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THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
A DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY
PREPARED ON THE HENRY BERGH FOUNDATION
FOR THE PROMOTION OF HUMANE EDUCATION
IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
BY
ROSWELL C. McCREA
1754
COLUMBILE UNIVERSITY
1893
PRESS
'IN-LITTERIS-LIBERTAS
New York
THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
1910
All rights reserved
!
4477.6.5:
41705
3 3
Copyright, 1910
By THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Bet up, electrotyped and printed, February, 1910
PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
1-4
5-29
Chapter I. History and Organization..
Chapter II. Legislation for the Protection of
Animals
30-58
Chapter III. Practical Activities of Societies
for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals
59–119
Chapter IV. The Work of Allied Humane
Organizations
120–134
Chapter V. The Prevention of Cruelty to
Children
135-146
Y
امر
349757
APPENDICES
PAGES
I. Biography of Henry Bergh..
147-156
II. List of Humane Societies
157–170
III. List of Humane Education Organizations
171
IV. List of State Humane Federations
172
V. Directory of Officials and Organizations Con-
cerned with Bird and Game Protection..... 173-199
VI. Charter of the American Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals...
200-202
VII. By-laws of the American Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals...
203-211
VIII. Law for the Incorporation of Humane Socie-
ties in Ohio
212-215
IX. Law Creating the Colorado Bureau of Child
and Animal Protection
216-217
X. Constitution of the American Humane Educa-
tion Society
218-220
XI. Certificate of Incorporation of the American
Humane Association
221-222
XII. Illustrative Statutes for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals
223-236
XIII. Statistical Inquiry Blank Used by American
Humane Association
237
XIV. Illustrative Statistical Report
238-241
XV. List of Illustrative Cruelties to Animals.... 242-246
XVI. History of the Audubon Movement.
247-255
XVII. Instructions to Agents in Dealing with Neg-
lected Stock. (Colorado)
256-257
XVIII. Recommendations on Slaughtering of Commit-
tee of American Humane Association... 258-259
XIX. Circular of Boston Work-Horse Parade. 260-264
XX. Sample Educational Leaflets, Giving Special
Instructions
265-271
.
vi
APPENDICES
vii
PAGES
XXI. Letter on Vivisection, Written by Henry Bergh,
Treas. of the American Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals..
272-273
XXII. Letter on Vivisection, Written by Professor
William James
274-275
XXIII. Course of Lectures on Humane Education, Pro-
posed by Mrs. Anna Garlin Spencer..
276-278
XXIV. List of Special Periodicals.....
279-281
XXV. Bibliography: Books and Pamphlets, Articles
in Periodicals, Special Leaflets
282–319
TABLES
PAGES
Table I. Summary of State Laws for the Protection
of Animals..
321-387
Table II. Summary of State Laws for the Protection
of Children
389-431
Index
432-444
INTRODUCTION
In 1908, I was directed by the President of Columbia
University, to prepare "a report on and bibliography of
the subject of humane education and the prevention of
cruelty to animals and children.”
In determining the scope of this report I have sought
to bring it within manageable proportions by confining it
to those phases of humane activity that have received the
least descriptive treatment. Child-caring and child-help-
ing agencies have been described at length by many
writers, and at the present time the Russell Sage Founda-
tion is pushing exhaustive inquiries in this field. I have
therefore confined this aspect of my report to a brief
summary of the varying viewpoints that characterize the
work of societies for the prevention of cruelty to children,
and to a concise tabulation of laws for the protection of
children.
In the field of animal protection on the other hand,
although there is much scattered literature—in the shape
of reports, leaflets, pamphlets, articles and addresses
there is no description of activities that summarizes this
material. I have therefore made it the main purpose of
this report to afford a descriptive survey of the work of
humane societies, primarily in the field of animal protec-
tion, and of the laws under which they act. And in this,
the description has been confined largely to the United
States. Unfortunately, no organization in this country
has undertaken the task of collecting and preserving in a
2
1
2
INTRODUCTION
library the literature of the humane movement, and it has
been impossible by correspondence to accumulate to any
large degree the reports and other literature of foreign
organizations. This being the case, and a foreign tour of
investigation being out of the question, the situation
abroad has been neglected in this report. However, from
such evidence as has been gathered, there is every ground
for the statement that there are no fundamental differ-
ences between the activities of foreign and American
societies.
In the survey of the activities of American societies for
animal protection all that is attempted is to cite illustrative
activities and practices, more or less widely in vogue.
There exist no sources of information upon which any
quantitative statements of even approximate accuracy can
be based. The American Humane Association figures are
the only ones that have been collected, and these are the
roughest possible index of the scope of humane work in the
United States. Even the number of active societies given
indicates little. Many of these--how many it is not
possible to say-are active in the sense of maintaining a
form of organization rather than of carrying on an active
campaign of animal protection. Some societies have
fallen into the hands of routine, lazy, self-seeking men.
Many are inefficient in the extreme. On the other hand,
quite a different picture might be painted with respect to
others. The descriptive portions of this report must be
regarded simply as an attempt to itemize and sympa-
thetically to describe activities, not to separate efficient
from inefficient organizations. It may merely be said at
this point that all might at least do what the best do. The
organization and management of the Audubon movement
INTRODUCTION
3
might well serve as a model for future activity in the older
field of the prevention of cruelty to animals.
Success or failure in building up strong local organiza-
tions for animal protection has been largely dependent on
conditions which were well analyzed by the President of
the American Humane Association in his annual address
at the New Orleans meeting:
"First. A public sentiment friendly to a reasonably
effective work, especially as far as the better class of
citizens are concerned.
Second. That one or two devoted enthusiasts do all
the work of supervising and financing the society. If
the society is small they usually also add the further
duties of all inspection and correction.
“ Third. That indifferent financial support is com-
monly due mainly to poor methods and inadequate
results, or to lack of system or persistence in soliciting
funds.
Fourth. That the members most interested in this
work are at times impracticable (sic) though earnest
persons, who are indifferent to reasonable legal re-
quirements in enforcing laws, and who show poor
judgment and neglect ordinary business principles.
These are the most common causes of failure.
"Fifth. That the societies which are most successful
usually have well-trained, paid employees, and a
management persistent, energetic and aggressive in
raising money.
“ Siath.
That the matter of hostile justices or magi-
strates is a mere incident in the history of an anti-
cruelty organization. If the work is properly and
regularly conducted, even at the sacrifice of some-
4
INTRODUCTION
body's time and private interests, it will surely win
popular approval, and the magistrates will fall into
line or make way for better men.'
If only it were known how generally applicable are the
strictures contained in this analysis, the pages that follow
might have something more than illustrative value. In
lack of such definite quantitative information, one may
safely venture only an expression of the conviction that
very few organizations have developed a program of action,
or contemplate one, that goes as far as the catalogue of
activities contained in Chapter III.
CHAPTER I
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
(a) History
The organized movement for the prevention of cruelty
had its origin in England in 1824. When the Martin Act
was passed in 1822, there was no adequate machinery for
its enforcement. The state did not move to deal with the
matter in a direct capacity. The situation approximated
the familiar one in which the public conscience is suffi-
ciently stirred to pass a law, which, however, is ineffective
perhaps by intent. Under these circumstances, through
the activity of deeply interested private citizens, there was
devised a scheme of delegated responsibility which has
since characterized effort for the prevention of cruelty to
animals and to children. The formation of a society with
police powers was the solution of the difficulty. The
founders of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals met on the 16th of June, 1824, appointed a com-
mittee and framed the following plan of operation :
1. The circulation of suitable tracts gratuitously, or by
cheap sale, particularly among persons intrusted with
cattle, such as coachmen, carters, and drovers.
2. The introduction into schools of books calculated to
impress on youth the duty of humanity to inferior animals.
3. Frequent appeals to the public through the press,
1 See Gray: Philanthropy and the State, p. 211.
5
6
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
awakening more general attention to a subject so interest-
ing, though too much neglected.
4. The periodical delivery of discourses from the pulpit.
5. The employment of constables in the markets and
streets; and
6. The prosecution of persons guilty of flagrant acts of
cruelty, with publicity to the proceedings, and announce-
ment of results.
This combined scheme of law enforcement and of
humane education covers all of the more important lines
of activity practiced by humane societies to the present
time. The Society worked from the start by these means.
At the start practical difficulties were many, owing largely
to a hostile or sneering attitude on the part of the public.
But the influence of the founders grew, and a marked im-
provement was slowly shown in the treatment of animals.
Beginning with the Queen in 1835, distinguished patron-
age added to the prestige of the Society from time to time,
until in 1840, by command of Her Majesty, the Society
was honored with the prefix"Royal," a designation which
it has since borne. “Since that period its progress has
been regular, and its achievements encouraging, and now
it is regarded as a permanently established institution,
which has outlived ridicule, and secured for its founders
the esteem of good and practical men of this and succeed-
ing generations.” Through its agency, bull-baiting and
running, badger-baiting, cock-fighting and other brutal
sports, as well as cruelties of other types, have been pro-
hibited or abated. In 1835, the Society obtained an
amendment of Martin's Act, and subsequently, many
2 Seventy-first Annual Report of the Royal Society for the Prevention
of Crueity to Animals, p. 10.
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
7
further additions to the law (noted elsewhere in this
report) 2 were secured through its activity.
The government of the Society is in the hands of a
Council of noblemen and gentlemen. The departments of
literature and education are conducted by a Committee of
ladies. A prospectus issued in 1870 sufficiently indicates
the work of this Committee:
“The Society, though actively engaged for many years
past in the prosecution of offenders, has not hitherto suffi-
ciently devoted its energies and funds to the promotion of
humane education. .. It will be sufficient to state gen-
erally that the Ladies' Committee purpose extending their
operations beyond London by means of Provincial
Branches, which will be formed upon receipt of an ap-
proved application to that effect. Such branches will find
abundance of work adapted to the taste of its various
members. They will cull and forward to the Central
Board humane literature suitable for leaflets, or for The
Animal World, and suggest means for circulating that
Journal. They will introduce humane principles at
Penny Readings and Lectures, and induce clergymen to
advocate the same in the Pulpit. They will subsidise
Tract Distributors, Sunday School Teachers, Scripture
Readers, District Visitors, Newspaper and Magazine
Writers. They will carry papers into schools, village
libraries, clubs, reading rooms, public-houses, railway
stations, hospitals, workhouses, prisons, and cottages; so
that butchers, drovers, carmen, grooms, coachmen, farm
servants, railway servants, domestic servants, and espe-
cially mothers and fathers and children of all classes, may
be reached. Or they will collect money in support of the
general operations of the Institution."
The seventy-first annual report (p. 12) says further of
this work:
8 See pp. 39-41.
8
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
“Many hundred thousands of small publications have
been circulated; lectures have been delivered to cabmen,
servants, children, and others; sermons and addresses
preached; notices issued by placards throughout the
nation; schools visited, and books, tending to cultivate
tenderness and compassion to animals, given to children
after suitable addresses and examinations; and Her
Majesty's Inspectors, who visit nearly all the large schools
in England, have been elected Honorary Members of the
Committee (under the sanction of the Committee of
Council on Education). It has recently organized the
Band of Mercy Movement, which consists of Societies of
children and young persons who meet monthly to receive
instruction relating to the claims of animals on mankind,
and to read literature bearing on the objects of the
Society."
On the punitive side of its work the Society has found
diminishing occasion for intervention as its activities have
expanded.
Branch organizations with local secretaries have been
established from time to time, until the London suburbs,
the counties and numerous towns in England and Wales
have been covered. Kindred societies, supplementing the
work of the Royal Society by carrying out its objects in
different fields, have received the cordial sanction of the
parent organization. Among these should be mentioned
the following, the names of which are sufficiently de-
scriptive: The Temporary Home for Lost and Starving
Dogs, the Home of Rest for Horses, the Society for the
Protection of Birds, the London Cart Horse Parade
Society, and the Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough
Association.
After its establishment in England, the movement for
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
9
animal protection spread rapidly. Societies have been
organized in all parts of Europe, in the United States,
in South America and in most of the British colonies.
The Royal Society publishes a list of more than seven
hundred such general societies in different parts of the
world for the protection of animals. This list omits many
societies in the United States included in the list pre-
pared by the American Humane Association. Roughly
speaking it is safe to say that there are in different parts
of the world more than eight hundred societies devoted to
the prevention of cruelty to animals, in addition to a
variety of organizations devoted to the improvement of
the lot of animals in various special directions. To be
sure, many of these are very feeble organizations; some
exist little more than in name. But they represent a
movement, in most places little more than a half-century
old that has done and is doing vast good in furthering the
better treatment and care of animals.
Various of the German kingdoms were the first after
England to feel the impulse to organization. Of existing
societies, that in Dresden, formed in 1839, was the first
of the German organizations. A now defunct Stuttgart
society was probably formed before that date. Other im-
portant societies were founded in Berlin (1841), Munich
(1843), Leipzig (1875). The international organization
for the protection of animals against vivisection, through
its German branch, is responsible for the formation of
forty-three German societies. Prominent among these are
those formed in Leipzig in 1879, in Hamburg in 1880,
in Dresden in 1881, and in Berlin in 1887 (founded by
D. H. Beringer). But the large proportion of the Ger-
man societies (of which there are in all two hundred and
10
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
sixty main organizations, and fifty branch societies) are
organized on the older, conventional lines, and show no
fundamental opposition to vivisection.
The beginnings of work in the United States are
further antedated by the movements in France and in
Austria, which originated with the forming respectively of
the Paris Society in 1845, and the Vienna society in 1846.
It has quite regularly been the practice in Europe to gain
prestige by enlisting the support of royal personages as
office holders. In England, for instanec, the Prince of
Wales is president of the Royal Society. In Russia the
mother of the Czar is protector of the Russian Society.
In Austria, Archduke Rainer is protector of the Vienna
Society, and in Germany, Prince Friedrich Leopold, the
Prince-regent of Bavaria, the King of Saxony, the Grand
Duke of Hesse and others are protectors of societies in
various jurisdictions.
The first society for animal protection organized in
America was The American Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals. Its founder and first president was
the late Henry Bergh,5 to whom the cause of animal pro-
tection in this country owes its first impulse. While
serving as Secretary of Legation at St. Petersburg, Mr.
Bergh at considerable risk of violence to himself felt called
upon on a number of occasions to interfere in cases of
cruelty. The atrocities practiced upon animals turned his
attention decisively to the subject of humanity in its rela-
* I am indebted for these facts on Germany to “ Der Tierschutz und die
Tierquälereien by Dr. Karl Walcker, Sondershausen, 1905. The forma-
tion of “new” societies, whose prime purpose is the suppression of vivi-
section is to be noted throughout Europe and in the United States. More
will be said of this later.
For a brief account of the life of Mr. Bergh and of the early history
of the American Society, see Appendix I.
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
11
tions to animal creation. In 1865 on his way home from
St. Petersburg he stopped in London, and there met John
Colam, Esq., Secretary of the Royal Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals. Mr. Colam gave him
much valuable information respecting the activities of that
Society. “On Mr. Bergh's arrival at home, he found that
no similar society existed in this country, and he im-
mediately devoted himself to the establishment of a society
for the United States. At the outset the proposition met
with little encouragement, and, without the assistance of
the press, it might probably have failed. On February
8, 1866, Mr. Bergh delivered a lecture in Clinton Hall, in
which he pleaded his cause with such force of argument
and such warmth of eloquent conviction, that expressions
of sympathy and offers of assistance were freely made by
persons in attendance. The press then lent its powerful
aid; the lecture was published in whole or in part in all
the great cities of the country; public sentiment in favor
of Mr. Bergh's movement was quickly aroused, and on
April 10, 1866, The American Society for the Preven-
tion of Cruelty of Animals' was incorporated by the
Legislature of the State of New York. Among the
original charter members of the Society were many of the
most eminent citizens of the City and State of New
York."
Practically contemporaneous with the early activity of
Mr. Bergh was that of Mr. George T. Angell of Boston.
His early interest, particularly in arousing public senti-
ment favorable to the kindly treatment of animals, is
attested by the following clause in a will drawn up by him,
and executed on August 22, 1864:
o Forty-second Annual Report of American Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals, p. 123.
12
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
“It has long been my opinion that there is much wrong
in the treatment of domestic animals; that they are too
often overworked, overpunished, and, particularly in
winter and in times of scarcity, underfed. All these I
think great wrongs, particularly the last; and it is my
earnest wish to do something towards awakening public
sentiment on this subject; the more so, because these animals
have no power of complaint, or adequate human protection,
against those who are disposed to do them injury. I do
therefore direct that all the remainder of my property not
hereinbefore disposed of shall, within two years after the
decease of my mother and myself, or the survivor, be
expended by my trustees in circulating in common schools,
Sabbath schools, or other schools, or otherwise, in such
manner as my trustees shall deem best, such books, tracts,
or pamphlets as in their judgment will tend most to im-
press upon the minds of youth their duty towards those
domestic animals which God may make dependent upon
them.'
On February 22, 1868, there was a great horse race
between Brighton and Worcester, in which two fine horses
were driven to death. This aroused Mr. Angell to the
need for systematic intervention. He issued a call for
action through the Boston Daily Advertiser. Mrs. Wil-
liam Appleton appeared at once in response, and reported
to Mr. Angell that she had already conferred with Mr.
Bergh and that she and some influential friends had
signed a paper agreeing to become patrons of a new society
draughted on the New York model. Mr. Angell took up
the matter, and with the aid of a number of Boston's most
prominent citizens the Massachusetts Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals was incorporated and
organized in March, 1868. Almost a year before this date
the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
13
Animals was instituted; but it was not incorporated until
April 4, 1868. Among the names of original charter
members appear those of A. J. Drexel, George W. Childs,
Jay Cooke, M. Richards Mucklé (now president), and
others of equal prominence. One day before the Penn-
sylvania charter became law (April 3, 1868) the bill of
incorporation of the New Jersey Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals became effective. Among
the incorporators it is interesting to note the names of
Theodore Runyon-who drew up the articles of incorpora-
tion—and of R. Watson Gilder. The act permitting the
organization of district (county) societies was approved on
March 21, 1873. The history of active work on a broad
scale in New Jersey began with the Hudson County
District Society, which was the first to extend its labors
to other matters than the prosecution of offenders. It
first introduced into the State the ambulance, the shelter,
the hospital, the uniformed patrol, and educational depart-
ments. The San Francisco Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals is another that must be added to the
April list of societies founded in 1868. Organized on
April 8, and incorporated on April 18, it has been a very
active organization from the beginning. In March, 1869,7
re-
? Curiously enough Mr. Angell, in his “Autobiographical Sketches "
ferring to his labors in aid of the forming of the “Illinois Humane So-
ciety"
says: "On November 8 (1870) I engaged the back office of the
Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company. From this time to
March 9 (1871), when I started for Boston, I was constantly engaged,
assisted by Mr. Dore and other citizens, in the founding and establishing
of the Illinois Humane Society,' receiving also great aid from the press.
To attempt to give in detail the experiences of those months in
Chicago, resulting in the formation of the Illinois Humane Society,' with
Hon. John C. Dore and other prominent men as its directors, and Edwin
Lee Brown as its first president, would require a small volume.
Returning to Boston, March, 1871, etc."-"Autobiographical Sketches,"
pp. 38, 39.
14
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
the Illinois Humane Society8 was organized, and in
October of the same year, the Minnesota Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty was established. Both of these
organizations include children as well as animals in the
scope of their work.
During more than forty years of effort and growth that
have elapsed since the founding of the American Society,
local societies have been incorporated on the lines of the
parent organization in every section of the United States.
In its report for the year ending December 31, 1907, the
parent society reported the number of existing societies as
two hundred and forty-six. A number of these, of course,
are humane societies” which do a double work of child
and animal protection. It not infrequently happens, too,
where this double function is performed, that the work
either for children or for animals practically crowds out
the other type of work. It is, therefore, impossible to give
a definite figure for the number of societies actually en-
gaged in the prevention of cruelty to animals. But as an
index of the spread of the anti-cruelty crusade in the
United States, it is fitting to use figures that include pro-
tective work for both children and animals; for organized
activity in the prevention of cruelty to children grew out
of the similar work for animals and was part of the same
rising wave of humane sentiment and activity. According
to a report of the American Humane Association for 1909,
five hundred and forty-three societies have been formed in
the United States for the prevention of cruelty. Of these,
one hundred and ninety-five are presumably dead or in-
active, as no reports of their work could be obtained. Of
8 Until 1877, the “Illinois Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals."
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
15
three hundred and thirty-four active organizations sup-
posed to exist in 1908, one hundred and eighty-five were
humane societies, one hundred and four were animal socie-
ties, and forty-five were children societies. From two
hundred and eighty-five societies reporting activities dur-
ing 1908, and three hundred and forty-eight reporting in
1909, the returns aggregate as follows:
1908
1909
Number paid employees (men)..
669
728
Number paid employees (women)..
138
224
Number voluntary agents. ...
4,957
7,199
Number members and contributors..
54,563
64,879
Amount received from contributions. $299,133.51 $351,853.19
Amount received from fines.
62,148.13 53,350.51
Amount received from States.
32,262.34 56,507.66
Amount received from counties..
29,472.13 44,008.28
Amount received from cities.
129,081.00 140,977.36
Amount received from endowment.
96,517.44 195,719.73
Total receipts from all sources.
947,313.95 1,215,290.73
Total disbursements...
903,601.21 1,069,366.69
Number societies owning buildings.
36
39
Number of buildings..
63
78
Valuation of buildings.
$1,300,573.20 $1,417,081.45
Number children involved in work... 166,264 174,613
Number animals involved in work.
762,004
1,048,913
Number prosecutions...
32,094
35,390
Number convictions..
26,013
28,618
Number large animals killed..
27,644
16,610
Number small animals killed.
184,803 274,409
Total population involved (estimated).. 44,104,791 42,353,041
.
0
0
The figures are necessarily inaccurate. Few societies
are at all careful in the keeping of accounts and of sta-
tistics of work. This, added to the incompleteness of
returns, gives the figures only the roughest possible ap-
The report of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Children for 1908 would indicate that there are fifty-five such societies
devoted exclusively to child protection.
16
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
proximate value. As such they do serve, however, to
give some notion of the scope of anti-cruelty work in the
United States. Of more important aspects of uplift work
for children, the figures of course take no account, except
in so far as several important societies for the prevention
of cruelty to children have shaped their activities in those
directions. Nor do the figures cover a variety of special
organizations dealing with particular aspects of the care
or treatment of animals, e. g., The Boston Work-horse
Parade Association, The Bide-a-Wee Home of New York,
the various anti-vivisection organizations, Audubon Socie-
ties, etc. The totalized income from the various sources
above mentioned does not agree with total receipts, for the
reason that many societies failed to give any information
beyond total receipts and total disbursements.
(6) Organization, Management and Finances of Societies
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
In the organization and management of societies for the
prevention of cruelty to animals, there is substantial uni-
formity of outline. The early New York model with its
English prototype has been pretty closely followed. With
the exception of a few States, in which there is a larger
element of public participation in management than in the
majority, the organizations are private corporations, exer-
cising delegated police powers. The earlier societies were
created by special charter, 10 conferring upon the charter
members all of the rights, franchises and powers of a
corporation, usually with some specific limitation as to
the value of real estate that might be held. The objects
10 See Appendis VI for charter of American Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals..
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
17
and powers of the society were set forth in the charters.
Among these powers were usually included the right to
appoint and employ agents, to purchase, print, publish,
and circulate literature fitted to promote the objects of the
society, and to erect and maintain fountains and other
conveniences for the comfort of dumb creation. Power to
regulate the internal management through the election of
officers and the adoption of a proper code of by-laws is
likewise conveyed in such charters; and the regular local
police are required, as occasion demands, to aid the society,
its officers, members and agents, in the enforcement of any
laws that may be in force for the protection of dumb
animals. Provision is not infrequently added that fines,
in whole or in part, collected through the instrumentality
of a society for violation of the law, shall go to the society
involved.
More recently, societies have been quite regularly in-
corporated under the provisions of general law. The
organization and powers in these cases11 remain the same
in general outline as in the earlier instances of creation
by special charter.
Under the general grant of powers, thus conveyed by
charter or act of incorporation, by-laws,12 or a constitu-
tion and by-laws, are adopted. These prescribe more
minutely details of organization and the manner of con-
ducting a society's business. The constitution usually
covers such items as the following: the grades of member-
ship, with fees to be received from each grade; provision
for officers and directors, with a statement of qualifica-
tions for such and of the method of their election; the
11 See the Ohio law for independent local organizations, Appendix VIII.
12 See by-laws of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals, Appendix VII.
3
18
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
manner of formation and powers of an executive com-
mittee, in whose hands rests the real governing and ap-
pointing power within the society; and further provision
for periodical meetings (usually annual) of the society.
By-laws deal with more detailed, formal matters con-
nected with the conduct of the society's affairs. These
usually prescribe: the times of meeting of the board of
directors and of the executive committee; the order of
business at such meetings; the appointment of special
committees dealing with particular lines of activity; the
duties of the various officers, and of the various com-
mittees; and the method of amending the by-laws.
The direct activities of all societies are practically con-
fined to the borders of the states within which they
operate; and in most instances these activities are actually
restricted to some more local area. In some states, the
local societies are independent; in others they are, nomi-
nally at least, branches of a parent state organization. In
still other instances, the two plans operate together within
the same state. In some cases, as in that of the Massa-
chusetts Society, local agents work under the direction of
the central organization. As a rule but few local agents
are paid; the large majority are volunteers. With other
societies, as in the case of the Pennsylvania Society, local
representatives” or “honorary agents” are supposed to
have oversight over conditions in their respective localities.
In such cases the bond between the society and the local
representatives is a loose one. This at least is suggested
by the fact that in more than a single instance names of
representatives are still on local lists in cases where the
individuals concerned have been dead for years.
In some states, such as Colorado, Minnesota, Montana,
(0
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
19
West Virginia and Wyoming, the enforcement of anti-
cruelty laws is more largely a matter of public administra-
tion than in the instances above described. The case of
West Virginia is peculiar in this respect. By law of
February 21, 1899, a State Board was created to be known
as “the West Virginia Humane Society." This board is
made
ир of four reputable citizens, appointed by the Gov-
ernor, one from each of the four Congressional districts of
the state. This board is given the same broad powers for
the protection of “children and the helpless aged, and the
prevention of cruelty to animals," as are usually conferred
upon private societies incorporated for humane purposes.
The public character of the organization is further empha-
sized by an annual appropriation of $3,000,13 and by the
added requirement that the board shall biennially make a
report to the Governor “of their transactions, of the
receipts and expenditures and generally, all such
facts and matters tending to exhibit the effects, whether
beneficial or otherwise of said society.” Of the other
states mentioned, the Colorado arrangement is sufficiently
illustrative to serve practical purposes. In Colorado, the
law14 of 1901 provided for the transformation of the
Colorado Humane Society into a State Bureau of Child
and Animal Protection. In this Bureau, the interest of
the State is represented by the ex-officio membership on
the board of directors of the Governor, the Superintendent
of Public Instruction, and the Attorney General. The
objects of the organization are "to secure enforcement of
the laws for the prevention of wrongs to children and
19 Judging by the financial report of the society, this sum would seem
to be $7,000.
14 For copy of law see Appendix IX.
20
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
dumb animals; to assist the organization of district and
county societies and the appointment of local and State
agents, and give them representation in the State bureau;
to aid such societies and agents in the enforcement of the
laws for the prevention of wrongs to children and dumb
animals, which may now or hereafter exist; and to promote
the growth of education and sentiment favorable to the
protection of children and dumb animals." Annual
reports to the Secretary of State are required, and the
distribution of copies among state officials and legislators
is prescribed. There is a State appropriation. At this
writing it is probable that a similar form of organization
has been adopted in Texas.
In Indiana a close bond between public administration
and private activity is sought by the following provision :15
HUMANE OFFICER-SALARY-DUTIES—174. In every
city of this State there shall be appointed a member
of the police force who shall be known as the Humane
Officer of such city, and whose duty it shall be to attend
to the detection and arrest of persons violating the
humane statutes of the State. He shall receive the same
pay as other police officers of the City and shall be
subject in like manner to the control and discipline of
the police authorities. Whenever there shall be an in-
corporated Humane Society in any City, such Humane
Officer shall attend the stated and special meeting of such
Society and shall report thereto at least once a month, on
all matters relating to his duties under the law for the
previous month; and whenever a humane statute of the
State, or a humane provision of any ordinance, has, to his
knowledge, been violated, he shall, if directed by the Presi-
dent of such Humane Society, file his affidavit before any
Magistrate of the City charging the person so violating the
law with such violation.
16 Burns' Revised Statutes, Supplement, 1905, Sec. 3598.
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
21
In the enforcing of humane laws the agents of organiza-
tions for the prevention of cruelty are regularly clothed
with powers as peace officers, within the scope of the laws
for the prevention of cruelty. Officers of the regularly
constituted police force are also commonly obliged to make
arrests when any of these laws are violated. This obliga-
tion has especial force when the attention of an officer is
called to an infraction of the law by a member of an
anti-cruelty society. In some states, as in California,
members may also be clothed with special powers of arrest,
under the discretion of the heads of societies for the pre-
vention of cruelty. Scantiness of funds as a rule pre-
cludes the employment of many agents in a regular pro-
fessional capacity. But this deficiency is in part met by
the commissioning of volunteer agents. Their efficiency
is highly variable, but granting a reasonable endowment of
judgment and discretion, where their interest is a live one,
the duties to be performed are so relatively direct and
simple that such volunteers can accomplish much.
As regards the financial management of societies for
the prevention of cruelty to animals, little can be learned
from a study of their reports. Some reports include no
financial statement, and many that do, afford information
that is either scanty or confused. For instance, not a few
confine the financial report to a bare statement of aggre-
gate receipts and disbursements. Nothing is said of
sources of income, objects of disbursement, property hold-
ings, endowment or of other significant items. On the
other hand, some are so diffuse and unclassified that for
specific information one must scrutinize an alphabetical
list in which aggregate salaries are placed on a parity with
payments for axle grease and neat's foot oil. But in this
respect, humane societies are probably no more derelict
22
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
than are philanthropic institutions and organizations in
general.
The “Anti-cruelty Statistics "16 of the American
Humane Association for 1908 and 1909 afford no indica-
tion of relative disbursements for various purposes by the
humane societies of the United States. Scrutiny of vari-
ous individual reports would indicate, however, that by
far the largest single outlay is that for salaries and wages.
This of course is to be expected of work in which personal
service is the most important element. More can be said
about sources of income. According to the returns for
1908 of the American Humane Association, which of
course include societies for the prevention of cruelty to
children as well as to animals, the total receipts were
strangely enough, some $43,000 in excess of disbursements.
Of the total sum, $947,313.95, the largest single item was
for membership dues and other contributions. This sum,
$299,133.51, was received from 54,563 persons, making
an average contribution of more than $5 per person. This
reflects the fact that the member and contributor are the
main reliance and means of support of most societies. Of
the amount received from endowment-$96,517.44—the
larger part went into the treasuries of relatively few of
the older organizations in the larger cities. The same
may be said of the saving of rent attributable to the owner-
ship of 36 buildings owned by societies, aggregating in
value, $1,300,573.20.17 This situation of course magnifies
the dependence of the smaller, weaker organizations on
the dues of members and the contributions of other in-
terested parties. Of the amount received from public
sources—State, county and municipal—$190,815.47 in
10 For blank on which these were obtained see Appendix XIII,
17 This is a very conservative figure.
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
23
the aggregate, a portion was in the shape of general sub-
sidy. But probably the larger part was paid, ostensibly
at least, for the rendering of specific services. And more
than one half of the total sum-at least five sixths of the
aggregate of municipal appropriations—must have been
paid by the City of New York to the two large organiza-
tions18 in that city. Fines are a common source of in-
come. The amount derived from this source varies with
the activity of an organization in prosecuting offenders.
This in turn depends somewhat on the policy of a society
in this regard—whether warning and education are pre-
ferred to the deterrent effect of prosecution and the pay-
ment of a fine. The aggregate income from this source
$62,148.13—was derived from 26,015 convictions result-
ing from 32,094 prosecutions, an average of less than $2
per prosecution. The average is considerably larger than
this in cases of prosecution for cruelty to animals in many
of the large cities of the country. For purposes of illus-
tration the following figures have been taken from recent
reports that make such figures available:
Year.
Name of society.
Number of
prosecutions.18
Amount of
fines. 18
Average
annount per
conviction.19
1908 Illinois Humane Society.
225 $977.00
1908 Erie Co. (N. Y.) S. P. C. A.
34 185.00
1907 San Francisco S. P. C. A.
74 695.00
1907) American S. P. C. A.
1,015 7,674.50
1907 Pennsylvania S. P. C. A.
522 2,635.00
1908 Women's Pennsylvania S. P. C. A... 480 1,930.00
1907 Washington (D.C.) Humane Society. 1,720 7,722.3620
Totals...
4,070 1 $21,818.86
$4.34
5.44
9.39
7.56
5.04
4.02
4.49
$5.36
18 The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and
the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
10 For cruelty to animals.
20 This includes a small amount of forfeited collateral deposits,
24
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
It has already been said that the main financial reliance
of a society for animal protection is the private con-
tributor. It therefore becomes an important aspect of the
work of every society to spread a knowledge of its work
and to gain favorable publicity. This will not merely
justify such public subsidies as may come to it, but will
at the same time increase the number of members and
contributors and the volume of bequests.
The newspapers regularly serve publicity purposes.
Especially in the smaller municipalities, where organiza-
tions are too weak to issue printed statements and reports
of their work, local newspapers are used as a medium
of communication. The annual reports of such societies
often appear in this way only; and monthly statistics,
reports of periodical meetings, personal items, etc., are
given similar publicity. In large cities, aside from the
importance attaching to the work, the social prominence
of many connected with existing organizations obtains
fairly free access to the columns of leading newspapers.
Aspects of the work are freely discussed, and the claims
for financial support well advanced. The very promi-
nence of interested parties of course often gives undue
notoriety to happenings that might better be suppressed.
The recent struggle for control between competing factions
in the Baltimore society is an instance in point. But
on the whole the public is in this way quite fairly and
favorably advised of the activities of the various socie-
ties. A much wider publicity campaign is carried on by
the American Humane Association, and other of the
larger independent organizations, by which particularly
noteworthy literary contributions to the humane cause,
news items of particular significance, and statistics of the
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
25
work find their way contemporaneously into many news-
papers in different parts of the country. The "syndicate
forms” of small local news-sheets contain much matter
of this description. These insertions are primarily educa-
tional in their aim. In so far as they succeed in this
respect, however, they add to the financial support of
anti-cruelty organizations in the localities involved.
The expansion of the membership list is the most prac-
tical way in which the work of a local organization can
be advanced and the funds for its work supplied. To this
most societies have directed their main efforts in the
matter of obtaining increased support. Membership
arrangements have been differentiated to meet widely
varying possibilities, and the element of flattery involved
in the personal mention of a classified membership list,
infinitesimal though it may be, is exploited to the utmost.
There is an element of truth in the characterization of the
annual report of a humane society as “a few pages of
statistics, several half-tone cuts and a copy of the Social
Register.” The backbone of the membership of every
society is of course the roll of active members, each of
whom pays an annual fee ranging from one to five dollars.
Beyond this it would take a considerable list to exhaust
prevailing variations of forms of membership. In addi-
tion to a not infrequent list of honorary members, the
other most commonly found grades of membership are
the following: life members, with a single initial fee
usually of $100; associate members, with a small annual
fee; junior members, made up of young people, with a
small annual fee for which the receipt is likely to take
the form of a badge or button. An interesting additional
form of membership is the animal list devised by the
26
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
>
Erie County (N. Y.) Society. This is made up of “the
friends of the Society whose pets contribute each twenty,
five cents annually towards the work of the Society for
the benefit of their less fortunate friends. Anyone desir-
ing a pet animal's name added to the list can do so" by
paying the necessary fee. In 1908, 161 pets were listed
by name in this way.
The Rochester (N. Y.) Humane Society has a list of
junior members, which are grouped according to the city
schools they happen to attend. All membership fees
from this source are devoted to the erection of drinking
fountains.
The following varying types of membership in the
Illinois Humane Society are illustrative of the prevail-
ing differentiation:
Type of membership.
Membership fee.
Annual dues.
Governing Life Members .
Governing Members.
Honorary Members...
Annual Members....
Life Members.
Branch Members....
$200
25
None.
None.
$100
None.
None.
$15
None.
$5
None.
$2
Governing life members, governing members and honor-
ary members have the right to vote for and be eligible
to the office of director. In most other instances this
right extends as well to regular annual members.
The annual report besides serving as a record of the
year's work, is a special vehicle for financial support.
Complete lists of the names of members and contributors,
usually classified according to grade of membership and
amount of contribution, as well as in memoriam” lists of
deceased members, tend to hold the support of those
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
27
already attached. Special gifts, bequests and added mem-
berships are sought by appending special blanks which
may conveniently be filled out by prospective donors or
members. A special appeal usually precedes these blanks.
The San Francisco Society in its report appends detach-
able mailing cards of application for membership, which
may be used with a minimum of inconvenience. This
Society, which operates the only ambulance in the city
for the removal of disabled animals, also holds forth
an added inducement to membership. To a member the
ambulance service is free, for any animal for which he is
the sole owner.
To all others a fee of five dollars is
charged. Some societies advertise the need for members,
or for funds, by special mention at the bottom of every
page of the annual report. The Nova Scotia Society, for
instance, on every page issues a call to "REMEMBER THE
Nova Scotia SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY
TO ANIMALS IN YOUR WILL"; and the Erie County (N.
Y.) Society in the same way re-iterates the call: “WANTED
--MORE MEMBERS."
Contributions are further courted by a differentiating
of funds for special purposes. Of this type are: the fund
for the publication of the annual report of the Erie
County Society, as well as its Humane Education fund;
the Ambulance Fund of the San Francisco Society, the
City Pound and Shelter Fund of the Women's Pennsyl-
vania Society, the Anti-Docking Fund of the Rochester
(N. Y.) Society, and others that might be mentioned.
The Century Fund of the American Society is a general
fund made up of annual contributions of $100 each.
Many societies do not seem yet to have learned the income-
getting advantages of special funds, having more than
28
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
transient existence, and regularly devoted to the pursuit of
some special end.
A few societies derive some income from the publishing
of advertising matter in the annual report, as well as in
special publications. The annual report of the Erie
County (N. Y.) is a good example of what can be done
along this line 21 Among other devices for deriving in-
come are many familiar ones: benefit performances by
singers and actors, entertainments, fairs, “horseshoe”
teas, balls, the sale of special souvenir literature, and the
inevitable annual “tag day.”
(c) Federation
Federation and unification of methods and policies of
humane work in the United States is sought through the
American Humane Association. This organization was
founded in 1874, and was incorporated under Federal laws
in 1903.22 It has from the start held annual conventions
at various points in the United States, and once in Toronto.
The annual reports of these conventions are perhaps the
most valuable single source of information we have con-
cerning the progress of the humane movement in this
country. The present activities of the Association may
be summarized as follows:23
1. It is conducting an active campaign for humane
education. This is done by addresses and by issuing
literature, as well as by promoting the passage of State
laws making humane education compulsory.
21 The recent reports of this Society are worthy of examination as Illu!
trating what seems to be eficient work along the lines here discussed.
2 For Certificate of Incorporation see Appendix XI.
23 Summarized from a circular issued by the Association,
HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION
29
2. It is actively organizing new anti-cruelty societies in
sections of the country where there are none.
3. It is conducting an annual conference for the benefit
of the active humane societies of the country. This
annual meeting serves as a clearing house for humane ideas
and methods, and spreads broadcast the best plans for
work, inspiring the weaker societies by the example of
the stronger ones.
4. It is fighting special abuses that exist on a large scale
where local anti-cruelty sentiment is not strong enough
to cope with prevailing evils. The sufferings of range
stock from starvation and exposure, methods of trans-
porting live stock, methods of slaughtering cattle, and bull-
fighting in Mexico have been objects of concern along this
line.
5. It is promoting humane legislation in Congress and
the enforcement of federal humane laws.
6. It offers medals and prizes open to national competi-
tion, for conspicuous humane acts and for humane writ-
ings.
7. It seeks to promote a proper public estimate of the
dignity and importance of the anti-cruelty crusade, by
articles in periodicals and by the circulation of humane
leaflet literature.
8. It promotes anti-cruelty exhibits at worlds' fairs and
collects statistics of humane work,
In addition to this national organization, the societies
in five states have federated along similar lines into state
organizations. These are in New York, Pennsylvania,
Michigan, California and Indiana. 24
24 For list of addresses see Appendix IV.
CHAPTER II
LEGISLATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
Less than a century ago (1811) Lord Erskine stood
up in the British House of Lords to ask for justice to
the lower creatures. At that time there was practically
no law for the protection of animals, and no machinery
for enforcing any law that might have been on the statute
books. The mocking treatment of Lord Erskine when he
made his plea for mercy, and the open derision of his
argument in favor of the rights of animals to humane
treatment are a fitting index of the prevailing indiffer-
ence of the period. Ignorance, heedlessness, and wanton
brutality contributed to a situation that caused much
animal suffering, and the few who openly protested against
this cruelty were regarded with scorn and indignation.
Among the working classes there was open disregard of
the bodily sufferings of cattle and of draught animals on
highways and streets; and among the wealthier, as well as
with the poorer classes, cruel sports were very common.
The first legislative dealings with this situation were in
1822, when Parliament passed “ An Act to Prevent the
Cruel and Improper Treatment of Cattle” introduced by
Richard Martin, an Irish member. Two years later the
1 It is said that when Mr. Martin returned to his seat after depositing
the bill at the clerk's desk a long, loud, tremendous wail broke out in the
rear of the house. It was intended to imitate the cry of a cat, and was
directed at the introducer of the bill. Martin quietly arose from his seat,
and, with fire in his eyes, he turned about and slowly, but ominously,
exclaimed, “Will the gentleman who has just spoken please stand up?"
There was no response, and no one stood up. Then Martin, turning to
30
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
31
founding of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals provided by delegated authority the machinery
for enforcing the new law. But the Society and the
country (i. e., the wealthier class, for at that time the
working classes did not count politically) were caught in a
dilemma:2 how to protect the horse and other cattle with-
out checking the sportsman. Martin's Act had excluded
the protection of the bull and the dog from its provisions.
This suited the temper of the country, but was obnoxious
to the founders of the Society. They accordingly put in
the front of the Society's program the obtaining of amend-
ments to the law of 1822. These were secured in 1835.
The bull, dog and lamb were now recognized as “cattle,"
and the baiting or fighting of dogs, bulls, bears, badgers
and cocks was prohibited. In 1845 there followed an
amendment of the law for regulating Knockers' Yards; in
1849 a new and much improved Act for the more effectual
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; in 1854 an Act pro-
hibiting the use of dogs as beasts of draught or burden
throughout England; and numerous more recent acts
covering among other things, the following objects: for
the regulation of experiments on live animals; for insur-
ing for animals carried by sea (both foreign and domestic)
a proper supply of food and water and proper ventila-
tion during the passage and on landing; for protecting
them from unnecessary suffering during passage and on
landing and during inland transit; for regulating the
the chair, gravely remarked, “Mr. Speaker, if the gentleman who insulted
me will please send his card up to the clerk's desk, I will retire to a
committee room and explain the bill to him." Martin was greeted with
His bill was passed, and the “ Martin Act”
(1822) thereupon became the first law of its kind to be established in any
part of the world.
* See Gray: Philanthropy and the State, p. 212.
loud cheers as he sat down.
32
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
marking of animals; for regulating the conduct of
slaughter houses; for the placing of poisonous matter in
open places; and for the protection of wild birds. There
has been a constant expansion of the sphere of animal
protection, until with the enactment of 63–4 Vic. c. 33
(1900) wild animals were included. The Act was then
made to apply to all animals in captivity, but not under all
circumstances. It did not apply to animals being killed
for food, nor to those vivisected under the terms of the
Act of 1876, nor to tame animals turned out to be coursed
or hunted, unless they had previously been mutilated to
facilitate their recapture. There has since been consider-
able effort still further to extend the application of the
law; but no vital amendments have been made. Particu-
larly in the matter of the law covering vivisection, the
pressure has been very strong. Very detailed evidence
was gathered by the Royal Commission on Vivisection
during 1907, and presented to Parliament. But the
status of the law has not been changed.
Similar laws have been adopted from time to time,
largely as the outcome of the activity of societies for the
prevention of cruelty, in Germany, France, and other
European countries. In the British colonies the English
example has been closely followed in most instances, par-
ticularly in Canada and the Australasian states; and pro-
tective laws exist and are more or less vigorously enforced
in the more important South American countries.
In the United States, there were protective laws on the
statute books of certain states before Henry Bergh began
his campaign of animal protection. Noteworthy among
these was the following Pennsylvania law of March 31,
1860: “If any person shall wantonly and cruelly beat,
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
33
torture, kill, or maim any horse or other domestic animal,
whether belonging to himself or another, every such person
so offending shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on
conviction, be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding two
hundred dollars, or undergo an imprisonment not exceed-
ing one year, or both, or either at the discretion of the
Court."
But the first effective piece of legislation in this direc-
tion, accompanied by sincere and adequate machinery of
enforcement, was the New York law of April 19, 1866,
passed nine days after the incorporation of the American
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Simi-
lar laws were soon passed in the following few years in
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and in other
New England, middle, and middle-western states. Other
states have since followed, details of legislation have been
refined and amplified, until today there is not a state nor
territory without some statutory provision for animal pro-
tection.
Proceeding to a more detailed description of State
laws, the most common provision is that which provides
against the overloading, over-driving, unnecessary or un-
justifiable beating, killing, mutilating or maiming of
animals, and the failure to provide necessary and proper
food, drink and shelter, and against any other act of
cruelty to an animal. The New York law is representa-
tive in this connection/" A person who overdrives, over-
loads, tortures, or cruélly beats or unjustifiably injures,
maims, mutilates, or kills any animal, whether wild or
tame, and whether belonging to himself or to another, or
deprives any animal of necessary sustenance, food or
4
34
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
It
drink, or neglects or refuses to furnish it such sustenance
or drink, or causes, procures, or permits any animal to
be overdriven, overloaded, tortured, cruelly beaten, or
unjustifiably injured, maimed, mutilated, or killed, or to
be deprived of necessary food or drink, or who wilfully
sets on foot, instigates, engages in, or in any way furthers
an act of cruelty to any animal, or any act tending to
produce such cruelty, is guilty of a misdemeanor. "
might seem that provision so broad as this would cover
possible acts of cruelty in such way as to render more
extended statutory provision unnecessary.
This provision
is not in derogation of any principle of common law.
Indeed, unless an act partakes of the nature of a public
nuisance, cruelty to animals is not an offense at common
law. Public cruelty, however, such as the beating to
death of an animal in or near a public street, or the
excessive beating of a horse by a cartman in the act of
driving along a public street is a misdemeanor at common
law.3 The statute merely extends this principle and
adds a further harmonious element. The courts in con-
sequence have interpreted broadly, and have been inclined
to extend the scope of this provision to many particular
offenses that have nevertheless been made subjects of
special enactments. While an act must be wanton or
cruel to make it a misdemeanor under the statute relating
to cruelty, all persons are charged with an intent to do
wwhat necessarily follows as the result of a wanton or
8 Beamer v. State, 21 Obio Cir. Ct. 440; 7 L.R. N.S. 89, 90. U. S. v.
Jackson 4; Cranch CC, 483, and other cases. Still, decisions are found
holding that cruelty is an offense at common law. See State v. Briggs,
1 Aiken (Vt.) 226, and Ross's Case, 3 City Hall Rec. (N. Y.), 191. That
the courts look unfavorably upon cruel treatment may be seen from the
language in People v. Stakes (1 Wheeler, Cr. Cas. 111): "Cruelty to a
brute cannot be justified, and in all cases of wanton cruelty the court will
severely punish the offender."
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
35
cruel act. If, therefore, the act causing the cruelty is
wanton or cruel, the person committing the act is in the
eyes of the law guilty of cruelty. In People v. Brunell
(48 How. Pa., 435, 443), the court says: “The question
really is not, whether they intended to torture the horse;
the question really is, whether they wilfully caused certain
things or acts to be done, which necessarily did torture
the horse."
This being the attitude of the courts, more specific
statutes have been needed for two reasons. In the first
place there has been the situation which perplexed a meet-
ing of the English Society in 1832. The difficulty is
expressed by the Chairman who pointed out how hard it
would be to draw up an “Act which while it punished
cruelty did not give too much power to the magistrates
to infringe the rights and liberties of the subject. ...
If they made a general law that any cruelty to any animal
with life was an offence, then room was given for an
arbitrary power which might even be extended to a man
fishing or fox-hunting.” The carnivorous appetite, the
extension of science, the providing of exercise for an
idle class, have been regarded as weighty enough to justify
exceptions in the law of the land.
In the second place, it has seemed expedient for admin-
istrative as well as for legal reasons to amplify the details
of many specific prohibitions. In the matter of target-
shooting at live birds, for instance, the general statute has
been recognized by some courts as prohibiting this prac-
tice. A permissive act was required in New York
(1875) to legitimize the practice under restriction. This
* Bishop on Stat. Crimes, sec. 1113.
0 D. 9., See Paine v. Bergh, 1 City Court Reports 160, afirmed on
appeal by the higher courts.
36
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
in turn was repealed in 1902, and now pigeon-shooting is
illegal in New York State without a specific enactment to
that effect. Target-shooting of this description goes on in
other states, however, under such precautions as are neces-
sary to avoid the prescriptions of the general anti-cruelty
law. In Pennylvania, for instance, the shooting is done
with double-barrelled guns, the second barrel of which is
discharged immediately after the first to guarantee the
speedy killing of birds that may merely have been wounded.
But whatever precautions are taken, abuses have arisen, and
nearly one third of the states have seen fit to guard against
possibly ambiguous practices by definitely prohibitive
statutes.
Similarly in the matter of docking horses' tails, the prac-
tice is generally considered to be within the scope of the
statute against cruelty. Convictions for the offense on this
ground in minor courts have not been uncommon. But,
here again, granting the utmost to this view, the burden of
proof would rest with prosecuting agencies; and the at-
taching of the offense to particular parties would often be
a difficult matter. Specific statutory provision avoids this
difficulty as well as others that might arise. Two types
of statute have been developed in this country. The more
common of the two is well represented by the Minnesota
law of 1905, by which docking is specifically forbidden,
and the mutilated condition of a horse's tail with wound
unhealed is prima facie evidence of violation of the law
by the person having the docked horse in his possession.?
The second type is more radical, and is found in only a
& See obiter dictum in Ford v. Wiley, 23d B. D., 203.
7 See also laws of Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Iowa,
Maine, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Obio, South Carolina,
Utah, Washington.
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
37
few states. The Colorado law is typical of these. It
required, on its passage, the registration of all docked
horses in the state. Thereafter, “the driving, working,
keeping, racing or using of any unregistered docked
horse," was to be deemed “prima facie evidence of the fact
that the party" so using the horse docked its tail. The
importation of docked horses into the state was also for-
bidden except so far as concerned native bred stallions and
mares brought into the state for breeding and exhibition
purposes only.
The fighting or baiting of animals obviously comes
within the general statutory prohibition of wanton cruelty.
Yet the majority of the states have passed specific laws
against the practice. These usually include in the cate-
gory of offenders not merely the immediate promoters of
fights, but also the trainers and owners of fighting animals
and paraphernalia, owners and lessors of premises used for
fights, and spectators. Fighting animals and accessory
property are usually seized, whether the laws specifically
provide to that effect or not. Peace officers are commonly
given the right of entry and search, where violation of the
law in this respect is suspected. This is often permitted
by law without the issuance of a warrant; but it is more
common for the law to provide that peace officers may
enter any building or enclosure, where animals are sup-
posed to be kept for unlawful purposes or anti-cruelty laws
to be violated, only after a warrant to that effect has been
issued by a magistrate or local police justice.
Many minor offenses require no such administrative
8 California, Colorado, Michigan.
This has been declared unconstitutional as an interference with inter-
state commerce. Stubbs v. People, 90 P. 1114, 40 Colo. 414.
38
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
detail. In consequence, they are usually left uncovered
by law, except by the general enactment. The use of dogs
as draft animals is a good example of this. Only two
states have specific enactments covering this matter. It
is, of course, almost a negligible practice at any rate. The
New York law, assuming that under proper supervision
the use of dogs in this way is not necessarily cruel,
specifically permits the practice on taking out a license the
number of which must be painted on any vehicle drawn
by dogs. The New Jersey law, on the other hand, sum-
marily forbids the practice, and provides that any cart so
attached shall, with its contents, be subject to seizure.
The other states recognize the matter only as they would
in the case of a horse, mule, or other large draft animal,
overloaded or maltreated.
The use of live animals for purposes of scientific experi-
mentation has been treated in like fashion. Except where
specific exception has been made,10 the general anti-cruelty
law covers abuses involving cruelty to vivisected animals.
It is usually assumed, however, that experiments con-
ducted under the authority of a regular medical school or
college are so carried on as to avoid unnecessary suffering.
Such institutions are therefore largely immune from inter-
ference in this connection. Isolated instances of vivisec-
tion under private auspices are those in which abuses are
most likely to occur. Against these the general law very
well applies. This being the case, several states have
taken the step of permitting such experiments “only under
the authority of the faculty of some regularly incorporated
medical college or university of the state” in question. 11
10 See for instance the Nevada law.
u See the laws of California, New Jersey, New York and Washington.
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
39
In Illinois, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania and
Washington, vivisection, as well as the exhibition of vivi-
sected animals, is forbidden in schools, other than medical
and dental. The most restrictive of any of the state laws
is probably that of Michigan, passed in 1907. This law
specifies a considerable list of experiments, presumably
of more or less serious or painful type, all of which are
forbidden except under anæsthetics. The English law is
more detailed and more restrictive in its provisions than
any of these. Its administration is such, however, that
effective supervision is a matter of difficulty.12
The main provisions of this Act, passed August 15,
1876, and entitled “ An Act to amend the law relating to
Cruelty to Animals,” are as follows:
Section II. Prohibits painful experiments on animals,
except under conditions imposed by the Act, and enacts
a penalty of Fifty Pounds for the first offence, and One
Hundred Pounds for the second offence.
Section III. Imposes the following conditions, with-
out observance of which no person may perform experi-
ments on animals calculated to give pain—the operator
must be licensed by the Home Secretary, the object of the
experiment must be the discovery of knowledge for pro-
longing life or alleviating suffering, and not for the at-
taining of manual skill; the animal must be wholly
12 The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, says of
this (71st Annual Report, p. 165): “If all experiments were of necessity
made at one place; or if no experiment could be made except in presence
of an impartial inspector, that defect would be cured ; at present the
experimenters send returns of experiments, performed by them under the
permission granted by the Home Secretary, to an Inspector, who reports
thereon to the Home Secretary. It is true that the Secretary of State
is responsible to the House of Commons, and any infringement permitted
by him of the law would be seriously dealt with ; but under the arrange-
ment described the supervision is so imperfect that no one has the means
of proving that abuses do exist or any case on which to arraign the
experimenter, much less the Minister, even if one existed."
40
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
insensible during the operation, and must be killed before
sensibility returns, if it be probable that pain would be
felt should sensibility return; no experiment shall be per-
formed as an illustration of lectures in medical schools,
hospitals, colleges, or elsewhere of a kind likely to cause
pain by a teacher who has not applied for and obtained a
certificate, and even then he must not cause pain; painful
experiments may be performed by persons who obtain
licenses from the Home Secretary authorizing them under
conditions he may impose to perform such experiments for
discovery or demonstration of alleged discoveries.
Section IV. Prohibits the use of curare as an anaes-
thetic.
Section V. Gives a special protection to dogs, cats,
horses, asses and mules against painful experiments, which
may not be used if any other animal be available.
Section VI. Absolutely prohibits exhibitions of pain-
ful experiments to the public, under heavy penalties, and
forbids under a smaller penalty the advertising of a pro-
jected exhibition.
Sections VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. Em-
power Home Secretary to have places of experimentation
registered, to impose conditions on licenses, to demand
reports of experiments, and provide inspection; and
legalize experiments ordered to be made by a Judge for the
elucidation of criminal cases heard by him.
Section XIII. Empowers Magistrates to grant a search
warrant when reasonable ground exists that painful experi-
ments are being performed by unlicensed persons.
Sections XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, and
XX relate to routine of procedure.
Section XXI. Forbids the prosecution of a license
without the assent of the Secretary of State.
Section XXII. Limits the action of the statute to
vertebrates.
There is no limitation of time provided during which
proceedings must be taken; therefore Section XI, of 11
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
41
& 12 Vic., cap. 43, will apply viz., information must be
laid before the expiration of six months.
Aside from the general provision against cruelty, none
is more common in the laws of the states than those pro-
viding against neglect in its various forms. Failure to
provide proper food, drink and protection against the
weather for domestic animals is a misdemeanor in most
of the states. In nearly one half of these the law is
worked out in sufficient detail not merely to prescribe
proper penalties for offenders, but to suggest as well lawful
methods of relieving the distress of another's neglected
beast. It is provided in these cases that after the lapse of
a reasonable time (usually twelve successive hours) an
outsider may make necessary provision for a neglected
animal. It is lawful for such person to enter another's
premises from time to time with this end in view without
incurring liability to any action for such entry. The
reasonable expense of food and water so provided is charge-
able to the offending owner of such an animal. In default
of payment, the animal is subject to levy and sale upon
observance of usual legal processes. In some states the
owner's rights are very carefully safeguarded by detailed
provisions covering the execution of liens on animals cared
for. The Colorado law, for instance, requires that before
enforcing a lien on an animal or other property seized by
sale at public auction, written notice must be given the
owner, if he be known, of the time and place of sale at
least five days in advance, as well as by posting three
notices to the same effect in three public places within the
county, affording the same interval. If the owner is not
known, notices must be posted at least ten days prior to
sale.
42
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
There are minor variations from these provisions in a
number of instances. In several states officers or agents
of duly incorporated societies for the prevention of cruelty
to animals are especially named as those who may inter-
fere in behalf of neglected animals. In one state
(Idaho), instead of the usual twelve hour lapse before
interference, the law prescribes a longer interval: forty-
eight hours for an animal without food, twenty-four hours
COWS.
13 In attempting to give the needed powers to bumane officers or other
officials whose duty it is to protect the interests of the helpless, the in-
terests of those who may be coerced or interfered with by the statute are
not always carefully guarded. Several cases have arisen in which such
statutes have been contested on the ground of unconstitutionality. They
agree for the most part in holding that the constitutional guaranty of due
process of law is violated in permitting officials to take animals and
charge the owner for their keeping, or otherwise to dispose of them,
unless provision is made for notice to the owner and an opportunity to
be heard in the case. The various decisions on the subject are reviewed
in a note to the case of Jenks v. Stump, 15 L. R. A. (N. S.) 554. That
case, decided by the supreme court of Colorado, was a replevin suit for
The defendant alleged that the owner abandoned, neglected and
cruelly treated them, and that they were seized solely to prevent their
suffering and death from hunger, thirst, and neglect. The court reviews
some of the authorities, and concludes as follows:
Applying the foregoing well-established principles to the case at bar,
we find the statute seeks to clothe the humane society and its agents
with extraordinary powers. By its terms the agent is the sole judge of
whether an animal is neglected, abandoned, or illtreated, and whether
it has sufficient food, nourishment and shelter. The truth respecting the
matter cannot avail, because the agent is clothed with power to take
possession of the animals, regardless of their condition. No tribunal, or
any hearing, is provided to determine the facts. The agent may, in his
discretion, take possession and create a charge which becomes a lien upon
the property without notice or hearing. The owner may have no knowl-
edge that his property is being taken. No provision is made for the
payment of any residue over and above the charge of the agent and the
expense of the sale to the owner, and such payment is not required by
this law, and this is one of the tests of its constitutionality. There is
no penalty for failure to return the proceeds of any sale to the owner,
and the only redress is by an action to recover the same, and the party
aggrieved must himself initiate the action to have his day in court. We
think such powers are inhibited by the Constitution, and must hold that
the statute is in contravention of Article 2, $ 25, Colo. Const., and of the
14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution, that it authorizes the tak-
ing of property without due process of law, and is not a valid exercise
of the police power of the state.''
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
43
for an animal without water. In Massachusetts the con-
tinuous period of care by an outsider is limited to sixty
days.
In the carrying of animals, whether locally or over long
distances, laws for the protection of live-stock have had
considerable development along specific lines. The gen-
eral statute would obviously apply here without further
specification. But the difficulties of the case are such that
definite requirements have proved to be a necessity. In
the first place, the commercial incentive is so largely in-
volved that in many instances of treatment producing
baneful effects on animals, the question of intent is very
much obscured by other considerations. There is a seem-
ing economy in over-crowding and in a minimum of care
during transportation, in which it is difficult to find any
element of wanton cruelty. Then too, especially in rail-
road transportation, the field for discretion in determining
proper standards is so broad that adequate restrictions can
be provided only by specific statutory enactments of a
rather detailed type.
In the transportation of live stock by rail or on water-
craft the common standard is one that provides against
overcrowding and guarantees a five-hour period for rest,
feeding and watering at the end of every twenty-eight con-
secutive hours in transit. Exception is usually made
when delays are caused by storm or accident, or in cases
where car facilities are such that there is adequate space
and opportunity for rest and feeding during transporta-
tion. In estimating the period of confinement it is the
rule to include the time during which animals have been
confined without rest on connecting roads from which they
have been received. The obligation to provide for animals
44
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
in this way rests first on the owner of such animals. But
in lack of such provision on his part, the obligation must
be assumed by the transportation agency. If the owner,
or his agent in charge, fails on demand to pay for the
care or feeding of the animals, the carrier may charge such
expense to the owner or consignee. Until paid, it con-
stitutes a lien on animals cared for.
There are various departures from this standard.
California, Illinois and Nevada have a thirty-six hour
rule; Washington has one of forty-eight hours. Maine goes
to the other extreme with a twenty-hour provision. Min-
nesota, Nebraska and New York also follow a twenty-four
hour rule, and Florida one of twenty-six hours. In Cali-
fornia the rest and feeding period is one of ten hours, and
in Washington but two hours. A number of states seek
to regulate the speed of trains carrying cattle. In Iowa
this must be the “highest practicable.” What this may be
is left to the determination of the State Board of Railroad
Commissioners. In Kansas the rate of speed must be not
less than fifteen miles an hour, not including stops for
feeding. In Nebraska the minimum is eighteen miles an
hour, except on branch lines less than 125 miles in length,
where the minimum is twelve miles an hour. South
Dakota requires a still higher minimum average speed,
,
one of twenty miles an hour. In Maine the highest prac-
ticable speed is sought by giving cars containing animals
in transit the preference over other freight, and a time
limit for unloading is imposed.
The shipment of cattle, however, is so likely to be an
interstate matter that state regulations alone would in
perhaps a majority of instances leave abuses untouched.
This situation was early met by the federal Act of March
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
45
3, 1873, which provided a standard twenty-eight hour
arrangement. This was modified in 1906 (R. S. 1906,
ch. 3594)14 at the instance of cattle owners in such manner
as to give them much wider latitude. The amendment
provides that upon written request of the owner or person
in custody of a shipment, the time of confinement may be
extended to thirty-six hours, not including the time spent
in loading and unloading. Sheep need not be unloaded in
the night time, but may be carried further to a suitable
place within the thirty-six hour limitation.
Various minor details might be noted in the different
states. In Maine, for instance, as in a few other states,
it is provided that animals of one kind only and of
approximately the same maturity, may be loaded together
in the same compartment, except that sucklings must be
given free access to dams. There is also a requirement
that cars be boarded shut to afford protection during the
cold winter months. The Vermont law requires that rail-
roads supply covered yards for live stock, with running
water, between May and November.
The Canadian law is a standard twenty-eight hour law,
with the additional requirement that except in freezing
weather the floors of cars must be cleaned, and covered
with clean saw-dust or sand before re-loading:15 The
English provision is more elaborate. Separate specifica-
tions are made for transportation by rail, by vessels carry-
ing foreign animals, and by vessels. carrying animals other
than foreign. In the matter of railway transportation
large discretion is left with the Board of Agriculture. 16
This Board determines at what stations water, or water
14 See Appendix XII, 4 (6) for text.
15 R. S. C. ch. 172, secs. 8-12.
18 See 57 and 58 Vic., cap. 57.
46
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
and food, shall be provided. There is a twenty-four hour
rule for watering, but the Board may prescribe any other
period not less than twelve hours. Orders of the Board
of Agriculture likewise cover in detail the two varieties of
transportation by vessel. These deal with the parts of
vessels that may be used for this purpose, with the char-
acter and dimensions of pens and fittings and of passage-
ways, with the matters of ventilation, light, feeding, water-
ing and attendance, with the treatment of injured animals,
and many other details.
In the matter of the short distance, local carrying of
animals, there is considerable uniformity in the details of
statutory provision. In a number of instances the only
specific reference is a brief clause in the general
anti-cruelty paragraphs of state laws dealing with these
matters. Such, for instance, is the West Virginia provi-
sion which merely includes the following in a general
section covering a long list of offenses: “or shall carry in
or upon any vehicle or otherwise, any such animal in a
cruel or inhuman manner.” In still other cases there is
distinct provision in simple general terms, such as the
following in New York State: “A person who carries or
causes to be carried in or upon any vessel or vehicle, or
otherwise, any animal in a cruel or inbuman manner, or
so as to produce torture, is guilty of a misdemeanor."
The third type is more detailed and specific. Of this the
Minnesota law is a good illustration: “Every person who
shall carry, or cause to be carried, any live animals upon
any vehicle or otherwise, without providing suitable racks,
cars, crates or cages in which such animals can both stand
and lie down during transportation and while awaiting
slaughter; every person who shall carry or cause to be
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
47
carried, upon a vehicle or otherwise, any live animal hav-
ing feet or legs tied together, or in any other cruel or
inhuman manner . . . shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.”
In the matter of diseased, disabled or superannuated
animals statutory enactments are numerous. Abandon-
ment of animals past useful service is forbidden with
particular frequency. In some states, abandonment is
simply forbidden under penalty. No further provision is
made in these states covering the disposition of abandoned
animals. More frequently, however, there is additional
stipulation that such animals shall be humanely killed.
To guard against possibly unjust or hasty destruction of
property in this way, simple judicial machinery is usually
provided for by the law, to pass on the question of killing
an abandoned animal. In Delaware, for instance, a
justice of the peace must order the killing and removal of
such an animal. This act is almost invariably performed
by a police officer or the agent of a local humane society.
In Nevada and in Washington an officer may kill on his
own initiative. But in several instances, as in Georgia,
Nebraska and Pennsylvania, any suitable person may be
named to carry out the magistrate's order. In Georgia,
such person is still liable for damages to the owner of an
animal killed by him or on an order procured by his
initiative. The most common arrangement, however, is
one in which peace officers are empowered to destroy any
animal which, in the judgment of two reputable citizens
given by written certificate called to view the same, ap-
pears to be “injured, disabled, diseased past recovery, or
unfit for any useful purpose.”'17 The Indiana law calls
17 This of course covers more than mere abandonment.
48
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
for three "reputable citizens "18 as judges, one of whom
must be a “reputable veterinary surgeon,” and the Wyo-
ming law for two, with the requirement that one of these
shall be a veterinarian. In West Virginia the owner may
choose one of the judges, and in Virginia if the two dis-
agree, they must choose a third whose judgment is final.
Several states follow the example of Massachusetts by
restricting the killing of seemingly useless, abandoned
animals to such as the emergency judges attach a value
of less than five dollars. In such cases, the humane
society involved must reimburse the owner of such an
animal, unless abandonment was wilful or cruel. And
the society must pay in addition the appraisers' fees. In
a number of states there is the further stipulation that
any vehicle or other property left with an abandoned
animal shall be taken up by the police officer involved in
the case and delivered into proper custody. The owner is
chargeable with expenses incurred in this connection; and
such expenses are a lien on the vehicle and other property.
Legislative provisions forbidding the sale of animals
afflicted with contagious diseases are quite commonly in-
corporated in state laws dealing with the subject of animal
diseases and their prevention. These obviously have a
humane bearing; but their prime purpose is the defence
of the public health. They have been noted in this report
only when they have seemed from an administrative stand-
point to be placed on a common footing with the anti-
cruelty laws. The prevention of the sale of worn-out
animals, however, is entirely humane in its scope and
purpose. There is perhaps no statute which, in the
present state of humane legislation, can do more than this
18 As does the Mississippi law.
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
49
to minimize needless suffering on the part of draught
animals. Yet, such laws are to be found in relatively
few states. Massachusetts and Louisiana forbid the sale
at auction of such animals. When the Massachusetts law
was passed, it was feared that a more sweeping law, cover-
ing private sales as well, would not stand the constitu-
tional test. A more recent law makes provision for the
humane killing of such animals, after a hearing which
determines their unfitness for humane use, the value to be
reimbursed the owner by the society whose agent made the
application for process, in pursuance of which the animals
were killed. 19 These two laws, enforced by a powerful
and energetic humane society, might well rid the state of
its worn-out beasts of draught. A very recent Pennsyl-
vania law is the most sweeping of any existing state law.
Under its provisions it is unlawful to sell a horse which
for any cause “could not be worked in this Commonwealth
without violating the laws against cruelty to animals.”:20
This is thoroughgoing. If it is not unconstitutional, with
vigorous and judicious enforcement it should cover the
ground of the two Massachusetts laws. In other instances
the forbidding of the sale of diseased animals, although
often included in the category of penal offenses on cruelty
grounds, does not cover the sale of horses in cases where
their days of comfortable and economical service are past.
The provisions that are to be found in a number of states
requiring the killing of animals beyond useful service, 21
18 See Appendix XII.
20 See Appendix XII (8). A recent New Hampshire law makes very
brief provision to the same effect, sale or exchange" both being for-
bidden.
21 This could apply, of course, only in case of manifest cruelty. Only
in such case could the police power cover such an invasion of property
rights.
5
50
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
and, in others, forbidding the use of animals when unfit
for labor, in a measure cover this lack. But these are
likely to apply only in isolated instances of sporadic ill-
treatment. The other, forbidding the sale of worn-out
animals, reaches the root of the matter and prohibits
abiding cruelties.
The protection of property in animals has been a matter
of large legislative concern; and many resulting laws have
decidedly humane bearings. This is particularly true of
the numerous laws forbidding the poisoning of animals
and the malicious killing or maiming of another person's
animals. The same may be said of the prohibition placed
on the throwing of glass, nails or other refuse in public
places, by the laws of New York, Oklahoma, Penn-
sylvania and Rhode Island. This is a matter, however,
usually left to municipal prescription. Exception is often
made of dogs in the extending of protection to animal
property. Dogs are frequently regarded as a public
nuisance, and the right to keep such is quite commonly
contingent on the payment of a tax, and often of a munic-
ipal license. Dogs that are a nuisance or a menace by
reason of vicious habits or of a tendency to worry or kill
other domestic animals (particularly sheep) may quite
regularly be killed by injured parties. The administra-
tion of dog licensing regulations is usually a purely muni-
cipal matter. There is one instance, however, in which
the whole process has been delegated to a society for the
prevention of cruelty to animals. Under “An Act for
the Better Protection of Lost and Strayed Animals, for
Securing the Rights of the Owners, etc.," the American
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is em-
powered to license cats and dogs in New York City, and
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
51
to receive and retain all fees therefrom to cover costs
and as compensation for enforcing this law and maintain-
ing a shelter for stray dogs, and for enforcing such state
laws as relate to the humane work in which the Society is
engaged.” A similar law applicable to cities of less than
800,000 inhabitants was passed in 1896 (ch. 448), but
this was declared unconstitutional (Fox v. Mohawk and
Hudson River Humane Society, 25 App. Div. 26, 1898,
affirmed in 165 N. Y. 517). A subsequent law (1902,
ch. 294) provided that the mayors of cities of the second
class may contract with incorporated societies for the pre-
vention of cruelty to animals for the licensing, impound-
ing, etc., of dogs. Compensation must not exceed the
income from license fees. The administration of the law
is subject to the supervision of the Commissioner of Public
Safety in each city. The impounding, killing of stray
animals, etc., in other states is not infrequently let out by
municipalities to animal societies. Doubts of the con-
stitutionality of the statute applying to the American So-
ciety are frequently expressed. Typical of these are the
comments of Justice Kelly of the Supreme Court of New
York City, uttered on October 15, 1908, in connection with
a decision continuing an injunction restraining the society
from killing an unlicensed dog. Among other things he
says:
"I do not see how the object intended by the Legis-
lature is accomplished by the tag. If muzzles or a leash
were required, it would appear to be a more effective
method of protecting the public. If a dog bites, the fact
that it is tagged or not tagged does not appear to be
important. A dog tagged and roaming the streets may
become infected as well as a dog having an owner and a
home, but unlicensed.
52
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
“ But if it be said that these matters are within the
domain of the Legislature, I still think there is grave
doubt whether the amendments to the statute cited have
removed all of the objections referred to by the Court of
Appeals in Fox v. Mohawk and Hudson River Humane
Society (156 N. Y. 517). In that case a similar statute
was declared unconstitutional for various reasons referred
to in the opinion of Judge Cullen, writing for the court.
The statute was thereupon amended with the purpose of
avoiding the unconstitutional provisions commented on by
the court. I have read with interest and with great
respect the opinion of ex-Chief Judge Andrews, given to
the defendant, in which he holds that the action in its
present form obviates the objections sustained in the Fox
case, and undoubtedly this has been done as to most of
these objections.
“But there remains one objection to the act in question
pointed out by Judge Cullen at page 524 of the opinion,
which I think remains. I suggested it on the argument
and I cannot see that it is disposed of. I do not believe
that the Legislature can vest any such power as is sought
to be conferred here in a private corporation. The agents
who go into the streets of the city and seize these animals,
are not public officers. They are selected by the de-
fendant and responsible to it. They have power to take
these dogs by force from the owners and deliver them to
the defendant. It is a misdemeanor to interfere with these
persons; they are described in the act as officers and
agents of the society.
“ They are vested with powers greater in some respects,
than public officers bound by oath and responsible to the
public. I think the public health should be protected by
the State or the municipality, acting through their duly
designated representatives. There can be no question as
to the power of the Legislature to provide for the licensing
of dogs, or for the protection of the citizen by appropriate
regulations and rules governing the keeping of dogs, but
great danger may result from delegating to these private
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
53
corporations duties which belong to the public and which.
should be performed by public officers. The Legislature
may delegate duties to individuals which cannot be dele-
gated to corporations.
Without questioning the good that has been done in
many cases by such associations, when it comes to inter-
ference with the person or property of the individual, I
doubt whether the principle is right. It seems wrong that,
in this case, the plaintiff's dog should be kept from him
and put to death unless he pays money to the defendant
corporation, which as far as I can see, is not subject to
report to the State or municipality, or to control in its
work by any branch of government. I think these ques-
tions should be deliberately tried out and decided before
the plaintiff's dog is killed."
By way of furthering humane education, state legisla-
tion has done little beyond recognizing humane societies,
Audubon societies and other organizations as agencies for
its promotion. A succession of New York laws provide
for an agreement with the American Museum of Natural
History in New York City by the terms of which
materials, specimens, etc., are provided for free instruction
in natural history in normal and other schools for the
preparation of teachers, and in free common schools.
Further lectures are also provided for, to be given on
holidays and at other suitable times to artisans, mechanics
and other citizens. In Illinois, California and some other
states the law provides for an annual “Bird Day" in
the schools. The law of Colorado requires that two
lessons per week (not less than ten minutes each) be given
in the schools on the humane treatment of animals. The
law of North Dakota prescribes a like period for a
system of study of the humane treatment of animals," as
do the laws of South Dakota, Montana and Wyoming.
54
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
The latter three, however, specify “a system of humane
treatment as embodied in the laws” of the respective
states, and do not prescribe a definite period of instruc-
tion. In California, humane education is compulsory in
all primary and grammar schools having more than one
hundred census children in the district. This instruc-
tion may be oral, and the purchase of text-books may not
be required of pupils. In Oklahoma the law prescribes
instruction in schools to the amount of not less than
one-half hour per week on the “humane treatment and
protection of dumb animals and birds; their lives, habits
and usefulness, and the important part they are intended
to fulfill in the economy of nature.” The Illinois law is
similar; but is more extended.22 The Pennsylvania law
provides for not more than one-half hour per week on
the "kind treatment of birds and animals," and those of
Maine and Washington for not less than ten minutes.
The law of Texas prescribes that “suitable instruction
shall be given in the primary grades once each week re-
garding kindness to animals of the brute creation and the
protection of birds and their nests and eggs.” The New
Hampshire statute provides for “a well prescribed read-
ing course dealing with the principle of the humane treat-
ment of the lower animals." Idaho and Utah have been
reported as having compulsory requirements; but I have
been unable to find any specific enactments to that effect.
Of miscellaneous provisions for the prevention of
cruelty that have not already been noted, several merit
attention by way of illustrating how legislation may adapt
itself to peculiar local requirements. In Maine and Ver-
mont, specific provision is made for mitigating the cruel-
22 See Appendix XII, 5, for text.
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
55
ties incident to the trapping of fur-bearing animals. In
the former, it is provided that traps set for animals must
be visited at least once in each twenty-four hours so that
trapped animals may be removed. In Vermont, the time
limit is forty-eight hours.
In the severely cold weather that prevails in some
states during winter months, especial precautions would
seem to be necessary to protect draught animals from
suffering. Minnesota law seeks to guard against the care-
lessness of owners in this respect by prescribing that be-
tween November 1st and May 1st clipped horses must be
blanketed when standing in unsheltered places. Pecu-
liarities of local situations, however, are much more likely
to be met by the administrative ingenuity of local anti-
cruelty societies than by legislation. Specific provisions
such as those noted in Maine, Vermont and Minnesota are
exceptional. The blanketing of horses, for instance, is
usually met by the “protection from the weather” clause
of the general statute.
Such is the case with animals
transported by ferry to and from Manhattan Island points.
Viewing the field of legislation as a whole, it will be
seen that there is no state nor territory lacking some gen-
eral provision under which cruelty to animals may be
prosecuted and punished. In most of the states the law
has undergone considerable differentiation in detail; and
in such states as California, Colorado, Massachusetts and
others, the law leaves little to be desired on the score of
completeness. It is unquestionably true that the degree
of detail with which the law of any state has been worked
out is a fairly satisfactory index of the past activity of
its humane organizations. But from the standpoint of
56
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
efficient dealing with contemporary local conditions, the
extent of legislative detail may reveal little. An active
organization operating under à general anti-cruelty
statute may readily do more for the prevention of cruelty
than a more perfunctory, perhaps more pretentious, or-
ganization equipped with the utmost detail of delegated
administrative authority. This fact, however, does not
minimize the desirability of more comprehensive provision
in many instances. In addition to general statutes cover-
ing the more wanton offenses, special laws might well be
added to those already on the statute books of most of the
states. The inane practice of docking horses' tails should
be specifically dealt with. A satisfactory law covering the
sale of worn-out animals should be found in every state,
as should the model law of the Audubon Societies. And
in addition to an adequate federal law, covering the trans-
portation of live stock, every state should deal with the
matter in such manner as to cover intra-state shipments.
Note. In Table I, the more important laws dealing
with the prevention of cruelty to animals have been sum-
marized. Nothing has been said of the penalties attach-
ing to different offenses, and little attention has been given
to administrative detail. Offenses against animals are
usually of the class of misdemeanors, and the penalties are
those usually connected with that type of offense: a small
fine, a short term of imprisonment, or both, at the discre-
tion of the court. Details of administration have been
briefly considered elsewhere in dealing with the activities
of societies for the prevention of cruelty. Attention as a
rule has been confined, furthermore, to general as dis-
LEGISLATION FOR PROTECTION OF ANIMALS
57
tinguished from special or local laws. Local laws do not
lack importance; but a complete survey of these, or of
municipal ordinances, would be a study of such inde-
pendent magnitude that it has been omitted here. The
general laws are at any rate quite representative of the
situation in the states to which they apply. Game laws
have likewise been omitted from consideration. They are
important only in the light of very detailed local applica-
tions, and are in consequence not conveniently nor help-
fully summarized. They are likewise subject to very
frequent modifications, as fluctuating local conditions may
require. For purposes of reference, the summary of game
laws issued by the Biological Survey of the United States
is serviceable.23 A variety of laws dealing with various
other subjects, many of which have humane implications,
have not been treated here. Among them may be men-
tioned the following: estrays and trespassing animals,
animals afflicted with contagious or infectious diseases,
the use of barb-wire fences, hunting with dogs, buggery,
the use of cattle guards on railroads, the cleaning and
disinfecting of cattle cars, and State bureaus of animal
industry.
Some of these subjects bear quite as fully on the proper
treatment of animals as does that of food and shelter for
cattle. Attention has been given to the feeding of cows,
however, merely because such provision has so frequently
been combined in State law with the other provisions for
the humane treatment of animals.
In the column allotted to provisions for the incorpora-
tion of societies for humane purposes, omissions do not
28 Game Laws of 1908, by T. S. Palmer and Henry Oldys.
Bulletin 336, U. S. Dept. of Agric.
Farmers'
58
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
indicate that no provision has been made for the forma-
tion of such societies in the states concerned. In such
instances, societies are created either by special charter, or
are formed under the general law providing for the in-
corporation of religious and charitable societies, or of
membership corporations in general.
In compiling the summary of humane laws contained in
Table I, it has not been possible in many instances to
obtain session laws later than those for 1907. Every
effort has been made, however, to obtain copies of laws
that may have been passed in sessions held during 1908
and 1909. But even so, there are doubtless many omis-
sions. The same may be said of earlier years, where in
instances scrutiny of the statute books may have been
imperfect. The author would welcome the calling of at-
tention to such errors of oversight as well as to those of
misinterpretation or misstatement.
CHAPTER III
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES FOR THE PRE-
VENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS
From the beginning, the activities of societies for the
prevention of cruelty to animals have grouped themselves
along three main lines: (1) the prevention of cruel acts
by warning or prosecuting offenders; (2) the developing
of better conditions surrounding animal life, particularly
in cities; (3) the educating of the public to higher
standards in the care and treatment of animals.
1.
Under the first of these heads conditions have under-
gone marked change since the earlier days of anti-cruelty
work. The grosser forms of cruelty are now exceptional.
When they do occur, perpetrators speedily encounter a
hostile public attitude. Before Henry Bergh began his
crusade, revolting forms of cruelty were unchecked and
almost unnoticed. “Festering sores caused by some
neglected disease, or by the chafing of harness, or perhaps
the result of a beating; excruciating lameness; tottering
infirmity, were common sights. Our streets were hourly
the scene of the savage beating of some weak horse which
had stopped from sheer exhaustion, unable to drag the
heavily-loaded vehicle to which it was attached. In such
cases it was a common thing for the driver to seize a rung
from the cart or a cobble stone from the street and beat
59
60
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
the poor animal in the most horrible manner, while a
crowd would gaze on the demoralizing spectacle without
offering to go to the assistance of the victim or even remon-
strating with the brutal master. To the present genera-
tion the picture will appear overdrawn. But there are
thousands of citizens who will readily recall incidents
which could not be enacted on our streets to-day without
prompt interference on the part of bystanders. Now the
offender would be instantly seized, and if he escaped rough
usage at the hands of the spectators, he would be taken into
custody by an agent of the Society or a police officer, and
receive in a court of justice the sentence due to his
brutality; while the suffering horse would be as tenderly
cared for as a human being in like distress. This changed
condition is the result of the flood of humane sentiment
which has swept over the country during the last thirty-
eight years."1
The cruel use of horses on street-railway lines was like-
wise a cause of great suffering. The overcrowding of cars
and the overdriving of animals produced strain and ex-
haustion. At present few cars in cities are drawn by
horses; but the condition of those that are still so used is
immeasurably better than it was forty-three years ago when
the effort began to check overloading and the use of animals
unfit for service. The indiscriminate salting of the street-
railway tracks was likewise a source of distress to horses,
through its effects on their hoofs. This the American
Society stopped in New York by successful appeal to the
legislature; although the evil still arises sporadically in
other places.
1 From “The Protection of Animals "_booklet published by the Amer-
ican S. P. C. A.-P. 16. This booklet affords an excellent illustrated
review of many past and present abuses.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
61
One of the greatest reforms has been brought about in
methods of transporting animals. In the early days it was
a common practice for poultry dealers to go through the
streets carrying fowls by the legs, letting their heads drag
along the sidewalk. Poultry is now regularly carried in
crates, under restrictions which cover size of crates, num-
ber of animals in a compartment, ventilation, feeding,
watering and other general treatment.
