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RGINIA
RING P
Etatis Sua 21 A.1616.
Sa
Soffor &
Matoaks als Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prines
Powhatan Emperour of Attano ughkomouck at Virg
converted and baptized in the Chriftian faith, onde
Wife to the
POCAHONTAS
FROM THE ORIGINAT
FRECTORY
WLSREPAR
MATO
THE BOOTON HALL PORTRAIT
1616

POCAHONTAS
ELLA LORAINE DORSEY
ILLUSTRATED
PUBLISHED BY
GEORGE E. HOWARD
WASHINGTON, D. C.
1906
W
0-3
603
978
Copyright by
ELLA LORAINE DORSEY
October 6, 1906
Introduction. .
Chapter I-The Discovery and Naming of Virginia
Chapter II-The First Colony.
•
Chapter III-The Driving at Roanoke.
Chapter IV-The Lost Colony.
Chapter V-John Smith's Virginia.
Chapter VI-Pocahontas.
Appendixes
CONTENTS
Algonquin
Iroquois
Pamunkey
The Portraits of Pocahontas
Notes on the Rolfe Family.
Notes on the American Indians..
•
•
•
•
376953
•
•
I
PAGE
3
5
9
II
14
17
21
31-46
47
52
54
56
56
58
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Booton Hall Portrait....
The Sedgeford Hall Portrait..
The Turkey Island Portrait.
Ideal Portrait
Ideal Portrait
Captain John Smith.
Powhatan's Rock and Grave
Lord De la Ware...
2
•
...Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
8
9
16
17
24
25
30
INTRODUCTION
BI
O BRING out in its full significance the benefit
conferred on our Western civilization by the
gentle Indian Princess Pocahontas, it has
seemed well to pass in review, however cur-
sorily, the expeditions of discovery and colonization, under-
taken from 1583 to 1606; for, while Sir Humphrey Gilbert's
untimely death nips speculation in the bud to Northward,
the five expeditions of Sir Walter Raleigh and his Captains
force the realization that his courage, wealth, ambition and
influence could not purchase success, nor could the faithful
cooperation of his Captains make permanent his attempted
settlements, even with the support of the friendly natives—
Granganameo, Manteo and Ensenore-and the material
wealth in pelt, pearl and copper the land offered.
His grants brought only grief, loss and death, and it was
not until the little Snow Feather of Powhata took under her
special care the English soldier Captain John Smith and his
handful of adventurers, that the Anglo-Saxon race found a
permanent foothold in the new world.

In his petition to Queen Anne on her behalf Captain
Smith states that not only did she save his life *
* but
"so prevailed with her father that I was safely conducted to
"James towne, where I found about eight and thirtie mis-
"erable poore and sicke creatures to keepe possession of all
"those large territories of Virginia, such was the weakness
"of this poore Commonwealth, as had the salvages not fed
"us we directly had starved."
3
4
Introduction
If this little pamphlet leads to a better understanding of
its heroine and a wider-spread appreciation of the service
she rendered our race and country, it will have fulfilled its
modest mission.
The dates given throughout are as cited in the old editions
and documents quoted, but if we remember (as Miss Black
of Heacham says) that "in the Seventeenth Century the
"months up to March 25th reckon with the previous year,”
all apparent discrepancies disappear.
It is a great pleasure to acknowledge herewith the cour-
tesy of:
Captain F. E. C. Ryan, R. N., Naval Attache of the English
Embassy.
Captain Herbert Neville-Rolfe, R. N., of Nailsea House,
Somerset, England.
Miss B. J. Black of the Church House, Heacham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk, England.
The Rev. Lionel Gedge, Rector of St. George's at Graves-
end.
Mr. John Carter of Helena, Montana.
Mr. Hugh Carter of Helena, Montana.
Mrs. Columbia Newton Paine of Washington, D. C., and
Mr. W. G. Stannard, Librarian of the Virginia Historical
Society, who has enabled me to secure photographs of
the Booton Hall portrait and the so-called “ideal”
paintings by the Sullys.
ELLA LORAINE DORSEY.
POCAHONTAS
CHAPTER I
THE DISCOVERY AND NAMING OF VIRGINIA

LL students of history know the stories of the
discovery of America by the Chinese and Jap-
anese, who were blown to the West coast by the
great winds of the Pacific, or carried thither
by its mighty currents. The tale of the Bhuddist priests.
who landed in the 5th century of the Christian era in a
country they called Fu-sang, and from which they found
the way home, is so circumstantial that some identification
with Mexico has been claimed.
The discoveries on the East Coast by the Norsemen who
came and went, and came again and planted colonies, are
accepted with slight reservation, and the voyages of:
Gunnbiorn in 876.
Eric the Red in 985.
Bjarni Herjulfson in 987.
Lief, Eric's son, in 1000, and the
Zeno brothers of Venice, in 1390,
are recorded with fair precision.
But except, as it left an aura of tradition and cultivated
courage, our destinies were untouched until the period
treated in that curious and interesting volume:
"The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England and
"the Summer Isles," by Captain John Smith, London edi-
tion 1627, reprinted at the Franklin Press, Richmond, in
1819. Wm. W. Gray, Printer.
ทา
5
6
Pocahontas
It lies before me now, a bit of war-tossed flotsam, and
as the ter-centenary of the events it records is drawing near
its contents become of unusual interest.
It opens with a list in orderly perspective, as far as Cap-
tain Smith knew it, of the men who adventured for various
motives into the new world before the planting of James-
town.
"1170 Madock, Prince of Wales.
1418 Hanno, Prince of Carthage.
1492 Chr. Collumbus.
1497 John Cabot.
1576 Sir Martin Frobisher.
1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert.
1585 Captaine Amidas.
1585 Sir Richard Grenvill.
1586 Sir Richard Grenvill.
1587 Master White.
1589 Master White.
1602 Captaine Gosnoll.
1603 Captaine Pring.
1605 Captaine Waymouth."
It is a generous list, and he tells us in pleasant fashion
what he knows of each, quoting authors and embodying
where possible the narratives of eye-witnesses.
He begins conservatively:
"For the stories of Arthur, Malgo, and Brandon that say
"a thousand years ago they were in the North of America;
"or the Fryer of Linn that by his black art went to the
"North Pole in the yeare 1360 in that I know them
"not." * * *
"The Chronicles of Wales report," &c., &c. (See Ap-
pendix A.)
The discoveries of the Cabots, and Hakluyt's2 Voyages
established a solid basis for and inducement to continued
discoveries and settlement, for every ship that came in from
Pocahontas
7
the West was like a shuttle drawing after it a wonderful
thread of truth which when woven into a tissue was open
to embellishments that set the hearts and brains of the
people on fire from the cabin to the throne.
After Sir Gilbert Humphrey's death his half-brother,
Sir Walter Raleigh, then high in favor and seeking to climb
still higher the perilous steep of court success, obtained
letters patent from Queen Elizabeth and induced many
Knights and Gentlemen "to adventure with him to find a
"place fit for a Plantation."
4
Here our history begins, for Raleigh determined to send
to Southward, and having associated with himself Sir
Richard Grenville, Mr. Wm. Sanderson and other gentle-
men and merchants, two small barks were fitted out, com-
manded by Captain Philip Amidas and Captain Barlow.
The letters patent granted him wer for "discovering and
"planting new lands and countries not actually possessed
"by any Christians," and on the 27th of April, 1584, they
sailed from the Thames, passed the Canary Islands on May
10, and the West Indies on June 10.
They nearly made the 4th of July their landing day, for
on the 2nd they touched the shoal water of the Florida³
coast, but sailed 120 miles before they found a harbor. Here
they landed on an island", and found it a fair country, but
it was not until the third day that they saw any of the
natives.
Then three men appeared in a canoe, one of whom came
freely among the English without any sign of fear or en-
mity; and after receiving hospitality from them he re-
turned it with a catch of fish and went his way. The next
day the King's brother, with forty or fifty men, visited them.
(See Appendix B), and later he brought his wife and
children.
The description of her modesty, her costume, and the
gentle hospitality she afterwards showed the English in
her "cedar house of five rooms" makes very pleasant read-
ing. From her and her people they obtained much informa-
8
Pocahontas
M
tion about the mainland and the tribes that inhabited it-
their kings, their cities, their lands, their crops, and es-
pecially their wars.
Of the great pearls of the Cipo river they were freely
told, and of the fierce warriors of the Neus river-the
deadly enemies of Wingina, her king and brother-in-law.
The friendship and good-will of the people, the abundant
game, the climate, the stately woods and fair islands sent
the explorers back with such glowing reports that when they
reached England the middle of September the same year
(1585) "it pleased her Maiestie to call the country of
"Wingandacoa Virginia, by which name now you are to
"understand how it was planted, disolved, reuned and en-
"larged."

1000
THE SEDGEFORD HALL PORTRAIT

THE TURKEY ISLAND PORTRAIT
CHAPTER II
THE FIRST COLONY IN VIRGINIA

HE second chapter of American history was
then begun, for, after this discovery, coloniza-
tion was attempted by Sir Walter Raleigh. The
fateful name Croatan appears, and the first re-
T
cord of Manteo.
Sir Richard Grenville sailed the 9th of April, 1585, from
Plymouth with seven ships. His Captains were:
"Master Ralph Layne.
Master Thomas Candish.
Master John Arundel.
Master Stukeley.
Master Bremige.
Master Vincent.
Master Heryot and
Master John Clarke."
They made a swift voyage, for on the 7th of May they
reached Dominico, and on the 20th were welcomed by that
spitting dragon Cape Fear in a manner characteristic of it
to this day.
But they escaped and the Admiral sent to Roanoke to
Wingina, and Master Arundel went to the mainland with
Manteo, "a salvage," and the same day to Croatan.
In June during the first expedition of discovery on
the mainland the explorers committed an act of violence
that seems entirely disproportionate to the offence. They
tell it without comment: although it was the beginning of
our Indian wars.
"At Aquascogoc the Indians stole a silver cup, wherefore
"we burnt the towne and spoyled their corne."
10
Pocahontas
Then Grenville,2 after a further short exploration, sailed
for home and left the first Anglo-Saxon colony in "Virginia"
(108 persons) to hold the domain, with Ralph Layne³ as
Governor.
The latter's report is conservative and intelligent, and is
well worth reading. He has condensed explorations, rumors,
and reports of the natives under the head of:
"The most remarkable things of the country and our
"proceeding from Aug. 17, 1585 to June, 1586," and these
briefed are:
1. A town of the Chesapeakes from Roanoke, 130 miles.
2. Passaquenock, the women's town.
3. The River Moratoc, 30 or 40 days' journey to the
head.
4. Menatonon, King of the Chawonocks, "lame, but more
"understanding than all the rest.”
5. A deep water island, "three days journey by river
"and four days by land to Northeast, belonging to a King
"who took such an abundance of pearles that his very beds.
"and houses were garnished with them," and he had a trade
with white men for them.
6. The head of the Moratoc, which sprang from a rock
"so neare the sea that in stormes it beat over into this
"fresh spring that of it selfe at the surse is a violent stream.”
4
7. The mine of copper (Wassador), with the native
method of collecting and smelting the ore.
8. The conspiracy of Pemissapan, (of which warning was.
given by Skico, the son of the lame King), and the fight in
which he was killed with eight of his men.
9. The dramatic arrival of Sir Francis Drake with 23
sail, and the sailing of the colonists for England, June, 1586,
and their arrival in Portsmouth, July.27.
It is a stirring story, but stained with blood, and is the
very antithesis of the narrative of Mr. Thomas Heriot"
("that learned mathematician") who devotes his pages to
the flora, fauna, commercial possibilities in dyes, lumber,
tar, rosin, &c., and the habits and religion of the natives.
(See Appendix C.)
CHAPTER III
THE DRIVING AT ROANOKE

