this, íf you think well :”
but the demonstr. * ei' is used, as the pronoun which Cieero himself
would naturally employ to denote the persom meant.—Z. § 550.
1 In postulat—ut—trada*, the pres. subj. denotesthat the action expressed by
tradat is to be quickly performed. -
I 28 QUESTIONS ON
lar?—9. What kind of fighting does dimicare express ?
[Död. pugnare.]
EXER.CISIE.
Darius, havimg prepared a fleet of five humdred ships,
gave the commamd of it to Datis and Artaphermes.—A
fleet of five humdred ships, the commamd of which the
|kimg had givem to Datis amd Artaphermes, sailed to Eu-
bœa.—Let us semd couriers to Lacedæmom, to ammoumce
what speedy succor we have meed of. (Eapress it both
in C. Nepos's way, and in the more usual way.)—Milti-
ades, above all others, labored [to persuade them] to risk
a gemeral emgagememt.—I do mot doubt that the spirits
gf the soldiers will be raised, whem they march agaimst
the enemy.—We must give battle to the Persiams at the
first possible momemt.
CH. V. [1] 1. Is there amy difference betweem hoc
tempore, and hoc in tempore?—2. To what Greek word
does tempus here amswer ?—3. Account for ea im ea misit.
—4. What isthis mode of comstructiom called ?—5. Parse
mille im mille militum.—What does Bremi say of mille
as here used ?
[2] I. Does the perf. subj. ever follow the perfect
indicative, whem that tense is mot equivalemt to the perf.
definite (perfect with have)?—2. Is this construction a.
favorite ome with C. Nep. ?—3. What is the force of the
perf. subj. so used imstead of imperf. subj. ?
CH. V. [1] 1. When * in* is expressed with tempus, it denotes
not merely the time, but a continuimg state ; a time of difficulty, a
critical time, or crisis.—Z. § 475, Note. 2. Katp6s. 3. Ít.
refers to civitas implied by Platæenses = Platæensis civitas.
4. Synësis,* or Synthësis. Comp. v. 2, 5; 3, 1 ; xiii. 2, 1 ; xxiii. 8,
4. 5. Mille is here a subst. Bremi thinks that as a subst. it im-
plies that the number is comparatively a Small One. Comp. hominum
mille, xiv. 8, 3.—See Z. 116, Note.
[2] 1. After a past tense a consequence (with ut) is often put in
the perf. subj. instead of the imperf. subj. 2. Yes.c 3. The
1 σύνεσις, intelligentia : the constructiom beimg correct, not according to the
words actually used, but to the speaker's understamding, which tells him what
, S meant.
c Haase examines this use of the perf. suljj. in C. Nepos with great minute-
ness. He thinks it may have arisen from the use of the perf. def. in the indic.
to narrate something which appeared remarkable or interesting for present com.
MILTIADEs, CH. V. I29
[3] 1. What mons boumds the plaim of Marathom ?—
2. What is the usual meamimg of e regione ?—3. How
does Bremi construe it here ? what reasoms does he
give ?—4. Does nova arte belong to instructæ erant or to
commíserunt ?—5. What was the nova ars ?—6. What is
the force of the m a m q u e ?—7. To what are et—et
sometimes equivalent ?
[4] 1. What is the meaming of æquus here ? and to
what kimd of sentemces is this meamimg of æquus mearly
always confined ?*—2. To what compoumd of æquus is
^on æquus mearly equivalent ?—3. What is the mame for
a form that says less tham might be said, amd tham is
really meamt ?
[5] I. What is remarkable in the sentemce adeoque
perterruerunt ?—2. Explaim the temses profligarint—petie-
-•
perf. gives more prominence and independence to the consequence.
According to Bremi, quo factum est ut v a l e r e t would state his
influence as a general lastimg result ; ut v a l u e r i t confimes it to
the particular case.* Comp. prqfligarint, petierint, chap. 5. [5.]—
See Z. § 504 and Note.
[3] 1. A hill sacred to Pam. 2. * Opposite :* with gemitive.
3. Bremi (ìmprobably) construes acie e r e g i o m e instructa,
* having drawn up his army a c c o r d i m g t o t h e m a t u r e
of t h e g r o u m d,' as (1) e regione = opposite t o t h e e n e m y,
would suppose an unnatural ellipse, and (2) the Atheniams were
drawn up before the Persians arrived. 4. Dähne amd others joim
^ova arte to imstructae eramt, not to commiserunt. 5. The fell-
ing trees, and placing them in lines before their ranks. 6. It ex-
plains the mova ars. 7. Et—et are often nearly equivalent to non
solum—sed etiam ; the stronger statement being introduced by the
second et. + … -
[4] 1. Favorable : a meaming which it generally has not, except
in negative sentences. (B.) 2. Non æquum mearly iniquum.
3. Meiösis (μείωσις, a lesseming). -
[5] 1. It is made a principal sentence instead of being stated (im
subj. perf. dependent om ut) as a consequence of the tanto plus vir-
sideratiom. So in Nepos it most frequently occurs where a result is mot limited
to the time of its cause, but has a wider sphere. He concludes, therefore, that
the distinction which Bremi draws would be more correctly reversed. Except-
ing the life of Atticus, the sulj. perf. in the other lives occurs 35, and the sulj.
imperf. 73 times. The suljj. perf. pass. but omce, Arist. 1, 2,—the suljj. perf. de-
ponent 7 times. Reisig. J^orlesumgem, Arim. 480. -
i Krüger prefers Güîther's expiànatiom : potius dixerim, ubi de re præterita.
agatur, perfectum subjunctivi magis eventum facti spectare ; imperfectum raen-
tem et comsilium agentis. e* s.
2 A comparisomis implied: non æquum suis, * IJt fair for his men;' i. e. not
tas favorable for them as for their opponents.
j 30 - QUEsTIONS ON
rint ([2] 1. 3).—3. Give the derivatiom of adhuc.—4. Dis-
tinguish betweem adhuc amd hactenus :—5. Betweem pro-
fligare amd prosternere.—6. Give the meamimg of opes.
Which of these meamimgs has the word here ?
IEXIER. CISE.
[The mumber of] twelve thousamd armed mem was
made up, a body which [1] routed a threefold mumber
of the Scythians.—At this crisis the Lacedæmoniams
did mot assist the Athemiams.—The comsequemce of
which was [2] that mever did so small a body burm with
so wonderful a desire of fighting.—The Athemiams, by
the advice of Miltiades, joim battle [with the Persiams.]
—The mext day the Atheniams draw out their army op-
posite [that] of the Persiams at the foot of the hill.—
Miltiades, though he saw the mumber of his mem very
small, yet, relyimg om the valor of the Athemiams, was
desirous of emgaging.
CH. VI. [1] 1. What case is victoriae, amd how
govermed?—2. How must cujus be comstrued?—3. What
may be supposed understood after alienum ?—4. What
is natura here ?
[2] 1. Populi nostri honores : is populi here the
subjective (active) gemitive : honors which the people be-
stowed ? or the objective (passive) gemitive : honors which
•9ere bestowed upon them ?—2. To what is effusi opposed ?
tute valuerunt. 3. Ad-hoc' (sc. tempus) * up to this time ? i. e.
the time of Cornelius's writing. 4. Adhuc is used principally of
t i m e : hactenus of s p a c e. 5. Profligare to * r o u t* them,
so that they camnot form again, or offer any further resistamce : pro-
sternere is stronger (lit. to strike them to the earth, so that they can-
mot recover), to ° c r u s h,' to ° d e fe a t u t t e r l y.' 6. O p e s
are ihe outward means and instruments of obtàining am object,
riches, power; amd in war, troops, allies, resources, &c.
CH. VI. [1] 1. Gen. after præmium. 2. By the demonstra-
tive : non alienum videtur docere, quale præmium huj us victoriæ
trib. sit I\Iilt. 3. Alienum a re. 4. Character.
[2] 2. To both rari (Seldom conferred) and tenues (of slight
value). Effusus, * poured out :' i. e. in a wasteful manher: and
1 Why mot >}-huc, * nip to hither :' as ad-eo, &c.?
MILTIADES, CH. VII. 131
explaim the word.—3. Explaim obsoleti.—4. To what is
it opposed ? . -
[3] 1. Explaim the force of huic in huic Miltiadi.—
2. Distinguish betweem et amd que.—3. Is honor or
honos the usual form ?—4. Explaim qro/xfXn.—5. Who
paimted this picture ? by whom is it described?—6.
What is committere prælium ?
[4] 1. Im est nactus—corruptus est, why is the est
repeated ?—2. Was the mumber of statues erected in
honor of Demetrius Phalereus really three-humdred ?
IEXERCISE.
I do mot doubt but that the mature of all states is the
same.—It does mot seem foreign [to my purpose] to
state what honor was decreed to Demetrius Phalereus.
—After homors begam to be lavishly granted, three
humdred statues were decreed to Demetrius Phalereus.
—Amomg the Atheniams the rewards of victory were
omce sparingly-comferred amd slight ; amd for that reason
glorious.—The more easily is it perceived that the ma-
ture of all states is the same.
CH. VII. [1] 1. Explaim barbari.—2. What meam-
consequently excessive both in frequency and kind. 3. Obsoletus,
what is antiquated, worn-out : and hence worthless. 4. To
gloriosi.
[3] 1. The huic is emphatic: th is Miltiades w h o s e g re at
v i c t o r y I a m r e c o u m t i mg. C. Nep. often uses hic in this
way*. 2. Et (kat) is copulative ; connecting things previously un-
eonnected: que (τε) is adjunctive ; Athenas totamque Græciam,
Athens amd with it the whole of Gre3ce : or, and the whole af
(}reece b e s i d e s.—Z. § 333. 3. Hono8. So lepos. C. has
honos throughout —Z. § 59 (d). Homos in C. Nep. ix. 1, 1 ; xiii. 2,
3 ; XX. 3, 5. 4. Fem. adj. from trotktXos varius ; i. e. decorated.
ατοâ * portico' being understood. 5. Either Pamämus or Micor1 :
it is described by Pausanias 1, 15. 6. The general term for
beginning a battle. It here means: to make the arrangements and
give the signal for engaging -
[4] 1. Because mactus and corruptus do not belong to the same
voice. 2. No: 350 or 360. But C. Nep. uses a round number,
minute accuracy being here umnecessary.
CH. VII. [I] 1. Öriginaiiy barbari meant not-Greeks; and the
word was aftèrwards used by the Romams for non-Romam matiQns.
2. It was used especiály of the * Persians ;' as t h e b a rb a-
1 Iz. Walton would say * o w r JMiltiades.'
I 32 QUESTIONS ON
img did it bear after the Persiam wars 1—3. Why is
adjuverant used, mot adjuvissent ?—4. What case is
imperio ?—5. What sense would in quo imperio give ?—
6. Explaim officium.—7. Does coegit here imply the use
offorce ?
[2] 1. Declime Paros.—2. Om what principle is eae
his Parum—elatam, placed before the accessory sem-
temce quum—non posset ?—3. Explaim oratione.—4.
Explaim opera.—5. Explaim víneæ, testudines. (Adam's
Antiqq.) -
[3] 1. Comstrue in eo esse ut.—2. Is esset here used
personally or impersomally ?—3. Does Corm. Nep. use
venire in opinionem elsewhere ?—4. What would seem
the more correct commom expressiom ?
[4] 1. What are the two meamings of frequentative
r i a m s, who were the national enemies of the Greeks. 3. It is
stated as a fact by the historiam : if adjuvissent were used, the
words would be quoted, as it were, as part of his commission ; and
thus referred to the Atheniam people. See Cp. 3, [4.] 4. Abl.
of cause or instrument : * By meams of this commamd :' * in conse-
quemce of this command.' 5. In quo imperio would mark the
time as a continuing state : while he held this command. So vii
5, 5: horum im i m p e r i o. xxiv. 2, 2: cujus in priore c o n s u l a tu
6. Officium any obligation of duty. Here obediemce ; as due
from the inferior power to the superior one. 7. No : it being op-
posed to vi ea pugnavit.
[2] 2. Any important notiom is placed before a clause beginning
With quum, ut, posteaquam, &c. when it is desirable that this motion
should be brought prominently out, and arrest the reader's attentiom.
So xxiii. 3, 4: A d A l p e s posteaquam venit, &c. 3. It is
opposed to vis : * by verbal representations,' * by argument.' It does
not necessarily imply that he addressed therm himself. 4. Works
with which a town is invested: e. g. the fossa, agger, vallum. II)
[4] the machines for storming the town seem to be included.
[3] 1. * To be om the point of;* or * to be withim a little,' esse in
eo (puncto s. momento temporis). 2. It is not certain : for though
the impersonal form (in eo e s t, ut hoc faciam) is om the whole the
more common, yet the personal form (in eo s u m, ut hoc faciam)
also occurs ; and forcibly expresses a point reached with difficulty by
the exertions of a p e r s o m. B. 3. Yes: xxv. 9, 6. memimi i m
o p i m i o n e m veniebat. 4. Opinio in mentem venit would
seem the more natural construction. In iv. 4, 1. we have : ei i m
s u s p í c i o n e m v e m ì t, for s u s p i c i o ei v e n i t (in men-
tem). B.
[4] 1. They are either iterativa, marking the repetitiom of the ac.
tion ; or intemsiva, marking its suddemmess, violemce, &c.
MILTIADES, CH. VII. Î33
verbs (like adventare)?—2. From what are they formed?
—3. Why is totidem—atque used, mot totidem—quot ?—4.
Why is cum used im magna c u m offensione ?
[5] 1. Comstrue ea pugnare.—2. Has this form of the
inf. always this meaming after posset, &c. ?—3. Parse
vulneribus im æger vulneribus.—4. Whatother form occurs ?
—5. Why is posset used, mot potuisset ?—6. Explaim
Reæ.—7. Does quoniam goverm the subjunct. ?—8. Why
them is quoniam—p os s e t used ? -
[6] 1. What conjumctiom must be supplied before
pecunia multatus est ?—2. What was a talent ?—3. Are
different sums meamt by this worâ ?—4. Whem talent is
thus used by itself, what talent is meamt ?—5. Explaim
lis im ea l í s—aestimata est.—6. How is quantus sumtus
factus erat to be construed ?—7. Parse amd explain (ìn)
præsentia.
2. From the root of the supine. 3. Totidem—atque marks
equality between different persons or at different times (i. e. when
the relatiom is one. of diversity). The comparison is here between
the number he had whem, he set sail, and the number he had when
he reiurmed. 4. The cum (to be construed by * to') marks the
duratiom of the accompamying circumstance : the abl. alome would
only mark the kind or manner. So xxv. 7, 2: s u m m α c u m.
ej u s o ffe m S i o m e domi remanfserunt.—Z. § 472.
[5] 1. (When he might) have taken it. 2. No: it is oftem
inf. of present ; as in, r e c o n c i l í a r e non posset, [2.] 3. Abl.
of cause. 4. E ac v u l m e r e æger. Liv. 26, 8, 9. 5. The
posset marks a continuing possibility ; whereas the discessisset
marks a completed action. 6. The king of Persia. 7. No.
8. It refers this consideration to the mind of Tisagoras ; it
was the circumstance which (as he felt) obliged him to defend his
brother. So xviii. 9, 6: mutat consilium, et, q u o m i a m impru-
dentes adoriri non p o s s e t, flectit iter suum.
[6] 1. * But :' the relatiom between the partic. absolutus and
7nultatus est being an adversative relatiom. 2. Properly a bal-
ance : them the sum weighed : and of momey, a certain definite sum
weighed out. 3. Yes: it varied in different states. 4. The
standard , Attic talent (= 56 pounds of silver, English avoirdupois
weight ; £243. 15s. Dict. of Antiq.) 5. Lis, * the dispute,'
* the trial,' is often :;sed, as here, for the punishment ; especially
when it was a fine. So v. 1, 1 : xiii. 3, 5. 6. Quantus here =
tantus enim. 7. In præsentia (sc. tempora)*: so in p r ae s e n s
tempus. Cic. Cat. 1, 9. The plural implies that the times, or cir- .
cumstances of the time, were unfavorable to him: in which sense
tempora is oftem used. (D.)
d The better exp!nnation is given ii. 8, [4], I.
12
134 QUESTIONS ON
EXIER.CISIE.
I doubt mot that Miltiades will be acquitted of the
capital crime.—I fear they will mot returm to their alle-
giamce.—He is accused of beimg bribed by the king.—I
Will speak for myself.—Miltiades, still sufferimg from
his wounds, was cast into prisom.—Whem he was om the
point of takimg the city by storm, he departed without
accomplishing his object.—Miltiades was acquitted om
the capital charge, [but] throwm imto prisom.—His bro-
ther Tisagoras spoke for Miltiades, simce he was [still]
sufferimg from his woumds.
CH. VIII. [1] 1. Construe crimine Pario.—2. What
is the Emgl. of crimen ?—3. Whem may ante or post stand
absolutely (i. e. without a case)?—4. By how mamy
years did the tyranmy of Pisistratus precede the con-
demmatiom of Miltiades ? 4
[2] 1. Is Milt ì a des non videbatur posse ; or non
videbatur Milti a de m posse, the more commom ?—2. Dis-
tinguish betweem multum and sæpe.
[3] 1. Parse Chersonesi.—2. Distinguish betweem
consequi, nancisci, adipisci. [Död. invenire.]—3. Dis-
tinguish betweem potentia, potestas. [Död. potentia.]—
4. Explaim autem in omnes aute m—dicuntur tyranni.
[4] 1. What is the commom reading imstead of com-
7munitas ?—2. To what Greek word does communitas
CH. VIII. [1] I. * On a charge of misconduct in the affair of
Paros.? 2. An accusation made, whether well-founded or not •
—a charge. 3. When they refer to a point of time which is mot
the time at which the persom is speaking. Am accusative often is,
and always may be, expressed : e. g. here: ante damnationem Mil-
tiadis. 4. It lasted, with intervals, from 560—528 B.c. The
condemnation of Miltiades was 489 B.c.
[2] 1. Pr. Int. Diff. 67. 2. Sæpe would imply nothing more
than repetition ; frequency of occurrence: multum implies quantity,
eactent, &c. as well as frequency.
[3] 1. Bremi joins it to habitarat ; Dähne to dominationem.
4. It is here eæplanatory. See Hamd's remark, p. 75, mote 2.
[4] 1. Comitas, 2. kotv6Tns (Xen. Anab. 1, 1, 21.)
THEMIsTOcLEs, CH. I. 135
correspomd ?—3. What is Bremi's objectiom to commu-
nitas ?—4. Distimguish betweem comis amd communis.
1EXER.CISE.
He did mot obtain this power ' by violemce.—Miltia-
des, accused om the charge [of misconduct im the affair]
of Paros, was throwm into prisom (Ch. VII. end).—It
did mot seem that Aristides could be drawm to the desire
of chief commamd.—They are happy who emjoy liberty.
—No ome is so humble as mot to have access to Mil-
tiades.
II. THEMIISTOCLES.
CH. I. [1] 1. What was the mame of Themisto-
cles's father ?—2. Explaim, them, the gem. Neocl.—3
How does Bremi accoumt for this emding?—4. What
must not be imferred from a gem. in í ?—5. What should
be observed im hujus vitîa în eu m t ìs a d o l e s c e n t ì ae ?—
6. Distimguish betweem puer, adolescens, juvenis. (Död.
3. That, though communis is used for condescending, affable, the
subst. communitas is not found in this sense. It is however probable
(from the use of communis and of the Greek kotv6rns) that it was so
used, though no instance of it but this is found in existing writings.
4. Comis is the persom who, from a gentle, amiable character,
is obliging and courteous to all. Communis is the persom who, from
wnatever motive, is affable to inferiors, treating them as equals.
CII. I. [1] 1. Neocles. 2. Proper names in es (especially those
in &es) often take the gen. in i, in writers of the goldem age*.
3. He supposes it to have arisem from i for ei in the gen. of words im
eus : e. g. Aehilleus, Achillei, Achilli. 4. That the mom. may be
us : e. g. that from Neocli we may infer a mom. Neoclus. 5.
The position of the two genitives hujus amd adolescentiæ, which
depemd om the same substantive in different relations. P. I. ii. 28.
i Potentia, or potestas ? See TÜd. potentia. -
2 e. g. im Nep. Pericli, Alcib. %, 1. I in many MISS, Jlndocidi, Alcib. 3, 2.-and
also from othér emdings, Polymni (from Polymnis), Epam. I, 1. Coti (fr9m
Cotys), Iph. 3, 4. So inTcriticaily correct editions are found Isocrati, Timarchida,
Theophani, Aristoteli, Praxiteli, evem Herculi : with many others from cte$ ;
also in the mames of barbarians, JMithridati, 4rìobarzani, Hystaspi, Xerz£. Cic.
evem prefers the gem. i (Z. § 61, 1.)
136 QUESTIONS ON
puer.)—7. Explaim the use of the present subj. antefe-
ratur, putentur after the perf. emendata sunt.
[2] 1. Distimguish betweem ordiri, inchoare, incipere.
To what is ordiri opposed ? (Död. incipere.)—2. Explaim
generosus.—3. From whom is he said to have beem de-
scended ?—4. What prepositiom expresses * of* after
nasci, gigni = to be borm ?—5. What prepositiom (ifamy)
do these verbs take im the sense of being descended from ?
—6. Does the partcp. natus im gemealogies gemerally
take a prepositiom or mot ?—7. Distinguish between pro-
batus alicui amd probatus ab aliquo.—8. Explaim liberius.
—9. Does negligens, whem spokem of property, demote
carelessness omly ?—10. What is the opp. of negligens im
this semse ?
[3] 1. Explaim frangere in non fr e g i t eum.—2.
What kind of activity is industria ? to what is it opposed ?
(Död. opera.)—3. What is the Lat. for, * to give oneself
up to amy thing?'—4. Does Cic. ever use totum se d e-
d e r e alicui rei ?—5. Explaim judicia privata.—6. Ex-
plaim prodire in concionem* populi ; amd distinguish it from
7. It implies a continued consequence—lasting from the time
spoken of to the time of the narrator. D.
[2] 2. * Of noble birth :' from genus. 3. From Tycomedes.
4. Ea: : seldom * a.° 5. * a'—but they are often followed by
the abl. without a prepositiom. 6. It is generally followed by
abl. without a preposition. Z. § 451. 7. In probatus alicui,
probatus is used adjectively, and expresses general or habitual appro-
bation of his conduct : probatus ab aliquo would only express appro-
bation of a single actiom, Or particular.' 8. It is used as equivalent
to liberius j u s t o : to be Englished by * too.' 9. It expresses
carelessmess or indifference in money matters: but implies more ;
prodigality, expensive habits, the fruit ofsuch carelessness. 10.
Diligens * saving,' * frugal.* So patre usus est d i l i g e m t e ,
indulgente. xxv. 1, 2.
[3] 1. Frangere, to disheartem. It is opposed to erigere, as here,
in Just. 22, 6, 7. Hac victoria et Siculorum animi e r i g u n t u r,
et Poemorum fr a n g u n t u r. 3. Either se dare or (as here) se
dedere alicui rei, the latter expressing more strongly a total surrender
of oneself. 4. Yes: e. g. se totos libidinibus d e d i d i s s e m t.
'Tusc. 1, 30. 5. Causes tried by arbiters in private houses.
6. To come forward in a public character = to address the popular
assembly. Ire in concionem is merely to attemd it as a listener, or
wmere voter, without takil.g any more active partim its deliberations.
i Probatus (adj.) is opposed to minus probatus.
* Græc. TapÉpxea6at eis τὸν δήμ^ν.' -
THEMIsTOCLEs, CH. In. � * 137
ire in concionem.—7. Why are the imperfects prodibat,
gerebatur used ?—8. Distimguish between invenire amd
reperire. [Död. invenire.]
[4] 1. What should be observed im non minus in rebus
gerendis promtus quam eæcogitandis ?—2. Give the deri-
vatiom of callidus.—3. Give Cicero's explamatiom of the
word.—4. What does this passage show with respect to
calliditas ?
IEXER.CISE.
The disgrace of this [mam's] early mamhood' was blot-
ted out by his very great exertioms.*—I doubt mot that he
will give himself up emtirely to literature.*—His mother
was of a moble family.—Themistocles, having squamder-
ed his fortume, was disimherited by his father.—Nor did
he judge less accurately of [what] was present tham he
conjectured ably of [what was still] future.—Themisto-
cles is going to appear [as am orator] before the assem-
bly of the people.—Themistocles, having blotted-out that
disgrace by the greatest exertioms,* became distinguished
im a short time.
CH. II. [1] 1. Explaim autem. [Milt. 4, 1.]—2.
Explaim capessere rempublicam.—3. What other phrase
[4] 1. The omissiom of the prepos. * in' before excogitamdis, where,
the motions being opposed to each other, we might rather have ex-
pectCú its insertion. 2. Callus : that horn-like hardness of skin,
which long-continued manual labor produces On the palm of the
hand, just below the fingers, &c.—Hence calliditas is ** the ac-
quired knowledge of the world and of men gained by experience and '
practice.” (Död.) 3. Versutos eos appello, quorum celeriter
'mens versatur : c a l l i d o s autem, quorum tamquam manus opere,
sic animus u s u c o m c a l l u i t. (de N. D. 3, 10, 25.) 4.
That it does mot necessarily imply long experience, Themistocles
being very young. Am acute mind and sound judgment learns its
lessons of practical wisdom in a comparatively short time : experience
cannot teach, without intellectual power, to infer the general princi-
ple from insulated facts. -
CH. II. [1] 2. To hold ome's first public command or magis-
tracy ; or to appear for the first time as an orator before the people,
for the purposé of speaking on political questions*. 3. accedere
1 Say : * this [man's] disgrace of his early-manhood.'
2 Industria. Sing. 3 Litterae.
4 This applies fó Greeks only: of a Roman, the phrase generally means to
hold the qùæstorship, as the lowest of the great offices of state. B.
12*
138 - QU ESTIONS GN
is equivalent to capessere rempublicam ?—4. Distinguish
betweem respublica amd civitas.—5. Distinguish betweem
bello Corcyræa amd in bello Corc.—6. Explaim praetor.
[Milt. 4, 4.]—7. Is ferocitas always used of the * wild
courage of which barbariams amd wild beasts are capable ?'
[2] I. Explaim metalla.—2. What mimes are meant?
—3. By largitione m agîstra t u u m are we to umderstamd
bribes that the magistrates received ? or bribes that they
grave ?
5 [3] 1. Explaim frangere im Corcyræos fregit.—2.
Would maritimis praedonibus c o n se ct a ^ d is be correct ?
[Pract. Introd. p. 118, mote °.]—3. By what one Emg-
lish word cam maritimi praedones be comstrued ?—4.
What meamimgs have frequentatives in are, ari ? [See
questiom om adventare i. 7, 4.]—5. Explaim ornare.—6.
Explaim in quo.—7. By what kimd of sentemce might in
with the abl. of time be resolved ?
[4] I. What is the usual form for by sea and land ?—
2. What other forms occur ?
[5] 1. Explaim naves longæ.—2. Why were they so
called ?—3. With how mamy banks of oars were naves
ad rempublicam. 4. Respublica relates more to the laws,
affairs, administratiom, &c., of the state: civitas to the state as a
body ; a community. 5. The abl. without * im* denotes the time
generally : with * in' it denotes the time considered as made up of
all its parts: so that in bell. Corc. would meam d u t i m g,
t h r o u g h o u t the war with the Corcyreams. 7. Evem jvhen
used in a good sense, it implies something of fierceness : of proud
defiamce of others.
[2] 1. * Mines:' as v. 1, 3. 2. The silver mines mear Mount
• Laurium, from which each citizen received 10 drachmæ a year,
amd the whole produce of which is said to have reached 100 talents
a. V(28) I. .
É 1. To depress or disheartem ; drive to despair : opp. erigere.
5. To furnish or supply with whatever is necessary to put or
keep a person Or thing in a good conditiom. 6. in quo (b e l lo).
* In the course of this war.* See answer to [1] 5. of this Cp.
7. By an accessory sentence of time, introduced by quum, dum =
while.
[4] 1. Terra marique (as in Nep. de Reg.). 2. Terra ac
mari (Cic. ad Att. 10, 4): mari atque terra (Sall. Cat. 53, 2).
[5] 1. Vessels of war. 2. From their shape ; being lenger
and marrower tham ships of burdem. 3. Three ; they were then
ealled triremes : but biremes, quadriremes, amd quinqueremes were
THEMIsTOCLEs, CH. II. 139
longæ generally built ?—4. What kimd of vessels accom-
pamied a fleet of naves longae, amd for what purpose ?
[6] 1. Im a military semse what is petere aliquem ?—
2. How should dicerentur be construed ?—3. What affiae
do mamy interrogatives take ?—4. What acc. might be
supplied after miserunt ?—5. What part of speech is
consultum ?—6. When is this part of speech used ?—7.
Im quidnam facerent de rebus suis, explaim the force of
de.—8. What is the general meamimg of facere de ?—9.
What was the actual amswer of the Pythia, as givem by
Herodotus ?—10. Respondit ut—se munirent : explain
the use of ut here.
[7] 1. Why is valeret im the subjumct. ? [Pract. Imtr.
i. 109.]—2. What is the meamimg of ìd responsum quo
valeret ?—3. What part of speech is quo ?—4. Give am
imstamce of this meamimg.—5. Persuasit consilium esse :
—whem is persuadeo followed by the acc. with the inf. ?
whem by ut ?—6. Construe eum enim significari murum
ligneum.—7. Om what does significari depemd ? [Milt.
1. [3,] 5.]—8. Distimguish betweem murus, moenia, pa-
also used. 4. Naves omerariae, to carry the provisions of the
fleet, &c. ~a
[6] 1. To aim at a person: Or direct an attack against him.
2. Impersonally : ** it was said that the Athenians,” &c. [See Pr.
Intr. Diff. 67.] 3. Pr. Intr. 398. 4. legatos : but mittere is
oftem used absolutely, i. e. without an acc. expressed: as τάμτειν is
im Greek, amd to send in English. 7. Facere is used absolutely :
and de = concerning ; with reference to. 8. De after facere is
generally to be construed by with.—Z. § 491.
9. τ ε τ χ ο ς TptToyêvet § j λ t ν ο ν διδο? εὐρύοτa Zεύς
μοὐνον άπόρθητον τελάθειν, τò gè τἐκνα τ' άνήσει.
10. The oracle was given for the purp0se of being followed:
respondère therefore involves the notiom of advìsìng to do the thing
recommended ; and therefore is followed by ut, like verbs of advising,
persuading, &c.
[7] 2. * What the meaming of that answer was.' 3. An
adv. of place : quo valeret being literally * in what direction it had
iis force.' 4. See below, 4, 4; also Cic. de Nat. Deor. 3, 2, 5.
'—cohortabatur, ut memimissem, me et Cottam esse, et pontificem.
Quod eo, credo, valebat (= the meanimg of which was, I imagine,)
ut opiniones, quas a majoribus accepimus de Diis immortalibus,
sécra, caerimonias, religiomesque defenderem.' 5. With per-
ssvade = to convince anybody, it takes acc. with inf. ; with to per-
*Aade to do any thing, ut with sulj. 6. « For that this was the
140 - QUESTIONS ON
ries, maceria. [D. Murus.]—9. Give the derivatiom of
777.027?? Q,.
[8] 1. Has tali more force here tham hoc would have ?
—2. Has it ever a, depreciatimg meaming ?—3. Give im-
stamces of its beimg used by Nep. with mo imtimatiom of
either approbatiom or disapprobation.—4. Go through Sa-
lamis, Traezen.—5. What conjectural reading is there for
ac sacra procuranda ?—6. What was the mame of the
Athemiam citadel, or Acropolis ?—7. Explaim sacra.
IEXIER, CISIE.
I dom't doubt but the state will- be remdered more
proudly-fierce, mot omly im the present war, but also ever
afterwards. Having built such a fleet as mo ome [ever]
had, either before or after, he waged war agaimst the
whole of Europe. The Pythia answered them, when
they comsulted (partic.) [the oracle], that they should
build a fleet of three humdred ships. The meaming of
that oracle was, that they should defend themselves by
their ships : for that was the woodem wall which the god
Imeamt.
IEXIER CISIE.
Alexander is goimg to wage war against all Asia, both
by sea amd lamd. Who persuaded Xerxes to attack the
vwhole of Europe ? He has such am army as mobody
woodem wall meant:' as if it were, eum enim esse murum ligneum,
qui significaretur. 9. From mumire.
[8] 1. Yes: like Touoùtos, it here and elsewhere implies praise ;
* this admirable,' or * ezcellent' (advice). 2, 3. It sometimes
has a depreciatimg force : e. g. pro tali facinore. It points out the
thing stated emphatically, and calls attention to it, whether for the
purpose of exciting approbation or disapprobatiom : e. g. v. 2, 1. x. 8,
5. Ad sacra procuranda [B. D.] the arcem and sacra being
so far separated as to make it somewhat improbable that they are
notions connected by * and* (D \ and as Nep. afterwards says, mu!-
lis defender.tibus, it is probabie that he would here mark that the
purpose was mot defence, but the continuance of the religious rites.
It is true indeed, historically, that the Persians had difficulty in
taking the Acropolis: but this fact Nep. does not notice, but asserts
generally that they took the city nullis defendentibus, interfectis
sacerdotibas, quos in arce inveneramt, 4, 1. 6. Cecropia,
from Cecrops. 7. Like the Greek tegâ it signifies all that relates
to divine worship ; but here, especially, the sacrifices offered to Mi-
nerva om the Acropolis.
THEMIsTOcLEs, CH. III. 14]
ever had before. Are not the Athemiams the primcipal
object of attack ? It is said that the Atheniams are the
principal object of attack. He persuaded ihe Atheniams
to semd to Delphi, to inquire [of the oracle] what they
should do. He persuaded the people to build a fleet of
two humdred ships. He persuaded the people that a
fleet of two humdred ships was building.
CH. III. [1] 1. Explaim the differemce betweem terra
amd in terra.—2. By what is placet im the sense of de-
clarimg am opinion, determination, &c. followed ?—3. Why
does qui take the subj. in qui occuparent ?—amd how are
these words to be construed ?—4. Cam you assigm amy
reason for the use of que rather tham et im longiusque bar-
ῦaros progredi, &c. ?—5. What is there peculiar im :
eoque loco—interierunt ?—6. Give am imstamce of this from
Nep.—7. With what limitatiom must the o m n e s ínte-
fierunt be understood ?—8. Distinguish im a gemeral way
betweem at, sed, verum, or vero, and autem.
CH. III. [1] I. The prep. is expressed (according to Dähne)
when what is said to be dome * by land,' &c. takes up some consider-
able time. Thus, v. 2, 3, pari fortuna in terra usus est. But ter-
7ra proficisci, pergere,* &c. 2. By the infin. act. or pass. or by
ut with subj* 4. It prevents the occurrence of three trisylla-
bles, each with the accent om the first syllable, which would have
beem very monotonous: lóngius bárbaros prógredi. But the que
would very probably have been chosen from other considerations:
e. g. as adding a more specific statement to a more general one.
[Pr. Intr. ii. 239.] 5. Et, que, ac have oftem an adversative
force after a negative sentemce : that is, are often used where we use
but. [Pr. Intr. ii. 233, 241.] 6. Non putabant—suspicionibus
oportere judicari, et eacspectandum dum se ipsa res aperiret, iv. 3,
73 7. Only of the 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians. 8. At
has an adversative, sed a corrective or limitimg force ; verum or vero
1 This explanatiom is very doubtful. Hand says, the prepositiom is omitted in
certain usual formulae, but when there is no such formula it is expressed. He
condemns the opiniom of Herzog and others, that the abl. alone, as a casus
localis, denotes * a vider ea temsiom unconfimed by any definite limits,' (Berz. ad
Cæs. B. C.) Hand's words are: Quædam nomina in formulam composita, sim-
plici ablativo ponuntur, quæ extra formulam requirunt præpositionem : veluti
digitur terra marique sed in terra. (iii. p. 246.)
2 The following are instances of ut with subj., his placuit, ut tu im Cumanum
vemires (C. ad Div. 4, 2.); quamobrem placuit ei, ut ad Ariovistum legatos mit-
teret, &c. (Caes. B. G. 1, 34.) So with visum est: visum est, ut te facerem cer-
tiorem. C. ad Div. 8, 5, 2.
8 So v. 1, 4. Elpinice megavit se passuram JMiltiadis progeniem im vinculis
publicis ìnterire,—seque Calliae nupturam, &c So xviii. 6, 2; xx. 2, 2; xxv. 5,
s »
142 QUESTIONS ON
[3] 1. What expressioms are there for fighting a drawn
battle besides pari prælio discedere ?—2. Give the deriva-
tiom of anceps.—3. Are all words im ceps derived from
caput ?—4. Is there amy differemce of declensiom betweem
words im ceps from caput, amd words im ceps from capio ?
—5. Go through præceps (headlong) ; auceps ( = avi-
ceps, bird-taker, fowler) ; particeps (sharer) ; triceps
(three-headed).—6. What is superare im : si pars navium
— Eubœam superasset ?—7. Im [3] what megligemce is
Nep. guilty of?—8. Give similar imstances from him amd
other writers. .
[4] 1. How do you construe quo factum est, ut . . . ?
—2. Distimguish betweem discedere amd decedere.—3.
What is ea adversum Athenas ?—4. Does any other form
of the word occur ?—5. Does Nep. everuse eaeadversus?
affirms the truth or importamce of am assertion ; autem carries on a
traim of thought already begum. Pr. Intr. ii. 461.
[3] 1. Æquo Marte (L.) ; pari Marte (Curt.); aequâ manu
(Sall.); aequis manibus (Tac.) 2. Am-caput : an being the
Greek άμφί : hence anceps is properly having a head om each side ;
or (some say) having heads all round. 3. No: some are from
capio. 4. Yes: those from caput make gen. cipitis ; those from
capio have G. cipis. 6. Superare sc. navigando ; to get above
'r beyond it : used especially of doubling a cape (superare promon-
orium), amd crossing a mountain. 7. The occurrence of peri-
culum—periculo so near to each other. 8. So mitteretur—
miserunt, Alc. 10, 1. exissent—eacierunt, Pel. 2, 5. Evem Cic. atque
eu sic d e fi n í u n t , ut, rectum quod sit, id perfectum Qfficium esse
d e fi m í a m t. De Off. 1, 3.
[4] 2. Dis being * apart,' discedere is to go away fr o m o m e
a m o t h e r , of two or more parties, and * to go to a place d i ffe r
e m i and r e m ot e from that where ome was before :' im discedere the
reference is more to the place to which the persom goes: im decedere
to that from which he goes. Hence decedere is the regular word for
quitfimg what ome before occupîed or possessed : e. g. for a govern-
or's leaving his provimce ;* for quitting a place of residence where ome
would wish to stay ; also, for giving up a right, a possessiom, $c
which one should or might have maintained. 4. Yes: eacadver-
sus. Ara enim Aio Loquenti, quam septam videmus, e ac a d v e r -
s u s eum locum comsecrata est. C. de Divin. 1, 45, 101 ; where one
MS. reads eacadversum. 5. This form is found in Thras. 2, 7 :
in secumdo prœlio cecidit Critias, quum quidem e ac a d v e r s u s
1° Ex Asiâ Sulla decèdens. JVep. xxv. 4, 1. decrevere,—uti (legati) in diebus
proxumis decem Italiâ decederemt (S.); de suis bonis omnibus decedere (C.);
decessitque jure suo (J/.) But discedere ab armis: discedere victum : discedero
um sententiam, &c. Kritz ad Jug. XX. 1. Numidæ in duas partes discedunt (S.)
THEMIsTOcLEs, CHAP. IV. 143
—6. Does it always take the acc. ?—7. What other
word is there for opposite to ?
IEXER.CISIE.
There is [some] damger, that his plam will mot be ac-
ceptable to the Lacedæmoniams. There is some damger
that they will mot successfully resist the force of the
Persiams. The consequemce was, that these [troops]
did mot withstand the force of the Persiams, but all
perished om the spot. I will mot suffer you to advance
further. It is somethimg to have fought a drawm battle.
Beimg pressed by a twofold damger, he did mot dare to
advance further. If part of our adversaries' fleet doubles
the Cape, we shall be pressed by a twofold damger.
They did mot dare to remaim where they were, but
£lecided that the fleet should be drawm up opposite to
Athems.
•-—~-^ a-,
CH. IV. [1] 1. What is the meamimg of astu ?—2.
What is the construction of accedere, * to approach,' * to
go to'?—3. Distinguish betweem interficere amd occidere.
—4. Which of the two demotes a sanguinary death-
blow ?—5. Which is the usual amd general term for put-
timg to death ?—6. What was the arae of Athems called ?
—7. What is the derivatiom of Acropolis?
I'hrasybulum fortissime pugnaret : but pugnare eaeadversus ali-
quem cam hardly be Latin. Lambinus and others read adversus.
6. No: sometimes the dat. and it is oftem used adverbially without a
case. Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 38: eaeadversum e í l o c o tonstrina erat quæ-
dam. 7. E regione with gen.
CH. IV. [1] 1. It is the Greek äotv : * city' as opposed to * coun-
try ;' whereas τόλις is rather * city' as * a state;* a political body.
άστυ was used especially of Athens*, as urbs of Rome. 2. Either
dat. or acc., or ad with acc.: as a general rule ad is expressed when
the actually reaching the place Or person towards which the motiom
is directed, is to be made prominent: without ad the assertiom is
more imdefinite : the dative expresses the remoter relation. 3
Död. interficere. 6. The Acropolis. — 7. άκρος highest, ττόλεs
city.
" So Cic. $r# 2, 2, 5.—postquam Theseus eos demigrare eâ, agris et áf
&stu, quod appèllatür, omnes se conferre jussit.
v &
144 (QUESTIONS ON
[2] 1. What is to be attemded to im the positiom of
quum ?—2. Why is domos im the pl. ?—3. What regular
order is observed whem suus relates to quisque ?—4. Is
this order ever departed from ?—5. Whem is it usual for
the suus to be placed after the case of quisque ?—6.
What is the mumber of the verb after quisque ?—7. Dis-
tinguish betweem decedo amd discedo.—8. Explaim pares.
—9. What kind of assertioms are aio, affirmo ?—10. Ex-
plaim testari as here used.— 11. Why are aiebat, testa-
batur, affirmabat im the imperfect ?
[3] 1. In minus quam vellet, moveret, why is vellet
im subj. ?—2. Construe suis verbis.—3. Distinguish be-
tweem suis verbis amd suo nomine.—4. lMisit—ut nuntia-
rent : would amy other constructiom be more commom ?
[Milt. 4, [3], 5.]
[4] 1. How must qui be comstrued im qui sì disces-
sissent, &c. ?—2. What must be supplied ?—3. Imto
what temse would discessissent be chamged, if the marra-
tiom were direct ?—4. Why is cum expressed im : majore
cum labore ? [Milt. 7, [4], 4.]—5. Does longinquus gem-
[2] 1. That the nom. frequently precedes it. 2. Because
quisque, though singular, implies a plurality. 3. That the suus
immediately precedes the quisque. 4. Yes: now and them ; e. g.
Liv. 21, 48, 2, in civitates quemque suas dimisit. 5 When the
case of suus is used substantively, or has particular empliasis *. 6.
The pl.—quisque divides the whole number into its parts: it may be
considered as explanatory of the true mom. * they :' that is, * each of
them *.' 7. Ch. 3, [4], 2. 8. Pares Persis. 9. Död.
dicere. 10. To * affirm positively ;' as if one could produce wit-
messes (testes *) to the truth of the assertiom. 11. Because he
made the assertiom repeatedly.
[3] 1. It is referred to the mind of Themistocles ; mot related as
a fact by Cornelius. 2. * In his name.” 3. Suis verbis is used
when a message to be delivered is put in a person's mouth, so that
the words, though spoken by him, are really the words of the persom
giving the commission: suo nomine is used when a person gives am-
other permissiom to act for him, in his mame, but according to his
own discretiom.
[4] 1. * Amd—they.? 2. * That,' it being in oblique narration,
as part of Themistocles's message. 3. Fut. perf. 5. To space:
1 As in, quid quisque habeat sui:—quod est cujusque maxime suum (C.) Z.
800. -
2 So in Greek, ότη ἐδόναντο ἐκαστος. Xen.
3 T e sta r i = certìssìmne affirmare, quasi t e s t e s alicujus rei certissimos
citare possis. Cf. C. Orat. 68. Hemce of a future event, test. affirms the cer-
tainty, as ifit had already happemed.
THEMIsTOcLEs, cH. Iv. 145
erally refer to tame or to space ?—6. Construe hoc eo
valebat, ut, &c., amd give am instance of this phrase.—7.
Give the derivation of statim.—8. How does it get the
meaming of * immediately ?'—9. Explaim ingratiis.—10.
What is the force of de in depugnare ? -
[5] 1. Explaim the use of alienus in : alieno loco.—
2. Why is potuerit used instead of posset after conflixit ?
[See Pr. Intr. 1, 418, a.]
EXER.CISIE.
Themistocles semds the most faithful friemd he had to
Pausamias, to tell him, from him, that Athems was burnt
dowm. Pausamias semt the most faithful slave he had
to Themistocles, to tell him, from him, that the king was
approachimg the city [of Athens,] amd that if he took
[that city,] the soldiers of the fleet would mot dare to
remaim. United we may be equai [to the Persiams] :
but if we disperse (partic.) we shall perish. Them-
istocles assured Eurybiades, that if they dis per se d
(partic.) they would perish. Themistocles gave-it-as-
his-firm-opiniom, that [if they kept] together, they might
be equal [to the Persiams,] [but] that if they dispersed,
they would be destroyed ome by ome*. Let us depart,
each to his owm home. -
but occasionally, as here, to time.* 6. * The object (or meaning)
of which message was.' See above, ch. 2, [7], 2. 7. From stat,
supine root of sto, with the adverbial terminatiom im. 8. Do it
while you stund there ; before you* leave the spot*. 9. Gratia
was used in abl. plur. gratiis as adv. The old comic writers used it
as a trisyll. ; but the correct later form is gratis*. Ingratia does
not seem to have existed except in the time of Tertulliam ; but in-
gratiis, ingratis, were formed as the opposites of gratiis, gratis.
The comic writers said * t u í s i n g r a t i i s,' * a mn b o r u m ingra-
tais,' &c.: but afterwards the word was used adverbially. 10.
* To fight it o u t.* See Milt. 2, [2], 5.
[5] 1. From meaming what belongs to amother and mot to me, it
came to express what is suitable (or favorable) to amother and not
to me : unfavorable. So s u i s ventis = * with a favorable wind.'
* E. g. Cæs. B. G. I, 47, 4 (1. comsuetudo) : 5, 29, 7 (/. obsidio).
* The Germans say stehendem Fusses, * on standing foot.'
* Zumpt and Hand both say we should read ingratis. The latter $ays ;
omnibus în locas meliores libri scripturam i mg r at i § confirmant (iii. 379.)
• singuli.
I 3
146 QUESTIONS ON
CH. V. [1] 1. Does codem agree with gradu ?—
Explaim grãdi, depelli.—2. Give a similar phrase.—3
What is the force of de in such compounds ?—4. Dis-
tinguish between rursus amd iterum.—5. Why is the
présent particip. verens followed by the imperf. subj. ?—
6. Explain id agi.—7. What words are used for breaking
wn a bridge ? and why is dissolvere here chosem ?—8.
Hat is the Lat. for * to make a bridge over a river?'—9.
Hat is there remarkable irl : id agi ut pons—dissolvere-
tur, ac—eaecluderetur ?—10. Cam you give amy other im-
stamces of this megligemce from C. Nep. ?—11. What is
the Eng. of persuadere alicui aliquid ?—12. Reditus in
* Asiam. What kimd of substantives are mot umcommomly
followed by amother substantive with a prepositiom ?
[2] 1. How are quâ -eâdem used here ? [Milt. 3,
[1], 2.]—2. Is there amy thing remarkable in reversus
est ? -
[3] 1. What is theº constructiom of hæc altera victo-
ria?—2. Why is altera used, mot secunda ?—3. Explaim
CH. V. [1] I. No.—Gradus is the position assumed by a com-
batant, his vantage-ground: gradu depelli is * to be driven from a
favorable positiom ;' i. e. to be * deprived of an advantage.' 2.
De gradu dejici : as in Cic. de Off. 1, 23, fortis vero animi et con-
stantis est, mom perturbari in rebus asperis, nec tumultuantem de
gradu dejici, ut dicitur. 3. To drive or cast dowm, i. e. from an
elevatiom, real or figurative. So spe or opinione dejicere. 4.
Död. iterum. Pr. Intr. ii. 624, &c. 5. Because verens is referred
to past time, being connected with fecit. 6. Literally that this
was doimg — * that it was now proposed' or * imtemded.* 7.
Pomtem r e s c i m d e r e, i n t e r r u m p e r e : — dissolvere is here
used, because the bridge over the Hellespont was made of boats, and
therefore must be destroyed by disconnectimg these boats. 9.
That the subject is changed, (Xerxes being, the nom. to excludere-
tur) and yet mot expressed *. 10. Yes: in 9, 3, of this very Life,
ut poms—dissolveretur atque ab hostibus circumiretur : so xx. 1, 3
Nam quum frater ejus Timophanes—occupasset, particepsque regna
posset esse (i. e. Timoleon). 12. Verbal substantives, as aditus
ad portum : reditus in patriam, $c. See Pr. Intr. ii. p. 271, e.
[2] 2. The perf. is generally reverti in authors who wrote before
the Augustam age: though they use revertor and (infin.) reverti. See
Z. § 209, in fin.
[3] 1. Supply est. 3. The trophy, i. e. the result of the vic-
1 So Liv. 23, 18, 9, donec pudor—avertit castrisque communitis Capvtan* cos
gessit (sc. Hanniba!) -
THEMISTOCLEs, CH. VI. 147
Marathonium tropæum ; amd give am instamce of a similar
use of tropaeum.—4. Why is possit in the subj. ?—5.
Why are Marathonio—tropaeo separated ?—6. What is
there peculiarim maæima post hominum memoriam classis ?
—7. What is the force of de im devincere ? [Milt. 2, [2],
5.] .-
^. EXER CISIE.
I fear that this victory eamnot be compared with the
victory of Salamis. (Partic.) Ifthe bridge which Xerxes
has made Over the Hellespont, is destroyed, he will be
prevemted from returmimg imto Asia. I fear that I shall
not comvimce Xerxes that this is so. I fear that Asia
will succumb to Europe. I fear that I shall agaim be
Jrivem from my vamtage-groumd by Themistocles. Xerxes
was defeated at Salamis. Fearimg that he may comtimue
to wage war, I shall imform him that it is proposed to
destroy the bridge.
CH. VI. [1] 1. Distinguish betweem Phalericùs amd
Phalereus.—2. What does Cicero say of Piraeeus or Pirae-
us?—3. What were the mames ofthe three basims ofthe Pi-
ræeus ?—4. Translate * to surround the Piraeus with walls'im
two ways, usimg circumdáre.—5. What does dignitas here
tory, is here put for the victory itself. So Cic. Tusc. Disp. 1, 46
Salaminium tropaeum. 4. It is a less positive expressiom tham
*he indicative, Heavimg the decision to the reader : = δύvatt* äv. 5.
To add emphasis to each. 6. It is rare in Lat. to modify a sub-
stantive or adjective by a substantive governed by a preposition: i. e.
as maæima is here modified or defined by post hominum memoriam
See Pr. Intr. ii. p. 271, e. * * . -
CII. VI. [1] 1. Phalericus relates to things, Phaléreus to per-
sons: e. g. Demetrius Phalereus. 2. That the proper Romam
emding of the acc. was um, not a. ** Venio ad Piræea, in quo magis
treprehendendus sum, quod homo Romanus Piræea scripserim, mom
Piræeum* (sic enim omnes mostri locuti sunt), quam quod im* addi-
derim.” (Ad Att. vii. 3.) Bremi says the Lat. form was visually
Piraeus, Piraei. 3. Aphrodisiom, Cantharos, Zea. 4.
P i r ae e o m oe m í a circumdare : or P i r a, e u m m oe m i b u s cir-
cumdare. 5. The beauty and splendor of its buildings. -
1 He had said: * ín Piraeea qntum ezissem ' s*
8 Terence, Eun. 3, 4, 1: Heri áliquot adolescéntuli coimnts in Parae uim
148 QUESTIONS ON
meam ?—6. What kimd of beauty is generally expressed
by dignitas ?—7. What are the constructioms of æquipa-
'rare ? -
[2] 1. How is negarent to be construed ?—2. What
aré the forms for * to prevent a mam fr o m d o í n g any
thing?'—3. What is prohibère aliquem facientem ?
[3] 1. What part of speech is alio im : alio specta-
bat ?—2. What is the meamimg of eo spectare ?—3. Give
examples of this construction.—4. How is atque to be
construed? what kimd of words does it follow ?—5. What
was the principatus which the Lacedæmoniams foresaw
that the Athemiams would dispute with them ?.
[4] 1. Construe quam infirmissimos. [Pr. Imtr. i.
410, and mote °.]—2. How is * when they heard' oftem to
be translated ?—3. What temse gemerally accompamies
postquam, ut, ubi, &c. ? [Pr. Intr. i. 514.]—4. Explain
instruere muros.—5. How is qui—vetarent to be com-
strued? is qui or ut the more common im this constructiom?
6. The beauty that produces admiration and respect : of a person,
' it denotes manly beauty. 7. Æquiparare (= * to make equal')
rem rei, or rem ad rem : (= * to equal' * be equal to') aequiparare
rem (or aliquem) aliquâ re, the acc. being the persom orthing equal-
led. This is the more usual sense of the word.
[2] 2. Prohibère ne or quo minus faciat (the usual form).
Prohibère (aliquem) facere. •
Prohibère (aliquem) facientem.*
3. Properly, * to prevent ome w h o i s d o i n g a thing from going
on with it.** -.
[3] 1. Adv. of direction to a place. 2. To have this meam-
img or object; so q u o, fi u c, £c., spectare. 3. Q u o or q u o r-
s u m hæc spectat oratio ? what is the meaning (or object) of this
speech ? properly, * towards what point does it look ?° * Demosthe-
nes—®ιλιττζειν Pythiam dicebat. Hoc autem e o s p e c t a b a t ,
ut eam a Philippo corruptam diceret.* Divin. 2, 57, 118. 4.
* From what :' it follows words of likemess, umlikemess, equality, di-.
versity, identity, &c. Pr. Imtr. ii. 194, p. 38. 5. The first place
amongst the Greciam states, especially the chief command of their
confederate fleets and armies.
[4] 2. By postquam, when the action to be mentioned did not
take place till a ft e r they had heard. 4. To malce prepara-
tioms for building them. 5. Qui.
i Dähne quotes C. pro Lig. 5, 13, et mos jacentes—prohibebis ? but this is quite
a mistake: the passage is et nos jacentes ad pedes (who are lying at your feet)
supplicum voce prohibebis ?
2 This construction, therefore, should be confined to persons who are, at
least, going to do any thimg immediately. . -
THEMISTOCLEs, cH. vI. 149
[5] 1. Distinguish between primum and primo. [Pr.
Intr. i. 83.]—2. Distinguish betweem præcipere, imperare,
jubére, mandare.—3. What words are correlative to quum ?
—Whem is tunc correlative to quum in reference to past
time ? [Pr. Imtr. ii. 868, 869, (j).]—4. How may ut tum
eaeirent—quum, &c. be construed !—5. Does mot the use
of interim here overthrow Döderleim's distimctiom, that
interim relates to a p o im t of time, interea to a s p a c e
or period of time ?'—6. Whem is * whether'—* or* to be
translated by sive—sive (seu—seu) ? [Pr. Intr. i. 456. ii.
543, &c.]—7. What is gemerally used instead of et nul-
ius ?—8. How is et to be comstrued im et undique ? amd
whem has it this force ?—9. How may quo factum est,
vt be construed ?—10. What are sepulcra here ?
IEXEIR CISIE.
The Lacedæmoniams emdeavored to prevemt the Athe-
miams from surroumding the Piræus with walls. [Trans-
late * s u r r o u n d i n g with walls' both ways.] I dom't
kmow whether the Piræus does mot equal the city itself
in beauty. [Pr. Imtr. i. 116. ii. 455—457.] It seems to
me that I have a sufficient excuse for sayimg that nobody
ought to umdertake that embassy. The other ambassa-
dors set out, whem they heard that the wall was raised
to a sufficient height. The object of this is very differ-
emt from what you imagine.* They wish it to appear,
that the object of this is, that there may be mo fortified
places for the ememy to occupy. The object ofthis was,
that the Athenians might be as weak as possible. The
Lacedæmomiams sent ambassadors to Athems, to forbid
the walls to be begum. In this war Themistocles* ob-
[5] 2. Död. jubére. 3. Tum, tunc ;—tunc, when a definite
poimt of past time is meant, = * eo ipso tempore' (quum), &c.
4. * Not to set out, till,' &c. 7. Nec quisquam or ullus.
8. By * but :' it has this force after megative propositions. See above
3, [2], 5, of this Life. 10 * Gravestones.'
1 Hand says: “ agnoscimus in interim unitatem temporis, quâ duæ res conti-
mentur: hoc est, alteram rem in idem tempus incidere in quo altera agitur. In-
terea autem duas res componit uno in tempore apparentes. Sed facile fieri po-
test, ut hæc rerum ratio cum illâ temporis ratione commutetur; neque umquam
vulgaris usus discrimina servavit, sed promiscue hæc vocabula ad unam motionem
teviporis communis exprimendam adhibuit.'' (iii. p. 421.)
3 Putare.
] 3%
150 QUESTIONS ON
taimed great* glory* amomgst all matioms.' Themistocles
directed them to spare mo place, but [5, 8] to build the
vwalls of chapels amd tombstomes.
CH. VII. [1] 1. What is the force of autem here ?
[Milt. 4, [1], 1.]—2. What tense is venit ?—3. What
similar expressiom have we had to causam interponens ?
[Milt. 4, [1], 3.]—4. Construe ducere tempus. What
* time' is meamt ? amd what other verb is used im the same
semse ? « * *
[2] I. What is Döderleim's distimction betweem in-
terim amd interea ? Does it always hold good ? [Ch. 6,
[5], 5.]—2. What is probably the force of con im con-
secuti ?—3. What do substantives in io meam ?—4. What
is munitio here ?—5. What is the derivatiom of Ephorus?
State the mumber and power of the Ephori.—6. What
is accedere or adire ad aliquem ?—7. What is contendere ?
—8. Who are meant by his ?—what would be the usual
promoum ?—9. Is æquum est always followed by the acc.
vwith imfim. ? if mot, what other constructiom is there ?
[Pr. Imtr. ii. 818.]—10. Why is haberetur im the subj. ?
—11. Distinguish betweem fidem habêre amd fidem ad-
CHAP. VII. [1] 4. * To put off the time :' properly * to draw out
(or lemgthem) the time before he did it :' i. e. the time of his public
audience. So tempus t r a h e r e : Sall. amd Auct. B. Alex. Cæs.
(B. G. 1, 16, 4) has diem eac die ducere.
[2] 2. That they not only followed, but also came up to and
joined him. It may be construed either by the simple * followed,'
or by * arrived,* it being understood that it was after him. 3, 4.
J'roperly the act, but also the effect of that act: e. g. munitio is
either * the act qf fortifying,* or * fortificatiom.' 5. ἐφοράν. See
Keightley's Greece :—or Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Antiqq. 408, b.
6. To * have an audiemce of.'° 7. To assert with vehemence
and positiveness. 8. His is here used for ipsis, to denote the
Laccdaemoniams*. 9. Sometimes by ut. Z. § 623. 10. In
obliq. narratiom : also perhaps by Pr. Intr. i. 476. (end.) l1
1 * 2° means that the word so marked should stand fast: * a* that it shoulò
stand first : * *' tfiat an adjective and substantive so marked should be separated.
2 Hic is a favorite pron. with Corm. Nep.; he uses it for the reflexive sui in
several passages, xxiii. 7, 2, quod cum his pacem fecissent: 9, 4, me ille inscien-
tibnus his tolleret : 10, 6, magno his pollicetur praemio fore. -
e In this semse the prepositiom is usually omitted. Freund, and Krüger, Lat.
Gram. 305, Anmerk. 2, p. 411. IK., therefore, thimks adire ad magistratus in this
chapter [1] was necessary to avoid the figurative meaming of adire aliquem.
*.
THEMIsTOcLEs, CH. vII. l51
hibére.—12. Why eæplorarent ?—13. Why retinerent ?
[Pr. Intr. i. 460, (c), 3.] -
[3] 1. Comstrue gerere morem alicui.—2. What verb
of commanding does mot, as a general rule, take ut ? [Pr.
Intr. i. 76.]—3. What does prædixit meam here ?—4.
What Greek verbs are used in the same way ?—5.
Whem is ut ne used for me ? . [Pr. Imtr. i. mote* p. 38.
This is the only instamce im Nep.] -
[4] 1. Distinguish betweem profiteri amd confiteri.—
2. Distinguish betweem dii publici, patrii, penates.—3.
Why is quod possent, &c. in subj. ? -
[5] l. Why is esse in the imfim. ?—2. How must it
be comstrued ? [Pr. Imtr. i. 460, (c), 1.]—3. Is there
any thimg peculiar in oppositum ?—4. What is the Lat.
for * to suffer shipwreck ?'—5. What is there peculiar
im fecisse naufragium*?—6. Are there amy other ex-
amples of this im Nep. ?—7. How had the Persiams
twice suffered shipwreck im collisioms with Athems ?
Fidem habere alicui is * to trust or bclieve him :' fidem adhibere is
* to show all good fidelity' in a work *. 12. Qui = ut illi.
[3] 1. Mos is a person's will or humor : morem gerere alicui is,
* to gratify a person by doing his will:' * to comply with a man's
wishes:' * grant his request,' &c. 3. To tell a man (of course
beforehamd) what he is to do: to charge him. Hence it takes ut
with subj., like other verbs of commanding. 4. προειπεῖν and
πρ0ayop&υειν.
1. Död. fateri. 2. Publ. the national gods of Greece:
patrii those of Attica : pen. each man's household gods. 3. In
oblique narr. as an assertion and opinion of Themistocles, * which
(he maintained) they might lawfully do,' &c.
[5] 3. It agrees with the apposition propugnaculum instead of
the subst. urbem. This is very common whem the apposition is the
stronger motion. 5. One should expect fecisset, the sentence
being a subordinate sentence in oblique narration. Sometimes, how-
ever, the inf. is foumd, especially where a relative may be resolved
into a conjunction with the demonstrative (as apud quam = et apud
hanc), so that the sentence becomes virtually a principal sentence,
connected co-ordinately with the preceding one. This is an imita-
tion of tho Greek construction. Z. § 603, (c). 6. Yes: Alc. ll,
6, quibus rebus effecisse : Dat. 5, 4, quo fieri. . 7. At Marathon
and Salamis : * suffering shipwreck' being a figurative expression
for being worsted: and though Marathon was not a sea-fight, yet it
i Hence quibus fides adhiberetur cannot be the right reading here. - -
* Facere naufrágium is, of course, a figurativè expression here for being
worsted in a sea-fight.
I 52 QUESTIONS ON
[6] 1. Why is qui—intuerentur subj. ?—2. Of potius
amd magis, which demotes quantity (or degree qf inten-
sity), amd which preference or selection ? [Pr. Intr. ii.
437, 9.]—3. What is intueri ?—4. What would remit-
terent be im direct narration ? [Pr. Intr. i. 460, (c), 3.]
—5. Why is miserant in the imdic., though it is a sub-
ordimate semtemce im oblique marratiom ?
IEXER CIS E.
He told the ambassadors, not to demamd am audiemce
of the king, till he had set out. He told them to spim
out the time as much as possible. He told them mot to
comply with their request, till he was restored to his
coumtry. Semd good and distimguished mem, [men]
whose report you would believe, to inquire into the
matter : im the meanwhile retaim me as your hostage.
I fear that we shall agaim suffer shipwreck before your
city. Themistocles stoutly-maintained before the Ephori,
that the ambassadors were mot to be trusted.—)I3° Turn
the speech of Themistocles from * Athenienses suo com-
silio' to the end of the chapter into direct narratior.
CH. VIII. [1] 1. What were the testarum suffra-
gia ?—2. Explain the mature of ostracism.—3. What is
the deriv. and meaming of suffragium ?—4. Decline Ar-
g0S.
caused the failure of that expedition in whieh the maval forces vere
all along co-operating with the land forces.—Classes, however, is
inserted to complete the fig. consistently : it was the power of Persia
that was shipwrecked.
[6] 1. It gives the ground why the Lacedæmonians were unjust,
and would therefore be in the subj. evem im direct narration. •
IMagis, the former ;—potius, the latter. 3. * To have an eye to,*
im one's conduct. 5. Pr. Intr. i. 466, b. See also Milt. 3, [4], l.
on transportaverat.
CH. VIII. [1] 1. Ostracism, δστpaktoruός. 2. See IKeightley's
Greece, p. 76; Greciam and Romam Antiqq. p. 135, a. 3. Sub-
frangere : it is therefore a fragment, especially of pottery, a pot-
sherd : and hence, from the custom of voting by such fragments
(as sometimes with pebbles, }ij%ot), it came to meam a vote *. 4,
i Wunder, however, with whom Freumd agrees, derives it from suffrago, an
amkle-bome or knuckle-bone. And certainly the à in suffrágium is against the
derivation from frango : fräg-ilis, &c
`)
~THEMIsTOcLEs, cH. vIII. 153
[2] 1. Explaim cum im : magnâ cum dignitate. [Milt.
7, [4], 4.]—2. Simce ejus refers to the nom. of the sem-
temce, would not suas be more regular ?—3. Why is
fecisset (im quod— fecisset) im the subj. ? [Pr. Imtr. i.
461, end.]
[3] 1. How must hoc crimine be construed?—2.
Give the meaming of crimen. [Milt. 8, [1], 2.]—3.
What temse is used with postquam, ut, ubi, to denote
whem or after a, persom had done so amd so*?—4. How
may quod—videbat be comstrued ?—5. How is ne com-
strued after verbs of fearing ?——6. Ne propter se, &c. :
the mom. is here Lacedæmonii et Athenienses, how is it
that se cam be used of Themistocles ? [Pr. Intr. :. 369.]
—7. Where was Molossia ?—8. Cum quo ei hospitium
fuerat :—why is cum quo used, mot quocum ?—9. What
was hospitium ? Give the corresponding Greek term,
and how may it be translated ?—10. Why is fuerat *
used ?—11. What makes this probable ?—12. Quote
passages to prove that * guest-friends' (33v01) might cease
to be so.
The nom. and acc. sing. are of the Greek form, rò *Apyos. The pl.
is Argi, orum, &c.—Argos is probably acc. plur.—Argos sing. being
used principally by poets and geographers*.
[2] 2. Yes: we must consider ejus used, because the Lacedæ-
monians are the principal subject of the whole sentence. (B.*)
[3] 1. * On this charge.' See Milt. 8, [1], l. 4. By the
pres. participle. 8. Perhaps here the reason may be, that quo-
cum * would have brought togethér three similar endings: Molosso-
rum regem, quocum. For the general rule see Pr. Intr. ii. 81, p.
253. 9. A mutual agreement to receive one amother with friend-
ship and hospitality, &c. The Greek term was ἐevta, which Mr.
Κeightley translates * a guest-friendship.' 10. Prob. the guest-
friendship which had existed, had been broken off. 11. Thucy-
dides mentions that Admetus was then not om good terms with
Themistocles. (*Aêμηrov) övra aíTú où φίλον. 1, 136. 12. This
appears from Xen. Ages. 2, 27: διὰ τύν τρόσθεν *Aymoi\6ov §svtav :
and Cic. Verr. 2, 36, 89, hospitium r e m u n t i a t.
1 Varro L. L. 9, 50, 150: Græcanice hoc .Argos, quum Latine .4rgi.
2 Dähne says, with reference to Nepos the relater, but this reason would
nearly always justify the use of ' is' for * suus.'
3 Obs. thé English idiom is oftem the same: * aphem, he heard,' &c.
4 But see Milt. 1, [2], 7. - A.
5 Bremi holds with Heusinger, that fueram (from the old fuo = φόω) has
sometimes nearly the meaming of eram, as êreqùketv. He quotes from Nep.
Attic. 7, 1, Quaj amicis suis opus fu e r a m t ad Pompejum prgfigiscentibus,
omnia ez sua 7re familiari dedit.—The explanation given (from Dähne) is far
preferable. •
154 QU ESTIONS ON
[4] 1. In in præsentia is præsentia abl. slmg. from
præsentia, ol neut. pl. from præsens ?—2. In quo majore
^eligione se receptum tueretur', does religione belong to
tueretur or receptum ?—3. Explain arripere.—4. Explain
cærimonia.—5. Explaim recipere aliquem in fidem.—6. In-
de non prius egressus est, quam reae eum—reciperet. Would
amy other construction be correct? if so, what ?—7.
Whem is the imperfect subj. after priusquam amd a past
temse preferred to the perfect indicative ? [Pr. Intr. i. 500
(end), amâ 501*.]—8. What should be observed in this
use of the imperf. subj. after priusquam amd a pasttemse ?
—9. Im what other constructiom is a, preceding comple-
ted actiom put in the imperf. subj. ?
[5] 1. Explaim publice.—2. What is the word [or
[4] 1. Abl. sing. according to both Hand and Döderlein.- 2.
To tueretur*: receptum = àv άποδεχθ£vTa, * ifhe should be rcceived.'
(Dähne.) 3. * To smatch hastily :' so Alcib. 10, 5: quod vesti-
mentorum fuit a r r i p u i t. 4. Either (subjectively) reli-
gious reverence as a feeling (which is the meaming here): or (ob-
jectively) an act of outward worship by which that reverence ,
was manifested*. 5. * To give him a promise . of protcc-
tiom.' Fides is confidemce amd the belief founded upon it: hence it
comes to meam the grounds or effects of confidemce : belief or trust ;
credit, fidelity, honesty ; promise, protection. 6. Yes: imde
non prius egressus est, quam reac eum—r e c e p i t. 8. That;
the imperf. is so used, though from the usual accuracy of the Romam
idiom in marking the completiom of one action before another begam,
one might have expected the pluperfect : e. g. Themistocles did not
quit the sanctuary till Admetus had givem him a promise of protec-
tion. 9. In the form quum interrogaretur, &c. not interroga-
tus esset. Pr. Intr. i. 415, s. -
[5] 1. * In the name of their respective states:' opp. privatim.
2. Palam opp. clam, occulto, secreto, ex insidiis. -
1 Bremi says: receptum is purposely thrown into the participial form, for
Themistocles made sure of a reception, but it was a great object fo him to com-
firm this, and make it more binding by the religious solemnity of the circum-
stances and man ner of it.' -
3 Kritz says: Conjunctivus—licet rarius cum hac voce (priusquam) conjun--
gatur, potestate multum differt ab indicativo: quia res iIIa ad quiam respicitur,
non ut certa ponitur, sed ita, ut in cogitatione adhuc versetur, et quadamj quasi
conditione teneatur.—Cic. de Or. 1, 59, tragœdi quotidie a m t e q u a m p r o-
π ιι m c i e n t, vocem sensim ezcitant ; quo significatur non facta jam pronunciatio,
sed pronunciandi consilium. De Off. 1, 21, 13, in omniùus negotiis p7- i u s q u a m
agg r e d í a r e adhibenda est præparatio diligens, i. e. priusquiam tibi recte
suscipi posse videntur. (Ad Cat. 4, 5.) .-
8 Tac. Ann. I, 39, religione sese tntabatur.
4 Bremi: non solum s a n c t í t a t e quae etiam hominibus triùuitur, sed etiam
*eligiosd v e m e r at í o m e. Cic. Balb. 24, 55. Sacra Cereris—s u m m á ma-
jores nostri ro2igione confici c ® r i m o n i á q u e voluerunt. So Plin. 6, 27, 31
ipse in m a g r á c a, r i m o m í á.
THEMIsTOcLEs, c H. VIII. 155
publicly opp. secretly, &c. ?—3. Distinguish between
monêre amd admonére.—4. What is the meaming of con-
sulere sibi ? [Pr. Intr. i. 233.]—5. Construe consulere
aliquem : consulere in aliquem. [Pr. Intr. i. 233.]—6. Ex-
plaim esse in difficile enim esse. [Pr. Intr. i. 460, (c), 1.]
—7. What is the usual word for accompanying a persom
to a place for the purpose of affordimg him protection, or
showimg him respect ? - -
[6] 1. What are the words for going on board a
ship ?—2. Distinguish betweem quis sit aperit, and qui
sit aperit.—3. Si se conservasset : does se relate to the
mom. of the sentemce ?—4. Explaim its use here. [Pr.
Imtr. i. 369, 370.]—5. Why is conservasset the pluperf. ?.
[7] 1. Before what words is at oftem found ?—2.
Distinguish betweem procul and longe.—3. With refer-
emce to this distinctiom, how may procul ab insulâ be best
translated ?—4. Explaim salum.—5. Distinguish betweem
gratiam habëre, gratiam referre, amd gratias or grates (mot
gratiam) agere.—6 Give the correspondimg Greek
phrases.
EXER.CISE.
Themistocles feared that he should be comdemmed of
high treasom im his absence. Whem Themistocles heard
this, he wemt om board. The Athemians and Lacedæ-
3. Præterita ADMONEo memori te mente: futura,
Ut monitus discas quæ sint, caveasque, MONEBO.
This, however, does not quite hold good of admoneo. 7. Deducere.
[6] l. In mavem adscendere, navem conscendere*: escendere is
to climb wp or ascend to a place where one shall be elevated above
others : in rostra, to ascend the rostrum : in malum, to climb up a
mast. 2. Quis sit would be to give his mame, &c., to distinguish
him from others ; qui sit relates more to quality ; his rank, positiom,
&c.* 5. The promise would not be due till the master of the vessel
had saved him. -
[7] 1. Before personal pronouns. Pr. Intr. ii. 462. 2. Död.
procul. 3. * At s o m e distance from the island.? 4. The
opem sea : opp. the harbor, &c. 5 Död. gratias agere. 6. Gra-
tiam referre = xdptv άποδιδόvat. Gratiam habére = xdptv&lòévas or
èxeiv. Gratias or grates agere = xápwv Xéyetv. • .
i Datam. 4, 3. Hann. 7, 6.
t Compare Z. § 134. JVote. Krüger, Lat. Gram. p. 573 and Kritz, ad Cat. 44, 5
naintain this distinction, but read quis sit.
156 - QU EsTIONS ON
momiams sent ambassadors to demand, im the mames of
their respective states, that Themistocles [should be
givem up.] Do mot give up ome to whom you have sol-
emnly promised your protectiom. Themistocles felt that,
simce his beimg givem up was demamded by the ambassa-
dors of the Atheniams amd Lacedæmonians, he must pro-
vide for his owm safety. I will inform the captaim who
[and what] I am, amd promise him a great [reward] if he
saves me." Themistocles prayed [him] mot to give him;
up, for it was difficult, [he said,] to provide for his owm
safety. After Themistocles was lamded (partic.), the
ship was carried by a violent storm to Naxus. Themis-
tocles being lamded, thamked the captain. I must perish
if I lamd there.
CH IX. [1] 1. Distinguish between plerique amd
plurimi. [Pref. [1], 7.]—2. What word appears to be
superfluous, scio plerosque ita scripsisse, &c. ?—3. With
vwhat verbs are ita, sic, thus used in am apparently super-
fluous mammer ?—4. Does the ita always refer to am inf.
clause ?—5. How may the force of potissimum' be givem,
im Emglish ?—6. Supply the ellipse im : quod ætate proae-
imus, qvî-—reliquerunt—fuit. -
[2} 1. To what tense of jco) does the perf. veni cor-
respomd ?—2. What word for * house' has also the meam-
img of family ?—3. Is Græcus or Graius the more usual
word for Greek im prose ? [Pref. [3], 5.]—4. Construe
qui plurima mala omnium Graiorum in domum tuam intuli.
—5. Goverm omnium Graiorum.—6. What principle
may possibly have led Nep. to choose que rather tham et
or ac im : patriamque meam defendere ?
CH. IX. [1] 2. The ita, which is afterwards explained by the
inf. clause. Z. § 748. 3. With verbs of hearing, affìrming,
doubting, learning, persuading oneself, &c. 4. No: some-
times to a clause with wz and the subjttnctive. See Pr. Intr. ii. p.
264. Diff. of Ídiom 28. 5. By * in preference to all other his-
torians,' or simply, * rather than amy one else.' 6. Quod ætate
proximus fuit (Th e m i s t o c l i , e ac i i s) qui, &c. -
[2] 1. To the pres.: for fikø, like veni, is * F am come* eeparoxXìjs
iìkø Trapd ore. 2. Domus. 6. Pr. Intr. ii. 236, 240, 244.
» Milt. 1, [2], 6. Pr. Intr $i. 888."
THEMISTOCLEs, cH. IX. 157
[3] 1. What is the Greek for in tuto esse, amd in
what cases is tutum used substantively in this way ?—2.
Of cœpisse amd incipere which is * to make a beginning,'
amd which is * to begin' umemphatically ? which refers
most to the begimming of a state of things ?—3. Give the
Lat. phrase for * making a bridge ov e r a river.'—4. Why
is dissolvere here used imstead of the usual words for
breaking dowm a bridge ?—5. What are those usual
words ? [Supra 5, [1], 7.]—6. What is there irregular
im dissolveretur—circumiretur ? [Supra 5, [1], 9.]
[4] 1. Whem is * now' nunc amd mot jam ?—2. What
is the force of eæagitare ?—3. How does DÜd. distinguish
betweem cunctus and universus ?—4. How is the Emg.
present translated im a sentemce commected with a prim-
cipal sentemce in the fut. ? e. g. * jf I do this, I shall,' &c. .
[Pr. Imtr. i. 415.]—5. How must * to have a pleasant
companìon ìn a m yb o d y' be translated into Lat. ?—6.
Distinguish between hostis and inimicus.—7. What may
have led Nep. to use înimîcus here rather tham hostis ?
—8. Is colloqui aliquid' cum aliquo (= * to talk over any
thing with anybody') a usual constructiom ?—9. What is
the usual constr. ?—10. Give a similar instance to annum
' t e m p o r í s dare.—11. What is the force of de im : de
his rebus ?—12. What peculiarity is there im : ut—venire
patiaris ?
[3] 1. ἐν τά άσφολεῖ £lvat. (Thuc.) In acc. and abl. with preposi-
tions : e. g. i n t u t u m pervenerunt, xii. 4, 3. 2. Död. imcipere.
[4] I. Nunc is * now' of the present time, and often emphatically
of present circumstances. P. I. ii. 865. 2. To chase and drive
out like a wild beast. 3. Cuncti = * all, really combined :'
universi — * all combined in our manner qf comceiving them.'
5. * Anybody' must be the acc. after the verb, amd companiom be
put in apposition. * You will have anybody, a pleasant companiom.'
7. To mark the antithesis between amicus and inimicus. 8.
INo. 9. Colloqui d e a l i q u á r e cum aliquo. 10. Cæs.
B. C. 1, 3. S e £ d i e s ad eam rem conficiendam s p a t í i pos-
tulant. II. = quod attinet ad ; * with respect to.' 12. The
acc. me is understood, being implied by the preceding mihi.
i With colloqui res may be compared i n s t í t u t a majorum—d i s s e r c r e.
$al!. Cat. 5, 9.
14
158 - QUESTIONS ON
EXER CISE.
I kmow that Thucydides has writtem, that Themis-
tocles passed Over into Asia in the reign of Artaxerxes.
I kmow that most authors have stated that Themistocles
inflicted more evils om the house of Xerxes tham amy
other of the Greeks. After the battle of Salamis
Xerxes returmed into Asia. . If it is mecessary, we will
destroy the bridge which you have made over the
Damube. If I obtaim your friemdship, I shall feel' that
I am freed from damger. If I shall be [chased amd]
drivem out by the whole comfederate body of the Greeks,
I shall fly to you. If I obtaim your friemdship, you will
have im me a good friemd. I beg of you to talk-over
these subjects with me. At the emd of a year I will
come to you. -
CH. X. [1] 1. Why is hujus separated from ammv
magnitudinem ? [See chap. 1, [1], 5.]—2. What does
talis imply ?—3. What is the force of venia im veniam
dare ?—4. Distinguish betweem mirari, admirari, demi-
rari. [Pref. [3], 4].—5. L i t t e r i s s e r m o n ique Per-
sarum : distinguish betweem litteræ and sermo.—6. How
does Dähme explaim the present subj. dicatur after erudi-
tus est ? [See above, chap. 1, [1], 8.]—7. Who are
hi qui in Perside erant nati ?—8. What is the statememt
of Thucydides ?
CH. X. [1] 2. * Such' = * so great,' tantus. 3. Simply
* permission.' 5. The simplest explanation is that litteræ = the
literature of the Persians ; the study of their authors : sermo, con-
versation with them*. 7. Dähne considers it a periphrasis for =
Persæ : but this puts so absurd an hyperbole into the mouth of Corn.
Nep., that I cam hardly imagine him to meam Persians, but the
Asiatic Greeks about the Persiam court : to whom the Persiam was
indeed very necessary, amd a language constantly used by them, but
mot their mother tongue. . -
1 Intelligere. •
2 The (iess probable) explanation, which Bremi seems to prefer, is that
litterae refers to the knowledge of the Persiam customs and mammers ; sermo to
* the language.' This word, he says, is seldom used in the sense of lingua in
the older writers, but is found in Nep. Hannib. 13, 2, Graeco sermone. Attic. 4,
f, sermo Latinus : and in Cic. Brut. 35. It is common in Quintiliam ;
THEMISTOCLES. C H. X. 159
[2] Explaim Themistocles's returm from the Persiam
eourt in Asiam.
[3] 1. What would be the Greek phrase for quæ ei
vanem præberet ? Give the probable meaming of panis
amd opsonium im this passage.—2. Go through Myuntem.
—3. By oppidum must we umderstamd Athens or Mag-
nesia ?—4. Was them the exile Themistocles buried at
Athems ?
[4] 1. What is the fuller form of multimodis ? Prove
this from Cicero.-—2. What is the force of neque im
neque negat ?—3. Distimguish betweem the verbs that
express to take, s u m e r e, c a p e r e, p r e h e m d e r e.—
4. How may neque negat be construed ?—5. What
should be observed in sua sponte ? [Milt. 1, [4], 5.]—6.
Distinguish between sua sponte and ultro.—7. Why is
pollicitus esset the subj. ?
[5] I. What is the derivatiom of quoniam ? [Pr. Intr.
ii. 840.]—2. Of quia amd quoniam, which agrees best
with §qrsf, which with ότι ? which with * because,' which
[2] Asia Minor is meant, which in the time of Cornelius was the
Roman province of Asia*.
[3] 1. eis áprov. * Bread' is mentioned as the principal food of
mam: i. e. for the necessaries of life : opsonium, which is properly
amy food (except bread) that was cooked or dressed by the aid of
fire, is used for the delicacies of the table, the more luxurious ar-
ticles of food, dress, furniture, &c. 3. Athens : the tomb of
Themistocles existed, even in the days of the geographer Pausanias*,
near the largest basin of the Piræus. 4. See the statement of
Thucydides, reported at the end of this chapter.
[4] 1. = multis modis. Cic. Orat. 45, 153. Sed quid ego
vocales ? Sine vocalibus sæpe brevitatis causa contrahebant, ut
ita diceremt, m u l t i m o d i s, t e ct i° fr a c t i s. 2. = ' mec
tamen : as Ages. 1, 4. Phoc. 2, 5, &c.
3. SUMIMUS usuri ; CAPIMUSque ut possideamus :
PRENDIMUS illa, manu, volumus quæcumque tenere.
See Död. sumere. 4. * Without denying :' but better here
* though he does mot deny,' or (since this is the real meaning)
* though he allows.' 6. Död. sponte. See Milt. 1, [4], 8. 7.
Because the statement is made not as am historical fact by Nepos,
but as the statement of Thucydides.
[5] 1. Quom = quum and jam. 2. Quia — ότι, * because °
1 So Hannib. 8, 4, and Cic. Leg. Man. 3, 7, in J1 s i æ luce,
2 I. e. in the second century after Christ. -
I 60 QUEsTION s ON
with * since ? [Pr. Intr. ii. 841.]—3. Which describes
rather the occasion of am actiom or the opportunity for
performimg it, tham the cause or ground of it ? [Pr. Imtr.
ii. 840.]—4. Does quod ever state a real cause as such,
and mot merely am alledged or supposed cause ? [Pr. Intr.
ii. 841, d.]—5. Give the deriv. of quia. [Pr. Imtr. ii.
840, mote.]—6. Does ' quoniam goverm the subj. ?—7.
Why them is concederetur the subj. ?
EXERCISE.
I admire his greatmess of mimd. We admire the
greatmess of mimd [that characterizes] such men. The-
mistocles addresses the king with much greater readimess
amd fluency tham this mam cam, who was borm in Persia.
If you choose to follow my coumsels, you will comquer
Greece. Themistocles returmed to Magmesia with great
presemts bestowed upom him by the kimg. I will presemt
you with this city, to supply you with bread. The king
promised to give Themistocles the city of Lampsacus,
from which to supply himself with wime. There are
[still] remaining im our days two momumemts to Themis-
tocles. C. Nepos says that Themistocles died at Mag-
mesia of [some] disease : though he allows that his
bones were privately buried im Attica by his friends. I
despair of beimg able to make good what I have prom-
ised the king with referemce to the comquest of Greece.
I fear that you will mot be able to make good what you
have promised the king. [Begin with rel. clause. See
Pr. Imtr. i. 30.] *-.
quoniam — ἐτεt, * simce.' 3. Quoniam.' 4. Quod has oftem
the objective meaning of quia. 5. From an obsolete plural ques,
to which quibus belongs; as tria from tres. 6. No. 7. It is
given as the statement made by Thucydides. So esset damnatus.
ARISTIDES, CH. I. 161
ARISTIDES.
CH. I. [1] 1. Distinguish between æqualis, par,
sumilis.—2. What is the semse of æqualis here ?—3.
What case or cases does æqualis goverm ?—4. What is
its general constructiom im the semse of contemporary ?
—5. What is the Lat for * m y c o n t e m p o r a r y,' or * a
c o n t e m p o r a r y of m i m e?—6. Is Themistocli the gem.
or dat. ?—7. Go through Themistocles.—8. What is the
force of itaque here ?—9. What is the meamimg of prìn-
cipatus here ?—10. What is the deriv. of obtrectare ?—
11. What them is the literal meaming of ob-trectare ?—
12. Does it gemerally imply envy amd bad feeling?—
13. Prove this.—14. Is obtrectare ever used of things ?
—15. What case does obtrectare govern ?—16. How
does Död. distinguish betweem obtrectatio amd invidia ?
[2] 1. What should you remark with respect to the
temse of antestaret ?—2. What does innocentia meam
CH. I. [1] I. Död. aequus. 3. Gen.* or dat. 4. Gen.:
but not exclusively.—Z. § 411. 5. Meus æqualis : aeq. being
virtually a substantive. 8. * Accordingly,' * and so :' i. e. as
might naturally be expected from the circumstance of their being
contemporaries. 9. The first rank in the state : its meaning in
ii. 6, 3 is more general. 10. Ob-tractare *. 11. To pull
against amother : hence * to be am opponent or a rival.' 12.
O b t r e c t a r e vero alteri aut illa vitiosa æmulatione, quæ rivali-
tati similis est, æmulari, quid habet utilitatis ? quum sit aemulantis
angi alieno bomo, quod ipse mon habeat ; ob t r e c t a m t í s autem,
a m g i a l i e m o b o n o, q u o d id e t i a m a l i u s h a b e a t. Tusc.
4, 26. 14. Yes: e. g. qui h u i c obtrectant l e g i atque causae.
C. Leg. Mam. 8, 21. 15. Dat., and im later writers the acc.
16. Död. invidia (4). - -
[2] 1. That general truths, i. e. assertioms valid at all times are
put in Lat. in the imperfect subj. after a past tense, according to
the general rule for the sequence of tenses. We should generally
use the present tense *. 2. A blameless, guileless character.
1 JEqualis temporum illorum. Cic.
2 Ob-trectare, according to Paul. (ex Fest.) is * facere quid contra tractantem.”
Död. considers it for obdetrectare, ob having the same meaming as in ob-ambulare,
where it = apud, * alomg by,' * mear.' Surely the meaming of ob = adversus is
the true one.
3 Not however always : e. g. he told him that God was the pumisher of the
wicked ; rather than * is.'
14*
]62 QUESTIONS ON
here ?—3. What mood do quamquam amd quamvis re-
spectively take im Latin writers of the Goldem Age ?
[Pr. Intr. i. p. 158, mote u.]—4. What mood does etsi
usually take ?—5. What is the meamimg of quamvis ?
[Pr. Imtr. i. p. 158, mote u.]—6. Explaim abstinentia.—
7. Why is audierimus im the subjunctive ?—8. Give im-
stamces.—9. How would you comstrue quod quidem ?—
10. To what may quod be considered equivalent im this
restrictive use of it ?—11. Is cognomen or agnomen the
usual expressiom for a name comferred upom a mam , for
some good quality or moble actiom ?—12. Cam you give
amy other imstamce where Nepos calls such a mame a
cognomen ?—13. What should you observe im the con-
structiom cognomine Justus sit appellatus ?—14. Is there
amy thing to be observed about the temse sit appellatus ?
—15. From what does collabefactus come ?—16. Whem
do the compoumds of facio take -ficior, mot <fio, im the
passive ?—17. What is properly the meaming of collabe-
fieri ?—18. To what is the word gemerally applied ?—
19. What is meant by testula illa ?—20. What force has
δlla here ?—21. How would * the seven years' war' be
4. Indic. 6. Disinterestedness : prop. the withholding oneself
from amother's property, rights, §-c. 7. The subjunctive is used
in limitations of this kind, that are added after positive statements *.
Z. § 559. 8. numquam illum me minima quidem re offendi, quod
quidem semserim. Cic. Am. 27, 103. 9. So far at least. 10.
To quamtum. 11. Agnomen. 12. Phociom, 1, 2, ex quo
c o g n o m í n e B o m u s est appellatus. 13. That the name is
not in the gem, after cognomen, &c. but, as if indeclinable, in appo-
sition to it.* (B.) 14. Since it follows excellebat, the imperfect
subj. would be the usual construction: but see Pr. Intr. i. 418.—Z. §
512, Note. 15. Collabefieri. 16. When they change a into i
in the active *: perficio, perficior : but labefacio, labefio, &c.
Zumpt, § 183. 17. To be made to fall ; compare Phoc. 2, 4,
concidit autem maacime umo crimine. 18. To buildings, that
are in danger of falling. 19. Ostracism. 20. That well
known, &c. 21. Bellum (illud) septem annorum, not bellum
i Dähne adds, that the modesty of this expression is also increased by the
use of the first persom plural. See Pref. 8. -
2 'I'his is especially the case when the person bearing the name is the nom
to the verb: but also in other cases: Gabêmio Secundo-cognomem Chaucius
vsurpare concessit. Suet. Claud. 24.—cui fecimus .Aurea momem. Ov. Met. l5
96. Bremi.—Z. § 421, JWvte. -
8 Dat :ficio, -fi c £ o r ; <facio sed dat tibi -fè o
ARISTIDES, CH. I. l63
er*
expressed by a writer of the Goldem Age, and how would
it mot be expressed ? Why ? -
[3] I. Qui quidem : Explaim this use of quidem.—2.
From what are the motioms of reprimi, concitari, here bor-
rowed ?—3. Is * to see a mam w r i t e ,' videre aliquem
s c r í b e n t e m , or videre aliquem s c r i b e r e ?—4. Is
quærere ab aliquo the only comstructiom ?
[4] 1. What is the Lat. for * not to know a persom ?
—2. What kimd of not knowing a persom does ignorare
express ?—3. Give imstamces of this meamimg.—4. Give
the rule for ut and the subj. after elaborasset. [Pr. Imtr.
i. 73.]—5. Why is elaborasset im the subj. ?
[5] I. Explaim the hic.—2. Explaim the per im per-
ferre.—3. What should you remark about descendit ?
[Pr. Imtr. i. 514.]—4. Give the various ways of express-
img * siae years after he was banished.' [Pr. Intr. i. 310.]
—5. Why is this form chosem here rather tham some of
the others ?—6. Explaim de im descendit, amd compare it
vwith a Greek prepos.—7. What verb demotes the oppo-
site directiom, both im Greek amd Latim ?—8. Does fere
express doubt whether it was actually im the sixth year ?
—9. What is the derivatiom offere according to Hamd ?
—10. What is a populiscìtum ?—11. Is the derivatiom of
septenne ; for the adjj. in emnis, as biennis, &c., were not them
usually employed. . •
[3] 1. Pref. [4], 7. 2. From horses : concitare is, to spur
a horse on : reprimere or coercère, to hold him in. 3. Both are
correct, just as in English to see a man writimg, amd to see a mam
write : the particp. is used when the emphasis is on the action seem
as it was doing: if the emphasis is om the preceding person Or on the
verb, the acc. and inf. is used. 4. No: quaerere ab, de, eac
aliquo.—Z. § 393. -
[4] 1. Generally nom nosse aliquem. 2. The not knowing
by sight. 3. Liv. 26, 12, 17, Productus (Numida)—i g m o-
r a r e se mulierem simulabat. Suet. Vitell. 17, nam i g n o r a b a -
È 7/, T. 5. It is in oblique narration.
[5] 2. Through, i. e. to the end. 5. If one of the forms
with post expressed had been chosen, postquam would have occurred -
twice in one sentence. 6. It is used of motiom from the interior
of a continent or country down to the coast: so k a T a ßatvetv.
7. Adscendere and å v a ßaiv&tv. 8. According to Hand, it does
not . . . but his arguments do not convince me. 9. fere, ferme
= firme, firmly, strictly. 10. According to Romam customs a
decree passed by the whole nation ; i. e. Senate amd people, pleb8.
Populiscito here = populi jussu. 11. No : populus and scisco
164 QUESTIONS ON
populiscitum, populus and scio ?—12. What is the perf
of sciscere ?
IEXIER CISIE.
Livius was a comtemporaly of Emmius's. Aristides
Inad committed mothing, so far at least as I have heard,
that should have made him considered to deserve such
[Pr. Intr. C. 10.] a pumishment. It was soom seem how
dangerous a thimg it was to dispute the first place [im
the govermment] with Themistocles. Im the sixth year
after Aristides was bamished, the Kimg of Persia made a
descent upom Greece. A mam was writimg that Aristides
should be bamished. Whem Aristides saw a mam wri-
timg that he should be bamished for tem years, he inquired
of him, why he thought that Aristides deserved such a
pumishment.
CH. III. [1] 1. Whem is * that' translated by * quo ?'
[Pr. Intr. i. 63.]—2. Whem only should * perhaps,' * per-
chance,' be translated by forte ?—3. How must you trans-
late * perhaps,' im * perhaps he will come ?'—4. What sort
of mumerals are quadringena amd sea agena ?—5. Why
are they used here ? [P. I. Caut. 23.]—6. Why is
Delum used, amd mot in Delum ? [Milt. 1, [1], 29.]—
7. Go through Delos. Why is id, which means Delos,
im the meut. gemder ? [Pr. Imtr. 48.]
[2] 1. Why is fuerit in the subjunctive ? [Pr. Intr.
109.]—2. Why im the perf. subj. ? [Pr. Imtr. 40.]—3.
What kind of abstinence or moderation is abstinentia ?—
4. How should quum be comstrued im quum præfuisset?
[* Although,' P. I. 489.]—5. What are meamt by res ?—
6. Parse qui im : qui efferretur. [Am old form of the abl.
fm. qui, as im quicum.]—7. What is the meamimg of ef-
Senatus c e n s e t, plebs s c i s c i t, populus j u b e t. 12.
Scivi : populus jure s c i v i t. C. Phil. 1, 10, 26.
CII. III. [1] 2. Particulas si, ecquid, misi, ne, mum fo r t e se-
quatur. 3. By fortasse with the indicative, or forsitam with
the subj.
[2] 3. Död. modus (5). 5. Res sc. publicæ, public offices.
So Dat. 2, 1, majoribus r e b u s praeesse. 7. * To carry out ;'
that is, * for burial,' and hence it comes to meam * to bury,' like the
Greek ἐκφέρειν.
ARISTIDES, CH. III. 165
ferre ? to what Greek word does it amswer ?—8. Does
reliquerit follow the regular rule for the sequence of
temses? [P. I. 40, amd mote c.—418.]—9. Is itim proposi-
tioms that express a purpose, or in those that express a
consequence, that the perf. subj. follows a past temse ?
[418.]—10. What author is fomd of this constructiom ?
[418, a.] *.
[3] 1. How do you comstrue quo factum est, ut . . . ?
—2. What does publice meam ?—3. Im what mammer
were persons emtertaimed at the public cost ?—4. Who
were emtertaimed at the public cost im the Prytanéum ?
—5. What were those called, om whom this privilege
was conferred for life ? [άεῖστοι.]—6. What was this
support at the public cost called ?—7. What are the forms
for * so mamy years after' am event happemed ? [P. I.
310.]—8. Im this constructiom does postquam usually
take the perfect or the pluperfect ? [P. I. Note s, p.
114.]
IEXIER CIS E.
Aristides fixed that five humdred talents should be sent
to Delos every year [as a comtributiom from each state.]
Four humdred talemts were sent every year to Delos*,
which they made the commom treasury. You, such is
your integrity, will scarcely leave momey for your fu-
meral. Aristides was a mam of such integrity, that his
daughters were maimtaimed at the public cost. Although
Aristides had beem chosem to hold public offices of such
responsibility, he was a mam of such integrity that he
died in the greatest poverty. Aristides havimg died im
the greatest poverty, his daughters received marriage-
portioms from the public treasury.