Another common abuse was the carrying of calves with
their legs tied closely together. In this cramped condition
animals would be thrown into the bottoms of carts and con-
veyed over country roads or city streets. Calves are now
conveyed in a standing position in fitting quarters or in
wagons of special type.
It was not an uncommon practice, too, for young calves
(“bob veal”) to be shipped into cities from more remote
sections, with their mouths tightly bound with cords.
This practice produced the double suffering resulting from
the use of the cords and from lack of nourishment. The
object of the practice was to keep the calves from their
mothers. The latter would thus have full udders on arriv-
ing in the city, and might be placed on sale as valuable
milk cows.
In the fighting of animals for purposes of sport, the
following with reference to New York city is typical of
the general situation:
“Thirty-five years ago dog and cock fights took place
almost nightly in the lowest resorts of the city, and were
attended by the most depraved characters, and such fights
frequently occurred in the more respectable neighborhoods
under the auspices of some sporting or social club, patron-
ized by men whose names were prominent in the sporting,
political, financial and social life of New York. Our
62
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
illustrations (see pages 36 and 47)2 show a cock and dog
fight at Kit Burns' Sportsmen's Hall, a famous resort in
its day and the scene of many fierce battles between
animals. Rat-baiting, one of the most brutal and de-
moralizing of the so-called sports of the day, was carried
on here without interruption (see page 15). Men who
were arrested by the Society's agent while witnessing such
disgusting spectacles to-day fill responsible offices, and are
widely known and respected. The list includes members
of the English nobility who were visiting this country, and
whose hosts considered it a proper thing to show them a
rat-bait, or a dog or cock fight, at 'Kit Burns.'»2
Owing to the vigilance of the Society these brutal sports
are very rare now, even in the rural districts where the
risk of interference by the Society's agents is not so great.
Information usually reaches the Society in time to prevent
an exhibition
Other fashionable abuses that have disappeared are the
use of the bit burr, which developed "spirit” in horses,
and rabbit coursing, a popular amusement forty years ago.
The feeding of cows on distillery waste, while kept in dark
unventilated cellars, is likewise a thing of the past. The
famous “swill milk” cases will be recalled in this con-
nection. The American Society played the leading part
in suppressing this practice in which the poor animals
would breathe vitiated air until they became incurably
diseased and so decrepit as to lose the use of their limbs,
making it necessary to keep them in slings in order that
they might be milked. Long confinement under such con-
ditions frequently caused the tails, horns, and hair of the
animals to drop off, and the unwholesome, poisonous milk
2 « The Protection of Animals."
of Cruelty to Animals.
American Society for the Prevention
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
63
which they yielded spread disease and death, the infant
mortality from this cause being very large. .. Stables
and places where animals are confined are now regularly
inspected by agents of the Society and unsanitary condi-
tions are not permitted."3
The abandoning of crippled, diseased, or worn-out
animals to die of starvation or exposure, the use of dogs as
draught animals, the barbarous slaughtering of cattle in
small establishments, the plucking of live fowl or plunging
into boiling water while still alive, are evils connected with
commercial uses of animals that have been reduced to a
minimum. Barbarous sports, such as shooting at live
fowl tied to stakes, have been suppressed. Pigeon shoot-
ing is likewise no longer practiced in many states, and in
others is carried on under precautionary arrangements that
prevent suffering by wounded birds.4
In a word, the more revolting, more conspicuous cruel-
ties of a generation ago are now uncommon, and the
sporadic instances in which they do occur are speedily
dealt with by watchful organizations. The relatively
small part that prosecution plays in the activity of a
present day society is illustrated by the statistics of all of
the large societies. For instance, the American Society in
1907 made 1,015 arrests and prosecutions for cruelty as
the result of 6,567 complaints of cruelty that were received
and investigated. Of the complaints investigated, the
larger number required only a warning or judicious advice
and help from agents to remedy the objectionable acts or
8" The Protection of Animals." American Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals, p. 30.
- For a typical list of cruelties dealt with in the history of the Hudson
County (N. J.) District Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
see Appendix XV.
64
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
practices. By far the larger end of the preventive work of
the society had to do with other matters than prosecutions
or the investigation of complaints of cruelty.
« Seven
thousand eight hundred and sixty-one (7,861) horses suf-
fering from slight lameness, sores, or otherwise disabled,
were turned out of harness and suspended from labor, and
afterwards kept under surveillance to prevent their use
until able to work. Many drivers were compelled to
reduce their loads or obtain additional horses. Thousands
of horses were stopped by our agents and examined as to
their fitness to perform the labor required of them. The
ambulances were brought into use 1,054 times. This
service has been made more effectual by the purchase of an
improved derrick for rescuing horses and other animals
from drowning, sewers, excavations, etc. It was found
necessary to mercifully destroy 4,419 horses which were
old, worn out, or injured past any useful purpose.”5
Small animals were also destroyed in large numbers
(108,619), and 43,937 calls were made for unwarranted,
sick or injured animals.
The statistics of other societies shown on opposite page
illustrate the same point.
It is thus seen that the police activities of the various
societies lead to no large proportion of prosecutions.
Liability to prosecution doubtless has some deterrent
effect; but offenses against animals are so largely the
result of ignorance or of carelessness that careful investiga-
tion of complaints, followed by advice or warning, is
likely in the large majority of cases to yield desired results.
So that even the police” end of a society's work may
o Forty-second Annual Report of the American Society for the Preven-
tion of Cruelty to Animals, p. 6.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
65
Number of
prosecu-
tions.
Number of
convictions.
Number of
Name of society.
cases remedied
without
work.
prosecution.
R. I. S. P. C. A..
Not specified.
Washington Humane Society, 1907 26,331
Not specified. 24,611
Cleveland Humane Society.
Not specified. Not specified.
San Francisco S. P. C. A.
Not specified.
Pennyslvania S. P. C. A.......
1907 Not specified. Not specified.
13,480
Women's Pennsylvania S. P. C. A.... 1908 7,140
Not specified.
Erie Co. S. P. C. A...
1908 | Not specified.
1,073
128
1,720
283
74
522
480
34
117
1,688
271
Not specified.
Not specified.
447
27
Number of
Number of
Year.
animals
Cases
involved in
investigated.
1907
3,896
4,508
1907
4,221
1907
2,932
1,831
•
23, 317
1,340
6
66
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
well be more largely educational than penal in its
tendency; and most of the larger organizations are in-
clined to give it this bent.
A more detailed examination of the character of offenses
with which societies have to deal indicates that prevailing
cruelties are mainly those associated with the commercial
uses of animals. There are arrests for cruel sport, for
wanton beating, for brutal ill-treatment of animals; but
such cases are few, indeed, compared with acts of neglect,
or ignorance or thoughtlessness, connected with the every-
day use of animals for legitimate commercial ends. The
Pennsylvania Society, for instance, in 1907 performed
29,712 separate acts by way of preventing suffering to
animals. This number includes those cases (522) that
were so wanton as to warrant prosecution. Of the total
number, 5,157 acts were those of blanketing horses during
cold weather, 5,295 the adjusting of pads to prevent the
rubbing of sores, 2,006 the relieving of poultry from over-
crowding in coops, 609 the feeding and watering of cattle;
an aggregate of 13,061. In addition to this number,
1,472 horses were ordered from labor for various causes,
and 610 animals were humanely killed. Warnings,
admonitions and minor orders by which minor abuses were
remedied, were given in 13,480 instances of improper
treatment approximating those already specified. This
work was the result of the visits of agents to building
excavations, dumping grounds, wharves, poultry districts,
parks, stock yards and suburban towns. Of the cases of
prosecution, the improper use of draught animals covers
the larger portion.
These figures illustrate what may be said of the general
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
67
work of most societies. In those cases where consider-
able emphasis is laid on work for small animals—e. g.,
where societies undertake shelter work for dogs and cats,
the disposition of stray animals, etc.—the volume of activi-
ties in this direction is likely to be large. The American
Society, for instance, in 1907, in addition to the licensing
of dogs in Greater New York, humanely destroyed 108,-
619 small animals, homeless or disabled past recovery.
But, as already indicated, the backbone of the general
preventive work of this, as of other societies, has to do with
the prevention or the mitigating of abuses connected with
the use of animals in the everyday pursuit of industry and
commerce. . These abuses have to do most largely with
overloading and overdriving, with the use of galled, lame
or disabled animals and with the various conditions sur-
rounding the transporting of animals by vehicle or other-
wise. Aside from the matter of underfeeding and neglect
of shelter the other forms of ill-treatment of animals, as
revealed by statistics of work, are individually of minor
importance.
To be sure, the activities of local societies are of neces-
sity shaped in more or less distinctive fashion by peculiar
local conditions. A number of illustrative examples will
serve to reveal this situation. In Maine, for instance, the
Society for the Protection of Animals has done a unique
work in suppressing cruelties practiced upon sheep on
islands along the Maine coast. During past decades,
sheep have been placed on many islands, often to care
entirely for themselves, as a source of profit to their
owners, mostly non-residents. Investigations on the part
of the Society showed a wide divergence of treatment.
• For a sample statistical report of work done, See Appendix XIV.
68
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Excellent conditions were found on many of the wooded
islands. But there was utter neglect on many smaller
islands. These were often so bleak and windswept that
not even hardy shrubbery could survive; and in these
instances, no further provision was made for food, water
or shelter of any kind. On such islands the sheep de-
pended for subsistence upon the kelp, seaweed and mosses
available at low water. Despite the rigors of winter, the
lack of shelter, of protecting care, and of nutritious food,
the stronger animals survived and were a source of profit
to their owners. From 1891 to 1900, the Society con-
fined its remedial efforts to Monhegan Island, where con-
ditions were particularly bad. But in 1900, a small yacht
was fitted out, suitable for repeated visits to islands of all
sizes, and attention has since been given to islands all
along the coast. After conditions had been noted, cir-
culars were sent to owners of sheep on the most barren
and desolate islands, asking that suitable protection and
care be afforded the animals on such islands, or that they
be removed to more protected spots prior to December 15
of that year. Similar notices were printed in local news-
papers of the eastern counties.
In response to this activity, the sheep were removed
from some islands, and shelters---more or less stocked with
food-were provided on some others. But in most cases,
there was no immediate change in prevailing conditions,
and a general air of defiance was noticeable among the
sheep owners. Some test cases were instituted in the
court of Washington County, but the Grand Jury failed
to find indictments. The Society, however, persisted in
its efforts, and in 1904, indictments were secured, to which
the sheep-owners pleaded guilty. On the promise to pro-
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
69
vide proper food and shelter for their flocks, under the
supervision of the Maine State Society for the Protection
of Animals the court continued the cases for sentence, from
term to term. By 1907, the principal opponents of the
Society's action surrendered and declared their intention to
abide by the laws of the State. One of the most defiant
of these said that he had come to believe that the cam-
paign had not only brought good to the sheep, but had
been of benefit to the sheep-owners as well. The evil has
been reduced to isolated violations, against which the patrol
maintained by the Society is fairly effectual.?
In the western States devoted to cattle ranging, similar
evils have arisen. Particularly in Colorado, Montana and
Wyoming, the humane societies have been active in com-
bating prevailing practices and in lessening suffering on
the part of neglected cattle. The American Humane As-
sociation has likewise taken a prominent part in calling
attention to existing abuses and in directing a campaign
for their removal. Of the states mentioned, Colorado has
been the scene of the most strenuous controversy between
stockmen on the one hand and the advocates of humane
practices on the other. The activities of the latter have
centered largely in the Colorado Bureau of Child and
Animal Protection.8
“At the present time the greater part of western graz-
ing is badly overstocked. Some of the ranges are so
crowded that the stockmen are experiencing difficulty in
getting sufficient grazing for their herds. Many herds
have been cut down in order to meet these conditions,
while in some instances, rather than run the risk of an
? For a complete account of the history of this work, see The Case
of the Island Sheep,” Portland, 1907.
8 See this Society's “Instructions to Agents in Dealing with Neglected
Stock," Appendix XVII.
70
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
unusually hard winter or a period of drought, stockmen
are going out of business entirely.
“When the first stockmen drove their herds on the
western range lands there was a great abundance of feed,
and it was generally believed that this feed would never be
fully utilized. As a consequence these men increased their
herds as much as possible, so as to use all the feed they
could. Others seeing the prosperous condition of these
men, began to bring in large herds, that they also might
get their share of the free grass. Thus it was only a few
years until the range was carrying more stock than it
could properly support.
“During the past few years there has been a heavy
immigration of settlers to several parts of these grazing
lands. These settlers have taken up large bodies of the
very best grazing lands for farming purposes. The men
ranging their stock in these areas were for the most part
crowded back to the ranges of other stockmen, thus greatly
aggravating the already crowded condition of the range.
As a necessary result of all this overcrowding the range
began to deteriorate.
The rate of this deterioration has been governed some-
what by accessibility, a range that is easily accessible be-
ing much more likely to be overstocked than one that is
difficult to reach. It has, however, been governed much
more largely by climatic conditions. In the northern
range states, where the severe winters and the liability
of a heavy fall of snow acted as a check, and where the
rainfall is sufficient for the growth of a good crop of grass,
the deterioration of the range has been rather slow until
the past few years. In the south, where the stock can be
grazed the year round with perfect safety, the range has
been stocked to the highest number it would carry during
favorable seasons. When a period of drought has oc-
curred, with a consequent shortage of grasses and other
forage plants, the same number of animals has been still
on hand to be supported. This has resulted in severe
grazing of the native grasses and other forage plants, pre-
66
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
71
venting the vegetation from yielding seed with which to
reproduce itself, thus greatly lowering the carrying
capacity of the range. This carrying capacity is, of neces-
sity, governed largely by the amount of rainfall. In years
when there are ample rains there is an abundance of
vegetation for grazing, but in the periods when the rain-
fall is light the growth of vegetation is much less. Much
damage has been done to the ranges through the inability
of the stockmen to reduce their herds during periods of
drought.
“With the exception of the western portions of Okla-
homa, Kansas and Nebraska, the carrying capacity of the
range is much lower at the present time than it was in the
early days, or even a decade ago. Reports from various
stockmen indicate that the majority of the ranges are not
carrying one half as many animals as formerly. Ranges
which formerly required from 8 to 12 acres to support a
single steer throughout the entire year now usually require
from 20 to 35 acres.
Instances are cited in Arizona where
from 50 to 100 acres are needed to support a single beef
animal. In western Nebraska the carrying capacity of
the range is considerably higher than formerly. This is
because the stockmen of that region have protected their
ranges from the ravages of prairie fires.
“Overcrowding the public ranges has caused consider-
able friction. In many sections there have been bitter
fights between the sheepmen and the cattlemen. The
majority of these fights were eventually settled by a
division of the range and the establishing of deadlines.
There have also been serious difficulties between the stock-
men and the homesteaders. In some instances the stock-
men tried to keep the settlers out; in other places the
settlers have taken up the watering places or settled on
land adjoining them, and have kept the stock from water-
ing in their accustomed places, either by building fences
or by driving them away.
279
9 From a report on “Range Management” by J. S. Cotton, Assistant in
Range Investigation, Farm Management Investigations.
Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Bureau of Plant
72
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
The stockmen have tried in many ways to adjust them-
selves to these conditions. Some have obtained virtual
control of their ranges by buying up or leasing all the
watering places. Others have been able to buy railroad
land and deserted homesteads or to lease school lands, and
thus bring their ranges under direct control. For the
cattle and sheep that are kept under these conditions, the
winter months must be a period of great suffering.
Verbal, written and photographic information confirms
this. It is a natural inference, corroborated by consider-
able data, that in Montana, North Dakota and in the
province of Alberta, as well as farther south, great numbers
of cattle die every winter from freezing and starvation.10
Thus far, no great headway has been made against the evil.
The attempt to enforce federal laws and to give publicity
to abuses cannot solve the difficulty, even though this must
be part of the solution. And in this, humane organiza-
tions can do much. But improvement must come largely
from other directions: in the conserving and storing of
water, in the opening of additional forest ranges and in
the re-seeding of many worn-out ranges, in the fencing
and alternation of pastures, in the introduction of higher
grade stock, in added effort to eradicate diseases, and in
the leasing of the public domain with restrictions as to
winter feeding.
Stockyard abuses are likewise objects of concern with
various local societies in centres of cattle shipment and in
receiving centres. In Buffalo, for instance, the following
report of the Erie County Society is significant:
10 See “The Prevention of Suffering of Live Stock on Ranges and Rail-
by Clarence M. Abbott. Published by American Humane Asso-
roads"
ciation.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
73
October, 1906 to October, 1907.
Cars observed, loaded and Crippled and dead animals
unloaded.
found in cars inspected.
Crippled
Dead
Cattle
8,542
150
47
Hogs
6,140
4,546
3,408
Sheep
4,014
890
1,350
Mixed Stock
4,950
Calves
1,978
204
411
Horses
1,436
1
3
Total
.27,060
5,791
5,219
- .
Killed by S. P. C. A.
Cattle
Hogs
Sheep
Calves
Horses
64
16
48
21
6
Warned
291
Ordered fed (head) 2,465
Ordered watered
100
Ordered killed
50
Ordered medical care.. 70
Out of town cases. ....
40
Complaints investigated. 39
Total
155
Total stock received October, 1906, to October, 1907.
Cattle
489,895 Horses
53,800
Hogs
6,346,100
Sheep
2,081,800 Total
8,971,595
2
Cattle
Hogs
Sheep
Total Crippled Stock.
288 Horses
8,884
1,960 Total ....
11,134
Total Dead Stock.
Cattle
161 Horses
5
Hogs
8,953 Calves
726
Sheep
4,450 Total
14,295
Percentage of dead and crippled stock a little less than three
tenths of one per cent.
A somewhat similar work is done at Portland, Maine,
a point of export for live stock. The animals are brought
74
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
from the west on the Grand Trunk Railway and are
taken to England by ships of three different lines. The
trains on arrival unload in stockyards, where they remain
from five (the minimum) to thirty-six hours. During
this period they are entirely under the control of the
United States Inspector, who is at the same time a veteri-
narian of the Maine State Society for the Protection of
Animals. This official likewise has control of the conduct
of the men employed in loading and unloading. The
smallness of mortality rates among live stock at this point
as well as on shipboard is attributable in part to the care
with which supervision is exercised. This extends to the
character of accommodations on shipboard and to the work
of the men assigned to the care of animals. Similar work
of oversight in dealing with live stock in transit is per-
formed by the societies in St. Paul, Detroit, Toronto and
in other cities near state boundaries.
The Anti-Cruelty Society in Chicago, since its organiza-
tion, has coöperated with the Consumers' League in com-
bating objectionable practices in the Union Stock Yards
of Chicago. Investigations have been made, and cruelties
have been brought to the attention of packers and of the
proper State and federal authorities. The result has been
that individual slaughter houses have already “taken
steps looking to a reasonable reform of slaughtering
methods."
An interesting and unique experiment in rural work is
that carried on by Dr. J. H. Rollin under the auspices of
the Farmington Humane Society of Maine. Under the
Maine laws the Governor is empowered to appoint State
agents, with authority in all parts of the state, to enforce
the laws regarding cruelty to animals. In 1907, on recom-
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
75
mendation of the Farmington Society, Dr. Rollin—a
man of life-long experience with horses, who was available
for this work because his health demanded an outdoor
life-was appointed in this capacity. He devotes his
whole time to the work, visits any place in Maine where
his services may be needed, and receives from the Society
an annual salary and travelling expenses. The money is
derived almost wholly from the contributions of summer
residents of Maine.
The cruelty inflicted upon animals in New England
country districts, especially upon remote farms, in log-
ging camps and among the degenerate class, is said to be
large by those familiar with the facts; and poverty is not
a cause in most instances. But it is only in extreme cases
that Dr. Rollin prosecutes; where a warning will suffice,
a warning is given. Special efforts are made also to
assist poor men in the care of their horses and cattle by
medical and surgical treatment, by gifts of blankets and
hay, and in other ways. The success of the scheme has
been striking. In less than two years Dr. Rollin has
made 200 visits of warning and advice in different parts
of the state, has humanely killed 198 painfully lame or
wornout horses, and has prosecuted 43 gross offenders. Of
the horses killed, all but four were killed by consent of
the owner.
All of the prosecutions resulted in convic-
tions 11
An illustrative local adaptation is to be noted in
Rochester, New York. The Humane Society of that place
gives attention through its inspectors to the examination
of horses used on the Erie Canal. Rochester and Brock-
port are important centers of this work.
11 See “ Travelling Agents for Humane Societies," by Henry C. Merwin.
Leaflet issued by American Humane Association.
76
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
An interesting example of intelligent dealing with a
peculiar local situation is that afforded by the S. P. C. A.
in Cairo, Egypt. The beating of horses by cab drivers is
there a common practice. This is chiefly due to the bad
condition of the horses, which are unable to move without
excessive stimulus. Prosecution can obviously do little
to remedy this situation. The Society recognizes this, and
deals with conditions on the basis of an analysis of causes.
In the view of its officers the bad condition of the horses
is due to "two causes: the first, an indifferent constitu-
tion on the part of the horses, the second, want of suit-
able and sufficient food. With regard to the latter cause,
the poverty of the owner and the present high price of
forage is (sic) largely responsible. The Cairo cab driver
probably represents the only class of Egyptian laborer,
which has not really derived profit from the financial
prosperity of recent years. Whilst the wages of his fel-
lows in the unskilled and skilled labour markets alike
have doubled, trebled, and even quadrupled, the wages of
the cabman have remained almost stationary."
With this situation in mind the officers of the Society
ask for a more liberal attitude on the part of the public
toward the cab-drivers. At the same time, an infirmary
for horses, a small forge for the proper shoeing of animals
on leaving the infirmary and other devices have served to
mitigate some of the worse hardships of the situation.
2.
The tendency illustrated by the work of the Cairo
society, just cited, is to be noted in the cases of American
societies. Prosecution of offenders is recurred to only as
an extreme measure, especially by the older and more
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
77
experienced organizations. A repressive attitude is neces-
sarily serviceable only after the event. It meets cruelties
only after their commission. The abiding causes of cruel
practices, except for the deterrent effect of fear of con-
sequences, are as potent as ever to break out at the first
stimulus. More is to be hoped for in the other two direc-
tions already indicated: in removing and improving condi-
tions that cause suffering on the part of animals, and in
educating the people to a proper attitude toward the
dumb creation. It is difficult to separate the three phases
of anti-cruelty work. Even in the instances of repressive
work already outlined, the other two elements are present
in larger or smaller degree. But beyond these, there are
distinctive activities, the object of which is to deal directly
with conditions that lead to animal suffering, as well as
to provide a better living and working environment for
animals. Activities of this description are becoming
more common as organizations grow in wealth and in
influence. Some typical illustrations may be cited.
No line of work of this general description is more
common than the erection and maintenance of drinking
fountains and watering troughs. The importance of hav-
ing watering places on the streets of cities was early ap-
parent in the history of protective work for animals.
Experiments were made by way of search for types of
fountain that would be serviceable and economical, simple
in construction and practical for city use.
Various
fountains are in use that satisfy these requirements. The
Illinois Humane Society has developed a satisfactory type
of which fifty are maintained by the Society in the city
of Chicago. Most of these are not used in winter. Many
such are in use in cities of the middle west, as well as in
78
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Pennsylvania and on the Pacific coast. The cost of cast-
ing, equipping, erecting and putting in commission such
a fountain is about $125. But the equipment generally
in use varies of course from simple wooden troughs to
the ornate granite or bronze memorials often to be found
in larger cities. The Women's Pennsylvania Society, for
instance, maintains twenty-two fountains in Philadelphia.
Of these, twenty are of granite, and are located mainly on
plots at street intersections. But in addition to these the
Society maintains a number of wooden and iron troughs,
and supervises the use of others, not maintained by it.
In the city there are 413 wooden troughs, 242 iron ones,
and 61 of stone.
In New York the inexpensive but practical types of
fountain that have been much used in the past have more
lately been disapproved by the Art Commission of the
city. In consequence the American Society instituted a
competition for drinking fountain designs such as would
be acceptable to the Commission. Three designs were
accepted. During 1907, forty-five submissions were made
for locating the three selected designs. Sixteen of these
were approved by the Commission. Simple, inexpensive
drinking troughs of cast iron have been restricted to the
purely commercial districts of the city, and their erection
on public property, such as parks and open squares, has
been prohibited. The Society trusts to individual donors
for funds to erect fountains. Forty-two permanent water
ing places are now maintained in the city by the Society.
Sanitation in the use of the fountains is provided for
in all of those maintained by the Society, water continually
entering the basin both day and night, winter and sum-
Some fountains owned and maintained by the city
mer.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
79
are equipped with a ball check valve which permits fresh
water to enter only when the level of that in the basin has
sunk below a certain point; but this is objected to by
the Society as unsanitary. The amount of water used
or wasted at fountains has been the source of some com-
plaint by the Water Department. The Society recently
received a letter from the chief engineer of the Board of
Water Supply, stating that 414,000 gallons of water a day
went to waste at the Society's forty-two fountains. How
many horses drink at a fountain in one day is not known;
but at the stations maintained by this Society during hot
weather, where water taken from hydrants is supplied to
horses in buckets, as many as 500 horses have been sup-
plied in one day. Assuming as an outside limit that 500
horses drink each 21/2 gallons, a day, it appears that only
about one tenth of the water entering the basin can possibly
be drunk. Whether or not the balance is actually wasted
is a question of sanitation.12 The Washington (D. C.)
Society maintains more than 100 fountains at city ex-
pense. The San Francisco Society maintains seven troughs,
the expense of supplying water for which falls on the So-
ciety. This amounts to $35 per month.
Quite as important as fountains, which are maintained
by societies in cities other than those above mentioned,
are the watering stations (referred to above) maintained
by various societies during the summer months. This
work is done with the consent of the city. Pails and tubs
are filled from fire hydrants. From these the horses not
merely drink, but are drenched as a precaution against
overheating on hot days. In 1907, The American Society
had forty-two men engaged in this service during warm
12 See “Our Animal Friends," April 24, 1909, p. 183.
80
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
weather. Such water stations are superior to permanent
fountains, as more horses can be accommodated in a more
sanitary way; but the expense is much greater. During
the four warm months of 1908, the Women's Pennsylvania
Society maintained twenty such stations. The work done
was as follows:13
Horses watered:
During June
July
August
September
Total
47,464
80,442
72,984
21,768
222,658
Small animals watered:
During June
July
August
September
Total
2,249
2,005
2,514
713
7,481
Persons drinking at stations:
During June
July
August
September
Total
21,417
38,849
38,730
9,306
108,302
C
This represents an average per station for horses alone, of
something less than one hundred per day.
Another line of work that is adopted by every society as
soon as its finances will warrant such outlay, is the main-
tenance of an ambulance service. The American Society
was the first to adopt this device; and it now employs in
the service three large ambulances for the removal of
18 Figures are taken from the Fortleth Annual Report of the Women's
Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, p. 28.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
81
injured, sick or disabled large animals, and six smaller
ambulances, two tricyle carriers and three motor ambu-
lances especially constructed for the moving of sick, home-
less or disabled small animals. Appliances are likewise
carried for the rescue of drowning animals and of those
that may have fallen into excavations. Less elaborate
equipment is maintained by societies in Philadelphia,
Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, Providence, and some
other larger cities. The two large ambulances maintained
by the San Francisco Society are equipped with a tripod
and over-head trolley device which is particularly service-
able in loading disabled animals. Ambulance service is
far from self-supporting; although some revenue is derived
from this source. 14
The matter of street paving is one to which anti-cruelty
organizations in cities have given thought and effort.
There are various types of paving, such as wooden blocks
and asphalt, that afford a superficial aspect of satisfactory
quality to the inexperienced observer. From the stand-
point of drivers, team-owners and others who use the
streets, however, these types of paving are far from satis-
factory. Even in dry weather the wooden block pave-
ments are a menace to horses, and in wet or in cold and
stormy weather both wooden blocks and the street covering
of asphalt are a source of danger. Various societies for
the prevention of cruelty to animals are very watchful,
in consequence, when new pavements are to be laid within
their jurisdictions. In Philadelphia, for instance, the
question of a fit paving for the busiest section of Market
Street has been under consideration during the past year.
14 In 1907, the American Society received $3,990.63 for ambulance ser-
vices. The expense of maintaining the ambulance houses in New York
and Brooklyn was $6,409.12.
7
82
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
The Mayor apparently favored the wooden block type of
paving. Opposition developed, and petitions signed by
team-owners and business men were presented to Councils,
protesting against the installation of this variety of paving,
and recommending the use of granite blocks. The two
local organizations for the prevention of cruelty to animals
were particularly active in the protesting group, which
included the National and the Philadelphia Team Owners'
Associations.
The American Society has been influential in New York
in promoting similar activities, as well as in dealing with
conditions on streets where objectionable paving has
already been laid. The Society has urged the practical
remedy of sanding smooth pavements when slippery, but
the city officials have failed to apply this remedy because
of lack of authority and of money. It is the view of the
Society that if the city assumes the responsibility of adopt-
ing a pavement which menaces life and limb, its authori-
ties should provide the means of making it safe for horse
travel. In three sessions of the Legislature the Society
has been influential in introducing a bill providing for the
sanding of the streets, and putting the matter of sprinkling
the highways (now in the hands of a private corporation)
under the control of the Department of Street Cleaning.
This has failed of passage. The Society has had many of
the more dangerous grades sanded at its own expense; but
this work has been too costly to be carried to any large
extent. Experiments have also been made with “emerg-
ency overshoes” to be worn by horses on slippery pave-
ments. Some of these have been hopeful; but the ex-
tended introduction of a device of this description would be
attended with no little difficulty.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
83
Another matter to which attention has been given, par-
ticularly by the American Society, is that of the humane
killing of cattle for food purposes. The methods in use
in most of the abattoirs of this country are reputed to be
ineffectual from the standpoint of a painless death for
animals. The requirements of high speed in killing not
infrequently result in unintended cruelties which might
be avoided if speed were lessened or if more highly per-
fected killing devices were introduced. Committees of the
American Society and of the American Humane Associa-
tion15 have investigated conditions in this respect both in
this country and abroad. It seems that conditions in
Europe are better from a humane standpoint than in the
United States. In Germany, the government (as in the
United States) undertakes the supervision of all abattoirs.
Specialists of distinction have been appointed to various
posts created for safe-guarding both men and the dumb
creatures. Skilled veterinarians serve in an advisory
capacity, and strict observance of the laws is compelled.
Among other inventions the “Behr pistol” has been
brought forth as an instrument for quick and humane
destruction, and this weapon is now generally employed
throughout the German empire.
In France, where government supervision is now equally
strict, what is called the “Bruneau mask” is placed over
the head of the animal to be slain, buckled behind the
ears, and a blow from a mallet drives a chisel held in the
mask into the animal's brain, causing instant and painless
death.
In Spain the spine of the animal is severed with the
15 See Appendix XVIII for recommendations of the committee of the
American Humane Association.
84
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
thrust of a spear, and this is the method in Cuba and other
Spanish speaking countries, except that a dagger is some-
times substituted for the spear.
In Great Britain, where the matter of a reform in
abattoir methods was agitated some years ago by the Royal
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, an
admiralty commission was appointed to make an investiga-
tion, and in due time this commission reported in favor of
the pole ax, which is also employed in Austria-Hungary.
The American Society has offered a prize of $500 in
competition for a humane slaughtering device. 16 Models
and drawings of numerous inventions have been submitted,
many from Europe, and a complete and careful trial is
being given them before a final report is made. Among
these was the Maxim noiseless gun, about which so much
interest has been aroused in military circles. The United
States government is likewise interested in humane
slaughtering. Our consular offices were requested by the
Department of Commerce and Labor to prepare reports
on methods of slaughtering animals for food in foreign
countries. Some action is likely to follow these investiga-
tions.
Hospitals and homes of rest for horses have been estab-
lished for profit in this country by private individuals; but
anti-cruelty societies have thus far done little along this
line. However, the few ventures in this direction merit
attention.
18 The competition was instituted in these words : “painfully conscious
of the cruelties inflicted upon animals by the present methods of slaughter-
ing, and desirous of preventing, as far as possible, the sufferings of
animals at the moment of giving up their lives for the benefit of man.
kind, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
through its board of managers, offers a reward of $500 for the device
or apparatus not now in use which will best accomplish the humane
destruction of animals for food purposes."
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
85
The idea originated in England of a place where old
horses could be pensioned, and tired or temporarily dis-
abled horses belonging to poor men could receive rest and
care for small compensation. Such a home was estab-
lished in 1886, in Acton, W., a short distance out of
London.
In 1888, a bequest of $70,000 by Mrs. A. W. Ryerss of
Philadelphia led to the establishing at Fox Chase of the
Ryerss Infirmary as a resting place for old and tired
horses. It is now under the management of the Women's
Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals. No charge is made for rest or care.
The
Animal Refuge Association of Baltimore has a similar
rest farm of forty acres for poor workingmen's horses.
Twenty-five acres are in clover and timothy; there is
stabling for forty horses, and an experienced man, with
residence on the property, is in charge. The venture was
made possible by popular subscription throughout the state
of Maryland.
There are but two other homes of rest for horses at
present in this country. At Pine Ridge, a Home of Rest
established by the Animal Rescue League at its Country
Annex in Dedham, nine miles from Boston, the principal
object is to give free of all expense rest and care to horses
belonging to workingmen who are not able to pay the
board of these horses when they are tired out or disabled.
Occasionally horses are taken that will never be fit for
further service and given a period of rest and comfort
before they are killed. No horses are loaned from this
Home or given away.
Red Acre Farm, in Stow, Mass., twenty-three miles
from Boston, is the other. It is used principally for
86
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
pensioning old horses, although horses are also boarded at
a low price or free of charge. Horses are loaned to
farmers where guarantee of kind usage is given.
The methods of conducting these homes of rest differ in
some points, but the two main purposes are to give a
vacation to working horses, and to pension old horses. Of
these two purposes the former seems the more useful, as it
benefits a larger number of horses. A home of rest can
be very quickly filled with horses that are too old to work.
The question naturally arises whether the comfort that
such old horses can get out of life when they are laid
aside from all activity is enough to justify a charitable
institution with limited accommodations and limited
means in filling its stalls with pensioners that are likely
to live five or ten years with good care, and in shutting out
weary laborers that might be greatly helped by even a few
weeks of rest? The answer would seem easy: that the
vacation horse should be the rule, and the pensioner the
exception.
To be sure the rest and attention given run-down animals
is of little avail unless those that go back to their owners
are visited from time to time. Only when judicious over-
sight is exercised in this way can proper after-care of a
rested animal be assured. Another form of supple-
mentary work is done on a small scale by some of these
organizations. Many old decrepit horses are kept at work
by cheap expressmen and junk peddlers. Even where the
law provides, as in Massachusetts, 17 for the humane kill-
ing of animals unfit for humane use, it is not easy to dis-
pose of a very large proportion of cases that arise. An
alternative, but even less generally applicable measure is
17 1907, ch, 363,
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
87
that of buying and humanely killing such animals. In
1907, for instance, the Animal Rescue League bought 105
such horses. This is worthy work, but the expense in-
volved prohibits its considerable use. Under the Massa-
chusetts law, just referred to, the appraised value of de-
stroyed animals must be paid by the prosecuting society.
This too, of course, involves expense. But it is likely to
be less than that incurred where the purchase price of an
animal is a matter of bargain with a prospective seller.
The work of sheltering or disposing of homeless cáts and
dogs is one that has been assumed by humane societies in
many cities. The Animal Rescue League of Boston, The
Bide-a-Wee Home of New York, the Morris Refuge As-
sociation of Philadelphia are types of organizations that
take homeless small animals and care for them until proper
homes can be found, or until other disposition is made.
In many cities, the work of impounding and of humanely
killing stray cats and dogs is turned over to local societies
for the prevention of cruelty to animals. In most in-
stances this has been a gain at least from the standpoint of
the humane disposal of neglected small animals. In New
York City, for instance, prior to 1894 the old city dog
pound was a place of horror. Dogs were destroyed by
drowning, and by the supplementary use of clubs in case
of escape from the water. Now the American Society
maintains shelters, the equipment of which is modern
and complete. Spacious and well-ventilated kennels, with
running water supply, are provided for the dogs. Sani-
tary arrangements are good; the food is wholesome, and
medical treatment is given when necessary. Most of the
dogs received are street outcasts, without homes and with-
out the prospect of obtaining such, and many are diseased
88
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
past recovery. Cats and other small animals are provided
for in similar fashion. Animals that are not claimed by
owners or given homes by others, are painlessly destroyed
by asphyxiation in an air-tight chamber into which illu-
minating gas is introduced. In 1907, 108,619 small
animals were thus destroyed.
In Philadelphia, a similar work is done by the Women's
Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals. Here, however, killing is done by carbonic
oxide gas. This is regarded as superior to illuminating
gas on the score of humanity and efficiency. The follow-
ing figures summarize the work for 1908:
Dogs captured by dog catchers..
Dogs called for by our men.
Total
Dogs redeemed
Dogs given back to owners by City and Society.
Dogs humanely killed..
Total
Goats captured
Goats redeemed
Goats humanely killed
Total
Cash paid City for redemption of Dogs..
Cash paid City for redemption of Goats.
Total
Cats humanely killed..
4,641
669
5,310
625
38
4,647
5,310
29
.
24
5
29
.$1,250
48
$1,298
175
Similar activities are carried on by societies in other
sections of the country; but in, no state are they more
common than in New York.
The illustrations that have already been given serve to
indicate the main lines that have been followed by humane
societies in the direct endeavor to supply conditions for
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
89
minimizing suffering or promoting the comfort of animals.
These activities are mainly of the Good Samaritan type.
The blanketing of horses that stand in the cold, the furnish-
ing of food or of water to famished or to thirsty animals,
the humane removal of those that have fallen, are char-
acteristic activities. Efforts to influence the character of
street paving in cities, or to alter the methods of cattle
slaughtering are types of work that have yet been little
undertaken by humane societies in the country at large.
The improving of conditions surrounding animal life in
the large is a work that has been left mainly to govern-
mental agencies such as the Biological Survey, the Bureaus
of Plant and of Animal Industry of the United States
Department of Agriculture and the similar bureaus in
many of the states. By these the work is being efficiently
forwarded. Humane societies may well coöperate with
these bodies, as well as supplement them by their local
activities.
3.
It has long been recognized by workers in the humane
field that an important aspect of their work, if not its
most important one, is that of humane education. Di-
rectly repressive activities are necessary; remedial work
and the improving of the physical conditions surrounding
animal life are highly valuable; but nothing is so well
within the possible range of a humane society's activities
as that of educating the public in such a way as to give
practical knowledge about the care and protection of
animals, to prevent the suffering of animals and to train
in thoughtfulness, sympathy and mercy for the prevention
of all cruelty.” This is being increasingly recognized.
90
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
There are seven distinct humane education committees or
societies18 at work in the United States, and regular socie-
ties for the prevention of cruelty to animals, through
special committees or departments, are giving attention to
this aspect of humane work in increasing numbers. Three
phases have developed: the training of children along
humane lines, the instruction of teamsters and others along
special lines in the care of animals, and the informing and
stimulating of the general public—through press and
pulpit, through special literature and through exhibitions
to a more humane attitude.
Children. In dealing with children instruction is given
chiefly in private groups. Compulsory humane education
has made little headway in this country. Humane work-
ers, however, emphasize the need of such instruction in
the schools; and despite the small number of states in
which a minimum of such instruction is compulsory, the
subject is presented in a good many schools by interested
teachers in connection with other subjects, such as nature
study, reading, composition and language work. Indeed,
it seems that most educators believe that the best results
can be gained by carrying on the instruction in connection
with the various other studies, indirectly and by co-rela-
tion. Little has been done by way of special preparation
of teachers for this work, although lectures, institute talks
and reading have accomplished something. There is no
satisfactory text-book for such instruction 19 but there is an
18 For list see Appendix III.
19 A text-book by E. K. Whitehead, Secretary of the Colorado Bureau of
Child and Animal Protection has just come to hand. It is entitled :
"Dumb Animals and How to Treat Them." Intended as a text-book for
use in schools, it emphasizes the needs of animals, their services to
mankind, the importance of kind treatment as a condition of receiving
satisfactory service, special characteristics of different animals, special
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
91
abundance of leaflet literature and of illustrative material
such as is of value in the instruction of children and of
foreigners not familiar with English.
A special bulletin20 was issued in 1906 by the State
Normal School of San Diego, California, giving sug-
gestions for a course of study in humane education for
elementary schools. Its purpose is to aid teachers in
carrying out the provisions of Section 1665 of the Political
Code of California, prescribing instruction in humane
education. Despite inaccuracies of statement, this sug-
gested course of study is organized on sound and service-
able theoretical lines.
“The general purpose of humane education must be the
same as that of the traditional branches, otherwise it should
not be included in an already overcrowded course of study.
This purpose, we take it, is to contribute to the highest and
most enduring happiness of the human race.
The tempor-
ary desires and pleasures of the inferior animals are to be
taken into consideration, rather in view of the effect of
their recognition upon human character, than from the
standpoint of the positive rights of the animals themselves.
There is no such abstract principle as the rights of
animals,' even if applied to man himself. The doctrine of
'natural rights,' as formulated by the eighteenth century
writers, has long since been discarded. The only right
anything possesses is the right to be useful. All living
phases of the handling and use of the different species of animals, and
other equally important topics. These matters are all treated in simple
language, with illustrations, questions, object lessons, and instructions to
teacher's such as make the book a very serviceable one for use in lower
grades. The Colorado Society, to stimulate the work in Colorado Schools,
offers twenty gold medals for the best essays on the subject :
" How ought you to treat every living creature, whether human or
belonging to the lesser animals, and why?"
The Medal of the Iron Cross is offered for conspicuous acts of courage
in the interest of fellow creatures.
20 Bulletin on Humane Education. Issued by the State Normal School,
San Diego, California. Sacramento, 1906,
92
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
beings must subserve some beneficial purpose or finally be
eliminated in the process of evolution. In the long run,
the weak, the useless, and the harmful must perish. This
is the inevitable law of nature. So far as man aids
consciously in enforcing this law, for the sake of the reflex
influence upon his own nature, it should be done merci-
fully. The most important question at this point is the
interpretation of the phrase "beneficial purpose' as used
above. To whose benefit is the world of nature finally to
contribute? There can be but one answer. Man, stand-
ing at the head of the hierarchy of animal species, right-
fully claims sovereignty over this great kingdom, and de-
mands that the brute creation, as well as plants, from the
lowest to the highest, should, in the long run, subserve his
ends. This bald statement, however, is subject to modi-
fication. A study of biology shows such infinitesimal gaps
between species, and even between the higher anthropoids
and man, that no one dares positively to declare where
the one ends and the other begins. The rule of nature is
that the lower generally serve the ends of the higher.
Rights, then, being relative, not positive, the question of
useless and cruel suffering and destruction inflicted by the
stronger upon the weaker forms a legitimate subject of
study for the scientist and the economist as well as for the
poet and the sentimentalist. The committee holds that
training in the care and uses of animals, to be permanent
and to serve its highest purpose, must be based on rational
principles, derived from a correct understanding of the
place of the animal in the world of nature. The economic
or utilitarian value of animals has, therefore, been empha-
sized throughout the course. The supremacy of man is
fully recognized, yet it is not permitted to become ob-
trusive. The committee realizes that sympathy is one of
the strongest motives in human action, especially among
the younger children, and care has been taken to suggest
topics for instruction and to refer to literature suitable
to awaken and and develop this powerful motive force
along proper lines. The organization of bands of mercy
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
93
and allied societies, if rightfully managed, may be made
very profitable to this end. The sympathy so aroused
should not be spasmodic nor overwrought, but should be
based upon a comprehensive knowledge of the structure,
habits, and functions of animals. Cases of extreme
cruelty and great suffering should rarely be dwelt upon.
In short, the positive side of humanity-what ought to
be done rather than the negative-what ought not to be
done-should be emphasized. Throughout the whole
course the attempt has been made to establish this funda-
mental proposition, viz.: that unnecessary and wanton in-
jury or destruction of either plants or animals is uneco-
nomical, positively injurious to society, and reacts detri-
mentally upon the character of the offender. This view
gives room for the introduction of all the instruction
along aesthetical, ethical, and sentimental lines that is
justifiable in our public schools.”
It is scarcely necessary to state, in view of the fore-
going, that the nature-study side of humane education has
been made prominent by the committee that prepared the
syllabus.
The committee was careful to exclude from the bibliog-
raphies that class of literature “ which borders on the
purely sentimental, whose appeal is wholly to temporary
and spasmodic emotions."
A work not intended as a text book, but containing
matter of high value for purposes of instruction is Martin
Hiesemann's How to Attract and Protect Wild Birds."
This is a thoroughgoing account of the principles and
measures advocated and practiced by Baron von Berlepsch
for the preservation of useful birds. Besides being very
informing, the devices and measures suggested for the
feeding and care of birds are such as not only impress
humane ideals in most practical ways, but also carry with
94
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
them economic and aesthetic results of large significance.
The English translation of this work has been given
publicity in the United States by the National Associa-
tion of Audubon Societies.
Thus far, more has been directly accomplished through
instruction given in small private groups, than through the
public schools. Various titles are given to such groups.
“Junior Humane Society” is sometimes applied; “Young
Defenders” is the name applied in the American Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; but the “ Band
of Mercy" groups are much the most numerous and their
activities are typical of scope and method, by whatever
names groups may be known.
The first Band of Mercy was established by Mrs. Caro-
line Smithies at Wood Green, England, in 1875. At her
death the movement was continued by her husband and
daughter, and later, in 1883, a union of all bands in the
Kingdom was formed with the Royal Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals at the head. Under the
arrangement the Royal Society became the governing body
of the Union, but the Bands retained their freedom of
direction and responsibility in all local matters, including
financial independence. Uniform cards of membership,
members' badges, and registers were adopted by all Bands.
The governing body provided these at cost. A half-penny
monthly journal, previously and since issued by the Royal
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, entitled
Band of Mercy,” became the organ of the Union, the
circulation of which among band members has been regu-
larly encouraged. The bands have since multiplied.
Their establishment has been encouraged as separate
organizations or within Sunday or day schools, or in con-
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
95
nection with Bands of Hope, or other moral, social or
religious associations. The Royal Society has been par-
ticularly insistent that each band have a permanent Secre-
tary. In its view “dilettanti so-called 'formation of
bands' without administration are (sic) not only mislead-
ing but mischievous, the pretended universal organization
consisting of a single soiltary speech of a few minutes'
duration, perhaps in a school, with a show of hands and
nothing else–no appointment of Secretary, and no sub-
sequent training. Such spurious formations should be
discountenanced as at best spasmodic and discrediting to
the general Band of Mercy Movement.” The following
rules and suggestions to members lay down the scheme
of government for each group and for its individual
members:
RULES
This Band shall be called “The
Band
of Mercy.” (A Band may take the name of a person,
school, village, parish, or small town. In towns, where it
may be desirable to organize more than one Band, no Band
should take the name of the town, but some local distinc-
tive appellation should be adopted.)
This Band shall consist of members paying a subscrip-
tion of 1d. per quarter, and of honorary members paying
2s. 6d. per annum.
This Band will admit persons who shall give their assent
to the following declaration:
We agree to be kind to animals, and to do all in our
power to protect them from cruelty and promote their
humane treatment.
96
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
This Band will supply a card or medal of membership
to each member on admission.
This Band will from time to time, as its funds may
permit, give books which teach kindness to animals to the
various Sunday School libraries in the locality. This
Band will hold regular meetings at which addresses or
lectures shall be given; Band of Mercy Melodies sung,
readings and recitations delivered; stories and anecdotes
related; interesting work done by members, reported, etc.
This Band will also encourage its members to avoid
unkindness to one another and to all other persons.
SUGGESTIONS TO MEMBERS
1. Never take, injure or rob, the nests of birds; if you
should ever remove eggs, do not take all, but leave one or
two, or the mother bird may desert the nest in despair.
He is a really noble boy who refuses to disturb a nest,
lest he should give pain to the birds who have built it with
so much perseverance and skill, and have made it a snug
home to bring up a little family in.
2. Do not chase butterflies. It is stupid and cruel to
do this, as many boys do, for the mere pleasure of chasing
pretty creatures that are immediately crushed in their
hands when caught. If it should ever be necessary to col-
lect them, not more than one of each kind should be taken,
not roughly by the hand, but with a net, and then merci-
fully killed, but never pierced with a pin while alive. No
boy need make a collection of butterflies or moths, for no
boy can collect all kinds, and colored drawings of every
kind can be purchased at a small cost if he wants to study
their natural history.
3. When members keep pets they should try to think of
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
97
their various wants and attend to them systematically and
regularly, because those animals depend on them for the
necessaries of life and health. It is a good plan to make
a rule to think of these things when they are having their
own meals; also when they are going to a nice warm bed.
4. Members should never forget to feed wild birds in
wintertime, when the poor things cannot find food for
themselves on the hard ground or on the snow.
5. Members should try to speak nicely to companions or
other boys who commit acts of cruelty; if they rebuke
them roughly, they will do more harm than good; if they
show them the fault kindly, they will impress them with
a sense that animals are committed to us by God as a
trust, and that we are answerable to him for our treatment
of them.
The pioneer in American Band of Mercy Work was
Mr. George T. Angell of Boston, who through his Amer-
ican Humane Education Society has been instrumental in
the founding of “over seventy-four thousand "21 such
bands. It is not known how many of these are active
organizations, but their plan of activities follows the Eng-
lish lines. To each Band of thirty or more members, the
Society sends each month a copy of Our Dumb Animals,
from which readings and recitations may be selected.
“Twelve Lessons on Kindness to Animals,” published by
the Society, badges, members' cards and other matter are
likewise provided.22 Effort is made to have Band of
Mercy Day observed in the schools. In Massachusetts,
a day in April has been observed in this way for three
years past, and in the schools of Boston for four years.
21 Our Dumb Animals, May, 1909, p. 191.
22 See “Band of Mercy Information," by George T. Angell, issued by
the American Humane Education Society.
8
98
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
In 1909, a pamphlet of thirty-two pages, the “Humane
Manual” was gratuitously distributed to the 15,000
teachers of the State. In 1908, a similar pamphlet con-
taining a reprint of selections from the chapter on animals
in Hyde's “Practical Ethics” was so distributed. This
work is in the hands of the State Organizer of the Society.
An interesting experiment along these lines has been
undertaken in New York by the American Museum of
Natural History in conjunction with the Women's Aux-
iliary of the American Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals. A series of six lectures dealing with
“The Cat,” “The Dog," "Birds and Small Animals,”
Insects” and “Rats and Mice, and How to Exterminate
Them” were planned to be given at the museum and at
various settlement houses throughout the city. This plan
included monthly talks by members of the museum staff,
lasting not more than forty minutes, and illustrated with
lantern slides, with chief emphasis laid on the scientific
and humane aspects of the treatment of animals. The
lectures were used as a starting point for the formation of
settlement bands of “Young Defenders," who are expected
to protect street dogs and stray cats from molestation, and
to report cases of ill-treatment to the Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals.
Another common method of reaching children is that of
instituting humane essay competitions in schools, to the
winners of which suitable prizes are offered. In Buffalo,
New York, for instance, more than 1,500 such essays were
received from pupils in the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth
grades and high schools in the 1909 competition, instituted
by the Erie County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals. In Rochester, the Humane Society offers
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
99
prizes to public, private and parochial schools in a similar
way. In 1909, the topics were adapted to the four grades
open to the competition as follows: Eighth grade, “Yearly
Journey of Our Birds—Their Homes, Dresses and Travel-
ing Suits"; seventh grade, “A Visit to the Zoo-Food,
Exercises, Shelter"; sixth grade, “A Little Talk with
an Animal Friend—What He Likes to Do, Where He
Likes to Sleep, What He Likes to Eat”; fifth grade, “If
I were an Animal, and Could Speak, What Would I Ask
My Master to Do for Me to Keep Me Well and Happy?"
In concluding this hasty survey of devices for the
humane education of children it would be a mistake to
leave the impression that its object ends with the attaining
of a more kindly attitude toward dumb creation. Its ma-
terial, in the main, deals primarily with animals, and is
calculated to further their humane treatment; but its aim
is the broader one of developing a more considerate atti-
tude in every aspect of life. Mr. Angell put the idea in
extreme form when he said: “Simply as a question of
dollars and cents for the protection of property and life,
can there possibly be any better way of preventing rail-
road wrecks, incendiary fires and the explosion of dyna-
mite bombs than by carrying, so far as possible, into all the
schools of our country an education that will make our
youth and children more humane?” This is an over-
hopeful view, but it illustrates the fact that the object of
the humane education movement is a broad one, reaching
from humane treatment of animals on the one hand, to
peace among the nations on the other. In instances, this
broader purpose reflects itself in the material used for
purposes of instruction. In California, for instance, the
Humane Education Committee of the California Club in-
100
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
cludes in its list of books and periodicals recommended
for use in schools, the following:
Patriotism and the New Internationalism, Lucia
Ames Mead.
The Moral Damage of War, W. Walsh, and five other
books and four pamphlets included in The Inter-
national Library edited by Edwin D. Mead; in
addition to The Advocate of Peace-Monthly
Organ of the American Peace Society.
Similarly, the essay for 1908, on Humane Education, re-
ceiving the Wm. G. Sprague Memorial Prize from The
American Humane Association includes “Patriotism-
Arbitration vs. Warfare, as an important phase of the
great aim of humane education: to break down barriers
in the creations of the universe; to make the child con-
stantly feel the universal kinship of life; to suppress the
hereditary instinct of differentiating himself and his kind
from the rest of creation; in a word, to make him,
universal.
"23
FACILITIES FOR SPECIAL TRAINING.
A phase of educational work that has thus far received
little attention from humane societies is that of offering
training along special lines to those whose daily work is
the handling of animals. Many societies issue pamphlets,
cards of advice and other forms of information for the
guidance of those who own or regularly use animals; but
definite, personal instruction along these lines is excep-
tional. Of the former type of educational device, a few
illustrations may here be given.
Leaflet
20 From p. 7, “ Humane Education,” by Mrs. Hugo Krause.
published by American Humane Association.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
101
In an effort to check the abuse of animals resulting from
bad stables, the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals recently distributed several hundred
circulars among the owners of horses in Philadelphia,
covering the points of a good stall. Some of the rules of
care emphasized are:
Bring horses in at night, cool and breathing easily.
Tie long, so that horses can lie with heads on floor.
Have wide stalls, keep them clean and well bedded.
Have no fumes from the manure pit.
Sponge horses under collar and saddle.
Wash feet and examine for nails.
Stable foreman should be good-tempered and not a
drinking man.
Most important of all, horses should be handled
gently; neither struck nor yelled at.
Similar cards of advice on the proper care and handling
of horses were recently distributed among drivers and
horse owners in Milwaukee by the Humane Educational
Society. These were printed in English and German,
and covered in brief form every phase of the handling
and treatment of horses.
This type of educational activity is a very usual one.
Concise literature in pamphlet and card form24 exists in
abundance, and deals with the housing, feeding and gen-
eral care of various kinds of domestic animals, with special
abuses—such as docking, the use of the check-rein or of
blinders--and with special devices and precautions to be
followed under special conditions. These present in
popular form the conclusions of experts in the care and
handling of animals, and their circulation at the hands of
24 For samples, see Appendix XX.
102
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals affords
a useful, easy, and very common form of educational
activity.
But, as already indicated, personal instruction in
humane work along practical educational lines is very ex-
ceptional. One of the most helpful and hopeful experi-
ments along these lines is that carried out by the Illinois
Humane Society during the past two years.
The heads
of this society desired to reach the ordinary working men
who come in close contact with animals in their daily
work. Much of the prevailing cruelty to animals is the
result of ignorance, or indifference. It has been sought
to overcome these causes by an informing course of even-
ing lectures at the Chicago headquarters of the Society.
These lectures give simple, practical instruction in the
proper care and control of animals and are given by pro-
fessional experts who make their subjects interesting and
clear by practical demonstrations and the use of lantern
slides, pictures, plans and other illustrative material. In-
vitations to attend these lectures are given not only to
humane workers and the police department, but also to
teamsters and truck drivers, barn bosses, owners of horses
and interested people engaged in large manufacturing and
commercial enterprises. These lectures have cost the
Society but $350, and their success has been manifested in
the regular attendance of from 25 to 60 men. The follow-
ing program of lectures given in 1909 illustrates the scope
of the course:
1909
Friday, January 8.
8:00 to 8:45 Cruelty to horses by overloading and thereby
lessening their earning power, depreciating their
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
103
value and shortening their lives. DR. A. H. BAKER,
Chicago Veterinary College.
8:45 to 9:30 The origin and scope of the laws concerning
cruelty: Wild animals; domestic animals; rights of
owners; rights of animals. MR. GEORGE A. H.
SCOTT.
Open discussion on subjects of evening.
Friday, January 15.
8:00 to 8:45 Rules of the road. CAPTAIN CHARLES O.
HEALEY, Commanding Mounted Squadron.
8:45 to 9:30 How the greatest good can be accomplished.
Mr. THOMAS J. CAVANAGH, Secretary, Chicago Team
Owners' Ass'n.
Friday, January 29.
8:00 to 8:45 Winter shoeing as it relates to horses' com-
fort and safety; to sprains, fractures and other in-
juries incidental to falling down. DR. A. H. BAKER.
8:45 to 9:30 The application of the laws concerning over-
working, overdriving, overloading; cruelly beating,
torturing, tormenting, mutilating or killing; cruelly
working any old, maimed, infirm, sick or disabled
animal; unnecessarily failing to provide any animal
with proper food, drink and shelter; abandoning any
old, infirm, sick or disabled animal. MR. GEORGE
A. H. SCOTT.
Open discussion on subject of meeting.
Friday, February 5.
8:00 to 8:45 Harnessing and hooking to prevent sore
shoulders and backs; to get the most out of horses'
104
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
efforts and yet conserve their strength. Dr. A. H.
BAKER.
8:45 to 9:30 Last lecture on laws continued. MR. GEORGE
A. H. SOOTT.
Friday, February 12.
8:00 to 8:45 The coöperation of all interests. MR.
THOMAS J. CAVANAGH.
8:45 to 9:30 Instruction to drivers for coöperation with
mounted and crossing officers. CAPTAIN CHARLES
C. HEALEY.
Friday, February 26.
8:00 to 9:00 Cruelty to Horses by being worked when
lame from disease of the feet, corns, treads, toe cracks,
founder, drop sole canker, nail pricks, open joint, side
bone, quittor, furuncle. Dr. A. H. BAKER.
9:00 to 9:30 The application of the laws concerning
cruelty in cases involving animals other than beasts
of burden. MR. GEORGE A. H. SCOTT.
Friday, March 5.
8:00 to 9:00 Diseases of the forelegs: Ringbone, splint,
bowed tendon, kneesprung, capped elbow. DR. A. H.
BAKER.
9:00 to 9:30 Teaming on South Water Street. MR.
GEORGE A. PROBST, Secretary Commission Team
Owners' Ass'n.
Friday, March 12.
8:00 to 8:45 How citizens and merchants can coöperate
to facilitate movement of traffic in congested districts.
CAPTAIN CHARLES C. HEALEY.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
105
8:45 to 9:30 What the owners, barn boss and driver owe
to the horse. MR. THOMAS J. CAVANAGH.
Friday, March 19.
8:00 to 9:00 Diseases of the hind legs: Ringbone, spavin,
curb, capped back, string halt. Dr. A. H. BAKER.
9:00 to 9:30 Prcoeedings in court. Complaints; wit-
nesses; evidence; argument; judgment and penalties.
MR. GEORGE A. H. SCOTT.
ON
SATURDAY, JANUARY 23, 1909,
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1909,
SATURDAY, MARCH 27, 1909,
Open meetings will be held in a public hall, the program
and arrangements for which will be announced
in due season.
Lectures are reported from time to time in “The
Humane Advocate," and occasional lectures are there pub-
lished in full. The Boston Work-horse Association has
maintained a similar course of free lectures on the care
of horses, in addition to a conference on Shoeing, intended
for experts. A like experiment has met with success in
South Bend, Indiana; and societies in other cities are
interested in establishing such courses.25 Educational
work of this type might well be extended in cities in such
way as to complement the much larger educational work
in country districts so helpfully carried on by schools of
28 The model boarding stable of the Animal Rescue League of Boston
is a practical object lesson of considerable educational value.
106
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
agriculture and the various bureaus of state agricultural
departments.
THE PUBLIC
The major portion of the educational activities of
humane societies is directed toward the larger public.
Lectures, addresses, sermons, press appeals and comment,
exhibitions and special literature of every type are used
as vehicles for informing the public and for stirring them
to a more humane attitude and to a larger interest in
humane work. Attention may be given here in an illus-
trative way to some of the more distinctive of these appeals
to popular interest and support.
Prominent among these is the national movement for
the observance of one Sunday in the year as “Mercy Sun-
day.” This movement was inaugurated less than two
years ago by the American Humane Association. Over
two thousand “Animal Sunday" sermons are preached
each year in Great Britain alone; and it is the thought
underlying the American movement that one sermon a
year should be delivered on a special day from each pulpit
in the country on the subject of mercy and kindness in
its relation to children and animals. The appeal has been
kindly received by clergymen of every faith, and copies
of addresses delivered by clergymen have been received
by the Association. Many have written for suggestions
which would be of use in preparing such sermons, and the
Association has issued a leaflet compiling extracts from
sermons and from other sources such as may be serviceable
in this connection. In the first instance wide publicity
was given the appeal by the newspapers. It has since been
followed up in more direct ways, and the movement is
spreading rapidly.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
107
Another appeal to popular interest, likewise promoted
by the American Humane Association, but more limited in
its scope than the Mercy Sunday, is that of offering prizes
and medals for “deeds of humanity and to those persons
who best advance the cause of protection of child and beast
from cruelty and suffering.” A circular issued by the
Association is descriptive of the terms of competition:
The American Humane Association of Albany, New
York, U. S. A., is authorized to offer prizes, open to
universal competition, subject to the following conditions:
First. Claims for prizes or diplomas shall be presented
by mail, or in person, to the Secretary of the Association
before October 15, each year.
Second. Applications must be in writing and accom-
panied by full statements of facts in case, with proof of
merit and authenticity, supported by sworn and competent
evidence covering the case.
Third. Essays presented in competition shall be signed
only with a nom-de-plume and shall not exhibit the name
of the author, which shall be enclosed in a sealed envelope,
accompanying the manuscript, and containing on the out-
side of the envelope the nom-de-plume and address of the
writer.
Fourth. Wherever possible claims for medals or
diplomas shall be presented through the anti-cruelty
society located nearest to the candidate.
THE ANGELL GOLD MEDALS
Two gold medals will be awarded annually, should
claims of candidates adjudged worthy of recognition be
presented. One medal shall be known as “THE GEORGE
T. ANGELL NATIONAL GOLD MEDAL FOR ANIMAL PRO-
108
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
TECTION.” The other medal shall be known as “THE
GEORGE T. ANGELL HUMANE EDUCATION GOLD MEDAL,"
and shall be given to the person who shall be deemed to
have most advanced the cause of HUMANE EDUCATION.
THE STILLMAN GOLD MEDAL
One gold medal, offered annually, to be known as “THE
WILLIAM O. STILLMAN CHILD PROTECTION GOLD
MEDAL," will be awarded to the person deemed most
worthy, because of distinguished services to the cause of
humanity, in promoting the protection or rescue of chil-
dren from physical or moral degradation and suffering.
THE MOULTON GOLD MEDAL
One gold medal is offered annually to be known as
“THE FRANCES A. MOULTON GOLD MEDAL," and will be
awarded to the person who shall be deemed to have per-
formed the greatest act of kindness to horses or dogs.
THE FISKE GOLD MEDAL
One gold medal is offered annually to be known as
“THE MINNIE MADDERN FISKE GOLD MEDAL FOR THE
PROTECTION OF LIVE Stock," and will be awarded to the
person who shall write the most useful essay of not more
than 3,000 words on the most effective means to be em-
ployed to prevent the suffering of live stock on the western
ranges of the United States and in transportation.
THE SPRAGUE GOLD PRIZE
One very valuable gold watch is offered by Mrs. C. H.
Sprague, of Washington, D. C., to be awarded to the
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
109
person who shall write the best essay of not more than
3,000 or less than 1,500 words, on "HUMANE EDUCATION:
ITS VALUE AND HOW BEST TO PROMOTE IT."
DIPLOMAS OF HONOR
The American Humane Association will award « DI-
PLOMAS OF HONOR,” to persons performing deeds of great
humanity to either children or animals when deemed
worthy of such recognition but only when claims for the
same are presented strictly in accordance with the terms
announced herewith.
The American Humane Association reserves the right
to reject the claims of all candidates not deemed worthy
of recognition but earnestly invites the presentation of
applications in behalf of persons who are thoroughly de-
serving and meritorious, and who come within the terms
and conditions specified in this announcement.
Announcement of this competition is annually made in
the newspapers and in humane periodicals. It is of main
interest, of course, to those who are already workers in the
humane field; but it makes some appeal to outsiders, and
the literary results of competitions are often serviceable
in the general educational cause.
An educational device that is spreading rapidly in the
larger cities of the country is the work-horse parade. The
aim of such a parade is to improve the condition and treat-
ment of work horses. This is accomplished in various
ways.
“ The Parade tends to make the public generally
interested in the horses which they see at work every day
in the streets; it influences owners and drivers to think
110
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
more of the welfare of their horses, and to take more pride
in their good appearance; and, finally, it leads rich con-
cerns to buy and use horses of a fine type. This last
circumstance might not seem to be important from a
humane point of view, but it is so nevertheless. If the
rich man buys a high-class workhorse, the owner who
comes next to him in point of wealth will buy the some-
what inferior horse which the rich man would have bought
had it not been for the Parade; and then the third man in
point of wealth will buy the horse which the second man
would otherwise have bought; and so on down the whole
line. Thus the standard of work-horses in the city or town
in which the Parade takes place will gradually be raised;
and this effect is very noticeable in Boston where the
sixth annual Parade bas just been held. Moreover, a
well-bred work-horse (and work-horses can be well-bred,
just as much as race-horses) will go through life with less
suffering than the inferior, coarse-bred horse; and for this
reason, again, it is humane to foster the use of a well-
bred and costly work-horse.
Another object of the Parade is to encourage and re-
ward the good and faithful driver and this as much for
the benefit of the horse as for that of the driver himself.
In fact, the best way to help the horse is to help the
driver. Experience shows that if the men employed as
drivers are contented and on good terms with the employer,
the horses are usually well-treated by them; whereas if
the men are dissatisfied, the horses are invariably neglected
and abused.
“In London and Liverpool there are cart-horse socie-
ties, and in London there is also a van-horse society; and
each of these societies gives an annual Parade. But the
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
111
English Parade is almost wholly a rich man's show. The
Boston Work-Horse Parade, the first to be held in this
country, was suggested by its English predecessors, but it
has been formed on different lines, and especially with
the view of giving the poor horse-owner every possible op-
portunity to avail himself of its benefits. We charge no
entry fee; we give the preference to the older horses, other
things being equal, throughout the Parade; we reserve our
most valuable and most numerous prizes for the old horse
class; we give special prizes for horses owned and driven
by the same man; we take no account of the wagon, pro-
vided that it is not too heavy; we discourage the use of
new harness (which also is done in England); and, finally,
we classify the entries according to the occupation of the
owner.
Details differ from city to city, but in general the
plan of the Boston Parade27 has been followed elsewhere.
The first parade held in New York was on Memorial Day,
May 30, 1907. Its success in the hands of the Women's
Auxiliary Board assured its annual repetition. Societies
in other cities have been equally successful. Among these
may be mentioned Atlanta and Augusta, Georgia; Buffalo,
New York; Chattanooga and Nashville, Tennessee; Cleve-
land, Columbus, Springfield and Youngstown, Ohio; Hart-
ford, Connecticut; Fall River, Massachusetts; Louisville,
Kentucky; Philadelphia, and New Orleans. The recent
extension to southern cities is particularly to be noted.
This is in line with a general awakening along lines of
9726
20 From
“Work-Forse Parades: Information concerning their objects
and management, and how to make them successful,” by Henry C. Merwin,
President of Boston Work-Horse Parade Association. Issued by the
American Humane Association.
27 For Circular announcement for 1908 of the Boston Work-Horse
Parade Association see Appendix XIX.
112
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
humane organization that is noticeable throughout the
South
Another phase of useful educational work, though small
in its scope, is that of calling the attention of the public
at intervals to the needless hardships inflicted on animals
because of an attitude of pure heedlessness. A good illus-
tration of this type of appeal is that issued in the Fall
months, calling the attention of coal consumers to the
desirability of laying in their supplies before winter
weather sets in. This appeal, especially when issued in
coöperation with local dealers, has been quite effective.
The charging of an added sum for coal delivered in severe
weather is an added inducement to early delivery. The
cruel use of omnibus horses at many seaside summer resorts
is another evil in the remedying of which thousands of
copies of pamphlets and leaflets have been circulated.
Similar informing work is done in connection with the
use of the check rein and of blinders, the handling of
balky horses, the rabies danger with dogs, and many other
matters of popular ignorance or misapprehension.
GENERAL HUMANE EDUCATIONAL LITERATURE
The most considerable educational work is done through
the issue of literature: Calendars, almanacs, cards, leaflets,
circulars, special humane periodicals28 and books are used
to this end. One organization, the work of which in this
respect has been very large, is the American Humane
Education Society of Boston. This organization has
offered various prizes for literary work. Some of the best
of humane fiction has been written in competition for
these. Among such contributions have been “Black
28 For list of leaflets see end of Appendix XXV, and for list of period.
icals sec Appendix XXIV.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
113
Beauty" and "Beautiful Joe,” and many shorter stories.
Over three million copies of “Black Beauty” have been
printed and put into circulation, and a prize of one thou-
sand dollars was given for a dramatization of the story.
The Society also regularly circulates Our Dumb Animals,
the first regular publication in the field of anti-cruelty
work, besides a mass of other humane publications, in-
cluding cards for the protection of birds, horses and other
animals. Copies of Our Dumb Animals have been sent
every month, not only to all the clergy, lawyers and phy-
sicians of Massachusetts, but to the presidents of all Amer-
ican colleges, and universities, and the editorial offices
of over twenty thousand newspapers and magazines, in-
cluding all in America north of Mexico. The paper has
also been sent to humane societies in America and to
various individuals and societies abroad. Bound volumes
have also been placed on the reading tables of mountain
and seashore hotels. The Various Bands of Mercy estab-
lished by the Society use much of its literature. There
are other organizations29 that do a similar work on a more
restricted scale. Of these the Rhode Island Humane Edu-
cation Society devotes a large part of its energies to the
publishing and circulating of humane leaflets. The
Humane Education Committee of the California Club,
on the other hand, is largely interested in the furthering
of humane instruction in the schools. All do a mixed
educational work.
It would be impossible within the narrow limits of this
report to pass critical judgment on the mass of varied
literature that may properly be called humane in content
and purpose. This ranges on the one hand from the
pseudo-verities of the “nature fakir” to the irreproach-
30 See Appendix III.
9
114
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
ably scientific contributions of the biologist; and on the
other, from the lightest juvenile fiction to the philosophical
discussions of the ethical fundamentals of humanitarian
work. Of the periodicals devoted to the protection of
animals, by all odds the best adapted to this purpose is
the monthly publication of the Royal Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals: The Animal World. In-
deed, this is a periodical that would rank well with any
journal published in the interest of a special movement.
Each number contains scientifically sound discussions of
special phases of animal treatment, suggestive articles
dealing with every-day problems of humane work, strong
editorials, information dealing with the progress of the
protective movement, book notices, fiction, and other
matter of more general interest. Matter for children is
largely confined to the “Band of Mercy" journal. Of
the American periodicals, all are equally miscellaneous in
their scope. Most of them give considerable attention to
matter of interest to children. All endeavor to give space
to reports of work illustrative of the progress of the
humane movement; but The Humane Journal of Chicago
probably follows this line more closely than the others.
Our Dumb Animals is quite fully illustrated, and includes
humane topics not strictly within the scope of animal pro-
tective work. The Humane Advocate of Chicago is likely
to concentrate on longer articles than are the others. At
the other extreme in this respect is the publication of the
American Society, Our Animal Friends.30 This is the
80 With the issue of November 6, 1909, this periodical passed into the
hands of an independent company. The name has since been changed to
“ The Humanitarian and Nature Student and Our Animal Friends." Its
aims remain as before. A monthly bulletin dealing with the work of the
Society is issued by the A. S. P. C. A. It should also be noted here that
The Humane Journal of Chicago is now called The National Humane
Journal.
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
115
only weekly publication, and it partakes more of the char-
acter of a news sheet than do the others. The interests
of children are also prominent. The Journal of Zoophily
like the others is a publication devoted to the general cause
of animal protection, but its special function as the organ
of the American anti-vivisection movement gives it a
special flavor. Child and Animal Protection and the Bul-
letin of the San Francisco Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals are devoted almost exclusively to local
phases of preventive work. All of the American
periodicals, however, have a coloring that is decidedly
local; although this is less true of The Humane Journal
than of any of the others.31 The American Humane As-
sociation has for some years urged the publication of an
American periodical under its auspices, devoted to the
humane cause at large. Such a journal might do good
service as “a correlating and inspiring force." A dis-
criminating, aggressive, tactfully edited national journal
could do much to allay meaningless local rivalries, to
stimulate the many laggard local societies and to set
standards of attainment in a work in which the emotional
and the intellectual mingle in so many forms.
The cause of animal protection is well endowed with
fiction of a type serviceable in the humane education of
the young. There are short stories innumerable, and a
number of longer stories of the type of “Black Beauty
and of “Beautiful Joe,” which teach kindness to animals
in many suggestive ways. “Black Beauty” is a veritable
bible of the animal protective cause. There is scarcely a
device or practice in the everyday use and treatment of
31 For list of periodicals dealing with work for animals, see Appendix
XXIV.
116
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
horses that is not interestingly analyzed from the stand-
point of the comfort of animals and of their usefulness in
service. Intensely practical in its suggestions, it has at
the same time a coloring and a lively and varied action
that make an intense appeal not only to children, but even
to adults. “Beautiful Joe,” “For Pity's Sake” and
others that might be named are equally serviceable, and
much of the so-called “nature" literature is useful to a
like degree for purposes of humane instruction, even
though often over-informing from a scientific standpoint.
There is likewise abundant instructive literature deal-
ing with details of care of domestic animals. If all of
the humane leaflets dealing with the daily treatment of
horses, dogs, cats and other domestic animals could be
bound in a single volume and a copy placed in the hands
of every owner or other person responsible for the care
of any such animal, there would be no excuse on grounds
of ignorance for cruel treatment, or for bad living or work-
ing conditions for animals. In still other pamphlet litera-
ture, popular fallacies are clearly set forth and combated,
and aesthetic and economic, as well as humane, considera-
tions are urged in very convincing ways. At times this
effort is over-eager. Such, for instance, is the effort to
prove the non-existence of such a disease as rabies in dogs.
But the disease is at best a very rare one, and an over-
statement of the case is surely no more baneful than the
meaningless, widespread apprehension that so often accom-
panies a “mad-dog scare. " The benefit that is supposed
to result from the docking of horses, or from their clipping
in winter, or from the cutting of the tails or ears of dogs,
or the gains to farmers that are supposed to result from
the killing of marauding birds, and kindred delusions are
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
117
set forth in a light that leaves little ground for misap-
prehension.
As a rule humane writings, as well as humane work, are
based on a "faith" rather than on any rationalistic scheme
of fundamentals. The emotional basis is the common one,
and the kind treatment of animals is assumed to be a
thing desirable in itself, as well as in its effects on animals
and in its reflex bearings on man himself. From a human
standpoint, the last consideration would have a verity
sufficiently fundamental as a working hypothesis for any
movement. But ordinarily the three considerations are
assumed as having equal validity; and together they con-
stitute a religion rather than the foundation of a logical
scheme of uplift or reform. An intended exception to this
rule is to be found in the work of the Humanitarian
League and in the writings issued under its auspices. Of
the practical work of this organization, a brief description
is given later.32 At this point it may be said that the
League exists for the purpose of placing humane principles
on a consistent and rational basis. From the first, what
has been intended “was a consistent, intellectual, well-
reasoned protest against all forms of cruelty, not against
this or that cruel practice in particular.” It has been an
aim to show that humanitarianism is “not merely a kindly
sentiment, a product of the heart rather than of the head,
but an integral portion of any intelligible system of ethics
or social science." On this foundation the League,
through its various publications has placed on record “a
systematic protest against the numerous barbarisms of
civilization—the cruelties inflicted by men on men, and the
not less atrocious ill-treatment of the lower animals." So
82 See pp. 120 et seg.
118
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
far as animals are concerned, this attitude is well ex-
pressed in an early publication of the League: “Animal
Rights” by Henry S. Salt, a moving spirit in the organi-
zation. Starting with the assumption that men have
“rights”-in the sense of a general acquiescence in the
freedom to live their own lives, subject to the necessity
of respecting the equal freedom of other people”—these
same rights cannot consistently be awarded to men and
denied to animals. “It is an entire mistake to suppose
that the rights of animals are in any way antagonistic
to the rights of men ... it is only by a wide and disin-
terested study of both subjects that a solution of either is
possible.” The only logical view, to Mr. Salt’s notion,
is one that grants to animals, as well as to men, the right to
live a natural life, to attain an individual development-
“subject to the limitations imposed by the permanent
needs and interests of the community. If we must
kill, whether it be man or animal, let us kill and have
done with it; if we must inflict pain, let us do what is
inevitable, without hypocrisy, or evasion, or cant.” This,
of course, is ultra-individualism applied to all sentient
life. Applied in extreme form, it would rule out every
practice that is based on claims of men that are regarded
as superior to those of other animals. The promiscuous
taking of the lives of animals as a class for the sake of
men as another class would stand condemned. The sacri-
fice of an individual member for the sake of the rest of
animate creation might, however, be justified by the facts
of a given situation. On this basis, vivisection might in
instances be a justifiable practice. But the killing of
animals for food would be less defensible. In general
one would expect the adherents of such a philosophy to be
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES
119
anti-imperialist, anti-vivisectionist and vegetarian. In-
deed, this characteristization is applicable to many as-
sociated with the Humanitarian League, as well as to no
small number of other individual advocates of humane
practice. The mass of those associated with the anti-
cruelty movement, however, are not doctrinaire. They
differ from the members of the Humanitarian League in
that they have no reasoned philosophy of animal treat-
ment. Theirs is simply the opportunist policy of dealing
with cruelties as they arise, and of mitigating their severi-
ties as far as the prevailing situation will permit.
CHAPTER IV
THE WORK OF ALLIED HUMANE ORGANIZATIONS
The Humanitarian League
This organization was founded in England in 1890. Its
purpose has been to serve as a sort of bond between various
lines of humane work. “Other humane societies devote
themselves to some special task—the protection of children,
for example, or of aboriginal races, or of the lower animals
—and such specialization has the advantage of enlisting a
number of persons who, however much they may differ
on other subjects, are at least united on one point. But,
together with this great advantage, there is a correspond-
ing disadvantage—that those who are thus intent on one
particular end are apt to forget the general principle which
underlies all humanitarian effort, and to neglect, or even
oppose, other important reforms, which are, in fact, closely
akin to the one which they themselves are advocating. It
is the object of the Humanitarian League to correct such
inconsistency, and to show that all the various forms of
humanitarian work—such as that of the peace and arbitra-
tion societies, the prison reform societies, the vegetarian
societies, and the numerous associations for the prevention
of cruelty to animals—are inspired by one common prin-
ciple, which underlies and interknits them all.”
The rights of all sentient creatures are emphasized; but
human rights are so broad, that the League has confined
its efforts in this field to the issues involved in the criminal
120
WORK OF ALLIED HUMANE ORGANIZATIONS 121
law and prison system, “a subject which, unlike that of
peace and arbitration, the poor law, the sweating system,
and many others that might be named, is not being ade-
quately treated by any other society.” The mitigation
of severities of prison discipline has been the main object
of effort in this direction.
With reference to animals, “there is not a single society,
except the League, which is maintaining the rights of
animals as a whole. The Royal Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals is occupied chiefly in the
enforcement of the present (very imperfect) laws for the
protection of animals; the vegetarian and the anti-vivi-
section societies deal only with their special subjects; and
there is no society at all for the reformation of sport.
This being so, the work of the Humanitarian League on
behalf of animals is most onerous and important, com-
prising as it does (1) the vindication of the principle of
animals' rights as an essential part of social reform;
(2) a practical agitation for the suppression of the more
degraded forms of sport, such as stag-hunting, rabbit-
coursing, and pigeon-shooting. By the abolition of the
Royal Buckhounds, and the introduction of a Bill for the
suppression of spurious sports, the Sports Department of
the Humanitarian League has now opened the way to a
much-needed reform."
The League is not a vegetarian Society except in so far
as food reform is a part of zoophily. Some members are
vegetarians; but whatever may be the practice of in-
dividuals in this regard, all agree that reform is needed
in prevailing methods of butchery and of transport. The
cattle-traffic, private slaughterhouses, the fur-trade, "mur-
derous millinery” are all attacked in many of their
6
122
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
aspects as barbarities of food and fashion. The League is
organized into separate committees that deal with special
abuses. These are: The Criminal Law and Prison
Reform Committee, and the Animals' Defence Committee.
The former covers certain Indian matters (principally
the matter of flogging) and other questions suggested by
its title. The Animals' Defence Committee concerns itself
with "blood sports,” slaughterhouse reform, the fur and
feather trade and with other evils that arise in the cruel
treatment of animals on a large scale.
But whatever the attitude or activities of the League in
special directions, the most important feature of its work
is “undoubtedly its presentment of the humane principle
as a whole. It is only by recognizing that justice to
animals is part of the great democratic movement that
we can hope to attain it; and, conversely, the rights of
men will never be fully realized until we have due regard
to the just claims of all sentient life.”
Anti-Vivisectionist Organizations
The movement against vivisection is world-wide. That
is, there is no country where medical research is at all
advanced, in which there has not developed organized op-
position to the practice of vivisection. Abolition of the
practice is sought through prohibitory legislation. In con-
sequence, organization very largely follows national lines.
Strong, active societies exist in England, Scotland, France,
Germany, Austria, Italy and other smaller European coun-
tries. In the United States, the main organization is the
American Anti-Vivisection Society; but active legislative
work is done largely by district and State organizations.
The whole movement is bound together by "the World
WORK OF ALLIED HUMANE ORGANIZATIONS 123
League against Vivisection and for the General Protection
of Animals.” Under its auspices international congresses
have been held from time to time in different European
centers. Various periodicals (see Appendix XXIV)
are published in the interest of the movement.
These organizations have thus far realized their whole
aim in not a single country. Restrictive measures have
been obtained, but with such there is little satisfaction.
Indeed, the World League is so opposed to compromise in
this matter that in the recent Congress held in London,
the New York Anti-Vivisection Society's representative
was not invited to join the congress in a representative
capacity until the true purpose of the organization which
she represented was explained to be suppression. The
general policy of the anti-vivisectionists, whatever their
specific objects may at times appear to be in legislative
halls, is one of “thorough.”2
Medical practitioners are in instances in sympathy with
the movement for suppression; and many more “are
willing to admit that a proper regard for humane feelings
of all right-minded persons would naturally lead to the
substitution, to a reasonable extent, of legal regulation for
individual discretion." But the most general attitude is
one that opposes concessions to a group of reformers whose
ultimate aim is that of suppression. At the annual meet-
ing of the American Medical Association held in Chicago
in June, 1908, the subject of attempted restriction was
discussed, and a committee of seven was appointed, for the
1 D. 9., see English law, pp. 39-40.
2 The Vivisection Reform Society of Chicago is a type of society that
is apparently sincere in the effort to combat abuses without abolishing
the practice. Reasonable regulation rather than "absolute license" is
Its aim. This society was recently merged with the National Society for
the Humane Regulation of Vivisection, an organization with similar aims,
: See N, Y, Medical Journal, editorial of January 4, 1908,
124
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
defence of present freedom in experimentation. The
formation of the Research Defence Society in England is
similar evidence of an attitude hostile to further encroach-
ment on scientific discretion.
The advocates of vivisection urge the gains to humanity
resulting from the practice as its complete justification.
They maintain that vivisection is not necessarily cruel, nor
even painful. On the assumption that the capacity of an
animal for suffering pain is equal to that of a human being,
the proportion of painful to painless operations has been
estimated as follows:
Absolutely painless
As painful as vaccination.
As painful as the healing of a wound.
As painful as a surgical operation.
