V 
 
 [* DEC 2 1907 *1 
 
 
 Divisioa BXS^ 
 
 Section 
 
THE Oil) TOWKli AT .1 A M KSTOWN. VA. 
 
^ (CoSomsiS Clhtisirclhi' 
 
 C®S©i 
 
 ^ 
 
 WKTMI PECTUEES ©F E^CM CMUECKI 
 EspecisiSIl^^ @tiss\]laffl(sdl 
 
 RICHMOND. VA. 
 
 SOUTHERN CHURCHMAN CO. 
 1907 
 
Copyright 1907 by 
 SOUTHERN CHURCHMAN CO. 
 
 Richmond, Va. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 r - p; \ HIS book is issued in response to a recognized need and an ex- 
 pressed demand. 
 
 These papers appeared originally as articles in the Southern 
 Churchman, and from the beginning of their publication elicited a 
 wide interest; hence, it was considered wise to preserve them in com- 
 pact and permanent form. 
 
 The object of this book is two-fold: First, to show that this Church 
 is no intruder in this land, but was the first religious body to claim 
 possession of the English Colonial Possessions for Christ and Holy 
 Church; that the very first settlers in these Colonies were Church- 
 men, intent on the spread of the Church and the preaching of the 
 Gospel; and that before any other body of Christians had located 
 in the territory of the English Colonies the Church had taken formal 
 and permanent possession. 
 
 Second: To show that this possession was not an ephemeral or spo- 
 radic act, but that it was continuous and permanent; that where the 
 Colonists first landed, there the ministrations of the Church were 
 begun, and there permanent church buddings were erected; that these 
 ministrations have continued unbroken to the present day; and that 
 permanent and handsome structures marked the progress of Colonial 
 growth, and remain to-day as monuments to the piety and churchly 
 character of the American forefathers. 
 
 Incidentally, this book will show the amazing effect which Church- 
 men had on the founding of the Colonies, and the tremendous part 
 they played in the upbuilding and development of the nation and the 
 formation of national ideals and character. 
 
6 
 
 And this work is done by no polemic or argumentative process, but 
 simply by reciting and putting on permanent record the historic facts 
 In connection with Colonial, Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary 
 History, as it affected the Church. 
 
 For too many years Churchmen have allowed those who are anti- 
 pathetic to her character and purpose to write her history as it 
 touched Colonial development and legislation; and it Is far from sur- 
 prising that she should have been misrepresented and maligned; and 
 it is more than high time that her own sons should give to the world 
 the facts as they really were and are. 
 
 The papers constituting this book have been prepared by many 
 authors, each specially qualified for the special work undertaken, and 
 the whole represents a labor of love and loyalty such as has never, 
 so far, been equalled in the history of the Americ'an Church. What 
 the writers of these articles have done has been done without hope of 
 other reward than that of placing their Mother Church, the Mother 
 Church of this Land, right in the eyes of all fair-minded men. They 
 deserve the gratitude of the Church at large for their faithful en- 
 deavors. 
 
 To the American Church this book is dedicated, with the hope and 
 prayer that in this Tercentenary year it may not only silence the 
 detractor, but may strengthen the position of every Churchman who 
 believes in the historic position and claims of his Mother Church. 
 
 W. M. CLARK, 
 
 Editor Hon them Churchman. 
 
The Fall and Rising Again of the Church 
 in Virginia. 
 
 An Essay, Read Before the Alumni Association of tlie Theological 
 Seminary in Virginia, June 20, 1907. 
 
 VIRGINIA SEMINARY ALUMNI ADDRESS 
 
 BY THE REV. EDWARD 1.. GOODWIN, HISTORIOGRAPHER OF THE DIOCESE OF 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 THE year 1907 will be marked as that in which a re-study was 
 made of the beginnings of the history of Virginia, and espec- 
 ially of the Church in Virginia. All eyes are turned this year 
 to Jamestown, and many minds are seeking to reconstruct the 
 scenes enacted there three hundred years ago. Orators and writers 
 are telling the story anew, and with a new realization of its import; 
 and we are very sure that one result will be a fairer estimate of the 
 purpose and character of the founders of the State, and a new demon- 
 stration of the good providence of God in planting and preserving on 
 these American shores this vine of His Church, which has grown and 
 filled the land. 
 
 I venture to take as the subject for the essay to-day another epoch 
 in the history of the Virginia Church, which we must know if we would 
 truly trace our descent from the Church of Jamestown and understand 
 the lessons of our long past. Our theme is, "The Fall and Rising 
 Again of the Church in Virginia." The story would cover, for its 
 complete telling, a period of about a century of her life, or, say, from 
 1740 to 1840. At the beginning of this period we see the Church sit- 
 ting as a queen upon her throne, supported and protected by her lord, 
 the State, apparently the most stable institution among this new peo- 
 ple. In the midst we see her dethroned, distrusted and disqualified, 
 vainly striving to save from the wreck of her fortunes some remnants 
 of her former possessions, if not of her power. At its end she appears 
 
8 
 
 revived, chastened and purified, girded with humility and grace as one 
 who doth serve, and entered upon the holy work in the doing of which 
 she has outlived all calumny and been honored of God and men. 
 
 That the Church which was founded with the Colony of Virginia 
 should be an Established, or State, Church was inevitable under the 
 conditions existing. No other form of Church was known or conceived 
 of, and as the English government went with her Colonies as the mould 
 of her civilization and law, so the English Church would go as the 
 outward embodiment of her Protestant religion. Just what was to be 
 the permanent form and theological complexion of that Church was 
 still a question of controversy at home. It seems to have given the 
 colonists very small concern either now or later; and it is singular 
 how little echo of the theological strifes of England was heard it Vir- 
 ginia. The Church established here was the English Church of 1607 
 and thereabouts, and that has been the norm of Virginia Churchman- 
 ship ever since. The colonists wanted simply good men like Hunt and 
 Whittaker and Buck and their immediate followers, selected and sent 
 out by the London Company, to read the old prayers in their rude 
 churches, to preach to them and to administer the sacraments as they 
 had been accustomed to have them at home. They worshipped ac- 
 cording to the forms of the big Prayer Books in their churches, and 
 they and their children learned the catechism out of them, and they 
 obeyed as far as possible the "Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiasti- 
 cal," which were bound with them at the end, atter the Psalms in 
 metre. When these Canons failed to meet their particular wants, they 
 made other Canons by their Burgesses, under the guise of Acts or Or- 
 ders of Assembly, and the county lieutenants and churchwardens saw 
 that they were proclaimed and duly followed. Those curious Church- 
 men called Puritans were perfectly welcome in Virginia so long as 
 they obeyed the laws. Those queer non-Churchmen called Quakers, 
 (by no means the Quakers of a later day), were not welcome because 
 they would not obey the laws, and taught men so. 
 
 Among the Canons ordained by the General Assembly were those 
 creating in each parish a Select Vestry, as it would be called in Eng- 
 land. A vestry was originally the whole body of parishioners, met to 
 order their parochial affairs; the model, by the way, of the New Eng- 
 land town meeting. But this was not convenient in Virginia, and the 
 vestry was ordered to be composed of "the most sufficient and selected 
 men" to be chosen by the parishioners: the origin of our vestry elec- 
 
tions, dating back to 1642. Later the number was fixed at twelve, and 
 most unfortunately they were made a self-perpetuating body. These 
 administered parochial affairs, as that term was understood in the wide 
 meaning of English law. 
 
 The Church thus established, and supported by parochial taxation, 
 seems fairly well to have met the religious wants of the people of that 
 day. Perhaps under no other conditions could she have done so well 
 when both the Colony and the Church were in their infancy, and she 
 was in the position of a Mission Church, but with no missionary so- 
 ciety or agency behind her to look to for direction and support. 
 
 But when a century and a quarter had passed, conditions were differ- 
 ent. The Colony had grown tremendously in every way; in numbers 
 and wealth, in political vigor, in the intellectual and economic progress 
 of the great body of her people. It was practically no longer a Col- 
 ony but a Commonwealth. The Church, meanwhile, had grown in size 
 only; but in vitality, in adaptiveness. in capacity tor self-support, self- 
 government or self-discipline, in ability to meet her altered and in- 
 creased responsibilities, not one whit! She was rather growing infirm 
 in her swaddling clothes. She was tied and bound, and all but stran- 
 gled by the very bonds on which she leaned. Her weakness and in- 
 ability to meet new conditions as they arose was not inherent in the 
 Church, but lay in outward and artificial circumstances, which she had 
 not the power, even if she had the wisdom, to change. What she might 
 have done and become, undebilitated by State patronage and unham- 
 pered by political control, none can tell. What she failed to become 
 and to do, being thus handicapped, is patent enough now. 
 
 I lay stress upon this one fatal condition, because it is the sufficient 
 explanation of all her weakness and her woes. The system of Church 
 government in Virginia was, I believe, without parallel in history. It 
 was not Episcopal, nor Presbyterian, nor Congregational, nor yet a 
 compound of the three. It was a government by a political, local, lay 
 aristocracy, which was a branch of the civil government of the Colony. 
 The Church herself was without power to act, to provide for her es- 
 sential needs or to perpetuate or develop her life. 
 
 Among the secondary causes of the weakness of the Church, and the 
 one which has been almost exclusively insisted upon, was the scarcity 
 of her clergy and the unworthiness and inefficiency of many of them. 
 The root of this difficulty lay further back— in her incapacity to pro- 
 duce a native ministry sufficient and suitable for her needs. She had 
 
10 
 
 no power of mission. Occasionally a young Virginian would go to Eng- 
 land and there seek the ministry, but he would do it of his own initia- 
 tive. Sometimes a vestry would find a man of sufficient education and 
 proper character whom they would induce to take orders and accept 
 their living. The process of securing ordination for such an one was 
 not difficult. They had but to supply him with their own letter of 
 recommendation and a title to their parish, to which the Governor and, 
 perhaps, the Commissary would add their endorsement. Armea with 
 these, the candidate would set out on his pilgrimage to the palace of 
 the Bishop of London, where, for the first and only time in his life, he 
 would come in touch for a moment with a source of ecclesiastical order 
 and authority. If he escaped the dangers of the sea and the ravages 
 of small-pox in a London tavern, he returned within a twelve-month 
 in priest's orders, and fully equipped with Tillotson's Sermons and, per- 
 haps, half a dozen other books, which would constitute his theological 
 library. 
 
 These few native ministers were by far the best, I believe, in the 
 Colony. Other vestries ordered ministers to be selected and sent from 
 England by their friends or their factors in London, much as they or- 
 dered Prayer Books or Communion plate; while others consulted the 
 Commissary, and took what applicant lor a living he might have on 
 his hands; or they employed from time to time whatever clerical dere- 
 lict might drift their way and apply for the place. These last, as 
 might be supposed, were usually the worst. Yet the vestries were 
 really concerned in trying to get good men for their parishes, and in 
 being rid of those who proved otherwise. In spite of their efforts, 
 many unworthy men, and a few impostors who were not in orders at 
 all, held livings of which they could not be dispossessed. But such 
 cases were much less frequent than has been represented, and the 
 great majority of the Colonial clergy were godly, faithful and. in many 
 cases, able men. 
 
 My heart goes out to the memory of these servants of God in those 
 earlier and less auspicious days of the Virginia Church, wiio did their 
 work with patience with so little to animate or encourage them. They 
 wrought alone and almost unheeded, each in his own isolated field of 
 labor, wide as the wilderness in territory, but narrow almost to the 
 vanishing point in all that could give inspiration, impetus or promise 
 to their work. They had no great Church life behind them or around 
 them; no standard to live up to, no competition to rouse their energies. 
 
11 
 
 They had no Bishop, no Conventions or Convocations, or clerical asso- 
 ciations. They had no missions or missionary societies to stir their 
 zeal; no guilds or choirs or Sunday-school to uphold their hands in 
 the work of their parishes. They had no books, no papers, no mail. 
 No Southern Churchman — think of that! No missionary in the re- 
 motest foreign field to-day is so completely cut off from the manifold 
 expressions of religious life and activity as were these men. What- 
 ever atmosphere of this sort there was around them was of their own 
 creation. And yet, for a century and three-quarters, these ministers 
 kept the religion of Christ and of the Mother Church alive here in the 
 wilderness. If the old parish registers, wherein alone their work 
 found earthly record, had been preserved to us, the names of those 
 whom they baptized and catechized and married and buried would form 
 an almost complete roster of the souls in Virginia during that period. 
 
 Wherein they failed to gain and hold for the Church the love and 
 reverence of the common people, a sufficient explanation may be 
 found in the conditions of the Establishment. The clergyman was, in 
 common estimation, identified with and the creature of the vestry, and 
 the vestry was a close corporation of real or would-be aristocrats. So- 
 cial lines were closely drawn, with the usual unhappy result. In 
 church the common people sat in pews assigned them down by the 
 door. If they did not come to church the churchwardens occasionally 
 presented them to the grand jury, and they were fined, as they were 
 also for racing horses or hunting on Sunday and other offenses against 
 morality and Church discipline, and the vestry got the money. Their 
 little tobacco crop was taxed heavily for parochial purposes. True, 
 the twelve vestrymen probably paid one-half the tithes of the parish, 
 but they laid the levy and the small planter did not. As a contribu- 
 tion he might have given his sixty pounds of tobacco willingly. As a 
 tax he paid it grudgingly. If he took up land further back in the wil- 
 derness, the parish system followed him, with new churches to build 
 and a new parson, living, perhaps, forty miles away, to be paid his 
 16,000 pounds of tobacco. The Church was fast becoming unpopular 
 with the masses whom it not did reach, or at least reached but im- 
 perfectly and with small power to win their affection. 
 
 The rise of the Dissenters in Virginia and the beginnings of their 
 inroads upon the legal preserves of the Church dates practically from 
 about the year 1740, though it was nearly twenty years later before 
 their opposition was seriously felt, and still another decaae before 
 
12 
 
 they began to attack the Establishment with deadly deteiuiiination. 
 Their progress, however, among the plain people of the country was 
 rapid from the beginning, and the reasons are not far to seek. Many 
 of the dissenting preachers, however ill-equipped in knowledge and 
 narrow in creed, were men of earnest piety and burning zeal. They 
 brought religion to the doors of the people who, before, could hardly 
 reach its exponent by a Sabbath day's journey. They presented it in 
 such guise as they could understand, appealing to the feelings rather 
 than the understanding, but touching the hearts as the long sermons 
 and lifeless services of the parish churches had never touched them. 
 Moreover, these preachers were men of strong native sense and shrewd- 
 ness, and they understood their congregations very thoroughly. Their 
 very weaknesses they turned into elements of strength. Their lack of 
 education, their being without regular orders, the sporadic and demo- 
 cratic organization of their churches, the very small expense attaching 
 to their support and the maintenance of this native and homely form 
 of religion, as contrasted with that of the Established Church — they 
 made all these things weigh in their favor. "Eree Religion" proved 
 to be a harp of many strings, and they played upon them all. When 
 at last the magistrates began, in a few instances, to seek to curb their 
 zeal or reprimand their excesses, they courted prosecution with the 
 devotion of the martyr combined with the shrewd wisdom of the po- 
 litical agitator. Fines they did not like to pay, but there was no such 
 pulpit as the grated window of the county jail. This appealed to the 
 popular sympathy as possibly nothing else could. The crime of perse- 
 cution was now added to those ascribed to the Church; and presently 
 a still more serious charge began to be laid at her doors, and one more 
 potent to fire the public heart. It was the English Church! The pop- 
 ular indignation aroused by the Stamp Act grew apace until it burst 
 into the patriotic flame of Revolution, and the odium which began to 
 attach to England was not slow to be directed toward the Church which 
 bore her name. 
 
 Meanwhile the Baptist and Presbyterian voter had become an ele- 
 ment to be reckoned with. As early as 1759 an act was passed de- 
 claring that a vestryman joining a dissenting congregation thereby va- 
 cated his office. But few Dissenters as yet found their way to the 
 House of Burgesses, but they were helping to elect those that did. The 
 perfectly just, but unwise, course of the clergy who protested and ap- 
 pealed to the courts against the Option oi Two-penny act of 1758, which 
 
13 
 
 allowed their tobacco salary for that year, when tobacco was particu- 
 larly high, to be compounded to them at the miserable rate of sixteen 
 shillings and eight pence a hundred, and their practical defeat, con- 
 trary to law and justice, but in obedience to the will of the people, did 
 much to strengthen the prejudice against the Church and embolden her 
 enemies. 
 
 The boon of Disestablishment came to her, however, from the wis- 
 dom and convictions of her own sons. Many of the old vestrymen 
 must have been long ago persuaded that not only the cause of religion, 
 but the influence and vitality of the Church which they loved were 
 being hampered and jeopardized by its connection with the State; that 
 the whole system, however venerable, v/as false and vicious, and that 
 the principles of religion as well as the logic of events demanded that 
 her service should be perfect freedom. For the first time in the his- 
 tory of Virginia, if not of the English race, an opportunity for declar- 
 ing and carrying into effect these convictions presented itself in 1776. 
 Before that time the Church in Virginia had no more power to free 
 herself from the control of the State than has the Department of Jus- 
 tice, for instance, to decline its allegiance to the government of which 
 it is a part. But when the people of Virginia met in Convention to 
 face the question of Revolution and to proclaim their Declaration of 
 Rights, the occasion offered, and the promptness with which it was 
 seized upon to pronounce the principle of Religious Liberty shows that 
 the conception had long found lodgment in their minds. When that Con- 
 vention, composed of Churchmen almost to a man, unanimously adopt- 
 ed the sixteenth article of the Bill of Rights they knew perfectly that 
 it would lead, and was meant to lead, to the disestablishment of their 
 Church, though few, perhaps, saw as clearly as did George Mason, its 
 author, and the father of Religious L,iberty, the full extent to which it 
 would go in guiding further legislation. 
 
 Almost immediately after the adoption of the new Constitution, the 
 General Assembly proceeded to put into effect the principle announced, 
 by an act declaring null and void in this Commonwealth all acts of 
 Parliament which limited the right of maintaining any religious opin- 
 ions or exercising any mode of worship. The same act exempted Dis- 
 senters from the payment of parish levies for the support of ministers; 
 and, lest such levies should now fall too heavily upon those who still 
 adhered to the Established Church, if required to pay the ministers 
 their fixed salaries, the act providing for such levies was suspended 
 
14 
 
 for one year. All glebe lands, churches and chapels, church plate, &c., 
 were, however, expressly reserved and saved for the church in each 
 parish for all coming time. The act for the support of the clergy con- 
 tinued to be suspended from year to year until it was finally repealed 
 In 177!t. 
 
 The passage of this act of October, 177t), was the crucial test for the 
 Church. The prop which had been her temporal support, the parish 
 levy, was removed in a moment and without warning. It came at the 
 most inopportune time, at the beginning of the Revolution, when the 
 distractions of war filled the land, when taxation was heavy and prop- 
 el ty depreciated, and when the principal men of each parish wen; ab- 
 sent on public duty or absorbed in the stirring events and doubtful 
 issues of the day. What steps were taken in the different parishes to- 
 ward supporting the Church by the new system of voluntary contri- 
 butions we have little or no means of knowing. In the great majority 
 of cases probably nothing was done, the matter being deferred until 
 more peaceful times. The ministers, if they staye'd in their parishes, 
 had their glebes, and from these and such alms as they might receive, 
 gained their meager living. Some turned to secular pursuits for sup- 
 port; others drifted out of the State; several entered the army as offi- 
 cers or chaplains. At the outbreak of the Revolution, or, say, in 1775, 
 there were, as nearly as we can gather, about ninety-five parish minis- 
 ters in the Colony. Bishop Meade, following Dr. Hawks, says that at 
 Its close, or in 1785, "only twenty-eight ministers were found laboring 
 In the less desolate parishes of the State." But Dr. Hawks' figures are 
 not accurate, for we can find at least forty-tivo whose names reappear 
 after the Revolution, and there may have been others whom age or dis- 
 tance prevented from coming to the Conventions, and of these at least 
 thirty were still in their old parishes. During the ten years certainly 
 as many as twenty-three would die or become disabled, which would 
 leave only thirty to be accounted for after a decade of upheaval and 
 war, when the very foundations on which they had rested were over- 
 turned. We cannot, therefore, justify Bishop Meade's hasty conclusion 
 that "had they been faithftil shepherds, they would not have thus de- 
 serted their flocks." 
 
 With the first return of peace the Church people began to cast about 
 for means for rehabilitating and maintaining their Church. And here 
 another source of weakness, due wholly to their former condition as 
 an Established or State Church, manifested itself in a way that, to us. 
 
15 
 
 seems perfectly amazing. The idea of a Cliurch supported by tlie free- 
 will offerings of her people was one that was absolutely foreign to 
 their minds. Whether such a condition would be desirable or not was 
 not at all the question at issue. To the minds of the very great ma- 
 jority of the leading Churchmen such a scheme was visionary and im- 
 practicable. It meant that religion would die out in the land, or degen- 
 erate into tiiey knew not what form of ribaldry and free-thinking. In 
 a few places, like Alexandria, for instance, a number of wealthy men 
 from one or two parishes might unite and maintain the services of the 
 Church by pew rents, and this Washington tot)k the lead in doing there; 
 but elsewhere the light of the Church would be extinguished forever. 
 Such was their firm conviction, and why? Because the duty of giving 
 had never for one moment been taught, nor an opportunity for its ex- 
 ercise been offered, in the Colonial Church! I suppose that on Com- 
 munion occasions an offertory was taken to be distributed by the min- 
 ister among the poor, a purely formal proceeding. Beyond this I doubt 
 whether an offering had ever been taken in a Colonial church, or that 
 the people had ever been asked to give a penny for her support or ex- 
 tension. The vestry paid all the bills out of the parish levy. The peo- 
 ple were asked and expected to give nothing, only to pay the tithes 
 assessed upon them as the law demanded. And so they had never 
 learned to give, nor to imagine the Church and her ministry being 
 maintained in any such uncertain and unbusinesslike fashion. 
 
 When the law of 1776 was passed, suspending the parish levies, the 
 question of whether the support of ministers and teachers of the gospel 
 should be left to the voluntary contributions of each religious society 
 or be provided for by a general legal assessment, was professedly left 
 open for future determination. In 1784 the Churchmen in many coun- 
 ties, with a few others, petitioned the General Assembly for a law re- 
 quiring all persons to contribute to the support of religion in some 
 form or other; and a bill was introduced entitled "An Act for estab- 
 lishing a provision for teachers of the Christian religion," and known 
 as the General Assessment Bill. It provided that each taxpayer should 
 declare, when giving in his list of tithables, to what religious society 
 his assessment should be appropriated; but its payment was obligatory. 
 The bill was opposed by three parties in the State, holding very diverse 
 views. There was an element, influential, if not large or open, who 
 were indifferent, if not Inimical, to the existence of any Church or re- 
 ligion at all. Secondly, there were the Dissenters generally, but chiefly 
 
16 
 
 the Baptists, whose Church methods required little for thjeir mainte 
 nance, but who were quicli to see the advantage the measure would 
 afford to the Church of larger requirements upon whose destruction 
 they were avowedly bent. And lastly, but in effectiveness chiefly, there 
 were a small number under the leadership of James Madison, who saw 
 that the whole thing was wrong in principle and contrary to the doc- 
 trine of perfect liberty in matters of religion. It was advocated by 
 some Presbyterians at least and by Episcopalians generally, under the 
 skillful leadership in the Assembly of Patrick Henry, aided by such 
 men as Edmund Randolph, Richard Henry Lee, John Page and Edmund 
 Pendleton; while George Washington was an avowed believer in the 
 principle, to quote his own words, of "making people pay for the sup- 
 port of that which they profess." It is strange to us to-day that such 
 great statesmen and devoted Churchmen should have contended so vig- 
 orously for such a measure. But the traditions and custom of many 
 centuries are hard to overcome. The maintenance of religion without 
 the sanction and support of the government in some form was to them 
 an untried experiment, and one of more than doubtful promise. They 
 were opportunists because of their fears for religion and the Church. 
 
 When Madison sav/ that the bill would certainly pass if brought to a 
 vote, he succeeded in having it laid over until the next session. In the 
 meantime, at the solicitation of Mason and Nicholson, he prepared his 
 famous "Memorial and Remonstrance," which was widely circulated. 
 It received so many signatures, and was probably itself so effective as 
 an argument, that at the next session the bill was defeated with little 
 difficulty. This victory paved the way for the passage, one year later, 
 ol Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom, which had been reported 
 in 1779 by a committee composed originally of Jefferson, Wythe. Mason, 
 Pendleton and Thomas Ludwell Lee, but which had hung fire in the 
 Assembly for seven years. 
 
 The real act by which the Church was disestablished, however, was 
 that for "Incorporating the Protestant Episcopal Church," passed at 
 the session of October, 1784, upon the petition of the Episcopal clergy. 
 It made the minister and vestry of each parish a body corporate to 
 hold its property, repealed all former acts relating to vestries or minis- 
 ters and their duties, or to the doctrines and worship of the Church, 
 and provided that the Church, in Convention, should regulate all its 
 religious concerns. The act, as we shall see, was repealed two years 
 later, but in the meantime the Diocese of Virginia was organized under 
 
17 
 
 its provisions on the 18th ©f May, 1785. In that first Convention sixty- 
 nine parishes were represented by thirty-six clerical and seventy-one 
 lay delegates. It was by no means a small or insignificant body, and 
 as one reads the names of the laymen who chiefly composed its mem- 
 bership, he sees that it represented, to a large degree, the foremost peo- 
 ple of the State in substance, position and character. They were 
 trained legislators, and every page of their proceedings shows their 
 skill in this regard and the patient and thorough consideration they 
 gave to the matters before them. Not one of these delegates had ever 
 sat in a Church Legislative Convention before, except Dr. Griffith. 
 Their ecclesiastical training had been gained as vestrymen solely. They 
 met to organize a Church under conditions never before existing. They 
 had no precedent to guide them, no model to which to conform. Their 
 work under such circumstances was truly remarkable. In their re- 
 sponse to the overtures from the North in regard to forming a General 
 Convention, and in the body of Canons which they enacted under the 
 title of "Rules for the Order, Government and Discipline of the Prot- 
 estant Episcopal Church in Virginia," so admirably adapted to the 
 peculiar conditions in which they stood, they manifested that genius 
 for Constitution-making which seemed to be inherent in the Virginian 
 of that day. In these respects they krew clearly what they wanted, 
 and spoke with plainness and confidence. But in another direction 
 their worli seems to us to leave much to be desired. In view of the 
 vita,] needs of the Church, not as an organization but as a living work- 
 ing body, they lacked comprehension, initiative and the foresight of 
 faith. In the face of the actual situation confronting them in each 
 parish, of the problems and demands of the hour calling for practical 
 solution and aggressive effort, they seemed almost powerless, and can 
 only recommend to the several vestries to take the most effectual meas- 
 ures for the support of their ministers, and issue an address to the 
 members of the Church, mildly reviewing the advantages of religion, 
 explaining the present situation, and exhorting them in this crisis "to 
 co-operate fervently in the cause of our Church." "Of what is the 
 Church now possessed?" they cry in plaintive accents, and answer, 
 "Nothing but the glebes and your affections." This was the sum-total 
 of her estate, real and personal. One can hardly fail to see the longing 
 backward glance at the fleshpots of Eaypt made while taking the in- 
 ventory. The glebes seemed to them much the more tangible and de- 
 pendable asset of the two. It was of the sort they had been accustomed 
 
18 
 
 to look to and to estimate. They did not realize yet by what an un- 
 certain tenure even that was held, as their Baptist friends' would show 
 them after awhile, or what a source of weakness these same glebes 
 would prove, in exciting the opposition of their enemies and diverting 
 their own energies for their defence. Still less did they understand 
 the mine of wealth and spiritual power that was latent in that other 
 item of her possessions, the affections of the people for the Church 
 From that source the Church in the Virginias draws now an income of 
 half a million dollars annually. At that day these affections had never 
 been taught how to express themselves; nor would they until, by sore 
 travail, the Church should learn not to lean upon the arm of flesh, and 
 discover the true source of her strength and wherein was the hiding 
 of her power. 
 
 In two years the Act of Incorporation was repealed, the other de- 
 nominations continuing to protest against it and refusing the offer of 
 the Legislature to have a similar act passed in favor of their own 
 Churches. The real injury done the Church by. this repeal was small. 
 But as a sign of her loss of prestige, and of the continued persecution 
 to which she would be subject, it added much to her depression and 
 discouragement. Yet she still failed to see the lessons of Providence, 
 and to devote herself to her development from within rather than to 
 saving the sad remnants of her former estate. After five years, and 
 after one failure due to her own disgraceful lethargy, she had obtained 
 a Bishop and was now fully organized. A few new clergymen were 
 being ordained or were coming in from elsewhere, though not enough 
 to take the places of those who died, much less to fill what should have 
 been the demand. The defection of the Methodists made large in- 
 roads in the ranks of her adherents. The pestilential spread of infi- 
 delity still further sapped her strength. The clergy of the old school 
 seemed impotent to cope with dissent or skepticism, or to adapt them- 
 selves to a new order of things. One by one the parishes gave up the 
 hopeless struggle and passed into the inanition of seeming death. The 
 Conventions grew smaller and smaller. The one hundred and seven 
 members in 1785 became but thirty-seven in 1799. in which year, by the 
 way, the General Assembly passed an act repealing specifically and by 
 name all previous acts in any way touching upon "the late protestant 
 episcopal church." The reason given was that they tended toward the 
 re-establishment of a national Church. The real animus is doubtless 
 seen In the confiscation of the glebes which followed three years later. 
 
19 
 
 For many years the Convention had been trying to defend her right to 
 this property, so solemnly confirmed to the Church by legislative ac- 
 tion. Not only were the glebes now seized, but the right was asserted 
 to confiscate the Church buildings also; but this they forbore doing so 
 long as they remained in possession of tneir present owners. Doubtless 
 the general expectation was that in a short time the few churches still 
 in use would be abandoned and fall into irrevocable decay, and so the 
 last vestige of the despised and discredited Church would pass away in 
 the land. 
 
 This expectation seemed in every way likely to be realized. The 
 very hand of Providence was interposed to prevent the Convention 
 from successfully defending her claims or continuing the hopeless 
 struggle. The supreme judiciary to which she appealed stood, after 
 the death of Judge Pendleton, hopelessly deadlocked, and to this day 
 her cause remains without formal decision by the Court of Appeals. 
 Doubtless it was most fortunate that it was so. 
 
 Several Conventions were held between 1799 and 1812. Others, per- 
 haps, failed for lack of a quorum. We have the journal of but one. For 
 several years none was held, though the number required to form a 
 quorum had been gradually reduced from forty to fifteen, and was later 
 brought down to twelve. The Bishop and most of the clergy had given 
 up in despair. Death was annually reducing their ranks, and hope- 
 lessness, if nothing worse, paralyzed the efficiency of those that rer 
 mained. For twenty years they had tried to uphold the old Church 
 as they had known and understood her, the formal, automatic Church 
 of the old Colonial parish, and it was in vain. 
 
 And now it was time for the Lord to work. The Lord always has a 
 remnant that remains according to the election of grace, and through 
 these He has performed the wonderful things in the Church's history. 
 The remnant of the old Church remained in Virginia in numberless; 
 homes, where the Prayer Book was still read and pondered, its cate- 
 chism taught, its precepts followed and its services longed for. An 
 extract from an autobiographical sketch, which has come into my hands, 
 written by an aged saint lately gone to her rest, will illustrate this. 
 She is telling of her grandmother, who lived in the days of which we 
 are speaking, and says: "She was devotedly pious and a great reader. 
 The Prayer Book was her daily companion, and she paid much atten- 
 tion to the festivals and faithfully observed the fasts. She was my 
 godmother. I shall never forget an Easter night, when she took the 
 
20 
 
 Bible and read with me the story of the passion and resurrection from 
 the beginning. As she pointed out the consequences of sin, and the ne- 
 cessity of Christ's death for our salvation, our tears mingled together, 
 and for the first time the reality of it was impressed upon my mind. I 
 do not know how old I was, but the scene has never faded from my 
 memory." 
 
 Hundreds of similar records could be gathered from the annals of our 
 old families. The Church still lived in the homes, in the affections, in 
 the traditions, in the very blood of her children. About one year before 
 the death of Bishop Madison, when the Church was at the lowest ebb of 
 her fortunes, he ordained to the ministry a son of one of these homes, 
 and in the Convention which was called after the Bishop's death in 1812, 
 among the fourteen clerical and the same number of lay delegates that 
 assembled, the Rev. William Meade took his seat for the first time. 
 The next day the Rev. William H. Wilmer, lately come to Alexandria 
 from Maryland, sat by his side, and the human instruments who were 
 to move for the revival of the Church were prepared. 
 
 Bishop Meade was one of the great Virginians. In the work that he 
 accomplished and its abiding results, in his capacity for leadership, in 
 genius, wisdom and character, he stood, if not in the very first rank, 
 then among the foremost in the second. Perhaps he was lacking in a 
 certain breadth of mind, for his convictions were very deep. Doubt- 
 less he was cast in a somewhat stern Cromwellian mould; his work de- 
 manded that. But he accomplished great things. Men trusted him, 
 and he led them aright to high and righteous ends. He was a re- 
 former, an upbuilder, a restorer of paths to dwell in. He had all the 
 qualities of a great commander, and in a lesser degree those of a states- 
 man, and they were consecrated without reserve to a single definite 
 end in the hand of God. Bishop Moore was the Ezra, but Bishop 
 Meade was the Nehemiah of the Restoration, who built the walls and 
 planted the towers of our Jerusalem on sure foundations. 
 
 I need not remind you how conspicuously the Divine Providence 
 wrought in bringing Bishop Moore to Virginia as her second Bishop. 
 With that event the revival of the Chuich began. Dr. Hodges, misinter- 
 preting a statement of Bishop Meade's, says there were but five clergy- 
 men then at work in Virginia; but at no time were there less than thir- 
 teen ministers in charge of parishes in the Diocese, though some of them 
 were now old men, and there were doubtless but five yoking ministers 
 qualified for the task before them. Very slowly at first the number 
 
21 
 
 increased, and with it the number of parishes which began to take on 
 new life. But under a Bishop who had had no part in her late woes, 
 and who would not know an old glebe if he saw one, the Church turned 
 her back upon a painful past and her face to the sunrise. 
 
 Time would not admit, nor does need require, that we should follow 
 the onward course of the Diocese under the new order. The Church 
 had learned her lesson — "Not by might, nor by power, but by my Spirit, 
 saith the Lord of Hosts." And He clothed her with change of rai- 
 ment, and set a fair mitre upon her head, and caused her iniquity to 
 pass from her. And He set her feet in a large room. 
 
 "In every parish which I have visited," said Bishop Moore in his 
 first Convention address, "I have discovered the most animated wish 
 in the people to repair the waste places in our Zion, and to restore 
 the Church of their fathers to its primitive purity and excellence. I 
 have found their minds alive to the truths of religion, and have dis- 
 covered an attachment to our excellent liturgy exceeding my utmost 
 expectations. I have witnessed a sensibility to divine things bordering 
 on the spirit of gospel times. I have seen congregations, upon the 
 mention of that glory which once irradiated with its beams the Church 
 of Virginia, burst into tears, and by their holy emotions perfectly elec- 
 trify my mind." 
 
 The good Bishop's experiences at that time were but limited indeed, 
 and his observations had been made under the most favorable conditions. 
 But so long as he could speak thus the Church was not dead, nor had 
 the affections of her people failed. To restore the Church to far more 
 than her pristine glory and prosperity, to meet her spiritual needs, 
 and to equip her for future ministrations of righteousness, her nurs- 
 ing fathers of that day and their followers laid stress upon four points, 
 which I shall do little more than enumerate. 
 
 First: They depended upon the power of the gospel of Christ cru- 
 cified, preached with what, alas! we now call old-fashioned evangelical 
 simplicity and fervor. They were not concerned about propping up 
 the cross, but were intent on holding it up before the heart and con- 
 science. Their theology had a strong tinge of Calvinism, no doubt, 
 but it was remarkably free from any weaker dilutions. This was their 
 remedy for the Church's ailments, their instrument for her upbuilding, 
 and their protest at first against the latitudinarianism of a former 
 age, and afterwards against the sacerdotalism of the tractarian move- 
 ment. We of to-day may well consider whether any better remedy, 
 
22 
 
 or more effective instrument, or more emphatic protest, has yet been 
 discovered. 
 
 Secondly: They gave themselves to restoring the grace of Disci- 
 pline in the Church, a revival which God grant may never be as greatly 
 needed again! It was not without significance that the Canon, "Of the 
 Trial of a Clergyman," for so many years stood first in the code of 
 Virginia Canons. It had to be revised, sharpened up and fortified at 
 least twelve times after 1785, when the nucleus of it was first enacted. 
 Bishop Meade and a few others fought doggedly for many years for 
 the constitutional amendment requiring delegates to Convention to 
 be communicants, and only carried the point in 1835. The old Canon 
 XIX was another monument of their not ill-directed zeal for purity 
 of life in the Church, and was needful for those times. Strong meas- 
 ures were required to restore the confidence of the people in the stan- 
 dards of personal piety upheld by a Church which had been so long 
 discredited by her sons and vilified by her enemies. 
 
 Thirdly: With long patience and by many experiments they 
 taught the duty, and gave opportunity for the exercise, of liberality 
 and devotion in the support of the Church and its extension by mis- 
 sionary effort. The leaders themselves had everything to learn of a 
 practical sort in this direction, and not a few expedients were adopted 
 and tentative efforts made before our numerous Diocesan institutions 
 and funds were placed on their present foundations, and especially 
 before the Diocesan Missionary Society was evolved, and the people 
 taught to love it and to be partakers in its work as a personal obliga- 
 tion and privilege, as they do to-day. It was no small part of the good 
 foundation laid by those fathers of the Virginia Church that, by slow 
 degrees and prayerful effort, tUey taught her people to give of their 
 substance to the Lord, not only in the support of their own parishes, 
 but in furthering the holy enterprise of missions. 
 
 And lastly: Out of what was felt to be the greatest need of the 
 revived Church grew her crowning glory and her richest gift to the 
 cause of religion. Of the ministers under whom the restoration of 
 the Church began, but a few comparatively, certainly not as many as 
 half, were native Virginians. For many years her ministry was re- 
 cruited from beyond the borders of the State, and indeed throughout 
 her history a surprisingly large proportion of her most distinguished 
 and useful clergymen were but adopted sons of the old Commonwealth. 
 The fact has been overlooked because they uniformly became such 
 
23 
 
 intense Virginians in loyalty and sentiment as to be proudly reckoned 
 among the very elect. But from the beginning the need of a ministry 
 "native and to the manner born," and vi^ell trained and equipped for 
 their vi^ork, was felt to be imperative. The standard of ministerial 
 fitness was placed very high by our early bishops, and it has never been 
 lowered. They purposed that the future of the Church should be 
 committed to faithful men trained according to those standards, ground- 
 ed and settled in the faith of the simple, positive and unadulterated 
 gospel in which they believed and of which they were not ashamed. 
 From this purpose, under singular displays of divine blessing, grew 
 the Theological Seminary in Virginia, from which has gone forth 
 streams to make glad the City of God in all lands. 
 
 God help us to be worthy successors of such men — to learn the les- 
 sons and to keep the charge which the history of the Virginia Church 
 lays upon all her sons! 
 
The Church in Virginia m the Days of 
 the Colony. 
 
 BY THE REV. JOSEPH li. Dl .\ N , OF NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 ^ rs^ HE two principal sources of authority in regard to the Colonial 
 Church of Virginia are Hening's Statutes and the old vestry 
 2_i books of the different parishes. During the period of her as- 
 cendency in Virginia the Church needed no defender nor apolo- 
 gist, and after the Revolution, when her organization was shattered, 
 her property taken from her, and her clergy scattered, the Church was 
 left helpless. 
 
 The Church had always been a part of the organic life of the Colony, 
 but never a part of its politics. She was not organized for political 
 ends, nor did she have any political traditions nor training. She 
 was never a party in the Colony. To understand her downfall, it is 
 necessary to understand the position thi Church held in the community 
 during the Colonial period. This position has never been fairly stated. 
 Dr. Hawks, in the preparation of the History of the Virginia Church, 
 was dependent for his materials in matters relating to the Church upon 
 the works of the Baptists, Presbyterians and Methodists, the men who 
 together wrought the destruction of the Church. Bishop Meade ac- 
 cepts the thesis of Dr. Hawks, borrowed as it is from the political 
 briefs of the enemy of the Church, and though he had access to the 
 vestry books of the early Church, he uses them to defend the thesis. 
 His work is rather that of an annalist than a historian. 
 
 The history of the Church in Virginia reflects fully and accurately 
 the life of her people; and the reckless condemnation of that Church 
 has made incomprehensible the lives of her public men, who were in 
 most cases devoted Churchmen. If we accept the thesis of the Churcn's 
 enemies, then Washington, Mason, Nelson and the Lees were all excep- 
 tions to the rule of a corrupt and reckless gentry. This suppositio . 
 ib so preposterous that one Baptist historian attempts to explain 
 Washington on the supposition that he was at heart a Baptist. 
 
 The Church in Virginia was from the first the Church of the people 
 rather than the Church of the clergy. The churches were built by the 
 
ii^^i 
 
 
 sa^-*. 
 
 
 Rt. Rev. James Madison, D. D., 
 Last Rector of Jamestown and first Bishop of Virginia. 
 
25 
 
 l-eople, and the demand for clergy was always greater than the supply. 
 As the people built the churches, purchased the glebes and furnished 
 and stocked them out of their own means, they naturally coniended 
 that they were the owners thereof. The spirit of independence ex- 
 hibited in the Virginia Assembly was the spirit of the people, and 
 found expression in the vestry meeting as in the halls of legislature. 
 The people of Virginia identified themselves with the Church as they 
 identified themselves with the government. They were the Church 
 as they were the State. In the patent which gave to the Bishop of 
 London the spiritual oversight of the Colony the right of induction 
 was expressly reserved to the Governor of the Colony. The vestries 
 did not fight the letter of this law, out they made it inoperative by 
 persistently asserting that they, as the representatives of the people, 
 were the patrons of the livings; and that neither the king nor the 
 governor, as the representative of the king, could claim the right of 
 presentation, which was an inalienable right of the people themselves. 
 The vestry was elected by the people and held office for an indefinite 
 period. In most cases the vestry was a self-perpetuating body, filling 
 vacancies in their number by their own choice; and yet the people 
 never wholly surrendered their authority; for in some cases, upon de- 
 mand of the people themselves, Iflie vestry was dissolved by an Act of 
 Assembly. The vestry were generally the most conspicuous and in- 
 fiuential members of the community. Their duties were not wholly 
 ecclesiastical, for to them was entrusted the care of the poor of the 
 parish and the holding of all trust funds for such purposes. They 
 appointed the procession-masters, and to them was made the report of 
 ihe processioning. As these processionings established the bounds of 
 every free-holder's property, the business was of great importance. 
 They fixed the rate of taxation for tithes, and to them all tithes were 
 paid. The long tenure of office and the importance and prestige at- 
 taching to the position of a vestryman inevitably produced an aris- 
 tocratic and autocratic spirit in the men who composed the vestry. 
 This august and closely organized body were in very truth "The 
 twelve lords of the parish." 
 
 The status of the clergy was no less clearly fixed. The parson was 
 the duly appointed officer in the Church, whose duties were well marked 
 out, and whose authority was carefully defined. The minister was 
 
 chosen by the vestry, and they were responsible to the people for the 
 character and efficiency of their appointee. The vestry made earnest 
 
26 
 
 effort that the parish might be always supplied with a minister, but 
 every church and chapel was provided with a salaried clerk, who 
 read the services regularly, and the lack of a minister did not prevent 
 the people from attending the services of the Church. No vestryman 
 could hold the office of clerk. Wherever a sufficient number of citizens 
 settled in any portion of the Colony, a chapel was immediately pro- 
 vided by the vestry and a clerk appointed. 
 