OVERNOR LAYNE states as one of his rea-
sons for abandoning the settlement, that there
was "no hope of the returne of Sir Richard
"Grenvill:" which seems strange, as that gal-
lant gentleman was already on his way with three ships, but
he reached Hatteras some fifteen days too late to catch the
ship fitted out by Raleigh and his associates, which had left
England about Easter.
Seeking the colony up and down the coast and failing to
find them the provision ship had returned to England, but
Grenville was made of sterner stuff, and although he found
no news and the place abandoned he was unwilling to lose
possession of the country, and so landed fifty men on the Isle
of Roanoke, provisioned the settlement for two years, and
then he too returned to England, and the sea and the wind
were the only messengers that came and went until 1587,
when the three ships sent out by Mr. White arrived.
They reached Hatteras on the 22nd of July, and forty of
the best men went ashore at Roanoke, expecting to find
the fifty left by Sir Richard Grenville.
But the plantation was deserted, and the houses were over-
grown with weeds; the fort was defaced, and the bones of
a dead man were all they found.
Much puzzled they set to work and repaired the houses,
but Master George How, a member of the Council "strag-
ling abroad," was slain by the natives.
Then the ever-faithful Manteo and Captain Stafford, with
twenty men went to Croatan to search for tidings of the fifty
men of Grenville; Manteo's friends told him that Master
II
12
Pocahontas
How was slain by the men of Wingina (Pemissapan) and
the Roanokes told him that the men he sought were sud-
denly set upon by 300 Secotan, Aquascogoc and Dassamon-
peak.
There had been a treacherous friendship, begun with
eleven of their number, and then in a flash came the driv-
ing of the English: one was slain, the rest made a rush for
the houses and barricaded, but the Indians set fire to them
and forced them out; fighting furiously with whatever they
could pick up they retreated to their boats, into which they
took four of their number who were gathering crabs and
oysters, and made toward Hatteras for a little island, where
they landed. There they remained a short while, and then the
Indians declared "they departed, they knew not whither."
Alas, they had reaped what the colony of Layne had
sown, for the gentle Heriot says of his fellows:
"Some of our Company toward the latter end, and before
"we came away with Sir Francis Drake showed themselves
"too furious in slaying some of the people in some townes,
"upon causes that on our part might have been borne with
"more mildness."
After waiting seven days for the arrival of the King and
Governors of the guilty tribes, a punitive expedition was or-
ganized by Governor John White, who went against the
allied powers of the forest with Captain Stafford and
24 men, guided by Manteo, of whom they say: "he behaved
"himselfe towards us as a most faithful English man."
But the slayers of Mr. How and the drivers of Roanoke
had fled; and so they returned after a mistake that nearly
proved fatal to the friendly Croatans, (whom they attacked,
thinking them the enemy), the latter having gone to gather
the corn of the run-aways.
In August two events took place in the colony that ex-
cited the liveliest interest. On the 13th Manteo was
christened and created Lord of Dassamonpeake in reward
of fidelity; and on the 18th "Ellinor, the Governor's daugh-
"ter, and wife to Ananias Dare, was delivered of a daugh-
+
13
Pocahontas
"ter in Roanoak, which, being the first Christian there borne
"was called Virginia."
*
About this time, unfortunately, the Governor and his
twelve assistants fell into "Controversies *
about
"choosing one of them twelve to goe as a Factor for them
"all to England, for all refused save one, whom all men
"thought most insufficient: the conclusion was by a generall
"consent they would have the Governor goe himselfe, for
"that they thought none would so truly procure there sup-
"plyes as he."
The shocking accident to the twelve men as they tried to
weigh anchor, and the cutting of the cable after the second
accident, ended in the fly-boat being driven to Smerwick
(in the West of Ireland), “but the Governor went for Eng-
"land; and Simon Ferdinando with much adoe at last ar-
"rived at Portsmouth 1587."
CHAPTER IV
THE LOST COLONY

USTIFYING the confidence reposed in him, Mr.
John White, the Governor of Roanoke, sailed
on the 20th of March, 1589, from Plymouth
with three ships.³
He says:
after we had
** ** *
* *
"We came by way of Domenico
"done some exployts in those parts
we came the
"15th of August to Hatorask
and cast anchor three
"leagues from shore, where we might perceive a smoak at
"the place where I left the Colony in 1587. But Captain
"Cook and Captain Spicer and their companies found no
“man nor signs of any that had been there lately."
Unwilling to return without news, they discharged their
ordnance, but the echoes died to silence and the boats came
back to the ships.
14
** *
Next morning, although a northeast wind was flogging
the sea to madness along the shoals, they tried again for
Roanoke with eleven men divided between the two boats;
but Captain Spicer, Ralph Skinner and five others were
drowned, while the other four were rescued with difficulty
by Captain Cook. Utterly discouraged, but responding to
their officers, they made a third effort the next day, with
nineteen men in two boats, and succeeded.
As they landed they saw a fire gleaming and flickering
through the trees, and they sent the joyous challenge of a
trumpet to announce their coming and call out their friends:
but the mysterious silence was unbroken, and all night the
strange fire flashed its message against the darkness, but the
script no man could read, and when they went in by day
they found only grass and rotten trees burning.
15
Pocahontas
White tells the story with the simple dignity of a great
tragedy:
"We went up and down the Ile, and at last found three
"faire Roman Letters carved, C R O, which presently we
"knew to signifie the place where I should find them, ac-
"cording to a secret note between them and me: which was
"to make the name of the place they would be in upon some
"tree, door, or post: and if they had beene in any distresse,
"to signifie it by making a crosse over it. For at my de-
"parture they intended to goe fifteen myles into the mayne.
"But we found no signe of distresse: then we went to a place
"where they were left in sundry houses, but we found them
"all taken downe, and the place strongly enclosed with a
"high Palizado, very Fort-like; and in one of the chief posts
"carved in faire capital letters, CRO A TA N, with-
"out any signe of distresse, and many barres of Iron, two
"pigs of lead, foure Fowlers, Iron shot and suchlike heavie
"things throwne here and there, overgrowne with grasse
"and weeds. We went by the shore to seeke for their boats,
"but could find none, nor any of the Ordnance I left them.
"At last some of the Sailers found divers Chists had been
"hidden and digged up againe, and much of the goods
"spoyled and scattered up and downe, which, when I saw
"I knew three of them to be my owne, but bookes, pictures
"and all things els were spoyled. Though it much grieved
"me" concludes the father of Ellinor and the grandfather of
little Virginia Dare, "yet it did much comfort me that I did
"know they were at Croatan
The next morning
"we weighed anchor for Croatan:
having the
"anchor a-peak the cable broke, by the meanes where of we
"lost another: letting fall the third."
* *
*
* * *
This seemed to be a signal the demon of Hatteras was
waiting for, and a storm arose that blew all night, and so
nearly wrecked them that the Vice Admiral bore away for
England, although they "begged him to come to St. John's
"Ile, Hispaniola or Trinidad, there repair and re-provision,
"and then to come again in the Springe to seeke their
2
16
Pocahontas
•
"countrymen. But he would not * * * And thus we
"left seeking our Colonie that was never any of them found,
"nor seen to this day (1622) * * *""
This much for history: but tradition, through all the
changes of three centuries has hovered like the smoke of
a camp-fire over this hidden trail: and quite recently a claim
of descent from the lost colony has been brought forward
by a large body of people of mixed-blood in Robeson County
in the Southern part of North Carolina. The claim is
strong enough to have secured from the State their official
recognition as a separate people under the name of Croatan
Indians.
Croatan itself was an island south of Roanoke Island:
now, by the shifting of the sand, it is probably a part of
Hatteras or Ocracoke Island.
A town is named for Manteo, in North Carolina, and very
properly it is in Dare County; while the Capital of the State
still rests in the city called for the gallant and unfortunate
Raleigh.

IDEAL PORTRAIT

IDEAL PORTRAIT
CHAPTER V
JOHN SMITH'S VIRGINIA

OHN Brierton says:
"All hopes of Virginia being thus aband-
"oned it lay dead and obscured from 1590 till
"1602," and then he gives a very pleasing ac-
count of the voyage to the North of Virginia (now New
England) by Captain Gosnold, Captain Gilbert, "and divers
“gentlemen, their associates."
In this voyage by an accident of wind a new route five
hundred leagues shorter was discovered, and Martha's Vine-
yard was raised and explored and named.
Then a leaf from Robert Salterne's log tells of the voyage
undertaken in 1603 by Captain Martin Pring, whom he de-
scribes as "an understanding gentleman.nd a sufficient
"Mariner for Captaine." (Salterne had been Gosnold's
pilot) to the same part of Virginia-"about latitude 43°.
And finally James Rosier gives a delightful relation of
the journey undertaken to Southward of 39°, but which
cross winds forced to the Northward of Virginia, "by Cap-
"tain George Waymouth, 1605, employed thether by the
"Right Honorable Thomas Arundell, Baron of Warder."
*
The discovery of a great river, which the men "that had
"seene Oranoque, Reogrande, Loyer and Slion declared
"exceeded them beyond comparison,” its exploration
for thirty-three miles, and the planting of a large cross
at the turning point are well described: the temptations of
good trade, and more discoveries were put aside "because
"our company was but small we would not hazard so hope-
"full a businesse as this one, either for our private or particu-
"lar ends, being more regardfull of a publicke good, and
"promulgating God's holy church by planting Christianity,
"which was the intent of our adventurers so well as ours.'
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
""
17
""
18
Pocahontas
The story of the voyage, begun December 19, 1606, is
too well known to repeat.
Captain John Smith, Mr. Edward Maria Wingfield, the
Rev. Robert Hunt "and divers others" in three ships, "one
"of one hundred tons, one of forty tons, and a pinnace of
"twenty" tempted the wintry Atlantic. Captain Christopher
Newport (See Appendix D) was in command, and the or-
ders for the government were in a sealed box.
Six weeks they blew about in sight of England, and the
triumph of Robert Hunt's pious soul over his weakness.
and sickness was nearly as remarkable as that he won over
certain of the crew and company: then the wind favored
them and:
* * "they watered at the Canaries, traded at Domenica,
"refreshed themselves among these West India isles
"(Guadalupe, Monica, Mevis, Mona and the Virgin isles")
and were off at last for Virginia; but they oversailed their
reckoning by three days yet saw no land; then a great
storm blew them to a port none knew of.
This was the mouth of the Chesapeake, and the first
actual landing² was at the Cape which they promptly named
Henry, for the Prince of Wales, and where they had their
first taste of the courage and metal of the "salvages," the
thirty voyagers who were recreating on shore being attacked
by five natives, "who hurt two of the English very danger-
"ously."
The next characteristic happening was the opening of the
secret instructions, and holding the first informal meeting
of the Council, which was composed of:
"Bartholomew Gosnoll,a
John Smith,
Edward Wingfield,
Christopher Newport,
John Ratliffe, (Ratcliffe),
John Martin, and
George Kendall."
3
Pocahontas
19
They found they had the right (1) to elect a Presi-
dent for a year, (2) examination by jury, with a referendum
to the Council, the majority of whom decided the question
and (3) the President had two voices.
"Until the 13th of May they sought a place to plant in,"
then the Council of Jamestown was sworn in, Wingfield
was chosen President, and Captain Smith-excluded from
the body!
This act of jealously and subversion of the King's order,
with the subsequent injustices committed against this
splendid soldier threatened the very existence of the colony
for the first fourteen weeks, but Mr. Hunt seems to have
reconciled them in a measure, as * * * "the next day
"all received the communion together, the day following
"the Salvages voluntarily desired peace, and Captain New-
"port returned for England
* leaving in Virginia
“one hundred, the 15th of June, 1607."
* *
In a narration signed:
"John Smith writ this with his owne hand," he says:
(( * * * This Virginia is a country in America, be-
"tween the degrees of 34 and 45 of the North Latitude.
"The bounds thereof on the East side are the great Ocean :
"on the South lyeth Florida: on the North nova Francia:
"as for the West thereof the limitations are unknowne.* Of
"all this country we purpose not to speake but only of that
"part which was planted by the English men in the yeare
"of our Lord, 1606. And this is under the degrees 37, 38
"and 39 * * *",
He had named the second of the guardian Capes for
"Baby Charles" and the greatest of the rivers for the King,
"the pleasant rivers" he calls them, "which are inhabited
"by several nations, or rather families, of the name of the
"rivers," and he gives Apamatuck, Nandsamond, Chicka-
hominy, Pamunky, Potomac, and others equally familiar.
*When Sir Francis Drake in his circumnavigation of the globe
touched on the California coast he called it "the back part of Vir-
ginia."
20
Pocahontas
He sums up the fighting men of the country, compares
the physique of the tribes (giving the palm to the Susque-
hannocks), describes fruits, vegetables, game, fish and soil.
His descriptions of their costumes and weapons are invalu-
able to the artist and sculptor, and furnish the student
with priceless details as to the degree of civilization exist-
ing among the so-called savages.
His faithful account of what happens to any one eating
"an unripe Putchamin" (persimmon) appeals to every one
who has ever tried it.
He bears emphatic testimony to the modesty of the
women's dress, and gives a spirited account of a startling
ear-ornament worn by some of the men-"a small greene
"and yellow colored snake neare halfe a yard in length,
"which crawling and lapping herselfe about his necke often
"times familiarly would kiss his lips."
This was not the snake of the temperance sermons, for
there is a saying to this day: "There was no poison in the
"Indian corn till the white man came."
Another gruesome ornament was "the hand of an enemy
"dryed."
Devil worship with human (child) sacrifice seems to have
been practiced.
But the cannibalistic usages of the Eastern American
tribes after a victory (or in the case of a specially notable
capture) were more or less sacrificial in their intent; and
were supposed to convey to those who partook the courage
and subtlety of those sacrificed.
Kings were mummified, the abdomen stuffed with beads,
hatchets, etc., the bodies decorated with great treasures of
copper, pearl, etc., then wrapped in doeskin, rolled in a
mat, and put in the temple of the Powhatans at Pamunky.
(See Appendix E.)
Their tribal government was based on the clan system,
(with descent in the female line), their warriors were fiery
and expert, and in this Virginia of Captain John Smith
Powhatan was lord by conquest of thirty of its forty tribes.
CHAPTER VI
POCAHONTAS
T
HE value and necessity to the Colony of this
grim monarch's friendship cannot be overestim-
ated; for he was not only a truculent warrior
and rigid disciplinarian with a death penalty
dangling forever at the end of his stone hatchet; but his
prophetic distrust of the white men and their ultimate de-
signs on his people and power, never slept.