75
20
4
1
100
This, of course, the anti-vivisectionists deny, as well as the
contention that anaesthetics are regularly used, and that
anaesthetized animals are killed at the end of an operation,
on returning to. consciousness. Experimenters also con-
tend that the knowledge obtained by the use of live animals
could be obtained in no other way than by the much
greater sacrifice of human beings.
Physiologists themselves assent to the principles laid
down by Sir Thomas Watson: that experiments must not
be performed at random to see what will happen; that they
must have some object in view, a question to settle or a
doubt to remove, and with a reasonable hope of resulting
benefit; that operators have the skill, judgment and in-
telligence, and previous knowledge to make experiments
successful and instructive; that they guard against every-
4 Estimated by Dr. Yeo. See Dr. Andrew McPhail's (Prize Essay) De-
tense of Vivisection, Our Dumb Animals, January, 1908.
WORK OF ALLIED HUMANE ORGANIZATIONS 125
thing that would enhance pain, and do nothing out of
mere curiosity. Their contentions as a whole with refer-
ence to the practice have been well summed up, as follows:
“1. It has tended to correct and extend our knowledge
of the functions of the human body.
“2. It has aided in obtaining exact knowledge of the
processes of disease.
“3. It has tested the remedies by which diseases are to
be controlled.
“4. By it the means have been ascertained of checking
contagion and preventing epidemics both in man and beast.
“5. Poison can be detected.
6. All this information could have been obtained in
no other way.
“7. There is no moral wrong involved in the operations
either to animals, to operators, or to spectators.
“While physiologists and physicians know it as a fact
that the road to a more perfect medical science lies through
experiment, it may be painful experiment, they can afford
to resist the clamor of those whom they would serve, believ-
ing, by the added experience of two centuries, with Harvey
of immortal name, who, in speaking of this same subject,
declared that skill and knowledge could be arrived at
non ex libris sed ex dissectionibus.'
Surveying the field of experimental medicine we are
well content. We have reduced the mortality of diphtheria
from 36 per cent. to 6 per cent. We have wrested the
secret of malaria, yellow fever, typhoid, plague, meningitis,
sleeping sickness, and tuberculosis. Knowledge of disease
and of its treatment has progressed by slow and orderly
movement from truth to truth. The borders of medicine
are enlarging and animals will be called upon in increas-
ing numbers to serve humanity. Last year there were in
Great Britain 363 operators who performed 35,429 ex-
periments; these numbers bear a ratio to the increase in
knowledge."
6 From Dr. McPball's prize essay, supra cit.
126
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
6
The opponents of vivisection on the other hand deny the
value of the practice to humanity. Not infrequently they
condemn vaccination, the toxins, and other important dis-
coveries that have resulted from animal experimentation,
as breeders of disease; and their discoverers are branded
as murderers and practitioners of the black art. It is
urged that the preventing of contagion and the checking
of epidemics can be assured only by the application of
sanitary principles, and in no other way.
But after all, the scientific question is a secondary one
with the anti-vivisectionists. As Dr. Förster, president
of the German Bund and of the World Anti-Vivisection
League, said at the recent London Congress:
Whether vivisection has aided science, or ever will aid
it, is an open question that we may comfortably leave to
the experts, like other technical questions. The battle
about vivisection will not be decided on this field where
opinions will ever differ. For us the question is ever
decided when we separate it from all secondary considera-
tions and place before us the one decisive thought, “It is
evil, unjust, sinful, and therefore to be cast away.'
With them the issue is clearly a moral, not a scientific
>>>
one.
“ Can we afford to allow the moral sense of our youth to
be gradually crushed out by sanctioning a pitiless and
demoralizing practice? It would be better indeed to die
of lock-jaw, diphtheria, tuberculosis, cancer, scrofula, or
all combined than to be responsible for such offence. For
it is said in Holy Writ of such an one: 'Woe unto him
• For an excellent summary of the claims of antipivisectionists, see “ Is
Vivisection Right, and is it worth the Cost," by Lena A. Britton (Prize
Essay). Our Dumb Animals, January, 1908. For an antivivisectionist
discussion of scientific aspects see, " The Failure of Vivisection and the
Future of Medical Research," by Arabella Kenealy. Prize Essay in a
competition instituted by the Leigh Brown Endowment.
WORK OF ALLIED HUMANE ORGANIZATIONS
127
>>77
by whom the offence cometh. It were better for him that
a millstone were hanged about his neck and that he were
drowned in the depth of the sea.'»
Societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals have
usually not taken ground in the controversy. As a rule
their representatives sympathize with regulative measures;
but in the interest of their general aims they have refused
to ally themselves either with the extremists or with others
who have urged restrictive legislation. This is an oppor-
tunist attitude that has aroused the hostile comment of the
anti-vivisectionist partisans, who in their recent London
Congress voted "that this Congress shall send a circular
letter to all the Protection of Animal Societies throughout
the world pointing out to them the utterly illogical position
of calling themselves animal protectors and yet not oppos-
ing vivisection."8
Bird Protection and the Audubon Movement
In the field of animal protection there is no aspect of
work that has more significance from both an economic and
a humane standpoint than that of the conservation of
bird life. During recent decades birds have been de-
stroyed, the world over, to such an extent that agricultural
interests have been impaired, humane considerations have
been ignored, and the extinction of many beautiful varie
ties of bird life seriously threatened. Birds are killed for
? From Prize Dssay, by Lena A. Britton, supra cit., q. v.
* A fair statement illustrative of the attitude of many societies for the
prevention of cruelty is that afforded by a letter written by Henry Bergh,
treasurer of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals to editors of various newspapers. See Appendix XXI. The
attitude of many laymen is interestingly expressed in a letter written by
Professor William James to the secretary of the Vivisection Reform So-
ciety. See Appendix XXII.
128
HUMANE MOVEMENT
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WORK OF ALLIED HUMANE ORGANIZATIONS 129
five purposes :: (1) for food, (2) for sport, (3) as enemies,
(4) for scientific study, (5) for decorative purposes.
Birds used for food are the so-called game birds. Un-
fortunately, this classification in practice often includes
highly insectivorous birds, such as the robin, the lark and
other small birds, the value of which for food purposes is
very small. These probably would not be sacrificed to
any extent were it not for the pleasure afforded by shoot-
ing and trapping to men and boys with improper training
and consequently maladjusted viewpoint. This attitude
is being remedied by education and by legislative restric-
tion. Game birds, properly so called, are now fairly pro-
tected by law in most civilized countries through the self-
interest of sportsmen.
Birds killed for "sport" include not merely legitimate
game, but many harmless, non-edible birds such as herons
and bitterns, and useful, interesting species such as swal-
lows, night hawks, kingbirds; woodpeckers and other well-
known local species. The evil in this connection is doubt-
less a diminishing one, and is no longer of serious pro-
portions.
The traditional view of certain birds (hawks, owls,
crows, jays, and some fruit-eating thrushes and grain-
eating finches) as enemies is responsible for the annual
slaughter of thousands of these birds. Several kinds of
hawks and of owls do at times raid the poultry yard; but
they are relatively so few and their depredations are so
unimportant, that this attitude may be taken with per-
fect safety: Protect all such species in the interest of crop
protection from insect pests, of æsthetic value and of de-
• See Fashion's Cruelty and Bird Protection, by J. A. Allen. Leaflet
No. 3, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
10
130
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
veloping humane ideals, rather than risk any doubtful
discrimination between good and bad.
Purposes of scientific study call for the taking of pos-
sibly a few thousand birds, nests and eggs each year.
Special permits are issued for the purpose, and only to
properly accredited persons. This works great good in
the interest of bird protection; for the birds have no truer
friends than the professional ornithologists. They have
done more during the past two or three decades for the
protection of native birds than have all other agencies
combined. At any rate, the opera glass has advanced
rapidly as a substitute for the gun in bird study. The
living bird in its native environment is a more interesting
subject to the student of bird life than is a product of
the taxidermist's art.
It is for purposes of personal ornamentation that
the most serious bird destruction occurs. The number
slaughtered each year is very large. "To compare this
destruction of birds with that carried on in the name of
science, it may suffice to say that more birds are sometimes
sold for millinery use at a single auction in London, of
which many are held annually, than are contained in all
of the museums of the world, both public and private, and
which represent the scientific collecting of a century."10
For several years the slaughter was so great that a startling
decrease in the number of wild birds became apparent.
Agitation on humanitarian and on economic grounds fol-
10 Fashion's Cruelty and Bird Protection, sup. cit., p. 3. This was
written a decade ago. A footnote contains the following: A recent state-
ment, based on good authority, affirms that between 25,000,000 and
30,000,000 birds are annually imported into England alone, and that the
supply for Europe requires not less than 150,000,000. Adding the rea-
sonable estimate of 50,000,000 for America, we have the startling total
of 200,000,000 bird lives sacrificed annually to supply the demands of
fasbion.
WORK OF ALLIED HUMANE ORGANIZATIONS 131
lowed. Protective societies were organized, laws were
passed, and an educational movement was inaugurated.
There was in consequence a decline in the use of the
breasts and bodies of native birds for hat-trimming pur-
poses. But modifications of fashion have since been
devised, and now the plumage of other species of birds
is worn, rather than the bodies of those previously utilized.
As a result of these changes of fashion, the white heron,
the tern and other varieties of sea-coast fowl have been
the victims. Notably successful legislative and educa-
tional work is being done, however, to counteract these
practices.
Of the agencies that have been influential in promoting
measures of protection and prevention, none has been more
notably successful than the National Association of Audu-
bon Societies, with is local branches. The work of this
organization is so largely synchronous and so largely
identified with advances that have been made in this field
that a sketch of the founding and progress of its work has
been made a part of this report. 11
At this point it is possible merely to give a few facts
about the present scope and status of its work. State
societies exist in all of the states and territories but
Arkansas, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah,
and West Virginia. These organizations, with the
National Association stand for the following principles
and activities: for popular education, demonstrating the
importance of protecting wild life, on humane, economic
and ästhetic grounds; for uniform laws for the protection
of wild birds and animals, and for their rigid enforce-
ment; for non-political appointments in the office of Game
11 See Appendix XVI.
132
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Commissioner, and for the filling of such posts by scien-
tific experts; for civil service in the appointment and re-
tention of game wardens; for the abolition of spring shoot-
ing of any kind; for short open seasons and a small bag
limit, with close seasons for any species shown by satis-
factory scientific evidence to be in danger of extermina-
tion; for the passage of laws providing for game licenses;
for providing funds for the protection and propagation of
game; for the passage of laws forbidding the cold storage
of game of any kind; for Federal protection of all migra-
tory birds; and for enlarging the work of the United States
Biologic Survey.
In 1908, the educational phase of the Audubon work
was pushed with vigor. Twelve new bird leaflets were
added to those already in use. Twenty-nine thousand
such leaflets were purchased for distribution by the State
societies of Massachusetts, North Carolina and New York;
and over seventy thousand copies were distributed from
the office of the Association. Public lectures were given
in every section of the country with a view to arousing
interest in the support of more advanced legislation for
bird and game protection. Through a news agency twelve
syndicate articles on various phases of the work were sent
to over three hundred leading newspapers. These were
copied in hundreds of local papers, and by getting into the
“patent insides” of many such, reached remote rural com-
munities. In addition to these articles and interviews,
notices and comments have given further publicity.
Stereopticon views illustrating wild-bird life have been
added to the already large collection, sections of which
are sent out for use by workers. Twelve hundred copies
of Bird Lore were also sent to members and contributors.
WORK OF ALLIED HUMANE ORGANIZATIONS
133
In the legislative field, active work was done in sixteen
states in which legislative sessions were in progress.
This
was for the purpose of preventing backward steps, as well
as to promote more advanced action. A set-back was
experienced in Virginia; but successes were won in
Louisiana, Rhode Island, New York and Massachusetts.
The Association is now centering its energies on a law
in New York which will prohibit plumage importations.
Nine additional natural wild-bird reservations were
formed during the year on the recommendation of Presi-
dent Dutcher. In all there are now twenty-three National
Reservations under the care of the Association. During
the year forty-nine duly appointed wardens guarded breed-
ing colonies of birds which are protected by the Associa-
tion. Forty-seven species of birds received special pro-
tection by these activities, and many more were incidentally
protected. Careful observations warrant the approxi-
mate statement that over 658,500 birds gathered in the
protected colonies. The number of eggs believed to have
been laid was 296,100 and the number of young raised,
227,731. Storms and high tides did more damage than
the depredations of eggers or of plumage gatherers. Of
the latter, there were few or none.
Related organizations in the field of bird and game pro-
tection are numerous.13 Particularly deserving of men-
tion among these are: the Camp Fire Club of America,
noteworthy for its interest in extending principles of true
sportsmanship in the pursuit of hunting, and for the pro-
phetic work of many of its members in substituting the
12
12 For further detail, the reports of Field Agents are valuable and in-
teresting. See Annual Report for 1908, pp. 288-295.
18 For list see Appendix V.
134
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
camera for the gun as a hunting device; the League of
American Sportsmen with its activities in suppression of
the “game hog”; and the Boone and Crockett Club, with a
prominent aim, that of preserving the large game of the
country by further legislation to that end and by assist-
ing in enforcing existing laws.
CHAPTER V
THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN
It was
The organized movement for the prevention of cruelty
to children dates from the formation of the New York
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. In
1874, the officers of the American Society for the Preven-
tion of Cruelty to Animals were confronted with a case of
cruelty to a child. This little girl, Mary Ellen, had been
daily beaten by a stepmother and tormented in other cruel
ways. The attention of charitable people was called to
Mary Ellen's plight and they took up her case.
discovered that the child could have no protection under
the law until the guilt of her persecutor was established
under existing legal forms. Under these circumstances
they turned to the American Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals, which handled the case. The in-
vestigation of other children's cases suggested the desira-
bility of an organization that could do for children what
was already being done for animals by a number of organi-
zations. Mr. Bergh, Mr. Elbridge T. Gerry and Mr.
John D. Wright, who were already interested in the work
for animals, launched the new venture, and Mr. E. Fellows
Jenkins was drawn away from the American Society to
become superintendent of the new organization, a post
just resigned by him. The society was formed to rescue
children from vicious and immoral surroundings and to
prosecute offenders, to prevent the cruel neglect, beating
135
136
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
or other abuse of children, to prevent the employment of
children for mendicant purpose or in theatrical or acro-
batic performances, and for the enforcement of all laws
for the protection of minors from abuse. The Society,
during its thirty-five years of work, has consistently
avoided all alliances that would bring its activities into
coöperation with other organized work for the improve-
ment of the conditions surrounding child life.
Meanwhile, the movement thus inaugurated has become
world-wide. In the United States, other societies fol-
lowed the New York Society in the following order:
1879....
1875..., Rochester
1876....Portsmouth, N. H.
1876.... San Francisco
1877....Philadelphia
1878.... Boston
1878.... Baltimore
Buffalo
1879.... Wilmington, Del.
1880.... Brooklyn
Richmond County, N. Y.
1880...
These all adopted the New York model, as other local
societies have since done, principally in the States of New
York and New Jersey. The large majority of protective
societies, however, combine work for children with that
for animals. Indeed, aside from two California socie-
ties, two in Virginia, one in Rhode Island, one in Ten-
nessee, one in Michigan and one in Louisiana, those above
mentioned, in addition to New York and New Jersey
societies are the only ones in which the work for children
is not combined with that for animals. This of course
excludes those instances in which child protection is made
a phase of the activities of societies doing general charity
work.
The combining of the two classes of work is deprecated
by many workers in double organizations; but this situa-
tion is usually regarded as a practical necessity in many
PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN
137
places where limited resources forbid differentiation of
organized activities. To be sure, opinions differ as re-
gards the relative value of combined and separated work.
The Colorado Bureau of Child and Animal Protection
stands unequivocally for the combining of these activities.
“The protection of children and the protection of animals
are combined because the principle involved, i. e., their
helplessness, is the same; because all life is the same,
differing only in degree of development and expression;
and because each profits by association with the other.”
Most officers and agents of protective societies would prob-
ably agree with all but the last of these considerations;
but many would disagree with that, and for this and other
reasons would favor a separation of activities. The late
Mr. G. T. Angell, for instance, favored separation for
financial reasons.
It seemed to him that contributors are
often interested in but one of the two lines of work, and
that to ask them to contribute to a combined organization
with merged funds would often be futile. Others testify
-and there is much evidence to support their conten-
tions—that one phase of the work inevitably crowds upon
the other; that there are in consequence few societies doing
both branches of work with equal interest and efficiency.
Combination is tolerated in these instances, because of
the difficulty of obtaining support for separate ventures,
neither of which could be large. In all of the cases above
1 Among the numerous comments on this matter received from the
officials of various organizations, the following based on long experience
and observation of the work of an efficient Society, is suggestive :
“ You are doubtless aware that these two ends are combined in our work.
There might be objections to my stating an opinion which is contrary
to that combination, and, for obvious reasons, I should not wish to be
quoted publicly as doing so. I do think, however, that these two
branches of humane work should be conducted separately, and only so
can each obtain the largest development. It must be remembered, how-
138
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
referred to, there is general acquiescence in the view of the
fundamental similarity of protective work for children
and of animals. To ferret out and investigate cases of
alleged cruelty and neglect, and to present the facts to
courts authorized to consider such cases is a fundamental
rule in both lines of work. There are workers in the
protective field, however, who would deny this funda-
mental identity of program; who, on the basis of a
recognition of the unity of all work for children, would
treat protective work as but a phase of the general move-
ment for the improving of conditions surrounding child
life. This involves the most vital and fundamental of
prevailing differences of viewpoint, and to it main con-
sideration may here be directed.
The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Children stands foremost in the policy of emphasizing
child-rescue as a distinct phase of work, and has main-
tained the policy of aloofness from all other child-helping
agencies. The officers of this organization maintain that
societies for the prevention of cruelty to children never
were created for the purpose of reforming or of educating
children, or for transporting them into other homes. Such
societies are simply "a hand affixed to the arm of the
law by which the body politic reaches out and enforces the
law. The arm of the law seizes the child when it is in
an atmosphere of impurity, or in the care of those who
ever, that this Society was organized when bumane work for children
was in its infancy. ... Since that time other agencies have sprung up
which deal with one or more phases of the work for children. We
think the conditions would be greatly improved if the State would con-
stitute a board of guardians who would have the entire charge of all
work for children and would have the supervision of all institutions that
provide for them. Pending the creation of any such board, we feel it
our duty to go on with the work which the State has committed to us."
PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN
139
are not fit to be entrusted with it, wrenches the child out
of these surroundings, brings it to the court, and submits
it to the decision of the court-unless, on the other hand,
it reaches out that arm of the law to the cruellist, seizes
him within its grasp, brings him also to the criminal court
and insures his prosecution and punishment.”2
In this view, objects such as these can be assured only
by specialization of function, and through an organization
dominated by discipline rather than by discretion on the
part of workers, by the following of definite legal rules
of procedure rather than by the looser adaptation of means
to ends in individual cases.
The idea of the exclusive
nature of child-rescue work was well expressed by Mr.
Elbridge T. Gerry at the last (1908) annual convention
of the New York State Societies for the prevention of
cruelty. Among other things he said:
‘Year after year there are added to the ranks of phi-
lanthropy those who are anxious to benefit the helpless,
to devote their time to works of charity and mercy, to aid
in the education of the growing children of the great
republic and to promote the spread of religion and learning
throughout the country; but they draw no practical dis-
tinctions in their work. The ancient axiom that it is
better to do one thing well than half a dozen imperfectly
does not enter their mind.
“If child-rescue is the object, stick to that and that
alone. If general philanthropy is the object, leave child-
rescue work to those who by devotion to it and exclusion
of other subjects have become experts in that work; just as
the specialist in disease by exclusion of other subjects
stands at the head of his profession in his particular
department, and accomplishes marvels in his results. It
is so in every science, and in one sense child-rescue is a
2 Thirty-first Annual Report of American Humane Association, p. 51.
140
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
science, far above the oppositions of science falsely so
called, because its object is not simply a work of mercy,
but the saving of a helpless human being from a life of
misery, suffering and sin. The very fact that child-rescue
work while properly carried on induces outside agencies,
reforms and promoters of general scientific charity work
to endeavor to utilize its machinery for their own purposes,
shows how valuable that machinery is, and that the work,
when concentrated on a single subject and conducted with-
out regard to matters which do not belong to it, becomes
pre-eminently successful in its results as a consequence.
There is nothing to-day which scientific charity does not
seek to appropriate to itself, and when it cannot absorb
collateral work it endeavors to obtain possession of the
subject of that work and utilize it for its own ends. Our
workers should be careful to remember the copy book
axiom and mind their own business, politely suggesting
the like course to outsiders who endeavor to improve upon
it.”
one.
It is a practical experience, however, that the line be-
tween destitute and neglected children is a very shadowy
And a society which maintains a policy of absolute
aloofness in its attitude toward other local societies is often
placed under the necessity of doing “charity” work, or of
consigning to forgetfulness and probable neglect cases re-
quiring the friendly handling of some remedial agency.
The New York Society has encountered this dilemma.
In instances it "has, in its coöperation with the courts,
included also the investigation of cases of destitution,
"3
8 From “The Care of Destitute, Neglected and Delinquent Children," by
Homer Folks, p. 173. Mr. Folks goes on to say (pp. 174-5) with refer-
ence to the work of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Children :
“In addition to seeking to discover cases of cruelty and neglect, it
stationed agents in all the magistrates' courts, to investigate all cases
involving children, whether for destitution, neglect, cruelty or wayward-
Through these agents it has advised the magistrates, not only as
ness.
PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN
141
and in other instances it has refused to act, on grounds
already indicated. Anti-cruelty societies as a rule have
followed the lead of the New York organization. By
effecting the enforcement of laws providing for the com-
mitment of vagrant, mendicant and other classes of
neglected or exposed children, and by refusing ordinarily
to coöperate with other child-helping organizations, they
have tended to emphasize the separating of children from
their families, and their placing in reformatory and chari-
table institutions. They have had little in common with
societies for the placing out of children in families, or with
agencies for the reconstruction or maintenance of family
ties.
On the other hand, noteworthy exceptions to this rule
have developed. A broader interpretation of anti-cruelty
work in some instances, and in others a more definite
relating of such work to that of other child-caring agencies
is becoming noticeable. The Massachusetts Society for
to whether commitment should be made, but as to what institutions the
children should be committed to. Subsequently, the children were placed
under the care of the society pending investigation, and the agents of the
society were given the powers of police officers. Though the power to
discharge the children was vested in the managers of the institutions,
they, often regarding the society as the real authority through which the
cuildren had been sent to them, usually did not discharge the children
either to their parents or by adoption or indenture, without consulting
the society, and in some cases took no action in reference to discharge
until so requested by the society. This society thus became, by 1890,
the factor which actually controlled the reception, care, and disposition
of destitute, neglected, and wayward children in New York City, thus
practically controlling the lives of an average number of about fifteen
thousand children, and an average annual expenditure for their support
of more than one and one half million dollars. Its influence has done
more to strengthen and perpetuate the subsidy or contract system, as it
existed prior to 1894, than any other one factor. Since additional powers
have been conferred upon the charities commissioners by the state
board of charities, acting under the revised constitution, the activities of
the society, so far as destitute children are concerned, have been some-
what restricted."
142
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, for instance, sees
in the tendency of anti-cruelty societies to become arms
of the police, a dangerous one.
The necessity for prose-
cution is regarded as a diminishing phase of anti-cruelty
work. The need for preventive and remedial measures, on
the other hand, is viewed as a rapidly growing one. In
this view, social work, rather than police activities, should
be the aim of such organizations. . It is recognized that
the sanction of the law must often be invoked to promote
the ends of the community, and this is the distinctive
function of anti-cruelty organizations; but in addition to
the protection of children from bodily harm by this means
and from serious neglect and moral injury, these societies
must take upon themselves the work of developing condi-
tions of normal family life. The Massachusetts Society
seeks to realize these ends. This represents
This represents “a consider-
able change of emphasis from that of five years ago.
Children still need to be protected against the brutality of
parents, and offenders need to be prosecuted relentlessly.
Children will still need to be rescued from degrading sur-
roundings for many years to come, but the Society
recognizes more definitely that it is a preventive agency.
It believes that it has a duty toward the children whose
circumstances are, each week that the family is left to
itself, becoming worse, but which are not yet so bad that
court action is advisable or possible. If, by means of its
close relation to the courts, it can awaken neglecting
parents to a better understanding of their responsibilities
before it is too late, and insist on improvement being made,
the Society becomes in every sense an agency for prevent-
ing cruelty and conserving family life. . . . The Society
has, therefore, a threefold task to perform. It must rescue
PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN
143
children from degrading conditions, it must avail itself of
every reasonable opportunity to try to reconstruct such
families as are moving on to inevitable shipwreck, and,
while it is working with each indivdual instance, it must
try to seek out the causes, which bring about these bad con-
ditions, so that it may do its part to prevent them."4
The Pennsylvania Society is another that has come to
share “the modern economic thought that the normal
condition of the child is in the home, even though the home
be a poor one; the children often help their parents to
reform, and the father and mother can in many cases be
made to realize and feel ... that upon them is the
burden of responsibility to see that their children do not
become in any sense a charge upon the community. Its
belief in this theory is evidenced by the fact that in the
year just closed 1,522 cases have been passed over to
what is technically known as 'supervision,' cases in which,
perhaps on the first visit the breaking up of the family
seemed justifiable. Endeavors have, therefore, been made
in every case to preserve the family as a whole. The
results obtained by the visitors and agents in this work of
reconstruction have been beyond belief."
This Society, like the Massachusetts and New York ones
and others, maintains a detention home for the temporary
care of children. This is regularly regarded as within
the proper scope of the activities of such a society, regard-
less of other differences of view that have arisen. In the
disposal of children that have come into a society's care,
4 27th Annual Report of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Children, p. 17. Of. this view with the very similar con-
clusions of the “ White House " Conference on the Care of Dependent
Children. Proceedings, pp. 8-14.
* 31st Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Children, p. 12.
144
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
however, as well as in the degree of coöperation with other
child-caring agencies, there is a wide divergence of view
and of practice. The New York Society adheres to the
policy of exclusiveness. It neither receives cases on the
basis of the investigation of any other organization, nor
does it refer cases to other societies. Nearly all of its
children are sent to institutions where its legal hold on
them is strong and its influence large. The Massachusetts
Society aims to maintain a well-rounded organization for
social work in the children's field. It aims to differentiate
its work in independent fashion from that of other organi-
zations in the social field; but its attitude in not exclusive,
and every effort is made to come into closer touch with all
agencies that aim to improve the conditions in which chil-
dren live. The Pennsylvania Society has gone further.
It has become associated with two other Philadelphia
organizationsâ concerned with children's work in forming
the Children's Bureau. By means of this commonly sup-
ported central agency, a clearing house in children's work
has been established. Through this joint application
bureau, the needs of any child in distress can be con-
sidered. The Bureau aims to make available for such a
child the particular agency in the community best fitted
to this end. “It is the belief of those who have helped to
develop this joint undertaking that the problem of secur-
ing proper care for dependent, neglected, deficient and so-
called delinquent children is not so much dependent upon
the creation of new agencies as upon securing the proper
correlation and use of the numerous existing institutions
and societies for the care of children.” This makes it
The Children's Aid Society and the Seybert Institution for Poor Boys
and Girls.
PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN
145
possible for each organization to perform the work to
which it is best adapted. Under these conditions each
can “keep within its proper sphere," and at the same time
no child need be neglected.
The statistical reports of societies for the prevention of
cruelty to children are so varied in content and arrange-
ment that it is impossible to make comparisons that have
much significance. Even classifications, seemingly cover-
ing the same items, are variously interpreted, so that there
are wide margins of possible error in comparing the figures
of different organizations. The following table has been
constructed merely as a rough illustration of the disposi-
tion of cases at the hands of the three societies here con-
trasted. It is not possible to obtain figures, suitable for
comparison, covering the number of children separated
from their families in the process of child-saving. The
number placed in other homes or institutions is merely an
approximate indication of this.
Year,
Society.
No. of
cases
handled.
No. of
children
involved.
No. placed
$ placed
in other in other
homes and hones and
institutions. institutions.
1908 N. Y. S. P. C. C...... | 15,4307
1908 Mass. S. P. C. C.......
2,461
190710 Penna. S. P. C. C...... 1,337
47,871
6,1808
3,936
8,5489
251
31211
17.86
4.06
7.92
Of the more than two hundred societies in the United
? Complaints investigated. Number of cases is not given. It would be
considerably smaller than this, and would doubtless correspondingly lessen
the number of children involved. This in turn would considerably raise
the percentage in the final column.
8 The Massachusetts figures are for “different children." Duplications
are avoided.
* For 23 of these, homes were found or situations obtained. The re-
mainder were placed in institutions.
lu Figures for 1908 were not available when this table was compiled.
11 127 of these were placed in institutions.
11
146
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
States that aim to protect children from cruelty, the large
majority approach more nearly the working plan of the
New York Society than they do that of the Massachusetts
or Philadelphia organizations. But after all, in the gen-
eral field of child-helping and child-caring work, organiza-
tions and institutions other than those specifically organ-
ized for the prevention of cruelty are a largely pre-
ponderating element.
Note.--The Juvenile Court movement has developed
rapidly in recent years. Its growth is very important in
connection with the work of societies for the prevention of
cruelty to children. The matter is not treated here,
however, as it received exhaustive treatment six years ago
in a report prepared for the International Prison Com-
mission;12 and more recent developments are now in
process of investigation at the hands of the Russell Sage
Foundation.
With reference to Table II, summarizing the more im-
portant laws for the protection of children, the same
qualifying comments should be made as in the table
(I) dealing with animals. Many matters are omitted that
might perhaps better have been included. One general
omission needs to be referred to here: the laws penalizing
the kidnapping of children. Such laws, with varying
penalties, are to be found on the statute books of all of
the states. It should also be said that child labor laws
are not included, because their purpose is not primarily
humane. Convenient summaries of these may be ob-
tained from the National Child Labor Committee.
12 “ Children's Courts in the United States. Their Origin, Development
and Results." Reports prepared for The International Prison Commis-
sion by Samuel J. Barrows. Washington, 1904. See also Journal of the
Society of Comparative Legislation, Vol. VII, pp. 383-4, for a convenient
summary of the status of the movement in different countries.
APPENDIX I
BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY BERGH
The American pioneer in work for the prevention of cruelty
was Henry Bergh. The history of humane work during its early
period in the United States is so closely bound up with his life
that a brief history of his activities is at the same time a sketch
of the beginning of the movement for the prevention of cruelty
to animals and children.
Mr. Bergh was born in New York City in 1823. His father
was Christian Bergh, a man of German ancestry, and a promi-
nent shipbuilder of his day. He was born in New York State
and lived in New York City until his death at the age of eighty-
three. He left a comfortable fortune to his three children, two
of whom, Henry and Edwin, were buisiness partners during his
later years. The two brothers continued the business until 1842,
when they dissolved partnership and the business was closed.
Henry received an excellent education, which he completed at
Columbia College. Before the end of his course he made a
visit to Europe, remaining there about five years. He was mar-
ried before his departure to a Miss Taylor, daughter of a wealthy
Englishman residing in New York. While in Europe in 1862
he was appointed Secretary of Legation at St. Petersburg and
acting consul. By reason of a delicate constitution, and the
severity of the climate, he was obliged to resign his office in 1864.
After this he made a tour of Europe and travelled extensively in
the East. He became interested in the subject of prevention of
cruelty to animals, while in St. Petersburg. During his stay in
that city he intervened on behalf of suffering horses on occasions
when intervention would have been violently resented but for his
official uniform and the fine livery of his coachman. His interest
1 The material from which this sketch was prepared was provided
through the courtesy of Mr. E. Fellows Jenkins, former secretary and
superintendent of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Children.
147
148
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
in anti-cruelty work was greatly increased through an acquaint-
ance with the Earl of Harrowby, President of the Royal Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in London. When Mr.
Bergh formed his society he modeled it almost entirely after the
English one. He returned to New York during the closing
period of the Civil War. After a brief rest he began to mature
plans for an American organization. At the start he met with
sneers and rebuffs. He was told it was no time for sentiment.
"I was getting discouraged," said Mr. Bergh. “The theory of
the work was simple enough, but how to put it into practical
operation under existing circumstances somewhat staggered me.”
He persisted, however, and succeeded from time to time in in-
teresting prominent citizens in his efforts. He lost no oppor-
tunity to make a popular appeal, and such opportunity not in-
frequently came on the occasion of cruel treatment of horses on
the street. At such times Mr. Bergh would remonstrate with
the cruellist, and then appeal to the sympathies of bystanders
for help. Many a street sermon was thus preached, and in this
way his presence and mission became familiar to the people.
On the night of February 8, 1866, Mr. Bergh delivered a lec-
ture in Clinton Hall on statistics relating to the cruelties prac-
tised on animals, with a view to founding a society for their
prevention. The night was stormy, yet the hall was crowded
with a representative mixed audience, who listened to the speaker
with close attention and interest. The lecturer began by saying
that he had been impelled to the course he had adopted by a deep
sense of the importance to society of the practice of humanity to
animals, as well as by justice to creatures committed to our care by
the Most High. He pictured in graphic terms scenes of cruelty
that he had witnessed in this and in foreign lands. Cruelty in
every form to him indicated an imperfect social and governmental
organization. He concluded his address, thus: “This is a matter
purely of conscience: it has no perplexing side issues. Politics
have no more to do with it than astronomy, or the use of the
globes. No; it is a moral question in all its aspects; it addresses
itself to that quality of our nature which cannot be disregarded
by any people with safety to their dearest interest; it is a solemn
recognition of that greatest attribute of the Almighty Ruler of
BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY BERGH
149
the universe, mercy, which if suspended in our own case for a
single instant, would overwhelm and destroy us."
Expressions of sympathy and offers of assistance were freely
made to Mr. Bergh after this lecture. And the publicity gained
in this and other ways with regard to the necessity for the ap-
pointment of some legalized body, independent of the constituted
authorities, to enforce existing local laws for animal protection,
encouraged him to apply to the State Legislature for a charter
of incorporation. There was much opposition on the part of
several legislators, but the necessary act of incorporation of the
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was
passed on April 10, 1866. The act was drawn by the late James
T. Brady, and the list of incorporators included many of the
most eminent citizens of the City and State of New York. A
permanent organization was quickly effected. On April 22, 1866,
at a meeting in Clinton Hall, at which the mayor presided, the
Society was formally organized. Mr. Bergh was elected president.
His speech of acceptance concluded with these words: "In which-
ever direction we turn our eyes—to the honor of our Country be
it said-we behold some stately edifice, or glorious system de-
signed for the spiritual or temporal well-being of the so-called
'Lords of creation, but nowhere else upon the broad surface of
our free and regenerated land, does the eye discover an Institu-
tion like your own, a creation of warm hearts—of just generous
men, whose cornerstone is Mercy and Humanity to the brute crea-
tion. There but remains for me to invoke the favor and protec-
tion of the Almighty Ruler of the Universe, in the execution of its
merciful purposes, and to thank you again, for the honor con-
ferred in electing me to the Presidency of your Society."
By the act of incorporation the powers of the Police force were
extended to the Society in the following language:
Sec. 7. The police force of the city of New York, as well as
of other places where police organizations exist, shall, as occasion
may require, aid the Society, its members or agents, in the en-
forcement of all laws which are now, or may hereafter be, enacted
for the protection of dumb animals.
A room at number 826 Broadway, corner of Twelfth Street,
was selected as headquarters, and books were opened by the
150
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
treasurer, Mr. Wm. M. Murray, for membership and donations.
Membership increased rapidly, funds accumulated, a code of by-
laws was adopted and the new organization speedily took effect-
ive form.
The only law pertaining to animal protection in the State at
this time read as follows:
“Every person who shall maliciously kill, or wound any horse,
ox or other cattle or sheep belonging to himself or another, or
shall maliciously and cruelly beat any such animal belonging to
himself or another shall upon conviction be adjudged guilty of a
misdemeanor."
As will be seen this law applied only in a limited way to horses,
cattle and sheep. It frequently occurred at this time that butchers
tied lambs and calves by their legs, paid little or no attention to
the matter of feeding or watering, piled the animals into carts
four or five deep, and drove them through the streets with heads
hanging over the sides, grinding against the wheels. This was no
offense under the law. Neither was it an offense to maltreat or
needlessly kill a cat or dog; or to abandon a horse or mule, hav-
ing a leg broken, or to turn out of its stable a sick or diseased
animal to die from lack of food and exposure.
These and kindred cruelties were not considered by law. It
therefore became necessary to have the statute amended to this
end. President Bergh appeared before the legislature and urged
more effectual legal provision for the prevention of cruelty to
animals along the lines above indicated. Such a law was passed
on April 19. The first arrest was that of a butcher, who was
carting calves in the manner above referred to. He was con-
victed and fined ten dollars. In the face of opposition the So-
ciety during its first year prosecuted 119 offenders, and obtained
a good proportion of convictions. Ridicule was regularly cast
on the efforts of the Society to enforce the law, and many of its
supporters became discouraged. But the indomitable will of
President Bergh held it together, and the results of its work
gradually won larger favor. No opportunity was lost for en-
forcing the penalties prescribed by law, but effort did not end
here. The preventive purpose of the Society was kept steadily
in view. Mr. Bergh was indefatigable. In addition to physical
BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY BERGH
151
and literary work, he lectured regularly on the theme of his life's
work. In the summer of 1867, he delivered an address before the
Putnam County Agricultural Society on " Our Dumb Chattels."
An audience of over three thousand listened to the novel ideas
advanced by the speaker, that animals have rights which men are
bound to respect. A deep impression was made by this and
numerous other lectures delivered in different parts of the state
during this year.
The need of drinking fountains for horses, cattle and smaller
animals was early impressed on Mr. Bergh. And in less than a
year ten were erected in the city. An accurate count kept by a
person stationed at one of these fountains, showed that during
three hours on a day in August, 1867, 850 men, women and chil-
dren, 80 horses and 10 dogs used the fountain.
The Society conducted a vigorous crusade against the butchers.
They were forced to adopt the more humane method of carrying
animals to abattoirs: Four-wheeled vehicles, that gave room to
stand and move about with comfort, were adopted. The condi-
tion and treatment of the horses employed by omnibus corpora-
tions also came in for attention. These animals were usually
lame, sore and emaciated as a result of overwork in drawing
immense, crowded vehicles. Opposition was strong. The courts
were not friendly. But ultimately, direct recourse to the owners
of stage lines resulted in a rule providing for the dismissal from
employment of any driver maltreating his animals or driving
them when lame.
Twenty-two years ago the over-loading of horses attached to
street-railway cars was an evil, unusually difficult to check. The
press and public opinion were favorable to some definite legis-
lative restrictions, limiting the car-load to a certain number of
passengers. But the interests hostile to such a regulation were
too powerful to make its enactment possible. Mr. Bergh de-
termined to test the efficiency of existing law, and in a case tried
in the Court of General Sessions, he succeeded in obtaining a
conviction. This was later upheld by the Supreme Court. This
vigorous application of the statutes for the prevention of cruelty
did much to afford relief both to beast and passengers.
Mr. Bergh was persistent in securing enforcement of the law
152
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
in this regard. He was almost daily seen standing in the center
of one of the street-railroad tracks, obstructing the passage of a
packed car. When he demanded that those horses be unbar-
nessed and taken back to the stable,” he was jeered and hooted at
by the surrounding mob. No argument could move him, and the
horses did go before he would move from his position. One of
Mr. Bergh's most determined opponents in the state legislature
was Jacob Sharp, the president of the principal street railway
company in New York City. Mr. Bergh tried for years to secure
the passage of a law making it a misdemeanor to salt the street-
car tracks for the purpose of melting the snow. Year after year
his efforts were thwarted; but the companies behind Mr. Sharp
ultimately tired of the fight, and the coveted law was enacted.
Mr. Bergh also sought to enforce the humane laws in private
places. Dog and cock fights were a prevalent form of brutal
amusement, the suppression of wbich was a prime object of the
Society's activities. These efforts were largely successful, even
though they were carried out in the face of underhand opposi-
tion that endangered the lives of Mr. Bergh and his active asso-
ciates.
During the early life of the Society, Mr. Bergh served as
president, acting agent, and legal counsel. In 1870 the work
had expanded so far as to call for differentiation of these func-
tions, and Mr. Elbridge T. Gerry became associated with the
Society as legal counsel.
In 1871, it became necessary to amend the Society's charter,
to enable it to take and to hold real estate. The necessary amend-
ment was enacted at the instance of Mr. Bergh and Mr. Gerry.
At about this time a benevolent Frenchman, named Louis Bonard,
died and bequeathed his property to the Society. Mr. Bergh did
not meet Mr. Bonard until just before his death, when he sent
for Mr. Bergh to visit him at St. Vincent's hospital. “I have,”
said the sick man, "long entertained a deep regard for the So-
ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and I have be-
queathed to it all my property, as there is no cause which so
entirely possesses my sympathies as the one it represents.” His
will left property amounting to more than $100,000 to Mr.
Bergh's society. The will was contested on the ground that Mr.
BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY BERGH
153
Bonard was not mentally sound; that he believed in the trans-
migration of human souls, and that his motive in making the
legacy was for his self-protection in the future stage of what
he supposed his existence might be, should his soul become ab-
sorbed in the body of an animal.
Prior to 1869, horses that had fallen sick, or had been injured
in the streets, suffered much, and many were left to die in their
tracks, owing to the lack of a proper vehicle to transport them to
hospitals for treatment. This difficulty was remedied by Mr.
Bergh, who designed and had constructed an ambulance for the
removal of disabled animals. This was of the type now very
familiar in all large cities where animal protection is made a
subject of specific provision.
In 1871 the crusade of the Society against the feeding of dis-
tillery refuse to cattle began. This fight lasted for many years.
Obstacles were regularly. thrown in the way of Mr. Bergh by the
local judiciary, which from time to time refused to recognize
Mr. Bergh's right to appear in the case, to accept the recorded
judgment of scientific authorities or to hear the testimony of
medical experts bearing on the matter. There was no abatement
of activity, however, and finally with the powerful assistance of
the late Frank Leslie, of the New York Herald and of other
prominent newspapers the swill-milk establishments were
thoroughly exposed that the State authorities were aroused to
the need for action. This resulted ultimately in the closing of
the objectionable pens.
The clipping and singeing of horses, the check-rein, docking,
pigeon-shooting, vivisection and kindred cruelties were among the
many combated by Mr. Bergh with characteristic constancy of
purpose. The progress of the New York Society contributed
greatly to the formation of such societies in other cities and states,
with similar laws as a basis of their action. Mr. Bergh's lecture
tour late in 1873, beginning in Buffalo, and continuing at intervals
of a day or two in Cleveland, Toledo, Chicago, St. Louis, Louis-
SO
2 For Report of this case see 16 Abbott's Practice Repts. new series,
page 128.
154
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
ville, Cincinnati and Columbus, aided the movement, as did the
exhibit at the Centennial Anniversary Celebration in 1876.
In 1873, Mr. Bergh and Mr. Gerry succeeded in having the bill
for the prevention of cruelty to animals while in transit from
state to state passed by Congress, after a long and bitter fight.
An interesting phase of the campaign developed on the occasion
of one of the hearings before the Congressional Committee hav-
ing the bill in charge. Mr. Bergh, while defending the bill, was
amazed to find a large, enthusiastic audience of persons he had
never seen before. He subsequently discovered that they were
largely representatives of numerous patent cars for transporting
animals by rail, large orders for which they expected to receive
when the bill should become a law. Mr. Gerry succeeded in hav-
ing a "twenty-four hour" law, covering the same matter, passed
in the New York legislature.
In 1875, at the annual meeting of the Society, Mr. Bergh made
this announcement:
“ It is with infinite satisfaction that I report the formation of
a society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. And it will
afford you likewise, I am sure, an equal share of pleasure to know
that to this Society is due in a great degree the consummation of
this important fact. That the sad case of little Mary Ellen, so
wisely conducted to a happy result, was the nucleus of its crea-
tion, there is little doubt; and that the sufferings of that little
fraction of humanity inspired the kind heart of John D. Wright
to take a leading part in its formation and usefulness is also true.
Nor should I fail to make mention that to Mrs. Charles C.
Wheeler are due the honor and credit of first calling our atten-
tion to the deplorable condition of that child. Mr. Gerry has
prepared an act of incorporation (Laws of 1875, chapter 130),
which includes many of our most eminent and humane citizens,
and it has already been presented to the legislature."
This announcement chronicles the first steps in the formation
of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Chil-
dren as an offshoot of the work of animal protection.
3 In the course of this tour he addressed the Evangelical Alliance and
the Episcopal Convention, and was the means of having a new canon
confirmed, to the effect that Protestant Episcopal clergymen should at
least once a year depote a sermon to the sin of cruelty to animals,
BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY BERGH
155
194
The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals during
Mr. Bergh's lifetime was distinctly a one-man power. In 1878,
Mr. Bergh is reported to have said: “I hate to think what will
become of this Society when I am gone." Although some years
before this, in addressing a meeting of members of the Society
he said in the course of some remarks outlining the causes of the
remarkable growth of the Society: “ The time must come, how-
ever, when we shall be compelled to surrender approved work
unto the hands of others, and I feel as certain as it is possible
for me to be of anything, that our successors will not allow its
utility and efficiency to recede from it." Whether or not this
was the expression of a hope more than of conviction it is of
course impossible to say. But when Mr. Bergh died on March 12,
1888, he left the Society and the work for which it stood in the
community at large in a prosperous condition. The headquarters
of the Society at Twenty-second Street and Fourth Avenue had
become a veritable museum of curiosities collected to illustrate
the different forms of cruelty practiced against dumb animals.
Countless cruelties had been suppressed or minimized, the idea
had spread to other cities, states and countries, and hundreds of
auxiliaries had sprung up in all parts of the world. Mr. Bergh
4 New York World, March 13, 1888.
5 Perhaps a further word should be said about Mr. Bergh, aside from
his activities as an anti-cruelty propagandist.
Although his life was a very active one, he found time to indulge
literary inclinations. He wrote several plays, one of which was pro-
duced in Philadelphia and in addition to this he published a volume of
tales and sketches entitled “The Streets of New York."
Mr. Bergh's figure was of course a very familiar one about the city.
His appearance was striking. His face was long and thin, much re-
sembling the picture of Don Quixote, with sunken eyes and prominent
cheek bones. His attire was always faultlessly neat.
He had a great fondness for theatres and he rarely missed a
night." His sallow face was a very familiar one to the first-night
audiences. Besides being fond of drama, he was something of a versifier.
His plays and verses were usually of a sentimental or satirical kind. In
middle life he wrote some verses which he called “Married Off.” This
was designed to show the folly of scheming mothers with marriageable
daughters. It was published in London where the critics gave it merci-
less treatment. It was later published again in this city, but it again
failed to receive a cordial reception, and it was allowed to fall into
oblivion for fifteen years, when Mr. Bergh revived it for a private reading.
The failure of the poem did not discourage Mr. Bergh, for he afterward
“ first
156
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
was in constant correspondence with these up to the time of his
death.
After Mr. Bergh's death, the Society, in spite of vicissitudes
of management, continued to grow in resources and in the magni-
tude of its work. Its present activities are dealt with elsewhere
in this report.
" and
wrote a play on the same subject. He also wrote “ The Portentous Tele-
gram
Love's Alternative." The latter was produced by amateurs
at the Union League Theatre in 1881. It was a failure. During the
time that the Count Johannes was before the public, Mr. Bergh was
recognized as one of his most earnest champions.
But Mr. Bergh's fame rests on his work as a friend of dumb beasts,
not on that as a writer.
APPENDIX II
(From 32d annual report of American Humane Association)
DIRECTORY OF ACTIVE HUMANE SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1909
Location.
Birmingham, 321 19th St.
Ensley, 2019 Ave. G..
Greensboro.
Mobile.
Selma
Nome.
Bisbee.
Clifton
Globe.
Tucson..
ALABAMA
Title.
President.
Secretary.
.Birmingham Humane Society
George M. Cruikshank. .L. A. Bennie
The Ensley Humane Society.
Hon. Chas. H. Mandy. .Mrs. Wm. N. Wood.
Hale County S. P. C. A...
Miss Mary Pickens.
.H. G. Benners
Mobile Humane Society
Hon. John Craft...
.H. H. White
.Dallas County Humane Society
Mrs. Wm. T. Atkins, Jr.
ALASKA
The Alaskan Humane Society
Rev. Lambert L. Woods.........John H. Dunn
ARIZONA
..Arizona Humane Society.
Mrs. C. P. Reynolds..
.Mrs. Mark P. John
.Arizona Humane Society.
Mrs. E. M. Williams.. .Mrs. Lamar Cobb,
Arizona Humane Society.
Mrs. Von Wagenon
Arizona, Humane Society (Parent Society)... Charles F. Hoff
.Mrs. H. A. Schell
ARKANSAS
.Arkansas Humane Society.
....C. A. Pratt.
.R. W. Porter
..Jefferson Co. Humane Society
...D. W. Boyce...
Colonna P. Allen
CALIFORNIA
.Berkeley S. P. C. A.
E. L. Coryell..
..Herbert Jones
Corona Humane Society.
W. J. Pantelow.
.George B. Cliff
Zeba Humane Society
E. Backenstose.
.Mrs. Alice F. Painter
.Fresno County Humane Society.
.A. V. Lisenby.
.Wm. H. Harvey, Sr.
.The Los Angeles S. P. C. A.
W. H. Chamberlin..
Miss E. M. Leyburn
..Los Angeles Humane Society.
Mrs. J. B. Millard.
.J. A. Haskett
Humane Animal League.
.Dr. W. A. Lamb.
Mrs. George Drake Ruddy
Oakland S. P. C. A. of Alameda Co.
Hon. W. C. Ralston.
Mrs. Lawrence H. Gronlund
Catholic Humane Bureau.
Kate F. Byrne
.Palo Alto Humane Society
Charles R. Detrick.
Mrs. Alice L. Park
The Pasadena Humane Society.
Dr. E. L. Conger...
Miss Nina Veeder
Little Rock.
Pine Bluff, 106 Pine St.
Berkeley
Corona
Eureka..
Fresno City, 905 S Street.
Los Angeles, 442-444 Byrne Bldg.
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Oakland, 808 Broadway
Oakland
Palo Alto.
Pasadena, 5 City Hall.
****
158
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Location,
Title.
President.
Secretary.
Petaluma, 1 Howard St.
.Petaluma S. P. C. A..
.Mrs. A. A. Atwater.
.Miss Kate C. Weston
Point Richmond.
.Richmond S. P. C. C. and A.
T. D. Wilson....
W. N. Younglove
Pomona
Pomona Valley Humane Society.
.U. S. Woods.
W. L. Hamlin
Porterville.
Tulare County S. P. C. A.
E. E. Ford.
Gerald K. Lumley
Redlands...
..San Bernardino County S. P. C. A..
.John W. Gill.
Miss Mary Denison
Riverside, 735 7th St.
.Riverside County Humane Society .Stephen Squires.
Hon. Harvey Potter
Sacramento..
The Sacramento S. P. C. C.
.A. Bonnheim.
J. A. Woodson
Sacramento..
Sacramenta County Humane Society .E. M. Leitch..
R. C. Irvine
San Diego, 965 Fifth St.
San Diego Humane Society
.Dr. Thomas Cogswell. Miss Edith Mills
San Francisco, 2514 16th St.
The San Francisco S. P. C. A....
.John Partridge..
Matthew McCurrie
San Francisco, 502 Hibernia Bldg.... The California S. P. C. C.
E. W. Newhall.
M. J. White
San Jose, W. Santa Clara St. Santa Clara County S. P. C. C. and A... Dr. J. W. Davy.
.C. C. Leland
San Mateo, 204 B St.....
The San Mateo County S. P. C. A.
.Charles C. Christiansen.. W. H. Cone
Santa Ana.
Orange County S. P. C. A..
.J. C. Joplin,
G. A. Whidden
Santa Barbara, 12-14 Hopkins Blk... Santa Barbara Humane Society
H. L. Stambach, M. D. Ralph W. Schoonover
Santa Monica, 3rd & Oregon Sts. Santa Monica Bay Humane Society .Rey. John D. H. Browne. Dr. W. P. Keene
Santa Rosa.
..Santa Rosa S. P. C. A......
Rev. J. M. Cassin.
B. M. Spencer
Vallejo
...Solano County S. P. C. A..
.P. J. Christensen,
Mrs. Elon Mitchell
Whittier, 215 E. Philadelphia St. Whittier Humane Society.
Dr. Q. A. R. Holton.
.A. E. Lynch
COLORADO
Colorado Springs, Police Dept... El Paso County Humane Society.
.Mrs. F. W. Goddard
Wm. F. Richards
Denver, 30 State Capitol...
State Bureau C. & A. Protection.
Thomas F. Walsh.
E. K. Whitehead
CONNECTICUT
Hartford, 55 Prospect St.
The Connecticut Humane Society
.Rev. Wm. De Loss Love, Ph.D..G. Pierrepont Davis, M. D.
Meriden.
Meriden Humane Society.
.Mrs. Mary J. Rogers........ Mrs. Frances W. Hammond
DELAWARE
Wilmington, 1 W. 7th St.
Delaware S. P. C. A
.Dr. Evan G. Shortlidge. David J. Reinhardt
Wilmington, 1 W. 7th St.
Delaware S. P, C. C....
Lindley C. Kent...
.David J. Reinhardt
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Washington, 24 Warder Bldg. Washington Humane Society.
Chester A, Snow...
.John P. Heap
FLORIA
Jacksonville,
.S. P, C. A..
Frank Chase.
Howard Rosser
Jacksonville
..S. P. C. C. & A..
.Max Myerson..
Edward A. Eshé
Pensacola.
Pensacola Humane Society
.D. Hale Wilson.
Dr. John B. Tiller
St. Augustine.
.St. Augustine Humane Society
.Rev. J. H. Martin
Mrs. Anna M. Marcotte
Tampa..
.Hillsborough County S. P. C. A.
.Col. Walter G. Bartholomey...H. L. Crane
Tampa, 507 Marion St.
Florida Humane Association,
.Rev. W. W. De Hart....
DIRECTORY OF ACTIVE HUMANE SOCIETIES
159
Orville H. Hall
.Frank E. Beane
.Miss Anna G. Hinde
Prof. J. R. Mosely
GEORGIA
Atlanta.
..Atlanta Humane Society
..Capt. J. F. Burke.
Augusta...
Georgia S. P. C. A.....
Hy. B. King.
Columbus.
Columbus Humane Society
Frank U. Garrard.
Macon, 524 College St.
Bibb County Humane Society
Hugh V. Washington
HAWAII
Honolulu.
...S. P. C. C...
Mrs. S. B. Dole..
ILLINOIS
Alton, Madison County.
.Alton Br. nl. Humane Society,
Mrs. H. M. Schweppe..
Champaign...
Champaign Co. Humane Society.
Harry Muss.
Chicago, 560 Wabash Ave...... Illinois Humane Society.
.John L. Shortall..
Chicago, Room 42, 90 La Salle St.. The Anti-Cruelty Society
George L. Warner.
Harvard.
Harvard Br. Ill. Humane Society
W. C. Wellington..
Jersey ville.
Jersey ville S. P. C. A. and C.
Mrs. Nellie Porter.
Peoria, 508_512 Y. M. C. A. Bldg. .Peoria Humane Society
.Robert M. Hanna..
Quincy
The Quincy Humane Society
.H. P. Walton,
Rockford..
Winnebago Co. Br. III. Humane Society. Wm. H. Fitch, M.D.
Rock Island..
Rock Island Co. Humane Society
Dr. Joseph De Silva.
Springfield.
The Springfield Humane Society.
Hon. Robert L. McGuire.....
Vandalia
Humane Society of Vandalia..
.H. F. Humphrey
INDIANA
Anderson, 431 West 9th St.
The Anderson Humane Society.
Stanley C. Newlin.
Elkhart, 201 Main St.
Elkhart Humane Society
Louis M. Simpson...
Fort Wayne.
Fort Wayne Humane Society.
.A. H. Bittenger.
Indianapolis, City Bldg.
Indianapolis Humane Society.
Charles F. Surface
Lafayette....
Lafayette Humane Society.
Pauline Marriott Davis.
Logansport, Market St..
Logansport Humane Society.
Elihu Stillman Rice.
South Bend.
South Bend Humane Society
Hon. T. E, Howard.
Terre Haute, 825 S. 5th St.
Vigo County S. P. C. A.
Miss Helen L. Arnold.
Terre Haute.
Terre Haute Humane Society.
E. E. Glove.
IOWA
Burlington.
Burlington Humane Society.
H. A. Leipziger.
Council Bluffs..
.S. P. C. A....
W. F. Sapp....
Davenport, 401 W. Second St. Scott County Humane Society.
Henry Jager..
Des Moines, Court House..
Iowa Humane Society
James Watt..
Dubuque..
..Dubuque Benevolent and Humane Society...John S. Lewis, M. D.
Fort Dodge.
Humane Society
Michael P. Healy.
Marshalltown.
Marshall County Humane Society
B. F'. Nichols.......
Ottumwa..
Wapello County Humane Society.
.Mrs. Florence W. Jaques.
Sioux City
Sioux City Humane Society
E. E. Stephenson..
Mrs. George A. McMillen
R. W. Braithwaite
George A. H. Scott
Sydney R. Taber
Mrs. W. C. Wellington
H. R. Gledhill, M. D.
Montgomery G. Rice
Lyman McCarl
Mrs. Robert Rew
Miss Zella Barrett
.Mrs. John H. Brinkerhoff
John A. Bingham
F. M. Van Pelt
.Dr. S. O. Barwick
Charles E. Archer
.Lawrence B. Cummings
Edgar Collins
Mrs. Flora T. Neff
.H. A. Pershing
Mrs. F. A. Reckert
W. H. Bradbury
.Rev. Naboth Osborne
.C. E. Swanson
George Ellman
Miss Elizabeth Dickson Baird
Lester C. Bissell
Mrs. Will P. Dermer
Dr. Rosa Liebig
Emily McGowan
.Dr. Adalade Thomas
160
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Secretary
.Rev. E. E. Stauffer
.Mrs. Frances Larimer
.Mrs. F. M. Manser
Mrs. Annie E. Thomas
Miss Anna Figg
Douglas Forsyth
Fred S. Weis
Location.
Title.
President.
KANSAS
Lawrence.
Lawrence Humane Society
.R. C. Manley
Leavenworth
The Humane Society of Leavenworth. ...Lewis Mayo...
KENTUCKY
Covington, 20 East Fifth St..... .Kenton County Humane Society.
..H. A. Schroetter.
Louisville, 1411 Cherokee Blvd. Animal Rescue League......
..Mrs. Lydia W. Barr.
Louisville, Von Borries and Winter
Sts.
.Kentucky Children's Home Society. ... George L. Sehon..
Louisville, Room 10, City Hall. Kentucky Humane Society..
George G. Brown..
LOUISIANA
New Orleans, 805 Howard Ave. .Louisiana State S. P. C. A.
..... Sama W."Weis...
New Orleans, 115 Elk Place...... Louisiana S. P. C. C..
Hon. J. A. Blaffer.
MAINE
Auburn.
Androscoggin County Humane Society. ..Charles C. Hunt..
Farmington
Farmington S. P. C. A....
George C. Purington.
Portland, 43 Exchange St.
Maine State S. P. C. A.....
Hon. Stanley T. Pullen,
Portland.
Children's Protective Society of Portland..... Robert T. Whitehouse.
Waterville
Waterville S. P. C. A.....
H. L. Emory.
MARYLAND
Baltimore, 612 N. Calvert St. The Maryland S. P. C. A..
..H. F. Baker.
Baltimore, 636 W. Franklin St. .Maryland S. P. C. C.
Lewis Hockheimer.
MASSACHUSETTS
Boston, 19 Milk St.
Massachusetts S. P. C. A..
George T. Angell.
Boston, 51 Carver St
.Animal Rescue League.....
.Mrs. Huntington Smith,
Boston, 43 Mt. Vernon St...
Massachusetts S.P. C. C....
.Grafton D. Cushing.
Brockton
The Brockton Humane Society
Mrs. Esther M. Baxendale..
Dalton
The Young Defenders League
.Mrs. Franklin Couch.
Lowell, 71 Central St.
.Lowell Humane Society
Frederick P. Marble.
Pittsfield..
Berkshire Animal Rescue League.
Mrs. Franklin Couch..
MICHIGAN
Cold water
Coldwater Humane Society.
..T. A. Hieton.
Detroit, 606 Breitmeyer Bldg. The S. P. C. C...
Frank D. Taylor.
Grand Rapids...
.Kent County Humane Society.
C. S. Udell.
Iron Mountain, Carnegie Library .....Humane Society of Dickinson County Alfred Kruse..
Kalamazoo.
Kalamazoo S. P. C. C. and A...
Hon. Sam Folz..
Lansing
Lansing Humane Society..
Daniel Edwards.
.Mrs. Lilla J. Jordan
Mrs. Harriet P. Keys
.Mrs. Stanley T. Pullen
Arthur G. Pettengill
.Dr. A. Joly
.D. L. Bangert
.. George W. Parker
Guy Richardson
.Mrs. Arthur T. Cabot
C. C. Carstens
Miss Hattie E. Gardner
.Josephine L. Maher
Caroline A. Richardson
.Mrs. Anna F. Bennett
W. H. Wieand
.Philip H. Gray
.A. C. Torrey
Prof. L. E. Amidon
.Carl G. Keinstuck
Miss Mary Gerber
2....
DIRECTORY OF ACTIVE HUMANE SOCIETIES
161
Manistee, 409 Water St..
Mount Pleasant.
Traverse City
.Manistee County Humane
Society.
Isabella County Humane Society.
Grand Traverse County Humane Society
Jacob Hanselmann.
W. E. Preston...
M. H. Underwood
.Mrs. A. F. Branch
A. S. Coutant
E. L. Edwards
...
Albert Lea..
Alexandria..
Duluth, 155 E. Superior St..
Fergus Falls
Minneapolis, Court House
St. Cloud.
St. Paul, 644 Endicott Bldg.
St. Paul, old Capitol.....
Winona
John E. Ransom
George L. Treat
Henry Taylor
Mrs. James A. Brown
Miss Vera E. Bean
..J. I. Donohue
John S. Fugate
Miss Alice Š. Millard
Mrs. Laura F. Williams
Jackson
Meridian Court House.
Vicksburg
Miss Kate M. Power
Mrs. J. A. Philios
Moncure Dabney
Jefferson City
Kansas City, City Hall.
Sedalia,
Springfield
St. Joseph, 7th and Messani Sts.
MINNESOTA
.Freeborn County Society Prevention Cruelty..V. Gillrup
Douglas County Humane Society
.N. P. Ward
Duluth Humane Society.
.Albert W. Ryan.
Fergus Falls Humane Society
.Steve Butler
Minneapolis Humane Society
H. P. Roberts.
.St. Cloud Humane Society.....
.J. F. Bach..
Minnesota Society Prevention Cruelty Rev. C. H. Shutt.
St. Paul Society Prevention Cruelty .Rev. C. Herbert Shutt..
Winona Humane Society..
W. A. Finkelnburg.
MISSISSIPPI
The Hinds County Humane Society .A. C. Crowder..
The Meridian Humane Society
Gen. W. D. Cameron.
The Vicksburg Humane Society
W. W. Moore...
MISSOURI
Humane Society of Jefferson City
.Hon. A. M. Hough..
The Humane Society of Kansas City. Edwin R. Weeks.
Sedalia Humane Society.
H. T. Williams...
.Springfield Humane Society
.J. E. Melette.
Humane Society of St. Joseph and Buchanan
County
.Huston Wyeth.
The Humane Society of Missouri.
Henry Wood.
Woman's Humane Society of Missouri. .Mrs. T. G. Comstock.
MONTANA
Bureau of Child and Animal Protection..
NEBRASKA
Fremont Humane Society
Dr. Nellie Bell..
.Dawson County S. P. C. A..
.Samuel C. Mullin.
Lancaster County Humane Society
Clarence S. Paine.
Nebraska Humane Society
Rev. John Williams.
The Nebraska S. P. C. A.....
NEW HAMPSHIRE
The Keene Humane Society
Henry S. McIntosh.
New Hampshire Animal Rescue League. Mrs. Arthur E. Clark.
Miss Nortie Glenn
F. M, Ferguson
,E. W. Holmsley
Miss Eunice G. Rand
St. Louis.
St. Louis.
....C. C. Pierce
John H. Holmes
Miss D. M. De Witt
Helena..
J. M. Kennedy
Fremont.
Lexington, Seventh St.
Lincoln, Burlington Block
Omaha, 622 New York Life Bldg.
Osceola.
C. E. Abbott
Mrs. George Volk
.J. H. Hukill
.H. S. Mann
.Mrs. E. D. Buckner
Keene, 61 Court St.
Manchester.
Miss Hariett Waters Preston
Dr. Lilian Bullock
12
162
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Location.
Title.
President.
Secretary
Nashua..
New Hampshire Woman's Humane Society..Mrs. M. Jennie Kendall. Mrs. C. C. Mercer
Portsmouth.....
New Hampshire S. P. C. A..
.Miss Annie F. Jenness. ..James R. May
NEW JERSEY
Asbury Park, Box 1002.
Asbury Park and Ocean Grove Br. S. P. C. A..David Harvey.
W. N. G. Clark
Atlantic City, N. Carolina Ave. and
Beach St.
New Jersey State S. P. C. A...
Charles Evans.
....A. T. Bell
Burlington, 3 W. Union St... Burlington County S. P. C. A.
Charles Hewitt.
Reginald Branch
Camden, 725 Federal St..
Camden County S. P. C. C...
.Wilbur F. Rose
.Abel Smith
Hackensack, 76 Main St.
The Bergen County S. P. C. A
..C. Linkroum
Walter Ely
Hackensack, Cleveland St.
Bergen County Children's Aid and S. P. C. C..Abram Doremus.
James Bratt
Hoboken, 1 Newark St..
Hoboken S. P. C. C.
.Dr. W. Jen vey.
.Mrs. R. Beyer
Jersey City, 126 Grand St.
Hudson County District S. P. C. A... .George M. McCarthy, ..J. C. Jaccard
Morristown, 21 Morris St.
Morris County S. P. C. C. and S. P. C. A..... Edward Q. Keasbey
.Miss Louise Shelton
Newark, 249 Mulberry St.....
Children's Aid and S. P. C. C.
Oscar B. Mockridge
M. J. Price
Newark, 468 North Fifth St.. .The Humane Society of New Jersey ..Joshua Brierly.
.Mrs. Ella Skinner Bates
New Brunswick, 384 George St. .Middlesex County District S. P. C. A... Mrs. Theodore B. Booraem..... Paul F. Williams
Orange, 124 Essex Ave...
Children's Aid and Protective Society of the
Oranges.
.Rev. Walter Reid Hunt. Thomas S. Crane
Paterson, 106 Washington St. New Jersey State S. P. C. A.
..C. C. Shelby.....
.John A. Huggs
Paterson, 104 Washington St.. .Passaic County District, S. P. C. A. .Benjamin Eastwood, Jr. Charles H. Petry
Paterson, Market St.
.Passaic County S. P. C. C. and Children's
Aid
.Sander Hameetman.
.Robert B. Gallant
Princeton
Princeton Branch S. P. C. A....
Prof. George McL. Harper...... Mrs. J. G. Hibben
Red Bank.
Monmouth County District S. P. C. A. .Mrs. Mary B. F. Hockman
Ridgewood
Ridgewood S. P. C. A.
Mrs. Charles C. Harrison.. Mrs. M. A. Walton
Salem, 99 Market St.
...S. P. C. A. of Salem County
.William T. Hilliard.
Somerville..
.Somerset County S. P. C. A.
H. H. Hight, Raritan.
Vineland, 626 Landis Ave. ..S. P. C. A...
W.F. Tower.....
Woodbury
Gloucester County S. P. C. A.
.Miss Hattie P. Kirby. Miss Lucy M. Flanagan
NEW MEXICO
Albuquerque...
.New Mexico Humane Society
..R. W. D. Bryan...
A. B. Straup
NEW YORK
Albany, Eagle and Howard Sts. The Mohawk and Hudson River Humane
Society...
.W. 0. Stillman, M.D... .N. J. Walker
Auburn, 89%. Seymour St.
The Cayuga County S. P. C. A.
.Dr. Guy R. Montgomery. .Miss Emma C. Flagler
Batavia.
Batavia Mumane Society
.Mrs. E. A. Tozier.
.Mrs. J. C. Newbern
Binghampton, Collier St.
Broome County Humane Society
.Z. Bennett Phelps..
Samuel J. Koerbel
Brooklyn, 105 Schermerhorn St.. The Brooklyn S. P. C. C.
.Henry R. Jones..
..H. Clay Preston
Buffalo, 36 W. Huron St.
Erie County S. P. C. A
.De Witt Clinton.
Miss Margaret F. Rochester
...
DIRECTORY OF ACTIVE HUMANE SOCIETIES
163
Geneva......
O...
Buffalo, Delaware Ave., and Eagle St.. Queen City S. P. C. C...
Edward H. Butler,
James McC. Mitchell
Cooperstown.
Otsego County S. P. C. C...
.G. Pomeroy Keese.
.Samuel L. Warrin
Fulton
Fulton Humane Society
Thomas Hunter.
Mrs. Edna A. Moore
Ontario County S. P. C. A.
.F. D. Whitwell.
Mrs. J. E. P. Butts
Geneva.
.John Mackay S. P. C. C. of Ontario County..Maj. Arthur P. Rose.
Mrs. Florence H. Parrott
Gouverneur.
St. Lawrence County S. P. C. C...
.Arthur E. Cushman
Miss Helen I. Parker
Ithaca..
Tompkins County S. P. C. A.
.George B. Davis.
Miss Elizabeth C. Collins
Jamestown
Chautauqua County S. P. C. C.
..James L. Weeks..
Mrs. Laura K. Larmouth
Lockport...
Niagara County S. P. C. C....
.Mrs. Jesse Peterson.
Miss Maud L. Van Horn
New Brighton, Staten Island. Richmond County S. P. C. C.
.Charles F. Ingalls.
Mrs. Lester W. Clark
Newburgh
.Newburgh S. P. C. A..
.George W. Peters.
A. E. Laymon
Newburgh, 49 Smith St...
Newburgh S. P. C. C...
.Rev. Frank E. Whitney Rhoda A. Taylor
New York, Madison Ave. and 26th St..American S. P. C. A...
Col. Alfred Wagstaff.
Richard Welling
New York, 297 Fourth Ave.. .New York S. P. C. C.....
Hon. John D. Lindsay. .E. Fellows Jenkins
New York, 102 Fulton St..... The Humane Society of New York. ..David Belais..
.Ludwig Nisson
Norwich..
Chenango County Humane Society ..F. Joseph Schorn...
George H. Mahan
Olean.
Olean S. P. C. C...
Miss J. Caroline Smith .Mrs. J. L. Baxter
Ossining, Main and Spring Sts. Ossining Branch Am. S. P. C. A
Clinton Sears Arnold..
Mrs. C. S. Arnold
Oswego, 119 West First St.
Oswego County S. P. C. C. and S. P. C. A.... Karl Kellogg...
Mrs. G. M. Gardinier
Penn Yan
Yates County Humane Society
Rev. Thomas De Gruchy.
Poughkeepsie.
The Poughkeepsie S. P. C. A....
.Horatio N. Bain..
Charles F. Cossum
Poughkeepsie, 56 Market St. Poughkeepsie S. P. C. C.
.J. DuBoies Carpenter.
Everett H. Travis
Rochester, 723 Powers Bldg. The Humane S. P. C. A.
.Hon. J. B. Y. Warner Miss Sara Hyatt
Rochester, 90 Plymouth Ave., N......Rochester S. P. C. C...
.Hon. George A. Carnahan. Mrs. Edward S. Ellwanger
Rome..
Gustavus Swan S. P. C. C...
.Rev. A. L. Bryon-Curtiss. Anna Rosebrook
Seneca Falls..
.Seneca County S. P. C. A. and S. P. C. C. .Pryce W. Bailey.
H. M. Glen
Syracuse, 3 Grand Opera Block Central New York S. P. C. A.
.Wilbur S. Peck.
.J. R. Clancy
Syracuse, 16 Larned Bldg.
Syracuse S. P. C. C......
.Col. Webster R. Chamberlin...Fillmore M. Smith
Utica.
Utica Branch Stevens S. P. C. A.
W. G. Hollingworth. .Rev. Dana W. Bigelow
Warsaw
Wyoming County S. P. C. A.
N. S. Beardslee...
Irving G. Botsford
Watertown, 224 Massey Ave.. Jefferson County S. P. C. C.
John Sterling.
Mrs. V. C. Walker
Yonkers.
The Westchester County S. P. C. C.. Robbins Gilman.
Frank E. Ellis
....
Asheville
Greensboro.
Wilmington
NORTH CAROLINA
Western N. Carolina S. P. C. A.
....Judge J. C. Pritchard.
.North Carolina S. P. C. A.
Dr. J. G. Betts..
North Carolina S. P. C. C. and A..
.A. T. Heide.
Robert W. Garrett
E. D. Broadhurst
P. Heinsburger
Larimore.
Edgar L. Richter
NORTH DAKOTA
.Larimore Humane Society.
.H. F. Arnold.
OKLAHOMA
Chickasha Humane Society.
Jonas Cook.
Chickasha.
Mrs. F. E. Riddle
164
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Secretary.
Dr. Gayfree Ellison
...A. B. Chatburn
Mrs. Maria S. Canfield
W. T. Shanahan
Location.
Title.
President.
Oklahoma City, 33 India Temple......The Oklahoma City Humane Society..
...J. Glongly
Shawnee, City Hall..
Oklahoma State Humane Society
.R. C. Birch.
OREGON
Oregon City
.Clackamas County Humane Society .Miss Anita H. McCarver.
Portland....
.The Oregon Humane Society.
.H. M. Cake.
OHIO
Akron, Central Office Bldg. Akron Humane Society..
.A. T. Paige.......
Ashland
Ashland County Humane Society.
.Judge R. M. Campbell
Barberton
.Barberton Humane Society
.Dr. W. A. Mansfield.
Canton
Canton Humane Society.
Celina..
Mercer County Humane Society.
John W. Loree...
Chagrin Falls.
.Chagrin Falls Humane Society.
..J. E. Phelps
Chardon...
Chardon Humane Society
.L. C. Cowles.
Cincinnati, 24 East Ninth St. The Ohio Humane Society
.Rev. W. A. Robinson.
Cincinnati.
Hamilton County S. P. C. A..
.E. P. Bradstreet.
Cleveland, 406 City Hall.
Cleveland Humane Society
.O. J. Hodge..
Columbus, 20 East Broad St. The Humane Society of the City of Columbus.. Gen. Frank C. Hubbard.
Dayton, 502–7 Conover Bldg. The Montgomery County Humane Society.. Charles L. Hardman.
Lima, 520 South Pine St.
Lima Branch Ohio Humane Society. .R. C. Eastman.
Logan.
.Logan Humane Society.
Mrs. Charles Wright.
Mansfield.
Mansfield Humane Society
.L. J. Bonar.
Marietta.
The Washington County Humane Society... Rev. George R. Gear.
Masillon.
Stark County Humane Society.
.H. H. Everhard.
Napoleon.
Humane Society of Henry County James P. Ragan
Norwalk.
The Huron County S. P. C. A. and Persons..Henry S. Mitchell.
Oxford.
Oxford Humane Society....
.Dr. Hugh Moore..
Painesville, 311 Main St.
Lake County Humane Society,
.C. T. Moreley
Port Clinton.
Ottawa County Humane Society
.S. A. Magruder.
Ravenna..
.Portage County Humane Society
... W. S. Krake.
Rising Sun....
Wood County Humane Society
.James A. Minnick,
Salem...
Salem Humane Society.
.DrE. Y. Hogan...
Sandusky
Erie County Humane Society
John C. Zollinger.
St. Mary's, 328 North Main St. Auglaize County Humane Society
Rev. F. Kessing.
Steubenville
..Jefferson County Humane Society
W. B. Donaldson....
Springfield.
Springfield & Clark County Humane Society Rev. R. H. Hume, D.D...
Toledo, 1011-1015 Nicholas Bldg. The Toledo Humane Society.
.Hon. James M. Brown.
Van Wert, 10172 East Main St. .. Van Wert County Humane Society
.C. V. Hoke..
Warren, 1372 Market St.
The Trumbull County Humane Society .W. B. Fitzpatrick
Wilmington..
Clinton County Humane Society.
.A. I. Bailey
Youngstown, 31 Dollar Bank Bldg... Youngstown Humane Society
Rev. S. R. Frazier, D.D.
James D. Chandler
.V. R. Mark
.A. B. Ackerman
Charles R. Frazer
R. H. Chapman
Herman Oberlin
M. L. Maynard
Oscar A. Trounştine
Miss Louise F. Drude
Mrs. V. A. E. Dustin
Eugene Morgan
Julius V. Jones
J. V. Smiley
Miss Margaret Saumenig
T. B. Jervis
Miss Elizabeth Anderson
..J. H. Hunt
F. J. Cuff
.E. D. Sackett
Miss Jennie L. Richey :
E. D. Shepard
James Hollinshead
.M. G. McBride
W. H. Bates
Roy W. Harris
Mrs. John Mertz
Grace McSherry
Robert Orr
.Miss Lulu Cumback
William H. H. Smith
.D. J. Evans
Miss Mary C. Eddings
Lee Baker
..B. C. Pond
DIRECTORY OF ACTIVE HUMANE SOCIETIES
165
PENNSYLVANIA
Allentown, 82 Union St.
Lehigh County Humane Society.
Thomas E. Ritter.
Mrs. W. L. Blackman
Beaver Falls.
.Beaver Valley Humane Society.
William Moltrup..
.Miss Edith B. Brittain
Butler.
The Butler County Humane Society Calvin G. Christie.
Edward E. Abrams
Corry
Corry Humane Society..
Elliott M. Bonnell.
Mrs. DeWitt L. Bracken
Erie, 210 Lincoln Bldg.
North western Pa. Humane Society
Hon. W. B. Flickinger ....A. M. Howes
Lancaster, 18 Spruce St.
Lancaster County S. P. C. A.
.D. S. Bursk.
..John L. Martin
Philadelphia, 1627 Chestnut St.. The Pennsylvania S. P. C. A.
Col. M. Richards Mucklé. Frank B. Rutherford
Philadelphia, 36 South 18th St. Women's Pa, S. P. C. A...
Mrs. Caroline Earle White. .Miss Elizabeth Somers
Philadelphia, 1242 Lombard St.. Morris Refuge Association.
..Mrs. J. Norman Jackson.. .Miss Margaret E. Goodrich
Philadelphia, 415 South 15th St The Pa. S. to Protect Children from Cruelty..
Charles Biddle....
.Wm. H. A. Mills
Pittsburg, 440 442 Sixth Ave..... Western Pa. Humane
Society
.Hon. Joseph G. Walter Miss Frances R. Henry
Scranton..
.Lackawanna Branch Pa. S. P. C. A..... ..John M. Kemmerer
.C. S. Seamans
Scranton, 334 N. Washington Ave.....Asso. Charities & Humane Society
Col. Ezra H. Whipple Rev. Rogers Israel, D.D.
Williamsport, 112 West Fourth St. ...Lycoming County S. P. C. A....
.C. L. Peaslee..
.Mrs. James P. Herdic
Wilkes Barre, 15 W.Northampton St.. Luzerne County Humane Association .........John M. Conyngham.. .H. D. Deemer
York, 717 Linden Ave.
York County S. P. C. A...
...John B. Welch.
... George W. Breeswine
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Manila..
.S. P. C. A...
Mrs. Felipe Calderon
Manila, 41 Calle San Pedro Quiapo... Society for the Protection of Infants... .Mrs. Paul C. Freer.
Mrs. 0. L. Ingalls
RHODE ISLAND
Providence, 27 Exchange St. Rhode Island S. P. C. A.
.Samuel S. Durfee.....
James N. Smith
Providence, 20 Market St..
Rhode Island S. P. C. C..
Hon. Ralph C. Watrous. Thomas B. Maymon
SOUTH CAROLINA
Charleston.
South Carolina S. P. C. A..
...J. Alwyn Ball.
Greenville, 112 West Coffee St. Greenville S. P. C. A........
William Goldsmith, Jr. .Thomas I. Charles
SOUTH DAKOTA
Deadwood.
Lawrence County Humane Society. H. B. Schlichting.
..John H. Burns
TENNESSEE
Chattanooga, 322 Market St. Chattanooga Humane Society
.Dr. E. A. Elmore
...S. Barto Strang
Knoxville.
Knox County Humane Society
..Riley W. Farr.
.Mrs. Thomas Allan Boyd
Nashville, 80 Arcade St..
The Nashville Humane Society
Albert S. Williams..
.Samuel M. Allen
Memphis, Memphis Trust Bldg. First Tennessee S. P. C. A.
Gen. W. J. Smith.
.M. L. Meacham
TEXAS
Dallas, 399 Main St.
Dallas Humane Society
Mrs. T. J. Carr..
E. H. Connibear
Galveston
Galveston Humane Society.
.L. S. Downs, M.D.
Houston..
.Houston Humane Society
Dr. Fred J. Burkey.
..J. B. Lay
Palestine.
The Palestine Humane Society.
Mrs. Henry Watts.
Mrs. H. H. Gould
166
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Location.
Title.
President.
Secretary.
Paris....
.Paris Humane Society
Hon. E. H. McCuistion... Mrs. S. M. B. Long,
San Antonio...
.Texas State Humane Society
Dr. B. F. Kingsley
Mrs. T. J. Carr, Dallas
San Antonio, 324 Hicks, Bldg.. ..San Antonio Humane Society
Edward W. Knox
Mrs. John B. Walter
Waco.
Texas Humane Society
..J. D. Shaw.
M. B. Davis
VERMONT
Barton,
.Barton Humane Society.
William M. Wright
Mrs. E. M. Nichols
Brattleboro.
Brattleboro S. P. C. A.
Charles H. Pratt
.E. Q. S. Osgood
Bennington
Vermont Humane Society
Mrs. Daniel Merriman
Burlington, 483 Main St.
Burlington Humane Society
...J. E. Goodrich.
Mrs. M. L. Benedict
Chester, Main St....
Chester Humane Society...
George Lowell Fletcher Mrs. G. L. Fletcher
Springfield..
Vermont Humane Society
George H. Waldron
Miss G. S. Smith
St. Albans.
St. Albans Humane Society
...S. H. Watkins..
F. C. Smith
VIRGINIA
Lynchburg.
.S. P. C. A.
P. A. Krise...
E. M. Heard
Marion.
.Marion S. P. C. A.
H. A. Buchanan.
.C. H. Carper
Norfolk, 907 National Bank of Com-
merce
Norfolk S. P. C. A...
L. Clay Kilby
W. D. Stoakley
Norfolk, 139 Cumberland St. Norfolk S. P. C. C.....
Dr. L. T. Royster..
W. W. Moss
Portsmouth.
Woman's Humane Society of Virginia.... M. L. Hunt.
Miss M. A. Bingley
Richmond.
Richmond S. P. C. A..
Dr. Jud. B. Wood.. Miss Myrtland Iaylor
Richmond, 703 E, Leigh St. Female Humane Association of the City of
Richmond..
Miss Emily Harvie..
Mrs. Wm. Ruffin Cox
Roanoke...
Roanoke S. P. C. A.
Hon. John W. Woods
W. C. Stephenson
WASHINGTON
Bellingham, Suite 223, Sunset Blk. Whatcom County Humane Society J. Noonan Phillips.... Miss Elvira Victor
North Yakima, 13 North 9th St.. Yakima County Humane Society.
W. M. Watt.
.M. L. Matterson
Seattle, 541 New York Block King County Humane Society.
.Rev. M. A. Matthews, D.D...... Miss May Krueger.
Spokane, Box 1170.
..Spokane County Humane Society
John A. Finch.
Gardner Chamberlin
Tacoma, City Hall.
Tacoma Humane Society..
.Miss Kershaw
Herbert S. Griggs
WEST VIRGINIA
Wheeling, 42 15th St...
The West Va, Humane Society.
Mrs. Guy R. C. Allen. .R. H. Brown
WISCONSIN
Hartford.
Hartford Branch Wis. Humane Society. .B. J. McCollom.
.Julia E. Gould
Hartland..
Hartland Branch Wis. Humane Society. G. A. Wilson.....
Mabel V. Hansen
Janesville, 111 N. Academy St. Janesville Humane Society
Wilson Lane...
Miss M. Chittenden
Kenosha...
.Kenosha Branch Wis. Humane Society
Miss Belle Gaffney
La Crosse, 1318 Charles St.