 The taxes for maintaining the Church establishment were called 
 tithes. These tithes went for the minister's salary, the salary of the 
 clerk and the maintenance and building of churches and chapels and 
 for the support of the poor. Every male inhabitant over sixteen was 
 tithable, and the tithe varied from thirty to sixty pounds of tobacco 
 per poll, according to the immediate needs of the parish. 
 
 The Church was the People, and the People the Church; but the 
 attitude of the people towards dissenters was expressed not by the 
 Church as an ecclesiastical establishment, but by the representatives 
 of the people in their legislative and executive capacity. So far from 
 being a persecuting Church, the Church as a Church did not attempt 
 to control these matters, which were everywhere deemed a part of the 
 civil order. The expulsion of the Puritan preachers and the breaking 
 up of the Puritan congregations in Nansemond and Norfolk counties, 
 a few months before the execution of Charles I., were acts not of the 
 Church, but of the Governor's Council, and the charge against the 
 Puritans was disloyalty to the Government and to the King. The 
 famous and oft-quoted statute against the Quakers, expelling them 
 from the Colony and providing that if they returned the second time, 
 they should be proceeded against as felons, takes on a very different 
 color when the statute is given in full, and not in the garbled form 
 in which it appears in the partisan histories of the sects. The statute 
 closes with these words: "Provided, always, and be it further enacted, 
 that if any of the said persons, Quakers or other separatists, shall, 
 after such conviction, give security that he, she or they shall for the 
 time to come forbear to meet in any such unlawful assemblies as 
 aforesaid, that then and from thenceforth such person or persons shall 
 be discharged from all the penaUies aforesaid, anything in this act 
 to the contrary notwithstanding." (Hen., Vol. 2, p. 183.) The statute 
 was directed against organized opposition to the laws and institutions 
 of the Colony, and no attempt is made to deprive the individual of 
 his liberty of thought and utterance, so long as he with others did not 
 attempt to overtlirow the civil law. 
 
The tact that there was no Episcopal authority within the Colony, 
 and that the make-shift of a commissary was never accepted either by 
 the clergy or the people, forced the vestries to assume functions prop- 
 erly belonging to ecclesiastical courts. In the event of the bad be- 
 havior of any of the clergy, he was summoned before the vestry and 
 tried; and if the charges were proven, he was expelled, or if by any 
 chance he had been inducted into the living, he was ijrosecuted before 
 the authorities at the seat of government. That the vestry, as the 
 representatives of the people, did demand a high standard of life ajid 
 character on the part of the clergy is evidenced by the fact that 
 in some cases, even though it brought open reproach upon the Church, 
 they turned the offending minister out of his office. The fidelity of 
 the vestries in this matter was one day to furnish to the enemies of 
 the Church material for a bitter arraignment of the Church itself. 
 
 The Church, in its parish organization, reflected the life and social 
 standards of the Virginians. Birth and position were among the ac- 
 knowledged requisites for membership in the House of Burgesses, and the 
 like requirements were considered essential in the choice of a vestry- 
 man. The government of the Colony and the government of the Church 
 in Virginia were both alike democratic, but it was the democracy of 
 Athens, not of Rome. The landed gentry both in the Assembly and in 
 the vestry were the representatives of the people, and till the middle of 
 the eighteenth century no one questioned the established order. One 
 class in this social order was gradually crystallizing in its hatred of the 
 aristocratic form of government. This was the class of overseers. This 
 class was, in fact, the only element in the Colony which had ever been 
 subjected to persecution, though the persecutors were apparently ob- 
 livious of the fact of any injustice on their part. The "overseer legis- 
 lation" in the Colony was all of a kind to breed a deep and abidinr 
 hatred of the established order in the hearts of those affected by it. It 
 was provided by law that the overseer should live in a house adjacent 
 to the negro quarters; he could own only one horse, and he was not 
 allowed to attend muster, which was the great event of the year in 
 country life. These overseers were, in the very nature of things, the 
 most skillful farmers, and accustomed to exercise authority, and yet, 
 by a curious twist of legislation, they were practically pariahs. 
 
 The very church building itself, with the best pews reserved for the 
 magistrates and their families, and with the private galleries erected 
 at their own cost by the rich men of the parish, gave an added em- 
 
28 
 
 pliasis to the aristocratic nature of State and Church. When the Bap- 
 tists .:cininence(i their efforts they found plenty of inflammable mate- 
 rial, especially among the large class of overseers; and in the days of 
 agitation and unrest that preceded the tremendous social upheaval of 
 the Revolution, the discontented found a golden opportunity. The 
 Church of England in Virginia became the target for abuse on the lips 
 of those who were proclaiming their hatred of all things English. The 
 fiist Baptist Association, which was i.rofessedly, in its inception, in 
 1770, a political organization, was sworn to the destruction of the 
 Church. 
 
 Suddenly the Church found herself attacked by a host of men, who 
 maligned her clergy, ridiculed her institutions and fought her with 
 weapons new even to that kind of warfare. The Church was taken 
 by surprise. She had no weapons with which to fight vulgar abuse, 
 nor would she be embroiled in what she conceived to be a social rather 
 than a religious quarrel. Sometimes the agitator, when he became in- 
 fufferable, fell into the hands of the constable," and straightway the 
 Church was painted as a bloody persecutor. In none of these so-called 
 persecutions does the Church appear as the prosecutor. The charge 
 brought against the victims was "breach of the peace," and the arrest 
 was made by the sheriff or magistrate. The offender was set at lib- 
 erty when he furnished a peace bond. The persecuted martyrs of Vir- 
 ginia were offenders against civil law, and were victims not of the 
 Church's hate, but of the justice of a magistrate's court oefore which 
 they were tried for intemperate speech and creating a disturbance. At 
 the very time when these supposed persecutions were going on, the law 
 (f the land gave them the right to apply in court for licensed houses 
 for the worship of God according to their own conscience. The offend- 
 ers, failing to comply with the law, were, like other offenders against 
 the law, punished by the courts. 
 
 The forces that led to the final overthrow of the Church were in part 
 religious and political, but still more, perhaps, were they social and 
 economic. To destroy the Establishment meant to dethrone the twelve 
 lords of the parish, to humiliate the aristocrats, and last, but not 
 least, to do away with parish dues. By depriving the vestry of its 
 powers and the Church of its property, and then by raising hue and 
 cry against clergy and Church as English in name and sympathy, the 
 Church was first despoiled and then overthrowui. 
 
 When the Revolution was over, the new State presented a strange 
 
29 
 
 condidon of affairs. A large element of the population that had for- 
 merly taken but little interest in public affairs had, during the long 
 years of turmoil, come into prominence. The Baptists, especially, were 
 organized as a political party. The spirit of the age was against con- 
 servatism and aristocracy. The traditions of the Church in Virginia 
 forbade her to enter the political arena The legislature was flooded 
 with petitions from the enemies of the Church, demanding her destruc- 
 tion. The Church had but one reply, and that was to beg that the 
 questions at issue be submitted to the people of the State to decide. 
 This request was denied her. The new religio-political parties were 
 well organized and very active, and the public men of Virginia found 
 a strong instrument ready for use. Political power was still in the 
 hands of the aristocracy, but a new party, zealous with i-eligious en- 
 thusiasm, was clamoring for recognition. The men who had put forth 
 the Bill of Rights found that keen instrument turned upon its authors. 
 They did not flinch from the ordeal. The committee appointed to re- 
 vise the laws of the Commonwealth reported an act establishing Re- 
 ligious Freedom. That committee was composed of five men — Jeffer- 
 son, Pendleton, Wythe, Mason and Lee. All except Jefferson were ac- 
 tive members of the vestries of the Established Church, and Jefferson's 
 name also was in the list of the vestrymen of St. Anne's Parish, though 
 there is no record that he exercised the function of his office. When 
 the Church was dis-established, the deed was wrought by the sons of 
 the Church. There was no compulsion resting on them to do this thing, 
 for the question had not been submitted to the people at large. These 
 men deemed it a political necessity and a necessary corollary of the 
 Bill of Rights, and they, without a dissenting voice, signed the war- 
 rant for the dissolution of the Church of their affections. Such was 
 the spirit of the laymen who, from the beginning, had guided the 
 councils and controlled the destiny of the Church in Virginia. 
 
 But this act was fraught with consequences undreamed of by its au- 
 thors. The enemies of the Church deemed that they had won a great 
 victory, and they never rested till the Church was despoiled of its pos- 
 sessions. For the first time in history there was a persecuting Church 
 in Virginia. The campaign of hostility and invective was unrelenting 
 and ruthless. The Church, for nearly twenty years, was despaired of 
 even by those who loved her. The spirit of her despoilers did not win 
 the allegiance of Churchmen to the only organized religious life in the 
 State. A period of religious depression followed the overthrow of the 
 
30 
 
 Church. Many of the gentry of Virginia were without a Clxurch; and 
 love of State became the only religion with many of this class. Bishop 
 Meade's description of the low ebb of religious life among the upper 
 classes in Virginia at the beginning of his ministry is doubtless a 
 faithful picture. The cause of this condition is likewise apparent. 
 That the character of the men still remained high in spite of religious 
 apathy, or even hostility, is due to that social code, in obedience to 
 which the Virginian gave a fuller and richer meaning to the name of 
 gentleman. They were for a quarter ot a century irreligious in their 
 lack of recognition of the duty of accepting organized and systematized 
 Christianity, but some of what we now call the Christian graces were 
 beautifully exemplified in their daily intercourse with fellows. 
 
 During the long years of war the clergy became scattered. There 
 was no possibility of obtaining ministers except from England, and it 
 was no time for an Englishman to begin his labors in Virginia: and 
 there was no security for his support, even if he were brave enough to 
 make the venture. On the other hand, the ministers of the denomina- 
 tions multiplied indefinitely. It was not until the effects of the Revo- 
 lution began to die out that the old aristocratic order of society began 
 to assert itself again. The hatred of all things English was the lever 
 used to overthrow the Church and to keep her in the dust. The feeling 
 against the mother country was not allowed to die out, as it was too 
 valuable a political asset to let slip. So strong and so lasting was the 
 feeling that Benjamin Watkins Leigh, in the Virginia Constitutional 
 Convention of 1829-'30, exclaimed: "I know it is the fashion to decry 
 everything that is English, or supposed to be so. I know that, in the 
 opinion of many, it is enough to condemn any proposition in morals 
 or in politics, to denounce it as English doctrine." This statement of 
 Senator Leigh is a luminous commentary on the history of the Church 
 in Virginia. 
 
 History presents no more striking example of a Church of the people 
 than is found in the Church of Colonial Virginia. The people not only 
 maintained the Church as established, but extended it to meet the 
 needs of a growing population. They voluntarily assumed the care 
 and support of all the poor in the community. They not only clothed, 
 but educated the orphan and the waif. They demanded of their clergy 
 that they lead exemplary lives, and expelled them from office when 
 they fell short of this ideal. They held loyalty to God and to His 
 Church not an accident, but an essential of good citizenship. They 
 
31 
 
 appointed from among themselves clerks to read the services and ser- 
 mons in the absence of an ordained minister, and the Church was their 
 home. The Colonial Church of Virginia produced the largest breed 
 of men yet seen upon this continent. This Church was overthrown in 
 a social cataclysm, but even in the hour of her dissolution she was 
 true to her traditions. She had preached good citizenship and obedi- 
 ence to law; and when her enemies despoiled her of her property and 
 made her splendid lineage the ground of an accusation of shame, she 
 raised no voice in protest. Her property was taken away by law, and 
 she submitted to that law, never claiming the halo of martyr nor call- 
 ing legislation persecution. Even to the end she persistently refused 
 to become embroiled in the bitter strife of words. Her story has never 
 been told, and her children to-day know her only from the partisan and 
 libelous screeds of her destroyers. The Church, in her actual adminis- 
 trative life, was aristocratic, but so was the life of the people whom 
 she served. It was the aristocracy of birth, it is true; but it was also 
 the aristocracy of worth, and its creed of noblesse oblige kept her si- 
 lent even when men maligned her and robbed her under forms of law. 
 
A Preliminary View of American Church 
 
 History. 
 
 BY THE REV. OORBIN BRAXTON BRYAN, 1). I)., OF PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
 T 
 
 :^HE importance of the settlement at Jamestown lies in the fact 
 that then, at last, the English race began to come into perma- 
 nent possession of their portion in the New World, and to 
 shape the destiny of this continent. They were belated in 
 so doing, but when they came they brought • with them princi- 
 ples, civil and religious, which in the circumstances, they could hardly 
 have brought sooner; and to which, under God, they owe the supremacy 
 they have achieved. 
 
 As introductory to these historical papers, a brief review of the 
 conditions under which Virginia was settled seems appropriate. 
 
 When in 1493 tl 3 Portugese had rounded the Cape of Good Hope, 
 and begun to explore the East Indies, and the Spaniard was taking 
 possession of the Western World, Pope Alexander VI. (Rodrigo Bor- 
 gia) was appealed to by the Kings of Spain and Portugal to adjust 
 their claim in their new discoveries. This he did by dividing the 
 privileges of discovering and colonizing the unknown parts of the 
 world between these two great powers, the line of division being an 
 imaginary line which was supposed to be drawn from pole to pole 
 one hundred degrees west of the Azores. No account was taken of 
 any interest which the rest of the world might have or might come 
 to have in discovery and colonization; all was turned over bodily by 
 the Pope to Portugal and Spain. We smile at such a performance 
 now; but it meant a great deal when it was done. 
 
 With the work of Portugal we have nothing to do; that lay ea.stward. 
 But after more than one hundred years of amazing activity. Spain 
 had possessed herself of the West Indies, Mexico, the richest parts 
 of South America, and had reached across the Pacific and laid her 
 hands upon the Philippines. She had established herself in Florida, 
 had traversed the land from Florida to South Carolina and acioss to 
 the Mississippi, and claimed it all. along with what we now call Vir- 
 
33 
 
 ginia, as a part of her West Indian territory. Out ot these vast re- 
 sources she had reaped incalculable treasure. 
 
 England as yet had not a single colony. But England had not been 
 idle. She, too, had made great gains. During the ninety-four years 
 between the death of Henry VII. and the accession of James I., Lon- 
 don had become the greatest mart of trade and commerce in the civil- 
 ized world. The ships of English merchants were on every sea; and 
 in exploration, and in all naval matters, from being comparatively in- 
 significant, England had come to the very front. This was equally 
 true in social advancement, and especially in literature. But most 
 important of all, the Reformation of the English Church had been 
 accomplished. During the reign of Elizabeth, and in the midst of 
 how great struggle to maintain the independence of England, the 
 Church of England had become gradually and permanently Protestant; 
 and for forty years previous to the settlement of Jamestown, England 
 stood as the leader and champion of the Reformation. 
 
 For two generations the power of Spain, armed with the exhaustless 
 wealth of the Indies, and directed by the fanatical minds of the Em- 
 peror Charles V. and his son PTiilip II., bent upon the aggrandizement 
 of the Kingdom of Spain and of the Church of Rome, had threatened 
 the civil and religious liberty of every Protestant power in Europe. 
 During that period, any settlement of Englishmen in America had 
 proved impossible. It was all England could do to maintain her in- 
 dependence at home, and assist others struggling in the same cause. 
 This she did throughout the long reign of Elizabeth, giving assist- 
 ance and a refuge for the French Huguenots, and fighting the battles 
 of the Dutch against Spain in the Netherlands. At last, in the over- 
 throw of the Armada in 1588, the liberty of England was assured; 
 and upon the accession of James I. peace was established between 
 Spain and England, and a better opportunity was thereby afforded 
 for the settlement of an English colony in America. But though peace 
 had been declared, war was in the hearts of both nations, and many 
 of the English who, under Elizabeth had been fighting Spain lor years, 
 went over to the Netherlands, and continued the fight there in behalf 
 of the Dutch. 
 
 In the meantime, the great question of religion, on which all the 
 rest hinged, had been determined, and so a colony could be estab- 
 lished homogeneous in faith as Protestants: and no sooner was the 
 peace declared than the minds of the English turned again to Virginia. 
 
 Under the difficulties which existed during the former reign, the 
 
34 
 
 task of colonization had proved too great tor even the heroic enter- 
 prise and the princely foitune of Eir Walter Raleigh, aided by his 
 chivalrous and pious brother. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and by that ter- 
 rific fighter, Sir Richard Gi'enville. It was now to be attempted by 
 many English men of wealth and power operating in two stock com- 
 panies. The plan was taken in hand by Sir John Popham, the Lord 
 Chief Justice of England. The chatter granted for the settlement 
 of Virginia was granted by James I. on April 10, 1G06; and as was 
 natural, those patriots and Churchmen who were sustaining the move- 
 ment looked for their leaders among those who had distinguished 
 themselves in the English struggle in the days of Elizabeth, or who 
 had been or were still assisting the Dntcli in their long battle for 
 libeity and the Protestant faith. 
 
 The first name on the list of those to whom the Letters Patent were 
 granted is that of Sir Thomas Gates, who had fought with Drake 
 against Spain on the sea, and was still later keeping the fight up in 
 the Netherlands. When he himself sailed for Virginia in lt;09 he 
 took with him his old company of veterans in the Spanish wars, with 
 Captain George Yeardly, afterwards Governor of Virginia, in com- 
 mand. These were they of whom Hakluyt wrote, "If gentle polish- 
 ishing will not serve" to bring the Indians in Virginia into civil 
 courses, "our old soldiers, trained up in the Netherlands, will be 
 hammers and rough masons enough to square and prepare them to 
 our preachers' hands." Next to Gates on the Letters Patent stands 
 Sir George Somers, a most devout and knightly Christian, who had 
 distinguished himself as a commander in victorious voyages in the 
 "West Indies in Elizabeth's days, and who, later, left his seat in the 
 House of Parliament to go to Virginia. The Reverend Richard Hak- 
 luyt stands next. He was Prebendary of Westminster, and more learn- 
 ed in the history of English voyages than any man of his times. His 
 great book on the subject is still an inspiration. And having recorded 
 the heroic exploits of the English nation on the seas, he now sustain- 
 ed with all his influence this, their latest effort to gain a foothold 
 in America, and lived to see it succeed. Edw'ard Maria Wingfield, 
 another veteran of the Spanish wars, is named next, and went to 
 Virginia himself in the first ships. 
 
 Such were the men to whom the Letters Patent were committed. 
 Captain Newport, the comiuander of the first fleet, and Lord 
 De la Warr, the first Captain-General of Virginia, and Sir Thomas 
 
35 
 
 Dale, who succeeded him, were all veterans in Spanish wars; and so 
 were many more who took prominent part in the colonization of Vir- 
 ginia. And now in the establishment of this Protestant colony they 
 saw their opportunity not only to enlarge the realm of their king, and 
 the bounds of the Kingdom of God, but also, as Sir Thomas Dale ex- 
 pressed it, "to put a bit in the mouth of their ancient enemy," the 
 King of Spain, and to check the power of Rome; and with all their 
 heart and might they set themselves to do it. 
 
 The Colony of Virginia is sometimes conceived of as a mere com- 
 mercial and mercenary venture, in which "to get the peai'l and gold" 
 was the chief idea; and those who founded the colony are represented, 
 as for the most part, mere adventurers, without principles either po- 
 litical or religious. Doubtless "th.e pearl and gold" was the only idea 
 with many '!adve»tnrers" who stayed at home, and adventured a sub- 
 scription to the Company's stock, and also of many "planters" who 
 adventured themselves into the wilds of the New World. But the 
 conception and purpose of those who planted and maintained the Col- 
 ony was of the broadest and most far-reaching character. There were 
 already buccaneers, English, French and Dutch in plenty in the West 
 Indies; and the fear that Virginia would be just one more nest of pirates 
 haunted the Spanish mind. But the mature determination and pur- 
 pose of those who received the King's Letters Patent for this Colony 
 •was the spread of the English dominion, carrying with it English 
 liberty, and the English Church into the New World, and there to 
 contest with Spain her claim of the Western Hemisphere. Their Let- 
 ters Patent guaranteed to the colonists and to their heirs forever all 
 the liberties, franchises and immunities of Englishmen, born and abid- 
 ing in England. The third article of their Letters Patent reads: 
 "We, greatly commending and graciously accepting of their desires 
 for the furtherance of so noble a work, which may, by the Providence 
 of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the glory of His Divine Majesty, 
 in propagating of Christian religion to such people as yet live In dark- 
 ness and miserable ignorance of the true knowledge and worship of 
 God, and may in time bring the infidels and savages living in those 
 parts to human civility and a settled and quiet government; do," etc. 
 
 In the Instructions given to the colonists, it is provided that the 
 President, Council and Ministers shall "with all diligence, care and 
 respect provide that the true Word and Service of God and Christian 
 Faith be preached, planted and used, not only within every of the said 
 
36 
 
 several colonies and plantations, but also as much as they may amongst 
 the savage people who doe or shall adjoin unto them, or border upon 
 them, according to the doctrine, rights and religion now professed 
 and established within our realm of England." 
 
 The establishment of such an English Colony of Protestants in 
 America under the authority of the King, and with the support which 
 they saw it have was what Spain regarded with far more concern than 
 she did the huoeaneers in the West Indies. 
 
 The preparations for planting the Colony were jealously watched 
 by the Spanish Ambassador in London, and promptly reported to King 
 Philip; and the Spanish Board of War declared, in protest, that "This 
 country which they call Virginia is contained within the limits of 
 the Crown of Castille," and that "according to this and other cf isid- 
 erations which were of special importance, it was thought proper that 
 with all necessary forces, this plan of the English should be prevented, 
 and that it should not be permitted in any way that foreign nations 
 should occupy this country, because it is, as has been said, a discovery 
 and a part of the territory of the Crown of Castille, and because its 
 contiguity increases the vigilance which it is necessary to bestow 
 upon all the Indies and their commerce — and this all the more so if 
 they should establish there the religion and the liberty of conscience 
 which they profess, which of itself already is what most obliges us to 
 defend it even beyond the reputation which is so grievously jeopardiz- 
 ed, and that His Majesty (of Spain) should command a letter to be 
 written to Don Pedro de Zuniga (the Spanish Ambassador in Lon- 
 don), ordering him to ascertain with great dexterity and skill how far 
 these plans of which he writes, may be founded in fact, and whether 
 they make any progress, and who assists them, and by what means; 
 and that when he is quite certain he should try to give the King of 
 England to understand that we complain of his permitting subjects 
 of his to disturb the seas, coasts and lands of his Majesty (of Spain), 
 and of the rebels being favored by his agency, in their plans, the rebels 
 of the Islands and of other nations (the Netherlands) ; and that he 
 should continue to report always whatever he may hear, charging him 
 to be very careful in this matter, because of the importance of pro- 
 viding the necessary remedies, in case he should not have any by 
 those means." 
 
 This was the attitude of Spain towards Virginia in the outset, and 
 as the work progressed the opposition increased. Never was there a 
 
37 
 
 more observant diplomat than Don Pedro de Zuniga, and in liis obser- 
 vations we have the very best reflection of the spirit of the times, and 
 especially of the deeply religious feeling and purpose which he recog- 
 nized in the movement. 
 
 In March, 1609, he writes to the King of Spain: "There has been 
 gotten together in twenty days a sum of money for this voyage which 
 amazes one. Among fourteen Counts and Barons they have given 
 40,000 ducats; the merchants give much more, and there is no poor 
 little man nor woman who is not willing to subscribe something to 
 this enterprise." "They have printed a book, which I also send your 
 Majesty, * * * in which they publish that for the increase of their 
 religion, and that it should extend over the whole world, it is right 
 that all should support this Colony with their person and their proper- 
 ty. It would be a Service rendered to God that Your Majesty should 
 cut short a swindle and a robbery like this, and one that is so very 
 important to Your Majesty's 'royal service." 
 
 And the next month, April, 1609, he writes again: "Much as I have 
 written to Your Majesty of the determination they have formed here 
 to go to Virginia, it seems to me that I still fall short of the reality, 
 since the preparations that are made here are the most energetic that 
 can be made here, for they have actually made the ministers in their 
 sermons dwell upon the importance of filling the world with their re- 
 ligion, and demand that all make an effort to give what they have to 
 such a grand enterprise. Thus they get together a good sum of money, 
 and make a great effort to carry masters and workmen there to build 
 ships. Your Majesty will see the great importance of this matter for 
 your Royal service and thus, will give order, I hope, to have these 
 insolent people quickly annihilated." 
 
 Such was the testimony of their enemies as to the spiritual enthu- 
 siasm and devotion which marked the leaders of the movement; and 
 also as to the violence and intensity of the opposition which their 
 greatest enemy felt towards the Colony. Philip would have acted as 
 he was warned to do; but mindful of the losses he had sustained in 
 the past, and fearful lest the sea-dogs should be again let slip upon 
 his treasure ships, he restrained his actions, and confined himself to 
 threats and protests. These were little regarded. With due caution 
 and with unfailing determination the work was pressed on, and the 
 liberties and the Protestant Church of England were brought to Amer- 
 ica, and established in Virginia, never to be lost to this land. 
 
38 
 
 A most important characteristic of the Colony of Virginia. is that it 
 was founded before those divisions, political and religious, arose which 
 brought on the great civil war in the reign of Charles I. The Colony 
 was shaped and directed by the most liberal and advanced statesmen 
 of their day; and as it developed they sought and gained for Virginia 
 more liberty than James I. finally approved; and on this account he 
 revoked the liberal charter granted in 1612. But the character of the 
 Colony remained that of a representative English Colony, and, from 
 the first, Englishmen of all opinions allowed in England came naturally 
 to Virginia, and they continued to do so. It represented the integrity 
 of Old England and «ot a sect, or faetkm of any sort, civil or ecclesi- 
 astical. They brought no grievance, they nursed no bitter memories, 
 they were infected with no morbid tendencies, but only such as are 
 common to men. It was a genuinely representative piece of Old Eng- 
 land set down in the New World — ranging in rank in th.e= first conv 
 pany of colonists from "Gentlemen," like "Master Edward Maria 
 Wingfield" and the "Honorable George Percy," a 'brother of the then 
 Earl of Northumberland, down to "Nat Peacock" and "Dick Mutton," 
 "boyes," as we still call our nondescript young servants. And among 
 them all moved that man of God, their minister, the Rev. Robert 
 Hunt, whose unselfish fortitude and endurance, as well as his "good 
 doctrine and exhortation," more than once reconciled them in their 
 difficulties among themselves; "chiefiy by his own devoted example, 
 quenching those fiames of envy and dissension." 
 
 It is true, a great proportion of the first planters and the early sup- 
 plies of men were of poor material; and they and the colonists suffered 
 according; but the lines on which the Colony was laid down were as 
 broad, at least, as those of the English nation; and so, as experience 
 taught and opportunity offered, the quality of the colonists improved. 
 And coming as they did in fullest sympathy with all that was best 
 behind them, to an environment which inspired and developed all that 
 was best within them, they built on through the years their new build- 
 ing on the old foundation principles. 
 
 Certain it is, that of all the colonists from the Old World, Virginia 
 has had least occasion to depart from her original lines. Puritan New 
 Eugliind, Dutch New York, the Quaker settlements of Pennsylvania, 
 the Swedish settlements of the Jerseys, the Romish Colony of Mary- 
 land and the French elements of Carolina and Louisiana, while con- 
 tributing, no doubt, most valuable constituents to our New World, 
 
39 
 
 have all needed to be readjusted and altered, not alone in government, 
 but in the spirit and atmosphere of their life and civilization, until 
 they are far removed from what they began to be; while the Old Do- 
 minion, beginning with no special eccentricity, has assimilated what 
 has come to her from every quarter, herself least changed of all. Her 
 influence in this particular has been none the less real for having been 
 wrought with the unobtrusive quietness of a truly natural force. She 
 has been the Mother of States in more respects than one. 
 
 In the celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the begin- 
 ning of English civil and religious life in America, it should be borne 
 distinctly in mind that this work from which our national life began 
 was no mere private or commercial venture. For years life and treas- 
 ure were poured out in Virginia without stint and without reward. To 
 accuse the founders of Virginia of making money their first aim is to 
 accuse them of the greatest folly. Such a man as Sir Thomas Smith, 
 the Treasurer, and the most influential man in the practical manage- 
 ment of the Colony, who was also Governor of the Bast India Company, 
 and one of the most successful merchant princes of his age, would 
 never have persevered in such a bootless venture as was the Colony in 
 Virginia, if money had been his chief aim. 
 
 Not money, but the planting of the English race in the New World, 
 and with it the seeds of civil and religious truth as the English race 
 held the same — this they aimed at, and this they accomplished. 
 
 Dei gratia Virginia condita. 
 
 THE CHURCH AT JAMESTOWN. 
 
 "When it shall please God to send you on to the coast of Vir- 
 ginia, you shall do your best endeavors to find out a safe port in 
 the entrance of some navigable river, making choice of such an one 
 as runneth farthest into the land, and if you happen to discover divers 
 portable rivers, and among them any one that hath two main branches, 
 if the difference be not great, make a choice of that which bendeth 
 most towards thee northwest, for that way you shall soonest find the 
 other sea." 
 
 What an insight into the situation of those who first came to Vir- 
 ginia we have in this first item of the "Instructions by Way of Advice," 
 given by the Virginia Council, in London, to the outgoing colonists! 
 
40 
 
 Virginia was little more than a name for a vast unknown region, ex- 
 tending from South Carolina to Canada. 
 
 Truly these voyagers "Went out, not knowing whither they went." 
 Where they will land, what they will find, what coasts, what bays and 
 rivers; how broad the land will be, how far away, when they land, it 
 will still be to the long-sought "other sea," all is unknown. 
 
 This was in December, 1606. 
 
 The two companies which had undertaken to colonize Virginia were 
 enthusiastic in their work. Already the Northern Company had sent 
 out one ship in the previous August (1606), and of course she had not 
 been heard from. In fact, she never reached Virginia at all, but fell 
 in with a Spanish fleet in the West Indies and was taken, and most of 
 her officers and men were even then in Spanish prisons. Also, in the 
 following June two other ships were sent out by the Northern Com- 
 pany. They reached "Virginia," away up on the Kennebec river, in 
 Maine, where, after much suffering and many deaths, the colony was 
 frozen out, those who survived returning to England. 
 
 The three ships which came to Jamestown came out between these 
 two disastrous ventures, being sent out by the First, or London Com- 
 pany. On December 19, 1606 (O. S.), they set sail with between one 
 hundred and forty and one hundred and fifty colonists; and with the 
 exception of short stops in the Canaries and in the West Indies, they 
 were in the ships until April 26, 1607 (O. S.). For six weeks they 
 were held by unprosperous winds in sight of England; and tnen it 
 was that we first hear of the character and influence of their pastor, the 
 Reverend Robert Hunt. 
 
 As we have seen in the last paper, the far-sighted Christian states- 
 men and patriots who planned and sustained this first permanent Eng- 
 lish colony in America were most careful to make full provision for the 
 religious status and spiritual needs of the colony. There could be no 
 question as to the religion. 
 
 The recent Romish Gunpowder Plot to blow up the King and the 
 Protestant House of Parliament was yet fresh in all memories. Eng- 
 land was enthusiastically Protestant, and Protestantism was practically 
 undivided, and united in the Church of England. 
 
 For their pastor Smith records that the Archbishop (Bancroft) of 
 Canterbury appointed the Rev. Richard Hakluyt, the historian of Eng- 
 lish voyages of discovery, to be minister to the Colony, and that by the 
 authority of Hakluyt the Rev. Robert Hunt was sent out. 
 
 "Master Edward Maria Wingfield" speaks as if the choice of Hunt 
 
41 
 
 to be their minister had rested with him. "For my first worlv (which 
 was to make a right choice of a spiritual pastor) I appeal to the re- 
 membrance of my Lord of Canterbury, his Grace, who gave me very 
 gracious audience in my request. And the world knoweth Whom I 
 took with me [i. e., Hunt] ; truly, in my opinion, a man not any waie 
 to be touched with the rebellious humors of a Popish spirit nor blem- 
 ished with the least suspicion of a factious scismatic, whereof I had a 
 speciall care." 
 
 Whoever chose him, all agree in praising him. Smith calls him 
 "an honest, religious, courageous divine; during whose life our fac- 
 tions were oft qualified, and our wants and greatest extremities so 
 comfoited that they seemed easie in comparrison of what we endured 
 after his memorable death." 
 
 Again it is recorded of him that during the six weeks the ships were 
 kept in sight of England, "All which time Master Hunt, our preacher, 
 was so weake and sick, that few expected his recovery. Yet, although 
 he were but twentie myles from his habitation (the time we were in 
 the Downs), [from which we infer that his home must have been in 
 Kent], and notwithstanding the stormy weather, nor the scandalous 
 imputations (of some few, little better than Atheists, of the greatest 
 ranke among us) suggested against him, all this could never force from 
 him so much as a seeming desire to leave the business, but preferred 
 the service of God in so good a voyage, before any affection to contest 
 with his godlesse foes, whose disastrous designes (could they have pre- 
 vailed) had even then overthrowne the business, so many discontents 
 did then arise, had he not, with the water of patience and his godly 
 exhortations (but chiefly through his true devoted examples) quenched 
 those flames of envie and dissention." 
 
 We cannot follow the long and trying voyage (they were eighteen 
 wooks and two days on the way). But after they had left the West 
 Indies "in search of Virginia," they were caught in a "vehement 
 tempest," and driven helplessly on beyond their reckoning, so that 
 some even "desired to bear up the helme and return to England than 
 make further search." * * * "But God, the guide of all good actions, 
 forcing them by an extreme storme to Hull [drive helplessly] all night, 
 did drive them by His providence to their desired port beyond all ex- 
 pectation, for never any of them had seen that coast." 
 
 On Sunday morning early, the 26th of April, corresponding to the 6th 
 of May, as the calendar is now corrected, they entered Chesapeake Bay, 
 and landed on the southern shore. 
 
42 
 
 Our first sight of Virginia, through the eyes of these storm-tossed 
 and cabin-bound colonists, is like a dream of fairyland. It was our 
 mcFt charming season — the early days of May. They wandered on the 
 short of what is now Princess Anne county, and found, as young Per- 
 cy, of Northumberland, records, "faire meddowes and goodly tall trees, 
 with such fresh waters running through the woods as I was almost 
 ravished at the sight thereof." 
 
 It was the Third Sunday after Easter, and if on the ships or on the 
 shore that day the service was read, as it is probable that it was, the 
 appropriateness of the Epistle for the day, beginning with 1 Peter 2: 
 11, and warning them "as strangers and pilgrims," to practice self-dis- 
 cipline, to submit to authority, and live In love, must have impressed 
 those who heard it. 
 
 To this same point they returned three days later, on Wednesday, 
 April 29th, the day after they had found the channel at Old Point, and 
 knew that they could enter the river. Then, after the revered fash- 
 ion of old Christian explorers and discoverers, they set up a cross at 
 the spot of their first landing, and called that place Cape Henry. 
 
 After two weeks of exploration and examination, of which an inter- 
 esting account is given by George Percy, they finally determined upon 
 an island adjacent to the north bank of the river and forty miles from 
 its mouth. This was selected as their "seating place," and for three 
 very good reasons: It was sufficiently removed from the sea, and so less 
 liable to attack from outside enemies; it was an island, (and large 
 enough for their purposes, being two and three-quarter miles long), 
 and so afforded better protection from the natives; and there was a 
 channel of six fathoms of water near enough to the shore for their 
 ships to be moored to the trees, thus affording additional protection 
 and an easy landing. 
 
 To this place they came on May 13th, and the next day, Thursday. 
 14th, all hands were brought ashore and set to clearing ground for 
 their settlement and making ready timber for their stoclcade fort. This 
 stockade was triangular, "having bulwarks at each corner like a half- 
 moon, and four or five pieces of artillery mounted in them." The 
 side next the river was 420 feet long and the two other sides each 300 
 feet long. A road ran all around on the inside next the stockade, and 
 next to the road and facing inwards were the cabins occupied by the 
 colonists. In the open space in the middle of the triangle stood the 
 guard-house, the store-house, and when it was built, which was within 
 
43 
 
 a few weeks, the church. The settlement was at the upper or west- 
 ern end of the island. 
 
 "Now," to quote Captain Smith, "because I have spoke so much of 
 the body, give me leave to say somewhat of the soule; and the rather 
 because I have been demanded by so many how we began to preach 
 the Gospel in Virginia, and by what authority; what churches we had, 
 our order of service, and maintenance of our ministers; therefore, I 
 think it not amisse to satisfie their demands, it being the mother of all 
 our Plantations, intreating pride to spare laughter to understand her 
 simple beginnings and proceedings. 
 
 "When we first went to Virginia I well remember we did hang an 
 awning (which is an old saile) to three or four trees, to shadow us 
 from the sunne; our walles were rales of wood; our seats unhewed 
 trees till we cut plankes; our Pulpit a bar of wood nailed to two neigh- 
 bouring trees. In foule weather we shifted into an old rotten tent; 
 for we had few better, and this came by way of adventure for new. 
 
 "This was our church till we built a homely thing like a barne, set 
 upon cratchets, covered with rafts, sedge and earth; so was the walls. 
 The best of our houses [were] of like curiosity; but the most part far 
 much worse workmanship, that neither could well defend [from] wind 
 nor raine. Yet we had daily Common Prayer, morning and evening; 
 every Sunday two sermons; and every three months the Holy Com- 
 munion, till our minister died; but our prayers daily with an Homily 
 on Sundaies we continued two or three years after till our preachers 
 came," — that is, the next preacher to come after the death of Mr. 
 Hunt." 
 
 Here is a true picture of the beginning of Church life in America. 
 The pioneers, working in the summer heat, building a fort, clearing 
 ground, planting corn, getting out clapboard and specimens of timber 
 to send back to England, with sassafras roots and other crude pro- 
 ducts of the land. 
 
 Sunday comes, and they leave their tools, but still taking their arms, 
 they gather under the "old saile" to shadow them from the sun while 
 they hear the familiar words of Common Prayer, and the cheering 
 exhortations of their man of God. 
 
 There, doubtless, the first celebration of the Holy Communion was 
 held on Sunday, the 21st of June, 1607, corresponding to July 1st in 
 our calendar. It was the Third Sunday after Trinity; and the next 
 day the ships were going back to England. Note again the appropri- 
 
44 
 
 ateness of the Epistle — 1 Peter 5: 5, etc.: "All of you be subject one to 
 another, and be clothed with humility, for God resisteth the proud and 
 giveth grace unto the humble. Humble yourselves, therefore, under 
 the Almighty hand of God that He may exalt you in due time. Cast- 
 ing all your care upon him, for he careth for you." 
 
 This probably continued for some weeks, and then was built the first 
 church huiUling of the Church of England in America — the "homely 
 thing like a barne, set upon cratchets, covered with rafts, sedge and 
 earth." 
 
 Soon the sickly season of August and September was upon these 
 unacclimated men, and they died like sheep. Twenty-one deaths are 
 recorded between August 5th and September 6th alone. Provisions 
 were also already running short. There were but two gallons of wine 
 left, and this the President reserved for the Communion Table. Mr. 
 George Percy describes this wretchedness: "There were never English- 
 men left in a foreigne countrey in such miseries as we were in this 
 new discovered Virginia. Wee watched every three nights, lying on 
 the bare cold ground, what weather so ever came, and warded all the 
 next day; which brought our men to be most feeble wretches. Our 
 food was but a small can of barlie sod in water to five men a day. 
 Our drink cold water taken out of the river; which was at a flood 
 verie salt, and at a low tide, full of slime and filth; which was the 
 destruction of many of our men. Thus we lived for the space of five 
 months in this miserable distress, not having five able men to man our 
 bulwarkes upon any occasion. If it had not pleased God to put a terrour 
 in the Savages' hearts we had all perished by those wild and cruell 
 Pagans." Such was the first church and congregation at Jamestown. 
 
 This poor little building of logs, covered with turf and sedges, lasted 
 only about six months. Early in January, 1608, just after Newport's 
 return fnom England, bringing supplies of men and provisions, the 
 town caught fire and the reed thatching of the huts and church made 
 a fire "so fierce as it burned their pallizadoes (although 10 or 12 yardes 
 distant) with their amies, bedding, apparel and much private provi- 
 sion. Good Master Hunt, our preacher, lost all his library, and all 
 that he had but the clothes on his backe, yet [did] none ever see him 
 repine at his losse." Newport came to their help, and while the men 
 were repairing the storehouse and other buildings, Newport's mariners 
 rebuilt the church, probably on the site of the old one; and this is 
 the second church built, and like the first, it was a hurriedly-construct- 
 ed and poor affair. 
 
45 
 
 Just about a year from the time it was built tiiis church witnessed 
 the first marriage in Virginia, which took place about Christmas, 1608, 
 or January, 1609, when John Laydon, a laborer, who had come over in 
 1607. married Anne Burras, the maidservant of Mistress Forrest. They 
 had arrived about October, 1608. This lady and her maid are the first 
 women whose names are mentioned in the lists of emigrants. This 
 little church must also have seen the last offices performed for that 
 faithful man of God, "Good Maister Hunt." The time of his death is 
 not recorded, but it can hardly have been later than the winter of 
 1608-9. Doubtless his remains rest in the bosom of Old "Virginia at 
 Jamestown, among the hundreds and hundreds whose lives were laid 
 down in her foundation. 
 
 These two churches are the only ones which Captain John Smith 
 knew in Virginia, for he returned to England in October, 1609. Hunt 
 had then been already some months dead. 
 
 It witnessed the horrible "starving time" of the winter and spring 
 of 1609-10, and saw the abandonment of Jamestown in June, 1610, when 
 Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers found the Colony at the last 
 gasp, and took them aboard their ships to carry them back to Eng- 
 land — a bitter trial after all that had been endured. And evidently 
 it was God's will that Virginia should be tried, but it was not His will 
 that she should be abandoned. When the ships were actually going 
 down the river, word came to them that Lord De la Warr was lying 
 at Old Point Comfort with abundant reinforcements and supplies. Vir- 
 ginia was not abandoned, but rescued in the nick of time. With the 
 coming of Lord De la Warr and a well-selected company of emfgrants, 
 a new and more hopeful era opened for the Colony. As for the church, 
 although only two and a half years old, it was already in very bad 
 condition. But De la Warr, a deeply pious man, took much pains In 
 repairing it. Strachey gives a bright picture of the church and its 
 worshippers: "The Captaine General hath given order for the repair- 
 ing of [the church] and at this instant many hands are about it. It 
 is in length three score foote, in breadth twenty-foure, and shall have 
 a chancell in it of cedar, with faire broad windowes, to shut and open 
 as the weather shall occasion, of the same wood, a pulpit of the same, 
 with a font hewen hollow like a canoa, with two bels at the West end. 
 It is so cast as to be very light within, and the Lord Governour and 
 Captaine General doth cause it to be kept passing sweete, and trimmed 
 up with divers flowers, with a sexton belonging to it; and in it every 
 
46 
 
 Sunday we have Sermons twice a day, and ThiUHday a sermon, having 
 true (two?) preachers which take their weekly turns; and every morn- 
 ing at the ringing of a bell about ten of the clocke each man address- 
 eth himself to prayers, and so at foure of the clocke before supper. 
 Every Sunday when the Lord Governour and Captaine General goeth 
 to church he is accompanied with all the Counsailers, Captaines and 
 other Officers, and all the Gentlemen, with a guard of Halberdiers, in 
 his Lordship's Livery, faire red cloakes, to the number of fifty, both 
 on each side, and behind him: and being in the church his Lordship 
 hath his seat in the Quier, in a green velvet chair, with a cloath, with 
 a velvet cushion spread on a table before him on which he kneeleth, 
 and on each side sit the Counsel, Captaines and officers, each in their 
 place, and when he returneth home again he is waited on to his house 
 in the same manner." 
 