[3] 2. At the public cost. 3. In the Prytaneum, where a
perpetual fire was kept burning. 4. The Prytanes or presidents
of the senate, foreign ambassadors, envoys who had returned home
from foreign missions which they had conducted with ability ; and
citizens who had been of signal service to the state, or the descend-
ants of such citizens. [Dict. of Antiqq.] 6. Victus quotidia-
nus in Prytaneo. De Orat. 1, 54.
166 quESTIONS ON
PAUSANIAS.
CH. I. [1] 1. To what words are homJ amd vir re-
spectively opposed ?—2. Give am instance im which
homo, as opposed to vir, expresses contempt.—3. Give
am instance of its being used with am epithet which ex-
presses praise, as it is in this chapter.—4. Explaim its
use here.—5. Explaim the use of homo amd vir im the fol-
lowing passage : (Marius) et tulit dolorem, ut vir ; et, ut
homo, majorem ferre sine causâ necessariâ noluit. Cic. Tusc.
2, 22, 53.—6. How would. you distimguish homo when
used with epithets of praise from vir with such epithets?
—7. Give am instamce of magnus homo from Cicero.—8.
Explaim omne genus vitae.—9. What is the meaming of
varius ?—10. Distinguish betweem varius amd diversus.
—11. What semtemces are commected by ut—sic or ita ?
—12. Have they ever am adversative meaming ?—13.
How may these particles be construed whem they have
CH. I. [1] I. Homo is opposed to deus or bellua : * mam,' as a
h u m a n b e i n g : ùir to mulier, as a humam being of the m a le
S € X . 2. (Catilina) vtebatur hominibus improbis multis ; et
quidem optimis se viris deditum esse simulabat, Cic. Coel. 5, 12.
3. Ea: hoc esse humc numero, quem patres nostri viderunt, divinum
hominem, Africanum. Cic. Arch. 7, 16. 4. Africanus is takem
as belonging to the humam race, and yet raised above it by charae-
ter : he is considered, that is, with reference to the whole humam
IT8.G6. . 5. He endured pain like a mam, that is, without any of
a womari's weakness, and yet, as being a human being, man and
mo more tham mam, he did not wish to suffer more than was neces-
sary. 6. Homo relates rather tò the qualities, whether good or
bad, that characterize manras such ; or one man from another, with
this exception, that those which denote bravery, strength of mimd,
and all that distinguishes mam from vomam, are usually expressed by
vir with.a proper epithet, and also those which imply eminence and
worth in social life : e. g. vir fortis, clarus, summus, &c. 7.
Virum bonum et m ag m u m h o m i n e m—perdidimus. Epp. ad
Att. 4, 6, 1. 8. * All the relations of . life ;' as soldier, citizem,
commander-in-chief, &c. 9. * Inconsistent,' showing, as it
were, different hues and colors, at different times. 10. Död.
varius (1). 11. Comparative sentences of equality: as —— 80.
12. Yes: as * om the one hand so om the other.'
13 By though—yet ; or by indeed — but : = quidem — sed.
PAUSANIAS, CH. I. 167
an adversative force ?—14. Give am imstamce from Corm.
Nep. * •
[2] 1. What remark has beem made om our author's
use of hic ? [Milt. 6, [3], 1.]—2. Goverm Persarum.—
3. Give am imstamce of this use of the gem. after in pri-
mis from Cicero.—4. By what participle should we ex-
press the phrase quos viritim legerat ?—5. Does legerat
necessarily imply that Mardomius had chosem each man
himself?—6. Give imstances.—7. What kind of advv.
end im sim or tim ?—8. How are they gemerally formed?
—9. Give imstamces of their beimg formed from substam-
tives and adjectives.—10. Give instances of adverbs im
tim from substantives or adjectives, that do mot emd in
à-tim.—11. How would you construe haud it a magna
manus?—12. With what adverbs is haud foumd ? [Pr.
Intr. ii. 767, (3).]—13. Of the great writers, who do,
and who do mot, use haud ita ? [Pr. Imtr. ii. p. 168,
mote.]—14. Give an instamce of the separation of * is*
from its substantive, as here im : e o que—cecidit p r ae l i o.
[Them. 8, 3.] -
[3] 1. Give instamces of miscère used to demote
political comfusiom ; the disturbamce of a settled consti-
tutiom, &c.—2. What English word amswers best to
concupiscere ?—3. Why is posuisset im the subj. ? [Pr.
Intr. 461.]—4. What is the meamimg of epigramma ?—
5. Goverm victoriæ.—6. What should be observed with
respect to the place of this ergo ? [Pract. Imtr. 207.]—
14. (Agesilaus) u t maturam fautricem habuerat in tribuendis animi
virtutibus, s i c maleficam nactus est in corpore fingendo. Ages.
8, 1. • - -
[2] 3. Multaque, ut i m p r i m i s S i c u l o r u m in dicendo
copiosus est, commcmoravit. Cic. Verr. Act. 2, 2, 36, 88. 4.
By the participle picked. 5. No: in Lat. a person is oftem said
to do what he causes to be done. 6. Atticus's father omnibus
doctrinis . . . filium e r u d i v i t = * had him instructed in.* Att. 1,
2. So r e v o c av i t, Chabr. I, 2. 7. T)istributive advv.
8. By adding im to the supine root: caes-im, punct-im. 9. Ca-
tervatim, gregatim, privatim. 10. Tribùtim, * tribe by tribe :'
and viritim, the word in óur passage. ' . 11. * A not very numer-
ous army.' Pract. Intr. ii. 778, q: and Diff. of Id. 75, (5). 13.
Cic. does not use haud ita : Terence, Cornelius, Virgil, Horace do.
[3] 1. omnia miscère, Sall. omnia armis miscère, Vell. plura
fxiscere, Cic. 2. To covet: to long for. 4. Am inscription *
• .
168 • QUESTIONS ON
7. What does scribere meam in epigrammate scripto ?—8.
Give instamces of this meaming.—9. What are the more
usual words ?—10. Quote the §qrjygog μα.
EXER.CISIE.
Alcibiades was ìndeed amomg the first of the Athemi-
ams im political ability, but inconstant im every relatiom
of life. Pausamias was first blamed for havimg carved
om a goldem tripod, that under his commamd the Persiams
were annihilated at Platæa, and that their gemeral him-
self had fallem im that battle. Pausamias isto be blamed
for having carved [upon it,] that he with a mot very
numerous army ammihilated the Barbariams at Platæa.
The Lacedæmonians are to be praised for having erased
this inscriptiom, amd carved [on it] mothimg, but that the
Barbarians had been routed at Platæa by a mot very mu-
merous army of Greeks. Two humdred thousamd of the
infamtry, which consisted of picked mem, fell in that
battle. Pausamias is to be blamed for havimg begum to
create all mammer of political confusiom [after] he had
ammihilated the Persians at Platæa.
CH. II. [1] 1. Im what sense is Hellespontus here
used?—2. Goverm Cyprum and Hellespontum. [Milt. 1,
[1], 30.] »
[2] 1. What kind of similarity does par denote ?—
2. Why is elatius in the comparative ?—3. Distinguish
from étri and ypd\pa). 7. * To carve' upon it. 8. Alcib. 6, 5, im
quibus devotio fuerat s c r i p t a. So Suet. Cæs. 85, solidam
columnam—statuit, s c r i p s i t que Parenti Patriæ : and Liv. 4,
20, 11, se A. Cornelium Cossum consulem s c r i p s e r i t. 9.
Inscribere, ìncìdere.
10. *IEλλήνων άρχηγός, ἐτεῖ στρατόν άλεσε Mjδων,
IIava avtas φοίβφ μνήμ' άνέθηκε τάδε.
CH. II. [1] 1. For the coasts öfthe Hellespont.
[2] 1. Död. æquus (2). 2. It had before been mentioned that
he was elated, elatus, by the victory at Platæa: chap. 1, 3. His
second success rendered him still more so. It might be explained
by Praet. Intr. 408. 3. Complures denotes several, generally a
good many, considered together as ome body or party : like plerique
it does mot tako a partitive genitive case £. Plures, om the other
& Complures hostium is foumd, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48
PAUSANIAS, CH. II. 16!)
betweem plures amd complures.—4. What is the force of
non-nulli ?—5. Why is redderet in the subjunctive ? [Pr.
Intr. 483.]—6. What is the force of the re im redderet ?
[3] 1. Why cognovit, amd mot cognoverat ? [Pr. Intr.
514.]—2. In what comstructiom does postquam gemerally
take the pluperf. ? [Pr. Imtr. p. 114, mote s.]—3. Dis-
tinguish betweem affines, necessarii, and propinqui.—4.
Goverm muneri. [Pr. Intr. 242, (3).]—5. Give the two
ways of expressimg * h e wi s h e s t o b e c o m m e c t e d
w i t h y o u,' using cupere amd conjungere. [Pr. Imtr.
145. Z. § 610.]—6. Why was it necessary to express
the se in our passage ?—7. Do verbs of vishing ever
take ut instead of the acc. amd inf. ? [Yes : Pràct. Intr.
ii. 819.]—8. With which of such verbs is this common ?
with which very rare ?—9. Give am instamce of cupere
with ut.—10. With which verb of wishing is Cic. fomd
of insertimg the acc. of the persomal prom. ? [Pr. Intr.
149 r.]
[4] 1. Parse feceris. [Pr. Imtr. i. 415.]—2. How
does this differ from the English idiom ? [Pr. Intr. i.
415, 416: see mote s.]—3. Parse volueris.—4. What
is the usual prom. for * amy' after si ? [Pr. Imtr. 391.]—
5. Is si quisquam ever used ? [Pr. Imtr. i. 391, note w.]
—6. What does si quisquam meam ? [Pr. Intr. i. 391,
mote w.]—7. Is si aliquis ever used ? [Pr. Intr. i. 391,
Remark, p. 138.]—8. Goverm mittas. [Pr. Intr. 539,
(1).]—9. What is there peculiar in face ?—10. What
does certus meam im c e r t u m hominem ?—11. What is
•-—,
hand, is comparative, with ref. to a smaller number. 4. Some,
and not a very few : it is however less strong, as this passage shows,
tham complures. 6. Verbs eompounded with re oftem denote a
duty imposed upon a persom ; the laying on him the obligation to do
something. So r e d d e r e * debitum. Regg. 1, 5. •-
[3] 3. Död. mecessarius. 6. Because otherwise the conjungi
might have been referred to the preceding accusative [eos] quos
ceperat. 8. Optare seldom takes the inf.: cupere hardly ever ut.
—Z. § 613. Note. 9. Quod ego quidem mimis quam c u p i o,
w t i m p e t r e t. Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 17.
[4] 9. The usual form is fac : face occurs in Plautus, Terence,
&c. 10. Trustworthy.
1 Comp. renuntiare Alc. 10, 2; redigere Pel. 5, 1; referre Eum. 1?, 1;
zap )scere Cæs. B. G. 5, 30, 2. -
15
170 QU ESTIO NS ON
Nepos's practice with respect to quocum amd cum quo ?
Milt. 1, [2], 7.]
[5] 1. What is the force of con or cum in col-laudat ?
—2. Explaim ne cui rei parcat. [Pr. Imtr. i. 80.]—3. Is
pollicetur im the usual temse amd mood for-such a sem-
temce as it is here placed im ?—4. The words si fece-
rit, nullius rei a se repulsam laturum are im oblique mar-
ratiom, to which Nepos has passed, as is oftem dome,
from the direct form. Turn them into direct marratiom,
as Xerxes would use them.—5. What temse is feceris
here ?—6. Now turm this into oblique marratiom : ** he
said that jf he did this, he should meet with no refusal to
any of his requests from him.”—7. Why them is fecerit
used im Nep. ?
[6] 1. To what is an quo facto equivalent ?—2. To
what is quam equivalent ?—3. What is the usual posi-
tiom of non with a participle amd est ?—4. Whem should
it stamd before the participle ?—5. Give instamces of its
stamdimg emphatically before the auxiliary verb at the
emd of a, clause,
EXER.CISIE.
He amswers, that if he drives the garrisoms of the
Greeks from the Hellespomt, he will give him his daugh-
[5] 1. Highly, mnuch. 3. Since quae pollicetur belong to
Xeraces's message as related by Cornelius, it would be more usual to
place the verb in the subjunctive *,—the marration being oblique
(Pr. Intr. 460) since, however, it was an historical fact that Pausa-
mias did make these promises, the indicative may stand*. See Pr.
Intr. 466, the last sentence : and compare Milt. 3, [4], 1. 4. [Id}
si feceris, mullius rei a me repulsam feres. 5. Fut. perf. 6.
Id si fe c i s s e t, nullius rei a se repulsam laturum. Pract. Intr.
p. 163, b. OBS. 7. Imstead of a past tense, he had used the his-
torical present collaudat—petit : he therefore uses the perf. subj.
instead of the pluperf. Compare also Pr Intr. 468, with the Remark.
6] 1. Dum ista facit or faciebat ; the prepos. denotes duratiom.
Comp. Them. 2, [1]. 2. Et eam. 3. Before the est. 4.
When there is another participle to which it is opposed: as, n o n
d e t e r r i t u 8—sed c o m c i t α t u s est. 5. Comon, 1, 3, accep-
turos m o m fu i s s e : Han. 12, 3, ausus n o n e s t ; Milt. 2, 5,
ausi m o m s υ m t.
1 Comp. Cim. 1, 4, si ea, q u ae p o l l i G e r e t v, r, præstitisset.
s Compare Conom, 3, 3, delibera utruvi colloqui malis, an per litteras agere,
qu æ c og i t a s
PAUSANIAS, CH. III. 17]
ter in marriage. If you drive the Persians from Cyprus,
I will send a trustworthy persom to comfer with you. If
you do this, you will reduce Sparta amd the rest of
Greece under your power, by my assistamce. The
Ephori praise Pausamias highly, amd beg him to spare
mo exertiom (res) to drive the Persiam garrisoms out of
Cyprus. If from meetimg with equal success in this
undertakimg (res), you become still more elated, you
will be recalled home. Miltiades was mot acquitted.
If Sparta amd the rest of Greece is reduced umder my
power by your assistamce, I promise that you shall not
meet with a refusal from me in amy thing [you may ask.]
CH. III. [1] 1. Observe the order im post non
multo, where the gemeral assertiom that it was after
what had beem before , asserted is limited by the non
' multo : give other examples of this order from Nep.—
2. Cam you give amy imstamce where the word or words
markimg how much, precede the post ?—3. Cam we com-
ceive amy callida ratio of disclosimg his views ?—4. Of
aperire amd patefacere, ome meams to open that whose
top was covered ; the other, to opem that of which the
sides were enclosed : which meams to opem am emclosed
space ?—5. Comstrue cogitata.—6. What should be re-
marked im the semtemces non enim, &c. ?—7. What does
x'iltus here meam ?
[2] 1. Who were the qui aderant ?—2. Why is
possent in the subjumctive ?—3. Give am instamce from
CH. III. [1] I. Cim. 3, [4], p o s t, meque ita multo. Alcib.
11, 1, qui p 0 s t a l i q u a n t o matus. 2. Pel. 2, 4, meque i t a
m u l t o p o s t. 3. Yes: that of disclosing them gradually, and
as he found persons inclined to receive them and support him ; draw-
ing men on to commit themselves, so that they could neither recede
nor advance without danger, and so om. . . 4. Död. aperire. 5.
* His plans' or * views:' cogitare, to think about a thing, being often
equivalent to planning it. - 6. The distance of mom from the
solum, to which it belongs. 7. * Mode of living:' it is very often
joined to another word, as here, amd them denotes all that belongs to
a person's mode of livíng, except what the added word denotes:
hence here it includes his table, his tent, his furniture, his state, &c.
[2] 1. His guests. 2. The verb is sometimes in the subj.
after quam with a comparative. 3. Quid ? tu, inquit, animo
172 QUESTIONS ON
Nep.—4. Give am example from Cicero.—5. With
vwhat verbs does this primcipally occur ?—6. What made
his guests umable to bear the Persiam luxury of his bam-
quets ?
[3] 1. What word might seem to be superfluous im
aditum petentibus conveniendi non dabat ?—2. What is
aditus ?—3. Give am imstance from Cicero.—4. Parse
Troade.—5. Im quum—tum which is the stronger mo-
tiom ?
[4] 1. What temse do postquam, ut, ubi (= “ when,'
* after*) take ? [Pr. Intr. i. 514.]—2. What was the
scytala ?—3. Explaim more illorum.—4. Why is reverte-
retur the subj. ? [Pr. Imtr. i. 460, b.]—5. Distinguish
betweem reverti amd redire.
[5] 1. What does etiam tum meam ?—2. What are
the two meamimgs of etiam tum ?—3. Give am imstamce
si isto eras, cur non im prœlio cecidisti p 0 t i u s, q u a m im potes-
tatem inimici v e m í r e s ? Eum. 11, 4. And ; c l a r i v s ezsplen-
descebat, q u a m generosi condiscipuli—ferre possent. Att. 1, 3.
4. Postea, quidquid erat omeris im mautis remigibusque eaci-
gendis, in frumento imperando, Segestanis præter ceteros impone-
bat, aliquanto a m p l i u s q u a m ferre possent. Verr. 4, 34.
5. With velle and posse. Zumpt, § 560. Note. 6. Their own
moderate habits peculiarly unfitted them for bearing the extreme
luxury of a Persiam bamquet.
[3] 1. Conveniendi. 2. (1) Emtramce or admission to a
person ; them (2) the permission, or right, of entramce ; then (3) a
gen. of the ground was added to denote the purpose for which the
admission was required. 3. Itaque si qui mihi erit a d í t u s
de tuis fortunis—a g e n d í, ó.c. Epp. ad Fam. 6, 10, 2.
4. As an adj. it would be fem., butitis here used substantively (Troas
sc. regio) and put in apposition with ager, as, flumen Garumna ; in
campum Marathona, $c. 5. That introduced by tum = and
also.
[4] 2. A black stick ; the Ephori kept one, and gave amother of
exactly the same size to their Commander-in-chief. When they
wished to semd an order, they wound a thong round this stick, and
wrote the order on it : no one could read this, till the letters were
again brought properly together by being wound round a stick of the
same size in the same way. 3. In the concise way called La-
comic, from its belonging peculiarly to the Lacedæmonians, Lacones.
5. Död. reverti.
[5] 1. * Even then,' that is, still. 2. The meaning of the
words is not altered, but their reference. * As late as that,' and,
as early as that.' 3. E t i a m t u m vita hominum sine cupi-
PAUSANIAS, CH. III. 173
of its meamimg * as late as that.'—4. Explain regi.—5
Was Pausamias a king ?—6. What is neque equivalent
to im neque eo magis ?
[6] 1. Om what primciple is genus hominum, q u o d
Ilotae vocatur, to be preferred to genus hominum, q u í
Ilotæ v o c a n t u r ? [Pr. Intr. i. 48, 49. Z. § 372.]—2.
Give am instance of genus, qui vocantur. [Milt. 4,
[3].]—3. What is the Greek form for Ilotæ ? [E'λάται.]
the Eng. ? [Helots.]—[See Z. § 1. Note.]
[7] 1. What is there peculiar im non putabant-
oportere ?—2. Give am instamce from Cic.—3. What is
there peculiar in the use of et with eaespectandum ?—4.
Give imstamces.—5. Cam you produce am instamce from
Nep. ?—6. Would se ipsam aperiret be here admissible ?
EXER.CISE.
Pausamias answered more haughtily, and govermed
more cruelly, tham the Lacedæmoniams could emdure.
Pausanias mot long afterwards withdrew to Colomæ,
which is a place im the Troas. AIt was writtem om the
scytala, that umless he gramted àn audiemce to those who
applied [for it,] they would throw him imto prisom. The-
mistocles was of opimiom that they should mot wait, till
Pausamias returmed home. The Ephori cammot emdure
this, but sent ambassadors to him with the scytala. Amy
one of f>e Ephori may throw even ome of their kings into
prlsom.
ditate a g í t a b a t u r. Sall. Cat. 2. 4. It is equivalent to vel
regi : * e v e n to one of their kings.' 5. No: he was guardiam
to his cousin Pleistarchus, the son of Leonidas, who commanded at
Thermopylæ. 6. Neque tamen, or vero.
[7] 1. That with verbs of thinking, the * mot' is prefixed to the
verb rather than the infin. 2. N o n censet lugendam e s s e
mortem. De Semect. 20, 74. 3. When a negative and affirma-
tive sentence are joined together in this way, et, atque, or que are
used, where we should use * but.' 4. Equidem illud ipsum
n o n mimium probo e t tantum patior. C. de Fin. 2, 9, 27. Ne q u e
desideravit quemquam e t potius discessu nostro lætatus est (C).
5. Huic ille primum suasit, n e se moveret, e t ezspectaret
quoad Alezandri filius regnum adipisceretur. Eum. 6, 2.
6. No: for s e ί ρs a m aperiret wóuld be * to discover itself, rather
than something else.'
15*
174 QUESTIONS ON
CH. IV. [1] 1. Distinguish betweem interim amd
interea. [Them. 6, [5], 5.]—2. How would * a letter to
Artabazus' be gemerally expressed im Latim ?—3. Om
what principle would the participle be used ?—4. Are
there mo instances of epistola ad aliquem without a par-
ticiple ?—5. Is a * letter fr o m a person' ever epistola or
litteræ ab aliquo without a participle ?—6. What kimd of
substantives are more frequently modified by preposi-
tioms with their cases tham others ?—7. Give instances.
—8. What is the English of ei in suspicionem venit ?—9.
Give other imstamces, im which the Romams expressed
the beginning of a state by a circumlocutiom with venire.
—10. What is the usual meamimg of in suspicionem ve-
^ire alicui, whem the verb is used persomally ?—11. In
vwhat meamimg is super used with the abl. ?—12. With
what kimd of verbs is it so used ?—13. Give some im-
stances.—14. What part of speech is eodem?—15. How
were letters dome up im Greece amd Rome ?—16. What
is the general Latim expressiom for opening a letter ?—
CH. IV. [1] 2. Epistola ad Artabazum scripta, data, missa,
&c. 3. In Latin a substantive is not oftem modified by amother
substantive governed by a preposition*. 4. Yes: such examples
are not rare : Cic. de Off. 1, 11, 37, semis est Marci quidem Catonis
epistola a d fi l i u m ; de Off. 2, 14, 48, eaestant epistolæ Philippi
a d A l e ac a m d r u m. 5. Yes: for instance, Liv. 23, 34, litterae
quoque a b H a m m i b a l e ad Philippum, which is just like our
passage. 6. Verbal and other substantives expressing an action :
e. g. those in io. 7. Deductio in agros ; via ad gloriam ; mam-
sio in vita ; fuga ab urbe ; defectio ab Romanis. 8. * He sus-
pected,' * b e g a m to suspect,' or * c a m e to suspect.' 9. Milt
7, [3], utrisque v e m i t in o p i m i o m e m signum a classiariis re-
giis datum : so Att. 9, 6. 10. * To become suspected by any-
body:' * to fall under his suspiciom.' 11. Nearly in the sense of
de = * ab o u t ,' * c o n c e r n i m g.' 12. With verbs of speak-
ing, thinking, asking, doing, or, as here, sending on a mission or
errand. 13. Cic. Att. 16, 6: Hac super re scribam ad te. Att.
14, 22: Cogites, quid agendum mobis sit s u p e r l e g a t i o m e
(it is however rare in Cic.). Virg. Geor. 4, 559: Hæc s u p e r ar-
'vorum c u l t u pecorumque canebam Et super a r b o r i b u s.
15. Something in this way: they were folded in the form of a little
book, them tied round with a thread [lino obligare], the knot being
covered with wax or a kind of chalk, creta. 16. Epistolam
1 In such constructioms the subst. with the preposition is joined attribuiively
3o the other substantive; almost, thatis, like am adjective.
PAUSANIAS, CH. IV. 175
17. Explaim the meanimg of vincula laxare, and signum
detrahere here. - .
[2] 1. Translate * the points which had been agreed
upon between the king and Pausanias' im two ways.—2.
In has ille litteras, why are has litteras separated ?
[3] 1. What is the meamimg of gravitas ?—2. Dis-
tinguish betweem se ipse amd se ipsam. [Pr. Intr. 368.]
[4] 1. What is the most exact remderimg of itaque ?
—2. Is the inf. act. ever used with nefas putare, satius
putare or ducere, &c. ?—3. Distinguish betweem the act.
amd pass. imf. im this comstructiom.—4. Distinguish be-
tweem fanum, ædes, templum.—5. What is the grammati-
cal term for placing the prepos. after its case ?—6. With
what words is the prepos. mot umcommomly placed after
its case ?—7. Give instances from Corm. Nep.—8. What
prepositioms always follow their cases ?—9. From what
verb does consedit éome ?—10. With what prep. is con-
sidere gemerally construed ?—11. Explaim in ara.—12.
After what particles is * quis' the usual promoum for * amy'?
[Pr. Intr. i. 391.] -
[5] 1. Is amy other form used besides confugere in
aram ?—2. Simce confugere in aliquid means to fly i n t o
some space, how would you explaim in aram ?
aperire, resignare ; or solvere (λόειν). 17. Argilius meant to
restore the fastening and seal, that is, to do the letter up again, if he
found nothing written in it against himself. He therefore loosened
the thread or string, and pulled it off with the seal unbroken*.
[2] I. ea quae inter regem Pausaniamque convenerant ; or ea
quæ regi cum Pausania convenerant. 2. Such separation both
gives emphasis to has litteras (= this' letter), and avoids the concur-
rence of two term'nations of the same sound.
[3] I. * Their deliberate method of proceeding:' as contrasted
with the impetuosity of an excitable people. • . .
[4] 1. * And so,' * and accordingly,' or * accordingly' only.
2. Yes. 3. The pass. is preferred for general truths amfd asser-
tioms : when, that is, there is no reference to particular persons.
4. Död. templum. 5. Anastrophe, from ává—στρέφειν.
6. With pronouns. 7. Com. 2, 2, hunc adversus ; Chabr. 3, 1,
quam ante. 8. Ve, sus amd temus. 9. From con-sidere.
10. With « in*. 11. On the steps of the altar. -
[5] I. Sometimes ad aram. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 8, ut numquam ante
boc tempus a d a r a m legum c o m fu g e r i n t*. 2. Ara
i Thucydides says he prepared a false Seal. -
2 Tibull. 4, 13, 23:— Veneris sanctæ c o m s i d a m vinctus a d a r a & •
176 QUESTIONS ON
[6] 1. What is the English of modo here ?—2. Wha
is its usual meamimg as a particle of time ? [Pr. Intr. ii,
502.]—3. In the semtemce, he begged him ne enuntiaret,
7?6C S6 proderet, what would be more usual tham the
second nec ?—4. Give other instances of nec for meu o*
neve.—5. What is the past participle of implicare?—6
With what distinction does Nep. appear to use them ?—
7. Does this agree with the practice of other writers?—
8. Om what does futurum, i, e. futurum esse, depend.
[Pr. Intr. 460, c, 1.]
EXER.CIS]E.
Argilius, who had received a letter from Pausamias tc
Artabazus, loosemed the thread (partic.) [that boumd it,]
and pulled off the seal. If I convey* it, I am to perish.
Of those who had beem sent om the same errand, mot one
had returmed. He learmed that all who had beem sent to
the same place om a similar erramd had perished. To
these he discloses, what had been agreed upom between
Pausanias amd the kimg. To these he will disclose
those [points,] which have beem agreed upom betweem
Pausamias amd the king. I will tell this informer what
I wish to be dome. In this place, if any ome holds any
conversatiom with Argilius, we shall hear it. Whem they
means the whole space to which the protective power of the altar ex-
tended; perhaps an enclosed space round the altar, but at all events,
the altar and its steps. Hence also in ara comsidere before*.
[6] 1. * Now :' * upon this.' 3. Neve ; for :
* J}md not,' or * quot' which follows aut or me,
By mew or meve should translated be.
4. Liv. 3, 21, dum ego m e imiter tribumos, m e c me contra sena-
tusconsultum consulem renuntiari patiar. Cic. Rep. 1, 2. Tenc-
amus eum cursum . . . . m e q u e ea signa audiamus, quæ receptui
cara?, nî. 5. Implicatus or implicitus. 6. He uses impli-
catus except when speaking of a disease : as Cim. 3, 4; Ag. 8, 6
7. Liv. has * in morbum implicitus ;' * gravi morbo i m p l i
c i t u s :' but i m p l i c a t u s bello, 26, 24, 16. So Cæs. has gra;
viore morbo i m p l i c i t u s, B. C. 3, 18, 1 ; but quini erant or-
dines—i m p l i c a t i, B. G. 7, 73, 4.—Cicero has nearly always im-
plicatus. Later writers use either form without distinction. -
1 Or ara may be considered as used for the protective power of the altar: se
sonfugere in alicujus fidem, misericordiam, &e.
2 Pr. Intr. 415.
PAUSANIAS, CH. V. 177
saw him loosemimg the thread, amd pullimg off the seal,
they inquired what reasom he had for so suddem a reso-
lutiom. A certaim Argilius had come to suspect, that if
he conveyed the letter, he was to be put to death. If he
conveys' this letter he will be put to death. -
CH. V. * [1] I. Whem is * better* to be translated by
satius ? [Pr. Imtr. p. 84. Obs. to Ex. 34.]—2. What
is the English of in eo esset, ut, &c. ? [Pr. Intr. 479.]—
3. What might be used imstead of qui eum admonere
cupìebat ?—4. With what differemce ?—5. Is there still
a third way ?—6. What difference would this make ?—
7. Distinguish betweem vultus amd facies. [Död. facies.]
[2] 1. What ambiguity is there in quæ χαλxfo/xog
vocatur?—2. Prove that the temple was sometimes
called χαλκίοΙxog.—3. To which does the quæ probably
refer ?—4. Give your reasoms for this.—5. Distinguish
betweem valvæ amd fores.
[3] 1. What is there umusual in dicitur eo tempore
matrem Pausaniæ viæisse? [Pr. Imtr. 297.]—2. With
what forms is the impersonal constructiom * very com-
CH. V. [1] 3. Qui eum admoneri cupiebat. 4. The expres-
sion would be them more indefinite : it would assert that he wished
him to be warned some how or other ; mot, that he wished to warn
him himself. 5. Yes: qui eum admonitum cupiebat. 6. The
expression would be indefimite, like the qui eum admoneri cupiebat,
but would imply a wish that the state of his being warned (i. e. the
effect of the warning) should continue.—Z. § 61l. -»
[2] 1. The quæ may refer to the preceding aedem or to the pre-
ceding Minervae : for both the goddess and her temple were called
xaXkiotkos. 2. Ætoli circa Chalciœcon (Minervæ est templum
aereum) congregati cæduntur. Liv. 35, 36. 3. To Mimervae.
4. (1) Since it cam refer to both, it is more likely to refer to the
mearest : an ear hearing Minervæ, quæ xaXktotkos vocaiur, could
hardly help referring the quæ to Minervae. (2) Thucydides has τὸ
igòv rijs xaXktoikov *. 5. Död. ostium.—Jaumann says that valvæ
are the leaves of a folding-door that opens inwards ; fores of One
that opens outwards. -
1 Pr. Intr. 415. … * ę • '
2 Bremi thimks that the ejus ædis which follows is a reason for its referring
to the temple, but since ajdem had preceded, the ejus ædis is sufficiently ex-
plained. - • M . &-,
3 Krüger says, that the impersonal construction is almost invariably used
with intelligitur, muntiatur (with definite amnouncements), dicitur (it is maìm
tained), less frequently with traditur, dicitur (people sag), narratur, declaratur
with putatur, crcditur, existimatur, it is only am exceptiom.
g78 QUESTIONS ON
mom ? [Pr. Intr. 297, mote c.]—3. What part of speech
is natu im ; magno natu ?—4. Does Nep. use this word
elsewhere ?—5. Cam you give am example from amy
other writer ?—6. Im what form is natu also, amd more
commomly foumd ?—7. Is postquam comperit im oratione
obliqua ?—8. How is it them that it is mot compererit, im
the subj. ? [See Milt. 3, [4], l : and Pr. Intr. 465, 466.]
[5] 1. Is there any thing umusual im quo hi qui—
essent dati ?—2. What degree of distamce is usually
marked by procul ?—3. Does Cic. ever use posterius ?—
4. What expressiom does Nep. use, that may be com-
pared with vitam ponere ?
EXER.CISE.
Pausamias om learming this, fled for refuge imto the
temple. They say, that he was buried im the same
[3] 3. A verbal subst. of the fourth declension, occurring only in .
the abl. 4. Yes: Timoth. 3, 1, hic quum esset magno matu ;
amd Dat. 7, 1, Scismas, ma3cimo matu filius. 5. Yes: Liv. 10,
38, 6: sacerdote Ovio Pactio quodam, homine magno natu. 6
In : major matu, maacimus natu, grandior natu. 7. Yes.
[5] 1. It should be regularly quo hos*; for in an elliptical sem-
tence of this kind the subject is placed in Latin in the accusative
(not in the nom. to the verb understood) if the subject of thr. other
sentence is in the acc. (with inf.). Thus: * they say that Plato felt
the same as Pythagoras [felt] ;' P l a t o n e m ferunt—sensisse idem,
quod P y t h a g o r a m :—not Pythagoras. C. Tusc. 1, 17. See
Pr. Intr. ii. Caut. 15. Z. § 603, (a). 2. A considerable distance*,
but yet generally withim sight: opp. juacta, Död. 3. Yes: Ipse
enim Thucydides si p o s t e r i u s fuisset. Brut. 83, 288. 4.
Animam deponere. Han. 1, 3.
1 Of cowrse it is a slight irregularity to say, cujus mortui corpus—quo λέ,
ìnstead of cujus mortui corpus—quo horum corpora ; or quem mortuum—quo hi :
but this is a sort of thing that occurs in all languages. (Bremi.)
2 Bremi doubts whether the meaming is that he was buried * at some distamce
from the place where he died,' or * at some distamce from the place where malefac-
tors pere batried' (quo hi imferuntur qui ad supplicium essent dati) : eo scilicet
loco, quo erat mortuus. He prefers the former with good reasom ; though he
says Nep. must them have tàkem the account, not from Thucydides, but from
sQme other authority. _Thucydides's words (I, 134) are kaì aÜTÖv ἐμέλλησav
uèv ês ròv, Kat åöav, οόπερ τός κακοῦpyovs, ἐμβάλλειν, ἐπειτα ἐδοδε τλησίον
που κατορέat. Does the TAmotov του meam somewhere mear where he died ?—
or somewhere mear the Caeadas ? If the former, Nep. agrees with Thucydides,
and his use of inferri—infoderunt (in exact correspondcnce with ἐμβάλλειν—
«atopÜ$at) proves him to have had the passage before his eyes. Is it not pos-
sible that a non or haud has been omitted before procul ? though procul and
Σ?' Tov are not contradictory, a>cording to Döderlein's explanation of
proca//. /.
CIMON, CH. I. 179
�.
place as Pausamias. They say that he was buried mot
far from the spot where he breathed his last. It is said
that Pausamias, beimg carried out of the temple still alive,
immediately expired. After the Ephori discovered the
guilt of Pausamias, they immediately blocked up the
doors of the temple which is called χαλxfoixog. Whem !
the thief was om the point of fiyimg-for-refuge to the
temple, he was arrested in the city. Whem he was om
the poimt of being executed, he expired.
CIMON. --
CH. I. [1] 1. What is the meaming of uti here ?—
2. Is it oftem used, as here, of disagreeable thimgs ?—3.
At about what age did a young persom begim to be am
adolescens ?—4. Explaim lis æstimata.—5. What is the
Eng. of vincula publica ?—6. What is mostly used im-
stead of * and not* im Latim ?—7. By what temse will
solvisset be comstrued ?—8. What temse would be used
if the present of posse preceded ? for instance, translate
$you cannot be let out, unless you p a y the fine imposed.
[Pr. Intr. 415.]
[2] 1. Explain the use of autem in habebat autem,
&c. [Milt. 4, [1], 1.]—2. Explaim germana soror.
[Pref. [4], 2, 3.]—3. What is the mame givem to the
comcurremce of wo words with mearly the same letters
amd soumd ; as, 7o3n magis a m o re quam m o re ?—4. Give
instances of Paronomasia.—5. Explaim the use of ducere
im the sense of * to marry.'—6. Cam it be said them of
CH. I. [1] 1. To have or eæperiemce. 2. No. 3. Död.
puer. 4. Litem æstimare is to fiae the sum which the accused is
to pay as compemsatiom, if condemned: hence lis æstimata is used
for the fime imposed upom a defendant. 5. The public prison.
6. Neque or nec. 7. By the perf. indic.—* umless he paid ;'
our language not being so particular as the Latin in marking that
one action must have been completed before another begins.
[2] 3. Paronomasia. 4. Just below: mom tam generosus
quam pecuniosus. Cic ad Div. x. 28, 1: in o r e et a m o r e. 5.
180 QUESTIONS ON
a womam ?—7. What word for * to marry* cam be said of
a womam omly, and what is its real meaming ?
[3] 1. In hujus conjugii cupidus ; does hujus agree
vwith conjugii, or is it the gem. dependent om it; conju-
gium hujus beimg * a marriage with her ?—2. What is
the prepositiom used for ' making money by any thing ?'—
3. Does síbi refer to the persom who is the mom. to
daret ?—4. How them eam it be used ? [Pr. Imtr. 370.]
—5. Om what does soluturum [esse] depenά? [Pr. Imtr.
460, (c) (1).]—6. In what temse would impetrare stamd,
ifthe narration were direct, as in, * I will pay the money
if I obtain my request ?” [Pr. Imtr. 415.]
[4] 1. Does conditio here meam * a proposal of ma-
riage,' or merely * proposal,' * terms.'—2. Distinguish
betweem spernere, contemnere, despicere, aspernari.—3.
What is there peculiar im negavit se passuram—seque
nupturam, &c. ?—4. What is negavit equivalent to ?—5.
Is progenies ever used of a single persom ?—6. Give a
similar imstamce, where veto must be understood to imply
the positive jubeo*.—7. Does quoniam govern the subj.? "
—8. Why is posset in the subj. here? [Pr. Imtr. 460.
Remark jt#j
IÈXIÈR. ÖISIÈ.
He says that he will mot allow the daughter of Milti-
ades to be givem in marriage to ome Ca}lias, since he
cam prevemt it ; amd that he rejects such a proposal. }
will marry Cal}ias, i£ he performs what he promises.
She says that she will mot marry Callias, umless he
performs what he promises. She said that she would
mot marry Callias, amless he performed what he prom-
ducere sc. domum, because the husband led the bride to his homæ
7. mubere, * to veil.'
[3] 1. It is probably the dependent gen.: hujus se. Elpinices *.
[4] 1. Probably only * terms ;' * proposal.' 2. Död. speymeræ :
see especially (3). 3. The mupturam cannot depend om negavit,
but on affirmavit understood. 4. Diacit or affirmavit—nom. Z.
§ 774. 6. Phædr. Fab. 4, 17, 30: mom veta dimitti, veruma
eruciari fame. 7. No.
i §o both Bremâ and IX āhme.
2 With this use may be compared ; ut memo—contentus vivat, laudet, Hay
§at. 1, wheve nemo cannot be the nom. to laudct, but quisque ìmplied. -
CIMON, CH. II. • l8j
ised. If I obtaim this request, I will 1.ot suffer the off-
sprimg of Miltiades to experiemce so harsh a begimming
of mamhood. Cimom will reject such a proposal with
disdaim, amd mot suffer Miltiades to die im the public
prisom. I will mot suffer the som of Miltiades to be com-
fimed im the same prisom, simce I cam prevemf it. She
says that she will mot suffer her brother, her owm fa-
ther's child, to die im a public prisom, simce she cam
prevemt it - - `
CH. II. [1] 1. What has beem remarked about the
use of talis ? [Them. 2. [8], 1, 2, 3.]—2. What is the
meamimg of satis eloquentiæ ?—3. Does it eg clude the mo-
tion of a very high degree of the thimg spokem of, or mot ?
—4. What is prudentia ?—5. Does this passage seem
against that distimctiom ?—6. What is the derivatiom of
prudens ?—7. Give Hill's explamatiom.—8. What is
Bremi's opimiom ?—9. Are prudens amd prudentia oftem
used of military sciemce ?—10. What are quum—tum ?
[tum—tum ?] [P. I. 271, 272.]
CH. II. [1] 2. Enough for a statesman ; enough for one who
did not trust to eloquence omly for the means of arriving at distinc-
tion. 3. It excludes it, inasmuch as it always implies a refer-
ence to some abject, for which mo deficiency exists. 4. Ae-
cording to Doderlein the prudens uses right means and regulates
them with circumspection, from a natural judiciousness pervading a
man's whole nature. 5. Yes: since it attributes Cimon's p r u-
d e n t í a rei militaris to his early acquaintance with warlike opera-
tions in his father's camp. 6. Providems. 7. ** Prudems
refers to a mice apprehension of the mature of the circumstances that
are present, and of that conduct that will lead to effects that are
most beneficial to the agent. It supposes also, that the natural
talent is fortified by experience and practice* in human affairs.—
Prudentia regards those truths that enable a mam to play his part
successfully in life, and both to foresee what is likely to happen, and
to be ready to meet it.” 8. It agrees with this ; as he consid-
ers it * to include both theory and practice.' 9. Not very
often ; but in Hann. 1, 1, the surpassing p r u d e m t i a of Hannibal
is spoken of and compared with the fortitudo of the Romams ; and
Conon is called p r u d e m s rei militaris, Com. 1, 2 ; and Vell. Pa-
* Comp. Cic. de Div. 1, 49, III. Alii autem in rcpublica e 3, e r c i t a * i —
orientem tyrannidem m at l t o a n t e p r o s p i c í u m t ; quos p r u d e n t e s pos
sumus dicere, id est, p r o v i d e n t e s.
j 82 qU£STIONS ON
[2] 1. Im such a word as Strymon, önis, is the acc.
im em or the Greek acc. im a the more commom ?—2. Of
a moum of the third im is, mot increasimg in the gem. is
the acc. usually im or in ?—3. What is * mittere in colo-
miam ?'—4. To what Greek prep. does * in' so used am-
swer ? - -
[3] 1. What is the derivatiom of statim ?—2. What
is its real meaming ?—3. What should be remarked im :
barbarorum uno concursu maæimam vim prostravit ?
[4] 1. What does imperii meam ? -
[5] 1. Might it have beem quod contumacius se ges-
sissent ?—2. With what differemce ?—3. What is the
meamimg of sessor ?—4. What does fretus oftem demote ?
—5. Is there amy force im suo adventu ?—6. What were
7manubiæ* ?—7. What was the usual divisiom of the
terc. 2, 29, has ingenium singulari rerum militarium prudentiæ
(dat.) coluerat*; * had cultivated his matural talent to a wonderful
practical acquaintance with military affairs.'
[2] 1. That in em, — but Nep., Livy, and Curtius, with the
writers of the silv. age, frequently use a. 2. Im, but even Cic.
has * im* in Zeuxin, poèsin. 3. To semd them fo r a colomy,
i. e. to form or found a colomy. 4. To ἐτί with acc.—mark-
ing the object.
[3] 1. From stat- supine root of stare. 2. On the spot ;
while the person stood there, i. e. immediately*. 3. The em-
phasis added to maximam vim by separation from its dependent gen.
and removal to near the end of the clause.
[4] 1. The iron rule of the Atheniams.
[5] I. Yes. 2. Their conduct would them have been rela-
ted, mot as am historical fact by Corn. Nep. but as Cimon's alleged
motive, whether really his motive or mot. 3. * one who sits:'
sessores is here used for the inhabitants of the island, which is the
only instance of this meaning. 4. A vain confidence. 5.
Yes : it means by his mere appearamce, without the necessity of
having recourse to arms. 6. Manubius is am adj. taken by the
hand : manubiae sc. res. It originally meant the booty, but espe-
eially the general's share of it : it was afterwards used of the money
realized by the booty, præda being the articles themselves that were
taken from the ememy. 7. A divisiom into three parts; One for
the public treasury, one for the soldiers, the third for the general,
who oftem employed it in building or beautifying some public edifice
i Others read prudentiâ excoluerat. .
2 Statim (= εὐθέως, ἐπειra) often follows an abl. absol.
* His c a, mamubiis.—Cic. pro domo, 38, has ; porticum--de mamatbiis Ciae
$•icis fecit ; Liv. 33, 27, de manatbìis duos fornices—fecit
CIMON, CH. III. 183
booty ?—8. Explaim qua.—9. What is the meamimg of
ornare here ?
ExERCISE.
Scyros was depopulated (partic.), [and] its old occu-
piers sent to found a colomy at Amphipolis. Having
lamded his forces, he utterly-routed a vast body of the
barbarians at the river Strymon. A Cimom, who had great
influence with the army, was semt to Amphipolis, to com-
firm the well disposed states [im their allegiamce.] By
his mere appearamce there he compelled the disaffected
states to returm to their allegiamce. Cimom [whem]
commamder-im-chief routed numerous forces of the Thra-
ciams at the river Strymom. Out of whose [share of the]
booty was the westerm side of the citadel fortified ?
CH. III. [1] 1. What is the meamimg of u n u s in
civitate m a ac i m e floreret ? [Milt. [1], 14, 15, 16.]—
2. Fill up the semtemce quam pater suus.—3. Cam you
give am instamce from Nep. of any similar omissiom of
the prepos. before the rel. promoum ?—4. Cam you give
amy example exactly like that before us ?—5. Whem omly
cam the prepositiom be omitted im this way before the
rel. prom. ?—6. What would be more regular tham pater
suus ?—7. How cam suus be defended ?—8. What is
there remarkable in testarum suffragia, quod illi δστgo-
xidg Öv vocant ?—9. Translate it im the two regular ways.
[Pr. Intr. 48.]—10. Why should we not expect q u e m
άστg. vocant here ? [Pr. Intr. 49.]—11. How cam quod
to be a monument of his victory. 8. = ab ea parte, qua. See
Milt. 3, [1], 2. 9. = munire. -
CH. III. [1] 2. [In] quam [invidiam] pater suus [inciderat].
3. Yes: Att. 22, [1], ne ad id, q u o d [for a d q u o d] matura
cogeret, ipse quoque sibi accelerarct. 4. Vitavit, me in id,
q u o d [for in q u o d] Homerus, i m c i d e r e t. Vell. Patere. I, 7.
5. When the same preposition has been expressed before the demon-
strative. 6. Pater ejus. 7. The * his' is referred to Ci-
mon, the nom. of the principal sentence* ; ejus would be the proper
word for the historiam speaking of both Cimon and his father.
8. The quod does not agree either with suffragia or δατρaxισμόν.
ll It is used vaguely — * a thing which,' * a proceeding which*
1 Comp. Milt. I, [1], 21, civcs s at m
184 QUESTIONS ON
be justified ?—12. Cam you give any other instance of
similar megligence or vaguemess of referemce from Nep. ?
—13. What kind ofadjectives were umusual im the goldem
age of the Lat. lamguage ?—14. How was this motiom
expressed ?
[2] 1. What kimd of desire is desiderium ?
[3] 1. What other forms might be used for ' five years
qfter he was banished ?' [Pr. Imtr. 310.]—2. Construe
amd explaim hospitium. [Them. 8, [3], 9.]—3. Why is
utebatur im the indic. ?—4. Might it have beem in the
subj. ?—5. What is he mow represemted as saying?—6.
May sua sponte or sponte sua be used indifferently ?
[Milt. 1, [4], 5.]—7. What is here meant by sua sponte ?
[4] 1. What may you compare with post neque ita
multo ?—2. What does ita meam here ?—-3. What form
is also used for in morbum implicari ?
EXER CISE .
Cimom was bamished by [that] same ostracism by
which his father [had beem bamished,] amd Themisto-
cles, amd Aristides. The Athemiams will be sorry for
this before I shall. 2 He brought about a peace between
the same states as his father. Cimom had the same
guest-friemdship with the Lacedæmonians, that his fa-
ther [had had.] Aristides was recalled five years after
he was bamished.
12. Yes: Timoth. 1, 2, where in * i d restituit,' the id (= * that
sum') refers to mille et ducenta talemta. 13. Those in emmis,
meaning, * of so many years.' 14. Annorum with a numeral.
[2] 1. The desire of something that we miss : ' hence often
— * regrret.'
[3] 3. The statementis made as an historical fact by Nep. 4.
Yes: if referred to the mimd of Cimom : it would them represent him
as saying, ** Since I am a guest-friend of the Lacedæmoniams, I
had better, &c.” 5. The historiam as good as says this about
Cimon. ** Cimon had a guest-friemdship with the Lacedæmonians:
aecordingly he thought it better, &c.” 7. Without any author-
ity from the Athenians.
[4] 1. Paus. 3, [1] ; at ille p o. s t m o m m u l t o. 2. * Very'
= valde. 3. Lucretius, Pliny, and others have morbo impli-
2637^?.
CIMON, CH. Iv. 185
CH. IV. [1] 1. What are the usual forms for * not
omly—but also' ?'—2. What is the difference between
non solum—sed amd non solum—sed e t ï a m* ?—3. Does
this seem to be the case here ?—4. Give the meaming
of prædium.—5. What should be remarked about the
tense of imposuerit ?—6. Is ponere, imponere," collocare in
aliqua re a, usual constructiom ?—7. Give am instamce
mearly like that before us.—8. How must * to place a
Äeeper over a p e r s o n' be translated ?—9. How are * that
^obody,' * that nothing,' * that never' translated ? [Pr. Intr.
80.]—10. Im what kimd of semtemces must ut nemo, nihil,
numquam stamd ? [Pr. Intr. 81.]—11. What verbs are
followed by quo minus ? [Pr. Imtr. 94.]—12. How is the
verb after quo minus usually construed ?—13. In the
sentence before ne quis impediretur is amy thimg omitted
that is required for the full expressiom of the thought ?
[2] 1. What cases do egeo amd indigeo goverm ? [Pr.
Intr. 269.]—2. Give the derivatiom of statim.—3. What
is qffendere aliquem ?—4. Construe offensum fortunâ.—5.
Is this use of fortuna common ?
CII. IV. [1] 1. mom solum—sed or verum etiam : non modo—
sed or verum etiam. 2. In non solum—sed, the nofion with
sed is oftem a more comprehensive notiom than the former which it
includes : as Pollio omnibus negotiis non interfuit solumr, sed præ-
fuit. Cic. ad Fam. 1, 6. 3. No : his being regretted in peace
does not necessarily imply any warlike ability. 4. Död. villa.
5. Milt. 5, [2], 1—3 ; and note on p. 79. Pr. Intr. 418, with
remark a. 6. Yes: but im with the acc. is used, when motiom
or removal is implied ; as in in maves imponere : turrim in muros
collocare. 7. Cic. pro Flacco, 19, 45: custos—in [in om.
Orell.] frumento publico est positus. 8. By the dat. : as Cæs.
B. G. 1, 20, D u m m o r i g i custodes ponit. 12. By the par-
ticipial substantive. 13. Yes: eo consilio, [ne quis, &c.]
[2] 3. To meet a man unexpectedly*. 4. * met hy accident?
i. e. * whom he had accidentally met.' 5, No : but Cic. has
aliquo c a s u atque fo r t u m a. De Off. 2, 13, 3.
1 See Pr. Intr. ii. 503.
2 “ Instead of sed etiam we find sed alone, by which regularly a more compre-
hensive notion is introduced which includes the former: it is oftem however
used without this accessary notiom.” Madvig's Grammar, p. 427.
* In Greek τυγχάνειν.
* Imponere should rather be noticed as an exception to this class qf words, 3n
- with the abl. being unusual after it. With collocare, pomere, &c. ix, With th®
acc is very rare. See Z. §§ 489, 490.
S{: *-.
186 • QUESTIONS ON
[3] 1. Distimguish betweem quotidie amd indies or in
dies. [Pr. Intr. 69, t.]—2. Could indies be used here ?
—3. Does invocatus come from invocare ?—4. What is
the Greek term for to invite to dimmer, &c. ?—5. Why is
vidisset in the pluperfect subj. ?—6. What does de in
compositiom meam ?—7. Tramslate accordimg to the reg-
ular form, ** I mever pass a day without doimg this.*—8.
Whem is prætermittere usually followed by the inf. ?—9.
Is amy other comstructiom used whem dies or tempus is
éxpressed ?—10. Is the constructiom here used by Nep.
umusual ?—11. What does fides here meam ?—12. Why
is reliquissent in the subj. ?—13. Explain eætulit.—14.
What similar instamce have we lately had ?
[4] 1. What should be remarked im, minime est mi-
^andum, s â vita—fu í t '?—2. Compare the practice of the
Greeks.
JEXERCISE.
If amybody meeds your assistamce, give at omce, that
you may mot, by puttimg it off, appear to refuse. I will
. immediately imvite [to my house,] those whom I fimd im
the forum umimvited [by amybody else.] If I meet amy-
body im the forum poorly clad, I will give him my owm
[3] 3. No : from vocatus, = invited, and the negative particle
in ; so that imvocatus = mom vocatus, * uninvited.' 4. ka\εῖν, as
in Lat. vocare. 5. From the indefiniteness of the reference =
* s u c h as at any time he foumd uninvited.' 6. (?) Down from
a higher place, (2) away from a particular place to ai:other.
7. Nullum diem prætermitto, q u i m hoc fa c i a m. 8. Whem
it stands, without any word of time, and in a positive sentemce : as
in dicere praetermittam, &c. 9. The thing done or mot done
may depend om dies or tempus amd stand in the ger. im di : as A me
nullum tempus prætermittitur de tuis rebus et a g e n d i et cogi-
tamdi. Cic. ad Fam. 1, 5. 10. Yes. 11. Protectìom :
especially tho faithful granting of that protection, which he had vir-
tually or expressly promised to grant. 12. From its vagueness
of reference, and from its being not stated historically, but as wha:
vas Cimom's motive. 13. Eactulit here = efferendos curavit : just
as, we cam say : * h e b u r i e d t h e m at his owm expense' for * h e
c a u s e d t h e m t o b e b u r í e d.' 14. Legerat, Paus. 1, [2.]
[4] 1. The use of si for quod. 2. 6avp.6%α) εῖ for δτι.
1 So mearly : mem hercule miror . . s i q u i c o m e d u n t b o m a. Hor. IJp.
l, 15, 40. -
LYSANDER, CH. I. 187
garmemt. He buried at his owm expense a poor mam,
who at his death had mot left emough for his fumeral.
Let all enjoy my property, every mam what he pleases.
By this conduct, it is by mo meams to be wondered at,
that he hardly left emough for his fumeral expenses
LYSANDER.
CH. I. [1] 1. Explaim sui.—2. Distimguish between
felicitas amd fortuna.—3. Is felicitas here merely — for-
tuna ?—4. Im apparet—confecisse is the comstructiom
probably (is) apparet—confecisse ; or apparet (impersom-
ally)—(eum) confecisse ?—5. Give your reasoms for think-
img so.—6. Quote such am instamce.—7. Quote passages
to prove that the personal use is possible.—8. What
Greek comstructiom is like this ?—9. Explaim conficere '.
—10. How is the present tense to be construed im seacto
et vicesimo anno bellum g e r o ? [Pr. Intr. 308. end.]—
CII. I. [1] I. Sui is the objective gen. = de se, of or concerm-
ing himself. 2. Fortuna excludes our own endeavors ; felici-
tas generally presupposes them, but as blest with success. 3.
Not necessarily, for Lysander availed himself dexterously of the
wamt of discipline that prevailed in the Atheniam camp. 4. Ap-
paret e u m confecisse. 5. (1) Apparet is always used imper-
sonally by Nep.: (2) he leaves out the acc. prOn. in other instances.
6 Paus. I, 3, im quo erat hæc semtentia : suo ductu barba-
vos apud Plataeas esse deletos, ejusque victoriæ ergo Apollini doìum
dedisse for s e dedisse.* 7. Quo facilius a p p a r e a t îta
degenerasse—Ne r o. Suet. Nero, I. Membra nobis ita data sunt,
ut ad quamdam rationem vivendi d a t a e s s e a p p a re a m t.
Cic. de Fin. 3, 7, 23. 8. The personal use óf φavspòv or ôijXov
εῖvat. 9. It means properly to do a thing so thoroughly, that
there is an end of the matter: thus conficere bellum to e m d a war ;
hence applied (1) to things with reference to which the thing is done,
e. g. conficere provinciam, to s e t t l e a province : i. e. to arramge
its affairs completely, or put an end to its disOrders: and (2) to per-
sons or living creatures who are overpowered: e. g. c o n fi c e r e
! Compare the vulgar English, * to do for a person;' * to do anybody up.'
* So also Paus. 2, 3, effugisse ; 2, 5, laturum.
188 QUESTIONS ON
11. Is there amy incomsistemcy im saying that the cause
is unknown, amd them immediately declarimg it ?
[2] 1. What is the usual form to express * for—not'
im Lat. ?—2. Is non enim ever used by Cic. ? if so,
whem ?—3. Is that the case here ?—4. Explaim the use
of sui im sui eæercitus. [See Cim. 3, [1], 7.]—5. What
is the derivatiom of ìmmodestia ?—6. How is it to be
construed ?—7. Does Nep. use it elsewhere ?—8. What
other expressiom does he use to express this ?—9. Dis-
timguish between vagari, errare, palari.—10. Why does
quod here take the indicative ?—11. Im dicto audientem
esse alicui, what case is dicto ?—12. Is it ever used,
whem that to which the persom is disobediemt is a thing ?
[3] 1. Explaim factiosus.—2. What is sibi indulgére ?
[4] 1. What sort of verb is dictitare ?—2. Explaim
impotens.—3. Give am instamce of its beimg applied to
maacimam vim s e r p e m t i u m, Cic. N. D. 1, 36, 101. 11. No:
Nep. means that it is generally unknown : unknown by those who
think so highly of Lysander's military character because he termina-
ted the Peloponmesiam war.
[2] 1. Neque enim : the neque pointing out the reference to a
preceding assertiom. 2. It is ** not so uncommom in his works,
as some critics imagine. When it occurs there is generally am anti-
thetical word or notion which the negative has to bring out*.”
Yes: there is an antithesis between i m m o d e s t i a adversariorum ;
and sui eacercitus virtus. 5. Im, * not'—modestia from modus,
* the not keeping withim proper bounds.' 6. * Insubordimatiom*
or * want of άiscipline.' 7. Yes: Alcib. 8, 5. 8. Intem-
perantia nimiaque licentia. Eum. 8, 2. 9. Död. errare.
10. Nep. relates their want of disciplime as an historical fact ; as the
actual cause ultimately of their defeat. 11. Probably the abla-
tivus causalis, * mot to hearken to a mam, at his w o r d.'i 12.
Yes: dicto audiems fuit j u s s i s absentium magistratuum. Ages.
4, 2.
[3] 1. One who was fond of making himself the head of a party:
a turbulent intriguing person. 2. To take liberties ; to throw off
proper restraint.
[4] I. A frequentative, signifying a repeated actiom. 2.
Properly : * not having power over itself:' hence, * umable to restraim
itself,' * ungovernable,' * lawless.? 3. regnum i m p o t e n s,
Liv. 8, 5: cujus nomine diu r e g m a s s e í m p o t e n t e r Gany-
1 Pr. Intr. ii. 789.
i Kriiger considers it a dative dependent immediately mpom aaudientem, with
which it forms one motion, and takes a dat. of the person. See also Freund.
LYSANDER, CH. I. 189
governors or government.—4. By what particles are nihil
aliud, non aliud, followed ?—5. How is * he pretended to
be doing it,' tramslated im Lat. ? [Pr. Intr. Diff. 3.]—6.
Distinguish betweem simulare and dissimulare.
[5] 1. How must undique be construed ?—2. What
is more usual tham ejicere only ?—3. Does Cic. ever use
ejicere absolutely ?—4. What is omitted before qui ?—5.
How may illius proprium be comstrued ?—6. How does
it happem that the verbs im qui aut c o n t í n e r e t u r—aut
c o nfi r m arat are of different moods amd temses ?
IEXIER.CISIE.
It is evident that he acquireù a great reputatiom more
by good luck tham by merit. For the war was emded mot
by the valor of their oppoments, but by their owm wamt
of disciplime. It is plaim that the Athemiams fell imto the
power of their ememies after they had beem wagimg war
(partic.) for above twenty-five years. The Lacedæmo-
miams used to say repeatedly, that their object in the war
was to crush the Athemians. The Lacedæmoniams make
it their sole emdeavor, to bamish from every [state] [all]
who have supported the cause of the Athemiams. He
pretemded to be his creature.
meden docuimus, Hirt. Bell. Alex. 33. 4. By quam, ac, or
zisi*.
[5] 1. * All from every state.' 2. Ejicere e republica or e
civitate. See Them. 8, 1 : Alcib. 4, 6: also ejicere in eacsilium,
xvi. 1, 4. 3. Yes: ej i c e r e nos magnum fuit, eoccludere
facile est. Ad Div. 14, 3. 4. The antecedent prom. iis.
5. * His creature.' 6. One use of the imperf. subj. is ** to mark
something contemporary and continuing.” The guest-friendship
with Lysander was a continuimg thing: but the preceding oath was
a d?finite act : hence Nep. must have used qui—c o n t i m e r e t u r,
aut—c o m fi r m a s s e t , even if he had cnosen to describe both
elasses indefinitely (= such as were retained, or had sworn, &c.):
but he has preferred making the reference indefinite and as a thought
of Lysander's in the first case, and definite, as an historical fact re-
lated by himself, in the second*.
1 Krüger says, ** Quam and ac refer to the aliud : misí to the negative: quam
and ac are comparative, misi exclusive—JVihil aliud misi approaches to the
meaning of hoc unwm : nihil aliud quam to that of idem :'' yet he himself makes
our passage = hoc at num molitus est.—See Z. § 735.
3 The whole may be given thus; ** ezcept such as would (h. e p r e s u m e d)
be kept true to him by thcir commection as his guest-friends, or those who h a d
a c t u a l l y s w o r m to remain true to him.”
190 QU ESTIONS ON
CH. II. [1] 1. To whom or what does ipsus refer?
—2. What is the force of de im defatigare ?
[2] 1. Is divertere used as well as devertere im the
semse of turning aside to visit a place or persom ?—2.
What is the usual meamimg of proinde ?—3. What are
the usual particles for * as if;' * just as if?'—4. Whem is
proinde ac si, or proinde quasi ' so used ?—5. Give am
example from Sallust.—6. Does Nep. use proinde ac im
amy other passage ?—7. Are the words proinde ac si—
solerent a remark of Cornelius's, or do they express
Lysander's motive ?—8. To what Greek particie does
per im pervertere correspomd ?
[3] 1. Give the different meamings of consulere ali
quem ; consulere alicui ; consulere in aliquem. [Pr. Imtr
233.]—2. How did Lysander deceive the Thasians ?
CII. II. [1] 1. To Lysander: not to the decemviralis potestas.
2. It is equivalent to a strengthenimg particle but without losing
Its real meaming of * down :' * to weary them down,' i. e. till they
sink, as it were under the weight.
[2] I. Bremi thinks it is, when separatiom from one's companions
is to be marked, and Georges quotes from Liv. (but without a refer-
ence to the passage) cum perpaucis maxime fidis via d i v e r t í t :*
Freumd demies that it ever occurs in the classical age. 2. * There-
fore' in exhortations (= igitur cum exhortatione quadam). Hein-
dorf. [P. I. ii. 368.] 3. Perimde with ac, atque ; ac si ; or quasi.
4. Whem the * just as if* does mot introduce a simple compari-
som, but one that is founded on a statement made just before. 5.
Per latrocinia potius, quam bonis artibus ad imperia et honores
mituntur ; p r o i m d e q u a s i prætura et consulatus . . . —per se
ipsa clara c* magnifica sint, $c. Jug..4, 7. 6. Yes: Alcib. 6,
4, ut nemo tam ferus fuerit, quin ejus casum lacrimarit,—p r o í m d e
a c s i alius populus, non ille ipse, qui tum flebat, eum sacrilegii
damnasset : so also in the same chapter: 1, tanta fuit omnium ea:-
spectatio visendi Alcibiadis, ut ad ejus triremem vulgus conflueret,
p r o i m d e a c s i solus advenisset. 7. The remark is Corne-
lius's. 8. To διά in διατόρθειν, meaming * through and through'
= * utterlv.'
[3] 2. They fled into the Tomple of Hercules, but he persuaded
them to come out by promisimg them full forgiveness, and swearing
that they should receive mo harm at his hands. In a few days they
all disappeared. «
1 Cf. Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 38, meque admirantur, meque requirunt ratiomes
carum rerum, quas semper vident : p r o á m d e q vt a s i movitas mos magis, quam
magnitudo rerum debeat ad exquirendas causas excitare. Proinde ac, Cæs. B. C.
iii. 60. •
* This passage is cited from Liv 44, 43, under deverto in Frewind's Lexicom.
I,YSAN DER. C H. IIl 191
EXER CISIE.
He wearies his readers by enumerating mamy Im-
stamces, just as if it was mot sufficient to produce one
fact by way of example. He saw that the decemviral
power would be established im all the cities. They
see, that umless the decemviral power established by
Lysander is dissolved', every thimg will be conducted
[exactly] according to his pleasure.
CH. III. [1] 1. What is there peculiar im dolore ?
—2. Is there amy thing' peculiar im iniit consilia—tol-
lere ?—3. Give am instance from Cic.—4. Give am im-
stamce of the imf. following amy other substantive.—5.
Give instances from Nep.—6. What is the Eng. of con-
suevi, consueveram ?—7. Simce it was the reason felt by
Lysander, why is mot the subj. used ?
[2] 1. What is there peculiar im Delphos, Dodonam ? '
. [3] 1. What is the derivatiom of antistes?—2. Why
is conatus esset im the subj. ? [Pr. Intr. 461.]—3. Dis-
timguish betweem templum, ædes, fanum. [DÜd. templum.]
[4] 1. Goverm subsidio—Orchomeniis. [Pr. Imtr.
242, (1).]—2. What kimd of finding does reperire ex-
CII. III. [1] 1. It is used for the cause of the grief; the wrong
vwhich he believed himself to have suffered, and which he was vexed
at. 2. Yes: consilio, tollendi would be the regular construction:
but consilia capere or inire being nearly equivalent in meaming to a
single verb expressing purpose, intentiom, &c. (e. g. meditari, consti-
tuere, &c.) are often followed by the inf* See Z. § 598. 3. Te
c o m s íl i u m c e p í s s e, hominis propinqui fortunas funditus
e v e r t e r e, pro Quint. 16, fim. 4. Cic. Acad. 2, 6, 17: nec enim
esse ullam ra t i o m e m d i s p u t a r e cum his, qui nihil probarent.
5. Ages. 3, 4, Huic quum tempus esset visum, copias extrahere
ea: hibernaculis : so Dat. 11, I, Ham. 13, 4. 6. Consuevi = εἰωθa,
* I am accustomed :' consueveram = s i ó 0 8 t v, * I w a s aecustomed?
7. Being also an historical fact, it is here so stated by Nep.
[2] I. They are used for the oracles at Delphi and Dodona re-
spectively. - •
[3] 1. Ante-stare. -
. [4] 2. ** Qui quærit r e p e r í t, non quæsita inveniuntur”
1 Tollere. se
* Just as we can say * adopted the resolution of doing a thing' or to do at.
192 QUESTIONS ON
press ?—3. Why is it used here ?—4. What have you
to remark om quam—se habiturum—non dubitabat ? [Pref.
[1], 1—6.]
EXIER CISE.
They mot omly abolished the decemviral govermment,
[which] he had instituted, but also accused him of hav-
img deceived the priest of Jupiter Hammom. Lysander
proposed to bribe the oracles of Delphi amd Dodoma.
I feel that I cammot do it without the assistamce of the
oracle at Delphi, because the Lacedæmoniams are accus-
tomed to refer every thimg to the oracles, [for their de-
cisiom.] He feels that he cammot do it except by bribimg
the oracle at Dodoma, for the Lacedæmoniams are accus-
tomed to refer every question to the oracles [for decisiom.]
Trustimg im [the power of] momey, he felt mo doubt, that
the priest of Jupiter might be bribed.
CH. IV. [1] 1. How mamy amd what forms of the
nom. case of the word * Satrap' occur in Latim ?—2. Is
there amy difference betweem bello amd in bello ?—3. Om
what does the sentemce quanta sanctitate . . . gessisset
depend ?—4. What is sanctitas ?—5. What is the deri-
vation of accuratus ?—6. Of what is accuratus mot used ?
—7. What would am epistola accurata be ?—8. What
3. The papers of a deceased person are naturally looked over by his
heirs to find documents of importance. Perhaps too, from the sus-
piciom that had fallem on Lysander, his papers were searched after
his death by the Ephori, for the purpose of discovering whether he
had been guilty, or mot. .
CH. IV. [1] 1. Three : satrapes, satrapa and satraps'.—See
Z. § 46, (3). Note. 2. Them. 2, [1], 5, 3. Such a parti-
ciple as * declaring' may be supposed understood in agreement with
testimonium : but in all languages it is usual to place indirect ques-
tions in this, strictly speaking, inacourate way: the clause is eæplan-
atory of testimonium, of which it states the purport. 4. The
conscientiousness of a good man : here denoting conscientious hom-
esty, preventing him from indulging in rapacious conduct. 5. Ad
amd curare. 6. Of persons: we must not translate * an accu-
rate man' by homo or vir accuratus, but'by diligens, &c. 7,
One carefully and fully drawn up. 8. To write a careful and
i In Nep. we have satrapes Paus. 1, 2: Alc. 10, 3: satrapen Com. 2, 1: 3s-
t*apae (pl.) Dat. 3, 1, &c. and here satrapis
LYSANDER, C H. IV. 193
them is accurate scribere ?—9. How may auctoritas be
construed here ?—10. Om what does magnam enim ejus
auctoritatem futuram (esse) depemd ? [Pr. Intr. 460,
c) (1).] ..
( ßî 1. What does liberaliter properly meam ?—2.
Give instances of 7 ìb e ra l í t e r polliceri or p ro mittere.
—3. Is liber mecessarily * a book ?'-—4. What is the
origimal meaming of liber ? amd how did it get the meam-
img of * book ?'—5. What is liber gravis ?—6. A * long
Jetter' is grandis epistola, e. g. Cic. ad Att. 13, 21 ; ad
Hirtium dederam epistolam s a n e g r a n d e m : mow
grandem is foumd in some manuscripts here : why is its
being am epithet of more common occurremce tham gra-
vem a reasom against its being the true reading ?—7.
Ferre laudibus is an umusual expressiom : what is the
vsual ome ?—8. Give am instance or instamces of ferre
with laudibus.—9. What should be remarked in quem
quum legisset probassetque . . . subjecit ?—10. Explaim
the temse of signatur'. [Pr. Intr. 509.]—11. What might
be used instead of dum signatur?—12. What is subji-
circumstantial statement. 9. “ Weight' or * the weight of his
testimony.'
[2] . 1. In a manner that becomes ome who is (liberalis) of good
birth and education—hence : courteously, kindly, &c. As such po-
iitemess is often accompanied with insincerity, the expression is fre-
quently used of promises made in a courteous manner, and without
hesitation, but mot fulfilled. 2. Ante adventum meum l i b e r-
a l í s s i m e e r a t p o l l i c i t u s tuis omnibus. Cic. ad Att. 5,
13. Quibus auditis, l i b e r a l i t e r p o l l í c í t u s—eos domum
remittit. Cæs. B. G. 4, 21. 3. No: any writtem document of
several leaves. 5. Am earnestly written letter: one likely to
have weight with those to whom it was addressed. 6. Because
a transcriber would be Iikely to change the less usual epithet (g r a-
v e m) imto the more usual (g r a n d e m) : but it is very unlikely that
many transcribers would change the usual grandem into the rarer
gravem. 7. Aliquem efferre laudibus. 8. In Nep. Att.
10, 6; quod si gubernator præcipua laude fe r t u r, &c. Cæs. B.
C. 1, 69 ; Duces eorum suum consilium l a u d i b u s f e r e b a ^ t,
&c. 9. That Lysander is the nom. to legisset, &c. Pharma-
bazus to subjecit. See Them. 5, [1], 9, 10. 11. Inter sig-
mandum, * durimg the sealing ;' * while the sealing was going on ;' or
* while it was a-sealing.' 12. Properly to thrust beneatâ :
i Others read obsignatur
17
194 QUESTIONS ÓN
cere?—13. What is su bj i c e re testamentum ?—14. Ex-
plaim accuratissime accusare.—15. What should you re-
mark about the use of accusare here ?—16. Give similar
imstamces.
[3] 1. What should be remarked im postquam—quæ
voluerat, diacerat?—2. What is c og n o s c e r e epistolam ?
—3. What is the correspondimg Greek word ?—4. Parse
legendum. [Pr. Intr. 351 (a), (8).]—5. What is the
meaming of imprudens ?—6. What is there umusual im
ipse suus fuit accusator ?—7. Give instamces of a posses-
sive promoum used with a subst. of this kimd
EXIER CISIE
You have umimtemtiomally beem your owm accuser.
Lysander, havimg said what he wished, was removed
by [order of] the Ephori. Pharmabazus in am importamt
letter, writtem at great lemgth, extols Lysander to the
skies. After I have said (Diff. 98.) what I wish [to
say,] before the first magistrates, I shall hamd in, by
way of testimonial, the letter writtem by Pharmabazus.
The Ephori having perused the letter of Pharnabazus
order Lysander to withdraw. After the Ephori had
[attemtively] read the letter, which was put into their
hands by Lysander (partic.), they gave it him to read.
hence to * substitute' one thing for amother. 13. Properly to
substitute a false will for a genuine one: hence to forge a will.
14. * Very circumstantially :' making definite charges and accom-
panying them with satisfactory proofs. 15. That its accusative
is not a persom, but the thing with which the person is charged.
16. Cujus tu d e s p e r a t i o m e m accusare solitus esses, Cic. Ep.
ad Div. 6, 1, &c.
[3] I. (1) Postquam with the pluperfect, the perfect being the
more common [Pr. Intr. 514] ; and (2), the use of voluerat to mark
the wish as having existed before the time of his address. We
should use the perf. * after he had said what he w i s h e d to say.*
2. To read it attentively ; properly, * to make oneself ac-
quainted with it.' 3. àvaytvóσκειν. 5. * Without intending it ;'
* umintentionally.' 6. Verbal substantives in or, ix, io and us
usually take the objective gen. of the personal promoum : e. g. accu-
sator s u i rather tham suus accusator. 7. Habenda r a t ί α mom
& * * * solum, sed etiam aliorum, Cic. De Off. 1, 39, 139
* Where however there is somo authorjty foy sui
ALCIBIADES, CH. I. 195
While they were causimg Lysander to withdraw, Phar-
mabazus substituted amother letter. Pharnabazus semds
to the Ephori . a testimomial [settimg forth] what com-
scientious-homesty Cimom had observed, both im his
mamagememt of the war, amd im his dealing with the
allies.
ALCIBIADES.
CH. I. [1] 1. What tense is eæperta (esse)?—2.
How them do you explaim the use of possit rather tham
posset ? [Pr. Imtr. 465; and 468.]—3. What should
be remarked im, nihil illo fuisse excellentius?—4. Give
am example from Cic.—5. Does the use of the meuters
nihil, quid ?, quidquam, for nemo, quis ?, quisquam, add
stremgth to the assertiom ?—6. What should be remarked
of eaecellere ?—7. What is the derivatiom of vel ? [Pr.
Intr. 456, mote a.]—8. Explaim vel—vel here.
[2] 1. Distimguish betweem pulcher amd formosus.—
2. What adverb is more frequently used with a superla-
tive tham multo ?—3. Give am imstamce of multo with the
superlative.—4. What does summus here meam ?—5.
What two interpretatioms are givem of * os' and * oratio ?'
CH. f. [1] 3. The use of the neut. nihil instead of nemo. 4.
N i h i l me infortunatius, m i h i l fortunatius est Catulo : Ad
Att. 2, 24 ; compare also Milt. 5, [5], where nihil relates to the fem.
pugna : qua pugna m i h i l adhuc est nobilius. 5. Yes. 6.
That it here marks pre-eminence in what is bad, as well as in what
is good. 8. They are nearly equivalent to sive—sive, * whether—
or ;' either—or *. See Pr. Intr. ii. 541. -
[2] 1. Död. formosus. 2. Longe. 3. Si ita res esset,
m u l t o p u l c h e r r u m a m eam mos haberemus. Sall. Cat. 52,
20. 4. Not the chief in rank, but most distinguished. 5.
Some translate * os,' by * manner' generally, including his appear-
ance, action, &c.: oratio is then the style and lamguage of what he
said: but it is better, with others, to consider * os' to meam * promum-
1 They may generally be resolved by ' whether you consider this or that :'
8êve--di£eris (or respicias), sive, &c. -
196 qUESTIONS ON
•—6. Give instamces where os plaimly meams * pronun-
ciation.'—7. Distinguish between disertus, facundus, elo-
quens.—8. What kimd of * for' do nam, namque oftem
express ?
[3] 1. What do adjectives in osus generally meam ?
—2. Does this meamimg belong to laboriosus ?—3. In
non minus in vita, quam victu, distimguish between vita
amd victus.—4. Give am instamce or instamces of vita amd
victus so commected.—5. Explaim callidissime. [Them.
1, [4], 2—4.]
[4] 1. What is remittere se ? from what is ti1e motiom
takem ?—2. What word expresses the opp. notiom ?—3.
What other word is used im the same semse as remittere,
amd is also takem from the motiom of unstringing a, bow,
or at least of slackening what has beem strung or stretched?
—4. What temse does simul ac usually take ? [Pr. Intr.
514.]—5. Whem is the pluperf. used with simul ac ?—
6. How is neque to be construed ?—7. What is the mo-
tiom of suberat here ?—8. Is * why* after non (or neque)
est causa always translated as here by quare ?—9. Dis-
timguish betweem mirari, admirari, demirari. [Pref. [3],
4.]—10. What does diversus meam here ?
ciation,' or * elocutiom,** and * oratio,' * language.' 6. In os
planum, Plin. Ep. 6, ll ; os confusum, Id. ib. 4, 7: and o r i S-—vitia
án peregrinum sonum corrupti. Quint. 1, 1, 13. 7. Död. disertus.
8. They are sometimes explanatory. Pr. Intr. ii. 789, (q).
. [3] I. The being full of or abounding in what the root denotes.
2. It may be considered as meaming ** abounding in labor ;* but
it rather means imclimed to labor ; as libidinosus, luacuriosus,
* inclined* or * givem up' to lust and luacury respectively. 3. Vita,
relates to his life in public ; victus, to his manner of living at home.
Död. vita. 4. Nobilium v i t a v i c t u q u e mutato, mores
mutari civitatum puto. Cic. de Legg. 3, 14. C. Tuditanus quum
omni v í t a at q u e v i c t u eaccultus,—tum ejus elegans est
habitum etiam orationis genus. Brut. 25.
[4] 1. To umbend oneself: the notion being taken from a bow
that is unstrumg. 2. Intendere. 3. Relaacare. 5. When
the verb expresses a repeated action or continued state, the verb of
the principal sentence being in the imperfect. Pr. Intr. 514. Z.
§ 507, b. 6. * And—no.' 7. Subesse, when spoken of a cause
Dr ground, has the notion of being placed under as a foundation or
support. 8. No: but more frequently by cur : sometimes by
quamobrem. Pr. Intr. ii. 575, 577. 10. * Opposite:'—so, d i v e r 8 a
* n t e r s e mala, luacuria atque avaritia. Sall. Cat. 5.
i Compare summa suavitas o r ì s ac vocis. Att. I, 3.
ALCIBIADES, CH. II. 197
*. EXERCISE.
Of all his contemporaries Alcbiades adapted himself
the most dexterously to the times. Im Alcibiades mature
seems to have tried, how great a difference there cam be
im the same individuali, ^ Alcibiades, tham whom mobody
was more extraordimary whether im [his] virtues or im
[his] vices, had a talemt' for busimess of every kind, amd
was full of ability. Cicero was by far the most eloquent
mam of his age. Nobody could oppose Cicero in oratory
[with success.] Alcibiades was by far the most princely
of all his contemporaries both im his public amd private
life. I for my part* have umbent myself, mor is there
[amy] reasom, why I should undergo such labors.
CH. II. [1] 1. Why in domo ?—2. Give examples.
—3. , Give the derivatiom of privignus * step-som.'—4.
What therefore does it properly meam ?—5. Of dives is
ditìssìmus or divitissimus the usual superl. im Writers of
the goldem age ?—6. Is the usual comparative ditior or
divitior?—7. How would you construe vellet, posset?—
8. Justify this. [Pr. Imtr. 439.]—9. What is the deri-
vatiom of miniscor, re- miniscor, con- miniscor, &c. ?—
10. What does reminiscor seem to meam here, its usual
meamimg * to remember' beimg obviously inapplicable ?—
11. Is there amy other passage in which it seems to
CII. II. [1] 1. Domus takes the prepos. when it means the
house as a building or family. 2. In next chap. i m d o m o
sua : i m d o m o furtum factum est ab eo, qui d o m á fuit. Quint. '
5, 10, 16. Quum omnes impuritates p u d i c a i n d o m o quotidie
susciperes. Cic. Phil. 2, 3. 3. Privus and geno, old form of
gigmo. 4. One who belongs to a family of his own : not, that
is, to that of him who represents, as it were, his father. 5. Di-
vitissimus : ditissimus belongs rather to poetry and the Post-Au-
gustan prose writers. 6. Divitior, except in Horace. 7.
If he h a d c h o s e m or wished he w o u l d mot h a v e been
able°. 9. Mem- the root of memo, memini, mentum ; from which
also m e n - s and m e n-tio are derived. Georges. 10. To
imagine. 11. Yes, in the late writer Appuleius: saltem fin-
gite aliquid : reminiscimini (think over) quid responderitis. Apol.
1 * Was fitted.' 2 Equidem.
8 As if it were si v o l u i s s e t — p o t V, i s s e t.
7*
198 QUESTIONS ON
bear this meaming ?—12. Does the derivatiom make it
improbable that the word may have this meamimg ?—13.
Compare amother verb with reminisci so used.—14. How
does Döderleim account for the meamimg of re as a
strengthening prefix' ? [Pr. Intr. 249, mote v.]
CH. III. [1] 1. How should hujus consilio—bellum
indiaeerunt be comstrued ? and why ?—2. Do other au-
thors use Peloponnesius or any other form ?—3. What is
omitted with dati ?—4. Give other imstamces from Nep.
of the omissiom of est or sunt.—5. What writer is fond
of this omissiom ?
[2] 1. To translate * when he,' * when it,' &c. should
you use, * quum is,' * quum id ?'—2. The principal verb
beimg here im a past tense accidit, what temses of what
moods might follow priusquam ? [Pr. Imtr. 500, 501.]—
3. Does there appear to be amy ** closer connection tham
mere priority im poimt of time* here ?—4. Give other im-
stamces where the imperfect subj. is used with antequam
or priusquam whem there seems to be mo motiom of a pur-
pose, &c. imvolved*.—5. What were the Hermæ ?—6.
p. 338, 38. 12. No: for remimiscor may meam to * thimk over
and over' as well as * to think back,' or * r e c a l l by thinking.'
13. Reputare.
CH. III. [1] 1. The hujus consilio being emphatic should be
placed in a principal sentence, * it was.' * It was by. his advice,—
that the Athenians declared war, &c.' 2. Peloponnesiacus is
the usual form, but Nep. uses Peloponnesius exclusively. 3.
Sunt. 4. Paus. 5, 5, inde posterius [dei] Delphici responso
e r u t u s , &c. Dat. 8, 6, sic bellum, quod reac adversus Datamem
' susceperat, 8 e d a t u m. 5. Livv.
[2] 1. Not when they follow a full stop : but * is quum ;' * id
quum,' &c. 3. No: or if any, it is extremely slight. 4.
Paucis ante diebus quam Syracusæ caperentur, Otacilius—Uticam
—transmisit. Liv. 25, 31. Quæ causa , ante mortua est, quam tu
natus esses. Cic. Rab. 9, 25: and above, Arist. 2, 1, quæ (pugna)
facta est prius, quam pœna liberaretur. 5. Square blocks of
stone surmoumted with a head of Hermes or Mercury: the mame
was afterwards given to similar busts of other deities. Houses in
i Döderlein, who defends reminisci, makes re here = ea;trimsecus ; umneces-
sarily I think. Heusinger proposes to read emimisci after the analogy of eves
tigare. - - -
2 Krüger says that (as in the case of quum) the imperf. subj. is generally used
even when the relation is a simple relation of time, unless that relation of time
is to be emphatically pointed out.
ALCIBIADES, CH. III. 199
Parse Athenis. [Diff. of Id. 27.]—7. What does deji-
cere here meam ?—8. What other verb is used of throw-
img dowm a, statue ?—9. What sort of verb is vocitare ?
[3] 1. What kimd of* appear' is translated by apparêre ?
—2. When is the prepósitiom repeated before the sec-
omd of two substantives that are govermed by the same
preposition ?—3. By what forms is the degree of opposi-
tiom gemerally implied, that requires the repetitiom of the
prepositiom ?—4. Why is pertineret im the subj. after
quod ?—5. What are the comjunctioms after which any'
is usually quis ?—6. What is eaesistere ?—7. Give im-
stances of this use of eaesistere.—8. Why is opprimeret
im the subj. ? .
[4] 1. What is the meamimg of convenire in aliquem ?
—2. To what word or words does maæime belong ?
[5] 1. Why is fiebat used amd mot factum est ?—2.
How is prodisset to be construed ? amd of what differ-
emce betweem the English and Latim use ofthe tenses is
Athens had one of these statues placed at the door. 7. To .
* throw down' from their base or pedestal'. 8. Depellere.—
Simulacra—d e p u l s a sunt et statuae veterum hominum d ej e c t ae
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 19.
[3] 1. To appear obviously : * to be apparent :' and also * to be
seem,' * to be visible.' 2 When the two notions are opposed to
each other, or sharply distinguished from each other. 3. Nom.
—sed : et—et : mec—nec : and mearly always after aut—aut : vel
—vel : nisi ; and quam after the comparative*. 4. It is refer-
red to the minds of the multitude, as what they thought or com-
momly observed to one amother. 6. * To stand forth,' or * begim
to be :'—used especially of suddem unexpected occurrences. è
Neque umquam eæ illo delendi hujus imperii tam consceleratus im-
petus e 3. s t i t i s s et, nisi, &c. Cic. pro M. Cœlio, c. 6.—Quid
futurum deinde, si quod eaeternum interim bellum e α ί s t a t ?
Liv. 2, 32. * 8. The relat. quæ may be resolved into of such a
kind as to. Pr. Intr. 476.
[4] 1. * To be applicable to a person :' * to be likely to be true of
him.' 2. To in Alcibiadem, i. e. * to Alcibiades in a higher de-
gree than to anybody else.'
[5] 1. It was a consequence of repeated occurrence, inasmuch
as instanees of it occurred, whenever he went abroad. 2. By
the perfect : it is an instance of the ezactness with which the Ro-
manis defined the time of an action that must be completed before
i Thuc. says, oi τλεῖστοι τ ε ρ ι ε κ 6 Tr n o a v T à τ ρ ό σ ω τ α ; ę
a Et in belîo et in pace : ìm mi//a, alia re misi in virtúte ; in nulla re melius
guam ára partute
200 QUESTIONS ON
it an instamce ?—3. How is * and nobody' usually trans
lated into Latim ?—4. Give amother instamce of poni =
c e n s e r i, h a b e r i.—5. What irregularity is there in
the comstructiom non solum spem in eo habebant maæimam,
sed etiam timorem ?—6. What is the grammatical mame
for the use of a verb, &c. with two words, to one only .
of which it is in strictmess applicable ?—7. Give other
examples from Nep. - -
[6] 1. Give the two constructioms of adspergere.
[Pr. Intr. 233.]—2. Why in domo sua rather tham dom
suæ ?—3. Why dicebatur, mot diceretur ?
EXERCISE.
The comsequence will be that, whemever you go into
public, you will draw upom you the eyes of all. The
throwing dowm of all the statues that were in the city
of Rome, om ome [amd the self-same] night filled the
multitude with great fear, lest the thing should have ref-
eremce to [some] conspiracy. It was said that Alci-
biades celebrated [certain] mysteries im his owm house.
The Atheniams emtertaimed great hopes of Alcibiades ;
and considered mobody in the state his equal. It beimg
manifest that this [war] was declared by the advice of
Alcibiades, Nicias was filled with great fear, lest the
liberty of the people should be crushed. -
CH. IV. [1] 1. By hoc crimine—compellabatur is it
meant that he was formally accused?—2. What is the
proper meaming of compellare ?—3. What is intueri ?—
another begam. 3. By * nor—anybody? 4. Pref. [5] quæ
partim humilia atque ab honestate remota p o m u m t w r. 5.
Though spem in aliquo habere is correct, t i m o r e m in aliqvo
habere is not ; so that some other verb must be supposedas governing
timorem. 6. Zeugma*. 7. Amor—non vis expresserat :
'. e. * love had w o m, mot force w r e s t e d (or eactorted).'
[6] 3. It is stated as am historical fact by Corn. Nep.
CH. IV. [1] 1. No : the expressiom only alludes to strong decla-
rations, censures, &c., which seemed to threatem a future persecu-
tion. 2. To address a man, especially in a harsh manner.
3. To look at any thing attentively : and them, figuratively, to con-
1 i. e. §εῦγμα : * a joining.'
ALCIBIADEs, CH. IV. 201
4. What is the force of neque ignorans ?—5. Give simi-
Iar instances.—6. What is the grammatical mame of this
comstructiom ?—7. What is invidiæ crimem ?—8. What
is invidia ?—9. What is Cicero's distinctiom betweem
invidia amd invidentia ?—10. Does this always hold
good ?
[2] 1. What form is foumd besides in præsenti ?—2.
Is there amy differemce ?—3. What is Döderleim's opin-
iom ?—4. Ut sic absentem aggrederentur : how may sic
here be comstrued ?—5. Does it lose its meamimg of ex-
pressimg manner ?—6. What Greek particle is so used ?
—7. Give am imstance.—8. What is itaque here ?
[3] 1. Im quum missus esset nuntius—essetque, &c.
is quum used in the same semse with each verb ?—2.
What else should you remark ?—3. What is provincia
here ?—4. On what does ut rediret depemd ?—5. Is in
sider or observe any thing, for the purpose of regulating ome's con-
duct by it. 4. * And being well acquainted with:' the neque
being placed emphatically before the negative word ignorare.
5. Non is frequently used before nullus, memo, nihil, &c. So also
§ 3. mom—noluit ; chap. 7, 2, nihil—mon efficere, &c. 6. Li-
tötes or Meiósis (lessening), less being asserted than is really meant.
7. Two meanings are possible, (1) * a charge proceeding from
envy :' or (2) * a charge intended to make him am object of popular
hatred',' = imvidiosa criminatio. 8. Either envy : or the ha-
tred, umpopularity, &c., which attaches itself to the person envied.
I n v i d i a est, quum invidetur ; i m v i d e n t i a quum
quis invidet. See Tusc. 3, 9, 20. 10. No : not of imvidia.
[2] 1. Im præsentia. 2. Hand says mo. 3. That im,
præsentia means simply * at present,' * at the present moment ;' in
præsenti, * under present circumstances.' 4. By an emphatic
« them.' 5. No: it really meams * so* still. 6. οάτωs, espe-
cially after participles. 7. τροσευδόμενοι θεοῖς—οάτω διέβαινον τά
δpua. 8. Et ita.
[3] 1. No: with the first it is a simple particle of time ; with
the second it has rather a concessive or adversative force : = .
* though.' 2. That the two verbs have different subjects.
3. The charge, duty, or command with which a mam is intrusted.
4. Strictly upon a participle tellimg or directing him : but
such an omission is frequent in all languages. 5. Navem or in
navem conscendere is also used.
I I. e. * a charge which proceeds from i n v i d ί α ' (subjectively ; from envy
felt by the accusers): or * a charge which causes invidia, (objectively ; makes
the accused an object of invidia.)
202 QUESTIONS ON
navem adscendere the omly form for goimg om board a ve$-
sel ? if mot, what other form is used ?
[5] 1. Who were the Eumolpidæ ?—2. From whom
were they descended ?—3. Is cogere oftem followed by
ut ?—4. Cam you give am instamce of this constructiom
from Cic. ? •
[7] 1. What is the Greek mame of Deceléa ?—2.
What other form therefore would be correct ?—3. Give
am instamce of a Greek word, the 81 of which is im Latim .
sometimes è, sometimes 7.—4. What is in obsidione te-
nêre ?—5. Give a similar instamce.
EXERCISE.
If you wish any thimg to be dome with reference to
me, let me rather be impeached now that I am presemt,
tham have am imvidious accusatiom brought agaimst me
im my absence. I weigh this well, amd am thoroughly
acquaimted with the usual comduct of my fellow-citizems.
I do mot choose mot to obey, but shall go om board the
trireme. Comsiderimg this, I do mot choose to obey, but
shall secretly make my escape from my keepers. Com-
siderimg this, amd being well acquainted with the lawless
violemce of my fellow-citizens, I shall remove to Lace-
dæmon. Alcibiades cammot be hurt. We are aware
that Alcibiades cammot be hurt, while he is present. The
Eumolpidæ must be compelled to promoumce Alcibiades
accursed. Considerimg this, I thimk it best to avoid
the impendimg storm. Whem you have quitted the city,
[5] 1. A sacerdotal family at Athens, priests of Demétér, who min-
istered in the Eleusinian mysteries. Their jurisdiction also extended
to cases where religion had been violated. 2. From the Thra-
ciam bard Eumolpus, who was said to have introduced the Eleusin-
iam mysteries into Attica. 3. Very rarely. Pr. Intr. ii. 819.
See Z. § 613. 4. P. Lentulum, ut se abdicaret præturâ, coe-
gistis. Cat. 4, 3, 5.
[7] 1. Aεκάλειa. 2. Decelìa. 3. 'AXεζάνδρεια, Aleacam-
dréa (below de Regg. 3, 4, and Vell. Paterc.), or Alea:andrìa. See
Z. § 1. Note. 4. Not strictly to blockade or beleaguer it: but
to do so virtually, by cutting off supplies, laying the country waste,
&c. 5. Pelopidas and his companions, by driving the Lacedæ-
monians from the citadel of Thebes, patriam obsidiome liberaverunt
Pelop. 3, 3.
ALCYBIADES, C H. V. 203
*i:
them tl1ey will bring am invidious accusatiom against
you.
CH. V. [1] 1. What is acer, as applied to a person ?
—2. Is neque autem ever foumd' ? [No.]—3. What is
tempus here ?—4. Give other imstances.—5. What is
ênstituere ? -
[2] 1. What is there peculiar im vd Alcibiadi—celarv
non potuit ?—2. What case does celari goverm ? [Pr.
Intr. 251.]—3. What them would be the regular tramsla-
tion of * this could not be concealed from Alcibiades ?'—4.
Does Cic. use amy other form !—5. Is amy other im-
stamce of the dative found ?—6. What is the proper
meamimg of saga3, ?—7. What is the derivatiom as givem
by Cicero ?—8. What is attendere properly ?—9. Is
amy other compoumd of tendere used im mearly the same
way ?
[3] 1. What is the meamimg of senescere ?—2. How
is Lacedæmoniorum govermed ? and how must it be com-
strued ?
CH. V. [1] 1. Wigorous, enterprising, &c. 3. It is equiva-
Hent to opportunum tempus', * an opportunity.' 4. Below chap.
8, 6, t e m p u s rei gerendæ mom dimisit. 5 To set about a thing
deliberately : to adopt a fixed deliberate resolution.
[2] 1. The dat. after celari. 3. Pr. Intr. 284.— Id Alcibi-
ades diutius celari non potuit. 4. Yes: sinee in the active the
constructionis celare aliquem de aliqua re (the aeë. being seldom
found except with neut. promouns), he oftem retains the preposition in
the passive : non est profecto d e i l l o v e m e m o c e l a t a mater.
0luent. 66, 189 ; c e l a n d u s d e m 0 s t r o c o m s i l i o v i d e -
* w r. Att. 10, 14. Z. § 391. Note. 5. There is a doubtful in-
stance in Hirt. Bell. Alex. 7, quod neque c e l a r i A l e ac a n d r i-
n í s possent in apparandâ fugâ. 6. JKeen-scented:, of a
bound. 7. S a g í r e enim sentire acute est : ex quo s α g ae
amus, quia multa scire volunt, et s a g a c e 8 dicti canes. Div. I,
31, 65. 8. To stretch to: to put any thing on the stretch.
9. Yes: animum intendere in aliquid. Cic. Acad. 2, 15. &'
[3] 1. To grov old : hence fig. to grow weaker : to sink.
2. By opes understocxd : * those of the Lacedæmonians.'
1 So the Greek χρ4vos sometimes.
1 Hand says: formula neque autem non usurpatur a bonis quidem scriptoribus
nisi præcedente altero neque, aut alia negationé ita, ut oppositio ex altera parte
crescat. i. p. 585. He quotes Cic. ad Fam. 5, 12, 21, meque enim tu is es, qiii qui
&is *escias :-neque autem ego, &c.
204 QUE.\TIONS ON
[4] 1. Ab hoc destitutus : does this imply that Pi-
sander had first encouraged, amd them deserted him ?—2.
What is the derivation of populiscitum ? [Arist. 1, [5],
11.]
5] 1. Explain vigère im vigêre victores.
[6] 1. What is recipere im military lamguage ?