..La Crosse Branch Wis. Humane Society .Rev. J. J. Clements.
Prof. F. H. Fowler
Madison..
Madison Branch Wis. Humane Society. Dr. R. P. Fox..
.Miss Flora Mears
O2..
DIRECTORY OF ACTIVE HUMANE SOCIETIES
167
Manitowoc.
Manitowoc Branch Wis. Humane Society..... Reinhardt Rahr..
Miss Lulu Barnes
Milwaukee, 417 Milwaukee St. .Wisconsin Humane Society
Theodore Borup....
Agnes
M. Furlong
Milwaukee, 495 Milwaukee St. The Badger State Humane Society Dr. John A. McLeod. .Miss Ella Sievert
Neenah.
Neenah and Menasha Branch Wis. Humane
Society
Charles W. Howard.
.Dr. F. J. Wilkie
Oskosh, 61 Merritt St.
Fox River Valley Humane Society
Ebeneezer James..
Dr. F. J. Wilkie
Plymouth
.Plymouth Branch Wis. Humane Society H. H. Huson...
M. Sweet
Racine....
..Racine Branch Wis. Humane Society. H. E. Miles
Boyd Adams
Rhinelander.....
Oneida County Humane Society.
Dr. S. R. Stone..
F. E. Moore
Sheboygan, 722 Pennsylvania Ave...Sheboygan Branch Wis. Humane Society Otis Clark.
E. A. Zundel
Superior..
...Superior Branch Wis. Humane Society. Hon. T. B. Mills..
Mrs. C. P. White
Wausau, 508 Third St..
Wausau Branch Wis. Humane Society ..Dr. B. H. Conlin.
Miss Mary Dickens
WYOMING
Cheyenne...
... State Board Child and Animal Protection.... W. E. Chapin....
Theodore Bailey
List of inactive societies and of those from which the Association has been unable to secure an annual report showing statistics, finances
and definite activities.
CALIFORNIA
Bakersfield.
The Kern Co. S. P. C. A..
.P.J. Emmons...
.....A. L. Connors
Hayward..
Hayward S. P. C. A.
.George Oaks..
Pacific Grove.
Monterey S. P. C. A..
.Dr. O. S. Trimmer.
Flora B. Philbrick
San Pedro.
San Pedro Humane Society
Miss Frances H. Weldon
Santa Cruz.
Santa Cruz Co. Humane Society
.B. F. D. Baldwin.
E. H. Reed
Sausalito...
Marin Co. S. P. C. A......
.D. T. Tillingbast....
.L. C. Pistolese
Healdsburg
Healdsburg S. P. C. A...
Geo. W. Brewster.
Geo. W. Miller
GEORGIA
Savannah.
Humane Society.
Miss Margaret Cozens.
ILLINOIS
Freeport..
.Freeport Humane Society
Henry Dorman,
.Mrs. John Oyler
Joliet.
Joliet Humane Society..
D. H. Darling
Elizabeth A. Gougar
Danville.
United States Humane Society
John W. Halls..
Bertha H. Robson
White Hall.
White Hall Humane Society
.Francis Fowler.
.H. O. Tunison
INDIANA
Evansville..
The Evansville Humane Society
.S. S. Scantlin.
Will Warren
Huntington
Huntington Humane Society.
.W. W. Moore.
J. P. Plummer
New Albany
..Floyd Co. Humane Society
E. A. Sevringhaus, M.D. Mrs. Mary K. Crawford
Peru.
.Peru Humane Society
John L. Miller,
Mrs. M. Puterbaugh
IOWA
Cherokee
Cherokee Humane Society
Clinton.
Clinton Humane Association
......C. C. Coan.
Albert B. Rathbun
.
..C.
168
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Location.
Secretary
.
Chanute.
Kansas City
Topeka...
Wichita.
Miss Lyda B. Conley
Sam Radges
H. R. Pottenger
Bangor
Geo. B. Canney
Brockton.
Detroit.
Jackson
Muskegon.
J. M. Beck
.Mrs. 0. Karnes
.Mrs. Alice M. Wood
Red Wing.
Rochester.
Stillwater
Waseca
F. W. Dimmitt
Ella A: Davis
F. T. Wilson
Mrs. Wm. Lindsay
KANSAS
Title.
President.
Chanute Humane Society
.F. A. Parsons.
Kansas City Humane Society
A. J. Murray.........
The Foster Humane Society.
Abram Wyman
The Kansas Humane Society.
O. B. Stocker.
MAINE
Humane Society
Hon. F. 0. Beal.
MASSACHUSETTS
...S. P. C. C......
MICHIGAN
Michigan S. P. C. A...
Hon. T. W. Palmer.
Adrian Humane Society
Walter S. Westerman..
Muskegon S. P. C...
MINNESOTA
Red Wing Humane Society
Rochester Humane Society.
Stillwater Humane Society
G. E. Clark.
Waseca Humane Society.
Rev. Father Treanor.
MISSOURI
Hannibal Humane Society
....J. P. Hinton...
St. Louis Humane Society.
...John F. Ryan
MONTANA
.Anaconda Humane Society
Humane Society
Missoula Humane Society
.F. J. Erfert
NEBRASKA
.Adams Co. S. P. C. A....
NEW HAMPSHIRE
.New Hampshire S. P. C. C...
NEW JERSEY
.S. P. C. C.....
..Society P. C. Dumb Animals
Philip Schmitz
Cape May S. P. C. A.
Dr. Emlen Physick.
Cranford Branch N. J. S. P. C. A.
G. A. Morrison
.Elizabeth S. P. C. C....
H. H. Isham
Ocean County S. P. C. A..
Hannibal
St. Louis...
Minnie Gerard King
Mary Waldo Calking
Anaconda.
Great Falls..
Missoula.
..Leonard M. Coleman
Hastings
Portsmouth.
..James R. May
Dr. J. S. Adams
Burlington
Camden.
Cape May.
Cranford.
Elizabeth
Lakewood.
Thomas R. Brooks
A. H. Miller
Miss Harriet Townsend
Mrs. Jasper Lynch
DIRECTORY OF ACTIVE HUMANE SOCIETIES
169
Newark.
New Brunswick.
Passaic
Vineland..
G. Wisner Thorne...
.M. H. Hutton.
John Kennel, Jr.
Mrs. C. L. Sykes
Col. E. L. Edwards
Robert B. Blauvelt
Edward H. Smith
Mrs. Walter Ruegg
New Jersey S. P. C. A....
Middlesex Co. S. P. C. C...
.Passaic City District Humane Society
Vineland Children's Aid Society..
NEW YORK
Cayuga Co. S. P. C. C...
Greene County S. P. C. A....
Elmira Humane Society.
Fulton Co. Humane Society
Herkimer Co. S. P. C. C..
Hornellsville S. P. C. C..
Ulster County S. P. C. C...
Niagara Co. S. P. C. A.....
Rockland County S. P. C. A.
.Stevens S. P. C. A....
Ulster County Br. S. P. C. A.
Utica S. P. C. C....
Auburn
Catskill.
Elmira.
Gloversville
Herkimer
Bornellsville
Kingston
Lockport..
Nyack..
Rome
Rondout
Utica
Miss G. A. Jackson
Dr. Z. B. Wales
Edward S. Parkhurst
Rev. A. W. Bourne.
Chas. H. Van Orden..
Charles S. Lattin.
M. F. Button,
Hon. W. C. Prescott
..Stephen Hollands
Rev. Charles Mercer Hall.
Frank J. Sawyer..
Wm. K. Colsey..
Clyde E. Shults
Hon. Chas. F. Cantine
Miss Alice E. Crocker
Michael Frury
William Blaikie
Rev. Dana W. Bigelow
Devil's Lake
Mrs. H. M. Creel
Perry
Mrs. W. W. Faulds
NORTH DAKOTA
Humane Society
OKLAHOMA
Perry Humane Society..
James Lobsitz.
OHIO
Colerain S. P. C. A...
Thos. Starbuck.
East Palestine Humane Society.
Lorain County Humane Society
F. S. Reefy.
Hardin County Humane Society.
W. Morrow, Ada, O.
The Licking County Humane Society
The Humane Society of N. Lex.
.Miami County Humane Society..
Henry F. Dettman
.Scioto County Humane Society..
John Eisman..
.Seneca County Humane Society
.Yellow Springs Humane Society.
Humane Society
.Geo. Lilienthal.
PENNSYLVANIA
Central Pa. Humane Society.
Mrs. W. J. Stratton
Commonwealth S. P. C. C. & A..
..R. B. Stone...
Humane Society of Berks County
Geo. J. Gross. .....
SOUTH CAROLINA
.Richland Co. S. P. C. A
W. D. Starling...
Colerain
East Palestine.
Elyria
Kenton.
Newark
New Lexington.
Piqua
Portsmouth
Tiffin.
Yellow Springs
Zanesville
Rachel D. Maule
Harp McClain
Cassie V. Wooster
Geo. Palmer Kenton
Fred Woodbridge
Candus Martzollf
Geo. A. Thompson
Harry Ball
Irvin Rex
.
George Leidy
Altoona
Bradford
Reading.
Mrs. Wm. T. Ketlar
B. C. Driscoll
Rachel A. Owen
Columbia
C. B. Simmons
170
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Location.
SOUTH DAKOTA
Title.
President.
W. B. Sherrard.
Secretary,
...Z.T. Trask
Sioux City
Humane Society
TENNESSEE
Madison County Humane Society
Jackson
W. C. Welch..
.L. R. Griffin
Beaumont
Fort Worth......
Meridian
Steven ville
TEXAS
Beaumont Humane Society.
Fort Worth Humane Society
Meridian Humane Society
.Steven ville Humane Society
Mrs. Mary J. Scott Underhill.
W. G, Turner...
.....J. C. Miller
UTAH
Salt Lake City
Utah Humane Society
.Dr. T. B. Beatty
Ira Lewis
VERMONT
Manchester
Rutland
..S. P. C. A.....
Rutland Humane Society.
D. K. Simonds
. Mrs. M. Hali
Miss Jessie Hawley
Miss G. S. Smith
Fairmont.
WEST VIRGINIA
West Va. Humane Society...
..Mrs. Preston Crowell,
Miss Flossie Fleming
WISCONSIN
Eau Claire.
Tomah..
..Humane Society
Humane Society.
Mrs. W. K. Galloway
.R. E. Kyle........
It is reported to The American Humane Association that societies stated to have formerly been organized in the following places are
now dead.
Stockton, California; Durango, Colorado; Brunswick, Georgia; Belvidere, Bloomington, Des Plaines, Kankakee, Ottawa, Paris, Shelby-
ville, Union, Illinois; Aurora, Crawfordsville, Kokomo, Muncie, Richmond, Vincennes, Wabash, Indiana; Frankfort, Lexington, Ken-
tucky; Belfast, Maine; Taunton, Massachusetts; Battle Creek, Michigan; Lesueur, Owatonna, Wadena, Minnesota; Carthage, Missouri;
Natchez, Mississippi; Billings, Bozeman, Butte (2), Dillon, Helena, Kalispell, Montana; Albion, Beatrice, Shelby, York, Nebraska, Bayonne,
Elizabeth, Jersey City, Paterson, Perth Amboy, Plainfield
(2), Princeton, Trenton, New
Jersey; Albion, Amsterdam, Cortland, Lancaster,
Watertown, New York; Bismarck, Fargo, North Dakota; Ashtabula, Athens, Cadiz, Cambridge, Circleville, Eaton, Hillsboro, 'Jerry City,
McComb, Mount Vernon, Nelson ville, New Holland, New Richmond, New Philadelphia, Pomeroy, Sabina, Stryker, Tippecanoe, Urbana,
Washington Court House, Ohio; Guthrie, Oklahoma; Scranton, Pennsylvania; Spartanburg, South Carolina; Bolivar, Maryville, Tennessee;
Austin, El Paso, Lorena, West, Texas ; Bristol, Randolph, Vermont; Richmond, Virginia; Antigo, Appleton, Ashland, Beloit, Berlin, Broad-
head, Cedarburg, Columbus, Delavan, Fondulac, Green Bay, Marinette, Monroe, Port Washington, Stoughton, Spartanburg, Sturgeon Bay,
Tomahawk, Waukesha, Waupaca, Waupun, West Superior, Wisconsin.
APPENDIX III
LIST OF HUMANE EDUCATION ORGANIZATIONS
AMERICAN HUMANE EDUCATION SOCIETY.
Guy Richardson, Sec., Boston, Mass.
NEW YORK STATE HUMANE EDUCATION SOCIETY.
W. 0. Stillman, M.D., Pres.; Mrs. H. Clay Preston, Sec.,
1055 Schermerhorn Street, Brooklyn, New York.
RHODE ISLAND HUMANE EDUCATION SOCIETY.
Mrs. M. L. Hull, Sec., 126 Ridge Street, Providence, R. I.
HUMANE EDUCATION SOCIETY OF DENVER.
Dr. Mary Bates, Pres.; Ellis Meredith, Sec., “ The Bellvoir,"
Denver, Colo.
SYRACUSE HUMANE EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY.
Mrs. Arthur J. Wells, Pres., Syracuse, N. Y.
HUMANE EDUCATION COMMITTEE OF THE CALIFORNIA CLUB.
Mrs. Alice L. Park, Sec., Palo Alto, Cal.
PENNSYLVANIA HUMANE EDUCATION SOCIETY.
Philadelphia, Pa.
THE NATIONAL HUMANE ALLIANCE.
(L. M. Seaver, Sec., 105 East 22d Street, N. Y.) Does some
educational work.
171
APPENDIX IV
LIST OF STATE HUMANE FEDERATIONS
NEW YORK STATE CONVENTION OF ANTI-CRUELTY SOCIETIES..
Hon. Robert J. Wilkin, Pres.; H. Clay Preston, Sec., 105
Schermerhorn Street, Brooklyn, New York.
FEDERATED HUMANE SOCIETIES OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Frank B. Rutherford, Pres.; Thomas S. Carlisle, Sec., 36
South 18th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MICHIGAN STATE HUMANE ASSOCIATION.
W. E. Tallmadge, Pres.; Mrs. A. F. Branch, Sec., 409 Water
Street, Manistee, Mich.
STATE HUMANE ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA.
John Partridge, Pres.; Matthew McCurrie, Sec., 2514 16th
Street, San Francisco, Cal.
INDIANA HUMANE ASSOCIATION.
H. G. Hawekotte, Pres.; H. A. Pershing, Sec., South
Bend, Ind.
172
APPENDIX V
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF B10-
LOGICAL SURVEY-CIRCULAR No. 70. C. HART MERRIAM,
CHIEF OF BUREAU
DIRECTORY OF OFFICIALS AND ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH
THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME, 19094
The tenth annual Directory of officials and organizations con-
cerned with the protection of birds and game in the United States
and Canada has been arranged on the same plan as the directories
issued each year since 1900, and has been revised to July 15, 1909.
The addresses are grouped under four headings—State Officials,
National Organizations, State Organizations, and Audubon So-
cieties.
The object of this Directory is to present, in convenient form,
the names of persons to whom application may be made for in-
formation respecting game laws. It also shows the date of estab-
lishment of each State commission or wardenship, the changes
which occur in such offices, and the publications issued by game
officials. As many of the present fish and game commissions
originated as fish commissions, the year when each was established
and that in which it assumed jurisdiction of game are given.
In 41 states the enforcement of game laws is intrusted to game
commissioners, wardens, or other State officers; in 5 others-
Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Nevada-to county
wardens; in Virginia to city and magisterial district wardens; in
Arkansas to sheriffs and similar local officers; and in the Dis-
trict of Columbia to the Metropolitan Police. The first special
1 Previous editions of this Directory have been published as circulars
of the Biological Survey as follows: 1900, No. 28; 1901, No. 33; 1902,
No. 35; 1903, No. 40; 1904, No. 44; 1905, No. 50; 1906, No. 53; 1907,
No. 62 ; 1908, No. 65.
173
174
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
State officials charged with preservation of game were the moose
wardens appointed in Maine in 1852 and the ducking police of
Maryland appointed in 1872. The first State commissions whose
jurisdiction was extended to include this work were the fish com-
missioners of California and New Hampshire in 1878. Several
national organizations are interested in the protection of birds
and game, of which two are really international. In addition,
state associations and many local organizations coöperate in the
work of protecting game in 26 states. One of these associations
was organized in 1844, another in 1865, and 3 others were estab-
lished more than twenty-five years ago.
Similar organizations
have been formed in 8 provinces of Canada, of which one in Nova
Scotia was established in 1853 and one in Quebec in 1859. Fi-
nally, 37 states have Audubon Societies, organized especially for
the study and protection of non-game birds.
Persons interested in game protection are requested to notify
the Biological Survey of any errors or changes in addresses in
order that necessary corrections may be made in future editions
of the Directory.
T. S. PALMER,
Assistant in Charge of Game Preservation.
Approved :
JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
[Jurisdiction extended to game protection by Act of May 25, 1900.]
Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson, Washington, D. C.
Chief of Biological Survey, C. Hart Merriam, Washington,
D. C.
Assistant in Charge of Game Preservation, T. S. Palmer, Wash-
ington, D. C.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
175
STATE OFFICIALS
[For information respecting the game laws in states and territories
which have no State Wardens address as follows: Alaskam Secretary of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; Arkansas-Secretary of State, Little
Rock; Florida-Chas. G. Megargee, Umatilla, Lake County; GeorgiaC. L.
Davis, Warm Springs ; Hawaii-1m. Alanson Bryan, Bishop Museum, Hono-
lulu; Kentucky-D. H. Nobbe, 506 20th street, Louisville; Mississippi
Miles Carroll, Yazoo City; Nevada-Secretary of State, Carson City;
Virginia—L. T. Christian, 1012 East Broad street, Richmond.
The game laws are published in pamphlet form in all the states except
Georgia and Hawaii.)
Alabama
State Game and Fish Commissioner. Office established February
19, 1907; term, four years.
.
John H. Wallace, Jr., Montgomery (term expires January,
1913).
Publications: Game Laws; Biennial Reports-last report, 1908.
Alaska
Game Warden. Office established May 11, 1908; appropriation
first available July 1, 1909; term, pleasure of Governor.
P. F. Vian, Kenai; John J. King, Dutton; Christopher C.
Shea, Seward; A. R. Garner, Circle City.
Arizona
Fish and Game Commissioners. Commission established 1887;
term, two years.
Theo. T. Swift, Safford.
Secretary, W. L. Pinney, Phoenix.
John G. Verkamp, Flagstaff. All terms expire April 1, 1911.
Publications : Game Laws.
California
Board of Fish and Game Commissioners. Board of Fish Commis-
sioners established April 2, 1870; jurisdiction extended to
game 1878; title changed 1909; term, pleasure of Governor.
President, George Stone, 200 Cherry street, San Francisco.
W. F. Van Sicklen, 1531 Central avenue, Alameda.
176
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
M. J. Connell, 405 South Hill street, Los Angeles.
Chief Deputy, Chas. A. Vogelsang, Merchants' Exchange Build-
ing, San Francisco.
Publications: Fish and Game Laws; Biennial Reports last re-
port, 1908.
Colorado
State Game and Fish Commissioner. Office of State Fish Com-
missioner established March 10, 1877; jurisdiction extended
to game, 1891. Present office established April 27, 1899;"
term, two years.
Thomas J. Holland, Room 4, Capitol building, Denver (term
expires April 1, 1911).
Deputy State Game and Fish Commissioner, James A Shinn,
Denver (term expires April 1, 1911).
Publications: Game and Fish Laws; Biennial Report-last report,
1908.
Connecticut
Commission of Fisheries and Game. Appointment of Commis-
sioners on Fisheries first authorized in 1867. Jurisdiction
extended to game, with establishment of present Commission,
April 30, 1895; term, two years.
President, George T. Mathewson, Thompsonville.
Secretary, E. Hart Geer, Hadlyme.
E. Hart Fenn, Wethersfield. All terms expire July 1, 1911.
Office of the Commission, Room 66, State Capitol, Hartford.
Publications: Fish and Game Laws; Biennial Reports—last re-
port, 1908.
Delaware
Delaware Game Protective Association. Incorporated March 28,
1879.
President, A. D. Poole, corner Seventh and West streets, Wil-
mington.
Secretary and Treasurer, Edward G. Bradford, Jr., Wilmington.
Publications : Game Laws.
2 From 1897 to 1899 the title was State Forest, Game, and Fish Com-
missioner.
8 Acts as a State Game Commission.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
177
District of Columbia
Metropolitan Police.
Superintendent, Maj. Richard Sylvester, Washington.
Harbor Master, Lieut. J. R. Sutton, Washington.
Idaho
Fish and Game Warden. Office established March 13, 1899; term,
two years.
Wm. N. Stephens, Boise (term expires March, 1911).
Chief Deputy, B. T. Livingston, Boise (until successor is ap-
pointed).
Publications: Fish and Game Laws; Biennial Reports -last re-
port, 1908.
Illinois
State Game Commissioner. Office established April 24, 1899;
term, that of Governor (four years).
Dr. John A. Wheeler, Springfield (term expires January, 1913).
Publications: Game Laws.
Indiana
Commissioner of Fisheries and Game. Office of Commissioner of
Fisheries established in 1881; jurisdiction extended to game
and birds, and present office established February 13, 1899;
term, four years.
Z. T. Sweeney, Columbus (term expires May 3, 1911).
Chief Deputy, E. E. Earle, Room 119, State House, Indian-
apolis.
Publications: Fish and Game Laws; Biennial Reports—last re-
port, 1908.
Iowa
State Fish and Game Warden. Office established October 1, 1897;
term, three years.
G. A. Lincoln, 234 Granby Block, Cedar Rapids (term expires
March 31, 1910).
* Has jurisdiction over matters pertaining to game.
13
178
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Publications: Fish and Game Laws; Biennial Reports-last re-
port, 1908.
Kansas
State Fish and Game Warden. Office of Commissioner of Fish-
eries established 1877. Present office established July 1,
1905; term, four years.
Col. T. B. Murdock, Eldorado (term expires June 30, 1913).
Publications: Fish and Game Laws.
Louisiana
Board of Commissioners for the Protection of Birds, Game, and
Fish. Established July 9, 1908; term, four years.
President, Frank M. Miller, 605 Maison Blanche Building, New
Orleans.
Dr. Oscar Dowling, Shreveport.
James B. Tucker, Natchitoches. All terms expire 1912.
Office of the Board, 605 Maison Blanche Building, New Orleans.
Publications: Fish and Game Laws.
Maine
Commissioner of Inland Fisheries and Game. Appointment of
Commissioners of Fisheries authorized February 21, 1878;
jurisdiction extended to game 1880. Present Commission
established March 8, 1899; term, three years.
Chairman, L. T. Carleton, Augusta (term expires July 1, 1910).
J. W. Brackett, Phillips (term expires January 25, 1911).
Edgar E. Ring, Orono (term expires July 25, 1909).
Publications : Fish and Game Laws; Biennial Reports-last re-
port, 1908.
Maryland
Game Warden. Office established April 4, 1896; reorganized
April 10, 1904; term, two years.
Horace F. Harmonson, Atlantic Hotel, Berlin (term expires
April, 1910).
Publications : Game and Fish Laws; Bulletins; Reports.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
179
Board of Special (Ducking) Police. Established 1872; reorgan-
ized 1880; term, two years.
Frederick C. Lawder, Havre de Grace, Harford County.
George J. Schirling, Perryman, Harford County,
William Heverin, Charlestown, Cecil County.
Richard Rickard, North East, Cecil County, All terms expire
May, 1910.
Special Policeman (for protection of wild fowl on Elk and Bo-
hemia rivers). Office established 1884; term, two years.
John Clay, Elkton, Cecil County (term expires May, 1910).
Massachusetts
Commissioners of Fisheries and Game. Organized 1865; jurisdic-
tion extended to game 1886; term, five years.
Chairman, Dr. George W. Field, State House, Boston (term
expires December 28, 1909).
Superintendent of Hatcheries, John W. Delano, Marion (term
expires December, 1910).
George H. Garfield, Brockton (term expires 1913).
Office of the Commission, Room 158, State House, Boston.
Publications: Fish and Game Laws; Annual Reports-last re-
port, 1908.
Michigan
Game, Fish, and Forestry Department. Established as a Game
and Fish Warden Department, March 15, 1887; reorganized
1907; term, four years.
Warden, Charles S. Pierce, Lansing (term expires 1911).
Chief Deputy, Charles N. Smith, Petoskey (term expires 1911).
Publications : Biennial Reports-last report, 1908.
Minnesota
Board of Game and Fish Commissioners. Appointment of Com-
missioners of Fisheries originally authorized March 5, 1874.
Office of [State] Game Warden created March 8, 1887; term,
6 State officers appointed from Harford and Cecil counties for the pro-
tection of wild fowl on the Susquehanna Flats at the head of Chesapeake
Bay.
180
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
four years. Present Board established April 20, 1891; term,
six years; reorganized 1901; term now, four years.
President, O. J. Johnson, Glenwood (term expires 1913).
First Vice-President, John H. Grill, Sherburn (term expires
1910).
Second Vice-President, J. A. Wessel, Crookston (term expires
1912).
Secretary, Robert Hannah, Fergus Falls (term expires 1911).
Executive Agent, Carlos Avery, St. Paul (term expires 1910).
Superintendent of Fisheries, S. F. Fullerton, St. Paul.
Office of the Board, State Capitol, St. Paul.
Publications: Game and Fish Laws; Biennial Reports; last re-
port, 1908.
Missouri
Game and Fish Commissioner. Office of Game and Fish Warden
established April 8, 1895; reorganized June 17, 1905; term,
two years. Present office established August 16, 1909; term,
four years.
Jesse A. Tolerton, Branson (term expires August 16, 1913).
Publications : Game and Fish Laws; Annual Reports-last re-
port, 1907.
Montana
State Game and Fish Warden. Board of Game and Fish Com-
missioners established March 14, 1895; term, three years.
Replaced by present office March 18, 1901; term, four years.
Henry Avare, Helena (term expires March, 1913).
Deputy D. H. Morgan, Helena.
Publications : Game and Fish Laws; Biennial Reports; last re-
port, 1906.
Nebraska
Game and Fish Commission. Established July 1, 1901; term, two
years.
Commissioner, Gov. Ashton C. Shallenberger, Lincoln (term
expires January 1, 1911).
Chief Deputy, Dan Geilus, Lincoln (term expires July 1, 1911).
Publications : Game and Fish Laws; Biennial Reports; last re-
port, 1908.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
181
New Hampshire
Board of Fish and Game Commissioners. Originally established
as a Fish Commission June 30, 1865. Present Board estab-
lished 1878; term, five years.
Chairman, Nathaniel Wentworth, Hudson (term expires 1912).
Financial Agent and Secretary, Charles B. Clarke, Concord
(term expires February 11, 1911).
Frank P. Brown, Whitefield (term expires June 14, 1913).
Publications : Fish and Game Laws; Biennial Reports—last re-
port, 1908.
New Jersey
Board of Fish and Game Commissioners. Appointment of Com-
missioners of Fisheries first authorized March 17, 1870; juris-
diction extended to game, 1894. Board of Fish and Game
Commissioners established March 22, 1895; term, now four
years.
President, B. C. Kuser, Trenton (term expires 1911).
Treasurer, Wm. A. Logue, Bridgeton (term expires 1912).
Percival Chrystie, High Bridge (term expires 1910).
Ernest Napier, East Orange (term expires 1913).
Secretary, Walter H. Fell, Trenton.
Fish and Game Protector, James M. Stratton, North Long
Branch.
Publications: Fish and Game Laws; Annual Reports-last re-
port, 1908.
New Mexico
Game and Fish Warden. Office established March 12, 1903; term,
two years.
Thomas P. Gable, Sante Fe (term expires April 1, 1911).
Publications : Fish and Game Laws, in English and Spanish.
New York
Forest, Fish, and Game Commission. Originally established as a
Commission of Fisheries in 1868. Office of Chief Game and
Fish Protector created in 1888. Present commission estab-
lished in 1895 and reorganized March 12, 1901; term, four
years.
182
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Commissioner, James S. Whipple, Albany (term expires April
15, 1912).
Deputy Commissioner, J. Duncan Lawrence, Bloomville (to
serve with Commissioner).
Secretary, John D. Whish, Albany (until successor is ap-
pointed).
Chief Game Protector, John B. Burnham, Essex (until suc-
cessor is appointed).
Office of the Commission, The Capitol, Albany.
Publications: Forest, Fish, and Game Laws; maps; Annual Re-
ports-last report, 1908.
North Carolina
dubon Society of North Carolina. Organized March 11, 1902;
incorporated March 6, 1903.
President, Dr. R. H. Lewis, Raleigh.
Secretary, T. Gilbert Pearson, Greensboro.
Publications: State Game Law; circulars; Annual Reports-last
report, 1908.
North Dakota
Game and Fish Board of Control. Established April 1, 1909;
terms, two and four years.
President, Herman Winterer, Valley City (term expires April
1, 1913).
Vice-President, J. L. Killion, Towner (term expires April 1,
1911).
Secretary, D. I. Armstrong, Willow City (term expires April
1, 1911).
J. B. Eaton, Fargo (term expires April 1, 1913).
Thomas Griffiths, Grand Forks (term expires April 1, 1911).
District Game Warden. Office originally established as State
Game Warden in 1895; changed to District Game Warden in
1903; term, two years.
District No. 1 (northern). W. N. Smith, Grafton (term ex-
pires April 1, 1911).
District No. 2 (southern). Olaf Bjorke, Abercrombie (term
expires April 1, 1911).
• Acts as a State Game Commission.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
183
Publications : Game and Fish Laws; Biennial Reports; last re-
port, 1908.
Ohio
Commissioners of Fish' and Game. Appointment of Commis-
sioners of Fisheries first authorized May 3, 1873; jurisdic-
tion extended to game with establishment of present Com-
mission of 5 members May 17, 1886; term, five years.
President, Paul North, Cleveland (term expires May 17, 1913).
Dr. D. W. Greene, Dayton (term expires May 17, 1912).
Thomas B. Paxton, Cincinnati (term expires May 17, 1910).
Geo. W. McCook, Steubenville (term expires May 17, 1914).
J. F. Rankin, South Charleston (term expires May 17, 1911).
Secretary, Geo. C. Blankner, Columbus (term expires at pleas-
ure of Commission).
Chief Warden, Gen. John C. Speaks, Columbus (term expires
May 1, 1911).
Office of the Commission, Columbus.
Publications: Fish and Game Laws; Annual Reports->last re-
port, 1908.
Oklahoma
State Game and Fish Warden. Office established March 10, 1899;
term, four years.
Jude Askew, Chickasha (term expires January 1, 1911).
Publications: Reports-last report, 1908.
Oregon
Game and Forestry Warden. Office of Game and Fish Protector
established in 1893; term, two years. Present office estab-
lished February 18, 1899; term, four years.
R. O. Stevenson, Forest Grove (term expires 1909).
Publications : Game Laws; Biennial Reports-last report, 1908.
Pennsylvania
Board of Game Commissioners. Board established 1895; term,
three years.
President, James H. Worden, Harrisburg (term expires 1912).
C. K. Sober, Lewisburg (term expires November 17, 1911).
184
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Wm. Heyward Myers, Williamsport (term expires 1912).
Dr. Charles B. Penrose, 1720 Spruce street, Philadelphia (term
expires 1911).
John M. Phillips, 2227 Jane street, Pittsburg (term expires
November 17, 1911).
Arthur Chapman, Doylestown (term expires 1911).
Secretary, Dr. Joseph Kalbfus, Harrisburg.
Office of the Board, The Capitol, Harrisburg.
Publications : Digest of Game and Fish Laws; Annual Reports-
last report, 1908.
Rhode Island
Commissioners of Birds. Commission established June, 1899;
term, three years.
Chairman, Charles H. Remington, 216 Waterman avenue, East
Providence.
W. Gordon Reed, 2d, Cowesett.
Dr. E. R. Lewis, Westerly.
William H. Thayer, Bristol.
A. O’D. Taylor, 11 Francis street, Newport.
All terms expire January 31, 1911.
Publications: Abstract of Game Laws; Annual Reports-last re-
port, 1908.
South Carolina
Audubon Society of South Carolina. Incorporated February 19,
1907.
President, B. F. Taylor, Columbia.
Secretary, James Henry Rice, Jr., 336 Pine street, Spartan-
burg.
Publications: State Game Laws; Annual Reports-last report,
1908.
South Dakota
State Game Warden. Office established July 1, 1909; term, two
years.
W. F. Bancroft, Watertown (term expires July 1, 1911).
? Acts as a State Game Commission.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
185
Tennessee
State Warden of Game, Fish, and Forestry Office of State
Warden established April 11, 1903; Department of Game,
Fish, and Forestry established April 15, 1905; term, eight
years.
Joseph H. Acklen, Nashville (term expires April 17, 1913).
Publications: Game, Fish, and Forestry Laws, and Reports-last
report, 1908.
Texas
Game, Fish, and Oyster Commissioner. Office of Fish and Oyster
Commissioner established 1895; jurisdiction extended to game
1907.
R. H. Wood, Rockport.
Chief Deputy, R. W. Lorance, Austin.
Office of the Game Commissioner, Austin.
Utah
State Fish and Game Commissioner. Office of State Fish and
Game Warden established 1897; term, two years. Present
office established March 9, 1899; term, two years.
Fred. W. Chambers, Salt Lake City (term expires April 5,
1911).
Publications : Fish and Game Laws; Biennial Reports-last re-
port, 1908.
Vermont
Fish and Game Commissioner. Fish Commission established
1867; reorganized as a Fish and Game Commission Novem-
ber 22, 1892. Present office established December 7, 1904;
term, two years.
Henry G. Thomas, Stowe (term expires November 30, 1910).
Publications: Fish and Game Laws; Biennial Reports-last re-
port, 1908.
Washington
State Fish Commissioner and Game Warden. Office of Game
Warden established February 6, 1890; term, four years.
Present office established March 13, 1899; term, four years.
8 The Act passed, at the recent session of the Legislature, making the
Commissioner of Agriculture ex-oficio State Warden, has been declared
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Tennessee.
186
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
John L. Riseland, Bellingham (term expires April 1, 1911).
Chief Deputy State Game Warden, R. C. Beebe, Bellingham.
Publications: Fish, Oyster, and Game Laws; Annual Reports-
last report, 1908.
West Virginia
Forest, Game, and Fish Warden. Office of Game and Fish
Warden etsablished May 18, 1897; reorganized, 1909; term,
four years.
J. A. Viquesney, Belington (term expires April, 1913).
Publications : Game and Fish Laws; Annual Reports-last re-
port, 1908.
Wisconsin
State Warden. Office established May 5, 1891; term, two years.
Capt. George W. Rickeman, Madison (term expires June,
1911).
Publications: Fish and Game Laws.
Wyoming
State Game Warden. Office of Fish Commissioner established
1879;e jurisdiction extended to game, 1895. Present office
established February 15, 1899; term, four years.
D. C. Nowlin, Lander (term expires February 20, 1911).
Publications : Game and Fish Laws; Annual Reportsm-last re-
port, 1908.
CANADA
Alberta
Department of Agriculture.10 Office of Chief Game Guardian es-
tablished 1905.11
Minister, W. T. Finlay, Edmonton.
Chief Game Guardian, Benjamin Lawton, Edmonton.
Publications: Game Laws; Annual Reports--last report, 1908.
• From 1882 to 1884 the duties were performed by a board of six Fish
Commissioners.
10 Has jurisdiction over matters pertaining to game.
11 Prior to 1905 the duties were performed by the Chief Game Guardian
of the Northwest Territories, an officer first appointed in 1902.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
187
British Columbia
Provincial Game and Forest Warden. Office established 1905.
A. Bryan Williams, Fairfield Building, Vancouver.
Publications : Game Laws; Annual Reports-last report, 1908.
Manitoba
Department of Agriculture and Immigration. Office of Chief
Game Guardian established August, 1898.
Minister, R. P. Roblin, Winnipeg.
Chief Game Guardian, Charles Barber, Winnipeg.
Publications : Game Protection Act; Annual Reports-last report,
1908.
New Brunswick
Crown Land Department." Office of Chief Game Commissioner
established 1878; title changed to Chief Wardens, 1909.
Surveyor-General and Chief Ranger, W. C. H. Grimmer, St.
Stephen.
Deputy Surveyor-General, T. G. Loggie, Fredericton.
Chief Fishery, Game, and Fire Wardens:
District No. 1, Dennis Doyle, Newcastle.
District No. 2, A. E. O'Leary, Richibucto.
District No. 3, W. J. Dean, Musquash.
District No. 4, John McGibbon, St. Stephen.
Overseer of Fisheries, C. U. McCulley, Chatham.
Publications : Game Laws; Annual Reports-last report, 1908.
Newfoundland
Department of Marine and Fisheries. Established March 10,
1898.
Game Preservation and Inland Fisheries Board (15 members)
authorized May 10, 1906; organized 1909.
Minister, A. W. Piccott, St. Johns.
Deputy Minister, A. C. Goodridge, St. Johns.
Secretary of Fisheries Board, Judge D. W. Prowse, Box 1187,
St. Johns.
President of Game Preservation Board, Minister of Marine and
Fisheries.
Publications: Annual Reports-last report, 1908.
12 Has jurisdiction over matters pertaining to game.
188
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Nova Scotia
Board of Game Commissioners. Established April 16, 1908.
(Duties formerly exercised by Nova Scotia Game and Inland
Fishery Protection Society.)
Chief Game Commissioner, J. A. Knight, St. Paul Building,
Halifax.
Associate Commissioner, A. 0. Pritchard, New Glasgow; C.
R. Kelly, Yarmouth.
Ontario
Department of Public Works-Game and Fisheries Branch. Of-
fice of Chief Game Warden established 1892; office of Super-
intendent of Game and Fisheries established 1907.
Minister, J. 0. Reaume, Parliament Buildings, Toronto.
Superintendent of Game and Fisheries, E. Tinsley, Parliament
Buildings, Toronto.
Publications : Game Laws; Annual Reports-last report, 1908.
Prince Edward Island
Game Inspector. Office established April 21, 1906; term, pleas-
ure of Lieutenant-Governor in Council.
E. T. Carbonell, Box 85, Charlottetown,
Publications : Annual Reports-last report, 1908.
Quebec
Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries-Fisheries and
Game Branch. Office of Game Superintendent established
June 10, 1884; reorganized in 1897 and 1906.
Minister, Charles Devlin, Quebec.
Deputy Minister, J. Dufault, Quebec.
General Superintendent of Fisheries and Game, Hector Caron,
Quebec.
Assistant Superintendent of Fisheries and Game, Eug. Hamel,
Quebec.
General Inspector of Fisheries and Game, J. A. Belisle, Quebec.
Publications: Fish and Game Laws, in French and English;
Annual Reports-last report, 1908.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
189
Saskatchewan
Department of Agriculture." Office of Chief Game Guardian
established 1905;" term, pleasure of Commissioner of Agri-
culture.
Commissioner of Agriculture, W. R. Motherwell, Regina.
Deputy Commissioner, W. J. Rutherford, Regina.
Chief Game Guardian, T. N. Willing, Regina.
Publications : Annual Reports-last report, 1908.
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
AMERICAN BISON SOCIETY. Organized December 8, 1905.
President, William T. Hornaday, 185th street and Southern
Boulevard, New York, N. Y.
Secretary, Ernest Harold Baynes, Meriden, N. H.
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. COMMITTEE ON PROTECTION
OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Established October 1, 1884.
Chairman, A. K Fisher, Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, D. C.
BOONE AND CROCKETT CLUB. Founded December, 1887.
[One of the objects of the Club is the preservation of the large game
of this country by furthering legislation for that purpose, and by
assisting in enforcing existing laws.]
President, W. A. Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.
Secretary, Madison Grant, 11 Wall street, New York, N. Y.
CAMP FIRE CLUB OF AMERICA. Organized 1903; incorporated
1904.
President, Ernest Thompson Seton, Cos Cob, Conn.
Secretary, Arthur F. Rice, Flatiron Building, New York, N. Y.
LEAGUE OF AMERICAN SPORTSMEN. Organized January 18, 1898;
incorporated June 1, 1898.
President, G. O. Shields, 1061 Simpson street, New York, N. Y.
Secretary, H. M. Beach, 1061 Simpson street, New York, N. Y.
LEWIS AND CLARK CLUB. Organized January, 1905.
President, Wm. M. Kennedy, 327 Fourth avenue, Pittsburg, Pa.
18 Has jurisdiction over matters pertaining to game.
14 Prior to 1905 the duties were performed by the Chief Game Guardian
of the Northwest Territories, an oificer first appointed in 1902.
190
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Secretary and Treasurer, Wm. S. Brown, 523 Wood street,
Pittsburg, Pa.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GAME AND FISH WARDENS. Organized
July 20, 1902; reorganized February 11, 1904.
President, William F. Scott, Chouteau, Mont.
Secretary, Chas. A. Vogelsang, Merchants' Exchange, San
Francisco, Cal.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES. Organized as a
national committee April 4, 1902; incorporated January 5,
1905.
President, William Dutcher, 141 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Secretary, T. Gilbert Pearson, Greensboro, N. C.
Office of the Association, 141 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Incorporated April 26, 1895.
(This society takes an active part in the protection of birds and game.]
President, Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn, 850 Madison avenue,
New York, N. Y.
Secretary, Madison Grant, 11 Wall Street, New York, N. Y.
NORTH AMERICAN FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION.
Organized January 30, 1900.
President, W. E. Meehan, Harrisburg, Pa.
Secretary-treasurer, E. T. D. Chambers, Quebec.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS
CALIFORNIA GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Organized
May 26, 1900
President, H. W. Keller, 668 Pacific Electric Building, Los
Angeles.
Secretary, A. R. Orr, Visalia.
CONNECTICUT FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Or-
ganized June 17, 1909.
President, Theodore Sturgis, Fairfield.
Secretary and Treasurer, Capt. Washington A. Coster, Box
127, Uncasville.
DELAWARE GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. (See p. 176.)
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
191
GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA. Organized February 3, 1897.
President, Dr. W. S. Harban, 1339 K. street NW., Wash-
ington.
Secretary-treasurer, Dr. W. P. Young, 419 Tenth street NW.,
Washington.
GEORGIA STATE GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Or-
ganized May 18, 1909.
President, C. L. Davis, Warm Springs.
Secretary, Barschall Andrews, Columbus.
IOWA FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Incorporated
May 14, 1908.
President, M. C. Matthews, Dubuque.
Secretary, Jules C. Gregoire, 639 Main street, Dubuque.
KENTUCKY FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Organ-
ized February 22, 1909.
President, Joseph G. Sachs, Sachs Law Building, Louisville.
Secretary, E. H. Nobbe, 506 Twentieth street, Louisville.
MAINE SPORTSMEN'S FISH AND GAME ASSOCIATION. Chartered
1893.
President, D. M. Parks, Pittsfield.
Secretary and Treasurer, Gen. E. C. Farrington, Augusta.
MARYLAND STATE GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION.
Organized March 5, 1895; incorporated May 13, 1898.
President, George Dobbin Penniman, B. and 0. Building, Bal-
timore.
Secretary and Attorney, Talbott Denmead, 213 St. Paul street,
Baltimore.
MASSACHUSETTS FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Char-
tered March 29, 1877.
Chartered March
[Formerly the Massachusetts Anglers' Association.
18, 1874.]
President, Salem D. Charles, City Hall, Boston.
Secretary, Henry H. Kimball, 748 Tremont Building, Boston.
THE MICHIGAN ASSOCIATION. Organized April 19, 1907.
President, W. B. Mershon, Saginaw.
Secretary, Fred George, Detroit.
192
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
MICHIGAN STATE GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE LEAGUE. Organ-
ized 1880.
President, R. S. Woodliff, Jackson.
Secretary and Treasurer, W. C. Sterling, Jr., Monroe.
MISSOURI GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE LEAGUE. Organized Feb-
ruary 26, 1902; incorporated July 2, 1902.
President, A. E. Winkelmeyer, Union Biscuit Co., Sixth and
Carr streets, St. Louis.
Corresponding Secretary, E. T. Grether, 6208 Etzel avenue, St.
Louis.
STATE LEAGUE OF MISSOURI SPORTSMEN. Organized November,
1908.
President, Judge J. E. Guinotte, Kansas City.
Secretary, H. R. Walmsley, 318 Keith & Perry Building, Kan-
sas City.
MONTANA FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Organized
January 27, 1901.
President, Richard A. Harlow, Helena.
Secretary, A. L. Palmer, Helena.
ASSOCIATION OF NEW JERSEY SPORTSMEN FOR THE PROTECTION
AND PROPAGATION OF GAME. Organized October 12, 1907.
President, George Batten, 93 Union street, Montclair.
Secretary, Edward Winslow, 180 Walnut street, Montclair.
NEW YORK ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF GAME. Founded
May 20, 1844; incorporated 1884.
President, Col. Alfred Wagstaff, 29 Madison avenue, New York.
Secretary, Robert B. Lawrence, 45 Broadway, New York.
NEW YORK STATE FISH, GAME, AND FOREST LEAGUE. Organized
1897; incorporated April 16, 1898.
[Formerly the New York State Association for the Protection of Fish
and Game. Organized 1865.]
President, Dr. F. S. Honsinger, Syracuse.
Secretary, L. C. Andrews, Elmira.
NORTH DAKOTA GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Or-
ganized May 22, 1907.
President, W. W. Cook, Fargo.
Secretary, W. B. Bell, Agricultural College.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
193
[OH10] CUVIER CLUB OF CINCINNATI. Organized February 5,
1874; incorporated June 21, 1881.
[Formerly the Ohio State Society for the Protection of Game and Fish.
Organized June 14, 1871.)
President, John E. Bruce, Cuvier Club, Cincinnati.
Secretary, Edwin B. Innes, Cuvier Club, Cincinnati.
OKLAHOMA STATE GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION.
Organized December 11, 1908.
President, S. H. Harris, Oklahoma City.
Secretary, J. C. Clark, Oklahoma City.
OREGON FISH AND GAME ASSOCIATION. Organized January 28,
1899.
President, Dr. P. S. Langworthy, First and Morrison streets,
Portland.
Secretary, A. E. Gebhardt, 424 Chamber of Commerce Build-
ing, Portland.
TENNESSEE GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Incor-
porated December 20, 1904.
President, Joseph H. Acklen, Nashville.
Secretary and Treasurer, Thomas M. Hart, Nashville.
TEXAS GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Organized April, 1906.
[The original association of this name was organized in Sept., 1896.]
President, J. J. Stevens, San Antonio.
Secretary, Col. 0. C. Guessaz, San Antonio.
VERMONT FISH AND GAME LEAGUE. Incorporated November 21,
1890.
President, Maxwell Evarts, 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Secretary, H. G. Thomas, Stowe, Vt.
EASTERN SHORE GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION OF VIRGINIA.
Organized 1893; incorporated March, 1894.
President, J. W. Bowdoin, Bloxom.
Secretary and Treasurer, T. W. Blackstone, Accomac.
VIRGINIA STATE GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Organized Feb-
ruary 15, 1905.
President, Dr. J. B. Fisher, Midlothian.
Secretary-treasurer, L. T. Christian, 1012 East Broad street,
Richmond.
14
194
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
WASHINGTON STATE GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION.
Organized December 4, 1903; incorporated.
President, Frank A. Pontius, Seattle.
Secretary-treasurer, H. Rief, 320 Jefferson street, Seattle.
WEST VIRGINIA FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Or-
ganized November 14, 1906.
President, R. H. Smith, Ronceverte.
Secretary-treasurer, L. C. Crile, Clarksburg.
WISCONSIN GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Organized 1899.
President, Joseph Fischer, 818 Thirty-first street, Milwaukee.
Secretary, Adolph Raeth, 836 Twenty-fifth street, Milwaukee.
[WISCONSIN] NORTHWESTERN GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION.
Organized December 5, 1904.
President, Gen. Joseph B. Doe, 309 Wells Building, Milwaukee.
Secretary, E. L. Tracy, 507 Pabst Building, Milwaukee.
WISCONSIN STATE GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION.
Organized March 23, 1909.
.
President, Edward L. Kelley, Manitowoc.
Secretary, H. C. Berndt, Manitowoc.
FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION OF ALBERTA. Organ-
ized January, 1907.
President, R. A. Darker, Calgary.
Secretary-treasurer, Dr. E. Sisley, Calgary.
MANITOBA GADE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Organized 1905.
President, A. L. Hamilton, Portage la Prairie.
Secretary-treasurer, J. P. Turner, 339 Main street, Winnipeg.
NEW BRUNSWICK FISH, FOREST, AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIA-
TION. Organized June 12, 1907.
President, C. Fred Chestnut, Fredericton.
Secretary, J. J. F. Winslow, Fredericton.
Nova SCOTIA GAME AND INLAND FISHERY PROTECTION SOCIETY.
Organized March 18, 1853.
President, L. G. Power, Halifax.
Secretary-treasurer, Harris L. Tremaine, Queen Building,
Halifax.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
195
PEOPLES' GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION OF NOVA
SCOTIA. Organized 1906.
President, H. D. Ruggles, Annapolis.
Secretary and Treasurer, Frank W. Russell, Halifax.
ONTARIO FOREST, FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Or-
ganized June 7, 1905.
Acting President, Oliver Adams, 55 Glen Road, Toronto.
Secretary-treasurer, A. Kelly Evans, Empire Building, 64 Wel-
lington street West, Toronto.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND GAME AND FISH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIA-
TION. Organized September 1, 1905. Incorporated April
21, 1906.
President, Albert E. Morrison, Charlottetown.
Secretary, E. T. Carbonell, Box 85, Chalottetown.
PROVINCE OF QUEBEC ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF FISH
AND GAME. Organized February 23, 1859.
President, H. G. Elliott, Montreal.
Secretary, J. R. Innes, Imperial Bank Building, Montreal.
SPORTSMEN'S FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION OF THE
PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. Incorporated 1901.
President, E. G. Joly de Lotbinière, Quebec.
Secretary, E. T. D. Chambers, Quebec.
SASKATCHEWAN GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. Organized
August 10, 1906.
President, Dr. D. Low, Regina.
Secretary, W. M. Van Valkenburg, Regina.
10
AUDUBON SOCIETIES"
[Organized for the study and protection of birds. Societies not heard
from in 1909 are marked with an asterisk (*).]
ALABAMA.
President and Acting Secretary, E. G. Holt, Montgomery.
Secretary,
ARIZONA. Organized April, 1908.
President, Herbert Brown, Tucson.
Secretary, Mrs. Harriet B. Thornber, Tucson.
10 For National Association of Audubon Societies, see p. 190.
196
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
CALIFORNIA. Organized May 31, 1906.
[Local societies organized at Redlands, April 17, 1899, and Pasadena,
March 25, 1904.)
President, Dr. David Starr Jordan, Stanford University.
Secretary, Mrs. Harriet W. Myers, 306 Avenue 66, Los Angeles.
CONNECTICUT. Organized January 28, 1898.
President, Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Fairfield.
Secretary, Mrs. William Brown Glover, Fairfield.
DELAWARE. Organized April, 1900.
President, A. D. Poole, corner Seventh and West streets, Wil-
mington.
Secretary, Mrs. Wm. S. Hilles, 904 Market street, Wilmington.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Organized May 18, 1897.
President, Hon. Job Barnard, 1306 Rhode Island avenue,
Washington, D. C.
Secretary, Miss Helen P. Childs, Chevy Chase, Md.
FLORIDA. Organized March 2, 1900.
President, L. F. Dommerich, Maitland.
Secretary, Mrs. I. Vanderpool, Maitland.
ILLINOIS. Organized April 1, 1897.
President, Ruthven Deane, Room 913, 135 Adams street,
Chicago.
Secretary-treasurer, Miss Mary Drummond, Spring Lane, Lake
Forest.
INDIANA. Organized April 26, 1898.
President, Amos W. Butler, 52 State House, Indianapolis.
Secretary, Miss Florence A. Howe, 2043 Hillsdale avenue,
Indianapolis.
Iowa. Organized April 5, 1898.
President, Mrs. W. B. Small, Waterloo.
Secretary, Mrs. William F. Parrott, 302 Franklin street,
Waterloo.
KANSAS. Organized October 2, 1908.
President, Richard H. Sullivan, Wichita.
Secretary, Frank E. McMullen, Wichita.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
197
LOUISIANA. Organized November, 1902.
President, Prof. Geo. E. Beyer, Tulane University, New
Orleans.
Secretary, Mrs. Percival Wraight, 460 Pine street, New Orleans.
MAINE. Organized July 31, 1902.
President, Prof. A. L. Lane, East Winthrop.
Secretary, Arthur H. Norton, 22 Elm street, Portland.
MARYLAND. Organized 1906.
President,
Secretary, Miss Minna D. Starr, 2400 North Charles street,
Baltimore.
MASSACHUSETTS. Organized January, 1896.
President, William Brewster, 145 Brattle street, Cambridge.
Secretary and Treasurer, Miss Jessie E. Kimball, Boston So-
ciety of Natural History, Boston.
Chairman Protection Committee, Ralph Hoffmann, Belmont.
MICHIGAN. Organized February, 1904.
Acting President, Wm. Aikman, Jr., 4 Walker Block, Detroit.
Secretary, Jefferson Butler, 121 Grummond avenue, Detroit.
MINNESOTA. Organized June 1, 1897.
President, John W. Taylor, 206 Globe Building, St. Paul.
Secretary,
MISSISSIPPI. Organized November 13, 1907.
President, Wm. Hemingway, Jackson.
Secretary, Andrew Allison, Ellisville.
MISSOURI. Organized June 14, 1901; reorganized December 10,
1907.
President, H. R. Walmsley, 318 Keith & Perry Building,
Kansas City.
Secretary, Sidney J. Hare, 3224 Campbell street, Kansas City.
NEBRASKA. Organized June, 1902.
President, Dr. Solon R. Towne, Continental Building, Omaha.
Secretary, Miss Joy Higgins, 527 Park avenue, Omaha.
NEW HAMPSHIRE. Organized April 6, 1897.
President, Mrs. Arthur E, Clarke, North River road, Man-
chester,
198
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Secretary, Miss Sarah Hazard, 100 Harrison street, Man-
chester.
NEW JERSEY. Organized May, 1897.
President, Alexander Gilbert, 318 West Eighth street, Plain-
field.
Secretary, Miss Julia S. Scribner, 510 East Front street,
Plainfield.
NEW YORK. Organized February 23, 1897; incorporated Novem-
ber 23, 1904.
President, Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn, 850 Madison avenue.
New York.
Secretary, Miss Emma H. Lockwood, Scarboro.
NORTH CAROLINA. Organized March 11, 1902; incorporated
March 6, 1903. (See p. 182.)
NORTH DAKOTA. Grand Forks Society organized 1903; State
Society organized April, 1904.
President, Dr. O. G. Libby, Grand Forks.
Secretary, Mrs. G. F. Ruediger, 517 South Sixth street, Grand
Forks.
OHIO. Organized December 14, 1898; incorporated March 22,
1900.
President, William Hubbell Fisher, 13 Wiggins Block, Cin-
cinnati.
Secretary, Miss Katherine Rattermann, 510 York street, Cin-
cinnati.
OKLAHOMA. Organized 1902; incorporated June 16, 1906; re-
organized June 25, 1907.
President, Dr. H. 0. Scott, Guthrie.
Secretary, Miss Alma Carson, Guthrie.
OREGON. Organized July 1, 1902; incorporated 1909.
[Formerly the John Burroughs Bird Society, organized in 1900.]
President, W. L. Finley, Milwaukee.
Secretary, Dr. Emma J. Welty, 321 Montgomery street, Port-
land.
PENNSYLVANIA. Organized October, 1896.
President, Witmer Stone, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME
199
Secretary, Miss Elizabeth Wilson Fisher, Room 22, 524 Walnut
street, Philadelphia.
* RHODE ISLAND. Organized October, 1897.
President, Dr. Albert D. Meade, Brown University, Providence.
Secretary, Miss Alice W. Wilcox, 165 Prospect street, Provi-
dence.
SOUTH CAROLINA. Organized January 4, 1900; incorporated
February 19, 1907. (See p. 184.)
SOUTH DAKOTA. Organized March, 1907.
President, Charles E. Holmes, Sioux Falls.
Secretary, George A. Pettigrew, Sioux Falls.
TEXAS. Organized 1903.
President,
Secretary, M. B. Davis, Waco.
VERMONT. Organized September 2, 1901.
President, Prof. J. W. Votey, University of Vermont, Bur-
lington.
Secretary, Carleton D. Howe, Essex Junction.
VIRGINIA. Organized December 11, 1908.
[Local societies organized at Glen Carlya, June 3, 1901, and Falls
Church, September 29, 1903.)
President, Mrs. Moses D. Hoge, Jr., 308 East Grace street,
Richmond.
Secretary, Miss Belle Fitzpatrick, 306 East Main street, Rich-
mond.
WASHINGTON. Organized April 20, 1907.
President James Illingworth, 2201 Harvard avenue North,
Seattle.
Secretary, H. Rief, 320 Jefferson street, Seattle.
WISCONSIN. Organized April 20, 1897; reorganized June 10,
1908.
President, R. H. Denniston, State University, Madison.
Secretary-treasurer, Charles E. Brown, State Historical Li-
brary, Madison.
APPENDIX VI
CHARTER OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE PREVEN-
TION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS
AN ACT to incorporate “ THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE PRE-
VENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS.” Passed April 10, 1866,
by the Legislature of the State of New York-Vol. I., Chap.
469, page 1019, of the Laws of 1866.
SEC. 1. That John T. Hoffman, Henry Grinnell, J. J. Astor,
Jr., Geo. Bancroft, Shepherd Knapp, James T. Brady, John A.
Dix, Marshall 0. Roberts, James Brown, Horatio Potter, Thos.
H. Taylor, Erastus Brooks, Chas. P. Daly, Moses Taylor, Geo.
T. Trimble, John D. Wolf, Henry W. Bellows, Peter Cooper,
Francis B. Cutting, Wm. H. Aspinwall, John Van Buren, Hamil-
ton Fish, Daniel Parish, John J. Cisco, A. Oakey Hall, John
McCloskey, Wm. C. Bryant, Edward G. Steele, Horace Greeley,
Sam'l B. Ruggles, James Lenox, August Belmont, Moses H. Grin-
nell, Wm. H. Webb, Jas. Gallatin, Harper Brothers, Jas. J.
Roosevelt, C. V. S. Roosevelt, Alex. Stewart, D. C. Kingsland,
Jas. W. Gerard, Joseph P. Beach, Geo. T. Olyphant, Oliver S.
Strong, Henry Clews, Archibald Russell, Benjamin R. Winthrop,
John A. Kennedy, Daniel Carpenter, Geo. W. Dilks, Chas. Ad-
doms, Geo. Griswold, Simeon Draper, Robert L. Stewart, Andrew
Warner, Alex. T. Stewart, Daniel Butterfield, A. C. Kingsland,
E. A. Washburn, M. S. Beach, John D. Jones, Frank Leslie, Wm.
Coventry, H. Waddell, Chas. A. Bristed, Thomas C. Acto
McMurray, James Leonard, A. D. Russell, Henry Bergh, all of
the City of New York, and such other persons as may be asso-
ciated with them, in conformity to this act, and their successors,
are hereby constituted and created a body corporate, by the name
of “The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals."
200
CHARTER OF AMERICAN SOCIETY
201
SEC. 2. The officers of the said corporation shall consist of a
President, ten Vice-Presidents, one Secretary, one Treasurer, an
Executive Committee of fifteen members, and such other officers
as shall from time to time seem necessary to this Society.
SEC. 3. The foregoing officers shall be chosen from among
the members of the Society.
SEC. 4. A library may be created for the use of the Society.
SEC. 5. The said Society, for fixing the terms of admission
of its members, for the government of the same, for the election,
changing, and altering the officers above named, and for the gen-
eral regulation and management of its affairs, shall have power
to form a code of By-Laws, not inconsistent with the laws of
this State or of the United States, which code, when formed and
adopted at a regular meeting shall, until modified or rescinded,
be equally binding as this act upon the Society, its officers and
members.
SEC. 6. This Society shall not, in its corporate capacity, hold
real estate exceeding in value, at any one time, the sum of one
hundred thousand dollars.
SEC. 7. The police force of the City of New York, as well as
of all other places where police organizations exist, shall, as occa-
sion may require, aid the Society, its members or agents, in the
enforcement of all laws which are now, or may hereafter be,
enacted for the protection of dumb animals.
SEC. 8. One-half of the fines collected through the instru-
mentality of the Society, or of its agents for violations of such
laws, shall accrue to the benefit of said Society.
SEC. 9. The provisions of this act shall be general, within
the boundaries of the State.
SEC. 10. This act shall take effect immediately.
1
1 Amended in 1871 by allowing revenue from real estate to be $50,000
per annum.
Amended in 1890, allowing the holding of property “not to exceed in
value three million dollars.'
2 The Laws of 1867 provide that all ines shall inure to the Society.
“ All fines, penalties, or forfeitures, imposed or collected, for violation
of any laws enacted for the prevention of cruelty to animals, must be
paid on demand to the Society." See Chapter 490, Laws of 1888,
202
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
AMENDMENT OF CHARTER
AN ACT relative to the acquisition of real property by The
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and
to amend the Charter thereof. Passed 7th March, 1871.
The people of the State of New York, represented in Senate
and Assembly, do enact as follows:
SEC. 1. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals, a Corporation created by an Act of the Legislature
of this State, passed April 10th, 1866, is hereby authorized and
empowered to take, hold, use, and enjoy all the lands, tenements,
and hereditaments which were, by the last will of Louis Bonard,
devised unto the said Corporation, for the uses and purposes in
said will expressed. And all the estate, claim, right, title, and
interest of the people of this State, of, in, and to said lands, tene-
ments and hereditaments, and every part thereof are hereby re-
leased, granted, confirmed to, and vested in said Corporation.
SEC. 2. The Sixth Section of an act entitled “ An Act to in-
corporate The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals," passed April 10th, 1866, is hereby amended, and
shall read as follows:
$ 6. This Corporation shall be capable of taking, holding, and
enjoying any real property by virtue of any deed, or of any
devise contained in any last will of any person, whomsoever, sub-
ject to the provisions of law relative to devises by last will. But
this Corporation shall not, in its corporate capacity, hold real
estate, the yearly income derived from which shall exceed the sum
of fifty thousand dollars.
Sec. 3. Nothing in this act contained shall in any manner
affect the rights of any heir or creditor of the late Louis Bonard.
SEC. 4. This act shall take effect immediately.
3 Amended 1890, Chapter 553, Laws of 1890, allowing yearly revenue
to be $250,000, and to hold "property not exceeding in value three million
dollars."
APPENDIX VII
BY-LAWS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE PREVEN-
TION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS
The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
hereby adopts and declares the following to be the By-Laws
of the Society.
CHAPTER I. TITLE
The title and name of this Society is “ The American Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals."
CHAPTER II. OBJECTS
The objects of this Society are: to provide effective means for
the prevention of cruelty to animals throughout the United States;
to enforce all laws which are now, or may hereafter be, enacted
for the protection of animals; and to secure by lawful means the
arrest, conviction and punishment of all persons violating such
laws. A further object of the Society shall be to instruct the
people to be kind to animals by the dissemination of humane
literature and other effective methods.
CHAPTER III. MEMBERS
1. The Society shall consist of Annual, Life, and Honorary
Members.
2. Annual Members are those who pay dues annually in
advance.
3. Life Members are those who pay at one time one hundred
dollars.
4. Honorary Members shall be chosen on account of some con-
spicuous act of mercy to the brute creation, or material aid to
the purposes of the Society, and shall be entitled to vote at any
meeting thereof.
203
204
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
5. Members shall be elected by the Board of Managers as fol-
lows: all nominations of candidates shall be made in writing and
presented at a meeting of the Board of Managers, by a member
of the Society, and together with the name of such member,
entered on the minutes. The persons thus nominated, when
elected by the Board of Managers, by a majority vote of the
members thereof present and voting, shall, on payment of the
annual dues if elected an Annual Member, and without such pay-
ment if elected as an Honorary Member, become members of
the Society accordingly.
6. Any member of the Society may on due notice and for cause
be expelled by a two-thirds vote of the Board of Managers.
7. Any member over twenty-one years of age and not in
arrears shall be entitled to vote at any meeting of the Society.
8. Any member may resign from the Society by letter in writ-
ing to either the President or Secretary, stating his intention so
to do.
CHAPTER IV. OFFICERS AND BOARD OF MANAGERS
1. The affairs of the Society shall be managed by a Board of
Managers, consisting of twenty-one members of the Society.
There shall be elected at the regular monthly meeting of the
Board in January of each year, from the Board of Managers, a
President, a Vice-president, a Secretary and a Treasurer, to serve
for one year or until their successors are elected.
The Board of Managers, at its regular monthly meeting in
January, 1907, shall be classified by lot into three classes, each
of which shall consist of seven members. The members of each
class shall hold office for one, two and three years, respectively.
At the regular monthly meeting of the Board of Managers in
January, 1908, there shall be elected by the Board of Managers,
seven members of the Board of Managers in place of those whose
terms will then expire; the Managers so elected shall serve for
three years or until their successors are chosen. Thereafter at
each succeeding regular annual meeting in January, seven mem-
bers of the Board of Managers shall be similarly elected to serve
for three years or until their successors are chosen.
All nominations for members of the Board of Managers shall
BY-LAWS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY
205
be made by a nominating committee to be composed of six mem-
bers, of which three shall be chosen by the Board of Managers,
and three elected by the Society at large, at its annual meetings.
The members of such committee to serve for one year only, or
until their successors are appointed or elected.
2. The Board shall have full power to fill all vacancies which
may occur from time to time in its own number and in any of
the said offices, and in its discretion remove any officer, or any
member of the Board of the Society by an affirmative vote of
fourteen members of the Board present and voting at a meeting
thereof convened as hereinafter provided.
3. The Board of Managers shall be convened by the Secretary
when so directed by the President, or Vice-president, or three
members of the Board. A written or printed notice of the time
and place of the meeting shall, at least three days previous thereto,
be mailed to, or left at the residence, or place of business of
each member of the Board. Five members of such Board present
at its meeting so convened, shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business.
4. The Board of Management shall have the management,
investment, control, and disposition of the affairs, property and
funds of the Society; and shall designate an incorporated bank
or trust company in the City of New York, where the said funds
shall from time to time, as they accrue, be deposited by the
Treasurer.
5. It may from time to time determine the salary or pecuniary
compensation of all officers, agents, and employees of the
Society.
6. It may also direct the appointment of the necessary clerks
and servants of the Society (other than those elsewhere pro-
vided for in these By-Laws), in such manner and with such
powers, duties, privileges, and compensation as it may from time
to time determine.
7. It shall make and establish from time to time all orders,
rules, and regulations for the government of such clerks and
servants; and also of the members of the Society in the exercise
by them of the powers conferred by law.
206
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
8. It shall have power in its discretion to declare vacant the
seat of any of the members of its own body, who shall have been
absent from its meetings for three successive months, and also
by a vote of a majority of the whole Board to remove from its
own body any members for cause.
9. All members of the Society shall be elected by the Board
of Managers.
10. It may in its discretion remit the annual dues of any mem-
ber or class of members of this Society; and may drop from the
roll of members, without further notice, the name of any mem-
ber of the Society neglecting for two successive years to pay the
annual dues.
11. The Board of Managers shall hold meetings for the trans-
action of business at least once in every month, at such time and
place of meeting as it may designate. Special meetings of the
Board shall be called by the Secretary at any time, as provided
in Sub-Division 3 of this Chapter.
CHAPTER V. PRESIDENT
1. The President shall be the chief executive officer of the
Society. At all the meetings of the Society, and of the Board
of Managers, on the arrival of the appointed hour, and the pres-
ence of a quorum, the President, or, in his absence, the Vice-
president, or, in the absence of both, a Chairman pro tem, shall
immediately take the chair, call the meeting to order, and preside.
2. The President shall have charge of the Headquarters of the
Society, and its records and Library, and the employment of all
clerks and other employees, subject to the approval of the
Board of Managers.
3. He shall make regular monthly reports to the Board of
Managers, and annual reports to the Society.
CHAPTER VI. SECRETARY
1. The Secretary shall keep in suitable books to be provided
for that purpose, at the Society's Headquarters, true copies of
all letters written by him on behalf of the Society; and shall
preserve, on proper files, at the said Headquarters, all letters
BY-LAWS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY
207
received by him on the same account; and at each stated meeting
of the Society or the Board of Managers shall respectively report
the correspondence and read the same, or such parts thereof as
may be required.
2. It shall be the duty of the Secretary also to give due notice
of the time and place of all meetings of the Society and Board
of Managers.
CHAPTER VII. TREASURER
1. The Treasurer shall supervise all accounts and with the
President shall safely keep all contracts, certificates of stock, se-
curities, and muniments of title belonging to the Society. The
Treasurer shall collect the dues and keep the funds of the Society,
and disburse the same under the direction of the Board of Man-
agers. He shall deposit the funds, in the name of the Society,
in some incorporated bank or trust company in the City of New
York, to be designated for that purpose by the Board of Mana-
gers; and the said funds, thus deposited, shall be drawn out of
the said bank or trust company only on the check of the Treas-
urer, or Assistant Treasurer, countersigned by the President of
the Society, or in his absence or disability by the Vice-president.
2. The Treasurer shall, previous to the annual meeting of the
Society, prepare and submit to the Board of Managers, for audit,
a detailed account of his receipts and disbursements on account
of the Society during the past year; and which annual account,
duly audited, he shall present, with his general report, to the
Society, at its annual meeting. He shall produce to the Board
of Managers or any committee appointed for that purpose, all
original vouchers, papers, books of account, and other evidence
of receipt and disbursement whenever he may be so required.
3. An Assistant Treasurer may be appointed by the Board of
Managers, who shall hold office at the pleasure of the Board, and
is authorized to sign checks drawn on account of this Society,
countersigned by the President.
CHAPTER VIII. SUPERINTENDENT
1. A Superintendent shall be appointed by the President, with
the approval of the Board of Managers, and hold office during
its pleasure.
208
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
2. The Superintendent shall, under the direction of the Presi-
dent, have the general supervision and control over all the Special
Agents mentioned in the next chapter of these By-Laws.
3. He shall receive for his services such salary or pecuniary
compensation as may be determined from time to time by the
Board of Managers.
CHAPTER IX. AGENTS
1. This Society has no general agents authorized to bind it, or
to incur pecuniary obligations in its behalf, by their acts or omis-
sions. No such agents shall be at any time created or appointed
by any of its officers.
2. The Special Agents of the Society shall be appointed from
time to time by the President, with the approval of the Board of
Managers, and may be removed by the President at will. They
shall be subject to and governed by such rules and orders as he
may prescribe and issue, consistent with these By-Laws.
3. The appointment of every Special Agent shall be in writ-
ing signed by the President, under the seal of the Society.
4. Special Agents shall receive such salary or pecuniary com-
pensation for their services as may be from time to time deter-
mined by the Board of Managers.
5. Only Special Agents (except the officers mentioned in the
Fourth Chapter of these By-Laws) may, upon being designated
according to law, as Agents of this Society, make lawful arrests,
and by lawful means bring before any court or magistrate thereof
having jurisdiction, offenders found violating the provisions of
laws now existing, or which may hereafter be enacted for the
protection of animals, and for the more effectual prevention of
cruelty to animals, as in and by said laws provided.
6. No Special Agent is authorized to incur any debt or pe-
cuniary liability on the part of the Society by his acts or omis-
sions, nor are any acts or omissions on his part contrary to, or
in excess of, or unauthorized by law to be deemed as within the
scope of his authority as such Special Agent, or as authorized,
sanctioned, or ratified by this Society.
BY-LAWS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY
209
CHAPTER X. ANNUAL DUES
1. The annual dues for the fiscal year, payable in advance,
shall be five dollars. Payment thereof shall be made immediately
upon notification of election.
2. Any member of the Society, not in arrears, may commute
for life all dues for membership, by the payment at one time of
one hundred dollars; but any sum so paid in commutation shall
be deemed forfeited to the Society upon resignation or expulsion
therefrom.
3. The fiscal year of the Society shall, for all purposes, com-
mence on the first day of January, and end with the thirty-first
day of December in each year.
CHAPTER XI. ANNUAL MEETING.
1. The annual meetings of the Society shall be held on the
second Thursday of January. Notice of time and place shall
be posted on the bulletin in the offices of the Society, and given
by publication in four daily papers.
2. At the annual meeting of the Society, the President shall
present a general report of its proceedings during the past year;
and the Secretary and Treasurer shall also present their annual
reports. The Society may also transact such business as may
properly come before it.
CHAPTER XII. SPECIAL MEETINGS
A special meeting of the Society may be called by the Presi-
dent or, in the absence of the President, by the Vice-president,
stating the object of such meeting, and also shall be so called
when requested in writing by twenty members.
2. Such call shall be made by keeping posted a notice of the
time and place of such meeting in a conspicuous place in the
Headquarters of the Society, during at least three days before
the same is proposed to be held; and a written or printed notice
of the time and place of the meeting shall, at least three days
previous thereto, be mailed to, or left at the residence or place of
business of each member of the Society, and published in four
daily papers; also notice of time and place shall be posted on
the bulletin in the offices of the Society.
15
210
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
CHAPTER XIII. QUORUM
At all meetings of the Society twenty members shall be a
quorum for the transaction of business, but a less number may
adjourn to a certain day, provided only one adjournment is
allowed.
CHAPTER XIV. ORDER OF BUSINESS
1. At all meetings of the Society, and Board of Managers, for
the transaction of ordinary business, the order of proceedings
shall be as follows, unless otherwise specially ordered:
1. Reading of the minutes.
2. Reports and communications from officers of the Society.
3. Reports from committees.
4. Special orders.
5. Unfinished business.
6. Election of members.
7. Miscellaneous business.
2. All propositions presented for the action of the Society, at
any of its meetings, shall be in writing, when requested by the
presiding officer, or any member. A proposition thus presented,
when seconded, and the question thereon stated from the chair,
shall be deemed to be in the possession of the Society, and open
for discussion; but may be withdrawn by the mover at any time
before amendment or decision.
CHAPTER XV. BADGES
1. All Badges of the Society shall be in such form as the Board
of Managers may designate.
2. Each member of the Board of Managers is entitled to own
and wear the Badge of the Society.
3. All other Badges of the Society are to be its property, and
are to be worn only by the Special Agents as shall be designated
by the Board of Managers, and during its pleasure and under
such rules as it shall prescribe.
CHAPTER XVI. ALTERATION OF BY-LAWS
1. No alteration shall be made in any of the By-Laws of this
Society, unless such alteration shall first be proposed in writing at
BY-LAWS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY
211
a meeting of the Board of Managers, and entered at length on
their minutes, with the name of the proposer, and then approved
of by such Board at a subsequent meeting thereof, previous to
which such meeting a copy of the proposed alteration shall be
sent with the notice of the meeting to every member of the Board
of Managers.
2. But no alteration shall be made in either Chapter Four or
this Chapter of such By-Laws, except, in addition to the pro-
visions and requirements of the first section of this Chapter,
such alteration shall be further approved and confirmed by the
Society at its next annual meeting thereafter, by a vote of two-
thirds of the members present, and voting thereat.
3. The name of every person voting upon the approval or
adoption of any alteration in any By-Law, and whether in the
affirmative or negative, shall be so entered upon the minutes of
the meeting This section shall apply alike to the Board of
Managers and to the Society.
CHAPTER XVII
All By-Laws and portions of By-Laws heretofore formed and
adopted by this Society and Board of Managers are hereby re-
scinded; and this code of By-Laws shall take effect immediately,
as a substitute for and modification of all previous By-Laws.
APPENDIX VIII
LAWS OF THE STATE OF OHIO AUTHORIZING HUMANE
SOCIETIES
DEFINING THEIR DUTIES AND POWERS, AND OFFENCES
PUNISHABLE THEREUNDER
First. The Ohio Humane Society/Its Powers and Duties
SEC. 3714. The Ohio Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals, heretofore incorporated, shall be and remain a body
corporate, under the name of " Ohio Humane Society," with all
powers, privileges, immunities and duties heretofore possessed by
said Ohio State Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
hereinafter specified as to county associations, and may appoint
any person, in any county in this State where there is no such
active association, to represent the State Society, and to receive
and account for all funds coming to the Society from fines or
otherwise.
Objects of the Society
The objects of said Society, and all societies heretofore or
hereafter organized under Sections 3715 and 3716 of the Revised
Statutes, shall be the inculcation of humane principles and to se-
cure the enforcement of laws for the prevention of cruelty, es-
pecially to children and animals, to promote which object the
said societies may respectively acquire property, real or personal,
by purchase or gift.
Trustees Duties
All property acquired by gift, devise or bequest, for special
purposes, shall be vested in a board of trustees consisting of three
members elected by the Society, which board shall manage said
property, and apply the same in accordance with the terms of
the gift, devise or bequest, with power to sell the same and re-
invest the proceeds.
212
LAWS AUTHORIZING HUMANE SOCIETIES
213
By-Laws of Society
Said Society may elect such officers and make such rules and
regulations and by-laws as may be deemed necessary or expedient
by their members for their own government and the proper man-
agement of their affairs.
Appointment of Agents
Said Society may appoint agents in any county of the State
where no active Society exists, under Sections 3715 and 3716 of
the Revised Statutes, to represent the Society and to receive and
account for all funds coming to the Society from fines or other-
wise, and may also appoint agents at large to prosecute the work
of said Society throughout the State.
Power and Authority of Agents
The agents of said Society, and of all societies heretofore or
hereafter organized under Sections 3715 and 3716 of the Revised
Statutes, whose appointment has been approved as hereinafter
provided, shall have power to arrest any person found violating
any law for the protection of persons or animals, or the preven-
tion of cruelty thereto, and, upon making such arrest, shall forth-
with convey the person arrested before some court or magistrate
having jurisdiction of the offense, and there make complaint
against them; but said agents shall not be authorized to make
such arrests within any municipal corporation unless their ap-
pointment has been approved by the Mayor thereof, nor within
any county beyond the limits of a municipal corporation, unless
their appointment has been approved by the Probate Judge of
said county, and the Mayor or Probate Judge shall keep a record
of such appointments.
Creation of Branch Societies
Branches of the Society consisting of not less than ten mem-
bers may be organized in any part of the State to prosecute the
work of the societies in their several localities under the rules
and regulations prescribed by the Society.
214
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
.
Independent Societies May Become Branches
Societies for the prevention of acts of cruelty to animals or-
ganized in any county under Section 3715 may become branches
of said Society by resolution, adopted at a meeting thereof,
called for the purpose, a copy of which resolution shall be for-
warded to the Secretary of State.
Independent Societies for Counties, Cities and Villages
SEC. 3715. Societies for the prevention of acts of cruelty to
animals may be organized in any county by the association of not
less than seven persons, and the members thereof shall, at a meet-
ing called for that purpose, elect not less than three of their
members directors, who shall continue in office until their suc-
cessors are duly chosen.
Incorporation, Power and Duties
SEC. 3716. The secretary or clerk of the meeting shall make
a true record of the proceedings thereat, which he shall certify to
and forward to the Secretary of State, who shall record the
same; the record shall continue the name by which such associa-
tion shall have determined to be known, and from and after the
filing of the same, the directors and associates and their succes-
sors, shall be invested with the powers, privileges and immunities
incident to incorporated companies; and a copy of the record,
duly certified by the Secretary of State, shall be deemed and
taken, in all courts and places in this State, as evidence that such
association is a duly organized and incorporated body.
Election of Officers, Rules and By-Laws
SEC. 3717. Such associations may elect such officers and make
such rules, regulations and by-laws as may be deemed necessary
or expedient by their members for their own government and the
proper management of their affairs.
Powers to appoint Agents-Agents-How Appointed-Powers-
Remuneration
SEC. 3718. Such associations may appoint agents who shall be
residents of the county or municipality for which the appoint-
LAWS AUTHORIZING HUMANE SOCIETIES
215
ment is made for the purpose of prosecuting any person guilty of
any act of cruelty to persons or animals within this State, who
shall have power to arrest any person found violating any of the
provisions of this chapter, or any other law for the purpose of
protecting persons or animals or preventing any act of cruelty
thereto; and upon making such arrest, such agent shall convey
the person so arrested before some court or magistrate having
jurisdiction of the offense, and there forthwith make complaint
on oath or affirmation of the offense; but all appointments by
such associations under this section must have the approval of the
mayor of the city or village for which the appointment is made,
and if it exists outside of any city or village the appointment
must be approved by the probate judge of the county for which
the appointment is made, and the mayor or probate judge shall
keep a record of all such appointments; provided that upon the
approval of the appointment of any such agent or agents by the
mayor of the city or village, the council of such city or village
shall pay monthly to such agent or agents, out of the general
revenue fund of such city or village, such salary as the council
may deem just and reasonable; and upon the approval of the
appointment of any such agent or agents by the probate judge
of the county, the county commissioners shall pay monthly to
such agent or agents, out of the general revenue fund of the
county, such salary as the commissioners may deem just and
reasonable; and provided further that the commissioners and the
council of any such city or village may agree upon the amount
each shall pay such agent or agents monthly, and the amount of
salary to be paid monthly by the council of any such village to
any such agent shall not be less than five dollars, by the council
of any such city not less than twenty dollars, and by the com-
missioners of any such county not less than twenty-five dollars;
provided that not more than one agent in each county shall re-
ceive remuneration from the county commissioners under the
provisions of this section.
APPENDIX IX
LAW CREATING COLORADO BUREAU OF CHILD AND ANIMAL
PROTECTION
. (Session Laws 1901. Pp. 191-2)
Be it Enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Colorado:
SECTION 1. That the Colorado Humane Society be and hereby
is constituted a State Bureau of Child and Animal Protection
for the purposes hereinafter set forth; Provided, That the said
humane society shall accept and carry out the provisions of
this act.
SEC. 2. The Governor, the Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion and the Attorney-General shall be ex officio members of the
board of directors of said State Bureau.
SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the said bureau to secure the
enforcement of the laws for the prevention of wrongs to children
and dumb animals; to assist the organization of district and
county societies and the appointment of local and State agents,
and give them representation in the State Bureau; to aid such
societies and agents in the enforcement of the laws for the pre-
vention of wrongs to children and dumb animals, which may now
or hereafter exist; and to promote the growth of education and
sentiment favorable to the protection of children and dumb
animals.
SEC. 4. Said bureau shall hold its annual meetings on the
second Monday in November in each year, at the Capitol of the
State, for the transaction of its business and the election of its
officers, at which meeting all questions relating to child and
animal protection in the State may be considered.
SEC. 5. The said bureau shall make an annual report before
the first day of January of each year to the Secretary of State,
embracing the proceedings of the bureau for the preceding year,
and statistics showing the work of the bureau and its agents
216
LAW CREATING COLORADO BUREAU
217
and county and district societies throughout the State, together
with such papers, facts and recommendations as they may deem
useful to the interests of children and dumb animals in the
State, said report to be fully prepared for publication. The Sec-
retary of State shall cause the same to be published in pamphlet
or book form by the State, under the supervision of the bureau.
SEC. 6. The number of copies to be published of said report
shall be two thousand, all of which shall be bound in uniform
style every two years in one volume, and shall be distributed by
the Secretary of State as follows: Ten copies each to the Gov-
ernor of the State, Secretary of State and State Auditor and
State Treasurer, five copies each to the judges of the Supreme
Court and the Attorney-General, two to each member of the Leg-
islature, one copy to each judge and clerk of District and County
Courts, one copy to each board of County Commissioners, one
copy to each newspaper office in the State, ten copies to the
State University, School of Mines, State Industrial Schools and
the Warden of the Penitentiary, two copies to each college of
learning in the State, two copies to the State Agricultural Col-
lege, and the remainder to the Bureau of Child and Animal
Protection.
SEC. 7. If the said humane society shall accept the pro-
visions of this act, they shall certify their acceptance of the same
to the Secretary of State and State Auditor.
APPENDIX X
CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN HUMANE EDUCATION
SOCIETY
ARTICLE 1. The Name of this Society is The American Hu-
mane Education Society.
ART. 2. Its object is to carry Humane Education, in all pos-
sible ways, into American schools and homes.
ART. 3. There shall be nothing in its management or publi-
cations to interfere with its receiving the full support of good
men and women of all parties and churches whatsoever.
ART. 4. The officers of this Society shall be a President, who
shall be also actually, or ex officio, a member of the Board of
Directors, Vice-presidents, a Secretary, Treasurer, Directors, and
such other officers as the directors may from time to time elect
or appoint.