 Here is great punctilio and formality; but withal De la Warr, Somers 
 and Gates were men of profound piety. Religion was not a matter of 
 fieremonies and services with them, but was the- foundation of their 
 lives. They were of the sort that "next to God loved a good fight," 
 but they loved both truly, and God was ever first. 
 
 As for the two ministers who took their turns at Jamestown in those 
 days, one was the Reverend Richard Buck, who had come with Sir 
 Thomas Gates. He was an Oxford man and "an able and painful 
 preacher." He served the church at Jamestown at least eleven years, 
 and maybe longer, and died in Virginia. He seems to have been of a 
 Puritanical turn of mind, for he called his children, successively, 
 Mara, Gershom, Benoni, and Peleg. The other minister must have 
 come with Lord De la Warr, and his name is not given, but he is 
 thought to have been the Rev. William Mease, who came at this time, 
 and was in Virginia a number of years, being in Elizabeth City par- 
 ish in 1615. This church, which Newport built and Lord De la Warr 
 renovated, was of course built of wood; and in it, in April, 1(514, 
 Pocahontas was married to John Rolfe, probably by Mr. Buck. It is 
 more probable that Pocahontas was baptized at Henrico by the Rev. 
 Mr. Whitaker, as she seems to have lived there with Sir Tliomas Dale 
 at the time of her conversion. 
 
 In 1617 Captain Argall arrived in Jamestown, and served as deputy 
 governor. He found the church which De la Warr had renovated 
 again in ruins, and services being conducted in a storehouse. Some 
 time during his tenure of office — i. e.. between IfilT and 1619. a new 
 
47 
 
 church was built at Jamestown, "wholly at the charge of the inhabi- 
 tants of that cittie, of timber, being fifty foot in length and twenty 
 foot in breadth"; and this time the site was removed, and the new 
 church was placed to the eastward of the old stockade (outside of 
 it) and in the midst of or adjacent to the rueful graveyard, where so 
 many victims of hunger, heat, cold, fever, and massacre lay buried. 
 It was erected upon a slender cobblestone and brick foundation, only 
 the length of one brick in thickness. This foundation was discovered 
 by the careful explorations of the Association for the Preser- 
 vation of Virginia Antiquities in 1891, and lies within the foun- 
 dations of the next building, that is, of the one the tower of which 
 is now standing. This slender foundation of the church, built between 
 1617 and 1619, is the oldest structure which has been discovered at 
 Jamestown. It was within this little building that the first House 
 of Burgesses met in July, 1619 — the first representative body of English 
 lawmakers to assemble in America. And "forasmuche as men's af- 
 faires doe little prosper where God's service is neglected, all the bur- 
 gesses stood in their places, until a prayer was said by Mr. Bucke, 
 that it would please God to guide and santifie all our proceedings to 
 His own glory and the good of the Plantation." Then the small, but 
 august body of Burgesses was organized, and the first laws passed 
 in America by a representative body were then enacted for the regula- 
 tion both of the Church and of the State. 
 
 How long this little building, the third church, lasted and was used, 
 we do not know, but in 1639, January 18th, the statement is made in 
 a letter from the Governor, Sir John Harvey, and the Council in Vir- 
 ginia, to the Privy Council in London, that "Such hath bene our In- 
 devour herein, that out of our owne purses we have largely contribut- 
 ed to the building of a brick church, and both masters of ships, and 
 others of the ablest Planters have liberally by our persuasion under- 
 writt to this worke." As this letter was dated January 18th, it may 
 be that the church was finished that year, but there is no definite 
 statement as to this. 
 
 The same letter makes mention of the first brick house at James- 
 town, which was the residence of Secretary Richard Kemp. It was 
 but sixteen by twenty-four feet in dimensions, but Governor Harvey 
 speaks of it as "the fairest ever known in this country for substance 
 and uniformity." This fourth church, built by Governor Harvey, 
 stood and was used until September, 1676, when it was burned along 
 
48 
 
 with the rest of Jamestown by Nathaniel Bacon and his men But 
 it is most probable that the tower and walls stood, and that when 
 Jamestown was partially rebuilt between 1676 and 1686, that the origi- 
 nal tower and walls built by Harvey about 1639, were repaired and 
 used. Thus repaired, the church continued to be used for many years. 
 After 1699 the meetings of the House of Burgesses were no longer held 
 in Jamestown, but removed to Williamsburg, and the residents at 
 Jamestown became very few, and the congregation of the church at 
 Jamestown was correspondingly diminished. In 1724 the Rev. William 
 Le Neve reported to the Bishop at London that James City parish was 
 twenty miles long and twelve broad, and that there were seventy-eight 
 families in the parish. He held services at Jamestown two Sundays 
 in three, there being about 130 attendants, and his salary was £60. 
 One Sunday in three he preached at Mulberry Island, where there 
 were about 200 attendants, and his salary was £30 per annum. Every 
 Sunday afternoon he lectured at Williamsburg to about 100 people, 
 his salary being £20. Holy Communion was celebrated four times 
 a year to twenty or thirty communicants. The population was gradu- 
 ally drifting away from Jamestown, and the minister at Jamestown 
 would serve other churches also. The fire of 1776 doubtless destroyed 
 priceless church records, and the names of the clergymen who served 
 James City parish can only be gathered here and there from other 
 records. I have gathered twenty-seven names, but the evidence of 
 their connection with the parish is not satisfactory in all cases. 
 
 The last minister in the old church was certainly Bishop James 
 Madison, w-ho served the parish from 1785 to 1812. The old church 
 was in ruins before 1812, and the last services in the parish were held 
 in a brick church a few miles off on the road to Williamsburg, called 
 "The Main" Church — that is, the church on the main land as distin- 
 guished from the island. This church has now disappeared. 
 
 The font of the old church and its interesting communion vessels 
 were taken to Bruton church, in the new Colonial capital at Wil- 
 liamsburg, where they are still carefully preserved. 
 
 The old tower has kept its lonely watch for more than an hundred 
 years. After long and inexcusable neglect it is now strengthened 
 and guarded. Long may it stand. The principles, the heroic perse- 
 verance, the sufferings, which the very ground of Jamestown brings 
 to mind, together with the imperishable fruits and blessings which 
 went out to the- New World from this first English settlement, have 
 
49 
 
 their fittest monument in the tower of the church which, in the provi- 
 dence of God, was appointed to bring the everlasting Gospel to these 
 shores. 
 
 The following is a list of ministers who are recorded by several 
 authorities — Bishop Meade, Dr. Dashiell, E. D. Niell and others — to 
 have served in James City Parish between 1607 and 1800: 
 
 MINISTERS IN JAMES CITY PARISH. 
 
 1. Robert Hunt, 1607-08. 
 
 2. Richard Bucke, 1610. 
 
 [He was afterwards minister of the church at Kecoughtan in 1615.] 
 
 3. Lord De la Warr's minister, probably William Mease, 1610. 
 
 4. David Sandys, E. D. Neill, Virginia Colonial Clergy, page 7, at 
 Captain Sam Matthew's, in James City, 1625. 
 
 5. Thomas Harrison, Chaplain to Governor Berkeley, Neill, page 
 14, 1644. 
 
 6. Thomas Hampton, Henning, 1644, Neill, p. 15; Bishop Meade and 
 Dashiell, Digest of the Councils of the Diocese of Virginia, 1645. 
 
 7. Morgan Godwin, Neill, pp. 18 and 20, 1665. 
 
 8. Rowland Jones, Neill, p. 21; Senate Document, p. 103, 1674-88. 
 
 9. John Gouch, buried at Jamestown, 1683. 
 
 10. John Clayton, in letter to Dr. Boyle, signs himself parson at 
 James City; Neill, p. 21, 1684. 
 
 n. James Sclater; Dashiell, 1688. 
 
 12. James Blair, Bishop Meade, Vol. I., p. 94, 1694-1710. 
 
 13. Solomon Whateley, Dashiell, 1700. 
 
 14. Hugh Jones, Neill, p. 27, previous to 1724. 
 
 15. Sharpe Bromscale, Dashiell, 1721. 
 
 16. William Le Neve, sent report to Bishop of London, 1724. 1722-1724. 
 
 17. Wm. Dawson, Commissary, 1734-1751. 
 
 18. Thomas Dawson, Commissary, 1752. 
 
 19. William Robinson, Dashiell, 1744. 
 
 20. William Yates, Dashiell, 1754. 
 
 21. William Preston, Perry's Historical Papers, p. 429, 1755. 
 
 22. Rev. Mr. Berkeley, Bishop Meade, Vol. I., p. 95, 1758. 
 
 23. James Horrochs, Dashiell, 1762. 
 
 24. Mr. Gwatkin, Dashiell, and State Papers, 1771-76. 
 
 25. J. Hyde Saunders, ordained for James City 1772. Bishop Meade, 
 Vol. L, p. 95, 1773. 
 
 26. Mr. Bland, Bishop Meade, p. 113, note Main Church. 
 
 27. James Madison, Bishop Meade, Vol. L, p. 95. 
 
THE OLD BRICK CHURCH, ISLE OF WIGHT 
 COUNTY, VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY R. S. THOMAS, OF SMITIIFIELD. VA. 
 
 A?j-^ HE Old Brick Church, five miles from Smithfield, Virginia, 
 built in 1632, is the oldest building of English fonstruction 
 
 2_i in America. 
 
 The ruined and vine-clad towers at Jamestown are more 
 pathetic; but they are not as venerable; for they tell only of that 
 church which was built after 1676, when its predecessor — the third 
 or fourth church — was destroyed in the general conflagration caused 
 by the forces under Nathaniel Bacon. The old Bruton church was not 
 completed until after 1686, when its "Steeple and Ring of Bells" were 
 ordered. It was occupied after November, 1683, but it lacked the grace 
 and finish of its "Steeple and Ring of Bells." 
 
 The Old Brick Church has come down to us from 1632. The his- 
 torical evidences of this fact were given in full, by the writer, in a 
 paper read before the Virginia Historical Society in 1891, which was 
 published in Volume XI of the Virginia Historical Collections of that 
 year. 
 
 In 1884, a great storm caused the roof of the old church to fall, 
 which brought down with it a portion of its eastern wall. In the 
 debris of that wall two bricks were found: one whole, now imbedded 
 in the woodwork of the chancel, with the figures 1632 clean and clear 
 cut on it; the other broken in two, but with the figures 1 — 32 as clean 
 and clear and distinct as the first; the second figure 6 having been 
 destroyed by the breaking of the brick. These bricks were imbedded 
 in that Eastern wall; the figures 1632 were filled with mortar and con- 
 cealed from view by the plastering of the church. There was neither 
 knowledge nor tradition of them prior to the storm that disclosed 
 their existence; but they came, in a wonderful manner, to substantiate 
 the history and tradition of a fact, which was just as fixed and cer- 
 tain as universal history and tradition could make it. 
 
 In 1884 the Rev. David Barr, beholding the havoc th«> storm had 
 wrought to the church, conceived the idea that he would have it re- 
 
51 
 
 stored to its original condition. He worked for years with splendid 
 enthusiasm, and succeeded in raising the sum of $5,724.23. 
 
 He was fortunate enough to receive the gratuitous services of the 
 lamented E. J. N. Stent, church architect and decorator, who also 
 raised $500.00. R. S. Thomas and F. G. Scott succeeded in collecting 
 $2,501.01; making a total of $8,725.24. 
 
 The grand old church was rededicated in November, 1894, the ser- 
 vices extending through the 13th and 14th of that month. 
 
 The dedicatory sermon was (in the absence of Bishop Randolph) 
 preached by the new Bishop-Coadjutor of the Diocese of Southern Vir- 
 ginia, the Rev. B. D. Tucker, D. D.; and those who were fortunate 
 enough to hear it, still remember it as the supreme effort of his life. 
 The acoustic properties of the church are simply magnificent, and the 
 voice of Mr. Tucker from that tall pulpit and beneath that high sound- 
 ing-board rang out with a fullness, and a resonance that was delight- 
 ful to hear. 
 
 But far above the voice of the preacher were his eloquent and ap- 
 propriate sentiments depicting, in glowing and appreciatory language, 
 the piety and missionary spirit of our ancestors, which led them to 
 cross the seas, to build churches in the wilderness of Virginia, and to 
 put as the very first law in the statute books of the Colony "that there 
 shall be in every plantation, where the people use to meete for the 
 worship of God, a house or roome sequestered for that purpose, and 
 not to be for any temporal use whatever, and a place empaled in, se- 
 questered only to the burial of the dead" (1619). 
 
 No stronger proof can be given of the vitality and power of this 
 sentiment, than that long list of churches that stood and now stand 
 only ten miles apart from Norfolk to Petersburg. One of these was 
 the Old Brick Church. That church was built under the superinten- 
 dence of one Joseph Bridger, whose son. General Joseph Bridger, 
 Councillor of State in Virginia to King Charles II., died on the 
 15th of April, 1686, in the fifty-eighth year of his age at his '"White 
 Marsh Farm," about two miles distant from the old church. 
 
 I have always been struck with the grace and beauty of the old 
 church. I wondered where the architect caught the inspiration of his 
 work. But when I first stood in Westminster and St. Paul's, London, 
 and saw their lines of beauty, I no longer wondered at the source of 
 the power of this wilderness architect. Westminster, St. Paul's, and 
 such cathedrals as Chester, York, Salisbury, and Canterbury, had set 
 
52 
 
 the .soul of the missionary on fire, and he gave it expression in the 
 Ohl Brick Church, which has no superior in any of the country churches 
 of England. 
 
 The church at Stoke Pogis is more renowned, because there is the 
 yew tree, beneath which Thomas Gray wrote his "Elegy in a Country 
 Church-yard"; and where Gray lies buried in the same tomb with 
 his aunt and mother whom he loved so well, on the right-hand side 
 of the church, just as you enter. There, too, are the seats of the Penn 
 family, used by them before and after William Penn became a Quaker. 
 
 It is not so poetical, but it is vastly superior to the church at Mount 
 Rydal, where Wordsworth worshipped and over which he has thrown 
 the witchery and song of the Lake country. 
 
 It is not quite so large in its seating capacity, perhaps, as the 
 Crosthwaite church, where the superb recumbent statue of Southey 
 draws your attention from the defects of the architecture to the beau- 
 ty and purity of the marble that lies before you. But, in impressive- 
 ness, in devotional feeling, "in the dim religious light" that flickers 
 through primeval foliage, in the glory of its setting, the Old Brick 
 Church beats them all. 
 
 I have seen many a window in Trinity, in Grace, in St. Thomas'. 
 New York; in the churches and cathedrals of the Old World, that in 
 mere costliness was superior to the east window in the old church; 
 but in effect, in suggestiveness, in grace, in power and in historical 
 associations they cannot stand by the side of the window of this glo- 
 rious old church. Its twelve beautiful sections, with windows to George 
 Washington, to R. E. Lee, to Joseph Bridger, the architect; William 
 Hubbard (its last Colonial rector), James Madison, Channing Moore. 
 William Meade, John Johns, James Blair, Sir Walter Raleigh, John 
 Smith and John Rolfe, tell the whole story of the conquest of the seas, 
 the landing at .Jamestown, the planting of Religion and of Law in 
 the continent of America, the struggle of the Colonial Church, the 
 separation of the Colony, the birth and life of the hero of the Western 
 World, the secession of the State, and the career of him who was 
 Washington's equal, if not his superior, in moral greatness, whom Hen- 
 derson has described as "one of the greatest, if not the greatest, sol- 
 dier that ever spoke the English tongue." 
 
 The side windows to Pocahontas, to Robert Hunt. Alexander Whita- 
 ker, the Woodleys. the Jordons. the Norsworthys, the Parkers, the 
 Cowpers, the Youngs, the Wrenns, the Thomases, etc., are all appro- 
 
53 
 
 priate and beautiful; but the window in memory of Daniel Coxe, given 
 by Brixton Coxe, and Mrs. Sophie Bledsoe Herrick, costing five hundred 
 dollars in London, of equal size and dimensions with the other side 
 windows, is a wonder of exquisite beauty, coloring and finish. 
 
 The windows to Washington, Lee, Bridger, Hubbard, Madison, Moore, 
 Meade and Johns, cost in London seventy-five dollars apiece. 
 
 The windows to Blair, Raleigh, Smith and Rolfe, cost in London 
 forty dollars each. 
 
 The windows to Smith and Rolfe and the two windows in the tower 
 were given by the Association for the Preservaion of Virginia Antiqui- 
 ties. 
 
 The pulpit and sounding-board, costing $500, were given by Rear- 
 Admiral Glisson. 
 
 The communion table, costing $250, was given by Mrs. Elvia Sin- 
 clair Jones. 
 
 The font, costing $110.00, was given by Brixton Coxe. The reading 
 desk was bought, I believe, of Lamb, in New York. 
 
 The remains of General Joseph Bridger and of Ann Randall, who 
 was buried by his side on the White Marsh Farm, were removed in 
 1894 to the Old Brick Church, and placed in the aisle of the church. 
 
 When preparations were being made for this interment the feet and 
 legs of a lady were found right in front of the pulpit as it now stands, 
 just as Mr. Joseph C. Norsworthy described in 1S91 ; and they are be- 
 lieved to be those of "the Miss Norsworthy, who was buried in the 
 aisle of the church, close to the chancel in 1666," as is related in the 
 paper read in 1S91. 
 
 Ann Randall was connected by marriage with General Joseph Brid- 
 ger. She married the uncle of his wife. 
 
 Thus Joseph Bridger's father and son are forever associated with 
 the Old Brick Church, as John Smith is with the Church of the Sepul 
 Cher, in London, and Pocahontas is with St. George's church, at Graves- 
 end. In that church and within the chancel on the right-hand side 
 of it, is a tablet in white marble, saying she "was buried near this 
 spot on March 21st, 1617." On the left-hand side of the chancel oppo- 
 site is a tablet to Chinese Gordon, saying he was vestryman of the 
 church whilst he commanded at the post. 
 
 No one can behold these tablets without feeling and knowing that 
 Pocahontas is as much of a living reality as Chinese Gordon, and no 
 one can think of either without regretting that Chinese Gordon lies 
 buried in Khartoum, and that Pocahontas lies buried at Gravesend. 
 
54 
 
 strangers in a strange land. More pathetic still, whilst Gordon has 
 received the plaudits ol' the world, and the fullest recognition by his 
 native State, the Princess Pocahontas has been brutally assailed by 
 Cliarles Dean, Henry Adams, E. D. Neil, and lesser lights, and her 
 native land knows little and rarely ever refers to her splendid de- 
 fense made by William Wirt Henry, in his address before the Virginia 
 Histciical Society, on the 24th of February, 1882. Equally unknown 
 and equally ignored is that masterly defense of John Smith, by Ed- 
 ward Arber, Fellow of King's College, London; F. S. A., Professor of 
 English Language and Literature Sir Josiah Mason's College. Bir- 
 mingham, England, in his book, entitled, "The Complete Works of 
 John Smith," published in 1884 — a book of more than a thousand pages, 
 wiitten with extremest care, and with the most painstaking discrimi- 
 nation. 
 
 Fortunate will it be if these centennial celebrations and this James- 
 town Exposition shall induce the people of the State to study, atten- 
 tively, its Colonial history, and shall persuade the Episcopal Church 
 to honor its neglected churches, and those forgotten ministers who, like 
 Falkner, Dunster, Otis, Hodgden, Forbes and others of the Old Brick 
 Church, who did their duty nobly as God gave them the power to doit, 
 and were content at last to lie down and die. unhonored and unsung, 
 and even unknown by the Church that they loved and served so well. 
 
BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 0. 
 
 BY REV. W. A. R. (iOODWIN, U. D., RECTOR OF BRUTON PARISH. 
 
 RUTON Parish Church bears witness to the continuity of the 
 life of the Church established at Jamestown in 1607. The 
 history of its beginning and early life lies in that period of 
 obscurity occasioned by the destruction and loss of the wiit- 
 ten records of the Church and the county courts of Virginia. From 
 what remains we learn that in 1632 Middle Plantation (subsequently 
 Williamsburg) was "laid out and paled in" seven miles inland from 
 Jamestown in the original county of James City, and shortly there- 
 after a parish bearing the plantation name was created. In 1644 a 
 parish in James City county, called "Harrop," was established, which, 
 on April 1, 1648, was united with Middle Plantation parish, forming 
 the parish of Middletown. In 1674 the parish of Marston (establish- 
 ed in York county in 1654) and Middletown parish were united under 
 the name Bruton parish. The source from which the name was de- 
 rived is suggested by the inscription on the tomb of Sir Thomas Lud- 
 well, which lies at the entrance of the north transept door, which states 
 that he was born "at Bruton, in the county of Summerset, in the King- 
 dom of England, and departed this life in the year 1678." 
 
 There was a church building in Williamsburg in 1665, which in 
 1674 had come to be known as the "Old Church." This fact is es- 
 tablished by an entry in the vestry book of Middlesex parish, which 
 directs that a church be built in that parish, "after the model of the 
 one in Williamsburg." How long this building had been in use is 
 not known, but it had grown old in 1674, at which time the new vestry 
 book opens with the order under date, "April ye 18th," that a "new 
 church be built with brick att ye Middle Plantation." Land sufficient 
 for the church and church-yard was given by Col. John Page, together 
 with twenty pounds sterling to aid in erection of the building. The 
 beginning of Church life in this building, the foundations of which 
 were unearthed during the excavations made in 1905. is noted in the 
 quaint entry under date "November ye 29th, 1683: Whereas, ye Brick 
 
56 
 
 Church al Middle Plantation is now finished, It is ordered yt all ye 
 Inhalntants of ye said Parish do for the future repair thither to hear 
 Divine Service and ye Word of God preached; And that Mr. Rowland 
 Jones, Minister, do dedicate ye said Church ye sixth of January next, 
 l)eing ye Epiphany." 
 
 The records of this period tell of the "old Communion Table," which 
 is to be removed to the minister's house and there remain; of the pur- 
 chase of a "Ring of Bells"; of fees paid in tobacco for registering offi- 
 cial acts, and for digging graves in the church aisle and chancel, and 
 of "ye sum of Sixteen Thousand Six Hundred and Sixty Six pounds 
 of Tobacco and Caske," to be paid annually to Mr. Rowland Jones, 
 minister. Colonel John Page has accorded to him "the privilege to sett 
 a pew for himself and family in the Chancell of the New Church," 
 while the rest of the congregation is made subject to the order "that 
 ye Men sit on the North side of the Church and ye Women on the left." 
 Later on it is ordered that "Ye Gallery be assigned for the use of the 
 College Youth" of William and Mary, to which gallery there is to be 
 "put a door, with, a lock and key, the sexton to keep the key." Here 
 the students sat and carved their names, which may be seen to-day, 
 and doubtless indulged in incipient reasoning relative to religious 
 liberty. Thomas Jefferson was among them. In the long records rela- 
 tive to the conflict as to the "right of Induction" we see the evidence 
 of the spirit of liberty and the demand for self-government. The 
 vestry, the representatives of the people, in these conflicts were gain- 
 ing experience in the science of self-government. Their contention 
 that the civil authority should not impose ministers upon the congre- 
 gation without the consent of the people, led to struggles which were 
 prophetic and preparatory to the part which the vestrymen of .the 
 Church were subsequently to take in the House of Burgesses as cham- 
 pions of the liberties of the people of "Virginia. 
 
 Bruton Parish church, upon the removal of the seat of government 
 from Jamestown to Williamsburg in 1699, succeeded to the prestige 
 which pertained to the Church of the Capital of the Colony. From 
 this time there grew about the church an environment of ever-in- 
 creasing interest, and about it gathered an atmosphere which, with the 
 passing years, has caught and reflects the light of other days. 
 
 The county road which ran by the churchyard, marking the inward 
 and outward march of English civilization, now rose to the dignity 
 of the Duke of Gloucester street. The newly-designed yard and gar- 
 
57 
 
 dens of the Governor's palace swept down along the east wall of the 
 chuich. In spacious yards adjacent rose the stately homes of the 
 Virginia gentry who had resorted to the capital. Nearby towered 
 the walls of the College of William and Mary and the halls 
 of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and facing each other on the 
 open green stood the Court of Justice and the octagon Powder Horn. 
 The church had become the Court Church of Colonial Virginia. His 
 Excellency, the Governor, attended by his Council of State, and sur- 
 rounded by the members of the House of Burgesses, gave to the church 
 an official distinction and a position of unique importance. 
 
 The old brick building of 1674 soon became inadequate to the needs 
 of the situation, and in 1710, during the rectorship of the Reverend 
 Commissary James Blair, D. D., it was determined that a new church 
 should be built. Plans were furnished by Governor Alexander Spots- 
 wood, who proposed that the vestry should build the two ends of the 
 church and promised that the Government "would take care of the 
 wings and intervening part." The House of Burgesses, in addition, 
 was pleased to state that they "would appropriate a Sufficient Sum of 
 Money for the building pews for the Governor, Council and the House 
 of Burgesses," and appointed Mr. John HoUoway, Mr. Nicholas Meri- 
 wether and Mr. Robert Boiling a committee to co-operate with the 
 vestry in the undertaking. 
 
 This building, which was completed in 1715, has remained continu- 
 ously in use and has well withstood the rough usages of war and the 
 devastating touch of time. Its ministers, as shown from contem- 
 poraneous records, were, without a single exception, men of superior 
 culture and godly piety. Most of them were Masters of Arts from the 
 Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, or full graduates of the Col- 
 lege of William and Mary, and that they served the cause of Christ 
 with devotion and fidelity is attested in every instance by resolutions 
 of the vestry. 
 
 Official distinction was recognized and emphasized in the church. 
 To His Excellency the Governor and His Council of State was assigned 
 a pew elevated from the floor, overhung with a red velvet canopy, around 
 which his name was emblazoned in letters of gold, the name being 
 changed as Spotswood, Drysdale, Gooch, Dinwiddle, Fauquier, Lord 
 Botetourt and Lord Dunmore succeeded to office. In the square pews 
 of the transepts sat the members of the House of Burgesses, the pews 
 in the choir being assigned to the Surveyor-General and the Parish 
 
58 
 
 Rector, while in the overhanging galleries in the transepts and 
 along the side walls of the church sat the Speaker of the House 
 of Burgesses and other persons of wealth and distinction, to whom the 
 privilege of erecting these private galleries was accorded from time 
 to time. 
 
 With the approach of the American Revolution the services in Old 
 Bruton assumed a tone of tenderness and thrilling interest, unique 
 in character and fervent with power. Men, as they listened to the 
 proclamation of the Gospel of Redemption, saw clearer the vision 
 of liberty and felt a deeper need of the guidance and help of God. 
 Washington makes mention in his diary of attending services here, 
 and adds, "and fasted all day." A contemporaneous letter, writ- 
 ten by one of the congregation to a friend in London, tells of the in- 
 tensity of grief and the depth of feeling manifested in the service held 
 by order of the Government when news reached America that Parlia- 
 ment had passed the "Stamp Act." The Church, it was said, would 
 not begin to hold the people who thronged to attend the service. 
 These people loved old England, and were bound to her by material 
 interests and by ties of blood. They wanted to continue to honor and 
 obey the civil authority, and to pray for their King, and they thronged 
 to these services in old Bruton to express their faith and devotion and 
 the passionate longing of their lives for justice, liberty and 
 peace, and to-day the old church is hallowed by the memory of these 
 prayers which rose from bleeding hearts to our fathers' God and our 
 God, through the Liturgy which we use and love the more for these 
 associations by which it is hallowed and enriched. In the eventide, 
 when the parting glory of the day falls like a benediction and lingers 
 in the old church, the old scenes come like a vision before the illumin- 
 ed imagination. Upon bended knee we seem to see that noble band 
 of patriot legislators — Nelson, Wythe, Harrison, Braxton, the Lees, 
 Cabell, Cary, Carr, Carrington, Carter, Nicholas, Norvell, Richard 
 Bland, George Mason, Edmund Pendleton, Peyton Randolph, Patrick 
 Henry, George Washington and the rest, and the walls seem again to 
 echo back their supplication to the King of kings — "We beseech Thee 
 to hear us. Good Lord." 
 
 The old Prayer Book, which bears the inscription, "Bruton Par- 
 ish, 1756," bears witness through erasures and marginal insertions 
 to answered prayers. The Prayer for the President is pasted over 
 the Prayer for King George 111., while the prejudice engendered by 
 
59 
 
 the passions of men is evidenced by a line run through the words 
 "King of kings," and the marginal insertion, "Ruler of the Universe." 
 The Bible of this period is also preserved, together with the old Par- 
 ish Register, containing the name of George Washington eleven times, 
 and telling of the baptism of 1,122 negro servants within a period of 
 twenty-five years, with many pages of the record of this period missing. 
 
 Besides these the church is the inheritor and custodian of other sa- 
 cred memorials of the past. The old Jamestown baptismal font and 
 Communion silver are still in use at Bruton Parish church, together 
 with a set of Commimion silver, made in 1686, given by Lady Gooch to 
 the College of William and Mary, and a set bearing the royal arms of 
 King George III. These memorials will be preserved in the future 
 in the fireproof crypt built beneath the chancel of the church. 
 
 It seems almost incredible that the need of a Sunday-school room 
 should have led the congregation in 1840 to yield to the spirit of in- 
 novation and destroy, as they did, the interior form and appearance 
 of the church, but at this time a partition wall was built across the 
 church; the high corner pulpit, the colonial pews and the flag-stone 
 chancel and aisles were removed; the chancel, which enshrined the 
 graves of Orlando Jones, progenitor of Mrs. Martha Washington; the 
 graves of the Blairs and Monroes, and of Rev. Dr. William H. Wilmer, 
 was removed from its ancient place in the east end of the church and 
 affixed to the wall of partition, and the interior of the building fur- 
 nished and decorated in modern style with money secured by a church 
 fair. 
 
 The work of restoration inaugurated on May 15, 1905, by a sermon 
 preached by Rev. Beverley D. Tucker, D. D., since consecrated Bishop- 
 Coadjutor of the Diocese of Southern Virginia, has been planned and 
 executed with absolute fidelity to Colonial type and historic verity, with 
 the endeavor to reproduce the form and feeling of the past. Over $27,000 
 has been spent for the structural preservation and restoration of the 
 building. The foundations and roof timbers have been renewed; a 
 shingle tile roof covers the building, and an iron and concrete floor 
 safeguards it from dampness and fire. The tower woodwork, together 
 with the clock originally in the House of Burgesses, have been restored, 
 and the bell, engraved, "The gift of James Tarpley to Bruton Parish, 
 1761," again rings out the passing hours. The high pulpit with over- 
 hanging sounding boards stands again at the southeast corner and is a 
 memorial to the Rev. Commissary James Blair, D. D., and the other 
 
"^> . 60 
 
 clergy of the Colonial period. The chantel has regained its place in the 
 €ast, and with the aisles, is paved with white marble in which' are set 
 tombstones appropriately inscribed to mark the graves discovered 
 during the process of excavation. Of the twenty-eight graves found in 
 the aisles nine were identified by letters and dates made by driving 
 brass tacks in the wood of the coffin, j^mong the graves thus marked 
 with marble slabs are those of Governor Francis Fauquier, Governor 
 Fdmund Jennings, and Dr. William Cocke, Secretary of State, and re- 
 cently the body of the Hon. Judge Edmund Pendleton has been removed 
 from Caroline to be interred in the north aisle of the church. The pews 
 restored in Colonial style are all to be made memoiial; those in the 
 transepts to twenty-one of the patriots of the Revolution; those in 
 the choir to the Surveyors-General and the Presidents of the College 
 of William and Mary, and those in the nave to the vestrymen of the 
 parish during the Colonial period. Each pew has upon the door 
 a bronze tablet, inscribed with the name of the person memorialized. 
 Over the Governor's pew has been placed a silken qanopy, emblazoned 
 with the name of Governor Alexander Spotswood, and affixed to the 
 wall is a bronze tablet inscribed with the names of the Colonial 
 Governors who worshipped here. 
 
 The Bible given by King Edward VII. and the lectern presented by 
 the President of the United States, are in memory of the three hun- 
 dredth anniversary of the establishment of the English Church and 
 English civilization in America. 
 
 Preserved and restored the old church is typical of the strong 
 and simple architectural designs of the Colonial period, and a witness 
 t) the faith and devotion of the Nation Builders. Rising from amid 
 the sculptured tombs of the honored dead who lie beneath the shadows 
 of its walls, old Bruton stands, as the Bishop of Southern Virginia 
 has said, "The noblest monument of religion in America." 
 
 "A link among the days to knit 
 The generations each to each." 
 
ST. PAUL'S CHURCH, ELIZABETH RIVER PARISH, 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY THK BISHOP-COADJUTOR OF SOUTHERN VIRGINIA. 
 
 HE Exposition which is to commemorate the three hundredth 
 anniversary of the first settlement of the English at Jamestown 
 is located at Sewell's Point, in Norfolk county, Va. This was 
 the site of one of the earliest of our Colonial churches, the par- 
 ish church of Elizabeth River parish. The beginnings of the nation cor- 
 respond with the beginnings of the Church in America, and the place 
 where the opening scenes in the life of the nation will be commemo- 
 rated will be full of associations connected with the first planting of the 
 Church. 
 
 The settlement in what is now Norfolk county must have been very 
 soon after the permanent establishment of the Colony at Jamestown. 
 The records of "Norfolk county show that in 1637 there were two well- 
 organized churches, one in the lower part of the county, on Lynnhaven 
 Bay, and the other at "McSewell's Point." This served as the parish 
 church until late in the seventeenth century. Before 1638, however, 
 the settlement at Elizabeth River, the site of the present town of Nor- 
 folk, had so largely increased that the inhabitants found it difficult 
 to attend the parish church, a distance of eight miles. As seen by 
 the following order this inconvenience was sought to be remedied by 
 the erection of a chapel of ease at Elizabeth River: 
 
 (From Record of Norfolk County.) 
 "At a Court holden in the Lower County of New Norfolke 21 of 
 November 1638. 
 
 "Capt. Adam Thorowgood, Esq., Capt. John Sibsey, Mr. Willie Julian, 
 Mr. Edward Windha. Mr. Francis Mason, Mr. Henry Seawell. 
 
 "Whereas there hath beene an order of Court granted by the Gov- 
 ernor and Counsell for the Building and erecting of a Church in the 
 upper * * * of this County with a reference to the Commander 
 and Commissioners of sd County for appointing of a place fitting and 
 convenient for the situation and building thereof, the sd order being 
 in part not accomplish. But standing now in elsortion to be voyde 
 
62 
 
 and the work to fall into mine. We now the sd Commissioners tak- 
 ing it into consideration doe appoint Captain John Sibsey and Henry 
 Seawell to procure workmen for the finishing of the same and what 
 they shall agree for with the sd workmen to be levied by the appoint- 
 ment of us the Commissioners." 
 
 The building of this chapel of ease did not progress rapidly. The 
 Rev. John Wilson was rector of the parish in 1G37. Several orders 
 of the court mention him as such, one requiring him to pay certain 
 debts he had contracted, and another directing that certain provision 
 be made for the payment of tithes due him. It is evident from this 
 that the parson was as much sinned against as he was a sinner in 
 respect to indebtedness. John Wilson died before the 25th of May, 
 1640. On July 6, 1640, there is an order of court directing his debts 
 to be paid out of the uncollected tithes due his estate. 
 
 This is all that we know of him. There is nothing to indicate that 
 he was not faitnful in his ministry in those difficult days of early 
 civilization, though he seems to have been an inexperienced financier. 
 In judging such men from the scanty records which are left, we 
 ought to be careful to weigh our judgments by the standards of their 
 day and generation, and to remember that of them it may be especially 
 said: 
 
 "The evil men do lives after them. 
 The good is oft interred with their bones." 
 
 After the death of John Wilson steps were taken to secure another 
 minister, and also to finish the long-needed "Chappell of Ease," as 
 seen in the following order. It will be observed with what seeming 
 recklessness, as in all contemporary records, capitals were used, God 
 being spelt with a little g, and inhabitants with a big I: 
 
 "At a Courte houlden att Wm. Shipps the 25th day of May, 1640. 
 
 Captain Thomas Willoughbie, Esq., Capt. Jno. Sibsey, Lleftent ffians 
 Mason, Mr. Hennie Sewell, McWm. Julian. 
 
 "Whereas the Inhabitants of this Parishe beinge this day convented 
 for the findinge of themselves an able minister to instructe them 
 concerninge their souls health, mr. Thomas Harrison tharto hath ten- 
 dered his srvice to god and the said Inhabitants in that behalf, wch 
 his said tender is well liked of, with great approbaeon of the said 
 Inhabitants, the prshoners of the Parrish churce at mr. Sewell's Pointe, 
 who to certifie their zeale and willingness to pmote god's service do 
 hereby pmise (and the Couit now sittinge doth likewise order and es- 
 
63 
 
 tablish the same) to pay one hundreth pounds sterlinge yearly to the 
 sd mr. Harrison, so Longe as he shall continue a minister to the said 
 Parrishe, in recompence of his paines, and in full satisfaccon of his 
 tytes, within his Limitts wch is to be payed to him as ffolloweth." 
 
 Here follow amounts to be paid by the inhabitants of the different 
 parts of the parish; and then comes this entry, which is the first in- 
 formation in regard to the building of a church in Elizabeth River: 
 
 "Whereas there is a difference amongst the Inhabitants of the ffore- 
 said Pishe, concerninge the employinge of a minister beinge now 
 entertayned to live among them. The Inhabitants from Dauyell Tan- 
 ners Creeke and upwards the three branches of Elizabeth River (in 
 respect they are the greatest number of tithable persons) not thing- 
 inge it fitt nor equall that they should paye the greatest pte of one 
 hundred pounds wit is thaffore sd order allotted for the ministers an- 
 nual! stipend unless the sd minister may teach and Instruct them 
 as often a? hee shall teach at ye pishe church siytuate at Mr. Sewells 
 Pointe. It is therefore agreed amongst the Sd Inhabitants that the 
 sd minister shall teach evie other Sunday amongst the Inhabitants 
 of Elizabeth River at the house of Robert Glascocke untill a convenient 
 church be built and erected there for gods Service witt it is agreed 
 to be finished at the charge of the Inhabitants of Elizabeth River be- 
 fore the first of May next ensuenge." 
 
 The work of building went along slowly. The workmen were 
 abused by one Mr. Hayes as "a company of Jackanapesses," for not 
 making greater progress. Lillie, who was the builder, sued for slan- 
 der and testified that his work could not go forward for want of nayles 
 and other iron work. 
 
 The following order shows that the church was nearing completion: 
 
 "At a Court held May 2nd, 1641, Whereas there was an order of 
 Court granted by the Govr and Councell & derected to the Commander 
 of this County that theire pishe Church should be erected & built at 
 Mr. Seawells poynt, at the cost & charges of the Inhabitants, and was 
 also agreed on by the said-Inhabitants that a Chappell of Ease should 
 be built in Elizabeth River at the charges of pticular famalies sittu- 
 ated in the Aforesaid River by Reason of the Remote Plantations 
 from the aforesaid pishe Church. It is therefore ordered that at noe 
 time after the date heire of theire shall be any vestry chossen nor helld 
 at the aforesaid Chappell. but that the said Chappell shall be accompted 
 a Chappell of ease, but no pishe Church, and that the vestry shall 
 
64 
 
 ever hereafter be chossen & held at the aforesaid pishe Church: pro- 
 vided that theire priveledge in the ministracion he a like aud the 
 charges in the * * * Minister every other Sunday until the aforesaid 
 pishe Church be equally levied upon every tithable pson and inhabi- 
 tinne in this the aforesaid pishe." 
 
 An entry of October, 1641, shows that at that time the Chapel of 
 Ease was fully completed. As an order was issued directing that a 
 certain person should make amends for scandalous conduct by sitting 
 upon a stool at the head of the aisle for two successive Sundays. 
 
 There is every indication that this first church was on the site of 
 the present St. Paul's, as the place was a cemetery long before the 
 erection of the later building in 1739. For nearly a century it served 
 as the church house to the citizens of the earlier Norfolk. Who shall 
 tell how far its services and ministrations to holy things went into 
 the making of our forefathers for three generations; how far they 
 helped to give the tone to that earlier civilization, to fit the men of 
 that day for the service of their God and their country? 
 
 Of the ministers of the seventeenth century we know of John Wil- 
 son, who was rector in 1637, but how long before we do not know. He 
 died in 1640 and was succeeded by the Rev. James Harrison. His 
 ministry lasted until 1644. The name of his successor Is not given, 
 but he proved unworthy of his holy office, though as set forth in an 
 order of court 10th November, 1649, he openly acknowledged that he 
 had committed the grievous sin of adultery. He was ordered to make 
 public confession in both churches two several Sundays. In 1654 the 
 parish is without a minister, and steps are taken to secure one. a 
 vestry being ordered for Thursday after Christmas. He was to re- 
 ceive 10,000 pounds of tobacco. The Rev. William Wern was rector 
 in 1680, but when he took charge is not known. Mr. Wern is the last 
 minister of whom we have the record in the seventeenth century. In 
 1682 Captain Samuel Boush gave a chalice to the church in Norfolk. 
 
 We know but little of the history of St. Paul's in the beginning of 
 the eighteenth century. The first minister mentioned is the Rev. 
 James Falconer in 1722. How long he had been in charge we do not 
 know. He was succeeded in 1724 by the Rev. Mr. Garzia. who came 
 wilh very high recommendations to the Governor of the Colony, and 
 who is always highly spoken of. The Rev. Moses Robertson was rec- 
 tor in 1734. 
 
 In 1739 the present church was erected. The church which pre- 
 
65 
 
 ceded was probably built of bricks, for in 1749 an order in the vestry 
 book directs that the bricks and timber of the old church be given to 
 Jamec Pasteur for the erection of a school-house. The present building 
 is ve:y pleasing in its proportions, following, except for the ceiling 
 of the interior, which was changed, the simple Norman lines of many 
 of the village churches of the period in Old England. The date 1739 
 appears in raised brick on the south wall, and below are the letters 
 S. B., supposed to designate Samuel Boush, who is said to have given 
 the land for the church. Father and son of that name were vestry- 
 men of the church. About this time the church bears the name of the 
 Borough of the Parish church. It may be that the church at Sewell's 
 Point had passed into disuse, and that the chapel of ease had entered 
 upon the full dignity of the parish church. In 1749 the Rev. Charles 
 Smith is rector, and probably was for several years before. The re- 
 cords of the vestry only dated from 1749 to 1761, when the parish was 
 divided. Mr. Smith seems to have been a man of piety and good 
 character. On the division of the parish he took charge of Ports- 
 mouth, and died as rector there lllh January, 1773, after a faithful 
 and godly ministry of thirty years. In 1761 the parish was divided 
 into Norfolk, St. Bride's (Berkeley) and Portsmouth. The first minis- 
 ter after the division whose name has been preserved was the Rev. 
 Thomas Davis — 1773 to 1776. At the breaking out of the war he was 
 one of the most ardent patriots, president of the Sons of Liberty. 
 Despite the statement of the historians, a careful study of the records 
 will show that the large majority of the clergymen in charge of the 
 Episcopal churches in Virginia at the breaking out of the war were 
 true to the American cause, and that a bare handful were loyalists. The 
 contrary is one of the flagrant mistakes of history which the facts 
 contradict. 
 