IEXIER CISE.
Hg did mot, however, ever revolt from the kingthrough
affectiom for [his owm] country. Whem I observe the
sagacity of this most emergetic persom, I fear that, from
affectiom for [his owm] coumtry, he may ome day revolt
from me. Themistocles is [a persom] of that sagacity,
that he cammot be deceived. The king was exceedingly
afraid that Themistocles was about to returm to a good
umderstamding with his [countrymem.] Themistocles is
[a persom] of that prudemce, that he always applies his
attentiom to beimg om his guard. Whem I have obtaimed
the intimate friendship of Tissaphernes, I shall return to
a good understamding with my [countrymem.] If you
apply your attentiom to guarding [against damger,] it will
mot be possible to deceive you'. It will mot be possible
to comceal this* long from Alcibiades, if he applies his
attentiom to being om his guard. I canmot conceal these
things from Alcibiades. These thimgs cammot be com-
cealed from Alcibiades. The kimg was exceedingly
afraid, that they would mot deal mercifully with the cap-
tives.
CH. VI. [1] I. Îs visere Alcibiadem simply to s e e
Alcibiades ?—2. What kimd of verb is visere, and how
[4] 1. No: simply that he * failed hìma,' * disappointed his wishes
and expectations.'
[5] 1. To be in a flourishing, healthy, vigorous state : a meta-
phor from healthy plants.
[6] 1. To gain possession of cities, &c., without a battle : by
treaty, voluntary surrender, &c.
CH. VI. [1} 1. It may be so construed, but implies the taking
of pains to see him. 2. It belongs to the class of frequentative
verbs, better called àntemsive verbs, which are formed from the roo*
i Say: * you will not be able to be deceived.'
3 Say : * this will not be possible to be concealed,' &c.
ALCIBIADES, CH. VI. 205
are such verbs formed?—3. After a perfect temse, Nep.
oftem places the perfect subj. imstead of the Imperf., why
(probably) is conflueret used here, not confluxerit ?—4.
What is the English of proinde ac si ?—5. What is more
commomly used?—6. What particles occur with proinde
besides ac sì ?
[2] 1. What particles oftem appear superfluous ?—
2. Give am instance with persuadêre.—3. What part of
speech is amissum ?—4. Why is eapulisset subj. after
quod ? [Pr. Intr. 461.]—5. What verbs are used for
to impute ?—6. What temse usually follows postquam ?
[Pr. Intr. 514.]—7. Why is the pluperf. used here with
both verbs ? i. e. coeperat—potuerant : for coepit—poterant ?
[3] 1. What does ut meam here ? and with what
temse are ut, ubi construed in this meaming ? [Pr. Imtr.
512, 514.]—2. What are the two constructions of donare?
[Pr. Intr. 231.]—3. How them may * I a m p r e s e m t e d
with a c r o w m ' be translated ?—4. Explaim usu ve-
nire.—5. Explaim vulgo.
[4] I. Sic fecit, ut fuerit : explain the temse of
fuerit.—2. How is quin to be construed ? [Pr. Intr.
85.]—3. Is lacrimare trans. or intrans. ?—4. What is
of the supine: vidère, vis-um : vis-êre. 3. To mark a continued
streaming of the people to Alcibiades's ship. 5. Perinde ac si.
6. Pr. Intr. ii. 369. See also Lysand. 2, [2].
[2] 1. Sic and ita. (See Pr. Intr. ii. Diff. 28.)—Z. § 748. 2.
Quum sibi i t a p e r s u a s i s s et ipse, meas—litteras, $-c. Cic
ad Fam. 13, 10. 5. ** tribuere, attribuere, adscribere, adsignare,
acceptum referre (qd ci). [imputare, Quint., Plin. jum.]:” from the
* Antibarbarus' of Pr. Intr. Part ii. 7. Probably because Nep.
states this as a reason why the Athenians were probably right : and
simce the cause necessarily precedes the consequence, he states it as
am historical fact now over: * they were probably right in attributing
all their successes to Alcibiades ; for after he h a d o n c e t a k e m
c o m m a m d of the fleet, the Lacedaemonians h a d m e v e r b e e m
able to stand against them.
[3] 5. It expresses that all', to speak generally, both high and
low presented him with crowns ; the rich with golden, the poor with
brazen ones.
[4] . 3. Properly intrans., but, like many other verbs expressing
mental emotions, used also transitively : especially with the meut.
acc. of a pron. Num i d l a c r u m a t virgo ? Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 13.
4. That strictly speaking the * again' is already implied in the
* Cic. Mur. 35, 73. Quid est v at l g o ? universos.
206 QU ESTIONS ON
there peculiar im rursus resacrare ?—5. Give similar in-
stamces.—6. What do sOme say should be read instead
of resacrare ?
EXERCISE.
All mem streamed to the trireme of Alcibiades, just as
if both the past reverses amd the presemt success were
due to him alome. We impute both the loss of Sicily
amd the victories of the Lacedæmoniams to ourselves,
just as if we might have beem equal to the ememy [if we
had pleased.] We attribute both our past reverses amd
our present success to Alcibiades alone, just as if The-
ramemes and Thrasybulus had mot shared the chief
commamd with him. No ome was so hard-hearted as
not to weep for the fate of Alcibiades.
CH. VII. [1] 1. What is the grammatical mame for
such an expressiom as non n í m i s diuturna ? [See
chap. 4, [1], 6.]—2. Cam belli stamd alome ?—3. What
similar form occurs ?
[2] What is malitiose?
[3] 1. Explaim the ne im, ne—tyrannidem concupis-
ceret.—2. Does Nep. ever use magistratus of military
commamd ? -
[4] 1. Id ille ut a u d i v i t ; what is ut here ?—2.
What tense does it go with im this sense ? [Pr. Imtr.
514.]—3. Where was Pactye ?—4. What is the deriva-
re of r e-sacrare. 5. Alc. 4, 4, c l a m se—s u b-duxit. Thras
2, 4, t u m i l l i S t e m p 0 r í b u s, &c. 6. Resecrare after the
analogy of consecrare : but consacrare is found om the Mon Ancyran.
Suet. ii. 397. So impertiri, impartiri : inficetus and infacetus :
hipertitus, bipartitus. -
CH. VII. [1] 2. No: except in this form, domi bellique, it
must be bello or im bello. 3. Domi m í l í t i æ q u e.
[2] PrQperly * with am evil intent :' = hence * treacherously' &c.
[3] 1. It refers to the timebatur, which is placed first as being
the principal notion in the sentence. It is this consideration also,
that justifies the separation of me from its verb. 2. Yes: erat im
classe Chabrias privatus, sed omnes, qui in m a g í s t r a t u erant,
auctoritate anteibat *. Chabr. 4, 1.
[4] 3. In the Thraciam Chersonesus. 4. It is a Greek mame
1 Alcibiades had however both civil and military power.
ALCIBIADEs, CH. VIII. 207
tiom of Neontìchos ?—5. Parse Græciæ.—6. The Greeks
had before possessioms im the Thraciam Chersomese,
\1ow them is Nep. correct in sayimg primus—in Thraciam
*ntroíît? s -
EXERCISE
I fear that this joy of yours will mot be of very lomg
duratiom. The whole admimistratiom of the govermmemt
was committed to Alcibiades alone. I am afraid that,
from havimg beem umsuccessful at Cyme, I shall agaim
become umpopular. I have mo fear that my fellow-
citizems will say that I have acted treacherously. [Was
it that] Alcibiades would mot take Cyme, [because he
was] bribed by the king? Mem say that Alcibiades
should have his commamd takem from him. I hear that
Alcibiades has quite wom the friendship of Tissaphermes.
CH. VIII. [1] 1. How must * but—not,' or * not—
however' mot be translated ?—2. What is the meamimg of
recedere ab aliqua re ?—3. Give am instamce.—4. What
is the meamimg of potuit ?—5. What kind of possibility
does it therefore express ?—6. What is Aegos flumen im
Greek ?—7. What is, the proper meaming of constituere,
and what is the corresponding intransitive verb ?—8.
How may constituere classem suam be construed ?—9.
What is ducere bellum ?—10. What other verb is used
im this semse ?—11. What is there umusual im erat super ?
in Latin letters: vêov τεῖχος: * new wall.* 5. According to Bremi
it is here an adj. as in G r æ c í æ gentis, de Regg. l, 1, but in both
places it is a genitive dependent on amother genitive. 6. Introire
is * to penetrate into the i m t e r i o r.'
CH. VIII. [1] 1. By meque autem, which never occurs : meque
vero, meque tamen, are the correct forms. 2. To renounce some-
thing against a sense of duty or am inward feeling. 3. Nullo
dolore cogi, ut a b offi c i o r e c e d a t u r. Auct. ad Herenn. 3,
3, 5. 4. That he could not bring himself to do it: could mot bear
to do it. 5. Moral possibility : *ie could mot without violating his
nature. 6. Alyùs troTap6s, Aegospotamus or * Goat's river.' 7.
* To make to stop,' * to stop,° the corresponding intrans. verb being
eonsistere. 8. By * to lie at anchor with his fleet? 9. To
:* protract the war.' 10. Trahere *. 11. The usual form is
i Cic. ad Att. 10, 8, 2: Sall. Jug. 23, 2; 36, 3,
208 QUESTIONS ON
—12. Give a similar imstamce from Nep., am instance,
that is, of his placing a word that usually precedes am-
other, after it, for the purpose of emphasis or euphomy.
—13. What is this called ?
[2] 1. Who are meant by vulgus* ?—2. What does
pedester here meam ?—3. Cam you give amy other im-
stamce from Nep. ?
[3] 1. What does deducere here meam ?—2. Why is
it followed by ut ? [Pr. Infr. 75.]—3. What kimd of
persuasion does Bremi attribute to deducere ; properly
* to brimg dowm from ?'—4. What should be remarked im
conflicturos—composituros ?
[4] 1. What is the meaming of pars est in ea re
Imea* ?—2. Construe contra ea.—3. Distimguish between
evenire, accidere.—4. Is delictum confimed to a sim of
omission ? [Pr. Imtr. 428.]—5. What is the meaming
of reus ? [Pr. Intr. 188. f.]
[5] 1. What accusative cases are foumd with mo-
nêre, admonére ?—2. Give the meaming amd derivatiom of
juæta.—3. Goverm habeas. [Pr. Intr. 417. b.]—4. Give
supererat *. 12. Fecit l u c r i for l u c r i fe c í t : Thras. 1, 3.
13. Anaströphe: from âvâ, oTpépω : the mere separatiom is called
Tmesis.
[2] 1. The common soldiers: τὸ πολὺ τῶν στρατιωτόν. Xen. Cyr.
2, 2, 15. 2. Being opposed to mavalis, it is nearly = terrester :
i. e. foot-soldiers opp. * sailors.' 3. Yes: Con. 1, 1, pedestres
exercitus are opposed to classis*.
[3] 1. To move or prevail upon him to do it. 3. The per-
suading a person to something that is rather prejudicial to him
tham not ; or, at all events, from which the persuader expects ad-
vantage to himself: he says its meaming is between that of indu-
cere*, and that of adducere. 4. The omission of the acc.
pron.
[4] 1. * I have somethong to do with it :' * I have a share in
it,' in either a good or a bad sense. 2. * On the other hand.'
3. Död. accidere. Milt. 1, [1], 27. 4. Död. delictum.
[5] 1. Neut. pronouns. 2. * Close by :' from jug-, root of
jungere. 4. Here * insubordination,' * want qf discipline :' in
i The super is separated from the esse by Virg. Jamque adeo s u p e r unus
e r a m, &c. Æn. 2, 567. .
* So posteaquam in vulgus militum elatum est. Cæs. B. G. 1, 46.
3 Só p e d e s t r e s n u v a l e s v e pugnas. Cic. de Senect. 5.
* = To lead into something hurtful.
° Jaumanm construes mullus * insignificant,' as in quain m u l l æ erant homi
mum adversus deos vires. Just. 2, 12.
ALCIBIADES, CH. IX. 209
derivatiom amd meaming of immodestia.—5. What is the
meamimg of castra nautica ?—6. What is a camp of this
kimd also called ?—7. What ea planatory expressiom does
Mep. also use ? -
EXERCISE.
This I warm you, to compel Lysander either to fight,
or to terminate the war by some amicable adjustment.
He admomished me to protract the war as much as pos-
sible. The kimg beimg [now] exhausted has mothing
left but his maval camp. He admonished him to lie a
amchor with his fleet at [the mouth of] * t h e G o a t's
riv er.* Lysander's present object is to terminate the
war by am amicable adjustment. If Seuthes drives the
Lacedæmoniams from the land they will be obliged
either to fight [a battle] or to beg for peace. If any
misfortume happens, I shall have mo share whatever im
the matter.
CH. IX. [1] 1. Is abdere generally used with in
aliquâ re, or with in aliquam rem ?—2. Give instances.
—3. Translate * to hide, or bury himself, im the country ;
im his house.'—4. Tramslate * to hide himself there.'—5.
Are amy examples with in and the abl. foumd ?—6. What
not, modus measure : hence order, regularity. 5. A camp om
shore : sometimes the vessels were drawn up amd surrounded by
works : commodissimum esse • statuit, omnes naves s u b d u c i et
cum castris u m a m u m i t i o n e c o m j u m g i. Cæs. B. G. 5, 11.
6. Castra mavalia. 7. Praesidia,—quæ in proæimo li-
tore erant collocata : Han. 11, 4, which shows that the object was
not so much the protection of the ships but of the troops, who went
ashore recklessly, &c.
CH. IX. [1] 1. Generally with in aliquam rem*. 2. Ab-
dere se in terram, im intimam Macedoniam, in contrariam partem
terrarum, &c. all from Cicero. 3. Se rus or domum abdere.
4. Se eo (not ibi) abdere. 5. Liv. has cetratos—in im-
sidiis abdiderat, 31, 36, if the reading is correct: and with the pass.
participle the abl. with in is the usual construction, that participle
representing the action of the verb as over : abditi in tabernaculis,
Cæs. B. G. 1, 39, im tectis silvestribus abditos, Cic. Inv. 1, 2: but
also in silvam Arduemnam abditi : Cæs. B. G. 5, 3. 6. He
s. Also with sub ; Amphiaraä sub terram (not terrâ) abdite. C. Tusc. 2,
5, 60.
} 18*
210 QUESTIONS ON
is Cicero's practice whem abdere se means figuratively
* to bury oneself* im a pursuit, study, &c. ?—7. What is
the meamimg of fortunam here ?—8. What is there pe-
culiar im falso ?—9. Give am instamce of this.—10. What
other words are so used ?—11. What Greek words are
so used, î. e. as a distimct propositiom ?
[2] What may be comsidered omitted after ipsum ?
[3] 1. Adeo cepit—ut—antecederet : why does Nep.,
who so oftem uses the perf. subj. after a past temse, here
use the imperf. ?—2. Why is quinquagena used amd mot
quinquaginta ?—3. What is the mom. case to capiebat ?
[5] 1. What has beem remarked about the comstruc-
tiom of non or neque dubitare ? [Pref. 1—6.]—2. What
would habuisset become after a fut. temse im direct mar-
ration ?—3. What cam convenire goverm im the sense of
* visiting' or * having an interview' with a persom ? [Pr.
Intr. 244.]
EXERCISES.
He kmew that Pharmabazus used to receive from it
sixty talemts revemue, [every year.] Alcibiades is going
to bury himself im the heart' of Macedomia. He hopes
that, if he buries himself im Macedomia, his wealth may
there be comcealed : [but he hopes] in vaim. I shall
easily mamage this, if I do but obtaim am interview with
the kimg. Gobryas is turming all his thoughts to the lib-
eratiom of his country : if I commumicate this to the king,
mobody will stamd before me im his friemdship.
uses either the acc. with in, or the abl. without any prepos.: se totum
in litteras abdere, ad Fam. 7, 33 ; or se litteris abdere, Arch. 6,
12. 7. Opes, fortunas. 8. Its being used without a sed,
autem, vero. 9. Aliud utile interdum, aliud honestum videri
solet. F a l s o. Nam eadem utilitatis quae honestatis est regula.
C. de Off. 3, 18, 74. 10. Frustra and nequidquam.
11. cixórtos, δικαίως, &c. - -
[2] The weak adversative particle autem : ipsum a u t e m—non
potuerunt.
[3] 1. To mark a continuing state: as in chap. 5, [5], tanta--
fa c t α e st—ut p e t e r e m t.
[5] 2. Fut. perf.
1 By the aflj. intamus
ALCIBIADES, CH. X. 211
CH. X. [1] 1. What tyrants are meant ?—2. Quote
amother passage im which Nep. calls them tyramts.—3.
What is the meamimg of ratus?—4. With what adjectives
does Cic. joim it ?—5. Explaim s u a s res gestas.—6.
Give am instamce of a gemitive case with res gestæ.—7.
What is the meamimg of persequi here ?
[2] 1. What is re-nuntiare ?—2. What is the meam-
img of the phrase res mihi tecum est ?—3. Give am im-
stamce or imstances.
[3] 1. How would you construe non tulit hoc ?—2.
How is et to be comstrued im non tulit—et maluit ?—
3. What is clementia ?—4. Of what is violare gemerally
used ?—5. Is iter comparare a commom phrase ?
[4] I. What is there peculiar in vicinitati ?—2.
Give amother instance of this.
CII. X. [1] 1. The thirty are always called tyranis on account
of their cruel despotic exercise of power. 2. Nam quum
t r i g i m t a ty r a m m i , præpositi a Lacedæmoniis, servitute op-
pressas temerent Athemas. Thrasyb. I, 5. 3. It is the part. of
reor ; but also used adjectively with a passive meaming, of what is
fixed, immutable, &c. , 4. Certus, r a t u s, firmnus, fiacus,
Acad. 46, 141. opp. irritus. 5. Res gestæ forms, as it were,
one substantive notiom, = * measures :' if gestus were considered as
a participle, the prep. a would be used. 6. Res gestas r e g u m :
Cat. 3, 3. So h u j u s bella gesta. Han. 13, 3. 7. To pur-
sue him: to rum him down (as it were) till he took him either alive
or dead.
[2] 1. To make an announcement to a person with reference to
some commission received from him. 2. It is used of a good
understanding or friendly relations between parties: Or generally
of the terms om which one stands with anybody. " 3. Alia om-
nia sibi cum collega ratus. Sall. Jug. 43, 2. Si mihi t e c u m
minus e s s e t, quam est cum tuis omnibus. Cic. ad Fam. 15, 10, 2.
[3] 1. \ Could not stand this.* But of course the meaning eae-
pressed is, that * he did not stand it.' 2. But. Pr. Intr. ii.
233. 3. Clementia is ** the mercifulmess and humamity of the
ruler or judge, who does not inflict upon the malefactor the punish-
ment he deserves: opp. crudelitas.” Död. Alcibiades came to him
as a fugitive, and thus Pharnabazus's kind reception of him was an
instance of clementia. 4. Of trespassing against something that
is sacred. 5. No: but either iter parare ; or se ad iter compa-
rare. Liv. 28, 33. Dähne says that iter comparare is strongerthan
iter parare. <
[4] 1. The abstract subst. vicimitas is used for the concrete, vi-
cini : as v:e use * the neighborhood.' 2. V i c i m i t a t e m ,
antea sollicitatam, armis eacormat. Sall. Cat. 36.
212 QU ESTIONS ON
[5] 1. What is the usual meaming of subalaris ?—2.
What differemce would it have made, if Nep. had used
the dat. with eripuit?—3. Is it usual im Latim to use a
substantive govermed by a prepositiom as am attributive,
i. e. adjectively ? [Pr. Imtr. ii. Caut. 7, e.]—4. Give
amother imstamce of * a persom from such a place.'—5.
Goverm vestimentorum. [Pr. Imtr. 160.]—6. Parse præ-
sentia. [Them. 8, [4], 1.]—7. Defemd ejectis agaimst the
proposed readimg injectis or conjectis.
[6] 1. What was the mame of this female ?— 2. Com-
strue contectum—cremavit.
IEXIER CISIE.
I am desirimg you to send me to Pharnabazus. Um
less you get rid of Alcibiades, mothing will stamd good
of [all] those measures that you yourself established at
Athems.\ Let us send offtrusty mem to Lysander, to im-
form him that Alcibiades is preparimg for a journey to the
king. All will be of mo effect, umless you deliver up
Alcibiades alive or dead. I will give order to the meigh-
borhood, to semd trusty mem to kill Alcibiades. Alcibi-
ades orders a certaim guest-friemd [of his] from Arcadia
to follow him. Lysander t h i m k s it i m p o s sibl ei,
that his measures* cam stamd.
CH. XI. [1] 1. Explaim gravis.—2. What is the
meamimg of historicus ?—3. What other expressioms does
[5] 1. * Under the wing;' e. g. s u b a l a r e s plumae ; but as ala
is also used for the armpit, subalaris is here of what is carried under
the arm ; a short dagger, &c. 2. If he had said fa m í l í a r i
s u 0—telum eripuit, it would have expressed violence, and not, as
now, merely impetuosity and haste. 4. Q. Jumius e ac H i s-
p a n i a quidam. Cæs. B. G. 5, 27. 7. Ejectis expresses the
finging them out of the house into the flames.
[6] 1. Theodote. 2. Covered—amd burmt.
CH. XI. [1] 1. One whose opinion carries much weight: hemce
eminent, &c. e. g. g r a v i s auctor, Cic. in Pison. 6; g r a v í s tes-
its, ad Fam. 2, 2, &c. 2. It is said by some to meam not * an
historiam,' but one who is fond of history, studies history, &c.: but
Cic. uses it in the sense of * historiam,' et oratores, et philosophos,
et poetas, et historicos. Top. 20, extr. 3. Thucydides—rerum
1 Diffidit. 2 Res gestæ.
ALC. BIADES, CH. XI. 213
Cicero use for historian ?—4. If you CJmstrue hunc—in-
famatum—eaetulerunt, how should the verbs be commect-
ed 3—5. How long did Theopompus live after the age
of Alcibiades ?—6. What does aliquanto' meam ?—7.
What is the superl. of adjectives im -dicus, ficus ?—8.
What forms occur besides nescio quo modo ?—9. Give
am example of consciscere im the sense of agreeing to do
somethimg.—10. What is the meamimg of the perfect in
this semse ? - -
[2] 1. Distinguish betweem amplius, plus, magis,
potius.—2. Explaim splendor.—3. Explaim dignitas.
[3] 1. Explaim eorum.—2. Give a similar instamce
of a constructio ad synesim.—3. What expressions show
that the Boeotiams were considered imferior to the other
Greeks im mental powers ?—4. What splemdid poet was
a Boeotiam ?
[4] 1. How is ponebatur to be explaimed, the passage
im which it occurs being im indirect marratiom ? [Milt.
3, [4], 1.]—2. Could amy other temse be substituted for
esset im apud quos summa laus esset?
gestarum pronuntiator sincerus et grandis etiam fuit. (Brut. 83.)
(Thucydides) rerum eæplicator prudens, severus, gravis. (Orat. 9).
4. The two verbs should be connected by * but,' the relation
being an adversative one. 5. About fifty years. 6. Pr.
Intr. 402. Si mom statim, paulo quidem post, si mom paulo, at a l í -
q u a m t o. It is less tham multo, more than paulo. 7. -dicen-
tissimus, -ficentissimus. 8. Nescio quo casu, Milt. 7, 3 :
nescio quo pacto. 9. Tusci fere omnes consciverant bellum.
Liv. 10, 18, 1. 10. In this sense the perf. has the meaming of
the present.
[2] 1. Amplius relates to compass and eætensiom ; plus to num-
ber and quamtity ; magis to quality ; potius to preference. See Pr.
Intr. ii. 427—431. 2. A suitable magnificence : thus Atticus
was, in his mode of living, s p l e n d i d u s, non sumtuosus. Att. 13,
5. 3. The grave and dignified demeanor. -
[3] 1. It is a constructio ad symesim (i. e. according to the mean-
ing, not according to the words actually used). It refers to Thebani,
implied in Thebas. 2. L a c o m i c e m populatus, classem
e o r u m fugavit. Timoth. 2, [1]. 3. Ingenium Boeoticum.
Boeotica sus. Boeotum in crasso jurares aere matum. Hor. Ep. 2,
1, 244. 4. Pindar.
[4] 2. Est might have been used, if the historiam had chosen to
make the 8tatement his own.
1 On the order of words, see Paus. 3, [1], l.
214 QUESTIONS ON
EXERCISE.
Alcibiades amomg the Lacedæmoniams so [entirely]
gave himself up to a hard way of life, that mobody could
equal him im the frugality of his diet amd dress. Among
the Thebams the highest commemdatiom is to cultivate
bodily strength. Whatever people Alcibiades is livimg
with, he will be reckomed the first [amomg them.] Alci-
biades is highly extolled by the great historiam Thucy-
dides, [but] very mamy writers have givem him a bad
character.
THRASYBULUS.
CH. I. [1] 1. What is the force of dubito an ?—2.
What is the rule for translatimg * I doubt whether' into
Latim, whem it is equivalemt to a doubtfully expressed
affirmatiom ?—3. Om what is this rule founded ?—4. Ex-
press (a) * I am inclined to thimk he will come' by * I
doubt* im English and Latim.—(b) * I am inclined to
thimk he will mot come.'—5. What should you remark
about ìllud ?
[2] 1. How would you construe * quod ?'—2. What
would the full comstruction be ?—3. After what imper-
CII. I. [1] 1. * I doubt whether it is not ;' that is, * am almost
inclined to think it is.' Pr. Intr. ii. 454.—Z. § 354. 2. If the
English has a mot, omit it ; if it has none, insert it. 3. Om the
fact, that in our doubtfully expressed affirmation we express the mot,
amd vice versâ : whereas the Romans did not. 4. (a) * I doubt
whether he will not come:' dubito am sit venturus.—(b) * I doubt
whether he will come (at all),' dubito am mom sit venturus. 5.
That it refers to a coming sentence : and therefore must be con-
strued by * this*.'
[2] 1. * Whereas.' 2. Nam quod, &c.—non id solum hic
potuit, sed contigit ei, ut—vindicaret.—See also Z. § 626.
3. Contingit, evenit, and accidit, See also Pr. Intr. ii. 818,
With restat, reliquum est, and fit. $ 819.—Z. § 621,
i So Hann. 12, 3: Att. 11, 3.
THRASYBULUS, CH. I. 215
sonals is ut used ?—4. - Which is commomly used of am
agreeable accident or evemt, contigit or accidit ? [Milt.
[1], 27.]
[3] 1. Nescio quo modo : what other forms are used ?
[Alcib. 11, [1], 8.]—2. Give the perf. of præcurro.—3.
What compounds of curro are mot foumd with the redu-
plicatiom ?—4. What does nobilitas meam here?—5.
What does naturale bonum here meam ?—6. What is fa-
cere lucri or lucrifacere ?
[4] 1. Distinguish betweem vires amd vis pugnantium.
—2. What part of speech is hic ?
[5] 1. What case or cases does proprius goverm ?
[Pr. Intr. 212.]—2. Distimguish betweem opprimere amd
oppressum tenêre.—3. Go through parcere.—4. What are
the comstructioms of the moum with partim—partim ?—5.
What is far more commom tham non solum—sed et ?—6.
Give am imstamce of sed et from Cic.
IEXER.CISIE.
I doubt whether fortume has not more power im this
matter, tham the ability of the general. Of his friends
some were bamished, others executed. I doubt whether
they are not goimg to confiscate their property, and di-
vide it among themselves. These thimgs are commom
to Alcibiades amd Thrasybulus. I doubt whether he is
going to proclaim war against the king. It was the
good fortume of Thrasybulus to be, mot omly the first,
but the omly persom, who freed Athems from her most
detestable tyramts. Alcibiades, by a sort of matural tact,
made it appear, that it was he alome, who had set his
country free.
[3] 3. Ante-, circum-, suc-, trans-, curro. 4. * The being
Knowm,' * celebrity.' 5. * Natural dexterity,' * tact.' 6. 6 To
turn to good account.' -
[4] 1. Vires relates to the collective force and strength of the
army : vis pugm. to the spirit that animated individuals.
[5] 2. Oppres. tenêre denotes an abiding state. 4. Use cives
for the noum. Pr. Intr. ii. 283.—Z. § 271. 5. Nom solum—sed
etiam. 6. Opinio—quæ mon modo Romae, s e d e t * apud ex-
teras mationes—percrebuit. Verr. 1, 1. See Pr. Intr. ii. 227, j. See
also Z. § 335.
m 8ed etiam—percrebruit. IXlotz.
216 QUESTIONS oN
CH. II. [1] 1. Would Phyle, quæ est castellum be
a more or less usual form tham Phyle, quod est castellum ?
[Pr. Intr. 48—9.]—2. Explaim Actæorum.
[2] 1. What is the fig. neque—non contemtus called?
—2. Distinguish between contemnere, despicere, spernere.
—3. What is Döderleim's explamatiom of contem nere ?
—4. Distinguish between primum amd primo. [Pr. Imtr.
83, a.]—5. Of what use of autem have we here am ex-
ample ? [Pr. Intr. ii. 478.]—6. What is remarkable im
ad comparandum ?
[3] I. What remarkable differemce exists betweem
* that' amd * ille ?'—2. Explaim timidus here ?
[4] 1. What is pro opinione ?—2. Explaim jam tum
illis temporibus.
[6] 1. Whem is quisquam used for anybody ? [Pr.
Intr. 389.]
[7] l. Give other examples of quum quidem.—2.
Explaim eaeadversus." [Them. 3, [4], 4, 5.]
EXERCISE.
Not more tham thirty persons fled to Phyle. Thrasy-
bulus fortified Mumychia, which is a port of the Athe-
miams. The tyramts at first despised Thrasybulus amd
the fewmess of his adheremts. The mothers of cowards
CH. II. [1] 2. An old mame for Atticorum, from Acte the oldest
name of Attica. •
[2] 1. Litótes. Alc. 4, [1], 6. 2. C o m t e m m e r e with
reference to what one might fear ; d e s p i c e r e to what one might
respect; s p e r n e r e to what one might accept : or, c o n t e m m e r e
implies mof fearing : d e s p i c e r e, looking down upon : s p e r m e r e,
rejecting. 3. That it means, despisimg great things, as danger,
death : but it may be used of small things, as mihil in bello oportere
c o m t e m n i, just below. 6. Its being used absolutely : i. e.
Without an acc. case.
[3] 1. That ille is frequently used to denote a following sen-
tence. 2. Extremely cautious: as Cic. joins t i m i d i et omnia
circumspicientes. -
[4] I. In proportion to his expectations. 2. * Even in those
days,' implying that it was remarkably so in the speaker's days.
[7] 1. Cato 2, 2. Att. 22, 1.—Om quidem, see Pref. [4], 7.
n Pugnare exadversus aliquem = to stand opposite to one in the ranks of the
enemy and fight, (different from pugnare contra aliquem.) Georges. -
THRASYBULUs, C H. III. 217
άo mot weep. Evem as early as those days this precept
was in the memory of all Athemiams, that im war mothing
should be despised. He thought it right, that the
eitizems should mot omly speak for liberty, but also fight
for it. -
CH. III. [1] 1. What is the proper meaming of
dejìcere ?—2. How may hoc dejecto be construed ?—3.
Goverm auæilio amd Atticis.—4. After what words is quis
or qui used for any ? [Pr. Intr. 389—91.]—5. What is
tzti more alicujus ?—6. Give a similar expressiom.—7.
Goverm redderetur.
[2] 1. Whem is neve or meu used for * nor?'—2. Gov-
erm oblivionis.—3. How would you comstrue it ?
[3] 1. How is effecit ut valeret to be construed ?
EXER.CIS E.
I will mot only cause this law to be passed, but will
also emforce its observamce. Thrasybulus prevemted the
massacre of those, with whom a public amd formal re-
conciliatiom had beem made. Thrasybulus procured the
passimg of am act of ammesty. What I have promised,
must be performed. After the fall of Critias, Thrasybu-
lus restored peace [to the state,] om these terms, that
mone but the thir y tyramts should be bamished or fimed.
CH. IV. [1] 1. Give am instamce that resembles
h o n o r í s corona.—2. What should be remarked im quam
CII. III. [1] 1. To cast (or hurl) down : KaTa6dλλειν. 2.
* After the fall of Critias.' 5. To imitate him. 6. Fungi
more : Com. 3, 4. 7. Properly speaking an ut must be supplied ;
it is implied by the preceding me.
[2] 1. After a preceding me or ut. 3. An ammesty—âμνησ-
tria.
[3] 1. Enforced the obseryance of it.
CH. IV. [1] 1. Non demique hæc s e d e s h o m o r i s—umquam
vacua mortis periculo atque insidiis fuit. Cic. in Cat. 4, 1, 2. 2.
That instead of q u ae, quod e a m—non vis expresserat, habuit, the
relative stands in the case in which the promoum is governed in the ac-
cessory sentence, and is omittedin the principal sentence. Z. § 804.
218 ûUESTIÖNS ON
quod amor—non vis expresserat, habuit, &c. ?—3. What
is peculiar im amor non vis expresserat ?—4. What is this
fig. called ?—5. Give am instamce of zeugma with ea:-
primere.—6. What is there peculiar in magnaque fuit
gloria?—7. Whem is the abl. with esse used?
[2] 1. Explain the ille im Pittacus ille. [Pr. Imtr.
381, (b).]—2. What was the size of a jugerum ?—3.
What is there peculiar im munera darent ?—4. Why is
the imperf. darent used?—5. Give am example of this
use of the imperf. imdic.—6. Why does quod goverm the
subj. im quod—invideant ? [Pr. Imtr. 476.]—7. Explaim
propria.
[3] Explain the igitur.
[4] Give the derivatiom of prætor.
IEXIER.CISIE.
A crowm of honor mot extorted by force but [wom] from
the affectiom of ome's fellow-citizems, brings with it mo
odium. Whem the people proposed to give him a crowm
of homor, he would mot receive it. A crowm of homoY
made of two olive twigs, showed both Thrasybulus's
moderatiom amd the good-will of the people [towards
|him.] I for my part am umwillimg to receive amy thimg,
3. That expresserat (had extorted) does not suit the first nom. ainor :
the meaningbeing * which foree hadnot extorted, but Iove elicite d.'
4. Zeugma, thatis * junction' or * pair:' when, that is, a verbis used
with two connected words, though one of them really requires a verb
of different meaning. 5. Senatùs consulta, quae possunt videri
vel m e c e s s i t a t e e ac p r e s s a, vel v e r e c u m d i a. Sueton.
Oct. 57. 6. We should expect magnae fuit gloriae since the
purpose it served is denoted. 7. The abl. with esse, with or
without * im,' demotes the state in which a person is: e. g. (Diony
sius) mom mimore fuit in musicis g l o r î à quam, &c. Epam. 2, 1
pacis auctores in ingenti gloria esse. Liv. 2, 22.
[2] 2. It was a Romam measure of surface of 240 feet by 120:
— 28,800 square feet. 3. Mumeri darent is the usual construc-
tion. 4. It is equivalent to * were proposimg to give? 5.
Cic. Cat. 1, 5, 13: quod jam tua sponte fa c i e b a s = facere v0-
lebas. 7. It = what is amd will remaim ome's own: hence
* lasting? ú .
[3] It is the resumptive igitur ; = ut ad rem redeam. Nep. re-
turns to Thrasybulus, from the tale about Pittacus, which was an
interruption of the narrative.
[4] Præ-itor : * ome who goes before.'
CoNON, C H. I. 219
which the affectiom of my fellow-citizens has mot [be-
stowed,] but force extorted [from them.] Crowms of
|honor are mot usually envied.'
CONON. \s. œ & \
CH. I. [1] 1. Explain accedere ad rempublicam.
[Them. 2, [1], 2, 3.]—2. Parse magni in : magni esse.
—3. Is majoris esse used ? [Pr. Intr. 264, e.]—4. Dis-
tinguish between potentia amd potestas. [Död. potentia.]
—5. How is potestas, as used of a public office, distim-
guished from magistratus ? -
[2] 1. Comstrue eaetremo Peloponnesio bello. [Pr.
Intr. 179.]—2. What is the force of de im devictæ ?
[Milt. 2, [2], 5.]—3. Explaim t u m abfuit.—4. Goverm
άmperii im diligens imperii, amd explaim the meaming of
diligens.—5. Give am imstamce of diligens with gem. from
Cicero.
[3] 1. Does Nep. ever use quin after nemini dubium
esse ? [Pref. [1], 1—6.]—2. To what tense of the
subjunctive does accepturos fuisse amswer ? [Pr. Intr.
454.]
EXERCISE.
If Comom had beem present, the Athemiams would mot
have suffered that terrible defeat. Nobody doubts, but
CH. I. [1] 5. Potestas denotes an eætraordinary commission.
[2] 3. Tum quum devictæ sunt : for he was not absent om that
occasion, but, seeing all lost from the negligence and insubordinatiom
of his countrymen, fled with eight ships to Cyprus. 4. Diligens
is the opp. of megligens : it properly means * loving,' and then, with
reference to a thing, paying attention to it ; being careful and punc-
tual in its performance. It is properly a participle, but is often used
adjectively to signify a habit: it them takes a genitive. Pr. Intr
183. 5. Q. Pompeio castissimo viro atque omnis o ffi c i i
diligentissimo. Cic. Cœl. 30, 73.
1 * 4re mgt womt to be emvied:? the impersonal eolet.
220 {}UESTIONS ON
that the Romams will be utterly defeated. Nobody
doubts, that if Comom had beem present, the Atheniams
would mot have beem utterly defeated. Nobody doubts,
that Comom is both am experiemced amd a careful com-
mamder.
CH. II. [1] 1. Explain and comstrue e u m d e mque
generum Regis. [Pr. Intr. 387.]—2. What is propin-
quus here ? ç
[2] 1. Parse societatem im : coire societatem. [Pr.
Intr. 244.]—2. What is the force of quidem im : re q u i-
d e m vera ? •
[3] 1. How may si ille non fuisset be construed ?—
2. Give am instamce of fuisset used in this emphatic way
for * eæist ;* amd by implicatiom, for to assist, &c.—3.
What prepositions always follow their cases ? [Paus.
4, [4], 8.] -
EX ER CISE.
I will mot seek for a place where I may myself live
im safety but [for one] whemce I may protect my fellow-
citizems. If I had sought for a, place where I might
myself have lived im safety, I should mot have gome to
Pharmabazus. The IMacedæmomiams, havimg defeated
the Athemiams, semt Agesilaus to invade Asia. Tissa-
phernes, havimg revolted from the king, made am alliamce
with the Lacedæmoniams. Balbus was comsidered am
experiemced commamder (chap. i.), but was im reality a
r a sh a m d c a r e 1 e s s g e m e r a l'.
CH. III. [1] 1. Meritis—valebat : how is the abl.
here used ?—2. Give am instance from Cic.—3. Explaim
CH. II. [1] 2. A relation by blood : the being the king's som-
in-law only made him an affinis.
[2] 2. That of vero, * but,' * however.'
[3] 1. * But for him.' 2. Pons Sublicius iter paene hostibus
dedit, mi u m u s v ir fu is s e t, &c. Liv. 2, 10.
CH. III. [1] 1. It is the abl. of cause = om account of; from.
2. Regale civitatis genus—non tam regni, quam regis v i t i i s
repudiatum est. de Legg. 3, 7, 15. 3. Si is sometimes used after
1 JVegligom& imperii opp. diligens imperii. Chap. 1.
CONON, CH. IV. 221
ineque id mirandum, si, &c.—4. Give instances.—5
Distimguish betweem adducere amd inducere.
[3] 1. Explain nulla mora est.—2. What was the
qrgodxvv£iv or venerari ?—3. What does Justim call it ?—
4. Who are illi ?—5. Whem does Cornelius use this ex-
pressiom ?—6. Give am instance.—7. What is manda-
tum ?—8. Simce studeo goverms the dat., explaim quod
studes.
[4] 1. Mihi vero : explain the vero.—2. How would
you tramslate mihi vero imto Greek ?
ExERCISE.
It is mot to be womdered at, that I am mot easily im-
duced to believe. Comom preferred settimg dowm his
views in writimg to discussimg them in am audiemce with
the king. Comom, if he had come imto [the king's] pres-
emce, must have dome homage to him by falling pros-
trate. Why, for my owm part, I have mo objectiom to
fall prostrate before the king, but I fear that I may mot
perform this ceremomy of the barbariams. The state, by
which I am commissiomed, is accustomed to commamd
other matioms.
CH. IV. [1] 1. What temse is judicaverit ? [Pr.
Imtr. 418.]—2. To what is negavit equivalent ?—3.
Goverm daret.
mirari instead of quod, or acc. with infin.—as el after 6avp.6%eiv.
4. M i r a b a r, s i tu mihi quidquam afferres novi. Ter. Phorm. 3,
2, 5. Non m i r 0 r, s i qui comedunt bona. H. Ep. 1, 15, 39.
5. Inducere is mostly used in a bad sense.
[3] 1. Nulla mora est in or per me : = * I have mo objection,' or
* certainly.' 2. The persom prostrated himself before the king.
3. Adorare. Conon a regio aaspectu et colloquio prohibitus
est, quod eum mgre Persarum a d o r a r e mollet. 6, 2, 13.
4. The Greeks : it is used of those whose term is quoted: e. g. of
the Persians, Datam. 8, 2: of the Greeks, Cim. 3, 1. 5. When
he translates a foreign expression into an unusual Latin one. -
6. Eamque (legem) illi o b l i v i o n i s appellarunt. Thrasyb. 3, 2.
7. A commission given by word of mouth or (as here) in
writing. 8. The full construction is, quod studes conficere.
[4] 1. Vero (= * in truth') adds emphasis to the mihi. * I for
my own part,' &c. or * w h y I myself,' &c. 2. άλλ' ἐμοί, &c.
CH. IV. [1] 2. To diacit—mon.
19*
222 QUESTIONS ON
[2] 1. What is imperare aliquid alicui?—2. What
are naves longæ ? •
[4] 1. What is deprimere ?—2. What is the corre-
spomding intrams. verb ?
EXERCISE.
I say that that selectiom is no matter for my determi-
natiom, but for your own, si m c e y o u (say : * who*)
ought to kmow your own [subjects] best. He was mot
easily imduced to commamd the Phœniciams to furmish
ships of war. I fear that I shall mot be able to remaim
master of the sea mext summer. A brave amd cautious
general will commamd the kimg's forces amd fight agaimst
us, [ome] whom we have mot beem able to overcome
either in the field or by counsel. I will cause the walls,
which Comom repaired, to be pulled dowm.
CH. V. [1] 1. What are anjuriæ patræ ?—2. What
gem. is this called ? [Pr. Intr. 161, mote c.]
' [2] 1. Potius seems superfluous with malle ; with
what other words is it used, where it seems superflu-
ous ?—2. Give am example from Cic. of potius—malle.
—3. Give a, similar imstamce im Greek.—4. What is
constituere im constituere auctoritatem ?—5. What is the
correspondimg intransitive to constituere ?
[3] What is evocare ?
[4] What is addubitare ?
[2] 1. To command him to furmish the thing spoken of.
[4] 1. To simk. 2. Sidère. -
CH. V. [1] 1. * The wrongs of his country,' i. e. done to his
country.
$
[2] 1. With præstare, and with comparatives. Z. § 747.
2. Illud peto, ut—hominis ipsius ornamenta adjumento causæ po-
tius, quam impedimento esse malitis : pro Balbo, 7. 3. μᾶλλον
with aip£ίσθαι. 4. To establish his influence : i. e. fix it sp
firm, that it could hardly be overthrown. 5. Comstare.
[3] It is the verbum proprium of a magistrate, commander,
&c., sending for Or summoning am inferior to appear before him, om
8ccount of some public business.
[4] To * leave doubtful or undecided.'
BION, CH. £. 223
EXERCISE.
£t was his good fortune to free, mot only Argos, but
also the whole of the Peloponnesus. Comom preferred
avemgimg his country's Wrongs to imcreasimg his owm
wealth. Comom acquired great imfluemce by the libera-
tiom of Greece. It was my fate to be throwm imto pris-
om, umkmowm to Tiribazus.
ÌD I O N.
CH. I. [1] 1. Why is genere im the abl. without a
prepositiom ? [Them. 1, [2], 6.]—2. Give instamces of
&mplicare in the semse of * being connected' with.—3. Ex-
plaim u t r a q u e t y r a n n i d e Dionysiorum.—4. What
does superior meam ? and give imstamces of this usage.
—5. Im what semse does Nep. use ímplicitus as the past
particip. of implicare ? [Paus. 4, [6], 6.]—6. Parse
ενuptum.
[2] 1. Distinguish betweem propinquitas, necessitudo,
affinitas, consanguinitas.—2. Before what consonants is
ab found ?—3. Why, probably, is it used here ?—4. In-
genium docile, come, aptum ad artes optimas : explaim
come here as epithet of ingenium.—5. What kimd of
όeauty is generally expressed by dignitas ? [Them. 6,
[1], 6.]—6. Im ^or, minimum is more or less said, tham is
CH. I. [1] 2. Omnibus, qui nostris familiaritatibus i m p l i-
c a m t u r, Cic. Balb. 27, 60: ita diu viacit, ut multarum aetatum
*oratoribus i m p l i c a r e t u r, Id. Brut. 47, 174. So i m p l i c a-
3 o s comsuetudine et benevolentia : i m p l i c a t u s amicitiis, fa-
miliarztate, &c. 3. The abstract tyrannis is used for the
comcrete tyrannus. 4. The elder : so superior Africamus, &c.
[2] 1. Död. mecessarius. 2. Milt. 1, [5], 4—Jaumamm says
£hat Cieero often uses it before c, d, j, m. 3. To avoid another
a as termination. 4. Ingenium imcludes both dispositiom and
abilities : come relates to the disposition (animus ;) the other epi-
€hets to abilities (mens.)—When ingenium is opposed to animus, it
224 QUESTIONS ON
really meant ?—7. What mame is given in grammar to
this form of speech ? [Ale. 4, [1], 6.]—8. What do
some editors read imstead of commendatur ?—9. How
does Dähme explaim amd justify commendatur ?
[3] 1. What mood do etsi, quamquam, quamvis re-
spectively, usually goverm ? [Pr. Imtr. qu. om § 56, p.
221.]—2. What is necessitudo ?—3. Whatis the classi-
caI word for * even,' or * still,' with comparatives ? what
is its usual positiom ?—4. What word was used by later
writers ?—5. What is the meamimg of salvum studebat ?
—6. Is studére with the accusative usual ?
[4] 1. Legationes quæ e s s e n t illustrìores : why is
essent in the subj. ? [Pr. Intr. i. 476.]—2. Whem is the
persom by whom am actiom is done translated mot by a or
ab, but by per ?—3. What is the force of quidem ? [Pr.
Imtr. ii. 550.]—4. What is the usual meamimg of obire
legationem ?—5. Ef fideliter administrando is mot merely
a gloss, (that is, am explamation which has crept into
the text), how must diligenter be explained with obire ?
takes the narrower meaming of abilities. As however the Romans
did not make so sharp a distinction, as we do, between abilities and
dispositiom, the ome word ingemium which expresses both collective-
ly here receives epithets which we should refer to different menta!
endowments. 8. Commendat sc. hominem = amabilem facit, gra-
tum acceptumque reddit. 9. He says that it is taken recipro-
cally = * recommends itself;' and compares nullâ re unâ magis
oratorem c o m m e m d a r i quam verborum splendore. Cic. Brut.
59, 216.
[3] 2. Its usual meaming is * relationship' by blood or marriage:
sometimes, however, it is used in the sense of * intimate friendship ;'
as Cat. 1, 3. Att. 19, 4. 3. E t i a m : it is generally, bu*
mot always, placed after the comparative. 4. A d h u c. Pr
Intr. ii. 331. Z. § 486. 5. He wished him safe : wished to
see him safe. 6. It frequently occurs with the acc. vf a neut.
pronoun, or other imdefinite word, e. g. eadem, hoc, unum, &e.;—
but it is not common with any other accusative, and it is probable
that esse should be here inserted'.
[4] 2. When the action is done by his instrumentality. 4.
Though it really denotes only the undertaking of the embassy, it is
usually extended so as to include the whole manner of conducting
it. 5. Bremi thinks it denotes such a willimg active mammer,
of accepting the post of ambassador, as would show the persom to ba
fully in earnest and likely to fulfil its duties faithfully. -
3 Byemi has the esse : Jaumann encloses it in a parenthesis.
DION, CH. II. 225
ËXTER CISE.
Cimon, the som of Miltiades, was married to his own
sister, ElpimIce by mame. He says that he will mot suf-
fer the mame of the tyrant to be protected by his [i. e.
the speaker's] popularity. His duties as ambassador are
so faithfully executed by Diom, that the tyramt's most
cruel mame is protected by his popularity. It cammot be
demied that Dionysius is much influemced by the advice
of Diom. How few are there (Pr. Imtr. 477), who um-
dertake the post of ambassador with active-readiness,
amd execute its duties with fidelity. Though Dionysius
was much influenced by Diom's advice, yet im this mat-
ter, his owm private feelimg was stronger.
CH. II. [1] 1. What are the forms for it escapes
^me ? [Pr. Intr. 259.]—2. What are the forms that are
confimed to later writers ? [Pr. Intr. 259.]—3. Does
ornamentum imply more tham ornament ? [Them. 2, [3],
5.]—4. What is the meaming of secus ?—5. Is non secus
always followed by atque (ac)?—6. If mot, by what other
particle ?—7. Does Cicero use that other particle ?—8.
Does Cicero use haud secus ?
[2] 1. Umder what circumstamces is Nep. fomd of
commectimg semtemces by qui quidem ?—2. What mood
follows this qui quidem ?—3. Whem is the indicative used
after qui quidem ?—4. What force may qui be comsidered
to have when the subjunctive is used ?—5. What is audire
aliquem ?—6. Explain venia im : veniam dare. [Them. 10,
[1], 3.]—7. Explaim magnâ ambitione perducere'.
CH. II. [1] 5. No. 6. Sometimes by quam. 7. No.
8. No. See Pr. Intr. ii. 402.
[2] 1. Whem the following gives a striking instance in proof of a
preceding assertion. 2. The indicative or the subjunctive.
3. When the following clause is a simple historical statement, and
when its being actually a fact is to be strongly pointed out. The
relative is then nearly = * is,' so that qui quidem = * amd accord-
ingly he.' 4. That of an ut consequentiæ = * so much so,
that.' 5. It is the verbum propríum for * attending a person's
lecture' or * studying under him,' when the pupil is grown up.
7. With state or pomp. -
1 /1 m b i t i o dicitur de quacumque re ad captandam gratiam instituta. JMagna
ambitione, i. e. magno comitatu ac pompa, ad favorem honoremque captandwm.-•
Forcellinus.
226 Q UESTIONS ON
[3] I. What awkwardmess is there im : quippe quem
venumdari jussisset' ?
[4] I. Distinguish betweem interim, interea. [Pr.
Intr. ii. p. 195, mote 7.]—2. What is gravis morbus ?—
3. Explaim the constructiom quo quum gravi conflictaretur.
—4. What prepositioms are used after quaerere, to goverm
the case of the persom ?—5. Give instances of eae amd de.
—6. Give am imstamce of quaerere a from Cicero.—7. Si
forte : whem is forte used for * perhaps' or * perchance ?'
[Pr. Imtr. ii. 737.]—8. Majori esse periculo : does Nep.
use this phrase elsewhere without the in ?—9. Does he
ever use it with in ?—10. Could periculo esse be used
without in, periculo having mo adjective in agreement ?—
11. Give am instamce from Cicero of the omissiom of in.
—12. What does faterentur meam ?—13. Give am im-
stamce of fateri = to * declare.'—14. Goyerm velle. [Pr.
Intr. 460, (c) 1.] -
[5] 1. When is et used where ve should use but ?
[Pr. Intr. ii. 233.]—2. What is sopor in : soporem dare ?
EXERCISE.
The Athemiams have cruelly wronged Miltiades, imas-
much as they have Ordered him to be cast into prisom*.
[3] 1. The change of the subject: Plato being the nom. of the
principal sentence.
[4] 2. A severe or dangerous disorder. 3. = quum eo, et
quidem gravi conflictaretur. 4. Quaerere eac, a or de aliquo.
5. (1) Quæsívi eae Phanià. Cic. Liscum retinet ; quærit e ac s o l 0,
&c. Cæs. (2) quærebat paullo ante de me, Cic. 6. Quæro
nunc a te,° Hortemsi, &c. 8. Yes: below 8, [2]. Dat. 5, 3.
Hamm. 9, 2. Ham. 2, 1. 9. Yes. Att. 10, 2. * 10. No.
11. Commonendum putavi, me q u o p e r i c u l o te proprio
eæistimares esse : in magno omnes, sed tamen in communi sumus :
ad Fam. 4, 15, 2. 12. = Aperirent, declararent, Jaumanm
says: but still there might be in a physician a supposed wish to con-
ceal it. 13. Sall. Cat. 47, 2: eadem Galli fa t e m t u r.
[5] 2. * A sleeping draught :' the cause for the effect : and it is
implied that it was strong enough to make him sleep forever.
1 Bremi thinks we should read, quippe qui eum venumdari jussisset.
2 In carcerem, conjici.
o Verr. 2, 3, 83. Quæro abs te nunc, Hortensi : cum utrisne tandem îstîus fac-
**1*m collatúrus es ? Klotz.
PIGN, CH. IIÎ. 227
ÌDiom asked the physiciams whether perchamce Dionysius
was in great damger. Diom converses with Dionysius
about a divisiom of the kingdom, sayimg that he thought
the soms of Aristomache should have a share. Diomysius
the younger did mot tolerate this, but compelled the
physicians to give his father a [deadly] sleeping-draught.
CH. III. [1] 1. Prove from Nep. that Döderlein
is Wrong in confimimg simultas to political enmity '.—2.
How should it probably be defined ?—3. What is prob-
ably its derivatiom ?—4. Does aliquamdiu meam for some
eonsiderable time ?—5. What is the imf. of arcesseret ?—
6. How is arcesso formed ?—7. Is accerso a correct
form ?—8. In qui vellet, how do you explaim the sub-
jumctive ? -»
[2] 1. What is the force of que im : eodemque tem-
pore?—2. What is meant by tyrannis here ?—3. Im
Latim could such a combimatiom as ** a work upom astro-
aomy,” &c., be translated literal]y? [Pr. Imtr. ii. Caut.
7, e.]—4. How must it be translated ?
[3] 1. Explaim autem in : Plato a u t e m.—2. Ex-
plaim the tense of persuaserit. [Milt. 5, [2], 1—3.]—3.
What would be the usual tense ?—4. What is the meam-
img of aliquanto ?
jEX ER CISE
I have entered more at large upom this in my book
upom Astrology. I shall met be deterred from this in-
CH. III. [1] I. Att. 17, 1, se mumquam cum sorore fuisse in
simultate. 2. As the reciprocal hatred that arises from coming
into collisiom, whether in public or private life: thus im Atticus's case
it was a sister nearly of his own age : quam prope æqualem habebat.
3. Simui, not simulare. 4. Yes. 5. Arcessire according
&o Freund : though MSS. and editions vary much. 6. It is a
causative from accedo, as incesso from incedo. 7. Yes: accord-
ing to Döderlein, Kritz, &c. 8. Qui vellet = q u i p p e qui
vellet, giving the motive that induced Dionysius to semd for Plato.
[2] 1. According to Bremi, Dähne, and Jaumann, = porro or
præterea : [* and] moreover* 2. Absolute power im the abstract.
1 Schultz says, hatred, especially as manifesting itself in political hostility '
it does mot carry with it any notion of a secret feeling, but is rather to be de
fived from símul, than from simuláre.
228 QUESTIONS ON
tentiom by amy advice of yours. There is mo doubt tha*
he wished to restore liberty to the Syracusans. You
are considerably more a friemd to despotic power [in
the abstract,] tham to amy despotic-ruler. I mever lef*
off implorimg Dionysius, to restore liberty to the Syra
cusams. Diom, who admired amd dearly-loved Plato,
wished to comply with his request.
CH. IV. [I] 1. How is * to fear one another' to be
translated ?—2. What is usually supposed to be omitted
im this comstructiom ?—3. Give other instamces of this
construction.—4. Explaim præoccupare.
[2] I. Explaim aliquid magnæ est invidiae alicui.—2.
Explaim omnia quæ moveri poterant Dionis.—3. Is impo-
nere in aliquâ re ever foumd ?—4. Im sic enim eæistimari
volebat, id se non odio hominis, sed suae salutis fecisse
causâ, what word appears to us superfluous ? [Pr. Intr.
ii. Diff. of Id. 28.]
[3] 1. What temse of the imdicative generally follows
postquam or postea quam ? [Pr. Intr. 514.]—2. What
part of speech is nuptum ?
[4] What forms are used im Latim imstead of et nemo,
et nullus, et numquam ? [Pr. Imtr. 80.]
[5] 1. Explaim usque eo.—2. Give am instance of
usque eo followed by ut or ne.—3. Cam you produce amy
CH. IV. [1] 1. Timére inter se. 2. Se : the fuiI comsfrue-
tion being timére s e inter se *. 3. Neque solum colent i n t e r
s e ac diligent, sed, &c. Cic. de Amic. 22: quum ì n t e r s e com-
plevi in terram eæ equis decidissent, Nep. Eum. 4, 2: so inter se
ludere ; inter se adspicere, &c. 4. Its proper meaming is to 3ake
into possession before amother persom : when applied to persons it is
either to anticipate or (as here) to remove him out of the way ; or
destroy him before he is om his guard, &c.
[2] – 1. It brings much odium upom him ; makes him very un-
popular, &c. 2. = Omnia Dionis, quæ moveri poterant : all
Diom's moveables. 3. See Cim. 4, [1], 6.
[5] 1. Literally, u p t o t h i t h e r = up to such a point, to sueh
a degree. 2. Quod ubi iste audivit, u s q u e eo est commotus,
ut, &c. Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 18. 3. Chabr. 1, 3: hoc u s q u e e o
totâ Græciâ famâ celebratum est, ut—Chabrias—voluerit.
i Hamd denies this, Tursell. vol. iii. 397: though he allows that as movámus
*0s = novi te et tu movistâ me, so novimus m o s inter nos is found plcomastically,
but never moverumt se (unless = moverunt s e í p s o s) nor moverunt se inter se.
ÐION, CH. V. - 223
other example from Nep. ?—4. Qui—deducerent : why
does qui here take the subjunctive ? [Pr. Intr. 483.]
IEXIER.CISE.
The boys love each other. Caius was so utterly
umable to emdure slavery, that he destroyed himself,
There are some who plumge themselves into riotous
living. There are some who are mot allowed to be ever
sober for a, momemt. All Sempronius's moveable prop-
erty must be put om board, amd sent to him. There are
some who, from beimg imdulged, are filled with the vilest
desires. He wished it to be thought, that the boy had
throwm himself from am upper story.
CH. V. [1] 1. What temse does postquam usually
take ?—2. Whem does postquam mostly take the pluperf.?
[Pr. Imtr. 514.]
[2] 1. Construe multorum annorum tyrannis.—2. Give
a similar instamce from this chapter.—3. Explaim tyran-
nis.—4. Govern magnarum opum im : magnarum opum
putabatur.—5. Explain opes. [Milt. 5, [5], 6.]—6. Give
other instamces of societas with the gem. of what the
persom spoken of takes a share im.
[3] 1. Is t y r a n n ì am objective Or subjective gem-
itive ? [Pr. Imtr. 161, mote c.]—2. Distimguish between
onerariæ naves amd longæ naves.—3. Distinguish betweem
percellere and percutere.—4. Give all the forms for * three
days after he reached Sicily.' [Pr. Intr. 310.]—5. Is
there amy thimg remarkable in the temse introierit ? [Pr.
Imtr. 418, a.]
[4] 1. How is ad used im a d se venturum ?—2. Give
amother imstamce from Nep.
CH. V. [2] 2. Quinquaginta annorum imperium. 6.
D e m i g r a t í o m i s societatem, Milt. 1, 2: tantum abfuit a socte-
tate s c e l e r i s, Timol. 1, 3: quam difficiles plerisque videntur
c a l α m ì t a t u m societates, Cic. de Amic. 17, 64.
[3] 3. Percellere is to give any thing such a blow, that the con-
sequences of it remaim for a long time : percutere denotes a sudden
and violent blow, the effects of which are most formidable at first,
and gradually decrease: hemce percellere is often used nearly in tho
sense of evertere.
[4] 1. For adversus ; as ττρός for ἐτt. 2. A d hostem vehi
Dat. 4, 5.
20
230 QUES'1' I O N S Ü N
[5] 1. For what is iis ipsis used ?—-2. Give an im-
stance from Cæsar of the p e r s o n b y ω h o s e me a n s,
&c., being put im the ab!.—3. What is spiritus im- the
plural ?—4. What them is regios spiritus ?—5. What
verb besides repromere is used of crushing &c. the spirit?
[6] 1. What is the meaming of vellet here ?—2. Why
is obtineret in the subj. ?
EXER CIS E.
On the third day after Diom had arrived at Corinth,
Heraclides was banished. By this we see that a tyram-
my that has lasted Imamy years is supposed to be 'ome of
extemsive resources amd great stremgth. [Mem's] hatred
agaimst the tyramt was so great, that Diom easily over-
threw his govermment [mow] of mamy years' duratiom.
Diomysius thought that mobody would come against him
with a few merchant vessels. The king's proud spirit
was crushed by Diom withim five days after he first
reached Sicily.
CH. VI. [1] 1. Is consecuta stromger tham secuta ?
—2. Explaim sua mobilitate.—3. From what are the
metaphorical expressions efferre, demergere takem ?—4.
Est adorta : Drakemborch thimks that here amdim Thrasyb.
2, 5, we should read adorsus from adordiri ; is this me-
cessary ?
[5] 1. For eorum ipsorum opera, auæilio ; Or, p e r eos ipsos.—
See Z. § 455. Note. 2. Militibus—fossam perducit ; B. G. 1, 8,
1. 3. It generally means am over-confident proud spirit: as
moratis—s p i r i t u s tribunicios. Cic. p. Cluent. 39, 109. 4.
The tyrant's proud spirit. 5. Tramgere : as Liv. 1, 31, fr a c t i
simul cum corpore sunt s p i r i t u s illi feroces. So 26, 24: quo-
rum se vim ac s p í r í t ω s— fr e g ì s s e. -
[6] 1. * Was ready' or * consented :' the treaty not having takem
effsct. 2. Properly ut is omitted ; but the terms of a treaty are
frequently expressed shortly in this way.
CH. VI. [1] 1. Yes: it denotes the rapid, sudden following of
the second event. See Them. 7, [2], 2. 2. = eae sua mobilitate,
* in conformity with,' * according to'—or in English, * with her
w su a l fickleness.' 3. From the waves bearing up a vessel, or
allowing it to sink. 4. No: adorior, properly I rise up for any
thing, has also the meaning of rising up to undertake a d i ffi c u l t
i) ION, CH. VI. 231
[2] 1. In fi/io suam vim exercuit : why mot filium'?
—2. What does the in with abl. describe ?-—3. Explaim
reduacisset.—4. What have you to remark om parens?
[4] 1. How would et be construed here im English?
[Pr. Intr. ii. 233.]—2. When are et, que, used for * but ?
[Ib.]—3. What is the derivatiom of rhapsodia ?—4.
When rhapsodia is used without amy memtiom of the
poem, which of Homer's epic poems is meamt ?—5.
Quote the verse alluded to.—6. Why is omnia in sua
potestate esse velle better tham s e omnia—velle ?
[5] 1. What is obsequium here as opposed to acer-
bitas ?—2. What is interficiendum catrare ?
|
IEXIER. CISE.
Heraclides did mot emdure this, but got up a party [im
he state.] Diom did mot emdure this, but attempted to
exercise his authority agaimst Heraclides. Diom havimg
task, and is stronger than adorsus. The phrase oppugnare adorior,
which is the phrase in Thrasyb. 2, 5, occurs four times in Livy. B.
[2] 1. That would imply authority or influence exercised agaimst
him, imstead of merely in his case, with referemce to him. 2.
The person or object with reference to which the action is completed.
3. The full expression would be reduacisset in matrimonium.
So Suet. Dom. 8; ob reductam in matrimonium uxorem. 4. First,
its position, by which it is not only made emphatic itself, but also
adds emphasis to gravissimum vulnus : (2) that parens denotes the
matural relation of a parent to a son: pater rather the civil relatiom,
with reference to the rights of a father. .
[4] 3. íáTTetv ἀδήv. 4. The Iliad.
5. ουκ άyaόν τολυκοιρανίη' εῖς κοίρανος ἐστω,
εἰς βασιλεύς, φ κ.τ.λ. Il. 2, 204.
6. By thus prefixing se, omnia would lose its emphatic force : the
omission of the se is quite in Nepos's manner. B. See Them. 7, 4. '
[5] 1. Conciliation.
1 Kritz on în amicis fideles (Sall. Cat. 9, 2,) has this excellent remark: Hoc
fit, ubi verbum ita comparatum est, aut et per * im* præpositiomem accusativo
junctam cum objecto aliquo arcte coalescat, quæ vulgaris Test ratio, et absolute
cogitarì possit, ita ut vim suam mom in objectum exserat, sed per se generali
sensu positum addito ablativo cum * ín' præpositione accuratius definiatur, quippe
quo res illa significetur, in qua absoluta ejus actio versatur, vel quae actioni
causam aut originem præbuit. Talem verbi cum ablativo conjuncti rationem si
ezplicaveris formulú q u o d a t t i m et a d, vìm, constructionis plane fueris
assecutus, nullumque locum mom ea pedìes.—Probably Hamd explains the relation
9f im with the abl. better than by quod attinet ad (which is too general) thus ?
it denotes, “ rem, in qua aliquis versatur agendo, aut quam quis agens specta?
Turs. iii. p. 269. A.
232 QUESTIONS ON
vxercised his authority im the case of his som, receives
the severest woumd a husbamd [cam receive] by the
death of his wife. Diom did mot emdure this, but at-
tempted to crush by severity the party which he ought
to have wom by conciliatiom.
CH. VII. [2] 1. Quum q u o t i d i a n i maximi fierem,
sumtus : how would you construe quotidianus ?—2. Ex-
' plaim the principle which quotidianus here illustrates.— .
3. Give instamces.—4. What does manus porrigere meam
by implicatiom ?—5. Is manus porrigere used by amother
vwriter in this semse ?—6. Some MSS. omit the in amd
read nisi amicorum possessiones ; what difference would
this make ?—7. Give the derivatiom of porrigere.—8.
Explaim amittere optimates. .-
[3] 1. What is male audire ?—2. Goveriì audiendi,
[Pr. Imtr. 183.]—3. Cam you produce am example from
a prose writer of the goldem age ?
CH. VIII. [1] 1. Hæc ille intuens : have we me!
with this form before in Corm. Nep. ? [Alc. 4, 1.]—2,
Construe quorsum evaderent.—3. Give the derivatiom of
CH. VII. [2] 1. By the adverb, * every day.' 2. Adjectives
denoting time are placed with an emphatic force where we should
use adverbs. 3. Seras conditiones pacis tentantem, for sero, Suet.
Oct. 17: and in this very life of Corn. Nep. celeri rumore dilato, 10,
[1], for celeriter. 4. To appropriate them to himself; to take
them away by violence : the antecedens, i. e. the preceding action
of s t r e t c h i m g o u t the hands being used for the consequens,
the final action of taking the property away*. 5. Yes, by Curt.,
who, however, hâs ad mot ìn : jam etiam ad pecora nostra avaras
et instabiles manus porrigis, 7, 8, 19. 6. The misi amicorum
possessiones would then be connected with the principal sentence,
meque—suppetebat : if in is expressed, it is connected with the verb
of the accessory sentence, porrigeret. 7. Pro, forth, forwards ;
1'egere, to direct. 8. = amittere favorem optimatum.
[3] 1. To be spoken ill of. 3. Yes: homines i m s at e t i
l a b o r i s, Cæs. B. G. 7, 30.
CH. VIII. [1] 2. * What would be the emd of it.' 3. Quo
1 It is curious to observe that in English we should use either this prepara.
tory action, of stretchäng ovt the hands, or another preparatory actiom ome de
gree alearer to the real action implied, that of laying ovr hands upom the property
in question. -
DION, CH. VIII. 233
quorsus or quorsum.—4. Distinguish between callidus
âmd ad fraudem acutus.—5. How is * any' translated
after sine ? [Pr. Intr. 390, (a).]—6. How should we
express homo sine ulla religione ac fide ?—7. The general
rule for the use of ac is, that it adds a stronger notion to
a precedimg ome : is mot fides less tham religio ?—8. Adit
ad Dionem : is the ad always repeated after adire ?—9.
Give am imstamce from Cicero of the repetitiom of the ad.
[2] 1. Is the right reading probably in magno peri-
culo esse, or, magno periculo esse ?—2. Nisi—alicui:
why is aliquis, mot quis, used after nisi ?—3. Illi ìniìni-
cum : is inimicus always followed by the dat. ?—4. Quem
si invenisset idoneum—cogniturum [esse]; this is in oblique
narratiom, how should it stamd im direct marratiom ?—5.
Dissidenti : what is understood ?
[3] 1. Is partes eaecipere a usual constructiom ?—2.
Conjurationem confirmat : what is the meaming of confir-
mat here ?
[4] 1. Explaim elata.—2. What is understood after
conveniunt ?
[5] 1. Non modo non—sed : what is Hamd's expla-
^)€7*S?/S. 4. Callidus denotes the tact and skill acquired by per-
sonal experience : ad fraudem acutus relates to his natural disposi-
tiom. 6. A mam without a conscience. 7. Yes : but the being
without any fides is a stronger motion in the descending scale of
wickedness: it is a worse thing. 8. No. 9. A d me a d í r e
quosdam memini,—qui dicerent, &c., ad Fam. 3, 10: the construc-
tion with ad is the usual one, to express the simple notiom of going to
a person or place : the construction with the acc. only is the more
commom, when the verb has the accessory notion of visiting a man
to make a request, or to consult or advise with him, &c.
[2] 1. Magno periculo esse : * to be in danger' is, in periculo
esse, versari, &c.: but the in is usually omitted when periculo has
am adjective agreeing with it. 2. It means Some ome definite per-
son, though without mentioning the individual: quis is the indefinite
* amy.? Pr. Intr. 392, and note x. 3. No: we have inimici ejus
|below. 4. Si hunc inveneris—cognosces. 5. Dissidenti sc.
a Diome.
[3] 1. No: partes s u s c i p e r e is the usual construction, but
eaccipere is also used occasionally, where suscipere is the usual
form : thus s u s c i p e r e simttltates, inimicitias, less commonly
eaccipere : s u s c i p e r e labores and eæcipere. 2. Firmiorem
facit : strengthens.
4] 1. = Enuntiata. Pausam. 4, 6. 2. Eum.
[5] I. That the sed states sogthing greater and stromger that
20*
234 QUESTIONS ON
aatiom of sed after non solum, non modo, &c., as compared
with sed etiam ?—2. Is conata meut. pl. as commom as
conatus ? •
EXERCISE ON CH. VII. VIII.
I am filled with the greatest alarm. I do mot kmow
how [all] this will emd. It cammot be demied that great
sums are spemt every day. If such sums are spemt eve-
ry day, momey will soom begim to rum short. I kmow
that ome Callicrates, a mam without a comsciemce, was
his ememy. I have mothimg to lay my hamds upom, ex-
cept the possessioms of the aristocracy. There is mo
doubt, that if all are filled (partic.) with such alarm, you
will lose the favor of the aristocracy. Diom commis-
sioms ome Callicrates to pretemd to be his ememy. If you
fimd this persom fit-for-your-purpose, all will betray their
real sentimemts to him.
CH. IX. [1] 1. What festival was it ?—2. What is
conventus ?—3. Im what parts of a Greek or Romam house
were the apartments. to which a persom would retire to
sleep, or gemerally to avoid moise and interruptiom ?—4.
Explaim conscii. .
[2] 1. What is ornare ?—2. What them is armatis
ornare ?—3. Give am imstamce from Cæsar of eacercère
remiges.—4. How may quo fugeret ad salutem be com-
strued ?—5. What is umderstood ?
[4] How is notitia used im propter notitiam
takes the place of what has been wholly rejected. Pr. Intr. ii. 504.
See Thras. 1, [5]. 2. No: but it has sufficient authority : e. g.
c o m at a perficere, Cæs. B. G. 1, 3.
CH. IX. [1] 1. The festival of Proserpina, who was worshipped
in Sicily with great honors. 2. In the sense in which it is here
used of a religious assembly, a festival, it is rare in the goldem age.
3. In the upper part of the house, or in the rooms that looked
into the atrium. 4. = Conscii conjurationis ; i. e. conjurati.
[2] 1. Ornare frequently means to furnish or equip any thing;
to supply it with all that was necessary, to put it in a complete
state. 2. To mam a ship ; to put into a ship its full comple-
ment of fighting men. 3. Per causam e ac e r c e m d o r u m.
r e m i g u m, B C. 3, 24. 4. A place of refuge. 5. If
such a place should be required ; if he should fail.
[4] In a passive sense : in consequence of their being known to
DION, CH. X. 235
[5] 1. What is singularis potentia ?—2. Translate
* I had rather be feared than loved* im two ways. [Pr.
Imtr. 145, 146.]
[6] 1. Who are meant by the illi ipsi custodes ?—2.
Is propitia gemerally used in the same sense as here ?
—3. Give am imstamce of its application to mem.
IEXERCISE.
With this view Diom stayed at home amd took mo part
im the festival. He mams (partic.) a trireme, and gives
the commamd of it to a trusty persom. I will give the
commamd of this p a rt y (Say : of these) to a certaim
persom, who is mot to leave the door. I gave the com-
mand of this party to a trusty persom, who was mot to .
leave the door. He says that they shall have mo where
to fly to for security. It is said that one Lyco gave
[them] through the window a sword to kill Dion with.
[Pr. Imtr. 478.] If you are well disposed towards me,
you may save me. If you had beem well disposed to-
wards me, you might have saved me.
CH. X. [1] 1. What are the two meamings of con-
cìdere?—2. Give am instance of the latter meamimg.
[Hamm. 3, 4.]—3. Construe celeri rumore dilato.
[2] 1. Hujus de morte ut palam factum est : is this a
usual constructiom ?—2. Give instances of de beimg used
im this way to describe vaguely amd gemerally am event
them. So virtus—n o t i t i a m seræ posteritatis habet, Ov. Pont.
4, 8, 48.
[5] 1. The government of a single person : so singulare impe-
rium, &c. Regg. 2, 2. -
[6] 1. In § 1, it is said : domum c u s t o d í í s (= custodibus)
sepit : these guards admitted the Zacynthians. 2. No: it is
usually applied to the gods only. 3. Parentes p r o p i t i i.
Ter. Adelph. 1, 1, 6.
CH. X. [1] 1. To cut dowm s u d d e m l y, or cut to pieces ut-
terly. 3. * The rumor being quickly spread.* See note on
quotidiani above, 7, [2].
[2] 1. No : the usual construction is palam facere aliquid : as ;
Hac re palam facta, Hann. 7, 7. 2. Addunt d e S a b i m i
m o rt e, Cæs. B. G. 5, 41 : d e d e fe c t í o n e p at r i s detulit,
236 QUESTIONS ON
with its attemdamt cvrcumstances.—3. Give am imstamce
of sic with am adverb.—4. Explaim the tenses of possent,
cuperent. [Pr. Imtr. 439; and Alcib. 2, [1], 7.]
[3] 1. What is celeber of place ?—2. What is pub-
lice ?—3. What is the Latim for in a public place ?
IEXIER.CISE.
There is mo doubt that so dreadful a crime displeases
mamy. Amger succeeded to pity so suddemly, that it
seemed as if they would kill him themselves, if they
could. Havimg left mothimg behimd him to pay for his
fumeral (see Arist. 3, [2].) he was buried at the public
expense. Those who call me a tyramt im my life-time,
will after my death extol me as the father of my country.
IPHICRATES.
CH. I. [1] 1. Non tam magnitudine rerum gesta-
rum, quam disciplina militari nobilitatus est : does this
form disparage his res gestæ ?—2. Give am instance
from Cicero of nobilitari im the semse of what had bec 9me
famous.
[2] 1. Distimguish betweem multum amd sæpe. [Milt.
8, [2], 2.]—2. Distinguish betweem nusquam amd num-
quam.—3. What are unclassocal forms for no where ?—
4. Whem only cam partum—partim be used ?
Dat. 7, 1. So rà rcpì ròv fi6vov. 3. Græcas litteras—s i c α ν i d e
arripui quasi, &c. Cic. 3e Senect. 8, 26. See Pr. Intr. ii. 779.
[3] 1. Crowded, thronged, public, &c. e. g. portum Caietæ c e-
l e b e r r i m u m atque plenissimum navium. Cic. pro Leg. Mam.
12, 33. 2. At the public expense. 3. In publico.
CH. I. [1] 1. No': but states that his disciplina militaris was
even more remarkable, and more famous ; the nobilitatus est heing
tl1e point insisted om. 2. Nobilitata crudelitas. Off. 2, 7, 26.
[2] 3. Nuspiam and mullibi. 4. Whem am actual divisiom
is to be expressed. Pr. Intr. ii. 281.
l We must them suppose fuit e m í m talis duæ, &c. to meam that he was in
that respect (i. e. as a master of the theory and practice of the military art) im-
ferior to none. *
A-*
IPHICRATEs, CH. II. 237
[3] Why is uterentur used, mot usi essent ?
[4] 1. What does Bremi, after Görenz, say of e con-
trario ?—2. What does Hamd say to this ?—3. I)oes
Nep. use e contrario im other passages ?—4. Distinguish
betweem parma amd pelta.—5. Why is appellantur in the
present ?—6. What does modus meam here ?—7. What
are sertæ (loricæ) ?—8. Are sertæ atque æneæ two kinds
of lorvcæ ?—9. How is et used im, quod æque corpus tege-
ret, et leve esset ?—10. Give am instamce of et = et ta-
men.—11. What is peculiar in the use of curavit here ?
—12. Give am imstamce.
EXER.CISE.
Iphicrates was so great a gemeral, that he mever lost
a battle by amy fault of his owm. Is amy gemeral of
earlier times to be preferred to Iphicrates ? Iphicrates
is said mever to have lost a battle by his owm fault.
Iphicrates emriched the art of war by mamy mew imvem-
tioms amd mamy improvememts. Though we dimimish
the weight [of their armor], their persons will be equally
vwell defended, amd the soldiers themselves will be able
to move amd charge with greater activity.
CH. II. [1] 1. Præfuit ut—fuerint : explain the
temse of fuerint. [Pr. Intr. 418, a. See Milt. 5, [2],
[3] Because the meaming to be expressed is, that they had been
in the habit of having, &c.
[4] 1. That contrario has no authority ; that e contrario is used
by Nep. and Quintiliam ; eac contrario by Cicero. 2. That e
contrario = contra ; eae contrario = ex altera parte contraria : and
that there is no reason for rejecting e contrario in Cic. de Fin. 5, 12,
36. 3. Yes: Eum. 1, 5; Hamm. 1, 2; Att. 9, 3. 4.
Död. scutum. See Dict. of Antiqq. 5. To denote that it was
their regular constant appellation. 6. The length. 7.
Cuirasses consisting of metallic plates connected by leather thongs
antl sowed to a skim or piece of strong linem. 8. No: the atque
is explicative = * and those qf bronze,' implying that they were
therefore exceedingly heavy. 9. To connect two notioms of
which the latter might seem inconsistent with the former : = * and
yel * * and nevertheless.* Pr. Intr. ii. 220. 10. Magister hic
Samnitium summa jam senectute est, et quotidie commentatur.
Cic. de Or. 3, 23, 86. 11. It is seldom used in this sense ab-
solutely, that is, without another verb. 12. Sigma, q u ae mobis
curasti, &c. Cic. Att. 1, 3, 2.
238 QUESTIONS ON
3.]—2. Why is ut nullus, not ne quis, used here ? [Pr.
Imtr. 81.]—3. Dicto audientem esse alicui : parse dicto :
amd distinguish between parêre, obedire, dicto audientem
esse, obsequi, obtemperare.
[2] I. What is the meamimg of eam im, eam cor.suetu-
dinem ?—2. What is consistere ?
[3] 1. Explaim mora.—2. How does it appear to be
used here ?—3. What is intercipere ? amd what does in-
ter meam im compositiom ?—4. Tota Græcia : why aot \n
tota Graecla ?
[4] 1. What must be supplied before appellati sunt ?
—2. From whom were they called Fabiani ?
CH. III. [1] 1. Explaim the use of autem here.
[2] 1. Give the meamimg of parum.—2. Give am im-
stamce of quum—tum maæime from Cicero.
[4] 1. Contra ea : what authors of the goldem age
CH. II. [1] 3. Död. parêre.
[2] 1. = Such : * that' is sometimes used in this sense in Eng-
lish. 2. The regular military term for taking up a positiom.
[3] 1. Mora = μόρα, μοῖρα [ = 4 X6xov] was a regiment of the
Spartam army, consisting of 4, 5, 6, 7, or even 9 hundred men, at
different times and according to different authors.* 2. To de-
signate a body of Lacedaemoniam troops, as phalanae for a body of
AMacedonians. 3. Inter in composition denotes the interposi-
tion of some obstacle between am attempt and its success: thus im-
terdicere and intercede we.—Intercipere = to take them before their
purpose was accomplished ; hence to intercept, to cut Qff, especially
by a Stratagem Or suddem attack. 4. The ablative without im
is used to express, mot some point w i t h i n a whole, but extensiom
o v e r the whole. - -
[4] 1. Cum laude, or some such expression, implied by the fol-
lowing clause. 2. From Fabius cunctator, the first successful
opponent of Hannibal.
CH. III. [1] 1. It is the weak autem of transition = δ£. Pr.
Intr. ii. 481.
[2] 1. It always implies that the quantity is not only little, but
less tham it should be : too little. 2. Quum multis in rebus
negligentia plectimur, tum maxime in amicitiis et diligendis et
colendis. de Amicit. 22, 85, (Klotz): and de Off. 3, 11, 47. [Pr,
Intr. ii. p. 207, w) 1.]
[4] 1. Cæs. and Livy,—not Cicero
i The Dict. of Antiqq. makes the original number 400: but in Xenopho; e
time 600.
CHABRIAS, CH. I. 239
use this form = contra ?—2. Give other instances fronę
Nep. [Pref. [6] : Alcib. 8, 4: Com. 5, 4: Epam.
10, 4'.
EXERCISE ON CEI. II. III.
Iphicrates is said to have preserved am extremely
strict disciplime. Iphicrates wom great glory by cutting
off a Lacedæmoniam mora. Artaxerxes applied to the
Athemiams for a general, to traim his mercemary troops,
amd bring them to a high state of discipline. He will
mot retire till he has takem the city, [amd] burmt it to the
ground. Will you inspire amy ome with admiratiom by
your personal appearamce ? [No.] Memestheus the som
of Iphicrates by a Thraciam lady, was asked which he
respected most, his father or his mother ?
CHABRIAS.
CH. I. [2] 1. What cases does fidere goverm ?—2.
Give am mstamce of the abl. from Cicero.—3. What is
Agesilao v i c t o r i a fidente ?—4. What is there peculiar
in this comstructiom ?—5. Cam you give amy other im-
stamce of this ?—6. Is * phalana' used elsewhere of amy
Greeks, except the Macedomiams ?—7. What is obniaeo
CH. I. [2] 1. The dat. or the abl. 2. Ha c [Cynosura]
fidunt d u v e nocturna Phœnices in alto. poet. in N. D. 2, 41: haec
sunt opera magni animi et excelsi, et p r u d e n t í a c 0 n s í l i 0-
q u e fidemtis. de Off. I, 23, 81. 3. Agesilaus—feeling sure Qf
victory. 4. That thè abl. does mot express the ground of this
confidence, the thing in which he trusts, as in consilio fidere, &c.,
but the object of it, the thing which he confidently expects. 5.
The mearest is the common phrase fidems r e b u s s u i s : in poetry
the object is usually expressed by the inf., as im parum fi d e n s
pedibus contingere matrem, Luc. 4, 615: fi s u s cuncta sibi c e s-
s u r a pericula Cæsar, Id. 5, 577. 6. Yes: quæ prima p h a-
l a n g e m prostravit Laconum : Pel. 4, 2. 7. * Resting their
1 Hand says: ** Bremius observavit, Cornelium c o m t r a mom misi, Alc. 8, 1:
Ages. 7, 4; et Epam. 6, [1], c o n t r a qu e dixisse. Id fortasse argumentum erit
quaestionis de awctore hujus libri instituendae.'' Vol. ii. p. 124.
240 QUESTIONS ON
genu scuto ?—8. Describe the positiom.—9. What is
more usualtham projicere hastam ?—10. What is, id novum
contuens ?—11. Which is the stromger, contuens or in-
tuens, cernens ?—12. With what verb would you compare
contueri ?
[3] 1. Tota Graecla : whem is the abl. used without
in ? [Iphicrat. 2, [3], 4.]—2. What is status ?—3. Who
are the artifices here meant?
CH. II. [1] 1. Sua sponte gessit : comstrue this.
[Cim. 8, [3], 7.]—2. May sua sponte amd sponte sua be
used indifferently ? [Milt. 1, [4], 5.]—3. R e g n u m ei
c o n s t í t u i t : is constituere more tham parare ? if so,
what is its force ?
[2] Neque prius inde decessit, quam totam insulam
bello d e v í n c e r e t : * he did mot depart till he had con-
quered the whole islamd'—how is it that the Latim lam-
guage, which generally marks the completion of a pre-
ceding action more carefully tham our owm, here uses the
imperf. where we should use the pluperf. ?
[3] What is magnas prædas facere ab aliquo ?
shields on [one] knee.' 8. * The soldier places his right foot for-
ward, bends the right knee, and stretches out his left foot behind
him. He points his spear with both hands, and also rests the bottom
of the shaft om his shield which is placed before his breast, supported
by that and the right knee. The spear thus resting on the shield,
the shield being supported by the soldier's body, and the weight of
his body being thrown on the left leg, which is extended backwards,
the greatest possible force is exerted against the enemy, whose charge
is received in this position.' Möser. 9. P o r r i g e r e hastam *.
10. * When he saw this which was a new position:' = τούτο τδ katv6v ;
or τοῦτο, kauvòv öv. 11. Contuens = * beholding with a t t e m t í o m.
or a s t o m i s h m e m t.' 12. With conspicere = attentius intueri:
e. g. quos ubi Afranius procul visos cum Petrèio c o m s p e ac i t,
nova re perterritus—constitit. B. C. 1, 65. -
[3] 2. Position: posture, attitude. 3. Actors, musicians, &c.
CH. II. [1] 3. Constituere = parare et firmum reddere.
[2] Probably to mark out that his not withdrawing till he had
conquered the whole island, was, not only am historical event, but
also a purpose : that he was determined mot to leave the island, amd
accordingly did not leave it, till he had conquered the whole.
[3] Prædæ, pl., is here used for any gain : so Cic. Verr. 2, 3,
1 δόpata δρθὰ τροτειναμένους, Polyæm, ii, 1, 2.
c HATBRIAS-, Cii. I£. 24.
EXERCISE O N C H. I. I£.
it is certaim that Chabrias has feught a battle before
'Thebes. It cammot be demied that Chabrias has marched
£o the assistamce of the Bœotiams. The rest of the
maim-body would mot retire. A statue was erected to
Chabrias, for having taught his mem to kmeel down.
behimd their shields amd await the charge of the ememy
with a lime of poimted spears. Chabrias wished that
:his statue should be represented im the [kneeling] pos-
ture, which, by his directioms, his mem had assumed,
amd which had gaimed them the victory. I will mot
withdraw till I comquer the whole is!amd.
CH. III. [1] 1. Questum, quod—gereret : why is
gereret in the subjunctive ? [Pr. Imtr. ii. 833, and 836.]
—2. Is queri always followed by quod ? [Ib.—See Z.
§ 629.]—3. What is c u m Ægyptiis ?—4. What is de-
nuntiare ?—5. What is neque here equivalent to ?
[2] 1. Whem does non stamd first im a sentemce ?
ÌPr. Imtr. ii. 102.]—2. Construe liberalius, quam ut
posset effugere. [Pr. Intr. Diff. of Idiom, 94.]
[3] 1. Explaim the use of ut im : ut invidia gloriae
comes sit.—2. Neque intuuntur : from what verb does
ántuuntur come ?
[4] 1. Fecerunt idem : explaim this use of facere.—2.
What does it meam im the mext chapter : ìd ceteri facere
«oluerunt ?—3. Dissimilis horum et factis et moribus :
50, maximos quæstus prædasque fecisse. The phrase seems here
to meam all that the Egyptians gave Agesilaus for his services.
• CH. III. [1] 3. = una cum Aegyptiis : eos adjuvans. 4.
To declare in a positive, threatening manner. 5. Neque tamem ;
?eque vero.
[3] 1. Pr. Intr. ii. 826: where for noun read promoum.—See Z.
§ 621, and Notes. 2. From intuor for intueor : which frequently
occurs in Plautus.—So strido, fervo, scato, for which the longe*
forms strideo, ferveo, scateo, were afterwards used.
[4] 1. It is used as the representative of a preceding verb (ag
we use to do), even where no action has been spoken of. It is her8
= libenter aberant Athenis. 2. = non maluerunt perire. 3.
Horum may be the gem. after dissimilis; factis and moribus being
the abl. of manner (= * in actions and character'); or factis and
21
242 QUESTIONS ÓN
explaim the different possible constructioms of this pas-
sage.
CH. IV. [1] 1. What was the bellum sociale ?
—2. What is privatus ?—3. Is magistratus oftem used to
demote military commamd ? [Alcib. 7, [3], 2.]—4. What
is the usual word for military commamd ?—5. What must
be supplied after quam ?—6. What is adspicere here ?
[2] Dum studet—fuit : explaim this tense of studet.
[Pr. Intr. 509.]
[3] 1. What is suberat ?—2. In tutum : explain this.
[Them. 9, [3], 1.]
EXERCISE.
They complaimed that Chabrias was wagung war
agaimst them. Umless you returm before tne appoimted
day, we will comdemm you to death. Know that I do
mot like to be im the presemce of my fellow-citizens. He
speaks too freely', to escape the emmity of his fellow-
citizems. I thimk that every step from you is a step
from umpopularity. I thimk that every step from you
will be a step from umpopularity. You wiIl be able to
escape, if you throw yourself imto the sea. Is there mot
a ship at hand to receive you?
moribus may be datives after dissimilis, horum being the dependent
genitive after these substantives. In this case, a person is said to be
umlike things ; but this irregularity is not umcommon : e. g. præop-
taret equitis Romani fi l í a m. generosarum m u p t i i s. Att. 12, 1.
CH. IV. [1] 1. A war betweem the Athenians amd some of their
principal allies,—Byzantium, Chios, Rhodes, and Cos. Iphicr. 3, 3.
2. Without any command: = sine magistratu. 4. Im-
perium. 5. Quam eos, qui, &c. 6. To Iook to him as the
person in whom they had the most confidemce.
[3] 1. = in propinquo erat : so Cæs. B. G. 1, 25: quod mons
s u b e r a t.
JLâbere,
TIMOTHEUs, CH. I. 243
TIMOTHEUS.
CH. I. [1] Distinguish betweem mpiger amè. !abo-
7°?0S(?/ZS.
[2] 1. What is worth remarkimg im hujus præclare
facta ?—2. Give a similar instamce.—3. What does ia
refer to ?—4. What is this kimd of comstructiom called
im grammar ?—5. What are the words for * any' after
sine ? [P. I. 390 (a), amd mote v.]—6. What is the usual
word for to pay into the treasury ?—7. Why is in æra-
rium referre used here ?
[3] 1. What is pecunia numerata ?—2. Cives suos—
a u g e r ì maluit, quam id s u m e r e, &c. : give a similar
instamce from Nep. of the commectiom of a passive amd
am active infimitive with malo.—3. Quam id sumere, cu-
jus—posset : why the subjunctive ? [Pr. Imtr. 483,
(2).]—4. Explaim domum suam ferre.—5. Give a similar
InStam Ce.
CH. II. [1] 1. Circumvehens Peloponnesum : what
is the Lat. for, to sail round a place ?—2. To what them
CH. I. [1] Impiger denotes one, who without any hesitation or
delay sets to work with great activity and zeal: laboriosus is he who
carries om his work with extreme perseverance, sparing no pains to
bring it to a successful conclusion.
[2] 1. That facta, as a participle, has an adverb with it, amd,
as a substantive, governs a genitive case. 2. Dolere a l t e-
r i u s i m p r o b e facto. Cic. de Fin. 2, 17, 54. 3. To such
a substantive as æs or argentum implied in the preceding mille et
ducenta talenta. Comp. Cim. 3, [2], 8, 11. *" 4. Synesis : from
αύνεσις, intelligentia : the agreement being with a noun which is
knowm to be meant, though that actually used was different.
6. In ærarium deferre. 7. Because the same sum was paid in,
which had been expended ; so that the sum was repaid.
[3] 1. So much ready money ; so much in hard cash. 2.
V i o l a re clementiam, quam regis opes m i m u i maluit. Alcib.
10, 3. 4. To take it home for his own purposes ; hemce to ap-
propriate to his own use. 5. At hic nihil domum suam præter :
imemoriam nominis sempiternam detulit. Cic. de Off. 2, 22, 76
CH. II. [1] 1. Circumvehi aliquem locum. 2. To dum
244 QUESTRONS ON
is circumvehens equivalent ?—3. Give similar imstances
—4. Classem e o r u m ; to whom does eorum refer ?—
5. What is a comstructiom of this kimd called ? [Ch. 1,
[2], 4.]—6. Give a similar instance.—7. Mare illud ad-
jacent : what are the different constructioms of adjacêre ?
—8. Is jacêre used of a nation as well as of a country ?
[2] What is a pulvinar, and from what must it be dis-
timguished ? .
[3] 1. Huic uni ante id tempus contigit : what time
is meant ?—2. Distinguish betweem contigit amd accidit.
IEXIER CISIE.
It cammot be demied that he was very skilful in the
govermment of the state. Mamy instamces are recorded
of this man's wickedness. I do mot choose to accept
amy thing, of which I could appropriate a portion to my
owm use. Timotheus had a piece of good fortume, which
had happened to mo ome before him'. It was Timo-
theus's good fortume to reduce Corcyra, under the domim-
iom of the Athemia ms.
circumvehebatur : se may be supposed omitted. 3. I n v e-
h e m s belluis, Cic. de N. D. 1, 28, 78: quum p r æ t e r v e h e m
equo—vidisset, Liv. 22, 49, 6. Nearly so: anno v e r t e m t e, Ages
4, 4; ad se fe r e m t e m, Dat. 4, [5.]—See Z. §§ 145, 147. Note
4. To Lacedæmoniorum implied by Laconice. 6. Uni
versa It a l i a.—Q u o r u m ut fortuna atroae, ita causa fuit jus
tissima. Vell. Paterc. 2, 15. 7. Adjacêre mari, or mare, and
ad Syrtim adjacent, Pomp. Mela 1, 7. 8. Yes: e. g. Dat. 4,
[1] : quæ g e n s j a c e t supra Ciliciam. -
' [2] ** Sacrifices being of the mature of feasts, the Greeks and
Romams om occasiom of extraordinary solemnities placed images of
the gods reclining on couches with tables amd viands before them, as
if they were really partaking of the things offered in sacrifice. This
ceremony was called [by the Romans] a lectisternium.” Dict. of
Antiqq. Pulvinar was the cushion or pillow used on these occa-
sions : pulvìmus that ordinarily used at entertainments : see Pelop.
3, 2.
[3] 1. The time of Timotheus?
i Translate it more regularly, than Cornelius has done: imitate Cæs. B. G,
2, 35:. quod ante id tempus accidit mulli ; should accidit or comtigit be used ?
* Others read ante hoc tempus, . i. e. Cornelius's time: ante id tempus has the
awkwardness of making Timotheus the only persom to whom this had happen-
ed before his days.
TIMOTHEUS, CH. III. IV. 245
CH. III. [1] 1. Magno natu : give amother im-
stamce of this constructiom.—2. How does Dähme justi-
fy the use and positiom of Macédo ?—3. Wha, is jam
tum valens?
[2] 1. Quorum consilio uteretur : why subj. ? [Pr.
Intr. 483, (6).]
[8] Supprimere classem : what word is more usual
im this semse ? • * -
[4] Sibi proclive fuisse : how is fuisse govermed, amd
for what is it used ?
[5] Lis æstimatur : explaim this. [Milt. 7 [6], 5.]
CH. IV. [1] 1. Multæ novem partes detratit : how
mamy are novem partes ?—2. Explain the Romam mode
of calculatimg fractions.
[2] 1. How may quum pleraque possimus proferre
testimonia be construed ? [Pr. Intr. Diff. of Idiom, 116.]
—2. How is quum here used ?—3. How is pleraque
here used ?
[3] Ut mallet se—adire : explaim the use of se here.
[Pr. Intr. 145, 146.]
IEXIER.CISE.
The Athemiams, being sorry for the judgmemt they had
passed, are going to remit six-sevenths of the fime. I
CII. III. [1] 1. Scismas, m a ac i m o m a t u filius. Dat. 7,
[1] : see mote on that passage. ' 2. He thinks that it is placed
emphatically with valens = * that powerful Macedonian :' but it
seems to be against this, that valens is modified by jam tum.
3. * Who was evem then, or already powerful ;' implying that hebe-
came much more powerful afterwards.
[3] Reprimere : but iter supprimunt, Cæs. B. C. 1, 66.
[4] Pr. Intr. 460, (c), 1 :—for futurum fuisse. .