His real name was Wahunsonacook, Powhatan being the
name of his tribe, and he was originally chief or wero-
wance of but eight peoples. He lived sometimes at the vil-
lage of Powhata (near the site of the present Richmond),
and sometimes at Weronocomoco, about 15 miles from
Jamestown, and "the Powhatan Confederacy" was the
union of the Algonquin tribes of Eastern Virginia, whose
territory included from the Chesapeake Bay to just west
of an imaginary line drawn through Fredericksburg, Peters-
burg and Richmond.
He was reckoned to be about sixty years old when he first
met the English, and the fear of him lay so heavy on the
land that his will was law, disobedience a death warrant;
and yet his love for his son, Nantauquaus, was a standard
of affection, and for his daughter, Pocahontas, he often
changed his savage nature, laid down revenge, and even at
the last made a treaty of peace with the white men, which
he kept to the day of his death.
Judging by the inscription on her picture Pocahontas was
born in 1595, and following the custom described by Cap-
tain Smith (“men, women and children have their severall
"names, according to the severall humor of their Parents")
had three names-Amonate, mentioned by Ralph Hamor,
Matoax, her secret name, which meant "The little Snow-
21
:22
Pocahontas
"feather," and Pocahontas, which means "A bright stream
"between two hills;" and it is not too much to say that this
young girl did more to influence the fate of the Western
continent than any other woman in the world, except Queen
Isabella.
In the account written by Thos. Studley, who signs him-
self:
"The First Cape Merchant in Virginia," he tells of Smith's
endless courage, energy, patience, sagacity, humor, and his
marvellous executive ability.
He also relates this great soldier's voyage for trade, his
voyage for food, and he tells in detail of the capture and
the saving of his life by "Pocahontas, the King's dearest
""daughter."
The Indians had dragged him to the two great stones,
which they had brought and set before Powhatan, and had
laid his head upon one "being ready with their clubs to
"beate out his braines," but she, "when no intreaty could pre-
“vaile, got his head in her armes and laid her owne upon his
"to save him from death: whereat the Emperor was con-
"tented he should live to make him hatchets, and her bells,
"beads and copper, for they thought him as well of all occu-
"pations as themselves. For the King himselfe will make
"his own robes, shoes, bowes, arrowes, pots; * * *",
G
In his own account of this rescue, given in his petition to
Queen Anne on behalf of Pocahontas, Smith uses the ex-
pression "after some six weeks fatting among those Sal-
"vage Courtiers she hazarded the beating out of her owne
"braines to save mine."
In "entreating" for his life Pocahontas was well inside
her tribal rights and privileges as an Algonquin maiden,
for the women were admitted to or had a voice in the coun-
cils, and they could by adoption settle the fate of prisoners;
but even this best loved child of Powhatan required an al-
most supernatural courage to come between the fierce auto-
crat and his prisoner in the way she hazarded "when no in-
"treaty could prevaile:" for he was the supreme power, and
Pocahontas
his reasons for sacrificing Smith were the most cogent his
native instinct could suggest.
To Charles Deane (1859) belongs the ungracious distinc-
tion of first casting doubt on this story.
To Professor Edward Arber (1884) belongs the credit
of sifting this doubt to chaff and leaving whole the facts
as we have always known them in the Tidewater Country
of Virginia and here across the Potomac.
23
Studley and Edward Harrington give a spirited account
of Smith's return to Jamestown, his masterly seizure of the
situation when his white associates, more cruel than his
savage captors, attempted his life and liberty; and they add
emphatic testimony that during this bitter winter "ever
"once in foure or five dayes, Pocahontas, with her attend-
"ants, brought him so much provision, that saved many of
"their lives, that els for all this had starved with hunger.
"His (Smith's) relation of the plenty he had seene, especi-
"ally at Werawocomoco and the state and bountie of Pow-
"hatan (which till that time was unknowne) so revived
"their dead spirits (especially the love of Pocahontas) as
"all mens feare was abandoned."
In the "Proceedings of the English Colony in Va. Ex-
"tracted from the authors following," compiled by William
Simons, "Doctour of Divinitie," he says in Chapter III.
"" * * * Captaine Smith, to whom the Salvages as
"is sayd, every other day repaired with such provisions that
"sufficiently did serve them from hand to mouth: part al-
"wayes they brought him as presents from their King, or
"Pocahontas: the rest, he as their Market Clarke set the
"price himselfe how they should sell: so he had inchanted
"these poore soules being their prisoner: and now New-
"port, whom he called his father, arriving, neare as directly
"as he foretold, they esteemed him an Oracle, and had them
“at that submission he might command them as he listed.”
2
During Newport's visit the gold craze broke out, in
spite of Smith's efforts, and the ship staying fourteen weeks
instead of two reduced the colony's provisions to meal and
24
Pocahontas
water; an accidental fire destroyed the grain ware-house,
and the town and "Master Hunt's Liberary and all he had,
"but the cloathes on his backe: yet none never heard him
"repine at his losse. This happened in the Winter in that
"extreme frost 1607," and he casually states the fact that:
“More than halfe of us dyed."
The next appearance of Pocahontas as a peace-maker
and saving power was that Spring during the turmoil and
fighting that followed the failure of Smith to send twenty
swords as a return gift for twenty turkeys sent him by
Powhatan, whose similar gift to Newport had been followed
promptly by the designated swords in exchange.
England had forbidden offending the natives so strictly
that, as Anas Todkill and Studley tell,
66 * * * our authoritie-bearers (keeping their houses)
"would rather be anything than peace-breakers. This
"charitable humor prevailed till well it chanced they medled
"with Captaine Smith, who without farther deliberation gave
"them such an incounter" as brought them suddenly and
completely to terms.
Powhatan sent "his messengers and his dearest daughter
"Pocahontas with presents to excuse him of the injuries
"done by some rash untoward captaines his subjects, desir-
"ing their liberties for this time with the assurances of his
"love forever."
In a day or two after, Smith "delivered them to Poca-
“hontas, for whose sake only he fayned to have saved their
"lives and gave them libertie."
She appeared again in September, as a voluntary hostage
when Smith went with but four companions to try to in-
duce Powhatan to come to Jamestown to receive his pre-
sents, Newport having arrived from England with them,
as well as a plan for a great coronation of the sylvan mon-
arch.
This Smith did as a proof that the rumors about the
savagery of the Indians were untrue, and when he reached

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH

POWHATAN'S ROCK AND GRAVE
Pocahontas
Weronocomoco Powhatan was sent for and Pocahontas en-
tertained them with a sylvan masque.
Its preliminary "shreeking" nearly precipitated a fight,
the English thinking they were ambushed seized their arms
and several prisoners: but Pocahontas came among them
and told them "she laid her life in their hands if any harm
"was intended," and made them satisfy themselves this was
true.
25
In December Smith set forth for discovery and provisions.
They kept Christmas among the savages, and the Wero-
wance of Warraskoyack tried to dissuade them from going
to Powhatan, telling Smith he meant to kill him. But the
intrepid officer thanked him, asked guides from him to
take Master Sicklemore to the Chawonock to search "for
"the lost company of Sir Walter Raleigh, and silke grasse;"
and then went his way with his gentlemen and soldiers,
among the former of whom were Lt. Percy, the brother of
the Earl of Northumberland, and Master Francis West,
brother of Lord De la Ware, and among the latter Anas
Todkill, Wm. Ward and Henry Powell.
Treachery among "the four Dutchmen who were sent
"before to build the house against their arrivall,” being un-
discovered cost them dear then and afterward, but the nego-
tiations went on, the Indian matching the soldier in argu-
ment, and the soldier matching the Indian in subtlety, until
the attempted seizure of Smith and the simultaneous flight of
Powhatan. The failure of the first through the intrepidity
of Smith and John Russell (a very gallant figure in these
early annals) brought Powhatan back with an explanation
of his movements so plausible that all difficulties disap-
peared, the boats were loaded with corn, a guard offered to
protect the weapons, and the Indians gave themselves over
to games and unlimited merriment until nightfall, when
they returned to Powhatan, and the English to their house,
for the outgoing tide had left their boats in the ooze and
they determined to stay until morning.
26
Pocahontas
From the narrative of Wm. Phitteplace and Jeffrey Ab-
bott we learn that:
"Powhatan and his Dutchmen bursting with desire to
"have the head of Captain Smith, for if they could but kill
"him they thought all was theirs, neglected not any oppor-
"tunity to effect his purpose * * * making ready his
"forces to surprise the house and him at supper. Not-
"withstanding the eternall all-seeing God did prevent him,
“and by a strange meanes. For Pocahontas, his dearest
"jewell and daughter, in that darke night came through the
"irksome woods, and told our Captaine great cheare should
"be sent us by any by: but Powhatan and all the power he
"could make would after come and kill us all if they that
"brought it could not kill us with our owne weapons when
"we were at supper.
Therefore if we would live shee
"wished us presently to be gone. Such things as she de-
"lighted in he would have given her: but with the teares
"running downe her cheekes, she said she durst not be seene
"to have any for if Powhatan should know it, she were but
"dead, and so she ranne away by herselfe as she came."
So the surprise came to nothing, and they parted on ap-
parently unbroken terms, as is set forth by Anas Todkill and
Richard Wyffin, the saving of whose life was the next act
of mercy Pocahontas showed the colonists.
At Jamestown the frightful accident of the exploding
powder saved Smith from assassination by his compatriots,
but it compelled his return to England, and again the Eng-
lish nearly perished off the face of Virginia. Things were
so evil at Jamestown, the friction between the colonists
and Indians grew so severe, that the trail of all the new dis-
coveries and new adventures was traced in blood. Smith's
enemies released from his wise control and counsel fell by
their own folly. The two Dutchmen who betrayed him
were brained by Powhatan. Ratcliffe and thirty with him
were also slain by Powhatan, and the "starving time" fell
on Jamestown, a famine so severe that several instances of
cannibalism were proven (one accompanied by murder and
27
Pocahontas
punished by execution) before the arrival of Sir Thomas
Gates and Sir George Sommers2 relieved them.
Meantime the little Snow Feather had again intervened
between death and the English, having managed in the
Ratcliffe massacre to save Henry Spilman "a young gentle-
"man well descended, who lived many years after by her
"meanes among the Patawomekes." And as she herself
stayed among these, her kinspeople, the tide of discontent,
murder, and reprisal rose so high that in 1612 a desperate
plan for relief was undertaken by Captain Argall.
He was sent to the Potomacs to trade for corn, and there
struck up a great friendship with Japazaws, an old ally of
Captain Smith, who told him of the presence in the tribe.
of her "whom Captaine Smith's Relations intituleth the Nun-
"parell of Virginia
many times the preserver of
"him and the whole colonie."
* * *
Argall bribed him with "a copper kettle and other toies"
to deliver her up to him, promising him in no way to hurt
her, but to keep her at Jamestown until they could conclude
a peace with her father, to whom he sent word that "his
"daughter, Pocahontas, he loved so dearly, he must ransome
"with our men, swords, pieces, tooles, &c., hee treacherously
"had stolne." (See Appendix F.)
Powhatan delivered up the men and some of the arms,
but said when his daughter was restored he would "make
"satisfaction for all injuries done, give five hundred bushels
"of corn, and forever be their friend.”
An impasse thus reached Sir Thos. Dale decided at the
end of several months to go up to Powhatan with Argall's
ship and 150 men, and to take with him Pocahontas, the
pacifier, the peace-bringer, the preserver.
After an interlude of "fighting, burning the towne and
"spoyling the corne," a truce of twenty-four hours was called
and two of Pocahontas's brothers came to see her. They
had heard one can only guess what, but when they found
her well, and saw she was well treated "they much re-
"joiced, promising they would perswade her father to re-
28
Pocahontas
“deem her and forever be friends with" the English. The
brothers stayed as hostages while Master John Rolfe and
Master Sparkes went to Powhatan, who refused to see
them, but they spoke with his brother and successor, Ope-
cancanough, and were kindly entertained.
This was in April, 1613, and as crops were to be made, the
truce was extended to the next harvest. But meantime
Master John Rolfe, "an honest gentleman and of good be-
"havior” asked the Governor's permission to marry Poca-
hontas, and she told her brother how matters stood.
Sir Thomas Dale not only approved enthusiastically, but
Powhatan also found it acceptable, "and within ten daies.
"sent Opachisco, an old uncle of hers and two of his sons
"to see the manner of the marriage, and to do in that behalfe
"what they were requested for the confirmation thereof as
"his deputie, which was accordingly done about the first
"part of Aprill, and ever since we have had friendly trade
"and commerce as well with Powhatan himselfe as all his
"subjects."
Pocahontas had been baptized the year before (See Ap-
pendix G), under the name of Rebecca, and her marriage
was followed by unbroken peace, and although Powhatan
would never come to see her he kept himself informed of her
health and how she "and his unknowne sonne lived and loved
"and liked." But when the Governor, Sir Thomas Dale,
sent William Parker with rich gifts to ask the hand of his
youngest daughter (See Appendix H) he refused emphatic-
ally, and Master Parker returned as he came, and she, in-
stead of becoming Lady Dale, was wedded to a great Wero-
wance, who lived "three days journey" from Pamunkey.
<
"During the time" we are told "the Lady Rebecca, alias
"Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, by the diligent care of
"Master John Rolfe, her husband, and his friends, was
"taught to speake such English as might well be understood,
"well instructed in Christianitie, and was become very form-
"all and civill, after our English manner: she had also by him
"a childe, which she loved most dearely, and the Treasurer
Pocahontas
"and Company tooke order both for the maintenance of
“her and it, besides there were divers persons of great ranke
“and qualitie had been very kinde to her, and before she ar-
"rived in London Captaine Smith, to deserve her former
"courtesies, made her qualities knowne to the Queen's most
"excellent Majestie and her Court, and writ a little booke
“to this effect to the Queene."
29
((
This petition he opens by saying: * * * If in-
"gratitude be a deadly poyson to all honest vertues, I must
"be guiltie of that crime if I should omit any meanes to
"be thankfull. So it is," then he recites in language that
springs warm from a grateful and manly heart his rescue
by "Pocahontas, the King's most deare and wel-beloved
"daughter, a childe of twelve or thirteen yeares of age," the
relief of the colonists from starvation by "the lady Poca-
"hontas, that tender virgin;" the warning that averted mas-
sacre when "the dark night could not afright her from
"coming through the irksome woods * * * with her
"best advice to escape his furie; which had he knowne hee
"had surely slaine her;" and how through "two or three
"yeares she next under God was still the instrument to
"preserve this Colonie from death, famine, and utter con-
"fusion, which if in those times had once been dissolved
"Virginia might have laine, as it was at our first arrivall
"to this day. * * * As yet I never begged anything
"of the state, or any, and it is my want of abilitie and her
"exceeding desert, your birth, meanes, and authority her
"birth vertue want and simplicitie doth make me thus and
"humbly to beseech your Majestie to take this knowledge
"of her."
Sir Thomas Dale, Pocahontas and Rolfe arrived in Ply-
mouth June 12, 1616. Her reception is recorded by Purchas,
Chamberlain, Lady De la Ware and others (See Appendix
I), and her presentation at Court, her presence at the Globe
Theatre when the "Tempest" was played, the ball given by
the Bishop of London, the Twelfth Night masque, and the
final act in the drama of this young life which was so short
30
Pocahontas
and yet long enough to unite two hemispheres, two races,
two civilizations.
In the statement signed by Governor Samuel Argall and
John Rolfe himself (See Examinations of Doctor Simons,
two orations published by the London Company, and the
Relation of Lord De la Ware) we read:
"The Treasurer Councell and Company having well furn-
"ished Captain Samuel Argall, the Lady Pocahontas, alias
"Rebecca, her husband, and others in the good (ship) called
"the George, it pleased God at Gravesend to take this young
"lady to His mercie, where she made not more sorrow for
"her unexpected death than joy to the beholders to heare
"and see her make so religious and godly an end. Her little
"childe, Thomas Rolfe, therefore, was left at Plimoth, with
"Sir Lewis Stukley, that desired the keeping of it." (See
Appendix J.)
The entry in St. George's Parish record the church
was burned in 1727-reads:
"1616, Mar. 21, Rebecca Wrolfe, wyffe of Thos Wrolfe,
"gent., a Virginia lady borne, here lies buried in ye chaun-
"celle. (See Appendix K.)
The approaching celebration of the three hundredth anni-
versary of Jamestown has revived all the interest and ro-
mance of those early days. Congress has made great ap-
propriations for the Exposition, foreign nations will partici-
pate, Historical Associations will erect suitable buildings,
monuments and tablets; but of all the figures that loom
against the green background of the primeval forest none
is so distinct, none so undimmed in its soft lustre, as Poca-
hontas of the Gentle Heart.