 With the opening of the year 1776 there came sad days to St. Paul's. 
 The bombardment of the town by the fleet of Lord Dunmore, and the 
 firing of the homes left the place in ruins. St. Paul's did not escape. 
 The interior was burned out, but the walls, built strong and true, re- 
 mained intact save for the scar of a ball from the frigate Liverpool, 
 whi'h can be seen to-day cemented in the indenture it made. With 
 the church were lost the ancient records and many things that linked 
 it with the past. The church was partially restored after the disaster 
 to the town, and the Rev. Walker Maury was minister from 1786 to 
 1788. He was of the French Huguenot stock, connected with the Fon- 
 
66 
 
 taines; a man of pure life and earnest zeal. He died of yellow lever, 
 October 11, 1788. 
 
 From 1789 to 1791 the Rev. James Whitehead was rector of Elizabeth 
 River parish. He was an excellent man, esteemed for his earnestness. 
 Unfortunately the claim to the rectorship was disputed by the Rev. 
 William Bland. The latter was an ardent patriot, but a man of in- 
 temperate habits. The two parsons had separate vestries and held 
 alternate services in the old church. At last, in 1800. Mr. Whitehead 
 and his numerous friends withdrew and left Mr. Bland in possession 
 of St. Paul's, whilst they built on Chuich street the First Christ church, 
 at a cost of $](j,000. 
 
 Soon after this Mr. Bland seems to have left Norfolk, and the old 
 church was used by the Baptists for a while, and then by the colored 
 people of that church, and finally abandoned. In 1832, however, in 
 response to a call from a number of prominent Episcopalians, the con- 
 gregation was reorganized, the church repaired, and solemnly conse- 
 crated by the name of St. Paul's, by Bishop Moore. In the same year 
 it entered upon a new life. 
 
 The first rector after the restoration was the Rev. Ebenezer Boyden, 
 honored and reveied for a long life of godly service in the Diocese of 
 Virginia. It was a day of small things, of struggle with financial prob- 
 lems, but the work went bravely on. Mr. Boyden meekly asked per- 
 mission of the vestry to wear the surplice in the performance of divine 
 services. They gave permission with the proviso that its use should 
 be discontinued if objection were made. Mr. Boyden served from 1833 
 to 1835. The Rev. Thomas Atkinson, afterwards the distinguished 
 Bishop of North Carolina, was in charge from 1837 to 1838. During a 
 lart of 1838 the Rev. Joseph P. Wilmer. afterwards Bishop of Louisi- 
 ana, served as rector. After difficulty in securing a rector, the Rev. 
 Benjamin W. Miller, of the Eastern Shore, came to St. Paul's, and 
 until 1849 did faithful service. His ministry made a good impression 
 and the church strengthened. The Rev. Leonidas T. Smith was in tem- 
 poiary charge in 1845, when the Rev. David Caldwell came. He was a 
 man of fine intellect, of gentle nature, strong as a preacher and loving 
 as a pastor. His health, however, was feeble, and he left the congre- 
 gation who loved him so well, to seek health in a more Southern cli- 
 mate. His memory is still held dear by the older generation. 
 
 In 1849 the Rev. William M. Jackson began a faithful ministry, whir-h 
 ended with his death, as a martyr to duty, during the yellow fever epi- 
 
67 
 
 demic of 1855. His ministry was effectual, and when tlie time came 
 that tried men's souls, he gave himself day and night to the care of the 
 sick and the burying of the dead. He did his work with a courage 
 and devotion which seemed inspired, and then succumbed to the dread 
 disease. He was laid to rest by his faithful brethren, the Rev. Aris- 
 tides Smith and the Rev. Lewis Walke. 
 
 It was no easy task to make the church once more a power for good 
 in the community. But a man of God was sent, whose consecrated 
 faith was only equalled by the unflinching courage he brought to the 
 task, and with which he met the still greater trials the near future had 
 in charge for old St. Paul's — Nicholas Albertson Okeson, a man of 
 strong individuality, unsparing in his judgment of sin, but full of wo- 
 manly sympathy and tenderness for the poor and sinful. As a preach- 
 er he was strong, original, incisive, blunt at times, like Latimer. He 
 took such hold of the people, not only of his own congregation, but of 
 the community, that it will not soon lose the impress of his character. 
 Blessed with such a minister, the church was beginning to revive and 
 flourish, when war once more thundered in Norfolk harbor, and the 
 flock was again scattered. 
 
 After the capture of Norfolk by the Federals, the church was 
 taken possession of by the military forces, and Dr. Okeson was asked 
 by the congregation of Christ church, then vacant, to take temporary 
 charge. He went with the remnant of his people, and the two congre- 
 gations worshipped together during those trying times. 
 
 The following official orders tell the story of the seizure and the 
 restoration of the church: 
 
 Headquarters Norfolk and Portsmouth, Oct. 29, 1863. 
 To the Wardens of 8t. PauVs Church, Norfolk: 
 
 Gents, — I am directed by the General commanding to notify you 
 that it is necessary for the public service that he should provide a suit- 
 able place for the performance of religious service for the benefit of 
 the officers and men under his command. 
 
 He has selected for this purpose St. Paul's, in this city, and shall re- 
 quire it immediately. The service will be according to the ritual of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States. I am also directed 
 to state that the commanding General will hear you, should you desire 
 
68 
 
 to confer with him on the subject, at 12 o'clock M. to-morrow at these 
 headquarters. 
 
 I am, gentlemen, very respectfully, your obdt. servt., 
 
 George H. Johnston, Capt. and A. A. Gen. 
 Special Order No. 4G. 
 
 NoRTOLK, Va., Nov, 1, 1865. 
 
 St. Paul's church, of Norfolk, Virginia, being no longer needed by 
 the military authorities, is hereby turned over to the old Presbytery 
 and congregation. 
 
 By order of Brevet Major-Gen. A. A. Torbert. 
 
 .John L. W.akden. Jr., Asst. Adj. -Gen. 
 
 When the war was over, the minister and congregation bent their 
 energies to the work of restoration and repair. Money had to be raised 
 to make the church habitable, and money in such a community was 
 scarce; but love for the old church and devotion to the Lord accom- 
 plished much, and a few years saw the parish, prosperous as it had 
 never been before. Dr. Okeson resolved to make the churchyard, 
 which comprises nearly two acres, equal to the fairest he had seen in 
 the mother country. The grand old elms and willows were there al- 
 ready; but it is to his skill and labor that we owe the wealth of ever- 
 green, the preservation of the monuments, whose scars he taught the 
 kindly ivy to hide, and the flowers and shrubbery which make St. 
 Paul's churchyard so fair and restful a place. There, when his work 
 was finished, he was laid to rest, by special consent of the city au- 
 thorities, among the dead whose graves he had saved from desecra- 
 tion, and under the shadow of the wall which echoed to his faithful 
 preaching of the gospel of Christ. 
 
 In December, 1882, the Rev. Beverley Dandridge Tucker succeeded 
 Dr. Okeson, coming from Lunenburg and North Uarnham parishes. 
 "Virginia. The devotion and zeal of the congregation has enabled him 
 to carry on the work so faithfully done by the godly man who pre- 
 ceded. The election of Dr. Tucker as Bishop-Coadjutor of Southern 
 Virginia terminates a ministry of twenty-four years. 
 
 The interior of the church, which had been much changed, was re- 
 stored in 1892, and the detached tower built in 1901. The church has 
 the beginning of an endowment, and is well equipped to continue its 
 work for the cure of souls, and to the glory of God. 
 
 The following notes may be of interest in connection with this 
 sketch of old St. Paul's: 
 
69 
 
 Rev. M. E. Willig was the Federal chaplain whilst the church was 
 in the possession of the military authorities. Rev. Dr. Okeson, of St. 
 Paul's, acted through that period as rector of Christ church, Norfolk, 
 ministering to the people of both congregations. It is pleasing to re- 
 cord that during the past year the Federal government, through the 
 Court of Claims and Congress, reimbursed St. Paul's church for the 
 losses incurred by the occupation of the edifice by the military author- 
 ities. The amount refunded was $3,600. 
 
 John Hancock's Chair. 
 
 A highly interesting relic at St. Paul's is the chair in which John 
 Hancock sat when he signed the Declaration of American Indepen- 
 dence. It is a mahogany arm-chair, upholstered in leather, and upon 
 it is a silver plate bearing the following inscription: 
 
 "This chair was occupied by John Hancock when he signed the Dec- 
 laration of Independence. It was bought by Colonel Thomas M. Bay- 
 ly, of Accomac county, Va. At his death it became the property of 
 his daughter Ann, who subsequently intermarried with the Rev. Ben- 
 jamin M. Miller, once rector of St. Paul's church, Norfolk, Va., who 
 presented it to the parish." 
 
 Comparatively few people know that this chair is in St. Paul's. It 
 is in the vestry room, and to those who have their attention attracted 
 to it, it appeals with great interest. 
 
 The Marble Font. 
 
 The marble font in the church is a copy of one given by "King" 
 Carter to Christ church in Lancaster county, Va., in 1734. The bowl 
 is upheld by three cherubs. The font was carved by a Danish artist 
 in New York, and was presented to the church by the late Mrs. Sarah 
 F. Pegram. who also gave the Holy Table, which is a copy of one in 
 Yorkshire, England, of the date of 1680. The table is of English oak. 
 
 Vestrymen of the Parish. 
 
 The following is a list of the vestrymen of St. Paul's church, Eliza- 
 beth River parish, at certain crucial periods of its history — the building 
 of the present church, the reorganization in 1832 and in 1865, and the 
 improvements in 1892: 
 
 1749— Rev. Charles Smith, Col. George Newton, Col. William Craf- 
 ford. Col. Samuel Boush, Capt. William Hodges, Capt. Willis Wilson, 
 
70 
 
 Warden, Capt. John Phipp. Warden, Mr. Charles Sweny, Capt. James 
 Joy, Mr. Samuel Boush. 
 
 1832 — William H. Thompson, Treasurer, Richard B. Maury, Secre- 
 tary. George Rowland, Alpheus Forbes, Alexander Gait. 
 
 1865— Rev. N. A. Okeson, William W. Lamb, William H. Smith, Dr. 
 Robert B. Tunstall, William T. Harrison, Alfred L. Seabury, Richard 
 H. Baker, Jr. 
 
 1892 — Rev. Beverley D. Tucker, Richard H. Baker, Warden, James 
 Y. Leigh, Warden, Caldwell Hardy, Registrar, Walter F. Irvine, Treas- 
 urer. B. Atkinson Marsden, Capt. Robert B. Pegram, Richard B. Tun- 
 stall, Adam Tredwell, Dr. Herbert M. Nash. 
 
 The Old Cannon B.\ll. 
 
 One of the most interesting features of the church is the cannon 
 ball fired by Lord Dunmore, the last Colonial Governor of Virginia, 
 during his bombardment of Norfolk in 1776. The ball, after striking 
 the church, fell to the ground beneath, and was covered up there for 
 many years, remaining buried in the earth till 1848. The Daily South- 
 ern Argus, a newspaper published in Norfolk, gave, in its issue of 
 Saturday, May 13, 1848, an account of "the recent finding" of the ball 
 in the earth beneath the indenture which it had made in the wall 
 of the church where it first struck. This account says the ball was 
 found about two feet below the surface of the ground immediately 
 under the indenture in the wall. The ball was replaced in the inden- 
 ture and there cemented, where it now attracts much attention and 
 interest from tourists, thousands of whom visit the church every 
 year — being located on tne south side of the church, just at the corner, 
 near Church street. It is marked by a plate on which is the inscrip- 
 tion: 
 
 Fired By 
 
 Lord Dunmore, 
 
 Jan. 1. 1776. 
 
 This plate was placed there in 1901 by Great Bridge Chapter, Daugh- 
 ters of the American Revolution. The bombardment above referred to 
 occurred between three and four o'clock in the afternoon of Monday, 
 January 1, 1776, the first gun being fired by the warship "Liverpool." 
 The ball which struck the church is rei)uted to have been fired by the 
 "Liverpool." 
 
71 
 
 Memorial Windows. 
 
 In the church are four beautiful windows, two in the rear of the 
 chancel and two on the north side of the nave. Those back of the 
 chancel are inscribed as follows: 
 
 "To the glory of God and to the memory of the Reverend William 
 Myers Jackson. Born Oct. 19th, 1809. Died Oct. 3d, 1855. (On this 
 window is a representation of St. John on Patmos receiving the revela- 
 tion from an angel.) 
 
 "To the glory of God and to the memory of the Reverend Nicholas 
 Albertson Okeson. Born Nov. 5th, 1819. Died Sept. 16th, 1882. (On 
 this window is a representation of St. Paul on Mars Hill.) 
 
 The Old To.mrs. 
 
 At St. Paul's is a book containing the record of inscriptions on the 
 tombstones in the yard of the church. This book was gotten up by 
 the Bishop Randolph Chapter, Daughters of the King, 1902. It is in- 
 dexed and is very handy. It shows that there are 265 tombs in the 
 churchyard. Many others have disappeared. 
 
 The oldest tomb in the churchyard is on the south side of the church, 
 and bears the following inscription: "Here lies the body of Dorothy 
 Farrell who deceased the 18th of January 1673." 
 
 Another of the older and most striking tombs is inscribed as fol- 
 lows: "Here Lyeth The Body of John Taylor Merchant in Norfolk. 
 Born In The Parish of Fintrie In The County Of Stirling In 1694. And 
 Died On The 25th Of October 1744 In The 51st Year Of His Age." 
 Coat of Arms cut with motto, "Fide et Fiducia." This inscription 
 was restored by his great-great-grandson, F. S. Taylor, of Norfolk, 
 in 1892. 
 
 " The latest tomb in the churchyard is inscribed as follows: "Nicholas 
 Albertson Okeson. Born Nov. 1819. Died Sept. 16, 1882. An earnest 
 and zealous minister of the Gospel of Christ and for 26 years the 
 faithful and beloved Rector of this church. 'They that turn many to 
 righteousness shall shine as the stars forever and ever. Hold fast 
 the form of sound words which thou hast heard of me in faith and 
 love which is in Christ Jesus.' — 2d Tim. 1: 13." 
 
 On the urn at the foot of Rev. Dr. Okeson's grave is the following 
 inscription: "Affection's Offering From The Children's Aid Society 
 of St. Paul's Church to the memory of their late beloved pastor Rev. 
 N. A. Okeson, D. D." 
 
72 
 
 In the churchyard is an ohl tombstone that does not mark a grave. 
 It is inscribed as follows: 
 
 Coat of arms. "Here lyeth the body of Elizabeth, the wife of the 
 Honorable Nathaniel Bacon, Esq., who departed this life the second 
 day of November One Thousand Six Hundred and Ninety-One, in the 
 Sixty-Second year of her age." This tomb was brought from King's 
 Creek, James River, at request of Rev. N. A. Okeson, D. D. Elizabeth 
 Bacon was the wife of Col. Nathaniel Bacon. He was President of 
 the Virginia Council and a cousin of young Nathaniel Bacon, the 
 patriot of 1675. She was a daughter of Richard Kingswell, gent, and 
 was married first to Capt. William Taylor, also member of Virginia 
 Council. 
 
 Some Old Records. 
 
 The following are some interesting entries in the old vestry book 
 of 1749: 
 
 1751 — Received into the vestry, of Capt. Geo. Whitwell, commander 
 of his Majesty's ship Triton, a silver plate as a compliment for his 
 wife, Mary Whitwell, being interred in this church. 
 
 Ordered Mr. Matt. Godfrey, Mr. William Nash, Capt. Trimigan 
 Tatem, and Mr. William Ashley shall have leave and are hereby em- 
 powered to build a gallery in the church in Norfolk Town reaching 
 from the Pulpit to the School Boys Gallery equally between them and 
 their heirs forever to have and to hold. 
 
BLANDFORD CHURCH. BRISTOL PARISH, 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 ("THE BRICK CHURCH ON WELLS'S HILL.") 
 
 BY CHURCHILL GIBSON CIIAMBERLAYNE, PH. D. 
 
 ^>r-j=;^ HE General Assembly of Virginia at the session of March, 1642- 
 '43, enacted that "for the conveniency of the inhabitants on both 
 
 j)_i sides of Appomattock River being farr remote from the parish 
 church of the said plantation upon Appomattock be bounded 
 into a parish by themselves as followeth, to begin at Causon's ffeild 
 within the mouth of Appomattock River on the eastward side, and at 
 Powell's Creek on the westward side of the river, and so to extend 
 up the river to the falls on both sides, and the said parish to be called 
 by the name of Bristol. (Hening's "Statutes at Large," Vol. L, p. 251). 
 This was the genesis of Bristol Parish. 
 
 At the same session of the General Assembly a Church-government's 
 Act was passed, one of whose provisions was "That there be a true & 
 perfect register kept in a booke .... of all weddings, christenings & 
 burialls and that the clerke of every parish shall present to the com- 
 mander of every monethly court a list of all weddings, christenings & 
 burialls within their parish the present moneth." If, in compliance 
 with this enactment, Bristol Parish did from the beginning possess 
 i^uch a "booke," it must have disappeared a long time ago; absolutely no 
 trace of it remains to-day. With it, and the companion Vestry Book — 
 if any such ever existed — were lost the records of the first seventy-sev- 
 en years of the parish's history. But for the period beginning with 
 the year 1720 and coming down to the present time the contemporary 
 sources for a history of the parish are ample. To these original sourc- 
 es, and to one or two works, like Slaughter's "History of Bristol Parish" 
 and Bishop Meade's "Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Vir- 
 ginia," based in part upon them, reference will be made from time to 
 time during the course of this article. 
 
 In the year 1720 Bristol Parish contained about a thousand square 
 miles. It lay along the Appomattox river on both sides, extending 
 westward forty miles from the junction of the Appomattox with the 
 James. There were 848 tithables in the parish, and two places of wor- 
 
74 
 
 ship, a church and a chapel. (See Perry's "Papers Relating to the His- 
 tory of the Church in Virginia, A. D. 1650-1776," pp. 266-268. Queries of 
 the Lord Bishop of London, answered by George Robertson, Minister of 
 Bristol Parish; also "The Vestry Book and Register of Bristol Parish, 
 Virginia, 1720-1789," pp. 3-4.) 
 
 In regard to the sittiation of the Church, there has been some di- 
 versity of opinion. Bishop Meade says ("Old Churches," etc., Vol. I., p. 
 439): "Within the bounds of this parish," i. e., Bristol, "was the old 
 settlement of Sir Thomas Dale, in 1611, called Bermuda Hundred, at the 
 jtinction of James River and Appomattox. Settlements were from time 
 to time, formed along the river up to the Falls, where is now the town 
 of Petersburg. The mother or parish church was at Bermuda Hundred, 
 opposite to City Point, and it was desirable to organize a parish and pro- 
 vide for those who were settling higher up the Appomattox or Bristol 
 River. That the mother church ^as at this place is evident from an early 
 entry in the vestry book, where, for the first and only time, the mother 
 church is mentioned; and there in connection with the ferry at the 
 Point (City Point) which is directed to be kept in good order for per- 
 sons, on Sunday, going over to the 'mother-church' called, in the Act 
 of Assembly, the Parish Church." 
 
 According to Bishop Meade, then, the mother church of Bristol Parish 
 was at Bermuda Hundred. Was this the case? Let us examine first 
 his own testimony. That examination discovers errors of fact in his 
 account. Bermuda Hundred was never within the bounds of Bristol 
 Parish. The parish church referred to in the Act of Assembly was not 
 the "mother church" of which occasional mention is made in the Bristol 
 Parish Vestry Book dating from 1720. At the time that Act was passed 
 (i. e., March, 1642-'43), Bristol Parish was not in existence, and the parish 
 church therein referred to was of course the church of that older parish 
 of which the territory on Appomattox river, to be cut off and made 
 into the new parish of Bristol, was the outlying portion. Whether the 
 parish church mentioned in the Act of Assembly of 1642-'43 was situated 
 at Bermuda Hundred or not is a matter which does not concern us. 
 That it was not the "mother-church" of Bristol Parish referred to in 
 the vestry book, is certain. In his endeavor to confirm his argument 
 by an appeal to the vestry book Bishop Meade falls into numerous 
 errors. The mother church is mentioned in the Vestry Book not once 
 only, but several times, though not always, under that name — never, 
 however, in connection with the ferry at City Point, "which is direct- 
 ed to be kept in good order." 
 
75 
 
 The following entry in the Vestry Book (printed volume, page 59, 
 manuscript volume p. 42), under date of October 21st, ]7ol, is the one 
 to which Bishop Meade refers: "Order'd that a Ferry be Keept at the 
 Point and that it be attended when the sermon is at the Mother Church 
 and that the Min'r pass when he hath Occation." It is to be noted 
 that this entry was made eighty-eight years after the establishment of 
 Bristol Parish, and eleven years after the first entry in the book, that 
 there is nothing said in it about the Ferry being kept in good order; but 
 merely that a Ferry be kept — proof positive that at this place no ferry 
 had previously been operated — and that the place itself is referred to as 
 the Point simply, not as City Point. Bishop Meade's theory in regard 
 to the location of the mother church of Bristol Parish is untenable. 
 
 Where, then, was the Mother Church situated? First, let the records 
 speak for themselves. In the Vestry Book under date of November 
 10th, 1726, there is the following entry: "It is ord'red that henry tatam 
 be Clerk for the ferry Church and Chapell and y't he be Allow'd two 
 thousand pounds of tob'co by the parrish P'r annum." Again under 
 date of November 16th, 1727, the following: "To henry tatam Clerk of 
 the Mother Church and ferry Chappie." These two entries taken in 
 connection with the following, under date of October 21st, 1731: "Ordi- 
 er'd that a Ferry be Keept at the Point and that it be attended when 
 the sermon is at the Mother Church and that the Min'r pass when he 
 hath Occation," make so much at least plain, that the Mother Church 
 and the Ferry Chapel were on opposite sides of the river, and that the 
 two places of worship were not so far apart as to prevent one man's 
 acting in the capacity of clerk at both of them. 
 
 The question now is. Where was "the Point" where, in the year 
 1731, a ferry was ordered to be kept? That it was not at the 
 place now known as City Point has been already shown. There 
 /nust have been ferries at City Point as far back as a hundred years 
 before 1731, and we know from the Vestry Book that as early as 
 1720 there was a ferry still higher up the river, at Conjurer's Neck, 
 between City Point and the falls, kept by Mrs. Elizabeth Kennon. 
 With every year the population moved farther and farther toward 
 the west, and keeping pace with the movement in the population, 
 ferries were continually being established higher and higher up the 
 rivers. Everything, then, tends to confirm the supposition that 
 "the Point" referred to in the minutes of the vestry meeting held 
 Oct. 21, 1731, was Peter's Point, afterwards Petersburg, at the falls 
 
7G 
 
 of the Apijomattox. If any doubt rtniained as to its truth, it would 
 seem to be set at rest by the following independent witness, taken 
 from Col. Wm. Byrd's diary of his "Journey to the Land of Eden," 
 in the year 1733: "When we got home, we laid the foundation of 
 two large Citys. One at Shaco's, to be called Richmond, and the 
 other at the point of Appomattuck River, to be nam'd Petersburg." 
 ("The Writings of 'Col. William Byrd, of Westover in Virginia, Esqr.' 
 Edited by John Spencer Bassett, New York, 1901.) 
 
 The records, finally, do not leave one in doubt as to which church 
 was on the north, and which on the south side of the river. By 
 act of the Assembly, Bristol Parish lost, in the year 173 5, all that 
 part of its territory lying north of the Appomattox. After that year 
 tne Vestry Book makes no further mention of the mother church, 
 while references to the Ferry Chapel are as frequent as ever. A 
 tJiorough knowledge of the existing records, then, tends to confirm 
 Dr. Slaughter's opinion, held in opposition to Bishop Meade, that 
 the indications that point to old "Wood's Chureh," five miles from 
 Petersbtirg, in Chesterfiedd county, built in 1707, as the mother church 
 referred to in the Vestry Book of Bristol Parish. 
 
 The site of the Chapel, or Ferry Chaple, as it is frequently called 
 in the Vestry Book, has never been a matter of serious investigation. 
 Bishop Meade erroneously supposed that it "stood near the falls, and 
 not far from the old Blandford church, which took its place in the 
 year 1737 or 1738." (Bishop Meade's "Old Churches," etc.. Vol. I., 
 p. 439). But, as has been shown, the ferry at "the Point," that is at 
 what is now Petersburg, was not established until 1731, while the 
 Ferry Chapel was being used as a place of worship in 17 20, and 
 doubtless it had been in existence for some time when the first en- 
 tries in the Vestry Book were written. The ferry from which the 
 Chapel took its name, and hence at, or near which it was situated, 
 was without the least shadow of a doubt that kept by Mrs. Elizabeth 
 Kennon, who lived at Conjurer's Neck (the Brick House) in what was 
 then Henrico, now Chesterfield, county, on the Appomattox River, 
 between City Point and the falls. The Chapel was located on the 
 south side of the river in Prince George County. 
 
 During the fourteen years between 1720 and 173 4 the number of 
 tithables in Bristol Parish more than doubled. In the latter year 
 there were returned 2084. The places of worship too had increased 
 from two to five. Besides the mother church and the Ferry 
 
77 
 
 Chapel there were now chapels on Namozine, Sapponey, and Flat 
 Creeks, all south of the Appomattox. 
 
 Some time during the session of 1734 the General Assembly of 
 Virginia passed an act creating the parish of Raleigh, and another 
 creating the parish of Dale. The former act was to go into effect 
 on March 25th, 1735, the latter, on May 31st of the same year. 
 The creation of these new parishes very much reduced the area of Bris- 
 tol. The number of tithables, too, which in the meantime had increas- 
 ed to 2,305, was cut down to 1,349. Of the five places of worship for- 
 merly in the parish only two were left, the Ferry Chapel, and the 
 chapel on Sapponey Cr^ek, both frame buildings, the former being in a 
 half-ruinous condition. 
 
 The passage of the acts in regard to Raleigh and Dale parishes 
 placed the vestry of Bristol in an embarrassing situation. Before 
 that time, namely, at a vestry meeting held March 11th, 1733, it 
 was "Ordred that a new Church be built of Brick on Wellses Hill 
 for the Conveniency of this Parish Sixty foot long and twenty-five 
 foot Wide in the Clear Eighteen foot Pitch with Compass Sealing 
 and Compass windows the Isle Eight foot wide Laid with Portland 
 stone or Bristol marble Sash Glass Covered first with Inch Plank 
 Ciphir'd and a Coat of hart Cipruss or pine Shingles % of an inch 
 thick at the lower End nailed on foalding Shuttors of windscut 
 for the windows" 
 
 In November of the next year (i. e., 1734,) in spite of the fact that 
 in the meantime the creation of the two new parishes had been 
 determined upon by the General Assembly, it was ordered "that 
 Colo Robert Boiling, Capt William Stark and Majr William Poyth- 
 res agree with workmen for Building a new Church according to 
 the former Order made March ye 11th 1733." At the laying of the 
 levies for that year 25,000 pounds of tobacco was levied toward 
 building the, new church. This caused trouble, for those tithables 
 whose affiliation with Bristol parish was to come to an end in 
 March and May, 1735, objected to being made to contribute toward 
 the building of a church with which they would never have any of- 
 ficial connection. An echo of the protest they made is heard from 
 Williamsburg. At a vestry meeting held on August 12th, 1735, it 
 was ordered "In Obedience to the Governors order that the Church 
 warden do desire the workmen to delay going forv/ard with the 
 building the Church on Well's Hill till the Governors pleasure Is 
 further known." 
 
78 
 
 Evidently the Governor's i)rohibition was soon removed, for at 
 the next vestry meeting, held at the Ferry Chapel September 15th, 
 1735, it was ordered "That the Church wardens pay the remaining 
 part of the Parish Money in their hands to Colo Thomas Ravens- 
 croft upon his giving bond to compleat the Church upon Well's 
 Hill pursuant to agreemt made May 4th 1735 Between himself and 
 members of this Vestry appointed for that purpose." The agree- 
 ment referred to in this order appears In the Vestry Book, pages 
 7 2 & 73, as follows: 
 
 "Order'd that a Church be built of Brick on Wellses Hill to be 
 60 foot by 25 foot in the Clear and 15 foot to the spring ot the Arch 
 from the floor which is to be at least 18 Inches above the highest 
 part of the ground 3 Bricks thick to the water table and 21/2 after 
 wards to the plate, the roof to be fram'd according to a Scheme now 
 before us, the Isle to be 6 foot wide Lay'd with white Bristol Stone, 
 galerey at the west end as long as the peer will admitt a window 
 in the same as big as the pitch will admit. 7 -windows in the body 
 of the Church of Suitable dimensions glaz'd with sash glass the 
 floors to be well lay'd with good Inch & V4, plank the Pews to 
 be fram'd the fronts rais'd pannil & % round with a decent pulpit 
 and type a decent rail and Ballistor round the altar place and a 
 table suitable thereto as usual, the roof to be first cover'd with 
 plank and shingled on that with good Cypress Hart Shingles Cor- 
 nice Eves large board eves and Suitable doors as usual the whole 
 to be done strong and workmanlike in the best plain manner to 
 be finished by the last of July 17 37. Stone Steps to each door 
 Suitable. 
 
 Colo Thomas Ravenscroft has agreed to build the above Churcn 
 for £485 Curr't Money to be paid at three Several payments." 
 
 Col. Ravenscroft must have kept his agreement to the letter 
 for it appears from the parish records that a meeting of the Vestry 
 took place at the "Brick Church on Well's Hill" August 13th, 1737. 
 This is the building locally known today as Old Blandford Church. 
 
 Upon the completion of the new church, the Ferry Chapel was 
 abandoned. No further reference to it is to be found in the Vestry 
 Book. The parish still had but two places of worship, the Brick 
 Church on Well's Hill, and Sapponey Chapel. But the number of tith- 
 ables in the parish continuing to increase, it was found necessary to 
 put u]i too more chapels, the one, for the convenience of the in- 
 
79 
 
 habitants in the lower part of the parish, on Jones" Hole Creek, the 
 other on Hatcher's Run. 
 
 In the meanwhile, during the year 1739, or early in 1740, the 
 Rev. George Robertson, who had been minister of the parish since 
 169 4, died, and the Vestry proceeded to take steps to secure another 
 minister. Their first choice was an unfortunate one, as the records 
 sufficiently show. We will let them speak for themselves. 
 
 "At a Vestry held at the Brick Church on Wells's Hill May 26th, 1740. 
 
 Present. Colo Robert Boiling, Capt Wm. Stark, Capt Peter Jones, 
 Mr. John Banister, Majr Wm. Poythress, Capt Willm Hamlin, Mr. 
 Theo. Feild, Mr Theok Bland, Capt Charles Fisher. 
 
 Order'd That Mr. Richard Heartswel be received Minister of this 
 Parish dureing the approbation of the Vestry he haveing agreed to 
 accept thereof on these terms." 
 
 "At a Vestry held at the Brick Church on Wells's Hill May 27th 
 1740. 
 
 Present. Colo Robert Boiling, Capt Wm Stark, Mr. Theo. Feild, 
 Capt. Charles Fisher, Majr Wm. Poythress, Mr. Theok Bland, Capt 
 Peter Jones. 
 
 Mr. Richard Heartswel haveing in company with Several of tne 
 Vestry yesterday Evening declared that he did not understand the 
 order of Vestry that day made for receiving him as Minister of this 
 Parish on the Terms therein mentioned altho entered in his pres- 
 ence & with his approbation & now insisting on T^venty Pounds p 
 Ann in lieu of a Glebe which he with son^.e warmth, said he thought 
 he merrited; & without such Allowance would not stay, thereupon 
 the Church wardens conviend this Vestry who upon the representa- 
 tion of the matter by several of their own Members, Orders that 
 the said Richard Heartswel be discharged as Minister of this Paris.i 
 on the Terms by him & the Vestry agreed to on the 26th Instant or 
 on any other whatsoever. 
 
 Test John Woobank Clk Vestry" 
 
 In this connection the following extract from a letter of the Rev. 
 James Blair, Commissary, at Williamsburg, to the Bishop of London, 
 dated May 29, 1740, will be of interest: "There is a clergyman, one Mr. 
 Richard Hartwol came into this country from Liverpool about a year 
 ago, only in Deacon's orders. He was ordained by Joseph, 
 Bishop of Rochester, Sept. 21, 1735. He brought no letters of 
 
80 
 
 recommendation, and came very unprovided of Ijooks or any- 
 thing else. The Governor befriending him, he preached in 
 several churches, & has a taking way of delivery, but no 
 parish seems desirous to have him for a minister chiefly 
 because he is not capable of administering the sacrament of 
 the Lord's supper, which they are very pressing for, especially on 
 their death-beds. The Governor has very lately recommended him 
 to some gentlemen of that parish which was Mr. Robertson's, and 
 he is gone thither, but as I hear, meets with great opposition. I 
 want your Lordship's directions about him for I am somewhat 
 diffident of his character in England, by reason of his coming away 
 so suddenly and abruptly, and that he has been so long since he 
 was Deacon without receiving Priest's orders, and seems averse to 
 repairing to England for compleat orders." (Perry's "Papers Re- 
 lating to the History of the Church in Virginia 1650-1776" pp. 
 862-3.) 
 
 That is the last word that history has to say of the Rev. Richard 
 Heartswel in connection with Bristol Parish. The Vestry finally 
 secured the servicers of the Rev. Robert Fergusson, who remainea 
 minister of the parish until his death in 17 49. 
 
 In the year 1742 Bristol Parish was divided (Heningo "Stat- 
 utes at Large," Vol. V., p. 212). At the time of the division there 
 were 1,668 tithables in the parish. With the formation of the new 
 parish (Bath) Bristol parish lost 897 tithables and two out of the 
 four churches. The Brick Church and the chapel on Jones Hole 
 Creek remained to Bristol. Sapponey and Hatcher's Run Chapels 
 went to Bath parish. Out of this division and the expenses in- 
 cident thereto arose a dispute between the two parishes which lasted 
 until 1745. 
 
 In March, 1750, Rev. Eleazer Robertson was appointed minister 
 of the parish "for Twelve Months on Tryal" as the Vestry Book 
 expresses it. Evidently his "Tryal" proved satisfactory to all par- 
 ties, for at the Vestry meeting in March, 1751, he was regularly re- 
 ceived as minister of the parish. 
 
 Either the eloquence of Mr. Robertson's discourses or the natu- 
 ral growth of the parish— there were now 1081 tythables — was 
 responsible for the following order of the Vestry made June 22nd, 
 1752: "That an Addition be made on the South Side the Brick 
 Church, Thirty feet by Twenty five in the Clear and fifteen feet 
 
81 
 
 from the Spring of the Arch to the Floor which is to be the same 
 height with the present Church three Bricks thick to the Water 
 Table and two and a half thick to the plate, the Roofe to be Framed 
 as the present Roofe, the Isle Six Feet wide laid with white Bristol 
 Stone. Two windows of the Same dimentions as the present on 
 Each Side of the Addition, and Glazed with Sash Glass, the Floor 
 to be laid with Inch and Quarter heart plank, the pews to be Framed 
 as those now in the Church, the Roofe to be first Covered with plank 
 and Shingled on that with Good Cypress heart Shingles, a Cornisn 
 the Same as the present. Square Ceiling, a Door in the South End of 
 the Addition, the present South Door to be shut up, and another 
 Window and a pew Added in its place. The whole to be done 
 Strong, and workmanlike in the Best plain manner, to be finished 
 by the First day of July 1754. Also the Church to be walled in 
 with a Brick Wall of one and a half Brick thick Five Foot from the 
 highest part of the Ground to the Top of the Copeing, Length from 
 East to West One hundred and Sixty Feet, from North to South 
 One hundred and Forty Feet in the Clear, One Gate at the West 
 End and One on the South Side the Church and the Church War- 
 dens are to give publick Notice when it is to be Let." In November 
 of the same year the Vestry ordered "that the Addition to the 
 Church be built on the North side thereof. This day being the day 
 Advertized in the Virginia Gazette for Letting the Addition to the 
 Church, and Walling it in, Collo Ricnard Bland being the Lowest 
 Bidder agrees to do it for four hundred pounds Current money." 
 Originally the church had been a simple rectangular building, sixty 
 feet by twenty-five facing east and west. The addition above re- 
 ferred to made a radical change in its appearance. Its form was 
 now that of a squat T shaped cross. From the completion of this 
 addition — it was not finished until the year 1764 — until the aban- 
 donment of the building the Brick Church remained practically 
 unaltered. 
 
 The Rev. Eleazer Robertson left Bristol parish in 17 53. It was 
 during the incumbency of his successor Rev Thomas Wilkinson, that 
 the matter of a poor-house for the three parishes of Bristol, Mar- 
 tins Brandon, and Bath began to be agitated. The first action in 
 regard to this business was taken at a Vestry meeting held No- 
 vember 27th. 1755. It culminated in December of the year fol- 
 lowing in the appointment of a committee, consisting of Messrs. 
 
82 
 
 Stephen Dewey, Alexander Boiling, Theoderick Bland, and William 
 Eaton, to "meet the persons appointed by the Vestry's of Brandon 
 & Bath Parishes to agree in settleing the Terms of the Poors House." 
 The result of the conference held by the representatives of the 
 three parishes was embodied in the following report taken from the 
 record of the minutes of the vestry meeting held at the Brick Church 
 February 23rd, 1757: 
 
 "At a meeting of the members appointed by the Respective 
 Parishes of Bristol, Martins brandon and Bath as a Committee to 
 Consider of the best and most proper method for Building a Poors 
 House at the Joint Bxpence of the said Parishes — 
 
 It is the opinion of this Committee that a Convenient House 
 ought to be Rented for Entertaining the poor of the said Parishes, 
 if to be had. But if not, that then Land ought to be bought & Con- 
 venient Houses to be built for the joint use of the said Parishes 
 in proportion to the number of Tithables in each of the said Parishes. 
 This Committee having taken under their most serious Considera- 
 tion the unhappy and indeed miserable Circumstances of the many 
 poor Orphans and other poor Children, Inhabitants of the said 
 Parishes whose parents are utterly unable to give them any Edu- 
 cation and being desirous to render the said House as Beneficial as 
 possable & that such poor Children should be brought up in a Re- 
 ligious, Virtuous & Industrious Course of Life so as to become 
 useful members of the Community, Have Resolved earnestly to rec- 
 ommend it to their Respective Vestries that they should join in a 
 petition to the General Assembly to procure an Act to enable the 
 said Parishes to erect a FREE SCHOOL for Educating the poor 
 Children of the said Parishes in Reading, Writing and Arithmetic 
 at the joint Expence of the said Parishes, and Uniting the same to 
 the said Poorshouse Under such Rules, Orders and Directions as 
 shall be most just and proper for perfecting so useful and Chari- 
 table a Work, And in Order to facilitate the obtaining such Act to 
 propose that the said Vestries should unite in opening Subscriptions 
 that the Rich & Opulent & all other well disposed people may have 
 an opportunity of Contributing towards so pious a design out of that 
 STORE which the FATHER of Bounties hath bestowed on them. 
 
 It is the opinion of this Committee that Four of the Members of 
 each of the said Vestries ought to be appointed as a Committee to 
 Petition the General Assembly in the name and on behalf of the 
 
83 
 
 said Vestries in Order to obtain such Act as aforesaid And also to 
 
 put the said resolutions into Execution. 
 
 It is the opinion of this Committee that these Resolutions be 
 
 Communicated to the respective Vestries as soon as possable for 
 
 approbation or Descent. 
 
 Signed According to the Directions of the Committee By 
 
 Jany 19th, 1757. RICHARD BLAND." 
 
 In spite of this very excellent report nothing seems to have come 
 of the Poor-house plan. At the Vestry meeting held November 15th, 
 1757, it was ordered "That the Churchwardens at the most Conve- 
 nient place put up the poor of this Parish to the lowest Bidder." 
 
 If the Vestry of Bristol Parish proved incompetent to influence leg- 
 islation in the matter of providing for the poor, they showed a very 
 commendable and fairly successful zeal in the suppression of vice. 
 The credit side of tne parish's yearly balance sheet exhibits frequent 
 entries like the following: 
 "By Richd Harrison & Rd Harrison Junr and Peter Aldridge for 
 
 profane swearing 5/Each 15. 
 
 "By mary Jones fine for a bastard child pd by Nat Rains £2:10. 
 
 "By a fine from Tho. Whitmour for Profaning the Sabbath Day. 5. 
 
 "By Henry Delony Gaming fine £5 : 
 
 "By Cash Reed of Richd Booker A fine of Some Person Sold Oats 
 
 by false measure at ye Bridge £1 : " 
 
 That the vestry was disposed to class non-church going among the 
 vices to be rooted out appears from the following credit entry in the 
 balance-sheet for the year 1754; 
 
 "By 3 fines for not going to Church 15/" 
 
 As Thomas Whitmour's fine for Profaning the Sabbath Day was 5 
 shillings, it is probable thaat the profanation of which he was found 
 guilty was that of absenting himself from divine service. 
 
 On November 22d, 1762, the Rev. Thomas Wilkerson resigned the 
 parish. The same day he was succeeded by Rev. William Harrison. 
 The first twelve years or so of Mr. Harrison's incumbency seem to 
 have been uneventful enough; then came the troublous times of the 
 war with England. Under date of October 19th, 1775, occurs the fol- 
 lowing entry in the vestry book: 
 
 "Whereas, The callamitous State of the Country renders it Doubtful] 
 
whether a Sufficient Sum Can be Collected from the people, for pay- 
 ment of the Paiuchial Debt, in Money. And by the Restrained Laid 
 on Exports, By publick Consent, The Parishoners are Precluded of the 
 Election which the Law Had Giveing them, in paying their Due's in 
 Tobo or Money. It is Determined by Vestry That the Ministers Sal- 
 ary Shall be Estimated at One Hundred And Forty four Pound's, to 
 be Collected as Nearly as Possible in Money Unless the prohibition on 
 Exports Should be Removed, And in that Case the People to be at 
 Liberty to pay in Tobo at Eighteen Shillings Per Hundred, In Lieu 
 of Money, According to there Own Choice. And it's further to be Un- 
 derstood that the Revd Mr. Harrison shall wait for the Ballance, After 
 the Collection is made, three Years without Interest, unless it should 
 Please HEAVEN to Put an End before that time. To the Troubles of 
 our Country, And then it is understood that the Encumben [t's] Sal- 
 ary shall be Demandable in the usual and 'accustomed way.' " 
 
 Poor Mr. Harrison! One is hardly surprised at finding the follow- 
 ing entered on the minutes of a vestry meeting held February 4, 1780: 
 "This day the Late Recter, the Revd. Mr. Harrison, wrote in his Resig- 
 nation of his Cure of this Parish, which is accepted." 
 
 After lying vacant four years the parish secured the services of the 
 Rev. John Cameron. He is the last minister of the parish of which 
 the vestry book speaks, as he was still living and serving the parish 
 in the capacity of rector when the closing entry of the volume was 
 written. This was on April 18, 1789. Dr. Cameron resigned his 
 charge in 1793, and was succeeded the next year by the Rev. Andrew 
 Syme, who served Bristol parish faithfully for forty-five years. 
 
 He was the last rector of the parish that regularly held services and 
 preached in the Brick church, on Well's Hill. "With him, then, the 
 references in this article to the history of the parish, as such, may well 
 end. 
 