CH. IV. [1] – 1. Nine-tenths. 2. When the mumerator is
only one less than the denominator, they express the number of
parts by a cardinal numeral with partes ; so that quatuor partes
= £. For other fractions they used an ordinal (agreeing with
partes, understood) to denote the denominator* : decima pars =,,:
duæ decimae, 3,: tres decimæ = {3;.—Z. § 120.
[2] 2. F ό'iicei, etsi. 3. 'Éór permulta.
. : Om the mode of expressing fractions by the divisions of the as, see Pr. Intr.
s* 21*
246 QUESTIONS ON
Hear that the Athemiams are goimg to remit three-sev-
enths of the fime. From this it may easily be conjec-
tured, what the instability of fortume is. I had rather
rum the risk of my life, tham desert a friemd, whose repu-
tatiom is at stake. I shall repair the walls at my owm
expense. Instead of producimg, [as I could,] mamy im-
stamces of this mam's victories, (see Ch. 1, [2],) I shall
be content with two.
D A T A M E S.
CH. I. [1] 1. Venio nunc ad : give instamces of this
form of transitiom.—2. Give instamces im which quali-
ties are marked by am adjective amd am attributive gem.
or abl. case.
[2] 1. Hoc plura : parse hoc.—2. Explaim plerique.
[Pref. [1], 7.]—3. What is the force of et—et here ?
[Milt. 5, [3], 7.]—4. What is ratio?—5. What is appa-
rêre here ? -
[3] Et manu fortis, et bello strenuus : distinguish be-
tweem the two.
[4] 1. Militare munus fungens : what peculiarity is
there here ? [Pr. Intr. 333.]
CH. II. [2] 1. Is Nep. correct im saying that in
CH. I. [1] 1. Vemio munc ad voluptates agricolarum. Cic. de
Sen. 15, 51: so 16, 56. 2. Dion, 9, 3, quum a w d a c i s s i-
m o s, tum v i r i b u s m a ac i m í s : Suet. Nero, 2, 6: vir meque
satis c o n s t a n s et i m g e n i o t r u c i.
[2] 4. Ratio comprehends all that is necessary to make their
character understood: the events, their circumstances, Order, causes,
&c.: it is therefore more extensive tham causæ : including mot
only causes and motives but means. 5. To be seem in their
true light.
[3] Manu fortis relates to persomal bravery : bello strenuus to
his resolution, activity, and perseveramce as a commander. .
CH. II. [2] 1. No: Homer says he was killed by Menelaus, Il
DATAMES, CH. III. 247
Homer Pylaemenes is killed by Patroclus ?—2. Give
other imstamces of similar mistakes.—3. Explaim dicto
audientem esse alicui.
[5] For nihilo segnius some read nihilo s e c i u s :
give a similar instance of segnius.
EXERCISE GN CH. I. HI.
Letus mow cometo the c o m du c t a m d ab ility' of
this very brave mam. I fear that you will mot succeed
im this [attempt.] How few* are foumd, who are both
personally brave, and [also] active commanders. What
I am, will appear presently. Of Aeschylus Ishall relate
the more for this reasom, because his services were very
great im the war which the Athemiams waged against the
king of Persia. Thyus wished to try first to put him to
death secretly. He had privately put to death a little
boy, his sister's som.
CH. III. [1] 1. Hominem maximi corporis terri-
bìlique facie : give a similar instamce of the conmectiom
of a gemitive with am abl. im this constructiom.—2. Is
£his example quite similar ?—3. What is the supposed
differemce between the abl. amd the gem. in this com-
structiom ? [Pr. Imtr. p. 62: mote l.]—4. What is the
distimction given by Bremi, after Ramshorm ?—5. Is
this opimiom tenable ?—6. What seems to be the general,
5, 576. 2. Cic. in the 2d Book de Divin. 39, ascribes to Ajax;
what was really done by Ulysses; and in the very same book, c. 30,
puts the words of Ulysses into the mouth of Agamemnon. 3.
Död. parère.
[5] Nihilo s e g n i u s bellum parare : Sall. Jug. 75, fin.
CH. III. [1] 1. (Pompeius) oris improbi, animo inverecwndo.
Sall. Fr. 2. No: for the latter quality is a mental one. 4.
That the gen. denotes a property simply as belonging to the suhject :
the abl. the impressiom it makes upom others. 5. No: the ex-
ample oris improbi, animo inverecundo itself overthrows it. 6. That
the genitive describes the real nature and character of the subject ;
the abl. rather particular manifestations or circumstances of it*
i Comsilium. 2 Quotusquisque. [Pr. Intr. 477.]
p After makimg this distinction, Krüger remarks upon this passage, that
qualities of the body, so far as they relate to the whole body, belong to its real
mîalure, and cam, for that very reason, be in the genitive. Other qualities of
άe body are, therefore, expressed by the ablative only. Lat. Gram. p. 532.
248 €QÜESTIONS ON
though mot universal distimctiom ?—7. When must tae
gem. be used ?—8. Im what phrases must the abl. be
used?
[2] 1. Agresti duplici amiculo : explaim the use of
the two adjectives here.—2. Give similar instam ces.--
3. Im feram bestiam is feram superfluous ?
[3] 1. What is the meamimg of prospicerent here ?—
2. Primo non accredidit : is accredere a commom verb ?—
3. What does it meam ?
CH. IV. [1] 1. What peculiarity is there im quæ
gens jacet, &c. ?—2. Give am imstamce of jacêre, or ome
of its compounds, with gens. [Timoth. 2, 1.]
[2] 1. What is vexare regionem ?—2. Quae portaren-
tur : why the subj. ?
[3] 1. What mood does etsi usually take ?—2. Quam-
vis magno eæercitu : comstrue quamvis here.—3. Is quam-
libet ever so used?—4. Distimguish betweem imprudens
and imparatus, when the former relates to want of prepa-
ration.
[5] 1. Ad se ferentem : explaim ferentem here.—2.
7. Of mumbers, e. g. classis trecentarum mavium. 8. In bomo
animo esse ; animo forti et erecto, &c., ea mente.
[2] 1. Dupleæ amicvlvsm is equivalent to a compowmd strbstan-
tive. 2. Proelium equestre adversum : frumentaria magna
largitio. 3. No: bestia is an irrational animal, which is fera,
so far as it is mot tamed. *•_
[3] 1. To look at with attention. 2. No: it occurs howevez
in Cic. Att. 6, 2: viae a c c r e d e m s, communicavi cum Dionysio.
3. To believe with difficulty : nearly = our credit. .
€H. IV. [1] 1. He had before used Cataonia a cowmtry, which
he now denotes by gens, and uses with it jacêre, which is properly
used of countries only.
2] 1. To harass. it by plundering and devastating incursions,
&e. 2. It does not deseribe particular things which were actually
on their way to the king om a givem occasiom, but such things as
were regularly conveyed to the king: the expressiom is indefinite
both with respect to the class of things and to the time.
[3] 1. The indicative. 2. — fever so great.' Pr. Intr. 451,
note u. 3. Yes: Suet. Vesp. 5. quicquid—volveret—animo,
q u a m l i b e t m a g n u m. 4. Imprudens implies that the cause
of the want of preparation was, that the persom did mot perceive the
mecessity of it.
[5] i. It is used intransitively = ferentem se, bringimg himself
= advancing. 2. Circumvehems = circumvehens se, or dum
DATAMEs, CH. V. 249
What similar Imstance have we lately had?—3. Give
instances of other verbs of motion that are so used.—4.
Pertimescit : explaim its meamimg here.
EXERCISE ON C H. III. IV.
He will take good care that the report of this action
does mot reach you before himself. I have ordered you
to be equal im commamd with Pharnabazus. I have
writtem to order you to set out for Egypt. Aspis refused
obedience to the king (chap. 2, [2]), because the coum-
try he dwelt im was moumtaimous, and well fortified.
Let us intercept the king's dues. A few mem [indeed,]
but [those] brave [omes,] put their horses to their speed,
amd prepare to charge. He beheld a few mem indeed,
but brave ones, comimg agaimst him. *.
CH. V. [1] 1. A quanto bello ad quam parvam 7 em
misisset : quote a similar constructiom from Nep.—2. Se
ipse reprehendit : why not se ipsum ?—3. Convenit :
what is understood ? . *
[3] 1. Amicus Datami : what other constructiom
might have beem used ? [Milt. 3, [6], 4.]—2. What is
perscribere ?—3. In quibus : what does quibus agree
with ? - * .
4] 1. Ut tribuant : what is the mom, case ?—2.
What does obedire meam here ? .
5] 1. T a l i b u s :—what is the force of talibus ?
[Them. 2, [8], 1.] -
circumvehebatur. [Timoth. 2, [1], 1]. 3. Movens, vertens,
mutans; from moveri, verti, mutari. , 4. It implies a suddem
dread or panic. - - -
CH. V.^ [1] 1. Q u e m et ex q u a n t o regno ad q u a m for-
tunam detrusisset, xx. 2, 2. 2. That would meam he blamed
]himself, not some other person ; whereas the emphasis is here om the
person blaming ; he himselffelt how unwisely he had acted. 3.
Sc. eos. - •
[3] 2. To write a complete and full account. 3. Litteris :
implied in perscripta mittit.
[4] 1. Reges, implied by consuetudinem regiam = consuetu-
diiiem r e g u7m. 2, = obaudire, to give ear to; to follow their
advice.
250 QUESTIONS ON
CH. VI. [1] 1. Give am instamce of prospere proce-
dant.—2. P r iu s—pervenire cupiebat, q u a m de re male
gesta fama ad suos p e r v e n i r e t : why subj. ? [Pr.
Imtr. 500.]
[2] 1. His locis—ut—posset : how is hic here used?
is this usual?—2. Quote some such instanc es from
Nep.—3. Does Cic. use hic = talis?
[3] 1. What is in turbam exire ?—2. What does
Yelictum meam here ?
[4] 1. Et omnes confestum sequ : what is the force
of etThere ? [Pr. Intr. ii. 233.]—2. Is there amy other
peculiarity im the sentemce ?
[5] 1. Give instamces of tantum quod.—2. Do amy
of these exactly agree with the passage before us ?
[6] 1. Explaim composito.—2. What is ab aliquo
stare?—3. What other forms are used ?
[8] For what is cogitatum here used ?
CH. VI. [1] I. Sed tamem, ut omnia—p r o s p e r e p r o c e-
d a m t, multum interest te venire, Cic. ad Div. 12, 9: so also pros-
pere succedere, Liv. 21, 7.
[2] 1. Hi s locis = iis, talibus locis : * is' is more common in
this sense, but hic is sufficiently justified by many passages. 2.
Eumen. 5, 2: meque umquam ad manum accedere licebat, nisi h i s
locis, quibus pauci multis possent resistere. Ages. 3, 6: h i s locis
manum comseruit, q u i b u s plus pedestres copiae valerent. 3.
Yes: hoc animo im mos esse debebis ut, &c., ad Div. 2, 1: and
without following ut or qui : sed duros et quasi cormeolos habent
introitus (aures),—quod his maturis relatus amplificatur sonus
de Nat. Deor. 2, 57, 144.
[3] 1. To become generally known: so Cic.: eaeire atque in
vulgus emanáre ; pro S. Roscio, 1, 3. 2. * Deserted.'
[4] 2. Yes: par esse must be borrowed from the preceding sen-
tence, the non being rejected.
[5] I. Cic. ad Fam. 7, 23, 1 : tantum quod eae Arpinati vene-
ram, quum mihi a te litteræ redditæ sunt. Ad Att. 15, 13: hæc
quum scriberem, tantum quod eæistimabam ad te orationem esse
perlatam. Suet. Aug. 63, 1 : Juliam—Marcello—tantum quod
pueritiam egresso—nuptum dedit. 2. No : it would be like
the first, if quum were expressed: quum—jubet.
[6] 1. The usual form is eae composito ; but composito alone oc
curs, Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 29: c o m p o s i t o factum est : on which,
Donatus remarks: Sic veteres : nos, eæ c o m p o s i t o. 3.
Stare c ù m aliquo, Eum. 8, 2: and cum aliquo adversus aliquem,
Ages. 5, 4.
[8] Excogitatum would be the more usual form.
DATAMES, CH. VII. VIII. 251
EXERCISE ON C H. V. VI.
Artaxerxes does mot blame himself, but sends him
writtem directions [to leave] this great war [and] pro-
ceed to am imcomsiderable affair. How few there are
[Pr. Intr. 477] who if amy mischamce happens, blame
themselves ! Datames drew upom himself the emmity
of the courtiers the more, because the king had ordered
that he should share the command [chap. 3, emd] with
Ρharmabazus. You will be in great damger, if amy thing
goes Wrong im Egypt, while you have the commamd. .
There is mo doubt that you will have for your bitterest
enemy the mam, whose advice the king primcipally fol-
lows. Writtem orders were semt him by the king, to
march imto Cilicia with mot very mumerous forces.
Nothimg shall hinder me from preparimg the Egyptiams
tO réS1St.
CH. VII. [1] 1. Maximo natu filius : is this a
usual form ?—2. De defectione patris detulit : explaim
de defectione. [Diom 10, [2],]—3. Quam conari : what
does conari here meam ?
[2] I. Ciliciæ portæ : what are portæ here ?—2. Give
Cicero's descriptiom of this pass.
[3] Ancipitibus locis : give the derivatiom and the
declensiom of anceps. [Them. 3, [3], 2.}
CH. VIII. [1] 1. Statuit congredi, qu am, &c. :
explaim this comstructiom.—2. Give some imstances of
CH. VII. [1] 3. Not in this sense : as magno matu is * old,* so
snaximo natu should be * very old :' but it is here used for maximus
amatu, * the eldest.' 3. To make an actual attempt : to begin
£o act.
* 2] 1. A narrow pass: = angustiæ. 2. Duo sumt aditus
in Ciliciam ex Syria, quorum uterque parvis præsidiis propter an-
gustias intercludi potest, nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam
omunitius. Ad Fam. 15, 4. •
CH. VIII. [1] 1. Potius is omitted before quam ; as μᾶλλον of-
, tem is before # in Greek. 2. Ea (Fortuna) res cumctas eae lu-
bidine q u a m eae vero celebrat obscuratque ; Sall. Cat. 8. tan-
ta vis hominis leniumda q u a m eacagitanda videbatur, &c. Id,
48, 5. beneficiis q u a m metu imperium agitabant, &c. Id. 9, 5.
252 QÜESTIONS ON
the ellipse of potius or magis.—3. Give instances of se-
dêre = to remain in active.
[3] 1. What does loci natura here meam?—2. Hu-
iu § 37 to whom does this relate ?—3. What solution of
ihis difficulty does Bremi offer ?—4. Non amplius homi-
3mum mille : explaim this constructiom.
[4] What is callide cogitare ?
[5] 1. What is bellum ducere ?—2. Ad pacem amici-
tamque hortatus est, ut cum rege in gratiam rediret : is
the last clause, which seems superfluous, mecessarily to
be rejected ?
[6] What is conditio here ?
EXER CISE ON CEI. VII. VIXI.
[If] we seize upom the wood, the ememy camnot pass
by without being distressed by the difficulty of the
groumd. If a battle had been fought here, the mumbeis
of the ememy would mot have hurt [me] much, small as
my force was. Autophradates resolved to fight a battle,
rather tham to be emtangled im difficult ground. The
mews having beem brought about the approach of Auto-
phradates, Datames emdeavored to seize the Cilician
gates. Autophradates will mot be able to march by [us]
without being emclosed im the marrow pass.
CH. IX. [2] 1. Quum nuntiatum esset quosdam sib3
Claudii—oratio fuit precibus, q u a m jurgio similis : Liv. 3, 40,
3. Quin immo Arretii ante mgemia, sedeamus : Liv. 22, 3
ubi sedens prospectaret hostem : Ib. 14.
[3] 1. The advantages of his ground. 2. To Autophra
dates, though Datame8 is the mearest substantive. 3. That i$
refers by Synesis, [Milt. 5, [1], 4} to numeri, implied by the preced-
img has copias. 4. Quam is omitted. See also Milt. 5, [1], 5.
[4] Tolay his plans with great ability or ingenuity.
[5] 1. To draw out or lengihem out the war: Alcib. 8, 1, wêf
had ut bellum quam diutissime duceret. 2. No: such ex-
planatory clauses are not uncormmon. See Milt. 1, 2, Delphos
deliberatum missi sunt, qui consulerent Apollinem.
[6] Proposal : See Cira. 1, [4].
CH. IX. [2] 1. If Nep. had said quum audisset, &c., sibi would
have been quite correct: as quum nuntiatum esset, sc. ei, has vir-
tually the same meaning, and mo mistake eam arise, the u$e of sib3
seems to be quite justifiable.
DATAMES, CH. X. 253
insidiari : is sibi used correctly here ?—2. Qui in am*-
corum erant numero, this being a, subordinate clause im
oblique narratiom, why is erant in the indicative ? [Pr.
Intr. 466.]
[3] 1. Simillimum sui : what is the usual differemce
betweem similis sibi amd similis sui ? [Pr. Imtr. 212,
note w.]—2. Is the rule without exception ?—3. Give
imstamces of its violatiom.—4. What is meamt by eo loco ?
—5. Some critics thimk vestitu should be rejected, simce
prnatus militaris is the usual term for regimentals : how
would you justify its retentiom ? »
[4] 1. What is prædiaeerat here ?—2. Parati essent
facere : give am imstance from prose classics of the inf.
after paratus, instead of ad faciendum.—3. Conjicere
tela : what does con oftem imply im compositiom ?
CH. X. [2] 1. Hanc—missam : what do these
words agree with ?—2. Why mot with fidem ?—3. Them
vwhat do you suppose deætra to meam here ?
[3] 2. Certainly not, but the preponderance of authority is im
favor of it. 3. (1) Gem. of eaetermal resemblance: Phidias s u i
similem speciem inclusit in clypeo Minervae. Cic. Tusc. -1, 15:
p l e c t r i similem linguam mostri , solemt dicere, c h o r d a r u m
dentes, nares c o r m i b u s iis, qui ad mervos resonant in cantibus,
Id. N. D. 2, 59; where observe the gen. and dat. used indifferently.
P r ae t o r i s admodum similem fuisse constat. Val. Max. 9, 14.—
(2) Dative of internal or moral resemblance : mom ego eum cum
summis viris comparo, sed s i m i l l i m u m d e o judico. Cic. pro
Marcello, 3. 4. Loco sc. agminis, quo duae incedere solebat.
5. Cic. joins the two words in the very same way : vestitu et ornatu,
*egali : de Fin. 2, 21, 69: vestitus is the dress generally, ornatus js
the more general term for his whole equipment. -
[4] l. = præceperat. Them. 7, [3], 3. 2. Cic. p. Quint. 2,
8: id quod p a r a t i sunt fa c e r e. Sall. Cat. 20, fim. misi—vos
8 e r v i r e magis quam i m p e r a r e parati estis. Cæs. B. C. 1, 7:
8ese p a r a t o s esse—defendere, &c. 3. Vigor, promptitude,
earnestness, attention, &c.
CH. X. [2] 1. Dextram. 2. Because the phrase δεδιάν τάμτειν
occurs im Greek, and is imitated by other Latin authors. Thus
δεδιάν αὐτοῖς ἐτεμψε νόμω Περσικά, Polyaen. 7, 28, 1: so Xen. Ages. 3,
3 ; and δεδιὰν φέρειν, Anab. 2, 4, 1. In Justin 11, 15, we reäd: iii
quam rem unicum pignus fidei regiæ d e ac t e r a m se fe r e m d a m.
Alezandro dare. And Tac. Hist. 1, 54: Miserat civitás Lingomum,
vetere instituto, dona legionibus, d e c t r a s, hospitii ánsigne.
3 Either an assurance, sent by letter or by an ambassador, that the
92
254 (QUESTIONS ON
[3] 1. Persuasit homini : has homo amy deprecaatang
force here ?—2. Giye a similar instamce from Cicero.—
3. Whem does persuadeo take ut ? whem the inf. ?—4.
What is infinitum bellum here ?—5. Amicitiam gerere—
explain this use of gerere.
IEXER CISE ON CH. IX. X.
Autophradates, whem he perceived that Datames could
not be emclosed im the pass, resolved to lengthem out the
war. Datames resolved to lengthem out the war, [rather]
tham fight a battle im difficult groumd. Be prepared to
do, whatever you see me [do.] I will direct him, to do
whatever he sees me [do.] I directed him to do, what-
ever he saw me [do.] I will hurl missiles agaimst them,
before they arrive at [my] substitute. I will slay Da-
tames, if you will permit me to do whatever I please
with impunity. Mithridates, after he had received from
the king by letter his plighted-hand, promised to slay
Datames.
CH. XI. [1] Deque ea re : others read de qua re ;
quote passages to justify the ea.
[2] 1. Ante aliquot dies : is this correct accordimg to
the usual practice of the best writers ?—2. Atque ipsos
promiser made as solemm am oath as if he had given his right hand
(which perhaps he really had done to some sponsor, as it were, of
the absent person): or the actual device of a right hand, as a
pledge, that the promiser had bound himself by a solemm oath It
is most probable that Tac. alludes to some such device, the dexteræ
being an insigwe hospitii : but this, of course, does not prove that
the Persians had a similar custom.
[3] 1. No. 2. Quid enim abest huic homini ? i. e. Pompeio,
pro Corn. Balb. 4. See Paus. 1, [1], 1—6. 3. It takes ut when
the person is persuaded to do something ; the inf. whem he is per-
suaded (= convinced) that any thing is so and so. 4. * A war
of extermination:' bellum intermecimum. 5. Possibly it implies
that the garb of friendship was assumed ; but gerere amicitiam
occurs without any implied notion of this kind, Cic. ad Fam. 3, 8, 5:
de amicitia gerendo præclarissime scripti libri. So inimicitias
gerere, Att. ll, 5; odium, simultatem gerere, &c.
CH. XI. [1] Deque his, Gic. de N. D. 1, 1, 2: deque eo, de
Fin. 5, 6, 17. Comp. Milt. 6, 2.
[2] 1. No: ante aliquot dies is * a few days ago ;' with refer-
emce to the speaker, It should be aliquot diebus ante. 2
DA TAMES, CH. AI. 255
scrutarentur ; who are the ipsi ?—3. Qui e £ p l o r a-
r e n t—mittunt : explaim the use of the imperf. subj. with
the presemt mittunt. [Pr. Intr. i. 414, b.]
[3] 1. What is telum ?—2. Have we had amy other
instamce in Nep. of telum for gladius ?
[4] Distimguish betweem digredi amd degredi.
EXERCISE.
He pretemds to be returming to the same place. He
pretends to have carefully moted the groumd. He prom-
ised to show him a good place for a camp. He prom-
ised the king to take Datames by treachery. The eme-
my, after they had umsheathed their swords' amd hid
them under their clothes, returmed to the same place.
Datames and Mithridates: but from the utrique, the meaning is
themselves and their followers.
[3] 1. Te l o r u m appellatione omnia, eæ quibus saluti homi-
mis noceri possit, accipiuntur, Julius Paulus, sentent. recept. 5, 3,
3: = * weapons of qffence ;' though properly missiles. 2. Yes:
Alcib. 10, 5, subalare t e l u m.
[4] Degredi is simply to go away : digredi is to go away; when
those, with whom I have been, also go away in amother direction.
In other words, degredi denotes departure simply ; digredi implies
departure and reciprocal separation.
i Use gladius
N()T ES
XV. EPAMINONDAS.
SYNOPSIS.
I. General cautiom in regard to the circumstances amid which Epaminondas
was educated. II. His poverty, and accomplishment in various pursuits
III. Mental and moral character ; devotion to jurisprudence amd philoso-
phy ; his friendly offices, and kindmess. IV. Artaxerxes attempts to brfbe
him, but does not, succeed. V. His eloquemce ; sceme with Memeclides.
VI. Reply to Callistratus ; speech against the Spartans. VII. His forbear-
ance under injuries ; for the good of his country, incurred the risk of
capital punishment. VIII. Tried but acquitted. IX. Died at Mantinea.
X. Unmarried; his patriotism.
I.—1. Haec . . . . lectoribus. ** It seems necessary to premise
these circumstances to the reader.*'—Pari fuisse. “ Were regarded
in the same light by or among others.”
3. Exprimere imaginem. Literally, ** to express the image,”
i. e. ** to draw a correct picture,* ** to give a faithful portraiture or
representation*—Consuetudinis atque vitæ. * Of the ordinary habit
= the daily deportment, and life.”—Ad eam declarandam. ** To the
explaining it,” i. e. ** to explain it,'° ** to place itim a clear light.”—Ante-
ponuntur, ** are preferred.”
II.—1. A majoribus, ** by ancestors.”—Eruditus, ** well-taught,”
i. e. ** learmed.'—Magis, ** More so.*'—Citharizare, ** to play on the
cithara, or harp.*'—Ghorda is, properly, ** am intestime,” (xopóì;) et
cantare ad chordarum sonum, ** amd to chant or sing to the sound
of the strings of a musical instrument or of musical instruments.”—
Qui non minore fuit gloria. ** Who was not Jess eminent.” Sum
with the ablat.—Tibia, meaming originally a bone, applied to a musi-
cal instrument with notes because it was first made of bome.
2. Deditus, ** devoted.*—Anteposuerit, “preferred.”—Condiscipu-
los, ** fellow-students.”—Artibus, ** pursuits.”
3. Ad . . . . consuetudinem = to the English expression, ** ac.
cording to our ideas.”
4. Ephebus, a youth from sixteem to twenty years of age.
EPAMINONDAS. 257
III.—1. Bona, referring to virtues.—Temporibus . . . . utens
** Skilfully availing himself of favorable occurrences.”
2. Celans commissa, ** concealing secrets intrusted to him.*'—
Diserte, ** discreetly.”
4. Perpessus est, ** he bore.” From de y, perpetior, (per, patior.)
Amicorum .... caruit, ** he did not avail himself of the wealth of his
friends for his owm maintenance.”
IV.—1. Abstinentia, ** uprightness.'—Magno . . . . auri, ** with
a Iarge amount of money.*— Diligebat. Trace the derivation.
2. Orbis terrarum divitias. Like our expression, ** wealth of
the Indies.”
3. Non miror, ** I am not surprised.”
4. Tua causa, ** for thy sake.”—Ad . . . . pervenisse, ** I had
taken by force.”
6. Proferre possemus, ** We could adduce.*'— Quorum . . . .
explicarunt. ** Whose lives (sc. vitas) many authors, before us, have
detailed separately, in many thousand lines = at great length.”
V.—1. Neque . . . . ornatus. ** Not less concise in the brevity
of response than ornate in continued speech.”
2. Obtrectatorem, ** detracter.”
3. Florere, ** was successful and shone.”
4. Utendum est vobis, ** you must employ.”
6. Contra, ** on the contrary.*'—Totam, ** all.” -
VI.— 1. Societatem, ** alliance.*'—Legatus, ** legate.”
VII.—1. PLocorum angustiis, ** in a marrow defle.*'—Obsidiome,
** from blockade.” ,
3. Maxime autem fuit iHIustre. Supply testimonium patien-
tiæ injuriarum suorum civium.—Prætores, ** commamders.”
4. Populiscitum or plebiscitum, ** a decree of the people.” It is
ópposed to senatus consultum, for, in regard to decrees and ordinances,
the people (populus) were divided into two classes, plebs and sematus.
A decree of the whole people, or, which is the same thing, of the two
above-mamed classes, was properly called populi jussum.—Impruden-
tiam, ** inconsiderateness, implying also, want of foresight.*'—Multa-
bat or mulctabat. The verb multo implies, in connection with pun-
ishment, loss or deprivation ; in this ease, deprivation of life.
VIII.—1. §ua opera, ** by his means.” -
2. Neque .... subiret. ** Nor did he deny but that he should
undergo the punishment of the law.*— In periculo suo. * In his bill
of condemnation”—** the record of his judicial sentence.”
3. Apud, ** before or mear by.”
4. Retraxit, ** snatched—saved.”—Universam . . . . vindicavit.
** Asserted the liberty of all Greece.**
• 29*
258 NOTES.
5- A judicio, &c. See Lexicon, under the word Caput.
IX.—3. Mortiferum, ** bearing death, i. e. deadly.*
X.—1. Maleque eum consulere patriæ, ** that he neglected
the interest of his country.”
4• Nemo eat inficias. ** Nobody can deny.*'—Caput .... Græ-
ciae, ** was at the head of all the Greciam states*
XVI. PEI, 0PII) AS.
SYNOPSIS.
I. Is drivem Into exile. II. With others returns In disgulse to Thebes.
III. Pelopidas restores liberty to his fellow-citizems, the tyramts having
been slain and the garrisom drivem from the citadel. IV. This exploit the
work of Pelopidas ; in most of his other deeds, he shares the glory with
Epaminondas. V. Struggling with adverse fortune, he revenges the
affront put upom him by Alexamder of Thrace, with whom he waged suc-
cessful war, though he himself fell therein. The Thessaliam cities honor
his memory.
I.—1. Quemadmodum exponam. ** In what manner I may set
them forth.'—Si tantummodo summas (sc. res) attigero, ** if I shall
touch only om his chief actions.”—Medebor cum satietate tum igno-
rantiæ lectorum, ** I shall provide against both the satiety and the
ignorance of my readers.”
2. Laconum rebus studebant, ** favored the interests of the
Lacedæmonians.*'—Idque ... consilio. ** And he did that of his own
private judgment, without the sanctiom of the public.”
3. Thebanis . . . . esse. ** That they had to do with, i. e. that
they must contend with the Thebans.*'—Patria carebat, ** lived im
exile.”
II.—1. Contulerant se. ** Had betakem themselves.”—Ut . .
obtulisset. ** They might endeavor by the first occasion which for-
tune should present.”
2. sentiebant idem, ** agreed in sentiment and feeling.”—Ad
. . . . opprimnendas, ** for overwhelming their ememies.**— Eum, “ that
mamely.”
3. Omnino, ** all-together.”
5. Ut . . . . pervenire. ** That they might reach Thebes at twi-
light,* {when the sky was closing in evening.)—Vestitu agresti,
*,
AGESILAUS. 259
** 1. rustic clothing.”—A quo ... datus, ** who appointed both the
day und the hour.”
II..— 1. Libet, ** I am disposed,” interponere, ** to insert.”— De-
venisse, ** had repaired.” •
2. Omnia perscripta erant, ** all the particulars were fully
written out.*'—Sub pulvinum subjiciens, “ castingumder the pillow or
bolster om which he reclined.”—In . . . . severas, ** I defer, he says,
matters of toil, or severe measures, until to-morrow.”
3. Ex agris, ** from the country.”
IV.—1. Sicut ... docuimus, ** as we have taught above."—
Dimicatum est, ** the warfare raged.”—Hæc . . . . Pelopidae, “ this
credit of freeing Thebes belongs to Pelopidas.”
3. Affuit, ** he was present.” When f follows the preposition, d
is oftem changed into f; thus adfui or affui. See Lexieom, Adsum.
V.—1. Initio, ** at the very outset.*'—Exsul . . . . caruit, briefly,
** he was expatriated.*'—Tectum, ** protected.'—Consuesset, ** was
wont.**
2. Violatus erat, ** he had been abused or injured.”
3. Summa, ** chief directiom.*'—Nom dubitavit, ** he did not hesi-
tate.”—Confligere, ** to engage with them.”
4. Incensus ira, ** incensed by a just resentment.” Some read,
incitus.
XVII. AGESILAUS.
SYNOPSIS.
I. Agesilaus preferred to his mephew for the Spartam throme. II. By a sud-
dem stroke of policy, he meets the Persiam general in Asia before he is
aware that Agesilaus had evem set out om his march; his reasons for
adhering to his faith, though faith was broken by the Persiam general.
III. The truce ended ; while the ememy expect him in Caria, he devastates
Phrygia ; the mammer im which he stimulated the emergies of his army for
its reorganizatiom at Ephesus ; the same wary policy characterizes him ;
his successes; mode of success. IV. His obedience characterized ; the
battle at Coronea ; his veneration. V. The Corinthiam victory ; reasoms
for not storming Corinth and other Greciam cities. VI. Declimes to go to
Leuctra; saves Sparta ; his knowledge of human mature. VII. His publie
gifts ; his own moderation. VIII. Personal umcomeliness—diminutive amd
Iame ; his forbearamce of comforts ; his gratuities.
I—I. Eo.... familiarissime, “ for he enjoyed his most intimate
friendship.”
260 NOTES.
3. Alter .... alter, ** one . . the other.*'— Fieri, regem undem-
stood.—Deligebatur, ** he was chosem.”
4. Agnorat for agnoverat, ** had acknowledged.”—Suum, “ his
own som.” 3
II.—1. Imperii potitus est, ** he obtaimed the chief power.”—
Regi, ** against its king.”—Pedestres exercitus, * infantry.”
2. Tanta celeritate, ** so great expedition.*'—Copiis, ** his troops.”
—Eum profectum, ** that he had set out.*—Factum est, ** it was
brought about—it happemed.”—Imprudentes, ** off guard—umawares.”
—Offenderet, ** he did strike.”
3. Ut .... conveniret, ** that the Lacedæmoniansmight come to
an agreement with the king.”—Re vera, ** in very truth—in reality.”
4. Sine doIo, ** wù*hout fraud.” -»
5. Jusjurandum servabat, ** he kept inviolate his oath.”—Suis
rebus, ** from his cause.” — Religio, ** good faith.”—Quum animad-
verteret, &c., ** whem they- (the army) perceived that the divinity of
the gods was om his side,” &c.
III.—3. Præstitissent, ** had surpassed.*'—Magnis . . . . muneri-
bus, freely, ** he would honor more highly with his gifts.”—Effecit,
** he brought it about.*'—Ornatissimum et exercitatissimum, “ the best
equipped, and im a surpassing state of discipline.”
5. Q,uum . . . . fefellisset, ** whem the opiniom deceived him,” i. e.
** when he was disappointed in his expectation.*'—Victumque .... con-
silio, ** amd beheld himself vamquished in stratagem.”
6. Nunquam . . . . potestatem, ** he never afforded am opportuni-
ty of attacking him (never exposed himself) on level ground.”—Con-
serere manum, or mamus, pugnam, prælium, ** to join battle, fight
hand to hand, come to close quarters, engage in close combat.”
IV.—2. Pietas, signifies“such conduct as is conformable to duty,
scrupulousness, conscientiousness.*'—Suspicienda est, “is to be looked
upon with admiration, esteemed.”—Quam virtus bellica, ** than his
abjlity in war.*'—Modestia, ** humility,* implying ** forbearance.”—-Ut
.... Spartæ, * as if he had beem a private individual in am assembly
of the people at Sparta.”
4. Anno vertente, ** in the revolving year.”
6. Q.ui . . . . minuerent, ** who impaired the respect due to re
ligion.”
V.—2. Græciæ .... potuisse, ** that the Greeks might have
takem vengeance om the Persians.” - &
VI.—II. Ut . . . . divinaret, ** as if he did divine the issue.*'—
Noluit, ** he was reluctant—he refused.”—Præbuit se, ** he showed
himself.”
2. Discrimen, ** crisis.'— Editum locum, ** am elevated position.” .
EUMENES. 261
Üt . . . fecissent, ** as if they had done it with good intent.*— Con-
silium, **judgment.”
VII.—1. Se . . recuperarunt, ** never recovered themselves,
mor regained their ancient power.”—Non destitit, ** did not cease.”
2. Sublevavit, ** he relieved.”
• 3. Victus, ** manner of living.”
4. Intrârat for intraverat.—Contra, “ on the contrary."—Inopis,
** of the humble.”
VIII.—1. §ic . . . . corpore, ** so he found her umpropitious in
(in regard to) his bodily frame.”— Nam . . . . exiguo, ** for he was of
humble stature, and diminutive body.'—Claudus altero pede, ** lame
of one foot.”
2. Q.uod.... venit, ** this happened to him.”—Huc, ** thereupon.”
—Vestitu . . . . obsoleto, ** in meam and well-worm clothing.”— Non
beatissimi, ** not the most favored of fortune.”
3. Fides facta est, ** credit was givem.”
4. Et .... opsonii, ** and other species of this kind of food.*'—
Desiderabat, ** did require.”—Secundamque mensam, ** and thé second
course,” consisting of dessert, fruits, &c.—Referri, ** to be returned.”
6. Qui vocatur (supply portus) Menelai.—In decessit,
** having fallen into a disease, he died.”
XVIII. EUMENES.
SYNOPSIS.
I. General remarks ; serves both Philip and Alexander in a post of great
responsibility. II. He receives Cappadocia, amd serves Perdicas. III. His
fidelity ; governs part of Asia; stratagem by which he ingeniously brings
his troops to face the ememy. IV. His success; particulars of the battle.
V. Pursued by Antigonus ; besieged, his resources in a siege. VI. His
advice to Olympias ; his fidelity. VII. Manages in the name of Alexander,
VIII. Fights with Antigonus; insubordinatiom and licentiousness of
Macedoniam Phalanx ; Antigonus's device. IX. Is circumvented by Eu-
menes. X. Eumenes is basely betrayed to Antigonus. XI. Incidents of
his captivity. XII. His death. XIII. His services, and power.
I.—3. Domestico summo genere, ** of the highest rank in his
own country.”—Vincebat, ** he did surpass.”—Cura, ** in anxiety*
4. In intimam familiaritatem, ** into close intimacy.”
5. Habuit eum ad manum, ** he had him in attendamce.”
262 INOTES.
6. Q,uæ Hetærice appellabatur, ** which was called the social
band,'' (from the Greek word £raugos, a compamion)
II.—2. In . . . . pervenissent, ** should reach the age of puberty,
i. e. when they became their own masters.**—Quod . . . . posset,
** which .cam easily be understood.”—Dicta, ** spoken of thus.”
4. Ae . . . . societatem, ** and should make alliance with himself.?
III.—4. Dilapsuras, ** would be about to slip away.”
IV.—4. HIIo usus erat familiariter, ** he had been intimate
with him.*'—Ossa, ** his bones—his remaims.”
V.—1. Hæc dum geruntur, ** while these transactions are going
on.”— Et . . . . defertur, ** and the supremaey is transferred.”—Suf-
fragium ferre, ** to carry one's vote to the urn,” (sitella;)“hence, ** to
vote.”—Damnare capitis, ** to condemn to death.* Sometimes it re-
fers to one's welfare, weal, or good name ; especially civil life in the
judicial sense, that is, the sum of all the rights and privileges of a
Romam citizen, (which, if he loses, he loses his caput.) Causa capi-
tis, accusare capitis, are commonly (except in causa perduellionis)
to be understood of eacilium. Exile referrimg to these three things and
privileges, viz., freedom, rights of citizenship, family.—Eaciles res,
** little things.”
3. Extremo tempore, ** finally.” . *
4. Equos militares, ** his warlike chargers.”—Agitandi, ** of or
for exercising them.”
5. Prioribus pedibus, ** with fore-feet ;'* plane, ** fully.*— Eac-
cutiebat, ** was constantly striking out while the motiom lasted—did
strike out.*'— Decurreret, ** should rum out, in the sense, should be
exercised.”
6. Factum est, ** was done, brought about, accomplished.”—
Jumenta, ** animals.” Jumenta for jugmnenta, from jungo, strictly,
** draught-cattle.” The Greek ίτοζytov.—In campestribus locis, “in
a champaign country ; opem, flat places, level ground.”
7. In hac conclusione, ** during this siege.”—Alias . . . . alias,
** at one time . . . . at another.”
VI.—1. Et . . . . occuparet, ** and take possessiom of that govern-
ment.”
2. Raperetur, ** she should be drawn.”—Ommium . . . . oblivisce-
retur, ** should bury in oblivion all injuries.”
3. Gessit, ** bore, carried, conducted.*'—Opem, * assistance.”
4. Subsidio sibi, ** to her assistamce.”
5. Satius duxit, ** considered, esteemed it better.”—Referentem,
** rendering.”—Ingratus, ** an ungrateful one, an ingrate.”
VII.—2. Principiis. See infra, VII.—Administrare, ** to mam-
99
age.
EUMENES. 263
3. Nam . . . . regia, ** not at the tent of Eumenes, but at the
royal tent.” Principia was a broad opem space, extendimg the whole
breadth of the camp, and separating the lower part of the camp from
the upper. Here was erected the tribunal of the general, when he
either administered justice or harangued the army. -
VIII.—1. Acie instructa, ** with army drawn up im battle
array.*'—Male acceptum, ** roughly handled.”—Non . . . . voluntas,
** not according to his own wish, but as the will of the soldiers com-
pelled him.” -
2. Hnveterata . . . . licentia, ** long accustomed both to glory,
and likewise to insubordinatiom.”—Periculum est, ** there is always
danger.”
5. Commeabant, ** were accustomed or wont to go.”
6. Sin .... contenderet, ** if he should march with expedition
through lonely (or retired) places.”
7. Cocta, ** cooked.”—Quam minime, ** as little as possible.*'—-
{Constituerat, ** he had resolved.”
IX.—1. Q.uid . . . . facto, freely, ** what was to be done ?”
3. Obvii, ** ]ying or being in the way—which one falls in with.”
6. Decerneret, ** he might fight.”
X.—2. Superior prœlio discessisset, ** he had come off supe-
rior in battle.”
XI.—1. Servari, ** to be treated.'°
2. Fructum . . . . capere, ** to derive pleasure from the sight of
his misfortune.”—Formam, “ the general appearance.”—Qualis, ** of
what description or nature.”
3. Quin, ** but that.*'—Missum fieri, ** to be set at liberty.”
5. Neque id falsum, ** nor was that a false or mistaken view of
his case—nor was that untrue.”—Dignitate honesta, ** of dignified
demeanor.”—Neque . . . . venusta, “ mor of so great size, as comely
person.”
XII.—1 • Adeo . . . . habiti, ** they had beem so much annoyed.”
2. In .... tantum, ** on whom solely, or alone, so much depend-
ed.”—Negotium, ** business, implying difficulty and trouble.”
4. Jugulatus est a custodibus, ** had his throat cut, i. e. was
butchered or slain by his keepers or guards.”
XIII.—1. Philippo apparuisset, “had attended Philip, as his
secretary.”—Unum .... alæ, ** one wing of the cavalry.”
3. Ornatum, ** insignia.”
264 NOTES.
XIX. PH 0 C I0N
SYNOPSIS.
i. More notorious for integrity of life tham for military gemius, hence terrned
the Good ; rejects the gifts of Philip. II. Accused of ingratitude to De-
mosthenes, and of want of fidelity to the state. III. Two factions at
Athens; is drivem away ; goes to Macedonia ; is there imprisoned, amd
finally takem back to Athens for trial. IV. The people very much exas-
perated against him ; he is refused defemce ; after a mock trial, is con-
demmed ; his death, and ignoble sepulture.
I.—1. Ex quo, ** from which circumstance,” referring to ** integ-
' rity of life.”
II.—2. PJebiscito. See Note, Epam. VII. 4.
3. Causam capitis. See Note, Eum. V. 1. Damnare capitis.
III.—1. Optimatum, ** of the mobles.”
2. Capitis damnatos. See Note, Eum. V. 1.
3. Causam . . . . dicere, ** he was ordered to plead his cause,
nominally before King Philip, but in reality before Polysperchon.”
IV.—1. Pedibus jam non valeret. It may be translated, ** he
was now lame.”
2. Inde . . . . viris, ** them being judicially condemned, certain
legal forms being gone through with, he was given up to the unde-
cemviri,”—elevem magistrates at Athens, whose office it was to take
charge of those committed to prison, and to see the sentence of tha
law executed on criminals.
%'iMÍGILEKOIN. 265
XX. T H MI0I, E 0 N.
SYNOPSIS.
Σ. Generai remarks: equable - procurres death of his brother, Turaophanes,
who had violently seized upon the Corinthiam govermment ; his menta!
sufferings consequent thereupon. II. Sent by the Corinthians, he drives
Dionysius out of Syracuse, but freely spared his life ; vanquished Icetas,
the Carthaginians, and Mamercus. III. Repeoples the deserted cities;
bis good works ; love entertaimed for him by people of Sicily. IV. His
resignatiom amd humility ; singular coincidence ; some further partieuJars
—wisdom, moderation ; his death and public honors.
H.— 1. Hn pristis* ***¥• Supply statum.
2. Non ... est, ** he had to contend with a variety of fortune.*'—
Et, &c. A just remark, to which the attention of the young reader
is particularly called. -
3. Et parere legibus, quam, &c. Agaim mote, for the reason
just givem in mote above.
4. Ipse . . . . attulit, ** lie himself not only did mot lay violent
hands om.”
II — H. Felicitate, ** success.”
III.—3. Propugnacüla, ** strong-holds.”
IV.— H. Moderate, ** patiently.* .
2. Neque .. .. gloriosum, * nothing either proud or boastful.”
3. Gratias . . . . habere, ** thanks did give and entertain.”
4. Sac« IIum Aùrogarias constituerat, “had built a chapel to
Fortune.”—Sanctissime colebat, ** most holily—most sacredly cher-
ished *' Colebat from colo, (probably from the obsolete word koX£ω,
which appears in ßovkoXéo,) to bestow care upon, to til], to cultivate,
hemce to cherish, also to venerate.
V.— A • Ad . . . . casus• ** To this surpassing goodness of the mam,
wonderful chamces were added.”
2. Vadimonium imponere velIet, ** wished to oblige him to
give bail for his appearance* Vadimonium, a promise or obligation to
appear, at a time appointed, in a court of justice, either personally or
by am agent.—Qui . . . . conarentur, ** who endeavored to curb or
restraim the impertinence of the mam by force.*'—Oravit, ** implored.”
--Ne id faceremt, ** not to do it.”
93
266 ÄOTÉ8,
XX I. I) E R E G I B U S.
SYNOPSIS.
. Kings of Sparta in name, not in power; the more illustrious in actua.
sovereigmty, Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, the two Alexanders, kings of Persia
II. Philip, Alexander, Pyrrhus, and the elder Dionysius. III. Demetrius,
Lysimachus, Seleucus, Ptolemæus, &c.
Í
I.—1. Hi . . . . duces, ** theso were almost all the generals of
Greece.”
3. Macrochir, ** long-hamded,” an epithet of the elder Artaxerxes,
from μακρός, “ long,” and xeto, ** a hand ;'' generally ** Longimanus*
among Latin authors.
4• Manu fortior, ** more personally brave or eourageous.”
5. Naturæ . . . . reddiderunt, ** paid the debt of mature,” i. e.
66 died.”
II.—H. HLudos, ** games.”
2• Q.uem . . . . putaret, ** whom he suspected oftreason, or whoma
he suspected of plotting against it.”
XXII. H A MIII] {} A R.
SYNOPSIS.
i. Changes the declinung fortune of the Carthagimians; makes peace, but
retains his arms. II. Saves Carthage, and does even more tham this.
III. Is sent into Spaim at the head of an army ; takes with him his son
Hannibal, and Hasdrubal, om whom he bestows his daughter ; his vic-
tories, and death.
I.—1. Sed temporibus, ** but towards its termination.”
3. Paci serviendum, ** that he should endeavor to procure peace.”
5• Tanta fuit ferocia, ** he displayed so much pride.”
II.—2• Totam . . . abalienarunt, ** alienated the affections of
all Africa.”
4. Oppida abalienata, ** the disaffected towns.”
III.—1. Ex sententia, ** according to his wish.”
2. A præfecto morum, ** by the superintendent of the public
morals,”
HANNIBAL. 267
XXIII. HANNIBAL.
SYNOPSIS.
I. HIs superIority as a general, how shown ; envy towards him ; his hatred
of the Romans. II. His influence with Antiochus; he narrates to him.
III. Made commamder of Carthaginiam forces at the age of tweaty-five ;
at the head of three armies ; crossed the A]ps ; various expJoits. IV. He
fights with the most eminent Romam gemerals, and is victorious. V. His
march on Rome ; his various successful conflicts. VI. Recalled to his
owm country, he is conquered by the Romans at Zama ; makes a stand at
Adrumetum. VII. Peace is made ; he serves im different capacities ; to
save himself from the Romans he flees to Antiochus in Syria ; conduct of
the Carthaginians towards him. VIII. Sails to Cyrene, is umfortumate ;
engaged in a sea-fight with the Rhodians. IX. Ingenious device for com-
cealing amd securimg his wealth from the grasp of the Cretians. X. He
excites Prusias, king of Pomtus, against the Romams; contending with
Eumenes, king of Pergamus, he sets forth on a naval expedition, his single
object being to destroy that regal general himself. XI. His queer strata-
gem for effecting his purpose. XII. He is surroumded in his castle, and
commits suicide. XIII. Died at the age of seventy ; his cultivation of
letters.
I.—2. Semper . . . . superior, ** he always came off victorious.”
II.—3• Utpote, ** as it were.”
III.—2. Foederatam civitatem, ** a city in alliance with the
Romams*'—Tres ... comparavit, ** he raised three very large ar-
mies.”
4. Concidit, ** he cut dowm.”—Itinera muniit, ** he paved roads.”
— Elephantus ornatus, ** am elephant accoutred—fully equipped.”
IV.—3. Cum delecta manu, ** with a chosen band.”
V.—2. Fabio dedit verba, ** he imposed on Fabius.*'—Juven-
corum, ** of Oxen—yoüiig bullocks.”
4. Prœlia, ** his exploits.”
VI.—2. Facultates, “ the resources.”—Bellum componere, ** to
conclude the war by treaty.”—Valentior, ** with more vigor—in greater
strength.”—Conditiones .... convenerunt, ** their mutual proposals
were not agreed to.”
VII.—H. Acerrime, ** most ardently.”
2. Gratias agerent, ** should tender congratulations.*'—Peterent,
** should supplicate.”
6• sui exposcendi gratia, “ for the purpose of demanding him-
268 NOTES.
self.*'—Priusquam . . . daretur, * before the senate was given to
them, i. e. before an audience of the senate was given to them.”
VIII.— H. Antiochi spe fiduciaque, ** by hope and confidence in
the aid of Antiochus.”
2. Memoria prodita est, ** record has been transmitted.”
4. Quo, prœlio understood.
IX.—2. Nisi quid prævidisset, ** unless he should use some pre-
caution.”
3. In propatulo, loco understood. ** Openly—in opem view.”
X.—1. Poenus, ** the wily Carthaginiam.”
4. Decreturi erant, ** they were about to fight.”
5. Harum . . . . multitudinem, ** when he had collected together
B great number of these vemomous reptiles.”—Hisque præcipit, ** and
enjoins upom them.*'—Omnes ut . . . . navem, “ that they all simulta-
neously should unite upon the one ship,” &c.—A ceteris .... defen-
dere, ** they should reckon it sufficient merely to defend themselves
from the rest.” i*
XI.—1. TabeIIarium . . . . mittit, ** he sends a messenger im a
boat, with a herald's rod.” The caduceus was a rod like Mercury's
wand, carried by ambassadors, and serving the same purpose as a flag
Df truce. At sea it was usually fixed on the prow of the ship or
boat.
3. Ad irridendum eum pertineret, ** unless it should have an
aim to mock him.”
6. Nautica castra, ** am emcampment, imcludimg ships drawn to
land.”
*r. Pedestribus copiis, ** with infantry.”
XII.—2. Patres conscripti, “ the Roman senators,” The senate,
whem first established by Romulus, consisted of a hundred citizens,
who, on account of their age, rank, and wisdom, were styled ** Sena-
tores,” Elders, and ** Patres,” Fathers. When the Sabines were im-
corporated with the citizens of Rome, a hundred of their principal men
were admitted into the senate. These mew members were called
** conscripti,** and the senators were now styled, ** Patres et Conscripti,*
or ** Patres Conscripti.”
3. Ne usu eveniret, ** lest that should happen.”
4. Q,ui, i. e. ** Hannibal.”
5. Q,uam vitam. -
XIII.— t. Acquievit, ** finally rested—died.*—Quibus consulibus,
existentibus umderstood. ** In whose consulship, in what year.” Two
consu]s Or chief magistrates were elected annually at Rome. Instead,
therefore, of giving tho year of any event, the names simply of the
consuls are given, which answers all the purpose of chronology.—In
M. PORTIUS CATO. 269
ammali suo, ** in his own annals.”—At Polybius, ** But, &c.”—Sul-
picius autem, ** Sulp. however.” -
2. Tantus vir, ** so remarkable man ;'° tantisque bellis districtus,
** intensely engagedin so important wars.*'—Nonnihil, ** some portion.”
Græco sermone confecti, ** written in the Greek language.”—Rebus
gestis, ** the exploits.”
3. Memoriæ prodiderunt, ** have handed down to posterity—
committéd to writing, recorded, related.” - *-
4. Explicare imperatores, ** to unfold the exploits of com-
manders,”
XXIV. M. P0RTIUS CAT0.
SYNOPSIS
I. His early life ; tribume of soldiers, Questor, Ædile, Prætor; brought poet
Ennius to Rome. II. Consul, Censor, mammer in which he discharged his
duties. III. Sketch of his character ; his attainmemts ; his Works.
I.— i . Priusquam . . . . daret, ** before he engaged in the pursuit
of honors.*'—Versatus . . . . Sabinis, ** lived in the country of the Sa-
bines.”—Im foro esse coepit, ** he begam to be engaged in public
business.”
2. Primum stipendium meruit, ** he served his first campaign.”
—Castra .... Neronis, “ he served under Caius Claudius Nero”
3. Cum . . . . vixit, ** with whom he did not live in terms of inti-
macy suitable to the official commection which subsisted between them.”
II.—3. Severe . . . . potestati, ** exercised that office with rigor.”
III.—1. Probabilis orator, ** a respectable orator.”
2. Quarum . . . . arripuerat, ** though he was old whem he com-
menced the study of letters.”
23#
270 NOTES.
XXV. T. P0MP0NIUS ATTICUS.
SYNOPSIS.
I. HIs descent ; early instruction, character and mental qualities as a youth
II. Disquietude in state affairs, the course he pursued therein ; his liberality.
III. Estimation in which he was held ; homors preferred to him. IV. His
intimacy with Sylla ; mammer in which he employed himself. V. His uncle ;
His family connections. VI. His course im regard to public affairs ; various
excellence of character. VII. In the Cæsariam civi] war, he offends meither
Pompey nor Cæsar. VIII. Cæsar being slaim, he grants to Brutus in adver-
sity, what he would refuse to him in prosperity. IX. Is the friemd of An-
tony, condemned and hated, and protects and aids the persecuted members
of his family. X. In the mutations of fortune, his kindness is rewarded,
when Antony returms to power. XI. His further acts of Kindness. XII. His
liberality ; use of wealth to relieve distress ; disregard of mere statiom and
honor. XIII. His mammer of life ; domestic habits ; immates of his dwelling.
XIV. His entertaimments ; his moderation. XV. His integrity ; capacities
for business. XVI. Fit compamiom for the old or young ; his friemdship
eagerly sought. XVII. Equanimity of his life. XVIII. Fond of antiquity,
skilled in genealogies, a lover of poetry—his conciseness thereim. XIX. Not
ambitious of distimetion ; alliance with him is sought. XX. His friendships
with Cæsar and Mark Antony. XXI. His general good health, disease,
closing interview of counsel. XXII. His last days ; his death.
I.—1. Ab . . . . generatus, ** descended of one of the oldest Ro-
mam families.*'—Perpetuo . . . . acceptam, ** received by uninterrupted
succession from his ancestors.”
2. Quibus .... debet, ** in which the age of boyhood ought tc
be instructed.”
3. Generosi condiscipuli, “ his high-spirited schoolfellows.”
II.—2. Pro . . . . vivendi, ** of living suitably to his ramk.”—Cu-
jus sublevavit, ** whom he relieved in his exile with money.*
4. Versuram facere, ** to borrow from one persom for the purpose
of paying another,** ** to hire money.”
III.—1. Omnes honores haberent, ** paid him all honors.”
2. Actorem auctoremque, ** agent and adviser.”
IV.—4. ELÎLS. ducenta et quinquaginta mi!iia, ** two humdred
amd fifty thousand sesterces* Sestertius, the most common coin of
the Romans, was equal in value to two pounds of brass and a half,
and hence it is usually marked by the letters LLS. for libra, libra,
T. POMPONIUS ÄTTICUS. 271
Bemis ; or by abbreviation HS. It is often called simply numus, or
^ummus. The sestertius or nummus was equal to about three cents
and a half. *.
5. Ut . . . . indicaret, ** that they expressed with tears their grief
for the privation they were to suffer.”
V.— 1. Difficillima natura, ** of a churlish disposition.'-—Cujus
veritus est, ** of whose harshness of temper he stood in such rev-
erential awe.”—Summam, ** extreme.” -
2. Hæredem ex dodrante, ** heir to three-fourths of his property
or estate.” Dodrans meams three-fourths of the as, applied, in general,
for three-fourths of any thing ; taken from the phrase facere hæredem
ea: asse, ** to make universal heir.*'—Circiter centies LLS. Refer to
INote IV. 4. Sestertium is a sum equalto a thousand sestertii. When
a numeral adverb is joined to sestertium, it denotes so many hundred
thousand Sesterces. Thus centies LLS. is the same as centies cen-
£ena millia sestertiorum, i. e. 10,000,000 sesterces, and is equivalent
£o about, in our money, §387,500.
VI.—1. Óptimarum partium, ** of the patriciam party.”
3. Ad . . . . accessit, ** he never attended the censor's sales,'°
when the public revenues were let to the highest bidder. It was the
custom, at public auctions, to erect a spear where the crier stood—a.
eustom probably derived from this circumstance, that those things only
which were taken im war were sold in that mammer. All the taxes
and public revenues were let publicly by the censors to the highest bid-
der.—Nullius . . . . factus est, ** he was meither surety nor priacipal in
farming the publie revemue.” Those who farmed the public revenue
were called mancipes or publicani : they gave securities to the public,
called praedes ; and had generally partners, socii, who shared with
them the profit and loss.—Neminem .... accusavit, ** he accused mo
person either as tne direct prosecutor or his second.”
$/I{.— H. Usus est . . . . vacatione, ** he availed himself of the
exemptiom from military service, to which he was entitled by his age.”
Persons above fifty years of age enjoyed immunity from the duties
of war.—Ex sua familiari re, ** from his own personal fortune or
estate.”
2. Conjunctum, supply, cognatione.
VIII.—6. LL $. centum millia. See Note IV. 4; V. 2, circiter
centies LLS.
3IX.—2. Familiares (Antonii) insequebantur, ** they persecu-
ted his friends.”
4. Ut nullum . . . . Attico, ** that she never appeared as defend-
ant in a court of law, according to bail, without Atticus.” In a law-
suit, the defendant was obliged to give security for his appearance in
272 NOTES.
court on the day^appointed ; he was thea said, proinittere vadimo-
mium, to promise to appear ; if he was present, he was said, vadimo-
mium sistere, vel obire, to present himself, to appear in court om the
day appointed.
' XIII.—2. Pius . . . . habebat, ** displayed more taste tham ex-
pense ;'* was rather elegant tham magnificent.
3. Usus est familia, &c., “ he Kept an establishment of slaves o£
the best kind, if we are to judge by utility but if by external show,
below mediocrity.” -
4. Q,uod a plurimis videas, sc. concupisci.
5. Ut . . . . posset, ** that it might meither be remarkable for rich-
ness mor meanness.”
XIV.— A. Aliud . . . anagnostem, ** heard any other musical (or
theatrical) performer than a reader.” It was customary among the
Romans, at their private entertainments, to introduce, for the amuse-
ment of their guests, actors and musiciams, called acroamata, who sung
or recited, with theatrical gestures, select passages of plays ; or persons,
asually slaves, who read some favorite author, and who were denom
imated anagnostæ.
2. Parique . . . . fortuna, ** and maintained the same ramk in both
states of his fortune.”
XV.—2. In nitendo. . . . annuisset, ** in endeavoring to accom-
plish what he had once agreed to undertake.”
XVI.—3. Historiam . . . . temporum, ** a regalarly eomposed
history of those times.” -
4. Divinatio, ** the foreseeing or predicting of future events,**
(μavrcta, μαντική.)* Thence, skill in taking measures effectually to pre-
vent or avert any threatenimg evil, divine or umcommon wisdom and
forecast. Augurium, is am omen derived from the flight or simging of birds,
(οίύνισμα, οἰωνοσκοxta ;) hence, a forewarning, prediction. Divinatio
seems to have the more general meaming, and augurium a special sig-
nification, though this is by mo means always the ease.
XVII.—H • Pietas, ** such conduct as is conformable to duty,” hemce
it refers to the different affections and acts Of both religious and moral
duty.—Gloriantem, ** priding himself upon, rejoicing in,” (kavxóogat.)
—Se . . . . redisse, ** that he had mever required to be reconciled to
His mother, i. e. had never quarrelled with his mother.*'—Simultas is
from simul, and is, accordingly, equivalent to ** jealousy,'° ** rivalry,”
when two persons are striving for the same emd. Doed. finds no con-
firmation Uf the idea that simultas especially signifies a secret enmity,
ome which rests upon hypocrisy, consequently a grudge.
2. Nefas, ** what is umlawful, criminal.” Nefas is an offence
against God and nature, an act of impiety. Scelus, an offence against
T. POMPONIUS ATTICUS, 273
the peace of society or the rights of others, a crime. Flagitium, an
offence against one's self.
XVIII.—H • Mos, moris, ** the will of a person, one's humor ; self-
will, wilfulness, caprice,” hence the various modification of meaning
of the word.—Quo . . . . 0rmavit, ** in which he has enumerated im
order,” &c. •-
2. Subtexere, literally ** to weave below or under'' any thing.
XX.—1• Sponsalis, (vvggìc6s.) Sponsalia also means ** presents
made to betrothed persons.” Here it has the usual meaming of ** es-
pousais.”
4. Neque vero a M. Antonio minus colebatur literis, * mor
did Mark Antony the less maintain a correspondence with him by
letter.”
XXI.—6. §tat mihi, «* I am resolved.”
XXII.—3. Pridie Calendas Aprilis, ** the day before the cal-
ends of April, i. e. on the 31st of March.* Somewhat similar to the
Olympiads of the Greeks, were the Lustra of the Romans. At the
end of every five years, a census, or review of the people, was made,
which was closed with a solemn sacrifice, called Lustrum. This
word, accordingly, is put for the term of five years—thus duo lustra,
tem years ; decem lustra vidit, he is fifty years of age. These Lustra,
however, were not, like the Olympiads, used in reckoning dates, but
merely to denote a certaim space of time. The method of reckoning
dates among the Romans was by consulships, or from the foundation
of the city Consuls were first elecfed, om the abolition of royalty, in
the year of the city 244. The first consuls were Lucius Junius Bru-
tus, and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. Hence, Lucio Junio Bruto et
Lucio Tarquinio Collatimo consulibus, in the 244th year of Rome.
This method of reckoning dates, however, was difficult and uncertain ;
because the consuls frequently died during their office, and were suc-
eeeded by others before the usual time of election. That, therefore,
of eomputing from the foundation of the city was easier and more
definite. The year was divided by the Romans into twelve months.
These months were adapted to the course of the sun, by Julius Cæsar,
with the aid of Sosigenes, an astronomer of Alexandria, and distribu-
ted into the number of days still assigned to each. Hence the year
thus divided, is called the Juliam, or Solar Year. The months were
divided into three parts, by Kalends, Nones, amd Ides. The first day
was called Kalendæ (a calando) from a priest calling out to the people
that it was new moon ; the Ides, which divided the month, derived
their mame from the obsolete verb iduare, to divide ; amd the Nones
were so called because, counting inclusively, they were nime days from
the Ides, The Ides generally fell On the 13th of the month, and the
274 IN OTES.
Nones on the 5th ; but in March, May, July, and October, the Nones
fell om the 7th, and the Ides on the 15th. In marking the days of the
month, the Romams counted backwards ; thus, to denote the 31st of
December, they said, Pridie Kalendas, (i. e. ante kal.) Januarii ;
or, Pridie Kalendarum Januarii, marked shortly, Prid. Kal. Jan.
The 30th of December, Tertio Kalendas Januarii, i. e. tertio die
ante, &c. ; Or, ante diem tertium Kal. Jan. 29th, Quarto Kalendas,
Januarii, &c.
4. Ad quintum Iapidem, ** at the fifth mile-stome.” From the
earliest period of Romam history, it was unlawful to bury within the
city. By the laws of the twelve tables it was expressly prohibited in
these terms, HoMINEM. MoRTUUM IN. URBE. NE. SEPELITo. NEVE
URITo.
LEXICON.
A.
A. Aulus.
dex.
A, ab, prep. From, by.
4balièno, áre, âvi, âtum, (aâ,
alieno.) To alienate, estrange,
Ages. ii. ; to convey property
from one to another.
Abdo, ère, didi, ditum, (ab, do.)
To hide, conceal, put out of the
way.
Abdüco, ère, zi, ctum, (ab, digco.)
To lead away.
Abeo, ire, ìvi, et ii, îtum, irreg.
'meut., (ab, e0.) To go away.
Abhorreo, ère, ui, —, (ab, horreo.)
To dread ; abhor, be averse from,
IMil. iii. ; differ greatly.
46jectus, a, um, adj. Abject, de-
based, meam, low, contemptible.
Abjectus, a, um, part. See Ab-
facto.
Abjicio, ère, ëci, ectum, (ab, jacio.)
To throw away, reject ; despise.
Abreptus, a, um, part. See Ab-
'r?p?0.
.4bripio, ère, ipui, eptum, (ab, ra-
pio.) To take away by force,
intercept, Datam. iv. ; to snatch,
or sweep away.
Abrögo, àre, âvi, âtum, (ab, rogo.)
To repeal, ammul; take from,
Epam. vii.
Abscédo, ère, cessi, cessum, neut.,
(abs, cedo.) To depart from ;
desist, Epam. ix.
Absens, tis, part. and adj., (ab-
sum.) Absent.
Absolutus, a, um, part. See Ab-
solvo.
See Hist. and G. In-
ACCIDO
Absolvo, ère, vi, utum, (ab, solvo.)
To absolve, acquit.
Abstìnentia, ae, f. A withholding
from, abstinence opposed to cov-
etousness, moderation, Arist. i. ;
temperance.
Abstineo, ère, inui, emtum, (abs,
temeo.) To keep from, abstaim.
Abstrăho, ère, vi, ctum, (abs,
traho.) To draw from. It im-
plies more violence or force tham
Abdùco.
Absum, esse, fùi, irreg. neut., (ab,
sum.) To be absent, be want-
ing.
Abundans, tis, part. and adj.,
(abundo.) Abounding, affluent.
Abundo, áre, âvi, âtum, (ab,
unda.) To overflow, abound.
Ac, conj. Amd ; also ; tham ; as.
Accédo, ère, cessi, cessum, (ad,
cedo.) To approach, go to,
agree to, Milt. iii. ; be added ;
accede ; ad rempublicam, to en-
gage in the business of the state;
ad amicitiam, gain friemdship,
IEum. i.
Accéléro, áre, âvi, âtum, (ad, ce-
lero.) To hastem, accelerate,
urge om.
Acceptus, a, um. See Accipio.
Accerso, or arcesso, ère, ìvi, âtum.
To send for, call, invite ; sum-
mon, arraign.
Accessio, ónis, f., (accedo.) An
approaching ; addition, acces-
siom.
Accîdo, ère, i, —, (ad, cado.) Te
fall to, come to, happen, befall
ACCÍBIO
ΑDJÜN G Ö
276
Accípio, ère, épi, eptum, (ad, ca-
pio.) To take, receive, accept ;
tolearn, Att. i. ; to hear, Han. ii. ;
to entertain ; acceptus male, be-
ing defeated, Eum. viii.
Accrédo, ère, vidi, itum, (ad cre-
do.) To believe, assent to, cred-
it.
Accresco, ère, évi, étum, (ad, cres-
c0.) To increase, to grow in size
or quantity.
Accùbo, áre, ui, útum, (ad, cubo.)
To recline at table ; to lie down ;
to be mear.
Accúráte, adv., (accuratus.) Ac-
curately, carefully, strictly ; par-
ticularly.
Accūsātor, öris, m., (accuso.) An
accuser, plaimtiff, informer.
Accùso, áre, âvi, âtum, (ad, cau-
8a.) To accuse, arraign, im-
peach ; blame, reprehend.
Acer, or acris, cris, cre, adj.,
(aceo.) Sharp, tart, pungent ;
eager ; passionate, bold.
Acerbitas, àtis, f., (acerbus.)
Harshness or bittermess of taste ;
distress ; severity ; rigor.
Acerbus, a, um, adj., (acer.) Um-
ripe, bitter ; harsh, cruel; pre-
mature, Cim. iv.
Acerrîmne, adv. See Acriter.
Acies, èi, f. The edge or point of
a weapom ; the eye or sight ; an
army in battle array.
Acquiesco, ère, évi, étum, (ad,
quiesco.) To repose or rest ;
acquiesce, to be pleased or satis-
fied with ; die, Ham. xiii.
Acriter, adv., comp. rius, sup
acerrìme, (acer.) Sharply ; keen-
ly ; bravely ; fiexcely, vehement-
Acrius See Acriter.
Acroámut, ütis, m. A symphony,
interlude ; musiciam, singer ; re-
citer, marrator of humorous sto-
ries.
Acta, ae, f, (àxrff.) A shore, a
pleasant retired place On the
beach.
Actaeus, a, um, adj., (Acte, Gr.
'Akraiog.) Attic, Atheniam. Frorra
acta, àkrì, litus, relating to the
sea-shore.
Actor, öris, m., (ago) An agent ;
mamager ; pleader ; accuser ; ac-
tor in a play.
Acùmen, änis, n., (acuo.) A sharp
point, edge ; acutemeSs, ingenu-
ity, smartness.
Acuo, ère, ui, ùtum.
sharpen, point.
Acütus, a, um, adj., (acuo.) Sharp,
pointed ; shrill, high, piercing ;
acute, subtle, ingenious.
Aid, prep. To, at, before ; ad
tempu8, about the time. -
Adämo, áre, (ad, amo.) To love
greatly.
Addo, êre, ädi, îtum, (ad, do.) To
add, put to.
Addubito, áre, âvi, âtum, (ad,
dubito.) To doubt, be in doubt
Addúco, cêre, aei, ctum, (ad, duco.)
To lead, bring to ; induce, per
suade, influence.
Ademptus, a, um, part.
Adimo.
Adeo, adv., (ad, e0.) So, so much.
Adeo, ire, ivi, ii, itum, irreg.
neut., (ad, e0.) To go to ; speak
to, address ; umdergo, Timol. iv. ;
encousnter.
*Adeptus, a, um, part.
To whet,
See
See Adi-
piscor.
Adfui or affui. See Adsum.
-Adgredior. See Aggredior.
Adhibeo, ère, ui, ätum, (ad, ha-
beo.) To use ; admit ; apply.
Adhuc, adv., (ad, hoc.) As yet.
hitherto ; besides, moreover.
Adúmo, ère, émi, emptum, (ad,
emo.) To take to one's self,
take ; take away, remove.
Adipiscor, ipisci, eptus, dep., (ad,
apiscor.) To get, obtaim.
Aditus, üs, m., (adeo.) An ap-
proach ; access, liberty of ap-
proach ; a passage.
Adjáceo, ère, ui, îtum, (ad, jaceo.)
To lie mear, border upom or be
contiguous to.
Adjungo, gère, vi, ctum, (ag
ADJUTOR.
ÆIDIFICATOR,
277
jungo.) To join to, to ammex ;
attach, gain over.
Adjútor, öris, m., (ad, juvo.) A
helper, assistant ; colleague,
Com. iv.
Adjúvo, uváre, ùvi, útum, (ad,
juvo.) To assist, aid ; favor.
Administro, áre, âvi, âtum, (ad,
ministro.) To work, do ser-
vice ; mamage or govern ; exe-
cute, discharge or perform.
Admirabilis, is, e, adj., (admiror)
Wonderful ; admirable, worthy
of admiration.
Admìrandus, a, um, adj., (admi-
ror.) Wonderful, admirable.
Admirátio, ömis, f., (admiror.)
Admiration ; surprise.
Admiror, âri, âtus, dep., (ad, mi-
ror.) To wonder greatly, be as-
tonished ; admire.
Admitto, ère, ìsi, issum, (ad, mit-
to.) To admit, give access to ;
commit, perpetrate.
Admödum, adv., (ad, modus.)
Very, exceedingly, beyond mea-
SUIT©.
Admöneo, ère, ui, îtum, (ad, mo-
meo.) To admonish, put in mind.
Admönätus, üs, m. An advising,
warning, suggesting, advice.
Adolescens, tis, m. and f., (ado- !
lesco.) A. young man or womam
till the age of maturity.
Adolescentia, æ, f., (adolescens.)
Youth.
Adolescentùlus, i, m., Adolescens.)
A little young mam.
Adopto, áre, âvi, âtum, (ad, opto.)
To adopt, assume.
Adorior, âri, tus, dep., (ad, orior.)
To attack ; attempt ; accost.
Adortus, a, um, part. See Ado-
rior.
Adscisco, or assisco, ère, âvi,
itum, (ad, scisco.) To adopt ;
alia (scil. civitate) adscìta,
having become a citizen of an-
other state ; acquire ; assume ;
borrow.
Adscitus, Ascitus, a, um, part.
$eè Adscisco.
24
Adsimúlo. See Assimulo.
Adspectus, ûs, m, A. looking at,
beholding, the sight ; look, air
aspect.
Adspicio. See Aspicio.
Adsum, esse, fui, irreg. meut., (ad,
sum.) To be present ; assist ;
attemd.
Adùlor, âri, âtus, dep. To fawn
as a dog ; flatter.
Adulterium, i, m.,
Adultery.
Advénio, áre, émi, emtum, (ad, ve-
mio.) To come to, arrive.
Advento, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq. of
advenio.) To approach, come
frequently.
Adventus, ûs, m., (advenio.) A
coming, arrival.
Adversárius, a, um, adj., (adver-
sus.) Contrary, opposite to ;
Subs., an adversary, opponent or
enemy.
Adversus, a, um, adj., (ad, verto.)
Opposite, fronting ; contrary,
hostile, adverse.
Adversus, and Adversum, prep.
Against, towards, opposite.
When followed by a dative, or
governing mo case, adversus and
adversum are taken as adverbs;
tenet adversum proficiscentibus
Athenis, blows right against per-
sons sailing from Athens. Milt. i.
Adversor, âri, âtus, dep., (adver-
sus.) To oppose, resist, oppugn,
thwart.
Advöco, áre, (ad, voco.) To cal!
to ; summon.
Aedes, et Ædis, is, f. A temple,
(properly one apartment;) plur.,
a house consisting of several
apartments ; primum temet lo-
cum aedium, occupies the first
place of the house, viz. the hall,
or atrium, in which the nuptial
couch was spread, amd the mis-
tress of the family, with the
maid-servants, were employed
in spinning and weaving.
AEdifìcàtor, öris, m., (ædifico.) A
builder.
(aduiter.)
AÉDIÈICIUM
AGER,
2'78
./Edificium, i, m., (ædifico.) A
building, edifice, house.
/Edifico, áre, (aedes, facio.)
build, frame.
AEdilis, is, m., (ædis.) An ædile,
a Romam magistrate, who took
care of the temples, theatres,
and other public buildings of
the city, and superintended the
markets and taverms, regulated
weights amd measures, amd eæ-
hibited the solemm games.
AEger, ra, rum, adj. Sick; weak ;
distressed in body or mind ; anx-
ious, sorrowful.
AEmulätio, ónis, f., (aemulor.) A
desire to excel ; emulation, ri-
valship ; envy, jealousy.
AEmülor, âri, âtus, dep. To de-
sire to excel, rival, emulate ;
imitate:—im these senses it gov-
erns the accusative ; with the
dative it signifies, to envy.
AEneus, a, um, adj., (aes.) Of
brass, brazen.
AEqualis, is, e, adj., (æquus.)
Equal, constant ; of the same
age, contemporary, Aristid. i.
AEque, adv., (æquus.) Equally ;
with quam, or ac, it must be
translated, as.
AEquipáro, áre, âvi, âtum, (æquus,
paro.) To equal ; compare.
AEquìtas, àtis, f, (æquus.) Equal-
ity ; justice, equity.
AEquus, a, um, adj. Plain, leve, ;
equal; favorable, advantageous ;
locus æquus, advantageous
ground.
Ærárium, i, m., (aes.) A treas-
ury, the place where the pub-
lic money is kept ; the exche-
quer.
AEs, æris, m. Brass, copper or
bronze ; money.
AEstas, àtis, f., (aestus.) Sum-
mer, eommemcing on the 9th of
May, and endimg on the 7th of
August ; heat.
Æstimo, áre, âvi, âtumn. To esti-
mate, value, rate, appraise ; aesti-
$mare litem, to estimate the dam-
To
ages, determine what fine a
criminal should pay.
AEtas, àtis, f. Age, time of life,
time ; a season ; an age or spaco
of thirty years.
Affabilis, is, e, adj., (ad, fari.)
Easy to be spoken to, affable,
courteous, accessible.
Affecto, áre, âvi, âtum, (adficio.)
To affect, desire or aim at ; as-
pire to.
Affectus, a, um, part. See Afficio.
Afféro, rre, altuli, allátum, (ad,
fero.) To carry or bring to ;
report or bring word ; vim vel
manus, offer violence ; detri-
7mentum, occasion loss ; multa
'mova in re militari, invent or de-
vise.
Afficio, ère, ëci, ectum, (ad, fa-
cio.) To affect, influence, move:
this verb takes the meanimg of
the moum vith which it is com-
'mected ; as, afficere honore, to
honor ; laude, to praise ; pœna,
to punish ; muneribus, to pre-
sent.
Affìnis, is, e, adj., (ad, finis.) Ad-
joining, contiguous ; related by
marriage ; allied ; privy to, ac-
cessary, concerned im.
Affinitas, àtis, f, (affinis.) Af-
finity, alliance by marriage.
Affirmo, áre, âvi, âtum, (ad, fir-
mo.) To affirm, declare.
Afflictus, a, um, part. See Affligo.
Affligo, ère, vi, ctum, (ad, fligo.)
To dash to the ground ; to vex,
to distress or afflict.
Affluens, entis, part. See Affluo.
Part. and adj. Abundant, pro-
fuse, superabundant.
Affluentia, ae, f, (affluens, affluo.)
abundamce, affluence.
Affluentius, comp. of Affluenter.
More profusely, more copiously
or plentifully.
Affui. See Adsum.
Agellus, i, m., (diminutive from
ager.) A little field.
Ager, ri, mn. A field orfarm ; land,
ground ; district or territory.
AG GR.EDIOR 2
9 AMBITIO
7
Aggrédior, di, ssus, dep., (ad,
gradior.) To go to ; accost or
address ; attempt ; attack or as-
sault ; accuse.
Agito, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq. from
ago.) To drive, toss ; exercise ;
aliquid mente vel animo, to
think, meditate.
Agmen, imis, m., (ago.) An army
om march.
Agnosco, ère, övi, ātum, (ad, nos-
c0.) To know, discern ; recog-
mise, acknowledge ; approve.
Ago, ère, egi, actum. To drive ;
act, do ; treat, transact ; gra-
tias, give thanks ; cum aliquo,
treat with, converse ; bellum,
conduct ; causam populi, es-
pouse the cause of the people,
favor the popular faction ; nul-
lis agi casibus, be moved from
his purpose by mo misfortunes ;
qui mihil aliud egérunt, who
applied to mothing else ; id agi-
tur, it is proposed or intended.
Agrestis, is, e, adj., (ager.) Of
the country, rural, rustic, clowm-
ish.
Agrìcöla, æ, m., (ager, colo.) A
tiller ofthe ground, husbamdmìam,
farmer.
Aio, def. I say.
Ala, ae, f. A. wing of a bird ;
arm ; wing of am army.
Alăcer, or alácris, cris, cre, adj.
Cheerful ; brisk, active ; coura-
geous.
Alias, adv., (alius.) At another
time ; in amother respect, other-
wise.
Alienâtus, a, um, part., (alieno.)
Disaffected, estranged.
Alienigëna, æ, m. and f., (alienus,
gigno.) A foreigner.
Aliéno, àre, (alius.) To cast off;
estrange, alievate ; to transfer
the property of a thing to an-
other.
Aliénus, a, um, adj., (alius.) Be-
longing to another ; foreign, ad-
verse ; alienus locus, disadvan-
tageous ground.
Alio, (alius,) adv. To another
place, thing, person ; end, pur-
pose, intent, use.
Aliquamdiu, or Aliquandiu, adv.,
(aliquis, diu.) For Some time.
Aliquando, adv., (aliquis, quando)
Atsome time; sometimes, at last.
Aliquanto, aliquantum, adv., (ali-
quid, quantum.) Somewhat, a
little, considerably.
Aliquis, qua, quod or quid, prom.,
(alius, quis.) Some, somgbody,
SOÎÎ18 O116.
Aliquot, adj. pl. imdecl. Some,
several, a few.
Aliquoties, adv., (alius, quoties `
Several times, sometimes.
Aliter, adv., (aliu8.) In amothe
mammer, otherwise.
Aliùbi, for alibi, adv., (alius, ub
et ibi.) Elsewhere, in amother
place.
Alius, a, ud, adj., gen. alius
Other, another ; different, com-
trary.
Allatùrus, a, um. See Affero.
Allátus, a, um, part., of Affero.
Alo, ère, ui, îtum, or altum. 'To
maintain, support ; mourish, fos-
ter.
Alpìcus, a, um, adj. See Alpì-
nus, Hist. and Geog. Indeac.
Alte, adv., (altus.) Om high,
high, highly, aloft ; from om
high, from a great height ;
deeply, low, to a great depth.
IFig., high, &c., deeply, &c.
Alter, a, um, adj., gen. ius. An-
other; one of two; the second.
Alterüter, ra, rum, adj., (alter,
uter.) One or other, one of two.
Altitùdo, ìmis, f., (altus.) Height,
depth. 1
Altius, adv. comp. alte, pos., (al.
tus.) More highly.
Amátor, öris, m., (amo.) A lover,
gallant.
Ambìtio, ónis, f., (ambio.) A go-
ing round ; soliciting or can-
vassing for amy public employ-
ment ; ambition ; ostentation,
pomp, Dion. ii.
A\ÌBITUS
ANTÉ
280
Ambitus, ûs, m., (ambio.) A go-
ing round ; canvassing for pub-
lic office ; bribery or corruption.
Ambrósia, ae, f. Ambrosia, the
food of the gods.
Amice, adv. In a friendly mam-
ner, cordially, kindly, benevo-
lently.
Amìcus, a, um, adj., (amo)
Friendly, benevolent ; favorable,
courteous.
Amicus, i, m. A friemd.
Amìcìtia, æ, f., (amicus.) Friend-
ship.
Amicùlum, i, m., (amicio.) A
strait outer garment, litt£e cloak.
Amissus, üs, m., (amitto.) LOSS.
Amita, ae, f. An aunt, father's
sister.
Amitto, êre, ìsi, issum, (a, mitto.)
To semd away ; let go ; lose.
Amo, áre, âvi, âtum. To love,
take delight in.
Amoenìtus, ätis, f, (amænus.)
Pleasantmess.
Amœnus, a, um, adj. Pleasant
to the sight ; agreeable, delight-
ful.
Amor, öris, m., (amo.) Love, af-
fection.
Amoveo, ère, övi, ötum, (a, m0-
veo.) To remove, banish, get
rid of, shake off.
Amphóra, ae, f, (am, fero) A
vessel having two handles, and
containing mine gallons; a jar.
Amplector, aci, acus., dep., (am,
plico.) To fold in one's arms,
to embrace, to clasp ; to hold,
to comprehend.
Amplitúdo, ìnis, f., (amplus.)
Bulk, extent ; greatmess ; honor.
Amplius, adv. comp. ample, et
ampliter, pos., (amplus.) More,
more copiously or largely ;
moreover, besides.
Amplus, a, um, adj., (am, plus.)
Large, ample ; great, noble.
An, adv. and conj., interrogative
or indefinite, used in asking
a question, or expressing doubt.
Whether, or.
Amagnostes, æ, m. A reader, ser-
vant employed to read during
entertainments, or at other
times.
Anceps, ipitis, adj., (am, capio.)
Double, on both sides, Them. iii. ;
two-edged; doubtful ; dangerous.
Ancilla, ae, f. A. handmaid, a
Worman-servant.
Anchöra, (or ancora,) ae, f. An
anchor; metaphorically, a sup-
port, stay, refuge.
Anfractus, üs or i, m., (am, fran-
go.) A. wimding or bending of
a way ; a circuit or compass.
Angustia, æ, f., (angustus.) Nar-
rowness; plur., straits, defile ;
d;fficulties.
Angustus, a, um, adj., (ango.)
Narrow, strait; scanty, pinch-
lng.
Anima, ae, f. Air, breath ; the
soul or vital principle ; life.
Animadversus, a, um, part.
Animadverto.
Anìmadverto, ère, ti, sum, (am-
imus, ad, verto.) To turn the
mind to, consider, attend to ;
pumish.
Anìmàtus, a, um, part. and adj.,
(animo.) Alive, animate ; dis-
posed or affected towards ; bene
animatus insulas, well-affected
islands. Cim. ii.
Animus, i, 7n. The soul ; will ;
passion ; courage.
Annális, is, e, adj., (anmus.) Of
a year ; subst., a book contain-
ing the register of each year's
transactions; journal, memoir.
Annìcùlus, a, um, adj., (annus.)
One year old.
Annùlus, i, m., (annus.) A ring.
Annuo, ère, i, —. To mod to ;
consent, grant.
Annus, i, m. A circle ; a year ;
that period in which the earth
performs an entire revolutiom
round the sum.
Annuus, a, um, adj., (annu8)
Yearly, ammual.
' Ante, p rep. gov. acc. a8 if respecta
See
ANTEA
ARMA
281
time, place, and persons. Be-
fore. TWith persons it signifies
comparison, unus ante alios
carissimus.
Antea, adv., (ante, ea, acc. pl. of
is.) Before that, before, for-
merly.
Anteactus, a, um, adj., (ante,
ago.) Dome before, past.
Antécédo, ère, ssi, ssum, (ante,
cedo.) To go before ; excel,
surpass.
Anteeo, îre, ìvì or ii, îtum, (ante,
eo.) To go before ; excel; pre-
vent.
Antèfèro, ferre, túli, làtum, (ante,
fero.) To carry before ; prefer.
Antepóno, ère, ösui, ösitum, (ante,
pono.) To place or set before,
bear or carry before, prefer,
give the preference to.
Antequam, adv., (ante, quam,
πρίν άν, πρίν jj.) Before, before
that.
Amtesto and antisto, áre, stéti,
stîtum and Státum, (ante, St0.)
To stand before ; be superior,
excel 0r surpass.
Antìquìtas, àtis, f, (antiquus.)
Antiquity.
Antìquus, a, um, adj., (ante,
aequus.) Old, ancient.
Antistes, ìtis, m. amd f., (antist0.)
A chief priest or priestess, a
great lawyer.
Antisto. See Amtesto.
Apërio, áre, ui, tum, (ad, pario.)
To opem ; uncover, disclose, dis-
cover ; unfold or explain.
Appärätus, üs, m., (ad, paro.)
A preparing, getting ready ;
provisiom ; splendor, state, equip-
age, magnificence.
Appáreo, ère, ui, útum, (ad,
pareo.) To appear, be visible,
be evident ; attend as a servant,
Eumn. xiii. -
Appáro, áre, âvi, âtum, (ad, pa-
ro.) To prepare or make
ready ; prepare or make pro-
visiom for.
Appello, áre, âvi, âtum, (αd, pello.)
24*
To call, name ; to address,
speak'to.
Appello, ère, üli, pulsum, (ad,
pello.) To drive, make go ;
mavem, bring a ship to land.
Appèto, ère, âvi, ìtum, (ad, peto.)
To desire greatly ; catch at ;
endeavor to lay hold of; ap
proach ; draw mear to ; assault,
attack.
Applico, áre, âvi, âtum, and ui,
útum, (ad, plico.) To lay one
thing to amother ; attach, join,
Arist. ii. ; apply.
Appóno, ère, sui, situm, (ad,
pono.) To put or place mear to
or upom ; appoint, add.
Apporto, áre, âvi, âtum, (ad,
porto.) To bring or carry to,
conduct, convey, bring om, bring
with.
Apprìme or adprìme, adv., (ad,
primus.) Very, especially, par-
ticularly, chiefly.
Appropinquo, áre, âvi, âtum,
(ad, propinquo.) To approach,
draw mear, come om, approx-
imate.
Aptus, a, um, adj.
meet, proper.
Apud, prep. At, to, nigh, with,
before, among.
Aqua, ae, f. Water.
Aquilo, ónis, m. The north wind ;
amy violent wind.
Ara, ae, f. Amy elevation of eartn,
stone, &c., an altar.
Arbitrium, i, m. The sentence of
Eit, suitable,
am arbiter ; judgment, will,
pleasure, inclination, choice,
disposition.
Arbitror, âri, âtus, dep, (arbiter.)
To decide a dispute referred to
one as arbiter ; judge, think.
Arbor and arbos, öris, f. A tree.
Arcesso. See Accerso.
Argentum, i, m. Silver, money.
Arguo, ère, ùi, ùitum and ütum
To show, indicate ; prove ; ac-
cuse, Alcib. vii. ; convict, Paus.
iii.
Arma, örum, m., (armus.) Arms
ARYIATURA
AlUI) ACITER,
282
or armor, weapons offensive and
defensive. -
Armatúra, æ, f. Method of arm-
ing ; accoutrements ; magnum
^umerum levis armaturæ, (sc.
imilitum.) A great number of
light-armed soldiers.
Armilla, ae, f., (armus.) A brace-
let ; a ring or ornament worn
on the left arm by soldiers who
had distinguished themselves in
battle.
Armo, áre, âvi, âtum, (arma)
To arm ; excite to war ; equip ;
rig or fit out a ship.
Arripio, ère, ùi, reptum, (ad, ra-
pio.) To take σr snatch by vio-
lence, seize ; learn quickly, en-
gage in eager]y.
Ars, tis, f. ' Art, skill, ability ;
invention, method, Milt v. ;
trade ; deceit.
Artìfeae, ìcis, adj. Artificial ;
artful, cunning ; subst., an arti-
ficer, am artist.
Aruspeae. See Haruspeac.
Arae, cis, f. Fortress, castle, tow-
er ; citadel ; place of refuge.
Ascendo, ère, di, sum. To go up,
mount, ascend, 'climb.
Ascisco. See Adscisco.
Aspectus, ûs, m., (aspicio.) See-
ing, sight ; appearamce, aspect.
Aspergo, ère, si, sum, (ad, spar-
go.) To besprimkle ; asperse,
revile.
Asperitas, àtis, f., (asper.) Rough-
mess ; sourness ; harshmess, mo-
'roseness, austerity.
Aspernor, âri, âtus, (ad, sperno.)
To despise, disdain, scorn, re-
ject. .
Aspicio, êre, eaci, ectum, (ad, spe-
cio.) To look at, see, behold ;
look up to, esteem.
Asporto, áre, âvi, âtum, (abs,
porto.) To carry or convey to,
carry away, conduct away.
Assecla, ae, m. and f., (assequor.)
A meam attendant, a servant ;
assecla praetoris, the prætor's
lieutenant, Att. vi.
Assiduus, a, um, adj., (assideo.)
Constant, continual ; diligent,
industrious, assiduous.
Assimùlo, áre, âvi, âtum, (ad,
simulo.) To resemble ; liken
or compare ; counterfeit, ßum.
1X.
Astu, m. indecl. The city Athens,
Them. iv.
Asylum, i, m. Am inviolable tem-
ple ; a sanctuary, or place of
refuge, an asylum.
At, conj. But, yet.
Athléta, æ, m., (άθλητής.) A
wrestler, or any ome who con-
tended at the public games,
prize-fighter, champion, athlete.
Atque, conj. And. With an ad-
jective of comparisom, as ; cum
totidem navibus atque profectus
erat, with as mamy ships as ;
tham, as, alio atque videri v0-
lebant, to amother purpose than
they wished to appear, Them.
Vl.
Attemdo, ère, di, tum, (ad, temdo.)
To attemd, to apply ; attendisset
animum ad cavendum, he had
applied his whole attention to
guard agaimst their machina-
tions, Alc. v.
Attingo, ère, îgi, actum, (ad,
tamgo.) To touch gently ; touch
upon, mentiom, De Reg. i. ;
study, bestow some attentiom
upom, Att. xviii. ; touch or arrive
at, Diom. v.
Attùli. See Affero.
Au ! interj. eaepressing fear or de-
precation. Hold! prythee !
peace !
Auctor, öris, m. seldom f., (augeo)
Am author, founder ; adviser,
proposer or instigator ; inven-
tOI'.
Auctorìtas, àtis, f., (auctor.) Au-
thority, influence, interest,
weight.
Auctus, a, um. See Augeo.
Audáciter, or audacter, adv.
Boldiy, with audacity, impu-
deratly.
AUDACIUS
BOINITAS
283
Audacìus, comp. See Audaciter,
Audacter.
Audaae, àcis, adj., (audeo.) Bold,
daring, courageous, resolute.
Audeo, ere, ausus sum. To dare,
attempt, adventure, presume,
endeavor, undertake.
Audenter, adv.
courageously, daringly.
Audiens, part. See Audio.
Audio, áre, âvi, ii, ìtum. To hear,
listen ; regard, obey ; audiens
dicto, obedient.
Auféro, auferre, abstúli, ablátum,
(ab, fero.) To take away, carry
off, withdraw, remove.
Augeo, ère, aci, ctum. To in-
crease, enlarge, Timol. i.
Aulicus, i, m., (aula.) A courtier,
an attendant om the palace or
court ; aulicus, a, um, adj.,
relating to a palace or court.
Aureus, a, um, adj., (aurum.) Of
gold, golden.
Auris, is, f. The ear.
Aurum, i, n. Gold, money.
Aut, conj. Or, either.
Autem, conj.
imdeed.
Auxilium, i, s. m., (augeo.) Aid,
help, assistance ; a remedy ; sup-
port ; redress.
Aváré, adv., (avarus.) Covetous-
ly, greedily, avariciously.
Aváritia, ae, f., (avarus.) Ava-
ric 3, covetousness, greediness.
Avarus, a, um, adj., (aveo.) Cov-
etous, greedy of momey, avari-
cious, sordid, stingy.
Aversus, a, um, part.
ί0.
Averto, tère, ti, sum, act., (a, ver-
to.) To turm away, to drive
away, avert, remove, bear away.
Aviditas, àtis, f., (avidus.) An
eager desire ; covetousness, avid-
ity, earnestness.
Avöco, áre, act., (a, voco.) To
call off, to withdraw, abstract,
divert.
Avuncùlus, i, m., (avus.) An un-
cle, a mother's brother.
But, mow, truly,
See Aver-
Boldly, bravely,
Avus, i, m. A father's or mother's
father, grandfather, an ancestor.
B.
Barba, ae, f A beard ; promissa,
long.
Barbárus, a, um, adj. Foreign,
the Romans called all matioms
barbarians or foreigners, eaecept
themselves amd the Greeks ;
savage, cruel, barbarous.
Beátus, a, um, adj. Blessed, hap-
py ; rich, Ages. viii.
Bellicósus, a, um, adj., (bellum.)
Warlike, fierce.
Bellicus, a, um, adj., (bellum.)
Of or pertaining to war ; bellica
virtus, his valor in war, Ages.
1V.
Bello, áre, âvi, âtum, (bellum.)
To wage war, fight, carry on
war, contend.
Bellum, i, n. War.
Beme, adv., (bonus.) Well, hap-
pily ; comp. melius, sup. op-
time.
Benèficium, i, m., (benefacio.) A
deed of kindness, benefit, favor ;
privilege.
Benevolentia, ae, f., (bene, volo.)
Benevolence, kindness ; favor,
good-will.
Benignitas, àtis, f., (bene, ago.)
kindness, benignity ; liberality,
bounty. -
Bestia, æ, f. A beast, the irra-
tional brute ; fera bestia, a beast
of prey, a wild animal.
Bibo, ère, i, îtum. To drink,
quaff, imbibe.
Biduum, i, m., (bis, dies) The
space of two days, two days.
Bini, æ, a, adj., (bis, unus.) Two
by two, two and two ; binus, a,
um, double, twofold.
Bis, adv. Twice, on two occa-
sions.
Blandus, a, um, adj. Kind, sooth-
ing, fond, pleasing, courteous ;
flattering, fawning.
Bonitas, ätis, f., (bonu8) Good.
JBONUS
CAREO
284
mess, virtue, Timol. iv. ; gener-
osity, Att. xxi. ; excellence.
Bomus, a, um, adj. Good, virtu-
ous ; bountiful ; skilful ; well
disposed, friendly.
Boreas, æ, m. The morth wind ;
the N. N. E. wind.
Brevis, is, e, adj. Short, brief,
concise ; small.
Brevitas, àtis, f., (brevis.) Short-
mess, brevity, conciseness.
Breviter, adv., (brevis.) Shortly,
briefly, in a word ; narrowly.
C.
C. Caius. See Hist. and Geo. In-
dex.
Cado, êre, cecîdi, cäsum. To fall,
be overturmed ; happem, occur ;
incur, as, cadere in suspicionem.
Caduceus, i, m., et caduceum, i,
r. The wand of Mercury, rod,
staff, with the figure of smakes
twisted round it, carried by
ambassadors who sued for
peace.
Cædes, is, f., (caedo.) Slaughter,
havoc, massacre.
Cædo, êre, cecîdi, cæsum. To
beat, strike, cut, kill.
Cælum. See Coelum.
Cæremomia and Cærimonia.
Ceremonia.
4Cæsariâmus.
Indeac. .
Cæter and caeterus, a, um, adj.