LORD DE LA WARE
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A
"The Chronicles of Wales report that Madock, sonne to Owen
"Quineth, Prince of Wales, seeing his two brethren at debate who
"should inherit, prepared certaine ships with men and munition, and
"left his country to seeke adventures by sea; leaving Ireland North
"he sayled west till he camed to a land unknowne. Returning home
"and relating what pleasant and fruitfull countries he had seene
"without inhabitants, and for what barren land his brethren and
"kindred did murther one another, he provided a number of ships
"and got with him such men and women as were desirous to live
“in quietnesse, that arrived with him in this new land in the yeare
"1170. Left many of his people there and returned for more. But
"where this place was no history can show.
"The Spanyards say Hanno, a Prince of Carthage, was the first,
"and the next Christopher Collumbus, a Genoesian, whom they sent
"to discover those unknowne parts 1492.
"But we finde by Records, Collumbus offered his service in the
"yeare 1488 to King Henry the Seaventh; and by accident under-
"tooke it for the Spanyards. In the interim King Henry gave a
“Commission to John Cabot and his three sonnes, Sebastian, Lewis
"“and Sautius. John and Sebastian well provided, setting sayle,
"ranged a great parte of this unknowne world, in the yeare 1497.
"For though Collumbus had found certain Iles it was 1498 ere he
"saw the Continent, which was a yeare after Cabot. Now Americus
"came a long time after, though the whole Continent to this day
"is called America, after his name, yet Sebastian Cabot discovered
"much more than them all, for he sayled to about forty degrees
"Southward of the lyne, and to sixty-seven toward the North-
"for which King Henry the Eight Knighted him and made him
"grand Pilate of England. Being very aged, King Edward the
“Sixt gave him a Pention of £166 13s. 4d. yearely. By his direction
"Sir Hugh Willowby was sent to finde out the Country of Russia,
"but the next yeare he was found frozen to death in his Ship, and
"all his Company.
"Mr. Martin Frobisher was sent in the yeare 1576 by our most
"gracious Queene Elizabeth to search for the Northwest passage,
"and Meta incognita-for which he was Knighted, honored and well
"rewarded.
3
31
32
Pocahontas
"Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a worthy Knight, attempted a plantation.
"in some of those parts-and obtained Letters Pattents to his desire:
"but with this Proviso. He should maintaine possession in some
"of those vast Countries within the tearme of sixe years. Yet
"when he was provided with a Navy able to incounter a King's
"power, even here at home they fell in divisions, and so into con-
"fusion, that they gave over the Designe ere it was begun:
"notwithstanding all his losse, his undaunted spirit began again,
"but his fleet fell with Newfound land, and he perished in his
"returne, as at large you may read in the third Volume of the
"English Voyages, written by Mr. Hackluit."
"Upon all those relations and inducements, Sir Walter Raleigh,
"a noble gentleman, and then in great esteeme, undertooke to send
"to discover to the Southward. And though his occasions and
"other employments were such he could not goe himselfe, yet he
"procured her Majesties Letters Pattents and perswaded many
"worthy Knights and Gentlemen to adventure with him to finde a
"place fit for a Plantation."
2Richard Hackluyt (1552-1616) was an English writer on
geography and history. An Oxford graduate and lecturer on
these subjects. In 1582 he published "Divers Voyages Touch-
"ing the Discovery of America," which probably secured his
appointment as Chaplain to the English Ambassador at Paris
1583. In 1584 he wrote "A Particular Discourse Concerning
"Western Discoveries," first printed in 1877, in the collections of
the Maine Historical Society. In 1587 he published a translation of
the French explorer Réné Laudonière. In 1589 he published
his "Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English
Nation" in one volume, but it was so successful he collected material
for a new and enlarged edition, which was published in 3 Volumes
in London in 1598-1600. He was made prebendary of Westminster
in 1602, and the next year Archdeacon. He lent his influence to
solicit from the King a patent for colonizing Virginia, and was one
of the adventurers in the London or South Virginia Company.
"His best monument is the Hakluyt Society," organized Decem-
ber 1846.
"Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1578 received a commission that included
privileges of discovery and colonization. The first expedition was
dispersed by the Spaniards off Cape Verde; four years were then
spent in raising funds for another. On June 11, 1583, he sailed
from Plymouth with 5 ships. One returned after being at sea two
days. On July 30 he raised the coast of Newfoundland, took pos-
session and planted a colony near the present harbor of St. John
Pocahontas
33
-the first English colony in America. It failed, owing to the poor
quality of its material. On the return voyage the "Squirrel" was
lost off the Azores in the gale of September 9, with Sir Gilbert and
all hands, and the Captain of the "Golden Hind" alone made home
with his ship and crew.
4Grenville and Sanderson are called "kinsmen of Raleigh" in
Burke's History of Virginia. (Vol. I.)
"The name Florida was then given to the Continent from Cape
Florida to Cape Breton. (Burke, ibid.)
•Wococon Island is supposed to be the first landing place. The
people were described as "gentle, loving and faithful, living after
"the manner of the Golden Age."
For those interested in the gallant discoverers and explorers
of our hemisphere the following list has been compiled by the author,
as a supplement to that of Captain Smith :
1497 Pinzon discovered Central America.
1499 Ojeda and Vespucius coasted the North Shores of South
America, naming Venezuela (little Venice).
1500 Pinzon reached Brazil and entered the Amazon.
1500 Cabral was blown to the same coast.
1501 Vespucius coasted from Cabral's land to near the mouth of
the Plata.
1500-01 Gaspar de Cortereal visited the St. Lawrence region, or
Labrador Coast.
1506 Jean Denys of Honfleur was on the Newfoundland coast.
(A record of these two voyages has been preserved.)
1508 Ocampo officially circumnavigated Cuba, although it was char-
ted on La Cosa's map as an island in 1500, and on the
Cantino Portuguese map in 1502.
1512 Ponce de Leon discovered Florida.
1513 Vasco Nuñez saw the South Sea from the peak of one of the
Panama mountains.
1515 De Solis first visited the Plata-which carried his name until
after Sebastian Cabot and Diego Garcia in 1527-30 explored
it.
1519 Cortez landed at the port he named Vera Cruz.
1519 Pineda coasted from Florida to Vera Cruz.
1520 Fernǎo Magalhães (Magellan) sailed through the Straits, laid
a course to the East Indies through the ocean he named
"Pacific," and was killed on one of the Philippine Islands
April, 1521. But Juan Sebastian del Cano, commanding the
34
Pocahontas
Victoria, continued the voyage successfully, reaching Seville
by way of the Cape of Good Hope in September 1522-the first
circumnavigation of the globe.
1524 Giovanni da Verrazano sailed with a commission from the
French King and followed the North American Coast from
Cape Fear to Cape Race, his narrative providing the earliest
description of the same.
1527 Cortez built a fleet on the west coast of Mexico and sent it
to the Moluccas under Alvaro de Saavedra to co-operate with
Sebastian Cabot; but the latter had turned aside to explore
the Plata.
1531-34 Franciso Pizarro discovered Peru; his associate, Diego de
Almagro, discovered Northern Chili.
1534-35 Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and sailed
up as far as the present site of Montreal.
1536 Cortez discovered Lower California.
1540 Alarcon explored the Rio Colorado.
1540 Valdivia reached 40° South in Chili.
1540-41 Gonzales Pizarro crossed the Andes and reached the head
waters of the Amazon. His associate, Francisco Orellana,
followed to the mouth, reaching the sea in August, 1541.
Narvaez, Cabesa de Vaca and Ferdinando de Soto followed
Pineda, and their explorations with that of
Vasquez Coronada, from Mexico to the Kansas-Nebraska prairies,
had covered by 1545 the principal "features" of North America,
south of the Missouri and Ohio Rivers.
1565 St. Augustine, Florida, was founded.
1580 Sir Francis Drake completed the first English circumnaviga-
tion, having visited the California Coast and annexed it
to the Crown under the name of New Albion.
APPENDIX B
* *
* *
* *
* *
"Till the third day we saw not any of the people, then in a
"little boat three of them appeared *
one of whom
"attended us without any signe of feare. The next day came
"the King's brother with forty or fifty men, proper people, and
"in behaviour very civil *
Not long after he brought his
"wife and children, they were but of meane stature, but well
"favored and very bashfull-she had a long coat of Leather, and
"about her (waist) a peece of the same, about her forehead a band
"of white corrall, and so had her husband, and in her eares were
"bracelets of pearle, hanging down to her middle of the bignesse
"of great Pease. The rest of the women had Pendants of Copper,
Pocahontas
"and the Noblemen five or sixe in an eare; his apparrell as his wives,
"onely the women weare their haire long on both sides, and the
"men but on one; they are of colour yellow, but their hayre is black,
"yet we saw children that had very fayre chestnut coloured hayre
(C * * * Their boats are but one great tree, which is but
"burnt in the forme of a trough with gins and fire, till it be as they
"would have it * * *
Granganameo and his nobles wore cop-
"per on their heads *
he sent us every day a brace of Bucks,
"Conies, Hares, and Fish, sometimes Mellons, Walnuts, Cucumbers,
"Pease and divers rootes
*
* * *
* *
66* * * * * * their corne groweth three times in five moneths
-in May they sow, in July reape-in June they sow, in August
"reape-in July sow in August reape. We put some of our Pease
"in the ground, which in ten days were 14 inches high *
"After this acquaintance myselfe with seven more went twenty myle
"into the River Occam that runneth toward the Cittie Skicoack, and
"the evening following we came to an Ile called Roanoak, from the
"harbour where we entered seven leagues. At the North end was
"9 houses, builded with cedar, fortified round with sharp trees,
"and the entrance like a Turnpik *
66 * *
*
"We heard often of the great river Occam, on which standeth
"a Towne called Pomeiock * * * Into this river falleth another
"called Cipo, where is founde many Mustells wherein are Pearles
Towards the South, 4 dayes journey, is Sequotan, the
"southernmost part of Wingandacoa * * Adjoining to Seco-
"tan beginneth the country Pomouik, belonging to the King called
"Piamacum in the Country Nusiok upon the great River Neus. These
"have mortall warres with Wingina, King of Wingandacoa * *
"Beyond Roanoak are many Isles full of fruits * * those Iles
"lye 200 myles in length, and between them and the mayne, a great
"long sea, in some places 20, 40, or 50 myles broad, in others more,
"some where lesse. And in this sea are 100 Iles of divers bignesses,
"but to get into it, you have but 3 passages, and they very danger-
"ous."
*
*
*
*
*
*
35
*"*
*
"Though this you see for most part be but the relations of Sal-
"vages, because it is the first I thought it not a misse to remem-
"ber them as they are written by them that returned and arrived
"in England about the middest of September the same yeare (1585.)
2After burning the town "Sir Richard Greenville sailed for Hat-
"teras, leaving the colony at Roanoak." Burke adds, that Manteo
and Wanchese voluntarily went with the English on their return
to England.
36
Pocahontas
3 Cambden says Lane carried the first tobacco to England: "this
"plant, called Uppowoc, is supposed to be brought from the isle
"of Tobago. But the Indians used it in every part of the American
"continent."
4Now the Roanoke.
Anthony Wood says:
"Thomas Hariot went in 1584 with Sir Walter Raleigh to Vir-
"ginia, where he was employed in the discovery and surveying there-
"of, &c. After his return Sir Walter got him into the acquaint-
"ance of that noble and generous Count, Henry (Percy) Earl of
"Northumberland: who, finding him to be a gentleman of an affable
"and peaceable nature and well read in the obscure parts of learn-
"ing did allow him a yearly pension of £126. About the same time