 What remains of the history of the old church is soon told. After 
 the Revolution the town of Blandford, which lies between Wells's Hill 
 and the river, rapidly declined in importance as a tobacco port, while 
 the new town of Petersburg, to the west, grew steadily. Between the 
 years 1802 and 1808 the new St Paul's church, Petersburg, was built. 
 This sealed the fate of the old Brick church, on Wells's Hill, though 
 for awhile services were still held within its walls alternately with the 
 church in Petersburg and the outward church. Finally the services 
 
■ -- 85 
 
 at the Brick church were discontinued absolutely, and the old building 
 was left alone in its glory. Thus abandoned, it gradually fell into 
 ruins. Writing in 1879, a short while before the Brick church under- 
 went its first "restoration," Dr. Slaughter says, quoting in part Charles 
 Campbell: " 'Blandford is chiefly remarkable for the melancholy charm 
 of a moss-velveted and ivy-embroidered, ante-Revolutionary church, 
 (whose yard is the Petersburg cemetery), at present in the most pic- 
 turesque place of dilapidation.' And we add that it is the pride of 
 Petersburg, and the most attractive of all her historical surroundings. 
 The pilgrim and the stranger who tarry but a night is sure to wend his 
 way and pay his homage at this shrine. Time, too, in its revolvings, 
 'brings in other revenges.' The children, and the children's children, 
 of the scattered worshippers who were baptized at this font or knelt 
 at this shrine, when they have finished their course on earth, are borne 
 back in solemn procession and laid in the bosom of old Mother Church, 
 which invests her with a charm, in the eyes and liearts of the whole 
 community." 
 
 A few years after the above was written it was found necessary, in 
 order to preserve the ruins from utter destruction, to have the building 
 re-roofed. The writer thinks that he is not mistaken in saying that 
 this work was undertaken and paid for by the city of Petersburg. How- 
 ever much to be regretted, inasmuch as the new slate roof has given 
 a rather incongruous air of smartness to the venerable building, these 
 repairs done by the city were unavoidable. 
 
 Not so, however, the recent "restoration" of Old Blandford, through 
 the efforts of the Ladies' Memorial Association, aided — one is tempted 
 to say also, and abetted — by the Petersburg chapter of the Daughters 
 of the Confederacy, by which this relic of the Colonial period has been 
 converted into a Confederate memorial chapel. A monument of the 
 early eighteenth century converted into a memorial of the events of 
 1861-'65 — could no better way than this have been found to honor the 
 Southern cause? It is always so, however. The past is ever being for- 
 gotten in the interests of the present, and history shows many such 
 glaring instances of robbing Peter to pay Paul. But the day will come 
 when the intelligent people of Petersburg will regret having allowed 
 this piece of utter vandalism to be perpetrated. 
 
 A visit to Blandford church recalls many memories of the historic 
 past. Here preached in days long gone by the ministers whose names 
 have already been given; the Robertsons — George and Eleazar — Robert 
 
86 
 
 Fergasson, Thomas Wilkerson, William Harrison, John Cameron and 
 Andrew Syme. Occasionally, too, the walls of the old church rang 
 with the voice of some famous divine like William Stith, the Virginia 
 historian; Devereaux Jarratt, the stirring preacher of Bath parish, or 
 George Whitfield, the great English evangelist. As one wanders about 
 among the tombstones outside, stopping from time to time to decipher 
 some half-obliterated inscription, the ancient glory of the church is 
 brought vividly to the mind. Here worshipped with their families, in 
 that to us dim pre-Revolutionary time, James Munford, William Poy- 
 thress, Robert Boiling, Peter Jones, William Stark, Theophilus Field, 
 Charles Fisher, Francis Foythress, William Hamlin, Theoderick Bland, 
 David Walker, Thomas Short, Stephen Dewey, William Epes, Georre 
 Smith, Samuel Gordon, James Murray, Hugh Miller, James Boisseau, 
 Alexander Boiling, Anthony Walke, Thomas Williams, William Eaton, 
 Roger Atkinson, George Nicholas, Sir William Skipwith, John Ruffin, 
 John Bannister, Theoderick Bland, Jr., Nathaniel Raines, Nathaniel 
 Harrison, William Call, Richard Taylor, Thomas and Joseph Jones and 
 many others — truly an array of worthy names of which any Church 
 might well be proud. 
 
 From the churchyard one sees about two miles off to the north the 
 hills on the Chesterfield side of the river, from which Lafayette, in 1781, 
 standing by his guns, must have watched the bombardment of the Brit- 
 ish in Petersburg — that bombardment that is said to have disturbed 
 the last hours of the English General Phillips, as he lay dying in the 
 house on East Hill. Tradition has it that the dead general was laid to 
 rest in the southeast corner of Blandford churchyard. 
 
 Less than a mile away to the east and south are the remnants of 
 the earthworks held by the Confederate forces during the memorable 
 siege of Petersburg, which lasted from the 9th of June, 1864, to the 2d 
 of April, 1865. The fighting was at times so near the church that 
 the building- itself and the surrounding tombstones did not escape en- 
 tirely the rain of shot and shell directed against the town and its de- 
 fenders. To this day bullets are not infrequently found in the ceme- 
 tery, and, indeed, close up to the old churchyard wall. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to add, in closing, that Blandford church, so 
 rich in associations that appeal to cultivated minds, possesses a litera- 
 ture of its own, the natural outgrowth of the thoughts and emotions 
 which it has itself inspired. One can do no more here than refer the 
 reader to Dr. Slaughter's valuable "History of Bristol Parish." where 
 the greater part of what is best in that literature may be found. 
 
:«>.t- 
 
ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND. VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY KEV. K. A. GOODWIN, RECTOR. 
 
 >ENRICO Parish was formed in A. D. 1611, only four years after 
 the settlement of Jamestown. Sir Thomas Dale in that year 
 founded Henricopolis, on the Peninsula, in James River, now 
 insulated by Dutch Gap canal. Here he built a church before 
 he laid the foundation of his own residence. Not long after a more 
 handsome brick church was built. It stood near the line of the present 
 Dutch Gap canal. The parish at first included what are now the 
 counties of Chesterfield and Powhatan, on the south of James River, 
 and Goochland and Henrico, on the north of the river. 
 
 Rev. Alexander Whittaker, called "the Apostle of Virginia," was the 
 first rector of Henrico Parish. He was the son of Dr. William Whit- 
 taker, master of St. John's College, Cambridge. Alexander Whittaker 
 was a graduate of Cambridge. For some years he served a church 
 in the north of England, "beloved and well supported by his people." 
 "He had a handsome heritage from his parents." He came to Virginia 
 under the infiuence of the highest missionary spirit. His friends op- 
 posed his coming. A contemporary says of him: "He did voluntarily 
 leave his warme nest; and to the wonder of his kindred and amaze- 
 ment of them that knew him, undertook this hard, but, in my judg- 
 ment, heroicall resolution to go to Virginia, and helpe to beare the 
 name of God unto the Gentiles." 
 
 He is spoken of as the "purest of men," "truly pious," and "most 
 zealous in missionary work, especially among the Indians, to which 
 he had devoted himself." He and Dale were co-workers for the con- 
 version of Pocahontas. He baptized her under the name of Rebecca. 
 It is highly probable that he married her to John Rolfe. Rolfe owned 
 a plantation at Henricopolis, and here they lived till she went to 
 England. Whittaker resisted the temptation to return to England 
 in 1616 with his devoted friend. Dale. But he wrote, exhorting others 
 to come over and help, and saying: "Though my promise of three 
 yeeres' service to my countrey be expired, will abide in my vocation 
 here untill I be lawfully called hence." 
 
 He was accidentally drowned in James River in the spring of 1617. 
 
The Glebe of the parish, consisting of 100 acres, on which Dale built 
 a rectory, was situated on the south side of the river. Whittaker also 
 served a church at Bermuda Hundred, near City Point. Some years 
 later the Glebe was on the north side of the river, near Varina. Mr. 
 William Wickham assisted Mr. Whittaker, and it would seem he was 
 only in deacon's orders, for, after Whittaker's death, there was no 
 one to administer the sacraments. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Bargrave became rector in 1<;19. It was during his 
 administration that the parish of Henrico was chosen as Ihe site of a 
 great university; 15,000 acres of land, between Henricopolis and 
 where Richmond now stands, was set apart as college lands by the 
 Virginia Company. King James, through the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, appealed for and obtained large subscriptions in England. Rev. 
 Mr. Bargrave, the rector, donated his library. The Rev. Mr. Copland 
 was appointed president, but he was still in England when the great 
 Indian massacre of 1622 swept away Henricopolis and many other 
 settlements. 
 
 For the next hundred years the annals of Henrico Parish are frag- 
 mentary. 
 
 The Rev. James Blair was rector from 1685 to 1694. In 1689 he 
 was appointed commissary of the Bishop of London. He resigned 
 the parish to become founder and first president of AVilliam and ]\Iary 
 College. 
 
 Rev. George Robinson is said to have been rector in 1695. In 1724 
 the Bishop of London called upon the clergy of the colony for a 
 report. "The name of the incumbent of Henrico Parish has been 
 torn from the manuscript of his report," but there is evidence that 
 he was Rev. Jacob Ware. He mentions that he had been in the parish 
 fourteen years. Its bounds were 18 by 25 miles. It contained two 
 churches and one chapel. There were 400 families. 
 
 The oldest extant record book of the vestry of the parish begins on 
 October 28th, 1730. This book was found in 1867 among the old 
 records of Henrico county, and was given to the vestry. When this 
 book was begun the principal church of the Parish was Curie's church, 
 situated a few miles below Richmond, on the north side of the river. 
 The Rev. James Keith was rector when this vestry book begins, and 
 continued his services till 1733. 
 
 In 1727 Goochland and Powhatan were cut off from Henrico; and 
 Dale Parish, in Chesterfield, was established in 1735. In 1735 the 
 
vestry arranged with Rev. David Mossom to preach at the church 
 every fifth Sunday, for which service he was to be allowed 400 pounds 
 of tobacco. 
 
 Mr. Mossom was rector of St. Peter's, New Kent, for 40 years. He 
 married General Washington; and he was the first native American 
 to be ordained a Presbyter in the Church of England. In 1736 Rev. 
 William Stith became rector of the parish. He was a native Vir- 
 ginian, educated at William and Mary College and in England. While 
 rector of this parish, he wrote his history of Virginia. It was during 
 his ministry that St. John's church was built. 
 
 There was a difference of opinion as to where the new church should 
 be located. It was finally decided that it be built "on Indian Town, 
 at Richmond." The two lots given by Colonel William Byrd, "the 
 father of Richmond," constitute half of the present St. John's burying- 
 ground. 
 
 St. John's church was built in 1741. The original building was 60 
 feet long and 25 feet wide, situated due east and west. In 1772 an ad- 
 dition was made on the south side, of 40 feet in length and 40 feet 
 in width. The Rev. Miles Selden was rector when the Virginia Con- 
 vention met in the church, thus enlarged, on March 20th, 1775. He was 
 chaplain of the convention. Edmund Pendleton was the president. 
 
 (It will be recalled that "the first General Assembly, the earliest 
 legislative body in America, sat in the church at Jamestown, on July 
 30th, 1619.") 
 
 Here, in a short speech, Patrick Henry "flashed the electric spark" 
 which fired the colony to rebel against the king. 
 
 "In 1781, when Richmond had fallen into the hands of Arnold, 
 this sacred edifice was made a barracks for his British soldiery." 
 
 The first record in the second vestry-book is of an election of twelve 
 vestrymen, "holden on March 28th, 1785, at the court-house in the city 
 of Richmond." Their names were: Edmund Randolph, Jaquelin Ambler, 
 Bowler Cocke, Miles Selden, Jr., William Foushee, Hobson Owen, John 
 Ellis, Turner Southall, Nathaniel Wilkinson, Daniel L. Hylton, Thomas 
 Prosser, William Burton. 
 
 "On the 10th of May, 1785, the Rev. John Buchanan was unani- 
 mously chosen by ballot incumbent for the parish. He was to preach 
 every other Sunday at 'Richmond church,' and on the intervening 
 Sunday at Curie's and Deep Run, alternately." 
 
 On the 15th of June, 1785, the first convention of the reorganized 
 
90 
 
 Diocese of Virginia was held in Richmond. The business sessions were 
 probably held in the Capitol, but the convention attended divine ser- 
 vice in "the church in this city" by resolution of the convention. "It 
 was a correspondence between the Rev. David Griffith and Rev. John 
 Buchanan, the rector of this parish, that led to the resuscitation of 
 the Church In Virginia." 
 
 Mr. Buchanan was prominent in this first convention of the Diocese. 
 He was elected Treasurer of the Diocese, and faithfully served as 
 such for nearly thirty years. 
 
 Edmund Randolph was lay delegate of this parish. He was on a 
 committee "to prepare an address to the members of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church of Virginia, representing the condition of the Church, 
 and exhorting them to unite in its support." 
 
 Mr. Randolph also reported for a committee, declaring the willing- 
 ness of the Virginia Convention "to unite in a general ecclesiastical 
 convention with the members of the Protestant Episcopal Church." 
 
 Edmund Randolph was afterwards Governor of Virginia, and Attor- 
 ney-General and Secretary of State in Washington's Cabinet 
 
 Mr. Buchanan's rectorship extended from 1785 to 1822. The most 
 fraternal relations existed between him and the Presbyterian minister. 
 Rev. John D. Blair. For a time there were alternating services with 
 the Presbyterians in the church. In 1790 the vestry gave permission 
 to any regular minister of any Christian denomination to use the coun- 
 try churches of the parish, when not used by Rev. Mr. Buchanan, or 
 any other minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 During part of Mr. Buchanan's ministry services were held in the 
 Capitol, as being more convenient to most of the congregation; but 
 the church was used "on Christmas, Easter and Whit Sunday, when 
 the Holy Communion was administered and confirmations were held." 
 
 This faithful and much beloved pastor died in 1822, mourned by the 
 whole community. He was buried beneath the chancel, to the right 
 of the communion table. 
 
 Rev. William H. Hart, who had been Dr. Buchanan's assistant for 
 seven years, was rector for the next six years. Under his ministry the 
 church prospered. Bishop Moore speaks of preaching in the church 
 to large congregations, and of "the present prosperous state of the 
 church." 
 
 Rev. William F. Lee w'as the next rector. To him we probably owe 
 the name "St. John's Church." The building had had many names — 
 
91 
 
 "The New Church," "The Upper Church," "The Richmond Church," "The 
 Town Church," "The Church on Richmond Hill," "Henrico Church on 
 Richmond Hill," "The Church," "The Old Church," etc. The following 
 entry is found in the vestry-book shortly after Mr. Lee became rector: 
 "At a meeting of the vestry of Henrico Parish, at the lecture-room of 
 St. John's Church, Richmond, Saturday evening, April 25th, 1829," etc. 
 In the convention journal of that year this church is entered as 
 St. John's Church, Richmond, Henrico Parish. 
 
 In 1830 the church was enlarged by an addition to the nave. The 
 tower was probably built a few years later. The church passed through 
 many vicissitudes during the next forty-fxve years, under the rectorship 
 of the Revs. Edward W. Peet, 1830; Robert B. Croes, 1833; William H. 
 Hart, 1836; J. H. Morrison, 1843; Henry S. Kepler, 1848; J. T. Points, 
 1859; William C. Butler, 1860; William Norwood, 1862; Henry Wall, 
 1868. In 1875 Rev. Alex. W. Weddell became rector. During his min- 
 istry the church was repaired and made more comfortable. By his 
 untiring energy and zeal, large numbers were added to the com- 
 munion, and the church again took rank with the first in the Diocese. 
 
 Rev. L. W. Burton, now Bishop of Lexington, succeeded Dr. Weddell 
 as rector in 1884. The church continued to prosper, and its member- 
 ship was largely increased during his earnest and faithful rectorship 
 of nine years. During his ministry Weddell chapel and the Chapel of 
 the Good Shepherd were built. 
 
 Dr. Burton was succeeded in 1893 by the present rector. 
 The old mother church, including Weddell chapel, has the largest 
 communicant list in the Diocese. St. John's is the successor of Curie's 
 church, and that church succeeded the church of Whittaker at Hen- 
 ricopolis. 
 
 The bowl of the baptismal font of St. John's is a precious relic from 
 Curie's church. It was found in 1826 in the cellar of a house some 
 milei from the church. It had been used as a mortar for beating 
 hominy. Being much mutilated, it was reduced in diameter, but the 
 original shape was preserved. Dr. John Adams piesented it to the 
 church. 
 
 In 1905 a commodious chancel, organ chamber, vestry-room and other 
 improvements were built on the south side of the old part of church. 
 The church is now cruciform, and points directly to the four points 
 of the compass. Standing in the middle of the old graveyard, shaded 
 by magnificent trees, surrounded by the busy city, the old church 
 
92 
 
 stands as a connecting link witli the earliest civil and ecclesiastical 
 history of our Commonwealth and nation; and as a witness to what 
 the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church have done 
 for the upbuilding of this people in liberty, brotherly love and "the 
 faith once delivered to the saints." 
 
 The Bishop of Southern Virginia, in an address delivered in St. 
 John's church on its 150th anniversary, June 10th, 1891, states this very 
 remarkable fact: Speaking of Richard Randolph, who superintended 
 the building of St. John's church in 1741, and Edmund Randolph, who 
 represented the church in the first convention of the Diocese, both 
 of them vestrymen, he says: "These men were great grandsons of 
 one of the earliest members of your parish. A simple, strong, true 
 man he must have been; out of his loins sprang three great men. He 
 was the ancestor of Chief Justice Marshall, the greatest jurist of 
 America. He was the ancestor of Thomas Jefferson, the greatest po- 
 litical thinker of America. He was the ancestor of Robert E. Lee, 
 the greatest soldier of America." 
 
 The ancestor of these three men lived in this parish, on the river, 
 just below Richmond. 
 
 The writer of this sketch gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to 
 Rt. Rev. L. "W. Burton, D. D., for much of the information contained 
 therein. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. LANCASTER COUNTY, 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY WILLIAM G. STANARD, CORRESPONDING SECRETARY OF THE VIRGINIA 
 HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 THE most perfect example of Colonial church architecture now 
 remaining in Virginia is Christ church, Lancaster county. It 
 is now, with the exception of some minor details, almost as it 
 came from the hands of its builders in 1732. Every other 
 church in the State has suffered more or less alteration. Even beauti- 
 ful old Bruton is just being restored, after a long interval, to what 
 Chrisi: church is now and always has been. 
 
 While Christ church has never been out of the possession of thoKe 
 of the faith of the founders of the parish, the congregation was for a 
 number of years so small that only occasional services were held in it. 
 During an era of bad taste, and a lack of intelligent interest in the 
 past, when more crowded churches were altered, ruthlessly sometimes, 
 to meet the supposed needs of the worshippers, there was not only no 
 call for any alteration in this venerable building, but, owing to econo- 
 mic changes and the building of other churches in the county, it was 
 almost abandoned. 
 
 We know but little of the civil or religious history of the country at 
 the mouth of the Rappahannock before the formation of Lancaster 
 county in 1C52. By an act of Assembly in 1641 the settlement of that 
 part of the Colony was authorized to begin during the following year, 
 and when the county records commence in 1652, there was evidently 
 a considerable population along the rivers and inlets thereabout. 
 
 A vestry book, beginning in 1654, was once in existence and was 
 seen by Bishop Meade, but it disappeared during his life, and now its 
 contents are only known through his brief extracts. Fortunately 'fhe 
 county records are entire from 1652, and if carefully examined for 
 the purpose, would no doubt afford much more information as regards 
 the Church history than the writer has had time to gather during 
 visits to Lancaster county. 
 
 Before a parish was formed there was doubtless a minister of the 
 Church of England in the community. Rev. Thos. Sax, "an unworthy 
 
94 
 
 servant of God" (as he styles himself in his will), who died in 1654, 
 was doubtless this first minister. He was probably followed by John 
 Gorsuch, "Proffessor in Divinity." Mr. Gorsuch, who died before April 
 1, 1657, was one of the many Cavaliers who fled to Virginia during the 
 civil wars in England. He had been rector of Walkholme, Hertford- 
 shire, and married a sister of Richard Lovelace, the poet. Through his 
 descendants, the Todds of Gloucester county, he has had many staunch 
 representatives in the Church. 
 
 At the formation of the county, in 1652, it included both sides of the 
 Rappahannock river for an indefinite distance to the west, and contain- 
 ed two parishes, known, from their location, as North Side and South 
 Side. The court records have an entry of the selection, on April 1, 
 1652, of William Clapham, Jr., as sidesman, and John Taylor and Ed- 
 mund Lum as wardens for North Side. In 1654 the county was again 
 divided into two parishes; but in a different manner. The Lower 
 parish contained the present Lancaster and Middlesex, and the Upper, 
 the present Essex and Richmond. 
 
 Meade states that about this time there were four parishes in the 
 county — Lancaster and Piankitank on the south side, and White 
 Chapel and Christ church on the north. The history of these little 
 parishes is vague, and no attempt need be made to go into it at 
 all thoroughly. The genesis of the large parish from several small 
 ones is a familiar feature of our early Church history. 
 
 The division of 1654 was made after the surrender of Virginia to 
 Parliament. By the terms of the surrender, dated March 12, 1651-2, 
 the use of the Prayer Book was permitted for one year longer, with 
 the consent of the major part of the parish, provided that the portions 
 relating to the King and the royal government should not be used 
 publicly. It is probable that the latter provision was observed, but 
 there is no evidence that, otherwise, the public use of the regular form 
 of worship of the Church of England was ever abandoned. The As- 
 sembly could not (without a conflict with the Parliamentary authori- 
 ties) uphold the King's religion; but the same end was reached by 
 leaving the parishes to manage their own affairs. This meant that the 
 old faith would be retained. 
 
 The order for the division of 1654 appears in the court records as 
 follows: 
 
 "At a court held at ye house of Mr. Da. Fox, Aug'st ye 7th 1654 for 
 ye countye of Lancaster 
 
95 
 
 "Pres't: Major John Carter, Mr. Toby Smith, Mr. Ja. W'mson, Capt. 
 Hen Fleete, Mr. Rich. Lees, Mr. Ja. Bagnall 
 
 Memor'd. ye county of Lancaster is divided into two parishes, 
 
 ye inhabitants being sumoned to hereto giving their votes herein, 
 vizt: ye lower parish to begin on ye right'nd side of Moratican river 
 & to include ye westward side to ye head thereof^ & soe into ye woods 
 E. by N. & on ye south side from ye lower marked end of ye land 
 of Rich. Bennett, Esq'r, now in the possession of Rice Jones, & thence 
 S. W. into ye woods, ye w'ch two places are to be the bounds between 
 ye two parishes, ye upp & ye lower." 
 
 The men associated with the making of these early parishes were 
 all adherents of the old Establishment, and have innumerable descend- 
 ants still well known to the Episcopal Church. David Fox, in his will, 
 dated and proved in 1669, gave 20 pounds sterling to the glazing and 
 other uses of St. Mary's White Chapel, Lancaster, and his son, Capt. 
 William Fox, in his will, dated 1717^ directed that "My wife shall send 
 for the Lord's Prayer & Creed well drawn in gold letters & my name 
 under each of them, set in decent black frames," as a gift to St. Mary's 
 White Chapel, and also left to that church "the font that came in 
 this year." Capt. Fox's gifts still remain in old St. Mary's. A contem- 
 porary, George Spencer, of Lancaster, by his will dated March 3, 
 1691, gave to St. Mary's 10,000 pounds of tobacco, 20 pounds sterling 
 for the purchase of a piece of Communion plate, and also gave a "Cur- 
 plice." It may be noted here that Christ church and St. Mary's were 
 so often in the same parish, that though the history of the buildings 
 is, of course, different, their parish history may be considered as prac- 
 tically the same. 
 
 John Carter, whose name appears first among the members of the 
 court, was the immigrant ancestor of that distinguished Virginia fami- 
 ly, and the leading man in the parish at this time, while James Wil- 
 liamson, through his descendants, the Balls, was ancestor of many 
 people well known in the Church. 
 
 Henry Fleet (a man of note in his day) had a grandson of the same 
 name, who left, in 1730, twenty pounds to the poor of Christ church, to 
 be distributed by the vestry, while a descendant bearing the family sur- 
 name, is, together with a son of the Bishop-Coadjutor of Southern Vir- 
 ginia, a Rhodes scholar from Virginia at Oxford. 
 
 On April 1, 1657, appears among the court records an agreement of 
 the people of Lancaster with Mr. Samuel Cole to serve as a minister, 
 
96 
 
 they to pay him 10,000 pounds of tobacco and cask for the present 
 year. Mr. Cole died before September 28. 1659. 
 
 For a time the parishes of Lancaster seem to have had only occas- 
 ional services from the ministers of other parishes. 
 
 On October 27, 1658, the county court ordered a payment to David 
 Linsey, minister, on account of his pains in the performance of his 
 duties. Mr. Lindsey, who is stated in his epitaph to have been a 
 doctor of divinity, was minister of a Northumberland parish. 
 
 About the same time the Lancaster parishes must have been visited 
 by Rev. William White, minister of York parish. Else how, in those 
 times of little traveling, could he have met Martha, widow of Thomas 
 Brice, gentleman, of Lancaster, whose will was dated April 24, 1657, 
 and proved on May 9th following — the very same day on which was 
 recorded a marriage contract between his widow and William White. 
 Mr. White died shortly afterwards, and there is some reason to believe 
 that he was a brother of Jeremiah White, Cromwell's famous chap- 
 lain. 
 
 On April 1, 1657 (April 1st seems to have been the regular date for 
 such elections), the county records show the choice of church wardens 
 for the North Side. 
 
 With the formation of the parishes in 1654 began the vestry book 
 referred to by Bishop Meade. It would appear that though there were 
 really but two parishes, the Upper and Lower, yet there were separate 
 wardens and vestries for the different sides of the river. 
 
 In 1661 the difficulty of obtaining a regular ministerial supply (a dif- 
 ficulty doubtless aggravated by the political uncertainty of the preced- 
 ing ten years) stirred the county court to action. 
 
 On October 23, 1661, the following order was made: 
 
 "This court, taking into consideration the great want of the ministry 
 that hath been in this countie & conceiving it to arise from the small- 
 ness of ye p'ishes, not able to give such a competency as may invite 
 mynisters to officiate amongst us the Court has therefore ordered that 
 the Constables in each p'ishe sum'on the inhabitants unto the usual! 
 place of meeting in each p'ishe or where there is no usuall place of 
 meeting, unto such place as the Co'ission'rs [justices] in each p'ishe 
 shall think meete & there being met to subscribe their resolutions con- 
 cerning ye following queries: 
 
 "First whether they will consent until such tymes as they bee able 
 to maintaine themselves to unite & joyne with the rest of the p'ishes 
 of this countie as one p'ishe to maintayne a minister amongst us to 
 
97 
 
 officiate at such times & places as shall be thought fit by a general 
 vestry chosen by them for that purpose. 
 
 "Secondlie. What three men each p'ishe choose to make up this 
 generall vestry to act in all things w'ich Concerns this generall p'ishe. 
 
 "It is further ordered that Coll. John Carter, Mr. Hen. Corbyn, Mr. 
 David Fox & Mr. William Leich doe take the subscriptions of ye 
 p'ishon'rs of each p"ishe & they are hereby impowered to issue out 
 warrants to the respective constables for the Conveening of the people 
 at such times & places as ye foure p'sons is ordered to issue out 
 warrants to the Constables for ye sum'oning of the inhabitants before 
 Mr. Leich. 
 
 "Several Copies hereof ordered to be sent to the p'sons aforesaid." 
 
 The constant and earnest efforts of Virginia legislatures, courts and 
 vestries, throughout the Colonial period, to promote religion and 
 morals, should alone be a sufficient answer to the ignorant slanderers 
 who have tried to besmirch the character of our people at that time. 
 
 This concentration of the strength of the several weak parishes 
 doubtless resulted in the building of better churches as well as in a 
 more regular filling of the pulpit. There had previously been some 
 small churches in various parts of the county: but in 1670 the first 
 church on the present site of Christ church, of which we 
 have any knowledge, was completed. Bishop Meade says that 
 it was erected under the care of John Carter, first of that 
 name. By the same authority we are told that from the begin- 
 ning of the vestry book of 1654 the name of John Carter appeared first 
 in the lists, followed by the name of the minister, and that this was 
 also the case with his sons, John and Robert. The Bishop was writing 
 from recollection after an interval of almost twenty years, and it is 
 possible that his memory was at fault. During the numerous meet- 
 ings of vestry, when there was no minister present, John Carter's name 
 no doubt appeared first because he was a member of the Council; but 
 it does not seem likely that his name usually preceded that of the 
 minister. Governor Nicholson once assailed Robert Carter, charging 
 him with arrogance, fee, and if he could have had such an example 
 as Carter's taking precedence of the minister in his own vestry, he 
 would certainly have mentioned it. 
 
 Tm'o tombs formerly in the old church retain their places in the 
 present. At the side of the chancel is that of Colonel John Carter. 
 Much discussion has arisen from the rather confused way in which 
 his wives and children are mentioned. The epitaph is as follows: 
 
98 
 
 "Here lyeth buried ye body of John Carter, Esq., who died ye 10th of 
 June Anno Domini 1669, and also Jane, ye daughter of Mr. Morgan 
 Glynn, and George her son, and Eleanor Carter, and Ann ye daughter 
 of Mr. Cleave Carter, and Sarah ye daughter of Mr. Gabriel Ludlow, 
 and Sarah her daughter, which were all his wives successively and died 
 before him. 
 
 "Blessed are ye dead which die in the Lord, even see, saith the 
 Spirit; for they rest from Their labors, and their works do follow 
 them." 
 
 Colonel Carter was actually married five times, one of his wives 
 surviving him. 
 
 In the centre of the church, at the intersection of the aisles, is a 
 tomb bearing the following inscription: 
 
 "Here lyeth the body of Mr. David Miles, who died the 29th of 
 December, 1674, in the 40th year of his age. 
 
 "Hodie mihi, eras tibi." 
 
 Rev. Benjamin Doggett, who seems to have come from Ipswich, Eng- 
 land, was probably the first minister of any considerable length of 
 service in the parish. He died in 1682, and in his will directed that 
 his books be collected, packed in a "great chest," and sent to England 
 for sale. He is believed to have been ancestor of the distinguished bishop 
 of the name in that daughter of the Church of England— the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. The next clergyman who appears in the county 
 records is the Rev. John Bertrand, a Huguenot, but a minister of the 
 Established Church, who died in 1701. Among his descendants was 
 Judge Cyrus Griffin, last president of the Continental Congress, and 
 a lay delegate to Virginia Church Councils. 
 
 In a clergy list dated 1702 Rev. John Carnegie appears as incumbent 
 of St. Mary's, without any name following that of Christ Church. 
 Doubtless he had charge of both. 
 
 The next minister, who bore the historic name of Andrew Jackson, 
 and who may have been of the same stock as Old Hickory or Stonewall, 
 left, at his death in 1710, his books to Christ church parish for the use 
 of the incumbent, and gave £10 sterling to "the meeting-house in 
 Caple Square, Dublin." 
 
 Bishop Meade, again writing from memory, says that he made his 
 mark in the vestry book, but if so, it must have resulted from some 
 temporary injury, for it was certainly not the case when he signed 
 papers in regard to secular affairs. The Bishop adds: "He was not 
 
99 
 
 episcopally ordained, and this lead to a correspondence between the 
 vestry and one of the Governors of Virginia, at a time when an order 
 came from England requiring all holding livings to be episcopally or- 
 dained should be enforced in Virginia. They plead that he had been 
 serving the parish faithfully for twenty-five years, that he was much 
 esteemed and beloved, and had brought up a large family of children, 
 and laid up something for them from his industrious culture of the 
 ^lebe (then and now a good farm near the church)." Mr. Jackson 
 remained minister of the parish until his death, though, as far as his 
 will shows, he left neither wife nor children. He appears to have been 
 an emigrant from Belfast, Ireland, and had, no doubt, been a Presby- 
 terian minister. 
 
 His successor was Rev. John Bell, who was incumbent until his death 
 in 1743. His inventory shows that he owned land in Lancaster and 
 Prince William, forty-three slaves, &c. 
 
 The ministry of Rev. David Currie, who succeeded, was only termi- 
 nated by his death in 1792. He was a faithful and useful man. Meade 
 gives a pleasant letter from Charles Carter, of Shirley, to Mr. Currie, 
 in which he tells him that he had put in his will a bequest of 500 
 acres of land for life to Mrs. Currie. No doubt a most cheering epistle 
 for a minister in the dark days of 1790. 
 
 We have interesting mention of Christ church during Mr. Currie's 
 pre-Revolutionary ministry in the diary of Colonel James Gordon, of 
 Merry Point, Lancaster. Colonel Gordon was one of the leading men 
 of the county and of fervent piety; but he was of the old type of Scotch- 
 Irishman, and of what has been called "High-Church Presbyterianism." 
 As Mr. Currie sometimes preached against the Presbyterian Church, it 
 is not surprising that Colonel Gordon did not admire him. How- 
 ever, he and the members of his family frequently attended 
 "church," as he called it, in contradistinction to the "meet- 
 ing-house," as he names the place of worship of his own 
 faith. On August 26, 1758, he writes: "At home with my wife 
 and family, where I have much more comfort than going to church 
 to hear the ministers ridiculing the Dissenters." And on October 7th: 
 "Went with my wife to White Chapel church, where we heard Mr. 
 Currie — a very indifferent discourse— nothing scarce but external 
 modes; much against Presbyterians — so that I was much disappointed, 
 for it was misspending the Lord's Day." At the same time Colonel 
 Gordon was a member of the vestry. 
 
 There were two flourishing Presbyterian churches at that time in 
 
100 
 
 Lancaster, and no doubt the contrast in preaching between good Par- 
 son Currie, who after the old fashion, probably read his sermons with 
 (from his nationality) a Scotch accent, and Davies, Whitfield and 
 Waddell (afterwards Wirt's famous l)lind orator), who officiated at the 
 "meeting-house," was very strong. 
 
 After Mr. Currie's death the parish was for many years irregularly 
 served. These were the dark days of the Church in Virginia. Be- 
 tween 1792 and 1832 appear the names of Leland, Page, McNaughton 
 and Low. Bishop Meade says the two latter were unworthy men. 
 There is some reason to believe, however, that poor Low suffered from 
 Bome mental infirmity. Born of very humble parents, he early showed 
 great talents, and before leaving Scotland was the author of at least 
 one song, "Mary's Dream," which was long popular in that kingdom. 
 
 In 1832 Rev. Ephraim Adams took charge of the parish and con- 
 tinued its minister for four years. He was followed in 1839 by Rev. 
 Francis McGuire, in 1844-1845 by Mr. Richmond, in 1850 and 1852 by 
 Mr. Nash, and in 1853 by Rev. Edmund Withers. He was followed in 
 succession by Revs. George May. H. L. Derby, E. B. Burwell, Mr. Micou 
 and L. R. Combes, the present rector. 
 
 In tracing the series of ministers of the parish, the event which 
 makes it pre-eminent among Virginia parishes — the erection of the 
 fine church, which still stands, unaltered — has been passed over. 
 
 The church built in 1670 became too small for the congregation, and 
 a larger one, with some change of location, was considered. Robert 
 Carter, of Corotoman, even then known as "King Carter," offered, if 
 the site was retained, to build one at his own expense. In his will, 
 dated August 26, 1728, he made the following bequest: 
 
 "It is my will and I do ordain that whenever the vestry of Christ 
 church parish shall undertake to build a brick church in the place 
 where the present church stands, that there be paid out of my estate 
 by my three elder sons & ex'ors the sum of £200 sterling money; one 
 half part of this money to be paid out of my son .lohn's estate, the other 
 half is to be equally paid by my son Robert and my son Charles out 
 of their part of my estate, this money to remain in my ex'or's hands 
 until one-half the work is completed, provided alwaies the Chancel be 
 preserved as a burial place for my family as the present chancel is, 
 and that there be preserved to my family a commodious pew in the 
 new chancel; & and it is my further will that the bricks that are now 
 made & burnt shall be appropriated to the building of the said Brick 
 church, or as many thereof as will perfect the building, and likewise. 
 
101 
 
 the bricks that shall be made & be there at my decease, and If my son 
 John shall have occasion to make use of any of the said bricks, then he 
 be obliged to make & burn as many more for the use aforesaid. I 
 give twenty pounds sterling to be laid out in a piece of plate for the 
 use of our church to be sent for and engraved according to the direc- 
 tion of my son John." 
 
 Colonel Carter not only made this bequest in his will, but when the 
 work was undertaken in his lifetime gave largely in addition. The 
 vestry book quoted by Bishop Meade (an extract from which is pre- 
 served by one of the Carter descendants) shows that he bore the en- 
 tire cost of building, reserving one-fourth of the church for his ser- 
 vants and tenants, besides a very large pew near the chancel for his 
 immediate family. Tradition says that the congregation did not enter 
 on Sunday until the arrival of his coach, when they followed the 
 "King" into church. A map of the great Corotoman estate remains 
 in the clerk's office at Lancaster Courthouse. It contained 8,000 acres 
 and stretched along the bank of the Corotoman river and far out into 
 the country, extending beyond the present Kilmarnock, and including 
 the present Irvington. A close set hedge of cedar trees, many of which 
 still remain, ran on both sides of a straight road, three miles from 
 Corotoman house, on the Rappahannock, to the church. Bishop 
 Meade's description of the church, as he saw it in 1838. is worth re- 
 peating: 
 
 "My next appointment was at Christ church, Lancaster, on the 23d 
 of June. This was the day appointed by the Convention to be observed 
 as a day of humiliation, fasting and prayer on account of the languor 
 in the Church, and the sins and troubles in the nation. No temple of 
 religion, and no spot in the Diocese could have been selected more in 
 accordance with the solemn duty of that day than the old and vener- 
 able church in which three of God's ministers were assembled. I 
 preached a sermon adapted to the occasion, and then proposed that 
 those Vv'ho were minded to spend the day as the Church recommended 
 should remain for some hours at that place in suitable religious exer- 
 cises. A goodly number complied with the invitation, and after an 
 interval of perhaps an hour, which was spent in surveying the building 
 and the tombs around this ancient house of God, another service was 
 performed, and a second appropriate discourse was preached by the 
 Rev. Mr. Nelson, the service having been performed by Mr. Francis 
 Mcfhiire, the present minister of the parish. The past history and 
 
102 
 
 present condition of this hallowed spot and temple deserve a more 
 particular notice. This notice is derived from the memorials furnish- 
 ed by the house itself, the tombstones around and within, and the ves- 
 try book of the parish, kept from the year 1654 to 1770, to which I 
 had access." 
 
 The Bishop then describes the building of the earlier church, and 
 Robert Carter's offer to build a new one, and continues: "The offer was 
 cheerfully accepted, and the present house was completed about the 
 time of Mr. Carter's death — that is, about the year 1732 — and exhibits 
 to this day one of the most striking monuments of the fidelity of an- 
 cient architecture to be seen in the land. Very few, if any, repairs 
 have been put upon it; the original roof and shingles now cover the 
 house and have preserved in a state of perfection the beautiful arched 
 ceilings, except in two places, which have within a few years been a 
 little discolored by the rain, which found its way through the gutters 
 where the shingles have decayed. The walls of the house are three feet 
 thick, perfect and sound. The windows are large and strong, having 
 probably two-thirds of the original glass in them. The pews are of 
 the old fashion, high-backed and very firm. A very large one near the 
 altar, and opposite the pulpit, together with the whole north cross of 
 the building, was especially reserved by Mr. Carter for the use of his 
 family and dependents in all time to come. 
 
 "It deserves to be mentioned that, in addition to the high backs, 
 which always concealed the family and prevented any of them from 
 gazing around when sitting or kneeling, a railing of brass rods, with 
 f'amask curtains, was put around the top of the pew, except the part 
 opposite to the pulpit, in order, it is supposed, to prevent the indul- 
 gence of curiosity when standing. These remained until a few years 
 since, and parts of them may probably yet be found in the possession 
 of neighbors or relatives. In further evidence of the fidelity with 
 which the house was built, I would mention that the pavement of the 
 aisles, which is of large freestone, is yet solid and smooth, as though 
 it was the work of yesterday. The old walnut Communion table also 
 stands firm and unimpaired, and not a round from the railing of the 
 chancel is gone or even loosened. The old niarl)le font, the largest and 
 most beautiful I ever saw. is still there; and, what will scarce be cred- 
 ited, the old cedar dial-post, with the name of .lohn Carter. 1702. and 
 which was only removed a few years since from its station without the 
 door, where it was planted in the ground, is still to be seen in its place 
 
103 
 
 of secuiity under the pulpit. In such a house, surrounded by such me- 
 morials, it was delightful to read the Word of God and the prayers of 
 the Church from the old desk, to pronounce the commandments from 
 the altar near which the two tables of the law. the creed and the Lord's 
 Prayer are still to be seen, in large and legible characters, and then to 
 preach the words of eternal life from the high and lofty pulpit, which 
 seemed, as it were, to be hung in the air. Peculiarly delightful it was 
 to raise the voice in such utterances in a house whose sacred form and 
 beautiful arches seemed to give force and music to the feeblest tongue 
 beyond any other building in which I ever performed or heard the 
 hallowed services of the sanctuary. The situation of the church, 
 though low and surrounded on two of its sides by woodlands, with 
 thick undergrowths, is not without its peculiar interest. A few acres 
 of open land, with some very large trees, chiefly spreading walnuts, 
 furnish ample room for the horses and vehicles of those who attend it. 
 An old decayed wall with a number of graves and tombstones around 
 the house, add no little to the solemnity of the scene. Among these, 
 at the east end of the house, within a decent enclosure, recently put 
 up, are to be seen the tombs of Robert Carter, the builder of the house, 
 and his two wives. These are probably the largest and richest and 
 heaviest tombstones in our land. A long Latin inscription is seen on 
 that of Mr. Carter. While the tomb of the husband is entire, those of 
 the wives appear to have been riven by liglitning and are separating 
 and falling to pieces." Writing of the church as it was in 1853, the 
 Bishop said: "When a few years since it was repaired, the only re- 
 pairs required were a new roof (and but for the failure in the gutters 
 that would have been unnecessary), the renewal of the cornices, sup- 
 plying the broken glass, and painting the pews, pulpit, &c. All the rest 
 were in the most perfect state of soundness. The shingles, except in 
 the old decayed gutters, were so good that they were sold to the neigh- 
 bors around, and will probably now last longer than many new otma 
 just gotten from the woods. * * * in taking off the roof of old 
 Christ church for the purpose of renewing it, the secret of the durability 
 of the plastering was discovered. Besides having mortar of the most te- 
 nacious kind and of the purest white, and laths much thicker and 
 stronger than those now in use, and old English wrought nails, the 
 mortar was not only pressed with a strong hand through the openings 
 of the laths, but clinched on the other side by a trowel in the hand of 
 one above, so as to be fast keyed and kept from falling. 
 
104 
 
 "In all lesi.ects the house appears to have been built in the most du- 
 ial)]e niannei', but without any of the mere trinkets of architecture. 
 Tlu' loriu and proportion of the house are also most excellent, and 
 make a profound impression on the mind and eye of the beholder. 
 Though the walls are three feet thick, yet such is their height and such 
 the short distance between the windows and doors, and such the e.Tect 
 of the figure of the cross, that there is no appearance of heaviness 
 about them. The roof or roofs are also steep and high and take the 
 place of tower or steeple."' 
 
 Since Bishop Meade wrote, the Civil War and the poverty and dis- 
 tress which followed it have come. The venerable old church has suf- 
 fered further from vandalism, and on account of the weakened condi- 
 tion of the supports of the pulpit, services have bsen rarely held. This 
 noble example, as well of the skill and thoroughness of the mechanics 
 of the past, as to its pious liberality, has defied alike time and human 
 destructiveness, and stands to-day, needing only a_ few hundred dollars 
 to make it again a perfect example of the Eighteenth Century Colonial 
 church. 
 
 Though the roof had become leaky, portions of the gallery and pulpit 
 stair-railing carried off by relic-hunters, most of the windows broken 
 by passing vandals, the Creed and Commandments torn from their 
 frames, the tombs in the yai'd broken into fiagments (it is stated in 
 the neighborhood that a large piece of the tomb of P.oliert Carter, con- 
 taining the coat-of-arms, was stolen and carried away not many years 
 ago by a party who were on the Rappahannock in a yacht belonging 
 to a well-known New York man), and even the baptismal font broken, 
 the main fabric of the church within and without remains as when 
 built. The high pulpit, with the sounding-board above it, and the 
 clerk's desk below; the great pews of black walnut, some of them ca- 
 pable of holding twenty people, and the rock like plaster on the walls, 
 remain as they were, only needing comparatively slight repairs and 
 lefreshing. 
 