ART. 5. The first Board of Directors shall hold office until
their successors are elected. All directors subsequent to the first
Board shall be elected only by a two-thirds vote of the whole
Board of Directors.
ART. 6. The directors shall elect or appoint from their own
number, or otherwise, officers of the Society heretofore named,
and such others as they may deem proper, and they may at any
time remove the same, and elect or appoint others. They may
fill vacancies in their own number, and by vote of two-thirds of
the Board increase it; they may enact by-laws for themselves
and the Society, fix terms and conditions of membership; make
and establish rules and orders for the government of the Society
and its officers, and for the transaction of its business; remit the
annual or other dues of any member of the Society; and by a
two-thirds vote remove from their own body, or the Society, any
member thereof, when in their judgment the best interests of the
Society shall require the same; and generally shall, during their
term of office, have the full and complete management, control
218
AMERICAN HUMANE EDUCATION SOCIETY
219
and disposal of the affairs, property and funds of the Society,
with full power to do all matters and things which the Society
could do; but and except that they shall receive no pay whatever,
and they shall not incur on account of the Society any debt
beyond the funds which shall be actually in the treasury during
their term of office. Nor shall any funds of the Society be loaned
directly or indirectly to any director.
ART. 7. Any person may become an Active Life Member of
this Society by paying to the Society one hundred dollars; an
Associate Life Member by paying fifty dollars; an Active Mem-
ber by paying ten dollars per annum; an Associate Member by
paying five dollars per annum; an Honorary Member by being
elected as such; and a Branch Member by paying to the Society
any sum not less than one dollar per annum. Children under
eighteen years of age may become Associate Members on payment
of one dollar per annum. Children may be made Branch Mem-
bers on such terms as the directors may decide.
ART. 8. At all meetings of the directors the written assent or
dissent of any absent director shall be counted as his or her vote
as though present.
ART. 9. No alteration of this Constitution shall be made,
except upon a motion in writing made at a meeting of the direc-
tors, entered on the minutes with the name of the member mak-
ing it, and written notice of the same sent to each director, and
adopted at a subsequent meeting by a vote of two-thirds of the
whole Board of Directors.
BY-LAWS
1. Three members of the Board of Directors shall constitute a
quorum for the transaction of business.
2. The meetings of the directors shall be held monthly, and
also whenever the President or Acting President may call the
same.
3. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society
and directors and shall have the general charge, care, oversight
and direction of the affairs and work of the Society, and the
appointment of suitable agents to do the same. In his absence
220
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
or inability the directors shall choose one of their own number
to preside.
4. The Secretary, Treasurer and Trustees of the Permanent
Fund shall perform the usual duties of such officers.
5. If it shall be thought advisable to increase the present num-
ber of directors, a committee shall be appointed to consult all the
directors and report at a subsequent meeting.
APPENDIX XI
CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF THE AMERICAN
HUMANE ASSOCIATION
For the purpose of availing ourselves, as individuals, and the
American Humane Association which we represent, of the benefits
of the laws of the United States, known as the Code of Law for
the District of Columbia, enacted March 3, 1901, as amended by
acts approved January 31, and June 30, 1902, we, Mary Howe
Totten and Henry B. F. Macfarland, of the city of Washington,
District of Columbia, and Sydney Richmond Taber, of the city of
Lake Forest, State of Illinois, being of full age, and citizens of
the United States, a majority of whom are citizens of the District
of Columbia, being desirous of giving permanency to the Asso-
ciation aforesaid, and associating ourselves for humane, benevo-
lent, charitable, educational and philanthropic purposes, as here-
inafter more particularly set forth, do here and now, for the
purposes aforesaid, being thereto duly authorized and directed
by said Association, make, sign, acknowledge and file, in the
office of the Recorder of Deeds, in and for the District of Co-
lumbia, in the United States of America, the statement and dec-
laration following, to-wit:
First—The name of this incorporation shall be THE AMERICAN
HUMANE ASSOCIATION.
Second-It shall be a corporation for humane, charitable, edu-
cational and benevolent purposes, and not for profit.
Third-Its duration shall be perpetual.
Fourth-The objects of this corporation shall be:
(a) The prevention and suppression of cruelty, especially of
cruelty to children and animals, and the enforcement of all
national laws therefor; and the enforcement of national and state
humane laws in any state or territory of the United States in
which exists no society having for its object or one of its objects
221
222
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
the enforcement of such laws in such state or territory, respect-
ively, and in any state or territory of the United States, in which
such a society exists, with the written consent of such society
thereto.
(6) The association and coöperation of individuals and so-
cieties and corporations (organized in the United States and
Territories for the purpose of preventing and suppressing cruelty,
especially cruelty to children and animals), by making such indi-
viduals, societies and corporations members of this corporation.
(c) The promotion of the enactment and enforcement of hu-
mane laws.
(d) The organization, assistance and encouragement of humane
societies and societies for the prevention of cruelty, especially of
cruelty to children and animals.
(e) The owning, manufacturing, making, publishing, buying,
selling, distributing and giving away of humane books, papers,
periodicals, tracts, pictures, lanterns, slides, medals and other
things conducive to humane education.
(f) The receiving, acquiring, holding, owning, investing, and
reinvesting, collecting, selling and conveying and using in the
promotion and carrying out of any of its objects, and in accord-
ance with its by-laws and the directions of grantors, testatorg
and benefactors, all kinds of property, real, personal or mixed.
Fifth-The principal office of said corporation may be located,
and the books and records thereof kept, anywhere within the
United States, and may be changed and transferred at pleasure.
The officers, directors or trustees of said corporation shall be
citizens of the United States and may reside in any state or terri-
tory thereof.
Sixth-The meetings of said corporation may be held in any
state or territory of the United States.
Seventh-The number of directors of said corporation, for the
first year of its existence, shall be ten.
(Signed)
HENRY B. F. MACFARLAND,
MARY HOWE TOTTEN,
SYDNEY RICHMOND TABER.
APPENDIX XII
66
or
TEXTS OF ILLUSTRATIVE STATE LAWS FOR PREVENTION
OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS
1. Definitions.
(From Penal Code of New York.)
SECTION 669. Definitions. 1. The word " animal
as used in
this title, does not include the human race, but includes every
other living creature.
2. The word " torture cruelty” includes every act, omis-
sion, or neglect, whereby unjustifiable physical pain, suffering, or
death is caused or permitted.
3. The words “impure and unwholesome milk” include all
milk obtained from animals in a diseased or unhealthy condi-
tion or who are fed on distillery waste, usually called "swill,"
or upon any substance in a state of putrefaction or fermentation.
2. General Prohibition of Cruelty.
(From Penal Code of California.)
SECTION 597. Killing, Maiming, Torturing, Etc., Animals.-
Every person who maliciously kills, maims, or wounds an animal
the property of another or who overdrives, overloads, drives when
overloaded, overworks, tortures, torments, deprives of necessary
sustenance, drink or shelter, cruelly beats, mutilates, or cruelly
kills any animal, or causes or procures any animal to be so
overdriven, overloaded, driven when overloaded, overworked,
tortured, tormented, deprived of necessary sustenance, drink or
shelter, or to be cruelly beaten, mutilated or cruelly killed; and
whoever, having the charge or custody of any animal, either as
owner or otherwise, subjects any animal to needless suffering, or
inflicts unnecessary cruelty upon the same, or in any manner
abuses any animal, or fails to provide the same with proper
food, drink, shelter or protection from the weather, or who
cruelly drives, rides, or otherwise uses the same when unfit for
labor, is for every offense guilty of a misdemeanor.
223
224
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
3. Neglect of Feeding and Care.
(From Penal Code of California.)
SECTION 597e. Impounding Without Food or Water.-Any per-
son who impounds, or caused to be impounded, in any pound, any
domestic animal, must supply the same, during such confinement,
with a sufficient quantity of good and wholesome food and water,
and in default thereof, is guilty of a misdemeanor. In case any
domestic animal is at any time impounded, as aforesaid, and con-
tinues to be without necessary food and water for more than
twelve consecutive hours, it shall be lawful for any person, from
time to time, as may be deemed necessary to enter into and upon
any pound in which any such domestic animal is confined, and
supply it with necessary food and water so long as it remains
so confined. Such person is not liable to any action for such
entry, and the reasonable cost of such food and water may be
collected by him of the owner of such animal, and such animal
is not exempt from levy and sale upon execution issued upon a
judgment therefor.
SEC. 597f. Permitting Animals to go Without Care.-Every
owner, driver or possessor of any animal, who shall permit the
same to be in any building, inclosure, lane, street, square or lot
of any city, city and county, or township, without proper care
and attention, shall, on conviction, be deemed guilty of a mis-
demeanor. And it shall be the duty of any peace officer, or
officer of the humane society, to take possession of the animal
so abandoned or neglected and care for the same until it is re-
deemed by the owner or claimant, and the cost for caring for
such animal shall be a lien on the same until the charges are paid.
Every sick, disabled, infirm or crippled animal which shall be
abandoned in any city, city and county, or township, may, if
after due seach no owner can be found therefor, be killed by
such officer; and it shall be the duty of all peace officers, or an
officer of said society, to cause the same to be killed on informa-
tion of such abandonment. Such officer may likewise take charge
of any animal that by reason of lameness, sickness, feebleness,
or neglect is unfit for the labor it is performing, or that in any
other manner is being cruelly treated; and if such animal is not
TEXTS OF ILLUSTRATIVE STATE LAWS
225
then in the custody of its owner, such officer shall give notice
thereof to such owner, if known, and may provide suitable care
for such animal until it is deemed to be in a suitable condition
to be delivered to such owner, and any necessary expenses which
may be incurred for taking care of and keeping the same shall
be a lien thereon, to be paid before the same can be lawfully
recovered.
4. Carrying of Animals,
(From Penal Code of California.)
SECTION 597a. Unnecessary Torture, Suffering or Cruelty.-
Whoever carries or causes to be carried in or upon any vehicle, or
otherwise, any domestic animal, in a cruel or inhuman manner,
or knowingly or wilfully authorizes or permits to be subjected to
unnecessary torture, suffering, or cruelty of any kind, is guilty
of a misdemeanor; and whenever any such person is taken into
custody therefor by an officer, such officer must take charge of
such vehicle and its contents, together with the horse or team
attached to such vehicle, and deposit same in some place of
custody; and any necessary expense so incurred for taking care
of and keeping the same is a lien thereon, to be paid before the
same can be lawfully recovered, and if such expense, or any part
thereof, remains unpaid, it may be recovered, by the person incur-
ring the same, of the owner of such domestic animal, in an action
therefor.
5. Transportation of Live Stock.
(a) (From Penal Code of New York.)
SECTION 663. Transporting Animals for More Than Twenty-
four Consecutive Hours, a Misdemeanor.--A railway corporation,
or an owner, agent, consignee, or person in charge of any horses,
sheep, cattle, or swine, in the course of, or for transportation,
who confines, or causes or suffers the same to be confined, in cars
for a longer period than twenty-four consecutive hours, without
unloading for rest, water and feeding, during ten consecutive
hours, unless prevented by storm or inevitable accident, is guilty
of a misdemeanor. In estimating such confinement, the time dur-
ing which the animals have been confined without rest, on con-
1
16
226
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
necting roads from which they are received, must be computed.
If the owner, agent, consignee, or other person in charge of any
such animals refuses or neglects upon demand to pay for the care
or feed of the animals while so unloaded or rested, the railway
company, or other carriers thereof, may charge the expense thereof
to the owner or consignee and shall have a lien thereon for such
expense.
(6) (U. S. Revised Statutes, 1906, Ch. 3,594.)
Sec. 1. Be it enacted by Senate, etc. - That no railroad,
express company, car company, common carrier other than by
water, or the receiver, trustee or lessee of any of them, whose
road forms any part of a line of road over which cattle, sheep,
swine or other animals shall be conveyed from one state or terri-
tory, etc.—or other vessels carrying animals, etc., shall confine
the same in cars, boats, or vessels of any description for a period
longer than twenty-eight consecutive hours without unloading the
same in a humane manner, into properly equipped pens for rest,
water, and feeding, for a period of at least five consecutive hours,
unless prevented by storm or by other accidental or unavoidable
causes which can not be anticipated or avoided by the exercise
of due diligence and foresight:
Provided, That upon the written request of the owner or per-
son in custody of that particular shipment, which written request
shall be separate and apart from any printed bill of lading or
other railroad form, the time of confinement may be extended
to thirty-six hours. In estimating such confinement, the time
consumed in loading and unloading shall not be considered, but
the time during which the animals shall be confined without such
rest or food or water on connecting roads shall be included, it
being the intent of this Act to prohibit their continuous confine-
ment beyond the period of twenty-eight hours, except in con-
tingencies stated before: Provided, That it shall not be required
that sheep be unloaded in the night time, but where the time
expires in the night time in case of sheep the same may con-
tinue in transit to a suitable place for unloading, subject to the
aforesaid limitation of thirty-six hours.
TEXTS OF ILLUSTRATIVE STATE LAWS
227
6. Fights Between Animals.
(From the Penal Code of New York.)
SECTION 664. Setting on Foot Fights Between Birds and
Animals, a Misdemeanor.-A person who sets on foot, instigates,
promotes, or carries on, or does any act as assistant, umpire or
principal, or is a witness of or in any way aids in or engages
in the furtherance of any fight between cocks or other birds, or
dogs, bulls, bears or other animals, premeditated by any person
owning, or having custody of such birds or animals, is guilty
of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine not less than ten dollars,
nor more than one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not less
than ten days, nor more than one year, or both.
SEC. 665. Keeping, etc., a place where Animals are Fought,
a Misdemeanor. A person who keeps, or uses, or is in any way
connected with, or interested in the management of, or receives
money for the admission of any person to a house, apartment,
pit or place kept or used for baiting or fighting any bird or
animal, and any owner or occupant of a house, apartment, pit
or place, who wilfully procures or permits the same to be used
or occupied for such baiting or fighting is guilty of a misde-
meanor. Upon complaint under oath or affirmation to any magis-
trate authorized to issue warrants in criminal cases, that the com-
plainant has just and reasonable cause to suspect that any of
the provisions of law relating to or in any wise affecting ani-
mals are being or about to be violated in any particular build-
ing or place, such magistrate shall immediately issue and deliver
a warrant to any person authorized by law to make arrests for
such offenses, authorizing him to enter and search such building
or place, and to arrest any person there present found violating
any of said laws, and to bring such person before the nearest
magistrate of competent jurisdiction, to be dealt with according
to law.
7. Abandonment of Disabled Animal.
(From Penal Code of New York.)
SECTION 656. Abandonment of Disabled Animals.-A person
being the owner or possessor, or having charge or custody of a
228
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
maimed, diseased, disabled or infirm animal, who abandons such
animal, or leaves it to die in a street, road or public place, or
who allows it to lie in a public street, road or public place, more
than three hours after he receives notice that it is left disabled,
is guilty of a misdemeanor. Any agent or officer of The American
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or of any
society duly incorporated for that purpose, or any police officer,
may lawfully destroy or cause to be destroyed, any animal found
abandoned and not properly cared for, appearing in the judg-
ment of two reputable citizens called by him to view the same in
his presence, to be glandered, injured or diseased past recovery
for any useful purpose; or after such agent or officer has ob-
tained in writing from the owner of such animal his consent to
such destruction. When any person arrested is, at the time of
such arrest, in charge of any animal, or of any vehicle drawn by
or containing any animal, any agent or officer of said society or
societies or any police officer may take charge of such animal
and of such vehicle and its contents, and deposit the same in a
safe place of custody, or deliver the same into the possession of
the police or sheriff of the county or place wherein such arrest
was made, who shall thereupon assume the custody thereof; and
all necessary expenses incurred in taking charge of such property
shall be a charge thereon.
8. Animals, Disabled, Diseased or Unfit for Labor.
(a) Use and Sale of Horses When Unfit for Labor.
(From Laws of Massachusetts.)
CHAPTER 185, STATUTES OF 1906
SECTION 1. It shall be unlawful for any person holding an
auctioneer's license to receive or offer for sale or to sell at public
auction any horse which by reason of debility, disease or lame-
ness, or for other cause, could not be worked in this Common-
wealth without violating the laws against cruelty to animals.
SEC. 2. It shall be unlawful for any person to lead, ride
or drive on any public way, for any purpose except that of con-
veying the animal to a proper place for its humane keeping or
killing, or for medical or surgical treatment, any horse which,
TEXTS OF ILLUSTRATIVE STATE LAWS
229
by reason of debility, disease or lameness, or for other cause,
could not be worked in this Commonwealth without violating
the laws against cruelty to animals.
SEC. 3. Any licensed auctioneer violating any provision of
this act shall forfeit his license, and any person violating any
provision of this act shall be punished by a fine of not less than
five nor more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for
not more than six months.
(From Laws of Pennsylvania. Act of May 6, 1909.)
SECTION 1. That it shall be unlawful for any owner to offer
for sale, or sell any horse which by reason of debility, disease
or lameness, or for other cause could not be worked in this Com-
monwealth without violating the laws against cruelty to animals.
Sec. 2. It shall be unlawful for any person to lead, ride or
drive on any public way for any purpose, except that of convey-
ing the animal to a proper place for its humane keeping, or
killing, or for medical or surgical treatment, any horse which by
reason of debility, disease or lameness, or for other cause could
not be worked in this Commonwealth without violating the laws
against cruelty to animals.
SEC. 3. Any owner violating any provision of this act shall
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on being convicted thereof,
before any alderman, magistrate or justice of the peace, shall be
fined by the said alderman, magistrate or justice of the peace, in
a sum of not less than ten, nor more than one hundred dollars,
or by imprisonment for not more than six months, said fine to be
paid to any regularly incorporated society for the prevention of
cruelty to animals bringing suit or prosecuting the charge.
SEC. 4. Any policeman or constable of any city or county or
any agent of any society or association for the prevention of
cruelty to animals, duly incorporated under the laws of this
Commonwealth, shall upon his own view of any such misde-
meanor or offence, make an arrest and bring before an alderman,
magistrate or justice of the peace, offenders found violating the
provisions of this act, and any policeman or constable, or any
agent of any society as aforesaid, shall also make arrests of such
offenders, on warrants duly issued according to law, when such
230
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
misdemeanor or offence is not committed in view of said officer,
constable or agent.
(6) Legal Condemnation of Animals Past Useful and Hu-
mane Service.
(From Massachusetts Acts of 1907, Ch. 363.)
SECTION 1. Any officer or agent of any society incorporated
under the laws of Massachusetts for the prevention of cruelty
to animals or for the care and protection of homeless or suffering
animals, provided he is also a constable, sheriff or deputy sheriff,
or a police officer of any city or town, may take possession of
any old, maimed, disabled, diseased or injured animal and apply
to any municipal, district or police court or trial justice within
whose district the animal is found for process to cause the same
to be killed humanely. If the owner is known, and if, after
reasonable search, he can be found, a copy of such application
shall be served upon him in hand with an order of court to ap-
pear at a time and place named to show cause why such animal
should not be killed and its value determined. If the owner is
not known, or if, after reasonable search, he cannot be found,
the court shall order notices to be posted in two public places
in the city or town in which the animal was found, stating the
case in substance, and giving twenty-four hours' notice of a
hearing on said application. At such hearing, if it appears that
such animal is so old, maimed, disabled, diseased or injured as to
be unfit for humane use, the court shall determine the value of
the animal, and shall issue process directing any officer desig-
nated above to kill the same humanely. From the determination
of the value of the animal the owner may appeal to the superior
court in the same manner and with the same effect as in civil
actions; provided, that, if he has not been served personally with
notice of such application, the appeal may be taken at any time
within thirty days after he has actual notice or knowledge thereof,
to be proved to the satisfaction of the court or justice appealed
from, and within one year after such determination.
SEC. 2. The value, if there be any, of the animal, as deter-
mined by the court or by a jury, in case upon appeal a trial by
jury is claimed within the time prescribed by law, and the reas-
TEXTS OF ILLUSTRATIVE STATE LAWS
231
onable costs and expenses incurred by said officer, to be approved
by the court, shall be paid by the society whose officer or agent
made the application for process in pursuance of which the ani-
mal was killed.
SEC. 3. If the animal taken possession of as aforesaid has
any infectious or contagious disease, or, for any reason, might
lawfully be destroyed as an abatement of a public nuisance, that
fact shall be prima facie evidence that the animal has no value.
Sec. 4. This act shall take effect upon its passage.
9. Docking.
(a) (From Revised Laws of Minnesota, 1905.)
SECTION 5154. Docking Horses.-Every person who shall cut
the bony part of a horse's tail for the purpose of docking it,
or cause or knowingly permit the same to be done upon premises
of which he is the owner, lessee, or user, or who shall assist in
such cutting, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county
jail for not less than thirty nor more than ninety days, or by
a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one
hundred dollars. Whenever a horse shall be found so cut, and
the wound resulting unhealed, upon the premises or in the custody
of any person, such fact shall constitute prima facie evidence that
the offence was committed by him. All fines resulting from com-
plaint made by an officer or agent of any society of this state
for the prevention of cruelty to animals, for any offence specified
in this section, shall be paid to the society whose officer or agent
made the complaint.
(6) (From California Laws of 1907, Ch. 220.)
SECTION 1. A new section is hereby added to the Penal Code
to be numbered section 597a as follows:
597a. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to dock
the tail of any horse, within the State of California, or to pro-
cure the same to be done, or to import or bring into this state any
docked horse, or horses, or to drive, work, use, race or deal in
any unregistered docked horse, or horses, within the State of
California except as provided in section five hundred and ninety-
seven of this code.
SEC. 2. A new section is hereby added to the Penal Code to
be numbered section 597b as follows:
232
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
597b. Within thirty days after the passage of this act, every
owner, or user of any docked horse, within the State of Cali-
fornia, shall register his or her docked horse, or horses, by filing
in the office of the county clerk of the county in which such
docked horse, or horses, may then be kept, a certificate, which
certificate shall contain the name or names of the owner, together
with his or her postoffice address, a full description of the color,
age, size and the use made of such docked horse, or horses;
which certificate shall be signed by the owner, or his or her agent.
The county clerk shall number such certificate consecutively and
record the name in a book or register to be kept for that purpose
only; and shall receive as a fee for recording of such certificate,
the sum of fifty cents, and the clerk shall thereupon issue to such
person so registering such horse or horses a certificate contain-
ing the facts recited in this section, which upon demand shall be
exhibited to any peace officer, and the same shall be conclusive
evidence of a compliance with the provisions of section 597a
of this code.
Sec. 3. A new section is hereby added to the Penal Code to be
numbered section 597c as follows:
597c. The driving, working, keeping, racing or using of any
unregistered docked horse, or horses, after sixty days after the
passage of this act, shall be deemed prima facie evidence of the
fact that the party driving, working, keeping, racing or using
such unregistered docked horse, or horses, docked the tail of such
horse or horses.
SEC. 4. A new section is hereby added to the Penal Code to be
numbered section 597d as follows:
597d. Any person or persons violating any of the provisions
of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor; provided,
however, that the provisions of sections 597a, 597b, and 597c,
shall not be applied to persons owning or possessing any docked
pure-bred stallions and mares imported from foreign countries
for breeding or exhibition purposes only, as provided by an act
of congress entitled “ An act regulating the importation of breed-
ing animals” and approved March 3, 1903, and to docked native-
bred stallions and mares brought into this state and used for
breeding or exhibition purposes only; and provided further, that
TEXTS OF ILLUSTRATIVE STATE LAWS
233
a description of each such animal so brought into the state,
together with the date of importation and name and address of
importer, be filed with the county clerk of the county where such
animal is kept, within thirty days after the importation of such
animal.
10. Poisoning, or Exposure of Poison, or of Nails, etc.
(From Penal Code of New York.)
SECTION 660. Animal Wantonly Poisoned, or Attempted to
be Poisoned, a Misdemeanor.-A person who unjustifiably ad-
ministers any poisonous or noxious drug or substance to an ani-
mal, or unjustifiably exposes any such drug or substance with
intent that the same shall be taken by an animal, whether such
animal be the property of himself or another, is guilty of a
misdemeanor.
Sec. 661. Throwing Substances Injurious to Animals in Pub-
lic Places, a Misdemeanor.–A person who wilfully throws,
drops or places, or causes to be thrown, dropped or placed upon
any road, highway, street or public place, any glass, nails, pieces
of metal, or other substance which might wound, disable or injure
any animal, is guilty of a misdemeanor.
11. Feeding and Care of Cows.
(From Penal Code of New York.)
SECTION 662. Keeping Milch Cows in Unhealthy Places and
Feeding Them With Food Producing Unwholesome Milk, a Mis-
demeanor.-A person who keeps a cow or any animal for the
production of milk, in a crowded or unhealthy place, or in a dis-
eased condition, or feeds such cow or animal upon any food that
produces impure or unwholesome milk, is punishable by a fine
not less than fifty dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding one
year, or by both.
12. Trap-shooting.
(From Revised Laws of Massachusetts, Ch. 212.)
SECTION 78. Whoever keeps or uses a live pigeon, fowl or
other bird for the purpose of a target, or to be shot at either for
amusement or as a test of skill in marksmanship, or shoots at a
234
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
bird kept or used as aforesaid, or is a party to such shooting, or
lets any building, room, field or premises, or knowingly permits
the use thereof, for the purpose of such shooting, shall be
punished by a fine of not more than fifty dollars or by imprison-
ment for not more than thirty days, or by both such fine and im-
prisonment. Nothing herein contained shall apply to the shoot-
ing of wild game.
13. Use of Bristle Bur, etc., on Horse.
(From California Law of March 13, 1903.)
SECTION 1. It shall be unlawful hereafter in this state for
any one, owner, driver or other person, having the care, custody
or control of any horse or other animal, to use what is known as
the bristle bur, tack bur, or other like device, by whatsoever name
known or designated, on any said horse or other animal for any
purpose whatsoever.
SEC. 2. A violation of the provisions of this act shall be
deemed a misdemeanor, and any one found guilty thereof shall
be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor
more than two hundred and fifty dollars, or by imprisonment in
the county jail not less than ten or more than one hundred and
seventy-five days, or may be punished by both such fine and
imprisonment.
14. Powers and Duties of Peace Officers.
(From Revised Laws of Massachusetts, Ch. 212.)
SECTION 74. A person found violating any provision of sec-
tions seventy and seventy-three may be arrested and held without
a warrant as provided in section forty-seven; and the person
making an arrest with or without a warrant shall use reasonable
diligence to give notice thereof to the owner of animals found
in the charge or custody of the person arrested, shall properly
care and provide for such animals until the owner thereof takes
charge of them, not, however, exceeding sixty days from the date
of said notice and shall have a lien on said animals for the ex-
pense of such care and provision.
SEC. 75. If complaint is made to a court or magistrate which
is authorized to issue warrants in criminal cases that the com-
TEXTS OF ILLUSTRATIVE STATE LAWS
235
plainant believes and has reasonable cause to believe that the
laws relative to cruelty to animals have been or are violated in
any particular building or place, such court or magistrate, if
satisfied that there is reasonable cause for such belief, shall issue
a search warrant authorizing any sheriff, deputy sheriff, constable
or police officer to search such building or place; but no such
search shall be made after sunset, unless specially authorized by
the magistrate upon satisfactory cause shown.
Sec. 76. Sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, constables and police offi-
cers shall prosecute all violations of the provisions of sections
seventy to seventy-three, inclusive, which come to their notice,
and upon all conviction for cruelty to animals the fines collected
upon or resulting from the complaint or information of an officer
or agent of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals shall, except as provided in the following
section, be paid over to said society after deducting therefrom
for the expense of prosecution such amount as the court or trial
justice shall order.
SEC. 77. One-half of all fines collected upon conviction under
the provisions of section seventy-two, upon or resulting from the
complaint or information of any officer or agent of the Massa-
chusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, shall
be paid over to said society.
15. Humane Education.
(From Illinois Law of June 14, 1909.)
SECTION 1. BE IT ENACTED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF
ILLINOIS REPRESENTED IN THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY: That it shall
be the duty of every teacher of a public school in this State to
teach to the pupils thereof, honesty, kindness, justice and moral
courage for the purpose of lessening crime and raising the stand-
ard of good citizenship.
SEC. 2. In every public school within the State not less than
one-half hour of each week during the whole of each term of
school shall be devoted to teaching the pupils thereof kindness
and justice to and humane treatment and protection of birds and
animals, and the important part they fulfill in the economy of
nature. It shall be optional with each teacher whether it shall
236
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
be a consecutive half hour or a few minutes daily, or whether
such teaching shall be through humane reading, daily incidents,
stories, personal example or in connection with nature study.
SEC. 3. No experiment upon any living creature for the pur-
pose of demonstrating in any study shall be made in any public
school of this State. No animal provided by, nor killed in the
presence of any pupil of a public school, shall be used for dis-
section in such school, and in no case shall dogs or cats be killed
for such purpose. Dissection of dead animals, or any parts
thereof shall be confined to the class room and shall not be prac-
ticed in the presence of any pupil not engaged in the study to be
illustrated thereby.
SEC. 4. The Superintendent of Public Instruction of this
State and the committee in charge of preparing the program for
each annual meeting of the Illinois State Teachers' Association
shall include therein moral and humane educaion. The superin-
tendent of schools of each county and of each city shall include
once each year moral and humane education in the program of
the teachers' institute, which is held under bis or her supervision.
SEC. 5. The principal or teacher of each public school shall
state briefly in each of his or her monthly reports whether the
provisions of this Act have been complied with in the school
under his or her control. No teacher who knowingly violates
any provision of sections 1, 2, or 3 of this Act shall be entitled
to receive more than 95 per cent. of public school moneys that
would otherwise be due for services for the month in which such
provisions shall be violated. This Act shall apply to common
schools only and shall not be construed as requiring religious
or sectarian teaching.
Approved June 14, 1909.
APPENDIX XIII
STATISTICAL INQUIRY BLANK, USED BY AMERICAN HUMANE ASSOCIATION
NOTE. - It is very important in order to secure correct statistics to have every blank filled, otherwise much labor will be
expended in vain.
American Humane Association's Statistical Report for 190
(Kindly cooperate in order to secure definite collective statistics)
Correct title of Society
Date of Incorporation ?
[Street]
[City]
[State]
Does it care for children, or animals, or both ?
.Full address ?
[Men] [Women]
[Men] [Women]
Is Society active ?...
How many paid employees ?
How many volunteers ?
How many members and contributors ?
Total disbursements for year 190 ? $
Amount received from voluntary gifts ? $ ..; income from endowment? $..
; fines ? $
Amount of money received from : State $
County $
; City $.
; Total endowment $.
Total receipts from all sources ? $
Has Society a children's shelter ?
Does Society own buildings ?...
Their value? $.
How used ?
Number children involved during 190 ?
No. children's cases prosecuted ?
Convicted ?
Number animals involved during 190 ?.
No. animal's cases prosecuted ?
Convicted ?
Number children sheltered during 190 ?..
.Number animals sheltered during 190 ?.
Large..
Other work done by Society(what)?. Does it maintain kennels for animals.
Animals killed ?
[How many]
[How many]
Small
Is the jurisdiction : State ?.......... County (one or more) ?... City (or cities) ?. Total population involved ?
Name of President
Name of Secretary
Please fill this out promptly and mail at once to DR. WM. 0. STILLMAN, President A. H. A., Albany, N. Y.
Any explanation or memorandum may be made on the back of this card.
TO WHOM SHOULD CORRESPONDENCE BE ADDRESSED ?
How many?
{
.....
APPENDIX XIV
(This report is more detailed than those issued by most societies.
But it illustrates the work done by most of them.)
CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY
TO ANIMALS
INSPECTORS' REPORT FOR 1907
16
66
.
66
66
Convictions
Cruelty to Horses-Working with sores
Jerking on mouth
Lame and in poor condition.
Kicking
Unfit for work
Beating with whip
Beating with butt end of whip.
Beating with crow-bar
Beating with iron hoop
Beating with shovel
Beating with pick handle
Beating to death
Sticking with hay fork.
Check rein too tight.
No number
Cruelty to Dogs-Allowing dog-fighting on the premises.
Beating
Kicking
Aiding and abetting at dog-fighting.
Abuse to Cattle-Cutting cow's tail
Beating calves
Abuse to Fowls-Overcrowding
Shooting birds
Interfering with Inspector
Total
67
5
6
7
5
13
10
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
14
4
3
1
2
1
O
155
238
CANADIAN SOCIETY
239
279
31
15
ܢ
48
50
((
66
Warnings
Cruelty to Horses_Working with sores
In poor condition
Overloading
Overheating
Beating and abusing.
Jerking. on mouth
Kicking
Lame
Having no rest pole.
Not using rest pole.
Check rein too tight...
Trail horses on slip.
Dumps in bad shape..
Bleeding at mouth
Not properly shod
Placing nails on sidewalks..
Sore on mouth
Cold and dirty stables.
Not covering
No number
Not feeding
Overdriving
Total
70
52
71
15
5
2
3
0
10
3
3
7
10
3
5
3
695
Cruelty to Cattle-Overcrowding of sheep
Beating cattle
Not milking cows
Abuse to calves
Cruelty to Dogs-Beating of dogs
Kicking
Cruelty to Cats-Abuse to Cats
Shooting
Cruelty to Fowls—Tying feet
Overcrowding
Abuse to pigeons
Cruelty to Birds—Trapping of birds
Shooting
2
6
2
4
7
3
2
3
8
11
2
3
4
.
240
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Cruelty to Birds_ Birds liberated
Cages destroyed
Total ..
9
3
764
Game cocks confiscated ...
Spurs
Valises
Total ...
25
4
7
36
Horses ordered off road-Lame
Horses ordered off road-Unfit condition
Total ...
139
34
173
9
Homes for dogs
Homes for cats
Total ...
8
17
Animals destroyed-Horses
Cows
Dogs
Cats
Total ...
98
2
591
154
64
845
Recapitulation
.
Convictions
Warnings
Complaints
Horses off road
Animals destroyed
Birds liberated ..
Cages confiscated
Satchels confiscated
Game cocks confiscated
Spurs confiscated
Homes found animals
Ambulance runs
Total
155
764
.1036
173
845
9
3
7
25
4
17
157
..3196
0
CANADIAN SOCIETY
241
Places Visited Outside the City
Chambly
St. Hyacinthe
St. Johns, P. Q.
Point Claire
Lachine
Longue Pointe
St. Lambert
Grandby
Longueuil
Bedford
Dorval
Caughnawaga
St. Anne's
Bordeaux
17
APPENDIX XV
ILLUSTRATIVE CRUELTIES
(From “ The Evolution of a Sentiment,” by G. M. McCarthy.
Jersey City, 1905)
The list of brutalities that follow are offenses for which the
Hudson District S. P. C. A. has prosecuted those responsible
during its corporate existence:
Horses, Mules, etc.—Docking tail, stabbing with knife, pierc-
ing side with sharp pointed stick, cutting breast open, unlaw-
fully shooting, working (on cobble pavement) with hoof worn
down to quick and bleeding, allowing mules (sharp shod) to
trample over sick horse in hold of canal boat, tearing out its
eyes and disemboweling; dragging, while prostrate behind wagon,
by chain fastened to neck; tearing out tongue, beating head to
pulp with sledge hammer; beating with shovel, iron buckle at-
tached to strap, tanboard, iron grating, butt end of whip, club,
plank; knocking down with club and beating; beating with a
"scourge” made of nails, stones, pieces of iron and sharp wire
ends fastened to cow-hide whip; dragging by rope cruelly tied
to mouth, kicking in belly, driving with sharp wire nails strapped
around foot to cut into other foot by interfering, leading to
swamp and abandoning to die, abandoning in snow drift, aban-
doning while diseased and dying from glanders and farcy, aban-
doning to freeze in meadows, abandoning while suffering from
colic and general abuse, driving to death; working while suffer-
ing from broken knee, imperfect shoeing, high check reins, cruel
bits, having no shoes, dislocated shoulder, decayed foot and hoof,
glanders, farcy; overloading, overdriving, beating and abusing
while drawing wagons of United States mail and newspaper de-
liveries; working and beating while having sprained leg, punch-
ing, exposing to snow storm without shelter, failing to blanket
during cold weather, impounding without wholesome food and
water, overloading at railroad fruit depots, jerking lines, refus-
242
ILLUSTRATIVE CRUELTIES
243
ing to allow officer to destroy in case of broken leg and thigh,
taking from neighbor's stable and turning loose on street, fail-
ing to notify veterinary surgeon or properly care for while dis-
abled and dying; working with fourteen raw and bleeding sores
rubbed and chafed by harness, while generally disabled; while
helplessly drunk and unfit to manage animal; while exhausted
from heat and overwork; driving while lame, sore and lame, over-
loaded, overburdened, suffering from disease, injury and starva-
tion; selling to unsuspecting persons animals having lockjaw,
glanders, farcy, etc.; driving, leading and dragging along dis-
tances upward of fifteen miles, old and emaciated car and cab
horses, suffering from disease, injured limbs and general disa-
bility, to bologna or fertilizer factories; killing diseased animals
for food, stealing horses, overdriving in extremely hot weather,
causing horses to drop; failing to provide with proper food,
drink and protection from weather; causing others to torture
and abuse; starving, needlessly mutilating, tormenting, depriving
of necessary sustenance, reckless driving, beating with end of
sharp iron plate, striking on head with wooden roller, working
with blinders that kept eyes closed, placing leather gag in mouth,
causing swollen and inflamed tongue and mouth, maliciously
driving against trolley car, attempting to poison, working horse
having sprained shoulder, exposing glanderous horse for sale.
Dogs.-Chopping with axe, chopping with hoe; cutting and
stabbing with pitch-fork, with ice-tongs, with knife; cutting in
half with butcher's cleaver, shooting eyes out, clubbing brains
out, vivisecting, crushing head with foot, tying rope around head
and dashing brains out on sidewalk, using as target for shooting
at, throwing under wheels of moving truck, throwing from win-
dow to street, maliciously driving truck and killing, throwing
stones and bricks at, poisoning, hanging, kicking, starving, steal-
ing, abandoning to die; fighting, witnessing fight, attempting or
preparing to fight, keeping place or pit used for fights; beating
with club, stick, whip, etc.; carrying in inhuman manner, cruelly
muzzling, throwing down through trap-door, maliciously mutilat-
ing or killing, abandoning to die in vacant buildings, etc., tor-
menting, depriving of necessary sustenance, impounding without
wholesome food and water, beating, clubbing and abusing while
244
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
in pound; overcrowding dog catcher's wagon and leaving it
stand in scorching sun with no water for dogs.
Cats.-Roasting to death in baker's oven, crushing head to
pulp with cobblestone, cutting head off, scalding to death, plac-
ing in barrel with vicious bulldog, stabbing with knife, kicking to
death, clubbing to death, throwing from window to pavement,
throwing stones and bricks at, hanging, shooting, starving, aban-
doning to starve and die in vacant buildings, carrying in in-
human manner, tormenting, setting dog on, beating, clubbing,
whipping, causing bulldog to chew cat to death.
Fowl and Birds.—Cock fighting, aiding, witnessing, preparing
for and conducting cocking mains, carrying in inhuman manner,
unlawfully shooting, robbing nests, violating game laws, mali-
ciously crushing chickens' heads to pulp, poisoning poultry, using
for target, plucking feathers from live poultry; overcrowding
poultry in coops, crates, etc., without food and water and with
broken wings, and legs, and eyes gouged out; packing live and
dead poultry in same crate, impounding without proper food and
drink, tormenting, cruelly carrying in bags having no ventila-
tion, clubbing to death, stealing, setting dog on, beating and bruis-
ing crated poultry on heads with butt end of whip.
Cattle, etc.-Beating and abusing at stock yards, overcrowding
cattle and stock in railroad cars and in wagons; crowding sheep
into wagons until they trampled each other to death, kicking
goat to death; driving cow five miles with an intended further
distance of five miles, while disabled from calving; knocking
cow's eye out with a stone.
Miscellaneous.—Throwing live rabbits into vat of boiling
water, bull fighting, shooting tame bears and deer while tied
to stake, beating turtle against telegraph pole, using cruel and
outlawed traps for game, rats, cats, etc.; using slung shots, air
rifles, firearms and bean-shooters; refusing to get veterinary
surgeon, unlawfully holding forth to be a veterinarian.
ILLUSTRATIVE CRUELTIES
245
DEPARTMENT OF ARRESTS AND PROSECUTIONS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(District Including Fifteen cities and Towns)
Year 1904
Nature of Offenses
Pouring kerosene on cat and setting on fire; cat burned
to death
Crushing dog's head to pulp with a pavement block..
Stabbing and killing cat with a pitch-fork.
Beating dog's brains out with a baseball bat..
Breaking dog's back with a club......
Cutting horse's head open with a shovel.
Striking horse between eyes with a hammer.
Slashing and stabbing horse to death...
Abandoning sick horse on lonely road to freeze to death....
Scalding horse with boiling water..
Kicking, beating, and killing dog.....
Confining 1 lion, 1 bear, and 2 leopards intended for a circus,
17 days in small improperly ventilated boxes; animals
cramped, starving for food and thirsting for water....
Expressing live chickens in air-tight paper box, tightly
strapped together with twine, and with heads and legs
bent and tied in unnatural manner.
Exposing horse to snow storm and freezing weather without
blanket
Carrying three young goats, head downward, in unventilated
bag, legs tied so tightly that cord cut into flesh.
Stealing and afterward abandoning pet dog...
Overcrowding chickens and geese in crates, and without food
or water; some dead from suffocation; others with legs and
wings fractured and broken; some with eyes scratched out
by those seeking air....
Punching and kicking horse in abdomen.
Overdriving horse until it became exhausted..
Fighting vicious bull dogs for amusement, dogs chewing into
each other's flesh .....
Whipping and overworking sick and disabled horse until ex-
hausted
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
246
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
sore
Interfering with and obstructing S. P. C. A. officer.
1
Maliciously shooting pet cats....
2
Leading over rough pavements, under pressure of goads and
whips, old and broken-down horses with decayed hoofs
worn down to the flesh, from which blood flowed and left
foot-marks along street; destination of horses, "bone”
yard, 10 miles from starting point; price to be paid on
delivery, $1.00 each. Horse in each instance humanely
killed by Society officer
3
Cruelly jerking reins, cutting mouth of horse and producing
3
Causing or hiring men to violate law.
2
Working horses on city pavements without shoes or with
smooth-worn shoes, causing in some instances cracked and
bleeding hoofs and lameness.
8
Overloading and overworking horses, mules, etc.
9
Abusing, beating, whipping and clubbing horses, mules, etc. 19
Compelling horses and mules to work while disabled and suf-
fering both from sores under harness and lameness. 15
Driving and working horses and mules suffering from raw
and bleeding sores on back, breast, neck, etc., rubbed and
chafed by saddle, collar, harness, etc.
75
Driving and working horses and mules suffering from lame-
ness, cracked and bleeding hoofs, disabled and neglected
feet, injuries caused by accident, imperfect shoeing, general
disability, etc.
277
Total
435
APPENDIX XVI
THE AUDUBON MOVEMENT
The beginnings of a movement for bird protection were dis-
cernable in the early 80's. In 1883, communications to Forest
and Stream and editorials in the same periodical, called attention
to the beginnings of a public awakening to the need of bird
protection. In 1884 many newspaper articles appeared, call-
ing attention to the alarming decrease in numbers of small birds
and urging measures to save insect-eating and song-birds. In
a Forest and Stream editorial (entitled “The Sacrifice of Song
Birds ") it was said: “ The destruction of American wild birds
for millinery purposes has assumed tremendous proportions.
The unholy work gives employment to a vast army of men and
women, and this army wages its campaign of destruction with a
diabolical perfection of system.” It was during this year that
the extermination of the terns was threatened. The demands
of fashion instigated the systematic killing of these birds from
Florida to Massachusetts.
At a meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union held at
the American Museum of Natural History, September 30, 1884,
Mr. William Brewster called the attention of members to the
wholesale slaughter of birds (particularly terns) and “moved the
appointment of a committee for the Protection of North Amer-
ican Birds and their eggs against wanton and indiscriminate
destruction, the committee to consist of six ... and to coöperate
with other existing protection associations having similar objects
in view.” Such a committee was appointed. Its work marks the
beginning of the Audubon movement.
At this same meeting, action was taken that has since proved
far-reaching in its results. The Union instructed its Council to
prepare and present a proper memorial to Congress and also to
the Canadian government, in behalf of the Committee on Bird
247
248
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Migration, and to consider what other means could be devised
to promote the work. The appeal to Congress resulted in an ap-
propriation of $5,000 through the Department of Agriculture
in aid of the work. The Department invited the Council of the
Union to select a superintendent to carry on the work in the
Department. As a result Dr. C. Hart Merriam was chosen. He
secured as his assistant, Dr. A. K. Fisher. These men, both
among the founders of the American Ornithologists' Union, were
the nucleus from which bas grown the present Biological Survey,
a division of the Department of Agriculture.
What was probably the first comprehensive bird law passed
in the United States was enacted by the legislature of New
Jersey early in 1885. It forbade the killing of any Night-hawk,
Whippoorwill, Tern, Gull or any insectivorous or song-bird not
generally known as a game bird. At this time, particularly in
the South, the killing and sale of non-game birds for food pur-
poses was quite common. In 1885, not less than twenty-six
species were exposed for sale at points in this region. In Norfolk,
Va., for instance, Mr. Sennett of the A. 0. U. Protection Com-
mittee found on sale at more than twelve stands large quantities
of such birds, some stands having as many as three or four
hundred.
At the third annual meeting of the Union, in 1885, a new Com-
mittee on Protection of Native Birds was appointed, and a large
amount of preliminary work was done by the committee at
weekly meetings. Sub-committees were appointed to collect sta-
tistics covering the extent of trade in birds for millinery pur-
1 The great value of the work of the staff of ornithologists of the Sur-
vey is regularly becoming more apparent. It publishes a mass of edu-
cational material, and takes an active part in protecting both game and
non-game birds. The Audubon Societies are practically auxiliary to it,
and work in close touch with it. All-important movements and plans
of the National Association are adopted after consultation with the
Biological Survey, which furnishes a large part of the food data pub-
lished in the Educational Leaflets of the Association.
2 These included the robin, catbird, brown thrasher, bluebird, yellow
rumped warbler, waxwing, red-eyed vireo, eight species of sparrow, dove
and even the crow and screech owl. At the present time, not only are
markets bare of song-birds (even Louisiana with its French population has
abandoned the practice), but in many States the sale of game-birds as
well is forbidden,
THE AUDUBON MOVEMENT
249
978
poses, and to procure a full series of the legislative enactments
of the different states in behalf of bird protection, as a basis
for intelligent action.
The Committee planned its first work largely along educational
lines. The public was reached through the coöperation of the
editor and publisher of Science and of Mr. G. E. Gordon, Presi-
dent of the American Humane Association. A 16-page supple-
ment to Science (No. 160, Feb. 26, 1886) was issued; and a
separate edition of 100,000 copies was circulated by the Com-
mittee on Bird Protection. It contained a number of articles
and editorials (mainly by members of the Committee), the pur-
pose of which was to inform and to create sentiment against the
use of birds for decorative purposes, and in general for the
protection of all native birds. Published as the first Bulletin
of the American Ornithologists' Union, this reprint contained
the first completed draft of what has since been known as the
A. 0. U. Model Law, “An Act for the Protection of Birds and
their Nests and Eggs.
On February 11, 1886, the following editorial appeared in
Forest and Stream:
“Very slowly the public are awakening to see that the fashion
of wearing feathers and skins of birds is abominable. Legisla-
tion itself can do little against this barbarous practice, but if
public sentiment can be aroused against it, it will die a speedy
death. While individual effort may accomplish much, it will
work but slowly, and the spread of the movement will be but
gradual. Something more than this is needed.
“ In the first half of this century there lived a man who did
more to teach Americans about birds of their own land than any
other who ever lived. His beautiful and spirited paintings and
his charming and tender accounts of the habits of his favorites
have made him immortal, and have inspired his countrymen with
an ardent love for the birds. The land which produced the
painter-naturalist, John James Audubon, will not willingly see
the beautiful forms he loved so well exterminated.
“We propose the formation of an Association for the protec-
tion of the wild birds and their eggs, which shall be called the
Audubon Society. Its membership is to be free to everyone who
is willing to lend a helping hand in forwarding the objects for
3 This law was first drawn in January, 1886. It was then not in
force in a single state. It now applies in all but ten states and territories,
250
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
which it is formed. These objects shall be to prevent, so far as
possible, (1) the killing of any wild birds not used for food;
(2) the destruction of nests or eggs of any wild bird, and (3)
the wearing of feathers as ornaments or trimming for dress.
“ To bring this matter properly before the public at large, we
shall employ every means in our power to diffuse information on
the subject over the whole country. Those who are willing to
aid us in our labors are urged to establish local societies for work
in their own neighborhood. To such branch societies we will
send, without charge, circulars and printed information for dis-
tribution among their neighbors. A little effort in this direction
will do much good. As soon as the Association shall have a mem-
bership and shall be in a position to organize, and shall have
attained an existence, we will hand the books and any funds which
it may have, over to its members, who will, thereafter, take charge
of it. The work to be done by the Audubon Society is auxiliary
to that undertaken by the Committee of the American Orni-
thologists' Union; and will further the efforts of the A. O. U.
Committee, doing detail duties to which they cannot attend."
The new Audubon Society, the predecessor of the present
National Association of Audubon Societies, at the end of the
first six months of its existence had enrolled over 11,000 members.
This rapid growth suggested the need of incorporation. Steps
were taken to that end, and on August 6th, the incorporation
was completed with the title of “The Audubon Society for the
Protection of Birds."
In November, the A. O. U. Protection Committee published its
second bulletin in Forest and Stream. This was reprinted in
pamphlet form as "Protection of Birds by Legislation.” It con-
tained the New York law of 1886 (the first adopted in any com--
monwealth, embodying the recommendations of the A. 0. U.),
with detailed comments, a revised and simplified draft of a model
law with explanations and suggestions about enforcement, the
effect of the law on bird protection, the work of the Audubon
Society, and other related matter.
The year 1886 represents a high-water mark in the work. The
public press had warmly seconded the movement, and the public
was seemingly aroused to the importance of enforcing thorough-
going measures for the better protection of birds. At the close
of the year the Audubon Society had 16,000 members, with more
THE AUDUBON MOVEMENT
251
than three hundred local secretaries, scattered through this and
various foreign countries.
In January, 1887, The Forest and Stream Publishing Com-
pany issued the first number of the Audubon Magazine. It was
decided that this new venture was necessary to enable the So-
ciety to keep pace with the rapid growth of the movement. Each
number contained a full-page illustration of some well-known
bird, carefully produced from Audubon's plate, together with a
description and life history of the species figured. Besides this
the story of the life of the great artist-naturalist appeared as a
serial. Economic questions were treated in an intelligent and
novel way, and there were lighter articles and stories for younger
readers. In August the membership of the Society had grown
to 38,400.
During 1888 the tide turned; this is reflected in the scant at-
tention given to bird protection in the public press. The shoot-
ing of song birds during the spring migration went on in New
York State despite the law, and fashion once more furthered
the work of destruction by decreeing the use of birds for decora-
tive purposes. With the end of the second volume, December,
1888, the Audubon Magazine ceased to exist and, with it, the
organized effort for bird protection.
During the years from 1889 to 1895, reports of the annual
congresses of the American Ornithologists' Union reflect little
progress on the part of the Committee on Bird Protection in
advancing its work. “The Committee was discouraged and hope-
less, feather-wearing was as rampant as ever, the legislatures of
the states of New York and Pennsylvania, where the model law
had been enacted, had amended or repealed the same, and bird
legislation was as defective as it was before the protection move-
ment began; the Audubon Society had practically ceased to exist,
and the Audubon Magazine was no longer published. Truly it
might be said that the cause of bird protection seemed hopeless,
for the movement that had started so brilliantly in 1883 was
seemingly dead after a short career of twelve years. An analysis
of the cause of the decline points to the following reason: the
movement was started and carried on as a single society, the
expenses of the same being borne by a liberal and public-spirited
252
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
corporation that was organized for another purpose. The mag-
nitude of the undertaking was too great for any person or cor-
poration to carry on unaided, the actual physical labor and the
great expense were beyond the strength or purse of anything
but a coöperative movement among the several states or the con-
tributions of hundreds of individuals. There was also a total
lack of supporting laws, nor was the warden system adopted
during the first movement."'$
A second cycle of bird protection began in January, 1896, when
the system of State Audubon Societies was started by the organi-
zation of a society in Massachusetts. As the state societies are
all planned on the same lines and have the same object in view,
a quotation from the prospectus of the Massachusetts Society
will serve to indicate the character of the work to be accom-
plished.
“ The purpose of the Society is to discourage buying and wear-
ing for ornamental purposes the feathers of any wild bird, and
to otherwise further the protection of our native birds.
We
would awaken the community to the fact that this fashion of
wearing feathers means the cruel slaughter of myriads of birds,
and that some of our finest birds are already decimated, and may
be exterminated by the demand for their feathers. We would
make an appeal to all lovers of nature, since by this reckless
demand of fashion the woods and fields are being stripped of one
of their chief attractions, and the country deprived of indispen-
sable friends to agriculture.”
A second society was soon organized in Pennsylvania, and
thereafter state organizations followed in rapid succession. The
New York Society was organized on February 23, 1897. The
executive committee of this society regarded the work as essen-
tially educative, and its activities advanced primarily along such
lines. Bird Day in the schools of the state was made a primary
principle of organization, in which the aid of the State Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction was enlisted. Some fourteen cir-
culars and leaflets were issued. At the same time the Amer-
ican Museum of Natural History continued its work of educating
4 Report of the A. O. U. Committee on Protection of North American
Birds, 1894, pp. 55-6.
Report of the A. O. U. Committee for 1896, p. 31,
6
THE AUDUBON MOVEMENT
253
the public school teachers to the economic and aesthetic value
of birds. Large numbers of accurately colored lantern slides of
birds were prepared for distribution to the public schools through-
out the state, and these were used in an interesting and popular
way.
The dissemination of literature demonstrating the economic
foundations of bird protection, and the establishing of bird work
in the schools on a footing with botany were specific objects of
concern with the National Committee. It urged these objects on
the state societies above all other considerations, and it appealed
to its members to take an individual interest in promoting this
work. In the report for 1897 the Committee made a series of
recommendations to the A. 0. U. which epitomizes the more
recent activities of the organization. During 1898 more active
measures were taken to carry these recommendations into effect,
and subsequent work has done much toward their realization.
Uniform legislation has rapidly been secured. At present the
model law is in force in forty-one states and territories and in
the northwestern territories of Canada. In addition the societies
have regularly exerted a valuable influence in game bird pro-
tection. All of the societies stand emphatically for short open
seasons, no spring shooting, non-export, no sale of game, and
every known method of preserving the rapidly diminishing game
birds of the country.
An interesting phase of the work has been the effort of some
of the societies to interest milliners in bird protection. The
report of 1898 says this, for instance: “ An exhibition of milli-
nery trimmed without the use of wild birds, aigrettes, etc., was
held at the Hotel Stratford, Philadelphia, in May, in which all
the leading milliners of the city participated, and the attendance
of visitors was very large. The exhibits of the various firms
were afterwards displayed in their stores and advertised in their
newspaper notices, which did still more to draw public attention
to the possibilities of 'Audubon millinery. As a result many of
the stores have agreed to make a specialty of birdless hats, and
Messrs. Gimbel Bros. have established an Audubon department,
besides issuing an appeal for the birds in their millinery adver-
o Report for 1897, pp. 112-3.
254
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
tisements." The cause of bird protection has also been brought
prominently before women's clubs and similar organizations with
significant results.
The publication of Bird Lore, beginning in 1899, as the official
organ of the Audubon Societies, has been a powerful auxiliary
in the Audubon work. Its editor, Mr. Frank M. Chapman, has
from the first maintained a high standard for the magazine.
Scientifically sound, it is popular in treatment. It is valuable
in keeping the various societies in touch with one another, as
well as with their members and other interested parties.
Early in 1900, a change of fashion again threatened the gulls
and terns. An appeal to bird lovers was made by Mr. Abbott H.
Thayer, and through his efforts a generous fund was raised for
the special protection of sea-birds during the breeding season.
The system of wardens was instituted as a result. Annually in-
creasing results have come from the maintenance of the fund.
In this same year, in order to put the bird protection movement
on a lasting basis, a national organization of the Audubon so-
cieties was effected. A national committee was formed with
power to represent the societies whenever concerted action should
seem desirable. Each society has had a representative on this
committee. In 1906, the committee was incorporated as the Na-
tional Association of Audubon Societies, and in the same year
the Association was bequeathed a substantial fund for endowment
purposes by one of its late members, Albert Willcox.
Since 1901 the national organization has had charge of the
formation of new Audubon societies, of the warden system, of
legislation, of the setting apart of reservations for wild fowl
and of the general educational work. The extension of reserva-
tions and of the warden system are particularly noteworthy
phases of protective work. Searches for bird colonies are prose-
cuted by the association from time to time. If these are found
on federal property a reservation is likely to be obtained by
order of the President of the United States. In 1906 a per-
petual lease was secured from the State of Maine of a rocky
island which is occupied by a good-sized colony of herring gulls
and the only remaining colony of the American eider duck that
? Report of 1898, p. 71.
THE AUDUBON MOVEMENT
255
sons.
is known to exist in the United States. In such places, reliable
wardens are stationed for protective work during breeding sea-
In only a few cases is it necessary to employ wardens
throughout the year. Educational work, however, is regarded
by the Association as its most important line of activity. “The
millions of children in the public schools of the country must
be reached, and they must be taught that kindness to the lower
and helpless creatures is one of the fundamental principles of
good citizenship. ..."
“ The system of Educational Leaflets adopted by this Associa-
tion in 1905 has been continued without intermission until the
present time. The first Leaflets were illustrated with black and
white drawings of the bird under consideration, but beginning
with Number 17, which was issued December 1, 1905, the illus-
trations have been in the natural colors of the bird. ... A
series of questions is appended for the use of teachers, and good
reference books are suggested for the student. .. Leaflets and
outlines are now in use in nearly 100 schools. It is true that
this is but a small part of the thousands of such institutions,
but it is a beginning, and from it the work must spread until
their use is universal.98
The work of the Association “is not a fad nor an ephemeral
movement, but it is an undertaking seeking truth in a spirit of
fairness and justice. It proposes to preserve and protect the
wild life of this continent and, so far as it can, of the world,
until such time as careful and exact scientific study can determine
the value to the human race of all wild creatures, and to this
end it is the purpose of this Society to prevent, by all lawful
means, the 'selfish and wasteful practices that have so long been
in vogue.
90
8 Report for 1906, pp. 246-7.
Ibid., p. 228.
APPENDIX XVII
INSTRUCTIONS TO AGENTS IN DEALING WITH NEGLECTED
STOCK ISSUED BY THE COLORADO BUREAU OF CHILD
AND ANIMAL PROTECTION
When stock is found neglected and suffering, if practicable,
notify the owner and give him a chance to care for it himself
before you do. You must use judgment about this. If the owner
is too far away, or the animals are suffering much, don't wait
for the owner.
In all cases, get word to the owner as quickly as possible.
In all cases try to keep down the expense the same as you would
if the stock were your own, but, while doing so, don't let the
animals suffer.
The utmost good faith and sincerity should characterize every
action of an agent. Nothing will so quickly destroy his influence
for good and confidence in him as the belief that he is dishonest
or actuated by mercenary motives.
While he has a right under the circumstances, as set forth in
the law, to make a reasonable charge for his services in caring
for neglected or abused animals, he should never take advantage
of his authority to overcharge, and should be guided by what
he would have charged if the owner had come to him to make a
bargain before the services were rendered.
In other words, an agent should never let himself use his au-
thority to make money. That is not what it was given him for.
Even if, as often happens, the owner of neglected stock is en-
titled to little consideration on account of his inhumanity, the
way to punish him is not by overcharging.
If an agent is fair, impartial and sincere, he can generally
make a friend even of the man against whom he is enforcing the
law. He can not hope to do that if he is not absolutely honest,
but, on the contrary, will make enemies for himself and the cause
he represents.
Nothing here said is to be taken to mean that an agent must
256
INSTRUCTIONS TO AGENTS
257
render his services for nothing, or for less than they are worth,
when he is entitled by law to make a charge. His enforcement
of the law is a matter of business, and the exercise of his au-
thority as an officer of the State. Moreover, the owner of the
stock cared for profits by his action and should pay for it a
reasonable price.
There is meant only that the agent should not take advantage,
but should be perfectly fair, upright and above board in his
actions, and should then compel the respect to his orders which
is due to him as exercising the authority of the people of the
State.
The law does not require publication of notice in a newspaper,
but when it appears at all likely that animals taken charge of and
about to be sold will bring enough to pay the additional cost of
advertising in the official stock paper, that should be done just
as is done in the case of estrays.
Whenever any stock is taken up because it needs care, notify
the board at the State House, giving particulars of taking, de-
scription, brands, etc. Whenever a sale occurs, furnish full in-
formation to this office at once.
Take up no range stock unless actually suffering, except when
found where they can reach no feed.
Keep full and complete records of dates, names, brands,
amounts, etc. Give and take receipts, and make it a careful and
correct matter of business.
If an owner comes to redeem stock, do not let him redeem some
and leave the rest.
If there is some poor and some good stock to be sold, bunch
some of both kinds in lots and sell the lot. Otherwise you will
have the worthless stock left on your hands.
Whenever you post sale notices, send one copy to this office.
When stock is redeemed, collect all items of expense for each
head for the number of days held, including gathering, adver,
tising, etc.
Employ only honest and trustworthy help.
Keep strictly to the law. Do whatever the law says shall be
done. Do it in good faith and take no advantage of anyone.
Treat all alike and all fairly.
18
APPENDIX XVIII
RECOMMENDATIONS OF COMMITTEE ON HUMANE SLAUGH-
TERING AND KILLING METHODS, AMERICAN HUMANE
ASSOCIATION. READ AT NEW ORLEANS MEET-
ING, NOVEMBER 19, 1908
1. That all animals should be stunned before being subjected
to the bleeding operation.
2. That the “shooting-bolt” weapon should be used for the
stunning of cattle, horses and, as far as practicable, the smaller
animals. (1) On account of its great efficiency in producing
instantaneous insensibility, through the explosive force exerted
by the discharge on the cerebrum. (2) The relative absence of
danger to human life in its use; there being no bullets and con-
sequently no risk from stray or deflected missiles.
3. That if, for economical reasons, the shooting-bolt apparatus
be not employed for small animals; calves, pigs and sheep should
be stunned before bleeding by a blow from a special form of
club having an iron knob at the end. In stunning calves and
pigs the blow should be aimed at the forehead; but, in the case
of sheep it should be delivered just back of the ears. A form
of stunning apparatus, for small animals, which has given most
satisfactory results in hundreds of slaughtering establishments,
and known as the “ striking-bolt” instrument, of which the
Kleinschmidt and Kurten are the best examples, is especially
recommended on account of its humaneness; the only objection
being that this device requires more delay and the employment
of an extra man in its operation.
4. That the public abattoir system of Germany, under the
supervision and direction of expert government officials of intel-
ligence and experience, not only conserves the interests of hu-
manity; but, constituting as it does, through the resulting rigid
inspection of all meats and other products, such a reliable safe-
guard to the public health and safety, should be universally
adopted.
258
RECOMMENDATIONS OF COMMITTEE
259
5. That their public slaughter houses, which were designed
with an especial view to the humane handling and slaughtering
of animals, as well as providing the most complete sanitary ar-
rangements, should serve as models for the construction of such
buildings in America.
6. That, in view of the national importance of this question,
an appeal should be made to the United States government to
send a commission abroad for the purpose of investigating and
reporting on the abattoir systems of Germany and other foreign
states.
APPENDIX XIX
WORK-HORSE PARADE
CIRCULAR ANNOUNCEMENT FOR 1908
The sixth annual parade and competition of the BOSTON WORK-
HORSE PARADE ASSOCIATION will take place on May 30, 1908,
in the forenoon.
Entries close May 1st, and after that date no entry will be
received. No entry fee is required.
This is a purely charitable undertaking. The officers receive
no compensation for their services, and the only object of the
Association is to improve the condition and treatment of work-
horses.
Entries are especially desired from small owners. This is not
a rich man's show. A new harness or new wagon counts for
nothing.
Not more than ten entries can be received from any one person,
and the Association reserves the right to reduce this number to
five. Work-horses of all kinds may be entered, except horses
used in hacks and cabs. Entries will be received from any place
within fifteen miles of Boston.
Any horse that is dock-tailed, sick, lame, thin, galled, out of
condition, or otherwise unfit for work will be excluded from
the parade.
Entry blanks and circulars may be obtained at the office of the
Secretary, or from any Director of the Association.
The Prizes
Every horse not disqualified by lameness, want of condition,
or other cause, will receive a ribbon of some kind, and prizes will
be liberally awarded. Each blue-ribbon winner will receive a
brass medal as a permanent ornament for the harness.
260
WORK-HORSE PARADE
261
How the Ribbons and Prizes are Awarded.
Age counts in favor of a horse. The older the horse the higher
will he be graded, provided that his condition is good.
The Judges are instructed not to give a first prize or blue rib-
bon to a green borse.
The Judges are instructed not to give a first prize or blue
ribbon to any horse unless--allowing for the imperfections of
age—he is a handsome horse of good type.
Docile and gentle manners will be considered, as showing that
the horse has been kindly treated.
Color will not count even in respect to matched teams.
The value or newness of the harness will not count; but the
harness must be clean, comfortable, well-fitting and not unneces-
sarily heavy.
Many a good horse has failed to receive a prize in former
years by reason of his collar being too small or too large, or for
some other defect in the harness. Throat-latches too tight, and
inside reins too long, in the case of pairs, are also common
defects.
Harness that is light, but strong enough to do the work re-
quired of it, is preferred to heavier harness. This rule will be
observed especially in respect to bridles and other parts in which
great strength is not required. Brass frontlets, unnecessary rings,
tassels, plumes and other ornaments should not be used.
The vehicle will not be considered, except that a vehicle too
heavy or otherwise unsuitable for the horse or for the work in
which he is used, would disqualify the entry. New harness and
new vehicles are not absolutely prohibited, but exhibitors are
requested not to use them. This is an exhibition of horses and
not of wagons.
Horses must be shown in the same manner in which they are
regularly worked in all respects, including vehicle, harness and
number of horses in a team. For example, a horse regularly
used in a pair cannot be entered as a single horse.
Certificates
In addition to the prizes, certificates will be awarded to those
drivers whose horses appear serviceably sound and in good con-
262
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
dition and spirits, provided that they have been driven continu-
ously by the same driver for at least a year before the date of
entry. This provision as to the length of time during which the
horses have been driven must be true of each horse in the team,
if there are more than one, and must be provided by the signed
statement of the driver, countersigned by the owner.
(In the
case of a four-horse team it will be sufficient if three of the horses
have been driven by the driver for one year.) A horse will be
considered serviceably sound if he goes sound and breathes sound.
Separate entry blanks will be furnished for drivers eligible for
certificates.
N. B.--These certificates have nothing to do with the prizes.
A horse may be eligible for a prize, although the driver is not
eligible for a certificate; and the driver may receive a certificate,
although his horses fail to obtain a prize.
The Uses of the Association
Besides holding the Annual Parade, the Association has main-
tained during the past winter the following means for improving
the condition and treatment of work-horses : A Permanent Agent;
A Course of Free Lectures; A Stable Competition. These will
be considered separately.
The Permanent Agent
The Directors employed last December Mr. Maurice B. Conway
as a permanent agent to inspect the poorer class of stables and
horses, and to assist the owners with advice and information, and,
in deserving cases, with blankets, harness, medicine and expert
shoeing. Veterinary surgeons and blacksmiths have generously
offered to give their services free, at the request of the agent; and
much good has been done in this manner.
It often happens that skilful shoeing, or the gift of a proper
collar or saddle, or of a warm blanket will save an old or worn-
out horse from much unnecessary suffering. It often happens
also that a man will make some improvement in his stable or in
the treatment of his horses, such as stopping holes in the walls,
repairing doors and windows, providing bedding, watering his
WORK-HORSE PARADE
263
horses more frequently, grooming them better, etc., if the matter
is properly suggested to him by a person acting as agent for a
well-known society.
Free Lectures
A conference on Shoeing, intended for experts and well at-
tended by them, was held by the Association in February; and
afterward, on successive Friday Evenings, a course of Free Lec-
tures were delivered as follows: (1) “The Shoeing of Horses."
(2) Common Equine Diseases." (3) Harness." (4) " The
Age of Horses and the Care of Their Teeth." (5)
(5) "Feeding
and Watering." (6) " Diseases of the Feet." (7) “Driving."
(8) "Rules of the Road." (9) “Experiences as a Humane
Agent.”
Stable Competition
Entries were accepted this year from stables of every kind, and
they were judged, not in competition, but accordingly as they
satisfied the standard fixed by the Judges. Among the points
considered were: quality of hay and grain, bedding, blanketing,
grooming, ventilation, stalls, sanitary condition of stable, and
last, but not least, the handling of the horses by drivers and
grooms, including the condition in which the horses are returned
to the stable by the drivers. The stables and the foremen are not
always graded alike. Sometimes a foreman makes poor use of the
facilities at his command, and in other cases a good foreman has
to struggle against bad drivers, poor facilities, or a stingy owner.
Fire Exits for Stables
The Fire Commissioner of Boston made the following state-
ment in his annual report for 1907:
66 Scores of horses are burned or suffocated to death every year
in this city. Some reasonable regulation of stable construction
should be passed looking to the proper arrangement of runways
and exits. This great and cruel loss of horse life has been to a
very considerable degree unnecessary, and if some official super-
vision of stables, with authority to require proper construction,
could prevail, the horror could be greatly abated.”
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THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
The Disposal of Old Horses
There is a growing feeling in the community that old and
worn-out horses, or painfully lame horses, ought not to be sold,
but should be killed, or otherwise disposed of in a humane
manner.
APPENDIX XX
SAMPLES OF SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL LEAFLETS BEARING
ON PRACTICAL HUMANE PROCEDURE
(a) How to Treat a Horse
It is wise to treat a horse well. Men who are well treated are
generally happier and better able to do good work than men who
are ill treated. It is the same in the case of horses. It will pay
you to treat your horse well.
The reason why you feel pain in your body when you are hurt
is because you have nerves. Horses have nerves and feel pain
as well as you. Think of that, and do not make your horse
suffer.
You should pity your horse, because he is dumb and cannot
complain if you neglect or ill-treat him.
A horse should always be well fed. A working horse should
have besides his hay, twelve quarts of grain a day, half oats and
half corn.
If all corn is used, soak it in water until it swells.
This will prevent colic. A driving horse should have all oats
instead of part corn. There is no danger of over-feeding an
old horse.
Be sure to give your horse plenty of good water. You know
yourself how it feels to be thirsty. Think what your poor horse
may suffer if you do not give him enough water. He cannot tell
you, so you should think about it.
A horse should be kept clean and have a good dry bed at night.
When you have worked hard and are tired you would not like
hard boards or damp ground to sleep on. Your horse can feel
the discomfort of hard boards and damp ground. On cold nights
he needs blankets over him as well as a good bed.
When you clean your horse do not use the currycomb roughly.
If he has a fine skin do not use a comb at all, but a good hard
brush. That will do him good, make his coat shine, and do you
265
266
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
ness.
credit. Be careful to clean his feet also, and so prevent lame-
This should be done every night and with a pick, using
care to see that no stones are between the frog and the shoe.
See that your horse's collar fits. An ill-fitting collar will make
sores and cause him much suffering. A collar that
A collar that is too small
will stop his breath so that he cannot pull. Horses have been
thought balky when the real reason why they stood still was a
tight collar. A collar that is too large will cramp the shoulders.
See that the harness fits well, examine it every day, and keep it
soft and clean.
If the harness begins to rub anywhere and make a sore place,
wash the sore with clean water, and castile soap if you have it,
but do not use other kinds, then put pads—made of rags will do
on each side of the place that touched the sore in such a way
as to raise it up so that it cannot touch the sore.
If the sore
is a bad one do not work the horse until it is well.
Go to a good blacksmith and keep your horse's shoes in good
order. They should be removed every four or five weeks. When
the roads are icy keep sharp calks on them.
Keep the stable clean if you want your horse to be well. Keep
a lump of salt in the corner of the stall where he can get it when
he likes, but do not put it where it will mix with his food.
Never use a tight check-rein. It is cruel to put any check-
rein on a work-horse, because, when he is pulling a load, espe-
cially up hill, he needs to bend his neck as he pleases.
He does not need blinders either. They are likely to injure
the eyes of any horse.
Never overload your horse. If you have to carry a load along
a level road and then up hill, load for the hill, not for the level,
or take an extra horse with you.
When the roads are bad, make your load lighter, and when
going up or down hill let your horse take his time. Going fast
with heavy harness and a load is sure to injure a horse.
When you leave your horse standing give him a chance to rest.
If it is on a hill block the wheels with stones. If there is a
load and only two wheels, raise the shafts with a prop and ease
the horse's back. If possible turn him so that the sun will not
shine in his eyes.
SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL LEAFLETS
267
Keep your wheels well greased. When they are not greased it
is much harder to pull the wagon. Wipe the axle clean before
you put fresh grease on it.
Do not let a horse stand two or three days without exercise.
Take him out of the stable every day long enough to exercise
him. Be sure to give him fresh air also. To keep him well and
strong a horse needs to have fresh air let into his stable, just
as you need fresh air let into your bedrooms to keep you well
and strong.
When your horse is tired you need to do something to make
him fresh the next day. As soon as you get to the stable, sponge
his nose and the part under his tail, wipe off the harness marks,
and rub his legs downward. Also, if possible, bathe his legs from
the knees down with hot water and rub them dry, but do not
bathe them unless you can get them dry afterward. Rub his ears
until they are dry and warm, give him some water, and let him
rest for an hour. Then clean him, water and feed him, and give
him a deep, soft bed. Water him again, if you can, before you
go to bed. If you are not going to use him the next day, you
may give him a bran mash instead of oats. If it is cold weather
have it warm.
If a horse does not eat well have his teeth examined by a
veterinary. They may need filing or he may suffer from a sore
tooth. Horses have starved to death from trouble with their
teeth.
Sore back on horses is often caused by the shafts bearing too
heavily on the back. See that the shafts are so hung that when
rocker plates are level the shafts will stand high enough to enter
the tug straps, then they will not press down on the horse's back.
Give the horse twenty-four inches in width between shafts at
narrowest part.
For all wagons over one and three-eighths inches axle, stiff
shafts properly hung are better for horse and wagon.
Sometimes drivers step on the shafts in getting in and out of
wagons; this is often the cause of sore backs on horses.
Carts should be loaded so that the shafts will not bear on the
horse's back. Always have the whiffletree hung beneath the
shaft bar,
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THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Never shout or use rough words to your horse. You will get
much more from him by kindness. You would do more yourself
for one who treated you well than you would for one who used
rough, bad words. Your horse feels the same way.
Never whip or be cruel to a balky horse. Balkiness is a kind
of disease. If your horse stands still and you are in a hurry,
try undoing and doing up again a part of his harness. Lift up
one of his feet and put it down again, or try coaxing him along
with an apple or something else that he likes.
When your horse is afraid of anything, if it is possible, drive
slowly up to it and let him look at it. Never whip him when he
is frightened. If you were afraid of anything, whipping would
not take away your fear, but kind words might. It is the same
with your horse.
Love your horse and he will love you. Kind, gentle, encourag-
ing words will make him want to obey you. Try them, and use
the whip as little as possible and never in the stable. Never hold
the whip in your hand and keep worrying the horse with it. That
is keeping him in misery.
Never go to saloons. Never take any intoxicating drink. Many
poor tired horses go all night or longer without water or feed
when their drivers have been drinking. Do not drink at all. You
will never be sorry for not drinking, but you and your family
and your friends may be very sorry if you do. Save your money
for things that are good. Drink is bad for your body, bad for
your soul, bad for your pocket. Do not let any one tempt you
to take it.
This leaflet can be obtained from M. L. Hall, 126 Ridge St., Providence,
R. I. Price 40 cent per hundred, or 20 copies for 10 cents, postage paid.
(6) To Policemen and Others
(This is quite commonly found in the reports and circulars
issued by humane societies.)
Humanity sometimes requires that policemen on duty, and
others, shall kill injured animals. Attention is called to the fol-
lowing as the quickest and most humane methods when properly
done:
SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL LEAFLETS
269
The Horse
Shooting.-Place the pistol muzzle within a few inches of the
head, and shoot at the point indicated in the cut, aiming toward
the center of the head.
Blows.—Blindfold, and with a heavy axe or hammer strike
just below the foretop at the same point. Two vigorous well-
aimed blows will kill quickly.
Be careful not to shoot or strike too low.
The Dog
Shooting. Place the pistol muzzle near the head, aiming a
little to one side of the top of the skull at the place shown by
bolly
the dot, and shoot downward so that the bullet shall go through
the brain into or toward the neck.
Do not shoot too low or directly in the middle, on account of
thick bones. If the dog must be killed with blows, strike hard
with a heavy instrument at the point you would shoot.
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THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
(Circulated by the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals.)
(c) Important to Shippers
You are hereby warned that the abuse of poultry by shipping
them in low, overcrowded or poorly ventilated coops makes you
liable to a fine and imprisonment.
Carrying companies and their agents also make themselves
amenable to the law in receiving and transporting poultry which
are not properly packed.
The law authorizes the taking charge of any animals being
carried in a cruel manner, and any necessary expenses which
may be incurred for taking charge and keeping the same shall
be a lien thereon to be paid before the same can be lawfully
recovered.
Coops should be constructed with solid board bottoms and
slatted or spindled tops and sides. When slats are used they
should not be over one and one-half inches wide. (Do not use
boxes.) Standard coops measure two feet wide by three feet long.
Coops for turkeys should not be less than 20 inches high.
Coops for geese should not be less than 16 inches high.
Coops for old roosters should not be less than 16 inches high.
Coops for large fowls should not be less than 16 inches high.
Coops for ducks should not be less than 12 inches high.
Coops for small fowls should not be less than 12 inches high.
Coops for spring chickens should not be less than 12 inches
high.
The commission men who handle the largest part of the fowls
received at this market, suggest the following as the proper
number to be placed in each standard coop.
Turkey gobblers, 5 to a coop.
Turkey hens, 6 to a coop.
Geese, Large, 6 to a coop.
Geese, Medium, 8 to a coop.
Geese, Small, 10 to a coop.
Ducks, Large, 10 to a coop.
Ducks, Medium, 14 to a coop.
Ducks, Small, 18 to a coop.
SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL LEAFLETS
271
Roosters and fowls, 7 to 10 lbs. apiece, 8 to a coop.
Roosters and fowls, 5 to 7 lbs. apiece, 10 to a coop.
Roosters and fowls, 4 to 5 lbs. apiece, 14 to a coop.
Roosters and fowls, 3 to 4 lbs. apiece, 16 to a coop.
Roosters and fowls, 2 to 3 lbs. apiece, 18 to a coop.
Roosters and fowls, 1 to 2 lbs. apiece, 20 to a coop.
Squab pigeons should not be shipped under six weeks old.
Compliance with these regulations will be a benefit to the ship-
pers, as the poultry will arrive at the market in better condition.
The Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals will strictly enforce these regulations.
Headquarters, 1627 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.
FRANK B. RUTHERFORD,
Secretary.
Kindly post for further reference.
APPENDIX XXI
LETTER OF MR. HENRY BERGH, TREASURER OF THE AMER-
ICAN SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY
TO ANIMALS, ON VIVISECTION
(Mr. Bergh is a nephew of the founder of the American Society)
The erection of a new building to meet the requirements of the
pathological department of Bellevue Hospital has served as an
excuse for an attack on several eminent members of the medical
profession by certain persons who claim to represent the interests
of humanity. Speaking unofficially, I should welcome the cen-
tralization of the practice of vivisection in some few designated
localities where it would be under the supervision of competent
officials, as the best means of doing away with most of the objec-
tions which exist under the present lack of system for its control.
No one deprecates more than I the infliction of needless suffer-
ing on God's defenseless creatures; but that which is necessary
is not cruel. I have great confidence in the medical fraternity
as a body. They have done more in the cause of humanity than
any other class of men who ever existed; for their constant efforts
have been directed toward the alleviation of suffering—not its
infliction. That individual practitioners have committed excesses
which call for the liveliest condemnation is true; but the profes-
sion at large should not be held responsible for acts which they
could not control. The proper remedy is to take away from the
irresponsible practitioner the right to practice vivisection with-
out limitation or control; transferring it to those who alone
shall be licensed to perform such operations on living subjects,
and under such restraint and intelligent supervision as would
prevent abuses, without in any way interfering with necessary
and legitimate practice.
Humanitarians should not forget that there are numbered in
the medical profession thousands of men of the highest intelli-
gence who are convinced of the necessity of operations on living
272
LETTER OF MR. HENRY BERGH
273
subjects-men who have as large hearts for animals as those
who magnificently condemn them as cruel and inhuman.
As a member of the committee on vivisection of The American
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, I have found
every disposition on the part of representative men of the pro-
fession to more than meet us half way in any intelligent and
honest effort to properly restrict the practice, and I have reason
to believe that negotiations now in progress will result in such
measures as will satisfy all reasonable philanthropists. Those
enthusiasts who are clamoring for the total abolition of vivi-
section consult neither the interests of the creatures they repre-
sent, nor the welfare of mankind. Last winter I was present at
a public meeting, held ostensibly in the interests of the restric-
tion of vivisection, at which the most sensational utterances, call-
ing for its total suppression, received the most enthusiastic and
prolonged applause. Such proceedings only serve to create dis-
trust and impede the efforts of those who propose to deal fairly
and squarely with the profession on this question. I will venture
to assert that there was not a mother present on that occasion,
among those who so vigorously seconded the utterances referred
to, who would not consign every animal in Christendom to the
next world, if, through the knowledge gained from vivisection,
her physician might be enabled to save the life of her dying child.
Those who without reserve so unreasonably and thoughtlessly
condemn the practice cannot with any consistency eat animal
flesh; for the sufferings of animals under the influence of anes-
thetics on the operating table pale into insignificance in compari-
son with the horrors of that form of vivisection which places
food upon our tables. The great preponderance of opinion among
those best qualified to speak is that intelligent restricted vivi-
section is essential to the interests of mankind and animals as
affecting the saving of life and suffering.
Let humanitarians, therefore, not attempt to scoff at such
learned opinions and substitute therefor their own uninformed
sentimentalism; but, with the medical profession and ourselves,
unite in an earnest and well-meant effort to bring about such
changes as may not interfere with the legitimate and necessary
workings of science.
HENRY BERGH.
Now YORK CITY, August 8, 1908.
19
APPENDIX XXII
LETTER OF WILLIAM JAMES TO THE SECRETARY OF THE
VIVISECTION REFORM SOCIETY
I am made of too unorganizable stuff to be a vice-president of
the Vivisection Reform Society, and moreover I make it a prin-
ciple not to let my name appear anywhere where I am not doing
practical work. But I am glad to send you, in answer to your
request, a statement of my views, which you are at liberty to
publish if you see fit.
Much of the talk against vivisection is, in my opinion, as
idiotic as the talk in defence of it is uncandid, but your Society
(if I rightly understand its policy) aims not at abolishing vivi-
section, but at regulating it ethically. Against any regulation
whatever I understand the various medical and scientific defenders
of vivisection to protest. Their invariable contention, implied or
expressed, is that it is no one's business what happens to an ani-
mal, so long as the individual who is handling it can plead that
to increase science is his aim.
This contention seems to me to flatly contradict the best con-
science of our time. The rights of the helpless, even though they
be brutes, must be protected by those who have superior power.
The individual vivisector must be held responsible to some au-
thority which he fears. The medical and scientific men who time
and time again have raised their voices in opposition to all legal
projects of regulation, know as well as any one else does the
unspeakable possibilities of callousness, wantonness, and mean-
ness of human nature; and their unanimity is the best example
I know of the power of club opinion to quell independence of
mind. No well-organized sect or corporation of men can ever
be trusted to be truthful or moral when under fire from the out-
side. In this case the watchword is to deny every alleged fact
stoutly, to concede no point of principle, and to stand firmly
on the right of the individual experimenter. His being "scien-
274
LETTER OF WILLIAM JAMES
275
tific" must, in the eye of the law, be a sufficient guarantee that
he can do no wrong.
That less wrong is done now than formerly is, I hope, true.
There is probably a somewhat heightened sense of responsibility.