"Robert Hues and Walter Warner, two other Mathematicians, who
"were also known to the said Count, did receive from him yearly
"pensions also, but of less value ** * * When the said earl
"was committed to the Tower in 1606 Hariot, Hues and Warner
"were his constant companions, and were usually called the Earl
"of Northumberland's three Magi."
(See Collins Peerage II, þ. 433.)
APPENDIX C
"They beleeve ** *
there is one chiefe God that has been
"from all eternitie * ** they beleeve the immortality of the Soule,
"when life departing from the body, according to the good or bad
"workes it hath done, it is carried up to the Tabernacles of the gods
"to perpetuall happiness, or to Popogusso, a great pit: which they
"thinke to be at the furthest parts of the world, where the Sunne
"sets, and there burne continually." * * *
"There was no Towne where they had practised any villany
“against us (we leaving it unpunished because we sought by all pos-
"sible meanes to winne them by gentlenes) but within a few dayes
"after our departure they began to dye; in some Townes twenty,
"in some forty, in some sixty, and in one an hundred and twenty
663K
* * * And this hapned in no place (we could learn) where
"we had bin, but where they had used some practice to betray us
66* * * * they were perswaded it was the worke of God through
"our meanes * * *
** **
"This marvelous Accident in all the country wrought so strange
"opinions of us that they
*thought we were not mortall,
"but that we were men of an old generation many yeares past,
"and risen againe from immortalitie. Some would prophesie there
Pocahontas
37
* * *
"were more of our generation yet to come to kill theirs and take their
"places. Those that were to come after us they imagined to be in
"the ayre yet invisible and without bodies
and that they
"by our intreaties for love of us did make the people die as they
"did by shooting invisible bullets into them."
2 John White had from Raleigh a charter of Incorporation, by
the name of the Governor and assistants of the City of Raleigh
in Virginia, with directions to set the town upon the river Chesa-
peake, the limit of the Northern discovery.
"Raleigh signed his patent by indenture, bearing the date March
7, 1588-89 to Thomas Smith and other merchants and adventurers,
among whom was Governor White, with a donation of £100 for
the propagation of the Christian religion in Virginia. (Meade's
Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia.)
APPENDIX D
1 Christopher Newport (1565-1617) sailed in 1591 as Captain of
the "Golden Dragon" with three ships for the West Indies. He
sacked four Spanish towns and sunk twenty Spanish Ships.
He
joined Sir John Burgh, and assisted in sacking Madre di Dios, Aug-
ust 3, 1592. He came to Virginia in 1606, 1607-8, and in 1609 com-
manded the first expedition under the second Charter for Sir
Thomas Gates. He made his last voyage to Virginia in 1611, and in
1612 entered the service of the East India Company, dying four years
later of fever at Bantam.
2April 29, 1896, the Association for the Preservation of Virginia
Antiquities, by permission of the United States Government, put
upon the old lighthouse at Cape Henry a tablet of bronze, sur-
mounted by a Latin cross, and bearing these words:
"Near this spot landed April 26th, 1607, Captain Gabriel Archer,
"Hon. Geo. S. Percy, Christopher Newport, Bartholomew Gosnold,
"Edward Maria Wingfield, with twenty-five others, who calling the
"place Cape Henry, planted a cross April 29th, 1607.”
Dei gratia Virginia condita.
(Yeare booke for the A. P. V. A., 1896-97.)
3 Bartholomew Gosnold sailed for America in the Concord, 1602,
landed on the Coast of Maine, discovered and named Cape Cod,
Martha's Vineyard, and Elizabeth's Island, now Cuttyhunk.
In 1606, largely through his efforts, an Association of London
and West of England Merchants obtained a Charter from James I
38
Pocahontas
for colonizing Virginia: the letters patent were dated April 10th.
He secured the services of Captain John Smith, and Sir Thomas
Smith was appointed Treasurer.
The latter was a merchant of high standing, who had been suc-
cessively appointed Governor of the East India Company, and Am-
bassador to Russia.
The Merchants of London, Bristol, Exeter and Plymouth were
the first aroused, and the three ships fitted out were put under
the command of Captain Christopher Newport.
He lived but a few weeks after landing at Jamestown, succumb-
ing to the sickness that swept away half of the little colony. (August
22, 1607.)
4The London Company was a branch of a joint-stock company
founded in London in 1606 for the purpose of planting two colonies
in America. The two branches of the organization were called
from their headquarters the London or Virginia and the Plymouth
or North Virginia Companies.
To the London Company was assigned the territory between 34°
and 38° N latitude, to the Plymouth Company that between 41°
and 45°, while the region between 41° and 38° was to be under the
control of the company which should found the first colony.
Newport's expedition which sailed Dec. 19, 1606, with three ships
and 105 emigrants (of whom only 12 were laborers) was the first,
and on May 13-23, 1607, they founded the settlement of Jamestown.
APPENDIX E
"The Sixth Voyage, 1606. John Smith writ this with his owne
hand.")
"Upon the top of certaine red sandy hils in the woods (at Utta-
"mussack) there are three great houses filled with images of their
"Kings and Devils and Tombes of their Predecessors. Those houses
"are neare sixtie foot in length, built arbour-wise, after their build-
"ing. This place they count so holy as that but the Priests and
"Kings dare come into them: nor the Salvages dare not goe up the
"river in boats by it, but they solemnly cast some peece of copper,
"white beads or Pocones into the river for fear their Okee should be
"offended and revenged of them."
* * * *
"In every territory of a Werowance is a temple and a priest;
"two or three or more.
* * * *
"They have also certaine altar stones, some by their houses, others
"in the woods and wildernesses, where they have had any extraord-
"inary accident or incounter.
Pocahontas
"And as you travell, at those stones they will tell you the cause
"why they were there erected, which from age to age they in-
"struct their children, as their best records of antiquities. Upon
"these they offer bloud, Deere suet and Tobacco. This they doe
"when they returne from the Warres, from hunting, and upon
"many other occasions
* * * *
39
In storms they cast offerings into the sea or river with invo-
cations, and before eating "the better sort will take the first bite and
"cast it in the fire."
"In some parts of the country they have yearely a sacrifice of
"children. Such a one was at Quiyo'cohanock, some ten myles
"from James Towne, and thus performed. Fifteene of the properest
"young boyes, between ten and fifteene yeares of age they painted
"white. Having brought them forth the people spent the forenoon
"in dancing and singing about them with rattles. In the afternoone
"they put those children to the roote of a tree. By them all the
"men stood in a guard, every one having a Bastinado in his hand,
"made of reeds bound together. This made a lane between them
"all along, through which there were appointed five young men
"to fetch these children: so every one of the five went through the
"guard to fetch a childe, each after other by turnes, the guard
"fiercely beating them with their Bastinadoes, and they patiently
“enduring and receiving all, defending the children with their
"naked bodies from the unmercifull blowes, that pay them soundly,
"though the children escape. All this while the women weepe and
"cry out very passionately, providing mats, skins, mosse, and dry
"wood, as things fitting their childrens funerals. After the children
"were thus passed the guard, the guard tore down the trees, branches
"and boughs with such violence that they rent the body, and made
"wreaths for their heads, or bedecked their hayre with the leaves.
"What els was done with the children was not seene,
"but they were all cast on a heape, in a valley as
"dead, where they made a great feast for all the company.
The
"Werowance being demanded the meaning of this sacrifice, answered
"that the children were not all dead, but that the Okee or Divill
"did sucke the bloud from their left breast, who chanced to be his by
"lot, till they were dead, but the rest were kept in the wilderness
"by the young men till nine moneths were expired, during which
"time they must not converse with any, and of these were made
"their priests and Conjurers. This sacrifice they held to be so
"necessary, that if they should omit it, their Okee or Devill * * *
(6 * * * * would let them have no Deere, Turkies, Corne, nor
"fish, and yet besides, he would make a great slaughter amongst
"them."
40
Pocahontas
2Sir George Somers or Summers (1554-1610), was born at or near
Lyme Regis Dorsetshire. His Bermuda shipwreck is said to have
given Shakespeare the setting for "The Tempest." The ship was
Newport's "Sea Venture;" and the English made their way to Vir-
ginia in two small "cedar ships" which they built themselves.
C
APPENDIX F
P
"Extracts from Ralphe Hamor" (Edition printed at London by John
Beale for William Wesley: dwelling at the signe of the Swanne, in
Paul's Churchyard, 1615: presented to Historical Society of Vir-
ginia by Mr. Conway Robinson of Richmond, about 1855-6, having
been obtained by him during a visit to England.)
"It chanced Powhatan's delight and darling, his daughter Poca-
"hontas (whose fame hath even bin spread in England by the title
"of Nonparella of Virginia, in her princely progresse, if I may
"so terme it, took some pleasure (in the absence of Captaine Argall)
"to be among her friends at Pataomecke (as it seemeth by the
"relation I had) imploid thither, as shopkeepers to a Fare,
"to exchange some of her father's commodities for theirs, where re-
"siding some three months or longer, it fortuned upon occasion
"either of promise or profit, Captaine Argall to arrive there, whom
"Pocahontas, desirous to renew her familiaritie with the English,
"and delighting to see them, as unknowne, fearfull perhaps to be
"surprised, would gladly visit, as she did, of whom no sooner had
"Captaine Argall intelligence but he delt with an old friend, and
"adopted brother of his, Japazeus, how and by what means he might
"procure her captive, assuring him that now or never was the time
"to pleasure him, if he intended indeede that love which he had
"made profession of, that in ransome of hir he might redeeme
some of our English men and armes, now in the possession of
"her father, promising to use her with all faire, and gentle entreaty.
"Japazeus well assured that his brother, as he promised would
"use her courteously promised his best endeavours and secresie to
"accomplish his desire, and thus wrought it, making his wife an
"instrument (which sex have ever bin most powerfull in beguiling
"inticements) to effect his plot which hec had thus laid * ***
"Pocahontas * * * being most possessed with feare, and de-
"sire of returne * * * hastened Japazeus to be gon. Capt.
"Argall having secretly well rewarded him * * * permitted both
"him and his wife to returne, but told him that for divers con-
"siderations, as for that his father had then eight of our English
"men, many swords, peices and other tooles, which he had at
"several times by trecherous murdering our men, taken from
*
* * *
* *
"them * * * he would reserve Pocahontas whereat she began to
"be exceeding pensive and discontented
much adoe there
"was to perswade her to be patient, which with extraordinary
"curteous usage, by little and little was wrought in her, and so to
"Jamestowne she was brought, a messenger to her father forthwith
"despatched to advertise him that his
daughter was in
"the hands and possession of the English: ther to be kept until
"he should ransom her with our men, swords, pieces, and other
"tools * * * The news was unwelcome, and troublesome unto
"him, partly for the love he bare his daughter, and partly for the
"love he bare to our men, his prisoners, of whom though with
"us they were unapt for any employment he made great use:
"and those swords, and pieces of ours, (which though of no use to
"him) it delighted him to view and look upon."
***
Pocahontas
*
*
*
*
APPENDIX G
*
""
4I
*
In The Court and Times of James I, Vol. I, p. 262, John Chamber-
lain, Esq., writing to Sir Dudley Carleton, August 1, 1613, says:
"There is a ship come from Virginia, with news of their well-
doing which puts some life into that action that before was almost
at the last cast. They have taken a daughter of a king that was
their greatest enemy as she was going a feasting upon a river to
visit certain friends: for whose ransom the father offers whatsoever
is in his power, and to become their friend, and to bring them where
they shall meet with gold mines. They proposed unto him three
conditions:-To deliver all the English fugitives: to render all man-
ner of arms or weapons of theirs that are come to his hands: and
to give them 300 quarters of corn. The first two he performed
readily, and promiseth the other at their harvest if his daughter
may be well used in the meantime
***
In a letter to the Bishop of London, June 18, 1613-14 (See Bishop
Meade's Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia. Vol.
1, p. 79.), Sir Thomas Dale writes:
"Powhatan's daughter I caused to be carefully instructed in the
"Christian religion, who, after she had made some good progress
"therein, renounced publicly her country's idolatry, openly confessed
"her Christian faith, was, as she desired, baptized, and is since mar-
"ried to an English gentleman of good understanding (as by his
42
Pocahontas
"letter unto me containing the reasons of his marriage of her, you
"may perceive) another knot to bind this peace the stronger. Her
"father and friends gave apprehension to it, and her uncle gave her
"to him in the Church. She lives civilly and lovingly with him, and
"I trust will increase in goodness, as the knowledge of God in-
"creaseth in her. She will go to England with me; and were it but
"the gaining of this one soul, I will think my time and toil and
"present stay well spent."
On p. 126, in Rolfe's letter to Sir Thomas Dale, appears:
66* * Pocahontas, to whom my heartie and best thoughts are and
"have a long time bin so intangled and enthralled * * *",
Mr. Whittaker writes thus to his cousin the Minister of Black-
Friars' Bridge, London, as to the baptism of Pocohontas :
"To my verie deere and loving cosen:
"SIR: The colony here is much better. Sir Thomas Dale, our re-
"ligious and valient Governour hath * * * by warre upon our
"enemies, and kind usage of our friends * * * brought them to
"seek for peace of us which is made, and they dare not breake. But
"that which is best, one Pocahontas or Matoa, the daughter of Pow-
"hatan, is married to an honest and descreete English gentleman,
"Maister Rolfe, and that after she had openly renounced her countrey
"Idolatry, confessed the faith of Jesus Christ, and was baptized;
"which thing Sir Thomas Dale had laboured a long time to ground
"in her.
"* * * * For me, though my promis of 3 years service to my
"country be expired, yet I will abide in my vocation here until I be
"lawfully called from hence * *
*
"I rest forever your most deere and loving cosen,
"Virginia, June 18, 1614.
APPENDIX H
ALEX, WHITTAKER."
Wm. Parker's Narration: "It pleased Sir Thomas Dale before my
"returne to England, because I would be able to speake somewhat
"of my owne knowledge, to give mee leave to visit Powhatan and
"his Court * * * * *
* * * *
"I came to Matchot next night where the King lay upon the
"Rivel Pamavuke:
hee began with mee, and demanded
"for the chaine of pearle he sent his brother, Sir Thomas Dale, at
"his first arrivall, which was a token betwixt them when ever hee
"should send a messenger from himselfe to him, he should weare
Pocahontas
* * *
* *
"that chaine about his necke, since the peace was concluded, other
"waies hee was to binde him and send him home
I re-
"plyed *
with which answer he was contented, and so con-
"ducted us to his house, where was a guard of two hundred Bow-
"men, that alwaies attend his person. The first thing he did, he
"offered me a pipe of Tobacco, then asked mee how his brother
"Sir Thomas Dale did; and his daughter, and unknowne sonne, and
"how they lived, loved and liked; I told him his brother was well,
"and his daughter so contented, she would not live againe with
"him; whereat he laughed, and demanded the cause of my coming:
"I told him my message was private, and I was to deliver it onely
"to himselfe and Papaschicher, one of my guides that was acquainted
"with it: he instantly commanded all out of the house, but onely
"his two Queenes, that alwaies sit by him, and bade me speake on.
"I told him by my Interpreter: Sir Thomas Dale hath sent you
"two pieces of copper, five strings of blue and white Beads, five
"wooden Combes, ten fish-hookes, a paire of Knives, and that when
"you would send for it, hee would give you a Grindstone: all this
"pleased him. But when I told him his brother Dale hearing of the
"fame of his youngest daughter, desiring in any case he would send
"her by me unto him, in testimonie of his love, as well for that he
"intended to marry her, as the desire her sister had to see her, be-
"cause being now one people, and hee desirous forever to dwell in
"his Countrie, he conceived there could not be a truer assurance of
"peace and friendship, than in such a naturall band of an united
"union."
*
**
APPENDIX I
43
*
Purchas (the compiler of "Purchas's Pilgrims") says:
"She did not accustom herself to civilitie, but still carried herself
"as the daughter of a King, and was accordingly respected, not only
"by the company (London Company) which allowed provision for
"herself and son; but of divers particular persons, of honor, in their
"hopeful zeal by her to advance Christianity. I was present when
"my honorable and reverend patron, the Lord Bishop of London,
"Dr. King, entertained her with festival and state and pomp be-
"yond what I have seen in his great hospitalitie afforded to other
"ladies. At her return towards Virginia, she came to Gravesend,
"to her end and grave, having given great demonstration of her
"Christian sincerity, as the first fruits of Virginian conversions,
"leaving her a godly memory and the hopes of her resurrection, her
44
Pocahontas
"soul aspiring to see and enjoy presently in Heaven what here she
"had joyd to hear and believe of her beloved Saviour."
In "The Court and Times of James," Vol. I, p. 387.
John Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton, January 18, 1616.
"* * * the Virginia woman Pocahontas with her father coun-
"sellor have been with the King and graciously used, and both she
"and her assistant well placed at the masque. She is on her return
"* * * if the wind would come about to send them away."
APPENDIX J
Bishop Meade in his Old Churches, Ministers and Families of
Virginia. Vol. I, p. 135, states that after her (Pocahontas) death
a letter to the London Company, written in 1617, from Va., says:
* * "Powhatan goes about visiting his country, taking his
"pleasure in good friendship with us: sorry for the death of his
"daughter, but glad her son is living. So does Opecancanough.
"They both wish to see the boy, but do not wish him to come to
"Virginia until he is a man."
As late as 1641 Thos. Rolfe asks and obtains from the Assembly
leave to visit his uncle Opecancanough.
John Rolfe d. 1622. He married three times, Pocahontas being
his second wife.
APPENDIX K
Smith says: "She was buried in the Cancel of the Church at
“Gravesend on the 21st day of March, 1616-1617, being then in
"the 22nd year of her age. Her husband grieved sorely for her,
"but he returned with Argall, leaving his little child, Thomas, at
"Plymouth with Sir Lewis Stukely, who earnestly desired the keep-
“ing of him.”
*
*
*
*
*
"Poor little maid! I sorrowed much for her thus early death,
"and even now cannot think of it without grief, for I felt toward
"her as if she were mine own daughter. Her father, Powhatan,
"lived not long after her, for he died in Apr., 1618."
*
*
*
*
2In the Calendar of State papers (Domestic Series) it is said:
March 21, 1616-1617, "the Virginia woman died at Gravesend on
"her return.”
3 Melvin Arthur Lane, in his "Story of Pocahontas" (The Strand
Magazine, No. 187, August, 1906) states:
45
* * * *""
"Tradition says that her decease occurred at a little cottage then
"standing in the present Stone street, Gravesend
"The Parish Register of St. George's Church contains the entry:
"1616, March 21st, Rebecca Wrolfe, wyffe of Thomas Wrolfe,
"gent., a Virginia lady borne, was buried in ye chancell."
*
*
*
*
*
"The reason for believing that St. George's Churchyard possesses
"the honor of being the resting place of Pocahontas is that no burials
"are recorded as having taken place in the old churchyard of St.
"Mary's after the year 1598.
*
*
*
*
*
* *
"St. George's was licensed for worship in 1497
It was
"consecrated by Bishop Fisher in 1510. In 1544 Henry VIII made
"it the parish church of Gravesend, and in 1727 it was destroyed by
"fire. By order of King George II it was rebuilt in 1732, and in
"1892 * * a new chancel was consecrated by the Bishop of
"Rochester
the changes
will show the futility
"of **
the proposed plan to bring the remains of Pocahontas
"back to Jamestown."
* *
*
* *
* *
* *
* *
"The white marble tablet
* placed near the chancel of St.
"George's Church
* is the gift *
of the late rector
"of the parish, John H. Haslam, who before his death planned also
"in her memory to place a stained glass window in the church."
Pocahontas
"The city was called
"tracted to Henrico *
*
*
* *
*
*
*
HOMES OF DALE, ROLFE AND POCAHONTAS
Bishop Meade's Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia,
Vol. I, Edition of 1857.
* *
"About twelve or fifteen miles below Richmond on the north side
"of the James River lies a tract of land
* the second settle-
"ment in the Colony, with the exception of the feeble attempts at
"the Falls of James River, at Nansemond and Hampton.
* *
*
"In 1611 Sir Thomas Dale divided the colonists with Governor
"Gates, and brought with him 350 men (chiefly German labourers)
"and built three rows of houses for them, a church, a house for
"himself, and others for 'the honester sort of people' *
the
"place was afterwards called 'Farrar's Island' *
sometimes
"the Great Bend * It has also been called Dutch Gap, be-
"cause * * * of the commencement of a (canal) by the first
"Dutch settlers across its narrow neck * * * * Another name
"was * * * Dale's Gift, because Sir Thomas here first divided
"lands to the colonists, who hitherto (while at Jamestown) lived
"in common.
*
*
*
after Prince Henry * * *
con-
they (visitors) may verify * *
*
46
Pocahontas
"on the ground
* may gather up broken bricks worn by
"the ploughshare for one or two centuries on the well known
"spots where the houses of Dale, Rolfe and Pocahontas once stood
* *
66 * * * Mr. Whittaker, in order to be convenient to his
"whole parish, chose for his residence what is well known at this
"day (1857) as Rock Hall, on the Southern bank of James River,
"in what is now Chesterfield, and opposite to the lowest part of
"the Great Bend. At this point Sir Thomas Dale built him a par-
"sonage and set apart his glebe. It was probably in crossing the
"river near his house, in order to visit his parishioners on the island
"that he was drowned. * * *
"Mr. Rolfe's house and residence were about two miles from the
"city of Henrico, down the river, where the court house afterwards
"stood * * * All these sites are well known, and constitute
"what was called Varina.”
SYNOPSIS AND DATES
(Captain Smith.)
1585 Sir R. Greenville, sent with 108, he left for a plantation. Dis-
covery of the Rivers Chawonok and Maratoc. Trechery
of their King who with eight more slaine, and they all re-
turned to England againe the same yeare with Sir Francis
Drake.
1586 Sir Richard Greenvill sent to supply them. Not finding them
left fiftie.
1587 Master White sent to relieve them, found they were all slaine
yet left 115 and departed.
1589 Returning the second time, he could not heare of them.
1602 A discovery by Captaine Gosnoll.
1603 The voyage of Captaine Pring.
1605 The discovery of Captaine Waymouth.
1606 Orders. Indian assault. Ships returne. Names of first planters.
1607 James Towne, 3 plots to abandon settlement. Smith's capture.
1608 His discoveries.
1609 His return to England.
1610 Arrivall of Sir Thos. Gates.
1611 Arrivall of Sir Thomas Dale.
1612 Second arrival of Sir Thomas Gates. How Captaine Argall
took Pocahontas prisoner.
1613 The marriage of Pocahontas.
1614 The government gift to Sir Thomas Dale.
1615 Dale with Pocahontas comes for England.
1616 A relation to Queen Anne of the quality and condition of
Pocahontas: how the Queen entertained her.
THE PORTRAITS OF POCAHONTAS
The portraits of Pocahontas given in this pamphlet are known