The rest, other.
Caeterum, adv., (caeter.) But, in
other respects, as to the rest.
Calamitas, àtis, f., (calamus.)
Calamity, misfortune, distreSs.
Calefacìo, ère, èci, actum, (caleo,
facio.) To make warm ; pass.,
calefìo, fieri, factus, to be made
WaTrn.
Calendæ, àrum, f. See Kalendæ.
Calidus. See Callidus.
Callidè, adv., (callidus.) Shrewd-
ly, expertly, skilfully ; cunning-
]
See
See Hist. and Geo.
y.
Calliditas, ätis, f., (callidus.)
Expertness, shrewdness, cun-
ningness.
Callidus, a, um, adj., (calle0.)
Shrewd, sagacious, wise, ex-
pert ; cunning.
Calæ, cis, m. and f.
end of a thing, goal.
Campester or ris, ris, re, adj.,
(campus.) Of or pertaining te
a plain, champaign 0r level.
Campus, i, m. A plain, level
field.
Canis, is, m. and f. A dog, a
bitch.
Cano, ère, cecîmi, cantum.
sing ; foretell, predict.
Canto, áre, (freq. from cano.) To
sing or chant ; play on a mu-
sical instrument, Auc. Præf.
Capesso, ère, âvi, ìtum, (capio.)
To take ; rempublicam, to take
the mamagement of; pericula,
to undergo.
Capillus, i, m., (as if capitis pilus.)
Hair.
Capio, êre, cepi, captum. To
take, receive ; contaim ; seize ;
consilium, to form a scheme or
resolutiom.
Capitulátim, adv., (caput.) In a
summary manner, briefly.
Captìvus, a, um, adj., (capio.)
Captive, taken in war ; subs. m.,
a prisoner, captive. . •
Captus, a, um, part. See Capio.
Caput, itis, m. The head ; whole
mam, persom ; state or condition,
life, safety, liberty ; accusatus
capitis, accused of a capital
crime ; damnatus capitis, con-
demned to death ; a judicio ca-
pitis discessit, he was acquitted
of a capital charge, Epam. viii. ;
top or extremity ; a capital city ;
Source of a river ; chapter.
Care, adv., (carus.) Dearly, af
fectionately ; of high price om.
value.
Careo, ère, ui To be without,
want ; stamdin need of; dispense
with ; be excluded from ; carere
patria, be exiled or banis'aed.
The heel ;
To
CARITAS
CHILIARCTIUS
285
Caritas, útis, f., (carus.) Dear-
ness, dearth, a high price ; love,
esteem, affectiom, charity.
Carmen, îmis, m., (cano.) A verse,
Song, ode, poem ; a set form of
words ; predictiom.
Carus, a, um, adj. Dear or loved;
expensive, precious, valuable.
Casa, ae, f. A cottage, soldier's
hut.
Castellum, i, n., (diminutive from
castrum.) A little fort, castle,
redoubt, a Small fortified place
07* tOWm.
Castrum, i, m. A fortress, castle,
intremchment, fortified towm.
Castra, órum, m. A camp ; sta-
tiva, standing camp ; aestiva,
summer camp ; hiberna, winter
quarters ; mautica, place where
ships are laid up ; ponere castra,
pitch a camp; movere, decamp;
metari, measure out ground for
a camp.
Casus, üs, m., (cado.) A fall ;
chamce or misfortune ; case.
Caterva, ae, f. A multitude of
mem who belong together, a
troop of soldiers.
Causa amd Caussa, ae, f. A
cause ; suit at law ; causâ, abl.,
for the sake of.
Caveo, cavêre, câvi, cautum. To
beware, avoid, be om one's
guard ; use precautiom ; provide.
Cedo, cedëre, cessi, cessum. To
give place, de `art; yield ; ces-
serunt hæc ei prospere, these
things fell out luckily for him ;
cedere vitâ, to die.
Celéber, or ris, ris, re, adj. Fre-
quented ; renowned, celebrated.
Celebritas, àtis, f., (celeber.) A
great resort ; remowm, celebrity
€elebro, áre, (celeber.) To fre-
quent ; celebrate, make famous ;
solemnize ; celebrare fumus,
perform funeral solemnities.
Celer, or èris, ëris, ère, adj.
Swift, nimble, speedy, quick.
Celèrìtas, àtis, f., (celer.) Swift-
mess, quickness, speed, dispatch.
Celériter, adv., (celer.) Quiekly,
speedily.
Celo, áre.
Cema. See Coema.
Cemo. See Cœmo.
Censeo, ère, ui, um. To think,
judge ; deliver ome's opinion, de-
cree ; estimate the fortunes of
the people, in Order to tax them.
Censor, öris, m., (censeo.) A cen-
sor. At Rome there vere two
magistrates, called Censors,
elected every five years, to take
am accoumt of the mumber amd
fortumes of the citizens, amd to
take cognizance of the public
*morals.
Censórius, a, um, adj., (censor)
Of or pertaining to the censor ;
homo censorius, one who has
been censor.
Censùra, ae, f., (censeo.) The of-
fice of censor, censorship ; cem-
SUlfe,
Cemties, adv., (centum.) A hum-
dred times.
Centum, pl. adj., indecl. A hum-
dred. •
To conceal, hide.
Cera, æ, f. Wax ; book, writimg-
tablet, because the Romans
wrote upon tablets covered with
QU} (13;.
Ceremönia, cæremömia, ae, f. A
ceremony ; veneration, sanctity,
Themist. viii. ; splendor pomp.
Cerno, ère, crévi, crètum. To
separate with a sieve ; see, dis-
cern, distinguish ; deliberá'e,
judge, determine.
Certámen, ìnis, m., (certo.) Com-
test, battle ; rivalship.
Certe and certo, adv., (certus.)
Certainly, at least.
Certus, a, um, adj., (cermo.)
Sure, certain ; trusty, steady ;
resolved; stated, appoimted,
fixed.
Ceterum. See Caeterum.
1Wot used
The other,
Ceterus, a, vm, adj
in nom, sing masc
the rest.
Chiliarchus, i, chiliarcha, æ, in
CHORDA
COCTUS
286
A commander of a thousand
IY)6 In.
Chorda, æ, f. The string of a
musical instrument ; cord, rope.
Cibária, örum, n., (cibus.) Meat,
victuals, food, provisions.
Cibus, i, m. Meat, food, victuals,
provender.
Cimgo, ère, cimaci, cinctum.
gird, tie about, surround.
Circa, prep. About, around, round,
round about.
Circìter, adv. About, mear, some-
where about.
Circùlus, i, m., (dim. from circus.)
Circle ; company of people
standing or sitting together in a
ring.
Circumdo, àre, ëdi, útum, (cir-
cum, do.) To put or place
round, to surround, encompass,
envirom, invest.
Circumeo, áre, ìvì and ii, îtum,
(circum, e0.) To go round, en-
compass, surround.
Circumfundo, ère, ùdi, úsum,
(circum, fundo.) To pour
around, to surround.
Circumfúsus. See Circumfundo.
Circumsedeo, circumsideo, ère,
édi, essum, (circum, sedeo.) To
besiege, invest, blockade.
Circumvèho, ère, eaci,
To
ectum,
(circum, veh0.) To carry round, ,
sail round ; classe circumve-
hens Peloponnesum, sailing
round the Peloponnese.
Circumvehor, véhi, vectus sum,
dep. To sailroumd, carry or go
ound.
Circumvénio, áre, émi, emtum,
(circum, venio.) To come round,
surround ; circumvent, over-
reach, cheat.
Circumvemtus. See Circumvemio
Citerior, us, adj., comp. from
citer, obsolete, sup. citimus ;
nearer, hither ; sup. mearest,
hithermost.
Citharizo, áre, (cithöra.)
play om the harp.
Cito, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq. from
To
cieo.) To summon or call ; to
rouse, excite ; to mentiom ; cele-
brate, Auc. Præf.
Civìlis, is, e, adj., (civis.) Of or
pertaimimg to a citizem ; affable,
humane, civil ; polite, courte-
OllS.
Civis, is, m. and f, (perhaps cie0.)
A citizem, free mam or womam
of a city, fellow-citizem.
Civitas, àtis, f., (civis.) An as-
semblage of citizens living in
the same place, and enjoying
the same laws ; city, or state ;
the inhabitants of a whole king-
dom or country, havimg the
same privileges and laws ; right
of citizens.
Clam, adv. Secretly ; prep., with-
out the knowledge of.
Clandestimus, a, um, adj., (clam.)
Secret, clandestime.
Clare, adv., ius, issime. Clearly,
evidently ; brightly ; loudly.
Claritas, àtis, f., (clarus.) Clear-
mess, brightness ; celebrity, re-
I\0Wh.
Clarus, a, um, adj. Clear, bright ;
remowned, famous, illustrious.
Classiárius, i, m., (classis.) One
who fights in a fleet ; a marine.
Classis, is, f. A mumber of ships,
fleet; class of citizens; class of
boys in a school.
Claudo, ère, si, sum. To shut,
close ; surround, emcompass, be-
girt ; stop, stay ; fig., preclude.
Claudus, a, um, adj. Lame,
halting.
Clava, ae, f. A club, a cudgel.
Clemens, tis, adj. Mild, calm ;
gentle, merciful. -
Clementia, ae, f., (clemens.) Gen-
tleness, mercy, elemency.
Clypeus, i, m. A shield, buck-
ler or target.
Cn. Abbreviation for Cnæus,
Cneus.
Coarguo, ère, ui, ùtum, (cor.
arguo.) To detect, prove ; re-
buke ; convict.
Coctus, a, um. See Coquo.
COELUM
COMITIA
287
Cælum, i, m., pl. cœli, órum, m.
Heavem ; the sky, air.
Coema, æ, f. Supper ; the prin-
cipal meal among the Romans.
Coeno, áre, (coena.) To sup ; be
at supper.
Cæpi, sse, and cœptus sum, def.
To begin ; undertake.
Coeo, ire, ìvì or ii, îtum, (con, eo)
To go or come together ; meet,
conspire.
Coerceo, ère, ui, îtum, (con, ar-
ceo.) To restraim, check, con-
fine.
Cogitátio, önis, f., (cogito.)
Thought, meditation, reflec-
tion.
Cogitatum, i, m. A thought, cogi-
tatiom, reflection ; plam, design,
intention.
Cogito, áre, âvi, âtum. To think,
consider, meditate ; devise, in-
tend.
Cognatio, ömis, f., (con, mascor.)
Relation or connection by blood ;
fig., connection, likeness, re-
semblance. .
Cognátus, i, m., (con, ma8c0r)
A relation by blood ; a kimsmam,
either by male or female de-
scent.
Cognitus, a, um, part. See Cog-
7?0SC0.
Cognosco, ère, óvi, îtum, (con,
mosco.) To find out, discover ;
Know, understand ; examine.
Cognomen, inis, m., (com, nomem.)
A surmame, added to one's
mame fo* somethimg remark-
able.
Cogo, ère, coëgi, coactum, (com,
ago.) To gather together, as-
semble, collect ; compel.
Cohortátio, önis, f., (hortor.) An
encouraging ; exhortation.
Collabefacio, ère, èci, actum,
(com, labefacio.) To cause to
fall, ruin, supplant.
Gollabefio, ièri, factus sum. See
Collabefacio.
Collatus, a, um, part.
fero.
See Com-
Collaudo, áre, âvi, âtum, (con,
laudo.) To praise, commend.
Collectus, a, um. See Colligo.
Collega, æ, m., (con, lego.) A
colleague, partner in office.
Colligo, àre, âvi, âtum, (com,
ligo.) To tie, bind together ;
connect ; comprehend.
Colligo, ère, égi, ectum, (con,
lego) To gather together, col-
lect.
Collis, is, m. A hill.
Collöco, áre, âvi, âtum, (con,
loco.) To place together ; settle
in a place, Milt. ii. ; settle in
marriage, Arist. iii. ; place
momey at interest.
Collóquium, i, m., (con, loquor.)
A dialogue, conversation ; com-
ference.
Collöquor, qui, cùtus Or quutus,
dep., (con, loquor.) To speak
with one, speak together, have
a conference.
Colo, ère, ui, ultum. To till, cul-
tivate ; inhabit ; esteem ; wor-
ship.
Colónia, ae, f., (colo.) A colony,
number of citizens sent to im-
habit a foreign district; district
so occupied.
Colónus, i, m., (colo.) A hus-
bandmam, farmer ; colonist, im-
dividual of a colony.
Comes, ìtis, m. and f, (com, e0.)
Attendant, companiom.
Comimus, comminus, (tdv., (com,
manus.) Hand to hamd ; in
close combat ; forthwith, in-
'stantly.
Comis, is, e, adj. Mild, gentle,
good-natured ; affable, courte-
ous, polite.
Comitas, àtis, f., (comis.) Good
humor, complaisamce, affability
Comitium, i, m., (con, e0.) A
place mear the Forum, in Rome,
where the people assembled for
the purpose of emacting laws,
&c. ; a popular assembly.
Comitia, örum, m. An assembly
of the Romam people.
COMITOR,
COMPRIMO
288
Gomitor, âri, âtus, dep., (comes.)
To accompany, attend ; wait
upon.
Commeâtus, ûs, m., (con, meo.)
Liberty of going and coming,
passport, furlough, leave of ab-
sence ; concourse of people ;
provisions. -^
Commëmöro, áre, âvi, âtum, (com,
^memor.) To relate, mention,
recoumt.
Commendátio, önis, f., (commen-
do.) Commendation, recom-
mendation ; commemdatio oris,
a prepossessing appearamce.
Commendo, áre, âvi, âtum, act.,
(com, mando.) To intrust, com-
mit ; recommend; commend,
praise.
Commeo, àre, âvi, âtum, (con,
meo.) To come, go ; move.
Comminiscor, i, dep. To design,
imagine, invent, contrive, de-
vise.
Commisèror, âri, âtus, dep., (con,
miseror.) To pity ; deplore,
lament.
Commissum, i, m., (committo.) A
fault, crime ; secret intrusted.
Commissus. See Committo.
Committo, êre, ìsi, issum, (com,
mitto.) To joim ; committere
prœlium, join battle ; intrust ;
commit a trespass. .
Commödè, adv. comp. ius, sup.
issime, (commodus.) Fitly, con-
veniently ; well ; advantageous-
V.
Commödum, i, m., (commodus.)
Advamtage, profit, convenience.
Commöditas, àtis, f., (commodus.)
Conveniemce, advantage, utility.
Commotus. See Commoveo.
Commöveo, êre, övi, ötum, (com,
moveo.) To move together ;
excite ; alarm, disquiet.
Commúnio, áre, ìvì, ìtum, (c0m,
mnunio.) To fortify, strengthem,
SeCUllTe.
Commùnis, is, e, adj., (con, mu-
mus). Common ; belonging to
ome as well as amother.
Communitas, àtis, f. A commu-
nity, having all things in com-
mon, common right, fellowship,
society.
Commùnìter, adv., (communis.)
Promiscuously, im commom ;
commonly. •
Commütätio, ónis, f., (commuto.)
A change.
Commùto, áre, âvi, âtum, (con,
'muto.) To change, alter ; bar-
ter, exchange.
Compáreo, ère, ui, (com, pareo.)
To appear, be seen.
Compäro, àre, âvi, âtum, (con,
paro.) To procure, prepare,
purchase ; compare ; exercitum,
levy.
Compello, áre, âvi, âtum, (com,
pello, obs.) To address, speak
to ; .to sue at law, to accuse.
Compello, ère, ùli, ulsum, (con,
pello.) To drive together ; force,
compel, restrain.
Compërio, áre, ëri, ertum, (con,
pario.) To find out; ascer-
tain by inquiry ; kmow accurate-
ly.
Complector, cti, acus, dep., (com,
plecto.) To embrace, clasp ;
join ; comprehend ; express.
Compleo, ère, évi, étum. To fill
up ; complete, finish.
Complezus. See Complector.
Complùres, es, a amd ia, adj.,
(com, plures.) Several ; good
many ; considerable mumber.
Compóno, ère, ösui, ositum, (com,
pono.) To place together or in
Order ; settle ; componere bel-
lum, finish a war by treaty.
Composite, adv., (com, pono.)
order ; properly, meatly,
gantly.
Camposito, adv., (con, pomo.) Om
purpose, designedly.
Compositus. See Compono.
Comprehendo, ère, di, sum, (com,
prehendo.) To lay hold of, ap-
prehend, seize ; perceive, com-
prehend.
Comprimo, ère, essi, essum, (com,
Im
ele-
coMPROBO
CoNFIDO
289
premo.) To press together,
check, repress, restraim.
8Comprobo, áre, âvi, àtùm, act.,
com, probo.) To prove ; ap-
prove, ratify, Ham. iii.
{Jonatum, i, m., (con0r.) A*) at-
tempt, endeavor. This word is
generally used in the plural.
<Oonatus, a, um, part. See Comor.
&Camátus, üs, m., (c0n0r.) Am
endeavor, effort, attempt.
£oncalefio. See Calefio.
{Comcédo, ère, ssi, ssum, (cedo.)
To yield, give place ; depart,
Them. viii. ; grant, allow; agree,
give up.
&Joncîdo, ère, di, sum, (cam, cæ-
do.) To cut in pieces, slay,
Kill.
' Concido, ère, i, —, (con, cado.)
To fall down ; be slain ; be
ruined.
&Jonciliátor, öris, m., (concilio.)
One who reconciles, peace-
maker ; procurer.
£oncilio, àre, âvi, âtum, act.,
(concilium.) To call together,
tìmite ; conciliate, gain over,
gain the affections ; attach one
to alìother ; procure ; reconcile.
Concilium, i, m., (con, calo.) A
coumcil, assembly ; place of
meeting.
*Concinnus, a, um, adj., (con,
cinnus.) Concise, meat, ele-
gant, Epam. v. ; agreeable, en-
tertaining.
8Concio, contio, önis, f., (con, cio.)
An assembly of people, met to
be harangued ; speech, ha-
rangue, popular address.
Comcitatus. See Concito.
Concito, àre, âvi, âtum, act.,
(con, cieo.) To move greatly ;
stir up, excite, provoke ; equum,
spur om.
Conclàve, is, m., (com, clavis.) An
inmer room ; apartment under
lock and key.
Conclùdo, ère, si, sum, (con,
claudo.) To shut up, confine ;
contain ; conclude.
2
Comclùsio, ömis, f., (comcludo.)
Long confinemeiat, Eum. v. ;
an end, conclusioi?.
Concupísco, ère, ivi, ììùm, (con,
cujio.) To desire earnestly,
covet ; aspire to.
Concurro, currêre, curri and cu-
curri, cursum, (c0m, curro.) To
rum or meet together ; engage
in battle ; join, agree.
Concursus, üs, m., (concurro.) A
running 0* meetimg together,
concourse ; conflict, onset in
battle.
Concutio,
quatio.)
alarm. •
Condiscîpülátus, ûs, m., (condis-
cipulus.) Fellowship at school.
Comdiscìpùlus, i, m., (con, disci-
pulus.) A schoolfellow.
Conditio, Condicio, ónis, f., (con-
do.) A state or conditiom, for-
tune ; offer, proposal ; terms of
peace.
€onditor, öris, m., (condo.) A
founder or builder ; author, im-
ventor ; writer, composer ; com-
piler. - -
Comdo, ère, îdi, îtum. To lay
up ; found, build ; hide, con
ceal ; compose.
Condüco, ère, aci, ctum, (con,
duco.) To bring together, bring
along with ; hire, Auc. Praef.;
undertake at an estimated
price.
Conductìtius, a, um, adj., (con-
duco.) Hired, mercenary.
Confectus. See Conficio.
Conféro, ferre, túli, lâtum, (con,
fero.) To bring together, col-
lect; se, go ; convey ; pecuni-
am, contribute;. arma, fight ;
facta illustrium virorum, com-
pare.
Confestim, adv.
forthwith.
Conficio, ère, ëci, ectum, (com,
facio.) To finish, accomplish ;
subdue ; kill ; orationes, write.
Confido, ère, ìsus, (con, fido.)
ère, Ssi, ssum, , co?
$ $ $ \ 9
To shake violently ;
Immediately
C0NFIG © 390,
C€}NSERVÖ.
Έ'o trust, confide ; to be as-
sured.
Configo, ère, aci, acum, (com,
figo.) To fix, fastem together;
pierc 9.
€onfìmis, is, e, adj., (con, finis.)
Adjoining, contiguous, border-
Ing On.
Confirmo, áre, âvi, âtum, act.,
(com, firmo.) To strengthen,
confirm, increase ; affirm, de-
elare solemn]y.
Confìteor, éri, essus, dep., (com,
fateor.) To confess.
Confizus. See Configo.
Conflicto, áre, âvi, âtum, freq.
and conflictor, ari, atus, dep.,
(com, fligo.) To contemd, strug-
gle ; encounter, fight.
Confligo, ère, vi, ctum, (com,
fligo.) To contend, fight ; strive.
£onflo, áre, âvi, âtumn, (con, flo.)
To blow together ; metallum,
melt ; bellum, raise ; aes alie-
mum, contract debt.
Confluo, ère, aci, acum, (com, fluo.)
To flow together ; flock to-
gether, assemble.
Confodio, ère, ödi, ossum, (com,
fodio.) To dig ; pierce, stab.
€onfugio, ère, ügi, ug itum, (com,
fugio.) To flee for refuge.
Comgero, ère, essi, . estum, (com,
gero.) To fill up, heap together,
collect.
Congredior, di, ssus, dep., (com,
gradior.) To meet, go together ;
accost, address ; engage in bat-
tle ; dispute.
Congruo, ère, ui, —.
accord. -
Conjectus. See Conjicio.
Conjectus, ûs, m. A throwing,
casting.
Conjicio, ère, èci, ectum, (com,
jacio.) To throw together;
aim ; cast ; conjecture.
Conjugium, i, n. A joining to-
gether, conjunction ; marriage,
matrimony, wedlock.
00njunctè, adv. comnp. ius, Sup.
388ime, (conjunctus.) Comjoint-
To agree,
ly ; in a friendly mahner ; $$.
timately.
Conjunctim, adv.,
Conjointly, together.
Conjunctus. See Conjúngo.
Conjungo, ère, aci, ctum, (con,
jungo.) To join together ; unite
in marriage ; associate, procure.
Conjùràtio, ónis, f., (conjuro.)
A conspiracy, combination.
Conlatus, (collatus.) See Con-
fero.
Conor, âri, âtus, dep. To en-
deavor, try, attempt.
Conquìro, ère, sîvi, sìium, (con,
quæro.) To searcb, seek for
diligently ; collecf ; acquire.
Conscendo, ère, di, sum, (egm,
scando.) To climb, mount ;
navem, to embark.
Conscisco, ἐre, âvi, âtum. To
vote together by commom con-
sent ; determine, resolve, de-
C}'ê£.
Conscius, a, um, adj., (eom, scio.)
Privy to, being witness to, Milt.
iii. ; conscious, guilty.
Conscrìbo, ère, psi, ptum, (con
scribo.) To write, enroll, enlist
Conscripti, m , (sc. patres.) Con-
script fathers, the title by which
the Roman Senators were ad-
dressed.
Conscriptus. See Conscribo.
Consector, âri, âtus, dep., (freq.
(c0njungo)
consequor.) To follow after
diligently, pursue ; Overtake ;
obtain.
Consecutus. See Consequor.
Consensio, önis, f., (consentio.)
Agreement, consent ; combina-
tion. •
Consentio, îre, si, sum, (com, sen-
tio.) To agree in sentiment,
consent ; combine, conspire.
Consequor, qui, quutus and cùtus,
dep., (^om, sequor.) To follow,
pursue ; Overtake ; get, obtain
Consero, ère, ui, tum, (com, sero.)
To joim, knit together ; mnanum,
to fight in close combat.
Conservo, áre, âvâ, âtum, (con,
CONSIDEO
CONTINEO
291
8ervo.)
observe.
Somsideo, ère, èdi, essum, (con,
sedeo.) To sit together, sit
dowm ; encamp; abide, remaim
in one place.
Considéro, áre, âvi, âtum.
consider, to observe.
Consido, ère, édi, essum, (com,
sido.) To rest, alight as a bird ;
sit dowm ; settle.
Comsilium, i, m., (consulo.) Ad-
vice, counsel ; design ; wisdom,
conduct; talent, Alc. i.; Scheme,
purpose.
0onsimilis, is, e, adj. Like.
Comsisto, ère, titi, titum, (c0m,
sisto.) To stand firmly, settle ;
consist in ; depend upon.
Consobrima, ae, f. A female
cousim, daughter of a mother's
sister.
Consólor, âri, âtus, dep. To
comfort, console ; alleviate sor-
IrOW.
Conspectus, ûs, m., (conspicio.)
Sight, view ; presence.
Conspicio, ère, eaci, ectum, (con,
specio.) To see, behold ; con-
sider ; puss., be conspicuous or
remarkable.
Conspicor, âri, âtus, dep., (com-
spicio.) To see, behold.
Constans, tis, adj., (consto.) Con-
stant, steady ; uniform, regular,
consistent.
Comstituo, ère, ui, ütum, (com,
statuo.) To place, erect, build ;
establish ; appoint ; determine,
resolve.
Comsto, áre, îtî, îtum* and åtum.
To stand together, continue, be
steady ; consist ; cost ; be evi-
dent.
Consuesco, ère, évi, étum, (com,
suesco.) To be accustomed ;
act., to accustom.
Consuetùdo, inis, f., (consuesco.)
Custom, habit; acquaintance,
familiarity.
€onsul, ùlis, m., (consulo) A
consul. The two cQmsuls avere
To keep ; preserve ;
To
the supreme magistrates of
IRome : they were elected am-
mually with regal authority,
preceded by twelve lictors, and
distimguished by the other em-
sigms of royalty.
Consularis, is, e, adj. Of or be-
longing to a consul, consular.
Consulatus, ûs, m. Consulship,
consulate: it refers both to office
amd term of service.
Consulo, ère, ui, tum. To con-
sult, ask or give advice ; consulo
te, I ask your advice ; consulo
tibi, I provide for your welfare.
Consultus, a, um, part (consulo.)
Adj., experienced, practised,
skilful.
Consumo, ère, psi, ptum, (com,
sumo.) To waste, consu:ae,
spend.
Contègo, ère, aci, ctum, (con,
tego.) To cover all over ; hide,
conceal. -
Contemno, ère, psi, ptum, (con,
temmo.) To despise, contemn.
Contendo, ère, di, tum, (com,
tendo.) To stretch ; strain ;
act with great effort ; go or
hasten to a place ; contend,
fight ; affirm confidently, Att.
Xll. -
Contentio, ömis, f., (contendo.) A
strong exertiom, earnest en-
deavor ; contest, dispute.
Contentus, a, um, part., (con,
tendo.) Stretched, strained.
Contentus, a, um, adj., (con,
temeo.) Content, satisfied.
Conteaco, ère, ui, tum, (con, teæo.)
To weave, join, or knit togeth-
er ; historia conteacta, continued
history, Att. xvi.
Continens, tis, adj. and part.,
(contineo.) Moderate, temper-
ate, Epam. iii. ; adjoining, suc-
cessive, uninterrupted ; terra,
the continent, maim land.
Comtimemtia, æ, f. The contents,'
continuity, proximity ; modera-
tiom, forbearance, restraint.
Contineo, ère, imui, entum.
Tq
CONTINGIT
CUBITUS
292
hold together ; keep close, con-
tain ; restraim.
Contingit, igit, ingère, imp.,
(con, iamg0.) It happens.
Contingo, ère, îgi, tactum.
touch, touch upon.
Contra, prep. Against ; opposite
to ; contrary to.
Contraho, ère, aci, ctum, (com,
traho.) To draw together, as-
semble ; contract or gather ;
bring om, cause ; shortem ; com-
tract or bargain.
Contrario, adv., (contrarius.) Om
the contrary.
Contrarius, a, um, adj., (comtra.)
Contrary, opposite ; e or eæ com-
irario, om the contrary.
Contueor, éri, ìtus, dep., (com,
fueor.) To see, behold steadily ;
survey. -
Contumáciter, adv. comp. us, sup.
ssvme, (comtumdac.) Obstinate-
ly, proudly ; rebelliously, Cim. ii.
Contumélia, ae, f, (com, tumeo.)
Am affront, insult, reproach,
Them. i. ; bad usage, injury.
Convenio, áre, émi, entum, (com,
venio.) To come together, meet
To
with ; agree ; suit ; be agreed.
om ; imp., it is agreed.
Comvemtus, üs, m., (convenio.) A
meeting, assembly, agreement.
Converto, ère, ti, sum, (con, verto.)
To turn, apply, convert, change.
Convictus, üs, m., (convivo.) Liv-
ing or boarding with ; familiari-
ty, acquaintance, society.
Conviva, æ, m. or f., (comvivo.)
A person invited to an enter-
tainment, guest.
Convöco, áre, âvi, útum, (com,
voco.) To call together, sum-
mon, assemble.
Coorior, ìri, ortus sum, dep.,
(com, orior.) To arise with vio-
lence ; burst forth, Epam. viii.
Copia, æ, f. Plenty, abundanco;
ability, leave ; pl., forces.
Copiosus, a, um, adj., (copia.)
Copious, plentiful, abundant ;
rich.
Copüla, ae, f. . A chain, fetter ;
bond, tie.
Coquo, ère, aci, ctum. To boil, to
cook, or dress meat.
Coram, prep. Before, in presence
of; adv., opem]y.
Cornu, m. simg. imdecl., plur. cor-
mua, um. A horn, trumpet ; ex-
tremity of any thing ; wiiig of
an army.
Coróna, ae, f. A crown, garland,
ring or circle of people.
Coróno, àre, âvi, âtum. To crown,
surround.
Corpus, öris, m. A body ; per-
son, stature ; substance ; socie-
ty or corporation.
Corripio, ère, ipui, eptum, (com,
rapio.) To smatch or seize
hastily ; hastem ; blame, cen-
SUlI'6.
Corrumpo, ère, ùpi, uptum, (con,
rump0.) To spoil, corrupt ;
bribe.
Corruptus, a, um. See Corrum-
0.
Coss., for consulibus, dat. and abl.
pl. of consul.
Crastìnus, a, um, adj., (cras.)
Of to-morrow ; of the time to
COTΩ 6.
Creber, ra, rum, adj.
thick, close.
Crédo, ère, îdi, îtum. To be-
lieve ; trust ; think, suppose. .
Cremo, áre, âvi, âtum. To burm.
Creo, àre, âvi, âtum. To create,
make ; beget ; elect.
Cresco, ère, vi, tum, (creo.) To
grow, increase ; increase in
wealth or power ; grow great.
Crimen, imis, m. A crime ; im
peachment, accusatiom.
Crudélis, is, e, adj., (crudus.)
Cruel, inhumam. . .
Crudelìtas, àtis, f., (crudelis.)
Cruelty, inhumanity.
Crudeliter, adv., (crudelis.) Cru-
elly.
Cruento, áre, âvi, âtum, (cruor.)
To staim with blood.
Cubitus, i, m., (cubo.) The el-
Prequent ;
CUBO
DECIDO
293
bow ; arm from the elbow to
the emd of the middle-finger ;
cubit, measure of a foot amd a
half. -
Cubo, áre, ui, îtum. To lie dowm,
be in bed, recline at table ;
dwell, reside. -
Culeus and culleus, i, m. A
leatherm sack or bag; the great-
est liquid measure among the
Bomans, containing twenty
amphoræ. -
€ulpa, æ, f. A fault, miscar-
riage, blame, guilt; involuiitary
offence.
Cultus, üs, m., (colo.) Cultiva-
tion ; worship ; respect ; dress;
mammer of living.
Cum, prep. With, together with.
' Cum, adv. and conj. When, see-
ing that, since.
Cunctus, a, um, adj. All, whole.
Cupide, adv. comp. ius, sup. issi-
me, (cupidus.) Eagerly, fondly.
Cupiditas, àtis, f., (cupidus.)
Desire, eagerness ; covetous-
mess, ambition.
Cupidus, a, um, adj., (cupio.)
Desirous, eager, fond ; covet-
ous ; ambitious. -
Cupio, ère, ìvi, îtum.
desire ; wish.
Cur, adv. Why, wherefore ; bo-
C8 UlS€.
Cura, ae, f. Care, concern; charge;
darling.
Curatio, ömis, f., (cura.) A ta-
king care or charge of; cure,
healimg of disease.
Curo, áre, âvi, âtum, (cura.) To
take care Of; cause ; refresh,
Gllre,
To covet,
{Curro, ère, curri and cùcurri,
cursum. To rum ; pass away
speedily.
Cursor, öris, m., (curro.) A rum-
ner, footman ; courier, post.
Cursus, üs, m., (curro.) A rum-
ming ; race, course ; Voyage.
Custódia, æ, f., (custos.) A
keepimg; charge; imprisomment,
custody ; prison.
Q*
Custódio, îre, âvi, îtum, (custo-
dia.) To guard, watch ; keep,
defend. -
Custos, ódis, m. and f. A guard-
iam, guard, keeper ; watch.
D.
D., Decimus ; in titles of emper-
ors, Divus ; five humdred.
Damnátio, ömis, f., (damno)
Condemnation.
Damno, àre, âvi, âtum, (dam.
mumn.) To condemm, reprove
doom, consign over ; damnatus
voti, bound by his vow, in conse-
quence of having gaimed the ob-
ject for which thevov was made.
De, prep. Of, concerning, about,
from ; de die, by day ; diem de
die, day after day.
Dea, æ, f, (deus.) A goddess.
Debeo, ère, ui, îtum, (de, habeo.)
To owe, be indebted ; be ob-
liged; with the infinitive it is
translated ought, as, debeo ire,
I ought to go; debui ire, I
ought to have gone. .
Debilito, áre, âvi, âtum, (debilis.)
To weakem, enfeeble; discourage.
Debitum, i, n., (debeo.) A debt.
Decedo, ère, ssi, ssum, (de, cedo.)
To depart ; yield ; de vitâ, die.
Decem, adj. imdecl. Tem.
Decemplex, ìcis, adj., (decem,
plico.) Tenfold. -
Decemviri, örum, m. Ten mem
united in office.
Decemvirális, is, e, adj., (decem,
vir.) Of or pertaining to the
decemviri.
Decerno, ère, crévi, crétum, (de,
cerno.) To decree, determine,
resolve, Milt. ii. ; fight. -
Decerto, áre, âvi, atum, (de,
certo.) To contend vehement-
ly, strive ; fight. -
Decessus, üs, m., (decedo.) A
departure, decease, death.
Decet, ere, uit, imp. It becomes ;
is proper or suitable.
Decîdo, ère, i, —, (de, cado.) To
fall down ; die.
I)ECIPIO
IDEMONSTR�
294
Decipio, ère, ëpi, ptum, (de,
capio.) To deceive, beguile,
make to forget.
Decláro, áre, âvi, âtum, (de,
clarus.) To show, make evi-
dent ; declare.
Decörus, a, um, adj., (decor.)
Comely, beautiful ; honorable.
Decrètum, i, m., (decerm0.) A
decree, statute.
Decreturus, a, um, part. See
Decermo.
Decurro, ère, curri and cùcurri,
cursum, (de, curro.) To rum
down ; rum hastily, rum a race ;
have recourse to.
Deditio, ónis, f., (dedo.) A sur-
render.
Deditus. See Dedo.
Dêdo, ère, îdi, îtum, (de, do.)
To surrender, give up to, sub-
mit.
Dedùco, ère, aci, tum, (de, duco.)
To bring down ; lead out,
comduct, Milt. iv. ; derive ; de-
duce.
Deductus, a, um, part.
duco.
Defatigo, àre, âvi, âtum. To
weary or tire greatly, tire out,
fatigue.
Defectio, ömis, f., (de, facio.) A
revolt; failure of strength, weak-
I\€SS.
Defendo, ère, di, sum, (de, femdo,
obs.) To keep off; defend ;
support, preserve. -
Defensio, ónis, f., (defendo.) A
defence.
Deféro, erre, túli, látum, (de,
fero.) To bring, carry, report,
tell ; inform agains', accuse;
defer
Deficio, ère, êci, ectum, (de,
facio.) To fail; be discouraged;
revolt.
Deformitas, àtis, f., (de, forma.)
Deformity, ugliness ; disgrace,
dishonor ; indecency.
Degredior, ëdi, gressus sum, dep.,
(de, gradior.) To depart.
Dehortor, âri, àtus sum, dep., (de,
See De-
hortor.) To discourage, dis,
suade.
Dejicio, ère, êci, ectum, (de,
jacio.) To throw dowm, cast
dowm ; dispossess ; degrade ; re-
IY1OV€.
Deinde, adv., (de, inde.) Then,
thereafter, after that.
Delatus, a, um, part.
fero.
Delecto, áre, âvi, âtum, (de, lac-
See De-
to.) To allure ; please, de-
light.
Delectus, a, um, part. See De-
ligo.
Delectus, ûs, m., (ileligo.) A
choosing, election ; levy of sol-
diers.
Deleo, ère, èvi, ètum, (de, leo, for
lino.) To blot out, efface ; de-
' stroy utterly, raze, terminate,
quash, Alcib. viii.
Delibero, áre, âvi, âtum, (de,
libero.) To deliberate, consult,
consider. * . .
Delicáte, adv., (delicatus.) Soft-
ly, delicately ; wantonly, Alc. ii.
Delictum, i, m., (delinquo.) Fault,
crime, offence, sim ; error, over-
sight.
Deligo, àre, âvi, âtum, (de, ligo.)
To bind up, tie, fastem.
Deligo, ère, égi, ectum, (de, lego.)
To choose, pick out, select.
Demens, tis, adj., (de, mens)
Mad, frantic, outrageous ; silly
Dementia, æ, f., (demens.) Mad-
ness, phrensy ; folly.
Demergo, ère, si, sum, (de, mer-
go.) To dip or plunge into
water ; drown ; simk.
Demigrâtio, ònis, f., (demigro.)
An emigration, change of place
or abode.
Demigro, áre, âvi, âtum, (de,
migro.) To remove, change
ome's place of abode, go from
one place to amother.
Demólior, ìri, itus, dep., (de,
molior.) To demolish or throw
down a building ; destroy.
Demonstro, áre, âvi, âtum.
Tc
ÐÈÊÀíÜMí.
I) EVEHO
295
show, point out, prove evidently,
demonstrate.
Pemum, adv. At length, at last ;
tum demum, them, and not till
them.
¥)enique, adv.
to conciude.
í}emuncio, áre, âvi, âtum, (de,
muncio.) To foretell, forewarm ;
denoumce, threatem.
ÌDepello, ère, üli, ulsum, (de, pellg.)
To drive away, repei, keep off.
Depingo, ère, aci, ctum, (de, pin-
g0.) To paint, describe.
3Depóno, ère, ösui, ositum, (de,
pono.) To lay down ; deposite ;
lay aside ; resign.
$Depopùlor, âri, âtus, dep., (de,
populus.) To lay waste, de-
populate ; pillage, ravage.
Deporto, áre, âvi, âtum, (de,
port0.) To carry away, con-
vey; banish. -
î)eprecor, âri, áttts, dep., (de,
precor.) 'i'o pray for, pray
earnestly, entreat ; deprecate,
pray against. '
ÌDeprimo, ère, essi, essum, (de,
premo.) To pressor keep down ;
sink ; repress, check.
$epugno, àre, âvi, âtum, (de,
pugno.) To fight eageriy ;
strive, contend.
35epulsus. See Depello.
3Descendo, ère, di, sum, (de,
scando.) To go down, de-
scend, dismoumt ; condescend.
HPescisco, ère, âvi or ii, ìtum, (de,
Scisco.) To revolt, rebel.
30escribo, ère, psi, ptum, (de,
scribo.) To write over, copy; de-
scribe, define; distribute; assign.
£}esero, ère, ui, tumn, (de, sero.)
To leave, forsake, desert.
30esiderium, i, m., (desidero.)
Desire or regret for a thing lost;
longing.
„Desìdèro, áre, âvi, âtum. To desire
or regret a thing lost ; long for.
£)esimo, ère, âvi or ii, itum, (de,
sino.) To leave off, give over ;
çerrairaa£e.
Einally, im short,
Desisto, ère, titi, titum, (de,
sisto.) To desist from ; discon-
tinue, cease.
Despectus, a, um. See Despicio.
Desperátio, ónis, f., (despero.)
Despair.
Despéro, àre, âvi, âtum, (de,
spero.) To despair ; be with-
out hope.
Despicio, ère, eæi, ectum, (de,
specio.) To look down upon,
despise.
Despondeo, ère, di or spöpondi,
sum, (de, spondeo.) To promise;
betroth, promise in marriage;
lose hepe, despond.
Destimo, áre, âvi, âtumn. To bind
or fastem ; appoint, design.
Destittto, ère, ui, ùtum, (de,
statuo.) To forsake, disappoint;
break promise. -
Desum, esse, fui, irreg. neut., (de,
sum.) To be wantiiag, be ab-
sent ; fail. -
Detègo, ère, eaci, ectum, (de,
tego.) To uncover, expose ; de-
tect.
Deterior, ior, ius, adj. comp.
Worse ; sup. deterrimus, worst.
Deterreo, ère, ui, itum, (de, ter-
reo.) To frighten from, deter;
dissuade, discourage.
ÌDetestor, âri, âtus, dep., (de,
testor.) To witmess against,
Timol. ; to pray that it may be
removed ; detest.
Detraho, ère, aci, ctum, (de, tra-
ho.) To draw or drag down ;
draw Or pull of€; take from, de-
tract.
Detrìmentum, i, m., (detero.) Loss,
damage, detriment.
Detrôdo, ère, si, sum, (de, trudo.)
To thrust down ; drive orthrust
out ; dispossess ; compel.
Deus, i, m. A god, deity, divini-
ty.
Deùtor, ti, sus sum, dep., (de,
titor.) To make aa ill use of;
abuse.
Devèho, ère, aci, ctum, (de, veho.)
To carry down ; convey.
DEVENIÖ. 2.
DISCRIMEN
96
Bevênio, îre, ëni, emtum, neut., (de,
venio.) To come down; happen.
ÌDeverto, êre, ti, sum, (de, verto.)
To turn away, turm aside ; vwan
der, digress. •
Devictus. See Devinco.
3Devincio, áre, zi, ctum?, (de,
vincio.) To bind fast ; oblige ;
attach, or gaia the affections of.
Devinco, êre, ìci, ictum, (de, vinco.)
To subdue, vanquish completely.
Devius, a, um, adj., (de, via.)
Out of the way or road, retired,
sequestered ; erring.
IJevöco, áre, âvi, âtum, (de, voco.)
To eall ; call away or aside ;
invite, Cim. iv.
10evotio, ömis, f., (de, voveo.)
devoting or giving up ; curse.
Devoveo, ère, övi, ötum, (de,
voveo.) To vow ; devote ; curse.
Deacter, ëra, ërum, or ra, rum,
adj. Right, om the right hand ;
prosperous, lucky.
Deactra, æ, f., sc. manus, (de æter)
The right hand.
Diadéma, άtis, m. Adiadem, crown.
IDicis, gem., (nom. diae, ob80l.)
Dicis gratiâ, for form's sake ;
in word only, not in reality.
Dico, êre, aci, ctum. 'Fo speak,
say, tell ; name; appoint ; plead.
IDictátor, öris, m., (dicto.) A
dictator, a Romam magistrate,
created in times of eztraordi-
mary dìffìcalìy, with absolute
power.
Dictìto, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq.
dicto.) To say commonly or
frequently ; give out.
Dictum, i, m., (dico.) A saying,
word ; wise saying, proverb.
Dies, èi, m. amd f., plur. m. A
day ; time, a season.
Différo, erre, stúli, latum, irreg.
(dis, fero.) To scatter, dis-
perse, spread abroad ; differ ;
delay or put off.
Difficile, adv., (difficilis.) Hard-
]y, with difficulty.
Difficilis, is, e, adj., (dis, facilis.)
A.
Diffódo, ère, sus sum, (dis, fido.}
To distrust, to despair of.
Digitus, i, m. A finger ; finger'e
breadth ; inch.
Dignitas, àtis, f., (dignus.) Dig-
mity, authority. .
Dignus, a, um, adj. Worthy, de-
serving of. -
Digredior, di, ssus sum, dep., (dis,
gradior.) To depart, go away
or aside.
Dilábor, bi, psus sum, dep., (di,
labor.) To slip or steal away,
go away ; fail or decay.
Dilatus. See Differo.
Diligens, tis, adj., (diligo.) Fond,
studious, diligent, careful.
Diligenter, adv., (diligens.) Dili-
gently, carefully.
Diligentia, ae, f., (diligens.) Dili-
gence, attention.
Diligo, ère, eæi, ectum, (di, lego.)
To love, esteem highly.
Dimico, áre, âvi, seldom ui, átum,
(di, mico.) To fight, con-
tend.
Dimidius, a, wm, adj., (di, me-
dius.) Half.
Dimitto, ère, si, ssum, (di, mitto.)
To dismiss, disband ; let go or
let slip ; discard ; divorce ; ar-
range or draw up am army ;
Order.
Dirigo, ère, ezi, ectum, (di, rego.)
To direct, guide.
Diripio, ère, ipùi, eptum, (di,
rapio.) To take away by vio-
lence, plumder ; tear in pieces.
Diruo, uêre, ùi, útum, (di, ruo.)
To pull dowm, overthrow, de-
stroy.
Discédo, ère, ssi, ssum, (dis,
cedo.) To go in amother direc-
tiom; go away, depart ; die.
Discerno, ère, crévi, crétum, (dis,
cermo.) To separate ; discern,
distinguish ; determine.
Disciplinœ, ae, f., (discipulus.)
Instruction, fearming ; discip-
line ; skill.
Disco, êre, didici. To learn.
Difficult: morose, peevish, Att. v. ' Di8crìmen, îmis, m., (discermg)
DISERTE
DIVINATIO
29'7
A difference, distinction ; dam-
ger; contest.
Diserte, adv.
eloquently.
Disertus, a, um, adj., (dissero.)
Clear and copious in expression ;
fluent, eloquent.
Disjicio, ère, ëci, ectum, (dis,
jacio.) To disperse, scatter,
Milt. ii. ; cast down, overthrow.
Dispalor, âri, âtus, dep., (dis,
palor.) To scatter up and
down ; wander here and there,
straggle.
Dispenso, áre, âvi, âtum, (dis-
pendo.) To mamage, regulate
or take care of, Com. iv. ; to
dispense, afford, distribute ; de-
termine.
Dispergo, ère, si, sum, (di, spar-
go.) To disperse, scatter.
Dispertio, ìre, ivi, ìtum, and
dispertior, ìri, âtus sum, dep.,
(dis, partio.) To divide, dis-
tribute. -
Displiceo, ère, ui, îtum, (dis,
placeo.) To displease.
Dispono, ère, ösui, itum., (dis,
pomo.) To arrange, put in or-
der, dispose ; appoint ; distribute.
Dispùto, áre, âvi, âtum, (dis,
puto.) To reasom or discourse
of, discuss; dispute.
Dissensio, ónis, f., (dissentio.)
Differemce in sentiment or
opiniom, disagreement, dissent ;
strife, dissension.
Dissentio, áre, sensi, sensum,
(dis, semtio.) To differ in opin-
ion or sentiment, dissent, disa-
• gree. .
Dissideo, ère, édi, —, (dis, se-
deo.) To be at variance ; differ,
quarrel.
Dissimilis, is, e, adj., (dis, simi-
lis.) Umlike.
IDissimilitúdo, ìnis, f., (dissimi-
lis.) Umlikemess, dissimilitude ;
diversity.
Dissocio, áre, ávi, âtum, (dis,
80cio.)
ship ; disjoin, disunite, separate.
Clearly, expressly ;
To dissolve partner-
Dissolutus. See Dissolvo.
Dissolútus, a, um, adj. I100se ;
careless ; profligate, Alcib. i.
Dissolvo, ère, vi, ùtum, (dis,
solvo.) To loose, dissolve ; dis-
engage ; destroy ; aes alienum,
pay debt.
Distineo, ère, ùi, emtum, (dis,
teneo.) To hold or keep asum-
der ; separate, divide ; distract,
perplex, Att. ix.
Distraho, ère, aci, ctum, (dis,
traho.) To draw asunder or
into different parts ; separate,
divide or distract.
Distringo, ère, naei, ctum, (dis,
stringo.) To bind fast, w Dund
slightly, graze ; rub ; pass., be
much engaged.
Ditissimus, a, um, adj. sup.,
(dives.) Very rich ; richest.
Diu, adv. comp. diutius, sup.
diutissime, (dies.) LOng, a
long time.
Diùtimus, a, um, adj., (diu.)
Long, lasting, continual.
Diuturnùtas, âtis, f., (diuturnus.)
Long continuance, length of
time.
Diuturnus, a, um, adj., (diu.)
Long, lasting.
Diverse, adv. T)ifferent ways,
hither and thither ; in differe
ent parts, here and there ; in
a different manner, different-
ly. • -
Diversus, a, um, adj , (diverto)
Turned aside or out ùf the way ;
different.
Diverto, ère, ti, sum, (di, verto.)
To turn aside or out of the
way ; take lodgings.
Dives, itis, adj. Rich, wealthy ;
able. It wamts the mominative,
accusative, and vocative, plural
meuter.
Divido, ère, ìsi, fisum, (dis, iduo,
obs.) To divide, distribute ;
separate.
Divínátio, ömis, f., (divino.) The
foreseeing or foretelling future
events, divinatiom ; conjecture.
1)IVINO
DYNASTA
298
Divimo, áre, âvi, âtum, (divinus.)
To foresee or foretell, divine ;
judge, conjecture.
Divimus, a, um, adj., (divus.) Di-
vine, godlike, heavenly ; subst.,
a diviner, a soothsayer.
Divisus. See Divido.
Divítiæ, árum, f., (dives.) Riches.
Divum, or Dium, i, n. The opem
air.
Divus, i, m. A god.
L)o, áre, dedi, datum. To give,
to grant ; dare manus, to yield,
Hamil. i. ; dare fidem, to prom-
ise, to swear.
Doceo, ère, ui, tum.
inform, tell.
Docilis, is, e, adj., (doceo.) Apt
to learn or to be taught, docile.
Docilitas, àtis, f., (docilis.) Apt-
mess to learm, docility.
Doctor, öris, m., (doceo.) A
teacher, instructor.
Doctrìna, ae, f., (doctor.) Learn-
ing, instruction, doctrine.
Dodrans, tis, m. Nine ounces,
or three-fourths of a pound ;
three-fourths of any thing.
Dolor, öris, m., (dole0.) Grief,
sorfow ; paim.
Dolus, i, m. Deceit, guile, false-
hood ; wile, trick, stratagem.
Domesticus, a, um, adj., (domus.)
Belonging to a house or family ;
domestic.
Domicilium, i, m., (domus, colo.)
A place of abode, lodging;
dwelling-place, residence.
Dominátio, önis, f., (domimus.)
Power, sway, sovereignty ; usur-
pation, tyrammy.
Dominatus, ûs, m., (dominus.)
Rule, power, sovereignty, tyr-
anny.
Dominus, i, m. A master of
slaves; owner ; master, ruler ;
lord. - -
I)omus, ûs, f. A house, a dwel-
ling ; gen. domi, at home.
Donec, adv. Until.
To teach ;
Donicum, conj. Until
Domo, áre, âvi, âtum, (donumn.)
To give freely, present.
Donum, i, n. A gift, offering;
bribe.
Dos, dótis, f, (do.) A dowry,
marriage portion ; endowment
of body or mimd.
Dubito, áre, âvi, âtum, (dubius.)
To doubt ; hesitate ; distrust.
Dubium, i, m., (dubius.) Doubt,
hesitancy, distrust.
Dubius, a, um, adj. Doubtful,
dangerous, uncertaim. .
Ducenti, æ, a, adj., (duo, centum.)
Two hundred.
Duco, ère, aci, ctum. To lead,
conduct, bring ; tempus, pass
the time, delay ; think, reckon,
esteenm. ·
Ductor, öris, m., (duco.) A lead-
er, commander, captain, gen-
eral.
Ductus, a, um. See Duco.
Ductus, üs, m., (duco.) A lead-
ing, conduct.
Dulcis, is, e, adj. Sweet ; pleas-
amt, delicious, Att. xviii.
Dum, adv. While, whilst ; until,
provided.
Duo, ae, o, adj. Two.
Duodécim, adj. pl. indecl., (duo,
decem.) Twelve.
Duplex, ìcis, adj., (duo, plico.)
Double, twofold ; crafty.
Duplico, áre, óvi, âtum, (duo,
plico.) To double, to increase
twofold.
Duritia, æ, * f., (durus.) Hard-
mess ; austerity, frugality, Alc.
xi. ; rudemess, cruelty, . harsh-
Il€SS.
Durus, a, um, adj. Hard, solid ;
hardy ; rough, harsh, unpleas-
ant.
Duae, ducis, m. and f., (duco.) A
guide ; leader, general.
Dynasta or dynastes, æ, m. A
prince ; ruler, governor.
YÉ 293
iENKÍTTOy
E.
È or eæ, prep. O£, out pf, from ;
e or eæ comtrario, on the com-
trary ; e or eae regione, over,
against, opposite ; e or eæ lom-
ginquo, afar off; e or eae vesli-
gio, instantly ; e or ex repub-
licâ, for the good of the com-
monwealth.
£dictum, i, m., (edico.) An edict
or order, proclamation.
Editus, a, um, part. and adj.,
(edo.) Sprung or descended ;
published, declared ; high, lofty.
Èdo, ère, îdî, îtum, (e, do.) To
bring forth ; utter, give eut,
Dat. vi. ; publish, Att. xvi. ; ex-
hibit or show.
£dúco, áre, âvi, áttum, (e, duco.)
To bring up, maimtaim ; iiìstruct;
traim, form.
• £dìco, ère, aci, ctum, (e, duco,)
To lead forth er out ; draw out ;
bring up.
Efféro, erre, eactúli, elàtum, (eae,
fero.) To carry out ; bury,
'Oim. iv. ; extol, Alc. xi. ; trans-
port, elate, puff up, Alc. vii. ;
produce.
£Efficio, ère, èci, ec€um, (eae, fa-
ci6.) Te finish ; accomplish,
effect; cause, brimg about, Ages.
lll.
£fflo, áre, âvi, âtum, (eae, flo.)
'{'o brea£he out, exhale ; ani-
'mam, to die, to expire.
Effractus, a, urn, part. See Ef-
fringo.
§¤ffringo, ère, égi, actum, (eae,
frango.) To break opera ; break
in pieces.
3Effúgio, ère, ügi, vgätum, (eae,
fugio.) To flee from ; escape,
elude.
3Effundo, ère, ùdi, üsùm, (eae,
fundo.) To pour out, lavish,
squamder.
?Effúsus, a, um, part., (effundo.)
Lavished ; too common, Mil. vi.
£go, mei, m. and f., proa. I.
JEgömet, meimet, prom.
self.
IEgrèdior, di, s8us sum, dep., (e,
gradior) To go out; T navi,
disembark.
Egregius, a, um, adj., (e, greae.)
Eminent, remarkable, excellent.
Ejectus. See Ejicio.
Ejicio, ère, ëci, ectum, (e, jacio.)
To cast out ; discard ; banish ;
throw Off.
Ëjusmödi, (is, modus.)
SOrt.
Elábor, bi, psus sum, dep., (e,
labor.) To slide or slip away ;
escape ; fall out.
Elabóro, áre, âvi, âtum, (e, la-
boro.) To labor greatly or dili-
gently ; procure by great labor.
Eláte, adv., (elatus.) Proudly,
haughtily, loftily.
Elègans, tis, adj., (e, lego.) Ele-
gant withgut splendor, Att. xiii.;
handsome, polite.
Eleganzia, æ, f, (elegans.) Ele-
ganee, politeness.
Elephantus, i, m?.
ivory.
?Elîcio, ère, ui, îtum, (eae, lacio,
obs.) To draw or brimg out ;
allure ; elicit or strike out.
Eligo, ère, êgê, ectum, (e, lego.)
'{`o choose, elect.
Eloquentia, æ, f.,
Eloquence. -
Elúceo, ère, æi, —, (e, luceo.)
To shine forth ; be conspicuous.
Emaac, âcis, adj., (emo.) Fond
of buying.
Emnendo, àre, âvi, âtum, (e, mem-
da.) To amend or correct.
Emergo, ère, si, sum, (e, mergo)
To rise up, emerge ; extricate,
Att. xi.
Emineo, ' ère, ui, —, (e, mineo,
obs.) To rise 6r grow up as a
tree ; be raised above others ;
be conspicuous or eminent.
Eminus, adv., (e, manus.) At a
distance.
Emitto, ère, ìsi, issum, (e, mitto.)
To send orit ; throw away ; le*
I ray-
Of that
Am elephant,
(eloqùens.}
$MO
EVAIjG
300
go ; discharge ; animam, ex-
pire, die. -
Emo, ère, emi, emptum. To buy ;
take ; bribe.
Enarro, áre, âvi, âtum, (e, mar-
ro.) To relate from beginning
to end ; recite, declare.
Enim, adv. and conj.
deed.
Enimvero, conj. Truly, of a truth,
indeed, 8urely.
Enumèro, áre, âvi, âtum, (e,
numero.) To reckom up, re-
count ; enumerate.
Emuncio, and Enuntio, áre, âvi,
átum, (e, nuncio.) To pro-
nounce, utter ; declare ; pub-
lish. . ' -
Eo, ire, âvi, îium, irreg. meut.
For, in-
To go.
Eo, adv. '}'hither, to that place ;
therefore.
Eódem, adv. To the same place ;
to the same purpose.
Ephébus, i, m. A youth ; a
young mam who has reached
the age of puberty, or fifteen.
Ephemëris, ìdis, f. A journal ;
a book im which are recorded
the events and transactions of
eaeh day.
JFphörus, i, m. One of the Epho-
ri, or magistrates of Sparta.
They were five in mumber,
elected annually, and iheir
power was so great, as even to
control their kings.
Epigrammna, àtis, m., dat. pl.
atis, seldom atibus. An in-
scription ; am epigram, or short
pointed poem.
Epistöla, ae, f. A letter, epistle.
Epùlor, âri, âtus, dep., (epulum.)
To feast.
JEpùlum, i, m., pl. ae, arum, f.
A feast or bamquet.
Eques, îtis, m., (equus.) A horse-
mam ; kmight,—a title of Famk
among the Romans.
Equester, or ris, ris, re, adj.,
(equus.) Of or pertaining to a
horse or cava}ry * equ •striam.
Equitátus, üs, m., (eques.) Cava
alry ; the equestriam rank.
Equus, i, m. A horse.
Ereptus, a, um. See Eripio.
Erga, prep. . Towards;
against ; against.
Ergo, conj. Therefore, then ;
ergo, adv., on account of, for
the sake of, governs the geni-
tive.
Erigo, êre, eæi, ectum, (e, rego)
To raise up, erect, build ; em-
courage.
Eripio, êre, ipui, eptum, (e, rapio)
To take or snatch by. force,
wrest from, Com. ii. ; rescue.
Error, öris, m., (erro.) • A wam-
dering ; mistake or false opin-
iom ; offemce. -
Erùdio, îre, ivi, and ìi, itum, (e,
rudis.) 'To teach, instruct.
Eruditus, a, um, part. and adj
, Learn ed ; skilful.
Erumpo, ère, ùpi, uptum, (e, rum-
po.) To break or burst out ;
saliy forth ; attaek with vio-
lence.
Eruo, ère, ui, ùtum, (e, ruo.) To
pluck or tear up by the roots ;
dig up ; overturn ; ovérthrow ;
search or find out ; discover.
Eruptio, ömis, f., (erumpo.) A.
bursting forth ; sally ; violent
assault.
Escendo, ère, di, sum, (e, scando.)
To disembark, land ; ascend,
mount, climb up to, step up.
Esse. See Sum.
Et, conj. Amd, both. Whem i?
is repeated in successive clauses
of a sentence, it first signifies
both, them and.
Etëmim, conj. For ; because that ;
truly. -
Etiam, conj. Also ; even ; yes ;
etiam atque etiam, again amd
again.
Etsi, conj. Though, although.
Evádo, ère, si, sum, (e, vado.) To
go out ; escape ; turm out, fall
out, Dion. viii. ; happen ; be-
£OÌ¥¥6},
OV€Î
ËVENIO
EXIMO
30I
Evenio, áre, émi, entum, (e, venio.)
To come out; fall out or hap-
pem ; evenit, imp., it happens.
Evito, áre, âvi, âtum, (e, vito.)
To shun, to avoid.
Evöco, áre, âvi, âtum, (e, voco.)
To call out; semd for, sum-
mom ; invite.
Eæ, prep. Of, out of, from.
Eaeacuo, ère, ui, utum, (eae, acuo.)
To whet or sharpen ; irritate,
Phoc. iv.
Eacadversum, or us, adv.
site to ; over against.
Eæ agìto, áre, âvi, âtum, (eae,
agito.) To drive out ; harass
or vex ; agitate ; excite.
Exanimo, áre, âvi, âtum, (eae,
amimus.) To astomish, terrify ;
frighten to death ; kill ; pass.,
die.
Eæ ardeo, ère, si, sum, (eæ, ar-
deo.) To blaze, be om fire ;
rage, as war or sedition ; be in-
flamed with rage.
Eacardesco, ère, arsi.
ardeo.
Eæ audio, ire, . ìvi, âtum, (eae, au-
dio.) To hear perfectly ; at-
tend to or regard.
Eæcédo, ère, ssi, ssum, (eae, cedo.)
Togo out, depart ; exceed or go
beyond ; die.
Excellens, tis, adj. and part. Ex-
celling, excellent ; eminent, Alc.
i. ; high, rising.
Eaccellenter, adv., (eaccellens.)
Transcendently, in am excellent
YYÌ3lI) 116. it.
Excello, ère, ui, —, (eae, cello,
obs.) To excel or surpass ; be
sminent. -
Exceptus. See Eaccipio.
Eaccio, ire, and excìèo, iére, âvi,
?tum, (eae, cio.) To
rouse, incite ; excite ; call or
send for, Ham. viii
Eæcipio, ère, epi, eptum, (eæ, ca-
pio.) To take ; receive ; sus-
tain or withstand, Chab. i. ; em-
tertain ; except ; attack by sur-
prise ; catch ; follow or succeed.
a<? & ,
Oppo-
See Eac-
raise ; |
Eæcúto, áre, âvi, âtum, (eae, cio,
or cieo) To stir or raise up ;
excite, rouse, animate ; insti-
gate, Han. x. ; awaken.
Ezclùdo, ère, si, sum, (eae,
claudo.) To shut out, exclude ;
reject or refuse.
lEaccogito, áre, âvi, âtum, (eae,
cogito.) To think ; find out by
intense thinking ; invent, de-
vise. •
Eæculpo. See Exsculpo.
Eaccursio, ömis, f, (excurro.) An
excursion ; sally ; inroad or in-
vasion.
Eaccútio, ère, ussi, ussum, (eae,
quatio.) To Shake off or out ;
extort or press out ; search ;
consider.
Exemplum, i, m. An example ;
copy or model ; way or mam-
In e]r. s
Eaceo, áre, âvi, or ii, îtum, irreg.
neut., (eae, eo.) To go out,
abroad ; be divulged ; die ; end.
Eacerceo, ère, ùì, ìtum, (eæ, ar-
ceo.) To exercise ; traim.
Eacercitátio, önis, f., (exercito.)
Exercise, practice, custom.
Eacercitatus, a, um, part. and adj.
Practised, experienced, disci-
plined.
Exercitus, üs, m., (exerceo.) An
army. -
Eæ hæredo, áre, âvi, âtum, (eae,
haeres.) To exclude from an
imheritance, disinherit.
Eæ haurio, áre, si, stum, seldom
hausum, (eæ, haurio.) To draw
or drink out ; empty ; draim, ex-
haust.
Eaciguus, a, um, adj.
tle ; scanty.
Eacilis, is, e, adj. Slender, leam ;
poor, meam ; empty.
JEaeilium, eacsilium, i, m., (eaeul)
Banishment, exile.
Eacimie, adv. Particularly, ex-
cellently, remarkably. -
Eacimo, ère, émi, emptum, (eae,
emo.) To take from ; exempt ;
discharge or free.
Small, lit-
j£XISSE
3
ËXTREMO
2
iEacisse. See Eaceo.
Existìmo, áre, âvi, âtum, (eae,
aestimo.) To think, judge ; de-
termine ; esteem.
Ezistimatio, ónis, f., (eacistimo.)
An opiniom ; estimation ; char-
acter, reputation, credit.
iEacisto, ère, stiti, seldom stîturn,
(ez, sisto.) To be, exist ; be-
come ; appear.
Eacitus, üs, m., (exeo.) A going
out ; end ; event ; death.
Eæordior, ìri, sus, (eae, ordior.)
To begin.
Ea pectatio, òmis, f., (eæpecto.)
Expectation, desire.
iExpecto, áre, âvi, âtum, (eae,
specto.) To Iook or wait for ;
hope or wish for ; fear ; expect.
Eaepedio, áre, ivi, ìtum, (eæ, pes.)
To disentamgle, extricate, free ;
finish or accomplish ; explain ;
produce.
Eæpèdit, imp., (eae, pedio.) It is
expedient or profitable, Milt.
Ill.
JExpeditus, a, um, adj. and part.,
(expedio.) Disengaged, not en-
cumbered ; free ; ready ; light.
Eæpello, ère, ùli, ulsum, (eae, pel-
lo.) To drive out, expel.
Eaependo, ère, di, sum, (eae; pen-
do.) To weigh, pay ; atone or
suffer for ; consider.
Expensum, i, n., (eae, pendo.) Ex-
pense, cost.
Eæpensus, a, um, part.
pendo.
Experior, ìri, tus, dep. To try ;
prove ; experience.
Ea pers, tis, adj., (eae, pars.) Des-
titute, void of ; free from.
Ea plendesco, ère, dui, m. To
shine ; fig., to distinguish one's
self.
Eæplico, àre, ui, îtum, or àvi,
άtum. To umfold, spread out ;
draw out in battle array ; disen-
tangle ; execute or perform;
explaim, narrate at length, Pe-
lop. i. •
Explöro, áre, âvi, âtum, (eae,
See Eac-
ploro.) To search out ; exam.
ine diligently ; explore.
Eæpóno, ère, ósui, ositum, (eae,
pono.) To lay or put out ; dis-
embark ; expose ; set , forth to
view ; explain ; mentiom, re-
late.
Exposco, ère, pöposci, —-, (eæ,
posco.) To ask earnestly ; de-
mand urgently ; entreat.
Exprimo, ère, essi, essum, (eæ,
premo.) To press or squeeze
out ; extort ; express; resemble.
Ea probro, áre, âvi, âtum, (ex,
probrum.). To upbraid or re-
proach.
Ea pugno,
pugno.)
assault ;
vamquish.
Expulsor, öris, in., (eae, pello.)
An expeller ; oiie that drives
out.
Eæsculpo, ère, si, tum, (eac, scul-
po.) To scratch out ; erase.
Eæspectatio, önis, f. An await-
ing, expecting, expectation.
Exspecto, áre, âvi, âtum. To
look out, be On the look-out,
watch or wait for.
Eæ splendesco, ère, ui, —. To
shine forth ; become eminent.
Eacternus, a, um, adj., (eacter.)
Outward, foreign, aliem.
Eaclimesco, ère, ui, —, (eae, ti-
meo.) To be greatly afraid of;
dread.
Extinguo, ère, aei, ctum, (eae,
stimguo, obs.) To extinguish ;
wipe away, Them. i. ; suppress,
kill.
Eacsto, or Eacto, áre, tìti, tútum,
or tátum, neut., (eac, sto.) To
stand or be above ; remain, be
extant.
Extra, prep. Without, opposed
« to withim ; beyond ; besides ;
except.
Eætráho, ère, aci, ctum, (eae, tra-
ho.) To draw out, extract ;
disengage.
Eactrémo, adv.
áre, âvi, âtum, (eae,
To take by storm 0?
attack with success ;
Lastly, at last
iEXTREMUS
ÍTEROCITER,
303.
Extrémus, or eaetimus, a, um,
adj. sup., (eacter.) Outermost ;
last; utmost.
Extruo, or exstruo, ère, uaci, uc-
tumn, (eæ, struo.) To pile up,
raise ; build, erect.
Eætuli. See Effero.
Eacul, or eacsul, ülis, m.
ished person , exile.
Eaculio, áre, âvi, âtum, (eae, sa-
lio.) To leap or frisk about ;
rejoice or exult.
A ban-
E.
Faber, ri, m. One that works in
wood, metal, stone, ivory, or the
like materials ; workman, arti-
ficer, mechanic.
Facies, èi, f. The face ; form,
figure, shape ; appearance.
Facile, adv., (facilis.) Easily,
readily.
Facilis, is, e, adj., (facio.) Easy ;
gentle, good-matured, indulgent ;
propitious.
Facilitas, àtis, f. Easiness, facility,
readiness ; gentleness, courte-
ousness, kindness, good humor.
Facimus, öris, m., (facio.) A
deed, action, exploit, either good.
or bad ; wickedness, villainy.
Facio, ère, fèci, factum. To do,
make, cause, effect. IFacio
takes various significatioms, ac-
cording to the word with which
it is conmected.
Factio, önis, f., (facio.) A doing
or the power of doing ; faction,
party.
Pactiósus, a, um, adj., (factio.)
Factious, seditious, contentious.
Pactum, i, m., (facio.) Deed or
action. '
Factus, a, um, part. See Facio.
Pacultas, átis, f., (facio.) Abili-
ty, power; occasion, opportu-
mity ; faculty, power of the
mind ; wealth, riches.
Fallo, ère, fefelli, falsum. To
deceive; disappoint ; break one's
word or promise,
Palso, adv., (falsus.) Falsely,
unfaitinfully ; wrongfully.
Falsus, a, um, adj., (fallo.) False;
mistaken, deceived.
Fama, æ, f. Report, rumor ; fame,
reputatiom, renowm.
Pames, is, f. Hunger, famine.
Familia, æ, f. The slaves of one
master ; family ; bramch of a
clam ; patrimony or family es-
tate.
Familiáris, is, e, adj., (familia.)
Of the same family ; intimate,
familiar.
Famvìiarìtas, àtis, f., (familiaris.)
Intimacy, familiarity.
Familiarìter, adv., (familiaris.)
Familiarly, intimately.
Panum, i, m., (fari.) A temple,
church, fame.
Fastigium, i, m., (fastus.) The
top or roof of a house, height ;
declivity, slope ; dignity, rank.
Fateor, éri, ssus sum, dep. To
confess, acknowledge.
Fatigo, áre, âvi, âtum. To fa-
tigue, weary ; harass, impor-
tune.
Fautor, öris, m., (faveo.) A fa-
vorer, supporter, partisan.
Fautriae, ìcis, f., (faveo.) A fe-
male partisam or favorer.
Faveo, êre, fávi, fautum.
To
favor; linguis, listem in si-
lence.
Febris, is, f., (ferveo.) A fever.
Fefelli. See Fallo.
Felicitas, ätis, f, (feliæ.) Hap-
piness, felicity, good fortune,
Milt. ii.
Femestra, ae, f. A. window, inlet.
Fenus. See Faemus.
Fere, adv. Almost ; for the most
part ; generally.
Fero, ferre, túli, lătum. To bear
or carry ; advance, approach ;
emdure ; tell, report ; ferre suf-
fragium, vote.
Feröcia, æ, f., (fero3c.) Fierce-
ness ; cruelty ; insolemce.
Ferociter, adv. Fiercely, sav.
agely, impudently, insolently ;
IÈ'ER.OX
É'ORMA
304
courageously, bravely, valorous-
ly.
Feroac, öcis, adj. Fierce, bold,
warlike ; insolent, cruel.
Perreus, a, um, adj., (ferrum.)
Ofirom ; hard-hearted ; cruel.
Ferrum, i, m. Iron ; a sword.
Ferus, a, um, adj. Wild ; sav-
age, cruel, fierce.
Festimatio, ónis, f., (festimo.)
Haste, speed, dispatch.
Festum, i, m. A stated festival ;
holiday ; feast.
Festus, a, um, adj. Festival, joy-
ful ; pleasant.
IFictilis, is, e, adj., (fingo.)
Earthem ; made of earth or clay.
Fidélis, is, e, adj., (fides.) Faith-
ful, trusty ; sure. -
Fideliter, adv., (fidelis.) Faith-
fully.
Fidens, tis, part. and adj., (fido.)
Trusting im ; confident, coura-
geous, bold. • -
Pides, ei, f. Faith ; credit ; pro-
tection, Them. viii. ; a promise.
Fido, ère, fidi or fisus sum. To
trust ; to confide im.
Fidúcia, æ, f., (fido.)
confidence ; pledge.
Fidus, a, um, adj., (fido.) Faith-
ful, trusty.
Pigùra, ae, f., (fingo) A figure,
shape ; image. •
Filia, ae, f. A daughter.
IFilius, i, m. A som.
IFinge, ère, maci, ctum.
fashion, frame ; feign.
IFinio, îre, îvî, îtum. To confine
in limits, circumscribe, limit ;
bound, restraim, check.
Finis, is, m. and f. The emd ;
purpose, design ; plur. m., boum-
daries of a field, territories of a
state. -
Fimitimus, a, um, adj., (finis.)
Bordering upon ; meighboring.
ITio, fièri, factus sum, (pass. of
facio ) To be made, become ;
happen.
b'irmitas, àtis, f., (firmus.) Firm-
ness ; strength, constancy,
Trust,
To form,
Firmus, a, um, adj. Firm; strong;
steady ; constant.
Fistula, ae, f. A pipe for con-
veying water ; pipe, flute ; dis-
ease in the anus, Att. xxi.
Elagitium, i, n. A flagrant crime ;
profligacy, lewdness ; infamy,
disgrace.
Flagito, áre, âvi, âtum. To ask
with importunity ; crave ; so-
licit ; demand ; accuse, im-
peach, •
Flagro, áre, âvi, âtum. To burn ;
be inflamed with desire.
Flamma, ae, f. A flame ; ardor ;
love.
Flecto, ère, aci, ctum. To bend,
turn ; bend ordirect ome's course;
persuade, move ; change.
Fleo, ère, évi, étum. To weep ;
lament.
Floreo, êre, ui, —, (flos.) To
flourish, blossom ; be conspicu-
ous, make a figure.
Flos, öris, m. A flower, blos-
SOIYÌ.
Fluctus, üs, m., (fluo.) A wave,
billow ; commotiom.
Flumen, inis, n., (fluo.) A river.
Fœderatus, a, um, part. amd adj.,
(foedus.) Allied, confederate.
Fœnus, öris, m. The interest of
money, usury ; money lent at
interest.
Forem, fore, def. I rnight, or
should be. . .
Forensis, is, e, adj., (forum.) Of
or pertaiming to the forum, or
court of law ; homo forensis, a
lawyer, advocate ; usus foren-
sis, practice at the bar ; opera
forensis, attendance in the fo-
rum, or at the bar.
Foris, is, f. More frequently used
in the plural. A door.
Foris, adv. Without doors, with-
out ; answering to the question,
ubi? Foras, out of doors, out ;
forth, abroad,—to the question,
quo ?
Forma, æ, f. A form, shape, fig-
ure ; beauty.
IFORMIOSUS
GENU
305
Formósus, a, um, adj., (forma.)
IIandsome, beautiful.
Fors, tis, f. Chance, luck ; for-
tune, lot ; destiny.
IForte, adv. By chamce ; perhaps.
Portis, is, e, adj. Brave, valiant ;
stout, vigorous, manly.
IFortiter, adv., (fortis.) Bravely,
manfully ; strong]y.
JFortitudo, ìnis, f., (fortis.) Bra-
very ; fortitude. - *
Portuito, adv. By chance, acci-
dentally.
Portùna, ae, f., (fors.) Fortune,
chamce ; the goddess of fortune.
Forum, i, m. A public place in
Rome, where assemblies of the
people were held, justice ad-
ministered, and other public
öusiness transucted, particular-
ly what concerned the borrow-
ing and lending of momey A
market-place. .
IFramgo, ère, égi, actum. To
break ; impair, weakem ; sub-
due, vanquish, Themn. ii. ; dis-
courage, Them. i.
Frater, ris, m. A brother.
IPraternus, a, um, adj., (frater.)
Of a brother ; fraternal.
IFratricida, æ, m. and f., (frater,
caedo.) A murderer of a broth-
er ; fratricide. •.
Fraus, dis, f. Fraud, deceit.
Prequens, tis, adj. Thronged,
crowded ; frequent ; constant.
IFrequentia, æ, f., (frequens.) A
crowd, throng ; great company.
Fretus, a, um, adj. Trusting to,
relying On.
IFructus, ἀs, m., (fruor.) Fruit;
reward, advantage, profit. ;
Frumentum, i, m., (as if frugmem-
tum, frugis.) Corn of all kinds,
especially wheat.
Pruor, i, itu8 and ctus sum, dep.
To enjoy. -
IFrustra, adv. In vain ; ineffec-
tually ; to no purpose.
Prustror, âri, âtus, dep., (frus-
tra.) To disappoint, deceive ;
frustrate,
96* *
Puga, æ, f. Flight, running
' away.
Pugio, ère, fùgi, îtum. To ffee,
rum away ; chase, escape.
Fugo, áre, âvi, âtum. To put to
flight, rout ; drive away.
Fulgeo, ère, si, — To shine, be
bright.
Fumus, i, m. Smoke.
Fundamentum, i, n., (fundus.)
A fotundation, basis.
Punditor, öris, m., (fumda.) A
slinger.
Fundus, i, m. The bottom of
amy thing ; farm or estate in
the country ; site of buildings in
the city. •
Funestus, a, um, adj., (funus.)
Fatal ; doleful, lamentable.
Pungor, i, ctus sum, dep. To
discharge a duty ; to bear am
office or honor.
Funus, ëris, m. A funeral ; death ;
dead body.
Fundo, ère, fùdi, fùsum. To
pour ; melt ; defeat, rout.
Fusus, a, um. See Fumdo.
Futurus, a, um, part. See Sum.
G.
Galea, æ, f. A helmet, covering
for the head.
Gaudeo, ère, gavísus.
joice ; be glad.
Gaza, ae, f. The treasure of a
prince ; wealth, riches.
To re-
Gener, èri, m., (gigno.) A son-
im-law.
Gemeratus. See Gemero.
Genero, áre, âvi, âtum, (gigno.)
To beget ; bring forth ; produce;
Create. -»
Generósus, a, um, adj., (genus.)
Of noble birth ; generous; brave,
excellent.
Gens, tis, f., (gigno.) A nation ;
clan, comprehending all of the
same general name, amd di-
vided into several familiæ.
Genu, n. A knee ; pl., genua,
vum, ibus or ubus, &c.
ÜHENÜI
ÉÍI C
306
Genui. See Gigno.
Genus, ëris, n., (gigmo.) Race,
lineage, descent ; kimd, contain-
ing several species or sorts.
Gero, ère, ssi, stum. To carry ;
wear ; conduct ; rem bene, be
successful ; rem male, be um-
successful ; manage, behave.
Germana, ae, f, (germem.)
sister by the father's side.
Gesta, òrum, n., (gero.) Exploits,
achievements, deeds.
Gestus, a, um. See Gero.
Gigno, ère, genùi, genitum. To
beget ; conceive, bring forth ;
produce ; cause.
Gladius, i, m. A sword.
Globus, i, m. Any round body ;
globe, ball, bowl ; band, crowd.
Gloria, ae, f. €lory, renowm ; de-
sire of glory.
Glorior, âri, âtus sum, dep., (glo-
ria.) To boast ; glory.
Gloriose, adv., (gloriosus.) Boast-
fully, vaingloriously.
Gloriosus, a, um, adj., (gloria.)
Glorious, renowned ; vaunting,
boasting.
Gradus, ûs, m., (gradior.) A
step ; step of a ladder or stair ;
degree ; station, rank.
Graece, adv., (Græcus.) In Greek.
A.
Græcus, a, um, adj., (Græcia.) |
Of Greece, Greek.
Graius, a, um, adj. Of or per-
taimimg to the Grecians, Greek.
Grandis, is, e, adj. TLarge, big,
very large ; great, noble, brave;
grand, lofty, sublime.
Gratia, ae, f. Favor, partiality,
influence ; thamks ; gratiâ, for
the sake of.
Gratis, adv.
ing.
Gratus, a, um, adj. Grateful,
thankful ; acceptable, pleasant.
Gravis, is, e, adj. Heavy ; griev-
ous ; severe ; important ; digni-
fied.
Gravitas, àtis, f., (gravis.) Heavi-
ness ; gravity ; dignity ; author-
ity. •
Ereely ; for moth-
Graviter, adv., (gravis.) Heavi-
ly ; grievously ; severely
Gubernátor, öris, m., (gubermo,)
The pilot of a ship ; governor,
ruler.
Gymnasium, i, m.
ercise ; schoo].
Gynæcomìtis, ìdis, f., (called like-
wise gynæceum.) Am imr:er
apartmemt in Greciam houses,
appropriated to the women.
A place of ex-
II.
Habeo, êre, ùi, itum. To have ;
possess ; suppose ; esteem.
Habito, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq. ha-
beo.) To dwell, inhabit.
Habitus, üs, m. A habit : state
Or condition ; a manner.
Hac, adv., (or abl. of hic, viâ be-
ing understood.) By this way.
Hactenus, adv., (hac, tenus.) Thus
far, hitherto.
Hæréditas, àtis, f., (haeres.) An
inheritance.
Hærédium, i, m., (haeres.) A small
estate or farm.
Haruspeae, ìcis, m., (ara, or haru-
ga, specio obs.) One who fore-
told future events by inspecting
the emtrails of victims ; a sooth-
sayer, diviner.
Hasta, ae, f. A spear, pike, lance.
Hastile, is, m., (hasta.) The shaft
of a spear ; spear or rod.
Haud, adv. Not.
Hemerodrömus, i, m. A post, day
courier.
Herma, and Hermes, æ, m. A.
statue of Mercury.
Hetæríce, es, f. The socia] band ;
mame given to a body of cavalry
among the Macedonians.
Hiberna, and Hibernacùla, örum,
m., (sc. castra.) Winter quar-
ters.
Hic, hæc, hoc, pron. This; op-
posed to is, hic signifies the
latter, is, the former.
Hic, adv. Here, in this place ;
hereupon, upom this.
HIEMALIS
1GNORO
307
Hiemális, is, e, adj., (hiems.) Of
winter, wintry.
Hiemo, áre, âvi, âtum, (hiems.)
To winter ; pass the winter.
Hiems, émis, f. Winter ; storm,
tempest ; year.
Hierophanta, or es, æ, m. An in-
terpreter of sacred mysteries ;
priest at Athens, whose office
was to instruct the imitiated îm
the knowledge of holy ceremo-
mies and rites.
Hiläris, is, e, or us, a, um, adj.
Cheerful, gay.
Hiláritas, àtis, f., (hilaris.) Cheer-
fulmess, mirth, gayety.
:finc, adv. Hence, from this
place ; from this cause ; hence-
forth.
Hirtus, a, um, adj. Shaggy ;
rough ; rude, rugged, umpolish-
ed.
História, æ, f. History ; a con-
timued narrative of events in
the order of time.
Historìcus, i, m. Am historiam.
Hodie, adv., (hoc, die.) To-day,
this day.
Homo, imis, m. and f. A man 0r
womam ; humam being.
Honestas, àtis, f., (honestus.)
Honesty, probity ; dignity, de-
cency, respectability, Auc.
Præf. ; reputatiom.
Honestus, a, um, adj., (honor.)
Honorable ; respectable ; hon-
est.
Homor, or, os, öris, m. Honor, |
respect ; public office ; beauty,
gracefulmess.
Honorátus, a, um, adj., (honor.)
Honored, honorable ; respected ;
having borme or bearing a public
office.
Honorìfìcus, a, um, adj., (honor,
facio.) Conferring or causing
homor ; homorable.
Hortátus, ú8, m., (hortor.) Am ex-
hortation, encouragement, ad-
vice.
Hortor, âri, átus, dep. To ex-
hort, encourage ; advise.
Hortus, i, m. A garden, orchard
Hospes, útis, m. and f. A. host,
entertainer ; guest, persom en-
tertained ; stranger, foreigner.
Hospitium, i, m., (hospes.) Friend-
ship arising from mutual hospi-
tality ; an imm, place of lodg-
Ing.
Hostia, æ, f., (hostis.) A victim ;
amimal sacrificed.
Hostis, is, m. and f. An enemy ;
public enemy ; originally, a
stranger.
HS. See Sestertíus, and Notes
iv., v., Att.
Huc, adv. Hither, tc this place.
Hujusmödi, or hujuscemodi, (gen.
of hic, modus.) Of this kind.
Humànótas, àtis, f., (humanus.)
Humanity ; gentleness, polite-
neSS ; learning.
Humámus, a, um, adj., (homo.) Of
Or pertaining to a mam ; humam,
humane ; polite, gentle.
Humilis, is, e, adj., (humus.)
Low ; humble ; meam, poor.
Humo, áre, âvi, âtum, (humus.)
To cover with earth ; bury, in-
ter.
Hyems. See Hiems.
I.
Ibi, adv. There, in that place ;
them, thereupon.
Ibidem, adv. In the same place.
Ico, ère, âcî, îctum. To strike ;
fœdus, to make a league.
Ictus, a, um, part. See Ico.
Idem, eâdem, ìdem, pron., (is.)
The same. •
Ideo, conj. Therefore ; for that
C á U!S€.
Idóneus, a, um, adj.
suitable.
Igitur, conj. Therefore, then.
Ignis, is, m. Fire ; lightning.
Ignominia, ae, f, (im, momem.)
Disgrace, ignominy. -
Ignóro, áre, âvi, âtum, (igna-
rus.) Not to know, be ignorant
of.
Fit, proper,
IGNORANTIA
IMPERO
308
Ignórantia, ae, f., (ignoro.) Ig-
1) OraT? C6.
Ignosco, ère, övi, ótum, (in, nos-
co.) To pardon ; overlook.
Ignótus, a, um, adj. Unknown ;
not knowing, ignorant.
Ille, a, ud, pron. That ; he, she,
it.
Illic, adv. There, in that place.
Illo, adv. Thither, to that place.
Illuc, adv. Thither.
Illùdo, ère, si, sum, (in, ludo.)
To make sport of; mock ; de-
ceive. •
Illustris, is, e, adj., (im, lustro.)
Bright, clear ; evident ; conspic-
uous, illustrious.
Illustro, áre, âvi, âtum, (im luac.)
To make clear or evident ; il-
lustrate ; render famous.
Illusus, a, um, part. See Illudo.
Imàgo, ìnis, f. An image, pic-
ture ; likeness, representation of
any thing ; vision, apparition.
Imbuo, ère, ui, ùtum. To wet,
moisten ; dye, stain ; animum,
fill, impress, bias, instruct.
Imitátor, öris, mn., (imitor.) An
imitator, ome who imitates.
Immèrens, tis, adj., (immereo.)
Undeserving ; innocent, unwor-
thy of punishment, Diom. x.
Immimeo, ère, ui, —, (ìm, mimeo,
obs.) To hang over ; watch an
opportunity of injuring, Eum. x. ;
threatem.
Imminuo, ère, ui, ùtum, (im,
minuo.) To lessem, diminish ;
impair.
Immitto, ère, ási, issum, (im, mit-
to.) To send, let or drive im ;
throw in ; se, rush.
Immoderatus, a, um, adj., (im,
modus.) Without boumds or
moderatiom ; immoderate, ex-
cessive.
Immodestia, ae, f., (immodestus.)
Want of modesty or modera-
tion ; insubordinatiom, disobedi-
ence, Lysan. i., Alc. viii. ; in-
temperamce.
Immölo, áre, âvi, âtum, (in, mo-
la.) To sprinkle a victim with
the salted cake ; immolate ;
sacrifice.
Immortális, is, e, adj., (im, mor-
talis.) Free from death, im-
mortal. -
Immutátus, a, um, part., (immu-
t0.) Changed greatly.
Imparátus, a, um, adj., (in, pa-
7ratus.) Unprepared.
Impedimentum, i, m., (impedio.)
An emcumbrance orhinderance;
impediment ; plur., the baggage
and beasts of burdem of an
army.
Impëdio, áre, âvi, âtum, (im, pes.)
To emtamgle ; encumber ; hin-
der. •
Impello, ère, üli, ulsum, (im, pel-
lo.) To drive or push forward ;
impel ; instigate, incite, per-
suade.
Impendeo, ére, di, sum, (in, pem-
deo.) To hang ower, impend ;
threatem.
Impensa, ae, f, (impendo.) Ex-
pense, cost, charge.
Imperátor, öris, m., (impero.) A
commander-in-chief, generalis-
simo, emperor.
Imperatórius, a, um, adj., (im-
perator.) Of or pertaimimg to a
commander Or emperor ; im-
peratorial, imperial.
Imperátum, i, m., (impero.) The
command of a general ; per-
emptory command. •
Imperiósus, a, um, adj., (impero.)
Possessed of command ; umcon-
trollable ; imperious, tyrannical,
Pelop. ii.
Imperìte, adv., (imperitus.) Un-
skilfully.
Imperátus, a, um, adj., (ìm, per-
tus.) Umskilful, inexperienced,
ignorant.
Impérium, i, m., (impero.) Mili-
tary command, empire, sway,
dominiom, Milt. vi.
Impèro, áre, âvi, âtum, (ìn, pa-
ro.) To command, order, rule
OV€t.
IMPERTIO
INCOGNITUS
309
Impertio, îre, (in, pars.) To im-
part, bestow.
Impertior, ìri, âtus, (im, pars.)
To be furnished or instructed,
Att. i.
Impetro, áre, âvi, âtum, (in pa-
tro.) To obtain ; finish, effect.
Impetus, üs, m., (im, peto.) Am
attaek, assault ; vehemence ;
violent desire, instinct.
Impiger, ra, rum, adj., (in, pi-
ger.) Not sluggish, active, dili-
gent.
Impius, a, um, adj., (in, pius.)
Impious, irreligious ; umdutiful ;
wicked.
Implacâbilis, is, e, adj., (in,
placo.) That cannot be ap-
peased or reconciled, implaca-
ble.
Implicitus, a, um, part. amd adj.,
(implico.) Entangled, involved,
intricate ; im morbum, seized
with a disease.
Implico, áre, âvi, âtum, and ui,
útum, (in, plico.) To wrap in ;
infold, entangle, involve.
Impóno, ère, ösui, osìtum, (im,
pono.) To place, put, or lay
upon ; impose om 0r deceive,
lEum. v. . - -
Impötens, tis, adj., (in, potens.)
Weak ; unable to restrain, as
impotens iræ, doloris, etc. ; in-
capable of being restrained, as,
impotens ira, amor, lætitia,
etc. ; insolent, cruel, impotems
dominatio, Lys. i.
Impræsentiarum, adv., (in præ-
sentia rerum.) In present cir-
cumstances, as things are,
(were, or shall be ;) for the
present, at present, for mow,
In OW
Imprìms, adv., (im, primus.) In
the first place, chiefly, especial-
ly.
Hmnprùdens, tis, adj., (im, pru-
dens.) Not knowing, Lys. iv.;
off our guard, umawares, Ages.
ii.; imprudent, inconsiderate.
Imprùdenter, adv., (imprudens.)
Ignorantly, unwittingly ; im-
prudently, heedlessly.
Imprùdentia, æ, f., (imprudens.)
Want of knowledge or fore-
sight ; imprudence, unskilful-
ness, Epam. vii.
Impugno, áre, âvi, útum, (in,
pugno.) To fight against, at-
tack ; thwart, oppose, resist.
Impulsus, a, um. See Impello.
Impulsus, üs, m., (impello.) A
pushing om, impulse ; advice,
instigation, Pelop. i.
Impùne, adv., (im, pœna.) With-
out hurt, pumishment, or dam-
ger ; with impunity or safety.
Imputo, áre, (in, puto.) To im-
pute or ascribe ; reckom, ac-
count.
Imus, a, um. See Inferus.
In, prep. Whem, it governs the
abl. it signifies, in, among,
during ; when the accus., into,
towards, upon, against, &c.
Inánis, is, e, adj. Empty, void ;
vain, fruitless ; frivolous, insig-
mificant.
Incendium, i, m., (incendo.) Fire,
burning flame, conflagration.
Incendo, ère, di, sum, (in, cam-
deo.) To set om fire, kindle ;
burm, inflame.
Incemsus. See Incendo.
Inceptum, m., (imcipio.) A. be-
ginning, undertaking.
Incîdo, êre, idi, àsum, (in, cado.)
To fall into or upon ; fall in
with, meet, happen, occur.
Incîdo, ère, di, sum, (in, caedo.)
To cut ; carve or engrave,
Alcib. iv.
Incipio, ère, epi, eptum, (im, ca-
pio.) To begim, attempt.
Incito, áre, âvi, âtum, (im, cito.)
To incite, spur om, provoke.
Inclimo, áre, âvi, âtum, (ìm, climo,
obs.) To incline, leam towards;
dispose or direct towards.
Incognitus, a, um, adj., (in, cog-
mitus.) Unknown, unheard of;
causa incognita, his cause not
being tried.
INCOLA
INFAMI§
310
Incóla, æ, m., (incolo.) An im-
habitant. .
Incölo, ère, olui, ultum, (in,
colo.) To inhabit, reside in a.
place.
Incolúmis, is, e, adj.
tire, sound.
Incolumitas, àtis, f. Safety.
Incommödum, i, m., (im, commo-
dum.) Inconvenience, disad-
vantage, damage, loSS.
Incommödus, a, um, adj., (in, com-
'modus.) Inconvenient, trouble-
some ; detrimental, disadvan-
tageous.
Inconsiderátus, a, um, adj., (im,
consideratus.) Inconsiderate,
thoughtiess ; injudicious.
Incredibilis, is, e, adj., (in, cre-
do.) Not to be believed, in-
credible.
Incresco, ère, èvi, étum, (in,
cre8c0.) To grow up, increase.
Incüria, ae, f., (in, cura.) Care-
lessness, negligence.
Incurro, ère, curri or cucurri,
cursum, (im, curro.) To rum
against, attack ; fall into, in-
cur ; meet by chamce.
Inde, adv. Thence, from that
place ; ever since.
Indeac, icis, m. amd f. An infor-
mer, Paus. iv. ; indicatiom or
mark, sign ; index or title ; in-
dex or pointer.
Indicium, i, m., (inde3c.) A dis-
covery or proof; information ;
accusation.
Indico, áre, âvi, âtum, (inde3c.)
To show, discover ; to indi-
cate.
Indico, ère, aci, ctum, (im, dico.)
To declare or proclaim, de-
110l111C€.
Indidern, adv., (inde, idem.)
Prom thence, from the same
place.
Indigens, tis, part. and adj., (in-
digeo.) Wanting, needy, indi-
gent.
Indigeo, ère, ui, —, (in, egeo.)
To want, stand in need of.
Safe, en-
Indigne, adv., (indignus.) * Um-
worthily, shamefully, basely.
Indignor, âri, âtus, dep., (in,
dignor.) To be very angry or
displeased ; be indignant at ;
disdain.
Indignor, âri, àtus sum, dep.
To consider as umbecoming or
umseemly ; scorn, disdaim, be
enraged or highly offended at.
Indignus, a, um, adj., (in, dig-
$mus) Unworthy ; base, shame-
ful.
Indiligens, tis, adj., (in, diligens.)
Careless, negligent.
Indoles, is, f., (in, oleo.) Natu-
ral disposition or inclinatiom ;
natural talents or abilities.
Induciæ, árum, f. A truce, ces-
sation of hostilities. -
Indùco, ère, aci, ctum, (im, duco.)
To bring in, introduce ; cover,
put om ; persuade ; in animum,
think.
Inductus, a, um. See Induco.
Indulgeo, ère, si, tum. To in-
dulge ; grant ; be kind to.
Indulgens, tis, part. and adj.,
(índulgeo.) Indulgent, kind,
gracious.
Indulgentia, ae, f, (indulgeo.)
Indulgence, favor.
Industria, ae, f. Industry, dili-
gence.
Indutiae. See Induciae.
Ineo, áre, àvi amd ii, îtum, (im,
eo.) To go into, enter upon, be-
gim ; consilium, form a scheme
or resolutiom ; gratiam, obtaim
favor.
Inermis, is, e and us, a, um., adj.,
(in, arma.) Unarmed, defence-
less.
Inertia, æ, f., (in, ars.) Want of
art or skill ; inactivity, sloth.
Ineæercitátus, a, um, adj., (in,
exercitatus.) Unexercised, un-
disciplined; untrained, unski]ful.
Infamia, æ, f. Ill report, dis-
grace, dishonor, infamy.
Infämis, is, e, adj., (in, fama.)
Infamous, disgraceful,
INFAMO
INSERVI©
31 i
Anfämo, áre, âvi, âtum, (in,
fama.) To defame, to slan-
der.
Infectus, a, um, part. and adj.,
(in, facio.) Not dome, umfin-
ished.
Inferior. See Imferus.
Inféro, ferre, intúli, illátum, (im,
fero.) To bring into or upom ;
bellum, wage ; signa, advance ;
se hostibus, rush upom.
Infërus, a, um, adj. Below, low ;
comp. ior, lower, inferior ; sup.
ènfimus and imus, lowest.
Infestus, a, um, adj., (in, festus.)
Hostile, inveterate against, ex-
asperated.
Inficias, Infitias, f. Used omly
an the acc. pl., and always
joimed with ire. A denial ;
ire inficias, to deny.
Inficio, êre, éci, ectum, (in, facio.)
To stain, dye ; taint, infect ;
season, instruct.
Inficior, âri, átus sum, dep., (in-
ficias.) To deny.