 Mr. R. S. Mitchell, of Irvington, who has long been a vestryman of 
 the parish, and has been indefatigable in his efforts towards the resto- 
 lation of the old church, has furnished measurements of the l)uilding. 
 It is in the form of a Greek cross, the main body of the (hurc'' and 
 the transepts measuring externally sixty-eight feet. As the walls are 
 three feet thick, the interior dimensions are sixty-two feet. The ceil- 
 ing, which forms a groined arch over the intersection of the aisles, is 
 
105 
 
 thiity-three feet from the floor, and the top of the roof is ten feet 
 higher. The flooring of the aisles, of slabs of freestone, is still solid 
 and smooth, while the raised plank flooring of the pews is, in most in- 
 stances, in fair condition. 
 
 There are three round windows in the gables, and twelve others, 
 which are six by fourteen feet. The high pews, of solid black walnut, 
 with seats running around them, are still solid and strong, but the 
 woodwork is dull from age. There are twenty-five pews, twenty-two 
 with a seating capacity of twelve each, and three which will contain 
 twenty persons each. These latter were for the Carter family and at- 
 tendants, and for the magistrates. 
 
 A few years ago the Association for the Preservation of Virginia 
 Antiquities gave $500 toward the repair of this venerable church, and 
 with this and several hundred dollars raised in the parish and by other 
 friends, among whom should be especially noted Mrs. Rosa Wright 
 Smith, of Fort Hancock, N. Y., the roof was thoroughly restored, and 
 all the lights replaced in the windows, which are now guarded by wire 
 screens; a barbed wire fence was put around the churchyard, and a 
 person living nearby employed to watch the church. Therefore, there 
 is no further danger of the desecration from which the church has so 
 often suffered. 
 
 Only a few hundred dollars is now required to restore this most in- 
 teresting relic of our past to its original condition. The pews and the 
 great double doors, each separate door measuring five by twelve feet, 
 only need oiling and cleaning to be restored to their original color and 
 polish. One gate is missing from the chancel rail; most of the railing 
 to pulpit and gallery stairs is gone, as is also one foot of the old Com- 
 munion table, and, as has been stated, the Creed and Commandments 
 have been torn from the frames, which still, however, remain. The 
 rays on the sounding-board need regilding, and the font, which Bishop 
 Meade said v/as the largest and most beautiful he ever saw, requires 
 a skilled hand to place together the four pieces into which some sav- 
 ages (said to have been a party of drunken sailors) have broken it. 
 With these things done, we will have an unchanged example of a Co- 
 lonial church of the first class. 
 
 It is hoped that all who may feel an interest in this restoration, 
 whether from an antiquarian, religious or family point of view, will 
 aid the good work. 
 
 Such is Christ church, and such, imperfectly told, is the history. It 
 
106 
 
 is the only Colonial church in Vii'ginia erected by one man, and it is 
 the only one of that period which has come down to .us unaltered. It 
 is a monument to the pious generosity as well as to the great estate of 
 Robert Carter, and the spot was intimately associated with the Carter 
 family for four or five generations. The descendants of the founder 
 of the church, in his own and hundreds of other names, have spread 
 throughout the country, and many of them have prospered greatly in 
 worldly affairs. The majority of them still adhere to the faith of their 
 ancestor. What a fine vfovk it would be if the descendants of this 
 founder would make the old church their own especial charge, make 
 the small repairs necessary and endow it so that there might always 
 be an assistant to the rector of the parish (now containing three other 
 churches), who would regularly officiate at Christ church. The country 
 surrounding it is now becoming one of the most prosperous sections 
 of rural Virginia, the opportunity for effective work is very great, and 
 the fine old church, no longer a mere antiquarian relic, would become 
 a potent factor for good in the Diocese and State. Could any man 
 have a nobler monument? 
 
WASHINC TON AS A \ KSTIJV M A .\ . 
 
WASHINGTON AS A VESTRYMAN. 
 
 BY THE REV. EDWAKD L. COODWIN. HISTORIOGRAPHEK OF THE DIOCESE OF 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 WHEN in the year 1759 Colonel George Washington had re- 
 turned from the wars on the frontier, and had married 
 and adopted the life of a Virginia planter, he wrote to a 
 friend from Mount Vernon: "I am now, I believe, fixed 
 in this seat, with an agreeable partner for life, and I hope to find more 
 happiness in retirement than I have experienced in the wide and bust- 
 ling world.' He was at that time twenty-seven years of age, and was 
 already one of the most conspicuous figures in his native Virginia; 
 an extensive land-holder of ample means, an experienced man of af- 
 fairs, and possessed of the confidence and esteem of his community. 
 He would not expect, therefore, nor would his neighbors willingly 
 consent, that his retirement would be so complete as to preclude his 
 serving his people in the House of Burgesses of the Colony, the Jus- 
 tices Court of his county and the vestry of his parish, as his father 
 and brother had done before him. 
 
 That Washington, with a fine public spirit, filled all of these posi- 
 tions, and that of Road Overseer as well, before he was called upon 
 to assume those higher responsibilities under which his name became 
 immortal, is well known. That he was a vestryman is mentioned 
 by nearly all of his biographers. With an undue zeal, indeed, most 
 of them write him down a vestryman in two parishes. But this, with 
 a single anecdote and some notice of the churches he attended, ex- 
 hausts the information they have possessed. Bishop Meade records 
 the few details he was able to gather; and Dr. Slaughter, in three 
 pages of a pamphlet, completes what has been published on the sub- 
 ject. Some further account, therefore, of Washington's service on 
 his parish vestry, drawn from original sources, may be of interest 
 and value, and may also serve to illustrate the history of the Virginia 
 Church in pre-Revolutionary days. 
 
 Parishes in Virginia which are less than two hundred years old 
 can always trace their descent from an ancient and honorable ances- 
 try. Except a few of the very oldest on the lower Tidewatei", the 
 
108 
 
 early parishes, while hounded on the north, south and east, had no 
 fixed boundaries on the west, but extended in that direction to the 
 unknown heads of the rivers on which they were situated, or to the 
 Blue Ridge, or to "the utmost limits of Virginia." So every foot of 
 land in the Colony was in some parish. As the population pushed 
 westward these parishes were divided and subdivided, the process con- 
 tinuing to this day, and always preserving a distinct family line. 
 Truro parish, in which Mount Vernon is situated, is in the line, and 
 is almost certainly the great-great-granddaughter of Washington par- 
 ish, Westmoreland county, in which George Washington was born, 
 and which was named for, as it was founded by, the first of the Wash- 
 ingtons in Virginia. The grandmother of Truro was Overwharton 
 parish, in Stafford county. From this was formed, in 1730, Hamilton 
 parish, embracing all the territory of the Northern Neck west of 
 Stafford. Prince William county, covering the same territory, was 
 formed the next year. Truro parish was formed from Hamilton, No- 
 vember 1, 1732, and contained originally all that part thereof lying 
 above "The river Ockoquon and the Bull Run, and a course from thence 
 to the Indian Thoroughfare (Ashby's Gap), in the Blue Ridge of 
 Mountains." Just ten years later Fairfax county was formed, "con- 
 sisting of the Parish of Truro." These instances illustrate the in- 
 teresting fact that, as a rule, as the settlement of the country advanc- 
 ed westward, the parish organization preceded that of the county, and 
 the churches were far in advance of the court-houses. 
 
 When Truro was formed it already contained two churches and a 
 "chapell," the latter being above Goose creek, in what is now upper 
 Loudoun. The exact location of these churches, which were probably 
 of primitive construction, is unknown, but the distance between two 
 of them could not have been less than fifty miles as the crow flies. 
 Besides the original Pohick and Falls churches, a frame church was 
 afterwards built near Dranesville, the foundations of which were to 
 1)6 seen until recently; another in Alexandria, and possibly another 
 at some unknown point, before the present brick churches were erected 
 in Washington's day. In 1749 Trui'o was reduced to about one-fourth 
 of its original size by the formation of Cameron parish, and nine years 
 after Loudoun county was formed, the county again following the 
 parish and the lines being afterward made to coincide. So Truro 
 became again coterminous with Fairfax county, which included Alex- 
 andria, but extended on the west only to Difficult Run, and a line 
 
109 
 
 from the head thereof to the mouth of Rocky Run, or about eight miles 
 short of its present upper line as established in 1798. The parish 
 (and county) was about twenty-two miles square, which was still 
 above the average size of parishes in the more thickly settled parts 
 of the Colony. It contained three framed churches, the old Pohick, 
 the old Falls, and an old church in Alexandria. This was the parish 
 when Washington first became a vestryman. Within a decade there- 
 after the above churches were all replaced by massive brick buildings, 
 which remain to this day; while a fourth, equally substantial but less 
 fortunate, was built in a hitherto destitute quarter — of which more 
 hereafter. 
 
 The minister of Truro from 1737 to 1765 was Charles Green, M. D., 
 a gentleman of large landed estate in the county, who was recommend- 
 ed to the vestry by Augustine Washington, and by them recommended 
 to Lord Fairfax for his letters of recommendation to the Lord Bishop 
 cf London for orders. This was, perhaps, a recognition of the right 
 of Church patronage or presentation granted to the proprietors of the 
 Northern Neck by their Letters Patent. Dr. Green was absent for about 
 ten months in securing his ordination. He was the friend and pastor 
 of Washington and Mason, and for many years they and other good 
 men, including his successors, Lee Massey and Bryan Fairfax, sat 
 under his preaching, and no word of complaint is on record against 
 him. On one occasion Washington mentions in his Journal having 
 Mr. Green called in to visit Mrs. Washington, and he prescribed the 
 remedies needful for her relief. Upon his death the leading vestry- 
 men persuaded Mr. Lee Massey, a young lawyer of high ability and 
 character, and a justice of the county court, to become his successor 
 in Truro. The vestry requested not Lord Fairfax this time, but 
 Governor Fauquier, to recommend him to the Bishop of London for 
 ordination. He became minister in 1767, and served for about ten 
 years. 
 
 A vestry of that day, after its election by the freeholders of the par- 
 ish under order of the General Assembly, was a self-perpetuating body. 
 All vacancies occasioned by death, resignation, removal from the par- 
 ish, or "dissenting from the communion of the Church of England," 
 were filled by the vestry itself; and a vestry could only be dissolved 
 and a new election ordered by a special act of the General Assembly. 
 Truro only had two vestries from 1732 to 1765. The first was dis- 
 solved by the Assembly in 1744. The reasons given in the preamble 
 
110 
 
 of the act are that many of the vestrymen were illegally elected, and 
 that others were not able to read or write. Several caustic side-notes 
 in the old vestry book, v/ritten by the Rev. Dr. Green, would seem 
 to point to the jealousies of local politics for the true explanation. 
 Only one vestryman, and he a Church warden, used to sign his name 
 with a cross mark, and he was promptly re-elected when the new 
 vestry was chosen. 
 
 "At a Vestry held for Truro Parish October 25, 1762," so the old 
 vestry book states, it was "Ordered, that George Washington Esqr. 
 be chosen and appointed one of the Vestrymen of this Parish, in the 
 room of William Peake. Gent, deceased." And the court records show 
 that "At a Court held for the County of Fairfax, 15th February. 1763 
 
 George Washington Esqr. took the oaths according to Law repeated 
 
 and subscribed the Test and subscribed to the Doctrine and Discipline 
 of the Church of England in order to qualify him to act as a Vestryman 
 of Truro Parish." 
 
 These numerous oaths and subscriptions, which the law was ex- 
 plicit in requiring of every vestryman, are not without interest in this 
 connection. The well-known test oath was in these words: "I do 
 declare that I do believe there is not any Transubstantiation in the 
 Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or in the elements of Bread and 
 Wine at or after the Consecration thereof by any person whatsoever." 
 For the subscription to the doctrine and discipline of the Church 
 of England there was no formula prescribed by law. The other oaths, 
 too long to be reproduced here, are to be found in the Statutes at 
 Large of England, First of George L, stat. 2, c. 13, and may also be 
 seen, with slight errors in transcription, in Bishop Meade's Old 
 Churches, &c.. Vol. IL, p. 4. The first is a simple oath of 
 allegiance. The second abjures "that damnable doctrine and 
 position that Princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope — 
 may be deposed or murthered by their subjects or any other 
 whatsoever," and denies the authority of any foreign Prince, Person, 
 Prelate, State or Potentate within this realm. The third is much 
 longer, and a more inclusive or stringent protestation and promise of 
 loyalty could hardly be devised or formulated in English words. It 
 acknowledges and professes, testifies and declares, before God and the 
 world, that King George is rightful King of this realm and all other 
 his Majesties dominions and countries hereunto belonging: abjiires 
 the Pretender, pledges support to the succession of the ciown in the 
 
Ill 
 
 Princess Sophia and tlie heirs of her body, being Protestants, and 
 avows— "that I will bear faithful and true allegiance to his Majesty 
 King George, and him will defend to the utmost of my power against 
 all traitorous conspiracies and attempts whatsoever which shall be 
 made against his person, crown or dignity; and I will do my utmost 
 to endeavour to disclose and make known to his Majesty and his suc- 
 cessors all treasonable and traitorous conspiracies which I shall know 
 to be against him, or any of them — and all other these things do I 
 plainly and sincerely acknowledge and swear, according to these ex- 
 press words by me spoken, and according to the plain and common- 
 sense understanding of the same words, without any equivocation, 
 mental evasion, or secret reservation whatsoever; and I do make this 
 recognition, acknowledgment, abjuration, renunciation, and promise 
 heartily, willingly and truly, upon the true faith of a Christian. So 
 help me God." 
 
 By the English statute these oaths were to be taken by all persons 
 bearing any office, civil or military, and "all ecclesiastical persons," 
 including preachers. In Virginia they were required of burgesses, 
 judges and justices, attorneys, military officers, &c., as well as vestry- 
 men. It is a little startling at first blush to remember that these 
 oaths were taken, not once only, but again and again, by Washington, 
 Mason, Henry, Jefferson and the rest up to the very outbreak of the 
 Revolution. Yet the judgment of mankind has never held them guilty 
 of violation of troth; and this not because "If it succeeds it is not 
 treason," but because the oath implied a corresponding obligation on 
 the part of the King to bear himself kingly and to be true on his own 
 part. The Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Independence will be 
 read in a new light when it is remembered that they were written, 
 adopted and defended by honest men with these solemn avowals vividly 
 before their minds and consciences. 
 
 Having thus protested in due form his loyalty and his orthodoxy, 
 Washington took his place as one of the "twelve most able and dis- 
 creet men of the Parish," whom the old statutes required to form the 
 vestry. Both this and the succeeding vestry were composed of men 
 who were his political and social peers as well as his friends. A 
 number of them sat with him in the House of Burgesses or as Gentle- 
 men Justices on the County Bench. Several bore or had borne a mil- 
 itary commission. Most of them were, like himself, large planters; 
 some being his near neighbors on the river and some having newer and 
 
112 
 
 less pretentious seats in the upper parts of the county. The vestry- 
 seems to have met statedly twice a year, and at other times a;- occa- 
 sion demanded. The meetings were usually held at one ol" the churches, 
 but occasionally at the house of one or another of the vestrymen; and 
 sometimes they lasted two or three days. Attendance upon these 
 meetings from Mount Vernon involved a ride, going and returning, 
 of from fourteen to forty miles. The vestry records attest, however, 
 the regularity with which Colonel Washington was present; and when 
 it is remembered how frequently his public duties and private inter- 
 ests took him out of the county one is readily convinced that he 
 brought to the discharge of the duties of this office the same consci- 
 entious purpose and fidelity which marked his career in more con- 
 spicuous stations. In his diary, though kept irregularly during this 
 period, there are frequent references to his attending vestry meetings, 
 such as the following: 
 
 1768. "July 16. Went by Muddy Hole and Doeg Run to the Vestry at 
 Pohick church stayed there till half after 3 ocloek & only 4 members 
 coming returned by Captn. McCartys & dined there." 
 
 "Septr. 9. Proceeded (from Alexandria) to the meeting of our Vestry 
 at the new Church (Payne's) and lodged at Captn. Edwd. Payne's." 
 "Nov. 28. Went to the Vestry at Pohick Church." 
 
 1769. "Mar. 3. Went to the Vestry at Pohick Church and returned 
 abt 11 oclock at night." 
 
 "Sept. 21. Capt. Posey called here in the morning & we went to 
 a Vestry." 
 
 1772. "June 5. Met the Vestry at our new Church & came home in 
 the afternoon." 
 
 1774. "Feb. 15. I went to a Vestry at the new Church & returned 
 in ye afternoon." 
 
 It is pleasant to find George Mason, in writing to his neighbor and 
 friend at Mount Vernon on a matter regarding organized opposition 
 to the Stamp Act, adding a postscript to remind him that "next Friday 
 is appointed for a meeting of the Vestry." 
 
 The duties of the vestry were, first of all, in the fall of each year, 
 to estimate their probable expenses and to lay the parish levy of so 
 many pounds of tobacco upon each "tithable" of the parish (every 
 male white person and every colored person, male and female, above 
 sixteen years of age, with a few exceptions, being tithable) ; and to 
 appoint a collector, usually the county sheriff, and to take his bond. 
 
113 
 
 The levy was to be collected before the following April, and was usu- 
 ally paid in warehouse notes or receipts for tobacco. From this all 
 parish charges were paid, and first the minister's salary of 1,600 pounds 
 of tobacco, with allowance for cask and shrinkage, which made over 
 1,000 pounds more. As compared with our country clergymen of to- 
 day, the Colonial parson was well paid when tobacco brought a fair 
 price. Even at the rate of two pence a pound, at which the salaries 
 were compounded for the scarce year of 1758, four years' salary would 
 build a large brick church. The vestry were required to provide a 
 glebe for the minister, with convenient housing thereon, which he had 
 to keep in repair. They had also to build suflflcient churches and 
 chapels for the parish, to provide necessary books and ornaments, 
 and keep all in good condition. They employed lay readers, and chose 
 their own ministers, their right of "presentation" being assured by 
 law for one year after a vacancy occurred, but in practice being unlim- 
 ited. They also provided for the poor of the parish and when neces- 
 sary built a poor-house or work-house. They ordered out hands to 
 work the public roads, and once in four years appointed commissioners 
 to oversee the "processioning" of the bounds of lands in their parish 
 and renewing the landmarks, and put their returns upon record. 
 
 The Church wardens were generally the executive and accounting 
 officers of the vestry, having oversight of the church buildings and 
 making repairs, and being charged with the relief of the poor and 
 binding out orphans and indigent children as apprentices, making care- 
 ful provision for their moral training and a meagre education. They 
 had also to present to the court or grand jury persons guilty of Sab- 
 bath breaking, of not attending church, or disturbing public worship, 
 of drunkenness, profane swearing, and other more serious immoralities, 
 and to receive the fines imposed in certain cases for the use of the par- 
 ish. Church wardens were elected each year; and in Truro the more 
 prominent or more willing vestrymen seem to have served in some 
 sort of rotation. Washington held this oflSce for three terms at least 
 within ten years. The vestries on which he served were active and 
 efficient bodies, doubtless unusually so, and the indications are that 
 he bore his full share of their work. Yet one may assume that those 
 long vestry meetings were not wholly given to discussion of parish 
 affairs. We can imagine Washington, newly returned from the As- 
 sembly of 1772, telling Parson Massey of the warm and lengthy de- 
 bate in the Burgesses on the expediency of an American Episcopate, 
 
114 
 
 as he wrote of it to the Rev. Dr. Boucher, of Port Royal. He and the 
 far-seeing Mason would, perhaps, be already discussing the possibility 
 of disestablishment in case of a break with the Mother Country, the 
 latter advocating it, the former maintaining that religion must be sup- 
 ported by taxation, but willing that tithes paid by dissenters should 
 go to the support of their own churches. And in those stirring days, 
 when such men as George Mason, the radical, George Washington, 
 the conservative, and George William Fairfax, the staunch loyalist, came 
 together, we may be sure there were other matters which received 
 grave consideration beside the laying of parish levies and the Ijuilding 
 of churches. 
 
 In the Library of Congress there is preserved, among the journals 
 and other manuscript papers of General Washington, a single 
 halfsheet of foolscap written on both sides in his most formal 
 and precise hand and style. The paper gives the resuits of four 
 elections of vestrymen held in Fairfax county in the months of March 
 and July, 1765. Each page is divided into two 'columns. The first 
 column on the first page is headed, "Vestry chosen for Truro Parisji, 
 25th March 1765, with the number of votes to each." Below the names 
 of the twelve vestrymen elected is the sub-heading, "Candidates then 
 rejected," followed by sixteen more names. The second column has 
 the same heading and sub-heading, except that Fairfax (parish) is 
 substituted for Truro, and the date is 28th March, 1765. On the sec- 
 ond page the two columns are respectively headed in precisely the 
 same manner except that the date over the first, for Truro, is 22d 
 July, 1765, and over the second, for Fairfax, is 25th July, 1765. The 
 four columns contain a total of eighty-nine names, and each name 
 is followed by the number of votes received except in the case of the 
 rejected candidates in the first election in Truro, and one in the first 
 in Fairfax. At the bottom of the second page the total number of 
 votes received in each parish in their July election is divided by twelve, 
 and the quotient is followed by the words, "Number of Votes." This 
 gives the key to the meaning of the paper. Incidentally it also shows 
 that on March 28th, Col. George Washington was chosen a vestryman 
 of Fairfax parish, being fifth on the list and receiving 274 votes, and 
 was not voted for at all in Truro; and that on July 22d of the same 
 year he was chosen for the same office in Truro parish, being third 
 on the list and receiving 259 votes, and was not voted for in Fairfax. 
 
 This interesting sheet fell into the hands of Jared Sparks, the la- 
 
115 
 
 boiious but not always judicious first editor of Washington's writings, 
 wlio, not understanding its import, publislied tlie lists of the two ves- 
 tries elected in which Washington's name appears and suppressed all 
 the rest; deducing therefrom the fact, "that he was chosen a vestry- 
 man in each of those parishes," but adding, "How long he continued 
 in that station I have no means of determining." (See his Life of 
 Washington, p. 518, and Writings of Washington, Vol. XII., p. 400.) 
 Following his lead, with an almost unvarying monotony later writers 
 who have touched upon the matter (and they are many), have asserted 
 that Washington was a vestryman in both Fairfax and Truro parishes. 
 Prof. James A. Harrison, in his recent work, is, however, an excep- 
 tion. Bishop Meade, evidently puzzled, copies from Sparks without 
 comment. (Old Churches, etc., Vol. II., p. 270.) But even such wri- 
 ters as Dr. Slaughter and Dr. J. M. Tun or have fallen into the snare. 
 It will be interesting, then, to sift this matter out, and see how far it 
 is true that Washington held this office in both parishes, whether at 
 the same or at different times. 
 
 For years prior to the final division of Truro in 1765, there had ex- 
 isted some dissatisfaction as to the conduct of parochial affairs, as is 
 shown by the fact that as early as 1761 petitions were presented to 
 the county court, and ordered certified to the General Assembly, pray- 
 ing that the vestry be dissolved, and also that the parish be divided. 
 This dissatisfaction may have arisen in the Southwestern section of 
 the country, where lived a number of infiuential gentlemen, who had 
 no church in their neighborhood and, apparently, no representation on 
 the vestry. At all events we find that in November, 1764, a petition 
 was presented in the House of Burgesses praying for a division of 
 Truro into two distinct parishes, and it was "Ordered, that a Bill be 
 brought in agreeable to the prayer of the said petitioners, and it is re- 
 ferred to Mr. George Johnston and Mr. John West to prepare and bring 
 in the same." Messrs. Johnston and West were the Burgesses from 
 Fairfax, and both lived in what was to be the new parish. It was but 
 natural that these distinguished gentlemen should wish their parish 
 to be strong, and certainly the Bill which they drew, and which was 
 passed within one week, gave to the new parish of Fairfax the lion's 
 share of the spoils. The division took effect February 1, 1765. by a 
 line running up Doeg creek to Mr. George Washington's mill and thence 
 northwesterly to the plantation of John Munroe and on to the Loudoun 
 county line. This put Mount Vernon and several large adjoining plan- 
 
116 
 
 tations into the new parish, separating them from Pohick, the only- 
 church left in Truro, to which they naturally belonged, both from 
 proximity and association. The act is found in Hening, Vol. VIII., p. 
 43. Under it were held the elections of March 25th and 28th, when 
 Washington was cliosen a vestryman of Fairfax parish, in which he 
 was a resident. 
 
 That this parish was ever organized, or that this vestry ever met or 
 even qualified there is not a line of record to show, and it is in a high 
 degree improbable. The next court, the first at which they would have 
 to take the oaths, met on the third Monday in April, but its records 
 are lost. But the manifestly unfair division was meeting with per- 
 sistent opposition. When the House of Burgesses met again on the 
 1st of May, petitions and counter-petitions, which must have taken 
 some time to prepare, came pouring in from Truro praying for a new 
 division on lines therein proposed, and from Fairfax, suggesting still 
 other lines if a new division was to be had. On May 14th these were 
 referred to the Committee on Propositions and Grievances with in- 
 structions to "examine into the allegations thereof, and report the 
 same, with their opinion thereupon, to the House." Of this commit- 
 tee, Mr. Johnson, of Fairfax, and Mr. Washington, who at that time 
 represented Frederick county, were members. The committee on the 
 next day reported two propositions, the first of which, based on the 
 petition from Truro, was rejected, and the committee were instructed 
 to bring in a Bill pursuant to the second, granting a new division, but 
 on lines asked for by sundry inhabitants of the parish of Fairfax. The 
 Bill was presented, recommitted, reported again with amendments, 
 passed May 22d, agreed to by the council, and signed by the Governor 
 June 1st, so becoming a law on that date. (See the Journal of That 
 Session of the Burgesses, and, for the Act, Hening, Vol. VIII., p. 157. 
 But note that the running title at the head of the page in Hening is 
 misleading as to the date.) The preamble recites that the former act 
 "made a very unequal division of the parish, by leaving nearly double 
 the number of tithables in the new parish of Fairfax that there are 
 in Truro parish," and proceeds to repeal that act in toto, and to pro- 
 vide for the formation of a new parish of Fairfax to date from June 
 7. 17r,5; the line to run up Little Hunting creek to the Gum Spring 
 thereon, thence to the ford over Dogue Run. where the back road from 
 Colchester to Alexandria crosses, thence liy a straight line to the forks 
 of Difficult, the Loudoun line. By this act. which is drawn with un- 
 
117 
 
 usual minuteness of detail and seems to bear the marks of his own 
 hand, Washington and his neighbors seated on the neck between Doeg, 
 or Dogue creek, on the south, and Little Hunting creek, on the north, 
 were restored to Truro; and at the new elections held under its pro- 
 visions, July 22d and 25th, he was again chosen a vestryman for his 
 old parish of Truro, in which now he resided, as was also Captain 
 John Posey, who had been chosen with him in March for Fairfax 
 parish. 
 
 The purpose of the paper which Washington took such pains to pre- 
 pare, showing the results of the March, and afterwards of the July 
 elections of the vestry, may now be readily understood in the light of 
 the statement in the preamble of the above act that the first division 
 was "very unequal." The first page shows at a glance that there were 
 about 100 more voters in Fairfax than in Truro at the March elections. 
 As these voters were freeholders, and, with their employees and slaves, 
 were tithables, this meant a great deal. The second elections, however, 
 give a different showing, and the calculation made by himself indi- 
 cates a difference of only twenty-one voters in the two parishes. No 
 doubt he was gratified to find the new line of division so satisfactory 
 in this regard. 
 
 We find, then, that for two months and three days Washington was 
 a vestryman-elect of the first parish of Fairfax, the nominal life of 
 that parish being exactly four months; that the vestry could not 
 have qualified until about three weeks after their election, before 
 which time numerous petitions must have been in circulation, making 
 it probable that a new parish would be formed and a new election or- 
 dered almost immediately, and that within ten days thereafter Wash- 
 ington was probably on his way to Williamsburg to take part in the 
 accomplishment of this. In the absence of any direct evidence it is 
 not probable that he ever qualified or acted as vestryman of that 
 parish. 
 
 That he was never a vestryman in the second, or present, Fairfax 
 parish the vestry book itself is a sufficient witness. The fact that 
 when means were lacking to finish Christ church in Alexandria, he 
 joined with certain gentlemen, who were vestrymen there, in subscrib- 
 ing for pews in the church, has been thought to indicate the contrary; 
 but in a letter of February 15, 1773, to Captain John Dalton, a vestry- 
 man of that church, he writes indignantly of a proposition he under- 
 stands was being considered by "your Vestry" to return these sub- 
 
118 
 
 scriptions and reclaim the pews, and "as a parishioner" and "as a 
 subscriber, who meant to lay the foundation of a family pew in the 
 new church," he protests against it. He, however, attended this 
 church frequently before the Revolution and regularly after his re- 
 turn to Mount Vernon, Pohick being then closed. 
 
 The new vestry of Truro found much to engage their attention. The 
 glebe and buildings and the church plate were to be appraised l:)y cer- 
 tain appointed commissioneis and their value apportioned between 
 the two parishes in proportion to their number of tithables, and also 
 fifty thousand pounds of tobacco, which had been collected for build- 
 ing churches. Eighteen months after the division they were still ac- 
 counting to the other parish for collections made for the rebuilding of 
 Falls church, which had been ordered just after Washington firtt be- 
 came a vestryman. As a Churchwarden at this time, he would have 
 his full share in this business. But the larger work to which they 
 devoted their immediate efforts was the erection of the "Upper 
 Church," or Payne's church, as it was long afterwards known from the 
 name of its builder, in the western section of the parish, which until 
 now had been without a church building. The site of this church is 
 two miles south of the present Fairfax Courthouse, immediately on 
 the road to Fairfax station, in what was then but a thinly settled part 
 of the country. It speaks well for Washington and his fellow-vestry- 
 men on the river that they should have taxed themselves heavily to 
 build so substantial and handsome a church in what must have been 
 almost the backwoods, deferring meanwhile the rebuilding of their 
 own Pohick church. The vestry records tell the story: 
 
 "At a Vestry held for Truro parish, the 28th. 29th and liOth days of 
 November, 1765. Present, Mr. Edw. Payne, Colo. Geo. Washington, 
 Capt. Posey, Capt. Daniel McCarty, Colo. Geo. William Fairfax, Mr. 
 William Gardner, Mr. Thos. Withers Coffer, Mr. William Linton, Mr. 
 Thomas Ford and Mr. Alex. Henderson. Ordered that the vestry meet 
 at Mr. William Gardner's on the first Monday in February next, in 
 order to agree with workmen to undeitake the building of a brick 
 church, to contain 1,G00 superficial feet. And ihat the church wardens 
 advertise the same in as publick a manner as may be." 
 
 "At a Vestry held for Truro Parish at Mr. William Gardner's on the 
 3d. and 4th. days of February, 1766. Present (as above except Capt. 
 Posey), who being there met to inquire the most convenient place to 
 erect a new church and to agree with the Workmen to Build the same — 
 
119 
 
 Resolv'd that the new Church be built on the Middle Ridge near the 
 Ox Road, the ground to be laid off by Mr. Edward Payne, Mr. \Vm. 
 Gardner, Mr. Thos. Withers Coffer and Mr. Thos. Ford, or any three 
 of them on the land supposed to be belonging to Mr. Thomazen Ellzey, 
 who, being present, consents to the same." (Mr. Ellzey was a vestry- 
 man-elect, but perhaps had not qualified. The remaining member was 
 Col. George Mason.) 
 
 "Agreeable to a Plan and Article annexed thereto Mr. Edward Payne 
 hath undertaken to build the said Church for the sum of Five hundred 
 .and seventy-n'ne Pounds Virginia Currency." 
 
 "Ordered t^it Mr. Edward Payne pay to Mr. John Ayres forty shil- 
 lings for his plan and estimate." 
 
 "Ordered that Colo. Geo. Washington, Capt. Daniel McCarty, Colo. 
 Geo. Wm. Fairfax, Mr. Alex. Henderson, & Mr. Tho. Ford, or any three 
 of them, do view and examine the said building from time to time as 
 shall be required." 
 
 There follows the "Memorandum of Agreement" between Capt. Payne 
 ;and the vestry, which only lack of space forbids publishing in full as 
 a model. The building was to be 53 V^ by 30 feet in the clear, the 
 walls 22 feet high; "to be built of good bricks, well burnt, of the ordi- 
 nary size, that is, nine inches long, four & an half inches broad & 3 
 inches thick, the outside bricks to be laid in mortar two-thirds lime 
 and % sand, the inside Bricks to be laid with mortar half lime & half 
 sand. The corners of the House, the Windows and the Doors to be of 
 rubied brick. The arches and Pediment heads of the Doors and Win- 
 dows to be of bricks rubbed, gauged and set in Putty. The Window 
 ;and Door frames to be made with double Archatraves.— The lies to be 
 aaid with Brick Tyle.— To have an Altar Piece sixteen feet high and 
 twelve feet wide, and done with wainscot after the Ionic order. — The 
 Puli-it, Canopy & reading Desks to be of black Walnut, wainscoted 
 -with proper Cornish. The Gallery to be supported by Collumns turned 
 .& fluted, to come out as far as the second window at the West end of 
 the Church, to have a wainscoted front, & to have four seats raised 
 ■one behind and above another." The flooring was to be l^-j inches 
 thick. Pews to be wainscoted with pine plank li.. inches thick, "dou- 
 lle work on each side of the framing and raised pannel on one side." 
 Chancel rail and banisters of walnut. "The roof to be covered with 
 inch pine plank, cyp(h)ered & lapt one & an half inches, and to be 
 Shingled with good Cypress shingles twenty inches in length, & to 
 
120 
 
 show six inches." The church couui hardly be built at this .day. if at 
 all, for less than ten thousand dollars. Capt. Payne was given two 
 yeais and eight months to complete it; and it was received by the 
 Vestry three weeks ahead of contract time. Before it was finished a 
 "Vestry House" was ordered to be built in the churchyard, to be of 
 brick, twenty by sixteen feet in the clear. Later the churchyard was 
 ordered inclosed with posts and rails. 
 
 The after history of Payne's church is the same sad story as that of 
 so many of its contemporaries. During the dark days which followed 
 the Revolution it was used probably very occasionally at first, and was 
 finally abandoned, for the lack, as we imagine, cf a minister, rather 
 than of a congregation, for dissent does not appear to have been rife 
 in this parish. About the beginning of the last century it was occti- 
 pied by the Baptists, and upon the division in that denomination about 
 1840, the Jerusalem Baptist church (New School), was organized in 
 the btiilding and continued to use it until 1862. A faded photograph, 
 taken in 18G1, shows an attractive church in good preservation, with 
 high arched windows and massive hipped roof. In the winter of 
 18G2-(j3 a Federal army was encamped in the vicinity, and by them 
 the church was torn down, brick by brick, and the material used to 
 build chimneys and hearths for their winter quarters. The old grave- 
 stones in the churcliyard, which was a large and very old burying- 
 giound, probably shared the same fate, as only two or three remain. 
 A small frame Baptist church now covers part of the site. Of the old 
 Payne's church naught remains but a heap of rubbish, from which 
 may yet be taken pieces of brick, rough but exceedingly hard and "well 
 burnt," with the "mortar, two-thirds lime and one-third sand," still 
 clinging to them to attest, after an hundred and forty years, the hon- 
 est workmanship of Captain Edward Payne, Chuix-hwardeu and Church- 
 builder. 
 
 Unlike many of our Colonial churches which fell into other hands, 
 the interior of Payne's escaped alteration or so-called improvement. 
 Those who recall the building remember well the square pews, the 
 lofty pulpit with its "canopy" or sounding board against the south 
 wall, and the reading desk and (probably) Clark's desk below, and the 
 chancel and high "Altar-Piece" at the east end. The silver Communion 
 service belonging to this church was restored to the Rev. W. F. Loclv- 
 wood about 1815 by an old lady living in the neighborhood, and was 
 presented by him to St. .John's church. Centerville. where it is still in 
 use. 
 
121 
 
 To return to the old Vestry: No sooner was Payne's church com- 
 pleted than the building of a new church at Pohick was undertaken; 
 the story of which, and of Washington's large part therein, will doubt- 
 less be told by a more capable pen in another paper. Until called to 
 the North in the service of his country, Washington continued in ac- 
 tive and untiring service as a vestryman, and nominally held the office 
 during the Revolutionary war. 
 
 But in a letter to his self exiled friend. Colonel Fairfax, written from 
 New York July 10, 1783, he says: "I have been in the State (Vir- 
 ginia) but once since the 4th of May, 1775, and that was at the siege 
 of York. In going thither I spent one day at my own house, and in 
 returning took three or four days, but I attended to no business." 
 
 During the Revolution the vestry met irregularly and vacancies re- 
 mained unfilled. After the war an effort was made to revive it and fill 
 its ranks, and in this connection the vestry book states that on Feb- 
 ruary 23, 1784, "John Gibson, Gent, is elected a Vestryman for this 
 Parish in the room of his Excellency General Washington who has 
 signified his resignation in a letter to Danl. Mc. Carty Esq." 
 
 But the times were out of joint for the old vestries of the Estab- 
 lishment, and they were soon left without business, without income, 
 and worst of all, in most cases, without ministers; in which event the 
 revival of the Church seemed hopeless. The church in Alexandria 
 survived and gathered in many of the country families, but the old 
 Truro vestry held its last recorded meeting at Colchester January 
 27, 1785. The next entry in the vestry book is made by the Overseers 
 of the Poor, who continued to use it for their records until September, 
 1802. and for more than half a century old Truro remained dormant. 
 
POHICK CHURCH, TRURO PARISH, FAIRFAX 
 COUNTY, VIRGINIA. 
 
 I!Y TIIK REV. SAMIKL A. WALLIS, KIXTOK FKOM 1881 TO 1891. 
 
 - /;:=\\ ^^ POHICK CHURCH," as it is familiarly and affectionate- 
 00/( \ A jy called by the people of the vicinity, stands out as one 
 
 of the historical landmarks not only of Virginia, but also 
 of the nation. It is pre-eminently the parish church of 
 Mount Vernon, and'shares the honor with Old Christ church, Alexan- 
 \ria, of being intimately associated with the religious life and worship 
 of Washington. It was also the parish church of another notable and 
 noble figure of the Revolution, the celebrated George Mason, of Gun- 
 Bton Hall, the author of the Bill of Rights of Virginia. The associa- 
 tion of two such immortal names with the history of "Old Pohick" 
 justly entitles it to a foremost place among the -ecclesiastical edifices 
 of this land. 
 
 The present church, a commodious and solid structure, built of brick 
 with stone dressings in the style of the Georgian period, so common 
 in the churches erected during the last half of the eighteenth century, 
 is the second church built in the lower part of Truro Parish. Its 
 predecessor was a simple frame edifice, situated two miles nearer Gun- 
 ston Hall, on the south side of Pohick Run, from which the church 
 derives its name. 
 
 Fortunately for the history of the parish, the late venerable Rev. Dr. 
 Philip Slaughter, historiographer of the Diocese of Virginia, recovered 
 the old vestry book from some one in the North for the sum of twenty 
 dollars, about twenty years ago. The vestry of Pohick gladly paid this 
 amount to Dr. Slaughter, and counts this old volume, now deposited 
 at Mount Vernon for safe-keeping, as amongst its most valued posses- 
 sions." Before the book was acquired by the vestry Dr. Slaughter added 
 to his valuable parish histories, already written, the history of Truro 
 parish, of course taking this invaluable record of fifty-three years as 
 the basis of his work. This is still in manuscript, in the hands of the 
 writer of the present article, who confidently hopes that the rapidly 
 reviving interest in the antiquities of Virginia may soon give him the 
 long desired opportunity of publishing this important contribution to 
 the history of the Diocese and State. 
 
123 
 
 The first record in the vestry book goes back to May, 1732, when the 
 parish of Truro was, by Act of Assembly, formed from Hamilton Par- 
 ish, which was coterminous with what was then Prince William coun- 
 ty, "extending from Chappawamsick Creek and Deep Run along the 
 Potomac to the great mountains." Truro Parish took off the part 
 bounded by Occoquan River, Bull Run, a branch thereof (so well 
 known during the Civil War), and thence by a line extending to the 
 Indian Thoroughfare (Ashby's Gap), thence along the Blue Ridge to 
 the Potomac river, and down that river to the mouth of Occoquan. 
 This territory now comprises Truro, Upper Truro, Cameron, Fairfax 
 and Shelburne parishes. There was a church building already ^t Oc- 
 coquan, in Hamilton Parish, where the earliest meetings of the Truro 
 vestry were held until the first Pohick church, the frame building al- 
 ready mentioned, was built within the limits of Truro Parish, about 
 four miles from the town of Occoquan, and four miles from Gunstou 
 Hall, on the ridge of land between Occoquan River and Pohick Run. 
 
 The first minister of the parish was the Rev. Lawrence de Butts, 
 who, however, did not remain long in charge. He was engaged for 
 only one year, to preach three times a month at Occoquan church, 
 then in Hamilton Parish, at the new church (or Mr. Gunwell's), by 
 which, I think, was meant Payne's church, near the present town of 
 Fairfax, and at the "chapelle" above Goose Creek, at the sum of 8,000 
 pounds of tobacco, clear of the warehouse charges and abatements, 
 with the proviso that if he were prevented by the weather, or other- 
 wise fails to preach at any of the times or places aforesaid, tobacco 
 shall only be levied for him in proportion to his services. It is inter- 
 esting to note that the first lay reader in the parish, elected at a ves- 
 try meeting held on the 12th of October, 1733, was Joseph Johnson, 
 who was to receive 1.300 pounds of tobacco, provided he did his duty 
 in his ofiice. 
 
 On November 18, 1735, Augustine Washington was elected vestry- 
 man. He nominated, at a vestry meeting held in 1736, Mr. Charles 
 Green, "as a person qualified to officiate in this church as soon as he 
 shall receive orders from His Grace the Bishop of London." The 
 vestry then commended Mr. Green to the Right Honorable Lord Fair- 
 fax, for his letter of recommendation and presentation to the Bishop 
 of London, to qualify him as aforesaid. Mr. Green then proceeded to 
 England for orders, and on his return to Virginia, in 1737. it is re- 
 corded "that the Rev. Charles Green, M. D., by a letter from the 
 
124 
 
 Hoii'ljle Wni. Gooch. Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, as by the letter 
 of the Honourable James Blair, Commisary, is legally and 'regularly 
 ordained, and it is therefore ordered by the vestry that the said Green 
 be received and entertained as minister of this parish, and be pro- 
 vided for as the law directs." 
 
 From all we know of the first regularly instituted rector, he was a 
 man of high character, faithful to his duties, enjoying the friendship 
 and esteem of George Mason, George Washington and other prominent 
 members of the vestry and community. He remained in charge of the 
 parish until his death, in 1765. 
 
 In the year 1741 Fairfax county was taken from Prince William, and 
 the boundaries of this county and Truro Parish became coterminous. 
 In February, 1749-50, it is recorded that George Mason was appointed 
 church warden in place of Jeremiah Bronaugh, deceased. This is the 
 first appearance of the name of the illustrious patriot of Gunston Hall 
 en the vestry book. He continued as an active member of the vestry 
 until after the Revolution, when all vestries, under the laws of the 
 State, were dissolved; but he no doubt remained connected with Po- 
 hick church until his death, in 1792. 
 