There are perhaps fewer lecture-room repetitions of ancient vivi-
sections, supposed to help out the professors' dulness with their
brilliancy, and to demonstrate what not six of the students
are near enough to see, and what all had better take, as in the
end they have to, upon trust. The waste of animal life is very
likely lessened, the thought for animal pain less shamefaced in
the laboratories than it was. These benefits we certainly owe to
the anti-vivisection agitation, which, in the absence of producing
actual state-regulation, has gradually induced some sense of
public accountability in physiologists, and made them regulate
their several individual selves.
But how infinitely more wisely and economically would these
results have come if physiologists as a body had met public opin-
ion half-way long ago, agreed that the situation was a genuinely
ethical one, and that their corporate responsibility was involved,
and had given up the preposterous claim that every " scientist”
has an unlimited right to vivisect, for the amount or mode of
which no man, not even a colleague, can call him to account.
The fear of State rules and inspectors on the part of the in-
vestigators is, I think, well founded; they would probably mean
either stupid interference or become a sham. But the public
demand for regulation rests on a perfectly sound ethical prin-
ciple, the denial of which by the scientists speaks ill for either
their moral sense or their political ability. So long as the physi-
ologists disclaim corporate responsibility, formulate no code of
vivisectional ethics for laboratories to post up and enforce, ap-
point no censors, pass no votes of condemnation or exclusion,
propose of themselves no law, so long must the anti-vivisection agi-
tation, with all its expensiveness, idiocy, bad temper, untruth, and
vexatiousness continue, as the only possible means of bringing
home to the careless or callous individual experimenter the fact
that the sufferings of his animals are somebody else's business as
well as his own, and that there is “a God of Israel” to whom he
owes account.
WILLIAM JAMES.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., May 5.
APPENDIX XXIII
COURSE OF LECTURES IN HUMANE EDUCATION, PROPOSED
BY MRS. ANNA GARLIN SPENCER
General theme, the sacredness of life; personal ministry as an
essential element in social regeneration and progress; the social
value of delicate sensibilities, humane habits and gentle manners.
The fundamental principles of protection of the weak.
Lectures and Class Exercises with Theses
First.-Two lectures upon the general principles involved;
illustrated from history and present social conditions.
Second.-Two lectures upon the bibliography of the subject;
one giving lists of reading for mature consideration; the other
giving lists of material for teachers to use in work with children
under the general department of Humane Education in Schools.
Third.—Six lectures on War and Peace, or humane methods
of settling international disputes:
1. History of the peace movement of modern times.
2. Economic and social arguments against large standing
armies and big navies.
3. Substitutes for these in different countries.
4. Progress achieved in international arbitration.
5. The political organization of the world by commerce, by
labor, by literature, by art, by humane sympathy in
disasters.
6. Ways by which racial coöperation may be secured and
racial prejudice lessened. Material for enlisting sym-
pathy of children in this direction.
Fourth.-Twelve lectures on the humane treatment of children,
1. To protect and increase the health and well-being of
parents as means to health and well-being of children.
2. To keep babies alive and well.
3. To secure health and well-being of children in
(a) Home life.
276
COURSE OF LECTURES IN HUMANE EDUCATION 277 .
4. To secure health and well-being of children in
(b) School life.
5. To secure health and well-being of children in
(c) Civic surroundings.
6. To prevent exploitation of child life in
(a) Actual cruelty.
7. To prevent exploitation of child life in
(6) Child labor.
8. To prevent exploitation of child life in
(c) In respect to vice.
9. Means of lessening the dangers of adolescence
(a) Physically
10. Means of lessening the dangers of adolescence
(6) Mentally and morally.
11. Vocational aids to children and youth.
12. Need and methods of courses of study in parental duty
and child-care; at what age, and in what grades of in-
struction, can this study begin?
Fifth.—Six lectures on the humane treatment of sick, unfor-
tunate, abnormal and aged persons.
1. The hospital considered as a place for the aid of patients
rather than as a laboratory for students; the spirit of
the medical and nursing professions.
2. The institutional care of aged, infirm, defective, insane
and other dependent persons; attitude toward the indi-
vidual inmate.
3. Methods of discipline and treatment of criminals, vicious
persons and drunkards.
4. The court procedure toward the poor, the friendless, the
foreigner, the troublesome; the "third degree"; the
justice or injustice of the police system.
5. The function of personal ministry to needy persons in
the social effort to abolish poverty.
6. Enlightened penology and enlightened training and care
of the abnormal and their contribution to the science
and art of education.
Sixth.—Six lectures on the humane treatment of animals.
1. In respect to supply of food.
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THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
2. In respect to use in man's labor.
3. In respect to use as pets, for purpose of amusement, and
in hunting, for pleasure.
4. In respect to use for comfort and adornment in dress.
5. In respect to nature-study and as biological material.
6. In respect to use in experimentation in medical science.
Seventh.-Six lectures on humane ideals and practices in games
and amusements.
1. "Hazing” and all customs of painful and humiliating
initiation; the history of these customs and their rela-
tion to primitive “ brotherhoods”; the age at which
these are most natural; how far they should be per-
mitted.
2. Competitive games; history and significance; age at which
roughness is most to be expected; how far to be per-
mitted ? The function of individual struggle and of
team battles and of narrow group loyalty. When
should the “grown up” ideal rule?
3. Dramas, books and newspaper reports that make vice,
crime and human infirmity seem funny"; the “ comic
supplement"; the use of racial peculiarities, often ex-
aggerated; how far to be permitted as source of amuse-
ment? The effect of usual street life of a large city
upon the sensibilities of youth.
4. The psychological effect of exciting plays when good in
purpose and presentation; of constant story reading,
of music, or art of any kind that arouses strong feeling
without giving means of expressing emotion in action;
how far can this be made and kept morally healthful?
5. Nature as a recreative influence and as a means of keeping
mental balance; methods of nature-study that help and
hinder love of nature.
as means of rest and
refreshment; a vocation” and an avocation."
6. The “ festival
festival" and "
celebration” as an expression of
the instinct for play; parades and processions, patriotic
exercises, singing, festivals, dances, organized plays,
museums, libraries, etc., as social means of enjoyment.
66 Fads
APPENDIX XXIV
LIST OF SPECIAL PERIODICALS
Bird Lore. Bi-monthly. Official organ of the National Associa-
tion of Audubon Societies, New York.
Bulletin of the San Francisco S. P. C. A. Monthly. San Fran-
cisco, Cal.
Child and Animal Protection. Monthly. Published by the Colo-
rado Humane Society, Denver, Col.
Journal of Zoöphily. Monthly. Published by the Women's
Pennsylvania S. P. C. A. and the American Anti-Vivisection
Society, Philadelphia, Pa.
Our Animal Friends. Weekly. Published by the American S.
P. C. A., New York.
Our Dumb Animals. Monthly. Published by the Massachusetts
S. P. C. A. and the American Humane Education Society,
Boston, Mass.
Our Four-Footed Friends. Monthly. Published by the Animal
Rescue League, Boston, Mass.
The Animals' Friend. Monthly. London, Eng.
The Animal World. Monthly. Published by the Royal S. P.
C. A., London, Eng.
The Band of Mercy Monthly. Published by the Royal S. P.
C. A., London, Eng.
The Humane Advocate. Monthly. Published by the Illinois
Humane Society, Chicago, Ill.
The National Humane Journal. Monthly. Published by the
Humane Journal Publishing Co., Chicago, Ill.
The Humane Review. Monthly. Ernest Bell, London, Eng.
1 Beginning with the issue of November 9, 1909, this weekly has been
published independently by Our Animal Friends Company. Its name has
recently been altered to “The Eumanitarian, Nature Student and Our
Animal Friends." A monthly news bulletin is issued by the American
Society.
279
280
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
The Humanitarian. Monthly Journal of the Humane League.
London, Eng
The Humanitarian Review. Monthly. S. W. Davis, Los An-
geles, Cal.
The Zoöphile. Monthly. Published by the Humane Education
Association, San Francisco, Cal.
Dawn. Quarterly. Published by the Maryland Anti-Vivisection
Society, Baltimore, Md.
The Animals' Defender. Monthly. Published by the New Eng-
land Anti-Vivisection Society, Boston, Mass.
The Animals' Guardian. Published by the London Anti-Vivi-
section Society, London, Eng.
The Zoöphilist and Animals' Defender. Monthly. Published by
the National Anti-Vivisection Society, London, Eng.
The following are not strictly “humane" in content and pur-
pose, but they contain much of interest and value to humane
workers. This list might easily be considerably lengthened.
American Bird Magazine. Monthly. C. K. Reed, Worcester,
Mass.
American Fur and Feather. Semi-monthly. Thomas Leavitt &
Co., Boston, Mass.
American Horse Breeder. Weekly. American Horse Breeder
Pub. Co., Boston, Mass.
American Horse Owner. Monthly. Jefferson Jackson, Chicago, Ill.
American Kennel Gazette. Monthly. American Kennel Club,
New York.
American Veterinary Review. Monthly. R. W. Ellis, New York.
Animal Life. Monthly. Animal Life Publishing Co., Richmond, Va.
The Auk. Quarterly. Organ of the American Ornithologists'
Union, New York.
Birds and Nature Magazine. Monthly Atkinson, Mentzer and
Grove, Chicago, Ill.
Bit and Spur. Semi-monthly. Bit and Spur Publishing Co.,
Chicago, III.
Canadian Kennel Gazette. Monthly. H. B. Donovan, Toronto, Can.
Cat Journal. Monthly. C. H. Jones, Rochester, N. Y.
Cat Review. Semi-monthly. Dayton, 0,
LIST OF SPECIAL PERIODICALS
281
4
The Condor. Bi-monthly. Organ of the Cooper Club of Cali-
fornia. H. S. Clifton, Pasadena, Cal.
Country Life in America. Monthly. Doubleday, Page & Co., N. Y.
Dogdom. Monthly. Dogdom Publishing Co., Battle Creek, Mich.
Draft Horse Journal. Monthly. E. C. Babcock, Chicago, Il.
Field and Stream. Monthly. Field and Stream, New York.
Forest and Stream. Monthly. Forest and Stream Publishing
Co., N. Y.
Fur, Fin and Feather. Bi-monthly. Charles Suydam, N. Y.
Game Fowl Monthly. C. L. Francisco, Sayre, Pa.
Horse Gazette. Weekly. L. S. Beeman, Buffalo, N. Y.
Horse Review. Weekly. J. C. Bauer, Chicago, Ill.
Horse World. Weekly. Horse World Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Horseman. Weekly. Chicago Horseman Newspaper Co., Chi-
cago, Ill.
Household Animals. Monthly. E. C. Vick, N. Y.
International Veterinary Review. Monthly. International Pub-
lishing Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.
Millinery Trade Review. Monthly. Gallison and Hobron Co., N. Y.
National Live Stock Bulletin. Monthly. Washington, D. C.
Outdoor Life. Monthly. Denver, Col.
Outdoors. Monthly. Field and Stream, N. Y.
Outing. Monthly. Outing Publishing Co., N. Y.
Pet Dog Journal. Monthly. C. H. Jones, Rochester, N. Y.
Pet Stock Magazine. Monthly. A. D. Hosterman, Springfield, O.
Ranch and Range. Monthly. H. S. Grover, Denver, Col.
Recreation, Monthly. Outdoor News Co., N. Y.
Shields' Magazine. Monthly. G. 0. Shields, N. Y.
Stock Growers' Journal. Weekly. Journal Publishing Co., Miles
City, Mon.
Western Fancier. Monthly. Los Angeles, Cal.
Western Veterinarian. Quarterly. San Francisco, Cal.
APPENDIX XXV
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(This is a partial list of writings on animal topics serviceable
for humane workers and educators)
(a) Books and Pamphlets
Aflalo, F. G. Ethics of performing animals. Tucker.
Aflalo, F. G. The cost of sport. Scribner.
All about animals. Scribner.
American Humane Association Leaflets. (See list.)
American Humane Education Society Leaflets. (See list.)
American S. P. C. A. Leaflets. (See list.)
Anderson, E. L. Vice in the horse. Jenkins.
Angell, G. T. Autobiographical sketches. Am. Hum. Ed. Soc.
Animal friend series. Tucker.
Animal Industry, State and Federal Bureaus of, Reports and
Publications.
Audubon Societies, National Association of, Reports of.
Audubon Societies, National Association of, Leaflets of. (Sec
list.)
Bailey, L. H. Nature study idea. Doubleday.
Barry, E. P. Pedro: an ugly dog. Estes.
Bartlett, A. D. Life among wild beasts in the zoo. Amsterdam.
Bartlett, A. D. Wild animals in captivity. Amsterdam.
Barton, F. T. The dog in health, accident, and disease. Altemus.
Barton, F. T. Terriers, their points and management. Ken-
nerley.
Barton, F. T. Our friend the horse. Stokes.
Beard, D. C. Dan Beard's animal book. Moffatt.
Biese, A. Development of the feeling for nature in the Middle
Ages and modern times. Dutton.
Bigelow, E. F. How nature study should be taught. Hinds.
Billinghurst, P. J. Hundred anecdotes of animals. Lane.
282
BIBLIOGRAPHY
283
Biological Survey, Reports and publications of U. S.
Blanchan, Neltje. Bird neighbors. Doubleday.
Blanchan, Neltje. Birds that hunt and are hunted. Doubleday.
Blanchan, Neltje. How to attract the birds. Doubleday.
Bolton, S. K. Our devoted friend the dog. Page.
Bolton, S. K. Plea for animals. S. K. Bolton, Cleveland, O.
Bosville, G. Horses, horsemen, and stable management. Dutton.
British blood sports. Humanitarian League.
Buckner, E. D. Immortality of animals and the relation of man
as guardian. Jacobs.
Burba, B. F. Our bird friends. Outing Pub.
Burroughs, John. Ways of nature. Houghton.
Burroughs, John. Wake Robin. Houghton.
Burroughs, John. Leaf and tendril. Houghton.
Burroughs, John. Locusts and wild honey. Houghton.
Burroughs, John. Birds and poets. Houghton.
Carpenter, E. The need of a rational and humane science.
Humanitarian League.
Carpenter, E. Vivisection. Humanitarian League.
Carrington, Edith. The cat: her place in society, and treatment.
Humanitarian League.
Carrington, Edith. The dog: his rights and wrongs. Humani-
tarian League.
Carrington, Edith. Animals' ways and claims. MacMillan.
Carrington, Edith. Wonderful tools. MacMillan.
Carrington, Edith, and Bell, Ernest. Animal life readers. 2
series. MacMillan.
Carter, A. F., and C. Care of horses. MacMillan.
Carter, M. H. About animals. Century.
Carter, M. H. Comp. Cat stories, retold from St. Nicholas.
Century.
Carter, M. H. Comp. Dog stories, retold from St. Nicholas.
Century
Chapman, F. M. Bird life. Appleton.
Chapman, F. M. Bird studies with a camera. Appleton.
Charter, The new: the rights of men and of animals. Humani-
tarian League.
Church, The, and kindness to animals. Benziger.
284
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Cochrane, R., ed. Four hundred animal stories. Lippincott.
Cochrane, R., ed. More animal stories. Lippincott.
Collinson, J. The fate of the fur seal. Humanitarian League.
Colmore, G. Priests of progress. Sold by Am. Anti-vivisec. Soc.
Connell, J. The truth about the game laws. Humanitarian
League.
Cornish, C. J. Animal artisans and other stories of birds and
beasts. Longmans.
Cornish, C. J. Animal life. Lippincott.
Cornish, C. J. Animals of to-day. Amsterdam.
Cornish, C. J. Animals at work and play. MacMillan.
Cornish, C. J. Wild animals in captivity. Coates.
Coulson, W. L. B. The horse: his life, usage, and his end.
Humanitarian League.
Coulson, W. L. B. What it costs to be vaccinated. Humani-
tarian League.
Cram, W. E. Little beasts of field and wood. Small.
Cummings, H. H. Nature study by grades. Am. Book.
Dale, J. T., ed. Heroes and great hearts and their animal friends.
Fairfax Pub.
Davis, R. H. The bar sinister. Scribner.
Dixie, F. The mercilessness of sport. Humanitarian League.
Dixon, C. Lost and vanishing birds. Amsterdam.
Dog pit: how to breed and train fighting dogs. R. K. Fox.
Dugmore, A. R. Bird homes. Doubleday.
Dugmore, A. R. Nature and the camera. Doubleday.
Dumb creation, A plea for. Penna. S. P. C. A.
Eddy, S. J., comp. Friends and helpers. Ginn.
Eddy, S. J., comp. Songs of happy life. Silver, Burdett.
Erb, F. H., Jr. How to train dogs and cats. Lafayette, Ind.
Ernst, H. C. Animal experimentation. Little.
Evans, E. P. Evolutional ethics and animal psychology. Ap-
pleton.
Faber, F. W. Kindness. Murphy.
Finch, Nora J. Colliery Jim: the autobiography of a mine mule.
A. Flanagan.
Firth, A., ed. Voices for the speechless. Houghton.
Fleming, G. Modern horseshoeing. G. W. Ogilvie.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
285
Food and fashion. Humanitarian League.
Foote, G. W. The shadow of the sword. Humanitarian League.
Fortescue, J. W. Story of a red deer. MacMillan.
Gamble, F. W. Animal life. Dutton.
Game laws for 1908. U. S. Dept. of Agric. Farmers' Bulletin,
No. 336.
Gask, L. Dog tales. Dutton.
Gentry, T. G. Intelligence in plants and animals. Doubleday.
Greg, I. M. The foreign and Irish cattle trade. Humanitarian
League.
Hamerton, P. G. Chapters on animals. Little. Also Heath.
Harrison, Elizabeth. How little Cedric became a knight. A.
Flanagan.
Harrison, Frederic. Duty of man to the lower animals. Humani-
tarian League.
Harting, J. E. Recreations of a naturalist. Wessels.
Hiesemann, Martin. How to attract and protect wild birds.
Witherby.
Hobhouse, L. T. Mind in evolution. MacMillan.
Holder, C. F. Stories of animal life. Am. Book Co.
Hornaday, W. T. Destruction of our birds and mammals.
Zoological Soc., N. Y.
Howe, H. R., Jr., and Hudson, W. H. Birds and man. Long-
mans.
Howell, W. H. Dissection of the dog. Holt.
Humane education. Bulletin of San Diego State Normal School,
Cal.
Humane science lectures. Humanitarian League.
Humane society lectures. MacMillan.
Humanitarian essays. Humanitarian League.
Hunt, Violet. The cat. MacMillan.
Hurst, J. W. Life story of a fowl. MacMillan.
Hyde, W. DeW. Practical ethics. Holt.
Ingersoll, E. Life of animals: the mammals. MacMillan.
Ingersoll, E. Wild neighbors. MacMillan.
Ingersoll, E. Wit of the wild. Dodd.
Jackman, W. S. Nature study. Univ. of Chicago Press.
286
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Jackson, G. E. Big Jack, and other true stories of horses.
Appleton.
Jewett, J. H. Little mother stories. Dutton.
Job, H. K. Wild wings. Houghton.
Job, H. K. Sport of bird study. Outing Pub.
Johnson, M. R. Moloch. (Anti-vivisec.) Clarke.
Johonnot, James. Cats and dogs. Am. Book Co.
Johonnot, James. Friends in feather and fur. Am. Book Co.
Jones Readers. Ginn.
Kearton, R. Fairy-land of living things. Cassell.
Kenealy, A. The failure of vivisection and the future of medi-
cal research. Order of Golden Age, Paignton, England.
Kenworthy, J. C., and others. New Charter. MacMillan.
Kindness to animals. Union Press.
Kipling, R. Jungle books. Scribner.
Knight, C. R. Animals of the world. Stokes.
Knox, T. W. Horse stories. Educational.
Lang, A. Animal story book. Longmans.
Leffingwell, A., and Myers, C. S. The vivisection problem. Viv.
Ref. Soc., Chicago.
Leffingwell, A. Vivisection question. Tuttle.
Legislation for the protection of birds other than game birds.
U. S. Dept. of Agric.
Lester, H. F. Behind the scenes in slaughter houses. Humani-
tarian League.
Lindsay, W. L. Mind in lower animals. Appleton.
Literae humaniores: an appeal to teachers. Humanitarian
League.
London, Jack. The call of the wild. MacMillan.
London, Jack. White Fang. MacMillan.
Long, W. J. Little brother to the bear, and other animal stud-
ies. Ginn.
Long, W. J. Northern trails: stories of animal life in the far
north. Ginn.
Long, W. J. Secrets of the woods. Ginn.
Long, W. J. Ways of wood folk.
Ginn.
Long, W. J. Wilderness ways. Ginn.
Lottridge, S. A. Animal snap-shots and how made. Holt.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
287
Lubbock, John. Senses, instincts, etc., of animals. Appleton.
McCarthy, G. M. Evolution of a sentiment. Hudson Co. S. P.
C. A. (N. J.).
McCord, Charlotte. Only a horse. A. Flanagan.
Maeterlinck, M. Our friend, the dog. Dodd.
Martinenzo-Cesaresco, E. Psychology and training of the horse.
Scribner.
Marwin, F. R. Christ among the cattle. J. 0. Wright.
Menant, E. Intelligence of animals. Scribner.
Merwin, H. C. Road, track and stable. Little.
Miles, A. H., ed. Animal anecdotes. Stokes.
Miller, H. M. The bird, our brother. Houghton.
Miller, 0. T. Bird-lover in the west. Houghton.
Miller, 0. T. First book of birds. Houghton.
Miller, 0. T. Neighbors in field, wood, and stream. Houghton.
Miller, 0. T. Our home pets. Heath.
Mills, W. Dog in health and in disease. Appleton.
Mills, W. How to keep a dog in the city. Jenkins.
Mills, W. Nature and development of animal intelligence. Mac-
Millan.
Moore, J. H. The universal kinship. Kerr.
Morgan, C. L. Animal behavior. Longmans.
Morgan, C. L. Habit and instinct. Longmans.
,
Morgan, C. L. Life and intelligence. Ginn.
Muckermann, H. Humanizing of the brute. Herder.
Mulets, L. E. Phyllis' stories of little animals. Page.
Nesbit, Z. A. P., and Campbell, A. M. Animal life. Stokes.
Nesbit, Z. A. P., and others. Farmyard friends. Stokes.
Ollivant, A. Bob, son of battle. Doubleday.
Ouida. A dog of Flanders. Lippincott, Burt, Page, Altemus
and others.
Page, E. E. Heart culture. Whitaker and R. Also Pub. School.
Paget, S. Experiments on animals. Putnam.
Patterson, S. L. Letters from Pussycatville. Jacobs.
Patterson, S. L. Pussy meouw. Jacobs.
Pennsylvania S. P. C. A., Brief history of. Phila.
Pierson, C. D. Among the meadow people. Dutton.
288
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Protection of animals. American S. P. C. A., New York.
Reclus, E. On vegetarianism. Humanitarian League.
Recordon, H. L. C. Do animals think? Broadway Pub.
Reighard, J. E. Photographing of aquatic animals in their
natural environment. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.
Reports, Annual, of S. P. C. A. and Humane Societies.
Repplier, Agnes. The fireside sphinx. Houghton,
Rhode Island Humane Education Committee Leaflets. (See
list.)
Robinson, R. E. Hunting without a gun. Forest and Stream.
Romanes, J. G. Animal intelligence. Appleton.
Romanes, J. G. Mental evolution of animals. Appleton. .
Salt, H. S. Kith and kin. Humanitarian League.
Salt, H. S. Animals' rights. Humanitarian League.
Salt, H. S. Animal rights and social progress. Humanitarian
League.
Salt, H. S. Humanitarianism: its general principles and prog-
ress. Humanitarian League.
Salt, H. S. The sportsman at bay. Humanitarian League.
Saunders, M. M. Beautiful Joe. Cupples and L.
Saunders, M. M. Nita, the story of an Irish setter. Page.
Saunders, M. M. My pets. Am. Bapt.
Saunders, M. M. Beautiful Joe's paradise. Page.
Schillings, C. G. Flashlights in the jungle. Doubleday.
Scott, W. E. D. Story of a bird lover. MacMillan.
Sewall, Marion. Bonnie Prince. A. Flanagan.
Sharp, D. L. Watcher in the woods. Century.
Smith, A. C. British dogs at work. MacMillan.
Smith, F. World of animal life. Pott.
Speed, J. G. The horse in America. McClure.
Stetson, G. E. Wanted—an earthquake. Reprinted, with addi-
tions, from N. Y. Eve. Post.
Stickney and Hoffman. Bird-world, illustrated by Thompson-
Seton. Ginn.
Stories, Prize, published by the American Humane Education
Society of Boston.
Black Beauty, by A. Sewall.
The strike at Shane's.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
289
Our gold-mine at Hollyhurst.
For pity's sake.
Some of New York's 400.
Four months in New Hampshire.
Stratton, J. Sports, legitimate and illegitimate. Humanitarian
League.
Taber, S. R. Reasonable restriction vs. absolute license in
vivisection. Viv. Ref. Soc., Chicago.
Taber, S. R. Illustrations of human vivisection. Viv. Ref.
Soc., Chicago.
Tappan, E. M. Comp. Out-of-door book. (Children's hour,
vol. 7.) Houghton.
Thomas, W. S. Hunting big game with gun and with kodak.
Putnam.
Thompson-Seton, E. Wild animals I have known. Scribner.
Thompson-Seton, E. Animal heroes. Scribner.
Thompson-Seton, E. Lives of the hunted. Scribner.
Thompson-Seton, E. Biography of a grizzly. Scribner.
Thompson-Seton, E. Krag and Johny bear. Scribner.
Thompson-Seton, E. Lobo, Rag and Vixen. Scribner.
Thompson-Seton, E. Monarch, the big bear of Tallac. Scribner.
Thompson-Seton, E. Pictures of wild animals. Scribner.
Thompson-Seton, E. Wood myth and fable. Scribner.
Thompson-Seton, E. Trail of the sandhill stag. Scribner.
Thompson-Seton, E. Wild animal play for children. Doubleday.
Thompson-Seton, E., and Hoffman. Bird portraits. Ginn.
Thorndike, E. L. Mental life of the monkeys. MacMillan.
Thorndike, E. L. Animal intelligence. Psyc. Rev.
Toenjes, H. Principles of animal understanding. Stechert.
Tregarthen, J. C. Life story of a fox. MacMillan.
Trine, R. W. Every living creature. Crowell.
Trudeau, L. Torture of the clinic. L. H. Bourguignon, Cohoes,
N. Y.
Veale, E. Life stories about animals. National.
Velvin, E. Behind the scenes with wild animals. Moffatt.
Verschoyle, J. Slaughter-house reform. Humanitarian League.
Wallihan, A. G., and M. A. Camera shots at big game. Dou-
bleday.
20
290
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Walker, M. C. Bird legend and life. Baker.
Ward, E. S. P. Loveliness. Houghton.
Ward, E. S. P. Trixy. Houghton.
Ware, F. M. Our noblest friend, the horse. Page.
Washburn, M. F. Animal mind. MacMillan.
Wasmann, E. Instinct, intelligence in the animal kingdom.
Herder.
Wasmann, E. Comparative studies in psychology of ants and
higher animals. Herder.
Watson, J. B. Animal education: an experimental study of the
white rat. Univ. of Chicago Press.
Webster, E. J. Strenuous animals. Veracious tales. Stokes.
Weir, J., Jr. Dawn of reason.
Dawn of reason. MacMillan.
Westermarck, E. Origin and development of moral ideas. Mac-
Millan.
Wild animal stories. Dutton.
Williams, Mrs. L. The cat: its care and management. Altemus.
Wilson, P. Nature round the home. Longmans.
Wister, O. Game and the nation. MacMillan.
Wonderbook of animals. Stokes.
Wood, J. G. Stories of the animal world. Hurst.
Wright, M. O. Four-footed Americans. MacMillan.
(6) Periodical Literature
General and Miscellaneous
Aflalo, A. F. Ethics of performing animals. Fortnightly 73:
382-91.
Aflalo, F. G. Is any animal greedier than man? Liv. Age 246:
824-30.
Age of animals. Sci. Am. 96: 255.
Ashley, W. B. Hospitals and doctors for animals. Il. Outing
43: 313-8.
Barrows, J. H. Spirit of humanity. Indep. 51: 3467–70.
Blessing of the beasts. Current Lit. 27: 68.
Blood-thirstiness in children. Current Lit. 42: 98.
Campbell, J. S. Our brothers, the beasts. Nineteenth Cent. 61:
808–20.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
291
Chapman, A. Sheep herders of the west. Il. Outlook 80:
481-8.
Cobbe, F. P. Schadenfreude. Contemp. 81: 655–66.
Cold, Effect of, on animals. Current Lit. 32: 329-30.
Cruelty, The mystery of. Nation 86: 483-4.
Dixie, F. Massacre of the innocents. Il. Indep. 54: 1426–7.
Domestic animals, Our. Indep. 63: 769–71.
Drury, S. H. Man and beast. Atlantic 97: 420-3.
Ginzberg, L. Jewish sympathy for animals. Nation 83: 117;
88: 373-90.
Gordon, G. P. Progress of legal protection to animals. West-
minster 166: 218-23.
Goring, K. M. Friends of living creatures and John Ruskin.
Fortnightly 73: 592–609.
Gowdy, J. K. Destruction of rats and mice. Sci Am. Sup. 58:
24234-5.
Hellman, G. S. Animals in literature. Atlantic 87: 391–7.
Hughes, R. Animal and vegetable rights. Harper 103: 852–3.
Lockhart, C. Kill. Lippincott 80: 141-3.
Low, A. M. The lash and the branding iron. Il. Harp. W. 45:
1076-7.
Martinenzo-Cesaresco, E. Growth of modern ideas on animals.
Contemp. 91: 68–82.
Martinezo-Cesaresco, E. Greek conception of animals. Contemp.
85: 430-9.
Melinand, C. Our relation to animals. Current Lit. 35: 174–6.
Morris, C. Riddle of the 19th Century: Henry Bergh. McClure
18: 414-8.
Nineteenth century humanitarians. Current Lit. 30: 153.
Our dumb animals. Indep. 61: 529–31.
Osborn, H. Animal Life. Pop. Sci. M. 63: 499-515.
Powell, E. P. Our friends in the country. Indep. 53: 20424.
Prevention of cruelty to children and animals. Charities 9:
372–3.
Proctor, W. Needs of sheep in winter. II. Country Life
11: 323.
Railroad animals. Current Lit. 31: 461.
Reinach, s. Sympathy for animals. Nation 83: 240.
292
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Smith, F. M. Laboratory of pathology for animals. Il. Sci.
Am. 94: 350.
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Trouble in
the. Outlook 82: 534-5.
Stanley, T. New humanitarianism. Westminster 155: 414-23.
Vivian, E. Passing of the animals. Sci. Am. Sup. 64: 59.
Wright, W. H. Trapper's real character. World's Work 12:
7536-46.
Wright, W. H. Slaughtering elk for the elks. World's Work
13: 8665-7.
Animal Experimentation
Angell, J. R. Reflections of a layman on vivisection. World
To-day 12: 379-83.
Anti-vivisection bills. Outlook 73: 101–2.
Assumptions are not proof. Outlook 88: 766-8.
Baldwin, J. M. Watson's experiments on rats defended. Nation
84: 79–80.
Coleridge, S. Royal Commission on experiments on live animals.
Contemp. 90: 309–12.
Coleridge, S. Appeal against vivisection. Fortnightly 75:
88-92.
Coleridge, s. Some London hospitals and their audited ac-
counts.' Contemp. 77: 345–50.
Coleridge, S. Reply of R. Thompson. Contemp. 77: 606-8.
Coleridge, S. Black art of vivisection. Contemp. 93: 460-9.
Coleridge, S. Cruelty to animals act of 1876. Fortnightly 73:
392-8.
Coleridge, S. Vivisection and disease. Contemp. 93: 728-33.
Crusade against vivisection and crusade against rats. Harp. W.
52: 6.
Dolbear, A. E. Science problems of the 20th century. Pop. Sci.
M. 67: 237-51.
Eliot, C. W. Anti-vivisection. Current Lit. 29: 46.
Ernst, H. C. Animal experimentation. Educ. Rev. 36: 55-66.
Experimental research. Outlook 88: 799–800.
Experiments on animal minds. Liv. Age 230 : 650-2; Current
Lit. 31: 583.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
293
Experiments upon dogs. Sci. Am. 95: 101.
Gore, G. Coming scientific morality. Westminster 161: 420-37.
Humanitarian side of vivisection. Sci. Am. 97: 302.
Lawrence, W., and Leffingwell, A. Vivisection problem: two
views. Outlook 76: 873-9.
Life of a monkey against the life of a man. World's Work 16:
10417.
McDonald, G. Vivisection and progress. Contemp. 87: 790–802.
Madden, J. Defense of vivisection. Indep. 52: 814–5.
Mann, C. R. Science in civilization and education. School Rev.
14: 664–70.
Mercy to mankind. Science, n. s., 27: 593-4.
Merwin, H. C. Vivisection. Atlantic 89: 320-5.
Oldfield, J. Limits of experimentation. Westminster 154:
190-3.
Oldfield, J. May a layman discuss the problem of vivisection?
Westminster 156: 302-5.
Paget, s. Experiments on animals (Review). Nature 75: 121–2.
Paget, S. Experiments on animals (Review). Nation 77: 120–1.
Paget, S. Reply to S. Coleridge on vivisection. Fortnightly 73:
714-6.
Paget, S. Experiments on animals. Contemp. 94: 232-4.
Phelps, E. S. The new inquisition. Indep. 52: 811-3.
Pike, Mrs. N. Destruction of animal life. Sci. Am. Sup. 50:
20839.
Research Defense Society. Science, n. S., 27: 931–2; Educ. Rev.
36: 428–31.
Searle, G. M. Murder in the name of science, Cath. World 70:
493-504.
Society for experimental biology and medicine. 17th meeting.
Science, n. s., 23: 662-5.
Society for experimental biology and medicine. 18th meeting.
Science, n. S., 24: 763–8.
Society for experimental biology and medicine. 19th meeting.
Science, n. S., 25: 421-4.
Society for experimental biology and medicine. 20th meeting.
Science, n. S., 26: 739–63.
294
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Society for experimental biology and medicine. 21st meeting.
Science, n. s., 27: 172–6.
Society for experimental biology and medicine. 22d meeting.
Science, n. S., 28: 342–6.
Society for experimental biology and medicine. 23d meeting. .
Science, n. s., 29: 408–16.
Society for experimental biology and medicine. 24th meeting.
Science, n. S., 30: 470-6.
Solving the tuberculosis problem by means of the goat. Il.
Current Lit. 43: 441-2.
Vivisection, Catholic defense of. Rev. of Rev. 28: 359.
Vivisection, Control of. Indep. 53: 800.
Vivisection experiments and the mortality returns. Contemp. 82:
904-6.
Vivisection once more. Outlook 88: 900-1.
The Horse and Other Large Domestic Animals
Alexander, A. S. Prevention and treatment of sun-stroke.
Country Life 14: 297–8.
American horse in portraiture: photographs. Outing 50: 341-51.
Brown, B. C. Pack-mule. Atlantic 90: 700-2.
Dixon, J. W. Broken wind. Country Life 13: 519–20.
Dixon, J. W. Handling vicious horses. Country Life 10: 338.
Dixon, J. W. Horse taming. Il. Country Life 11: 543.
Dixon, J. W. Horse clipping Country Life 14: 180.
Dixon, J. W. The crime of docking. Il. Country Life 12: 81-2.
Dixon, J. W. Watering and feeding the horses. II. Country
Life 11: 75.
Dixon, J. W. Swollen legs. Country Life 14: 385.
Fleming, G. Folk-lore of horse-shoes and horse-shoeing. Nine-
teenth Century 52: 309–26.
Foster, P. P. Work-horse parade. Il. World To-day 10:
535–8.
Foster, P. P. Helping the work-horses. Il. Outing 53: 168-79.
Higher education of the horse. Il. Harp. W. 46: 202-3.
Horse-flesh as a food. Sci. Am. Sup. 52: 21452.
Horse-shoe standards. Harp. W. 44: 1121-3.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
295
Howard, W. L. Don't water your horses at a public trough.
Country Life 14: 385.
Kelly, E. W. Summer diseases of the horse. Country Cal. 1:
386.
Kryembiell, J. Fatigue in army horses. Sci. Am. Sup. 52:
21691.
McBride, R. M. Care of horses on a driving trip. Il. Country
Life 10: 238.
Maule, M. K. Breaking horses with kindness. Il. Century 74:
454-60.
Modern Stable. Sci. Am. Sup. 57: 23727.
Muir, M. Rocky Mountain endurance race. Il. World To-day
15: 834-7.
Mule, Our friend the. Blackwood's 180: 631-8.
Newnham-Davis, N. Care of horses' feet. Country Life 15:
181-2.
Pink, L. H. Horse car's last stand in New York. Charities
18: 1245.
Pond, W. P. How race horses are prepared. Il. Outing 52:
307-14.
Powers, M. R. Your duty to your horse. Country Life 11:
435-6.
Reed, C. A. Driving horses. Il. St. Nich. 33: 226–7.
Scott, L. Horse racing and the public. Il. World's Work 12:
7867-9.
Speed, J. G. Racing in its relation to horse-breeding. Century
74: 779–88.
Steel, R. M. Killing an army of horses to rebuild San Fran-
cisco. Il. Harp. W. 51: 580-1.
Tompkins, G. Old and new in harness training. Outing 37:
402-4.
Townsend, R. B. Common mule. Nineteenth Cent. 47: 130–8;
Rev. of Rev. 21: 231.
Top-check for horses. Outlook 80: 111-2.
Trevathan, C. E. Why the American race-horse deteriorates.
Outing 44: 623-6.
Vosburgh, W. S. Scientific horse-racing. Outing 41: 31-4.
Ware, F. M. Amateur race-riding. Outing 51: 505-8.
296
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Ware, F. M. Use and abuse of the check-rein. Outing 50:
251-4.
Ware, F. M. Bitting a saddle horse. Il. Outing 44: 370–3.
Ware, F. M. Training vs. guidance of the saddle horse. Out-
ing 44: 759-62.
Ware, F. M. Numerous other articles on horses in Outing.
Wooley, R. W. Private stables of Manhattan. Il. Outing 38:
169–76.
Wooley, R. W. How horses should be shod. Il. Country Life
14: 461-3.
The Dog and Other Small Domestic Animals
Barney, C. N. Use of dogs in war. Il. Scribner's 37: 689–97.
Bosworth, I. E. Care and training of the house cat. Il.
Country Life 12: 444.
Costello, G. Winter care of the dog. Country Life 11: 322.
Dale, T. F. Working terriers, past and present. Blackwood's
182: 535-41.
Davenport, H. Bench show standards as a degrading influence.
II. Country Life 13: 405–6.
De Fabry, S. L. Care of dogs in mid-summer. Country Cal.
1: 382.
Eating dogs in Germany. Harp. W. 51: 1024.
Feed the dog properly. Country Life 10: 356.
Fitz-Gerald, W. G. Dogs on the battlefield. Il. St. Nich. 35:
391–3.
Fitz-Gerald, W. G. Dog police of European cities. Il. Century
72: 823–31.
French, A. Raising dogs and a country home. II. Country Life
14: 180–1.
Gilman, C. P. Pets and children. Indep. 65: 365-7.
Graham, J. A. Bickering at the dog's expense. Outing 50:
761-3.
Graham, J. A. Care of dogs in summer. Outing 50: 364-5.
Graham, J. A. Advice to dog-owners. Outing 45: 765–6.
Graham, J. A. Breeding and breaking dogs. Outing 46: 120–1.
Graham, J. A. How to improve dog standards. Outing 46:
509-10.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
297
Graham, J. A. Important lesson in dog training. Outing 47:
255-6.
Graham, J. A. Summer work for the dog. Outing 46: 637-8.
Graham, J. A. What to feed your dog in summer. Outing 46:
382-3.
Graham, J. A. Dealing with timid dogs. Outing 48: 760-2.
Graham, J. A. Training of dogs. Sci. Am. Sup. 49: 20346-7.
Hawley, S. Rational treatment of setters. II. Country Life
14: 588.
Jones, H. D. Dogs as auxiliary policeman. Il. World To-day
8: 551-2.
Lee, A. W. Care of the dog. Outing 38: 272-4.
Lloyd, F. F. Sheep dog trials and their uses. Country Life
11: 464.
Lloyd, F. F. Sorrows of the sledge dog. Country Life 11: 544.
Lloyd, F. F. To teach a dog to lead. Country Life 13: 629.
Maeterlinck, M. Our friend the dog. Century 67: 415--21.
Pets of the poets. Liv. Age 257: 59–61.
Pitkin, H. Care of dogs on a shooting trip. II. Country Life
11: 76.
Pitkin, H. Shipping dogs for a shooting trip. Country Life
10: 544.
Preparing milk for puppies. Country Life 14: 65.
Richardson, E. H. War dogs. Nineteenth Cent. 57: 472–80.
Ross, J. E. Life of a goat-herd dog. Country Life 11: 464.
Russell, T. Getting the dog ready. Outing 53: 127–9.
Rydall, E. H. Care of the cat. Il. Country Life 12: 444.
Sandys, E. Caring for the bird-dog in close season. Outing 42:
649–51.
Scat!! New Eng. Mag., n. S., 36: 343–4.
Tallman, H. B. First lessons in dog breaking. Il. Outing 37:
82-5.
Tamblin, J. L. Care of the home dog. Country Life 10: 543-4.
Training of dogs. Il. Sci. Am. Sup. 49: 20346-7.
Watson, J. What to feed the dog. Country Life 11: 684.
Watson, J. In defense of the modern show dog. II. Country
Life 13: 406-7.
Watson, J. Best food for dogs. Country Life 14: 65.
298
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Watson, J. Keeping the dog clean. Country Life 13: 520.
Watson, J. Training the house dog. Country Life 14: 386.
Weeden, E. C. Care of puppies. Country Life 12: 202.
Whitby, J. E. Four-footed policeman. Il. Cosmop. 39: 515-8.
Whitby, J. E. Police dogs of Ghent. Current Lit. 32: 597–8.
Wooley, R. W. Know how to doctor your dog. Country Life
11: 76.
Wild Animals
Adams, S. H. Training of lions, tigers, and other great cats.
Il. McClure's 15: 386-98.
Boger, H. Training wild beasts. Indep. 55: 2551-7.
Bostock, F. C. Lion's kindergarten. Il. Current Lit. 35: 187–90.
Boyesen, H. H. Training wild beasts. Cosmop. 34: 123–32.
Coward, T. A. Prevention of cruelty to wild animals. West-
minster 157 : 546-51.
Garner, R. L. Speech and habits of wild animals. Indep. 63:
138-42.
Handling caged animals. Current Lit. 30: 695.
Heliot, C. Diary of a lion tamer. Il. Cosmop. 41: 463–7.
Holder, C. F. Tameness of wild animals. Il. Sci. Am. 86: 333;
95: 6.
Hornaday, W. T. Fighting among wild animals. Munsey 25:
121–32; Current Lit. 34: 198–9.
Kneeland, G. J. Life saving at the Zoo. Il. Woman's Home
Comp. 32: 3-5.
Moffett, C. Wild-beast tamer. Current Lit. 32: 88–9.
New national buffalo herd. Science, n. S., 26 : 563-4.
Notes from a trainer's book. Il. McClure's 24: 188–97.
Nutter, L. H. Deafness in wild animals. Science 25: 67.
Origin and growth of a famous wild animal business. Sci. Am.
Sup. 52: 21351-2.
Preservation of wild animals in Africa. Sci. Am. 83: 67.
Rolker, A. W. Wild animal physician and his patients. Mc-
Clure's 28: 367-8.
Rolker, A. W. Wild animal trapping. Il. McClure's 24:
431-2.
Rolker, A. W. Wild animal surgeon and his patients. Il. Mc-
Clure's 22: 235-44.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
299
Roberts, C. G. D. On the night trail. McClure's 28: 295–8.
Roberts, C. G. D. Strangers of the wild. Il.
Century 73:
165-74.
Shepstone, H. J. Scientific training of wild animals. Il. Sci.
Am. 87: 260-1.
Shepstone, H. J. Trade in wild animals. Il. Sci. Am. 88:
376-8.
Smith, W. J. Central park animals as their keeper knows them.
Outing 42: 248-54; 43: 60-3.
Some animals exterminated during the 19th century. Sci. Am.
Sup. 51: 21097.
Sutherland, D. H. Training wild beasts. Current Lit. 32: 709–10.
Trained animals at the world's fair. Il. Sci. Am. Sup. 91: 87,
97-8.
Training an elephant. Current Lit. 35: 75.
Velvin, E. How trainers get acquainted with animals. Ladies
H. J. 23: 10.
Walsh, G. E. Protecting our wild animals. Sci. Am. 87: 217.
Walsh, G. E. Feeding the wild animals. Sci. Am. 85: 259.
Western friend of big game. Outing 50: 725-6.
Wild animals in Africa. Indep. 52: 529.
Working to save the bison. Outing 48: 102–6.
Birds
Abbott, C. C. Birds and bird interpreters. Arena 34: 285-6.
Audubon movement. Nation 81: 214-5.
Barnes, C. E. Absence of fear in wild animals. Il. St. Nich.
34: 557.
Baynes, E. H. Keeping open house for the birds. St. Nich.
34: 208–11.
Baynes, E. H. Feeding birds in winter. Il. Woman's Home
Comp. 32: 20–1.
Beebe, C. W. American people might starve to death if the birds
ceased to be. Ladies H. J. 25: 10.
Bird-lovers, Appeal to. Current Lit. 28: 194.
Birds in state legislatures. Ladies H. J. 20: 17.
Blanchan, N. How to encourage the birds to come. Il. Ladies
H. J. 19: 7.
300
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Bowdish, B. S. Audubon movement and sportsman. Sci. Am.
98: 139.
Bull, C. L. Crested robber. Cosmop. 46: 233-7.
Carrington, J. B. Winter birds in a city park. Il. Pop. Sci.
M. 56: 366–71.
Chapman, F. M. Bird shelter. Country Life 10: 78.
Chance for the birds. Nation 83: 278-9.
Commercial uses of birds. Il. Sci. Am. 50: 20787–8.
Comstock, A. B. Beginning bird study. Chautauquan 41:
259–63.
Comstock, A. B. Bird study. Chautauquan 41: 369–74.
Comstock, A. B. Bird bibliography. El. School Teacher 5: 419.
Davenport, C. B. Elimination of self-colored birds. Nature
78: 101.
Deakin, D. Of fine feathers. Century 74: 438-40.
Destruction of the birds. Pop. Sci. M. 56: 393-4.
Dimock, J. A. Egret murder: a protest and a crusade. Il.
Country Life 11: 418–20.
Dimock, J. A. A crusade and what came of it. II. Country
Life 13: 422.
Dugmore, A. R. Birds and animals. Il. Country Life 12: 594.
Economic value of birds. Harper's Bazaar 33: 1218.
Extinction of birds. Liv. Age 256: 185–8.
Feeding the birds in winter. Indep. 60: 230-2.
Fight against extermination. Il. Sci. Am. Sup. 65: 161, 168–9.
Finley, W. L. Golden eagle of Mission Ridge. Il. Country
Cal. 1: 41-6.
Finley, W. L., and Bohlman, H. J. Birds of the sea. Outlook
82: 939–45.
Forbes, S. A. Statistical study of midsummer birds of Illinois.
Sci. Am. Sup. 66: 26; Science, n. s., 27: 918–20.
Fowler, W. W. Ups and downs of bird life. Liv. Age 258:
111-4.
Give the birds a chance. Outing 52: 252–3.
Gladden, G. Bird mannerisms. Country Life 14: 196.
Hartt, M. B. Bird tribunal. Current Lit. 33: 202-3.
Herrick, F. H. Wild bird by a new approach. Il. Century 66:
858-68.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
301
Herrick, F. H. New methods of bird study. Critic 38: 425–30;
Sci. Am. 90: 22-3.
Holder, C. F. Value of sea-birds. II. Sci. Am. 82: 266.
How one man secured a law in 32 states. World's Work 12:
8137-8.
Huntingdon, D. W. Game bird enemies. Il. Indep. 64: 500-8.
Huntingdon, D. W. How to save the wild turkey. Il. Indep.
64: 731-6.
Huntingdon, D. W. How to preserve bob-white. Indep. 63:
856-60.
Hutchinson, H. Boys and birds. Liv. Age 253: 549-53.
Irwin, F. Taming of garden birds. Liv. Age 236: 75-81.
Job, H. K. Our vanishing shore-birds. Country Life 10 :
519-23.
Job, H. K. The way to save our wild fowl. Il. Country Life
9: 691-4.
Job, H. K. Vanishing woodcock. II. Country Life 13: 41-4.
Kitts, K. W. Bird indignation meeting. Outing 52: 720.
Knowing the birds. Indep. 54: 1553-5.
Legislation for protection of birds other than game birds. Sci.
Am. Sup. 50: 20586-8.
Mead, L. G. Minute-men of the coast. Harp. W. 52: 125.
Mitchell, G. E. Is the crow an enemy or a friend? Country Life
11: 728.
Murderous millinery. Liv. Age 251: 636-7.
Nabours, R. K. Placing bird-houses in the park trees. El. School
Teacher 7: 551-2.
North American birds at the American Museum of Natural His-
tory. Il. Sci. Am. 98: 332.
Pearson, T. G. Warden of our bird life. World's Work 16:
10244-7.
Plague of birds. Living Age 246: 573-5.
Porter, Mrs. G. S. What I have done with birds. Ladies H. J.
23: 19.
Powell, E. P. Travellers in the air. Indep. 64: 668–72.
Protection of bird breeding. Nation 85: 391–2.
Sandys, E. Birds destructive to game. Outing 46: 122-4.
302
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Saylor, H. H. Bird home on a country estate. Il. Country Life
14: 35-8.
Schlegel, Mathilde. New ways of attracting and protecting birds.
Country Life 11: 638.
Scott, W. E. D. Talk on birds. Outlook 71: 609–18.
Thomas, W. B. Feeding birds. Liv. Age 248: 317-9.
Todd, M. L. The unappreciated crow. II. Country Life 11: 722.
Valentine, F. H. Pigeons as pets. II. Country Life 12: 553-4.
Value of birds. Outlook 64: 478.
Wearing of aigrettes. Chautauquan 31: 300.
Wilcox, E. V. Bird crusade. Country Life 14: 26.
Williamson, C. C. Making bird neighbors into friends. II.
Country Life 15: 190.
Windmüller, L. How to shield our birds. Outlook 75: 369–72.
Animal Psychology, Animal Behavior, Nature Interpretation,
and Nature Study
Alexander, S. The mind of the dog. Liv. Age 249: 443-5;
250: 612-23.
Animal friendships and animosities. Harp. W. 52: 33.
Bache, R. M. Animal mind and morality. Putnam's 2: 64-9.
Bailey, L. H. Nature study on the Cornell plan. Rev. of Rev.
23: 463-4.
Beard, J. C. Are the senses of the lower animals superior to
ours? Il. Sci. Am. 88: 26-7, 378–9.
Bird intelligence. Current Lit. 35: 73-4.
Birds recognize a benefactor. Current Lit. 31: 585.
Briggs, N. R. Do animals think? Sci. Am. 92: 447.
Buckham, J. W. Modern school of nature interpretation. Il.
Book Buyer 20: 108–13.
Burroughs, John. Animal and plant intelligence. Outing 51:
308–15.
Burroughs, John. Credible and incredible in natural history.
Indep. 62: 1344-7
Burroughs, John. Imagination in natural history. Outlook 86:
457-60.
Burroughs, John. Nature and animal life. Atlantic 100: 223–8.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
303
Burroughs, John. Real and sham in natural history. Atlantic
91: 298–309.
Burroughs, John. Current misconceptions in natural history.
Century 67: 509–17.
Burroughs, John. Humanizing the animals. Century 67: 773-80.
Burroughs, John. Ways of nature. . Century 66: 294–302.
Burroughs, John. Animal individuality. Il. Indep. 56: 85–7.
Burroughs, John. Animal instinct. Liv. Age 238: 471–83.
Burroughs, John. Do animals think? Outing 45: 379–80, 758–9.
Burroughs, John. What do animals know? Century 68: 555–63.
Burroughs, John. Do animals think? Harper 110: 354–8.
Burroughs, John. Are animals sympathetic? Outing 46: 247-8.
Burroughs, John. Human traits in animals. Outing 94: 297–304.
Burroughs, John. Ways of nature. Review. Nation 82: 59-60.
Burroughs, John. Fake natural history. Outing 49: 665-8.
Burroughs, John. Real and sham. Atlantic 91: 289-309.
Burroughs, John. Some natural history doubts and conclusions.
Harper 109: 360-4.
Burroughs, John. Unsolved problems in natural history. Out-
ing 44: 497-8.
Burroughs, John. Nature's way. Harpers 109: 263–6.
Burroughs, John. Machines in fur and feathers. Indep. 64:
570-4.
Burroughs, John. Reasonable but necessary animals. Outlook
87: 809–15.
Burroughs, John. Seeing straight. Indep. 64: 34-7.
Burroughs, John. Untaught wisdom. Outlook 89: 34–7.
Burroughs and fake natural history. “ Connecticut," Harp. W.
51: 421.
Burroughs, John, on animal instinct. Rev. of Rev. 30: 237.
Calvert, P. P. Means of defence of animals. Sci. Am. Sup. 49:
20396-7.
Camacho, L. A. Do animals reason? Il. Sci. Am. 96: 515.
Chapman, F. M. Natural history for the masses. World's Work
5: 2761-70.
Claparède, E. Consciousness of animals. International 8:
296-315.
Colles, G. W. Defence of Audubon. Sci. Am. 98: 311.
304
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Coupin, H. Animals that hunt. Smithsonian Inst. Rep. 1903:
567-71.
Coupin, H. How animals avenge themselves. Sci. Am. Sup.
53: 21834.
Course of study in the elementary school.
Il.
El. School
Teacher 8: 491-501.
Crook, A. R. Misrepresentation of nature in popular magazines.
Science, n. s., 23: 748.
Cuming, E. W. D. Instinct in lying low. Liv. Age 257: 443-5.
Dale, B. Modern nature study discloses nature fakirs. Lippinc.
81: 287-8.
Dale, T. F. Manners and morals in the kennels. Blackwood
177: 82-91.
Deacon, C. F. Do animals think? Sci. Am. 92: 223.
Dean, B. Accidental resemblances among animals. Il. Pop.
Sci. 72: 304-12.
De Fabry, S. L. Reasoning power of the dog. Outing 48: 505-6.
Denslow, H. C. Animals and reason. Outlook 88: 49.
Dewar, D. Education of young birds. Liv. Age 258: 623–7.
Diebold, G. H. Ethics among animals. Current Lit. 27: 264.
Do animals reason? Reply to Mr. Burroughs: symposium. Out-
look 88: 99-102.
Do animals talk? Current Lit. 34: 199.
Do bees reason? Liv. Age 254: 433-5.
Do dogs reason? Outing 49: 240.
Do the lower animals suffer pain? Current Lit. 28: 95.
Dunbar, W. S. Beginnings of popular interest in natural his-
tory. Il. Outing 31: 201-9.
Effens, E. H. Nature study à la mode--a protest. Critic 45:
149-51.
Facts, not fancy. Current Lit. 29: 323.
Fiction, Advent of animals in. Indep. 52: 1026–7.
Finley, W. L. Warbler ways. II. St. Nich. 32: 916–9.
Follin, N. D. Limitations of the brute. Outing 48: 355–8.
French, S. H. Manners of domestic animals. Delineator 64:
744-6.
Galloway, W. Intelligence in animals. Nature 73: 440.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
305
Gladden, G. Natural history or imagination. Current Lit. 37:
161-4.
Gladden, G. Sentimental horse, a flirtatious wren, and an eru-
dite elephant. Bookman 25: 546-9.
Gladden, G. Fur, feathers, and intellect. Bookman 23: 89-91.
Hegner, R. W. Nature study with birds for the elementary
school. Bibliog. Il. El. School Teacher 5: 408–18.
Herrick, F. H. Relation of instinct to intelligence in birds.
Science, n. s., 27: 847–50.
Herrick, F. H. Modern scientific methods of nature study. Il.
Harp. W. 48: 53, 57-8.
Hesse, R. Sight in the lower animals. Il. Sci. Am. Sup. 65:
76–7.
Hodge, C. F. Nature study and citizenship. Chautauquan 37:
439.
Hodge, C. F. Nature study and life. Educ. Rev. 25: 208–11.
Holmes, S. J. Instinct of feigning death. Pop. Sci. 72: 179–85;
Sci. Am. Sup. 65: 362-3.
Hopkins, T. Crime among animals. Current Lit. 32: 594–5;
34: 196; Sci. Am. Sup. 54: 22275.
Hornaday, W. T. Psychology of wild animals: animal murder.
Il. McClure's 30: 469–79.
Hornaday's animals. Outing 48: 256b.
How animals act during earthquakes. Rev. of Rev. 37: 104.
How animals detect poison. Sci. Am. Sup. 57: 23751.
How animals fight. Sci. Am. Sup. 53: 21955.
How to read wild life. Sci. Am. Sup. 60: 24905-6.
Howells, W. D. Animals as heroes for fiction. Harp. 112: 796-9.
Hudson, W. H. Truth, plain and colored. Liv. Age 248 :
188-90.
Hudson, W. H. Animal autobiographies. Liv. Age 252: 61–2.
Hunter, S. J. Study of animal life: its place in public schools.
Education 24: 209–18.
Hutt, W. N. Audubon the original nature fakir. Sci. Am.
98: 59.
Instinct or reason. Sci. Am. 98: 184.
Interpretation of nature. Current Lit. 38: 74_5.
21
306
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Isabell, J. Behavior in unfamiliar circumstances.
Liv. Age
235: 629-34.
Jackman, W. C. Nature study and religious training. Educ.
Rev. 30: 12-30.
James, W. H. Instinct or reason. Liv. Age 231: 503–8.
Jastrow, J. Fact and fable in animal psychology. Pop. Sci.
69: 138–46.
Kidd, B. Instinct of animals. Century 75: 947–53.
Kropotkin, P. A. Morality of nature. Nineteenth Cent. 57:
407–26.
Libraries and nature clubs in parks. World's Work 2: 1340.
Lippincott, J. P. Animals and reason. Outlook 89: 268-9.
Long, W. J. Nature faking. Il. Current Lit. 43: 94–7.
Long, W. J. School of nature study and its critics. No. Am.
Rev. 176: 688–98.
Long, W. J. Animal individuality. Indep. 56: 1242-8.
Long, W. J. Wild animals at home. Outlook 74: 354–64.
Long, W. J. Do animals think? Harper 111: 59-62; 588-94;
Indep. 59: 481-5.
Long, W. J. Animal immortality. Harper 111: 873–8.
Long, W. J. Concerning heroes who hunt rabbits. Outlook 84:
571-6.
Loomis, H. N. Study of animals in schools. Educ. Rev. 35:
139–47.
Lydekker, R. Mechanical adaptation in animals. Sci. Am.
97: 271.
Lydekker, R. Ears of animals. Il. Sci. Am. 96: 115-6.
Man's brother beasts. Harp. W. 52: 31.
Maxwell, H. Animal intelligence. Liv. Age 238: 471-83.
Mayhew, R. F. Reason and dogs. Il. Country Cal. 1: 278.
Merwin, H. C. Books about nature. Scribner 33: 430–7.
Meyers, I. B. Fieldwork and nature study. El. School Teacher
8: 225–32, 316–26, 381–92.
Mind of a dog. Liv. Age 249: 443-5.
Morgan, C. L. Beginnings of mind. International 6: 330-52.
Morley, M. W. Nature study and its influence. Outlook 68:
737-9.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
307
Moore, N. H. January nature study. Chautauquan 32:
379-81.
Mother instinct in animals. Current Lit. 35: 584–5.
Myers, I. B. History of the teaching of nature. El. School
Teacher 6: 258–64.
Nabours, R. K. Nature work in the school room. II. El.
School Teacher 6: 425-30.
Nabours, R. K. Volunteer field and camera groups in the
School of Education. El. School Teacher 7: 226-30.
Nature club of America. See Country Life, since Aug., 1906.
Nature's cruelty and a merciful creator. Current Lit. 41: 323-4.
Nature-faking controversy. Current Lit. 43: 449-50.
Newland, C. B. Instinct in birds, animals and insects. Liv.
Age 250: 431-7.
Nutting, C.-C. Mental processes of animals. Dial 29: 169–70.
Parker, D. R. P. Reasoning power of animals. Sci. Am. 93: 339.
Pavlov, I. P. Scientific investigation of the psychical faculties
or processes in higher animals. Science, n. s., 24: 613–9.
Porter, G. S. Sight and scent in birds and animals. Outing
40: 295–8.
Powell, E. P. Animals—my friends. Indep. 64: 1126-30.
Powell, E. P. Do animals reason? Indep. 63: 1051-5.
Precaution of wild life. Liv. Age 227: 820-6.
President, The, and nature writing. Outlook 86: 615–7.
Ranger, W. E. Nature study movement. Education 24: 501-3.
Reasoning horse. II. Sci. Am. 91: 213.
Reasoning power of animals. Sci. Am. 93: 67.
Reflex action and instinct. Liv. Age 231: 352–60.
Relation of nature study to science teaching. El. School Teacher
8: 244-6.
Rise of the nature writers. Rev. of Rev. 26: 567-71.
Roger: Performances of a remarkable dog. B. B. E. Il. Cen-
tury 75: 599–602.
School of nature. Liv. Age 235: 818–20.
Shaler, N. S. Plant and animal intelligence. Harper 107:
183–7; Current Lit. 35: 206-8.
Shaler, N. S. Criticism by E. L. Fish. Pop. Sci. 63: 468–9.
Sharp, D. D. Nature student. Atlantic 98: 211-6.
308
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Shore, A. F. Reasoning power of animals. Sci. Am. 93: 179.
Sight and speech of animals. Rev. of Rev. 33: 368-9.
Simons, H. S. Reasoning power of animals. Sci. Am. 93: 179.
Smith, E. W. Natural science for every man. Il. Outlook 89:
183-91.
Soule, C. G. False ascription of instinct to plants and animals.
Education 20: 622–31.
Sprague, L. T. Do animals think? Outing 39: 427-31.
Strange things about animals. Il. Outing 46: 219-22.
Swift, E. J. Man's educational reconstruction of nature. Pop.
Sci. 72: 269–82.
Tact and taste in animals. Sci. Am. Sup. 57: 23444–5.
Taylor, E. Reasoning power of animals. Sci. Am. 93: 279.
Taylor, J. R. Nature study. Atlantic 92: 763–6.
Thompson-Seton, E. Habits of wolves and animal marriage.
Am. M. 64: 636-45.
Thompson-Seton, E. Natural history of the ten commandments.
Century 75: 24–33.
Thorndike, E. L. Experimental method of studying animal in-
telligence. International 5: 224–38.
Thought transferrence among dogs. Current Lit. 29: 462.
Training animals by their sixth sense. Il. Indep. 57: 653-8.
True animal stories. Indep. 63: 367–72.
Vaschide, N., and Rousseau, P. Experimental studies in the
mental life of animals. Smithsonian Inst. Rept. 1903: 546–66.
Waldo, F. Proper guidance in nature study. Education 23 :
36-40.
Walter, H. E. Bird study in city schools. School Rev. 10: 50–1.
Ware, F. M. Mental limitations of the horse. Outing 49: 122-5.
Washburn, F. Do animals think? Sci. Am. 92: 223.
Washburn, H. Do animals reason? Outing 52: 305.
What do animals know? Current Lit. 39: 645–7.
Wherein man can learn from the animals. Current Lit. 41:
446-7.
Whitney, C. Truly true animal stories. Outing 50: 748-52.
Wilson, E. B. Aims and methods of study in natural history.
Sci. Am. Sup. 51: 21065–6, 21076.
Yerkes, R. M. Behavior of Roger. Il. Century 75: 602-6.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
309
Zell, T. Domestic life of animals. Il.
Il. Sci. Am. Sup. 60:
25044-5; 61: 24380-2.
II
.
Game and Sport
Aflalo, F. G. Sportsman on cruelty to animals. Fortnightly
76: 50-60.
Aflalo, F. G. Reply to H. S. Salt. Fortnightly 76: 371-4.
Aflalo, F. G. Sportsman's library: some books of 1905. Fort-
nightly 85: 164–74.
Bright, C. Proper sphere for sport. Westminster 166: 277–83.
Bruce, R. Federal government vs. the pot hunter. Outing 38:
451-2.
Brutality, Growth of, in amusements. Nation 69: 440.
Buxton, S. Shooting. Fortnightly 76: 832-45.
Case, H. J. Wanted: an unfenced refuge for big game.
Harp. W. 52: 17.
Chambers, R. W. Poor sport made better. Harp. W. 48: 768.
Cleveland, G. Shooting in season. Il. Indep. 62: 1310–14.
Conner, S. E. Result of having efficient game wardens. Outing
36: 632-3.
Coward, T. A. Game preservation. Westminster 161: 564–70.
Fees for hunter's licenses in different states. Outing 41: 252.
Fleischman, M. C. Up-to-date African hunt. Cosmop. 43:
504–11.
Foster, M. American game preserves. Munsey 25: 376–86.
Fox-hunting, old and new. Il. Quarterly Rev. 206: 197–215.
Frye, W. P. Ideal sportsman. Indep. 56: 1235–7.
Gerrare, W. Russian hunting methods. Il. Outing 37: 34–7.
Gilbert, J. W. Western friend of big game. Outing 50: 725-6.
Gleason, J. M., and Knight, C. R. English game park. Il. Cen-
tury 66: 530-7, 827–35.
Green, G. W. Island preserve. Harp. W. 45: 409.
Grohman, W. A. B. Growth of game-preserving. Outing 39:
79-81, 667-73.
Hamilton, J. Game preservation in the Transvaal. Blackwood
179: 407-11.
Holder, C. F. Passing of some Pacific coast animals. Sci. Am.
82: 171,
310
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Hubbard, L., Jr. Iowa's lack of sportsmanship. II. Outing
38: 192-6.
Hubbard, L., Jr. Minnesota's sporting status. Outing 40: 42–6.
Hubbard, L., Jr. Problems of Ohio sportsmen. Outing 40:
280-5.
Hubbard, L., Jr. Sport and sportsmanship in Illinois. Out-
ing 39: 343-6.
Huntingdon, D. W. Our prejudice against English game pre-
serves. Il.
I. Indep. 64: 292–9.
Huntingdon, D. W. Popular prejudice against game preserv-
ing. Indep. 64: 1010-5.
Huntingdon, D. W. Game law crimes. Indep. 65: 24–30.
Huntingdon, D. W. Field sports of to-day. Century 66: 890-8.
Huntingdon, D. W. The state and game. Indep. 63: 856-60.
Huntingdon, D. W. American game preserving. Il.
Il. Indep.
57: 1184-8.
Johnston, H. H. Big game preservation. Nature 76: 33-5.
Jones, J. J. Passing of the buffalo. Il. Overland, n. s., 50:
157-62.
Knight, A. H. In British parks. Century 65: 221–38.
Lanier, W. S. Perils of big game hunting. Overland, n. S., 50:
455-61.
Matteson, S. W. Red man and white man in Colorado's game
fields. 11. Outing 38: 29–36.
President's ideas about sports. Ladies H. J. 23: 17.
Protection of American game. Sci. Am. 83: 82.
Prowse, D. W. Economic value of new game for islands. Sci.
Am. Sup. 62: 25514.
Shaw, A. C. Game laws of Ontario and Quebec. Canad. Mag.
17: 520-3.
Scolopax. Shooting days. Blackwood 174: 183-9, 365-71, 509–
17, 805–13; 175: 188–97, 388-96, 564-73; 176: 263-70, 636-45.
Standardization of sport. Nation 75: 439.
Survival of valuable game. Current Lit. 29: 485-6.
Tiger-bathing. Current Lit. 32: 604.
Tozer, B. Abuse of sport. Fortnightly 86: 726–33.
Tozer, B. Reply by H. S. Salt. Fortnightly 86: 959–62.
Walsh, G. E. American game preserves. Il. Outing 37: 539-44.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
311
Washburn, H. B. Shall we hunt and fish? The confessions of
a sentimentalist. Atlantic 101: 672–9.
Wilcox, E. V. Preservation of large game. Forum 33: 188-95.
Wilcox, E. V. Present status of game. Country Life 10: 645.
Wise, J. S. Awakening concerning game. Rev. of Rev. 24:
571-4.
Wise, J. S. Game law problem. Outing 38: 46–50.
Wister, 0. Game and the nation. Harper 100: 884–905.
Animal Photography
Adams, c. C. Snapshots at Africa's big game. Il. Harp. W.
49: 1448–9.
Baynes, E. H. Animals photographed and described. Indep.
56: 1238-41.
Bird portraits. Am. M. 61: 523-30.
Boraston, J. M. Hunting with a camera. Cosmop. 39: 43–8.
Bretherton, B. J. Elk and camera. Overland, n. s., 35: 112–5.
Brownell, L. W. Photographing bird's nests. Outing 46: 256.
Burgess, J. A. Photographing big game in close season. Il.
Outing 40: 479–81.
Busteed, C. J. Photographing young crows. Il. Country Life
15: 80.
Chapman, F. M. Hunting with a camera. World's Work 6:
3554-60.
Chapman, F. M. Camera hunter. Current Lit. 31: 457-8.
Dale, B. Photographing the great northern diver in the drowned
lands. Il. Country Life 14: 355–7.
Dale, B. Hunting the muskrat with a camera. Country Life
12: 299–303.
Dugmore, A. R. Shooting wild ducks and geese with the camera.
Il. Country Life 15: 26–31.
Dugmore, A. R. Fitting out the sportsman photographer. Out-
ing 40: 252.
Dugmore, A. R. Stalking moose with a camera. Country Life
12: 299-303.
Dugmore, A. R. Cameras: what kinds to use for different pur-
poses. Country Life 11: 568.
312
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Dugmore, A. R. Photographs of fish. II. Country Life 12:
724.
Dugmore, A. R. Revolution in nature pictures. World's Work
1: 36-46.
Finley, W. L. Photographing a flicker family. St. Nich. 32:
802-5.
Finley, W. L. Home life of the California condor. Century
75: 370–80.
Flashlight photographs of wild animals. Il. Nature 74: 489–90.
Herrick, F. H. Photographing wild birds. Current Lit. 31 :
458–60.
Holder, C. F. Photographing captive star-fishes. Il. Sci. Am.
64: 252-3.
Job, H. K. Bird-hunting with a camera. Il. Rev. of Rev. 31:
433–8.
Job, H. K. Stalking hoot-owls with a camera. Il. Outing 46:
51-8.
Job, H. K. Photographing a duck in flight. Country Life
11: 714.
Job, H. K. Photographing prairie pigeons. Il. Outing 50:
85-94.
Job, H. K. Robbers of the falls. Il. Outing 50: 699–705.
Lett, R. C. W. Photographing a spruce partridge. Il. Country
Life 10: 358.
Marr, A. E. Photographing the heron family. Il. Outing 48:
288-98.
Meiklejohn, B. Adventures in wild-life photography. World's
Work 4: 2080–8.
Neil, C. L. Animal photographs. Il. Int. Studio 29: 327-32.
Photographing flamingoes. Current Lit. 38: 547-8.
Pouting, H. G. Photographing alligators. Il. Sci. Am. Sup.
65: 353-4.
Shiras, G. Hunting with a camera. Il. Indep. 52: 1364-8.
Shiras, G. Photographing wild game with camera and flash-
light. Nat. Geog. Mag. 17: 367-423.
Shiras, G. One season's game bag with the camera. Nat. Geog.
Mag. 19: 387-446.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
313
Shufeldt, R. W. Posing wild things for their photograph. II.
Outing 40: 216–21.
Tilney, F. C. Fresh fields for photographers. Liv. Age 239:
187-90.
Van Dyke, T. S. Hunting with a gun. Outing 49: 471-3.
Van Dyke, T. S. Twentieth century deer hunting. Outing
45: 73–6.
Verrill, A. H. Hunting with a camera. Il. St. Nich. 27: 927–9.
Walcott, F. C. Flashlight photographs of a grizzly bear. II.
St. Nich. 36: 170–1.
Whitney, C. M. Photographing wild moose and deer. Il.
Country Life 14: 453–5.
Wright, W. H. After big game with a camera. II. Country
Life 12: 418-22.
Wright, W. H. Photographing wild animals. Country Life 14:
453-5.
(c) Special Leaflets
Leaflet Literature Published by the American Humane
Education Society
Address to Boston Public Schools, by Geo. T. Angell.
Humane Leaflets, Nos. 1 to 8, by Geo. T. Angell.
Bird Leaflet, by Geo. T. Angell.
The Bell of Atri, poem by Longfellow, illustrated.
Twelve lessons on kindness to Animals, by Geo. T. Angell.
Humane Horse Book, compiled by Geo. T. Angell.
Humane Training and Treatment of the Horse, by H. C. Merwin.
Care of Horses.
Protection of Animals, by Geo. T. Angell.
Five Questions Answered, by Geo. T. Angell.
The Check-rein, by Geo. T. Angell.
The Cruel Over-check Card (two sides).
The Overhead Check-rein Card (two sides).
How to Kill Animals Humanely.
Service of Mercy.
Band of Mercy Information, by Geo. T. Angell.
Fifty-two Band of Mercy Songs and Hymns.
314
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
Condensed Information; an eight-page pamphlet, by Geo. T.
Angell, including all necessary instructions for forming Socie-
ties for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Bands of
Mercy. Address of Mr. Angell to the National Convention of
the Woman's Christian Temperance Union at Nashville, Ten-
nessee.
LEAFLET LITERATURE PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN HUMANE
ASSOCIATION
1. Condensed Information as to work, membership fees and
standing of the American Humane Association.
2. Report on Recent Work of Association.
3. Brief Sketch of History and Purposes of Association.
4. The Commercial Side of Philanthropy, by President Wil-
liam 0. Stillman, Albany, N. Y.
5. The Economic Value of Anti-Cruelty Work, by Hon. James
M. Brown, Toledo, Ohio.
6. Mercy Sunday. A-Plea for its adoption.
7. Mercy Sunday. B-Suggestions for clergymen.
8. Merey Sunday. C-Program for Sunday Schools.
9. The Relation of the Pulpit to Anti-Cruelty Work, by Hon.
James M. Brown, Toledo, Ohio.
10. Prizes announced by the American Humane Association.
11. What a Humanitarian Would Do with One Million Dollars,
by President William 0. Stillman, Albany, N. Y.
12. Preliminary Steps and Legislative Methods in Securing
Humane Laws, by Mrs. F. Lovell, Wyncote, Pa.
13. Humane Education, with a Special Word for Mothers, by
Mrs. Ella Wheeler Wilcox.
14. The Need of a Training School for Humane Workers, by
Dr. William 0. Stillman, Albany, N. Y.
15. The Magnitude of the Work of Societies for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals, by George T. Angell, Boston, Mass.
16. The Cost of a Skin, by J. Howard Moore, Chicago, Ill.
17. Cruelties Connected with the Training and Exhibition of
Animals, by Mrs. Huntington Smith, Boston, Mass.
18. Our Food Supply Involved: The Abuse of Live Stock in
Transportation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
315
19. The Transportation of Live Stock by Railroads and the
Federal Twenty-eight-Hour Law, by E. K. Whitehead, Denver,
Col.
20. The Railroads and the Abuse of Live Stock in Transporta-
tion (showing the failure of the present Federal statute without
a minimum speed limit amendment), by Hon. George P. McCabe,
Solicitor Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
21. What the Humane Societies Believe should be Done in
Stock Transportation, by President William 0. Stillman, Al-
bany, N. Y.
22. The Care and Transportation of Cattle, by E. K. White-
head, Denver, Col.
23. Millions of Cattle Starving During Winter of 1906-7. Out
of print.
24. The Starvation of Cattle on the Western Plains, by E. K.
Whitehead, Denver, Col.
25. Report on Neglect of Range Stock in the Northwest, by
Clarence M. Abbott, Albany, N. Y.
26. The Truth about Mexican Bull Fights. (Illustrated.)
27. The Cry of the Children, by Mrs. Mary F. Lovell, Wyn-
cote, Pa.
28. Utility of the Curfew, by Supt. J. J. Kelso, Toronto,
Canada.
29. Suggestions How to Conduct Societies for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Children, by Supt. J. J. Kelso, Toronto, Canada.
30. Methods in Humane Work for Children, by Clarence M.
Abbott, Albany, N. Y.
31. Race Suicide, by Miss Georgiana Kendall, New York city.
32. How to Organize for Humane Work, by Thomas E. Hill.
33. Report on Organizing Humane Societies in the South, by
Mrs. E. Irene Rood, Chicago, Ill.
34. Humanity-(a sentiment, motto style).
35. Humane Education,(a sentiment, motto style).
36. Work-Horse Parades, by Henry C. Merwin, President Bos-
ton Work-Horse Parade Association, Boston, Mass.
37. Protection of Birds—A Necessity as Well as a Duty, by
E. P. Felt, State Entomologist, Albany, N. Y.
38. Protection of Elk from Starvation in the Northwest.
316
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
39. Don't Shoot (illustrated), by Ella Wheeler Wilcox.
40. Dastardly Sport. Reprint of letter to Atlanta Constitu-
tion written by President William O. Stillman, Albany, N. Y.
NOTE. A number of important leaflets are in preparation.
This is List No. 2, published September, 1908.
LEAFLET LITERATURE PUBLISHED BY THE RHODE ISLAND HUMANE
EDUCATION SOCIETY
Bands of Mercy (their objects and how to form them).
The Air-Gun and the Birds.
· A Word for Our Woolly Friends, by Isabel C. Barrows.
Man's Faithful Friend. (About Dogs.)
Hints on the Care of Cows.
How to Treat Cats, by Mary F. Lovell.
About Poor Puss, by Annie E. Fisher.
A Wise Fish.
Dovetrot's Way, by Mrs. Fairchild Allen.
Early Lessons in Kindness or Cruelty, by A. D. Fogg.
An Appeal from the Horses to their Owners and Drivers.
Care of Mules.
Pigeon Shooting from Traps.
How Birds Help the Farmer.
An Appeal from the Horses. (Italian.)
An Appeal from the Horses. (Portuguese.)
How to Treat a Horse. (English.)
How to Treat a Horse. (Portuguese.)
The Check-Rein.
Teaching Patriotism in the Public Schools, by Lucia Ames Mead.
An Appeal to Every Woman (about wearing feathers on bonnets).
The Rich Poor Horse and Poor Rich Horse, by Mrs. Fairchield
Allen.
Old Rhymes and New, by H. M. Atwater.
A Law to Help the Boys. (About tobacco.)
The Unconscious Element in Discipline, by Henry S. Baker, Ph.D.
Mollie Whitefoot's Vacation, by Anna H. Smith. (A story of
a cat that was left to take care of herself in the summer.)
Need of Humane Education Societies and Methods of Forming
Them.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
317
Humane Education, by B. J. Tice.
Public Parks and Public Schools, by M. A. Campbell.
A Letter to Children, by Mary F. Lovell.
Collections, by Julia Andrews.
Professor Frog's Lecture, by M. A. L. Lane.
The Cat, by Edith Carrington.
A Few Rules for the Care of Poultry.
Directions for the Care of Swine.
An Appeal from Horses to the Summer Visitors.
The Brutalization of Childhood.
Amos Hunt and His Steel Trap, by Mrs. Fairchield Allen.
Military Drill in the Public Schools.
Physical Training in the Public Schools.
Poisoned Ground.
The Coming Education.
LITERATURE LEAFLETS PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS
No. 1. “Ten Rules for the Treatment of Animals.” Gives
valuable hints in regard to the treatment conducive to the good
health and happiness of animals.
No. 2. “What is Docking?” Pcints out the absurdities of
the practice, and cites the opinions of the best authorities prov-
ing the cruelty of the operation.
No. 3. “Fashion's Cruelty and Bird Protection." An able
plea by J. A. Allen, Ph.D., for the preservation of bird life, now
so wantonly and cruelly sacrificed in the interests of vain fashion.
No. 4. “The Dishorning of Cattle an Act of Cruelty.” The
cruelty and fallacy of dishorning graphically set forth in a
résumé of the famous English dishorning case.
No. 5. “Hints for the Dog Days.” Dispels the many ignor-
ant and false ideas in regard to rabies and hydrophobia, and
gives valuable information concerning the dog, its nervous dis-
orders, and its care.
No. 6. “Rabies and Hydrophobia." Gives the opinions of
medical men on these diseases, and refers to the Pasteur treatment
and the Buisson cure by vapor baths.
318
THE HUMANE MOVEMENT
LEAFLET LITERATURE ISSUED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
AUDUBON SOCIETIES
Leaflets Issued to January, 1909
With Uncolored Illustrations With Colored Illustrations and
1. Nighthawk.
Outlines
2. Mourning Dove.
17. American Goldfinch.
3. Meadowlark.
18. Cardinal.
4. Robin.
19. Belted Kingfisher.
5. Flicker.
20. Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
6. Passenger Pigeon.
21. Scarlet Tanager.
7. Snowy Heron.
22. Blue Jay.
8. Marsh Hawk.
23. Kildeer.
9. Red-shouldered Hawk. · 24. Bluebird.
10. American Sparrow Hawk. 25. Red-winged Blackbird.
11. Screech Owl.
26. Baltimore Oriole.
12. Short-eared Owl.
27. Indigo Bunting.
13. Ostrich.
28. Purple Finch.
14. Barn Owl.
29. Herring Gull.
15. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
30. Snowflake.
16. Tree Sparrow.
31. Song Sparrow.
32. Barn Swallow.
33. Tree Swallow.
34. Golden and Ruby-crowned
Kinglets.
35. American Crossbill.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
319
Special Leaflets
2. Purple Martin.
12. October and Preparations
3. Bird Clubs in Schools.
for Winter.
5. The Aigrette Loses Caste. 13. For December Six Re-
6. Bartramian Sandpiper.
minders.
7. February
14. The Cost of a Feather.
8. April-Nature Study Or- 15. February Hints.
ganizations.
16. Winter Feeding of Wild
9. In June.
Birds.
10. Wood Duck.
17. Bob-white, the Farmers'
11. August and the Flocking
Friend.
Time.
18. Putting Up Bird Boxes.
19. The Mallard.
Nos. 6, 10 and 19 have Colored Illustrations.
Miscellaneous Leaflets are published by The Animal Rescue
League, Boston, Mass., C. A. Hamlin, Syracuse, N. Y., various
local Audubon Societies, and others.
EXPLANATORY NOTE TO TABLES
I AND II.
The following synopsis of laws has been condensed to
the utmost. It is hoped that this condensation will make
references to the various statutory provisions a matter of
ease and despatch rather than one of difficulty and confu-
sion. However, in order to clarify the interpretation of
some details the following brief illustrative readings are
given as examples:
Turn to the Connecticut reference in column 8 on page
324. The fact that an entry is made indicates that the
matter included in the heading is covered by the law, only,
however, up to the point where the latter portion of this
matter is prefixed by small letters (a), (b). The numerical
equivalents of A and B are given as 28 and 5, respectively;
and the introduction of (b) indicates that this exception
applies. The absence of (a) indicates that that exception
does not apply.
Turn to Table II, page 401, column 15 of the refer-
ences to Illinois laws. (a) (b), (c) (d) refer to corresponding
items in heading where column 15, Table II first appears
(395). “under 12 ” refers to the (c) item. The remaining
matter refers to all of the items except (c), for which
special provision has been noted.
The abbreviated style of statutory references in both
tables is explained in column 41 of Table I. Column head-
ings appear in their entirety only the first time used. There-
after the numerals only are employed for the sake of
brevity.
Further note to Table I will be found on pages 56-58,
to Table II on page 146.
320
TABLE I
SUMMARY OF STATE LAWS FOR
ANIMAL PROTECTION
22
DEFINITIONS
GENERAL
1
STATE OR
TERRITORY
2
3
(a) "Animal”: any living creature other Overloading, over-
than man.
driving, unnecessary or
(b) Torture,' “Torment," Cruelty": | unjustifiable beating,
every act, omission or neglect causing or permit- | killing, mutilating or
ing unnecessary or unjustifiable pain, suffering || maiming.
.
or death.
(c) Impure and unwhole some milk": milk
obtained from animals in unhealthy condition
or surroundings, or fed on fermented or putre-
fied food.
(d) Owner," Person": corporations in-
cluded. Acts of agents or employes of corpo-
rations include the corporation in legal liability
incurred.
Code, Sec. 6233.
ALABAMA
(a) (b) (d) S. & H. Sec. 1531.
S. & H. Secs. 1516,
1521.
ARKANSAS
P.C. Pt. I, Title XIV,
Ch. 13, par. 537, am.
by 1907, Ch. 4.