Infimus. See Infèrus.
Infinìtus, a, um, adj., (im, fimis.)
Umbounded, endless, vast, in-
fimite. -
Infirmus, a, um, adj. Infirm,
weak ; unsteady, fickle.
Infitior. See Inficior.
Infodio, ère, ödi, ossum,
fodio.) To inter, bury.
Ingénium, i, m., (in, gigno.)
Natural disposition ; genius,
ability, capacity.
Ingràtiis, Ingratis, abl., (in, gra-
tia.) In spite of; against one's
will.
Ingrätus, a, um, adj., (im, gratus.)
Ungrateful ; umpleasant, disa-
greeable.
Injicio, ère, èci, ectum, (in, jacio.)
To throw into or upon ; inspire,
infuse.
Inimìcìtia, æ, f., (inimicus.) En-
mity, hostility.
Inìmìcus, a, um, adj., (in, ami-
cus.) Unfriendly ; hostile, hurt-
ful, injurious,
(ìm,
Inimìcus, i, m., (ìm, amicus.) An
enemy.
Initium, i, m., (ineo.) A begin-
ning ; pl. elements ; mysteries
of Ceres.
Injúria, ae, f, (in, jus.)
wrong ; damage, hurt.
Injuste, adv., (injustus.) Unjust-
ly, wrongfully. »
Immátor, ti, sus and acus sum, dep.,
(in, nitor.) To leam upom, de-
pend upon.
Innöcens, iis, adj., (im, nocens.)
Immocent, harmless.
Innöcentia, æ, f., (innocens.) Im-
nocence ; integrity, Arist. ii.
Innoacius, a, um, adj., (ìn, noacius.)
Iiarmless, inoffensive ; innocent.
Inópia, æ, f., (inops.) Wamt ; im-
digence, poverty.
Hnopìnans, tis, adj., (in, opin0r.)
Not thinking, not expecting, un-
aWa TeS.
Inopinátus, a, um, part. and adj.,
(in, opinor.) Unexpected, sud-
dem.
Inops, öpis, adj., (in, opes.)
Poor, needy, destitute ; meam,
humble.
Impræsentiárum, adv., (for in
praesentia rerum.) At present
Inprimis. See Imprimis.
Inquam, is, it, def. I say.
Inrideo. See Irrideo.
Insciens, tis, adj., (in, scio.) Not
knowing, ignorant.
Inscìentia, æ, f, (inscius.) Ig-
moramce, unskilfulmess.
Inscius, a, um, adj., (in, scio.)
Not knowing, ignorant ; unskil-
ful.
Inscribo, ere, psi, ptum, (im, scri-
bo.) To inscribe, write ; mark ;
indicate, show.
Insëquor, qui, quùtus and cùtus
sum, dep., (in, sequor.) To
puTsue ; persecute, harass.
Inservio, áre, neut., (in, servio.)
To serve, attend to ; firmnitati
corporis, to study, attend to,
Alc. xi. ; temporibus, avail him-
self of.
Injury,
WINSIDIÆ
IN'I'ERSERO
312
Insidiæ, árum, f., (insideo.)
Snares, ambush, ambuscade ;
treachery. -
Insidiátor, öris, m., (insidiæ.)
One that lieth in wait.
Insidior, âri, dep. Lie in wait,
deceive.
Insigne, and insigniter, adv., (in-
signis.) Remarkably, excel-
lently.
Insolens, tis, adj., (in, soleo) Un-
usual ; unaccustomed to ; inso-
lemt, proud, haughty.
Insolentia, ae, f, (insolens.) Want
of custom ; insolemce, haughti-
mess, disdain.
Instituo, ère, ùi, ùtum, (in, statu0.)
To institute, appoint, ordain ;
resolve, Alc. v. ; begin, Cat. iii. ;
be accustomed, Att. xiv.
Institùtum, i, m., (instituo.) A
custom, institution, Præf. ; law ;
settled plam of life, Att. vii.
Insto, áre, iti, ätum, and åtum,
(in, st0.) To press om, urge ;
be at hand ; instans periculum,
impemding danger ; affirm ; be
eager for.
Instruo, ère, uaci, uctum, (îm,
struo.) To furmish, prepare ;
draw up in order of battle ;
equip, fit out ; build.
Insuesco, ère, évi, étum, (in, su-
esco.) To accustorm, train, im-
ure ; be accustomed to.
Insula, æ, f. An island.
Insum, esse, fui, (in, sum.) To
be in or withim.
Intéger, ra, rum, adj. Entire,
whole ; fresh, mew ; soumd, vig-
orous ; equitatus, undiminished ;
upright, honest.
Integrìtas, àtis, f. Soundmess,
integrity, honesty.
Intelligo, ère, eæi, ectum, (inter,
áego.) To understand, be sen-
sible of; know. -
fntempèrans, tis, adj., (im, tem-
perans.) Intemperate, immod-
erate, excessive, violent.
Intemperanter, adv. Immoder-
ately, excessively, extravagantly.
lntempérantia, ae, f., (intempe-
rans.) Intemperance ; violence ;
insolence.
Inter, prep. Between, among.
Intercédo, ère, ssi, ssumn, (inter,
cedo.) To be or go between,
intervene.
Intercipio, ère, cepi, ceptum, (in-
ter, capio.) To intercept ; seize
or cut off by surprise.
Interdico, ère, zi, ctum, (inter,
dico.) To forbid, interdict ; pro-
hibit.
Interdiu, adv., (inter, dies.) In
the daytime.
Interdum, adv. Sometimes.
Interea, adv., (inter, ea.) In the
meamtime.
Intereo, áre, àvi and åî, îtum, irreg.
'neut. To perish, die ; be lost,
Them. ii.
Interfector, öris, m., (interficio.)
A slayer, murderer, assassim.
Interficio, ère, feci, fectum, (in-
ter, facio.) To kill, destroy.
Intérim, adv., (inter, ìd.) In the
meantime.
Interimo, ère, émi, emptum, (in-
ter, emo.) To take away ; kill.
Interior, ior, us, adj. comp. More
inward, immer, interior.
Interitus, üs, m., (intereo.) De-
struction, ruin, death.
Intermêcio, ömis, f., (inter, ne3c.)
Utter , destructiom, Eum. iii. ; a
massacre, slaughter, carnage.
Internuncius, and Internuntius,
â, m., (inter, nuncius.) A mes-
senger that goes between two
parties ; a go-betweem.
Interpóno, ère, ösui, ositumi, (in-
ter, pomo.) To put in or be-
tween, interpose ; become surety
for, Att. ii. and ix.
Interprétor, âri, átus sum, dep.,
(interpres.) To interpret, ex-
plain, translate. -
Interrögo, áre, âvi, âtum, (inter,
rogo.) To interrogate or ques-
tion, ask ; examine ; accuse.
Intersèro, ère, ùi, tum, (inter,
sero.) To insert, intermingle ;
INTERSUM
ITER Ü Mi
313
êntersercns causam, alleging as
3, i^€3S0I1.
ántersum, esse, fui, irreg. meut.,
(inter, sum.) To be present ;
engage, take part in ; differ.
Äntestimus, a, um, adj., (inttts.)
Internal ; intestine ; bellum, a
civil war.
íntestimum, i, m., (in£estinus)
Am entrail, bowel, gut.
{mtime, adv., (intimus.) Intimate-
ly, affectiomately.
Antimus, a, um, adj. sup., (in-
terus, obs.) Hmnermost, familiar,
intimate.
fntra, prep. Within.
Inlro, áre, âvi, âtum, (intra.) To
enter ; penetrate ; insinuate.
„Introeo, ire, ìvi, or ii, útum, irreg.
meut., (intra, e0.) To enter, go
11l.
„Introitûs, ûs, m., (ìntroeo.) An
elntrance.
Infromitto, êre, ìsi, issum, (intra,
mitto.) To let in, admit; al-
low.
Antueor, èri, îtus, dep., (im, tueor,)
To look æ£, behold ; consider ;
gregard ; imitate.
Intuor, ui, ùtus, dep., (ìm, tuor.)
To see, behold.
Inutilis, is, e, adj., (in, utilis.)
Useless, unprofitable ; hurtful.
£npàdo, ère, si, sum, (in, vado.)
To go or come upom ; seize ;
invade ; attack.
Invectus. See Inveho.
£nvèho, ère, eæi, ectum, (im, veho.)
To import ; carry in ; inveigh
against.
Invenio, áre, émi, entum, (in, ve-
nio.) To fimd ; invent.
Inventum, i, m., (invenio.) A.
contrivance, device, invention ;
stratagem.
Invetërasco, ère, —, —, incomp.,
(im, veterasco.) To grow old,
continue long ; become inveter-
ate or incurable.
Invetèràtus, a, um, part., (în,
vetero.) Old, long-continued,
confirmed, inveterate. •
97
Invictus, a, ttm, part. and adj.,
(im, vimco.) Unconquered, in-
vincible ; unwearied, indefatiga-
ble.
Invideo, ère, ádi, ìsum, (in, vádeo.)
To envy, hate.
Invidia, ae, f., (invidus.) Envy ;
ha£red ; ill-will, odium, Them.
viii.
Invidus, a, um, adj., (invideo.)
Envious; malicious, spiteful.
Inviolatas, a, wm, part. and adj.,
(in, violatus.) Haviolate, un-
hurt, uninjured ; incorrupted,
pure, immaculate.
Invisus, a, um, part. and adj.,
(invideo.) Unseen ; hated, odi-
GÜ!S, ^
Hmváto, áre, âvi, âtum. To in-
vite.
Invìtus, a, um, adj. Unwilling,
reluctant.
Invöco, áre, âvi, âtum, (in, voco.)
To call upon, invoke ; implore ;
beg assistance.
Ipse, a, um, prom.
self, itself.
Ira, ae, f. Anger, Wrath, rage,
displeasure.
frascor, i, —, dep., (ira.) To be
angry, to be in a passion.
Irátus, a, um, adj., (irascor.)
Angry, enraged. >.
Irrideo, ère, ìsi, isum, (im, rideo,)
To laugh at.
£rritus, a, um, adj., (im, ratus.)
Not ratified; vain, of no effect ;
spei, disappointed in hope.
Is, ea, id, pron. He, she, it, 0r
that ; such ; opposed to hic, it
. sometimes signifies the former,
amd hic, the latter. -
Iste, a, ud, prom. That ; he, she,
it ; iste is generally used in
contempt.
Ita, adv. So, thus ; yes.
Ităque, conj. And so ; therefore.
Item, adv. Also, likewise.
Iter, itinëris, m., (eo.) A journey,
a march ; a road.
Itèrum, adv. Again, the secoad
time.
Himself, her-
jACE{0
LARGITI0
314.
J.
Jaceo, ère, ùi. To lie, be situ-
ate ; be low ; be fallem or slain.
Jacìo, ère, ëci, jactum. To throw,
cast, fling, hurl.
Jacto, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq. jacio.)
To thyow ; toss ; throw out ;
alter ; boast ; revolve in ome's
mind.
Jactus, a, um.
Jam, adv.
mediately.
Janua, æ, f, (Janus.) A gate,
entry, beginning.
Jocor, âri, âtus sum, dep. Tay
joke or speak in jest.
Jocöse, adv., (jocosus.) Sportive-
ly, merrily, in jest.
Jocus, i, m., pl. joci and joca,
órum. A joke, jest.
Jubeo, ère, jussi, jussum, (jus,
habeo.) To order, comrmand,
charge.
Jucundus, a, um, adj., (juvo.)
Pleasant, agreeable, delightful ;
joyful, merry. -
Judeæ, ícis, m. and f., (jus, dico.)
A judge.
Judicium, i, m. Judgment ; opin-
lOI].
Judico, áre, âvi, âtum, (jtudeac.)
To judge, think ; decide, give
sentence.
Jugérum, i, n., and juger, mot
* used, gen. jugeris, abl. jugere,
pl. jugera, jugerum, jugeribus,
(jugum.) An acre of ground.
Jugulo, áre, âvi, âtum. To cut
the throat, butcher, kil], slay ;
fig., silence, confute, convict..
Jumentum, i, m., (juvo.) A beast
of burdem ; a beast used for the
assistance of mam.
Junctus, part. See Jungo.
Jungo, ère, aci, ctum. To joim ;
eouple, yoke ; unite.
Jurisconsultus, i, m., (jus, consu-
lo.) A lawyer.
Juro, áre, âvi, âtum. To take
am oath ; swear, conspire
Jus, júris, n, Right, law
See Jacio.
Now, presently, im-
Jusjùrandum, jverisjurandi, 7.,
(jus, jur0.) An oath.
Jussum, i, m., (jubeo) Am Order,
eommand ; mandate
Jussus, ûs, m., (jubeo.) A com-
mand, charge.
Justitia, ae, f, (justus.) Just-
ice.
Justus, a, um, adj., (jus.) Just,
honest ; lawful, proper.
Juvenc?is, i, m. A bullock, a steer.
Juv0, άre, júvi, jùtum. To aid,
help ; profit, be advamtageous ;
delight.
Juacta, prep. Nigh, near to.
IX.
Kalendae, and Calendae, árum, f.,
(calo, obs.) The kalends, the
first day of the month. See
Att. xxii.
fu.
Labor, or os, öris, m. Labor, toil ;
distress.
Labóriósus, a, um, adj., (labor.)
Laborious, toiling; painstaking.
Labóro, áre, âvâ, âtum, (labor.)
To labor, toil ; be in distress ;
be ill of a disease ; be in damger.
Lacéro, áre, âvi, âtum, (lacer.)
To tear, mangle ; remd ; waste ;
revile.
Lacesso, êre, âvi, âtum. To pro-
voke ; challenge, attack.
Lacrima, Or Lachryma, Lacru-
'ma, ae, f. A tear.
Lacrymo, Lacrumo, Lacrimo, are,
âvi, âtum, (lacryma.) To weep,
shed tears.
Laedo, ère, si, sum.
jure, offend.
Laetitia, ae, f,
gladmess ; mirth.
Lapideus, a, um, adj., (lapis.)
Of stome. -
To hurt, im-
(laetus.) Joy,
Lapis, ìdis, m. A stone.
Largìtio, ónis, f., (largior.) Lib-
erality ; prodigality ; bribery,
largess, bribe.
1LASSITUDO 31
{) i*
Lassitudo, inis, f., (lassus.) Wea-
rimess, fatigue ; lassitude.
Late, adv., (latus.) Widely, ex-
tensively, far and wide.
Lateo, ère, ui. To lurk, be hid ;
be comcealed.
Latine, adv., (Latinus.) In Latin.
Latinus, a, um, adj., (Latium.)
Latin ; of the people of Latium.
Latus, a, um, adj. Broad, wide ;
spacious, extensive.
Laudatio, önis, f., (laudo.) Com-
mendation, praise.
Laudo, áre, âvi, âtum, (laus.)
To praise, commend.
JLaus, dis, f. Praise ; glory, re-
nown ; excellence, merit.
Laute, adv., (lautus.) Elegantly ;
sumptuously, splendidly, Chab.
Hll.
Lautus, a, um, part., (lavo.)
Washed, dressed ; adj., elegant,
splendid, sumptuous, rich.
Laaco, áre, âvi, âtum, (laacus.) To
loose ; opem ; slacken, relax.
Lectica, ae, f., (lectus.) A couch ;
sedam, chair.
Lectìcùla, ae, f., (dim. lectica.)
A small horse-litter Or sedam.
Lectio, òmis, f., (lego.) A gather-
ing, choosing ; reading, lessom,
Att. xiv.
Lector, öris, ^n., (lego.) A. reader.
Lectus, i, m., (lego.) A. bed,
couch, Diom. ix.
Legátio, òmis, f., (lègo.) An em-
bassy ; lieutenancy ; office of
delegate or deputy.
Legátus, i, m., (lego.) A dele-
gate, deputy ; ambassador ; lieu-
temant.
Legitimus, a, um, adj., (leac.)
Lawful, just ; required by law.
Lego, ère, légi, lectum. To
gather; choose, select, pick,
Paus. i. ; read.
Lemio, îre, ivi, âtum, (lenis.) To
mitigate, soften ; calm, sooth ;
appease, tame.
Lenis, is, e, adj.
tame, calm.
Leo, ónis, m. A liom.
Gentle, mild,
LIGNIEUS
Lepor, or os, öris, m. Polite wit
or humor ; elegance ; graceful-
mess im speech.
Lethum, Or Letum, i, m. Death.
Levis, is, e, adj. Light ; nimble,
swift ; small; slight, trivial, in-
significant ; fickle, inconstant.
Levo, àre, âvi, âtum, (levis.) To
raise or lift up ; assist, relieve ;
mitigate, lighten.
Leae, legis, f., (lego.) A law ;
statute, ordinance ; condition.
Libenter, Lubentur, adv., (libens.)
Willingly.
Liber, ëra, êrum, adj. Free, frank.
Liber, ri, m. The immer bark,
rind of a tree ; a book.
Liberális, is, e, adj., (liber.) Lib-
eral, becoming a gentlemam ;
boumtiful, generous.
Liberalitas, àtis, f., (liberalis.)
Liberality, boumty ; generosity.
Liberátor, öris, m., (libero.) A
deliverer.
Libere, adv. Freely, frankly, lib-
erally, cheerfully.
Liberi, örum, m.
spring.
Libero, áre, âvi, âtum, (liber.)
To free, to deliver, let go.
Libertas, àtis, f., (liber.) Liber-
ty, freedom.
Libet, uit, or ìtum est, imp. It
pleases.
Libìdo, ìmis, f., (libet.) Desire,
lust, passion ; pleasure, unlaw-
ful indulgence ; caprice, extrav-
agance.
Libidinösus, a, um, adj., (libido.)
Lustful, libidinous, sensual, Alc.
i. ; arbitrary, capricious.
Librárius, i, m., (liber.) A clerk,
amanuensis ; copier or transla-
tor of books.
Licenter, adv., (licet.)
tiously, too freely.
Licentia, ae, f., (licet.) Excess of
liberty, license ; licentiousness.
Licet, uit, and itum est, ère, imp
It is lawful, it is allowed.
Ligneus, a, um, adj., (lignum.)
Woodem, made of wood.
Childrèm, off.
Licen-
H, IGNUM
MAJORES
316
Lignum, â, n. Wood, timber ;
log of Wood. -
Limen, inis, m. A threshold ;
entramce ; beginning.
Lingua, ae, f. A tongue ; lan-
guage.
Linteus, a, um, and Lineus, a,
um, adj., (limum.) Made of
flax or lint ; flaxen, linem.
Lis, litis, f. A lawsuit ; fine im-
posed by law, Milt. vii. ; con-
troversy, strife, debate.
I.itéra, Littera, ae, f. A letter of
the alphabet ; pl., letter or epis-
tle ; learning.
Literátus, Litteratus a, um, adj.,
(litera.) Marked with letters ;
Iearned.
Littus, or Litus, öris, m.
shore ; coast.
L. L.S., duæ libræ et semissis.
Two pounds amd a half, a ses-
terce.
Locuples, étis, adj., (locus, ple-
mus.) Rich, opulent.
Locupleto, áre, âvi, âtum, (locu-
ples:) To enrich, make rich.
Locus, i, m., pl. loci, Or loca,
órum. A place, rank, condi-
tiom, dignity ; occasion ; loca,
places, loci, topies of dis-
{2OllIS€.
Longe, adv., (longus.) Far off,
at a distance ; comp. longius,
sup. longissime.
Longinquus, a, um, adj., (longus.)
Far off, distant, remote ; long
comtinued.
Longus, a, um, adj. Long, tall ;
lasting, tedious ; longior, longis-
3?????/S,
Loquor, qui, quutus or cutus,
dep. To speak; say, tell ; de-
clare.
Lorica, ae, f. A corslet ; coat of
mail ; breastwork, parapet.
Lorum, i, n. A thong ; pl., the
reins of a bridle.
Lucide, adv., (lucidus.) Clearly,
plainly, evidently.
Iucrum, i, n. Gain, profit, ad-
vamtage. -
The
Luctor, âri, átus sum, dep. To
wrestle, struggle ; contend.
Lucus, i, m. A Wood or grove
consecrated to some deity.
Ludus, i, m. Play, sport, diver-
siom ; school, place of exercise.
Lumbus, i, m. The loim, reins.
Lumem, inis, m. Light ; the eye ;
day.
Luna, ae, f. The moon.
Luæuria, ae, f. Luxury, delicate
living ; superfluity, excess.
Luacurióse, adv., (luacuriosus.)
Luxuriously, wantonly.
Luxuriósus, a, um, adj., (luacu-
ria.) Luxurious, excessive ;
luxuriant.
IM.
Macröchir, ìris, or áros. Long-
handed. A surname of Arta-
3:87*3:8S. -
Macùlo, áre, âvi, âtum, (macula.)
To stain ; pollute, defile.
Magis, adv. More.
Magister, ri, m. A master, teach-
er ; ruler.
Magistrâtus, üs, m., (magister.)
A magistrate ; magistracy, the
office of a magistrate.
Magnifice, adv., (magnificus.)
Magnificently, nobly ; splendid-
]
Magnificus, a, um, adj., (magnus,
facio.) Great, noble, Thras. i. ;
magnificent, splendid, pompous,
Att. xiii.
Magnitúdo, ìnis, f., (magnus.)
Greatness, power.
Magnopère, adv., (magnus, opus.)
Greatly, very much.
Magnus, a, um, adj. Great,
large ; comp. major, sup. maaci-
'?}??1S.
Majestas, àtis, f., (major.) Ma-
jesty, grandeur; power, au-
thority.
Major, Majus, öris.
???!S.
Majóres, um, m., (major.) An-
cestors, forefathers.
See Mag-
MALE
MENTIOR,
317
Male, adv., (malus.) £ll, badly ;
wickedly, amiss.
Maledicus, a, um, adj., (male,
dico.) Evil speaking, slander-
ous, scurrilous, reviling, abu-
S]V€.
Malefîcus, a, um, adj., (male,
facio.) Mischievous, hurtful.
Malitiöse, adv., (malitiosus.)
Spitefully, maliciously, crafti-
]
Malitiósus, a, um, adj., (malitia.)
Spiteful, malicious ; crafty.
Malo, malle, malùi, irreg. meut.,
(magis, volo.) To be more
willing ; wish rather.
1Malus, a, um, adj. Bad, evil,
wicked, comp. pejor, sup. pessi-
77??IS.
Malum, i, m., (malus.) An evil,
misfortune ; misehief.
Manceps, ìpis, m. and f., (manus,
capio.) A farmer of the public
taxes, Att. vi. ; undertaker of
amy public work.
Mandátum, i, m., (mando.) A
command Or charge, commis-
sion.
IMando, áre, âvi, âtum. To com-
mit, intrust, give in charge ;
command.
Maneo, ère, si, sum. To stay,
remain ; wait ; expect.
Manùbiæ, àrum, fi, (manus.)
Spoils taken in war.
Manus, üs, f. A hand ; band or
body of men ; handwriting.
Mare, is, m. The sea.
Maritimus, a, um, adj., (mare.)
Of or belonging to the sea, lying
near the sea, maritime.
IMater, ris, f. A mother.
IMatricìda, æ, m. and f., (mater,
cædo.) A murderer of his
mother.
Matrimonium, i, m., (mater.)
Marriage.
Mature, adv., (maturus.) Soon,
speedily.
Matùro, áre, âvi, âtum, (matu-
frus) To ripem, hastem, ma-
ture.
97#
Maxime, adv., (maximus.) Very
much, most.
Medeor, èri, —, dep. To heal,
cure ; prevent ; provide against,
Pelop. i.
Medicina, ae, f. Physic, medi-
cine ; remedy, consolatiom.
Medicus, i, m., (medeor.) A phy-
siciam, a surgeon.
Medimnus, m., and Medimnum,
i, n. A measure of corrò among
the Atheniams, contaiming siae
modii or pecks, Att. ii.
Mediocris, is, e, adj., (medius.)
Moderate ; middling ; indiffer-
ent, ordinary.
Meditor, âri, átus sum, dep. To
think, muse upon, meditate.
Medius, a, um, adj. Mid, mid-
dle ; ordinary, common.
Megalesia, örum, m., (Megale.)
Games celebrated om the fourth
or fifth of April, in honor of
Megale or Cybele, the mother
of the gods.
Mel, lis, m. Homey.
Melior, us, adj. com., (bonus.)
Better.
Memini, isse, def. To remem-
ber, mention, think of, call to
mimd, recollect.
Memor, oris, adj. Mindful ; abl.”
ori, gen. pl. orum, wants the
nom. acc. and voc. sing. and
plur. neut. and the dat. and
abl. plur. in all the gemders.
Memoria, æ, f. Memory, remem-
brance ; record, mention.
Mendacium, i, n., (mendaac.) A
lie, falsehood, untruth.
Mens, tis, f. The mimd, under-
standing ; judgment, opinion.
Mensa, ae, f. A. table ; a course
of dishes. -
Mensis, is, m., (metior.) A month
Mensura, æ, f., (metior.) Meas-
ure, capacity, proportion ; quam-
tity, quality, length.
Memtio, ónis, f., (memini.) Mem-
tion, a making mention or speak-
ing of.
Mentior, ìri, ìtus, dep. To lie,
MERCATOIR,
MODERATUS
318
tell a falsehood, deceive, impose
upon; feign, counterfeit, pretend.
IHercátor, öris, m., (mercor.) A
purchaser, merchant.
Mercenarius, a, um, adj., (mer-
ces.) Mercenary ; hired, bribed.
Mercenarius, i, m., (merces.) A
mercenary soldier ; ome that
works for hire ; day-laborer.
Merces, edis, f. Hire, wages,
pay, reward for labor ; rent.
Mereo, ère, ui, útum, and Mereor,
éri, îtus sum, dep. To serve,
earn, gain ; stipendia, serve as
a soldier.
!Meridies, èi, m., (medius, dies.)
Mid-day, moon, the south.
Merito, adv., (mereo.) Deserved-
|y. .
Meritum, i, m., (mereo.) Merit,
desert ; reward, kindness.
Meritus, a, um, part., (inereo and
'mereor.)
Metallum, i, m. Metal, a mine.
Metior, ìri, mensus sum, dep.,
(meta.) To measure, survey,
estimate, judge of, value.
Metuo, ère, ùi, (metus.) To fear,
be afraid of. »
Meus, a, um, pos. pron., (mei, gem.
of ego.) My, mime. -
Migro, áre, âvi, âtum. To re-
move from one place to another,
change one's place of abode,
migrate.
Mile. See IMille.
Miles, itis, m. and f. A soldier,
military mam, warrior.
Militaris, is, e, adj., (miles.) Of
or pertaining to a soldier, mili-
tary, warlike, martial, soldier-
like.
Mille, ind. adj. A thousand ;
plur. millia, um, m., thousands.
Minime, adv. Very little ; not at
all ; by no means.
Minimus, a, um, superl.
Parvus.
Minor, comp. See Parvus.
inuo, ère, ùi, ütum, (minor)
To lessen, diminish, impair,
abate, lower, weaken.
See
Minus, adv. comp. See Parum.
Minutus, a, um, adj. Minute,
small, little ; low, insignificarit,
II 168 I).
Mirabilis, is, e, adj., (miror.)
Wonderful, strange, marvellous,
astonishing, amazing, stupen-
dous, extraordinary.
Mirábiliter, adv., (mirabilis.)
Wonderfully, admirably, ex-
ceedingly, very much.
Miror, âri, âtus sum, dep., (mi-
rus.) To wonder ; be astonish-
ed at ; to admire.
Mirus, a, um, adj.
strange, marvellous.
Misceo, ère, ùi, tum, and actum.
To mix, mingle, blemd ; con-
found, throw into confusiom ;
embroil.
Miseramdus, a, um, part. and adj.
Lamentable, pitiable, deplored,
mourned over.
Misereor, èri, miseritus and mis-
ertus sum, dep. To pity, com-
passionate. •,
Misericordia, ae, f., (misereor,
c0r.) Compassion, pity.
Miseror, âri, âtus sum, dep.,
(miser.) To lament, bewail ;
pity, have compassion upom.
Missus. See Mitto.
Missus, üs, m. A sending, dis-
patching, deputing ; throwing,
hurling, discharge ; a match,
course, heat im a race ; course
at an entertainment.
Mitto, ère, misi, ssum. To send ;
throw, cast.
Mobilis, is, e, adj., (moveo.) Move-
able ; changeable, inconstant,
fickle.
Mobilitas, àtis, f., (mobilis.)
Fickleness, inconstancy.
Moderate, adv., (moderatus.)
Moderately.
Moderatio, ömis, f., (moderor.)
Moderation, temperance ; rule,
government.
Moderatus, a, um, part. and adj.
Moderate, discreet, temperate,
gentle, unassuming, modest.
Wonderfu],
MOY}]ER ÖÀR,
MUNICIPIÜM{
319
ÅToderor, âri, àtus sum, dep.,
(modus.) To moderate, re-
straim ; rule, govern.
Modestia, ae, f., (modestus.) Mod-
esty, humility ; temperance,
moderatiom.
\Iodestus, a, um, adj., (modus.)
Moderate, keeping within due
bounds ; modest ; gentle.
Modicus, a, um, adj., (modus.)
Moderate ; small.
lModius, i, m. The chief Romam
measure for things dry, some-
what more thar, an English
peck ; a bushel.
Modo, adv. Lately, just now ;
sometimes ; only ; provided that.
Modus, i, m. A measure ; mam-
mer or fashiom ; method, rule.
Moenia, um, m. Fortified walls ;
toWm.
Molestus, a, um, adj. Trouble-
some ; irksome ; painful ; un-
easy
IMolior, ìri, átus sum, dep., (mo-
les.) To attempt or perform
any thing difficult ; contrive,
plot, mamage.
Molìtio, ömis, f., (molior.) A great
effort, an attempt, an enter-
prise.
Momentum, i, n., (moveo.) M6-
tion or any thing that causes
motion ; force, power, weight ;
importance, value ; moment of
time.
Momeo, ère, ùi, $tum. To put in
mind ; admonish, advise ; warn ;
inform
JMons, tis, m. A mountaim.
Monstro, áre, âvi, âtum. To show,
point out ; tell, declare.
Monumentum, i, m., (moneo.) Me-
mórial, record ; monument ;
tomb, sepulchre.
Mora, ae, f. Delay, hinderance ;
leisure ; divisiom or body of
mem, Iph. ii.
Morbus, i, m. A disease, distem-
per, disorder, malady.
ę!orior, i, tuus sum, dep. To die,
expire, perish. -
Moror, âri, âtus sum, dep., (mora.)
To delay, retard ; himder, stay,
linger.
Mors, tis, f. Death.
Mortalis, is, e, adj., (mors.) Mor-
tal, subject to death ; belongiag
to mem.
Mortifer, era, erum, adj., (mors,
fero.) Deadly, causimg death.
Mos, öris, m. Mammer or custom ;
gerere morem, to comply with,
obey ; plur., morals.
Motus, a, um. See Moveo.
Motus, üs, m. Motion, gesture ;
commotion.
Moveo, ère, mövi, mötum. To
move ; excite, provoke ; per-
suade.
Mulcta. See Multa.
Mulcto. See Multo.
Muliebris, is, e, adj., (mulier.)
Of or pertaining to a womam ;
effeminate ; inconstant.
Mulier, eris, f. A womam ; ma-
tron.
Multa, and cta, æ, fi, (mulgeo.)
A fine, penalty.
Multimodis, for multis modis. In
many ways.
Multiplico, áre, âvi, âtum, (mul-
tus, plico.) To multiply, ia-
crease, augment, emlarge.
Multitúdo, imis, f., (multus.'
Multitude, a great number.
Multo, and cto, áre, âvi, âtum,
(multa.) To fine, to punish.
Multo, and um, adv. Much,
greatly ; by much, by far.
Multum, adv. Much, very much,
frequently, often, mamy times,
far, very, greatly.
Multus, a, um, adj. Much, many,
comp. plus. meut., plur. plures,
es, a or ìa, sup. plurimus.
Mundities, èi, f., (mundus, adj.)
Neatmess ; cleanliness.
Mundus, i, m. The world, the
universe.
Municipium, â, m., (munis, capio.)
town, the citizens of which
enjoyed, in whole or part, the
1'ights of Romam citizens.
VIUINIO
INEÜHILIGIÜNTÉÉÉ,
320
Munio, áre, âvi, âtum, (moemia.)
To fortify, enclose with walls,
defend, secure, strengthen ; iti-
nera, make or pave roads, Han.
iii.
Munitio, ömis, f., (munio.) A for-
tifying ; fortification.
Munìtor, öris, m., (munio.) A
fortifer ; piomeer.
Munìtus, a, um, part. and adj.
Enclosed with walls, fortified,
defended, guarded, secured, pro-
tected.
Mumus, ëris, m. A gift, present ;
office, charge, functiom.
IVfunuscùlum, i, n., (dim. munus.)
A small gift or present.
Murus, i, m. A wall of a city ;
any kind of wall.
Musica, or e, æ, or es, f., (musa.)
Music.
Musicus, i, m. A musician.
Mutâtio, ömis, f., (muto.) A
change, alteration ; an ex-
change.
Muto, áre, âvi, âtum. To change,
alter ; exchange, barter.
Mutus, a, um, adj. Dumb, mute.
Mutuus, a, wm, adj. Borrowed
or lent ; mutual.
Mystérium, i, m. A mystery ; se-
cret religious rite.
IN.
Nam, conj. For ; as for ; but.
Namque, conj. For ; as for.
Nanciscor, i, nactus sum, dep.
To get, obtain ; find, meet with,
stumble upon.
Narro, áre, âvi, âtum. To tell,
relate, recount, recite, set forth,
report, declare, affirm, ex-
press.
INascor, nasci, nátus sum, dep.
To be born ; spring up, axise,
grow.
Natális, is, e, adj., (mascor.) Na-
tal ; native ; belonging to one's
birth.
Natio, ömis, f, (mascor.) A na-
tion, people, tribe, sect.
Nativus, a, um, adj., (nascor.}
INatural, native.
Nato, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq. m0.)
To swim, sail, float about, flow ;
f}uctuate, waver, doubt.
Natu, abl. m., (mascor.) By birth ;
minor matu, younger ; major
natu, older.
INatúra, ae, f, (nascor.)
disposition.
Naturalis, is, e, adj. Natural, by
birth ; Jlatural, usual, custom-
ary.
Natus, a, um, adj. and part.
Born, brought forth, sprung ;
fit, apt, Suited.
Natus, üs, m. See Natu.
INaufragium, i, m., (navis, frango.)
A shipwreck ; fig., ruin, loss,
destructiom ; pl., shattered re-
mains, the Wreck.
Nauticus, a um, adj., (navis.)
Belonging to ships or mariners.
Navális, is, e, adj., (navis.) Of
or pertaining to ships, maval.
Navis, is, f., (no.) A ship, bark,
vessel, galley, boat.
Ne, adv. Not ; conj., lest, that
mot ; me, in the end of a word,
asks a question, and is equiva-
lent to, am.
Nec, conj. Neither, nor.
Necessário, adv., (mecessarius.)
Of necessity, necessarily.
Necessárius, a, um, adj., (neces-
se.) Necessary, needful ; subs.,
a friend, a connection.
Necesse, adj. m. înd. Necessary,
unavoidable.
Necessitas, ätis, f., (necesse.)
Necessity ; force, constraint.
INecessitudo, ìmis, f., (necesse.)
Necessity ; intimaey, relation,
connection.
Necme, conj. Or not, whether or
not.
Nefas, m. imdecl., (ne, fa8.) An
impious or unlawful actiom ;
horrid crime ; adj., impious, un-
lawful, wicked.
INegligenter, adv., (negligens.}
Carelessly, megligently.
Nature,
N£{§ILIGO
NOTITIA
32]
Negligo, êre, aci, ctum, (me, lego.)
To neglect, Overlook ; slight ;
scorn, despise.
INego, áre, âvi, âtum. To deny,
refuse, say no, be unwilling.
Negotium, i, m., (nec, otium.)
Employment, business ; affair,
matter, thing ; trouble.
Nemo, inis, m. and f., (me, homo,)
Nobody, no one.
Nepos, ótis, m. A grandsom ; prod-
igal ; pl., posterity.
INeptis, is, f. A grand-daughter.
INeque, conj. Neither, mor.
Ne quidem, adv. Not even, not
so much as ; not only, (some-
tímes.)
Nescio, îre, ìvì and ii, âtum, (ne,
scio.) Not to know, be igno-
rant of.
AWeuter, ra, rum, adj., (ne, uter.)
INeither of the two.
Neve, conj. Neither, mor.
Neæ, mêcis, f. Violent death,
slaughter, murder.
Niger, ra, rum, adj. Black, sa-
ble, dusky, dark, gloomy.
Nihil, contr. nil, n. indecl., and
Nihilum, i, m., (me, hilum.)
Nothing, maught.
Nihilominus, adv., (nihilum, mi-
nus.) By nothing less, mever-
theless, notwithstanding.
Nimis, adv. Too much, exces-
sively ; very much.
Nimius, a, um, adj., (nimis.)
Too much, excessive, above
measure, superfluous.
Nisi, conj., (ne, si.) Unless, if
not, except, but, and yet, how-
ever, omly.
Nisus, a, um, part. See Nitor.
Nitidus, a, um, adj., (miteo.)
Shining, neat, sleek, fat, Eum.v.
Nitor, i, nisus or niacus, dep. To
strive, endeavor ; leam upon, de-
pend upon, Milt. iii.
Niæus, a, um, part. See Nitor.
No, àre, ávi. To swim ; sail.
Nobilis, is, e, adj., (mosco.) Well
known, famous; noble, of high
descent ; generous.
Nobilitas, àtis, f., (nobilis.) No-
bility, high ramk ; fame, re-
nowm, Thras. i. ; excellence.
Nobilito, áre, âvi, âtum, (nobilis.)
To ennoble, make famous or re-
nowned.
Noceo, ère, ùi, îtum. To hurt,
injure, harm, do mischief to.
Noctu, abl., (m03.) By night, in
the night-time.
Nocturnus, a, um, adj., (noae.)
Of night, nightly, nocturnal.
Nolo, molle, nolùi, irreg. neut.,
(non, volo.) To be unwilling,
not to wish, be unfavorable.
Nomen, ìnis, n., (nosco.) A
name ; renowm, reputatiom,
Milt. viii. ; natiom, Ham. vii.
Nominátim, qdv., (momen.) By
name, expressly, Milt. i. ; par-
. ticularly, especially.
omino, áre, âvi, âtum, (nomen,)
To name, call ; say, tell; nom-
imate, appoimt ; accuse, ar-
raign.
Nom, adv. Not, even not.
Nomaginta, adj., pl. indecl. Nine-
ty.
Nondum, adv. Not yet, not as
yet.
Nonmihil, m. imdecl., (mom, mihil.)
Something, somewhat, a little.
Nonnullus, a, um, adj., (non,
nullus.) Some ; pl., Some per-
SO}}S.
INonnunquam, adv., (non, nun-
quam.) Sometimes, mow and
then, occasionally.
Nonus, a, um, adj., (novem.)
Ninth. Noma sc. hora, minth
hour of the day, whem the R0-
'mans to0k their dinmer, cæna.
1Nosco, ère, mövi, mötum. To
know, understamd, learn, get a
knowledge ; examine, consid-
€r.
Noster, ra, rum, pron., (nos)
Our, ours, our own ; convenient
for us, favorable to us.
Notitia, ae, f, (nosco.) Know-
£. acquaintamce ; motion,
] C168.
NOTO
OBORTU8
322
Noto, áre, âvi, âtum, (nosco.) To
mark, observe ; mote, censure.
Notus, a, um, part. and adj.,
(nosco.) Knowm ; acquainted
with, remarkable, noted.
Novem, adj., pl. imdecl. Nine.
Novi. See Nosco.
Novitas, àtis, f., (novus.) New-
ness, novelty ; strangeness.
Novus, a, um, adj. New, strange,
unusual, fresh, recent ; extraor-
dinary, wonderful.
Noæ, ctis, f. Night, might-time,
the night.
Noacius, a, um, adj., (noceo.)
Hurtful, pernicious ; guilty,
criminal.
Nubilis, is, e, adj., (mubo.) Mar-
riageable, applied to females.
Nubo, ère, psi, ptum, neut. To
veil ; marry, be married, ap-
plied to females.
Nudo, áre, âvi, âtum, (nudus.)
To make maked or bare ; to
umcover, strip, strip bare ; lay
opem, expose.
Nullus, a, um, adj.
not any, mobody.
Num, adv. Whether ; whether or
110.
INumem, inis, m , (nuo.) A deity ;
divine power or will, divinity.
Numero, áre, âvi, âtum, (nume-
7'a s.) To mumber, count, reck-
on, value ; pay, count out; re-
cite, adduce. -
Numerus, i, m. A mumber, quam-
tity ; value.
INummus, i, m. A coin, piece of
money, of the value of two
oboli or a drachma.
INunc, adv. Now, at this time.
Nuncio and Nuntio, áre, âvi,
útum, (nuncius.) To brimg
news ; announce, report, tell.
Nuncius amd Nuntius, i, m.
messenger ; news, message.
Nuncùpo, άre, âvi, âtum, (momen,
capio.) To name, call; recite ;
declare publicly.
Nunquam, adv.
time.
No, mone,
A.
Never, at mo
Nuptiæ, árum, f., (nubo.) Nup-
tials, marriage, wedding, nup-
tial feast.
Nuptus, ûs, m., (nub0.) Marriage,
wedlock.
Nusquam, adv., (ne, usquam.)
Nowhere, in no place ; never.
Nutus, üs, m., (nuo.) A nod ;
will, pleasure, consent.
O.
O, interj. O ! Oh !
Ob, prep. For, om account of;
before. •
Obdùco, ère, aci, ctum, (ob, duco.)
To lead against ; bring or draw
over, cover, overspread, Ham. v.
Obductus, a, um, part. See Ob-
duco.
Obédio, áre, âvi, îtum, (ob, audio.)
To obey, to comply with, give
obedience to, conform to.
Obeo, áre, ìvì and ii, îtum, irreg.
meut., (ob, eo.) To go to or
about ; be present at ; enter
upom, undergo ; discharge, exe-
cute ; diem, (sc. supremum,)
die, Milt. vii. ; Dion. x.
Objectus, üs, m., (ob, jacio.) An
interpositiom, opposition ; object,
spectacle, sight, Han. v.
Objicio, ère, ëci, ectum, (ob,
jacio.) To throw to or against ;
expose ; present before ; object ;
oppose.
Obitus, ûs, m., (obeo.) A coming
or meetimg ; death ; setting of
the sum.
Oblivio, ömis, f., (obliviscor.) For-
getfulness, obliviom.
Obliviscor, i, oblitus sum, dep. To
forget, let slip from the mem-
ory, be ummimdful.
Obmútor, i, obmútus and obmiacus
sum, dep., (ob, nitor.) To
struggle or strive against, con-
tend with.
Oborior, ìri, ortu8 sum, dep., (ob,
orior.) To arise ; spring up,
rise om a suddem.
Obortus. See Oborior,
OBRUO
C}C CURRO
323
Obruo, ère, ui, útum, (ob, rug.)
To fall upom ; cover over, con-
ceal, Dat. xi. ; Overwhelm,
Diom. iv. ; bury.
{Obscùrus, a, um, adj. Dark, ob-
scure, gloomy, darksome, dus-
'ky, dum, shady.
{Obsecro, áre, ávi, âtum, (ob,
sacer.) To beseech by what is
sacred ; entreat, conjure.
ôbsequium, i, m. Deference to
amother's wishes, deference,
yieldingness, submission, com-
pliance, &c.
*Obsequor, i, quùtus and cùtus
sum, dep., (ob, sequor.) To
comply with, humaor ; oblige.
&Obsero, áre, âvi, âtum, (ob, sera.)
To bolt, to bar ; to lock, fastera,
shut out.
«Observantia, æ, f., (ob, servo.)
Observance, respect, honor,
courtesy, Att. vi.
«Obses, ádis, m. f., (ob, sedeo.) A
hostage, pledge, sponsor, sure-
ty.
<0bsideo, ère, èdi, essum, (ob, se-
deo. To besiege, invest ; block-
ade ; beset.
Obsidio, ónis, f. A besetting;
surrounding ; blockade ; siege.
30bsigno, áre, ávi,* àtum, (ob, sig-
mum.) To seal ; seal up, mort-
gage, impress, stamp.
“Obsisto, ère, titi, seldom titum,
(ob, sisto.) To oppose, obstruct,
withstand.
Obsolétus, a, um, adj., (ob, oleo.)
Obsolete, out of use.
<0bsónium, and Opsonium, i, m.
Meat, fish, flesh, any thing
eaten with bread.
{Obstinátio, önis, f. Inflexible res-
olution ; obstinacy.
obsto, áre, ìti, âtum and itum,
(ob, sto.) To stand im the way ;
obstruct ; oppose, sunder.
CObstruo, ère, aci, ctum, (ob, struo.)
To shut or block up ; obstruct.
0bsum, esse, fui, irreg. meut., (ob,
sum.) To hurt, be prejudiçial ;
himder.
Obtempéro, áre, âvi, âtum. To
obey, comply with.
Obtero, ère, râvi, rìtum, (ob, tero.)
To crush, bruise ; trample upon;
undervalue, Timol. i.
Obtestátio, önis, f., (obtestor.)
Am earnest or solemn injunc-
tion ; earnest entreaty.
Obtineo, ère, inui, * entum, (ob,
teneo.) To hold, retain ; gain,
obtain, procure ; effect ; prove.
Obtingit, ingère, ìgit, imp., (ob,
tamg0.) It happens ; some-
times used personally, io fall
by Jot; happen, Cat. i.
Obtrectàtio, ónis, f., (obtrecto.)
A disparaging, detracting, slan-
dering; envious opposition,
Eum. x. ; Att. v., xx.
Obtrectator, öris, m. A detrac-
ter, disparager, traducer, slan-
derer, calumniator, spiteful or
malicious person.
Obtrecto, áre, âvi, âtum, (ob,
tracto.) To disparage, detract
from ; oppose, Arist. i.
Obviam, adv., (ob, via.) In the
way ; ire obviam, go to meet.
Obvius, a, um, adj., (ob, via.)
Meeting in the way ; opposing,
hindering.
Occásio, önis, f., (occido.) An
occasion ; opportunity. -
Occásus, üs, m., (occido.) Fall or
decay ; sumset ; the west ; death.
Occîdo, ère, ädi, ásum, (0b, cado.)
To fall down ; set, die.
Occîdo, êre, di, sum, (ob, cædo.}
To kil].
Occisus, a, wm, part. See Occido
Occulo, ère, vi, tum2, (ob, colo.)
To hide, conceal.
Occulto, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq.
occulo.) To hide ; keep secret.
Occùpátio, ónis, f. A seizing,
taking possession, occupatiom ;
anticipatiom. -
Occupo, áre, âvi, âtum, (ob, ca-
pio.) To take hold of, seize
upom, occupy ; anticipate.
Occurro, ère, curri or cucurri,
cursum, (ob, curro.) Run up
ÖCTO
{}PULENS
324
meet; oppose, resist ; obtrude ;
prevent, Pelop. i.
Octo, pl. adj. înd. Eight.
Octogesimus, a, um, adj., (octo.)
Eightieth.
0ctoginta, pl. adj. imd., (octo)
Eighty.
Oculus, i, m. The eye.
Odi, isse, def. To hate, detest,
have aversion for, abominate,
loathe.
Odiosus, a, um, adj., (odium.)
Hateful, burdensome, disgusting,
offensive, irksome, tedious, vex-
atious.
COdium, i, m., (odi.) Hatred, hate,
animosity, aversion.
0ffendo, ère, di, sum, (ob, femdo
obs.) To strike agai*ist ; hurt ;
offend, displease.
Offensio, ónis, f., (offendo.) A
striking against ; hurt, calami-
ty ; offence, displeasure.
Offensus, a, um. See Offendo.
Offéro, re, obtúli, oblátum. To
offer, bring to or before ; se
periculo, expose ; se alicui,
present, meet.
Offìcìma, ae, f. A workhouse,
shop, manufactory, forge.
Officium, i, m., (ob, facio.) Duty ;
office ; attem lance om a great
1Thâ.I].
Oleàgìnus, a, um, adj., (olea.) Of
am olive-tree.
Olim, adv. Formerly, of old ;
omce on a time ; hereafter, long
hence.
Omitto, ère, ìsi, issum, (ob, mit-
to.) To lay aside, let pass ;
meglect, omit.
Omnìmo, adv., (ommis.) At all,
altogether, wholly.
Omnis, is, e, adj.
whole.
Onerárius, a, um, adj., (onus.)
Serving for burdem or carriage ;
mavis omeraria, a ship of bur-
dem.
Onustus, a, um, adj., (onus.)
Loaded or ladem, burdened,
heavy,
Every, all, the
Opera, ae, f., (opus.) Work, Ia-
bor, endeavor ; help, means.
Operio, áre, ùi, tum, (ob, pario.)
To cover, shut, hide.
Opinio, òmis, f, (opinor.) An
opinion, expectation, Milt. ii. ;
imaginatioB, belief.
Opìnor, ari, atus sum, dep. To
think, imagine, judge. p.
Opis, gen. of ops, obs. Help ;
pl., power, strength, resources.
Gportet, ère, uit, imp. It be-
hooves, it is meet or fit.
Opperior, âri, tus sum, dep.
wait or tarry for ; expect. •
Oppidámus, a, um, adj., (oppi-
dum.) Of a toWm ; subS., &
toWmsmam.
Oppidum, i, m. A. walled town.
Oppóno, ère, ösui ositum. To
place against 0r in the way ;
oppose.
Opportùnus, a, um, adj., (ob, por-
tus.) Commodious, fit ; seasom-
able.
Oppressus, a, um. See Opprimo.
Opprimo, ère, essi, essum, (ob,
premo.) To press or crush
down ; oppress, overwhelm,
ruin ; grieve ; dispirit.
Opprobrium, i, m., (ob, probrum.)
A reproach, disgraee, injurry.
Oppugnátor, öris, m., (oppugno.)
Assaulter, ememy ; besieger.
Oppugno, áre, âvi, âtum, (ob,
pugno.) To fight against, as-
sault, besiege.
Opsonium. See Obsonium.
Optimas, àtis, m. and f., (opti-
mus.) One who supports the
cause of the nobles, an aristo-
erat ; a persom of high rank ;
used chiefly in the plural.
Optime, adv., (optimus.) Very
well, right well ; best, excellent-
Iy ; most opportumely, most sea-
sonably, in the very mick of
time.
Optimus, a, um, adj. Very good.
best ; excellent, right good.
Opulens, tis, adj. Wealthy, righ,
abundant
Tcy
OPUILENTIA
PAREO
3%
ζ) ■•
Opulentia, ae, f. Wealth, riches ;
power, greatness.
Opus, ëris, n.
culty.
Opus, adj. ind. Needful, neces-
sary ; expedient ; subs., need,
necessity.
Ora, ae, f. A coast, border, re-
gion, country.
Oraculum, i, m., (oro.) An Ora-
cle, an answer or response giv-
en by a priest or priestess, in-
spired by a god.
Orátio, ömis, f., (oro.) A speech,
oration ; persuasiom, Milt. vii.
Orátor, öris, m., (oro.) A speak-
er, deputy, orator.
Orbis, is, m. A circle, globe ; the
world.
Ordimo, áre, âvi, âtum, (ordo.)
To set in order ; arrange, ordaim.
Ordior, ìri, orsus, dep. To spin
or weave ; begin ; speak or
write of, Alc. xi.
Ordo, ìnis, m. Order, arrange-
ment ; rank, condition.
Origo, ánis, f., (orior.) Am ori-
gin, beginning ; soufce, cause ;
pedigree.
Orior, iri, tus sum, dep. Torise,
spring ; be des>anded.
COrnämentum, i, m., (ormo.) An
ornament, dignity, honor, title,
distinction.
Ornátus, a, um, adj. and part.,
(0rm0.) Adorned, furnished,
provided, accomplished.
Ornatus, ûs, m., (ormo.) Dress,
apparel, finery.
Ormo, áre, âvi, âtum. To deck,
adorn ; equip, Dion. ix. ; fur-
::ish ; invest with honors.
Oro, áre, âvi, âtum, (os.)
plead as an orator ; entreat.
Os, öris, m. The mouth ; face,
countenance, appearance, vis-
age.
Os, ossis, m. A bone.
Oscùlor, âri, àtus sum, dep., (os)
To kiss, buss.
0stendo, ère, di, sum. To show,
display ; set forth ; declare.
28
$<*
To
Work, labor, diffi-.
Ostentátio, ömis, f., (ostento) An
ambitious display, parade ; Os
tentation ; boasting.
Ostrâcismus, i, m., (ostrea.) A
judgment or sentence by shells ;
ostracism ; the manmer ofvoting
at Athems for the banishment
of a citizen, the name of the
person to be banished being
writtem om shells.
Otium, i, m. TLeisure, freedom
from business ; repose, peace.
P.
P., Publius. See H. and G. Im-
deac.
Pabulum, i, m., (pasco.) Food
for cattle, pasture ; fodder, for-
age.
Pactio, önis, f., (paciscor.) A
bargain, contract or agreement,
a condition, term ; way, man-
I\€1'.
Pactum, i, m., (paciscor.) A bar-
gain, contract, agreement.
Paene, adv. Almost, well-nigh,
mearly, all but, as it were, in a
mammer ; wholly, entirely.
Palæstra, ae, f. A school for
wrestling ; place for exercise ;
wrestling, exercise.
Palam, adv. Openly, plainly
manifestly, evidemtly.
Panis, is, m. Bread ; plur. loaves
Par, paris, adj. Equal ; alike
the same ; meet, proper ; match
for.
Paratus. See Parò.
Parcimonia, æ, f., (parco) Spa
ringness, frugality, parsimony.
Parco, ère, peperci, seldom parsi,
parsum, amd parsitum. To
spare ; forbear ; pardon.
Parens, tis, m. and f. A parent.
Parento, àre, âvi, âtum. To per-
form thé funeral solemnities of
parents or near relations ; to
make oblations in honor of the
dead ; expiate ; revenge one's
death.
Pareo, ère, ùì, ìtum, To appear,
jPARIÖ
1PEDITATU8
326
ibe seem, be present or at hand ;
obey, submit to, comply with,
indulge, gratify, humor, be sub-
ject to, be ruled or govermed by.
Pario, ère, pepéri, partum, and
paritum. To brimg forth ; get,
procure, Alc. vii. ; gain, ac-
qure.
Parius, a, um, adj. Pariam.
Parma, æ, f. A round shield or
buckler, larger than the pelta.
Paro, áre, âvi, âtum. To pre-
pare, make ready ; procure,
purchase ; copias, levy forces.
Pars, tis, f. A part, share ; par-
ty in the state.
Particeps, âpis, adj., (pars, ca-
pio.) A sharer, partaker, part-
I] €1'.
?artim, adv., (pars.)
S0IY)6.
Partior, ìri, âtus sum, dep., or
partio, áre, (pars.) To distrib-
ute, divide into parts, share.
Partus, a, um, part. See Pa-
7°70.
Parum, adv., (parvus.) A little,
little, too little, not much.
IParvulus, a, um, adj., (dim. of
parvus.) Very little, young ;
tender.
Parvus, a, um, adj., comp. minor,
sup. ^nimimus. Little, small,
puny, slight ; minoris æstimare,
to value at a lower rate or less ;
non minimum, not a little.
Passus, part. See Patior.
Passus, üs, m., (pando.) A pace,
step.
Patefàcio, ère, fèci, factum, (pa-
teo, facio.) To opem, lay open,
discover, detect.
Pateo, ère, ui, —. To be open,
lie opem, be clear, be manifest.
Pater, ris, m. A father.
Paterfamilias, patris familias, m.
pater familiæ, patris familiæ.
The master of a family.
Paternus, a, um, adj., (pater.)
Of a father, fatherly, pater-
nal.
Patiens, tis, adj. and part., (pa-
Partly ;
tior.)
patient.
Patientia, ae, f. The power of
enduring or suffering, patience.
Patior, pati, passus sum, dep
To suffer, emdure.
Patria, ae, f., (pater,) sc. terra,
The land of one's fathers ; one's
mative country.
Patrimónium, i, m., (pater) A.
paternal estate or fortune ; in-
heritance, patrimomy.
Patrius, a, um, adj., (pater.) Of
a father, paternal ; native.
IPatrocinium, i, m., (patronus.)
Protectiom, patronage.
Patruus, i, m. Am uncle, a fa-
ther's brother.
Pauci, ae, a, pl. adj. Few.
Paucitas, âtis, f., (pauci.) Few-
mess, scarcity.
Paucus, a, umn, adj. See. Pauci.
Paulo and Paullo, adv. A little,
little, somewhat.
Paulùlum amd Paullum, adv.,
(paulo.) A little, very little.
Able to bear or endure,
Paulâtim, adv., (paulo.) By de-
grees.
Pauper, ëris, adj.
feeble, in want.
Paupertas, àtis, f., (pauper.)
Need, poverty, indigence.
Pausa, ae, f. Stop, pause, cessa-
tiom, stay, end.
Paac, cis, f. Peace, quiet, tran-
quillity.
Pecco, áre, âvi, âtum.
wrong, offend, sim.
Pecùnia, æ, f., (pecu.)
wealth, property, riches.
Pecuniosus, a, um, adj., (pecu-
mia.) Rich, wealthy.
Pedes, itis, m., (pes.) A foot-
mam, foot-soldier ; pl., infamtry.
Pedester and tris, tris, tre, adj.,
(pedes.) On foot, belonging to
footmem, foot-soldiers.
Pedisëquus, Pedissëquus, i, m.,
(pes, sequor.) A foot-attend-
ant, footman.
Peditatus, üs, m., (pedes.) In.
fantry, foot-soldiers.
Poor, needy,
To do
Momey,
1PF Li„ICIO
IPÉRITUS
327
Pellicio, ère, œi, ctum, (per,
lacio, obs.) To allure, inveigle,
wheedle, decoy.
Pellis, is, f. A skin, hide ;
tent.
Pello, ère, pepüli, pulsum. To
drive away ; defeat, banish ;
strike.
Pelta, æ, f. A short buckler or
target, in the shape of a half-
IT] OOIT.
Peltasta and tes, ae, m. A tar-
geteer, one armed with a target
or pelta.
Penâtes, ium, m., (penu.) Gods
worshipped at home, household
gods.
Pendo, ère, pependi, pensum.
To weigh ; value, esteerm ; pay ;
pœnas, suffer pumishment ; pon-
der, deliberate upon.
Peme, adv. Almost.
Pemes, prep. In the power of.
Penetro, áre, âvi, âtum. To pene-
trate, pierce ; enter into.
Pemitus, adv. Inwardly, deeply,
far withim, Alc. ix. ; wholly,
altogether, quite.
Per, prep. By, through ; for,
during; per in compositiom
greatly heightens the significa-
tion of the simple word.
Peractus. See Perago.
Peradölescentùlus, i, m., (per,
adolescens.) A very young
IIl8l]}.
Peraeque, adv. Very equally.
Perago, ère, égi, actum, (per,
ago.) To perform ; accomplish,
finish.
Peragro, áre, âvi, âtum, (per,
ager.) To wander or travel
through ; traverse ; survey.
Percello êre, cüli, culsum, (per,
cello.) To strike dowm, over-
throw, destroy, astonish.
Perceptus, a, um. See Percipio.
Percipio, ère, épi, eptum, (per,
capio.) To take entirely, reap ;
receive ; umderstand.
Perculsus. See Percello.
Percutio, ère, ssi, ssumn, (per,
quatio.) To strike, beat dowu,
Kill.
Perditus, a, um. See Perdo.
Perdo, ère, îdi, îtum, (per, do.)
To lose ; ruin ; destroy ; waste,
C0I1SUIY16).
Perdüco, cêre, aci, ctum, (per,
duco.) To lead through or all
the way ; conduct, convey ;
bring Over, persuade, Eum. ii.
Peregrinatio, ónis, f., (peregri-
nor.) Travellimg or residing in
foreign countries. .
Pereo, ìre, ivi amd ii, îtum, irreg
neut., (per, e0.) To perish ;
be ruined ; die.
Pereziguus, a, um, adj., ( per, eac-
iguus.) Very little, very small.
Perfero, re, túli, latum, (per,
fero.) To carry or bring through,
0r all the way ; bear, endure ;
pass a law.
Perficio, ère, ëci, ectum, (per,
facio.) To perform, accom-
plish, finish ; effect, bring about.
Perfidia, æ, f., (perfidus.) Per-
fidy, treachery, perfidiousmess,
falsehood.
Perfuga, æ, m., (perfugio.) A
deserter, runaway, fugitive,
remegade.
Perfugio, ère, ügi, ugìtum, (per,
fugio.) To fly or flee for suc-
COr.
IPerfunctus, a, um.
g0r.
Perfungor, i, ctus sum, dep.,
(per, fungor) To discharge
an office or duty, undergo ; be
freed from.
Pergamenus, a, um, adj. Of,
from, in, or belonging to Per-
gamus.
Periculum, i, n. Danger, haz-
ard; facere, make trial.
Perillustris, is, e, adj., (per,
illustris.) Very illustrious.
Perinde, adv., generally construed
with, ac. Just as, so as, so,
equally.
Perìtus, a, um, adj. Skilful, ex
pert.
See Perfun-
PERJURfUM
PIETAS
328
Perjurium, i, m., (per, jus.)
Perjury, false swearing, false
oath
Perlátus. See Perfero.
Permameo, ère, si, sum, (per,
maneo.) To stay to the end ;
remaim, contimue.
Permitto, ère, ìsi, issum, (per,
mitto.) To yield ; deliver over,
give up, Ham. i. ; permit, allow.
Permotus, a, um, part. See Per-
77?0?380.
Permöveo, ère, övi, ötum, (per,
moveo.) To move greatly ; dis-
quiet, vex ; persuade.
Pernicies, èi, f., (per, meco.)
Utter destructiom, ruin ; death.
Perniciósus, a, um, adj., (per-
'micies.) Destructive, pernicious,
fatal.
Pernocto, áre, âvi, âtum, (per,
noae.) To pass the night ; tarry
all night.
Peróro, áre, âvi, âtum, (per, oro.)
To plead a cause ; de ceteris,
answer, Epam. vi ; conclude
an oration. -
Perpauci, æ, a, pl. adj., (per,
pauci.) Very few.
Perpetior, èti, essus sum, dep.,
(per, patior.) To suffer, bear,
allow. -
Perpetuo, adv., (perpetuus.) Per-
petually, constantly.
Perpetuus, a, um, adj., (perpes.)
Perpetual, continual, permanent;
entire, complete.
Perscribo, ère, psi, ptum, (per,
scribo.) To write, preparé in
writing, write down accurately
and fully, write dowm in full or
at length.
Persequor, i, quùtus and cùtus
sum, dep., (per, sequor.) To
pursue, prosecute, persecute.
Persevero, áre, âvi, âtum, (per,
severus.) To persevere, per-
sist ; continue constant.
Persona, ae, f. A mask; disguise,
borrowed character ; person.
Ρersuâdeo, ère, si, sum, (per,
suadeo.) To persuade, advise.
IPersuasus, a, um. See Persuadeo
Pertædet, ère, duit, sum est,
imp., (per, tædet.) It very
much wearieth or disgusteth.
Pertæsus, a, um, part. See Per-
tædet.
Perterreo, ère, ui, îtum, (per,
terreo.) To frightem, terrify.
Pertimesco, ère, ui, —, (perti-
meo.) To fear greatly ; be
greatly afraid.
Pertinácia, ae, f., ( pertina3c.)
Obstimacy, stubbornness ; per-
SeV€Ta TYC€. -
Pertimeo, ère, inui, emtum, (per,
teneo.) To reach or extend to ;
to belong or pertain to.
Perturbo, áre, âvi, âtum, (per,
turba.) To disturb greatly,
trouble ; confoumd, embroil;
alarm greatly.
Perveho, ère, aei, ctum, (per,
veho.) To carry along, con-
vey.
Pervenio, áre, émi, entum, (per,
venio.) To come to, arrive at,
regain.
Perverto, ère, ti, sum, (per, ver-
to.) To turn upside down, to
overthrow, to ruin ; to corrupt ;
to bring over to a party, Lys. ii.
Pervulgatus. See Pervulgo.
Pervulgo, áre, âvi, âtum, (per,
vulgus.) To publish, spread
abroad, make knowm.
Pes, edis, m. A foot.
Peto, ère, îvi, âtum. To seek,
aim at ; go to, Them. ii.
IPetulans, tis, adj., (peto.) Petu-
lant, saucy ; wanton, insolent.
Phalanae, gis, f. A large body
of men drawn up in close order,
a phalanx. The Macedoniam
phalamæ generally consisted of
16,000 mem.
Philosöphia, æ, f. Philosophy,
the love or study of wisdom.
Philosophus, i, m. . A philosopher ;
a lover Qf learming and wisdom.
Pietas, àtis, f. Piety ; duty to
parents or relations ; matural
affectiom,
IPIIL À
IP OSSIDEO
329
Pila, ae, f. A. pillar, Alc. iv.;
pile ; prop.
Pius, a, um, adj. Pious, re-
ligious; datiful or affectionate
to ome's parents, relations, 0r
country.
Placeo, ère, ùi, itum. To please ;
imp. placet, it pleases ; placet
senatui, the senate decrees ;
philosophis, philosophers think.
Placo, áre, âvi, âtum, ( placeo.)
To please by sacrifice or gifts ;
appease, pacify.
Plaga, ae, f. A wound, a stripe,
a blow ; pläga, æ, f, a climate,
Zone or portiom of the heavens ;
regiom, country ; net.
IPlane, adv. Plain]y, evidently ;
certainly.
IPlebiscìtum, i, m., (plebs, scisco.)
A decree of the people.
Plebs, ebis, f. The common peo-
ple ; all the people exclusive of
the nobles; the vulgar, rabble.
Plecto, ère, aei and acui, acum.
To twist ; plait, kmit ; pumish,
]Milt. viii.
Plemus, a, um, adj. Full ; plenti-
ful, bountiful, abundant.
Plerumque, adv. For the most
part, commonly. •
Plerìque, aeque, âque, pl. adj.
The most or greatest number ;
many ; it is sometimes used im
the simgular, with collectives.
Plumbum, i, m. Lead.
Plurìmum, adv. Most of all.
Plurimus, a, um, adj. Most,
very much or mamy ; very
great
Plus, pluris, comp. See Multus.
Plusqùam, adv., (plus, quam.)
More than.
Poëma, ätis, m. A poem.
Poema, ae, f. Punishment, pen-
alty ; pain.
aenite0, ère, ui, — To repent ;
generally impers. pœnitet, it
repenteth.
Poëta, ae, m. A poet.
Poëtica, æ, and Poëtice, es, f.
The art of poetry.
98*
IPoëticus, a, um, adj. Poeticaf,
of or pertaining to poetry.
Polliceor, èri, itus sum, dep.,
(liceor.) To promise, make
liberal offers.
Pollicitâtio, önis, f., (polliceor.)
A promise, a free or voluntary
promise.
Pompa, æ, f. A solemn proces-
sion ; parade, pomp, ostenta-
tion.
IPondero, áre, âvi, âtum, (pon-
dus.) To weigh ; consider,
ponder, examine ; judge.
Pondus, eris, n. Weight, heavi-
ness ; a load, burdem.
Pono, ère, ösui, ositumn. To put
or place ; lay down, lay aside ;
lay a foundation.
Pons, tis, m. A bridge.
IPopulâris, is, e, adj., ( populus.)
Popular ; of the same country
or mation.
Populiscìtum, i, n., (populus,
scisco.) A decree of the people.
IPopulor, âri, átus sum, dep. To
lay waste ; ravage a country,
plunder.
Populus, i, m. The people, a
nation.
Forrigo, ère, eæi, ectum, (per,
rego.) To stretch or reach out,
extend, spread. out, lengthem,
protract, prolong.
IPorta, ae, f. A gate, entrance,
passage.
Porticus, üs, f., (porta.) A cov-
ered walk, surroumded with pil-
lars ; portico, gallery, porch.
Porto, áre, âvi, âtum. To bear,
carry, convey, conduct, bring.
Portus, üs, m., (porto.) A har-
bor, haven or port.
Posco, ère, poposci, — To ask,
demand, importune, entreat.
Positus, a, um, part. See Pomo.
Possessio, ömis, f., (possideo.) A
possession, estate, any thing.
possessed, property.
Possideo, ère, édi, essum, (pos
for potis, sedeo.) To possess,
' have, hold, enjoy, occupy.
}°OSSUM
PRÆFATIO
330
?ossum, posse, potui, irreg. neut.,
(polis, sum.) To be able, have
power, weight or influence.
Post, prep. After, behimd ; since.
Postea, adv., (post, ea.) After-
wards, hereafter.
Posteaquam, adv., (post,
quam.) After that, after.
Posterius, adv., comp. After-
wards, in time to come.
Posterus, a, um, adj. That comes
after, following ; future.
Postquam, adv. ' After that, after ;
S}l1C6.
Postremo, adv.
at last.
Postremus, a, um, adj., (pos-
terus.) The last, final, ulti-
mate, extreme.
Postridie, adv., (postero, die.)
The day after, the day follow-
XI 10'.
Postulatum, i, m., (postulo.) A
demand, request, petition.
Postulatus, üs, m., (postulo.) A
demand, request, petition, suit.
Postulo, àre, âvi, âtum. To de-
sire ; demand as a right ; sue at
law ; accuse.
Potens, tis, adj., (potis.) Pow-
erful, strong, mighty, able, ca-
pable, efficacious.
Potentia, ae, f., (potens.) Power,
might, force, influence.
Potestas, atis, f. Power, authori-
ty ; a civil office or magistraey.
Potio, ömis, f. The act of drink-
ing, drink, draught, potion ;
poisOmous drug.
Potior, ìri, ìtus sum, dep., (potis.)
To be master of, possess ; ob-
tain. ¥
IPotior, or, us, adj. Better, pref-
erable ; more excellent, more
powerful.
IPotius, adv. Rather.
Potissimum, adv. Chiefly, espe-
cially ; most of all ; in prefer-
ence to all, Milt i.
Præ, prep. Before ; in compari-
som of; for, on account of.
Ρraebeo, êre, ùi, itum, (prae,
e(l ,
Lastly, fimally,
habeo.) To afford, give ; show ,
præbuit se, he behaved himself,
Dat. ii.
Præceptor, öris, m., (praecipio.)
An instructor, teacher, precep-
tor, master.
Præceptum, i, m., (præcipio.) A
precept, maxim ; directiom, ad-
monition ; command.
IPræceptus, a, um, part.
Præcipio.
Praecipio, ère, épi, eptum, (præ,
capio.) To teach, instruct ;
command ; foresee, anticipate.
Præcipito, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq.
præcipio.) To throw headlong,
See
precipitate ; hastem, hurry ;
urge or press on.
Præcipue, adv., (præcipuus.)
Chiefly, especially.
Præcipuus, a, um, adj. Chief,
principal ; singular, peculiar,
special.
Præclare, adv. Very clearly ;
very well, eminently, nobly.
Præclarus, a, um, adj. Very
clear or bright ; illustrious ; ex-
cellent.
IPraecurro, currêre, currì or cu-
curri, cursum, (præ, curro.)
To rum before ; outstrip ; sur-
pass, excel.
Præda, ae, f. Prey, booty, plun-
der, prize. .
Prædico, áre, âvi, âtum, (prae,
dico.) To deciare, proclaim ;
tell, relate; boast, extol.
Prædico, ère, aei, ctum, (prae,
dico.) To foretell, prophesy,
predict, announce beforehand.
Prædium, i, m., (praes.) A farm ;
estate or property in houses or
lamd, whether im towm or coum-
try.
Praedor, âri, átus sum, dep.,
( praeda.) To plunder, rob.
Prædo, ónis, m., (praeda.)
robber ; maritimus, pirate.
Præfatio, ömis, f. That which is
said before ome does any thing,
introduction, opening, proëm,
preface.
A.
FR, ÆFECTURA
IBIREC 0R,
331
Præfectura, ae, f., ( præficio.)
The office of prefect or gov-
ernor ; province governed by a
prefect.
Præfectus, i, m., (præficio.) A
commander ; governor ; superin-
tendent.
Praefero, ferre, tùli, látum, irreg.
act., (præ, fero.) To carry be-
fore ; prefer.
Præficio, ère, éci, ectum, (præ,
facio.)
with the command of.
Præfìnio, ire, ìvì and îî, îtum,
( prae, finio. To determine be-
forehand, Epam. vii. ; limit,
prescribe.
Prælium, i, m.
ment ; war.
Praemium, i, m. A reward, prize.
Praenuncio and Præmuntio, áre,
ὰvi, âtum, (præ, nuncio.) To
foretell ; intimate beforehand.
Praenuntio. See Præmuncio.
Præoccupatio, ömis, f., (præ-
occupo.) A seizing or taking
possession of beforehand.
Præoccupo, àre, âvi, âtum. To
seize on beforehand, preoccupy,
anticipate, take by surprise,
Dion. iv. ; prevent, do before
amother.
Praeopto, áre, âvi, âtum, (prae,
opto.) To *wish rather, pre-
fer.
Præpóno, ère, ösui, ositum, (præ,
pono.) To put or place before ;
set over or appoint to the com-
mand of, Thras. i. ; prefer.
Praepositus. See Præpono.
Praes, dis, m. and f. A surety
for money , ome who engages
for amother. -
Praescrìbo, ère, psi, ptum (præ,
scribo.) To write before ; pre-
scribe or set boumds ; direct,
appoint, Att. xxii.
Praesens, adj. and part., (præ,
sum.) Present ; propitious, fa-
vorable.
Praesentia, æ, f., (præsens.) Pres-
ence ; presence of mind, reso-
A battle, engage-
To set over ; invest.
lution, courage, power, efficacy,
effect.
Præsertim, adv. Especially, chief-
ly, principally, particularly.
Præsidium, i, m., (prae, sedeo.) A
guard ; garrison ; protection, se-
curity, defence.
Præstans, tis, adj. and part. Ex-
traordinary, superior, excelling,
excellent, distinguished, remark-
able, notable.
Praesto, are, tìti, tìtum, and tá-
tum, (præ, Sto.) To stand be-
fore ; perform, make good ;
show ; excel ; imp., it is bet-
ter.
Praestituo, ère, ùi, ùtum, (prae,
statuo.) To determine or ap-
point beforehand ; prescribe.
Præsum, esse, fui, irreg. meut.,
(prae, sum.) To be Over or be-
fore others, command.
Praeter, prep. Besides, except ;
beyond, contrary to.
Præterea, adv. Besides ; more-
OV€T.
Prætereo, áre, ávi and îî, îtum,
(praeter, e0.) To go or pass by,
Ages. iii. ; omit, Lys. iv. ; sur-
pass, excel.
Prætermitto, ère, ìsi, issum, (præ-
ter, mitto.) To pass over, omit ;
neglect, Cim. iv.
Præterquam, adv.
sides that.
Prætor, óris, m., (præe0.) A chief
commander or magistrate ; a
Romam magistrate, next in pow-
er to the consuls ; lieutemant-
general ; lieutenant-governor.
Praetorius, a, um, adj., (prætor.)
Of or, pertaining to a prætor,
prætoriam.
Prætura, ae, f., (prætor.) The
office of prætor ; prætorship.
Praevideo, ere, ìdi, ìsum, (præ,
video.) To foresee ; provide be-
forehamd ; use precautiom, Ham.
ix.
Precis, f. gen. of preae, obs. A
prayer, an entreaty.
Precor, âri, átus sum, dep., (pre-
Besides, be-
}PREMO
IBRO FERO
332
cis.) To pray, beseech, sup-
plicate.
Premo, êre, ssi, ssum. To press;
oppress, enslave ; pursue close-
ly, to harass, vex, to urge.
Pretiósus, a, um, adj., (pretium.)
Costly, valuable, excellent.
Pretium, i, m. A price, value, re-
ward.
Pridie, adv., (prior, dies.)
day before.
Primo, or um, adv., (primus.)
First, the first time, in the first
place. -
Primum, adv. In the begimming,
first, in the first place.
Primus, a, um, adj. First, chief,
best.
The
Princeps, âpis, m. and f., (primus,
capio.) First, foremost, the
chief; primce or princess ; gram-
dee ; author, adviser, instigator;
ringleader.
Principátus, üs, m., (princeps.)
The first place ; pre-eminence ;
sovereignty, dominion.
Primcipium, i, m., (primceps.) A
beginnimg ; origim or race ; pl.,
the first line of am army in or-
der of battle ; am opem space in
the middle of the camp.
Prior, or, us, adj. Former, better,
~referable ; superior.
Prwstimus, a, um, adj.
former.
JPrius, adv. Soomer, before.
Priusquam, adv. Before that.
Privátus, a, um, adj., (privo.)
Private, invested with no public
office ; peculiar ; one's own ;
part., deprived of.
Privignus, i, m. A step-som.
Privo, áre, âvi, âtum. To de-
prive of, ber eave.
Pro, prep. For ; as ; before, in
presence of ; according to ; in
comparison of, in proportion to,
om account of.
Probàbìlis, is, e, adj., (probo.)
Probable, likely ; plausible, mot
contemptible, Cato iii.
Probo, áre, âvi, âtum, (probus.)
Ancient,
To prove, approve of, to recom-
mend to ; to try, examine.
Procùcìtas, àtis, f., (procax.) Pet-
ulance, impertinence, wanton-
In eSS
Procédo, ère, ssi, ssum, (pro, ce-
do.) To go forth, advance, pro-
ceed ; prosper.
Procella, ae, f. A tempest, storm ;
civil commotion, tumult, Att. x.
Proclivis, is, e, adj., (pro, clivus.)
Sloping downwards, inclining,
prone ; subject, liable, easy.
Procreo, àre, âvi, âtum, (pro,
creo.) To beget, procreate, pro-
duce, cause.
Procul, adv. At a distance, afar,
far off.
Procürätio, ömis, f., (procuro.)
The adrninistratiom or doing of a
thing ; charge, Office.
Procüro, áre, âvi, âtum, (pro, cu-
ro.) To mamage for amother ;
take care of, refresh.
Prodeo, ire, ìvì and ii, îtum, ir-
'reg. neut., (pro, eo.) To go
forth, proceed, advance ; go be-
fore ome.
Proditio, önis, f., (prodo.) A dis-
covery ; treachery, treason.
Proditor, öris, m. A discoverer,
betrayer, traitor.
Prodo, êre, ìdi, îtum, (pro, do.)
To betray, give up ; disclose,
violate a promise.
Prodüco, ère, vi, ctum, (pro, du-
c0.) To lead or bring forth,
produce, draw out.
Prælium. See Prælium.
Profanus, a, um, adj., (pro, fa-
num.) Profame, not sacred ; not
imitiated ; impious, irreligio-is.
Profectio, ónis, f., (proficiscor.)
A setting out or departure ;
journey, march, voyage.
Profecto, adv. Certainly, surely,
truly, im truth, indeed, doubtless,
assuredly, really.
Proféro, ferre, túli, látum, (pro,
fero.) To hold out, bring out
set forward, advance ; show
publish.
FROITICIO
FROSCRIPTUS
333
Proficio, ère, èci, ectum, (pro,
facio.) To do good, profit, avail;
make progress.
Profìciscor, i, ectus, dep. To set
out, go on a journey, advance ;
go.
IProfiteor, éri, essus sum, dep.,
(pro, fateor.) To declare open-
ly, profess ; discover.
IProfligo, áre, âvi, âtum, (pro,
fligo.) To rout, put to flight ;
overwhelm.
Profùgio, ère, ügi, úgátum, (pro,
fugio.) To flee, rum away ;
escape.
Progénies, èi, f., (progigno.) Pro-
geny, offsprimg ; race.
IProgenitor, öris, m., (progigno.)
An amcestor, forefather, pro-
genitor.
Progrédîor, èdi, essus sum, dep.,
(pro, gradior.) To go forward,
advance, proceed.
Prohibeo, ère, ùi, itum, (pro, ha-
beo.) To forbid ; prohibit, hin-
der, debar ; defend.
Projectus. See Projicio.
Projicio, ère, ëci, ectum, (pro,
jacio.) To throw away, cast
off, banish ; to stretch out or ex-
temd, Chab. i.
Proinde, adv.
just as if.
Prolábor, bi, psus sum, dep., (pro,
labor.) To slip, glide forward,
fall down ; let grow in length,
Dat. iii. ; promise. '
Promitto, ère, ìsi, issum, (pro,
mitto.) To throw forward.
Promptus, and Promtus, a, um,
part., (promo.) Drawn or
brought out; adj., ready, prompt,
inclined to.
Promuncio, and Pronuntio, àre,
âvi, âtum, (pro, nuncio.) To
promounce, recite, Att. i. ; de-
elare or tell plaimly, Ages. iii. ;
momimate, appoimt.
Propàgo, ìnis, f., (pro, pango.)
A race, stock, offspring, line-
age.
Propàgo, áre, âvi, âtum, (propa-
Therefore ; quasi,
go.) To multiply, increase ;
spread or propagate ; enlarge Ur
extend ; prolong.
Propótülus, a, um, adj., (pro, pa-
te0.) Opem, spreading wide ;
án propatulo, opemly, in opem
view.
IPrope, adv.
almost.
Propello, ère, ùli, ulsum, (pro,
pello.) To push or drive for-
ward ; drive away, repulse.
Propère, adv. Hastily, speedily.
Propinquìtas, àtis, f., (propin-
quus.) Nearness, meighborhood ;
relation by blood or alliamce.
Propinquus, a, um, adj., (prope)
Neighboring, near ; mearly re-
lated, near of kim, allied ; subs.,
kinsman, relation.
Propior, or, us, adj. Nearer.
IPropitius, a, um, adj., (prope.)
Kind, favorable.
Propömo, ère, ösui, osìtum, (pro,
pono.) To set up to view ;
promise, Ages. iii. ; propose,
Att. XX. ; apply, Att. xxi.
Near at hand, mear,
Propösitum, i, m., (propono.) A
purpose, a resolutiom.
Proprius, a, um, adj. Peculiar,
proper, ome's owm ; permanent,
. as property, Thras. iv. ; fit or
becoming.
Propter, prep. For, om account
of; near.
Propugnácùlum, i, n., (propugno.)
A bulwark, rampart.
Propugnátor, öris, m., (propug-
'm0.) A defender, champion.
Prorumpo, ère, ùpi, uptum.
break forth, burst out.
Proscribo, êre, psi, ptum, (pro,
scribo.) To post up in writing,
publish for sale ; proscribe, ban-
ish.
Proscriptio, ömis, f. Proscription,
confiscation of ome's effects, bam
ishment.
Proscriptor, öris, m.
proscribes or outlaws.
Proscriptus, i, m. See Proscrip-
t07*.
To
One who
EROSEQUOR
PUNICUS
334
Proséquor, i, quutus and cùtus
sufim, dep., (pro, 8equor.) To
follow after ; attend, accompa-
my ; prosecute, pursue. Prose-
quor often takes the 7neaming of
the word with which it is con-
'mected ; thus, Prosequi laude,
to praise ; honore, honor ; præ-
mio, reward.
Proskunein, τροσκυνεῖν.
erate, worship.
Prosper, ëra, ërum, adj. Prosper-
ous, fortunate, successful.
Prospère, adv., (prosper.) Pros-
perously, successfully.
Prospèritas, àtis, f., (prosper)
Good success, prosperity.
Prospìcìo, ère, eæi, ectum, (pro,
specio.) To view or behold from
a distance ; foresee, provide for,
take care of.
Prosterno, ère, trávi, trátum, (pro,
stermo.) To overthrow, lay
prostrate ; discomfit, rout.
Prosum, desse, fui, irreg. neut.,
(pro, sumn.) To do good, bene-
fit, avail.
Protînus, and Protênus, adv.,
(porro, tenus.) Right forward,
straightway, immediately.
IProvectus. See Proveho.
Provëho, êre, eaci, ectum, (pro,
veho.) To carry forward, to
convey ; provectus ætate, ad-
vanced in years.
Provideo, ère, ìdi, ìsum, (pro,
video.) To foresee, provide,
furnish ; provide for, take care
of, provide against, beware,
IPhoc. ii
Provincia, æ, fi, (pro, vinco.) A
province, conquered country ;
province or office assigned to
any one.
Prout, adv.
áS.
Pro3cimus, Proæumus, a, um, adj.
Nearest, next ; last.
Prudens, tis, adj., (providens.)
Eoreseeing; prudent, wise ; skil-
ful, expert.
Prudentia, æ, f., (prudens.) Fore-
To ven-
Even as, according
sight, prudence, discretiom, Milt.
ii. ; skill.
Pubes, is, f. The first down on
the chim ; puberty, youth.
Pubes, and er, ëris, adj. At the
age of puberty ; of ripe years ;
full-grown.
Publice, adv., (publicus.) Pub-
licly, im mame or behalf of the
public ; openly.
Publîco, àre, âvi, âtum, (publi-
cus.) To confiscate, sell pub-
licly ; publish.
Publicus, a, um, adj., (populus.)
Public, belonging to the people.
Pudet, ère, uit, imp. It makes
ashamed ; — me, Iam ashamed.
Puer, ëri, m. A boy, a child :
young slave.
Puerìlis, is, e, adj., (puer.) Of
a boy or child ; puerile, weak,
childish. »
Pueritia, ae, f., (puer.) Child-
hood, boyhood, youth—to the age
of 16 or 18.
Puerülus, i, m., (dim. puer.)
little boy or child.
Pugna, æ, f, (pugnus.) A fight,
battle, skirmish. .
Pugno, áre, âvi, âtum, (pugna.)
To fight, struggle with, con-
tend ; resist, oppose, dispute.
Pulcher, ra, rum, adj. Fair,
beautiful, honorable, glorious.
Pulchre, adv., (pulcher.) Beau-
tifully, nobly, finely, very
well. '
Pullùlo, áre, âvi, âtum, (pullus.)
To spring or sprout up ; grow,
]I1CI'€{}S€.
Pulvinar, áris, m., (pulvinus.) A
pillow, cushion ; couch im tem-
ples, on which the imπτges of
the gods used to be placed om
solemm occasioms.
Pulvìnus, i, m. A pillow, cush-
10I1.
A.
Punicus, a, um, adj. Of Car-
thage or Africa ; faithless,
treacherous. The Carthagin-
ians had the reputation of being
false amd faithless ; hence, pi;-
IPUIPPIS
QUIETUS
335
^ica fides, bad,
faith.
Puppis, is, f. The stern or poop
of a ship ; ship.
Pus, pùris, n. White and vis-
cous matter, pus. Fig. it is used
of malicious lamguage.
Puto, áre, âvi, âtum. To lop off,
prune ; think.
Puter and Putris, is, e, adj.
Rotten, putrid, corrupt ; wan-
tom, lascivious.
Q.
troacherous
(Q., Quintus. See H. and G. Im-
deæ.
Qua, adv. Which way, where,
in which directiom ;
method.
Quacumque, adv., sc. parte. Where-
soever, wherever ; whenceso-
ever ; whithersoever.
Quadräginta, pl. adj., indec.,
(quatuor.) Forty.
Quadrimgëni, and Quadringenti,
ae, a, pl. adj., (quatuor, cen-
tum.) Four humdred.
Quaero, ère, sivi, sìtum. To ask,
inquire ; seek, search for ; ex-
amine.
Quaestio, òmis, f., (quæro.) A
seeking, inquiring, searching ;
questiom, investigatiom ; inquisi-
tion, examination by torture.
Quaestor, öris, m., (quæro.) A
questor, a Romam magistrate
who took care of the public
treasury ; the paymaster of a
legiom or army.
Quaestus, us, m., (quæro.) Gain,
profit ; trade.
Qualis, is, e, adj. Of what kind
or mammer ; talis, qualis, such,
à S.
Quam, adv. or com. after tam. As;
after comparatives, tham ; how,
how much ; with superlatives,
it expresses the highest possible
degree, as, quam plurimas co-
pias, as many forées as possi-
ble.
by what
Quamdiu, adv. How long.
Quamprimum, adv. As söom as
possible, very soon.
Quamquam. See Quanquam.
Quamvis, adv. Although, very
much, ever so much.
Quamdo, adv. Whem.
Quamquam and Quamquam, c0mj
Though, although.
Quantum, adv., (quantus.)
much as ; as far as.
Quantus, a, um, adj. How great,
how much ; tantus quantus, as
great as. «
Quare, adv., (qua, re.) Where-
fore, why, for what reasom.
Quartus, a, um, adj., (quatuor,)
Pourth.
Quaterni, æ, a, pl. adj., (quatu-
or.) Four by four.
Quatuor, adj. ind. Four.
Que, in the end of words, conj.
for, et. Amd, both.
Quemadmödum, adv., (quis, ad,
modus.) How, in what man-
I\€l'.
Queo, áre, ìvi, âtum, irreg. neut.
To be able.
Querimónia, æ, f., (queror.) A
complaint ; moaning.
Queror, i, estus sum, dep. To
complaim, bemoam, lament.
Qui, quæ, quod, rel. pron. Who,
which, or that ; qui, abl., where-
with, how, by which.
Quia, conj. Because.
Quicunque, quæcunque, quodcun-
que, prom. Whosoever, what-
SO€V€r.
Quid. See Quis.
Quidam, quædam, quoddam, or
quiddam, pron. Some ; a cer-
tain person or thing.
Quidem, adv. Indeed, truly ; ne
quidem, mot evem.
Quies, étis, f. Rest, ease, quiet,
repose, peace ; Attici quies, the
meutrality of Atticus.
Quiesco, ère, évi, étum, (quies.)
To be quiet, to rest, be at rest
Quietus, a, um, adj., (quies.)
Quiet, peaceable, calm.
As
QUILIBET
RATIO
336
Quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, and
quidlibet, pron. Any one, any,
whosoever, whatsoever.
«Quin, con. and adv. for qui, ne.
Why not? but generally used
after a megative, as, non pos-
sum quin lacrymem, I cannot
but weep ; I cannot refrain from
weeping ; negare non potuit
quin eum arcesseret, he could
not refuse to semd for him, Diom.
11.
Quingenti, æ, a, pl. adj., (quin-
que, centum.) Five humdred.
€2uini, æ, a, pl. adj., (quinque.)
Five by five, by fives, five each.
Quinquagéni, æ, a, pl. adj., (quin-
quaginta.) Fifty each ; fifty
by fifty.
(Quinquaginta, adj. ind. Fifty.
Quinque, adj. ind. Five.
�uinquies, adv., (quinque.) Five
times.
(Quippe, adv. For, because, since ;
as being, quippe erudito homini,
as being a learned man. Quippe
is oftem construed with the rel-
. ative, a8, quippe quem venum-
dari jussisset, simce he had or-
dered him to be sold.
Quis, quæ, quod or quid, inter.
pron. Who ? which, what.
Quisnam, quænam, quodnam cr
quidnam, pron., (quis.) Who,
which, what.
Quisquam, quaequam, quodquam
or quidquam, pron., (quis.) Amy
one, any thing.
Quisque, quæque, quodque or
quidque, prom., (quis.) Each,
every one, every thing ; any
one or thing.
Quisquis, —, quidquid or quic-
quid, pron., (quis, quis.) Who-
soever, whatsoever.
Quivis, quaevis, quodvis Or quid-
vis, pron., (qui, volo.) Whoso-
ever, whatsoever, who or what
you please.
Quo, adv. Whither, to what
place, to what end ; conj., that,
to the end that.
Quoad, adv., (quod, ad.) As long
as, Eum. xii. ; as far as, Chab.
iii. ; until, Epam. ix.
Quod, conj. Because, that, in
that ; though, although. .•
Quodammödo, adv., (quidam, mo-
dus.) In a certain manner,
after a sort.
Quodsi, conj. If them, if now, if
accordingly.
Quominus, adv., (quo, minus.)
That—mot, but—that.
Quomödo, adv., (quis, modus.)
How, after what manner, after
what fashion, in what way.
Quondam, adv., (quidam.) In
time past, formerly, once on a
time ; at some future time.
Quoniam, conj., (quum, jam.) Be-
cause ; since, seeing that.
Quoquam, adv. To some place ;
any whither.
Quoque, conj. Also ; truly.
Quorsum, adv., (quo, versum.)
Whitherwards, towards what
place.
Quotannis, adv., (quot, annus.)
Yearly, annually.
Quotidiánus, a, um, adj., (quoti-
die.) Daily ; ordinary, 'com-
mon, familiar.
Quotidie, adv., (quot, dies.) Daily,
every day.
Quotiescunque, adv., (quoties.) As
oftem as.
Quum, or cum, adv. and conj.
Whem, seeing, simce.
E.
Radiae, àcis, f. A root ; the bot-
tom of a hill.
Rapio, ère, ùi, tum. To smatch
or seize by force ; carry or
sweep away by force ; plumder,
ravish. ae-
Iέarus, a, um, adj. Thin, mot
close orthick ; uncommon, rare ;
pl., few.
Ratio, ónis, f. Reason, cause,
mammer, fashion ; account, cal-
culation ; consideration, regard.
RÀTUS
IRELATÜS
33'7
Ratus, a, um, adj. Ratified, con-
firmed.
£ecédo, ère, ssi, ssum, neut., (re-
tro, cedo.) To retire or with-
draw ; retract, go back ; de-
part.
Éecens, tis, adj.
late, recent.
Recenter, adv., (recens.) Newly,
lately.
îeceptus. See Recipio.
Recido, êre, îdi, ásum, (retro,
cado.) To fall back or recoil ;
fall or light upom ; relapse.
Êecîdo, êre, di, ìsum, (re, cæde.)
To cut off, cut down, cut away,
pare away, cut up ; lop off, re-
tremch, reduce.
Ì?ecipio, ère, épi, eptum, (re, ca-
pio.) To take or get agaia, re-
cover ; receive ; se, return, be-
take one's self.
Ëeconcilio, àre, âvi, âtum, (re,
concilio.) To regain, recover ;
reinstate, re-establish, restore ;
Ireconcile, make friends.
Recreo, áre, âvi, âtum, (re, creo.)
To recover, refresh, recruit, re-
INew, fresh ;
pair.
Êectus, a, um, part. amd adj.
Right, straight, direct, not
crooked.
'Eccùbo, áre, ui, îtum, (re, cubo.)
To lie down, lie down again,
recline.
£ecumbo, ère, cubùi, cubîtum.
To lay one's self down, lie
dowm again ; leam against, fall
down, reclime, settle down, sub-
side.
£ecùpèro, áre, âvi, âtum, (re-
cipio.) To regain, recover, get
back, get again.
Recùso, áre, âvi, âtum, (re,
causa.) To refuse, deny, re-
ject ; to plead in defence.
Reddo, ère, idi, itum, (re, do.) To
give back, restore ; make or
render ; deliver.
Redeo, áre, ìvì and åî, îtum, irreg.
neut., (re, eo.) To go or come
hacl;, return ; be restored.
99
Redigo, ère, égi, actum, (re, ago ;
To bring or drive back ; reduce,
collect, restore.
Redimo, ère, émi, emptum, (re,
emo.) To purchase back, ram-
som, redeem ; recover, get
back.
Reditus, üs, m., (redeo.) A re-
turn ; income, revenue ; interest
of momey.
Reduco, ere, aci, ctum. To bring
or lead back, conduct back ;
reinstate, restore.
Refectus. See Reficio.
IReféro, ferre, túli, látum, (re,
fero.) To bring back, restore ;
bring back word, report ; refer ;
reply ; se, return ; referre alie-
nos mores ad suos, to compare
foreign customs with their owm.
Refert, imp., (res, fero.) It com-
cerns, it is the interest of.
Reficio, ère, èci, ectum, (re, facio.)
To repair, refit ; rebuild ; re-
fresh, recruit, recover or cure.
IRefréno, àre, âvi, âtum, (re,
freno.) To bridle, curb, check,
restraim.
IRefringo, ère, égi, actum, (re,
frango.) To break opem ; weak-
em 0r impair ; subdue.
Befùgio, ère, ügi, ùgìtum, (re,
fugio.) To flee away ; fly
back ; shun, dread.
Eegia, ae, f., (sc. domus.) A
public building at Rome where
the Pontífices assembled.
Regio, önis, f. A region, dis-
trict, country.
Regius, a, um, adj., (rex.) Of a
king, royal ; princely ; fama
cum ad regios (sc. præfectos)
perlata esset, when the report
had been brought to the king's
prefects.
IRegno, áre, âvi, âtum, (rea.) To
reign, rule as a king.
Regnum, i, m., (reae.) A kingdom,
' realm. •
Rego, ère, reaci, rectum. To rule
or govern, manage, direct.
Relatus. See Refero.
*.
RELEG O
IRES
338
Relégo, áre, âvi, âtum, (re, lego)
To send away or remove, banish.
Religio, ömis, f. Religion, devo-
tion, veneration ; Teligious obli-
gation, oath, Diom. viii. ; re-
ligious scruple.
Religiöse, adv., (religiosus.) Re-
ligiously, scrupulousIy, cautious-
ly, Att. xv.
Relinquo, ère, ìqui, ictum, (re,
linquo.) To leave, forsake, re-
linquish, quit, abandon.
Reliquiæ, árum, f., (relinquo.)
Leavings, remains, relics.
Relîquus, a, um, adj., (relinquo.)
Remaining, left; tempus, future.
Remaneo, ère, si, sum, (re, maneo.)
To remain behind ; continue,
abide.
Remedium, i, m., (re, me deor.)
Remedy, cure.
Remeae, ìgis, m., (remus.) Row-
er, boatman.
Remigro, áre, âvi, âtum, (re, mi-
gro.) To go back, return.
Reminiscor, i, —, (re, memini.)
To cali to mimd, remember.
Remissus, a, um, part. and adj.