 The next incident worthy of note is the division of Truro Parish by 
 Act of Assembly in 1748, by a line running from the mouth of Difflcult 
 Run to the head thereof, and thence running across the country to the 
 head of Pope's Head Run, and down this run to the mouth thereof, 
 and all that part of the parish below this line to retain the name of 
 Truro, and that above to be called Cameron Parish. 
 
 On the 4th of June, 1753, it was ordered by the vestry of Truro 
 Parish, on the petition of Captain John West, that the Rev. Charles 
 Green do preach on every third Sunday in the town of Alexandria. 
 This is the first mention of that town in the vestry book, and gives 
 us the probable date of the first Church service there, being ten years 
 earlier than is generally supposed. In 1755 it is ordered that the 
 church wardens have seats made for the church in Alexandria. 
 
 Then appears a most important entry. On the 25th of October, 1762, 
 George Washington were appointed church wardens for the ensuing 
 Peake, deceased, and in October, 1763, George William Fairfax and 
 George Washington were appointed churchwardens for the ensuing 
 year. 
 
 By an act of the General Assembly, passed October, 1764, the last di- 
 vision of Truro Parish during Colonial times was made, to become ef- 
 
125 . . 
 
 fective after February 1, 1765. The line commenced at the mouth of 
 Doeg Creek and ran to Mr. George Washington's mill, the ruins of 
 which can be seen to this day; thence by a straight line to the plan- 
 tation of John Munroe, and the same continued to the line that di- 
 vides Fairfax and Loudoun; and all southward of that line to the 
 River Occoquan to retain the name of Truro, and all to the northward 
 to be called Fairfax Parish, with the old Christ church, Alexandria, 
 as the chief church of- the latter parish. George Washington, as the 
 vestry book states, became vestryman in both parishes by the vote of 
 the freeholders and householders in each. 
 
 In this same year, as already noted, the Rev. Charles Green died, 
 and shortly after the Rev. Lee Massey, a lawyer and an inhabitant of 
 the parish, was recommended for Holy Orders to the Bishop of Lon- 
 don, and on his return from England, in 1767, was accepted as the 
 minister of the parish. He was also held in high esteem, and there 
 still linger traditions of his wit and bon homie among the older resi- 
 dents of Pohick. Bishop Meade writes "that his sermons evince talent 
 and are sound in doctrine, but like most of that day, want evangelical 
 life and spirit, and would never rouse lost sinners to a sense of their 
 condition." He lived to his eighty-sixth year, dying in 1814, and lies 
 buried at "Bradley," his old plantation, on the slope of a hill over- 
 looking the beautiful waters of Occoquan River. 
 
 It has sometimes been doubted whether the surplice was worn in the 
 Colonial Church in Virginia, but this doubt is set at rest so far as one 
 instance is concerned, by an order of the vestry, in 1766, to Hector 
 Rose to pay George William Fairfax, of Belvoir, also a vestryman, the 
 sum of t'16 17s Od., agreeably to the account lodged for surplices and 
 books imported by him for the use of the parish. 
 
 In the year 1767 it was determined to build a new church at Pohick, 
 as the vestry book states the old building was out of repair. Though 
 no record appears on that book verifying the accepted tradition of the 
 manner in which Washington determined the central position of the 
 present site of the church, and carried his point at a vestry meeting, 
 we agree with Bishop Meade as to the evidences of its truth. The 
 method adopted is singularly like Washington's practical habits of 
 business. When it was proposed to build on a new site, much oppo- 
 sition was aroused, especially by "old Mr. Mason," who spoke of the 
 spot then occupied as hallowed in the eyes of the people, and conse- 
 crated by the graves of their dead. Washington at once made a sur- 
 
126 
 
 vey of this i)art of the parish, drew up a map, and marlced the resi- 
 dences of the parishioners, and presented it at the next vestry meeting. 
 This argument was conclusive, and the site on which the church stands 
 to-day is an evidence of his careful survey. 
 
 In the year 1769 the plans of the church were drawn up, it is said, 
 by Washington. The building committee as appointed by the vestry, 
 consisted of George Washington, George William Fairfax, George Ma- 
 son, Daniel McCarty and Edward Payne. The undertaker, or con- 
 tractor was Daniel French, Gentleman, who contracted to build the 
 church according to the articles of agreement for the sum of £877. 
 We wish that we had space to transcribe these articles in the columns 
 of the Southern Churchman, but their best witness is the solidity of 
 the walls of the old building to-day. The interior remained practically- 
 intact up to the time of the Civil War, when, to quote Bishop Johns, 
 "the church was shamefully damaged by its military invaders, who 
 left it to crumble under the wasting influences of the weather, and to 
 be carried off at pleasure by any one who fancied' its material for pri- 
 vate use." All that remained of the interior woodwork after this des- 
 olation was the cornice around the ceiling. Bishop Meade, as all read- 
 ers of his "Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia," will re- 
 member, records a visit made by himself to Pohick church in 1837. He 
 speaks of its neglected appearance and the dilapidation of the roof at 
 that time. Through his suggestion a new roof was put on the church, 
 which protected the interior for many years. 
 
 But to return to the closing days of its Colonial and its post-Revolu- 
 tionary history. "His Excellency" General Washington resigned from 
 the vestry in 1782, and shortly afterwards the Rev. Lee Massey ceased 
 to conduct the services there, owing, it is said, to physical disability. 
 The fortunes of the church appeared to wane, as little is heard of it for 
 many years, with the exception of the time that Rev. Mason Locke 
 Weems, the author of the famous "Life of Washington," was said to be 
 its rector. Services must have been infrequent until about the year 1837. 
 when the Rev. Mr. Johnson, who also acted as tutor to the children 
 of the last Mrs. Mason, who resided at Gunston Hall, discharged the 
 duties of rector for a few years. 
 
 Under the direction of Bishop Meade and the fostering care of Dr. 
 Packard, of the Theological Seminary, students were sent to keep 
 the church open and revive the decadent Episcopal interest. As was 
 so frequently the case during that period, the church was occupied 
 on alternate Sundays by Methodist ministers. The late Rev. Richard 
 
127 
 
 R. Mason related that as a young man he attended a debating society 
 held on week days in the church. 
 
 This state of things continued until the year 1S60 when, as the 
 Rev. E. L. Goodwin, the present accurate historiographer of the Dio- 
 cese of Virginia, has kindly reminded us, the Rev. R. T. Brown, of 
 Zion church, Fairfax Court House, the representative of old Payne's 
 church, took charge of old Pohick, "with fair prospects of success." 
 But the storm of Civil War, already alluded to, swept over the country 
 and desolated the churches and homes of Virginia and the rest of 
 the Southland. So this fair beginning was nipped in the bud, and this 
 old historic House of Prayer was left to its latter desolations until 
 in the year 1874, a gentleman from New York became deeply interested 
 in its rehabilitation. He collected about $2,400 from prominent men 
 in New York and Philadelphia and had the building put in good con- 
 dition. Unfortunately no true restoration was attempted. Ordinary 
 pews were placed in the body of the church, a great platform ran 
 across the whole eastern end, and a vestry room was partitioned off 
 on the north end of this platform. The furnishings of the chancel 
 were of modern Gothic type, given by a church in the Diocese of New 
 York. But the thanks of the community and congregation are due to 
 this kind friend in a time of need, for creating a general interest in 
 this venerable edifice, and rendering it fit for use. The renovated 
 building was consecrated on the first Sunday in October, 1875, by Bishop 
 Johns, who also preached the sermon, the morning service being read 
 by Drs. Packard and Mcllhenny, of the Seminary. Students of the 
 Seminary again served the church, under Dr. Kinloch Nelson, until 
 in September, 1881, the writer of this article took charge, as a deacon, 
 by the appointment of Bishop Whittle, and remained there thirteen 
 years. 
 
 On the suggestion of some members of the vestry, shortly before this 
 time, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association began to take an active 
 interest in the church, and have for many years rented a pew and at- 
 tended service there, on the Sunday falling during the week of their 
 Annual Council held at Mount Vernon in the month of May. 
 
 The Rev. Henry F. Kloman became the next minister, and after an 
 incumbency of two years was succeeded by the Rev. Everard Meade, 
 who is still the earnest and energetic rector of the parish. During his 
 rectorship the restoration of the church has been taken in hand and 
 is now in progress. In this most worthy undertaking he has been 
 ably seconded by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, and Mr. H. H. 
 
128 
 
 Dodge, the superintendent of Mount Vernon, and a vestryman of Po- 
 hiok, together with the other vestrymen and friends of the church. 
 Various patriotic bodies and societies for preserving the antiquities 
 of the country have undertaken certain poitions of the restoration. 
 The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association will restore the Washington 
 pew, and other pews will be restored by the descendants of the original 
 pewholders, or by persons who now own some of the old estates around 
 Pohick. It is hoped that the restoration will be practically completed 
 this fall. 
 
 The present property of the church other than the church edifice 
 consists of a rectory, a fine parish hall, mainly built through a gener- 
 ous contribution from Mrs. Hearst, of California, and forty-three acres 
 of land around the church and rectory. Bishop Meade exclaimed in 
 a pathetic apostrophe, when he visited the church in 1837: "Is this 
 the house of God which was built by the Washingtons, the Masons, the 
 McCartys, the Grahams, the Lewises, the Fairfaxes? — the house in 
 which they used to worship the God of our fathers according to the 
 venerable forms of the Ejnscopal Church — and some of whose names 
 are yet to be seen on the doors of those now deserted pews? Is this 
 also designed to moulder piecemeal away, or, when some signal is 
 given, to become the prey of spoilers, and to be carried hither and 
 thither, and applied to every purpose under heaven? Surely patriot- 
 ism or reverence for the greatest of patriots, if not religion, might 
 be effectually appealed to in behalf of this one temple of God." 
 
 How would his heart been gladdened if he could have lived to see 
 what has been done there now! Notwithstanding the fact that the 
 old church did become "the prey of spoilers," as he almost propheti- 
 cally intimated, it will soon be clothed in the full similitude of its 
 ancient glory. Above all, within its walls for well-nigh thirty years, 
 from Sunday to ' Sunday, as in days of old, the consecrated words of 
 our ancient liturgy have been wafted heavenwards, and the Word of 
 God has been continuously preached to attentive congregations; while 
 the silent lessons of its history, made illustrious by tliose immortal 
 names of patriots who bowed in huniole adoration at its altars, still 
 teach the reverent worshippers, both young and old, to lovo their 
 country and their God. May this venerable temple, replete with such 
 holy and noble associations, continue to be a House of Prayer, and a 
 living center for the preaching of the Gospel of Christ "as this Church 
 has received the same," through the years and centuries that are to 
 come! 
 
THE OLD FALLS CHURCH, FAIRFAX COUNTY, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY THE REV. GEORGE S. SOMERVILLE, RECTOR. 
 
 ^^r-pN^ HE Falls Church, so called after one of the falls of the Po- 
 tomac, was built about 1734, enlarged in 1750, and rebuilt as 
 2J, now in 1767-'69. The musty archives at Fairfax Court House 
 contain the deed to the church grounds i;ecorded in 1745, many 
 years after the original church building had been erected thereon. 
 With this yard of about one and a half acres, containing magnificent 
 old trees and ancient graves, consecrated by burial rites and tears 
 and by the tread of worshipping feet for near 200 years, this time- 
 hallowed sanctuary stands as a venerable, indeed, and most inspiring 
 memorial of our far-back Colonial days. 
 
 Truro Parish originally included both the Falls church and Pohick 
 church, both being served by the same rector and the same vestry, 
 the latter meeting sometimes at one church and sometimes at another. 
 In 1764 Truro Parish was divided and a new parish, called Fairfax 
 Parish, was formed out of it. The Falls church and Christ chuich, 
 Alexandria, were then joined together to compose this second parish, 
 both these churches having one rector and one vestry in common. 
 
 It was after this division the Falls church was rebuilt of brick as 
 now. The contract was given out for this church and for Christ 
 church at the same time, the Falls church, however, being completed 
 first by some years. Both churches were to cost 600 pounds each. 
 Mr. James Parsons was to build the Falls church. "A most particu- 
 lar contract was made for theni," writes Bishop Meade. "The mortrir 
 is to have two-thirds of lime and one of sand," the very reverse of the 
 proportion at this day, and which accounts for the greater durability 
 of ancient walls. The shingles were to be of best cypress or juniper 
 and three-quarters of an inch thick, and good authorities pronounce 
 them in perfect condition to-day, and predict they will last hundreds 
 of years to come. The brick is of a very hard kind and peculiar shape, 
 and some think were brought from England. 
 
 As is well known. General George Washington was a member of the 
 one vestry that served both the Falls church and Christ church, Alex- 
 
130 
 
 andria. Mr. John Lj-nch, now an old man, who once served the 
 Falls church as sexton for over forty years, told the writer that in 
 his younger days he learned from a number of aged persons that it 
 was Washington's custom, while giving his regular attendance to 
 Christ church, also to visit and worship at the Falls church at least 
 four times a year; this being part of his parish. The particular pew 
 and place in church he usually occupied were said to have been mark- 
 ed and kept for him. This location is still pointed out, though the 
 original floor and pews have been destroyed. 
 
 Several residents also of this village now living, whose mother, 
 Mrs. Sarah Maria Sewell, died many years since at the age of 97, still 
 delight to repeat her descriptions of the great hero, whom in her child- 
 hood she had seen worshipping in this church. She remembered, also, 
 his dining occasionally at her home near the church, and his taking 
 her up in his arms and playfully caressing her. Her father, Mr. John 
 West, was then a member of the House of Burgesses, and his name 
 appears on the Church Vestry. 
 
 The following entry in the old Truro Parish Vestry Book is a sam- 
 ple of its records: 
 
 "March 28, 1763." 
 "At a Vestry of Truro Parish held at the Falls Church, March 28, 
 1763; present: Henry Gunnell, Wm. Payne, Jr.. Ch. Wardens; John 
 West, Wm. Payne, Chas. Broadwater, Thos. Wrenn. Abra. Barnes, 
 Dan'l McCarty, Kobt. Boggers, and George Washington; who being 
 there met to examine into the state of the said church, greatly in de- 
 cay and want of repair, and likewise whether the same shall be re- 
 paired or a new one built and whether at the same place or removed 
 to a more convenient one. * * * 
 
 "Resolved: it is the opinion of this Vestry that the Old Church is 
 rotten and unfit for repair but that a new church be built at the same 
 place." 
 
 George Mason was also a member of this vestry, and at a vestry 
 meeting held the following year to complete plans for the rebuilding 
 of the Falls church, his name is recorded as present. In Washington's 
 diary for 1764 is entered a copy of an advertisement for "undertakers 
 to build Falls Church," showing him to have been on its original 
 building committee. 
 
 Running back through its Truro days the Falls Church parish has 
 carried on its vestry rolls the names of Capt. Augustine Washington, 
 
131 
 
 his son, George Washington, George iVIason, George Wm. Fairfax, 
 Capt. Henry Fairfax and many others. In its yard a portion of Brad- 
 dock's ill-starred army is said to have once encamped, and the present 
 building also to have been used in the Revolutionary War as a com- 
 pany recruiting headquarters of Col. Charles Broadwater, one of Fair- 
 fax county's first patriots. 
 
 From its precincts, too, marched Capt. Henry Fairfax, the scholarly 
 West Pointer, with his Fairfax volunteers to the Mexican War, his 
 body destined to be borne back and laid to rest by these sacred walls 
 he loved so well, and which he himself, at his own expense, had munifi- 
 cently restored as an offering to his Lord. 
 
 The experience of the Falls church in the Civil War is well known. 
 It stood throughout in the very forefront of that dreadful strife, in 
 the constant pathway of the armies, while about it ebbed and flowed 
 the awful tide of blood. Many a suffering, dying soldier found mer- 
 ciful shelter and nursing within its holy walls as a hospital. Later 
 it was used, also, by the Federal troops as a stable. One thousand 
 three hundred dollars was expended by the U. S. Government in 18G5 
 on its repairs. Lastly, it was associated with the late Spanish-Amer- 
 ican War, a large portion of our American army being encamped and 
 trained nearby and many attended its services. 
 
 About 1787 the Falls Church was deserted as a house of worship 
 by Episcopalians. This was the time of popular hatred and general 
 decadence of the Church because of its imagined association with 
 England and English tyranny. "Since then," wrote Bishop Meade, 
 "it has been used by any who were disposed to occupy it as a place 
 of worship; and the doors and windows being opened, itself stand- 
 ing on the common highway, it has been entered at pleasure by travel- 
 ers on the road and animals of every kind. 
 
 Some years since the attention of the professors of our Seminary 
 and some of the students was drawn toward it, and occasional ser- 
 vices performed there. This led to its partial repair (chiefly at the 
 expense of Captain Henry Fairfax, grandson of the Rev. Bryan 
 Fairfax, a former rector of this church). The most successful effort 
 in its behalf was made by one of those devoted youths who has given 
 himself to Africa. Young Mr. Minor, of Fredericksburg, then a stu- 
 dent at the Seminary, undertook the task of lay-reader, and 
 by his untiring zeal and most affectionate manners soon collected a 
 large Sunday-school, aided by some fellow-students of kindred spirit. 
 
132 
 
 In losing Mr. Minor when he went to Africa the children and parents- 
 thought they had lost their all, but Providence raised up others, and 
 doubtless will continue to raise up as many as are needed. Our Sem- 
 inary will surely furnish the supply that is called for. 
 
 "The house of which we are speaking has recently been more thor- 
 oughly repaired and is now as to outward appearance, strength and 
 comfort one of our most desirable temples of religion, bidding fair 
 to survive successive generations of those unworthy structures which 
 are continually rising up and falling down throughout our land. On 
 Saturday and Sunday, assisted by several of our ministers, I perform- 
 ed pastoral and Episcopal duties in this church. On the latter day, 
 in the midst of an overflowing congregation, I confirmed six persons- 
 and administered Holy Communion." Thus wrote Bishop Meade in 
 1827. 
 
 But as rich a storehouse of momentous historic names, events, and 
 principles as is this ancient sanctuary, it is equally valuable for the 
 religious records it preserves. Virginia's progeny of ilLustrious 
 Churchmen has been as noble and as numerous as her statesmen. And 
 imbedded in the grounds and walls of this venerable shrine is the 
 name and image of many a spiritual prince and hero. Hear but a 
 partial roll-call of its rectors: 
 
 Rev. Chas. Green, in 1736, after being nominated to the vestry by 
 Capt. Augustine Washington and sent to England to receive ordina- 
 tion from the Bishop of London, as recorded in the old parish Vestry 
 Book; Rev. David Griffith, elected the first Bishop of Virginia, but 
 prevented by circumstances from being sent to England for consecra- 
 tion; Rev. Bryan Fairfax, Washington's much-revered pastor and 
 friend; Rev. Drs. E. C. Lippitt, James May, Joseph Packard, professor 
 in the Virginia Theological Seminary; Bishop Horatio Southgate, pre- 
 viously Missionary Bishop in Constantinople; Bishop Richard Wilmer, 
 Rev. Launcelot Byrd Minor, who died a missionary in Africa; Rev. 
 W. H. Kinckle, also Rev. Drs. Churchill J. Gibson, Joshua Peterkin, 
 George W. Shinn, and others, who regularly officiated here when stu- 
 dents at the Theological Seminary, five miles distant; Bishop Madison, 
 Virginia's first Bishop, visited this church to preach and administer 
 confirmation; Bishop Meade officiated in and wrote most feelingly 
 and admiringly of it in his well known history; Bishop Kinsolving, 
 our Missionary Bishop in Brazil, there received confirmation; Rev. 
 Dr. John McGill was twice its rector; before him Rev. Templeman 
 
133 
 
 Brown, and more lately Revs. Frank Page, J. Cleveland Hall, and R. 
 A. Castleman were rectors. JNIany other noble, sainted names also 
 adorn and enrich its history. 
 
 Oh, what a perpetual standing sermon is this hallowed fane! What 
 glorious truths it ceaselessly proclaims! Long before the Colonial 
 Church of England changed its American local title to "Protestant 
 Episcopal," this building was known only as the Anglican Church. 
 A living, visible, tangible, speaking witness Indeed it stands in the 
 identity of our American branch of the Church with the Church of 
 England, and through it to our oneness with the one Holy Historic 
 Body of all ages and of all lands. Who can sit beneath its roof with- 
 out profounder, more thrilling convictions that our worship is Apos- 
 tolic; our faith is Catholic; our Priesthood is Divine! Who can tread 
 its grounds without feeling the throb and beat and impulse of our fore- 
 fathers' unfaltering faith and their effectual, fervent prayers? Who 
 can even in passing behold it without hearing mighty voices calling 
 and seeing brave hands beckoning to higher, grander, more enduring- 
 things than earth's brief, fitful dreams? 
 
 But alas! this precious storied monument that brings down to us 
 great messages from the past and is carrying on added tidings from 
 ourselves to centuries of posterity to come, is now the prey of decay, 
 dilapidation and ruin. For two years the present rector has labored 
 strenuously for its restoration. The task and the expense have prov- 
 ed far greater than was anticipated. From roof to yard and enclosure 
 all has to be renewed or reclaimed. From $8,000 to $10,000 is re- 
 quired to put building and grounds in thoroughly worthy ana working 
 condition. Of this (including a few hundreds contributed to help 
 pay off its parish debt) about $4,000 has been raised and expended on 
 the church. The work has had to stop until further funds are securea. 
 Our Bishop has lately seen and been greatly pleased with what has so 
 far been done. The church's prospects for future Christian service is 
 simply boundless, if fitted therefor. My only possible hope to com- 
 plete the work is with outside help. 
 
 Christians, patriots. Churchmen, remember your sacred landmark! 
 Honor its holy memories. Make it rejoice with renewed strength 
 and beauty for the great Jubilee Year of 1907! 
 
CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA. 
 
 I!V MISS HELEN NOKRIS CTMMINOS. 
 
 MI 
 
 TDWAY between Washington and Mount Vernon there lies a 
 
 M little city of infinite value to lovers of nistory, and in quaint 
 old Alexandria one of the places that claim the greatest in- 
 terest is Christ church, being spoken of far and near as the 
 church of Washington. His was the first of a long line of names of whom 
 the country is so justly proud, to be found in connection with this 
 church; his name and but one other are inscribed upon it. Two mural 
 tablets, one on either side of the chancel, are placed in memory of the 
 two sons of this church, whom Virginia most loves and honors — George 
 Washington and Robert Edward Lee, and two pews which they occupied 
 are marked by silver plates engraved with their respective names, a fac- 
 simile of their own handwriting. Both lived on the Potomac, one a few 
 miles north, the other a few miles south, of Alexandria, and although 
 their lives were separated by many years, yet this church was a mother 
 to them both. 
 
 In 1765 prosperous Alexandria determined to erect for herself a 
 handsome church in place of the little chapel that by this time had 
 been outgrown. On February 1st of that year the parish of Fairfax 
 was created out of Truro, and March 28th Col. George Washington, 
 then thirty-three years old, was elected one of the twelve vestrymen. 
 In Colonial days the Government of Virginia was largely controlled by 
 the vestry of the parish, holding as it did, in a generous measure, the 
 power of civil authority. This close connection between Church and 
 b^'tate extended the power of the vestry to a variety of duties, and made 
 the position no sinecure; for. besides attending to the temporal wants 
 of the church and overseeing the needs of the poor, giving the deserv- 
 ing ones food and clothing as well as medical attention, it had the 
 right to impose fines for the non-observance of secular laws, and with 
 it rested the responsibility of administering justice. 
 
 In order to build the church, the vestry was obliged to impose upon 
 the parish a tax of ;51.185 pounds of tobacco. From the funds raised 
 two churches were to be erected, one at Falls Church and the other 
 at Alexandria. The site chosen for the Alexandria I'hurch was at the 
 
135 
 
 head of Cameron street. It was a thick wood then, hut the ground, 
 shaded by the forest tres, seemed an ideal spot, to set aside as God's 
 Acre. 
 
 In 1767 the contract was given to James Parsons for £G00 sterling, 
 a large sum of money at that time; but it was to be a handsome build- 
 ing, though simple in treatment, as were all Colonial churches. Built 
 of brick and roofed with shingles of juniper, since replaced by slate, 
 the church now stands in the heart of the city, surrounded by its beau- 
 tiful yard and overshadowing trees, and to this day is a delight to all 
 visitors who, on their pilgrimage to Mount Vernon, take a little time 
 to see this sacred building, the pride of Alexandria. 
 
 The severity of the interior is extreme; "the arches and pediments 
 are of the Tuscan order, the altar piece, pulpit and canopy of Ionic 
 style;" there are three windows in the chancel, and on either side of 
 them are two panels, one containing the Lord's Prayer with the Creed; 
 the other has the Ten Commandments, both done in black lettering 
 on a gilt background. The sounding-board or canopy and high pul- 
 pit, with its winding stairway, is in the center of the chancel. Di- 
 rectly against the window, below that, is the "altar piece," all of 
 Ionic style, and immediately in front, by the chancel rail, is the tiny 
 font. 
 
 The architect selected was James Wren, a descendant, so the story 
 goes, of the great Sir Christopher Wren, who, as architect of the 
 wonderful Cathedral of St. Paul's, in London, has shed glory not only 
 on himself, but on his posterity. In 1772 the work of building came 
 to a standstill, and Colonel John Carlyle agreed to complete James 
 Parson's unfinished contract for an additional sum of £220. One year 
 later, February 27, 1773, the church was placed in the hands of the 
 vestry, who regarded it as finished "in a workmanlike manner." The 
 same day Colonel Washington purchased for £36 10s., the pew then 
 Icnown as Number 5. 
 
 The choice Oronoko tobacco played a prominent part as a commer- 
 cial factor of Alexandria, since the church was built with it, the 
 clergyman's salary was paid in the same way, and the first rector. 
 Rev. Townsend Dade, ordained by the Bishop of London, received his 
 salary in the shape of 17,280 pounds of tobacco, and for want of a 
 glebe, 2,500 pounds were added to this sum. In 1770 the church was 
 able to purchase five hundred acres of land, and three years later was 
 wealthy enough to erect on it a glebe house, or parsonage, with dairy. 
 
136 
 
 meat house, barn, stable and corn house, at a cost of £C53. ,The next 
 year, to complete the convenience of the rector's family, a hen house 
 was added. Thus steadily the financial condition of the church in- 
 creased. 
 
 That women stood high in the estimation of the vestry is proved 
 by the fact that in the selection of a sexton the choice was given to 
 Susannah Edwards, who preceded the members of the congregation 
 up the aisle, locating each family in their respective pews, according 
 10 dignity. She evidently filled the office well, for she was succeeded 
 by another dame. Mistress Cook, who was most "peculiar in dress 
 and physiognomy; had a stately manner of ushering persons into 
 their pews and locking the door upon them, and with an almost mil- 
 itary air she patrolled the aisles, alert to protect and prompt to sup- 
 press any violation of order." 
 
 To the church-goers the great family coach of the Washington^ was 
 a familiar sight. Made in England, it was both substantial and ele- 
 gant, if somewhat heavy. Four horses were necessary to draw it, but 
 when the Virginia roads were very bad six were used; and to each 
 span of horses there were the liveried postilion riders. After service-, 
 one Sunday morning in the summer of 1774, surrounded by the con- 
 gregation, every one of whom he well knew, Washington advocated 
 withdrawing allegiance from King George, and stated that he would 
 fight to uphold the independence of the Colonies. No more solemn 
 time or occasion could have been chosen. With calmness, in a spirit 
 of prayerful deliberation, he announced his momentous decision under 
 the very shadow of the church. Nine years after, when that inde- 
 pendence liad been successfully established and the long contested 
 fight so bravely won, having resigned his commission at Annapolis, he 
 was free to turn his face towards home. His arrival at Mount Vernon 
 was on Christmas Eve. The next day found him once more in his 
 accustomed seat in the church at Alexandria to hear the tender mes- 
 sage of peace and good-will that was proclaimed like liberty through- 
 out the land, and no one bowed in deeper gratitude than the great 
 general, who came as humbly as a little child to this, his Father's 
 House. In addition to the Christmas service, the rector, the Rev. Da- 
 vid Griffith, who served as chaplain of the Third Virginia Regiment 
 in the Revolutionary War. read the exultant song of Moses and the 
 Children of Israel: "I will sing unto the Lord, for He hath triumphed 
 gloriously; the horse and his rider hath He thrown into the sea"; and 
 
137 
 
 the sermon he preached was from the 12Sth Psalm: "Yea, thou shalt 
 see thy children's children and peace upon Israel.' The children's 
 children of some of those men who composed the congregation in 
 Washington's day are still to be found Sunday after Sunday in the old 
 church; some in the same old family pews. He greeted after service 
 the Wests, the Muirs, the Flemings, the Carlyles, the Custises, the 
 Ramsays, the Daltons, the Alexanders, the Adamses, the Wrens, the 
 Herberts, the Paynes, the Dulings, the Sanfords, the Frenches, the 
 Shaws, the Broadwaters, the Blackburns, the Darnes, the Gunnels, the 
 Chichesters, the Tripletts, the Coxes, the Browns, the Gilpins and the 
 Hooes; and the heritage of friendship has passed on to their descend- 
 ants. 
 
 In the Colonial period, having no Bishops, there was no confirmation 
 in the Colonies. The first record of confirmation at Christ church was 
 in 1814, by Bishop Moore; probably his first official act as Bishop of 
 Virginia. Dr. David Griflftth, the chaplain of Revolutionary days, was 
 the first Bishop-elect of this Diocese, but owing to lack of funds, Vir- 
 ginia could not undertake the expense of his journey to London for 
 ordination. 
 
 At the time the church at Alexandria was built it was known as the 
 twin church of Pohick, but changes crept on, and they grew apart in 
 appearance. The galleries at Christ church were added and the high 
 square pews cut down and divided; the Washington pew is the only 
 square pew left. In 1808 interments ceased in the churchyard, though 
 spacious and by no means filled with graves; the vestry considered it 
 best to purchase a cemetery on the outskirts of the city, and long 
 stretches of velvety grass, broken only by the flickering sunlight 
 through the trees, forms an exquisite setting to the old Colonial 
 church. In 1810 an organ was introduced, and in 1812 the chimneys 
 were built, no longer foot-stoves were necessary. With the change of 
 appearance came the change of name. From 17G5 to 1813 it had al- 
 ways been spoken of as the Episcopal church; now to future genera- 
 tions it was to be known as Christ church, and on June 9th of that 
 year it was consecrated by Bishop Claggett, of Maryland. By degrees 
 the bell was purchased, the steeple erected, the vestry-room under the 
 tower was built, and the porch at the southwest corner constructed. 
 Always with adequate means at command, no expense was spared to 
 enlarge or beautify, and as the years went on each new Improvement 
 was easily and happily welcomed. 
 
138 
 
 In 1815, at the Diocesan Convention of Virginia, it was decided to 
 •establish a Theological Seminary. A few years later a <;lass was 
 formed at William and Mary College, Williamsburg, which, in 1823, 
 was transferred to Alexandria, and the first building erected in 1S27; 
 and from that time until 1855, on every alternating year, the ordina- 
 tion services were held at Christ church. The Bishops who officiated 
 were Griswold, Moore, Meade and Bedell, and the men who consecra- 
 ted their lives to the dark continent of Africa were Savage and Minor, 
 Payne and Henning, and Colden Hoffman, while Cleveland Keith de- 
 voted his life to China. The rest of the candidates for Orders found 
 their work nearer at hand, but for all these men the memory of Christ 
 church was very dear. 
 
 During the boyhood of Robert E. Lee his winter home was in Alex- 
 andria. Many a Christmas, with the other boys of the neighborhood, 
 he brought the evergreen and helped to decorate the church; and in 
 the summer of 1853, when he had reached the rank of Colonel, he was 
 confirmed here by Bishop Johns, who said to him, after service, that 
 if he should make as good a Christian as he had a soldier, the Church 
 would be proud of him. The mural tablet is evidence that the hope 
 01 the Bishop was fulfilled. Here, too, in the churchyard, in 1861, 
 counting the agonizing cost to his State, he agreed to take command 
 of the Virginia forces, seeing only too clearly the first inevitable per- 
 sonal sacrifice, the loss of his Arlington home. During the war the 
 Federal authorities forcibly held the church, but it was finally restored 
 to the vestry in 18G6. 
 
 Of the ministers of God who have served at her altar there is a long 
 list of men who, inspired by her, have done noble work. Two have 
 become Bishops. The first minister was Townsend Dade; then fol- 
 lowed Mr. West, David Griffith, Bryan Fairfax, Thomas Davis, Mr. 
 Gibson, Mr. Barclay, William Meade, Oliver Norris, Beuel Keith, Geo. 
 Griswold, John P. McGuire, Charles Mann, Charles B. Dana, Cornelius 
 Walker, A. M. Randolph, Randolph H. McKim, Henderson Suter, Ber- 
 ryman Green, and the present rector, William Jackson Morton. 
 
 The church to-day is in a state of perfect preservation. Time has 
 laid his finger on her, but to soften and to beautify. She still stands 
 with open arms and a gracious welcome. She reproves, she warns, 
 she cheers and loves. For generations she has been to her sons and 
 daughters a source of consolation and of joy, and she still extends the 
 promise of a protecting mother love that will cause the children of 
 the future to rise up and call her blessed. 
 
ST. PETER'S CHURCH, ST. PETER'S PARISH, 
 NEW KENT COUNTY, VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY CHUKCIIILL GIBSON CHAMBERLAYNE, PU. 1). . 
 
 ^O the question, When was St. Peter's Parish established? the 
 student of Hening's "Statutes at Large" is surprised to find 
 that that work gives no direct answer. It is, perhaps, to this 
 omission on the part of Hening that Bishop Meade's discreet 
 silence upon the subject is due. His "Old Churches, Ministers and 
 Families of Virginia" has much to say about the parish of St. Peter's 
 and its people, but not a word in regard to its establishment. To the 
 writer of the present article it seems probable that the parish — if not 
 coeval with New Kent county, which was formed from the county of 
 York in 1654 — was created shortly after 1656, in which year the General 
 Assembly of Virginia passed the following act: 
 
 "Whereas, there are many places destitute of ministers, and like 
 still to continue soe, the people content not payinge their accustomed 
 dues, which makes them negligent to procure those which should teach 
 and instruct them, soe by this improvident saveing they lose the great- 
 est benefitt and comfort a Christian can have, by hearing the word and 
 vse of the blessed sacraments. Therefore be it enacted by this present 
 Grand Assembly. That all countys not yet laid out into parishes 
 shall be divided into parishes the next County Court after publication 
 hereof, and that all tithable persons in every parish within this colony 
 respectively, in the vacancy of their minister, pay 15 lb. of tobacco 
 per poll yearly, and that tobacco be deposited in the hands of the com- 
 missioners of the several counties, to be by them disposed of in the 
 first place for the building of a parish church, and afterwards tfie sur- 
 plusage thereof (if any be) to go towards the purchaseing of a gleab 
 and stock for the next minister that shall be settled there: Provided, 
 that the vestrys of the several parishes be responsible for the said to- 
 bacco so leavied." 
 
 This act, with some slight verbal changes, was re-enacted by the 
 General Assembly in March, 1657-8. 
 
 For the period between its foundation and the year 1684— the date 
 of the first complete minutes in the published "Vestry Book of St. 
 
140 
 
 Peter's" — there are no extant records from which a history of the 
 parish could be written. For the period subsequent to 1684, however, 
 and coming down to 1857, the materials — official documents and other 
 sources — for such a history are ample. 
 
 Between 1684 and 1700 Church life in St. Peter's parish was not of 
 the most active sort — that is, judged by modern standards. There is 
 no good reason to suppose, however, that it compared unfavorably with 
 the life in many another parish in Virginia at the time, notwithstand- 
 ing a statement to the contrary made once by one of its own 
 ministers, of which more later on. Vestry meetings were held two or 
 three times in the year — some years there were even four meetings, 
 but this was not often the case. These gatherings were mostly of a 
 business nature, and business matters of all sorts in regard to the 
 parish were brought forward, discussed and settled. Whether it were 
 simply the election of a vestryman or Church warden in the room of 
 another, resigned or deceased, or a quarrel with the neighboring parish 
 of Blissland; whether it were the appointment of a* vestryman to serve 
 as the representative of the parish in a law suit, or the determining 
 of the parish levy for the year — whatever the matter might be, it did 
 not go unrecorded in the minutes-book of the vestry. 
 
 For example, the dispute with Blissland, in regard to the location 
 of the dividing line between the two parishes, furnished the vestry- 
 book of St. Peter's with material for i'requent entries like the follow- 
 ing: 
 
 "At a Vestry hold at St. Peter's parish Church on ye behalf of ye 
 s'd parish this 3rd day of Sept., 1688. Present: Gideon Macon, Corn. 
 Daberni, Geo. Smith, Hen. Wyatt, Mr. Thom. Mitchell. James Moss. 
 
 "Mr. Jno. Roper, Mr. Will. Bassett, Church wardens. 
 
 "It is ordered by this present vestry that Mr. Gideon Macon do & is 
 hereby impowered to appear before his Excelansy Francis Lord How- 
 ard, Baron of Effingham, his Majes' Left. Gen'l of Virgr. & ye Hon'l 
 Counsoll of States upon ye 10th day of ye next Gen'l Court in obedience 
 to an order of his Excell. to y't purpose to answer ye complaint of Mr. 
 Lanselott Bathurst, attorney of ye vestry of Blissland parish, concern- 
 ing dividing line to be run between ye parish of Blissland & ye parish 
 of St. Peter's, according to an agreement & conclusion of twelve men 
 Elected by an order of vestry of ye whole parish of Blissland before 
 ye same * and this present vestry hath Ratified and confirmed all 
 whatsoever ye ?tIason shall act or do in & aliout ye premises above s'd." 
 
141 
 
 The minutes of these old meetings, however, show that the vestry 
 did not confine its attention to matters of a purely material nature. 
 At this time there were two churches in the parish. The vestry was 
 careful that the spiritual needs of the inhabitants in both neighborhoods 
 should be looked after. It was provided for that services be held at 
 both churches regularly. Under date of November 25, 1686, the vestry- 
 book contains the following entry: "* * * This vestry taking into 
 consideration the present want of ye parish and desirous of the ad- 
 vancement of God's Glory and ye continuance of ye sacred function 
 in this parish do consent and agree with ye said Mr. Jno. Ball Minis- 
 ter to officiate as minister in this s'd parish of St. Peters * * * at ye 
 two churches, at ye lower Church one Sunday & at ye upper Churcli 
 ye other for this ensuing year from ye date of these presents, at ye 
 rate of one thousand pr month.'' 
 
 The ordinary morality of the community was a matter with which 
 the vestries of the Colonial period had to concern themselves generally. 
 The records of St. Peter's Parish show that its vestry was at least 
 fully awake to a sense of its duty in this respect. Entries like the 
 following, under date of October 5, 1687, are not infrequently met 
 with in the vestry-book: "It is ordered that Mr. Thomas Mitchell do 
 prosecute ye woman servant belonging to Capt. Jo. Forster for havintr 
 a bastard child." In St. Peter's Parish, too, as elsewhere, the care of 
 the poor, the lame, the maimed, the halt, and the blind devolved upon 
 the vestry, and the vestry-book shows that, outwardly at any rate, 
 this obligation was not neglected. 
 
 In spite of ail that has been said, however, one is hardly warranted 
 in maintaining that at this period religion was flourishing in New 
 Kent county. During the sixteen years from 1684 to 1700, St. Peter's 
 Parish had no less than nine regular ministers, and the times — often 
 months in duration — when there was no minister at all, were frequent 
 enough. One of these nine ministers was the Rev. Nicholas Moreau, 
 who, to quote the vestry-book again, had "been recommended by his 
 Excell. and Mr. Camesery unto this parish." What Mr. Moreau thought 
 of his parish, of the people, and of the state of affairs and religion 
 generally in the community can be seen in the following extracts from 
 a letter of his, dated April 12, 1697, written to the Lord Bishop of 
 Lichfield and Coventry, His Majesty's High Almoner: 
 "My Lord, 
 
 "After my dutiful respects presented unto your Lordship, I make 
 
142 
 
 bold to acquaint you that being landeJ in these parts of Virginia in 
 August last, and being ready to go for Maryland, wherein yoilr charity 
 hath vouchsafed to recommend me to his Excellency Nicholson, I heard 
 such great talk among the Gentlemen of this Country that the said 
 Governor was to come here to be Governor, that I did resolve to settle 
 here if I could. And his Excellency Nicholson being here, would say 
 nothing of the contrary. His Grace of Canterbury has recommended 
 me to Mr. Blair, Commissary, but to no purpose, because the said 
 Commissary has cast an odium upon himself by his great worldly 
 concerns, so that I was forced to make use of the commander of the 
 tleet who did recommend me to this parish wherein I live now. * * * i 
 don't like this Country at all, my Lord, there are so many inconven- 
 iences in it with which I cannot well agree. Your clergy in these 
 parts are of a very ill example, no discipline, nor Canons of the Church 
 are observed * * ♦ Several Ministers have caused such high scandals 
 of late, and have raised such prejudices among the people, that hardly 
 can they be persuaded to take a minister in theic parish. As to me, 
 my Lord, I have got in the very worst parish of Virginia and most 
 troublesome. Nevertheless I must tell you that I find abundance of 
 good people who are very willing to serve God, but they want good 
 Ministers; ministers that be very pious, not wedded to this world, as 
 the best of them are. God has blest my endeavors so far already that, 
 ■Vv'ith his assistance, I have brought to Church again two families, who 
 had gone to the Quakers' meeting for three years past, and have bap- 
 tized one of their children three years old. This child being christened 
 took my hand and told me: 'You are a naughty man, Mr. Minister, 
 yju hurt the child with cold water.' His father and mother came to 
 church constantly, and were persuaded by me to receive the Holy Com- 
 munion at Easter day; which they did perform accordingly with great 
 piety and respect. I have another old Quaker 70 yeai<B of age who left 
 the Church these 29 years ago, and hope to bring him to church again 
 within few weeks. Lucere et non ardere parvum: ardere et non Ulcere, 
 hoc Imperfectnm est: lucere et ardere, hoc perfectum est: saith St. 
 Bernard. If ministers were such as they ought to be, I dare say there 
 would be no Quakers nor Dissenters. A learned sermon signifies next to 
 nothing without good examples. Longum Iter per praecepta. Breve 
 ovtem per Exempla: I wish God would put in your mind, my Lord, to 
 send here an eminent Bishop, who by his piety, charity, and severity in 
 keeping the canons of the Church, might quicken these base ministers. 
 
143 
 
 and force them to mind the duty of their charge. Though the whole 
 country of Virginia hath a great respect for my Lord Bishop of London, 
 they do resent an high affront made to their nation, because his Lord- 
 ship has sent here Mr. Blair, a Scotchman, to be Commissary, a coun- 
 cellor, .and President of the College. 1 was once in a great company 
 of Gentlemen, some of them were Counsellors, and they did ask me, 
 'Don't you think there may be in England amongst the English, a 
 clergyman fit to be Commissary and Counsellor and President of our 
 College?' I have wrote all these things, my Lord, freely, but have said 
 nothing by myself. It was only to acquaint your Lordship how the 
 things are here. The Governor is very well beloved by the wliole 
 country, but because his time is over they think of another Governor, 
 and do desire earnestly to have his Excellency Nicholson, who indeed 
 is a most excellent Governor; and as fit (as said to me, once, your 
 Lordship) to be a Bishop as to be a Governor. * * ♦ When I do think 
 with myself of Governor Nicholson, I do call him the Right hand of 
 Grod, the father of the Church, and more, a father of the poor. An 
 eminent Bishop of that same character being sent over here with him 
 will make Hell tremble and settle the Church of England in these parts 
 forever. This work, my Lord, is God's work and if it doth happen 
 that I see a Bishop come over here I will say as St. Bernard said in 
 his Epistle to Eugenius Tertius hie dicitur Dei est. I have been very 
 tedious to your Lordship, but God's concerns have brought me to that 
 great boldness. I wish God give you many years to live for the good 
 of his Church, over which that you might preside long will be the con- 
 stant prayers of, my Lord, 
 
 Yrs, &c., Nich's Moreau." 
 