ARIZONA
(a) (b) (d) P. C. Sec. 599b.
P. C. Sec. 597.
CALIFORNIA
(a) (b) (a) Mills, Sec. 117.
Mills, Sec. 104.
COLORADO
(a) G. L. Sec. 2815.
G. L. Sec. 1331.
CONNECTICUT
322
OFFENSES FORBIDDEN UNDER PENALTY
NEGLECT
CARRYING OF
ANIMALS
6
7
Miscellaneous.
4
5
Failure to provide (a) Outsider may
necessary, and proper provide food, etc., after
food, drink and shelter. reasonable time.
(b) Expense charge-
able to owner, and a
lien on animals cared
for.
(c) Immunity from
prosecution for entry.
In vehicle or other-
wise.
(a) With legs tied, or
crowded in other cruel
ways.
(b) Peace officer may
take charge and pro-
vide for care of such
animals. Expense
chargeable to owner
and a lien on the ani-
mals.
Code, Sec. 6233.
(a) 12 hrs. (b) (c)
S. & H. Sec. 1519.
(a) (b) S. & H. Sec.
1520.
S. & H. Secs. 1516,
1521.
To an impounded
animal. S. & H. Sec.
1518.
P. C. Pt. I, Title XIV,
Ch. 13, par. 537, am.
by 1907, Ch. 4.
P. C. Sec. 597.
(a) (b) (c) P. C.
Sec. 597e.
(a) (b) P. C. Sec.
597a.
See also 1905, Ch. 472.
Mills, Sec. 104.
To impounded ani-
mal, Mills, Sec. 105.
(a) 12 hrs. (b) (c)
Mills, Sec, 106.
Person entitled to (a) Mills, Sec. 104.
lien on animal may sell
(b) Officer of Col.
same after giving due Hum. Society. Mills,
notice to
owner, and
Sec. IIO.
proper publicity
sale, Mills, Sec. 114,
am, by 1907, Ch. II6.
to
G. L. Sec. 1331.
(a) G. L. Sec. 1331.
(a) (b) G. L. Sec. 1375.
Agents of Conn.
Hum. Society, G. L.
Secs. 2808-2810.
323
OFFENSES
FORBIDDEN
CARRYING OF ANIMALS-Continued
DISABLED,
8
9
Live stock in transit on boats and railroads, Abandonment forbidden.
Must be unloaded, rested, fed and watered
(a) Peace officer may kill abandoned animal on
every A hours for a period of B hours. When affirmative judgment of two citizens, (b) one of
railroad so provides, expense is chargeable to whom must be a veterinarian.
owner and is a lien on animals. Exceptions.
(a) In case of accident or unavoidable circum-
(c) Owner may choose one.
stances. (b) Where space, opportunity for rest, (d) Attached vehicle to be put in safe custody
etc., are provided on cars.
by officer.
(e) Expense is chargeable to owner and is a
lien on vehicle and contents,
(a) Code, Sec. 2833.
(ALA.)
(ARK.)
(a) (d) And in any case where an arrest
for cruelty is made.
S. & H. Secs, 1526, 1527.
(ARIZ.)
A=36 hrs. B=10 hrs.
P. C. Sec. 36gb.
(a) For which owner cannot be found on
officer's initiative. P. C. Sec. 597f. Any animal
cruelly treated or unfit for labor may be cared for
until fit to return to owner. (e)
(CAL.)
(COLO.)
Mills, Sec. 104.
Officer of Col. Hum. Soc. may take charge of
same and charge expense to owner. This is lien
on animals. Mills, Secs. III, 112, am. by 1907,
Ch. 116.
(a) Mills, Sec. 113.
A=28 hrs. B=5 hrs.
(b) G. L. Sec. 1336.
(a) Agent of Conn. Hum. Society. G. L.
Sec. 2811.
(CONN.)
324
UNDER PENALTY—Continued
DISEASED, DECREPIT AND DYING ANIMALS
10
11
12
13
Selling or Offering
for Sale.
Miscellaneous.
Use or exposure, or
Refusal to kill such
working when unfit for on demand of proper
labor.
authorities,
Driving when unfit
for labor.
Code, Sec. 6233.
S. & H. Sec. 1523.
If diseased past re-
If diseased past re-
covery, or having a covery, or having a
contagious disease.
contagious disease,
S. & H. Sec. 1522.
S. & H. Sec. 1522.
1907, Ch. 4.
Within 12 hrs. Does
not apply to animal on
owner's premises under
proper care.
Another's, P. C.
Sec. 596.
Use of poison, drugs,
or appliances to affect
speed, endurance or ap-
pearance.
1901, Act of March 23.
P. C. Sec. 599e.
325
OFFENSES FORBIDDEN
ANIMAL PROPERTY
14
15
Poisoning
Maliciously killing or
posure of poison for maiming another's ani-
purpose of killing.
mal in any way.
or
ex-
16
17
Throwing glass, nails Unlicensed dogs ma
or reſuse public be killed by public
places.
in
(ALA.)
Code, Secs. 6230, 6231.
Except in case of tres-
pass beyond a lawful
fence.
authorities.
Dogs. Code, Sec.
6234.
(ARK.)
(ARIZ.)
Another's,
except
P. C. par. 536.
dogs. P.C. par. 534.
To kill or attempt to
Licensed dogs. 1905, kill a licensed dog.
1905, Ch. 39.
See also P. C. par.
See also par. 536.
560.
Ch. 39.
Wilfully or neglect-
fully while hunting.
P. C. Sec. 384a, am,
by 1907, Ch. 295
(CAL.)
Mills, Sec. 1424.
(COLO.)
G. L. Scc. 1218.
G. L. Sec. 1218.
1907, Chs. 197, 252,
and G. L. Ch. 247.
(CONN.)
326
UNDER PENALTY-Continued
ANIMAL PROPERTY-Continued
MISCELLANEOUS
21
18
19
20
Dogs that worry or Owner of dog that Animals injured on
chase other animals worries or chases other railroad right of way
may be killed.
animals is liable to fine must be looked after
or payment of damages. by train staff.
Code, Secs. 24711, 2832, 6236.
Reads:
Section-master must
notify owner.
Code, Sec. 7669.
Sheep.
S. & H. Secs, 7296,
7300.
Reads :
Engineer must post
notice at nearest 1.8.
station.
S. & H. Sec. 6350.
Sheep, goats or poultry.
1903, Ch. 51.
(C. C. Slec. 3341).
Ch. 524.
Following alternative Maim, shoot or kill a
provision :
homing pigeon. P. C.
Sec. 598a, am, by 1905,
Unlawful to lead or
drive animal along
track
or feed
feed along
Use of the bristle
such without enclosure. | bur, etc., on horses.
P. C. Sec. 369e.
1903, Ch, 129.
Mills, Sec. 2198.
1905, Ch. 121.
At once, and reported
by station
agt. lo
owner. No act of 1.1.
nor of owner to be a
confession of liability
nor a waiver to dam-
ages.
1907, Chs. 197, 252, and G. L. Ch. 247.
.
To kill, or trap a
homing pigeon.
G. L. Sec. 1226.
327
OFFENSES FORBIDDEN
FEEDING AND CARE OF COWS
22
23
24
Feeding of distillery Keeping in unhealth-
waste or other improper ful quarters.
food.
Selling of milk from
Cows so fed or cared for.
(ALA.)
(ARK.)
(ARIZ.)
(CAL.)
Mills
3597P, 9.
Supp. Secs.
(COLO.)
25
Animal fighting:
(a) Property so used
subject to seizure.
(b) Trainers, owners,
spectators, owners and
letters
of premises,
punishable.
Keeping a cockpit, or
fighting cocks in a pub-
lic place. Code, Secs.
6467, 6468.
(b) Spectators by im-
plication only, S. & H.
Sec. 1517.
See also Sec. 1893.
Or worrying in any
way. (b) P. C. Secs.
597b, c, am. by 1907,
Ch. 456.
Officer may enter and
arrest without warrant.
P. C. Sec. 597d.
(b) Fines go to Colo.
Hum. Soc. It is also
unlawful to release any
animal to be shot at or
pursued by dogs. Mills,
Secs. 107, 108, 1905,
Ch. 99.
(b) G. L. Secs. 1396–
1398.
(CONN.)
328
UNDER PENALTY-Continued
MISCELLANEOUS OFFENSES
27
29
26
Trap-shooting at live
birds.
Use of dogs as draft
animals.
28
Docking of horses' (a) Vivisection and
tails.
exhibition of vivisected
(a) Mutilated condi- animals in public
tion of tail is prima schools.
facie evidence of act. (b) Properly con-
(b) Necessary surgi- ducted experiments
cal operations excepted. permitted only under
(c) Provision for reg authority of regularly
istration of docked incorporated medical
horses.
college.
(b) P. C. Sec. 599c.
(a) (b) (c) 1907, Ch.
220 adding to P. C.
Secs. 597a, b, c, d.
This is doubtless
covered by 1905,
Ch.
99.
(a) (c) Use of unreg-
istered docked horse
prima facie evidence.
This does not apply to
pure-bred stallions or
mares brought into
State for exhibition.
Mills Supp. Secs. 119a,
b, c, d, and 1905, Ch. 98.
(a) G. L. Secs. 1332,
1333
329
1
POWERS AND DUTIES OF PEACE OFFICERS
32
33
Miscellaneous.
30
31
May enter building Offenders may be ar-
or enclosure
rested without a war-
(a) Where animals rant.
are kept for unlawful
purposes.
(b) Where law deal-
ing with cruelty to ani-
mals is being violated.
Must prosecute all
violations of anti-
cruelty law coming to
their notice.
By any person. Such
person entitled to $2
from fine. Code, Sec.
6233.
(ALA.)
(a) (b) On issuance
of warrant. S. & H.
Any officer may inter-
fere to prevent cruelty.
S. & H. Sec. 1525.
See also Sec. 1529.
Sec. 1530.
(ARK.)
(ARIZ.)
(a) (b) On issuance
of warrant. P. C. Sec.
599a.
(CAL.)
Members of Colo.
Hum. Soc. may require
any peace officer to
arrest offenders or to
take charge of abused
animals. Mills, Sec.
ΙΙ6. .
(COLO.)
(CONN.)
(a) (b) On issuance
of warrant, G. L. Sec.
1495
330
SOCIETIES FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO
ANIMALS. AND HUMANE SOCIETIES
34
35
36
37
May be incorporated Officers and agents
Officers and agents
Fines imposed for
as agencies for the en- have powers as peace must have certificates violation of anti-cruelty
forcement of anti-officers within the scope of appointment and laws go to S. P. C. A.
cruelty laws and for of societies' activities. wear badges.
involved.
other humane purposes
S. & H. Sec. 1528.
Not new
1905, Ch. 434 substituted for C. C. Secs. 607a, b,
c, d, e, f.
ones that
Members also when
duplicate the style or duly authorized.
name of previously ex-
isting ones.
See also 1903, Ch. 63, and 1905, Ch. 389.
1905, Ch. 434 subst.
for C. c. Secs. 607a, b,
c, d, e, f.
See also 1903, Ch. 63
and 1905, Ch. 389.
Mills, Sec. 115.
Members of Colo.
Hum. Soc. may inter-
fere to prevent an act
of cruelty. Mills, Sec.
109.
See specific offenses.
Officers to be paid
usual fees for services,
chargeable as costs to
offenders and reim-
bursed to Soc. Mills,
Sec. 116.
Conn. Hum. Soc. G. L. Sec. 2807.
331
S. P. C. A. AND
HUMANE Socs.
Continued
HUMANE EDUCATION
38
39
40
Miscellaneous.
Miscellaneous,
Instruction in com-
mon schools.
41
Explanation of ab-
breviated references.
Code: Code of 1907.
(ALA.)
(ARK.)
S. & H.; Sandels and
Hill, Digest of Arkan-
sas Statutes, 1894.
P. C.: Penal Code,
I9OI.
(ARIZ)
Political Code, par.
1665.
P. C.: Penal Code.
C. C.: Civil Code.
(CAL.)
Col. Hum. Soc. con- 2 lessons per week not
stituted a State Bureau | less than 10 min. cach,
of C. & A. Protection. Mills Supp. Sec. 4043.
Mills Supp. Secs. 416a,
b, c, d, e, f, g.
Mills Supp.: Mills
Annotated Statutes, ,
Supplement of 1905.
Mills: Mills Annota-
ted Statutes.
(COLO.)
G. L.: General Laws
of 1902.
Conn. Hum. Soc.
shall receive from State
not more than $2,000
annually. G. L. Sec.
2816.
332
1
3
2
(a) Reads: "pigeons and all brute creatures."
R. C. Vol. 14, Ch. 414, Sec. 6, p. 403.
R. C.Vol. 14, Ch. 414,
Sec. I, p. 403.
DELAWARE
(a) (d) 1892, Act of June 25, Sec. 3.
1871, Act of Aug. 23.
DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA
(a) (b) (d) R. S. Sec. 3156.
R. S. Secs. 3595, 3596.
FLORIDA
(b) Code, Sec. 705.
Cruelty forbidden in
very general terms.
Code, Sec. 703.
GEORGIA
Reads: 'Cruelly
whips, beats ill-
treats.” P.C. Sec. 5083.
or
IDAHO
.
ILLINOIS
(a) (d) Burns, Sec. 2500.
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
S. & C., P. 1261.
Burns, Sec. 2499.
Docking of lambs,
dehorning
of cattle, and
clipping of horses spe-
cifically excepted.
1907,
Ch, 174.
Reads : “Maim, beat
or torture any horse,
ox or other cattle." G.
S. Sec. 2348.
See also Sec. 3180.
See also G. S. Sec.
2418.
333
4
7
5
6
(DEL.)
R. C.Vol. 14, Ch. 414)
Sec. I, p. 403.
(a) (b) R. C. Vol. 14, ,
Ch. 414, Secs, 2, 3, p.
404.
1871, Act of Aug. 23.
(a) 1871, Act of Aug.
23.
(D. C.)
R. S. Secs. 3595, 3596.
(a) R. S. Secs. 3595,
3596.
(FLA.)
(Ga.)
(IDAHO)
In enclosure 48 hrs.
without food, 24 hrs.
without water.
P. C. Sec. 5062.
S. & C., p. 1261.
(a) S. & C., p. 1261.
(ILL.)
Burns, Sec, 2499.
(a) Burns, Sec. 2502.
(IND.)
(a) 1907, Ch. 174.
(IOWA)
1907
Ch.
174.
(a) 12 hrs.
To impounded ani-
(b) Code, Secs. 2338,
mal. Code, Secs. 2338, 4972.
4972.
(a) G. S. Sec. 2419.
(KANS.)
See also G. S. Sec.
2418.
334
8
9
R. C. Vol. 14, Ch. 414, Sec. 2, p. 404.
Justice of Peace may order killing and removal.
Fines and forfeitures go to S. P. C. A, involved:
R. C. Vol. 16, Ch. 382, P. 405.
(a) (d) (e) applies when animal is allowed so
to lie more than 3 hrs, after notice.
1892, Act of June 25, Sec. 4.
R. S. Secs. 3595, 3595.
A=26 hrs. Vessels detained by storm excepted.
Poultry excepted. R. S. Secs. 3397, 3398.
Any person may apply to local justice and kill
on his order. Such person is still liable to owner
for damages.
Code, Sec. 1755.
S. & C., p. 1261.
A=36 hrs. B=5 hrs.
(a) S. & C., P. 1261, am, by 1907, p. 264.
A=28 hrs. B=5 hrs. (a) Burns, Sec. 2503.
(a) 3 "reputable" (b) (d) Burns, Sec. 2505. .
See also Sec. 2502.
Peace officer may provide for an abandoned
animal, Code, Sec. 2337.
A=28 hrs. B=5 hrs.
(a) (b) Code, Sec. 4970.
Must be carried at "highest practicable speed."
B'd of R. R. Com'rs to judge. 1907, Ch. 115.
1)
Following provision only: Must be carried at (a), 2. e. agent of Hum. Soc. may, provided
a rate not less than 15 miles per hour, not includ- appraised value is not over $5. Soc. must com-
ing stops for feeding. 1907, Ch. 276.
pensate owner unless abandonment is wilful, and
appraisers must be paid by Soc. G. S. Sec. 2420.
See also Sec. 2419.
335
10
13
11
12
R. C. Vol. 14, Ch.
414, Sec. I, p. 403.
(DEL.)
1871, Act of Aug. 23.
(D. C.)
(FLA.)
Without notice of fact
to buyer; or allow in
contact with healthy
animal. R. S, Sec. 3400.
Such may be de-
stroyed on due notice
after proper legal pro-
cess,
R. S, Sec. 3159.
(GA.)
(IDAHO)
Of famished animals,
i. e., 48 hrs. without
proper food, 20 hrs.
without water.
P. C. Sec. 4749.
S. & C., P. 1261.
(ILL.)
(IND.)
1907, Ch. 174.
(IOWA)
May be destroyed on
due notice after proper
legal process.
Code, Sec. 2339.
G. S. Sec, 2419.
(KANS.)
336
14
17
15
16
Unassessed dogs run-
ning at large.
R. C. Vol. 13, Ch.
145, Sec. 8.
R. S. Secs. 3390 -3392, 3398.
Phosphate plants must Even when driving
guard against injury to from one's premises,
animals by proper where proper fence is
fences,
lacking.
R. S. Sec. 3394.
P.C. Secs. 5081, 5082.
1907, P. 518.
P. C. Secs. 5081, 5082.
Or cruelly beat or in-
jure one's own.
Sec. 15, Cl. 9.
S. & C., P. 1326.
S. & C., p. 414.
S. & C., p. 1326.
Does not cover expo-
sure of poison for
sheep-killing dogs.
administering 'not dogs.
Burns, Sec, 2322. Burns, Sec. 2322.
G. S. Secs. 2179, 2180.
G. S. Secs, 2179, 2180.
23
337
18
21
20
19
Sheep or lambs.
R, C. Vol. 19,
Ch.
224,
Sec. Io.
(DEL.)
To kill a homing
pigeon. R. C. Vol. 19,
Ch. 269, p. 948.
(D. C.)
R. S. Secs. 3142 -3144, 3393.
(FLA.)
A person cruel to an-
other's animal is liable
to usual penalties and
added damages. R. C.
Secs, 3157, 3402.
To kill a carrier
pigeon. R. S. Sec. 3757.
Code, Sec. 3822.
(GA.)
(IDAHO)
S. & C., PP. 414-415.
(ILL.)
Engineer wilfully in-
juring or killing an ani-
mal or frightening with
whistle is punishable.
S. & C., p. 3272.
(IND.)
A roaming dog may
be killed. Burns, Sec.
3271.
Burns, Secs. 3256, 3257, 3269.
Does not apply to dogs
with hydro phobia.
Code, Sec. 2340.
(IOWA)
G. S. Secs. 8114, 8115.
(KANS.)
338
22
25
23
24
R. S. Secs. 3595, 3596.
1903, p. 95, Sec. 2,
S. & C., pp. 1234-1236.
Code, Secs.
4889,
4890.
(b) R. C. Vol. 14, Ch,
414, Sec. I, p. 403.
Betting on cockfight
forbidden. R. C. vo].
12,
Ch. 102, Sec. 3, p.
394
(b) 1892, Act of June
25, Sec. 6.
Between man and
animal. R. S. Sec.
3253
Promoting cockfight-
ing in any way or bet-
ting on same. Code,
Sec. 412.
(b) Dog or cock. P.
C. Sec. 4777
(b) S. & C., p. 1262.
(b) Burns, Sec. 2501.
(a) See Burns, Sec.
2504
(b) spectators by im-
plication. Or exhibit-
ing pictures of fight,
Code, Secs. 1971,
4973-4975.
339
26
29
27
28
(DEL.)
1892, Act of June 5,
Sec. 5.
(D, C.)
(FLA.)
(GA.)
+
(IDAHO)
1905, p. 77.
(b) S. & C., p. 413.
(a) 1909, Act of June
14, Sec. 3.
(ILL.)
Or animals.
(b) Burns, Sec. 2501.
(IND.)
1904, Ch.96.
1904, Ch. 135.
(IOWA)
(KANS.)
340
30
31
32
33
Ch.
(a) On issuance of R. C. Vol. 14,
warrant. R. C. Vol 14, 414, Sec. 5, p. 403.
Ch, 414, Sec. 3. P. 404.
Proceeds from sale of
captured animals go to
Del. S. P. C. A.
Commissioners. ац ~
thorized to detail one
or more police officers
to aid Wash. Hum. Soc.
1892, Act of June 25,
Sec, 2.
On issuance of war-
rant. R. S, Sec. 4084.
R. S. Secs. 3401, 3158.
Gov. auth. to appt.
officers for 2 yr. term at
Lake, E. St. Louis and
Peoria to enforce hum.
laws, particularly
around stockyards.
S. & C., p. 402.
Burns, Sec. 2505.
(a) (b) Burns, Sec.
2504.
See also Sec. 1923.
341
34
37
35
36
(DEL.)
See provisions in
connection with specific
offenses.
(D. C.)
R. S. Secs. 3401, 3158.
A
(FLA.)
One-half. Code, Sec.
704.
(GA.)
(IDAHO)
S. & C., PP. 1413, 1414.
(ILL.)
(IND.)
Humane officer' must attend meetings of hu-
mane society, where one is organized.
Burns, Sec. 8795 and 1909, Ch. 120.
(IOWA)
(KANS.)
342
38
41
39
40
R. C.: Revised Code
of 1893.
are
to
References
Federal Laws.
Officers and members
of Hum. Soc. not to
receive witness fees.
1892, Act of June 25,
Sec. I.
R. S.: Revised Stat-
utes of 1906.
Code: Code of 1895.
P. C.: Penal Code of
IgOI.
1909, Act
Gov. to appt. officers Not less than 6 hr.
for prev. of cruelty to per week.
animals. 1877, Act of of June 14.
March 25, am. by 1885,
Act of June 30, and
1905, p. 76.
S. & C.: Starr and
Curtiss, Annotated
Statutes of 1896.
J. & A.: Jones and
Addington, Supple-
ment to Start and Cur-
tiss, 1903
Burns: Burns' An-
notated Statutes, 1908.
I member of police
force in every city is
humane officer. 3 in
cities of Ist class.
Burns, Sec. 8795, and
1909, Ch. 120.
Code: Code of 1897.
G. S.: General State
utes of 1905.
343
1
3
2
Stat. Sec. 3167
KENTUCKY
Reads: "Beat, maim,
disable, starve. R. L.
Sec. 816.
LOUISIANA
R. S. Ch. 128, Sec. I.
Am, by 1907, Ch. 23.
R. S. Ch. 125, Secs.
34, 51.
MAINE
(a) (b) P. G. L. Art. 27, Sec. 68.
Cruelty in any form.
P. G. L. Art. 27, Sec.
67.
MARYLAND
R. L. Ch. 212, Secs.
70, 71,
MASSACHUSETTS
(a) (d) C. L. Sec. 11748.
C. L. Sec. 11739.
MICHIGAN
(a) (b) (c) R. L. Sec. 5151.
R. L. Sec. 5152.
MINNESOTA
Code, Secs. 1091, 1092,
1094
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
A. S. Sec. 2298.
See also Sec. 1988,
344
4
7.
5
6
Reads: "Beat, maim,
disable, starve." R. L.
Sec. 816.
(a) R. S. Ch. 125,
Sec. 34•
R. S. Ch. 125, Sec. (a) (b) (c) R. S. Ch.
53. Am. by 1905, Ch. 125, Secs. 34, 51.
I13.
Also "keeping
or leaving sheep on
barren islands of coast"
during Dec., Jan., Feb.,
March, prima facie
evidence of abandon-
ment.
R. S. Ch. 125,
Secs. 34, 51.
R. L. Ch. 212, Secs.
70, 71.
(a) (b) Owner must
be notified. Period of
care not to exceed 60
days. This applies in
any case
of cruelty
where animals are
taken. R. L. Ch.
212,
Sec.
74.
C. L. Sec. 11739.
(a) C. L. Sec. 11741.
R. L. Sec. 5152.
(a) R. L. Sec. 5153.
(a) Officer may. (b)
R. L. Sec. 5160, am. by
1907, Sec. 398, or animal
exposed in cold.
Code, Secs. 1097, 1092,
1094
(a) Code, Sec. 1096.
(a) A. S. Sec. 2298,
A, S. Sec. 2298.
To impounded ani-
mal. Sec. 2299.
345
8
9
(KY.)
(LA.)
A=20 hrs. (a) Time limit for unloading.
Animals may be seized for violation of law.
Animal freight in transit must have preference
over other freight. Cars must be boarded in,
in winter,
R. S. Ch. 125, Secs. 41-47.
(a) R. S. Ch. 125, Sec. 53, am, by 1905, Ch.
70.
See also R. S. Ch. 125, Sec. 48.
(ME.)
(MD.)
(a) i. e., provided appraised value is not over
$5. Society must compensate owner unless
abandonment was wilful and cruel.
P. G. L. Art. 27, Sec. 65.
A=28 hrs. (b)
R. L. Ch. 212, Sec. 73.
(MASS.)
(a) 1. 6., agent of Mass. S. P. C. A., provided
appraised value is not over $5. Society must
compensate owner unless abandonment was wil-
ful, and appraisers must be paid by the Society.
R. L. Ch. 96, Sec. 13. See also 1907, Ch. 363.
(MICH.)
A=28 hrs. B=5 hrs.
(a) (b)
C. L. Sec. 11742.
A=24 hrs. R. L. Sec. 5153. See also Sec. 2025.
R. L. Sec. 5152.
(MINN.)
(a)
1092.
Three respectable citizens.” Code, Sec.
(MISS.)
“Cruelly abandon to die." A. S. Sec. 2298.
(ON)
346
10
13
11
12
At auction. Auction-
cer's license subject to
forfeiture.
1908, No.
289.
May be destroyed
after notice and proper
legal process. R. S.
Ch. 125, Sec. 49.
At auction. Auction- Except to convey for
eer's license subject to bumane purposes.
forfeiture. 1906, Ch. 1906, Ch. 185.
185.
Worn-out horses of
city depts. to be turned
over to Red Acre Farm.
1908, Ch. 133.
May be humanely
killed after notice and
proper legal process.
.
1907, Ch.
Ch. 363.
Animals with infec-
tious diseases included
in anti-cruelty law. R.
L. Sec. 5159.
Isolation and killing
of glandered animals
included in anti-cruelty
law. Code, Secs, 1996,
1097
A. S. Sec. 2298.
A. S. Secs. 2321-2322,
diseased."
i. e..
Must not be allowed
to run at large. A. S.
Secs, 2321, 2322.
347
14
17
15
16
(KY.)
Stat. Secs. 3164, 3165.
Dogs.
Stat. Sec. 358.
Stat. Secs. 3164, 3165.
Tame deer.
Stat. Sec. 3169.
R. L. Sec. 815.
See also R. L. p. 369.
(LA.)
R. S. Ch. 128, Sec. I,
am, by 1907, Ch. 23.
R. S. Ch. 128, Sec. I,
am, by 1907, Ch. 23.
R. S. Ch. 4, Sec. 49,
am. by 1907, Ch. 178.
R. S. Ch. 125, Sec. 6.
(ME.)
Cattle. P. G. L. Art.
27, Sec. 73.
(MD.)
98.
(MASS.)
R. L. Ch. 208, Sec. R. L, Ch. 208, Sec. 98.
In case of licensed
Licensed dogs. R. L. dog.
R. L. Ch.
Ch. 208, Sec. 38.
208, Sec. 38.
Except for rats. C.
L. 11598.
1901, No. 48.
(MICH.)
R. L. Sec. 5157. See
also 1905, Ch. 53.
(MINN.)
Or one's own. Code,
Sec. 1099
(MISS.)
A. S. Secs. 1986, 1987.
A, S. Secs. 1986, 1987.
(OW)
Must be killed by
owner. A. S, Secs,
6975-6977.
348
18
21
19
20
Stat. Sec. 359.
Stat. Sec. 355.
R. R. engineer liable
for wilfully injuring
live stock.
Stat. Sec. 3168.
Dangerous dogs, if R. S. Ch. 125, Sec.
unconfined
may
be 56.
killed.
Traps set for animals
must be visited once in
24. hrs. and trapped
animals removed. 1907,
Ch. 160.
R. S. Ch. 4, Secs. 59,
60, am, by 1907, Ch.
19.
R. S. Ch. 4, Sec. 49,
am. by 1907, Ch. 178.
R. S. Ch. 125, Sec. 6.
Exhibition of bears,
except in menagerie.
R. S. Ch. 125,
Sec. 40.
Sheep.
P. G. L. Art. 86
To kill or shoot a
homing pigeon. P. G.
L. Art. 27, Sec. 64.
1905, Ch. 245.
Reward may be of- See also R. L. Ch.
fered for killing same.
IO2, Secs. 122–166.
1905, Ch. 106.
C. L. Secs. 5592-5595.
To kill or shoot a
homing pigeon. 1905,
No. 73 and No. 257,
L. Secs. 5815, 5816.
Sheep.
R. L. Secs. 2786–2792.
Between Nov. I and
May 7, clipped horses
must be blanketed
when standing in un-
sheltered place. R. L.
Sec. 5155
Sheep.
Code, Secs. 4984, 4985.
A. S, Secs, 6975-5977.
349
1
22
25
23
24
Stat. Sec. 3586.
(KY.)
(b) spectators includ-
ed only as
bettors."
Stat. Sec. 3667.
(LA.)
R. S. Ch. 129, Sec. 3.
(a) (b) R. S. Ch.
125, Secs. 37, 38, 39.
Officers may enter to
arrest,
(ME.)
P. G. L. Art. 27,
Sec.
223.
(MD.)
Having city offal or
garbage for this pur-
pose is prima facie
evidence of intent to
feed such. R. L. Ch.
213, Sec. 5.
(a) (b) R. L. Ch.
212, Secs. 79, 82-86.
Officers have right of
entry and search.
(MASS.)
1905, No. 12,
No. 12, Sec. 14. (a) (b) C. L. Secs.
See also C. L. Secs. 11740, 11743)
11744.
I14II, 11412.
1899, No. 234.
(MICH.)
R. L. Sec. 5152.
R. L. Sec. 1739.
(b) R. L. Sec. 5158.
(MINN.)
(b) Duty of officer to
enter and arrest. Code,
Sec. 1093
(MISS.)
(a) (b) A. S. Sec.
2300.
(MO.)
350
26
29
27
28
R. S. Ch. 125, Sec.
52.
Proceeds from
fines go to Maine State
S. P. C. A.
R. L, Ch. 212,
Sec. 78.
R. L. Ch. 212, Sec.
72.
(a) R. L. Ch. 42,
Sec, 21.
Permitted if birds
are killed at once.
(a) (b) (c) 1901,
No. Unlawful to perform
45, Sec. I. 1905, No. various specified oper-
322.
ations without anæs-
thesia. 1907, No. 244,
Sec. 6.
(a) (b) C. L. Secs.
11740, 11743, 11744.
1899, No. 234.
(a) Owner of premises
included. R. L. Sec.
5154
Code, Sec. 1098.
351
30
33
31
32
(KY.)
Agent of S. P. C. A.
may, police officers
must arrest offenders.
Stat. Sec. 3257.
(LA.)
R. S. Ch. 125, Sec.
53.
(ME.)
Fines are paid into
county treasury. Allow-
ance is made for ex-
penses of travel and in-
vestigation by officers.
R. S. Ch. 125, Sec.
53, am. by 1905, Ch.
107
(MD.)
(a) (b) On issuance of
warrant. P. G. L. Art.
27, Sec, 66.
R. L. Ch. 212, Sec.
(b) i. e., where sus- R. L. Ch. 212, Secs.
pected. R. L. Ch. 74, 80.
212, Sec. 75.
26
.
(MASS.)
(a) (b) On issuance of And animals or other
warrant, C. L. Sec. property delivered to
11744.
poundmaster, C. L.
See C. L. Secs, 11746,
11747.
(MICH.)
Sec. 11743.
(MINN.)
(a) Code, Sec. 1093.
(MISS.)
(MO.)
352
34
37
36
35
Stat. Secs. 3257-3258.
R. L. p. 222.
P. G. L. Art. 27, Secs. 59-61.
I-12.
R. L. Ch. 125, Secs.
See also R. L.
Ch. 208, Sec. 123, and
1906, Ch. 227
C. L. Sec. 11745. See
also Sec. 8423, am. by
I907, No. 132, and Igor,
NO. IOI.
1899, No. 206.
C. L. Secs. 8914-8925.
R. L. Sec.
Minn S. P. C.
3125
This Soc. constituted
a State Bureau of C. &
A. Protection.
1905, Ch. 274.
.
Stat. Sec. 3257.
One-half.
R. L. p. 751.
One-half. P. G. L.
Art. 27, Secs. 59-61.
After deducting ex-
penses of prosecution,
exceptin cases of dock-
ing, when one-half only
is paid to Mass, S. P.
C. A.
R. L. Ch. 212, Secs.
76, 77.
Fees allowed from
costs. R. L. Sec. 3128.
Cos, and municipali-
ties may subsidize not
more than $1200 a year.
This not for salaries.
R. L. Sec. 3127. See
also R. L. Sec. 5154.
24
353
38
41
39
40
of
(KY.)
Stat.: Statutes
Kentucky, 1909.
(LA.
Proceeds of sale of
dog tags in New Or-
leans go to S. P. C. A.
Soc. must catch and
impound stray dogs.
1906, No. 179, am, by
1908, No. 201,
Not less than io min,
per week. R. S. Ch.
15, Sec. 86.
(ME.)
(MD.)
(MASS.)
Am. Hum. Educ. Soc.
is a Mass, corporation.
See also 1906, Ch.
226.
Gov. may appoint
agents as State Hum.
Marshals.
1899, No.
206.
(MICH.)
(MINN.)
Minn. S. P. C. may
appoint representatives
in counties, and an
agent at large. County
societies may also be
organized. Ř. L. Secs.
3125, 3126,
(MISS.)
R. L.; Revised Laws
of 1904
R. S.; Revised Stat-
utes.
P. G. L.: Public Gen-
eral Laws of 1904.
R. L.: Revised Laws
of 1902.
C. L.: Compiled Laws
of 1897
R. L.: Revised Laws
of 1905.
Code: Code of 1906.
A. S.: Annotated
Statutes of 1906.
(MO.)
354
1
3
2
P. C. Sec. 8774.
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
C. S. Sec. 2129, am.
by 1905, Ch. 185.
Pluck feathers from
live fowl, or expose ani-
mal tied on street for
more than 4 hrs. at
time.
C. S. Sec. 2128.
NEVADA
C. L. Sec. 4873, or
pluck feathers from live
bird or fowl.
See also Secs. 4874-
4875.
P. L. Ch. 267, Sec. I.
See also Ch. 266, Sec.
13.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
G. S. p. 34, Sec. 17;
p. 36, Sec. 29; p. 1068,
Sec. 102, and p. 1098,
Sec. 258.
NEW JERSEY
C. L. Sec. II34.
NEW MEXICO
(a) (b) (c) P. C. Sec. 669.
P. C. Sec. 655.
Unjustifiably running
a horse attached to a
vehicle. A resident
leaving the State to
elude this is punishable
as if the act were done
in State.
P. C. Secs. 666, 667.
NEW YORK
(a) (b) R. Sec. 3299.
R. Sec. 3300.
NORTH CAROLINA
355
4
7
5
6
(a) P. C. Sec. 8777.
(MON.)
P. C. Sec. 8774.
To impounded ani-
mal.
P. C. Sec. 8776.
C. S. Sec. 2130.
To impounded ani-
mal.
C. S. Sec. 2132.
(a) 24 hrs.
(b) (c)
C, S. Sec. 2132.
(NEB.)
(a) (b) C. L. Sec.
4873
(NEV.)
(a) (b) P. L. Ch. 267,
Sec. 2.
(N. H.)
G. S. p. 34, Sec. 17;
R. 36, Sec. 29; p. 1068,
Sec. 102, and p. 1098,
Sec. 258.
To impounded ani-
mal. G.S.P. 35, Sec. 20.
(a) 12 hrs.
(b) 20% additional.
(c) G. S. p. 35, Sec.
26.
(N. J.)
(a) (b) if sold, due
notice of sale to be
given.
G. S. p. 35, Secs. 19,
24.
C. L. Sec. II34.
(N. M.)
To impounded ani-
mal.
P. C. Sec. 657
(a) (c) C. & G. 1867,
Ch. 375, Sec. 4.
(a) P. C. Sec. 659.
(N. Y.)
To impounded ani-
mal.
(a) (b) R. Sec. 3302.
R. Sec. 3311.
(N. C.)
356
8
9
P. C. Sec. 8775.
Magistrate or chief of police may appoint per-
son to kill such.
C. S. Sec. 2134.
A=24 hrs. (a) (b) C. S. Sec. 2133.
Must be yarded within 14 hrs. after arrival of
car. 1905, Ch. 5.
Must be carried at speed not less than 18 iniles
per hour except on short branch lines (12 miles).
1905, Ch. 1o7.
A=36 hrs. B=5 hrs. (a) 1903, Ch. 94.
(a) On his own initiative.
C. L. Sec. 4873.
P. L. Ch. 267, Secs. 4, 5, 6.
"Disabled animal."
(a) 3 citizens (e).
P. L. Ch. 267, Sec. 3.
G. S. p. 36, Sec. 29.
A=24 hrs. (a) P. C. Sec. 663.
(a) (d) (e) P. C. Sec. 656, as am. by 1907,
Ch. 192.
357
10
13
11
12
(MON.)
(NEB.)
(NEV.)
Sell or exchange."
1909, Ch. 8.
(N. H.)
(N. J.)
May be destroyed
after notice and proper
legal process.
G. S. P. 41, Sec. 47.
(N. M.)
C. L. Sec. 1138.
See also 1899, Ch. 8.
P. C. Sec. 658.
P. C. Sec. 658.
" Diseased."
P. C. Sec. 658.
(N. Y.)
Horses unfit for use
in fire, police or street
cleaning dept. may be
transferred to Am. S.
P. C. A, to be disposed
of. If sold, proceeds
go to pension funds of
respec. depts., except
st. cl. Latter goes to
city treasury:
C. & G. Ch. 269, p.
496.
(N. C.)
358
14
17
15
16
P. C. Sec. 8781.
Another's.
P. C. Sec. 8778.
C. S. Secs. 2124-2127.
C. S. Secs. 2124-2127.
an-
Exposing for
other's dog.
1903, Ch. 24.
.
P. L. Ch. 266, Sec. 15.
G. S. p. 1068, Sec.
101 ; p. 1074, Sec. 138.
C. L, Secs, 1135-1137.
C. L, Secs. 1135-1137.
P. C. Sec. 660.
P. C. Sec. 661.
C. S. Secs. 3127-3223.
12.
"Must" be killed,
1891, Ch. 60, Secs. II,
Symptoms of hydro-
phobia must be printed
on license sheet. Ch.
60, Secs. 1-8.
After seizure, if not
redeemed within 48 hrs.
Compulsory after 5
days. Applies in cities
of more than 800,000.
C. & G., p. 222 et
seq. Sec. 5.
Applies to exposure
of poisonous shrubs.
R. Sec. 3318.
In any place not sur-
rounded by a lawful
fence, or animals in
range.
R. Secs. 3313, 3314.
See also R. Sec. 3504.
359
18
21
19
20
Pitfalls and old wells
must be filled to avoid
danger to animals.
C. S. Sec. 3225.
For misc. details see
G. S. pp. 38-41.
(MON.)
C. S. Secs. 3127-3223.
(NEB.)
(NEV.)
1901,
Ch. Io.
(N. H.)
1851, Law of April 14.
(N. J.)
(N. M.)
Sheep.
Owner must kill dog.
1901,
Ch.
105.
(N. Y.)
(N. C.)
Must be killed by
owner, So also with
mad dog.
R. Secs. 3304, 3305.
Traps for wild ani-
mals must be enclosed
SO as to safeguard
domestic animals. Ap-
plies to Colly township,
Braden Co. 1909, Ch.
436.
360
22
25
23
24
P. C. Se c. 8779.
(b) P. C. Sec. 8780.
Bull or bear-baiting.
C. S. Sec, 2136.
Cock-fighting. C. S.
Sec. 2137
(a) (b) C. L. Sec.
4873-4875.
Ch. 107,
Sec. 17.
1901, Ch.
(b) P. L. Ch. 271,
Secs. 19, 20.
(a) (b) G. S. p. 35,
Sec. 27; p. 36, Sec. 18;
p. 1791, Sec. 22.
C. L. Sec. 4899.
P. L. Ch.
127,
Sec. 17.
1908, Ch. 260.
C. &. G., p. 167, Sec.
21 et seq.
P. C. Sec. 662.
See also
C. & G., p. 167, Sec. 21 et seq.
(a) (b) Spectators by
implication only. Place
may be entered and
searched by officer.
P. C. Secs. 664, 665.
C. & G., P. 226, 1875,
Chs. 97, 246.
(b) R. Sec. 3301.
361
26
29
27
28
(MON.)
C. S. Sec. 2375j, k.
C. S. Sec. 3295.
(NEB.)
(NEV.)
Anti-cruelty law shall
not apply to such ex-
periments on animals.
C. L. Sec. 4877.
P. L. Ch. 267, Sec. 7.
(a) (b) 1907
Ch.
39.
(N. H.)
1904 (spec. sess.), Ch.
(b) G. S. p. 33
Sec. 17.
1.
(N. J.)
(N. M.)
(b) C. & G., P. 227,
1886, Ch. 593, Sec. 10.
Cart with contents
also subject to seizure,
G. S. p. 36, Secs. 28,
29.
Permitted if license
is taken out and num-
ber painted on vehicle.
C. & G., p. 1064, Sec.
65.
(N. Y.)
(N. C.)
362
30
33
31
32
C. S. Sec. 2131.
C. L. Secs. 4868, 4872.
P. L. Ch. 267, Sec. 8.
P. L. Ch. 267, Sec. 10.
G. S. p. 14, Sec. 46.
(a) (b) On issuance
of warrant,
G. S. p. 35, Sec. 25.
363
34
37
35
36
C. L. Sec. 8766.
P. L. Ch. 267, Sec. 12.
1905, Ch. 24.
Penalty for improper One-half of proceeds
wearing of badge. to N. J. S. P. C. A.
G. S. pp. 32, 33.
G. S. p. 37, Secs. 31, 35.
Whole to county S.
P. C. A's.
1908, Ch. 118.
P. C. Sec. 668.
(MON.)
(NEB.)
c.) L. Secs. 4868-487 2.
(NEV.)
P. L. Ch. 267, Sec. 9.
1895, Ch. 1, Sec. I.
P. L. Ch. 267, Sec. 9.
(N. H.)
(N. J.)
N.J.S. P. C. A. with
district societies. 1908,
Ch. 148.
And county societies.
1908, Ch. 118.
See also 1908, Chs.
II9, 120.
(N. M.)
But work must not P. C. Sec. 668.
be duplicated in any After authorization
county.
C. & G., PP. | by sheriff.
2290 et seq.,
Secs.
70-72.
C. & G., P. 2290.
1905,
1906, Ch. 489.
Am. S. P. C. A.
1886, Ch.469.
Ch. 271.
(N. Y.)
(N. C.)
364
38
39
40
Political Code, Sec.
912,
P. C.: Penal Code of
1907.
C. S.: Cobbey's An-
notated Statutes of
1903.
L.:
Laws of Igoo.
C.
Compiled
P. L.: Public Laws
"Prescribed reading
course.
1909, Ch. 49.
of 1901.
dog
G. S.: General Stat-
utes of 1895.
Proceeds of
license fees go to dis-
trict S. P. C. A. for
sheltering dogs found
at large, unlicensed.
1902, Ch. 22.
L.:
C.
Compiled
Laws of 1897
In cities over 800,000 Agreement made by State with Am. Museum P. C.: Penal Code.
Am. S. P. C. A. cares of Nat. Hist. for materials for free instruction
C. & G.: Cummings
for dog licensing.. In in natural history in normal and teachers' train- and Gilbert, General
return for fees, required ing schools and in common schools, and for
Laws.
to keep a shelter for lectures to artizans and other citizens at fitting
stray dogs and to hear times.
costs of administering
C. & G., p. 3648 et seg.
law.
1886, Ch. 428.
C. & G., p. 222 et seq.
1897, Ch.97.
1894, Ch. 115.
1899, Ch. 489.
1895, Ch. 412.
1902, Ch. 495.
R.: Revisal of 1905.
365
1
3
2
NORTH DAKOTA
(a) (b) (d) R. S. Sec. 3721.
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
(a) (d) G. L. Ch. 114, Sec. 7.
RHODE ISLAND
(a) (d) Civil Code, Sec, 2126.
Also Crim. Code, Sec. 630.
SOUTH CAROLINA
(a) (b) (d) 1903, Ch. 9, Sec. 13.
SOUTH DAKOTA
(a) (b) (d) Code, Sec. 2870.
TENNESSEE
P. C. Sec. 7560. Or
hitch uncovered in cold,
storm, orin night-time.
All incorp. municipali-
ties with water supply
must furnish water in
troughs, May I to Nov.
Diseased animals
must not be watered
at such.
工​,
R. S. Sec. 6951.
G S. Sec. 1466.
B. & C. Sec. 1943.
1860, Act of March
31.
1869, Act of March
29.
1903, Act of April 24.
Dehorning of cattle
legalized.
1895, Act of June 25.
G. L. Ch. 114, Sec. 1.
am, by 1898, Ch. 548.
Crim. Code, Secs.
623-625.
1903, Ch. 9, Sec. 5.
See also Civil Code,
Secs. 1397, 2319.
Also tight check-rein,
and riding or working
6 consec. hrs. without
food.
Code, Sec. 2857.
Also "any act in
furtherance of cruelty."
Code, Sec. 2863.
366
4
5
6
7
-
P. C. Sec. 7560. Or (a) (b) Officer may
hitch uncovered in cold, provide. P. C. Sec.
storm, or in night-time. 7560.
All incorp, municipali-
ties with water supply
must furnish water in
troughs, May I to Nov.
I. Diseased animals
must not be watered at
such.
R. S. Sec. 6951.
(a) (b) (c) R. S.
Sec. 3725.
(a) G. S. Sec. 1469.
G. S. Sec. 1466.
To impounded ani-
mal, G. S. Sec. 1468.
(a) B. & C. Sec. 1943.
1
(a) (b) 1869, Act of
March 29.
Sec. 1.
G. L. Ch.
I14,
am, by 1898, Ch. 548.
(a) i, e., o fficer or
agent of R. I. S. P.
C. A.
(b) G. L. Ch. 114,
(a) (b) i. e., officer or
agent of R. 1. S. P.
C. A.
G. L. Ch. 114, Secs.
3, 4.
Sec. 4.
Crim. Code, Secs.
623-625.
(a) Crim. Code, Sec.
626.
1903, Ch.
Sec. 5.
9,
To impounded ani-
mal. 1903, Ch. 9, Sec. 8.
(a) 12 hrs. (b) (c)
1903, Ch. 9, Sec. 8.
(a) 1903, Ch. 9, Sec. 7.
Code, Sec. 2857.
See also Code, Secs.
2859, 2860.
(a) (b) (c) Code, Secs.
2859, 2860.
(a) (b) Code Secs.
2852, 2861.
367
8
9
(N. DAK.)
Trains carrying live stock must maintain a
minimum speed of 20 miles an hour.
1903, Ch. 144.
Person bedding or feeding stock on cars must
not be interfered with.
1901, Ch. 122,
A=24 hrs. R. S. Sec. 6951.
R. S. Sec. 6951.
(OHIO)
(a)(a)(e) G. S, Sec, 1467.
(OKLA.)
B. & C. Sec. 1943.
A=28 hrs. B=5 hrs.
(a) (b) B. & C. Secs, 4306-4308,
(ORE.)
Magistrate may appoint suitable persons to
remove or kill.
1869, Act of March 29.
(PA.)
G. L. Ch. 114, Sec. io.
A=28 hrs.
B=5 hrs.
(a) (b) G. L. Ch. 114, Sec. 4.
(R. I.)
(S. C.)
A=28 hrs.
B=5 hrs.
(a) (b) Crim, Code, Sec. 627.
See also Civil Code, Sec. 2125.
Crim. Code, Sec. 626.
(a) (d) (e) Crim. Code, Sec. 663, as amended
by 1907, p. 484.
1903, Ch. 9, Sec. 6.
(S. DAK.)
(a) Code, Sec. 2866.
Officer may
care for any animal of
arrested person and deliver same into proper
custody. Code, Sec. 2867.
an
(TENN.)
368
10
13
11
12
P. C. Sec. 7560.
+
B. & C. Sec, 1943.
1909, Act of May 6.
G. L. Ch. 114, Sec. 2.
Crim. Code, Sec. 626.
1903, Ch. 9, Sec. 5.
1903, Ch. 9, Sec. 6.
25
369
14
17
15
16
Another's.
P. C. Sec. 7558.
Or torture or beat
one's own. P. C. Sec.
7559
(N. DAK.)
(OHIO)
R. S. Sec. 6852
R. S. Secs. 3723, 6850,
6851.
See also Secs,
4212-I, 4214.
See also R. S. Secs, 4213, 6863, 6856-1.
G. S. Sec. 1470.
G, S. Sec. 1856.
G. S. Sec. 1471.
(OKLA.)
B. & C. Secs. 1814,
1815.
B. &. C. Secs. 1814,
1815.
(ORE.)
1903, Act of April 24.
1905, Act of April 20.
1907, No. 261.
1903, Act of April 24.
This does not cover
case of animal in act of
killing another animal.
(PA.)
G. L. Ch.
279,
,
Sec. 22.
G. L. Ch. 279, Sec. 22.
1896, Ch. 318.
G. L. Ch, IIT, as am,
by 1897, Ch. 453.
(R. I.)
(S. C.)
Includes injuries to
another's animals in
one's own unenclosed
fields.
Crim. Code, Secs.
170-174, 180.
(S. DAK.)
Code, Secs. 6508-
6511.
Code, Secs. 6508-
6511.
(TENN.)
370
18
21
19
20
To wound or trap
birds in a public bury-
ing ground.
P. C. Sec. 7564.
R. S. Secs. 4212-4215.
Sheep.
G. S. Sec. 433.
B. & C. Secs. 4198, 4199.
R.R. agents at ex- To cut off more than
tremities of section half of ear of domestic
must immediately be animal.
notified.
B. & C. Secs. 2078,
B. & C. Secs. 5141, 2079.
5142.
G. L. Ch. III, as am, by 1897, Ch. 453.
Sheep. Civil Code, Secs. 2351, 2352.
Political Code of 1903, Secs, 2956, 2957.
Code, Secs. 2871-2873.
371
22
25
23
24
(N. DAK.)
R. S. Secs. 4200-41, 6951.
R. S. Secs. 4200-41,
6951.
(OHIO)
(OKLA.)
1909, Ch. 237.
(ORE.)
(PA.)
(R. I.)
(S. C.)
(S. DAK.)
(b) Spectators by im-
plication only. P. C.
Sec. 7561.
Or maliciously insti-
gate a fight between
animals. Officer must
arrest offender if
bidden by a citizen,
P. C. Secs. 7562, 7563.
(a) (b) R. S. Secs.
6952, 6952-I.
(b) Spectators includ-
ed by implication.
G.S. Secs. 1740, 1741.
(a) (b) Spectators not
included.
1869, Act of March 29.
1872, Act of April 3.
1876, Act of April 17.
G. L. Ch, 114, Secs.
II-16, am. by 1900, Ch.
747, Sec. 2.
Officers
have right of entry; (a)
Proceeds from sale of
birds go to S. P. C. A.
involved. See also G.
L. Ch. 283, Sec. 15.
i. e., cock - fighting
within 3 miles of any
chartered inst, of learn-
ing:
Crim. Code, Sec. 298.
(b) 1903,
Ch.
9,
Sec.
9.
Officers may enter
where a fight or prep-
arations for one are in
progress, ibid. Sec. 1o.
(b) Code, Sec. 2858.
(TENN.)
372
26
29
27
28
R. S. Sec. 6952-2.
Or pulling of hairs
from mane or withers,
(b)
R. S. Sec. 6951-1.
(a) G. S. Sec. 6645.
1905, Ch. 76.
(a) 1905, No. 41.
Also use of premises
for such purposes.
G. L. Ch. 114, Sec. 17.
1903, Ch. 9, Sec. 5.
(a) Political Code,
Ch. 22, Sec. 144.
373
30
33
31
32
(N. DAK.)
(OHIO)
Officer or agent or
member of humane
society may interfere to
prevent cruelty.
R. S. Sec. 3720.
(OKLA.)
(ORE.)
(b) On issuance of
warrant.
B. & C. Secs. 1705,
et. seq.
1891, Act of June 20.
And may remove a
sick or disabled animal
from any street car.
(PA.)
G. L. Ch. 114, Sec. 8.
No search may be 1900, Ch. 747, Sec. I,
made after sunset un- | amending G. L. Ch.
less authorized by 114, Sec. 5, as am, by
magistrate on satisfac- 1898, Ch. 548.
tory cause. .
G. L. Ch. 114, Sec. 6.
Crim. Code, Sec. 631.
(S. C.)
(b) On issuance of Crim. Code, Sec. 628.
warrant,
Animals must be
Crim. Code, Sec. 629. cared for and owner
notificd. Expense
chargeable to owner
and lien on animals.
(S. DAK.)
(TENN.)
On issuance of war-
rant.
Code, Sec. 2869.
374
34
37
35
36
R. S. Secs. 6908, 6951.
Ohio Hum. Soc. with local and
county branches,
R. S. Sec. 3714.
Local societies.
R. S. Secs. 3717, 3718.
1891, Act of June 9.
1907, Ch. 1446.
G. L. Ch. 114, Sec. 8.
One-half to S. C. S.
P. C. A. Fines, costs,
etc., are a lien on ani-
mals involved.
Crim. Code, Secs.
631, 632.
1903, Ch. 9, Secs. I, 2, 3, 4.
Code, Sec. 2864.
Fines collected in
cities and towns of
over 36,000 pop. may be
turned over to any S.
P. C. A. 1907
Ch.
310.
Also as in heading.
Code, Sec. 2 58.
375
38
39
41
40
P. C.: Penal Code of
2 lessons of io min.
each per week.
1905, Ch. 108.
1899.
Gov, auth. to appoint
a person to supervise
enforcement of cruelty
laws and to org. hum.
societies. No salary.
Ż Expenses paid.
Political Code, Secs.
1586, 1587.
(N. DAK.)
R. S.: Revised Stat-
utes of 1906.
(OHIO)
Member may require
any peace officer to ar-
rest offenders, take and
deliver animals to
society.
R. S. Sec. 3722.
Not less than 28 hr.
G, S.: General Stat-
utes of 1908.
per week.
(OKLA.)
G. S. Secs. 6663, 6664.
(ORE.)
B. & C.: Ballinger
and Cotton, Codes and
Statutes, 1901.
(PA.)
Not more than 10 hr.
per week, up to and in-
cluding 4th grade.
1905, No.41.
G. L.: General Laws
of 1896.
(R. I.)
No recognizance for
costs required of any
agent of R. I. S. P. C.
A.
G. L. Ch. 229, Sec.
14, am, by 1896, Ch.421.
(S. C.)
Crim. Code: Crim-
inal Code of 1902.
1909, Ch. Ibi amends
1903, Cl. 9, Sec. II.
Code, Ch. 22, Sec.
144.
Code : Code of 1903.
(S. DAK.)
Code : Code of 1896.
(TENN.)
Counties of 70,000 to
90,000 pop. may pay
$50 per mo. to any
officer of any S. P. C.
A. for his services.
1907, Ch. 57.
376
1
3
2
Reads: “Wilful kill-
ing or wounding or
poisoning or abuse of
any animal.”
P. C.
Art. 787, am. by 1901,
TEXAS
Ch, I2I.
(a) (d) C. L. Sec. 4459.
C. L. Sec. 4453.
See also C. L. Sec.
4428.
UTAH
(a) (d) P. S. Sec. 5808.
P. S. Sec. 5809.
Anti-cruelty laws
apply to unorganized
towns and gores, 1908,
Act No. 164.
VERMONT
Code, Sec. 3796a, cl. 1.
Reckless driving of a
hired horse.
Code, Sec. 3797
VIRGINIA
(a) (b) (d) Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
Cutting off more than
half of ear or ears of a
domestic animal. Ball.
Code, Sec. 7410.
WASHINGTON
Code, Sec. 4365.
WEST VIRGINIA
S. & S. Sec. 4445.
WISCONSIN
(a) (b) (d) R. S. Sec. 2287.
WYOMING
R. S. Sec. 2274.
See also Sec. 5118.
Dehorning cattle not
cruelty.
R. S. Sec. 2288.
3717
4
7
5
6
(TEX.)
C. L. Sec. 4455.
C. L. Sec. 4453.
Animals on the range
specifically excepted.
(UTAH)
In any case of cruelty
peace officer may take
and deliver animals to
poundmaster.
Owner
is chargeable for ex-
pense. C. L. Sec. 4456.
P. S. Sec. 5809.
(a) P. S. Secs. 5809,
5810.
(VT.)
Code, Sec. 3796a, cl. 1.
(a) Code, Sec. 3796a,
cl. 1.
(VA.)
(a) Agents of society
may.
(b) Notice must be
given before sale.
Agent may take
charge of any cruelly
treated animal. Code
Sec. 3796a, cls. 6, 7, 8.
(WASH.)
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
(a) After 24 hrs. (b) Driving with
too (a) (b) Ball. Supp.
Also when impounded. (c) Ball. Supp. Sec. tight or chafing harness Sec. 7411.
7411,
or with check rein, or
Or cruel plucking or
at night after 6 consec.
killing of fowl.
hours without food,
Ball. Code, Sec.
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
7407.
Code, Sec. 4365. Also
when impounded.
.
or
In case of any animal (a) Code, Sec. 4365.
cared for by soc.
(b) Officer of W. Va.
indiv., expense involv- Hum. Soc.
ed is a lien on animal, Code, Sec. 497
vehicle, etc. which
may be
(W. VA.)
sold after
proper notice.
Code, Secs. 501, 502.
S. & S. Sec. 4445.
(a) S. & S. Sec. 4445.
(WIS.)
R. S. Sec. 2274.
To impounded ani-
mal. R, S. Sec. 2275.
(a) After 12 hours. See R. S. Sec. 2282, (a) R. S. Sec. 2274.
(b) (c) R. S. Sec. 2276. covering matter of ex-
(b) In any case of
penses of humane agent cruelty.
in cruelty case.
R. S. Sec. 2280.
(WYO.)
378
8
9
C. L. Sec. 4455.
(a) C. L. Sec. 445984. i. e., if value is ap-
praised at not more than $5. Owner must be
reimbursed, unless killing is necessary because
of cruel treatment, by the Utah Hum. Soc.,
and appraisers paid.
P. S. Secs. 5809, 5810.
A=28 hrs. B=5 hrs. (a) (b) P. S. Secs. 5812,
5813.
R.R. must supply covered yards for live
stock, and running water between May and
November.
P. S. Secs. 4472-4475.
(a) If the two disagree, they must name a
third, whose judgment is final.
Code, Sec. 3796a, cl. 5.
A=48 hrs. B=2 hrs. (a) (b) Ball. Code, Sec.
7403.
This is either repealed or supplemented by
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
(a) Officer must do this on his own initiative.
This covers case of animal in enclosure, when
owner cannot be found.
Code, Sec. 4365.
Officer of W. Va. Hum. Soc. may take charge
of abandoned or cruelly treated animal, and
care for samne. (e)
Code, Secs. 498, 499.
(a) (c) Code, Sec. 500.
S. & S. Sec. 4445.
Following provision only: Live stock in transit
in mixed lots must be properly separated. Rail-
road must feed and water unloaded stock
detained more than six hours,
S. & B. Sec. 1799a.
(a) (b) (d) (e) R. S. Secs. 2274, 2281, 2283,
2384.
379
10
13
11
12
i
(TEX.)
C. L. Sec. 4454.
(UTAH)
(VT.)
(VA.)
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
(WASH.)
Such animal must
not be allowed to run
loose more than 3 hrs.
after owner has knowl-
edge. After that in-
terval considered aban-
doned.
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
(W. VA.)
S. & S. Sec. 4445.
(WIS.)
(WYO.)
380
14
15
16
17
See "general” pro- See "general” pro-
vision. P. C. Art. 787; vision. P. C. Art. 787,
am, by 1901, Ch. 121. am, by 1901, Ch. 121,
See also P. C. Art.
786.
C. L. Secs. 4427,
C. L, Sécs. 4427, 4428.
4428.
P. S. Sec. 5815.
P. S. Sec. 5815.
P. S. Secs. 5633-5638.
Or one's own to pre-
Or one's own to keep
vent possession by an- possession from an-
other.
other.
Code, Sec. 3724.
Code, Sec. 3724.
Ball. Code, Sec. 7159.
Ball. Code, Sec. 7159.
When poison is ex-
posed for noxious ani-
mals, notice must be
given neighbors.
Ball. Code, Sec. 7279.
Code, Sec. 4265.
Dogs not included.
Code, Sec. 4265.
Dogs not included.
S. & S. Sec. 4445.
S. & S. Sec. 4445.
1909, Ch. 40.
See also R. S. Sec.
5025.
381
18
21
19
20
(TEX.)
Dogs may not be
killed when worrying
stock where fence is
insufficient.
P. C. Art. 799.
C. L, Sec. 70.
(UTAH)
Traps must be visited
once in 48 hours,
P.S. Sec. 5330.
(VT.)
Sheep.
Code, Secs. 2192, 2193.
To shoot at homing
pigeon.
Code, Sec. 37112.
(VA.)
(WASH.)
Sheep, lambs, goats, kids."
1907, Ch. 14.
(W. VA.)
S. & B. Secs. 1619-1622, 4445C.
Wanton failure to
milk a cow.
S. & B. Sec. 4445a.
(WIS.)
R. S. Sec, 2014.
(WYO.)
382
22
25
23
24
C. L. Secs. 742, 746x
25.
1907, Ch. 234, Sec. 5.
Code, Sec. 4365.
S. & S. Secs. 4607a, b.
(a) (b) 1907, Ch.76.
(a) (b) C. L. Secs.
4454, 4457.
Forbidden in Alex-
andria Co.
Code, Sec. 3792.
Between man
and
animal.
Code Secs, 3693, 3694.
(b) Ball. Supp. Sec.
74II.
(b) Code, Sec. 4365.
S. & S. Sec. 4445.
(b) Spectators not in-
cluded.
S. & B. Sec. 4445b.
R. S. Sec. 2277.
(b) Keeper of fight-
ing place specified
only.
383
26
29
27
28
(TEX.)
(a) C. L. Secs. 4459X-
4459X2.
(UTAH)
P. S. Sec. 5811.
(VT.)
1906, Ch. 254.
(VA.)
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
(WASH.)
(a) Ball. Supp. Sec.
2457.
(b) “Regularly in-
corporated college or
university of state."
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
(W, VA.)
S. & S. Sec. 4445d.
(WIS.)
(WYO.)
384
30
33
31
32
(a) (b) On issuance of
warrant.
C. L. Sec. 4457.
P.S. Sec. 5817,
S.
P.S. Sec. 5818.
P.
Sec. 5816.
Owner must be notified
and animals cared for
at owner's expense.
.
(a) (b) On issuance
of warrant.
Code, Sec. 3796a, cl. 4.
(a) (b) Warrant necessary except where
animals are being fought.
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
Members, agents and
officers of humane soc-
iety may prosecute.
Ball, Supp. Sec. 7411.
Any officer or agent
of Wyo. Hum. Soc.
may interfere to pre-
vent cruelty.
R. S. Sec. 2279.
26
385
34
37
35
36
(TEX.)
(UTAH)
To Utah Hum. Soc.
Less expenses of pros-
ecution,
C. L. Sec. 4459X3.
(VT.)
Clode,
Sec.
379ба,
cl. 2.
One-half. But name
of officer involved must
be endorsed on warrant,
Code, Sec. 3796a, cls.
10, 13.
(VA.)
Ball. Supp.
Sec.
741 I.
County Hum. Soc.
(WASH.)
Only one entitled to
privileges of act in each
county.
Ball. Supp. Sec. 7411.
W. Va. Hum. Soc.
Code, Secs. 495, 496.
(W. VA.)
S. & B. Sec. 1636k.
(WIS.)
To Wyo. Hum. Soc.
R. S. Sec. 2278.
(WYO.)
Members of Wyo. Hum. Soc. may, also require officers to make
arrests, take possession of animals, and deliver to proper officers, Officers
and agents are allowed usual fees.
R. S. Secs. 2285-22 86.
386
38
39
41
40
"Once each week."
1907, Ch. 169.
P. C.: White's An-
notated Penal Code of
IgOI.
C.
L. :
Compiled
Laws of 1907
.
Hum. Soc. may desig-
nate county agents to
be app. by sheriff as
dep. sheriffs without
compensation.
C. L. Sec. 4458.
P.S.: Public Statutes
of 1906. .
Code : Code of 1904.
"Ten minutes each
week,"
97
Title
III, Sec. 2.
1909, Ch.
Ball. Supp. : Supple-
ment of 1903 to Bal-
linger's Code of 1897.
Ball. Code: Ballin-
ger's Code of 1897.
Code : Code of 1906.
W. Va. Hum. Soc. is
a State Board for pro-
tection of children and
animals, Code, Sec.
15), am. by 1907, Ch.
40.
S. & B.: Sanborn and
Berryman's Revised
Statutes of 1898.
S. & S.: Sanborn and
Sanborn's Revised
Statutes (1899-1906).
R.S.: Revised Stat-
utes, 1899
Wyo. Hum.
Soc. Two lessons not less
constituted a State than 10 minutes each
Bureau of C. & A. Pro- per week.
tection,
1907, Ch. 82.
1901, Ch. 8.
387
TABLE II
SUMMARY OF STATE LAWS FOR
CHILD PROTECTION
OFFENSES AGAINST
GENERAL
ABANDONMENT, DESERTION,
NON-SUPPORT
1
STATE OR
TERRITORY
2
3
To wilfully cause or (a) Abandonment.
permit.
b) Or wilful failure to provide food, care,
(a) Life or health of shelter, etc., to minor.
any child to be en- (c) Sentence may be suspended under bond to
dangered.
observe conditions imposed by court.
(b) Or unnecessarily (d) Failure to comply with such conditions
expose to weather.
leads to execution of sentence.
(c) Or cruelly torture
or punish.
(d) Or neglect or de-
prive of necessary food,
clothing and shelter.
ALABAMA
ARKANSAS
(a) 1907, Ch. 12.
(a) (b) Of child under 16.
It is deemed abandonment to send a child to
saloon or house of ill fame. P.C. Secs, 240, 241.
ARIZONA
(a) (c) P. C. Sec.
273a.
(a) Under 14, or falsely obtains admission for
such to an asylum (b) 1905, Ch. 568.
CALIFORNIA
(a) (b) (c) Mills
Supp. Sec. 411.
(b) (c) (d) Mills Supp. Secs. 3021b, c, d.
COLORADO
390
CHILDREN FORBIDDEN UNDER PENALTY
OBSCENE LITERATURE
5
(a) To show, publish, give or sell literature,
prints, etc.
(b) 'Or permit a child to distribute such.
(a) Code, Secs, 7427–7429.
(a) S. &. H. Secs. 1819-1821, 1824.
(a) P. C. Secs. 283–286.
Indecent language before a minor. P. C. Sec.
274
Sec. 415;
(a) P. C. Secs. 311- 314.
Or uses indecent language before child. P. C.
See also Sec. 568.
Orindulges in lewd practice before child. 1907,
Ch. 413.
(a) Mills, Secs. 1324, 1327, 1328.
EXHIBITIONS AND EMPLOYMENTS
4
(Not child-labor). To apprentice, exhibit or
use any child under
years.
(a) In any place where intoxicants are sold.
(b) As gymnast, acrobat, dancer, etc.
c) For obscene or immoral purposes.
(d) For begging.
(e) In any business or exhibition dangerous to
life or limb.
(f) For peddling.
(g) At fag-picking, junk-gathering, etc.
(h) Exception made of church, school, musical
or other entertainments for educational or scien-
tific purposes.
(a) Or allow to loiter. 1907, Ch. 13.
(d) Or exhibitions in a public street by child
under 16. P. C. Sec. 242,
(b) (c)(d) (e) (h) P. C. Secs, 272, 273.
Under 14 (a) (b) (c) (e) (h). Mills Supp. Secs.
409, 410.
391
OFFENSES AGAINST CHILDREN FORBIDDEN UNDER
SALES TO MINORS
7
(a) Unaccompanied by parent or guardian.
(b) Of intoxicant.
(c) To pupil in school or college of state.
(d) Of cigarettes.
le) Of candy containing liquor or flavor of same.
(f) Of hand-explosive contrivances or toy
cannon for use of dangerous explosives.
(g) Of toy pistols.
(b) Parent has right of action. Code, Sec.
2467.
Or furnish, except by consent of parent on
prescrip. of phy. Misrep. age punishable. Code,
Section 7354
(d) Or furnish ; or materials for such. Code,
Sec. 6466.
Dangerous weapons. Code, Sec. 6896.
(d) Or tobacco in any form.
S. & H. Secs. 1812, 1813; and 1899, No. 75.
(b) Under 16; or give without consent of
parent or guardian. P. C. Sec. 270.
(d) Under 16. Tobacco in any form. Or
furnish. 1905, Ch. 36.
See also R. S. par. 273.
(b) Under 18. 1905, Ch.
. 514.
(a) (b) Mills, Sec. 1353.
(d) Or gift of tobacco in any form to minors
under 16, Mills Supp. Secs. 4112, b.
(f) 1905, Ch. 102.
ADMITTANCE TO RESORTS
6
(a) Unaccompanied by parent or guardian.
b) To place where intoxicants are sold.
(c) Where obscene plays are performed.
(d) Where game of chance or playing for wager
is in progress.
(e) To theatre, dance-hall or show-place. ,
(d) To loiter or play in a pool or billiard estab.
Code, Sec. 7992.
Gambling with a minor, or allowing him to bet
at one's gaming table. Code, Sec. 6989.
(ALA.)
(b) To play any game therein. S. & H. Secs.
1810, 1811.
Or gaming with a minor. S. & H. Secs. 1808,
1809.
(ARK.)
(a) (b) Under 16. P. C. Sec. 269.
(ARIZ.)
Send or direct a minor under 18 to saloon,
gambling or immoral place. 1907, Ch. 294.
See also 1905)
(b) Or permit minor under 18 to visit. 1905,
Ch. 568.
(CAL.)
Ch. 514.
(a) (b) (c) (d) Or any place dangerous to
morals. Mills, Sec. 1352.
(COLO.)
----
392
PENALTY—Continued
DISPOSITION OF DEPEND-
ENT AND NEGLECTED
CHILDREN
CARNAL ABUSE
8
9
Miscellaneous.
Of female child under
yrs. of age a feloni-
ous offence of high
degree,
punishable
under extreme
pro-
visions for rape.
10
Under
yrs. of age may be separated from
those in control and committed by court to
(a) state home, (b) county home, (c) proper
private family home, (d) if necessary to hospital
for care and treatment, .
(e) Or placed in family home by children's
agency.
(f) Or by such to proper private inst.
(g) Bound-out children must be guarded
from neglect and cruelty by those responsible
for binding out.
Girl under 12 by male
over 16.
Code, Sec. 7699.
Girl between 12 and
14.
Sec. 7670.
See also Sec. 6211.
To reform schools or to suitable homes by
County Court. 1907, No. 237.
Girl under 16.
1899, No. 12.
See also S. & H. Sec.
1456.
At discretion of Court. 1905, Ch. 16.
Male over 14
with
girl under 17.
P. C. Secs. 230, 231.
See also Secs. 236,
238.
Girl under 16.
P. C. Sec. 261.
See also P. C. Secs.
262, 266, 277
At discretion of Court. P. C. Sec. 273d.
(g) 1905, Ch. 418.
(a) Mills Supp. Secs. 422a-422V.
Male over 18 with girl Insurance of children
under 18. If male is under 15. Guilty com-
under 20, sentence may pany forfeits right to
be commuted to com- do business in State.
mitment to State Ref. 1907, Ch. 193, Sec. 32.
or Indus. School. 1907,
Ch. 165. See also Mills,
Secs. 1325, 1326, 1330,
and 1905, Ch. 94.
393
INSTITUTIONS
CARING FOR
CHILDREN
INFANT
BOARDING
HOUSES
SOCIETIES FOR THE PREVENTION
OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN. (OR
HUMANE SOCIETIES)
or
11
12
13
Permitting life (a) Must be licensed (a) May be appointed by court guardian of
health of child to be and inspected.
minor under — yrs. cruelly treated or neglected.
endangered.
(b) S. P. C. C. must (b) Society may receive custody of such on
(a) May have children be notified of such by application to court.
removed from custody State Board.
(c) Officer may not arrest without a warrant.
by proper authority.
(d) Fines from cases prosecuted by a society
(b) Such authority
go to such society.
may dispose of such
children at discretion.
(c) Any improperly
conducted institution
or home may be closed
as a public nuisance.
(ALA.)
(ARK.)
(ARIZ.)
(d) P. C. Sec. 273d.
Such corporations operate under same arrange-
ments as do S. P. C. A.'s (q. v.).
(CAL.)
(a) (b) (c) Mills
Supp. Sec. 412b.
(COLO.)
(a) Under 14. Col. Hum. Soc.
(b) But may not be required so to act.
Mills Supp. Sec. 412b.
For powers, etc., of Col. Hum. Soc.
Table 1.
See
394
PARENT
OFFENDERS
JUVENILE DELINQUENTS AND
CHILDREN'S COURTS
-
(b)
14
15
16
17
Parent or custodian (a) Special court for (a) Offenders under (a) Offending minor
responsible for or con- children under — yrs. yrs. of age may be over yrs. of age
tributing to
(b) Children may be committed to state may have sentence sus-
(a) Delinquency of a placed under super- school during minority. pended on conditions
child,
visory care of proba-
May be com- made by court.
(b) Or for dependent tion officers.
mitted to private sub- (b) Court may at
or neglected condition, (c) In no case may a sidized institution. any time enforce
or
is punishable.
child be sent to common
remove sentence,
(c) Court may sus- jail but to a special
pend sentence under place of detention.
bond.
(d) Court has wide
discretion as to com-
mitment.
(a) Code, Sec. 6460.
(a)
Under 14 (b), (a) Also neglected
May be so placed and abandoned between
if captured for felony, 6 and 18 years.
in night-time, or in ex- Convict children to
ceptional cases for safe- be kept separate.
keeping until home can Code, Secs. 1954-1970.
be found.
(d)
Code, Secs. 6450-6465.
(a) Also for dep. and
neg., under 16 (b) (c)
but no child under 12
may be committed to
Terr. Indus. School un-
less this seems best
after probation.
(d)
1907, Ch. 78.
(a) Boys bet.
7
and
16, girls bet. 7 and 18.
1905, Ch. 84.
(a) Also for dep., un-
der 16.
(b) (c) under 12.
Others must be kept
sep. from adults.
(d)
1907, Ch. 427.
See also 1905, Ch.
610, Ch. 568, Ch. 434.
, d
(a) Over 16.
(a) (c) 1907, Ch. 155.
(b) (c) 1905,
81, 126.
1905, Chs.
a) Under 16.
(a) bet. 1o and
(b) (c) Under 14, (d). 16 tó Boys' Inst., Girls
Mills Supp. Secs. bet. 6 and 18 to Girls'
4226-422ir.
Inst.
See also Mills Supp. Mills Supp. Secs.
Secs. 4047d-40478; and 2176, 2200q, 22005.
1907, Chs. 149, 168, 170,
See also Sec. 384k.
225.
(b) Sentence must
not be stayed for period
longer than 2 yrs.
Mills Supp. Sec
I116-1176k,
395
1
3
2
(b) (c) (d) G. S. Sec.
IIбо.
(a) Of child under 6. G. S. Sec. 1158.
(b) (c) G. S. Sec. 1343.
CONNECTICUT
(a) (c) R. C. Vol. 16,
Ch, 150, Sec. I.
(a) (b) R. C. Vol. 18, Ch. 229, Sec. I.
DELAWARE
(c) Child under 18,
or expose child under
14
with view to aban-
donment,
Code of 1905, Sec.
814.
DISTRICT
OF COLUMBIA
(a) (b) R. S. Secs. 3228, 3236, 3569.
(c) (d) R. S. Sec.
3236.
FLORIDA
(c) (d) Code, Sec.
708.
(a) Code, Sec. 114.
GEORGIA
(a) Under 6. P. C. Sec. 4693.
(b) P. C. Sec. 4692.
IDAHO
(a) (b) or endanger
morals. S. & C., pp.
1262-1264
(a) (b) Under 12. S. & C., P. 1226.
(c) (d)
Also J. & A., p. 160.
ILLINOIS
or
Cruel treatment
overworking.
Burns, Sec. 2622.
(a) Burns, Sec. 2622.
See also Sec. 2635.
INDIANA
396
5
(a) G. S. Sec, 1325.
See also Secs. 1476, 1477.
(a) R. C. Vol. 18, Ch. 229, Sec. 6.
(a) Or marking of school places in obscene way
by others than pupils. R. S. Secs. 3540, 3541,
4083.
(a) Code, Secs. 394, 395.
(a) Show or give to minor
(b)
S. & C., PP. 1312, 1313.
See also p. 1335.
4
(a) Minor, on pain of revocation of license. G.
S. Sec. 2682.
(c) (d) (e) (h) G. S. Sec. 1163.
(b) (c) (d) (e) R. C. Vol. 16, Ch. 150, Secs.
2, 3.
18. (b) (d) (e) Code of 1905, Sec. 814.
(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (h) R. S. Sec. 3237.
(b) (c) Code, Secs. 706, 707.
(a) Employ child under 14. J. & A., p. 223,
Sec. I.
(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (h) Under 14. S. & C., PP.
1262-1264.
Under 15 (a) (b) (c) (d). Burns, Secs. 2623-
2627.
Suspected place may be searched.
(a) Sell or expose for sale. 1909, Ch. 33.
Or criminal news or stories. Burns, Secs. 2359-
2361.
397
(CONN.)
6
(a) (b) (d) (e) G. S. Secs. 1360, 1395.
Unlawful for minor to loiter about a saloon.
1907, Ch. 217.
7
(b) And minor punishable for misrep. of age.
G. S. Secs. 2696, 2711. (d) G. S. Sec. 1361.
Use of tobacco in public place by minor under
16. G. S. Sec. 1362.
Gift devices involving chance. G. S. Sec. 1404.
(a) (d) R. C. Vol. 18, Ch. 237 (p. 957).
(a) (b) (c) (e) Where liquor is sold, children
under 18. R.C, Vol. 18, Ch. 229, Sec. 3.
(b) Or procure for. 1907, Ch. 145.
(d) Or furnish, or materials for such, to
minor under 17.
R. C. Vol. 19, Ch. 783 (p. 958).
(DEL.)
Dangerous weapons. Code of
Code of 1905, Sec. 857.
(D. C.)
(d) To permit a minor to play. R. S. Sec.
3575
(FLA.)
(b) R. S. Sec. 3552.
(d) Or furnish or procure, or materials for
such, for minor under 18. R. S. Sec. 3608. 1907,
Ch.5716.
Furnish with deadly weapon without consent
of parent or guardian. R. S. Sec. 3627.
(GA.)
(d) To allow minor to play in such. For adult (b) Father has right of action against person
to play with minor. Father has right of action who furnishes without his permission. Sale
against such person. Code, Secs. 402, 3872.
forbidden without permission of parent or
Minor may not play billiards nor ten-pins in guardian. Code, Secs. 3871, 444.
resort without consent of parent or guardian.
(d) Or furnish, or materials for such. Code,
Code, Sec. 413.
Sell or furnish deadly weapon. Code, Sec. 344.
Sec. 497
(IDAHO)
(b) Under 16. P. C. Sec. 4694.
To house of prostitution. P. C. Sec. 4691.
(b) Or give. P. C. Sec. 4716.
(d) Or give, or materials for such. P. C. Secs.
4767, 4768.
Poison to minor under 16, except on written
order of adult.
1905, p. 324, Sec. 13.
(a) (b) Dance hall. 1907, P. 305.
(ILL.)
(b) Or give, without order of parent or physi-
cian, or buy or procure for, without such order.
S. & C., pp. 1590, 1592.
(d) Under 16, or tobacco in any form without
written order of parent or guardian. S. & C., p.
1349.
Or furnish to, or permit minor between 7 and
18 to smoke on one's premises, or for such minor
to smoke in public. 1907, p. 265.
(b) Male under 16, female under 17. Burns,
Sec. 2488.
(d) Or billiard or pool room, or allow to play
in such. Burns, Secs. 2475-2477.
(IND.)
(b) And misrep. of age punishable. Burns,
Secs. 2486, 2487.
Loitering in saloon not to be permitted.
Burns, Secs. 8328, 8329.
(d) Or furnish, or materials for such.
1909,
Ch. 28, or tobacco in any form to minor under
16, or to advise to use. Burns, Secs. 2478, 2479.
(f) (g) Or dangerous weapons. Burns, Secs.
2346, 2347
398
8
10
9
See G. S. Secs. 1149,
1907
1310, and
Ch. 175.
Between 4
and 18. (b) until transferred to
private home or to orphan asylum.
G. S. Secs. 2788-2795, 2805, and 1907, Ch. 108.
Dependent minors must not be kept in alms-
houses. G. S. Secs. 2792, 2793.
Under 18. 18953.
Guardian, asylum or home, R. C. Vol. 16.
Ch. 150, Sec. 4.
Also Vol. 18, Ch. 229, Sec, 2.
Ch.
127. Under 7.
R. C.
Ch, 127, Sec. 1o.
Lasciv. playing with
girl under 16. 1895,
Ch. 126.
See also
1905,
R. C. Vol. 18, Ch. 229,
Ch. 203,
Sec. 4.
Harbor a girl under 15
for prostitution. R. c.
Vol. 18, Ch. 686 (p. 958).
Probate Court may bind out,
Code of 1905,
Sec. 411.
Under 16.
Code of 1895, Sec.
808. See also Secs. 812,
813
Under ro.
R. S. Secs. 3221, 3222.
See also Secs. 3521-
3523, 3537
(e) (f) Child under 16, until 16. R. S. Sec. 3158.
May be bound out by county judge. R. S.
Secs. 2369, 2640.
(g) R, S. Sec. 2636.
See Code, Secs. 93,
94, 98.
Indigent orphan may
be separated from guar-
dian if cruelly treated.
Code, Sec. 2543.
Corporal punishment
of minor by employer.
Minor so punished may
claim damages.
Code, Sec. 2620.
To charitable society, institution or guardian.
Code, Secs, 2501-2505.
Between 4 and 14, to undenominational home.
1904, P. 93.
See also Code, Vol. II, p. 209, Sec. 5.
Under 18, by male
over 14.
P. C. Secs. 4911-4914.
See also P. C. Secs.
4689, 4690.
Under 15, by male
over 17
1907, p. 266.
See also 1905, PP. 162,
164, and J. & A., P. 420.
Under 16.
Burns, Sec. 2250.
See also Secs. 2354-
2356.
Inducing a minor to
gamble.
Burns, Sec. 2468.
Under 15, to guardian or institution. Burns
Sec. 2628.
Association for care of such, before incorpora-
tion must be approved by State Board of
Charities. Burns, Sec. 1639.
399
11
13
12
(CONN.)
(a) By Conn. Hum. Conn. Hum. Soc. deals with both children
Soc., Sélectmen and and animals,
State Boards con-
cerned.
G. S. Ch. 152.
1903, Ch. 22.
(d) R. C. Vol. 16, Ch. 477, Sec. 2.
State subsidizes the Del. S. P. C. C.
R. C. Vol. 18, Ch. 229, Sec. 6.
(DEL.)
(D. C.)
(FLA.)
(c) Child offender under 16 may be arrested
without warrant by any peace officer. S. P. C. C.
agents have powers as peace officers. May
arrest without warrant. Appt. must be approved
by proper local official.
R. S. Sec. 3158.
(GA.)
(IDAHO)
(d) S. & C., pp. 1413, 1414.
(ILL.)
(a) State Board of
Charities.
1909, Ch. 154.
(IND.)
Under
15.
Officers have police powers.
(b) Burns, Secs. 2629-2632.
See Table I. for “Humane Officer" arrange-
ment.
400
14
16
15
17
(a) (b)(c)
1907, Ch. 69.
(a) (b) 1905,
Ch.
142,
am. by 1907,
Chs. 1,
(a) (b) Minors,
under
supervision of Conn.