Relaxed, languid ; faint, slug-
gish, remiss, negligent ; gentle,
mild, moderate.
Remitto, ère, ìsì, issum, (re,
mitto.) To send or throw back ;
slacken, abate, remit, forgive.
Remótus, a, um, part. and adj.
Remote ; fig., having nothing to
do with, not connected with,
not feeling, not enjoying.
Removeo, ère, óvi, òtum, (re,
moveo.) To remove, drive or
send away.
Renovo, áre, âvi, âtum, (re, mov0.)
To renew, make or build anew ;
refresh. -
Renuncio, and Renuntio, àre, âvi,
άtum, (re, nuncio.) To bring
back word, report ; renoumce,
disclaim ; proclaim by the voice
of a herald.
Reor, réri, rätus sum, dep. To
think, judge, suppose.
Repello, ère, üli, ulsum, (re,
pello.) To drive or thrust back,
repel ; reject, refuse, Lys. iii.
Repente, adv., (repens.) Sudden-
ly, umexpectedly.
IRepentìnus, a, umn, adj., (repens.)
Suddem, hasty, unexpected.
Reperio, îre, i, tum, (re, pario.)
To find, discover ; invent, com-
trive.
Repertus, a, um, part.
perv0.
Repeto, ère, âvi, 7tum, (re, peto.)
To seek back, return to ; repeat,
recollect.
Repo, ère, psi, ptum. To creep,
crawl, go with difficulty and
caution, Ham. iii.
Repono, ère, posùi, positum, (re,
pono.) To lay, set, put or
place back, backwards or be-
hind ome's self; bring forward,
repeat, renew.
Reprehendo, ère, di, sum, (re,
prehendo.) To catch agaim,
lay hoid of, seize ; blame, re-
prove, reprehend.
Reprimo, ère, essi, essum, (re,
premo.) To repress, check, re-
straim, keep withim bounds, con-
fine.
Repudio, áre, âvi, âtum, (repu-
dium.) To divorce, reject, for-
sake.
IRepugno, àre, âvi, âtum, (re,
pugno.) To fight against, re-
sist, oppose, be at variance.
Repulsa, ae, f., (repello.) A re-
pulse, refusa!, demial.
IRepüto, áre, âvi, âtum, (re, puto.)
To think, over and over again ;
consider, reflect, revolve.
Requìro, ère, sîvi, sìtumn, (re,
quæro.) To ask or inquire ;
seek again, to require.
Res, ei, f. A thing, affair, busi-
mess, fortune ; action, deed, ex-
ploit, undertaking, performance;
res Persicae, Persiam history ;
potiri rerum, to obtain the
power in the state, to have the
superiority, sovereignty or su-
preme power ; res, the state.
See Re-
RESACRO
RUSTICUS
339
Resacro. See Resecro.
IRescio, îre, ivi, âtum, (re, scio.)
To come to the knowledge of,
know, understand.
Rescisco, ère, âvi, ìtum, (re8cio.)
To learm agaim, learn, hear, as-
certain, fimd out, gaim informa-
tion.
Rescindo, ère, îdi, issum, (re,
scimdo.) To cut off; cut or
break down, Milt. iii. ; pierce ;
annul, repeal.
Resecro, and Resacro, áre, âvi,
άtum, (re, sacro.) To take off
a curse or execratiom, Alc. vi. ;
pray again, consecrate anew.
eservo, áre, âvi, âtum, (re, ser-
vo.) To keep, retain, reserve.
IResideo, ère, édi, essum, (re,
sedeo.) To sit down, rest, sub-
side, remain.
Resìdo, êre, ëdi, essum, (re, sido.)
' To sit down, settle or ,take up
one's abode in order to rest ;
sink, settle down, subside; fig.,
cease, become ealm or still ;
grow weary, faint ; withdraw,
retire ; terminate.
Resisto, ère, titi, titum, (re, sisto.)
To stand up, rise again ; stand
still, stop ; resist, oppose, pre-
vent.
IRespicio, ère, eæi, ectum, (re,
specio.) To look back ; review ;
consider, regard.
IRespondeo, ere, di, sum, (re,
spondeo.) To answer, reply ; |
agree, correspond to.
Responsum, i, n. An answer ;
response of an oracle.
Eespublica, reipublicæ, f., (res,
publica.) A republic, common-
wealth ; state.
Restituo, ère, ùí, ütum, (re, sta-
tuo.) To restore, Alc. v. ; re-
build, Them. vi. ; reinstate,
Timol. i. ; renew.
Restiti. See Resisto.
Restruo, ère, aci, ctum, (re, struo.)
To rebuild, erect again, restore.
Retardo, áre, âvi, âtum, (re,
tardo.) To stop, delay, retard.
Rete, is, m. A net.
Retineo, ère, ùi, entum, (re, te-
meo.) To hold or keep back,
restraim, retain ; preserve.
Retraho, ère, aaci, actum, (re,
traho.) To draw or pull back ;
withdraw ; save, rescue, The-
bas ab interitu retraacit, saved
Thebes from destruction, Epam.
Vlll.
IReus, a, um, adj. Accused, im-
peached ; sued at law ; subst.,
a defendant.
Revéra, adv. Indeed, really, truly.
Revertor, i, sus 8um, dep., and
IReverto, ère, ti, sum, (re, verto.)
To turn or come back, return.
IRevoco, áre, âvi, âtum, (re, voco.)
To recall, call back ; restore.
Reæ, égis, m. A king.
Rhapsódia, ae, f. A. rhapsody,
book of Homer's poems.
Rhêtor, öris, m. A rhetoriciam ;
teacher of Oratory, orator.
Risus, üs, m., (rideo.) Laughing,
laughter.
Robur, öris, m. The hardest oak ;
fig., stremgth, vigor.
Robustus, a, um, adj., (robur.)
Made of oak ; fig., strong, ro-
bust. •
I&ogâtus, üs, m., (rogo.) A de-
sire, request ; questiom.
Rogo, áre, âvi, âtum. To ask,
interrogate ; request, entreat.
Rostrum, i, m., (rodo.) The beak
or bill of a bird ; Smout; beak
of a ship.
IRuber, ra, rum, adj.
dy.
IRudis, is, e, adj. Rude, ignorant,
untaught, inexperiemced.
Rumor, öris, m. A commom re-
port, rumor. -
Rursus and um, adv. Again.
Rusticus, a, um, adj., (rus.) Of
the country ; rude, clownish,
rustic.
Red, rud-
§ 340
SATT§
S.
S., Seactius. See H. and G. Im-
deac. S. C., Sematus Consul-
tum, Senatusconsultum ; S. P.
Q. R., Senatus populusque Ro-
77?, (J,???/. S.
Sacellum, i, m. A little temple ;
chapel, oratory.
Sacer, ra, rum, adj.
holy, consecrated.
Sacerdos, ötis, m. and f., (sacer,
do.) A priest or priestess.
Sacrarium, i, m., (sacer.) A sanc-
tuary, chapel, small temple.
Sacrifico, áre, âvi, âtum, (sacer,
facio.) To sacrifice, offer or
perform sacrifice.
Sacrilegium, i, n., (sacer, lego)
Sacrilege, stealimg of things sa-
cred ; violation or profanation
of sacred things.
8acrilegus, a, um, adj., (sacer,
lego.) Guilty of sacrilege ; im-
pious, profane.
Sacrum, i, n. Any thing sacred
or consecrated to the gods ; amy
sacred rite or sacrifice ; any
thing secret.
Sæpe, adv. Oftem, oftentimes,
many times, frequently.
Saevitia, æ amd es, èi, f., (saevus.)
Cruelty, barbarity.
Sævus, a, um, adj. Cruel, sav-
age, barbarous, fierce.
Sagácitas, àtis, f, (sagaae.)
Penetration, sagacity, shrewd-
1}€SS.
Sagaae, àcis, adj. Quick-scent-
ed ; foreseeing, shrewd, saga-
cious.
Sal, älis, m., sometimes m. Salt,
the sea ; wit, humor, the seasom-
ing of conversatiom ; taste, ele-
gance, Att. xiii. ; pl., witty
sayings.
Salto, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq. salio.)
To dance, leap.
Saltuósus, a, um, adj., (saltus.)
Pull of wood or forests.
Saltus, ás and i, m., (salio.) A
leap ; lawn ; forest, thicket.
Sacred,
Salum, i, m., (sal.) The sea.
Salus, ùtis, f. Safety, preserva-
tion ; health ; wants the plural
Salutáris, is, e, adj., (salus.)
Healthful, salutary ; profitable,
advantageous.
Salúto, áre, âvi, âtum, (salus.)
To salute, wish health to.
Salvus, a, um, adj., (salus.) Safe,
soumd ; in good health.
Sancio, îre, aci, ctum, and civi,
cátum. To make sacred ; rati-
fy, establish, confirm ; emact.
Sancte, adv., (sanctus.) Re-
ligiously, inviolably, solemnly,
piously, conscientiously, blame-
lessly, sacredly, chastely, de-
cently.
Sanctìtas, àtis, f., (sanctus.)
Piety, devotiom, samctity ; im-
tegrity, Lys. iv. ; honor.
Sanctus, a, um, adj., (sancio.)
Holy, sacred; venerable; imvio-
lable, Pel. v. ; upright, immo-
cent.
Sanguis, änis, m. Blood ; kim-
dred ; strength ; pl. wanting.
Samo, áre, âvi, âtum, (sanus.)
To heal, to cure, restore to
health ; correct, repair. « «
Sanus, a, um, adj. Sound, whole,
in health, healthful.
Sapiens, tis, adj. Wise, judicious,
knowing.
Sapienter, adv., (sapiens.) Wisely.
Sapientia, ae, f., (sapiens.) Wis-
dom.
Sapio, ère, ui, —.
taste of; be wise.
Sarmentum, i, m. A twig 0r lop-
ping of a vime or tree.
Satelles, útis, m. A life-guard,
protector, defender.
Satietas, àtis, f., (satis.) Exces-
sive fulmess, glut; disgust, wea-
riness, satiety, Pel. i.
Satior or us, adj., (satis.) Better
Satis, adv. Enough, sufficient,
sufficiently ; satis, enough, so
that one meeds no more ; abun-
de, more tham enough ; affatim,
enough even to weariness.
To savor or
SATISFACIO
SENSIM
341
Satisfacio, ère, èci, actum, (satis,
facio.) To satisfy, make satis-
faction ; do all that can be ex-
pected. *
Satius. See Satior.
Satrăpa, æ amd es, is, m. The
governor of a Persiam province;
viceroy ; satrap.
Saucius, a, um, adj. Wounded,
Hurt, injured ; woumded in mind,
sad, troubled, vexed ; ill, sick,
unwell.
Scapha, ae, f. A little boat, a
skiff, bark, small vessel.
Sceleràtus, a, um, adj., (scelus)
Wicked ; polluted, guilty.
Scelus, ëris, m. Wickedness, vil-
lainy, crime.
Scena, æ, f. A scene, stage.
Sceptrum, i, n. A sceptre ; staff
or rod carried by rulers as an
emblem of authority.
Scienter, adv., (Sciens.) Know-
ingly, skilfully.
Scilicet, adv., (scire, licet.) For-
sooth, to wit, truly.
Scio, îre, scivi, scìtum. To know,
understand, have knowledge of.
Scopulosus, a, um, adj., (scopu-
lus.) Full of rocks, rocky ;
dangerous.
Scortum, i, m. The skin or hide
of an animal ; courtezam, har-
lot.
Scriba, æ, m., (scribo.) A secre-
tary, amanuensis.
Scribo, ère, psi, ptum. To write ;
compose.
Scriptor, öris, m., (scribo.) A.
writer ;.author.
Scriptùra, ae, f., (scribo.)
writing, composition.
Scrutor, âri, átus sum, dep. To
seek or search diligently, pry
into, explore.
Scutum, i, m. A buckler, shield,
target; fig., shield, defence,
protectiom.
Scytala, æ and e, es, f. A kind
of serpent ; a little staff with
paper rolled round it, used by
the Lacedemonians in semding
29#
A.
private orders to their generals,
Paus. iii.
Secius, adv. Less ; otherwise ;
worse, Milt. ii.
Secundus, a, um, adj., (sequor)
Second ; favorable, prosperous ;
res secundæ, prosperity.
Secúrus, a, um, adj., (se, cura)
Free from anxiety or fear.
Secus, adv. Otherwise ; wrong,
amiss ; unfavorably, unsuccess-
fully.
Sed, conj. But, however.
Sedeo, ère, édi, essum. To sit ;
be encamped ; stay, abide
Seditio, òmis, f., (se, e0.) An
insurrection, mutiny, seditiom.
Sedo, áre, âvi, âtum. To allay,
mitigate, assuage.
Segnis, is, e, adj.
slothful.
Segniter, adv.
gently.
Segrego, àre, âvi, âtum, (se,
greac.) To separate ; take out
of the flock.
Sejungo, ère, aci, ctum, (se, jun-
go.) To disjoin, separate.
Sella, ae, f. A seat, chair; throne.
Semel, adv. Omce, once for all.
Semianimis, is, e, adj., (semi,
anima.) Half dead.
Semivivus, a, um, adj., ($emi,
vivo.) Half alive.
Semper, adv. Always, ever.
Senátus, üs, m., (senez.) A
council, properly of old men ;
senate. •
Sematùs-consultum, i, m., (com-
sultum, senatus.) A decree of
the senate, against which mo
protest has been made.
Semectus, ütis, f., (senex.) Old.
age.
Semesco, ère, ùi, —, (seneæ.) To
grow old ; decay.
Semeae, is, adj. Old ; comp., se-
mior ; wants the superlative,
which is expressed by maaci-
(mus natu.
Sensim, adv., (sentio.) Leisurely,
by little and little, by degrees.
Dull, slow,
Slothfully, negli-
SENSUS
SILVA
342
ASensus, ûs, m., (sentio.) Sense
or feeling; judgment, thought ;
meaning.
Sententia, ae, f., (sentio.) Opin-
iom, judgment ; purpose, resolu-
tiom ; sentence ; decree.
Sentio, îre, si, sum. To perceive,
feel ; think, be of opinion.
Separàtim, adv. Separately, sev-
erally.
Separatus, a, um, part. and adj.
Separate, distinet, particular,
different. .
Separo, áre, âvi, âtum, (se, paro.)
£, separate, set asunder; di-
vide, part.
Sepelio, áre, âvi, ultum. To bury,
inter.
Sepio, áre, si, lum, (sepes.) To
hedge in, enclose; guard, shelter.
Septem, pl. adj. indecl. Sevem.
Septentrio, ónis, m., (septem, trio)
The sevem stars mear the morth
pole, which form the constella-
tion of the Great Bear, or
Charles's Waim ; the morth
pole or wind ; the morth, Milt. i.
Septimus, a, um, adj., (septem.)
Seventh.
Septingenti, æ, a, pl. adj., (sep-
tem, centum.) Seven hundred.
Septuúgesimus, a, um, adj., (sep-
tuaginta.) Seventieth.
Sæptuáginta, pl. adj. indecl. Sev-
enty. -
Sepulchrum or crum, i, m., (sepe-
íio.) A grave, sepulchre, tomb.
Sepultus. See Sepelio.
Sequor, i, quùtus and cùtus sum,
dep. To follow, pursue.
Sermo, ömis, m. Common dis-
course, talk ; rumor, speech.
Sero, adv. Late, too late.
Sero, ère, ùi, tum. To knit,
wreathe.
Serpens, tis, m. and f, (serp0)
A serpent.
Servio, ire, ìvì and îî, îtum,
(servus.) To serve, obey ; pro-
vide for, take care of, attend
to, Them. i. ; try to procure,
Ham. i.
Servitus, útis, f., (servus.) Sla-
very, bondage.
Servo, áre, âvi, âtum. To keep ;
observe or keep sacred, Ages.
ii. ; preserve, save, Att. x. ;
watch, observe.
Servus, i, m. A slave, bonds-
mam ; servant.
Sessor, öris, m., (sedeo.) A sit-
ter ; an inhabitant.
Sestertium, i, m. The sum of a
thousand sestertii. -
Sestertius, i, m. A sesterce, a
Romam silver coim, equivalent
to two pounds amd a half of
brass, supposed to have been
worth of our momey, 3.57 of a
Cent.
Sevêre, adv., (severus.) Strictly,
rigorously, severely.
Severìtas, àtis, f., (severus) Rig
or, severity. -
Sevërus, a, um, adj. Grave;
strict, rigorous, severe ; harsh
Seae, pl. adj. indecl. Six.
Sea agéni, æ, a, pl. adj., (seara-
ginta.) Sixty each, sixty.
Seaeaginta, pl. adj. imdecl., (sea.)
Sixty.
Seædécim, pl. adj. imdecl., (sez,
decem.) Sixteem.
Sextus, a, um, adj., (seae.) Sixth.
Seacus, üs and us, i, m. A sex;
a kind.
Si, conj. If, though, since, seeing
that.
Sic, adv. So, thus.
Sicut, and Sicuti, adv., (sic, ut ;
As ; as well as; such as.
Sido, ère, i, —. To light as a
bird ; sink, Chab. iv.
Signîfîco, áre, âvi, âtum, (sig-
mum, facio.) To give motice or
warming ; give a sigm or signal;
signify, intimate.
Signo, áre, âvi, âtum, (signum.)
To mark out ; seal, stamp, im
primt ; emgrave.
Signum, i, n. A mark or sign ,
seal ; image ; standard ; signal;
prodigy.
Silva, ae, f. A wood, forest.
SIMIL£S
SPERO
343
Similis, is, e, adj. Like.
Similitúdo, înis, f., (similis.)
ILikeness, resemblance.
Simpleæ, ìcis, adj., (sine, plico)
Simple, unmixed, Tim. i.; opem,
candid, sincere ; homely.
Simul, adv. Together, in com-
pany ; at the same time.
Simuíácrum, i, m., (simulo.) A
likeness or representation ; im-
age, phantom.
Simulâtio, ónis, f., (simulo.) Pre-
tence ; dissembling, hypocri-
sy.
&imulo, áre, âvi, âtum, (similis.)
To make like, imitate ; pretend,
feign, counterfeit.
8imultas, ätis, f. Disguised mal-
ice or enmity ; grudge, animosi-
ty.
8in, conj. But, if; or for si, me,
if not, otherwise.
Sine, prep. Without.
Singularis, is, e, adj., (singulus.)
Single, only one ; belonging to
one ; singularis potentia, mom-
archy, Diom. ix. ; singular,
matchless, peculiar, extraordi-
nary.
8ingulus, a, um, adj., oftemer,
plur. Single ; one by one, every.
§inister, ra, rum, adj. Left, om
the left hand ; unlucky.
Sino, ère, sivi, and sii, situm.
To suffer, allow, permit.
Sisto, êre, stiti, státum. To stop,
check support ; stand still.
Situs, a, um, part. Permitted,
situate, planted, buried.
ASive, conj Whether, or, either.
Sobrius, a, um, adj. Sober, tem-
perate.
Socer, éri, m. A father-in-law.
80ciális, is, e, adj., (socius.) Of
allies or friends.
Societas, àtis, f., (socius.) Part-
mership, Milt. i. ; alliamce ; so-
ciety.
Socius, îi, m. A partner, coma-
panion, ally.
Soleo, - ère, itus surr.
ύyont, be accustomed.
To be
Solers, τέs, adj. Ingenious, saga-
cious ; skilful ; expert.
Solicito, àre, âvi, âtum, (solum,
cito.) To stir or plough up ;
trouble, disquiet ; importune ;
tempt, allure, Paus. iii. ; tam-
per with.
Solitudo, ìnìs, f., (solu8.) Soli-
tude, retirement® wildermess,
desert.
3ollers. See Solers.
Solum, adv. Only, merely.
Solus, a, um, adj. Alone, only,
solitary.
Solvo, ère, vi, ùtum. To loose,
set free ; pay.
Somnus, i, m. Sleep. -
Sonitus, üs, m., (sono.) A sound,,
I10IS€.
Somus, i, m.
tune.
Sopio, îre, âvi, and îî, îtum.
lull asleep, to set at rest.
Sopor, óris, m. A deep sleep ;
sleepy dose, Di6n. ii.
Soror, öris, f. A sister.
Sors, tis, f. Lot, ehance ; charge
or office conferred by lot, Cat. i.
Sortior, iri, îtus sum, dep. To
cast or draw lots, to allot ; to
get, receive or obtain by lot.
Sparum, i, m., and us, i, m.
kind of small dart or lance. .
Spatium, i, n. Space, properly
the ground for running a race;
time.
Species, èi, f. An appearance ;
pretext ; beauty ; a kind or sort.
Specimen, änis, n. An example,
model ; proof, specimem.
Spectaculum, i, m., (specto.) A
spectacle, show.
Specto, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq. spe-
cio.) To behold ; consider, re-
gard ; tend or point towards,
Them. vi.
Speculator, öris, m., (8peculor.)
A careful observer; 'scouf, a
Spy.
Specülor, âri, àtus sum, dep. To
view, watch, espy ; examine.
Spero, áre, âvi, âtum, (spes.) To
A. Sound ; accent ;
To
A.
§}>ES
SUBITUS
344
ihope, trust ; expect, fear, ap-
prehend.
Spes, ei, f. Hope, wants the gen.
dat. amd abl. plur.
Spiritus, ûs, m., (spiro.) Breath,
air ; spirit, pride, eourage.
Splendide, adv., (splendidus.)
Splendidly, nobly.
Splendidus, a, um, adj., (splen-
deo.) Bright ; splendid, noble ;
illustrious.
Splendor, öris, m., (splendeo.)
Brightness, splendor ; beauty.
Spolio, àre, âvi, âtum, (spolium.)
To strip, deprive of, bereave ;
plumder, rob.
Sponsalia, örum, m., (spondeo.)
Espousals, marriage.
Sponsor, öris, m., (spondeo.) A
surety.
Sponte. See Spontis.
Spontis, gen. rarely, and abl.
sponte. Of one's own accord
or free will. •
Statim, adv. Immediately.
Stator, öris, m., (sist0.) A sup-
porter, preserver; an epithet af
Jupiter.
Statua, ae, f., (statuo.) A statue,
image made of stone, ivory 0r
metal.
Statuo, ère, ui, ùtum, (sto.) To
set or place, erect ; appoint ;
resolve, determine, establish.
Statúra, æ, f., (sto) Stature,
height or size of body.
Status, ûs, m., (sto) A stamding;
state, condition.
Stipendium, i, m., (stips, pendo.)
The pay of soldiers ; merere
stipendium, to serve a cam-
paign ; stipemd, tribute.
Stipulatio, önis, f., (stipulor.) A
stipulation, bargain, contract.
Stirps, is, m. and f. The root or
trunk of a tree ; stock or fami-
ly ; offspring, lineage.
Sto, áre, stëti, státum. To stand ;
continue, remain. Stare ab ali-
quo, fight om any one's side.
Stat mihi, I am resolved.
Stramentum, i, m., (sterno.) Straw,
litter ; any thing spread on the
ground for lying om.
Stratum, i, m., (sterno.) A. bed,
couch.
Strenuus, a, um, adj. Stout, man-
ly ; active, vigorous; brave,
valiant.
Strepitus, üs, m., (strepo.) A con-
fused noise, bustle.
Struo, ère, aci, ctum. To join to..
gether; raise, build, erect, rear,
fabricate, construct ; arrange,
put in order, set in array ; plot,
prepare, contrive, devise, scheme,
intend ; aciem, to draw up am
army im battle array.
Studeo, ère, ùi, —-. To study,
apply to ; desire ; endeavor ; fa-
VOr.
Studiose, adv., (studiosus.) Care-
fully, diligently, studiously.
Studiosus, a, um, adj., (studeo.)
Careful ; eagér, fond, diligent,
studious.
Studium, i, m., (studeo.) Earnest
application of mimd, study ; ea-
ger pursuit, Zeal.
Stulte, adv., (stultus.) Foolishly.
Stultitia, æ, fi, (stultus.) Folly,
stupidity, silliness.
Suadeo, ère, si, sum. To advise,
persuade.
Suavitas, àtis, f., (suavis.) Sweet-
mess, pleasantness.
Sub, prep. Under ; at ; near the
time of.
Subalaris, is, e, adj., (sub, ala.)
Under the wing ; under the arm.
Subduco, ère, aci, ctum, (sub, du-
c0.) To withdraw, remove ;
free from.
Subductus. See Subduco.
Subeo, ire, âvi, and îî, îtum, (sub,
e0.) To go under ; eome up
to ; umdergo, suffer.
Subigo, ère, égi, actum, (sub,
ago.) To bring under, subdue ;
force, constrain ; till the groumá
Subito, adv. Suddemly, om a sud.
dem.
Subitus, a, um, adj.
hasty ; umexpected.
Sudden,
SUBJICIO
SUPPEDITO
345
Subjicio, ère, èci, ectum, (sub,
jacio.) To put under or below ;
subject, make subject to.
Sublaturus. See Tollo.
Sublatus. See Tollo.
Sublevo, áre, âvâ, âtum, (sub, le-
vo.) To raise or lift up ; sup-
port, relieve, help.
Submotus. See Submoveo.
Submoveo, ère, övi, ötum, (sub,
moveo.) To remove, displace.
Suborno, áre, âvi, âtum, (sub, or-
m0.) To adorn, dress; supply,
furnish, aid ; testem, bribe a
witness to give false information,
suborn.
Subscribo, ère, psi, ptum, (sub, |
scribo.) To write under or be-
low ; write down or register ;
approve Or subscribe to.
Subsidium, i, m., (sub, side0.)
Aid, succor ; refuge ; a body of
reSerVe.
Substituo, ère, ui, ütum, (sub,
statuo.) To put below, substi-
tute, put in place of.
Substringo, ère, maci, ctum, (sub,
stringo.) To bind or gird be-
low ; tie up.
Subsum, esse, fui, irreg. meut.,
(sub, sum.) To be under, be at
hamd or mear.
Subtexo, ère, ùi, tum, (sub, teaco.)
To annex, subjoin, connect, Att.
xviii.
Suburbanus, a, um, adj., (sub,
urbs.\ Near or about the city,
in the subu*bs.
Succedo, ère, ssi, ssumn, neut.,
(sub, cedo.) To come up, ap-
proach ; advance ; succeed, fol-
low after ; succeed, prosper.
Succendo, ère, di, sum, (sub, cam-
deo.) To set om fire, inflame.
- Succumbo, ère, ubui, ubìtum,
(sub, cub0.) To fall or simk
under ; yield. -
Succurro, ère, ri, sum, (sub, cur-
το.) To aid, recover, relieve,
Att. xi. ; occur to one's mind.
Sudor, öris, m., (sudo.) Sweat ;
labor, exertiom.
Suffectus. See Sufficio.
Sufficio, ère, éci, ectum, (sub, fa
cìo.) To substitute, appoint as
successor, Ham. iii. ; furnish,
afford ; suffice.
Suffrágium, i, m.
frage.
Suffrâgor, âri, átus sum, dep.
To vote ; vote for one, favor,
support. si
Sui, pron. gen Of himself, her-
self, itself or themselves.
Sum, esse, fui, irreg. neut.
be.
Summa, æ, f., (summus.) A sum
of momey ; chief power, com-
mand ; whole or chief part of
any thing.
Summus, a, um, adj.
last, greatest.
Sumo, ère, psi, ptum, and sumsi,
sumtum. To take, assume.
Sumptuósus, a, um, adj., (sump-
tus.) Expensive, costly ; mag-
nificent, sumptuous, splendid.
Sumptus, a, um. See Sumo.
Sumptus, and Sumtus, ûs, m., (su-
7mo.) Expense, cost.
Supelleae, ectilis, f. Household
stuff, furniture.
Super, prep. Above ; upom ; about
or concerning ; beyond.
Superbe, adv. Proudly, haughti-
]
A vote, suf-
To
Highest ;
y. -
Superbia, ae, f, (superbus.) Pride,
haughtiness.
Superbus, a, um, adj.
haughty, disdainful.
Superior, us. See Superus.
Supero, áre, âvi, âtum. To go or
climb over, pass, surmount ;
overcome ; surpass, excel.
Superstes, útis, adj., (super, sto)
Present ; remaining, survivimg.
Supersum, esse, fui, irreg. neut.
To be over and above ; be su-
perfluous ; abound, survive, ex-
cel.
Superus, a, um, adj. Above,
high ; comp. superior ; sup. su-
premus, and summus.
Suppedito, áre, âvi, âtum, (sup.
Proud,
SUPPETO
TECTUS
34(5
peto.) To furmish, afford, sup-
ply.
Suppeto, ère, âvi, âtum, (sub, pe-
to.) To be in readiness, be at
hand, be in abundance, be sup-
plied.
Suppleæ, icis, adj., (sub, plico.)
Suppliant, humbly entreating.
Supplicium, ii, n., (suppleae.) A
supplication ; sacrifice or offer-
ing presented to the gods ; pun-
ishment.
Suppóno, ère, ösui, ositum, (sub,
pomo.) To lay under ; substi-
tute, put ome in place of am-
other.
Supporto, áre, âvi, âtum, (sub,
porto.) To carry, convey privi-
ly.
Supprimo, êre, essi, essum, (sub,
premo.) To press or sink down ;
check, restrain ; stop, delay ;
suppress.
Supra, prep.
more tham.
Supremus, and Summus.
Superus.
Surgo, ère, reaci, rectum, (sub,
rego.) . To rise.
Susceptus. See Suscipio.
Suscipio, ère, épi, eptum, (sub,
capio.) To take up, lift up ;
support ; undertake, undergo.
Suspicaæ, àcis, adj., (suspicio.)
Suspicious, jealous.
Suspicio, ère, eæi, ectum, (sub,
specio.) To look up ; admire,
respect ; suspe*t.
Suspicio, önis, f., (suspicio.) Sus-
picion, mistrust, jealousy.
Suspicor, âri, âtus sum, dep.,
(suspicio.) To suspect ; think,
imagine ; conjecture, guess.
Sustimeo, ère, ùi, emtum, (sub, te-
meo.) To hold up, sustain, sup-
port ; withstamd, resist ; restraim.
Sustùli. See Tollo.
Suus, a, um, p0ss. pron., (sui.)
His own, her owm, its own, their
owm ; suo loco, on ground fa-
vorable to himself or them-
selves.
Above, beyond,
See
Symposium, i, m. A drinking to-
gether ; feast, bamquet ; the ti-
tle of one of Plato's books, Alc.
11.
T.
T., Titus. See H. and G. Imdeac.
Tabellârius, i, m., (tabella.) A
letter-carrier, courier.
Tabernaculum, i, m., (tabella.) A
tent, pavilion.
Taceo, ère, ùî, îtum. To be si-
lent ; keep secret, not to men-
tion.
Taciturnus, a, wm, adj., (taceo.)
Silent, quiet, reserved ; peace-
ful.
Talentum, i, m. A talent, weight
or sum of money. The Attic
talent, which is generally meant
by classical writers, when mot
otherwise eaepressed, was equiv-
alent to 60 minæ, or 8,000
drachmæ, supposed to be worth
about $900.
Talis, is, e, adj. Such, like.
Tam, adv. So, so much, as.
Tamdiu, adv., (tam, diu.)
long.
Tamen, conj. However, yet, mev-
ertheless.
Tanquam, adv., (tam, quam.) As,
as well as ; as it were, as if.
Tanto, adv., (tantus.) So much,
by so much.
Tantopere, adv., (tantus, opus.)
So greatly, so much.
Tantum, adv., (tantus.) So much,
So
only.
Tantummodo, (tantus, modus.)
Only.
Tantus, a, um, adj. So great, so
much.
Tardus, a, um, adj. Slow ; hos-
tes fore tardiores, that the eme-
my would become less alert ;
dull, heavy, stupid.
Taurus, i, m. A bull.
Tectum, i, n., (tego.) The roof
of a house, a house.
Tectus, a, um, part. See Tego.
'Í`EGQ
TIMII){US
347
Tego, ère, teaci, tectum. To cov-
er, conceal, disguise, Dion. i. ;
protect, defend, Milt. v.
Telum, i, n. Any missile weapon,
dart, arrow, javelim.
Tegerärius, a, um, adj., (temere.)
Rash, heedless, violent.
Temere, adv. Without reason ;
without cause ; rashly, unad-
visedly, lightly, indiscreetly.
Tempestas, àtis, f., (tempus.)
Time ; seasom or time of the
year ; weather ; storm, tempest ;
metaphorically, danger, Alc. iv.
Templum, i, m. A temple, church.
2Temporarius, a, um, adj., (temn-
pus.) Temporary, continuing
but for a time.
Tempus, óris, m. Time ; oppor-
tunity, occasion, Alc. viii. ; ala
exigency, emergency.
Tendo, ère, tetendi, tensum, or
temtum. To stretch out, strain,
exert ; direct one's course, (iter
or cursum, being supplied,)
l\Iilt. i.
Tenebræ, àrum, f, pl. Darkness,
obscurity ; blindness, ignorance.
Temeo, ère, ùi, tum. To hold,
keep, possess, detain ; tenet ad-
versum proficiscentibus, $c.,
blows right against, &c.
Temesmus, Temesmos, i, m. A
kind of disease.
Tento, Tempto, áre, âvi, âtum,
(freq. teneo.) To try or exam-
ine by feeling ; try, attempt ;
sound, explore.
Tenuis, is, e. adj. Slender, thin,
fine ; small, little ; weak, feeble;
trifling, insignificant, meam.
Tenus, prep. Up or down to ; as
far as.
Ter, adv. Three times.
Terni, ae, a, pl. adj.
three ; three.
Terra, ae, f. The earth, land ;
country.
Terrestris, Terrester, is, e, adj.,
(terra.) Of the earth, earth]y •
terrestres eacercitus, land ar-
mies. -
Three by
Terribilis, is, e, adj., (terreó)
Dre* dful, terrible.
Terror, öris, m., (terreo.) Ter-
ror, great fear or dread.
Tertio, adv., (tertius.) Thirdly.
Tertius, a, um, adj., (tres.) Third.
Testa, æ, f. An earthen pot or
jar ; a brick or tile ; a shell
used in ostracism, Them. viii.
Testamentum, i, m. A Iast will,
testamemt.
Testatus, a, um, adj., (testor.}
Generally known, notorious.
Testimonium, i, m., (testis.) Am
evidence, declaration, testimony
Testis, is, m. amd f. A. witness.
Testor, âri, âtus sum, dep., (tes-
tis.) To bear witness, give evi-
demce, attest ; declare, assert ;
Them. iv. ; call to witmess ; con-
jure, beseech.
Testùdo, imis, f. Atortoise; tortoise-
shell ; a close body of men, with
their shields overtheirheads lock-
ed into each other in the form of
a tortoise ; in this manmer a be-
siegimg army used to approach
the walls of a town, to secure
themselves from the darts qf
the enemny above ; a warlike
machime, made of boards cover-
ed with raw hides, under covert
of which the besiegers of a town
used to get close up t0 the walls,
either to undermine them, or to
apply the battering-ram, Milt.
V11. -
Testula, ae, f, (dim. testa.) A
small tile ; shell used by the
Athenians , in the Ostraeism ;
each citizen marked his vote om.
a shell, Arist. i.
Theätrum, i, m. A theatre.
Tibia, æ, f. The shin-bone ; pipe,
flute.
Timeo, ère, ui, —-. To fear,
dread ; timeo te, I am afraid of
you, lest you do me harm ; tibi,
I am afraid for you, lest you be
hurt.
Timidus, a, um, adj., (timeo.)
Fearful, timorous, timid.
TIMOR,
TRIENNIUIVI
348
Timor, öris, m., (timeo.) Fear ;
dread.
Titübo, áre, âvi, âtum. To stag-
ger, totter, reel ; stammer, fal-
ter ; hesitate, be at a loss, Eum.
IX.
Toga, ae, f. A loose flowing
woollem robe, which covered the
39hole body, the peculiar dress
of the Romams.
Tollo, tollêre, sustùli, sublátum..
To raise, lift up, extol ; take
away, remove ; decemviralem
potestatem sustulerunt, they
abrogated the decemviral power,
Lys. iii. ; kill, cut off, Ham. v.
1'orquis, and es, is, m. and f. A
chain worm round the meck ;
necklace, collar.
Tot, adj. pl. ind. So many, as
many.
Totidem, adj. pl. ind., (tot.) Just
so many, as many.
Totus, a, um, adj., (tot.) Al],
whole.
Tracto, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq. tra-
do.) To handle ; treat, behave
towards, Lys. iv. ; treat, speak,
write of, Eum. v.
Tratus, us, m., (traho.) A draw-
ing, tract.
Traditus. See Trado.
Trado, ère, îdi, îtum, (trans, do.)
To deliver, give up, betray, sur-
render ; hand down, transmit.
Tradüco, ère, aci, ctum, (trans,
duco.) To bring over, convey
from one placeto amother, trans-
port ; spend or pass, as, tradu-
cere vitam ; expose, disgrace,
traduce.
Traho, ère, aci, ctum.
drag, prolong ; attract.
Trajicio, ère, èci, ectum, (trans,
jacio.) To throw over ; carry
over, transport, transfer.
Tranquillitas, àtis, f. Stillness
or calmness of the sea, calm
Weather, a calm ; calmmess,
quietness, stillness, rest, ease,
quiet, tranquillity, repose.
"'*anguillo, áre, âvi, âtum, (tram-
To draw,
quillus.) To make calm or
still ; allay, quiet, compose, tram-
quillize.
Transactus. See Transigo.
Transeo, áre, ävi, and ìi, útum,
irreg. act. To go or *pass
OVer. -
Transfero, ferre, túli, látum, ir-
reg. act., (trans, fero.) To carry
or bring over from one place to
amother ; transfer, transport ;
translate.
Transfìgo, ère, aci, acum, (trans.
figo.) To pierce through ; trans
fix.
Transfugio, ère, ügi, ùgìtum,
(trans, fugio.) To flee over te
the other side ; desert, revolt.
Transigo, ère, égi, actumn, (trans, `
ago.) To drive orthrust through,
pierce, stab ; pass 0r spend time ;
finish or perform, transact ; com-
clude, settle.
Transitus, üs, m., (transeo.) A.
passage, going over.
Translatus. See Transfero.
Transporto, áre, âvi, âtum, (trans,
porto.) To carry oyer, trans-
port ; banish.
Trecenti, æ, a, pl. adj., (tres,
cemtum.) Three hundred.
Tredecim, pl. adj. ind., (tres, de-
cem.) Thirteen.
Tre8, tres, tria, pl. adj. Three.
Tribunus, i, m., (tribus.) A tri-
bune, the commander of a tribe ;
tribuni militum, military tri-
bunes, the chief officers of a le-
gion, siae in number ; tribuni
plebis, tribunes of the people,
latterly ten in number, magis-
trates created for the purpose
of protecting the rights of the
people against the encroach-
ments of the patricians.
Tribuo, ère, ui, ùtum. To give,
grant, bestow ; allot, assign ;
ascribe, impute, Dat. v.
Triduum, i, m., (tres, dies.) The
space of three days. -
Triennium, i, m., (tres, annus.)
The space of three years.
TRIERIS
UNDIQUE
349
Trîèris, is, f. A trireme, ship or
galley of three banks of oars.
Triginta, pl. adj. indecl, (tres)
Thirty.
Trimestris, is, e, adj., (tres,
• memsis.) Of three months.
Tripleæ, ìcis, adj., (tres, plico.)
Threefold, triple.
Tripus, ödis, m., (tres, pes.) A
three-footed stool ; a tripod.
Triremis, is, e, adj., (tres, remus.)
Having three rows or benches
of oars.
Tristis, is, e, adj. Sad, sorrow-
ful, dejected ; dismal, afflicting;
morose, sullem ; cruel, austere ;
grave, solemm.
Tritîcum, i, n., (tero.) Wheat.
Trìumphus, i, m. A triumph.
Triumvir, ìri, m., (tres, vir.)
One of three mem united in
office ; a triumvir. There vere
two remarkable triumvirates,
fatal to Romam liberty. The
first was composed of Julius
Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus ;
the second, of Augustus, Mark
Antony, and Lepidus.
Tropæum, i, n. A trophy, sign or
token of victory ; victory.
Tu, pron., gen. tui. Thou.
Tuba, æ, f. A trumpet.
Tueor, tuéri, tuitus or tutus, dep.
To see, observe ; behold ; de-
fend, protect.
Tum, adv. Then, at that time.
VVhem cum and tum follow one
another in successive clauses,
cum signifies both, tum amd.
Tumultus, ûs, m. Tumult, dis-
turbance, mutiny, uproar ; sud-
dem and dangerous war, Milt. iv.
Tunc, adv. Them, at that time.
Tunìca, ae, f. A tunic, white
Woollem vest" worm under the
toga ; tunic or waistcoat.
Turba, ae, f. A crowd, multi-
tude; disturbance, confusiom,
tumult.
Turbidus, a, um, adj., (turba.)
Muddy, turbid ; tumultuous,
turbulent, troublesome, Pelop. iv.
£}
* 3 &
Turpis, is, e, adj. Ugly, de-
formed, hideous ; base, shame- .
ful, foul.
Turpiter, adv. Basely, shame-
fully, disgracefully.
Turpitúdo, ìmis, f. Uglimess, de-
formity ; baseness, disgrace, in-
famy.
Tutela, ae, f., (tueor.) Defence,
protection, patronage ; guard-
ianship, wardship, tutelage.
Tuto, adv., (tutus.) Safely, se-
curely.
Tutus, a, um, adj., (tueor.) Safe,
secure, out of danger.
Tuus, a, um, adj. pron.
thine.
Tyrannis, ìdis, f., (tyrannus.)
Tyrammy, usurped sovereigny,
Milt. viii.
Tyrannus, i, m.
usurper.
… , .' jU.
*' ' ', , * *._ _
Ubi, adv. Where ; when.
Ubinam, adv. Where.
Ulciscor, i, tus sum, dep. To
revenge, avenge ; take revenge
om, punish.
Ullus, a, um, adj.
Ulterior or us, adj.
the farther side.
Ultimus, a, um, sup. ulter. First,
most remote, oldest, earliest,
farthest, most distant.
Umquam. See Umquam.
Una, adv. Together, in company
with ; at the same time ; in the
same place.
Ünde, adv. Whence, from what
place, by what means.
Undecim, pl. adj. îndecl., (unus
decem.) Eleven.
Undecimviri, órum, m., (unde-
cim, vir.) Elevem men ; Athe-
miam magistrates, who had the
charge of the prisons, and su-
perintended the execution qf
'malefactors.
Undique, adv. From all parts or
places, om every side.
Thy or
A king ; tyrant,
Amy, any ome.
Farther, om
UN (3{JËNTUM 3
{) VÉ
ô
Enguentum, i, m., (unguo.) Odor-
iferous ointment, a perfume.
Universus, a, um, adj., (unus,
verto.) The whole, all together,
universal.
Unquam, adv. Ever, at amy time.
Unus, a, um, adj., gem. unius,
dat. uni. One, alone,
Unusquisque, unaquæque, unum-
quodque, adj. pron. Every,
every one.
Urbánus, a, um, adj., (urbs.) Of
or pertaining to the city ; polite,
refined, courteous.
Urbs, is, f. A. city, walled towm.
Usquam, adv. In any place,
anywhere ; to any place, amy
whither.
Usque, adv. Constantly, always;
as far as ; as long as ; even
unto ; even until.
Usùra, æ, f., (utor.) Use, usage ;
usury, interest givem for the use
of rmoney. "
Üsus, a, um. See Utor.
Usus, üs, m., (utor.) Use, prac-
tice ; experience ; utility, ad-
vantage ; need, occasion ; in-
timacy, familiarity.
Ut, conj. and adv. That, as, how,
whem.
Uter, ra, rum, adj. Whether of
the two, which.
Jter, ris, m. A bag or skin of
leather blown up ; leatherm bot-
tle.
Uterque, utraque, utrumque, adj.,
gen. utriusque. Both the one
amd the other ; both, each.
Utilis, is, e, adj., (utor.) Useful,
fit ; profitable, advantageous.
Utilitas, àtis, f., (utilis.) Utili-
ty ; profit, advantage.
Utinam, conj., (uti.) O that !
I wish that!
Utique, adv., (uti) Certainly,
surely ; then, therefore. '
Utor, i, usus sum, dep.
employ ; occupy, enjoy.
Utpote, adv., (ut, potis.) As,
seeing or considering, because,
inasmuch as.
To use,
Utrobique, adv., (uter.) On both
sides, in both parts ; every-
where.
Utrum, adv., (uter.) Whether.
Uxor, öris, f. A. wife.
V.
|Vacátio, ónis, f., (vaco.) Exemp-
tion or immunity from busi-
ness ; leisure, vacation.
Vacuefacio, ère, èci, actum, (va-
cuus, facio.) To make void or
empty ; depopulate, Cim. ii.
Vacuefactus. See Vacuefacio.
Vadimonium, i, m., (vas, vadis.)
A promise or bond to appear in
a court of justice at a time ap-
pointed ; bail, security.
Vagìna, ae, f. A scabbard, sheath.
Valde, adv. Very much ; great-
ly, exceedingly.
Valens, tis, adj., (valeo.)
good health ;
powerful.
Valeo, ère, üî, îtum. To be in
health, be strong, be able ; pre-
vail, be powerful.
Valetudo, ìnis, f. The constitu-
tion or bodily health ; good
health ; bad health, sickness,
Timol. iv.
Vallum, i, n., (vallus.) A ram-
part, bulwark ; a military forti-
fication round a camp or city
besieged, composed of the eart};
dug from the ditch, with sharp
stakes drivem into it.
Valvae, àrum, f. Folding doors om
gates.
Varietas, àtis, f., (varius.) Va
riety, diversity ; fickleness, in-
Im
strong, mighty,
constancy.
Varius, a, um, adj. Various, dif-
ferent, unlike ; changeable :
fickle, inconstant.
Vas, vasis, n. pl., vasa, órum.
A vessel ; furniture ; baggage.
Vates, i8, m. and f. A prophet,
soothsayer ; poet.
Ve, conj., used only in the emd of
vords for vel. Or, either.
VECTIGAL
VESTTTU8
351
Vectigal, àlis, m., (veho.) Money
paid for freight or carriage ;
toll, tax ; revenue, income.
Vehiculum, i, m., (veh0.)* A car-
riage of any kind, vehicle.
Vel, conj. Or, either ; even.
Velocìtas, àtis, f., (velox.) Swift-
mess, speed, mimblemess.
Velum, i, m. A veil, curtain ;
sail.
Velut, adv. As, like as ; as if.
Venáticus, a, um, adj., (vemor.)
Of hunting ; canis vematicus, a
hound.
Venatorius, a, um, adj., (vemor.)
Of or pertaining to hunters.
Vendito, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq.
vendo.) To set up to sale ; set
off, recommemd ; boast.
Vendo, ère, ìdi, itum, (veneo, do.)
To sell, expose to sale.
Venenatus, a, umn, adj. Infected
with poison, envemomed ; ven-
Omous, poisonous.
Venénum, i, n. A drug ; poison ;
witchcraft.
Venereus, a, um, adj., (Venus.)
Belonging to Venus ; venereal,
fair.
Veneror, ari, atus sum, dep. To
adore, reverence, worship, vene-
rate, revere, show reverence to ;
pray reverently, beseech, beg,
entreat, crave humbly.
Venia, æ, f. Leave, permission,
Them. x. ; favor, Dion. ii.; par-
don. .
Venio, îre, èm, entum. To eome ;
vsu, happen.
Venor, âri, âtus, dep. To hunt,
pursue.
Vemter, ris, m.
ach.
Ventúto, àre, âvi, âtum, (freq.
venio.) To come oftem, to fre-
quent ; to haunt.
Vemtus, i, m. The wind.
Venundo, áre, ëdi, ätum, (venum,
do.) To expose to sale, sell.
Venustus, a, um, adj., (Venus.)
Comely, graceful ; pleasant.
Ver, veris, m. The sprimg.
The belly, stom-
Verber, ëris, m., used in the sing
only in the gen. amd abl., but
entire in the plur. A scourge ;
lash, blow.
Verbósus, a, um, adj., (verbum.)
Full of words, tedious, verbose.
Verbum, i, n. A word, saying;
speech ; dare verba, impose
upon.
Vere, adv., (verus.) Indeed, veri-
ly, truly.
Vereor, èri, itus sum, dep. To
revere, reverence, Att. xv. ;
fear, dread, Pelop. i.
Vergo, ère, — To inclime or lie
towards, Cim. ii. ; tend towards.
Veritas, àtis, f. Truth.
Vero, conj. But ; truly, indeed.
Versor, âri, âtus sum, dep., (ver-
to.) To be employed, be com-
versant, Milt. viii.; to be, Them.
viii. ; live, dwell, Cat. i.
Versùra, ae, f., (verto.) A turn-
ing ; changing of creditors, bor-
rowing from one to pay an-
other, Att. ii. ; momey thus
borrowed.
Versus, üs, m. A verse in poet-
ry, poem ; sentence or lime in
prose, Epam. iv.
|Verto, ère, ti, sum.
OVerturum.
Verus, a, um, adj.
sincere, just.
Vesperascens, tis, part., (vesper.)
Drawing towards evening.
Vesperasco, ère, àvi. To become
evening ; Imp., evening draws
near.
Vester, ra, rum, adj. prom. Your
or yours.
Vestigium, i, m. The print of a
foot, footstep ; trace, track, ves-
tige.
Vestimentum, i, m., (vestis.) A
garment, any kind of clothing,
raiment, apparel.
Vestio, áre, ivi, ìtum.
dress ; cover.
Vestis, is, f. A garment, robe,
vest.
Vestitus, ûs, m. CIothing, clothes
To turn ;
True, real,
To clothe,
VETERANUS
VIRITIM
852
άress, apparel, raiment ; fig.,
clothing, dress, vesture.
Veterámus, a, um, adj. Old, vet-
eran ; subs., a veteram, old
soldier.
Veto, áre, ùi, itum.
himder, prevent.
Vetus, ëris, adj., comp. erior, sup.
errimus. Old, ancient.
Vetustas, àtis, f. Antiquity ; old
age ; length of time.
To forbid ;
Vetustus, a, um, adj. Old, an-
cient.
Veaco, áre, âvi, âtum. To dis-
turb greatly, agitate ; harass.
Via, ae, f. A. way, journey.
Vicesimus, a, um, adj., (viginti.)
Twentieth.
Vicies, adv., (viginti.) Twenty
times.
Vicinitas, ätis, f, (vicimus.)
Neighborhood, mearness, vicini-
ty ; the people in the neighbor-
hood, Alc. x.
Victor, öris, m., (vinco.) A con-
queror, victorious, Ages. iv.
Victória, ae, f, (victor.) Victory.
Victus, a, um. See Vimco.
Victus, üs, m., (vivo.) Food, sus-
temance, victuals ; mammer of
living, Dion. iv.
Vicus, i, m. A village ; street.
Video, ère, îdi, ìsum. To see ;
perceive or understand ; pass.,
S€€ÌÌÌ.
Viduus, a, um, adj., (iduo, obs.)
Deprived, bereft of; subst., vi-
dua, a widow.
Vigeo, ère, ui, — To be fresh,
strong, vigorous; flourish, pros-
per.
Vigesimus. See Vicesimus.
Vigilantia, æ, f., (vigilo.) Watch-
fulmess ; vigilance, diligence, at-
tention.
Vigilia, æ, f. Watching, want
of sleep ; military watch or
guard by might; sentinel, guard;
vigilance. Military watches
were chamged at the end of
every three hours, the first
commencing at siae o'clock im
the evening, and the las? Ber-
minating at siae o'cloci, in
the m0rning ; fiemce, secúndâ
vigiliâ, at nime o'clock ; tertiâ
vigiliâ, at midnight, &c.
Viginti, pl. adj. indecl. Twenty.
Vigilo, áre, âvi, âtum. To wake ;
want sleep ; watch, be vigilant
0r attentive.
Villa, ae, f. A farmhouse ; manor,
villa, country-house of am opu-
lent citizem.
Vimcio, ire, mæi, mctum. To bimd,
tie.
Vimclum. See Vimculum.
Vinco, ère, ìci, ictum. To con-
quer, vanquish, subdue.
Vinctus, a, um. See Vincio.
Vincùlum, i, m. A band, ehain ;
pl., chains, imprisomment.
Vindico, áre, âvi, âtum. To
avenge or revenge ; defend, pre-
serve ; claim ; libertatem, or se
in libertatem, assert one's lib-
erty.
Vinea, æ, f. A vineyard ; a shed
or mantlet ; a warlike machime
made of wood and hurdles,
covered with earth, raw hides,
or any materials that could mot
easily be set om fire. These
vineæ were in assaults pushed
forward on wheels ; and the
besiegers under them either
worked the battering-ram, or
undermimed the walls.
Vinolentus, a, um, adj., (vinum.)
Addicted to the drinking of
wine, drumken.
Vinum, i, m. Wine.
Violatus. See Violo.
Violo, áre, âvi, âtum, (vis.) To
hurt, injure, violate.
Vir, iri, m. A man, husband.
Vires. See Vis.
Virgo, ìnis, f. A virgin, maid,
unmarried woman.
Virgula, ae, f, (dim. virga.) A
little rod, twig, sprig, Thras. iv
Virális, is, e, adj., (vir.) Of a
mam ; manly, active, brave.
Virìtim, adv., (vir) Mam by mam
VIRTUS
VULTUS
353
Virtus, ùtis, f., (vir) Valor,
courage ; virtue, merit.
Vis, vim, vi, f. Force, violence ;
a quantity ; pl., vires, ium,
strength, power.
IViso, ère, i, — To go or come
to see ; visit ; see, behold.
Visus, a, um. See Video.
TVita, æ, f., (viv0.) Life ; manner
of living.
Vitium, i, m. Vice, crime, fault ;
defect, blemish ; disease.
Vito, áre, âvi, âtum. To shum,
avoid.
Vitùlìmus, a, um, adj., (vitulus.)
Of a calf; vitulima caro, veal.
Vitulimum, i, m. Veal.
Vivo, êre, aci, ctumn. To live.
Vivus, a, um, adj., (vivo.) Alive,
• living ; natural ; lively.
Viæ, adv. Scarcely, hardly, with
difficulty.
Vocito, áre, âvi, âtum, (freq.
voco.) To call oftem.
Voco, áre, âvi, âtum. To call,
mame ; call, summom.
lVolo, velle, volui, irreg. neut. To
be willing, will, wish.
Volùmem, înis, n., (volvo.) A
30#
rolling, fold, wreath ; volume,
book, part of a book. The
ancients wrote om ome side only
Qf the paper or parchment, al-
ways joining one sheet to the
end of another, till they had
finished what they had to
write ; then they rolled it on a
cylinder, or round piece af
wood ; amd hence the mame
volumem, a scroll or volume.
Voluntas, àtis, f., (volo.) Will,
pleasure ; good-will, affection.
Votum, i, m., (voveo.) A vow,
promise made to the Deity ;
thing vowed ; prayer, wish.
IVoae, vocis, f., (voco.) A voice,
word, speech, vote.
Vulgo, adv. Commonly, generally.
Vulgus, i, m. and m., more fre-
quemtly meuter. The common
people.
Vulnéro, áre, âvi, âtum, (vulnus.)
To wound, hurt ; offend.
Vulnus, ëris, m. A wound ; ca-
lamity, misfortune, Diom. vi.
Vulpes, is, f. A fox.
Vultus, üs, m. The countemance,
look, aspect ; face.
354
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAI, INDEX.
A.
Acarnanes, um, m., the Acarnanians, or inhabitants of Acarnania.
Acarnánia, æ, f, a district of Epirus, in Græcia Propria, extending
from the river Achelous, now called Aspro Potamo, to the Sinus
Ambracius, the modern Gulf of Arta.
Ace, es, Aco, or Acco, called likewise Ptolemais, a town of Phoenicia,
in Syria, on the eastern shore of the Levant ; its modern mame is
Acre.
Achêron, tis, m., a river in Thesprotia, a district of Epirus, which
flows through the lake Acherusia, into a bay called Portus, or
Sinus Glykys, the sweet bay, from the sweetness of its waters.
Near this river was the lake Aornus, or Avernus, said to exhale
a vapor so pestilential as to kill birds that attempted to fiy over it.
Hemce Acherom and Avernus have been feigned by the poets as
a river and lake of hell, and are used likewise to signify hell or
death, Dion. x. -
Actaei, örum, m., inhabitants of Attica, called anciently Acta.
Adimnantus, i, m., an Atheniam general, chosen along with Thrasybu-
lus as a colleague of Alcibiades in the Spartam war. He was de-
feated by the inhabitants of Cyme, whose lands he had ravaged,
and compelled to return precipitately to his ships.
Admétus, i, m., a king of the Molossians, at whose court Themistocles
took refuge, whem, after being banished by his countrymen, he
was accused of an rnvention to betray them to the Persiams.
Adrumetum, or Hadrumetum, i, n., a town in Africa Propria, several
miles to the east of Carthage.
AEgae, àrum, or Edessa, ae, f., a city of Macedonia, where Philip was
slain.
AEgãtes, um, f., Aegades, or Ægusæ, three small islamds opposite to
Lilybæum Marsalla, a towm and promontory in the west cormer
of Sicily.
Aegos flumen, in Greek Aegos Potamos, the goat's river, in the Thra-
ciam Chersonesus, at the mouth of which the Lacedemonians,
under Lysander, obtained a decisive victory over the Athemians,
commanded by Philocles. This battle was fatal to Atheniam
liberty.
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC AL INDEX. 355
Ægyptus, i, f., a celebrated kingdom in the northeast corner of Africa,
Ægyptius, a, um, adj., Egyptiam, of Egypt.
Æmilius, Lucius Paulus, a Romam consul, who, in oppositiom to his
owm judgment, was forced by the rashness of his colleague,
Terentius Varro, into am engagement with Hannibal, at Cannæ.
he defeat of the Romans was decisive, and Æmilius was slain
Another of the same mame is said by Polybius to have been con-
sul the year that Hammibal died.
Æölia, æ, or Aeólis, ìdos, f., a country in Asia Minor, between My-
sia and Ionia, boumded by the river Caicus (now Grimaldi) on
the morth, and by the Hermus (now Sarabat) om the south.
Afer, ri, m., am Africam.
Africa, æ, f., Africa, one of the four divisions of the world, to the
South of Europe, from which it is separated by the Mediterranean
sea. The greater part of this continent lies within the tropics,
and the immense deserts of samd in its interior, exposed to the
rays of a vertical sum, are so hot as to be altogether intolerable.
Comparatively little of this continent was known to the ancients ;
amd though its coasts have been explored by the moderns, it
seemsto defy all the attempts of Europeans to penetrate its interior.
Africa was divided by the ancients into mine districts,—Egypt ;
Cyrenaica, including Marmarica, now Barca ; Regio Syrtica, or
the countries between the Syrtes, afterwards called Tripolis, or
Tripolitana, mow Tripoli ; Africa Propria, or the territory of
Carthage, now Tunis ; Numidia, now Algiers ; Mauritania, now
Morocco and Fez ; Getulia, to the south of Mauritamia ; Libya,
including the interior parts ; and Ethiopia, the southerm : of the
last three divisions the boundaries were undetermined.
Africànus, a, um, adj., belonging to Africa, African.
Africànus, i, m., a title by which Publius Cornelius Scipio was distin-
guished as the conqueror of Hannibal ; and Publius Aemilianus
Scipio as the destroyer of Carthage.
Agamemnon, önis, m., king of Argos and Mycenæ, brother of Mene-
laus, and commander-in-chief of the Greeks in the Trojam war.
On his return from the conquest of Troy he was murdered by his
wife, Clytemnestra, and her paramour, Ægisthus.
Agesilàus, i, m., a Spartam king, who was recalled from pursuing his
victories in Persia to oppose the Greciam states, whom the Persiam
gold had united against the Lacedemonians. He at length suc-
ceeded in subduing them. He died on his return from Egypt, at
the age of eighty.
Agis, is, m., a king of Sparta, who distinguished himself in the war
against Athens.
Agnonides, is, m., a rhetoriciam of Athens, put to death for falsely
accusing Phocion.
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsamius, a celebrated Roman general, attached
to the cause of Augustus in the civil wars. He embellished Rome
with some magnificent buildings, particularly the Pantheon.
Albìmus, i, m., Aulus Posthumus, a Romam consul,-(colleague of Lu-
cullus,) who wrote the history of Rome in Greek.
Alcibiădes, is, m., an Atheniam, distinguished alike by his splendid
talents, caprice, and want of principle: alternately the protector
356 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC AL INDEX.
and betrayer of his country, he showed himself qualified to be its
greatest benefactor, or its most formidable enemy. Yet the in-
gratitude of his countrymem may serve as a faint'apology for the
aid which he sometimes gave to their adversaries. Of his talents
a more striking proof could not be given than his excelling the
natives of every country which he visited, even in those qualities
for which they were most distinguished. « .
Alcmœon, önis, m., son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle ; he glew his
mother in revenge for her betraying the concealment of Amphia-
raus to Polynices, when enterimg upon the Thebam war.
Alexander, ri, m., Alexander the Great, som of Philip, king of Mace-
don, conqueror of Greece and Asia ; he died at Babylom, in the
32d year of his age, 326 years before the Christiam era.
Aleacamder, ri, m., a tyrant of Pheræ, in Thessaly, who, contrary to
the law of mations, threw Pelopidas into prison while ambassador
at his court. He was murdered by his wife and her brothers.
Alexandrìa, ae, f., a city in Egypt, built by Alexander the Great.
Alpes, ium, f., the highest mountains im Europe, forming the northern
wall of Italy, and stretching through Switzerland, the Tyrol,
Piedmont, Savoy, and part of France. These mountains sepa-
rated Italy from ancient Gaul and Germany.
Alpinus, a, um, adj., belonging to the Alps ; Alpine.
Amphipölis, is, f., a city of Macedonia, situate om the river Strymon, om
the confines of Thrace.
Amyntas, æ, m., a king of Macedonia, father of Philip, and grand-
'father of Alexander the Great.
Andocides, is, m., an Atheniam orator, contemporary with Socrates.
Anicia, æ, f., the niece of Atticus, and wife of Servius Sulpicius.
Antigènes, is, m., one of Alexander's generals, and commamder of the
Macedoniam phalanx.
Antigömus, i, m., one of Alexander's gemerals, who, after that con-
queror's death, obtaimed the sovereignty of Pamphylia, Lycia, and
Phrygia. He opposed Eumenes and Perdiccas, the former of
whom he took prisomer, and ordered to be starved to death. At
.the ag* of eighty he took the field against Lysimachus and Se-
leucus, and fell in battle.
Antiöchus, i, m., a king of Syria, in whose court Hannibal took refuge
when afraid of being given up by his countrymen to the Romans
At the instigation of that restless warrior, Antiochus undertook to
invade Italy, but was speedily defeated by the Romam armies.
Antipäter, ris, or ri, m., one of Alexander's generals, whom he in-
trusted with the government of Macedonia during his absence :
after the death of Alexander Macedonia fèll to the lot of Antipater.
Antónius, i, m., Marcus, the devoted friend of Julius Cæsar, and the
avenger of his death. Cicero, who had inveighed against his
vices with great severity and eloquence, fell a victim to his re-
sentment, whem Antonius was associated in the triumvirate with
Octavius and Lepidus. In the distribution which the triumviri
made of the empire Antony obtained the government of the east.
His insolent and dissolute behavior in Egypt provoked the emmity
of Octavius, who defeated him im a great maval battle at Actium
and Antony, returning to Egypt, killed himself.
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 35?
Apennìnus, i, m., a ridge of mountains stretching from Liguria, Genoa,
through the whole length of Italy, an extent of about four hun-
dred miles.
Apollo, ónis, m., the son of Jupiter and Latona, born at the same
. time with his sister Diana, on the island of Delos. One of his
first exploits was to slay the huge serpent Python, by which his
mother had beem persecuted ; im honor of this achievement he in-
stituted the Pythiam games. He was the god of poetry, music,
medicine, divination, and archery. As the god of day he was
likewise called Phœbus or Sol. He is generally represented as a
beardless youth, with Iong uncut hair, crowned with laurel, hold-
ing in his right hand a bow and arrows, and in his left hand a
harp or lyre.
Apollocrătes, is, m., a son of Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse.
Appia, æ, sc. via, a magnificent road from Rome to Brundusium, a
distance of three hundred and sixty miles. It was begum and
about half finished by Appius Claudius, the censor, in the year of
Rome 441.
Apulia, æ, f., a district of Italy, on the Adriatic sea, now called Pug-
lia, extending from the river Frento to Brundusium and Tarentum.
Arcádia, æ, f., a celebrated pastoral country in the centre of the Pe-
loponnesus.
Arcas, ádis, or àdos, m., the son of Jupiter and Calisto, and king of
the country which derived from him the mame of Arcadia :—am
Arcadian.
Archias, æ, m., the chief magistrate of Thebes when Pelopidas re-
stored the liberty of his country.
Ardea, ae, f., a town of Latium, eighteem miles from Rome.
Ardeatìnus, a, um, adj., of Ardea.
Arête, es, f., a daughter of Dionysius.
Argilius, i, m., a young man who discovered to the Ephori of Sparta
the treasonable correspondence of Pausanias with Artabazus.
Argivi, órum, m., citizens of Argos.
Argos, eos, n., plur. Argi, òrum, m., the capital of the district of Ar-
golis, in the Peloponnesus. -
Ariobarzânes, is, m., a prefect of Lydia and Ionia, under Artaxerxes.
Aristìdes, is, m., a celebrated Atheniam, the contemporary and rival
of Themistocles, and distinguished for his probity by the honorable
appellation of the just. Though intrusted with the charge of the
treasury, he died in such powerty that he was buried at the public
expense. 4.
Aristomäche, es, f., the sister of Dion, and wife of Dionysius, tyram
of Syracuse. •
Arménia, ae, f., Major, a mountainous country in Asia, now called
Turcomamia. Its most remarkable mountains are Taurus, Anti-
taurus, Niphätes, and Ararat, om which Noah's ark first rested
after the flood.
Arménia, æ, f., Minor, a country of Asia, bounding Armenia Major
On the southwest. •
Arménii, orum, m., inhabitants of Armenia.
Arsidéus, i, m., a son of Datames. He fell, in the flower of youth,
§m a battle with the Pisidæ.
358 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INIDEX.
Artabánus, i, m., a Persiam, uncle to Xerxes, whom he assassinated in
the hope of mounting the throne. He was put to death, however,
by Artaxerxes, the son of Xerxes.
Artabázus, i, m., a som of Pharmaces, general in the army of Xerxes.
He fled from Greece om the defeat of Mardomius.
Artaphermes, is, m., a Persiam general, sent by Darius to invade
Greece with a powerful army, and defeated at Marathon by Mil-
tiades.
Artaveraces, is, m., a king of Persia, who succeeded his father, Xerxes.
Artëmisium, i, m., a promontory on the mortheast of the island of Eu-
bœa.
Asia, ae, f., one of the four great continents of the world, inferior in
extent to America, but exceeding both Europe and Africa taken
together. Its length, from 26° E. Long. to 170° west of London,
is 164 degrees, which may be computed at about 7,583 British
miles. Its breadth, from 2° to 77° N. Lat., is about 5,250 miles.
Asia is the most celebrated of the continents. It was here that
the first man was placed by the hands of his Creator ; it was
here that God first promulgated his laws to mankind ; and it was
here that the Saviour of men passed the whole of his mortal life.
Of this continent very vague ideas were entertained by the an-
cients, to whom mot above one quarter of it appears to have been
known. Its primcipal divisions were, Asia Minor ; Colchis, Ibe-
ria, and Albania ; Armenia ; Syria ; Arabia ; Babylonia and
Chaldea ; Mesopotamia ; Assyria ; Media ; Persia and Susiana ;
Parthia, Hyrcania, Margiana, Bactriana, and Sogdiana ; India ;
and Scythia. •
AsIA MINOR, a region of Asia, to the east of the Archipelago, now
called Anatolia. It was not distinguished by the name of Asia
Minor till about the middle ages.
Aspendus, i, f, a town of Pamphylia, in Asia Minor.
Aspendii, Örum, m., imhabitants of Aspendus,—Aspendians.
Aspis, is, or idis, m., a satrap of Cataonia, who, having revolted from
Artaxerxes, was reduced by Datames.
Astu, n. ind., the city ; a name given by way of eminence t0 the city
of Athens.
Athamâmes, um, m., a people of Epirus, mear Acarnania and Aetolia.
Athénae, árum, f., the capital of Attica, and the most celebrated city
of ancient Greece for external elegance, and for the ingenuity of
its inhabitants, and their proficieney in polite learning, science,
amd arts;
Athénienses, ium, m., Athenians; inhabitamts of Athens.
Athéniensis, is, e, adj., Atheniam ; of Athens.
Attica, ae, f., a country of Greece, situated om the western shore of the
Archipelago, and from its maritime situation called likewise Acte,
or the coast. It was about fifty miles in length from Eleusis to
Sunium.
Atticus, a, um, adj., Attic ; of Attica.
Attìcus, i, m., a name given to Titus Pomponius, a Roman knight.
from his lomg residence in Athens.
Aulus, i, m., a prænomen common among the Romans, as Aulus Tor-
quatus, Aulus Gellius, &c.
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 359
Aurelius, i, m., L. Cotta, a Romam consul in the time of Hannibal.
Automatia, ae, f., Avroparua, the goddess of Fortune, or the temple of
that goddess.
Autophrádátes, is, m., a general of the Persiam monarch Artaxerxes.
IB.
Babylon, ömis, f., the capital of Chaldea, and long the most celebrated
city in the world. The river Euphrates flowed through the mid-
dle of it from north to south. Scarce a vestige of it now remaims.
Baebius, i, m., M. Tamphilus, a Romam consul.
Bagaeus, i, m., the name of One of the assassins sent by Pharnabazus
to dispatch Alcibiades.
Balbus, i, m., Lucius Cornelius, a friend of Atticus.
Barcas, ae, m., the surname of Hamilcar, son of Hannibal.
Bithymi, órum, m., Bithynians ; inhabitants of Bithynia.
Bithynia, ae, f., a country of Asia Minor, extending along the south
of the Euxine Sea, from the Thraciam Bosphorus (Straits of Con-
stantinople) to the river Parthenius, now called Bartim.
Bæótia, ae, f., a country of Greece, having Attica and Megaris on the
east, and extending from the Euripus to the Corinthiam Gulf. It
was covered with a thick atmosphere, which was supposed to ren-
der the inhabitants dull and stupid. The energy displayed by the
Boeotians, under Epaminondas and Pelopidas, was a sufficient
refutation of that opinion.
Boeoticus, a, um, adj., of Boeotia, Boeotiam.
Boeótii, örum, m., inhabitants of Boeotia, Boeotians.
Borrai, örum, m., a castle in Chersonesus.
Brutus, i, m., the mame of am illustrious Roman family, the first of
whom, Lucius Junius, having obtained the mame of Brutus from
his affecting idiocy to escape the tyranny of Tarquin the Proud,
became afterwards the avenger of Lucretia and the parent of
Roman liberty. Marcus Brutus, many centuries after, inheriting
his great progenitor's passion for liberty, was the chief conspirator
against Julius Cæsar, who aspired to sovereign power. After the
murder of Cæsar he was defeated by Antony, in the battle of
Philippi, and, in despair of his country's freedom, killed himself.
Byzantium, i, m., a city in Thrace, now called Constantinople, from
Constantine the Great, who transferred thither from Rome the
seat of empire, A. D. 330. It is now the capital of the Turkish
empire. • •
Byzantii, orum, m., the inhabitants of Byzantium.
Byzia, æ, f, a small fort in Thrace.
C.
Cadméa, ae, f., the citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus.
Cadùsii, örum, m., a people of Asia, situated betweem Pontus and the
Caspiam Sea.
Cæcilius, i, m., a Romam knight, umcle to Atticus.
Gaesar, äris, m., the surname of the Juliam family at Rome. After
being dignified by Julius Cæsar, who was the founder of the im-
360 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC AI, INDEX.
perial government, it became the surname of the succeeding em
perors and their heirs apparent.
Cæsariàmus, a, um, adj., of Cæsar.
Caius, i, m., a commom prænomen among the ancient Romans. -
Calìdius, i, m., Lucius Julius, a contemporary and friend of Atticus,
eminent for his wealth, virtues, learning, and poetical genius.
Callias, æ, m., a rich Atheniam, who married the sister of Cimon.
Callicrâtes, is, m., a crafty amd unprimcipled Atheniam, who, under
pretemce of hospitality, Ordered Diom, of Syracuse, to be mur-
dered. -
Calliphron, ömis, m., a man by whom Epaminondas was taught to
dance.
Callistrátus, i, m., an eloquent Atheniam, who was sent as ambassa-
dor to Arcadia, at the same time with Epaminondas, while each
of them sought for his own state the alliance of the Arcadians.
'Camillus, i, m., Lucius Furius, a celebrated Romam general, who,
after several splendid victories, had beem banished by his ungrate-
ful countrymem. During his exile, while Rome was besieged by
Brennus, the Gaul, and the Romans were submitting to ignomin-
ious terms of accommodation, Camillus, arriving with an army,
defeated the barbarians and delivered the city.
Gamissares, is, m., father of Datames, the Cariam.
Cannæ, àrum, f., a city of Apulia, famous for the fourth and greatest
of the victories which Hannibal gained over the Romams, who
were commanded by Terentius Varro amd Paulus Æmilius.
Camnensis, is, e, adj., of Cannæ.
Gapitólium, i, m., the capitol of Rome, a celebrated temple of Jupiter,
built om the Tarpeiam hill. In digging the foundation, the head
of a mam named Tolus is said to have been found, bleeding afresh ;
hence it was called Capitolium, as if caput Toli.
Cappödöcia, ae, f. An extensive country of Asia, having Phrygia on
the west, and Armenia On the east. This country was bequeathed
by Alexander to Eumenes. On the extinctiom of the royal fam-
ily, the Romans offered the Cappadocians a republicam govern-
ment, which they refused to accept. The inhabitants were called
Syri by the Greeks ; and, as the Romans procured most of their
slaves from Cappadocia, Syrus is often put for the name of a
slave.
Cappádoae, öcis, m. or f., a Cappadociam, or inhabitant of Cappadocia.
A river in Cappadocia.
€aptiáni, òrum, a people of Asia, (probably of Asia Minor,) whose
situation is umknown to geographers.
Capua, æ, f., an ancient town of Campania, mear Naples, situated in
the middle of a beautiful plain, about two miles and a, half from
the Volturno. It was a place of great magnificence and luxury.
The troops of Hannibal having spemt the winter here, after the
battle of Cannæ, `became so enervated, that they never after en-
gaged the Romans without being defeated.
Car, áris, m., a Cariam, an inhabitant of Caria.
Cardáces, ium, m., a kind of soldiers among the Persians.
Cardia, æ, f., a city of Thrace.
Cardiámus, a, um, adj., of Cardia.
ÉHISTÖRÍC A3, ANIO GEô GRÀBHîC ÄL INDEX. 36ì
δαres, is, mi?. Orf., an inhabitant of Caria, a Cariam.
Caria, æ; f., a country of Asia Minor, between the Meander (aow the
Meinder) and the Xanthus or Scamander in the Troas.
<Carthago, ìnis, f., the most celebrated city of ancient Africa, long the
formidable rival of Rome. It was built by a colony of Tyrians,
under Dido, about sixty-five years before the foundation of Rome ;
amd destroyed by Scipio Africamus, the younger, in the third
Punic war, about one humdred amd forty-seven years before
Christ. It was twenty-three miles in circumference, and on being
set fire to by the Romams, is said to have burmed seventeem whole
days. It was partly rebuilt by Julius Cæsar, Augustus, and
Adriam, and was finally demolished by the Saracens, in the seventh
century. Its ruins are still to be seem about fifteeam miles morth-
east of Tupis.
£arthâginiensis, is, m. or f., a Carthagir;iam.
Carthâginiensis, is, e, adj., of Carthage.
Cassander, ri, m., the son of Antipater, whom he succeeded on the
throne of Macedonia.
{Cassius, i, m., Caius, orae of the principal conspirators against
- Julius Cæsar. Being defeated by Antony, in the decisive battle
of Philippi, he ordered his freedmam to pierce him through, with
that very sword which he had stained in the blood of Cæsar.
Brutus lamented him as the last of the Romams.
Cata0tvia, ae, a country in Asia, near Cappadocia. . -
£ttto, òmis, m., a surname of the Porciam family in Rome. This
family was first rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, generally
known by the name of Cato the Censor. He was distinguished
by his ardent love of his coamtry, the austerity of his mammers,
and his inflexible integrity. His great political maxim was the
$aecessity of destroying Carthage ; amd the invariable conclusion
of all his speeches in the senate was, DELENDA EST CARTHAGo.
£ie died in extreme old age, about 150 years before Christ.—Of
equal celebrity was MARCUS CATo, generally surnamed Uticensis,
great-grandson of the censor. He was rigid in reforming abuses ;
£\is virtue was inflexible, and his veracity proverbial. In the civil
war between Cæsar and Pompey, he espoused the cause of the
latter; and whem, after the battle of Pharsalia, he was about to
be besieged by Cæsar in Utica, he killed himself, to prevent his
falling alive into the victor's hands, having previously fortified
himself against the fear of death by reading Plato's treatise om
the immortality of the soul.
€atullus, i, m., Caius or Quintus Valerius, a mative of Veroma, who,
in the age of Cæsar and Cicero, acquired great fame by his poeti:
cal talents. In his epigrams, he has imitated the Greek wyriters
with success, and was the first who introduced their numbers
into Latin poetry. He lampooned Cæsar, whose only revenge
was, to invite the poet, and entertaim him hospitably at his table.
Οatülu8, i,. m., Quintus Lutatius, a Romam general ; defeated Hamil-
car, and destroyed six hundred of the Carthaginiam ships. This
terminated the first Punic war.
Centenius, î, ms C., a Romam prætor, slain in an engagement with
Hannibal, ' ' ' ' * - …
, -j * * 3!
362 IIISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Ceraumus, i, m., a surname of Ptolemy II., signifying thunder, and
expressive of his boldness.
Cethegus, i, m., Publius Cornelius, a Romam comsul.
Chabrias, æ, m., a celebrated Atheniam general, who signalized him-
self by supporting the Boeotiams against Agesilaus, and by the
conquest of Cyprus.
Chalcioecus, i, m., a brazem temple of Miinerva, in íacedæmon, in
which Pausanias sought refuge from the just indigmation of his
countrymen. See Pantsania8.
Chalcis, îdis, f., now called Egripo, the chief town of the island
Euboea.
Ghaonia, æ, f., a divisiom of Epirus.
Chaomes, vtm, m., the inhabitants of Chaonia.
Chares, étis, am Atheniam general, contemporary with Chabrias.
Charon, ömis, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas, and
his patriotic friends, when they returned from exile to emancipate
their country from tyranny.
Chersonésus, i, f., a peninsula of Thrace, formed by the bay of Melas
and the Propontis, (sea of Miarmora.) This peninsula extended
about ffty miles in length. Other peninsulæ are likewise distin-
guished by the mame of Chersonesüs, as the Cher$omesus Aurea,
MALACcA ; Chersomesus Cimbrica, JUTLAND ; Chersonesus Tau-
rica, CRIM TARTARY.
£hios, or us, i, f., Scio, an island in the Aegean Sea, betweem Lesbos
and Samos, about 125 miles in circumference, famous for its wine
and beautiful marble.
Cicéro, ónis, m., (1,) the most eloquent and aecomplished of the Ro-
mams, was born at Arpinum, a towm of the Volsci, in Latium.
By suppressing, while consul, the dangerous conspiracy of Cati-
line, he merited the appellation of father of hìs country. After
the ruin of Romam liberty, he was proscribed by the Triumviri,
at the desire of Mark Antony, against whose vices he had in-
veighed with great severity in those celebrated orations called his
Philippics. He was killed by the soldiers of Antony, who, in
brutal triumph, ordered his head and right hand to be fixed up in
the Forum, where his eloquence had so often been the protection
of the innocent and the terror of the guilty. His splendid orations,
and his voluminous writings on rhetoric and philosophy, compre-
hending, amd finely illustrating all the science of the times, entitle
him to the first ramk among Romam authors, and will remain im-
perishable monuments of his umrivalled genius and erudition.
(2,) Quintus, brother of M. Cicero.
Cwlìces, um, m., inhabitants of Cilicia.
Cilicia, æ, f., a coumtry of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Mediter-
raneam, morth from Cyprus, south from Mount Taurus, and west
from the Euphrates. It was divided into three districts, Cilicia
Aspera, or Tracheotis ; Cilicia Campestris, or Pedias ; and Cilicia
Propria. It was enclosed by mountains, which had only a few
narrow passes, called Pylæ, or gates.
Cimon, ömis, m., an Atheniam gemeral, son of Miltiades, renowned for
his valor and his liberality to his fellow-citizens. On one day he
defeated the Persiam fleet, takimg two hundred ships, and totally
HISTORIC AI, ANI) G EO GRABHICAL INDEX. 363
routed their army by land. He died in the fifty-first year of his
age, while besieging Citium a town of Cyprus.
Cinna, ae, m., Lucius Cornelius, a Romam general, the contemporary
and rival of Sylla. Having been banished by Octavius for at-
tempting to free the fugitive slaves, he joined Marius, and re-
entering Rome with thirty legions, de]uged the city with blood.
He was assassinated by One of his own officers at Ancona, while
preparing for hostilities against Sylla
Cinnânus, a, um, adj., belonging to Cinna.
Citium, i, m., now Cite, a town of Cyprus.
Glastidium, i, m., SCHIATEZZO, a town of Liguria, or Genoa.
Claudiu8, i, m., Marcus, a Romam consul in the time of Hannibal.
Cleom, tis, m., an orator of Halicarnassus, who, in an oration which
he composed for Lysander, hinted the propriety of making the
kingdom of Sparta elective.
Climeas, æ, m., an Atheniam, father of Alcibiades.
Cnidus, i, f., a town of Caria, in Asia Minor.
Colónæ, àrum, f., a towm of Troas in Asia Minor.
Conon, ónis, m., an Atheniam general, som of Timotheus. Having
beem defeated in a maval battle by Lysander, at Aegos Potamos,
he retired in voluntary exile to the court of Artaxerxes, king of
Persia, by whose assistance he was enabled to free his country
from slavery. Being betrayed by a Persiam, he was thrown into
prisom, where he died. -
Corcyra, ae, f., Corfu, an islamd in the Ioniam Sea, separated from
Epirus by a narrow strait. It is ninety-sevem miles im length.
Corcyraei, örum, m., inhabitants of Corcyra.
Corcyræus, a, um, adj., of Corcyra.
(Corinthus, i, f., anciently called Ephyra, the capital of Achaia. Pro-
pria, was situated between the Sinus Corinthiacus (Gulf of Le-
panto) and the Sinus Saronicus, (Gulf >f Egina.) Corinth was
taken and burnt by Mummius, the Romam consul, B. c. 147, and
rebuilt by Julius Cæsar, who sent thither a colony of freedmem.
Corinthius, a, um, adj., of Corinth.
Corónéa, æ, f., a town of Boeotia, celebrated for the defeat of the
Athenians and their allies by Agesilaus.
Cotys, i, m., a king of Thrace, whose daughter was married to Iphi-
crates.
Cratërus, i, m., a favorite general of Alexander the Great, whose life
he wrote. On the partition of Alexander's dominions, after his
death, Greece and Epirus were allotted to Craterus. He fell in a
battle against Eumenes, in Asia, B. C. 328.
Creta, æ, f., CANDIA, an island in the Mediterraneam, to the southwest
of the Archipelago. It is two hundred and seventy miles in
length, and fifty in breadth, aboumding in mountains covered with
wood, having fertile valleys interspersed. This island is said to
have contairied, in ancient times, a humdred cities.
Cretenses, ium, m., the inhabitants of Crete.
Crimessus, i, m., a river of Sicily, called likewise Crimisus, or Crini-
sus, now Caltabellota.
Crithöte, es, f., called likewise Erchtho, a town of the Thraciam
Chersomesus, situated om the Hellespont,
364 E1ISTORIÖ AL A NID GEOGRAPIIICAL INDEX.
Critias, æ, m., the chief of the thirty tyrants of Athens. He fell in a
battle with Thrasybulus, the asserter of his country's freedorn,
B. C. 403. «y.
Cyclădes, um, f., islamds in the Aegeam Sea, so called from a Greek
word, signifying a circle, because they lay in a circular form
round Delos.
Cyme, es, f., a city of Æolia, in Asia Minor, situated on the Gulf of
Smyrna. Its modern name is Foia, Or Fochia.
Cyprii, örufn, m., inhabitants of Cyprus.
Cyprus, i, f., an island in the eastern extremity of the Mediterraneam,
one humdred amd fifty miles long and seventy broad. This island
was sacred to Venus.
Cyrenæ, àrum, f., a celebrated city in the province of Cyrenaica, in
Africa. It was foumded by a colomy of Greeks from the island
Thera, and was situated about elevem miles from the sea.
Cyrenaei, örum, m., inhabitants of Cyrenæ.
Cyrus, i, m., Major, king of the Persians, and son of Cambyses and
Mandane. He defeated his grandfather Astyages, whose king-
dom (Media) he rendered tributary to Persia. He conquered
Croesus, king of Lydia, invaded Assyria, and took its capital
(Babylon) by turning the course of the Euphrates. He was at
last defeated by Tomyris, queen of the Massagetæ, who cut off
his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with humam blood, ex-
claiming, ** Now satiate thyself with human blood, for which thou
hast ever thirsted.”—B. C. 532.
Cyrus, i, m., IVIinor, the brother of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, whom,
with the assistance of the Greeks, he attempted to dethrome. The
brothers met at the head of their respective armies, and rushing
furiously against each other, Cyrus was slain, B. C. 403.
Cyzicus, i, f., a city of Mysia, im Asia Minor, On the Propontis, or
sea of Marmora.
Cyzicenus, a, um, adj., of Cyzicus.
D.
Dam0m, ömis, m., a poet and musiciam of Athens, the intimate friemd
of Pericles.
Darius, i, m., son of Hystaspes, was raised to the throne of Persia,
after the murder of Smerdis. He provoked the enmity of the
Greeks by attacking the Ionians, and particularly of the Athe-
nians, by shelterimg their exiled tyrant Hippias. Stimulated to
revenge by their opposition, he resolved to carry the war into the
heart of their country. His first invading army, commanded by
Mardonius, was destroyed by the Thracians. He them sent a
more formidable army, under the command of Datis and Arta-
phernes, who were defeated by Miltiades, in the celebrated battle
of Marathon. He was preparing to revenge im person this severe
blow, when he died, B. C. 487, bequeathing to his son Xerxes his
revenge against the Greeks.
Datâmes, is, m., an able general of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, being
rendered obnoxious to his sovereign by the intrigues of his enemies
at court, took up arms in his own defence. He was murdered by
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ÎNDEX. 365
IMithridates, king of Pontus, who had invited him to his court
with the warmest professions of friendship.
Patis, is, m., one of the generals of Darius, defeated by Miltiades, in
the battle of Míarathom.
Decelia, æ, f., now Biala Castro, a village of Attica, which the Lace-
demonians fortified by the advice of Alcibiades.
Delos, i, f., the central island of the Cyclades,—the birthplace of
Apollo and Diana.
Belphi, órum, m., now Saloni, or Castri, the chief town of Phocis, a
country im Greece, was situated at the foot of Mount, Parnassus,
mear the Castaliam sprimg. It was famous for the temple and
oracle of Apollo. • ,
Delphicus, a, um, adj., of Delphi.
Demnãdes, is, m., am Atheniam orator, who advised his countrymen to
deliver up Athens to Antipater.
ÌDemnænétus, i, m., a factious Syracusam and enemy of Timoleon.
Demetrius, i, m., Phalereus, an Athenian, who, when his fellow-
citizens, afteT the death of Alexander, were divided imto two fac-
tions, favored the factiom of the nobles.—When Cassander made
himself master of Athens, he intrusted the govermment of it to
Demetrius Phalereus, in whose hands it continued for ten years.
By his wise and moderate administration, he excited süch grati-
tude in the Athenians, that they erected three humdred brazen
statues to his honor. While Athens was enjoying this interval
«f tranquillity and happiness, it was suddemly besieged and takem
by Demetrius Polioreetes ; the popular form of government was
restored, amd Phalereus retired first to Cassander, and aftérwards
to the court of Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt. Here he spemt his
time in his favorite pursuits of learning and philosophy, and in
composing several works On the subject of the governument.
ÌD3 metrius, i, m., Surmamed Poliorcetes, or taker of cities, was the
son of Antigonus, the most powerful of Alexander's generals,
among whom the dominions of that conqueror were divided after
his death. Having delivered Athens from the tyranny of Cas-
sander, he was revered by the Athemiams as a god. Yet, after
the fatal battle of Ipsus, in which Antigonus was slain, and De-
metrius obliged to retire with great loss, that fickle and umgrate-
ful people shut their gates against him. He soom reduced therm,
however, to subjection, and again treated them with lenity.
After establishing himself om the throme of Macedonia, the loss
of some of his eastern possessioms recalled him to Asia. There,
after various reverses, he retired to the court of his som-in-law
Seleucus, who detained him a captive for three years, whem he
died.
Demosthèmes, is, m., an Atheniam, the most eloquent Orator of an-
tiquity. He distinguished himself by his patriotic zeal in opposing
the aggressions of Philip, against whom he endeavored, with al!
the powers of oratory, to rouse his countrymem. Yet this Zealous
patriot afterwards suffered himself to be bribed by Harpalus, the
creature of Alexander. His patriotic ardor, however, again re-
vived ; and whem Antipater and Craterus were about to enter
Athems as conquerors, they demanded all the orators who had
3] %
366 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
roused their fellow-citizens to oppose them. Demosthenes, tha?
he might not fall into their hands, swallowed poison, in the sixtieth
year of his age, B. C. 324.
Dercyllus, i, ^n., a governor of Attica under Antipater.
Diána, ae, f., the daughter of Jupiter and IJatona, and twin-sister of
Apollo. She was the goddess of woods amd of hunting. As
Apollo presided Over the day, and in that capacity was distin-
guished under the mame of Phoebus, or Sol, so Diana ruled in the
heavens by might, and was then distingaished by the name of
Luma. Her empire extended evem to the infernal abodes, where
she was known by the mame of Hecate. Hence she is called by
the poets, tergemina, diva triformis. Her statues were generally
erected where three ways met ; from which circumstance she
sometimes received the appellation of Trivia. She is represented
as a tall beautiful virgin, with a bow or javelim in her right hâmd,
and a quiver om her shoulder, chasing deer Or other wild animals.
Dinom, ónis, m., a historiam who wrote a history of Persia, in the reign
of Alexander the Great.
Diomèdom, omtis, m., a native of Cyzicus, who attempted to bribe
Epaminondas.
Dion, önis, m., a Syracusan, son of Hipparinûs, mearly related to the
two tyrants of Syracuse, Dionysius the elder, and the younger.
He was a scholar, and ardent admirer of Plato, whom, at his
desire, Dionysius invited to his court. Having become obnoxious
to the tyrant, he was banished to Corinth, where he collected a
powerful army, and was soon able to dethrome Dionysius. He
was soom afterwards betrayed and assassimated by one of his in-
timate aequaintances, mamed Callicrates, Or Callipus, im the fifty-
fifth year of his age. His death was universally lamented by the
Syracusans, who raised a monument to his memory.
Dionysius, i, m., (1,) Or the elder, a Syracusam, son of Hermocrates.
Having sigmalized himself im the wars which the Syracusans
carried om against the Carthaginians, he became very popular
with the army, amd availed himself of the power which he haά
thus acquired, to establish himself in the sovereignty. His cruelty
remdered him odious to his subjects, of whom he beeame so sus-
picious as to be in perpetual alarm. Among other precautions
which he used to secure himself against their machinations, he
caused a subterraneous cave to be formed in a rock, in the shape
of a humam ear, which measured eighty feet im height, and two
humdred and ffty in length.—Sourids uttered in this cave were
all conveyed to one common tympanum, whieh communicated
with an adjoining room, where Dionysius spemt the most of his
time to hear what was said by the umhappy victims of his sus-
piciom, whom he had confimed in the apartments above. This
cave was called the ear of Dionysius. The artists who were
employed in building it are said to have beem put to death by
order of the tyrant, lest they should reveal to what purposes a
work of such umcommom construction was to be appropriated.
He died in the sixty-third year of his age, B. C. 368, after a reign
of thirty-eight years.
Dionysius, i, m., (2,) the son of the elder Dionysius, succeeded his
HISTORIC ÄI, ÂNT) GEOGRAPHICAL INDIEX. 36 7
£ather as tyrant of Syracuse. With evem greater cruelty tham
that of his father, he possessed very inferior abilities. By the ad-
vice of Dion, he became the pupil of Plato, whom he.ipvited €o
his court ; but when the philosopher advised him to, restore the
liberty of his subjects, he was so offended, that he caused him to
be seized and sold as a slave. The popularity of Dion exciting
his suspiciom, he caused him te be banished ; but that nobleman
collectimg am army in Greece, soon returned and dethroned the
tyrant. After the assassination of Dion, the tyrant was restored ;
but had not long enjoyed his triumph, when he was agaim ex-
pelled from Syracuse by Timoleon, the Corinthiam. He after-
wards supported himself at Corinth by keeping a schgol. He is
said to have died of joy, on hearing that a tragedy of his compo-
sitiom had been rewarded with a prize.
Jionysius, i, m., (3,) a musiciam of Thebes, by whom Epaminondas
was instructed.
ADodóma, æ, f., the principal town of Molossis, a district of Epirus ; it
was situated at the foot of Mount Tomarus, and was famous for
the temple and oracle of Jupiter, the most ancient im Greece.
From a large grove of oaks in the neighborhood, oracles were
uttered, sometimes by the trees, and sometimes by pigeons.
30olöpes, um, m., a people of Thessaly..
ÆDomitius, i, m., Cneius Ænobarbus, a Roman consul, who was im
office whera Atticus died.
Ðrusilla, ae, f., Livia Drusilla, the daughter of Lacias Drasus Calidianus.
She was given in marriage to Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom
she had two sons, Tiberius and Drusus. In the civil war betweem
Antony and Augustus, her husband espoused the cause of Antony ;
and while Drusilla, was fleeimg from the danger which threatemed
Tiberius, she was seem by Augustus, who was so struck with her
beauty that he resolved to marry her. He accordingly divorced
his wife Scribonia ; and as he had mo male progeny of his own,
be adopted the two sons of Livia, by Tiberius. In her elevation
she conducted herself with cruelty and ingratitude towards the
family of Augustus ; and is even charged with having murdered
the emperor himself, to hasten the elevation of Tiberius, her son.
The undatiful conduct of Tiberius was a just punishment for her
crime. She died in the eighty-sixth year of her age, A. D. 29.
E.
Elis, is, or ìdis, f., a distriet of Peloponnesus; and liltewise the narre
of its principal city.
Elpenice, es, f., the daughter of Miltiades, married first to her brother
Cimom, and afterwards to Callias.
Emphyletus, i, m., an Atheniam, the friend of Phociom.
Eniiivis, i, m., a native of Rudiæ, near Tarentum, in Calabria. He
fixed his residence in Rome, where his genius and learning prO-
cured him the privileges of a citizen. He was the first eminent
poet at Rome. His verses, though rude and umpolished, have
often great vigor ; and Virgil has not disdained to adopt many of
£hem into his own poems. Ennius was the intimate friend of Cato
368 ËÎISTORIC Α L À NI} άEô) GÉÃPI£ÍIC ÄL INDEX.
amd of Scipio Afrieamus. He died of the goût, in the seventieth
year of his age, about 169 years before the Christiam era.
Epaminondas, ae, m., a mative of Thebes, im Bœotia ; one of the most
accomplished and able generals of antiquity. He co-operated
with Pelopidas, in reseuing his country from the domination of the
Lacedæmonians ; and being united with that patriotic leader ir*
the command of the Thebam army, he defeated the Lacedæmo-
nians, under their king Cleombrotus, in the memorable battle of
Leuctra. After this victory he conducted his army to the Pelo-
ponnesus, and made the Spartans tremble for the safety of their
eity. In a subsequent campaigm he defeated the united forces of
the Lacedæmonians, Athenians, and their allies, in the battle o£
Mantinea. This was the termination of his illustrious career.
Being mortally wounded with a javelim, the head of which re-
maimed in his breast, and whieh, he knew, could mot be extracted -
without occasioning his immediate death, he survived only till he
*was assured that his men had gained the victory, and till he saw
his shield brought back safe, them exclaimimg,—** I have lived
long enough, for I die unconquered,” he drew the javelim from his
breast, amd immediately expired, B. C. 365. With Epaminondas;
the glory of Thebes rose and fell.
IEphésus, i, f., a city of Ionia, in Asia Minor, celebrated for the tem-
ple of Diana, one of the seven wonders of the wor}d. This tem-
ple was 425 feet long, and 200 feet wide. The roof was support-
ed by 127 superb pillars, each 60 feet high, said to have been
placed there by as many kings. This celebrated edifice was no$
completed till 220 years after its foundation. It was burnt by
Eratostratus, On the same might that Alexander the Great was
borm, but rose from its ashes in renewed splendor. The town
AioSaluc now occupies the site of Ephesus, of which scaree a
vestige remaims.
Epiröta, æ, or es, ae, m., a native of Epirus.
Epirótìcus, a, um, adj., belonging to Epirus.
Epirus, i, f., a country in the west of Greece, on the coast of the
Ioniam sea. This country was famous for horses.
Eretria, æ, f., a city of Eubœa, om the Euripus.
Eretriensis, is, e, adj., of Eretria.