respectively as:
The Booton Hall Portrait,
The Sedgeford Hall Portrait, and
The Turkey Island Portrait.
An ideal picture by Thos. Sully.
An ideal picture by Robert M. Sully.
Other well known compositions, with the gentle Princess as
a central figure are-The Baptism of Pocahontas, by Chapman
and the Marriage of Pocahontas, by Brueckner.
There is also a set of quaint needlework pictures of John Rolfe
and Pocahontas, made by two Rolfe sisters for a third; the historic
scenes, carefully studied and designed, form the border of a counter-
pane now in Australia, all of which is delightfully told by Mrs.
Raymond Blathwayt in the"Wide Awake" of 1886.
And in John Esten Cooke's "My Lady Pocahontas," Thackeray's
Ballads and Tales, Mrs. Sigourney's poems, and the Rev. Prescott
Hiller's long poem are to be found the most familiar word-pictures
It is not known who painted the Booton Hall portrait, but it
was engraved by Simon de Passe, whose family came from the
Low Countries, and numbered among its members several en-
gravers. He was born in Utrecht in 1591, and practiced his art
in England for about ten years, beginning in 1613.
He was not a painter, but engraved portraits chiefly from Nicholas
Hilliard among them James I, Prince Henry, the Earl of Somerset
and the Duke of Buckingham.
It was presented to the last Peter Elwin of Booton Hall, Norfolk,
by Mme. Zuchelli. He was born in 1730, and died in 1798, and was
a descendant of the daughter and heiress of Anthony Rolfe of Tut-
tington, who married an Elwin.
Ma
Mr. Hastings Elwin of Gorleston Hall had it for many years,
but it is now in the possession of Mrs. Herbert Jones of Sculthorpe
Hall, Norfolk.
It is two feet six and a half inches high, and two feet one inch
wide, and bears the inscription:
"Matoaka alias Rebecka Filia potentiss Princ Powhatani Imp.
Virginiae."
4
47
48
Pocahontas
The Sedgeford Hall portrait which Mrs. Blathwayt calls "The
Heacham Hall Portrait" represents Pocahontas with her little son,
and is a spirited and most interesting picture. The tunic is crimson,
the lower dress olive green, and the ornaments of silver on both
are quaint, almost barbaric in design. The famous shell ear-rings
are in her ears, and a string of large pearls around her neck.
This portrait was purchased by the head of the Rolfe family
from Mrs. Charlton, who stated that "her husband had bought
"it in America years ago."
The present owner, Mr. Ingleby, says that while it undoubtedly
does represent Pocahontas and her son, a careful examination of
the canvas has convinced him that it is not a contemporary portrait.
So it will not be exhibited at the Jamestown Exposition.
The Turkey Island portrait is that presented to Mr. Ryland
Randolph, by the English owners, together with one of Rolfe.
Mr. Randolph was the son of Richard Randolph of Curles, in
Henrico, and his wife, Jane Bolling.
Jane Bolling was the daughter of John Bolling, son of Col. Robert
Bolling, and his wife, Jane Rolfe.
Jane Rolfe was the daughter of Thos. Rolfe, and his wife Jane
Poythress or Poyers.
Thos. Rolfe was the son of John Rolfe and Pocahontas.
The presentation of the portraits named was made in a peculiarly
graceful fashion; they arrived safely in Virginia, and were hung
up in the mansion at Turkey Island.
Mr. Randolph died in 1784, and when his estate was settled the
portraits were purchased by Mr. Thos. Bolling, of "Cobbs," Chester-
field County, with the consent of the other four claimants, the lot
(drawn by agreement) falling to him; all of which is set forth
in the statement of David Meade Randolph, who was the executor
of the said Ryland Randolph.
Mr. William Murray Robinson in a letter to the Richmond En-
quirer dated Sept. 3, 1830, stated the original portrait was then in
his possession, having been taken by his father, Doctor Thos. Robin-
son, from "Cobbs" (which had been sold by Mr. Wm. Bolling, son
of Mr. Thomas Bolling) with the consent of Mr. Edward Lynch,
the owner.
"It was a panel picture let into the wainscot," and was left in
the house when it was sold.
It had been copied by Robert M. Sully of Richmond, who, with
others placed credence "in its authenticity as a portrait."
This Mr. Wm. Bolling denied in the Enquirer, stating that neither
his father nor himself ever valued the picture which represented
"a female of sallow complexion with a head of thick curled hair,
Pocahontas
"but that his father perceived some resemblance of feature be-
"tween the male portrait and that of his grandfather, John Bolling."
49
The communications assumed the form of a sharp controversy,
and continued in the Enquirer during August and September, 1830.
Many regarded the picture as genuine, and it was reproduced in
McKenney & Hall's "Indian Tribes of North America," 1844. Vol.
III, p. 64.
The author's copy bears the inscription:
"POCAHONTAS
"The original portrait, painted in London in 1616, was copied
"by Sully in 1830. From that copy this likeness was engraved.
"For detailed evidence of its authenticity see McKenney & Hall's
"work on the North American Indians, Rice & Clark's edition,
"Philadelphia." On stone by A. Newsam. F. S. Duval, Lith., Phila.,
and it is the one colored plate in the "Memoirs, &c.," of Colonel
Thomas Loraine McKenney who, at the request of President Madi-
son, organized the Indian Bureau and administered its affairs for
twenty years.
David Meade Randolph stated in the Enquirer he had been in-
formed by an English correspondent that the portraits of Pocahontas
and Rolfe were "copied for Ryland Randolph from originals in
"Warwickshire while he was there."
In the appendix of Hall and McKenney's Indian Tribes many
documents are printed which, in abstract form, are quoted here-
with:
Copy of Statement of Doctor T. Robinson of Petersburg, Va.
Aug. 20, 1843.
* * *
"The Indian picture copied by Mr. Sully, the original of which is
"now in my possession, was shown me at Cobbs seventeen or eighteen
"years ago by Mr. Bolling as the portrait of Pocahontas. Mrs. B.,
"then proprietor of the portrait was a descendant
A
"slight inspection of the costume satisfied me that this was the only
"portrait of a female painted in the reign of James I among the
"family pictures.
"With very great pleasure I bear testimony to the rigid fidelity
"with which Mr. S. has copied this very interesting portrait
"likeness, costume and attitude have been preserved with great exact-
"ness.
*
"The original is crumbling so rapidly it may be considered as hav-
"ing already passed out of existence."
Mrs. Anne Robinson says:
"From my earliest recollection I have been accustomed to see
"the picture copied by Mr. Sully in the house of my grandfather,
50
Pocahontas
*
"Mr. T. Bolling, of Cobbs *
my grandmother. Mrs. Bitty
"Bolling, (was familiar with it) * * * neither entertained a
"doubt that the picture was a portrait of Pocahontas. My father,
"also a descendant, was well acquainted with the history of the
"picture."
"In 1788-9 David Meade Randolph lived at Presqu' Isle, one mile
from Bermuda Hundred; Captain Watson of the brig Jane of Wash-
ington brought him several packages of books with letters from
Jonah Wheeler of the commercial house, Gerard, Preston, Winder
& Wheeler, in Liverpool. Mr. Wheeler sent the books because Mr.
Randolph was a descendant of Pocahontas.
Mr. Wheeler's mother told of a Mr. Randolph or Bolling going
into Warwickshire, 150 miles from London, in pursuit of pictures of
Rolfe and Pocahontas. The family there, descended from Rolfe
not from Pocahontas, gave them, "refusing any premium."
(Letter from Richard Randolph, Esq., of Va., written in Wash-
ington.)
"In Nov. 20, 1843, the remains of the original were in the pos-
"session of Dr. Thos Robinson in Petersburg, Va. Mr. Sully em-
"ployed great labor in attaching the decaying parts together so as
"to bring the whole within his power, and he succeeded.”
The ideal portrait of Pocahontas, painted by Robert M. Sully,
is owned by the Virginia Historical Society. The other, in beauti-
ful bright colors, is by his uncle (Thos. Sully), who states of it:
"The portrait I painted and presented to the Historical Society
"of Virginia was copied in part from the portrait in the Indian
"Gallery published by Daniel Rice and Z. Clark. In my opinion
"the copy by my nephew is best entitled to authenticity."
The late Charles Campbell (author of a History of Virginia) stated
that the original at Cobbs, "being much defaced, Sully was allowed
"to take it, clean it, and" he adds "to alter the features and com-
plexion to his own fancy."
The editor who presents the case in The Virginia Company, Vol.
I, was informed by the late Hon. John Robertson of Richmond that
the panel picture represented "a stout blonde English woman. Thos.
"Sully's preserves the fullness of bust, but the size of the head is
"disproportionate, the features more nearly those of a Spanish
"Senorita, the complexion being dark, the hair and the eyes black,
"the former straight and falling loosely about the shoulders.
"The female, however, has a pearl necklace around her neck,
"and holds a feather fan in one shapely hand."
"The other ideal by R. M. Sully is gypsy in feature and willowy
"or serpentine in form."
Miss Black of the Church House, Heacham, King's Lynn, Nor-
folk, is reckoned by her Rolfe kindred to be the best authority in
Pocahontas
all matters pertaining to the family history. Her letter of August
6, 1906, to the author, conveys so much information and is so
illuminative that it is quoted entire:
The Church House,
Heacham, King's Lynn, England,
August, 6, 1906.
51
"DEAR MADAM:
I am sorry for the delay in answering your letter to Captain
Neville-Rolfe re Pocahontas, but I have been trying all this time
to get Mrs. Girdlestone Rolfe's address, and have not yet succeeded
in finding her. The ear-rings of Pocahontas have descended in
her husband's branch of the family. She allowed me to see them
in 1886, when a sketch of them was made for the American Maga-
zine, Wide Awake, which had a very interesting article on Poca-
hontas in November of that year.
In reply to your questions seriatim.
I. By the Booton Hall portrait I presume you mean the one in
Court dress in the possession of Mrs. Herbert Jones, Sculthorpe
Hall, Norfolk. It is called by us the Gorleston or De Passe port-
rait, * * *
*
It came through the Elwins. It has been engraved more than once
I believe. The engraving at Heacham is published by Richardson,
and is dated August 10,
*
1798.
* * I do not know
the "Turkey Island" portrait. Is it that one now at Sedgeford Hall,
King's Lynn, which represents Pocahontas with her little son
Thomas? The painting (in oils) is apparently very old, but the
painter is unknown. The curious point about the picture is that
the white shell ear-rings are identical with those in the possession
of Mrs. J. Girdlestone Rolfe.
II. I do not know of any relics of Pocahontas except the ear-rings
and the brown earthenware vase, which is, or was, I believe, in the
possession of the Leighs of Addington, descended from Anthony
Rolfe of Tuttington.
III. The Rolfes of Heacham are not descended from Pocahontas
-but they claim, from unbroken oral tradition, that John Rolfe,
who accompanied Sir Thomas Dale of Virginia and afterwards
married Pocahontas, was the son of John (or Johannes) Rolfe of
Heacham.
I fear there are no documents to prove this. It is a family tra-
dition, but it seems eminently probable, considering the number
of young men who went out from this corner of Norfolk at that
time-Cobbes, Spelmans, &c.
IV. The 17th century dates are always puzzling from the months
up to March 25th reckoning with the previous year--but in England
52
Pocahontas
the change in the calendar took place only in 1752. Was it earlier
in America?
I do not know any foundation for the statement that Pocahontas
died of small-pox-but judging from its fearful ravages at that
time it would seem not unlikely.
I do not know whether a copy of the interesting Latin inscrip-
tion over the tomb of Johannes Rolfe (died 1594) would be of any
value for your purposes.
If so I should be happy to send it to you.
Yours faithfully,
In the deep interest excited by Pocahontas, but little is generally
said of her husband and his family; therefore, the following is
a valuable addition to their history:
Under date of July 19, 1906, Captain Herbert Neville-Rolfe sends
the following table:
"The present Rolfes are collaterals, and trace their direct descent
"from 1559."
Eustacius Rolfe married Johanna Jenner,
buried in Heacham Church.
May 27, 1560.
d. Jan. 1593,