Prison Ass'n.
1905, Ch. 142.
(a) Boys' Inst.
G. S. Ch. 170.
Girls' Inst.
G. S. Ch. 171.
See also
1907,
172.
Ch. 48.
(a) (b)
1895, Ch. 129.
(a) Boys between 9
and 16. 1905, Ch. 119;
1907
Ch.
137.
Girls be-
tween 12 and 21.
R. C. Vol. 19, Ch.
637 (p. 360).
Boys under 16 may
be committed to Pa.
House of Refuge.
!
R. C. Vol. 17, Ch.
210, (p. 605).
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) Under 16; or
Under 16, 1908 (Ex. bound out during min-
Sess.) P. II07.
ority.
See also 1905, p. 127.
IGOI, P. 82.
(a) (b) (c) 1905, D. (a) Under 16, (b),
110, am. by 1907, pp. (c) under 14, (d).
231, 232.
1905, PP. 106-113.
(a) 8 to 18.
1903, PP. IO, 20, am.
by 1905, p. 432.
(a) (b) (c) 1899, Act (a), (b), (c) Under
of April 21, am. by 12, (a). Also dep. and
1905, p. 86.
neg.; males under 17,
females under 18.
J. & A., pp. 375 et seq.
1905, p. 86. 1907, pp. 62,
70.
(a) (b) (c)
Burns, Secs. 1645-
1649.
under 17.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) Boys 8 to 16.
Boys under 16, girls
Burns, Sec. 10004.
Girls ro to I6, and
may
Burns, Secs. 1630 on trial by trustees of
be placed in homes
1649.
school.
1909, Ch. 171.
27
401
1
3
2
(a) (b) (c) (d) Code, Sec. 2220.
170.
1907, Ch.
IOWA
KANSAS
(a) (b) (c) (d) Boy
under 14 or girl under
16. Search warrant
may be issued and
child removed.
G. S. Secs. 4397, 4398.
Under 18, Secs. 4434.
(a) (b) Under 16.
Stat. Sec. 3254.
(a) Under 6. Stat, Sec. 3256.
(b) Under 14. .
Stat. Sec. 3255.
KENTUCKY
(b) (c) (d) R. L., p. 335.
LOUISIANA
(b) (c) (d) 1907, Ch.
42.
MAINE
(a) (b) (c) (d) P. G. L. Art. 27, Secs. 69. 70,
as am, by 1908, Ch. 694.
MARYLAND
(a) Under 10. R. L. Ch. 83, Sec. 10, am. by
1905, Ch. 269.
MASSACHUSETTS
(a) (b) (c) (d) Offi- (a) (c) (d) Under 15: If parent is imprisoned,
cer may search on issu- earnings if any shall be paid to family. 1907,
ance of warrant.
C. L. Sec. 11507.
No. 44.
MICHIGAN
402
4
(b) (d) (e) Under 14.
R. S. Sec. 4434.
Under 18, in any hypnotic or mesmeric
exhibition.
G. S. Sec. 4433.
(c) (d) (e) (f) Under 16. Stat. Sec. 3252.
(a) (b) (c) (e) R. L., p. 991. Also 1908, No.
301, Sec. I.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 1905, Ch.
123,
Sec,
9.
(b) (d) (e) Under 14. P. G. L. Art. 27,{Secs.
318, 423.
(a) Under 16. P. G. L. Art. 27, Secs. 320, 321.
No street vendor nor performer may have a
child under 8. P. G. L. Art. 27, Sec. 322.
Under 15
in
any public exhibition (h). R. L.
Ch. 106, Secs. 45, 46.
(d) R. L. Ch. 212, Sec. 52. See also Sec. 24.
(b) (c) (d) (e) Under 16. C. L. Sec. 5553.
5
(a) Or introduce into home, or give to minor,
or use phonograph for indecent songs, etc. Code;
Secs. 4951-4958.
R. S. Secs. 2345-2350.
Minors must be excluded from trials where
vulgar evidence is produced. R. G. Sec. 4384
(a) Or giving account of crime. Stat. Secs.
3669-3744.
(a) R. L., p. 400.
(a) (b) R. S. Ch. 125, Sec. 15.
(a) And reports of criminal deeds. P. G. L.
Art. 27, Secs. 338-340, .
(a) Sell or furnish to minor. C. L. Secs. 5557,
5558.
See also Secs. 11724, 11987 (2).
Or use obscene lang. before a child. C. L. Secs.
11737, 11738.
403
6
(IOWA)
(b) Code, Sec. 2448.
Any place where pool, billiards or ten-pins is
played, or for minor to play same in such place.
Code, Sec. 5002.
7
(b) Or give to, or procure for, except on order
of parent or physician. 1907, Ch. 22.
(d) Under 16, tobacco in any form. Sale of
cigarettes forbidden. Code, Secs. 5005, 5006.
(g) Or other pistol. Code, Sec. 5004.
(KANS.)
(b) Treating or giving by any but parent,
guardian or physician. G. S. Sec. 3763.
(d) Tobacco, opium or narcotic in any form
G. S. Secs. 4428-4430.
(g) Or furnish any dangerous weapon.
Possession by minor punishable. G. S. Secs.
4431, 4432.
Drugs. G. S. Sec. 2346.
Any pool or billiard room, without permission
of parent or guardian. Stat. Sec. 3577.
(KY.)
(b) Without order of
parent.
Stat, Sec. 3663.
(d) Under 18; or furnish such or materials for
such, or counsel to smoke. Stat. Sec. 3589.
Or poisons to child under 15 without consent
of parent or prescription of physician. Stat.
Sec. 3588.
(LA.)
(b) Or furnish or obtain for, or allow to loiter
in saloon. 1906, No. 93.
(d) Or materials for such. R. L., P. 394.
Dangerous weapons which may be concealed.
R. L., p. 915.
(b) (c) (d) Under 16. 1905,
Ch.
123, Sec. 7.
Sec. 25.
(ME.)
(b) 1905, Ch.
123)
Sec. 8.
(d) Or give. R. S. Ch. 129,
(g) Or sell or give or have in possession. R.
s.
129,
Ch.
Sec. 19.
(MD.)
(d) Under 15; tobacco in any form without
permission of parent or guardian, unless acting
as agent of employer. Other person may not
purchase for. P. G. L. Art.
27,
Secs.
325-327.
(g) Or sell or give deadly weapons, except
rifles and fowling pieces. P. G. L. Art. 27,
Secs.
328, 398.
(b) Ibid, Sec. 324.
(MASS.)
Under 14, to any resort, after sunset, unaccom-
panied by adult. R, L. Ch. 102,
Sec. 184.
Under 17, to any dance hall or skating rink
unaccompanied by adult.
Proof of age rests
with minor. School or church dances excepted.
1906, Ch. 384.
(b) (c) (d) (c) Under 17.
Or billiard or ten- (d) Or furnish tobacco in any form lo minor
pin room, or for minor to remain in; School under 17, except on order of parent or guardian.
pupils included. 1907, No. 55.
C. L. Secs. 11534. I1535.
(f) (g) Under 13; or for such to have in pos-
session. C. L. Secs. 11530-11532.
(MICH.)
404
8
10
9
Under 18. Code, Sec.
4760.
For lewd act of
person over 18 with
child under 13,
see
1907
Ch,
173.
Bound out as apprentice to proper person.
Code, Secs. 3246-3248.
(g) Code, Secs. 3235, 3236.
Under 18.
G. S. Sec. 2107.
See also G. S. Secs.
2108-2112, 2307, 4435.
Under 12.
Under 16 and over 12,
lighter penalty.
Stat. Secs. 3770-3773.
Under 16, at discretion of court. Stat. Sec.
3253
(e). (g) By, county, boards of children's
guardians. (Also vicious and incorrigible.”)
Štat. Secs. 3274-3280, 5193.
At discretion of court. R. L., P. 1055.
Between 12 and 18 by
male over 17.
1908, No. 84.
At discretion of court.
1907, Ch. 43.
1905, Ch. 123, am. by
Under 14; also be-
tween 14 and 16, lighter
penalty.
R. S. Ch.
119,
Sec.
17
Under 14.
Sec. 20.
Also male over 18
with female between
.
P.G. L. Art. 27, Secs.
369, 370.
False representation
of age by minor or mis-
representation in aid of
same by another.
1906, Ch. 582.
(f) Under 18. 1908, Ch. 626.
At discretion of court. P.G. L. Art.
42,
For powers and authority of juvenile institu-
tions and societies.
See
1904, 77, am, by 1906, Ch. 78.
14 and 16.
Ch.
Under 16.
Bound-out girls Truant officers and officers of poor must make
R. L. Ch. 207, Sec. 23. from industrial school diligent search for such and make temporary
are discharged from all
provision. 1904, Ch. 356.
obligation for service if
misused or cruelly li exceptional cases.
(c) Not to be kept in almshouse in any but
R. L, Ch. 81, Secs, 5-7, 28.
treated.
(g) R. L. Ch, 155, Sec. ro.
R. L. Ch. 86, Sec. 42.
Under 16.
C. L. Sec. 11489.
See also C. L. 11493.
Male over 14 with
girl under 14.
Also to debauch a
male under 15, or take
girl under 17 to house
of pros.
C. L. Secs. 11719,
11725.
Not to be kept in almshouse. C. L. Sec. 5556.
(a) Under 16; or with guardian or indentured
with family. C. L. Secs.
5563-5567.
See also 1903, No. 143, am, by 1907, No. 301.
.
(g) May be returned to mother or sent to
state inst, if ill-treated. C.L. Secs. 5568-5570,
405
11
13
12
(a) Societies for care of "friendless children."
Powers may be revoked at any time if trust is
abused. Under supervision of State Board of
Control. Code, Ch. 8, Title 16, am. by 1902,
Ch. 133.
On application of S. P. C. C. court may
appoint "agent" for protection of children.
Public officials must aid society in enforcing
laws. G. S. Secs. 4436-4439.
(a) (d) Officers of S. P. C. C. have regular
police powers. Stat, Secs. 3257, 3258.
La. S. P. C. C. auth, to conduct proceedings
against parents, IR. L., P. 1055. And officers may
serve as peace officers within municipal corpora-
tions, (a) (d) 1908, No. 83.
Agents” of S. P. C. C. may serve in
counties for which appointed by court. They
shall investigate all cases of cruelty. (a) (c)
1905, Ch. 123, am, by 1907, Ch. 43.
"Agents" may be appointed by gov. for
a 3 yr, term, (c), 19034 Ch. 333.
(a) Under 14. R. L. Ch. 83, Secs. 29-35.
(IOWA)
(KANS.)
(KY.)
(LA.)
(ME.)
For powers and authority of juvenile institutions and societies.
Ch.
77, an, by 1906, Ch. 78.
See 19041
(MD.)
Any agent of State (a) R. L. Ch. 83,
Board of Charities may Secs, I-19.
enter a place where
child is kept noc under
parents' care and re-
move if abused. R. L.
Ch, 83, Secs, 26-28.
(MASS.)
(MICH.)
May be formed with power to appoint agents
who have power to make arrests. In incorpo-
rated cities must be auth. by police officials. C.
L. Sec. 8418. See also Secs, 8419-8425.
406
14
17
15
16
(a), (b) delinquent,
(a) Code, Secs. 2702
(c) under 17, (d). If
possible child must be Chs. 100, 102,
et seq., am. by 1900,
placed in private home.
Under 16, may be
Dep., neg. and del., un- sent to city house of
der 16. 1904, Ch. Ir, am. refuge, if one, or, over
by 1907, Ch.7. See also 16, to house of correc-
Code, Ch. 5i title
3.
tion. Code, Sec. 734.
(a) (b) (c)
1907, Ch, 177.
(a) (b), (c) Except (a) Under 16.
in case of felony, (d). G. S. Secs. 7783, 7784,
Dep., neg., del., under 7807.
16. G.S.Secs. 4412-4427.
See also Secs. 4392-
4396, 4402, and
1907
Ch. 177.
(a) (b), (c) Children
at jails must be looked
after by matron. Dep.
and neg. must be kept
apart from del. (d).
Boys under 17, girls
under 18.
Court may appt. ad-
visory children's board
in counties to visitinsts.
and
Co-operate with
court. Stat. Secs. 3259-
3269, 5193 et seq.and 803.
(a) (b) (c)(d), Neg.
and del. under 17. 1908,
No. 83. See also R. L.
Sec. 1006.
(a) Boys bet. 8 and
16, girls bet. 6 and 16.
R.S. Ch. 143.
1904, Ch.
. 7
Baltimore.-(a) (b) (c)
Under 16;"vagrant, dep.
and vicious."
.
521; 1906, Ch.273, amend-
ing provisions of Code
of Public Local Laws,
See also 1906, Ch. 807.
(a) (b), (c) Lock-up
or house of detention
to be avoided, when-
ever possible.
(d) Bet, and
17.
1906, Chs. 413 489.
(c) Under 12, except
for offense, ordinarily
punished by death or
life imp. 1902, Ch. 314.
(b) (c), C. L. Sec.
(a) (b), (c) Under 12,
or with adults if under 16, boys bet. 10 and 17.
(a) Girls bet. 10 and
II 507.
17. May be sent to
(a) (c). 1907, No. 314. hospital, if necessary.
1899, No. 75.
Dep., neg. and del. un-
1907, No. 6;
1903, NO.221; 1901, No.
110; C. L. Secs, 2188-
2191, 2260-2266.
der 17:
407
1
3
2
(b) Under 15. (c) (d) R. L. Sec. 4934.
(a) Under 15.
R. L. Sec. 4933.
MINNESOTA
(c) Under 16.
Or
compel to labor more
than 10 hrs. per day.
R. L. Sec. 4940.
(a) or morals.
R. L. Sec. 4935.
MISSISSIPPI
(a) Under 12.
A. S. Sec. 1861.
MISSOURI
(c) (d) P. C. Sec.
8348.
(a) Under 12. (b) P. C. Secs. 8345, 8346.
MONTANA
(a) (c) (d) Or en-
danger morals.
C. S. Secs. 1744-1746.
(a) (b) C. S. Sec. 2375a,
(c) (d) vios, Ch. Ng6.
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
Habitual cruelty. (a)
Under 14.
Und
P. S. Ch. 265, Sec. I.
(b) (c) 1905, Ch. 108. See also 1907, Chs. 1, 71.
Under 4.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
(a) (c) 1903, Ch. 59.
(a) (b) (c) With supervision by proba-
tion officer. Hum. Soc. must go on bond.
1905)
Ch. 203; 1904, Ch. 166. See also
1904,
Chs.
178, 202.
NEW JERSEY
.
408
5
(a) (b) Or show in public to minor.
Secs. 4954-4957.
R. L.
(a) Code, Sec. 1292.
(a) Or criminal news to minors. A. S. Secs.
2177, 2180, 2181, 2188.
(a) (b) Or criminal news to minor under 16.
.
(a) C. S. Secs. 2369, 2370.
Or criminal news to minor,
(b) C. S. Sec. 2372. See also Secs. 2373, 2374.
(a) (b) P. S. Ch. 265, Secs, 6-8.
4
Under 18. (b) (c) (d) (e). R. L. Sec. 4939.
Or outside of home bet. 6 P. M. and 7 A.
M., or as messenger to house of prostitution.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (h) Under 14. A. S.
Secs. 2186-2190. 1907, p. 86.
See also A. S. Sec. 2353.
(d) (h) Under 16. Or street exhibitions. P.
C. Sec. 8347
(c) (e) 1907, Ch. 67, Sec. 13.
(a) 1903, Ch. 103.
(b) (h) Under 14. P. S. Ch. 265, Sec. 3.
G. S., pp. I117,
(b) (c) (d) (e) Under 18.
1118, Secs. 27-31.
(a) G. S., pp. 1057, 1058, Secs. 44, 45.
p. 1096, Sec. 253.
409
(MINN.)
6
To play game of chance in resort. R. L. Sec.
4936.
Or pool, billiards, etc., in resort. R. L. Sec.
4937
Admit or invite minor under 18 to house of ill
fame. 1907, Ch. 320.
7
(b) Or pupil, except by licensed pharmacist.
R. L. Sec. 1534.
Also Secs. 1537, 1539.
And 1907, Ch. 247;
(d) Furnishing tobacco, or allowing about
premises to smoke. R. L. Sec. 4939.
(d) Tobacco to minor under 18 or to pupil.
1907, Ch. 386.
Firearms to minors under 18. R. L. Sec. 4996.
Betting or gambling with minor or permitting
at one's tables. Code, Secs. 1211, 1212.
(MISS.)
(b) And minor punishable for false representa-
tion of age. Code, Secs. 1758, 1775.
(d) Or furnish tobacco in any form to minor un-
der 18 without consent of parent. Code, Sec. 1082.
Deadly weapon. Code, Sec. 1707.
Or for facher to allow son under 16 to carry.
Code, Sec. 1108.
Poison. Code, Sec. 1328.
(MO.)
To play on billiard or other table without
consent of parent or guardian, A. S. Sec. 439.
See also Sec. 3428.
To permit female under 18 to enter or remain
in bawdy house. A. S. Sec. 2202.
(b) Without permission of parent or guardian.
A. S. Sec. 2179.
See also Sec. 2995.
(d) Or furnish, or materials for such, to minor
under 18. A. S. Sec. [2779-] 1.
(a) (d) Or stop or resort in such places. P.
C. Sec. 8379.
(MONT.)
(b) Or give. P. C. Sec. 8380.
(d) Or give tobacco in any form. P. C. Sec.
8381.
To play billiards or remain in billiard saloon.
C. S. Sec. 2311.
(NEB.)
(b) Or give. Misrep. of age is punishable.
C. S. Secs. 7157, 7158.
(d) Give or furnish tobacco in any form to
minor under 18. C. S. Secs. 2361, 2362.
ale of cigarettes forbidden. 1905, Ch. 198.
Poison. C. S. Sec. 2098.
(b) And false rep. of age punishable. 1903,
(b) Loiter in. C. L. Sec. 5074.
(d) Or gamble with. C. L. Secs. 4946-4949.
Ch. 103.
(NEV.)
(d) Or give; or cigarette paper. C. L. Sec.
1250.
Tobacco in any form to minor under 18,
except on order of parent or guardian. C. L.
Secs. 4822-4824.
(a) (b) (c)(d) Under 18. P.S. Ch. 265, Sec. 2.
7, Sec. I.
(b) 1903, Ch. 95, Sec. 15.
(d) P. S. Ch. 265, Sec. 5.
Giving tobacco to minor under 18. 1895, Ch.
(g) P. S. Ch. 265, Sec. 4.
Fire crackers over 6 in, x I in. or potash dex-
trine explosives. 1907, Ch. 87.
(N. H.)
(N. J.)
(a)(d) Under 16, loiter or play in. 1903, Ch.255. (b) 1906, Ch. 114, Sec. 1o. Or give, under 18.
(b) To play games. G. S. p. 1110, Sec. 325.
1908, Ch. 185, Sec. 3.
(d) Under 18; or furnish; or paper for such.
(b) Under 18. “Frequent,'
1908, Ch. 17. Under 14, tobacco in any form.
(a) (e) Under 16. 1908, Ch. 185.
1904, Ch. 163.
(g) Or any firearms, except in presence of
Not to be allowed to play in pool or billiard | father or guardian or for use in school drills.
Fines go to poor
fund.
1903,
Ch. 122.
1903, Ch. 169.
rooms,
410
8
10
9
Under 10; 10 to'14;
(a) Temporary. Then placed in homes.
Under 15.
14 to 16.
R. L. Secs. 1941, 1947,
R. I. Sec. 4927.
See also R. L. Secs.
4926-4932.
Use of tobacco in
public place by minor
under 18 or minor pupil.
R. L. Sec. 4939.
Minor not to play
billiards, pool or cards
in public place.
R. L. Sec. 4937.
(d) (e) (£) Under 16.
3117-3124, 3618, 3619.
Under 12.
1908, Ch. 171.
See also Code, Secs.
1025-1081.
Under 14.
A. S. Sec. 1837:
Between 14 and 18.
A. S. Sec. 1838.
See also Secs. 1839-
1843, and 1907, p. 229.
Masters punishable
for neglect of appren-
tices.
A. S. Sec. 1857.
Under 16 by male
over 16.
P.C. Secs. 8336, 8339.
See also Secs. 8341,
8342, 8344.
With chaste girl
under 18, by male over
18. C. S. Sec. 2061.
See also Secs. 2260,
2290.
(g) By county commissioners. C. L. Sec, 628.
Under 14 by male
over 15.
C. L. Sec. 4698.
Not to be allowed to
play nickel-in-slot ma-
chines.
1907, Ch, 212.
Orphans to be found homes. 1895, Ch. 116,
Enticing female child.
P.S. Ch. 272, Sec. 8.
Secs, 2, 3
Dep. between 3 and 15 not to be supported in
almshouse for more than 60 days, unless
mentally incapable or sentenced for crime, or by
order of State Board of Charities, 1895, Ch.
116, Sec. I.
(a) (f) 1893, Ch. 61, Sec. I.
(c) (d) (e) (f) Under 17. I907,
Ch.
13, 14
125, Secs.
Under 16.
1905, Chs. 157, 159.
See also 1906, Ch. 65.
Junk not to be pur-
chased from minor.
1903, Ch. 255.
To guardian or children's society. 1906, Ch.
84.
State Board of Children's Guardians places
children in homes,
1899, Ch, 165, ain. by 1902,
Ch, 1бо.
411
12
13
See provision for Minn. S. P, C., Table I.
(MINN.)
(MISS.)
(MO.)
(a) (b) (c) (d) Neg. and del. under 16.
Officer of hum. soc. may act as probation
officer. 1907, p. 277.
Also A. S. Secs. (5251-3]-
[ 5251-24]; [5251-25] - [ 5251-49]; [5251-50 ]-
[5251-56].
(MONT.)
1905, Ch. 99.
(a) Temporarily. C. S. Secs. 1747-1749.
(NEB.)
(NEV.)
(a) (b) (c) P. L. Ch. 178, Secs. 15, 16, 17.
(N. H.)
(a) (b) (d) G.S. PP. 1718-1720, Secs. 33-40.
May be incorporated to prevent cruelty, estab-
lish schools, erect and maintain asylums, receive
custody of children, enforce laws, etc. G. S.
PP. 1720-1722, Secs. 42-49.
(N. J.)
412
14
16
15
17
(a) (b) (c) Under 17.
1907, Ch. 92.
(a) (b), (c) Under 14; (a) bet. 8 and 18. R.
bet. 14 and 16, to be L. Sec. 1906, am. by
sep. from adults, (d). 1905, Ch. 233. See also
R. L. Sec. 4779.
Dep. neg.
neg., del. un-
R. L. Secs,
5496-5503, am. by 1905,
Ch. 285; also 1907, Ch.
342.
der 17.
(a) (c). 1907, p. 231.
(a) Boys under 18.
A. $. Sec. 7759. Un-
der r6, Secs, 7761-7763.
Girls 7 to 17. 1907, P.
304.
(a) (c) P. C. Secs.
9435-9439.
(a) (b), (c) Under 14,
(d) Under 16.
P. C. Secs. 9423-9434.
(a) Bet. 8 and 18.
P. C. Sec. 9802.
(a) Under 18.
C. S. Secs. 9736, 9737.
(a) (b), (c) Under 14;
bet. 14 and 16 not with
adults, (d),
Dep., neg. and del.
under 18.
1905, Ch. 59, am, by
1907, Ch. 45.
Also 1907, Ch. 46.
may be
(a) (b) (c) Under 17. See P. S. Ch. 284,
Applies to police or Secs. 14-16.
justice courts. During
probation may
placed or boarded in
other homes. Del.
may be bound over
under surety to next
session of county court,
In lack of surety, child
may be committed to
state indus, school.
1907, Ch. 125, Secs.
1-16.
(a) (c) 1905, Ch. 160.
(b) 1905,
Ch. 203
(a) (b) Under 16. (a) Under 18 to
May commit to any public inst. in county
public ref. inst., or may
or municipality.
suspend sentence.
1900, Ch. 183.
1903, Chs. 219, 221,
Girls under 19.
Shall be detention
1905,
schools in counties with
ces also 24. S., p.
juv. courts. Private 2723, Sec. 36, p. 2730,
schools may serve.
Sec. 89.
1908, Ch. 307 ; 1906,
Ch. 37
See also
1903
Ch.
219,
am, by 1908, Ch. 236.
413
1
3
2
(a) C. L. Sec. 1335.
NEW MEXICO
(a) Under 16, or
morals. (N. Y. City
excepted.)
P. C. Sec. 289.
(a) Under 14. P. C. Sec. 287.
(b) P. C. Sec. 287a.
See also Sec. 288.
NEW YORK
(a) (b) R. Secs. 3355, 3356.
See also Secs, 180, 181,
NORTH CAROLINA
(a) (b) (c) (d) Under 15. 1905, Ch. I.
See also P. C. Secs. 7172-7174.
NORTH DAKOTA
(a) R. S. Secs. 6984,
6985.
(c) (d) R. S. Sec.
6984a.
(b) (c) (d) Under 16. R. S. Sec. 3140-2.
(a) R. S. Sec. 6984a.
See also R. S. Sec. 3110.
OHIO
(b) (c) (d) G.S. Sec.
692.
OKLAHOMA
(b) (c) (d) ngo7, Ch. 78.
OREGON
1903
PENNSYLVANIA
(a) (d) Infants and (a) (b) Under 16. 1907, Act of May 29.
apprentices.
1860, Act of March Act of March 13.
(c) (d) When separated from family.
31.
(c) (d) 1879, Act of
June II.
414
4
5
(a) (b)
P. C. Sec. 317.
(a) R. Sec. 3731.
(a) (b) Under 18. P. C. Secs. 7213-7216.
See also Secs. 7206-7209, 7864.
(a) R. S. Secs. 7027; 7027-1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 7028;
7120.
(a) G, S. Secs. 1667-1669.
See also Sec. 2023.
(a) Or criminal literature. 1903, p. 67.
Under 16. (b) (c) (d) (e) (g) (h) P. C. Secs.
291, 292.
Messenger boys must not be permitted to bave
any connection with saloons or disorderly
houses. P. C. Sec. 292a.
(b) (c)(d) (e) (f) (h) R.S. Secs. 6984, 6985.
Under 16, in any exhibition where fee is
charged, without permission of judge of juv.
court, 1909, Ch. 129.
(a) (b) (c) (e) Under 15. 1879, Act of June 11,
Under 18, in any exhibition without consent
of
parents. 1901, Act of May 16.
(a) Or give or show to minors, 1887, Act of
May 6.
See also 1860, Act of March 31.
1897, Act
of May 12.
415
(N. MEX.)
6
7
(d) Under 18; or pupil, to play game in (b) (d). Or give; or tobacco in any form.
any saloon, drug or tobacco store. 1901, pp. 18, Minor under 18, or pupil, without consent of
19; Secs. 2, 3. I903,
Ch.
119,
Sec. 6.
parent or guardian. 1901, PP. 18, 19.
(a) (b) (e);
(d) Reputed house of ill-fame or opium den;
Under 16. P. C. Sec. 290.
(N. Y.)
(b), (d) Tobacco;
Under 16. P. C, Sec. 290.
Minor under 16 not to smoke in public place
P. C. Sec. 290.
Sale of firearms, under 16. P. C. Sec. 409.
Carrying same by minor under 16. P. C. Sec.
410.
(b) Or billiard room, or bowling alley, when (b) To unmarried minor, or to make purchase
j adverse notice has been served by parent or for: Rs Secs. 3523-3525.
guardian. R. Sec. 3729.
(d) Minor under 17; or aid in getting, or
z
materials for such. R. Secs. 3804, 3805.
See also 1907, Ch. 953, under 18, as above,
without consent of parent or guardian.
Deadly weapons. R. Sec. 3832.
(N. DAK.)
Under 18, must not be permitted to play or bę
employed in pool, billiard,
billiard, bowling or card
room.
1907, Ch. 128.
See also 1905, Ch. 137.
(b) Or give, or treat, except by order of parent
or physician. P. C. Sec. 7617.
(d) Or furnish tobacco in any form. P. C.
Sec. 7338.
(a) (b) Or furnish. R. S. Secs. 6943—6943-3.
(d) Or furnish, under 16. R. S. Sec. 4364-38.
(f) Or firearms. R. S. Secs. 6986a, b.
(OH10)
(a) (b) R. S. Secs. 6943—6943-3.
See also Sec. 4364-21.
Minor must neither enter nor loiter.
(d) Pool or billiards. R. S. Sec. 6998.
Or house of ill-fame. R. S. Sec. 7025.
G. S. Secs. 1454,
(d) Or gift to anyone.
1455.
See also Sec. 1865.
(OKLA.)
Sec. 1977
(b) (d) Or loiter in, or play game. B. & C., (b) Deliver to, or allow to loiter. Penalty,
loss of license, 1907, Ch. 21. Misrep. of age
1979.
For minor to visit, or to induce minor to visit punishable. B. & C., Secs. 1977, 1
.
(ORE.)
(d) Under 18; or give tobacco in any form
house of prostitution. B. & C., Secs. 1924-1927. | without consent of parent or guardian. Such
minor may not smoke in public. B. & C., Secs.
1980, 1981.
(f) Or firearms, or explosives other than fire-
crackers. 1903, P. 309.
(PENN.)
(a) (b) Under 18; or any place dangerous to
health or morals. 1885, Act of May 28.
Under 18; pool, billiard or ten-pin alley.
1905, Act of April 18.
To allow child under 16 in house of prostitu-
tion or opium den. 1907, Act of May 29.
(b) And misrep. of age punishable. 1854, Act
of May 8. 1881, Act of May 1o.
(d) Under 16, tobacco in any form. 1901, Act
of July 10:
Or furnish cigarettes or paper to any minor.
1903, Act of April 4, am. by 1905, Act of
March 16.
416
8
10
9
Under Io.
C. L. Sec. 1095,
under
14, by male over 14.
C. L. Sec. 1ogo.
See also Secs. 1094,
1349.
"Indigent and orphan" may be placed in
homes, or in home-school at Santa Fe.
C.L. Secs. 1617-1622.
ΟΥ
nurse
Under 18.
Midwife
Under 16. Court may commit to any proper
P. C. Sec. 278. caring for child under | institution. P. C. Sec. 291.
2 weeks old must re-
See also Secs. 282, port redness of eyes to
Not to be sent to almshouse as pauper, nor
303.
doctor. P. C. Sec. 288.
committed to such or to jail, under 16. C. & G.,
p. 607, Sec. 2; p. 2712, Sec. 56.
Junk not to be pur-
chased, nor goods re-
ceived for pawn from
a minor under 16.
P. C. Sec. 290.
"Virtuous" female
between 10 and 14.
R. Sec. 3348.
Under 18, by male
over 14. 1903, Ch. 149.
See also P. C. Secs.
7157, 7158, 716r, 7162,
7165-7167.
(b) and (c)
R: S. Şecs. 931-945.
See also Secs. 3140a, 1754.
Under 12.
R. S. Sec. 6817.
Under 16.
R. S. Sec. 6816.
See also Sec. 7022.
Under 18.
R. S. Sec. 6824.
Boys under 15; girls under 16. (c) G. S.
Secs. 687-698.
Under 14 by male
over 14,
Also female between
14
and 16 of previously
chaste character, G. S.
Secs. 1818, 1819, 1821,
1822.
See also Secs. 1825,
1826.
(g) B. & C., Sec. 5300.
Under 16 by male Keepers of shops and
over 16.
resorts for amusement
B. & C., Sec. 1760.
purposes may not allow
See also Sec. 1928, minors to play games
and 1907
of chance therein. Mis-
rep. of age is punish-
able.
1909, Ch. 79.
Ch. 91.
Under 16, of good
repute.
1885, Act of May 28.
1887, Act of May 19.
Under io.
1860, Act of March 31.
Junk not to be pur-
chased from minor.
1899, Act of April 11,
28
417
12
13
(N. MEX.)
(a) And children's Enforcement of children's law in hands of
institutions. S.P.C.C. | local police and of any incorp. S. P. C. C. (d)
empowered to inspect. P. C. Sec. 293.
P. C. Sec, 288.
Officers are peace officers. P. C. Sec. 688.
(N. Y.)
(N. C.)
(N. DAK.)
(a) R. S. Secs. 3725-1, 3725-2.
(OHIO)
(OKLA.)
(a) Under 14. B. & C. Secs. 3605-3609.
(ORE.)
(a) (b) Officers have powers of peace officers.
Cities of Ist and 2nd classes may aid by appro-
priations. 1879, Act of June 11, 1887, Act of
May 25.
Are subject to state inspection. 1903, Act of
March 5.
(PENN.)
418
14
16
15
(a) Under 18. 1903, p5, Secs.
10, 11. Under 16, convicted of
prison offence, may be commit-
ted to county jail, if term of imp.
does not exceed 1 yr. C.L. Sec.
1057. See also Secs. 1476, 1477.
(b) P. C. Sec. 291.
Child may re-
main with im-
prisoned
mother until 2
yrs. of age.
1907
(a) Under 16, as far as prac-
ticable.
(b) Or may commit to inst.
(c) No longer than necessary
for purpose of transfer. Not
with adults except in presence
of proper officials. P.C. Sec. 291,
Under 16 can be convicted
only of misdemeanor.
1907,
Ch.
417.
Ch.275.
(a) Negroes between 7 and 14.
Gov.may transfer those in chain
gangs, etc. 1909, Ch. 817.
Whites under 16, to
inst. Gov, may transfer from
chain gangs, etc. 1907, Ch. 509.
white"
(a) Under 18.
Code of Crim. Procedure.
Secs. 8581-8585.
(a) (b) (c).
R, S. Ch. 6b.
(a) (b), (c) Under 12, (d):
Under 17.
Special provision
for counties containing cities of
over 380,000 pop. R. S. Ch. 6b.
Gov, may contract with proper (a) Under 16, guilty of State's (a) Under 16,
parties for care of. G. S. Secs. prison offence, may be confined (b).
1723-1728. Such must be kindly in county jail until state shall G. S. Secs.
treated, If possible apart from have a reform school. G. S. 1729-1730.
adults. Visits of parents to be Sec. 2527.
encouraged. G. S. Sec. 2471.
See also Secs. 1414, 4798.
(a) (b) (c).
1907, Ch. 69.
(a), (b) Del., (c) under 14, (a) Bet. 10 and 16. B. & C.
and others must be kept apart Secs. 3639-3643, 3649, as am. by
from adults, (d). Dep., neg. 1903, pp. 310-314.
and del. under 18. (Or under
14, peddling or singing on
street). 1907, Ch. 34. See also
1905, Ch. 232, and B. & C. Sec.
3642, am. by 1903, p. 312.
See also B. & C. Sec. 1449.
(a) Under 16.
1903, Act of March 26.
(a) (b) (c) (d).
Dep., neg. and del. under 16.
Under 12, not to be sent to
any correctional inst.
1907, Act of June 7.
1903, Act of March 26.
1903, Act of April 3.
1903, Act of April 15.
419
1
3.
2
(a) (b) 1907, Ch. 1447, Sec, 2.
RHODE ISLAND
(c) (d) Enforceable
as are laws for prev, of
cruelty to animals.
Crim. Code, Secs.
135, 136.
SOUTH CAROLINA
(a) (b) Code, Secs. 340, 341.
SOUTH DAKOTA
(a) (b) Under 12.
1907, Ch. 56.
TENNESSEE
(a) (b) (c) (d) Under 12,
1907, Ch, 62.
TEXAS
(a) (b) (c) (d) Boys
under 14. girls under
16.
C. L. Secs. 720X29,
720X30.
(a) Under 6.
(b) (c) Under 16. C. S. Secs. 4224, 4225.
UTAH
420
4
5
(a) 1900, Ch. 752.
(d) (e) (f) In immoral places. (g) (h) under
16, as acrobat, gymnast, etc., permitted with
written consent of mayor of city or pres. of town
council. 1897, Ch. 475, Secs. I, 2.
(a) Crim. Code, Secs. 296, 297.
(a) Code, Secs. 371-374.
See also Code of Criminal Procedure, Sec. 238.
(a) Code, Sec. 6770.
(a) P. C. Art. 365.
(a) C. L. Secs, 4247-4250.
421
7
6
(a) (e) Boys under 14, girls under 16. 1907,
Ch. 1467.
Indecent shows forbidden, 1900, Ch. 745.
(R. I.)
(b) G. L. Ch. 102, Secs. 13, 48.
Unlawful for minor under 16 to use tobacco
in public. G. L. Ch. 281, Sec. 29.
(f) Nor blank cartridges. 1905, Ch.
1244.
Firecrackers of other than gunpowder to be
neither sold nor used. 1896, Ch. 342.
(S. C.)
(b) Or furnish. 1907, pp. 470, 480, Secs, 15,
47, 49.
(d) Or furnish; or materials for such. Half
fine goes to informer. Crim. Code, Sec. 320.
(g) Or caps or cartridges for same. Crim.
Code, Sec. 610, am. by 1903, p. 123.
(a) (b) Political Code, Sec. 2846.
(b) 1909,
Ch.
247. Also Code, Sec. 748.
(d) Sale or manufacture forbidden. Unlawful
for minor to smoke in public, or for anyone to
abet same.
1909, Ch. 42, amending 1907, Ch.
85.
(S. D.)
To play ten-pins, pool, or billiards without
consent of parents.
Code, Secs. 6825-6830.
(TENN.)
(b) Or furnish, or entice to place where sold.
1903, Ch. 63. Also Code, Secs. 6785, 6786.
(d) Tobacco in any form without consent of
parents to minor under 17. 1905, Ch. 2; 1903,
Ch. 208 ; 1897, Ch. 30; Code, Sec. 6793.
Dangerous weapons. Code, Sec. 6792.
Under 10; poison, without order of parent or
guardian. Code, Sec. 6749.
Or
Billiard or pool, ball or bowling alley ; (b) Or give, without consent of parent of
for minor to play or loiter in without consent of guardian. 1904, Ch. 116. Also P. C. Art. 400.
parent or guardian. 1905, Ch. 75.
(TEXAS)
(UTAH)
(b) Or furnish or procure for, C. L. Sec.
1249.
(d) Under 18; or furnish tobacco, opium or
narcotic in any form. C. L. Sec. 4469.
Such minor may
neither
accept nor have such.
Sec. 4469x.
(g) Or give to minor under 14, or any fire-
arms. C. L. Sec. 4281. Such minor may not
carry same,
C. L. Secs. 4487x12, 4487x13.
422
8
10
9
Under 16.
G. L. Ch. 281.
(e) (f) 1897, Ch. 475, Sec. 3.
Under 14.
And under 16, by
male over 14, after ab-
duction,
Crim. Code,
Code, Secs.
287, 288,
Under 18.
1907, Ch. II.
By male under 14.
Code, Secs. 326-334.
See also 1909, Ch.255.
Under 12.
Code, Secs. 6455-6458.
See also Secs. 6459-
6466.
(c) (f) Under 16. 1907, Ch. 65.
Female under 15 by
male over 14.
P. C. Arts, 633-640.
See also Arts. 630,
967, 969, am. by 1903,
Ch. 136.
C. L. Sec.
Between 13 and 18.
C. L. Sec. 4221.
See also Sec. 4223.
(e) Girls under 16, boys under 14.
720X29.
(g) C. L. Sec. 77.
423
11
13
12
(a) (b) Infants under
1897, Ch. 464.
2.
(R. I.)
(a) Under 16, "shall.” Society may then
deliver child under court order. G. L. Ch. 115,
Sec. 8. See also Ch. 197, Sec. I.
State makes appropriation to R. I. S. P. C. C.
G. L. Ch. 115, Sec. 8.
(d) 1897, Ch. 475, Sec. 4.
No recognizance for costs required of
R. I. S. P. C. C. 1896, Ch. 421.
agent of
(S. C.)
(S. D.)
(TENN.)
(TEX.)
All children's associations subject to county
inspection and supervision. C. L. Sec. 720X36.
(UTAH.)
424
14
17
15
16
(a) (b), (c) Under 16,
older ones at discretion
of court,
State probation officer
may have custody of
girl under
16, not
longer than 6 mos.
1906, Ch. 1367.
1899, Ch. 664, am. by
1903. Ch. 1116.
(a) Boys bet. 8 and
16.
1906, PP. 136, 137.
(a) (b) (c)
1909, Ćh. 275.
.
(a), (b), (c) Under (a) Under 18.
16, (d).
Code of Crim. Pro-
Dep., neg. and del. cedure, Secs. 709-719.
under 18.
Counties with over
Also 1905, Ch. 150,
50,000 pop. must pro- 1909, Ch. 94.
vide detention rooms,
1909, Ch. 298.
Code, Secs. 3205-3214,
also Sec. 8oo, and Code
of Crim. Procedure,
Sec. 770.
to
(a) (b), (c) Under
14, and not to be in-
carcerated except
guarantee appearance
in court, (d).
Under 16, or under
14 if in mendicant or
immoral occupations.
1905, Ch. 516; 1907,
Cho; Igor, Ch. I73.
(a) (b) (c)
1907, Ch. 109.
(a) (b) (c) (à).
Under 16,
1907, Ch. 65.
(a) (b) (c)
C. L. Secs. 720x37-
41.
(a) (c)
(a) Under 18, and
Dep., neg. and del. incorrigible school pu-
boys under 14, girls pils bet. 8 and 16.
under 16.
C, L. Secs, 2140-2142.
C. L. Secs. 720x33,
720x42-48.
425
1
3
2
(a) P. S. Sec. 5722.
(b) P. S, Sec. 5726.
(a) (c) (d)
P. S. Sec. 5724.
(c) (d) Of child
under 10 by person over
16 having care of same.
P. S. Sec. 5723.
VERMONT
(a) (b) (c) (d) Code, Sec. 3795C.
(a)(c)
1908, Ch. 282,
VIRGINIA
(b) (c) (d) Under 16.
1907,
Ch. 103
(c) (d) Or compel to
labor for unreasonable
time.
Ball. Code, Sec. 7071.
WASHINGTON
(a) Or morals
(c) (d)
Code, Sec. 4218.
(a) Code, Sec. 4218.
(b) (c) Sec. 4216.
WEST VIRGINIA
(a) S. & S. Sec. 45870.
WISCONSIN
(a) (b) (c)(d) Under 15. 1909, Ch. 104.
(a) (b) (c)(d)
R. S. Secs. 2291, 2293,
2298.
WYOMING
426
4
5
(a) P. S. Secs. 5894-5895.
(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Under 14. Code, Sec. 3795a,
(a) Code, Secs. 3791, 3952.
Cls, 2, 3
(a) (b) Ball. Code, Secs. 7246, 6860.
(b)(d) Under 18. Code, Sec. 4220.
(c)(e) Sec. 4219.
(a) Code, Sec. 4362,
(c) (e) Under 14. S. & B. Sec. 4587a.
As paid musician, except with parent, and
(f). 1907, Ch. 418.
(a) Or criminal. S. & S. Sec. 4590.
See also S. & B. Secs. 4842, 4632.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Under 14. R. S.
Secs. 2289, 2298, 2304.
See also Sec. 2290.
427
6
7
(b) P. S. Sec. 5150.
(b) P. S. Sec. 5150.
(d) Under 16, or furnish tobacco without con-
sent of parent or guardian. P. S. Sec. 5903.
To furnish cigarettes or wrappers. P.S. Sec.
5904:
(e) 1906, No. 50.
(VT.)
Sec. 19.
(b) (c) Or procure for. Code, Sec. 3828.
Minor between 18 and 21 punishable for mis-
rep. of age. Sec. 3828a, am. by 1908, Ch. 189,
(d) Under 16; or tobacco, pistol or dirk Or
toy firearms for use of powder or cartridges for
child under 12, or procure for child. Code, Sec.
3828a.
(VA.)
To allow minor to play cards in one's home (b). Or give, without consent of parent or
without consent of parent or guardian. Ball. guardian. Minor between 18 and 21 punishable
Code, Sec. 7314.
for misrep. of age. Ball. Code, Secs, 7313, 7315.
(d) And of materials for such forbidden.
Or furnish tobacco in any form to minor,
Ball. Code, Sec. 7317.
Unlawful for minor to smoke cigarettes, or to
counsel him to smoke. 1901, Ch. 61.
(f) (g) Under 16. Ball. Code, Sec. 7324.
1907, Ch. 148.
(WASH.)
(b) Under 18, or any place dangerous to health
or morals. Code, Secs. 4221, 4222,
(W. VA.)
(b) Unless by prescription. Or loitering about
saloon. Code, Sec. 933.
(d) Or opium; or furnish. Code, Sec. 4402.
Weapons. Code, Sec. 4338.
Tobacco, cigarettes or weapons to inmates of
reform school. Code, Sec. 1787.
(a) (b) Or girl under 17 to dance or ball. S. &
S. Sec. 1657a.
To billiard or bowling alley, S. & B. Sec. 4575.
Ch. 172.
(WIS.)
(b) S. & S. Sec. 1557. Misrep. of age by
minor over 18 punishable. 1907,
(d) Tobacco in any form. S. & B. Sec. 4608e.
(e) Or drug. 1907, Ch. 168. Manufac. and sale
of cigarettes forbidden. S. & S. Sec, 4608f.
(f) (g) S. & B. Sec. 4397a.
(c) Under 18, or harbor or employ in brothel.
R. S. Secs. 2290, 2293.
(b) (d) Under 16. Or tobacco. R. S. Secs.
2292, 2293.
(WYO.)
428
8
10
9
Destitute children may be sent to State indus.
school on application of charitable institution,
P. C. Sec. 6045.
Under 14.
Code, Sec. 3680.
See also Sec. 3678.
Minor convicted of
misdemeanor may be
punished by stripes in
lieu of fine or imprison-
ment.
Code, Sec. 3902a.
Under 18.
Ball, Code, Sec. 7062.
See also 1907, Ch. 35.
Under 14. Does not
apply to male under
14 with female over
Iż with free consent.
Code, Sec.
4214:
See
also Sec. 4215, and 1906,
Ch. 74.
Under 18, previously
chaste, S. & S. Sec.
4580.
(a) 1907, Ch. 82. See also S, & B. Sec. 4052b.
(b) S. & S. Secs. 697-2-10.
See also Secs. 697—18–31.
(c) Under 14; as soon as possible. S. & S.
Secs. 537a, aa, ab.
Guardian may be appointed or (e). R. S.
Secs. 4936–4940, am. by 1901, Ch. 106.
Cruelly treated children may be committed
to guardian or to asylum, or, if possible and
wise, may be returned to parents." R. S. Secs,
2296, 2297
•
429
12
13
(VT.)
(VA.)
(a) Under 14. Dep., neg. or del. Code, Sec.
3795a, Cls. 4, 5, 6.
Officers have powers of peace officers. 1908,
Ch. 348.
May control del, or neg. children during min-
ority, or place in homes, or apprentice, or send
to ref, inst. Code, Sec. 3795b.
See Table I, for provisions applying to
Humane Societies.
(WASH.)
(a) Under 16. (b) Children remain in cus-
tody of W. Va. Hum. Soc. until placed in inst.
or private home. Code, Secs. 489, 493. See
also Code, Secs. 2619-2630, and 1907,
See Table 1, for powers of W. Va. Hum. Soc.
Ch. 40.
(W. VA.)
Officers shall be pun-
ished.
S. & B. Sec. 4389.
(WIS.)
(a) (b)
R. S. Sec. 2300.
(a) Under 14. R. S. Sec. 2301.
(d) Wyo. Hum. Soc. R. S. Sec. 2294.
(WYO.)
430
14
17
15
16
Under 16, not to be
sent to house of cor-
rection for first offense,
but to state industrial
school.
P. S. Sec. 6030.
(a) (b)
Code, Sec.
3795a,
Ch. 7.
Convicted minors
may be committed on
indeterminate sentence
to care of Prison Assoc.
of Va. during minority.
Code, Sec. 4173d.
Negro minors to
Negro Ref. Assoc. of
Va, Code, Sec. 4173e.
(a) (c)
1907, Ch. II.
(a) Under 21.
1905, Ch. 24.
(a) (b), (c) Under (a) Boys bet. 8 and
14, and none shall be | 16, girls bet. 8 and 18.
placed with adults, (d).
1905, Ch. 19.
Del. under 17. 1905,
Ch. 18, am. by 1907,
Ch, IIO.
(a) (c) S. & S. Sec.
4581i.
(a) Under 16, (b) (c) (a) Male under 10,
under 14; and between female under 16. S. &
14 and 16, not with B. Secs.
15474961,
adults.
Details of law vary
4966, 4969.
with size of jurisdic-
tions.
73, 324, 515.
See also S. & S. Secs,
573-4, 7, IO.
(a) Under 16, to
school in another State.
R. S. Secs. 4930, 4931,
4934.
Under 14, to a reform
school or to placing-out
agency as guardian.
1907, Chs. 60, 64.
431
INDEX
Abandonment, 227-28; 256
Wm. G. Sprague Memorial
Abattoir system of Germany, Prize essay for 1908, 100;
258-59
Mercy Sunday, 106; prizes,
Abattoirs, Methods of painless medals and diplomas offered
death in, 83–84; carrying ani- by the, 107–9; literature, 112-
mals to, 151
13; recommendations on kill-
Act for the protection of birds ing methods, 258–59; leaflet
and their nests and eggs, 249 literature of, 314-16
Activities, Strenuous, not gener- American Humane Education So-
ally provided for, 2–4; statis- ciety, Bands of Mercy under
tics of, of American societies, the, 97-98; Constitution of the,
15, 64-67; direct, confined to 218–20; By-Laws, 219-20; Cer-
states or localities, 18; more tificate of incorporation of the,
educational than penal, 66; for 221-22
improving conditions, 76–89; American Medical Assoc. on ex-
educational, 89–119; toward perimentation, 122-23
the public, 106-12; through American Museum of Natural
sermons, 106; prizes and med- History, Educational require-
als, 107-9; work-horse parades, ment from, 53; educational
109-12
work of, 98; work of, for
Acton (W.), Home of Rest for birds, 252
Horses at, 85
American Ornithologists' Union,
Agencies, Governmental, 89
Committee on Bird Protection,
Agents have powers of peace 247-49; Bulletins, 249–50; dis-
officers, 21; of American So- couraged, 251-52; model law,
ciety not public officers, 52–53;
249, 253
instructions to, 256–57
American Society for Prevention
Alberta, Starvation of cattle in, of Cruelty to Animals founded
72
by Henry Bergh, 10, 33, 149;
Ambulance, The, in New Jersey, Century Fund of the, 27; em-
13, 153; in San Francisco, 27, powered to license dogs and
81; use of, by Amer. Soc., 64, cats, 50-53, 67, 87–88; stopped
80-81
salting of streets, 60; sup-
American Anti-Vivisection So-
"swill milk,” 62-63,
ciety, 122
153; arrests and prosecutions
American Humane Association, by, 63; preventive work of, 64;
2; conditions for success stated disposition of small animals,
by president of the, 3-4; list 67; designs for drinking foun-
of humane societies, 9; Anti- tains, 78; maintains watering
cruelty statistics, 22–23; pub- places, 78–79; ambulance ser-
licity campaign of, 24–25; ac- vice of the, 80–81; on street
tivities of the, summarized, paving, 82; painless killing of
28–29; on the painless killing cattle, 83; prize offered by, for
of cattle, 83, 258–59; litera- slaughtering device, 84; Wo-
ture distributed by the, 97-98; man's Auxiliary and “ Young
pressed
432
INDEX
433
on
Defenders,” 98; case of Mary
Ellen, 135; charter amended,
152; bequest of L. Bonard,
152-53; a one-man power under
Mr. Bergh, 155; Charter, 200–
202; By-Laws, 203-11; officers
and managers, 204-8; agents,
208; meetings, 210; badges,
210; literature leaflets, 317
Andrews, Ex-Chief Judge, Opin-
ion of, on Fox case, 52
Angell, George T., Activity of,
11; extract from will, 12;
helps organize the Mass. So-
ciety, 12; aided in forming the
Illinois Humane Soc., 13n;
American Band of Mercy work,
97; favored separation of child
and animal work, 137
Angell gold medals, The, 107–8
Animal behavior, Periodical arti-
cles on, 302–9
Animal experimentation, Period-
ical articles on, 292–94
Animal photography, Periodical
articles on, 311-13
Animal protection, Survey of
work for, main purpose of re-
port, 1; activities of American
societies, 2; conditions of suc-
cess of local organizations for,
3–4; Royal Society for, 5-8;
foreign societies for, 9-10; first
American society, 10-11; num-
ber of existing societies, 14;
organization of societies, 16;
legislation for, 30–58; expan-
sion of sphere of, 32; by im-
proving conditions,
aims of Humanitarian League,
120-22
Animal psychology, Periodical
articles on, 302–9
Animal Refuge Assoc. of Balti-
more has a rest farm, 85
Animal Rescue League has
Home of Rest at Dedbam,
Mass., 85, 87; model boarding
stable of, 105n; leaflets, 319
Animal World, The, 7, 114
Animals abandoned, Laws relat-
ing to, 47–48, 63
Animals, baiting or fighting, Spe-
cific laws against, 37; an old
sport in New York City, 61-62
Animals, diseased, disabled or
worn out, Laws relating to, 47–
50, 56; 63; 86–87; 228–30;
cruelty to, 151
Animals, draught, Prosecutions
for abuse of, 66–67
Animals, Malicious killing of, 50
Animals, Proposed lectures
humane treatment of, 277–78
Animals, transportation of live,
Laws regulating the, 31, 43-47
Animals, Wild, protected, 32, 33
Animals' Defence Committee, 122
Animals' rights, see Rights
Anti-cruelty exbibits, 29
Anti-Cruelty Society, Chicago, 74
Anti-cruelty statistics, 22
Anti-Docking Fund of Rochester
Humane Soc., 27
Anti-vivisection organizations,
122-27; Congress at London,
123, 126, 127. See also Vivi-
section
Appendices, List of, ix-x.
Appleton, Mrs. Wm., and the
Mass. Society, 12
Appropriations, Municipal, 23
Arizona, Cattle ranges in, 71
Audubon, John James, 249
Audubon Magazine, 251
Audubon millinery, 253
Audubon movement a model, 2,
56; bird protection and the, 127-
34; principles of the, 131-32;
educational phase of the, 132;
legislative work, 133; history
of the, 247–55; A. O. U. com-
mittees and Bulletins, 247–50;
Audubon Society, 249-51; state
societies started, 252; dissemi-
nation of literature, 253; na-
tional organization of societies,
254; educational leaflets, 255
Audubon societies, 195–99
Audubon societies, State, 131
Audubon Society for the Protec-
tion of Birds, 250
Australasian states, Protective
legislation in, 32
76-89;
a
29
434
INDEX
Austria, Movement in, 10
Badger-baiting prohibited, 6
Baker, Dr. A. H., Lectures on
care and diseases of horses,
103, 104, 105
Band of Mercy, The, 94, 114
Band of Mercy Day, in Mass., 97
Band of Mercy movement, 8; the
first, 94; under A. S. P. C. A.,
94-95; Rules, 95–96; Sugges-
tions to members, 96–97; under
G. T. Angell in America, 97-
98; 113
Barbarities of food and fashion,
122
"Beautiful Joe,” 113, 115, 116
Behr pistol, The, 83
Bergh, Christian, 147
Bergh, Henry, at St. Petersburg,
10, 147; founder of American
Society, 11, 148–49; lecture at
Clinton Hall, 11, 148-49; pro-
tective laws in U. S. before
activities of, 32; crusade of,
59; an organizer of A. S. P.
C. A., 135; biography of, 147–
56; protector of car horses,
151-52; lecture tour, 153-54;
secured law for animals in
transit, 154; death of, 155; as
an author, 155n.
Bergh, Henry, Letter of, on vivi-
section, 272–73
Beringer, D. H., founder of Anti-
Vivisection Society in Berlin, 9
Berlepsch, Baron von, on preser-
vation of birds, 93–94
Berlin, Society formed in, 9;
Anti-Vivisection Society in, 9
Bibliography: Books and pam-
phlets, 282-90; articles in peri-
odicals: general and miscella-
neous, 290–92; animal experi-
mentation, 292–94; the horse
and large domestic animals,
294–96; the dog and small
domestic animals, 296–98; wild
animals, 298–99; birds, 299–
302; animal psychology and
behavior; nature interpretation
and study, 302–9; game and
sport, 309–11; animal photog-
raphy, 311-13; special leaflets
A. H. E. S., 313–14; leaflets
A. H. A., 314–15; leaflets R. I.
H. E. S., 316; leaflets A. S. P.
C. A., 317; leaflets N. A. Aud.
Soc., 318; special leaflets, 319
Bide-a-Wee Home of New York,
16, 87
Bird Day, An annual, 53; estab-
lished, 252
Bird law, The first comprehen-
sive, 248
Bird Lore, 132, 254
Bird protection and the Audubon
movement, 127–34; should be
extended to so-called enemies,
129–30; scientific study in in-
terest of, 130; related organi-
zations, 133-34
Birds and game, Officials and
organizations concerned with
protection of, 173–99; Na-
tional organizations, 189–90;
state organizations, 190–95;
Audubon societies, 195-99
Birds, Five reasons for killing,
129-31
Birds, live, Target-shooting at,
35-36
Birds, Periodical articles on, 299–
302
Birds, Protection of wild, 32;
National Reservations for, 133
Bit burr abolished, 62
" Black Beauty,' 113, 115-16
Block pavements a menace to
horses, 81-82
Bonard, Louis, Bequest of, to
Amer. S. P. C. A., 152-53
Boone and Crockett Club, 134
Boston, Ambulance service in, 81
Boston Work-horse Parade Asso-
ciation, 16, 111; course of free
lectures, 105; circular of, 260-
64; permanent agent, 262; lec-
tures, 263
Branch societies, Work for, 7
Brewster, William, active for
bird protection, 247
Bristle bur, Use of the, 234
Bruneau mask, The, 83
INDEX
435
Brutalities prosecuted by the
Hudson District S. P. C. A.,
242-46
Buffalo stockyards, Erie County
Soc.'s report on, 73
Bull, Protection for the, 31
Bull-baiting prohibited, 6, 31
Bull-fighting in Mexico, 29
Bureau of Biological Survey, Cir-
cular No. 70, 173–99; value of
work done by, 248n
Bureaus, State, 89
Burns', Kit, Sportsmen's Hall, 62
Cairo, Egypt, S. P. C. A., Work
of, 76
California law of transportation,
44; compulsory law for humané
education, 54, 91-93
California societies federated, 29
California State Normal School,
San Diego, Bulletin on humane
education, 91-93
Calves, Transportation of, 61
Camp Fire Club of America, 133
Canada, Officials in, for protec-
tion of birds and game, 186–89
Canada, Protective laws in, 32
Canadian law on transportation,
45
Canadian Society's Inspectors'
Report for 1907, 238–41
Care, Neglect of, 224-25; 256
Carrying of animals, 225
Cats and dogs, Disposition of
homeless, 67, 87-88
Cattle ranging, Evils of, 69–72
Cattle, Slaughtering of, 29, 83-84
Cavanagh, T. J., Lectures on
greatest good, coöperation, and
ownership, 103, 104, 105
Charter powers and limitations,
16-17
Check rein and blinders, 112, 153
Chicago, Union Stock Yards at,
74; drinking fountains in, 77;
ambulance service in, 81
Child and Animal Protection, 115
Child and Animal Protection,
Law creating Colorado Bureau
of, 216–17
Child-caring and child-helping
agencies, 1
Child-rescue work, Exclusive na-
ture of, 138–41
Children, Instruction of, in hu-
mane education, 90-100; text-
book by E. K. Whitehead, 90n
Children, Prevention of cruelty
to, 135–46; separate societies,
136; combined with work for
animals, 136–37; child-rescue
work separate, 138–41; views
of Mass. Society, 142–43;
Penna. Soc., 143-45; preven-
tive and remedial measures,
142–45; statistical reports, 145;
Juvenile Court movement, 146
Children, Proposed lectures on
humane treatment of, 276–77
Children, Protection of, included
in Illinois and Minnesota So-
cieties' work, 14; and in that
of others, 14–15; uplift work
for, 16; in W. Va. and Colo-
rado, 19-20; the Stillman gold
medal for, 108
Children's Bureau of Philadel-
phia, 144-45
Childs, George W., charter mem-
ber of Pa. Soc., 13
City Pound and Shelter Fund of
Women's Pa. Soc., 27
Cleveland Humane Soc., 65
Club opinion, The power of, 274
Cock-fighting prohibited, 6, 152
Colam, John, Secretary of Royal
Society, 11
Colonies, British, Protective leg-
islation in, 32
Colorado Bureau of Child and
Animal Protection, 69; for
combined work, 137; Law
creating the, 216–17; instruc-
tions to agents, 256-57
Colorado Humane Soc. a State
Bureau of Child and Animal
Protection, 19-20; gold medals
offered by, to schools, 91n
Colorado law against docking
horses' tails, 37; on neglect,
41; on humane education, 53
436
INDEX
Cullen, Judge, Opinion of, in Fox
case, 52
source
Colorado, Public administration
of anti-cruelty laws in, 18-19;
evils of cattle ranging in, 69–72
Condemnation, Legal, 230-31
Constables, Employment of, in
markets and streets, 6
Constitutions and by-laws, 17–18
Consumers' League, Chicago, 74
Contributions and dues main
of income, 23, 25;
courted through special funds,
27
Cooke, Jay, charter member of
Pa. Soc., 13
Cotton, J. S., Extract from Re-
port on range
range management,
69-71
Cows, The feeding of, 57; on
distillery waste, 62–63; and
care of, 233
Criminal Law and Prison Reform
Committee, 122
Cruelties, Illustrative, 242-46
Cruelty, prevention of, History
and organization of, 5–29;
Royal Society founded, 5; plan
of, 5-6; number of societies
for, 9–10; American societies,
10-14; statistics of activities,
15; scope of work, 16; organi-
zation of societies, 16; impor-
tance of crusade for, 29; Act
for, 31; representative provis-
ions of the New York law, 33-
34; activities of societies, 59-
119
Cruelty to animals, Extracts from
state laws for prevention of,
223–36; definitions, 223; kill-
ing, maiming, torturing, 223;
neglect of feeding and care,
224-25, 256; carrying and
transportation, 225-26; fights
between animals, 227; disabled
animals,
227-30; docking
horses, 231–33; peace officers,
234–35; humane education,
235-36
Cruelty to animals, Prosecutions
for, 6, 23, 63; public, a misde-
meanor under common law, 34;
revolting forms of, 59-63, 151
Definitions, 223
Delaware law for abandoned ani-
mals, 47
Diplomas of honor for deeds of
humanity, 109
Directory of active humane so-
cieties in the U. S., 157–70
Directory of officials and organi-
zations concerned with protec-
tion of birds and game, 173-99
Disabled animals, diseased, or
unfit for labor, 228–29, 264
District (county) societies in
New Jersey, 13
Docking horses' tails, Specific
statutes against, 36–37; more
laws needed, 56, 153; laws
against, 231-33
Dog, Periodical articles on the,
296-98
Dog fighting stopped, 6, 152
Dog pound, The old,' in New
York City, 87
Dogs and cats, Homeless, 87-88
Dogs, Humane killing of, 269
Dogs, Protection for, 31;
draft animals, 38, 63; licensing
of, 50-53; killing of, 67
Domestic animals, Literature of
care of, 116; periodical arti-
cles on, 294-98
Dore, John C., a founder of the
Illinois Humane Soc., 13n
Dresden, Society organized in, 9;
Anti-Vivisection Society in, 9
Drexel, A. J., charter member of
Pa. Soc., 13
Drinking Fountain and Cattle
Trough Association, 8
Drinking fountains established
from fees of junior members,
26; erection and maintenance
of, 77–80; competition for de-
signs for, 78, 151
as
Education, humane, Active cam-
paign for, 28; legislation for,
53-54; work for, 89–119; seven
committees and societies for,
INDEX
437
90; of children, 90–100; text-
book in, 90n; San Diego Nor-
mal School Bulletin on, 91-93;
broadening aims of, 99–100;
training in care of animals,
100-6; for the public, 106–19
Educational departments intro-
duced in N. J., 13
Educational leaflets, Samples of
special, 265–71
Eider duck, Only remaining col-
ony of, 254–55
Employees, Well-trained, paid, an
element of success, 3
Enthusiasts needed for successful
work, 3
Erie County Soc., 26, 27; special
funds of, 27; efficient in se-
curing funds, 28; activities,
65; report on Buffalo stock-
yards, 72–73; prizes for school
essays, 98
Erskine, Lord, asked justice for
animals, 30
Experiments live animals,
Laws regulating, 31, 38–39;
Sir Thomas Watson's princi-
ples of, 124–25; results of,
125; claims of opponents of,
126-27
on
Fiske gold medal, The, for pro-
tection of live stock, 108
Florida law of transportation, 44
Folks, Homer, on work of N. Y.
S. P. C. C., 140n
Food, water and ventilation for
animals in transit, 31
Forest and Stream, Interest of, in
Audubon movement, 247, 249-
51
Förster, Dr., on vivisection, 126
France, Movement in, 10; protec-
tive legislation in, 32; painless
killing of cattle in, 83
Funds, special, Income-getting
advantages of, 27
Fur-bearing animals, Laws relat-
ing to, 54-55
Fur-trade, The, 121, 122
Game and sport, Periodical arti-
cles on, 309-11
Game birds so-called, 129
Game laws omitted from consid-
eration, 57
Game, Officials and organizations
concerned with protection of
birds and, 173–99
Games and amusements, Proposed
lectures on humane ideals in,
278
Georgia law for abandoned ani-
mals, 47
German organization, The first in
Dresden or Stuttgart, 9
Germany, Protective legislation
in, 32; government supervision
of abattoirs in, 83
Gerry, E. T., an organizer of A.
S. P. C. C., 135; on child res-
cue work, 139–40; legal counsel
for A. S. P. C. A., 152
Gilder, R. W., charter member of
N. J. Soc., 13
Hamburg, Anti-Vivisection So-
ciety in, 9
Hawks, owls and other
Failure, Common causes of, 3
Fallacies, Popular, combated, 116
Farmington Humane Society of
Maine, Work of, 74–75
" Fashion's cruelty and bird pro-
ene-
should be protected,
129-30
Healey, Capt. C. C., Lectures on
road rules and traffic handling,
103, 104
tection,” by J. A. Allen, 129n,
130n; 131
Federal Act on transportation,
44-45
Federation and unification of
methods, 28–29; of state or-
ganizations, 29
Feeding, Neglect of, 224, 256
Fights, Instigating, between ani-
mals or birds, 227
Financial management of socie-
ties, 21-24, 26-27
Financial support, Causes of in-
different, 3
Fines as a source of income, 23
mies >>
438
INDEX
Humanitarian and Nature Stu-
dent, The, and Our Animal
Friends, 114n
Humanitarian League, Principles
of the, 117-19, 120-22; main-
tains rights of animals as a
whole, 121; separate commit-
tees of the, 122
Illinois Humane Society organ-
ized, 13n–14n; types of mem-
bership, 26; drinking fountains
of the, 77; lectures to han-
dlers of horses, 102–5
Illinois law of transportation, 44;
for humane education, 54
Income, Sources of, 22-23; de-
vices for getting, 27-28
Indiana, Humane officer appoint-
ed from police force of cities
in, 20
Indiana law for abandoned ani-
mals, 47-48
Indiana societies federated, 29
Iowa law of transportation, 44
Health, public, Defence of the, 48
Heedlessness cause of needless
hardships to animals, 112
Herring gulls, Colony of, 254
Hiesemann's, M., How to attract
and protect wild birds, 93-94
Home of Rest for Horses, 8, 84–
86
Horse, How to treat a, 265–68;
humane killing of, 269; period-
ical articles on the, 294–96
Horse race, Horses driven to
death in a, 12
Horses, Abuse of, 59-60, 64, 66,
148, 153; cards on care of,
101-2; lectures, 102–5
Horses, Hospitals and homes of
rest for, 84-86
Hospital, The, introduced into
New Jersey, 13, 84-86
Hudson County District Society,
Activity of the, 13
Hudson District S. P. C. A.,
Offenses prosecuted by the,
James, William, Letter on vivi-
section, 274–75
Jenkins, E. F., Supt. of A. S. P.
C. C., 135
Journal of Zoophily, 115
Junior Humane Society, 94
Justices, Hostile, a mere inci-
dent, 3
Juvenile Court movement, 146
Kansas law of transportation,
242-46
Humane Advocate, The, 105, 114
Humane education, 235–36; sam-
ple leaflets, 265–71; lectures
proposed by Mrs. A. G. Spen-
cer, 276-78
Humane Education Committee of
the California Club, Books rec-
ommended by, 99–100; inter-
ested in schools, 113
Humane education organizations,
List of, 171
Humane federations, List of
state, 172
Humane Journal, The, 114, 115
Humane movement, Literature of
the, nowhere collected and pre-
served, 1-2; circulation of, 5,
7-8, 12, 20, 24–25, 28; work
of allied humane organizations,
120-34
Humane officer on police force of
cities in Indiana, 20; powers
of a, 42
Humane societies, 14; federation
of, 28; Directory of, in the U.
S., 157–70; Laws of Ohio, aui-
thorizing, 212-15
44; cattle ranges in, 71
Kelly, Justice, on powers dele-
gated to the Amer. Society,
51-53
Killing, maiming, and torturing,
223-24
Killing methods, 258–59
Knockers' Yards, Law for regu-
lating, 31
Krause, Mrs. Hugo,
66 Humane
education," 100n
Lamb, Protection for the, 31
Law, general, Societies formed
under a, 17
INDEX
439
Laws, A variety of, not dealt
with, 57
League of American Sportsmen,
134
Lectures at Amer. Museum of
Natural History, 98; in Chi-
cago to men handling horses,
102-5
Legislation, for the protection of
animals, 30-58; the Martin
Act, 30-31; various laws, 32;
foreign, 32; Pennsylvania law
of 1860, 32; first effective, in
New York, 33; universal
throughout U. S., 33; specific
provisions in N. Y. law, 33–34;
reasons for specific statutes,
35; examples, 35-40; in ré
neglect of animals, 41-43; on
transportation, 43-47; on dis-
eased, disabled
superan-
nuated animals, 47-50; for
protection of property in ani-
mals, 50-53; for humane edu-
cation, 53-54; provision gen-
eral, 55; more comprehensive
needed, 56; summary of, in
Table 1, 56-58
Legislation, humane, Promotion
or
Management, A persistent, ener-
getic, and aggressive in rais-
ing money, 3
Map of states having Audubon
societies, 128
Map of states having model bird
law, 128
Martin, Richard, introduced Act
in Parliament, 30
Martin Act passed, 5, 30; amend-
ed, 6–7, 31
Mary Ellen, Case of, 135
Massachusetts Audubon Society,
252
Massachusetts, Protective law
passed in, 33; law for aban-
doned animals, 48; for dis-
eased, 49; for humane killing,
86
Massachusetts Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Ani-
mals incorporated, 12; local
agents under, 18; ambulance
service, 81; circular to police-
men, 268–70
Mass. Soc. P. C. C., Views and
activities of the, 141-43
Maxim noiseless gun, 84
Medals and prizes, 29, 107–9
Membership dues and contribu-
tions, 23
Membership list, Expansion of,
25, 27
Membership, Varying types of,
25-27
Merwin, H. C., " Work-horse
parades,” Extract from, 108–
11
Michigan law on vivisection, 39
Michigan societies federated, 29
Minnesota law against docking
horses' tails, 36; of transpor-
tation, 44, 46; for clipped
horses, 55
Minnesota, Public administration
of anti-cruelty laws in, 18–19
Minnesota Society organized, 14
Misdemeanor, Acts of cruelty
constituting a, 33-34
Money, Collection of, 3
Monbegan Island, Cruelties to
sheep on, 68
of, 29
Leipzig, Society formed in, 9;
Anti-Vivisection Society in, 9
Literature, Circulation of educa-
tional, 5, 7-8, 12, 20, 24-25,
28, 29; general humane educa-
tional, 112-19
Literature and Education, La-
dies' Committee of Royal So-
ciety on, 7-8
London Cart Horse Parade So-
ciety, 8
Louisiana law for diseased ani-
mals, 49
Magistrates, Hostile, a mere inci-
dent, 3-4
Maine law of transportation, 44,
45; for humane education, 54;
for fur-bearing animals, 54–55
Maine S. P. A. suppressed cruel-
ties to sheep, 67-69; inspec-
tion of live stock by, 73–74
440
INDEX
Montana, Public administration
of anti-cruelty laws in, 18-19;
requirement for humane educa-
tion, 53–54; neglected cattle
in, 69, 72
Morris Refuge Association of
Philadelphia, 87
Moulton gold medal, The, 108
Mucklé, M. R., president of Pa.
Soc., 13
Munich, Society formed in, 9
National Assoc. of Audubon So-
cieties, 131-32; educational
work of, 132; legislative work
of, 133, 250; bequest to, 254;
educational work of, 255; leaf-
let literature, 318–19
Nature interpretation, Periodical
articles on, 302–9
Nature study, Periodical articles
140, 144; Homer Folks on work
of, 140n
New York State, Target-shooting
at live birds in, 35-36
Newspapers give publicity to
work, 24
North Dakota requirement for
humane education, 53; suffer-
ings of cattle in, 72
Nova Scotia Soc., Appeal of, 27
Offenders, Warning and prose-
cuting, 59–76
Offenses, Character of, 66, 245-46
Ohio Humane Soc., Law creating
the, 212-15
Ohio, Laws of, authorizing hu-
mane societies, 212–15
Oklahoma law prescribes humane
education, 54; cattle ranges in,
71
Organization of societies, 16-21
Ornamentation, Personal, and the
destruction of birds, 130-31
Our Animal Friends, 114
Our Dumb Animals sent to Bands
of Mercy, 97, 113, 114
Overloading animals, 33, 151;
lectures on, 102, 103
on, 302–9
а.
Nebraska law of transportation,
44; for abandoned animals, 47;
cattle ranges in, 71
Neglect of animals misce-
meanor, 41-43
Nevada law of transportation,
44; for abandoned animals, 47
New England country districts,
Cruelties in, 75
New Hampshire requirements in
humane education, 54
New Jersey, Protective law passed
in, 33
New Jersey Society incorporated,
13
New York Anti-Vivisection So-
ciety, Purpose of the, 123
New York Audubon Soc., 252
New York City, Drinking foun-
tains in, 78–79
New York law, the first effective,
33, 150; specific provisions of,
representative, 33–34; of trans-
portation, 44, 46
New York societies federated, 29
New York Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Children,
15n; organization of, 135-6,
154; exclusiveness of the, 138,
Parades, see Work-horse parades
Paris Society organized, 10
Patriotism, Literature on, 100
Patrol, The uniformed, introduced
into N. J., 13
Paving, Objectionable, 81–82
Peace officers, Powers and duties
of, 234-35
Pennsylvania Audubon Soc. or-
ganized, 252
Pennsylvania law of 1860, 32-
33; for abandoned animals,
47; for diseased, 49; for hu-
mane education, 54
Pennsylvania societies federated,
29
Pennsylvania Society P. C. A.,
incorporated, 12–13; charter
members, 13; local agents rep-
resentatives of, 18; activities,
65, 66; instructions to shippers
of poultry, 270–71
INDEX
441
on, 69–71
Penna. Soc. P. C. C., Views of Publications circulated, 8
the, 143–45
Publicity, Methods of securing,
Pennsylvania, Target-shooting at 24-25
live birds in, 36
Pulpit, Periodical discourses from
Penny readings and lectures, 7 the, 6, 7, 8, 106
Periodicals, List of special, 279–
81
Queen, Patronage of the, to the
Pets as members of societies, 26 Royal Society, 6
Philadelphia, Drinking fountains
in, 78; ambulance service in, Rabbit coursing abolished, 62;
81; block pavements in, 81-82 121
Photography, animal, Periodical Range management, J. S. Cotton
articles on, 311-13
Pigeon-shooting illegal in New Red Acre Farm, a home of rest
York, 36; provision for, in Pa., in Stow, Mass., 85-86
36, 63, 121, 153
Report, Annual, a vehicle for
Pine Ridge, a home of rest, at financial support, 26–27
Dedham, Mass., 85
Rhode Island Humane Education
Poisoning, 233
Society, 113; leaflet literature
Pole ax, Use of, in slaughtering, of, 316-17
84
Rights, natural, Question of, 91-
Policemen, Instructions to, 268– 92; H. S. Salt on, 118–19; of
69
animals, as a whole, 121–22
Portland (Me.), Inspection of Rochester Humane Soc., 26; Anti-
live stock at, 73–74
Docking Fund of the, 27;
Poultry, Carrying, 61; abuse of, prizes for school essays, 98-99
63; instructions to shippers of, Rollin, Dr. J. H., State agent of
270-71
Maine, 74–75
Press, Appeals to public through. Royal Buckhounds abolished, 121
the, 5-6,7
Royal personages, Support of, en-
Prize essay competitions in listed, 10
schools, 98-99
Royal Society for the Prevention
Probst, G. A., Lecture on team- of Cruelty to Animals founded,
ing, 104
5; plan of, 5-6; difficulties in
Property in animals, Protection way of, 6; patronage of the
of, 50-53
Queen, 6; governed by a Coun-
Prosecution for flagrant cruelty, cil, 7; prospectus of Committee
6; relatively small, 63; only on literature and education,
an extreme measure, 76–77
7; work of Committee, 7-8;
Prosecutions, Number of, 23, 63 branch organizations, 8; Prince
Protection of birds and game, of Wales president, 10; se-
Directory of officials and or- cured amendments to Martin
ganizations
concerned with, Act, 31; on vivisection, 39n;
173-99
activity of, 65; chief occupa-
Providence, Ambulance service tion of, 121; American Society
in, 81
modeled on the, 148
Public sentiment, A friendly, Runyon, Theodore, charter mem-
needed, 3; means for creating, ber of N. J. Soc., 13
106–19; Mercy Sunday, 106; Russell Sage Foundation, In-
prizes and medals, 107-9; quiries by the, 1
work-horse parades, 109–11; Russian Society, Mother of the
literature, 112-19
Czar protector of the, 10
442
INDEX
Ryergs Infirmary, The, at Fox
Chase, 85
at, 105
Salt, H. S., on Animal Rights,”
118-19
Salting streets, 60, 152
San Diego, Bulletin of State
Normal School at, on humane
education, 91-93
San Francisco Society organized,
13; Ambulance Fund of, 27;
activities, 65; maintains water-
ing troughs, 79; ambulance
service, 81; Bulletin of the, 115
School children as junior mem-
bers, 26
Schools, Introduction into, of
books on humanity to animals,
5, 12; visited, 8
Science, Supplement to, on bird
protection, 249
Scott, G. A, H., Lectures on laws
relating to cruelty, 103, 104,
105
Sea-birds, Protection of, 254
Sermons, addresses, lectures, etc.,
106
Sheep, Cruelties practiced on,
67-69
Shelter, The, introduced into New
Jersey, 13
Shoeing, Conference on, in Bos-
ton, 105
Shooting-bolt weapon, 258
Sick, Proposed lectures on hu-
mane treatment of the, 277
Slaughter houses, Regulation of,
32, 63, 83
Slaughtering, Humane, 258–59
Societies for prevention of cru-
elty to animals, Whole number
of, 9; German, 9–10; French,
10; American, 10–14; statis-
tics of activities, 15; organiza-
tion and management of, 16-
28; local, independent
branches of state, 18; financial
management of, 21-24; types
of membership, 25–26; federa-
tion, 28–29; new, 29; annual
conference of, 29; incorpora-
tion of, 57–58; practical activ-
ities of, 59–119; warning or
prosecuting offenders, 59-76;
activities of local, special, 67–
82; work of, in improving con-
ditions, 76–89
Society for the Protection of
Birds, 8
South American countries, Pro-
tective laws in, 32
South Bend, Ind., Free lectures
South Dakota law of transporta-
tion, 44; for humane education,
53-54
Spain, Painless killing of cattle
in, 83-84
Spencer, Mrs. Anna Garlin,
Course of lectures in humane
education proposed by, 276–78
Sport, No society for reformation
of, 121
Sports Dept. of Humanitarian
League, 121
Sportsman, The, vs. cattle, 31
Sprague gold prize, The, for es-
say on humane education, 108–9
Stables, Inspection and care of,
262-63
Stall, Rules for care of the, 101
State officials for protection of
birds and game, 175-86
State organizations for protec-
tion of birds and game, 190–95
Statistical inquiry blank, 237
Statistics of activities of socie-
ties, 15, 65-67; financial, 22-
23; collection of, 29
Statutes, specific, Reasons for, 35
Stillman gold medal, The, for
child protection, 108
Stock, live, Transportation of,
29, 31, 43-47; inspection of
export, 73–74
Stock, range, Sufferings of, 29,
69-72
Stockyard abuses, 72-74
Street paving watched, 81-82
Striking-bolt instruments, 258
Stuttgart, Society formed in, 9
Suffering, The question of useless
and cruel, 92, 93
or
INDEX
443
Sufferings, Removing and im-
proving conditions of, 76–89
Sunday, Animal, in Great Britain,
106
Sunday, Mercy, 106
Swill-milk cases, 62–63, 153
Virginia law for abandoned ani-
mals, 48
Vivisection, Forty-three German
societies against, 9, 10n; laws
regulating, 31,
31, 32, 38-39;
Royal Commission on, 32; pro-
visions of English Act relating
to, 39–41; world-wide move-
ment against, 122; contentions
for, 123–25; claims of oppo-
nents of, 126–27, 153
Vivisection, Letter of Henry
Bergh on, 272–73; letter of
William James on, 274–75;
periodical articles on, 292–94
Vivisection Reform Society of
Chicago, 123n
Target-shooting at live birds,
35-36
Temporary Home for Lost and
Starving Dogs, 8
Terns, Wholesale slaughter of,
247; again threatened, 254
Texas, State Bureau organized
in, 20; requirements in humane
education, 54
Thayer, Abbott H., Efforts of,
for protection of sea-birds, 254
Throwing substances injurious to
animals in public places, 233
Tracts, Circulation of suitable, 5;
distribution of, 7; G. T. An-
gell's provision for, 12
Training, Facilities for special,
100–6; pamphlets and cards of
advice, 100–2; practical lec-
tures, 102–5
Transportation of animals, Laws
regulating the, 31, 43-47;
under British Board of Agri-
culture, 45–46; federal and
state laws for intra-state ship-
ments needed, 56; reform in,
61; extract from law, 225-26
Trap-shooting, 233
Walcker, Dr. Karl, “Der Tier-
schutz und die Tierquälereien,”
10n
War and peace, Proposed lectures
on, 276
Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Cru-
elties at, 74
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture: Bur.
of Biological Survey, Circular
No. 70, 173–99; nucleus of,
248; value of work done, 248n
United States, Protective laws in
the, 32-33
Warnings and admonitions, 66, 75
Washington Co. (Me.) Grand
Jury, 68-69
Washington Humane Soc., 65;
maintains drinking fountains,
79
Washington law of transporta-
tion, 44; for abandoned ani-
mals, 47; for humane educa-
tion, 54
Water used at drinking fountains
and stations in New York City,
79
Watering troughs, Erection of,
77-80
Watson's, Sir Thomas, principles
of experimentation, 124–25
Weather, Protection from the, 55
West Virginia, Public adminis-
tration of anti-cruelty laws in,
19; law of short distance car-
rying, 46; law for abandoned
animals, 48
West Va. Humane Soc. a State
Board, 19
Whitehead, E. K., Text-book in
Vermont law of transportation,
45; for fur-bearing animals,
54-55
Vienna Society organized, 10;
Archduke Rainer protector of
the, 10
humane education by, 90n
Wild animals, Periodical articles
298-99
on,
444
INDEX
Wild-birds, Protection of, 32,
249–50, 252; National Reserva-
tions for, 133
Women's Auxiliary Board of
Am. S. P. C. A., 98; Work-
horse parade of the, 111
Women's Pa. Soc., 27, 65; main-
tains drinking fountains in
Philadelphia, 78, 80; the Ryerss
Infirmary, 85; disposition of
cats and dogs, 88
Work, Educational, 89–119
Work, Remedial, 76–89
Work, Repressive, 59–76
Work-Horse Parade, Circular of
Boston, 260-64
"Work-horse parades,” by H.
C. Merwin, Extract from, 109–
11; cities having, 111
World League against Vivisec-
tion and for the General Pro-
tection of Animals, 123; re-
marks of President Förster, 126
Wright, John D., an organizer of
A. S. P. C. C., 135
Wyoming, Public administration
of anti-cruelty laws in, 19; law
for abandoned animals, 48; for
humane education, 53–54; neg-
lected cattle in, 69
Young Defenders, 93; Bands of,
98
MAR 29 1920
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