Ericthömis, is, f., more properly called Crithote, a town of the Thra-
ciam Chersonese, om the coast of the Hellespont.
Eryæ, $ycis, m., a moumtaim of Sicily, On the top of which was a tem-
ple sacred to Venus, who is themce called Erycima. On the side
of the mountain there was a strong town of the same name.
Etrüria, ae, f, Tuscamy, a district of Italy, of which the Tiber was
the southerm boundary.
Evagöras, æ, m., a, native of Cyprus, who, having been deprived o£
his paternal dominions by the Persian monarch Artaxerxes, ap-
plied for suceor to the Athenians. They sent Chabrias to his as-
sistance ; and Evagoras was not only reinstated in his possessions,
but, by his talents and activity, made himself master of Salamis,
and of the greater part of the island of Cyprus, Artaxerxes,
however, sent against him an overwhelming army ; and after sey-
eral defeats, he was obliged to resign all his other possessions, re.
HíSTORICAL ANID GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 369
taining only Salamis, on condition of his paying a small tribute ta
the Persiam monarch.
Eubœa, æ, f., now called Negropont, a large island of Greece, along
the mortheast coast of Attica, and the coast of Bœotia. It was
150 miles long, and 40 at its greatest breadth ; and was separated
from the contiment by a narrow strait called the Euripus.
Eumènes, is, m., a mative of Cardia, in Thrace, the ablest and most
deserving of the generals of Alexander. After the death of that
hero Eumenes remaimed steadily attached to the royal family ;
and co-operated with Perdiccas in endeavoring to subdue the
other commanders, who had partitioned the empire amongst them.
He defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus, the {atter of whom he
slew in single combat ; and for some time successfully opposed
Antigonus. Being at last betrayed by his own party to his am-
tagonist, he was doomed to perish by hunger, but after fasting for
three days he was killed by one of Antigonus's soldiers, B. c. 318.
Eumolpidæ, àrum, m., the descendants of Eumolpus, son of Neptume.
Eumolpus, originally from Thrace, was chief priest of Ceres, at
Eleusis, an office which his descendants continued for mamy ages
to enjoy.
Európa, ae, f., Europe, one of the four great continents into which the
world has been divided. It is situate between 36° and 72° of morth
!atitude, and between 10° west and 65° east longitude. It extends
in length about 3,300 miles, from the rock of Lisbon in the west,
to the Uraliam mountains in the east ; and in breadth about
2,350 miles from the North Cape in Lapland to Cape Matapam,
the southern extremity of Greeee. Though the smallest of the
four great divisions of the globe, it far surpasses them all in politi-
cal importance. Almost wholly situate within the temperate Zone,
its climate is peculiarly favorable to the physical and mental en-
ergies of mam ; while its numerous amd extensive inland seas, fa-
cilitating the intercourse betweem its various nations, have pro-
moted their mutual progress in knowledge and civilization. It is
here, accordingly, that the humam mind has approached mearest
to perfectiom. It is here that learning, science, amd the arts, have
been most successfully cultivated ; that the native freedom and
privileges of men have been most resolutely vindicated, amd most
generally recognised, and that governments have been estab-
lished on the firm basis of mutual advantage to the rulers and
the ruled. In consequence of those advantages Europe now gives
laws to the greater part of the globe ; and seems destined to dif-
fuse over all the other eontinents the light of knowledge, refime-
ment, and true religiom. Its ancient divisions were Scandinavia,
including Denmark, Norway, Laplamd, Finland, and Swedem ;
Germania, Germany ; Sarmatia, or Scythia, Poland, Prussia,
Russia, and Little Tartary ; Dacia, Wallachia, Moldavia, and
Transylvania ; Moesia, Servia and Bulgaria ; Thracia, Romania ;
Macedonia ; Thessalia, Janna ; Græcia Propria, Livadia; Pe-
loponnesus, Morea ; Epirus, Albania and Janina ; Illyricum,
Dalmatia, Bosnia, Sclavonia, and Croatia ; Pannonia, Hungary ;
Noricum, Austria ; Rhœtia and Vindelicia, Tyrol, and the
country of the Grisons ; Gallia, France, Switzerland, Flanders,
370 HIISTORIC ÄL AND GEOGRAPHIC AL INDEX.
and Holland ; Britannia, Britain ; Hibernia, freland ; Hispania,
Spain and Portugal ; Italia, Italy ; Corsica ; Sardinia ; Sicilia ;
and the Baleares, Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica.
Europæus, a, um, adj., Europeam, belonging to Europe.
Eurybiädes, is, m., a king of Sparta, who commanded the I,acedœ-
moniam army when Themistocles commanded the Athenians,
during the invasion of Xerxes.
Eurydice, es, f., the wife of Amyntas, king of Macedonia, and mo-
ther of Perdiceas amd Philip.
Eurysthènes, is, m., a Lacedæmoniam, a descendant of Hercules
E.
Fabiámus, a, um, adj., of Fabius.
Fabius, i, m., the name of a patriciam family im Rome, illustrious for
their heroic virtues, and for the important services which they
remdered to their country. Quintus Fabius Maximus was ap-
pointed dictator to oppose Hannibal ; and by his caution and skil-
fully watching the motioms of his enemy, oftem thwarted his
measures and checked his progress. He died in the 100th year
of his age, after having beem five times consul, and twice honored
with a triumph.
Falermus, a, um, adj., Falernian ;—ager, a district at the foot of
Mount Massicus, in Campania, celebrated for its wine.
Feretrius, i, m., a surname of Jupiter, (a feriendo,) given to him by
Romulus, who had been emabled, through the aid of that god, to
conquer his ememies. Romulus built a temple to Jupiter Fere-
trius, to which the spolia opima were always carried.
Flaccus, i, m., I,ucius Valerius, a Romam patriciam, Who was Cato's
colleague in the censorship. -
Flaminius, i, mn., Caius, a Romam consul, of a rash and impetuous
disposition, who was defeated by Hannibal, near the lake of Thra-
symenus, and perished in the engagement. -
Flamininus, i, m., a Romam consul, sent as ambassador to the court of
Prusias, king of Bithymia, to demand that Hannibal, who had
fled for refuge to Prusias, might be delivered up to the Romans.
Flavius, ii, m., Caius, a Roman, who was a friend of Brutus.
Fregellæ, arum, f., a city of the Volsci, in Latium, om the Liris.
Fulvia, ae, f., a Romam lady, who was first the wife of the tribume
Clodius, next of Curio, and afterwards of Mark Antony. She
was divorced by Antony that he might marry Cleopatra. When
she repaired to him in the East, his coldness and indifference
broke her heart.
Furius, i, m., L. Purpureo, a Roman consul in the time of Hannibal.
G.
Galba, æ, m., Servius, a Romam orator. During his prætorship he
plumdered Lusitania, and, being accused by M. Cato, escaped
only by producimg his sons to the Roman people, and imploring
their protection in the most abject manmer.
gallia, ae, f, Gaul ; a large divisiom of amcient Europe, comprehend.
3HISTORICAL ANI) GEO GRAPHICAL INDEX. 371
ing the modern countrìes of France, the Netherlands, Holland,
Switzerland, Tyrol, and Italy, north of the Po. Gaul was divided
by the Romans into Gallia Transalpina, or Ulterior, Farther
(}aul, or Gaul beyond the Alps ; and Gallia Cisalpina, or Cite-
arior, Hither Gaul, or Gaul on this side of the Alps, in regard to
?Rome. Hither Gaul was also called Gallia Togata, becaúse the
inhabitants were admitted to the privilege of Romam citizens, and
wore the toga, the peculiar dress of the Romans. Farther Gaul
was called Comata, from the natives wearing their hair long ;
and the Southerm part of it Braccata, from the use of braccae,
Breeches Or trousers, which did not form a part of the Romam
dress. Gaul was called by the Greeks Galatia, and the inhabi-
tants Galatæ.
Gallus, i, m., a Gaul, an inhabitant of Gaul.
{Gardâtes, um, m,, the same as the Cardaces. See Cardaces.
Gellius, i, m., Quintus Canius, the contemporary and intimate of At-
ticus. In favor to Atticus, Gellius was exempted by Antomy from
the proscriptions of the triumvirate.
gemimus, i, m., Cneius Servilius, a Romam, who fell in a battle against
Hannibal, the year after he had been consul.
&ermánia, æ, f., Germany, a large country im Europe. Ancient Ger-
magy extended from the Rhine to the Vistula, and from the Dan-
ube to the Baltic ; so that its boundaries were very different from
those of modern Germany, which has the German oceam, Den-
mark, and the Baltic, On the morth ; Prussia, part of Poland, and
Hungary, oh the east ; Switzerland amd the Alps om the south ;
and France and the Netherlands om the west.
Golömae, or Colömae, arum, f., a town of Mysia, om the Asiatic shore
of the Hellespont, opposite to the island of Tenedos.
Gongylus, i, m., an Eretriam, sent by Pausanias with a letter to the
king of Persia.
{Gortynii, orum m., the inhabitants of Gortynia, a city of Crete.
{Gracchus, i, m., the mame of several noble Romans. Tiberius and
Caius, the sons of Sempronius, havirig espoused the cause of the
people against the Patriciams, and endeavored to limit, by an
agrarian law, the property of individuals to five hundred acres,
were both cut off by the Patricians. Tiberius was killed in a tu-
mult by Scipio Nasica ; amd Caius, about elevem years afterwards,
by Opimus, the consul.
Gracchus, T. Sempronius, a Romam consul, slain by Hannibal in an
ambuscade. •
&ræcia, æ, f., Greece, a celebrated country in the east of Europe, now
forming part of Turkey. The principal divisions of Greece were,
Græcia Propria, Peloponnesus, Macedonia, Thessaly, and Epirus,
Græcia Propria contained the districts of Attica, Megaris, Phocis,
Βœotia, Locris, Doris, and Ætolia.. .
Græcus, a, um, adj., belonging to Greece, Greek.
&raius, a, um, adj., Greciam, of Or pertaining to Greece.
Grur.ium, i, m., a fort in Phrygia.
372 HISTORIC ÄI, ANID GEOGRAPHIC Äi, ÎNIDEX,
H.
Haliariu3, i, f., a considerable city of Bœotia, situated at the foot of a.
mountain, mear the small river Parmessus. It was destroyed by
the Romans in the war with Perseus.
Halicarnasseus, a, um, adj., of Halicarnassus.
Halicarnassus, i, f., the principal city of Caria, the birthplacé of the
historians Herodotus and Dionysius ; celebrated for the monument
of Mausolus, erecteά by his queem Artemisia, amd reckoned one
of the wonders of the world.
Hamilcar, äris, m., a Carthaginiam general, father of Hannibal, op-
posed to the Romans in the first Punic war.
Hammon, önis, m., the name by which Jupiter was distinguished in
Lybia. The oracle of Jupiter Hammon, in the Lybiam desert,
¥yas omæ of the most celebrated in the world. Jupiter was there
represented under the form of a rarm.
Hannibal, älis, m., a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Hamil-
car, and the most inveterate and determined enemy that ever op-
posed the Romans. After defeating in succession their ablest
generals, and carrying terror to the gates of Rome, he led his army
into winter-quarters, at Capua, where they were emervated by the
Juxuries of the place. The Romans, thus relieved from their
fears for the safety of the capital, semt am army into Africa, un-
der Scipio ; and Hannibal, recalled to defend his countrymen,
was now doomed to defeat anâ disaster in his turn. After , the
conclusion of the war, he was obliged to flee from his country to
escape being delivered up into the hands of the Romams : he was
persecuted from place to place ; and at length, while at the court
of Prusias, he terminated his life by poison, when his enemies
were in the act of surrounding his house, B. C. 184. •
Hasdrübal, or Asdrúbal, älis, mn., a Carthaginiam general, son-in-iaw
of Hamilcar, distinguished himself in the Numidiam war, and laid
the foundation of New Carthage, in Spaim.—A Carthaginiam gen-
eral, the som of Hamilcar. He was defeated and slain by the con-
suls, M. Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero, while he was hasten-
ing from Spaim with a large reinforcement for his brother Han-
nibal. -
Hellespontus, i, m., now called the Dardanelles, the narrow strait be-
tween the Aegeam sea, Archipelago, and the Propontis, sea of .
I${armora. This strait is about sixty miles long, in a winding
course ; its breadth is, at an average, about three miles, but where
narrowest, it is somewhat less tham one mile. The name of Hel-
lespontus is likewise given to the country alomg the Asiatic coast
of the strait. .
Helótes, æ, m., an inhabitant of Helos, a town of Laconia. Im a war
with Sparta, this town was destroyed and its inhabitants reduced.
to slavery. Their posterity eontinued, under the name of Helots,
the public slaves of Sparta :—a Helot, a Spartam slave.
Helvius, ii, m., Caius, a Romam, eolleague with Cato in the ædileship
Hephæstio, ónis, m., the most intimate friend of Alexander the Great,
whom he accompanied im all his conquests, amd by whom he was
ËHISTORICAL ANI) G EO GRAIPHIC AL INDEX. 373
exceedingly beloved. He died at Ecbatana, while Alexander was
returning from India. The. conqueror was inconsolable for his
death ; and on arriving at Babylon, performed his funeral solem-
nities with great magnificence, and erected a superb monument
to his memory.
H raclides, is, m., a mative of Syracuse, who, after the expulsion of
the younger Dionysius from Sicily, raised a faction against Dion,
in whose hands the sovereign power was lodged. He was put to
death by Dion's command—a circumstance which contributed in
no small degree to alienate from Dion the affections of the Syra-
CllSa.l1S.
Hercúles, is, m., the most celebrated herQ of antiquity for his strength
and achievements, was the son of Jupiter and Alcmena. Of his
exploits, which are too numerous to be here detailed, the most re-
markable were, the twelve labors imposed om him by Eurystheus,
king of Mycenæ, viz.: 1st, to kill a large lion in the Nemean
Wood—2d, to destroy a hydra, or water-snake, of immense size,
in the lake Lerna: this monster had sevem heads, amd mo sooner
was one cut off, than others sprung up im its place—3d, to catch
or slay the huge boar of Erymanthus in Arcadia—4th, to catch
or kill the brazem-footed stag on Mount Menelaus—5th, to destroy
or drive away the birds called Stymphalides, which fed om humam
flesh—6th, to cleamse the stables of Augeus, king of Elis, which,
though three thousand oxem stood constantly in them, had not
been eleaned for many years ; this he did in one day, by turning
the course of the river Alpheus to the stable—7th, to bring alive
to Mycenæ a wild bull which had laid waste the island of Crete—
8th, to kill Diomedes, king of Thrace, and his four horses or
mares, which he fed on human flesh—9th, to slay the three-
bodied Geryon, or Geryones, king of Gades, and carry off his
cattle—10th, to conquer the Amazons, a nation of female war-
riors, who lived mear the Euxine sea, and to carry off from their
queen Hippolyte a beautiful girdle—11th, to kill the dragon that
watched the goldem apples of the gardens of the Hesperides,
near Mount Atlas, in Africa, and bring the apples to Eurystheus
—and 12th, to drag from the infernal regions the three-headed
dog Cerberus. Hercules and his wife Dejanira, being once on a
journey together, were stopped by the river Evenus. The cen-
taur Nessus, offerimg to carry Dejanira over the river, was in-
trusted with the charge ; but had no sooner reached the opposite
bank tham he attempted to bear her away by force. Hercules
shot am arrow amd mortally wounded him. The centaur, when
expiring, gave Dejanira his tunic, stained with blood and poison,
telling her that it had the power to reclaim the wandering affec-
tions of a husband. In a fit of jealousy, Dejanira sent the
poisoned tunic to Hercules, who, om putting it om, was seized
with such pains (the tunic sticking so close to his skin that it
was impossible to pull it off) that he caused a funeral pile to be
erected om Mount CEta, where he then was ; and spreading over
it the skin of the Nemeam liom, laid himself on it as om a cuuch,
and with his head reclining on his club, Ordered tho pilè to b*
&*$*
374 HISTORICAL A NT) GEOGRAPHICAL INI)EX.
set om fire. After his death he was admitted into heavem as a
god, and received in marriage Hebe, the goddess of youth.
Hîcëtas. See Icetas. -
Hipparìnus, i, m., a Syracusam grandee, the father of Dion.—A som
of Dionysius the elder.
Hippo, ónis, m., a seaport towm of Numidia, mear Bona, im the modern
territory of Algiers.
Hippomicus, i, m., am Atheniam, the father-in-law of Alcibiades.
Hispánia, ae, f., Spaim, a large country in the southwest of Europe.
It is situated between 36° and 44° morth lat. ; and between 10°
west, and 3° east long. ; being about 700 miles long, and 500
miles broad. It is separated from France by the Pyrenees ; in
all other parts it is surrounded by the Atlantic and the Mediterra-
meam. Spain was divided by the Romans into Hispania Citerior
and Ulterior, Hither and Farther Spain. Augustus divided it into
three parts, Tarraconensis, Bætica, and Lusitania. Tarraconen-
sis comprehended all the north of Spain, from the Pyrenees to the
mouth of the Douro. The Southerm division was called Bætica,
from Bætis, the Guadalquivir, its principal river ; the western
region, comprehendimg Portugal, was called Lusitania.
Histiæus, i, m., a mative of Miletus, a colleague of Miltiades in the
command of the army which Darius, when setting out om his ex-
pedition against Scythia, left to guard his bridge over the Danube.
Homêrus, i, m., the first and greatest of epic poets, supposed to have
lived upwards of mine hundred years before the birth of Christ.
*The place of his mativity is unknown ; mot fewer tham sevem
illustrious cities contended for that honor, viz., Athens, Argos,
Rhodes, Salamis, Smyrna, Chios, and Colophon. His two prim-
cipal poems are the Iliad, in which he describes the war against
Troy ; and the Odyssey, in which he relates the wanderings of
the Greciam adventurers, and chiefly of Ulysses, in their return
home after Troy had fallem. -
Hortemsius, i, m., Q., a celebrated Romam orator, the contemporary,
the rival, yet the friend of Cicero.
Hystaspes, is, m., a noble Persiam, father of king Darius.
I.
Icètas, æ, m., a persom who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse
after the death of Dionysius. He was conquered by Timoleom.
Iónes, um, m., Ioniams, inhabitants of Ionia.
Iónia, æ, f., a country im the west of Asia Minor, On the shore of the
AEgeam sea, having Mysia On the morth and Caria on the south.
Iphicratensis, is, e, adj., of or pertaiming to Iphicrates.
Iphicrâtes, is, m., an Atheniam general, who distinguished himself by
the improvements which he introduced into military discipline,
and by his successes agaimst the Thracians and Lacedæmonians.
Ismenias, æ, m., a Thebam, who, along with Pelopidas, was taken
prisoner by Alexander, tyrant of Pheræ. -
Ister, ri, m., the name which the Danube assumes near its mouth.
This river, the largest in Europe, rises in Suabia, and flowing
fHISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC AL INDEX. 375
through Austria, Hungary, and Tartary, falls into the Euxine, or
Black sea, after a course of more than 1,300 miles.
Italia, æ, f., a celebrated country in the south of Europe, bounded o$
the north by Switzerland and Germany, On the morthwest by
Prance, and surrounded on its other sides by the Mediterraneam
and the Adriatic, or the Gulf of Venice. It is about 600 miles
in length, and 400 at its greatest breadth ; being situated between
38° and 47° morth lat., amd between 6° and 19° east Iong. from
Londom. It was known to the ancients by a variety of mames,
Ausonia, (Emotria, Saturmia, &c. ; amd was called by the Greeks
Hesperia, because it lay west of them, Before the time of Au-
gustus, that part of Italy to the morth of Maera and the Rubicon,
was &alled Gallia Cisalpina, and was divided by the Po into two
parts, called Cispadana amd Transpadana. The principal dis-
tricts of Italy Proper were Etruria, Umbria, Picenum, Latium,
or the district of Rome ; Campania, Samnium, Apulia, Calabria,
Lucania, and Brutii. The southerm part of Italy was colonized
by Greeks, and was hence called Magna Græcia.
Italicus, a, um, adj., of Italy, Italiam.
J.
Jamus, i, m., the god of the year, who presided over the gates of
heavem, and over peace and war. His temple was opem in time
of war, and shut in time of peace ; and during sevem humdred
years of the Romam commonwealth was shut only three times.
Jamus is generally representeû with two faces, with a key in his
right hand, because he presides Over gates amd avemues ; and
sometimes with the number 300 in ome hand, and 65 in the other,
to intimate that he presides over the year, the first month of
which bears his name.
Jason, önis, m., the son of Aeson, king of Iolcos, amd Alcimede, cele-
brated for his expedition to Colchis in quest of the goldem fleece.
—A tyrant of Thessaly, the ardent friend of Timotheus, to protect
whom, whem obliged to stand trial at Athens, Jason came from
Thessaly, at his own imminent hazard.
Julii, órum, m., an illustrious family at Rome. The most celebrated
person of this family, and indeed of all the Romans, was Julius
Cæsar, who abolished the republic, and established the imperial
form of govermment. -»
Juno, önis, f., the daughter of Saturn and Ops, sister and wife of
Jupiter, and queen of the gods. She is represented in a lony
robe and magnificent dress ; sometimes seated on a throne, with
a diadem om her head, and a goldem sceptre in her hand ; and
sometimes sitting or standing im a light car, drawn by peacocks,
attended by the Auræ, or nymphs of the air, and by Iris, the
goddess of the rainbow.
Junius, a, um, adj., belonging to the family of the Junii.
Jupiter, Jovis, m., the eldest son of Saturn and Ops. He was born
and educated im Crete ; and is said to have dethroned his father,
whose kingdom he divided with his brothers, so that he himself
obtained the domimiom of the heavens, the air, and the earth ;
376 }HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INI)EX.
Neptune, of the sea ; amd Pluto, of the infernal regions. Jupiter
is usually represented sittimg om an ivory throne, holding a sceptre
in his left hand, and a thunderbolt in his right, attended by an
eagle, and by Hebe, the daughter of Juno, and goddess of youth,
or the boy Ganymedes, his cup-bearer.
IL.
Labeo, önis, m., Quintus Fabius, a Romam consul in the year of the
city 571. It was during his consulship that Hammibal died.
Lacédaemon, önis, f., Lacedæmon, called likewise Sparta, the capital
of Laconia, a country im the Peloponnesus. > The inhabitants of
Sparta were the most powerful people in Greece, and the most
singular in their institutions; the tendency of which was to make
them despise all the luxuries of life, and to inure them to temper-
ance, hardships, and fatigue, and all the military virtues. They
scormed to have their city surrounded with walls, accounting their
valor their best security.
Lacédaemönius, a, um, adj., belonging to Lacedæmon, Lacedæmoniam.
Laco, ónis, m., an inhabitant of Lacomia, a Lacedæmoniam.
Laconica, or Laconia, æ, f., a country of Greece, in the Pelopommesus
Its chief city was Lacedæmon, or Sparta.
Iamáchus, i, m., an Atheniam, one of the colleagues of Alcibiades in
the command of the Syracusam expedition.
Lamprus, i, m., a celebrated Greek musiciam.
Lampsäcus, i, f., or um, i, m., a famous towm in Mysia, on the Helles
pont.
Laphystius, i, m., a factious Syracusan, who wished to bring himself
into notice by his opposition to Timoleon.
Lemnii, örum, m., inhabitants of Lemnos.
Lemnos, or us, i, f., now called Stalimeme, an island in the morth of
the Aegean sea, about 112 miles im circumference. It was sacred
to the god Vulcam, who alighted om the island when kicked out
of heaven by Jupiter.
Leonátus, i, m., one of the generals of Alexander, whose life he once
saved in battle. After the death of Alexander, he wished to
make himself master of Macedonia ; and endeavored, in vaim, tu,
gain over Eumenes to his designs. .
Leonidas, æ, m., a king of Sparta, who, with three humdred of his
countrymen, withstood for some time the whole army of Xerxes,
at the pass of Thermopylæ. Leonidas, with his heroic comrades,
were all Overpowered and slain ; and a monument was erected to
their memory on the spot where they fell, with this inscription :
í Strgnger, tell at Sparta, that we lie here in obedience to he,
aws.”
Leotychides, æ, m., a Spartan king, who defeated the Persiam fleet
amd army at Mycale, om the same day that they were overcome
in the famous battle of Platæa.—A som of Agis, king of Sparta,
who was the competitor of Agesilaus for the throne.
Lesbos, or us, i, f., now called Mitylene, an island in the Aegean sea,
to the morth of Chios; it was famous for its beauty and its exce].
ę.
TÎISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 377
Hent wine. This island was the birthplaee of Alcæus, the father
of lyric poetry.
Leucosyri, órum, m., the white Syrians, the ancient name of the
Cappadocians, and of the inhabitants of that part of Cilicia next
to Cappadocia. *.
Leuctra, örum, m., a town of Boeotia, mear which Epaminondas routed
the Spartans im a great battle.
Leuctricus, a, um, adj., of Leuctra.
Ligúria, æ, f., a country of Gallia Cispadana, in Italy, extending
from the War on the east of Savoy, to the Macra, mow the Magra,
om the borders of Etruria.
Ligus, or Ligur, üris, m., a native of Liguria. The Ligurians were
celebrated as marimers, and were chiefly employed in the Romam
mavy. £^» -
Longus, i, m., Tiberius, a Roman consul, who, alomg with his col-
league, Scipio, was defeated by Hannibal at Trebia.
Lucàni, órum, m., Lucamians, the imhabitants of Lucania.
Lucânia, æ, f., a country of Italy, extending from the gulf of Taren-
tum to the Tuscam sea, and forming the entrance of the foot of
the boot.
Lucretius, i, m., a celebrated Romam poet, who embraced the philo-
sophical temets of Epicurus, which he has beautifu]ly illustrated,
in a poem of six books, entitled, De Rerum Natura. He died in
the forty-fourth year of his age, about fifty-four years before the
Christiam era.
Lutatius. See Catulus.
Lucullus, i, m., Lucius, a Romam general, who distinguished himself
in the Mithridatic war, in which, however, he was superseded by
Pompey. Lucullus was a man of great wealth ; and was re-
markable for his love of splendor and magnificence.
Lusitáni, orum, m., Lusitanians, inhabitants of Lusitania.
Lusitánia, ae, f., one of the provinces of ancient Spain, co.aprehend-
ing Portugal.
Lydia, ae, f., called also Mæonia, a country of Asia Minor, to the east
of Ionia. Its capital was Sardis.
Lydii, òrum, m., Lydians, inhabitants of Lydia.
Lysander, ri, m., a celebrated Spartam general, who, in a decisive
battle at Ægos Potamos, in Thrace, ruined the Athenians—took
Athens after a siege of six months—and vested the government
in thirty men, known by the mame of the thirty tyramts. Ly-
sander mext endeavored to subvert the government of his own
country, but with less success. He fell in a battle against the
Thebans.
Lysimächus, i, m., am Atheniam, father of Aristides.—One of the gen-
erals of Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander, he
took possession of Thrace, and afterwards of Macedon. There
his cruelty rendered him so odious, that the greater number of his
subjects fled to Seleucus in Asia. Lysimachus pursued them
thither ; and was killed in a battle with Seleucus, in the eightieth
year of his age. &
Lysis, is, m., a native of Tarentum, who embraced the philosophy of
Pythagoras, in which he instructed Epaminondas,
—; 39*
378 JHISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
M.
Macédo, önis, m., a Macedoniam, a native of Macedonia. -
Macedónia, ae, f, a country of ancient Greece, having Epirus and
Thessaly to the south ; Thrace and Illyrium to the morth ; and
extending from the Adriatic to the Aegeam sea. This was the
paternal kingdom of Philip and Alexander.
Macrochir, ìris, Tor áros, m., long-handed, in Latin, Longimamus, a
surname of Artaxerxes. -
Machrontìchos, i, f., a town in the isthmus of the Thracian Cherso-
nese, where a wall was built across the isthmus by Miltiades,
Alc. vii.
Magnes, étis, m., am inhabitant of Magnesia.
Magnesia, æ, f., a districtof Asia Minor, watered by the Meamder.
Mago, òmis, m., a Carthaginiam general, son of Hamilcar and brother
of Hannibal. -
Mamercus, i, m., a tyrant of Catana, who, havimg gone to assist Dio-
nysius of Syracuse, was defeated by Timoleon.
Mandrocles, is, m., a general to whom Datames left the command of
the army when he revolted from Artaxerxes.
Mantinéa, æ, f., a city of Arcadia, mear which Epaminondas gained
his last victory, at the expense of his life.
Maráthom, ónis, f., a Small town of Attica, about ten miles mortheast
from Athens ; famous for the decisive victory which Miltiades,
with ten thousand Athenians, gaimed in the neighboring plain,
over the Persiam army of a humdred thousand mem, Milt. v.
Maróthómius, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Marathon.
Marcellus, i, m., Marcus Claudius, a celebrated Roman general, who,
in a war with the Gauls, killed with his owm hand Wiridomarus,
their king, amd thus obtained the spolia opima. He was soom
after sent to oppose Hannibal, in Italy, and by some successes
which he gaimed, convinced his coumtrymem that that formidable
general was not invincible. After â siege' of three years, he re-
duced Syracuse, them in alliance with the Carthaginians. He
was again opposed to Hammibal in Italy, and conducted the cam-
paign with great vigor and considerable success, till he fell into
an ambush laid for him by Hannibal, and perished, in his fifth
consulship amd the sixtieth year of his age.—A consul during
whose administration Hannibal is supposed to have died.
Mardonius, i, m., a noble Persiam, som-in-law to Darius. After the
defeat of Xerxes, at Salamis, Mardonius was left with an army
of three humdred thousand chosem mem, to complete the conquest
of Greece. He was baffled, however, in all his operations ; and
at last defeated and slain in the battle of Platæa.
Marius, i, m., a celebrated general ; was born at Arpinum, of meam
parents. He was employed in the Jugurthine war, first as the
lieutenant of Metellus ; and having by his insinuations and mag-
nificent promises, supplamted that general in the command, he
soon terminated the war, and by the treachery of Bocchus, got
Jugurtha into his hands. Upon his returm from Numidia, he was
gent against the Cimbri and Teutones, nations from the shores of
HISTOR1CAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 379
the Baltic, who had defeated seven Romam generals, amd threat-
emed to overrum all Italy. He defeated them with prodigious
slaughter. On this occasion he was contimued five years in the
consulship. A violent contest took place between Marius and
Sylla, for the honor of being chosen to oppose Mithridates, king of
Pontus, the greatest monarch of the east. Sylla prevailed, and
|Marius was obliged to flee for his life. Beingrecalled, however,
by Cinna, and created consul for the seventh'time, he took cruel
revenge om his ememies, and imumdated Rome with the blood of its
noblest citizens. Sylla, having defeated Mithridates, was hasten-
ing to retaliate om Marius for these enormities, but Marius died
before his return, in the seventieth year of his age.
Massagëtæ, àrum, m., a people of Scythia, to the east of the Caspiam
sea, beyond the Jaxartes.
Media, æ, f., a country of Asia, extending along the south of the Cas-
piam sea. Its capital was Ecbatana.
Medicus, a, um, adj., belonging to Media.
Medus, a, um, adj., of Media, subs., m., a Mede.
IMeneclìdes, is, m., a Theban, the opponent of Epaminondas.
Memeláus, i, f., a seaport town between Egypt and Cyrene ; here
Agesilaus died. «
Menestheus, eos, m., the son of Iphicrates, by the daughter of Cotus,
Κing of Thrace.
Messena, ae, Messeme, es, f., the capital of Messenia, a district of the
Peloponnesus. A colony from this city founded the town of
Messima in Sicily.
Micythus, i, m., a youth through whom Diomedon, by order of the
Persiam monarch, attempted to bribe Epaminondas.
Milesius, a, um, adj., of Miletus. *,
Miletus, i, f., a city of Ionia, On the comfines of Caria.
Miltiădes, is, m., an Atheniam general, who acquired immortal fame
by his patriotic valor, and especially by the victory which, at
the head of tem thousand Athenians, he gained on the plains of
Marathom, over the army of Darius, consisting of 100,000 men.
In consequence of his failure in an attack on the islamd of Paros,
his umgrateful countrymen suspected him of being in traitorous
correspondence with the Persians ; condemned him to pay a fine
of fifty talents ; and as he was unabie to discharge it, threw him
into prison, where he died.
Minerva, æ, f., the goddess of wisdom and of war ; said to have
sprumg from he brain of Jupiter, from which Vulcam released her
by cleaving her father's head with a blow of his axe. Minerva
was the inventress of spinning and weaving ; the patroness of
learning, and of the liberal arts. The olive was her favorite tree
She is generally represented as am armed virgim, beautiful but
stern, with azure eyes; having a helmet om her head, and a
plume nodding formidably in the air ; holding in her right hand a
spear, and in her left a shield covered with the skin of the goat
Amalthea, by which she was nursed; in the middle of her shield
was the head of the Gorgon Medusa, which turned every one
who looked at it into stome.
31inutius, i, m., Rufus, master of horse to Fabius Maximus, the dic-
380 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
tator. Minutius was as rash as Fabius was cautious ; and the
army, dissatisfied with the inactivity in which they were kept by
that able commander, took advantage of his absence at Rome to
procure the advancement of Minutius to equal authority with the
dictator. Minutius rashly hazarded a battle with Hannibal ; amd
it was only by the unexpected arrival of Fabius that his army
was saved from destruction. He acknowledged his error, and ever
after submitted implicitly to the directions of his commander. He
afterwards fell in the battle of Cannæ.---Rufus, consul at Rome
the third year after Hannibal was banished from Carthage.
Mithridâtes, is, m., king of Pontus, and the seventh of that mame,
was one of the most accomplished and warlike princes that ever
filled a throne. He was the inveterate ememy of the Romans,
of whom he ordered 80,000 to be massacred in one night through-
out his dominions. The Mithridatic war, which continued with
few im :ervals for thirty years, is one of the most important record-
ed in the anmals of Rome. It was successively carried on by
Sylla, Muræna, Lucullus, and Pompey. The latter forced Mith-
ridates, after mamy disasters, to take refuge in Scythia, where he
was meditating an invasion of Italy, in imitation of Hammibal,
when his army mutinied, and `transferred the command to Phar-
naces, his son. Seeing himself thus abandoned and betrayed by
his owm children, he terminated his life by poison. The joy which
his death occasioned at Rome was equal to the terror which his
arms had inspired. -
Mithrobarzänes, is, m., the father-in-law of Datames.
Mitylene, es, f., the capital city of the island Lesbos.
Mitylenaei, örum, m., the inhabitants of Mitylene.
Mnemom, önis, m., a surname givem to Artaxerxes om account of his re-
tentive memory.
Mocilla, ae, m., L. Julius, a Romam prætor, protected by Atticus after
the battle of Philippi.
Molossi, örum, m., the inhabitants of Molossis.
Molossis, ìdis, f., a district of Epirus, celebrated for a breed of dogs
remarkable for their size, fierceness, amd moisy barking.
Munychia, æ, f., one of the three ports of Athens.
Mutìna, ae, f., now Modena, a city in Gallia Cispadana, the capital of
the modern duchy of Modena. -
I\Iycále, es, f., a promontory of Ionia, opposite to the island Samos,
near which the Persians and their allies were defeated by Cimon.
Cim. ii.
Myus, untis, f., a town of Ionia, near the mouth of the Meander,
given by Artaxerxes to Themistocles, to furnish him with meat.
IN.
Naacus, or os, i, f, now Naxia, an islamd in the Ægeam sea, one of the
Cyclades, to the southeast of Delos. Naxos was fruitful im wine,
and therefore sacred to Bacchus.
Nectamèbes, is, or us, i, m., a king of Egypt, who formed an alliance
with Agesilaus, king of Sparta, and with his assistance quelled a
rebellion of his own subjects, and endeavored to defend himself
HISTORICAL AND GÉO GRAPHIC AL INDEX. 38fl
against the power of the Persians. He was at length subdued by
Darius, and Egypt became from that time tributary to Persia.
IWeocles, is, or us, i; m., an Atheniam, father of Themistocles.
Neontìchos, i, f., a fort in Thrace.
Neoptolémus, i, m., a relation and general of Alexander the Great.
After the death of Alexander, Neoptolemus received Armonia as
his province, amd being supported by Craterus, made war against
Eumenes, by whom he was killed in single combat.
Nepos, ötis, m., a Romam biographer and historiam, author of these
Lives of Eminent Commanders, was born at Hostilia, a village of
the Varonenses, on the Po. He was the intimate friend of Atticus
and Cicero ; and, like his other learned contemporaries, was much
patronised by the emperor Augustus. He published three books
of chronicles and some other historical works ; but mone of his
writings are now extant except the Lives of Eminent Com-
manders, and a few fragments of his other productions. Nepos
is deservedly admired for the purity of his style.
IVeptunus, i, m., the second son. of Saturn and Ops, who, in the di-
vision of his father's kingdom, after he was dethromed by Jupiter,
received the empire of the sea. He is generally represented hold-
img a trident in his hand, standing in a chariot of shells drawn
by sea-horses or dolphins, and attended by animals resembling
men in the upper part and fish in the under.
Nero, önis, m., Claudius, a Romam general, who intercepted Hasdrubal
while hastening from Spain with reinforcements to his brother
Hannibal. The mame of several of the Romam emperors, of whom
. the most infamous for cruelty was Nero Claudius Cæsar, adopted
by Claudius.
Nicànor, öris, m., a general, who was appointed governor of Athens
by Cassander.
Nicias, æ, m., an Atheniam general, who was the colleague of Alei-
biades in the Syracusam expeditiom. When Alcibiades fled from
the persecution of his enemies Nicias was left sole commander.
For Some time he conducted the siege with vigor and with consid-
erable success. But the Syracusans, reimforced by the Lacedæ-
monians, soon gained the advantage ; and after various disasters,
Nicias was obliged to surrender himself with his whole army. He
was put to death by the Syracusans. -
Nilus, i, m., the principal river yet known in Africa. It flows through
Abyssimia, Nubia, and Egypt, fertilizing the latter country by its
periodical inundations. These inundations are occasioned by the
rains which fall in Abyssinia. The waters begin to rise about
the middle of June, and continue for about forty or fifty days,
when they agaim gradually subside.
Nomentámus, a, um, adj., of Nomentum.
Nomentum, i, m., now Lâmentana, a town ofthe Sabines, nearthe Tiber
Nora, æ, f., now Nour, a strong fortress in Phrygia, On the confines
of Lycaonia amd Cappadocia.
Numidæ, arum, m., the inhabitants of Numidia.
Numidia, æ, f., a large kingdom in Africa, adjoining to the territories
of Carthage.
Nysaeus, i, m., the som of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse.
382 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC AL INDEX.
O.
Octáviámus, or Octávius, i, m., Octavius Cæsar, the nephew of Julius
Cæsar, the dictator. After the murder of his uncle he persecuted
the murderers with umrelenting vemgeance ; and in conjunction
with Lepidus and Antony organized that dreadful triumvirate,
by which was shed the blood of 300 senators and 200 knights.
Mutual jealousy produced a war between Oetavius and Antony ;
and the defeat of the latter left Octavius in the undisturbed pos-
session of the Romam empire. His reign was more wise amd mod-
erate tham might have been anticipated from the cruel and un-
warrantable measures by which it was acquired. He died at
Nola, A. D. 14, in the 76th year of his age, and 44th of his reign.
CEdipus, i, or ödis, m., the son of Laius and Jocasta, who unwittingly
killed his own father, and, im consequence of solving the riddle of
the Sphinx, became the king of Thebes, and the husband of his
mother. On discoverimg these circumstances, he, in excess of
agony, tore out his eyes,
Olympia, æ, f., a town of Elis, in Peloponnesus, where the Olympic
games were celebrated. In the temple of Jupiter, at Olympia,
was a beautiful statue of that god, fifty cubits high, executed by
Phidias, and reckomed one of the seven wonders of the world.
Olympias, ádis, f., the mother of Alexander the Great, in consequence
of her infidelity was repudiated by Philip, her husband, and, in
revenge, was accessary to his murder. After the death of her
som she usurped the government of Macedonia ; amd, to secure
her power, murdered Aridæus, amd his wife Eurydice, with Nica-
nor, and about 100 of the leading mem of Macedonia. She was
afterwards besieged in Pydna by Cassander ; and being forced to
surrender, was put to death by the relations of those whom she
had murdered. ¥
Olympias, ädis, f., the space of four years, the interval which elapsed
between the celebration of the Olympic games.
Olympiodörus, i, m., a musiciam who instructed Epaminondas in
IÌ] UlS1C. -
Olymthii, orum, m., the inhabitants of Olynthus.
Olynthus, i, f., a town amd republic of Macedomia.
Onomarchus, i, m., a person to whose care Amtigonus intrusted the
keepimg of Eumenes.
Orchoménii, orum, m., the inhabitants of Orchomenos.
Orchoménos, i, f. a town of Bœotia—another of Arcadia—amother of
Thessaly.
Orestes, æ, m., the son of Agamemnon, king of Argos, and Clytem-
nestra. In revenge for his father's murder, Orestes slew his mo-
ther and her paramour Ægisthus.
P.
Pactye, es, f., the name of a town on the Propontis, (Sea of Marmora,)
in the Thraciam Chersomese. •
Padus, i, m., (called by the poets Eridamus,) the Po, the largest river
**.
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 383
in Italy ; it rises in the south of Piedmont, and after a course of
480 miles, discharges itself into the Adriatic, or gulf of Vemice,
by four mouths.
Pamphylia, ae, f., a country in Asia Minor, to the northeast of Lycia,
om the shore of the Mediterraneam
Pandates, is, m., a confidential friemd of Datames, and keeper of the
treasury of Artaxerxes.
Paphlägo, ömis, m., a Paphlagoniam, a native of Paphlagonia.
Paphlägonia, æ, f., a country in Asia Minor, on the shore of the Black
sea, to the west of the Simus Amisenus, (gulf of Samsoum.)
Parætáca, ae, f., a country of Persia, on the confines of Media.
Parætáci, orum, m., inhabitants of Parætaca.
Paros, or us, i, f., one of the Cyclades islamds in the Aegeam sea,
famous for marble, the whitest im the world. *
Parius, a, um, adj., belonging to Paros.
Parii, ortum, m., inhabitants of Paros,
Patroclus, i, m., an illustrious Greciam chief, the companion and
beloved friend of Achilles, was killed by Hector at the siege of
Troy. Revenge for the death of his friend roused Achilles from
the inactivity in which, from resentment agaimst Agamemnon, he
had for sorme time continued. He rushed im fury to the field,
slew Heétor, and dragged his body three times round the walls of
Troy.
Paulus, i, m. See Æmilius.
Pausanias, ae, m., a Spartam general, who signalized himself by the
defeat of the Persians under Mardonius, in the battle of Platæa.
His ambitiom rising with his success, he proposed to betray his
country to Xerxes, om condition of receiving that monarch's
daughter in marriage. His treasonable correspondemce was dis-
covered, and he was starved to death in the temple of Minerva,
where he had takem refuge. It is said that his mother brought
the first stone to block up the doors of the temple.
Peducaeus, i, m., Sextus, a friend of Atticus.
Pelopidas, æ, m., a Thebam general, who restored the liberty of his
mative city, when oppressed by the Lacedæmonians ; and after-
wards, in concert with Epaminondas, exalted the power of Thebes
to a temporary superiority over the other Greciam states. He fell
in a battle against Alexander of Pheræ. •
Peloponnèsiìcus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Peloponnesus.
Peloponnésia, orum, m., the inhabitants of Peloponnesus.
Peloponnésus, i, f., a peninsula in the southern part of Greece, now
called the Morea. It is connected with the rest of Greece by the
isthmus of Corinth, about five miles in breadth. It was divided
into six regions or districts, Achaia, Elis, Messemia, Laconia, Ar-
cadia, and Argolis.
Perdiccas, æ, m., a favorite general of Alexander the Great. . Alex-
ander in his last moments gave Perdiccas his ring, thus seeming
to intimate that he wished him to be his successor. When, on
the divisiom of the empire among the different commanders, each
of them wished to make himself absolute, Perdiccas proposed to
subdue them one by one. For this purpose he entered into a
league with Eumenes, but was at last, after much bloodshed om
384 IIISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC AI, INDEX.
both sides, completely overpowered ; and while in Egypt was as-
sassinated in his tent by his own officers.
Pergâméni, orum, m., the inhabitants of Pergamus,
Pergámus, i, f., now ealled BERGAMo, a city of Mysia, the residemce
of king Eumenes, and the other Attalic princes.
Pericles, is, m., am illustrious Atheniam, who for 40 years held the
government of his native city, and was equally distinguished as a.
statesmam, a general, and an orator. Under his administration
the fine arts attained their perfectiom in Athens, and the city was
embellished with those splendid specimens of architecture, sculp-
ture, and painting, which have commanded the admiration of all
succeeding ages. Pericles was the father-in-law of Alcibiades.
Perinthus, i, f., the same as Heraclea, (now EREKLI,) a town of
Thrace, on the Propomtis.
Persæ, arum, m., Persians, inhabitants of Persia.
Persia, æ, f., or Persis, ìdis, a large country of Asia, which in its an-
cient state extended from the Hellespont to the Indus, above
2,800 miles, and from Pontus to the shores of Arabia, above
2,000 miles. As a province Persia was much smaller, being
boumded om the morth by Media, om the west by Elymais, om the
south by the Persiam gulf, and om the east by Carmania. The
Tersiam Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great, B. C. 561, and
terminated by Alexander, who conquered Darius, the last mon-
arch of Persia, B. C. 333. •
Persicus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Persia.
Peucestes, æ, m., a Macedoniam, who was commander of Alexander's
body-guard. In the general division of the empire after Alexan-
der's death, Peucestes received Persia as his kingdom.
Phaléreus, i, m. See Demetrius.
Phalereus portus, ealled also Phalerum, or Phalera, orum, the most
ancient of the three harbors Of Athens, and the mearest to the
city, but small and incommodious. -
Phalérìcus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Phaleream harbor.
Pharmabázus, i, m., a Persiam satrap, to whom Alcibiades fled for
refuge, and who basely betrayed that umfortunate Atheniam, at
the demand of Lysander.
Pherae, árum, f., a town of Thessaly, and the capital of the tyrant
Alexander ; a town of Laconia.
Pheraeus, a, um, adj., of Pheræ.
Phidias, æ, m., (1,) a celebrated statuary of Athens in the age of
Pericles. (2,) A friend of Atticus.
Philinus, i, m., a mative of Agrigentum, who fought under Hamnibal
agaimst the Romans.
Philippensis, is, e, adj., of Philippi,
Philippi, orum, m., a town of Macedonia, north from the island Tha-
§os, where Brutus and Cassius were defeated in a decisive battle
by Antony and Octavius.
Ehilijpus, i, m., king of Macedonia, and father of Alexander the
Great. He was the fourth som of Amyntas, amd received his edu-
catiom in the house of Epaminondas of Thebes. His ambitiom
was scarcely inferior to that of his son ; and by the extension of
his power in Greece, and the admirable discipline which he in-
HISTORICAL ÅND GEOGRAPHIC ÄL ÎNI)EX. 385
άroduced into the Macedoniam army, he paved the way for the
conquests of Alexander. He was stabbed by a young man of the
name of Pausanias, as he was celebratimg the nuptials of his
daughter Cleopatra ; and it was suspected that the murder was
instigated by his wife Olympias.
Philippus, i, m., the last king of Macedonia of that name, was son of
Demetrius. In his infancy Antigonus seized on his throne and
reigned twelve years, on whose death Philip recovered his rights,
and distinguished himself by his war against the Romans. At last,
however, he was completely conquered, and obliged to accept of
peace on terms disadvantageous to his kingdom and degrading to
his dignity. After having the latter years of his life embittered
by dissensioms in his family, he died in the 42d year of his reign,
B. C. 179. v.
Philistus, i, m., a Syracusam, who wrote a history of Sicily in twelve
books.
Philöcles, is, m., an Athemiam commander, who, through jealousy, re-
jected the advice of Alcibiades, and was, in consequence, defeated
by Lysander at Aegos Potamos.
Philocrătes, is, m., a Syracusam, brother to Dion.
Philostrátus, i, m., a Syracusam, brother of Diom.
B hociom, ónis, m., am Atheniam, contemporary with Demosthenes,
alike distinguished by his private and public virtues. He with-
stood the attempts of Philip to take possession of Eubœa ; and
with still nobler heroism, rejected the liberal offers by which that
crafty monarch endeavored to lull asleep his patriotism. After
performing the most signal services to his country, and by his
umbending integrity meriting the honorable appellation of Good,
he was suspected by his ungrateful countrymen of partiality to
their ememies ; and whem upwards of 80 years of age was con-
demned to die by poison.
Phaebidas, ae, m., a Lacedæmoniam general who seized the citadel of
Thebes Though the Lacedæmonians affected to condemm this
aggressiom, and evem imposed on Phoebidas a heavy penalty, yet
they retained the citadel till their garrisom was expelled by Pelo-
pidas.
Phœnices, um, m., the inhabitants of Phœnice. -
Phœnice, es, f., Phœnicia, a country in Syria, of which Tyre and
Sidon were the principal towns.
Phrygia, æ, f., an extensive country in Asia Minor, divided into
Phrygia Magna and Phrygia Minor ; the latter of which was
also called the Troas. The inhabitants of Phrygia were called
Phryges.
Phyle, es, f, a strong fort in Attica, about twelve miles and a half
northeast from Athens.
Piraeus, i, m., the principal port of Athens. It was fortified with a
wall, which included both the city and harbor,—about sevem
miles amd a half in length, amd sixty feet in height. The thick-
mess of this wall was greater tham the space occupied by two
wagons. • •* . *. -
Pisander, ri, m,, a Spartam commander during the Peloponnesiam
Wag, whom the Lacedæmonians intrusted with a large fleet for
386 : EIISTORIC AJL ÀNID GEOGRAPHIC ÄL INIDEX.
the purpose of overwhelming Conom, whose influence with the
Persiam monarch alarmed their jealousy. Am engagememt took
place in which the Lacedæmonians were defeated, and Pisander,
their admiral, was killed.
Pisidae, arum, m., the inhabitants of PISIDIA, a mountainous country
in Asia Minor, to the south of Phrygia.
Pisistrátus, i, m., an Atheniam, a kinsmam of Solom the founder of the
Athenian government. Pisistratus, by patronising the poor, and
by other artful schemes, obtained the supreme power in Athens,
B. c. 560, which he held for thirty years, and transmitted to his
sons Hippias and Hipparchus. At length two patriotic friends,
Harmodius and Aristogiton, burning with indignation at the op-
pressiom of the tyrants, and particularly ineensed by an insult
which Hipparchus had offered to the sister of Harmodius, re-
solved to restore the liberty of their country, which they happily
effected. B. c. 510.
Pittăcus, i, m., a native of the island of Lesbos or Mitylene, alad one
of the seven wise men of Greece. After freeing his country from
the tyranmy of Melanchrus, and from the invasion of the Athe-
nians, he was chosen by his grateful countrymen governor of
their city. He retained the government for tem years, when he
voluntarily resigned it, because he found the power and influence
of a sovereign incompatible with the innocence and virtues of
private life.
Platæa, ae, or æ, árum, f., a fortified towm in Bœotia, mear which the
Persians, under Mardonius, were defeated, in a great battle, by
the Greeks, commanded by Aristides and Pausanias.
Platæenses, ium, m., the inhabitants of Platæa.
Plato, ónis, m., an Atheniam philosopher, the most celebrated of the
disciples of Socrates, and the most accomplished and eloquent of
the Greeks.
Poecile, es, f., a portico at Athens, adorned with various emgravings
amd pictures, where Zeno the philosopher used to waik and
teach ; hence his followers were called Stoics, from the Greek
word stoa, a porch.
Poenus, i, m., a Carthaginiam, a mative of Carthage.
Polybius, i, m., a native of Arcadia, who wrote the history of the
Greeks and Romans, in forty books, of which only seventeem are
preserved. .*
Polymnus, i, m., a Theban, father of Epaminondas.
Polysperchom, ontis, m., ome of the generals of Alexamder the Great.
Antipater, at his death, appointed him governor of Magedonia, in
preference to his own som Cassander,—a preference, of which the
cruelty and incapacity of Polysperchom proved him to be very
unworthy.
Pompeius, i, m., Cneius, surnamed Magnus, for his great exploits,
was one of the most illustrious generals that ever appeared in
Rome. The rivalship between Pompey and Julius Cæsar was
the cause of that civil war which terminated in the elevation of
Cæsar to absolute power, under the name of Perpetual Dictator
Pompey was finally defeated in the great battle of Pharsalia, and
was assassinated in his flight to Egypt,
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INIDEX, 387
Pompönius Titus. See Atticus.
Pontus, i, f., a large country of Asia Minor, whieh extended along the
Euxine sea from Colchis to the river Halys.
Procles, is, or us, i, m., son of Aristodemus and Argia, and twin
brother of Eurysthenes. The continual dissensions between the
two brothers, both of whom sat om the throne of Sparta, were
transmitted to their descendants. -
Propontis, idis, f., the Sea of Marmora, between the Hellespont,
now the Dardanelles, and the Thracian Bosphorus, now the
straits of Constantinople. - ..
Proserpina, æ, f., the daughter of Ceres amd Jupiter, was carried off
by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the vale of Enna in
Sicily, and thus became queem of the infernal regions.
Prusias, æ, m., a king of Bithynia, to whose court Hannibal fled for
refuge. The Romans heard of the Carthaginian's retreat, and
insisted that Prusias should deliver him into their hamds. See
Hammibal.
Ptolemæus, i, m., the mame of the Egyptian kings, after the death of
Alexander the Great.
Publius, i, m., a prænomen common among the Romans.
Pydna, ae, f., a town of Pieria in Macedonia.
Pylaemêmes, is, m., a native of Paphlagonia, who went to the Trojan
war, and was slain by Patroclus, according to Cornelius Nepos ;
but according to Homer, by Menelaus
Pyrenæus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Pyrenees, mountains
which separate France from Spain.
Pyrrhus, i, m., a celebrated king of Epirus, who, being invited by the
Tarentimes into Italy, for some time waged war successfully
against the Romams, but was at last defeated by Curius.
Pythagöras, æ, m., a native of Samos, a celebrated philosopher, founder
of the sects called Pythagoræi, Pythagoreans.
Pythia, æ, f., the priestess of Apollo at Delphi, who delivered the
oracles under the supposed inspiration of the god. Apollo himself
was called Pythias from having slain the serpent Pythom ; hemce
his priestess was mamed Pythia.
Q.
Quirìmus, i, m., the name given to Romulus, the founder of Rome,
after he was ranked among the gods, either from quiris, a spear,
or Cures, a city of the Sabines.
Quirimàlis, is, e, adj., of or pertaining to Romulus; Mons Quirimus,
now Monte Cavallo, one of the hills on which Rome was built,—
so called from a temple of Quirinus, or Romulus, which stood om it.
E.
Rhodănus, i, m., a large and rapid river, which rises among the Hel-
vetiam Alps in Switzerland, passes through the lake of Geneva,
amd entering the territories of France, is joined by the Saône, the
388 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEx.
ancient Arar ; after which it takes a southern directiom, and falls
into the Mediterranean sea at Marseilles.
IRhodii, orum, m., the Rhodians, inhabitants of Rhodus.
IRhodus, or os, i, f., a celebrated island in the Aegeam sea, om the
coast of Lycia. It was remarkable for the purity of its atmo-
sphere ; and was supposed to be peculiarly favored by Phoebus, the
god of the Sun. The colossal statue of Phoebus, made of brass,
was the principal curiosity which it had to boast of. It was the
work of Chares, a native of the island ; and was about 105 feet
high. Rhodes was famous in ancient times for its power by sea.
It is about 125 miles in circumference.
Roma, æ, f., the principal city of Italy, and long mistress of the
world, was founded by Romulus, about 753 years before the
Christiam era. It was built om sevem hills, called the Palatine,
the Coeliam, the Janiculum, the Aventine, the Viminal, Quirinal,
and Esquiline hills. Concerning the extent of this city, authors
are not agreed ;—Pliny says, that its circumference was twenty
miles ; and it is said to have contained four millions of inhabitants,
—a populatiom three times greater than that of Londom. It had
644 towers om its walls, of which 300 remain ; and 37 gates.
Perhaps nothing in Rome was more remarkable than its aque-
ducts, which conveyed water from the distamce of mamy miles,
and were carried over valleys, supported by brick arches, reared
at a prodigious expense. At the foot of the Capitoline hill was
the forum, or place of public business ; between the Palatine and
Aventine hills, the Circus Maximus, a mile im circumferemce ;
and along the Tiber, the Campus Martius, where the Comitia
were held, and where the youth performed their exercises.
Fomámi, órum, m., the Romans, inhabitants of Rome.
Romámus, a, um, adj., of Rome, Romam.
Romülus, i, m., was the grandson of Numitor, king of Alba, who had
beem supplanted by his brother Amulius. To prevent any dis-
turbamce from the family of Numitor, the usurper caused his sons
to be destroyed, and made his daughter Rhea Silvia, or Ilia, a
vesta] virgin. Ilia, however, became the mother of twin sons,
whose father, she pretended, was the god Mars. Being exposed
by order of Amulius, the infants were saved and brought up by a
shepherd. When they grew up, having discovered the secret of
their birth, they slew Amulius, and reinstated Numitor om the
throne. They mext resolved to build a city in the place where
they had been brought up. To determine which of them should
have the honor of founding the city, they had reeourse to omens,
which proved favorable to Romulus. Remus was soon after
Rilled, as he leaped in derision over his brother's walls. Romulus,
invested with the sovereignty of the mew city, greatly extended
its territory by conquest ; amd growing insolent and oppressive
through success, he was put to death by the senators, after a
reign of thirty-seven years. The senators gave out that he had
been takem up to heaven ; and he was thenceforth worshipped a$
a god under the name of Quirimus.
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAI. INDEX. 389
S.
Sabini, örum, m., the Sabines, an ancient people of Italy, whose terri-
tories lay in the meighborhood of Rome. Soon after the founda-
tion of that city, a fieree war took place between the Sabines and
the Romans. It terminated by the uniom of the two nations; the
Sabines were incorporated with the citizens of Rome, amd their
king Tatius shared the sovereignty with Romulus.
Saguntüm, or us, i, n., or f., now called Murviedro, a city of Valentia,
in Spaim, a city extremely faithful in its alliance with Rome.
The siege of this town by Hannibal was the cause of the second
Eunic War.
Salämis, or in, ìmis, or Salamina, ae, f., now Colouri, an island in the
Saronic gulf, (gulf of Ægina,) not far from Athens, famous for the
victory which ihe combiùed fleet of Greece gained, chiefly by the
skilful conduct of Themistocles, over that of Xerxes.
Salamìnius, a, um, adj., of Salamis. -
Samnos, or us, i, f., an island in the Ægean sea, opposite to Mount
Mycäle, om the coast of Ionia ; about 100 miles in circumferemce,
famous for its wine amd earthenware, but more famous as being
the native country of the philosopher Pythagoras. •
Samothrácia, ae, f., Samothrace, now Samothraki, an island in the
Ægean sea, vpposite to the mouth of the Hebrus in Thrace, thirty-
two miles in circumference.
Sardis, is, or Sardes, ium, f., the chief city of Lydia, situated at the
foot of Mount Tmolus, om the river Pactolus.
Sardinia, æ, f., am island in the Mediterraneam, west from Italy, be-
tween 36° amd 41° north Iatitude, and between 8° and 10° east
Iongitude, about 170 miles long, and 90 miles broad. Its climate
was unhealthy, but its soil fertile ; and it was considered one of
the Romam granaries. It is separated from Corsica by a strait,
called anciently, taphros, or fossa, now the Straits of Bonifacio,
about seven miles broad.
Sardiniensis, is, e, adj., of Sardinia.
Saufeius, i, m., Lucius, a friend of Atticus, who spent many years
with him at Athems, devoted to the study of philosophy.
Scipio, önis, m., the name of am illustrious family in Rome, of whom
the most distinguished were Publius Cornelius Scipio, surmamed
the Elder Africanus, who first revived the drooping hopes of his
countrymen, after the fatal battle of Cannæ, and by transferring
the war into Africa, obliged the Carthaginians to recall Hammibal,
over whom he gained a decisive victory at Zama, and thus com-
pelled the Carthaginians to sue for peace ; and Publius Æmilianus
Scipio, the younger Africamus, who took the city of Carthage,
and in conformity with the severe maxim of Cato, delenda est
Carthago, razed it to the ground.
Scismas, or rather Sysimas, æ, m., the elder son of Datames, be-
trayed his father to Artaxerxes.
Scyros, or us, i, f., an island in the Aegeam sea, to the east of Eu-
bœa, or Negropont.
Scytha, or es, ae, m., a Scythiam, a mative of Scythia.
33*
390 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Scythia, ae, f., a vast tract of country In the morth of Europe and
Asia, umexplored by the ancient Greeks and Romans.
Scythissa, ae, f., a woman of Scythia
Seleucus, i, m., one of Alexander's generals, who was distinguished
by the epithet of Nicator the Victorious. In the partition of
Alexander's conquests, after his death, Babylon was allotted to
Seleucus. He enlarged his dominions by the conquest of Media,
and several of the meighboring provinces; and founded the city
of Antioch in Syria. He was murdered by Ptolemy Ceraumus, a
Anam on whom he had conferred many important favors.
Sema, æ, f., a town of Picenum, in Italy, mear the mouth of the river
Mysus.
Servilia, ae, f., a sister of Cato of Utica, and mother of Marcus Brutus.
Sestos, or us, i, f., a town in the Thraciam Chersonesus, On the Helles-
pont, opposite to Abydos.
Seuthes, is, m., a king of the Thracians, in the time of Alcibiades.
Sicilia, æ, f., Sicily, an islamd in the Mediterrameam sea, at the south-
ern extremity of Italy, from which it is separated by the Fretum
Siculum, the Straits of Messima. It extends from 36° 35' to
380 25' north latitude, and from 12° 50' to 16° 5' east longitude ;
its greatest length being 210 miles, its breadth 133, and its cir-
cumference 820. Sicily, on account of its fertility, was consid-
ered the principal gramary of the Romans.
Sicúli, orum, m., the Sicilians, inhabitants of Sicily.
Sicùlus, a, um, adj., of Sicily, Sicilian.
Sigæum, i, n., a town, port, and promontory of Troas, in Asia Minor,
not far from Troy.
Silénus, i, m., a Carthaginiam historiam, who wrote am account of the
affairs of his country im the Greek language ; he is sometimes
called Philinus.
Socrătes, i, m., a native of Athens, the most celebrated philosopher of
antiquity for wisdom and virtue. His opposition to the Sophists,
whose false pretensions to science he despised and ridiculed, ex-
cited their implacable hatred ; and by them he was charged be-
fore the judges of Athens, with introducing mew divinities and
corrupting the youth. His innocence and worth were unable to
protect him against their machimations; and he was condemned
to die by drinking the juice of hemlock. During the interval be-
tween his sentence and death, he displayed the greatest fortitude
and magnanimity ; and refused to avail himself of the meams
which his friends had procured for his escape. He drank the
poison without emotion, supported by the consciousness of his in-
nocence and the hope of immortality.
Socrăticus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Socrates.
Sophrosyne, es, f., a daughter of Dionysius the elder.
Sosilus, i, m., a Spartam historiam, the friend of Hannibal, and his in-
structor in the Greek language.
Sosius, i, m., a Romam consul, in the year when Atticus died.
Sparta, æ, f., the capital of Laconia. See Lacedaemon.
Spartáni, örum, m., the Spartans, inhabitants of Sparta.
Strymon, önis, m., a river forming the ancient boumdary between
HISTORIC AL ANI) GlE0GRAPHICAL INDEX. 39 i
Macedonia and Thrace, and flowing into the Sinus Strymonicus,
the Gulf of Contessa. -
§ulla, or Sylla, æ, m., a Romam nobleman, of the family of the
Scipios. He served his first campaigm under Marius, and, while
his quæstor in Numidia, got Jugurtha into his possession, through
the treachery of Bocchus. Sylla became afterwards the rival
amd deadly enemy of Marius, and their contentions deluged Rome
with blood. On returning from the Mithridatic war, Sylla over-
came all his opponents, and caused himself to be created per-
petual dictator. He them set om foot a proscriptiom of his enemies,
by which he confiscated their effects, and set a price On their
heads, Thousands were thus massacred ; but after governing
with wantom tyranny for near three years, Sylla unexpectedly
resigned his power, amd died soon after of the morbus pedicvlaris,
or lousy disease.
Sullámus, a, um, adj., of Sulla. -
&ulpitius, i, m., the mame of am illustrious family im Rome. The
persons of this mame mentioned by Nepos, are Publius Sulpitius,
who was consul in the time of Hannibal, after the conclusion of
the second Punic War. (2,) A historiam who wrote am account
of the exploits of Hannibal. (3,) Publius Sulpitius, a tribune of
the people, and an associate of Marius, who was proscribed and
murdered by the adherents of Sylla.
Sylla. See Sulla. •
syracùsæ, árum, f., Syracuse, the ancient capital of Sicily, feunded
by a colony from Corinth. It attained a great degree of splendor,
and became so large a city, that the circuit of its walls was about
twenty-two miles and a half. It is famous im Greciam history for
the obstinate amd successful resistamce which it made, when be-
sieged by the Athemians under Nicias.
Syracusáni, órum, m., inhabitants Of Syracuse, Syracusans.
Syracusánus, a, vm, adj., Syracusam, of Syracuse.
Syria, ae, f, a large and celebrated country of Asia, extending from
Cilicia and Mount Amanus, to Arabia and Egypt, between the
Mediterraneam amd the Euphrates. *.
Sysamithres, æ, m., ome of the persons sent by Pharnabazus to murder
Alcibiades.
T.
Tachus, a, m., a king of Egypt whom Agesilaus assisted in his war
against Artaxerxes, king of Persia. •
Taenárus, or os, i, m., a promontory of Laconia, now Cape Matapam,
the most southerm point of Greece.
Tamphilus, i, m., a Roman coi\sul, the colleague of Cethegus, in the
year when, according to Sulpitius, Hannibal died.
Tarentìnus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Tarentum.
Tarentum, i, m., now Tarento, am ancient city of Calabria, om the .
Simus Tarentinus, Gulf of Tarento, in the sGuth of Italy ; it was
foumded by a colony of Lacedæmonians.
£'aurus, i, m., Mount Taurus, an extemsive and lofty ridge of moum-
tains in Asia, stretching eastward frona Caria and ILycia,
392 fHISTORIC Α L ÀNTJ GEOGRAPHIC ÄIL INIDEX.
Terentius, i, m., Varro, a Romam consul, defeated by Hannibal ira
Apulia.
Teribázus, i, m., a goyernor of Sardis, by whom Conon was thrown
into prison.
Thachus, or Tachus, i, m., a king of Egypt, who was assisted by the
Greeks in his war against Artaxerxes Ochus, king of "Persia.
Agesilaus, the Spartam commander, afterwards deserted him, amé
went over to his ememy and rival, Nectamebus.
Thasos, or us, i, f., now Thapso, an island in the morth of the Ægean
sea, near the mouth of the Nessus in Thrace ; it abounded in wine
and beautiful marble. Ets inhabitants wege called Thasii.
Thebání, órum, m., Thebans, inhabitants of Thebæ.
Thebae, árum, f., Thebes, the capital of Bœotia, built by Cadmus, the
Phœniciam, from whom the citadel was called Cadmea.
Themistöcles, is, m., a celebrated Atheniam, the contemporary and
rival of Aristides. By defeating the Persian fleet near Salamis,
he freed Greece from the terror of the invasiom of Xerxes ; by re-
building the walls of the Piræus, amd augmenting the navy o?
Athens, he wrested from the Lacedæmonians the empire 9f the
sea, and rendered his yative eountry the first power of Greece.
Yet his countrymen, with their characteristic ingratitude, com-
demned him to exile ; and after having in vain sought a place
of refuge among the states of Greece, he fed to the court of the
Persiam monarch Artaxerxes, whose father he had defeated, and
whose fleets he had destroyed. Artaxerxes received him with
'distinguished respect; amd assigned him for his maintenance the
yevenues of three cities. But whem the king prepared to make
war against Greece the patriotism of Themistocles returmed in al!
its vigor ; and to save himself from the necessity of rebelliom on
the one hamad, and ingratitude om the ether, he terminated his life
by drinking bull's blood. »
Theopompus, i, m., a mative of the island Chios, who attained distin-
guished reputation as am orator and historiam. He was a pupil of
Isocrates ; and carried Off the prize of Oratory on One occasion
when his master was his competitor. Only fragments of his com-
positions now remain.
Theramêmes, is, mn., am Atheniam general in the days of Alcibiades.
He was one of the thirty tyrants whom Lysander set over Athens ;
but by resisting the eruelties and oppressiom of Critias and his
other colleagues he incurred their resentment, and was condemned
to die by drinking the juice of hemlock.
Thermopylæ, àrum, f., a celebrated pass between Greece Proper and
Thessaly—formed by Mount CEta, which here terminated in a
precipice, and the Sinus Maliacus, or Malian gulf. This pass
was only sixty paces broad, and was justly considered the key oí
greece : it was here that Leonidas, with a small body of Greeks,
withstood for Some time the whole army of Xerxes. See Leo-
midas.
Thessalia, ae, f., a country of Greeee, between Macedomia and Greece
Proper, havimg Epirus On the west and the Aegean sea om the east.
Thraces, um, m., Thracians, inhabitants of Thracia.
Thracia, ae, f., Thrace, now Romamia, or Romelia, a large country τω
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 393
the southeast of Europe, bounded om the morth by Mount Hæmus,
vwhich separated it from Mæsia, on the east by the Euxine sea,
the Thraciam Bosphorus, or Straits of Constantinople, the Pro-
pontis, or Sea ef MaTmora, and the Hellespont or Dardanelles ;
on the south by the AEgeam sea ; and on the west by Macedonia,
from which it was separated by the river Strymon.
?Thrasybùlus, i, ^n., a celebrated Atheniam, who, aided at first by only
thirty friends, undertook and accomplished the expulsion of the
thirty tyrants whom Lysander had set over Athens. He after-
wards recovered the power of the Athenians in the Ægean sea
and On the coast of Asia. He was killed in his camp by the in-
habitants of Aspendus, whom his army had plundered without his
Knowledge. «
?Thucydides, is, m., an Atheniam historiam of great celebrity. The
pleasure which he felt on hearing some of the works of Herodotus
read excited his emulatiom, amd he resolved to attempt the same
line of composition. He chose for his subject the war between
the Athenians and Peloponmesians, of mamy of the transactions
of which he had beem an eye-witness. His narration is remark-
able for its fidelity ; and his style for a conciseness bordering some-
times on the obscure.
?`hurii, örum, m., or Thuriæ, àrùm, f., or Thurium, i, m., a city of
Lucania, in Italy. -
?Thyus, i, m., a satrap of Paphlagonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes.
Tiber, or Tibèris, is, contracted Tibris, or Tybris, m., the river Tiber,
on which Rome was situated. It rises among the Apennines, and
falls into that part of the Mediterranean which was called the
Tyrrheae sea, about twelve miles below Rome.
Tiberius, i, m., Longus, a Romam consul, defeated by Hannibal at
Trebia.—Claudius Drusus Nero, the son of Livia, and adopted
son of Augustus, whom he succeeded as emperor of Rome. Tibe-
rius was infam6us for his dissimulation, cruelty, and debauchery.
?Timæus, i, m., a Siciliam historian, who flourished about 260 years B. c.,
and died in the 96th year of his age. None of his writings are
extant.
?Timoleon, omtis, m., a celebrated Corinthiam, who rescued Syracuse
from the tyranny of Dionysius ; and having settled the govern-
ment of that city, resigned his power. He died at a great age,
universally regretted by the Syracusans ; and was buried in the
Timoleonteum.
Timoleonteum, i, m., a gymnasium, or school of military exercises,
vwhich Timoleon instituted at Syracuse.
Timophänes, is, m., a Corinthiam, brother to Timoleon. He attempted
to make himself tyrant of Corinth ; to prevent which Timoleon,
after having endeavored in vain to comvince him of the impro-
priety of his conduct, caused him to be assassinated.
Timotheus, i, m., an Athenian general, son of Conon, He took Cor-
cyra, and distinguished himself by his vietories over the Thebans ;
but his countrymem, offended by the failure of the expedition
against Samos, through the rashness of his colleague Chares, con-
demned Timotheus to pay a heavy fine.—He retired to Chalcis,
where he died.
394 HISTORIC Α L ÄN D GEOGRAPHIC ÄIL ÎNI)EX.
Tisagöras, æ, m., a brother of Miltiades, who pleaded the cause of
that general, whem impeached by his jealous and umgrateful coun-
trymen for his failure at Paros. «- •-
Tissaphernes, is, m., a satrap of Persia, who commanded the forceg
of Artaxerxes when attacked by Cyrus, im the battle of Cunaxa.
Por the victory which he them gained he obtained the daughter o£
Artaxerxes in marriage ; but on being afterwards defeated by
Agesilaus he was accused of treachery, and put to death by Order
of the king.
Tithraustes, æ, m., a Persiam satrap, who suceeeded Tissaphernes ir;
the favor of Artaxerxes.
Titus, i, m., a common prænomen among the Romams.
Thrasymenus, or Trasimemus, i, m., £he lake of Perugia, in Etruria,
mear which Hammibal defeated the Romans for the third time,
under the consul Flaminius.
Torquâtus, i, m., L. Manlius, a Romam- consul, digtinguished as being
ome of the friends of A£ticus.
Trebia, æ, f., a river of Gallia Cispadana, rising in the Apennines,
and running past Placentia into the Po. Near this river Hanniba!
defeated the Romans the second tiaae, under the consul Sempro-
Ì¥IUlS.
Troas; ádis, f., the territory of Troy, in Asia, called also Phrygia
% III OI'.
Trœzen, émis, or ème, es, f., mow Damala, a city of Argolis, in the
Peloponnesus.
Troicus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Troy, Trojan.
Tuscùlum, i, m., now called Frescati, a towym of Latium, situated on
the declivity of a hill, about twelve miles from Rome. -
U.
Utica, ae, f., now Satcor, a towyn of Africa Propria, in the modern
kingdom of Tunis, at the mouth of the river Bagrada. After the
destruction of Carthage, Utica was the capital of the country. A£
this place Cato, having vainly opposed for some time the power of
Cæsar, slew himself in despair, and is thenee called Cato Uticensis.
V.
Valeriutg. See Flaccus.
lVarro. See Terentius.
IVenusia, ae, f., a town of Apulia, om the eonfines of Lucania, the
birthplace of the poet Horace.
Vettónes, or Vectönes, um, m., a nation of hither Spain, adjoining to
the Celtiberi.
Virgilius, i, m., Publius Maro, the prince of Latin poets, was born at
- Andes, near Mantua, about seventy years before Christ. His
great work is the Æneid, am epic poem, written, as some suppose,
at the request of Augustus, and intended as complimentary to the
Romam nation, and particularly to the family of the Cæsars. His
Eclogues delight us by their graceful simplicity and delicacy of
$entiment ; and his Georgics may be pronounced one of the mos?
HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 395
finished poems to be found in amy lamguage. Virgil enjoyed the
friemdship of Mæcenas and the emperor Augustus.—He died at
Brundusium, in the 51st year of his age,
Volumnius, i, m., superintendent of Antony's workmem.
Vulso, ónis, m., Cn. Manlius, a Romam consul, who was governor of
Asia, and triumphed over the Galatiams. Hannibal wrote a his-
tory of his exploits.
* X.
Xemöphom, iis, m., a mative of Athens, celebrated as a general, a
philosopher, and historian. In the first capacity he distinguished
himself by the ability with which he conducted the retreat of the
10,000 Greeks who had served in the army of the younger Cyrus,
after the fatal battle of Cunaxa, amd the death of their leader,
Clearchus ; as a philosopher, he is universally admired for the
beautiful account which he has givem of the doctrines of his mas-
ter, Socrates ; and his history of the educatiom and life of Cyrus
the elder, and of the expeditiom of Cyrus the younger, with the
retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, are imperishable monuments of his
talents as a historiam. He died at the age of mimety years.
Xerxes, is, m., son of Darius Nothus, king of Persia, famous in his-
tory for his invasiom of Greece with an army of 2,100,000 mem,
and a fleet of 1,327 vessels. This immense armament was defeat-
ed and mearly annihilated by the skill and valor of the Greeks.
Z.
Zacynthii, örum, m., Zacynthians, inhabitants of Zacynthus.
Zacynthus, i, f., now called Zante, an island of Greece, opposite to
the bottom of the Corinthiam gulf, or gulf of Lepanto.
Zama, æ, f., a town of Africa, near which Hammibal was defeated by
Scipio.
I N D E X.
The first numeral refers to the chapter ; the second to the para-
graph ; the third to the mumber of the question.—S. means, that
the Synonymes are distinguished in the answer referred to.]
A before the mame of persoms
implying a causal relation.
Milt. 2, [3], 10.
Ab before consonants. Milt. 1,
[5].
Abdere — in with acc. amd abl.
Alc. 9, [1].
Abl. = i n c o n s e q u e n c e 0 f.
Com. 3, [1], 1, 2.
without a preposition be-
fore totus, whem the whole
eactensiom is to be expressed.
Præf. [5], 1 ; Iphicr. 2, [3],
3; magno and in m a g n o p e-
r i c u l o e s s e, v e r s a r i,
&c. Diom, 8, [2].
— of c a u s e. Milt. 7, [5],
3 ; of the person by whose
m e a m s or á n s t r u m e m t a-
l i t y. Dion, 5, [5], 1, 2.
Abstinentia (S.) Arist. 1, [2] ;
Ac = * but' after a megative.
Them. 3, [1], 5.
Accedere construed. Them. 4,
[1], 2; 7, [2].
Accidit (S.) Milt. 1, [1], 27.
Accredere. Dat. 3, [3].
Acc. of nouns of the third. Cim.
2, [2].
— without * in' before the name
of an islamd. Milt. 1, [1], 29.
Accusativus plur. tertiæ declem.
in is. Milt. 4, [1] ; in a in
34
singul. tert. decl. Milt. 4, [2];
in im. Cim. 2, [2].
Acer, its meaming as applied to
a persom. Alcib. 5, [1], 1.
Ad = a d v e r s u s. Dion, 5, [4],
1.
Adducere and inducere (S.) Con.
3, [1], 5.
Adhuc (S.) Milt. 5, [5], 4.
Aditus— convenìendi ; aliquid
agendi, $c. Paus. 3, [3], 1, 2.
Adjacere. I Timoth. 2, [1].
Administrare legationes.
1, [4]. .
Admirari (S.) Præf. [3], 4.
Adorior. Diom, 6, [1], 4.
Adscendere in navem, conscen-
dere navem. Them. 8, [6], 1.
Adspicere, of looking up to with
respect, admiration, &c. Cha.
4, [1].
AEqualis (S.) Arist. 1, [1] ;
mostly with gen. in the sense
of contemporary, 1, [1], 4.
AEquum est, constr. Them. 7,
[2], 9.
AEstimare litem. Cim. 1, [1], 4.
Affirmatiom, to be borrowed from
a preceding megative. Cim. l,
[4], 3 : Thras. 3, [1], 7.
Aliquanto. Alc. 11, [1], 6.
Aliquis. Nisi or si aliquis and
nisi or si quis. Dion, 8, [2].
Ambitio. Dion, 2, [2], 7.
Diom,
398
INDEX.
Amicus with gen. and dat. Milt.
3, [6], 4.
Amplius (S.) Alc. 11, [2].
Amastrophe. Alc. 8, [1], 13.
Anceps (S.) Them. 3, [3], 2.
Ante paucos annos and paucis
annis ante. Milt. 8, [1] ; ante
id tempus and ante hoc t.
Timoth. 2, [3],
Antistes = sacerdos. Lys. 3, [3].
Apparet, Impersonal. Lys. l, [1].
Arcessire or arcessere ? Dion,
3, [1], 5.
Argos and Argi. Them. 8, [1].
Arma (S.) Dat. 11, [3].
*Aorv. Them. 4, [1].
Atque = sed : See Et.—Totidem
atque. Milt. 7, [4]. After
alius. Them. 6, [3].
Audire, of pupils. Dion, 2, [2] ;
male a. Diom, 7, [3].
Autem, as particle of transitiom.
Milt. 4, [1], 1 ; neque autem,
never used. Alcib. 5, [1], 2.
E.
Barbarus. Milt. 7, [1].
Bellum ducere and trahere, (S.)
Alc. 8, [1].
Bestia fera. Dat. 3, [2].
C.
Callidus (S.) Them. 1, [4].
Capessere rempbl. Them. 2, [1].
Captus = caught as im a trap,
&c. , Milt. 2, 5]. -
Castra mautica. Alc. 8, [5].
Celare with dat. Alc. 5, [2].
Celcbritas. Præf. [6], 4.
Ceteri (S.) Milt. 3, [5], II.
XaXktotkos. Paus. 5, [2].
Circumvehens = dum circumve-
hebatur. Timoth. 2, [1].
Civitas (S.) Them. 2, [1].
Clementia. Alc. 10, [3].
Cognomem for agmomen. Arist.
1, [2], 11, 12.
Deactram mittere.
Colla care in agris, of Colonists
Malt. 2, [1].
Colloqui aliquid. Them. 9, [4]
Committere prælium. Milt. 6
[3].
Commode. Præf. [1], 12, 13.
Comparare iter. Alc. 10, [3].
Compellare. Alc. 4, [1].
Complures. Paus. 2, [2].
Complures and plures (S.) Paus
2, [2], 3 ; Præf. [1], 7.
Composito and ea composito. Dat.
6, [6].
Confiteri (S.) Them. 7, [4].
Confugere in aram. Paus. 4, [5].
Consuevi and consueveram. Lys.
3, [1].
Continentia (S.) Arist. 3, [2].
Contingit (S.) Milt. 1, [1], 27.
Contra ea. Iphicr. 3, [4].
Contrario (unclass.); e contra-
'rio ; ex contrario. Iphicr. 1,
[4], 1.
Conventus = a religious festival.
Diom, 9, [1]. •
Corona honoris. Thras. 4, [1], 1.
Creber (S.) Milt. 2, [1].
Crimen (S.) Milt. 8, [1] ; invi-
diae crimine accusari. Alc. 4,
[1].
Cultus vestitusque. Paus. 3, [1].
Cum usually precedes the relative
pron. in Corn. Nep. Milt. 1,
[2], 7. •
D.
De- im comp. Milt. 2, [2], 5;
distinguished from di-. Dat
11, [4].
Decelea. Alc. 4, [7].
Deducere. Alc. 8, [3], 1, 3.
Defatigare. Lys. 2, [1].
Dejicere (S.) Thras. 3, [1] ; de-
jici gradu, Them. 5, [1] ; of
statues. Alc. 3, [2].
Dat. 10, [2]
Dicitur, Impersonal with acc. c
Inf. Paus. 5, [3].
Dicto audientem esse.
[2].
Lys. 1
HNID EX.
399
Dignitas . (S)
Alc. 11, [2].
IDiligens. Com. 1, [2].
Discedere and decedere distin-
guished. Them. 3, [4], 2.
IDives, superl. divitissimus. Alc.
2, [1].
- Dominatio, Tvpavvis. Milt. 3, [4].
Pomi bellique. Alc. 7, [l].
Dubium non est. Præf. [1], 1—6.
Ducere tempus. Them. 7, [1] ;
ducere sc. domum = d. in ma-
trimonium. Cim. 1, [2].
Them. 6, [1j;
E.
E contrario. Iphic. 1, [4], 1—3.
JEjicere = to bani8h. Lys. 1,
[5], 2.
Enim = for eæ ample. Præf. [4],
1
Ephori. Them. 7, [2].
Esse in eo, ut — Milt. 7, [3].
Et, atque, &c., after a negative
= sed. Them. 3, [1], 5 ;
Paus. 3, [7], 3.
Et mom, when preferred to meque.
Præf. [1], 9.
Etiam tum and etiamium. Paus.
3, [5].
Eacadversum. Them. 3, [4].
F.
Facere de aliquo. Them. 2, [6].
as the representative of
amother verb. Chabr. 3, [4].
Feroae (S.) Them. 2, [1].
IForsitam. {Arist. 3, [1], 3.
Fortasse.
Forte, when used for * perhaps,'
* perchamce.* Arist. 3, [1], 2.
Frequens (S.) Milt. 2, [1].
G.
Them. 1, [2].
Two dependent geni-
Them 1, [1], 5,
Gemerosus.
Gemitive.
tives
Gem. Neocli from Neocles. Them
1, [1], 2.
Genitive and abl. of a qualit3
combined. Dat. 3, [1].
Genitive, of islamds. Milt. 1, [1]
29 ; 2, [4].
Gemitive in umus omnium ma3ci
me. Milt. 1, [1].
Genus scripturæ. Præf. [1], 8.
Germamus. , Germama soror
Præf. [4], 2, 3.
Gradu depelli, dejici. Them. 5,
[1].
Gratia : gratiam referre, gra-
tiam habere, gratias agere ;
seldom gratias referre, gratias
habere. Them. 8, [7], 5.
€}ravis liber. Lys. 4, [2] ; g.
historicus. Alc. 11, [1].
Gravitas. Paus. 4, [3].
Tvvavkøvitus. Præf. [7].
H.
Hermae. Alc. 3, [2].
Hic, how used by Nep. Milt. 6,
[3], 1.
Hμεροδρόμοι. Milt. 4, [3].
Historicus (S.) Alc. 11, [1].
Homo (S.) Paus. 1, [1].
Honos. Milt. 6, [3].
Hostis (S.) Milt. 4, [1] ; Alc. 4,
[6] ; with gem. and dat. Mili.
3, [6].
H.
Idem et, qui, or cum. Milt. 3, [5].
Igitur resumptive, Thras. 4, [3].
Ignorare aliquem. Arist. 1, [4].
Illud, referring to what follows.
Thras. 1, [1].
| Immodestia,= want of discipline,
insubordination. Lys. 1, [2].
Imperfect = was proposimg to do
the action Thras. 4, [2], 4.
Imperfect subj. after Præs. his-
tor. Milt. 4, [4].
Implicare. I)ion, 1, [1].
Implicatus and implicitus. Paus,
4, [6], 6.
400
INI) EX.
Hmponere in re and in rem. Cim.
4, [1].
Hmprimis (S.) Milt. 1, [2].
In bello Corcyraeo, and bello Cor-
cyræ0. Them. 2, [1], 5; in
aram confugere. Paus. 4, [5];
in aliquem amd in aliquo vim
excercere. Dion, 6, [2] ; magno
amd in magno periculo esse,
versari. Diom, 8, [2] ; in præ-
senti and in præsentia. Them.
8, [4] ; Alc. 4, [2].
Indicativus in Orat. obliq. Milt.
3, [4], 1.
Infinitivus Act. and Pass. with
placere. Them. 3, [1], 2.
Ingratiis. Them. 4, [4], 9.
Insuetus with gem. Diom, 7, [3].
Intercipere. Iph. 2, [3].
Interim, interea. Them. 6, [5], 5.
Intueri, intuor, old forra. Chab.
3, [3].
Invidia, (S.) Arist. 1, [1], 16.
Invocatus = mom vocatus. Cim.
4, [3].
Is (eo, id), when used for the
more regular suus. Mili. 4,
[5], 8
Ita, apparently superfluous.
Them. 9, [1], 3 ; haud ita.
Paus. 1, [2].
Itaque = et ita. Alc. 4, [2].
J.
* Just as if,' how translated. Lys.
2, [2], 3.
3L.
Lis. Litem aestimare. Cim. 1, [1].
Loqui. Græca lingua l. Milt.
3, [2].
Loricæ sertæ, æneæ, linteæ. Iph.
1, [4].
M.
Manubiae. Cim. 2, [5].
Mare. Terra marique and mari
et terra. Them. 2, [4].
£azime (S.) Milt. 1, [2].
Meaming. * The meaning of this
vas,' id eo valebat, ut. (They
did not know) what its meam-
ing was, quo valeret. Them.
2, [7], 2.
Mihi, Milt 5, [4] ; Alc. 4,
1
Mirari si, as 6avpósuv ei. Com. 3,
[1], 3.
(S.) Præf. [3], 4
Mittere absolute. Them. 2, [6];
= litteris missis scribere.
Timoth. 3, [4].
Modestia. Milt. 1, [1].
Modo. Paus. 4, [6].
Mora. Nulla mora est sc. in, per
me. Con. 3, [3]. -
(Spartan). Iph. 2, [3].
Multum (S.) Milt. 8, [2]; post
non multo. Paus. 3, [1].
IN.
Names gf islands, when they fol-
low the construction of names
of towns. Milt. 1, [1], 29.
Natu maximo. Dat. 7, [1].
INec = neve. Paus. 4, [6], 4.
Neque = mec tamem. Them. 10,
[4] ; neque tamem. Alc.8, [1].
Nescio quo pacto. {*; 11, [1]
8.
quo casu.
quo modo.
Neve, new, when used for * nor.'
Thras. 3, [2], 1.
Nomen. Suo momine. Them.
4, [3].
INon enim—neque enim. Lys. 1,
[2], 1, 2.
Non solum—sed or sed etiam.
Cim. 4, [1] ; non solum—sed
et. Thras. 1, [5], 5.
O.
Obire legationes. Dion, 1, [4].
Obtrectare. Arist. 1, [1].
One another. Diom, 4, [1], 1.
Opes. Milt. 5, [5].
IN DEX.
401
Opinio : venit in opinionem.
Milt. 7, [3].
' Ornare. Them. 2, [3]; Att.
18, [1].
P.
Paratus with infin. Dat. 9, [4].
Partim—partim. Iph. 1, [2].
Pelta. Iph. 1, [4].
Penates. Them. 7, [4].
Percellere. Diom, 5, [3].
Percutere. Diom, 5, [3].
Perf. Indic. after postquam, ubi
Them. 6, [4].
Perfect. subj. (instead of imper-
fect) after a past temse. Milt.
5, [2], 1—3.
Persona. Præf. [1].
Persuadére when with acc. and
inf., when with ut and subj.
Them. 2, [7], 5. Dat. 10,
[3], 3.
Phalamac in the less restricted
sense. Chabr. 1, [2].
IPhalericus, Phalereus. Them.
6, [1], 1.
Piraeeus OE Piraeus ? Them. 6,
[1], 2.
Placet = * (he) determined,' by
what followed. Them. 3, [1].
Pleonasmus. Cogere ingratiis.
Them. 4, [4] ; clam se subdu-
cere. Alc. 4, [4] ; tum illis
temporibus. Thras. 2, [4].
Plerique. Præf. [1], 7.
Plures and complures.
[2].
Plusquampf. Indic. after post-
quam Alc. 6, [2].
IIovxtXn Milt. 6, [3].
Post. Paucis post amnis and post
paucos a. Milt. 8, [1] ; post
mom multo. Paus. 3, [1] ; Cim.
3, [4] ; post aliquanto. Alc.
11, [1].
Postquam with perf. indic. Them.
6, [4] ; with Plusqpf. Alc. 6,
2]
lPaus. 2,
Potiri constr. Milt. 2, [1].
34*
Potissimum (S.) Milt. 1, [2].
Potius malle. Com. 5, [2], 1, 2.
Præcipue (S.) Milt. 1, [2].
Praesentia : im pr. Milt. 7, [6].
Praesertim (S.) Milt. 1, [2].
Praetor = στρατηγός. IMilt. 4,
[4].
Preposition, when omitted before
the mame of am îsland. Milt
1, [1], 29. -
Prepositiom, when repeated. Alc
3, [3], 2, 3.
Present subj. after perf. Them.
1, [l].
* Prevent a man from doing any
thing:' how to be translated.
Them. 6, [2], 2.
Priusquam, with impf. cónjunct,
Alc. 3, [2].
Privatus. Milt. 8, [2]; Them.
6, [5] ; Chabr. 4, [1].
Procul. Them. 8, [7].
Prqfiteri (S.) Them. 7, [4].
Profligare and prosternere. Milt
5, [5].
Prohibère aliquem fa c í e m t e m
Them. 6, [2], 3.
Proinde ac si, less common than
perinde ac si. Alcib. 6, [1], 5.
quasi. Lys. 2, [2], 4.
Pronomem recipr. inter se = se
inter se (?) Dion, 4, [1].
IIpoo kvv£iv. Con. 3, [3].
Prospicere. Dat. 3, [3]
Publice. Arist. 3, [3] ; Diom,
10, [3].
Pulvinar and pulvinus. Timoth
2, [2].
Q.
Quærere eae, de, ab aliquo. Dion,
2, [4], 4—6.
Quam quod . . . = quæ, quod
eam. 7'hras. 4, [1], 2.
Quamvis with Imdic. Milt. 2,
[3] ; = quantumvis. Dat. 4,
[3].
Que. Milt. 6, [3]; Ep. 9, [1 ?
with Prepos. Milt. 5, [2].
402
INDEX.
Qwi quidem, under what circum-
stamces it is a favorite form of
Nepos's. Dion, 2, [2]. -
qui = q u i p p e qui. Dion, 3,
[1], 8
— =et is. Milt. 6, [1] ; Paus.
2, [6], 2
Quidem = ye restrictive. Præf.
[4]; = * b u t,' * h o w e v e r.'
Com. 2, [2], 2 ; quum quidem.
Thras. 2, [7].
Quippe. Praef. [4], 5.
Quum — tum. Præf. [8].
R.
Re-, denoting a duty imposed ;
an obligation. Paus. 2, [2], 6.
Rccedere ab al. re. Alc. 8, [1].
Reducere scil. im matrimonium.
Dion, 6, [2].
Relinquere amd deserere. Dat.
2, [5] ; 6, [3].
Revertor. Reversus est = re-
vertit. Them. 5, [2].
Rhapsodia. Dion, 6, [4].
S
Sæpe (S.) Milt. 8, [2]
Sed et = sed etiam. Thras. I,
[5], 5.
Sedêre, to remain inactive (in
war). Dat. 8, [1].
Sematus = yepovaia. Them. 7,
[4].
Sensus. Diom, 8, [2].
Si forte. Arist. 3, [1] ; si quid
and si aliquid. Paus. 2, [4].
Si after miror, 7nirandum, &c.
Com. 3, [1]
Sic. Ut — sic. Paus. 1, [1].
Similis, when with gem., when
with dat. ? Dat. 9, [3], 1—3.
Simultas. Diom, 3, [1].
Sponte. Sua sponte, seldom
sponte sua. Milt. 1, [4].
Statim (S.) Them. 4, [4] ; after
Abl. absol. Cim. 2, [3].
Studére : QUOD studes. Com. 3,
[3], 8 ; Salvum studere. Dion,
1, [3], 5.
Subject changed. Them. 5, [1];
9, [3]; Lys. 4, [2]
Substantives in io, tor, and triae,
with pron. poss. Lys. 4, [3].
Superior = matu major. Dion,
1, [1].
Supprimere classem. Timoth. 3,
[3].
Suus, when ejus would be more
regular. Cim. 3, [1], 6, 7 ;
with substantives in io, tor,
triae. Lys. 4, [3], 6, 7.
Synesis. Milt. 5, [1] ; Timoth.
1, [2]
T.
Tantum quod. Dat. 6, [5].
Telum (S.) Dat. 11, [3].
Terra. Mari et terra, terra ma-
7rique. Them. 2, [4].
Tota Græcia : why not in tota
Græcia ? Iphicr. 2, [3], 4;
Præf. [5], 1.
Totidem — atque. Milt. 7, [4].
Tum? — tum. Præf. [8], 1.
Tyrannus. Milt. 8, [3].
lU.
Ultro (S.) Milt. I, [4].
Unus omnium maacime.
[1].
Usque eo, adeo and u. eo ut,
quoad. Diom, 4, [5].
Ut omitted after postulo, &c.
Milt. 1, [4] ; = qui after mitto,
proficiscor, &c. Milt. 4, [3].
Ut — sic. Paus. 1, [1].
Milt. 1,
V.
Valere : hoc eo valebat—quo va-
lebat, &c. Them. 2, [7], 2.
Vel — vel (S.) Alc. 1, [1].
Verbum. Suis verbis. Them. 4,
[3].
INIDEX. 403
Vero, in mihi vero. Com. 3, ] Vir (S.) Paus. 1, [1].
[4], 1.
Vita and victus. Alc. I, [3].
Vestitus. Cultus vestitusque. ] Vulgo. Alc. 6, [3] ; 8, [2].
Paus. 3, [1].
Vicinitas (collective). Alc. 10,
[4].
Victus amd vita. Alc. 1, [3]
cultus and vict. Alc. 11, [4].
Z.
¢
9
Zeugma. Thrasyb. 4, [1], 4.
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• - - §£°ÅNΧÎH, - «
OLLENDORFF'S New Method of Learming Spanish, By M. Velazquez anä T. $im-
moné. 12mo................................... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . •. • * * s *; «* w «* .. 1 51:
IKEY to ditto................... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . · · · · · · · · · T;
VELAZQUEZ amd SEOANE'S Spamish and English, amd English amô §panish
Dictionary, uniform with “ Adler's German Lex.” Large Svo.................. ..
DiítO ditto, Abridged............................. . . . . . . . . ................
VELAZQUEZ'S New Spanish Reader, With Lexicon. 12mo...................... 1 23:
—— Spamish Phrase Book, 1Smo..................................... 83.
OLLENDORFF'S New Method of Learming English applied t0 the $paAish,
IBy Profs. Palenzuela, amd Caremno. 12mo...... , . . . . . .. s * & & * * ® * * * * * * •* & � * ® ® * • * * s e *• • • & 3 {}'-
JKEY to ditto........................ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • T*,
- ? BUTLER'S Spanish Teacher amd Colloquial Phrase Book, 18mo................ £ji ;

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166
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