Johannes Rolfe,
b. 1562,
d. 1594,
buried in Heacham Church,
married Aet. 20.
Dorothy Mason, Aet 17,
b. 1565 (about),
d. 1645.
Eustacius-
died in infancy,
2 June, 1588,
buried in Heacham
Church.
1
(Twins)-John
B. J. BLACK.
went to Virginia with
Sir Thomas Dale in
1611,
m.
Pocahontas.
She died at
Gravesend, 1616.
1
Edward,
born 22d February,
1591. No further entry
in the register.
"N. B. There exists a break of about 40 years in the Registers
"about the time of Cromwell (1644)"
Pocahontas
"The next to be buried at Heacham Church appears several genera-
"tions later, viz., Jonas, born 1677, died 1726. I have his portrait,
"and that of his father and grandfather. He was my g-g-g-g
"grandfather."
53
There is a Henry Rolfe, frequently spoken of as the brother of
John. It was he who on the death of John Rolfe, petitioned the
House of Burgesses for "his indemnity, having brought up the
"child his brother had by the daughter of Powhatan, which is yet
"living and in his custody."
Sir Lewis Stukely, who took the little fellow when his mother
died, was Vice Admiral of Devon.
John Rolfe was the Secretary and Recorder General of Virginia,
and the inscription quoted from the Heacham tomb would seem
to prove him heir to qualities that were great as well as good.
The Rolfe family has been at Heacham since Saxon times,
“Rolf” in Domesday Book owning twenty-eight “carsecates” of land
at Horsea near Yarmouth. He was one of the many small owners
of Danish or Norwegian extraction left undisturbed by William the
Conqueror. There were 1,600 of these in Norfolk alone
If the old tradition that the mother of Pocahontas was of Runic
descent should prove to have any foundation, how curious would be
the union of Rolfe and Pocahontas.
NOTES ON THE AMERICAN
INDIANS
(See Powell, McGee, Mallery, Burke, Holmes, et al.)
The author has compiled these notes with special reference to
the Algonquin, Iroquois, and the Pamunkey, (of which last tribe
Opecancanough was the King,) in order to further illustrate the
conditions surrounding the Virginia colony, and the odds against
which the planters struggled.
From the Arctic circle to Rio Grande (except in California) the
native dress was usually of buckskin, consisting for the men of a
shirt (frequently fringed with scalp-locks) the G string or breech
cloth, leggings and moccasins; and for the women of a short
sleeved tunic, waist-cloth or apron, belt for knife and sewing-awl.
In cold weather and on ceremonial occasions a decorated robe was
worn. The Eastern leggings and moccasins were made in one
piece.
The Western moccasins were made with a separate sole of raw-
hide.
On the Northwest coast women's dresses were often made of bark
fibre.
Head-flattening was practised by the Choctaw and some of the
Carolina tribes.
Ear-pendants for both sexes were almost universal.
Except with the tattooed tribes, painting was an essential part of
full dress, colors and designs varying according to the occasion
or the particular "medicine" of the individual.
Necklaces of shell, torquoise, mussel pearls, or (among the Nava-
ho) of silver beads were worn with breast plates and gorgets of shell,
bone, and bracelets of copper. Elk-teeth, porcupine quills, antelope
hoofs, small tortoise-shells, and grizzly bears claws are still made
into ornaments, and the author has seen one great chief's trophy
which was formed of ten index-fingers pierced and strung into a
necklace. Feathers and small objects believed to have a mysterious
protecting influence are worn in the hair, and the dress is decorated
with them. Prayer-feathers are still attached to shields, coup
sticks, etc.
In the East when prisoners were taken the decision of their fate
was usually left to the women of the tribe.
54
Pocahontas
Dances were either sacred or ceremonial. Many were panto-
mimic, the performers wearing masks or other costumes intended
to symbolize animals or mythic characters whose cries and actions
they imitated.
55
Drums, the flageolet or flute, the eagle bone whistle, and rattles
of various kinds were used.
The Rattle was used in the doctors' incantation and in the peyote
ceremony (the Cactus dance.)
The Whistle in the Sun-dance.
The Flute in the young men's wooings.
Songs on every occasion.
Sun, fire and water were elemental gods, and the buffalo, eagle
and rattle-snake were the gods among the animals, while vegetable
gods are embodied in cedar, cottonwood, corn, tobacco and pey-
ote. (Lophophora Williamsii.)
Four was a sacred number as referring to the Cardinal Points.
Colors had symbolic meanings, and sometimes sex and local abid-
ing places.
Among the Cherokees, the Red gods of victory live in the Sun-
land-East. The Blue spirits of disaster live in the North.
Among the Creeks the red towns alone had the right to manage
war affairs, and those of the white towns alone could manage
peace.
Certain tribes had tribal "medicine," as the Kiowas who had Taime,
an image of stone. The Cheyennes had sacred arrows. The Omahas
had their great shell.
The Pawnees anciently sacrificed a captive girl annually to the
goddess of fertility.
The cannabalistic practices of Eastern tribes after a victory and
the cannibal feast of the N. W. coast (in which a slave was the
usual victim) were more or less sacrificial in their motive.
Among the great ceremonial dances are:
The Green Corn dance, among the Eastern tribes.
The Medicine Lodge.
The Sun Dance.
The Ghost Dance, and among the Moquis
The Snake Dance.
The Clan system divided the tribe into certain families or gentes,
the members of which were considered too closely related to marry
in the clan. Children belonged to the mother's clan, and descent
was in the female line. Each clan had its totem, and clans were
named for animals or plants.
In exceptional cases tribes combined into Confederacies, as the
Iroquois and Creeks.
Slavery was a custom.
56
Pocahontas
In the Eastern tribes women were complete mistress in house-
hold affairs, and had a voice or a representation in the councils.
With the Iroquois all important questions must be passed on by a
council of women, who alone had the right to declare war.
The right of adoption, which meant the fate of captives, rested
also with the women.
Polygamy was recognized in all the tribes except the Pueblos.
In the United States there are now but 260,000 Indians (1903.)
In British America 100,000.
In Alaska 20,000.
The Algonquin stock formerly occupied nearly the whole area
(except that occupied by the Iroquois tribes) stretching from Lab-
rador to the Rocky Mountains to North, and extending Southward
to Pamlico Sound on the coast and the Cumberland River in the
interior. It included several hundred tribes and sub-tribes speak-
ing probably 40 distinct languages, besides a large number of dialects.
The North Atlantic Coast from the St. John to the Delaware is
the region from which the cognate tribes migrated west and south.
As the earliest white settlements were made in Canada, New
England, New York and Virginia, the history of these people is
better known, and the languages have been more studied than of
any others North of Mexico.
For full 200 years they opposed the advance of white men step
by step under leaders like Opecancanough, Philip, Pontiac and
Tecumseh.
In 1902 they numbered 82,000, of whom about 43,000 are in the
United States, the rest being in Canada, except a few hundred
refugees in Mexico.
The principal tribes were:
Algonquin.
Cree.
Wampanoag.
Lenapi or Delaware.
Amalecite.
Abnaki.
Narragansett.
Nanticoke.
Pamlico.
Micmac.
Pennacook.
Mohegan.
Mohican.
Shawano.
Nescapi.
Massachusetts.
Montauk.
Powhatan.
Ojibwa.
Menomini.
Sack.
Kickapoo.
Cheyenne.
Ottawa.
Pottawatomi.
Fox.
Blackfoot.
Arapaho.
In our own day Essene the Ojibwa is one of the most repre-
sentative types of this stock.
The Iroquoian stock occupied Ontario, New York, Ohio, Pennsyl-
Pocahontas
57
vania, with portions of eastern Virginia and N. C., and the whole of
the southern Alleghany region.
The Iroquois, or Confederated Five Nations of New York were:
Mohawk.
Onondaga.
Seneca.
Cayuga.
Oneida,
Other important tribes were Wyandot or Huron, Neutral Nation,
Erie, Conestoga, Nottoway, Meherrin, Tuscarora and Cherokee.
The early home of the Iroquois was the lower St. Lawrence, and
their removal was due to the hostility of the Algonquin tribes. In
1535 Cartier found an Iroquoian people holding the sites of Montreal
and Quebec. The Algonquin invasion was checked by the Iro-
quois League.
All tribes of this stock were agricultural, they had fields of corn,
pumpkins, and tobacco, to which they added apple and peach
orchards.
In the North they occupied communal "long houses" of poles
overlaid with bark shaped like the top of a Conestoga wagon, and
sometimes from 80 to 100 feet in length.
Shortly after the withdrawal of the Hurons and Iroquois from the
Saint Lawrence, (the Cherokee migration long ante-dated this)
about the middle of the 16th century, the Five Nations were per-
suaded by their traditional legislator Hiawatha to form a league on
such a well ordered plan that it has endured for more than three
centuries, and exists today as their ruling government.
In the American Revolution, the Six Nations (the Tuscarora,
who had been driven out of North Carolina by the settlers in 1715
removed to N. Y., were given land by the Iroquois and admitted as
the Sixth Nation) in the League Council declared for neutrality,
while allowing each tribe to take sides as they saw fit. The great
majority sided against the Americans, only the Oneida and part
of the Tuscarora refusing.
The Mohawk and Cayuga followed their chief Brant in a body
to Canada.
They are settled on Grand River and Quinte Bay, Thomas River
and Gibson.
The Catholic Iroquois are at Caughnawaga, 1,325 at St. Regis,
and 440 at the Lake of the Two Mountains, but they are no longer
affiliated with the League.
Those of the Caughnawaga constitute the largest single Indian
settlement north of Mexico (1,960.)
The three most remarkable features of the Iroquoian system were:
the council of matrons, the wholesale adoption of prisoners to full
tribal rights, and their capacity for confederating.
There are about 17,000 left.
58
Pocahontas
Pamunkey: After Powhatan's death his successor Opechancanough
organized a conspiracy to drive the whites from the country.
On March 22, 1622 the war began with a general massacre, in
which 347 perished and the majority of the scattered settlements
were destroyed. For 14 years the war lasted, being concluded only
when both sides were exhausted, by the peace of 1636.
In the battle of Pamunkey, 1625, his 1,000 warriors were defeated
and his chief town destroyed.
In 1644 Opechancano, organized a second conspiracy, and another
massacre destroyed 300 settlers. Within a year, however, the chief,
now very old and nearly blind, was captured, and while a prisoner
was shot by his guard; each remaining tribe made what terms it
could for itself, and the confederacy came to an end.
In 1654 the Pamunkey suffered a terrible blow in the death of
Totopotomi with nearly a hundred of their men who had volun-
teered to help the English to repel the invasion of a hostile moun-
tain tribe. Queen Anne, widow and successor of Totopotomoi,
maintained her friendship with the English, and for her services in
later Indian wars was presented with a silver coronet by the English
Government.
The Census of 1669 showed that the 2,400 warriors of sixty years
before were reduced to 528, a diminution of perhaps 8,000 to 1,600
souls, hardly one-fifth of the original number.
In the war of Bacon's Rebellion 1675-76 they were practically
annihilated, the fort near the site of Richmond was stormed, and
men, women and children massacred.
Those who escaped were allowed to live, on condition of an annual
tribute from each village.
In 1684, 4 chiefs attended the meeting at Albany as delegates. At
this meeting the Iroquois agreed to cease their attacks on the Vir-
ginia remnants.
In 1705 they had four towns, with 200.
In 1781 they occupied the reservation they still hold--a few hun-
dred acres in a bend of the Pamunkey river.
In 1900 there were about 600 in four communities.
Pamunkey 140 on a small State reservation, Pamunkey River, King
William County.
Mattapony 50 on a small reserve.
Chickahominy 220 on Chickahominy River in New Kent and
Chas. City Counties.
Nansemond 180 near Portsmouth, Norfolk Co.
They do not vote or pay taxes, but still present the Governor
of Virginia with an annual tribute of game in token of former
surrender.
MAY 31 10/1
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