 [Perry's "Papers Relating to the Hisiory of the Church in Virginia, 
 A. D. 1650-1776," pp. 29-33.] 
 
 So much for the Rev. Nicholas Moreau and his impressions. It is 
 to be regretted that he was never given the opportunity to air his 
 latinity before a Bishop of Virginia. Mr. Moreau did not continue at 
 his post longer than the average minister at this time. He left at the 
 end of the year 1697 or the beginning of 1698, whether driven away by 
 discouragement or not, history does not say. 
 
 The first reference in the Vestry Book to the present St. Peter's 
 church is found in the record of the minutes of the vestry meeting 
 held August 13, 1700: "Whereas the Lower Church of this parish is 
 Very much out of Repair and Standeth very inconvenient for most of 
 
144 
 
 the inhabitants of the said parish. Therefore ordered that as soon as 
 conveniently may be a new Church of Briclv Sixty feet long -and twen- 
 ty fower feet wide in the cleer and fourteen feet pitch with a Gallery 
 Sixteen feet long be built and Erected upon the maine Roade by the 
 School House near Thomas Jackson's; and the Clerk is ordered to 
 give a Copy of this order to Capt. Nicho Merewether who is Requested 
 to show the same to Will Hughes and desire him to draw a Draft of 
 the said Church, and to bee at the next vestry and Mr. Gideon Macon 
 and Mr. Thomas Smith are Requested to treate with and buy an acre 
 of Land of Thomas Jackson whereon to build the said Church and for 
 a Church yard." 
 
 The fact that the old church is spoken of as being very much out 
 of repair and that brick is mentioned distinctly as being the material 
 out of which the new church is to be constructed, lead one to infer 
 that this new church was the first one in the parish to be built of 
 brick. This inference is confirmed by the way in which the new 
 church is, with one exception, always referred to in the vestry-book. 
 It is called invariably the "Brick Church." 
 
 Work on the new church was not begun until about the spring of 
 the year 1701. By July, 1703, the work was so far advanced that ser- 
 vices could be held in the building, for the vestry-book shows that a 
 vestry was held for St. Peter's Parish at the Brick Church on the lOth 
 of that month. While this brick church was in process of erection 
 the vestry, upon petition of the upper mhabitants of the parish, order 
 "that a new Church or Chapell be built upon the upper side of Me- 
 chanips Creeke adjoining to the King's Roade forty-feet long and 
 twenty-feet wyde, framed and planked in every respect like to the 
 upper Church." St. Peter's Parish now had three places of worship, 
 besides the old frame Lower church building, which was much out of 
 repair — namely, the new Lower church, called the Brick church; the 
 old frame Upper church, and new frame chapel. 
 
 On April 3, 1704, the vestry of the parish agreed upon a division, 
 by which what was afterwards known as St. Paul's parish was cut off 
 This new parish contained the two frame upper churches. St. Peter's 
 parish had now as places of worship the Brick church and the old 
 frame Lower church. Services in this old building were now resumed, 
 as appears from an entry in the vestry-book under date of August 18, 
 1704: "Mr. Richard Squire is Requested to preach two sermons in 
 every year at the old Church, commonly known by ye name of ye Bro- 
 ken back'd Church." 
 
145 
 
 The Tew Brick churcl' oi St. Peter's Parish was a plain rectangulai- 
 structure, sixty feet long by twenty-four wide. For upwards of twenty 
 years this building remained unaltered, and nothing was done to 
 change the appearance of the place except that in the year 1719 it was 
 ordered that a wall of brick be built round the church yard, "s'd wall 
 to be in all Respects as well done as the Capitol wall in Williams- 
 burgh." Toward the end of the year 1722, however, a belfry was erect- 
 ed at the west end of the church, and in the year 1740 an entry in the 
 vestry-book states that "the Minister and Vestry of this Parish have 
 Agreed with Mr. Wm. Worthe, of the Parish of St. Paul, in the County 
 of Stafford, Builder, to Erect and Build a Steeple and Vestry Room 
 according to a Plan Delivered into the Vestry drawn by the S'd Walter 
 (?) for the Consideration of One hundred & thirty Pounds at times to 
 be paid." In the same year "the Summe of Twenty Pounds" is or- 
 dered to be paid out for the erection of a "Porch according to 
 Agreem't, & white washing & other Repairs of the inside of the 
 Church." Such minor alterations and repairs as have been made to 
 the old church since 1740 have not changed its outward appearance 
 to any great extent. There is now an attractive mellowness of age 
 about the building; in other respects St. Peter's looks to-day much as it 
 did toward the middle of the eighteenth century. 
 
 Under date of November 20, 1752, there is an entry in the vestry min 
 utes in which the "Brick Church" is referred to as "St. Peter's Church." 
 So far as known to the writer this is the first time that the name 
 "St. Peter's" was ever given to this church. (The fact is not, however, 
 to be denied that between the years 1684 and 1698 one of the churches 
 in St. Peter's Parish was frequently referred to as "St. Peter's Churcii"' 
 by the then clerk of the vestry. On the other hand it is to be noted 
 that he refers to the same church under the names "Christ's Church 
 in St. Peter's," "ye Church of St. Peter's Parish," and "St. Peter's 
 Parish Church." See Vestry Book in loc.) The church is not again 
 referred to as "St. Peter's" in the book. In these times it was always 
 known P.nd referred to as the "Brick Church," just as the church of 
 Bristol parish, known now as Old Blandford, which was erected be- 
 tween 1734 and 1737, was always spoken of in Colonial times as the 
 "Brick Church." Perhaps some one better informed than the writer 
 can say whether Christ church, Lancaster county, [See Southern 
 Churchman for December 1, 1906,] was not also always referred to 
 in early days as the "Brick Church," and whether its present name 
 
146 
 
 of "Christ church" was not a creation ol' comparatively modern times 
 and derived from the name of the parish. In the opinion of the writer 
 the names of Christ and the Saints as officially applied to churches in 
 Virginia was practically unknown before the American Revolution. 
 St. Paul's church. Norfolk, erected in 1739, was long known as the 
 "l.'orough" or "Parish" church. [See Southern Churchman for No- 
 vember 3, 1906.] St. John's church, Richmond, was not called by (hat 
 name before 1818. [See Southern Churchman for November 17, 1906], 
 w'hile St. Luke's church, Isle of Wight county, was known as the "Old 
 Brick church" until 1827 or 1828. [See open letter, "Colonial Churches 
 and Clergy," Southern Churchman for February 16, 1907.] 
 
 But enough of this digression. Let us return to the subject of St. 
 Peter's, in New Kent county, and in the next place learn something 
 about Mr. Mossom, its most famous minister. 
 
 The Rev. David Mossom, or Parson Mossom, as he was generally 
 called, is well known in the annals of the Colonial Church in Virginia 
 — though by no means on account of the eloquence of his discourses. 
 Many things have conspired together to keep Parson Mossom's memory 
 green. In the first place, he ministered to St. Peter's church for 
 nearly forty years — a circumstance extraordinary enough in itself to 
 cause some surprise, when it is recalled that the length of the average 
 tenure of olfice in the parish before his time was less than two and 
 a half years. Then, too, his irascible temper was against his being 
 forgotten. 
 
 In his "Autobiography," Parson Jarratt, of Bath Parish, another of 
 Virginia's famous divines of the period, tells a good story on Mr. Mos- 
 som. It seems that one day the minister of St. Peter's had a quarrel 
 with his clerk, and assailed him from the pulpit in his sermon. The 
 sermon over, the clerk, nothing daunted, gave out from b.is desk the 
 2d Psalm, containing the lines, 
 
 "With restless and ungovern'd rage, 
 
 Why do the heatlien storm? 
 Why in such rash attempts engage, 
 
 As they can ne'er perform?" 
 
 a method of revenge as humorous as it was i)ointed. 
 
 Bishop Meade evidently thought that the Rev. Mr. Mossom's anger 
 was to l)e classed i-ather with the venial than among the mortal sins, 
 for after relating the incident just given, he writes: "He (i. e.. Mr. 
 
147 
 
 Mossom) was married four times, and much harrassed by his last 
 wife, as Col. Bassett has often told me, which may account for and 
 somewhat excuse a little peevishness." 
 
 Rev. David Mossom officiated at the marriage of George Washington 
 and the Widow Custis. Some persons have thought that the ceremony 
 was performed at St. Peter's church. Bishop Meade, however, is au- 
 thority for the statement that the marriage took place at the "White 
 House," the home of Mrs. Custis, on the Pamunkey river, several miles 
 from the church. Mr. Mossom died on the 4th of January, 1767. His 
 monument, still to be seen in St. Peter's church, within the chancel, 
 bears the following inscription: 
 
 "Reverendus David Mossom prope Jacet, 
 
 Collegii St. Joannis Cantabrigiae obiti, Alumnus, 
 
 Hujus Parochiae Rector Annes Quadraginta, 
 
 Omnibus Ecclesiae Anglicanae Presbyteriis 
 
 Inter Americanos Ordine Presbyteratus Primus; 
 
 Literatura Paucis secundus. 
 
 Qui tandem senis et Moerore Coniectus 
 
 Ex variis Rebus arduis quas in hac vita perpessus est 
 
 Mortisq: in dies memor ideo virens et valens 
 
 Sibi hunc seulpturae locum posuit et elegit 
 
 Uxoribus Elizabetha et Maria quidem juxta sepultis 
 
 Ubi requirescat dones resuscitatus ad vitam Eternam 
 
 Per Jesum Christum salvatorem nostrum 
 
 Qualis erat, indicant illi quibus benenotus 
 
 Superstiles Non hoc sepulchrale saxum 
 
 Londini Natus 25 Martii 1690 
 
 Obiit 4 Janii 1767. 
 
 Bishop Meade followed by the writer of an article in the "William 
 and Mary College Quarterly," Vol. V., p. 81, interprets the epitaph 
 as saying that Mr. Mossom was an American by birth. But to the 
 writer of this article "Londini Natus" seems to point unmistakably 
 to England as Mr. Mossom's native land. 
 
 After giving so much space to St. Peter's famous minister it seems 
 unfair to dismiss with a word the people who "sat under" him. But 
 nothing more can be done here, for in this case, as always, history, 
 dealing leniently with all save those in public life, has preserved but 
 a memory of them — the name — and of many of them not even a 
 
148 
 
 memory. However, the following list, c;ontaining the names of vestry- 
 men of the parish in the pei'iod between 1685 and 1758 will not be 
 without interest: 
 
 George Jones, William Bassett, Stephen Carlton, Henry Wyatt, 
 Thomas Mitchell, John Parke. William Paisley, John Rever (?), Cor- 
 nelius Dabney, Gideon Macon, Matthew Page, George Smith, John 
 Roger, David Crawford, James Moss, John Lydall, Joseph Forster, 
 John Lewis, Nicholas Merriwether, John Parke, Jr., Richard Little- 
 page, Thomas Butts, Thomas Massie, William Waddell, Henry Childs, 
 Robert Anderson, Richard Allen, Samuel Gray, Ebenezer Adams, 
 Charles Lewis, Charles Massie, Walton Clopton, William Macon, John 
 Netherland, William Brown, William Marston, David Patterson, Wil- 
 liam Chamberlayne, Michael Sherman, John Dandridge, Daniel Parke 
 Custis, Matthew Anderson, George Webb, William Hopkins, Jesse Scott, 
 Edmund Bacon, William Vaughan, William Clayton and John Roper. 
 
 On the inner wall of the chancel of St. Peter's, opposite the memorial 
 tablet to Parson Mossom, is another to William Chamberlayne. vestry- 
 man, and for many years one of the church wardens of the parish. 
 The inscription reads as follows: 
 
 M S 
 
 Near this place lyes interred ye 
 
 Body of Mr. William Chamberlayne 
 
 Late of this Parish Mercht. 
 
 Descended of an ancient & Worthy Family 
 in the County of Hereford. 
 
 He married Elizabeth ye eldest Daughter 
 
 of Richard Littlepage of this County, 
 
 by whom he has left is^sue three Sons, 
 
 Edward Pye, Thomas & Richard. 
 
 & two Daughters, Mary & Elizabeth. 
 
 Ob: 2 Aiigt. 173G Aetat 36 
 
 Hoc Marmor exiguum sumnii amoris 
 
 Monumentum posuit Conjux moestissima. 
 
 1737 
 
 Also Ann Kidly Born Sense 
 
 Her Father's Decease. 
 
 M. Sidnell Bristol fecit. 
 
149 
 
 From Bishop Meade one learns that Rev. Mr. Mossom was succeeded 
 in office "by the Rev. James Semple, who continued the minister of the 
 tarish for twenty-two years. The Rev. Benjamin Blagrove was the 
 minister in the year 1789. The Rev. Benjamin Brown was the min- 
 ister in the year 1797. 
 
 "After a long and dreary interval of nearly fifty years, we find the 
 Rev. E. A. Dalrymple the minister from 1843 to 1845. (The Rev. 
 Farley Berkeley officiated some time before this as missionary at 
 St. Peter's church.) Then the Rev. E. B. Maguire, from 1845 to 1851. 
 Then the Rev. William Norwood, froni 1852 to 1854. Then the Rev. 
 David Caldwell, from 1854 to 1856." [Bishop Meade's "Old Churches, 
 Ministers and Families of Virginia. Philadelphia," 1872, Vol. I., p. 
 3S6.g 
 
 Bishop Meade finished writing his book in May, 1857. Four years 
 later the Civil War broke out. A correspondent, writing in the i^oiith- 
 ern Churchman for February 9, 1907, gives the following account of 
 affairs at St. Peter's immediately before, during, and after the war: 
 
 "Just before the Civil War, St. Peter's had a large and prosperous 
 congregation. During the war the church was abominably defaced 
 by the Federal soldiers, who stabled their horses in the church, and 
 seemed to take great pleasure in ruining it. A company of soldiers 
 from Hartford, Conn., wrote their names on the inner walls of the 
 porte cochere. and left many other marks of their occupancy. Those 
 of the congregation who were not killed either never returned with 
 their families, moved away, or had all they could do to live in any 
 instance. Among all these things the people devotedly set to work 
 to renew and repair the church. The rector, the Rev. Mr. Kepler, 
 was largely instrumental in this, and received large contributions 
 from wealthy gentlemen living at the North. After some years, he 
 and his people succeeded in having the church thoroughly repaired, 
 and it has been kept so ever since, chiefly by the faithful few Epis- 
 copalians to whom the church is very dear and very sacred." 
 
 The interior of St. Peter's church as it appears to-day demands at 
 least a passing notice. The high, plastered walls, marked off in blocks 
 and colored a soft grey, the but partially carpeted floor, the simply 
 designed benches painted a sober brown, finally the large, deep-set 
 windows, filled with plain glass, make together a not unpleasing pic- 
 ture — a picture somewhat severe in its simplicity, but not without the 
 advantage of offering little to distract the worshipper's attention from 
 
150 
 
 service or sermon. The two mural tablets, whose inscriptions have 
 been given, are the only objects approaching to the ornamental to 
 be seen in the church, and they are completely hidden by thin wing- 
 like partition walls, cutting off a part of the sanctuary space on either 
 side the communion table. These walls are modern. The object had 
 in view in building them was rather that of adding attractiveness to 
 the chancel than to provide robing space for the clergyman, a pur- 
 pose which the somewhat closet-like rooms so made but imperfectly 
 fulfill. 
 
 St. Peter's church is within easy driving distance of Tunstall's 
 Station, on the York River branch of the Southern Railway. This 
 station is distant just about twenty miles each from Richmond and 
 West Point, the two terminals of the line. 
 
 In the autumn of 1898 Bishop Whittle issued to the son and 
 nephew of the then Bishop Coadjutor of Virginia licenses to read the 
 service in St. Peter's. Since that time the doors of the old church 
 have bef.n open for divine service with more or less regularity. The 
 last rector, the Rev. Charles J. Holt, died during the year 1906. He 
 had been connected with the parish which he held along with West 
 Point, only since 1904. At present a lay reader, with headquarters 
 at West Point, holds service in St. Peter's on one Sunday in the 
 month. 
 
 To-day, after more than two hundred years of authenticated history, 
 St. Peter's church stands, to all intents and purposes, as good as 
 new, a monument to those who built and worshipped in it. 
 
ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, ELIZABETH CITY PARISH, 
 HAMPTON, VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY THE EEV. REVERDY ESTILL, D. D., RECTOR. 
 
 THE forefathers of our English Christianity came to this country 
 April, 1607, and landed first upon that point of land at the mouth 
 of the Chesapeake Bay, which is now so familiarly known as 
 Cape Henry, to which also they gave the name. After their 
 long voyage they revelled in the beauty of the verdure and in the 
 vastness of the wooded glory about them, feeling that they had come 
 upon a goodly land, while they dreamed of the wealth which should 
 come to them from so rich a soil. There they would have continued 
 and planted the first colony upon so favorable a spot had not their 
 leader been enjoined to seek further inland for a more permanent 
 settlement, as the danger from their near neighbor and rival in the 
 scheme of American Colonization was imminent anywhere upon the 
 coast; a danger which might be escaped by sailing further up the 
 great body of water which came from the interior. They therefore 
 set sail in their three tiny ships and landed at a small village or 
 settlement of the Indians, called in their language Kecoughtan. "The 
 town," says one of the authorities, "containeth eighteen houses, pleas- 
 antly seated upon three acres of ground, upon a plain half environed 
 by a great bay of the great River, the other part with a Baye of the 
 other river falling into the great baye, with a little isle fit for a castle 
 in the mouth thereof: The town adjoining the maine by a necke of 
 land sixty yards." 
 
 Captain John Smith gives a quaint yet interesting description of 
 the place: "The houses," says he, "are built like our arbors — of small 
 young springs (sprigs) bowed and tiede and so close covered with 
 moss or barks of trees, very handsomely, that notwithstanding either 
 wind, rain or weather, they are warm as stoves, but very smokey, 
 yet at the top of the houses there is a hole made for the smoke to 
 go into right over the fire." After this time the town was again 
 visited by the whites. He writes for instance of the year 1608: "Six 
 or seven days the extreme wind, frosts and snows caused us to keep 
 Christmas among the salvages where we were never merrier or fedde 
 
152 
 
 on more plente of good oysters, fish, flesh, wilde fowl and good bread, 
 nor never had better fires in England than in the warm smokie houses 
 of Kecoughtan." It has "a convenient harbour for fisheries, boats 
 or small boats, that so conveniently turneth itself into Bayes and 
 Creeks that make that place very pleasant to inhabit. Their corn- 
 fields being girded thereon as peninsulars. The first, and next the 
 mouth, are the Kecoughtans, who beside their women and children, 
 have not pass twenty fighting men." Such a goodly place could 
 hardly escape the cupidity of the early settlers, and so we find them 
 1610 in possession of the mouth of the river, where upon either point 
 they built a fort and entered into permanent occupation. 
 
 With regard to the fruitfulness of the place, we find Sir Thomas 
 Dale writing from Jamestown in 1612: "To Kecoughtan we ac- 
 counted it fortie miles, where they live well with half that allowance 
 the rest have from the stores, because of the extraordinary quantities 
 of fish, fowls and deer." Under this view of the place, it is much 
 to be regretted that the Colonists did not settle here when they first 
 touched the land in 1607, instead of going on to the malarial, marshy, 
 sickly spot which they did select. Their early history might have 
 been spared the ghastly record of famine, fire, starvation and death, 
 which well-nigh brought the settlement at Jamestown to extinction. 
 At any rate, a permanent location was made at Kecoughtan in 1610, 
 and from that moment dates the history of the Church in Hampton. 
 
 It seems that the Indians, who dwelt upon the east side of the 
 South Hampton river or creek, which runs through the present town 
 (it is now called Hampton creek) were guilty of some serious depre- 
 dations that year, and had killed a prominent member of the Colony, 
 Humphrey Blunt by name. This so incensed the Governor that he 
 drove the tribe away, built the two forts mentioned at the mouth 
 of the river and named them, respectively, Henry and Charles, after 
 the sons of his Most Worshipful Majesty, King James I. 
 
 The Colonists evidently occupied the site of the ancient Indian 
 village and became heirs of all their possessions, where without doubt 
 the first church was built. There is left not a trace of this first 
 building in which the forefathers of the hamlet worshipped, except 
 a small clump of trees on what was once the glebe land of the 
 parish, now part of the estate of the Tabb family, just north of the 
 road which leads from Hampton to Old Point Comfort. The building 
 was supposedly of wood, as most of the Colonial houses were at first. 
 
153 
 
 yet it answered the purposes for which it was erected and in wliich 
 the Colonists rejoiced to hold their services for many years. The 
 Rev. William Mease was the worthy rector from 1610 to 1620, when 
 he was almost immediately succeeded by other like-minded godly men 
 in the rectorship. 
 
 We hear very little about either village or church until 1619, 
 except that Mr. John Rolfe states that in 1616 it was a place of twenty 
 inhabitants, who seemed to be more industrious than those who re- 
 mained at Jamestown, and were as a consequence reaping more of the 
 fruits of their labors. In the year 1619, when William Tucker and 
 William Capps represented it in the House of Burgesses, they were 
 commissioned to sue that body for a change of name. Says an old 
 chronicler of that event: "The year in the House of Burgesses when 
 Jamestown was twelve years old, I guess, some people in pious frame 
 of mind, took a spite at Kecoughtan name, and said a name so heathen 
 should not be for a people so pious as we, and suggesting some other 
 names, they made their grudges to old King James, and so the king 
 a new found, for this fine section and all around." We quite indorse 
 the sentiment immediately following in this statement and could 
 well wish that the pious scruples of our excellent first citizens might 
 have been shown in some less objectionable way; "but," says the record, 
 with a fine touch of humor, "I will leave it to any man, was not 
 musical Kecoughtan, if not pious, as pretty as the name Elizabeth 
 City?" 
 
 This is interesting at least from the circumstance that it may fur- 
 nish a clue for the substitution of so many common-place English 
 names for the more beautiful designations employed by the savages. 
 James, for instance, as a name for the mighty stream which runs 
 through the country close at hand, is dear to us all from the asso- 
 ciations of these old days, when the English settled upon its banks, 
 and the stirring events of later fuller years; but these associations 
 would not have been the less dear had the earlier name Powhatan 
 teen retained, while doubtless the present generation would have 
 known more of those doughty warriors whom the English replaced. 
 These ancient names will, in all probability, be brought to light in 
 the revival of historic interest now arisen concerning this section. 
 Will it be altogether too Quixotic for us to hope that some of them 
 at least will be restored to their original places and the meaningless 
 names now in use banished? The name Kecoughtan does not appear 
 
154 
 
 regularly in legal documents from thib time, but the common people 
 used it constantly in their speech and writings. The new name, Eliza- 
 beth City, was called after the daughter of King James I. 
 
 At that time the whole number of settlements was included in four 
 great corporations, of which Elizabeth City was one. This corpora- 
 tion was co-extensive with the parish. Among the early ministers 
 was one Jonas Stockton, who enjoyed the distinction of being, says 
 President Tyler, of William and Mary College, "the earliest exponent 
 of the idea that the only good Indian is a dead Indian." Stockton 
 had warned the settlers of the impending massacre of 1622, and it was 
 possibly while suffering from the panic of the times that he ad- 
 vanced the famous idea, for otherwise, from all accounts, he was a 
 godly and humane man 
 
 At this time, 1623, there lived within the bounds of the parish the 
 first English couple married in Virginia, John Layden and Anna, 
 his wife, with their children, Virginia, Alice and Kathlene. It is also 
 to be noted that Virginia Layden was the firsjt English child born 
 In America after Virginia Dare, born on Roanoke Island, Raleigh's 
 Colony, whose history ends with her birth. In 1624 another child 
 was born to these parents. Layden is listed as a carpenter, and his 
 wife, Anne Buras, as a ladies' maid. 
 
 The corporation of Elizabeth City developed into Elizabeth City 
 county in 1634, when, for the convenience of the inhabitants of Vir- 
 ginia, the whole country was divided into eight counties. The county 
 of Elizabeth City, however, is now much smaller than it was at that 
 time, since it has lost large portions of its area to Norfolk, Nansemond 
 and Warwick counties, respectively. It is interesting to note when 
 Harvey became Governor, on January 18, 1636-7, he read his new com- 
 mission in the church at Elizabeth City. 
 
 The town of Hampton, where the present St. John's church is lo- 
 cated, was founded by an act of the Legislature in 1680, though that 
 act was suspended and re-enacted in 1691 and again in 1705, whence 
 the legal existence of Hampton is dated. What became of the old 
 church in the meanwhile is problematical, since a writer in 1716, 
 while recording that it was a place of some hundred houses, said 
 that it was without a church. Services were held at the court-house 
 with more or less frequency, first in the old, then in the new. This 
 might lead us to believe that the old church of Kecoughtan had dis- 
 appeared. That was probably the case at the time. The settlement 
 
155 " --^ . • 
 
 had changed, had been removed to the opposite side of the river, and 
 the old building, being disused, as was natural, went to decay. There 
 was a church, though, at Pembroke farm, about one mile west of the- 
 present site of St. John's, where are the tombs of some of the older 
 inhabitants; among them "the tombs in black marble of Admiral 
 Neville, erected in 1G07; of Thomas Curie, 1700; of Peter Hayman, 
 1700, and of the Rev. Andrew Thompson, 1719." This church was 
 new in the year 1667, while the old church on the site of ancient 
 Kecoughtan was still standing. It was built of wood, the brick foun- 
 dation of which was thoroughly identified under the leadership of 
 the Rev. John C. McCabe in 1856. 
 
 It may be of interest to state that fie site of this church, together 
 with a plot of ground adjoining and surrounding it of about nine acres 
 in extent, is now owned by Elizabeth City Parish. This may have 
 been part of a glebe, though there are at present no available records 
 in evidence of this statement. It is the intention of the present 
 vestry to hold this property for a burial ground for the parish, and 
 to use it for that purpose when the present St. John's Cemetery has 
 no more available plots for interment. The records in the county 
 clerk's office show that in 1667 a certain Mr. Nicholas Baker was 
 buried in the new church at Kichotan, according to the terms of 
 his will, while a Mr. Robert Brough was buried in the old church 
 at Kichotan. This not only shows a curious revival or retention of 
 the Indian name, long discontinued as an official title, but also ihat 
 there were two churches in the parish at that date. What became of 
 the old church must, we suppose, be forever a mystery. Bishop 
 Meade, it seems, knew nothing of it. While he identifies the new 
 church at Pembroke with the present old St. John's church, it is need- 
 less to say that he is mistaken, as records now at hand abundantly 
 show. Whether this was in ruins in the year 1706, when it is said 
 of Hampton "that it had no church," we do not know. At any rate, 
 it was at a distance too remote for the inhabitants of the then 
 thriving borough to attend. So there speedily arose a desire for a 
 new church more conveniently located. Unfortunately, there was some 
 difference of opinion with reference to the location, and the matter 
 being referred to the governor, it was decided by him that the church 
 should be built within the precincts o^ the town of Hampton. It is 
 of record that at a "Couit held Jan. 17, 1727 — Present James Walker, 
 Joshua Curie, James Wallace, Wilson Gary, justices; Mr. Jacob Walker 
 
156 
 
 and Mr. John Loury were appointed to lay off an acre and a half of 
 ground at the upper end of Queen stre>it for the building of -a church 
 thereon." This land joined the lot of one Proswells and is the same 
 lot upon which the present church building stanrls. The minister and 
 church wardens of the parish, together with The aforesaid court, 
 entered into a contract with a Mr. Henry Gary to furnish him with 
 wood from the school grounds "at thj rate of sixpence per load to 
 burn bricks for the church." The bricks were to be English bricks; 
 that is to say, of the shape and character of those made in England. 
 Hence we suppose arose the fiction long indulged in that the church 
 and other early colonial buildings were built of bricks brought fi-om 
 England. Until a few years ago there was a large hole in the church- 
 yard, wherein it is said the bricks were made and burned. 
 
 The parish henceforth increased gradually in strength and numbers 
 until the war of the Revolution, when the church met with such ir- 
 reverent use as befell many of our buildings during that sad time. 
 But after a short interval the services were renewed, and the sound 
 of the church-going bell was heard in the place, with few intermissions, 
 until the war of 1812. The bell just mtntioned was purchased for the 
 church from funds received from the sale of lands given by Mr. 
 Alexander Kennedy, in 1760, the parisn having entered into the con- 
 ditions made by Mr. Kennedy that the vestry and church wardens 
 should build a suitable belfry after his decease. This belfry was 
 struck by lightning during the period of the Revolution and the royal 
 coat of arms was hurled to the ground. Happily, only the tower was 
 damaged, but we can imagine the patriots shaking themselves with 
 glee over what many gathered to be an act of divine approval of 
 their cause. But the tower was again struck by lightning in 1844. 
 Was that, too, significant of later events? When Hampton was sacked 
 and plundered in 1812 by the British under Admiral Cockburn. the 
 church was desecrated and turned into a barrack. Great indignity 
 was offered to the inhabitants by the troops, while the most un- 
 speakable crimes were wrought in the streets. Says Dr. McCabe: 
 "The Church of God was not spared during the saturnalia of lust and 
 violence. His temple was profaned and desecrated. It became a 
 refuge for the owls and the bats, while cattle roamed in the yard, 
 which was used as a slaughter ground for the butcher and the arena 
 for pugilistic contests. Thereafter a strange lethargy seems to have 
 settled upon the people. The church was gradually permitted to go 
 
157 
 
 to decay, until, in 1824, there was nothing left of it but the bare 
 walls and a leaking roof. A most pathetic recital of the ruinous con- 
 dition of the building is given in a letter to Bishop Meade (see his 
 Old Churches, etc.. Vol. 1, p. 22G) by one who saw this Zlon in the 
 time of her humiliation. There were tew loyal souls remaining who 
 longed and prayed for the restoration ot the church which they were 
 to see again rise and become a blessing to the community. In 1824 
 Bishop Moore gave them the inspiration of his presence, and held a 
 service in the ruins, whereupon the work of restoration immediately 
 began, and was prosecuted vigorously to its completion. The happy 
 result occurred in 1827, when by action of the vestry the church 
 was named St. John's. Bishop Moore consecrated the building in 
 1830. 
 
 Under a succession of worthy ministers the church prospered until 
 1861, when it again fell on evil days, 'the Civil War had begun, when, 
 on the night of August the 7th and 8th, 1861, upon the approach 
 of the Federal forces, the inhabitants, under the command of General 
 Magruder, set fire to their own homes, in attestation of their loyalty 
 to the State and their confidence in the cause of the Confederacy, 
 and to prevent it falling into the hands of their enemies. In the 
 general conflagration the church was burned — only the walls were left 
 standing — when again it became a refuge for the owls and the bats. 
 Squatters, who quickly seized upon the land, built their shacks against 
 the walls and used the interior spaces to shelter their cattle. Only 
 a few houses in the town escaped the fire, and of these only one 
 stands to-day, but so altered as to be unrecognizable. Services were, 
 however, held in the parish at Old Point, when the town itself was 
 rebuilt, in the court-house and other such other places as were avail- 
 able. Then the lower story of Patrick Henry Hall, situated on the 
 west side of the court-house, was secured and fitted up as a chapel. 
 As soon as the people were able, after the rebuilding of tneir own 
 homes, in their poverty, yet in their faith, they set anout the restor£ 
 tion of the fire scarred church. The walls were intact, though the 
 roof and tower were gone. In 1869, under the ministration of the Rev. 
 Mr. McCarthy, a retired chaplain of the United States Army, who 
 freely and generously gave his services for two years, the church 
 was finally completed, and again the walls that had passed through 
 so many vicissitudes rang with the songs of Zion. The church has 
 since greatly prospered in membership and good deeds, until now it 
 
158 
 
 is one of the stronger parishes in the Diocese, itself a mother of 
 churches and fruitful of good works. 
 
 During the rectorship of the Rev. John J. Gravatt, who came to the 
 parish fresh from the Seminary in 1876, work was started in the 
 neighboring town of Newport News, which has developed into the 
 noble and vigorous church of St. Paul's, Warwick Parish, and or which 
 the Rev. A. O. Sykes, D. D., is the present rector. Under Mr. Gravatt, 
 also, vigorous work was prosecuted in Phoebus, although the present 
 beautiful chapel was completed under the rectorship of his imme- 
 diate successor. The parish greatly prospered under Mr. Gravatt's. 
 leadership; the church was renovated, while a splendid stained glass 
 window was erected to the memory of Pocahontas, who worshipped, 
 no doubt, in the old church at Kecoughtan, while the commodious 
 parish house adjoining the church lot was conceived and completed 
 and the rectory was built. Mr. Gravatt resigned in 1893 to become 
 rector of Holy Trinity church, Richmond, Va., and was immediately 
 succeeded by the Rev. C. Braxton Bryan, D. D., who look up the 
 work visjorously and intelligently, and continued it with great success 
 until 1905, when he resigned to become rector of Grace church, Peters- 
 burg. Mr. Bryan being an archgeologii't of tried capacity and train- 
 ing, became at once interested in the history of so ancient a parish 
 Among other important ventures in .his direction, he caused to be 
 erected a window in the church to the memory of the Colonial clergy, 
 at a place near where the pulpit formerly stood. It was during his 
 incumbency that the present square tov.^er was built at the southeast 
 corner of the chancel, without injury to the original walls; an organ 
 chamber added, in which was placed a new organ and a vested choir 
 installed. Special work among the negroes of the town was begun 
 by Mr. Gravatt in 1889 and renewed by Dr. Bryan in 1904, and ha? 
 continued with such success ever since that a chapei will soon be 
 commenced for those people's use. 
 
 In 190.5, with the help of his capable assistant, the Rev. George F. 
 Rogers, Church work was begun in East Newport News, and now. 
 as the result of that endeavor, a buildiui^ called Grace church is rapidly 
 approaching completion. The Rev. Henry J. Geiger is now the worthy 
 assistant of the parish in special charge of this work and the chapel 
 in Phoebus. In the year 1877 a very successful and unique work was- 
 started among the Indians at the Hampton Normal School by the 
 Rev. J. J. Gravatt. and faithfully carried on by the successive rectors 
 
159 
 
 of the parish; thus reviving in these late days the original design 
 of the Colonists of instructing the natives in the principles of the 
 doctrine of Christ. 
 
 Thus has the parish prospered and grown under the blessing of 
 Providence. It has passed through three wars; fire, water and 
 rapine have fed upon it, but it remains to-day in the renewal of its 
 worth a strong and developing force for God and righieousneas. There 
 is in keeping of this parish and in constant use a Communion service 
 which was made in London in 1618; its history and description by 
 the Rev. Dr. Bryan is from an account furnished by him to the 
 Churchman, as follows, namely: 
 
 "THE CHALICE AND PATEN. 
 
 "They have been in longer use than any other English Church 
 vessels in America. They were given by Mrs. Mary Robinson, of 
 London, to a church endowed by her in Smith's Hundred in Virginia, 
 which lay in the part between the Chickahominy and the James, and 
 was later called South Hampton Hundred. This church was endowed 
 especially with the hope of converting the Indians, but the settlement 
 was almost completely destroyed by them in the great massacre of 
 1622, when these vessels were carried by Governor Yeardley to James- 
 town, and afterwards given to the parish of Elizabeth City. Here 
 they have survived many changes and chances, and as if in answer 
 to the prayer of her who gave them, ttey are now constantly used in 
 the administration of the Holy Communion to the many young Indian 
 communicants who attend St. John's from the Hampton Normal 
 School." 
 
 We subjoin a list of Colonial rectors and their successors from 1610 
 to the present time: 
 
 William Mease, 1610-1620; George Keith, 1617-1625; Mr. Cisse; 
 Francis Bolton, 1621-1623; Mr. Fenton, 1624; Jonas Stockton, 1627; 
 William Wilkenson, 1644; Phillip Mallory, 1661; Justinian Aylmer, 
 1665-1667; Jeremiah Taylor, 1667; William Harris, 1675; John Page, 
 1677-1687; Cope D'Oyle, 1687-1691; James Wallace, 1691-1712; Andrew 
 Thompson, 1712-1719; James Falconer, 1720-1724; Thomas Peader, 
 1727; William Fyfe, 1731-1755; Thomas Warrington, 1756-1770; Wil- 
 liam Hubbard, temporary supply, 1770; William Selden, 1771-1783; 
 William Nixon, 1783; William Bland, 1786; Henry Skyrin, 1795; John 
 Jones Spooner, 1796-1799; Benjamin Brown, 1806; Robert Seymour 
 
160 
 
 Symnis, 1806; George Holson, 1810; Mark L. Cheevers, 1827-1843; 
 John P. Bausman, 1843-1845; William K. Goode, 1845-1848;- John C. 
 
 McCabe, 1850-1856; Mr. Harlow, , William F. M. Jacobs, 1858- 
 
 18<;i; John McCarthy, 1869-1871; John J. Norwood, 1871-1872; William 
 Janett, 1873-1875; J. W. Keeble, 1875-1876; John J. Gravatt, 1876- 
 1893; C. B. Bryan, 1893-1905; Reverdy Estill, July, 1905. 
 
 Of the Colonial clergy it is but fair to state that only one of the 
 whole number was reported for evil behavior, and I take it that this 
 is a fair sample of the lives of all such clergy in the Colonial days. 
 They have been, as a class, held up by partial historians for all sorts 
 of crimes and misdemeanors, but such charges will not stand for a 
 moment before the light of modern historical criticism. The Colonial 
 clergy are shown to be, not monsters of vice, or seekers after worldly 
 pleasure; they were with rare exceptions gentlemen, scholars, leaders 
 of the people in righteousness, and living clean, upright lives them- 
 selves. The slander has gone too long unrebuked; we have let our 
 enemies write our histories, and we have calmly submitted to their 
 misleading statements. The lives of cur brethren of the past cry 
 out for vindication. Such lists as this in part furnish that vindica- 
 tion. 
 
 It is of interest to note that the oldest free school in the country 
 still exists in this parish, without a break in its history since the 
 year 1634. It is called the Symms-Eaton Free School, in memory 
 of Benjamin Symms, who left an estate for its founding in 1634, and 
 Thomas Eaton, who added to its endowment in 1634; it is now a 
 part of the public school system of the country, while a handsome 
 building bears the name of the original donors. It has been pointed 
 out that the Communion service is the oldest in this country; it 
 must also be said that the parish of Elizabeth City is the most ancient 
 in continuous existence, while Hampton itself Is the oldest English set- 
 tlement in America, and has earned because of its struggles and vicis- 
 situdes the soubriquet "The Gamecock Town." 
 
 The following list of known vestrymen who served the parish from 
 1751 to 1855 will doubtless be of interest to a large number of their de- 
 scendants. The records of those who served before have been long 
 since irrevocably lost: 
 
 From 1751 to 1771 — Colonial Period.— Merritt Sweeny, Robert Armis- 
 tead, John Allen, Anthony Tucker, Baldwin Shepherd, Tliomas Latimer, 
 John Westwood Armistead, John Moore. Jacob Walker, William Par- 
 
161 
 
 sons, William Wager, John Tabb, Jr., James Wallace, William Latimer, 
 Charles Ward, Booth Armistead, George Wray, Henry King, Wilson 
 Miles Gary, William Mallory, Joseph Seldon, Miles King, Gary Seklon. 
 
 From May, 1771 to 1784 — Revolutionary Period. — Robert Armistead, 
 William Wager, Henry King, Joseph Seldon, James Wallace, Miles 
 King, John Tabb, Gary Selden, William Armistead, William Latimer, 
 William Mallory, Wilson Miles Gary, Worlich Westwood, Francis Mal- 
 lory, George Latimer, W. W. Curie, John Wray, William Armistead 
 Bagley, Robert Bright. 
 
 From November 27, 1806, to 1810. — ^Charles Jennings, Robert Armis- 
 tead, John Cooper, James Latimer, Thomas Watts, Samuel Watts, Miles 
 Gary, Thomas Jones, Jr., John Shepard, Thomas B. Armistead, William 
 Lowry, Benjamin Phillips, William Armistead, Thomas Latimer, Jr., 
 Robert Lively, John Carey. 
 
 From August 19, 1826, to 1855.— Robert Lively, Samuel Watts, 
 Thomas Latimer, Dr. William Hope, John W. Jones, William Jennings, 
 Giles A. Gary, Thomas Hope, John Herbert, Dr. Richard G. Banks, John 
 F. Wray, Richard B. Servant. 
 
VAUTER'S CHURCH, ST. ANNE'S PARISH, 
 ESSEX COUNTY, VA. 
 
 BY P. S. IirXTER, T.ORETTA, VA. 
 
 F all the magnificent river views in Tidewater Virginia few 
 excel that from the summit of Chimborazo hill, in upper Essex 
 county. Commanding on one side long stretches of the beau- 
 tiful Rappahannock, flowing through its fertile plains, it dis- 
 plays, on the other, thickly-wooded uplands in ascending terraces of 
 richly blended verdure. But the most prominent object in the fore- 
 ground is old Vauter's church, standing in its ancient grove of oak 
 and walnut. It is approached by the "Church Lane," considerably 
 elevated above the fields on either side, from the accumulation of soil 
 washing down from the hills, and is bordered by dense hedges of growth 
 so characteristic of the country, and in spring so -exquisitely fragrant 
 with the bloom of the wild grape and the eglantine. 
 
 The church is a brick building of cruciform shape, with its three 
 high, sharp gables supporting a shingle roof, cut close to the edges of 
 the wall. Its high and narrow windows are guarded by heavy solid 
 wooden shutters, and there are two entrances to the church by double 
 doors, in the south and the west ends. The present chancel, raised 
 one step from the stone-paved aisles, is furnished now with two modern 
 stands or lecterns for the service and sermon, but back against the 
 wall there still stands the old reading desk and pulpit above it. The 
 latter is reached by a stairway from the chancel floor, and this stair- 
 way is guarded by a hand-rail. Both pulpit and reading desk are 
 draped in crimson hangings. The pews are the same old box stalls, 
 with benches of uncompromising rigidity, and furnished with clanging 
 doors, which announce the retirement of the occupants; but they have 
 been cut down to nearly half of their former height. A vestibule 
 partition crosses the western end of the church, forming a vestry- 
 room, and supporting a gallery reached by steps in the vestibule. 
 Another gallery over the southern door is the organ loft. Formerly 
 the chancel and pulpit stood in the eastern end of the church, and pews 
 and pulpit were so high that both minister and congregation could 
 enjoy deep seclusion. 
 
 Bishop Meade tells us in his book— Old Churches and Families of 
 Virginia— that when visiting these old Colonial churches he frequently 
 
163 
 
 had to hasten his arrival, to erect temporary platforms of bricks or 
 stones in the pulpits, to enable him to see the congregation; but the 
 sermons of those days were so long and closely written that the 
 minister had to be more engaged in the scrutiny of the manuscript 
 than in the observation of the audience. In fact, from the shape of 
 the church, the pulpit could be only visible from some points of the 
 building. To complete the description of this venerable building, there 
 is only to be added that its walls are covered by the most luxuriant 
 mantle of English ivy, which is with difl&culty restrained from in- 
 vading and decaying the wooden roof. 
 
 The early history of St. Anne's parish and its two churches is veiled 
 in much obscurity, and rests more upon dim tradition than actual 
 fact Rappahannock county, formed from Lancaster county, about 
 the middle of the seventeenth century, contained Littlebourne parish. 
 Littlebourne parish, lying on both sides of the Rappahannock river, 
 was divided into North Farnham parish, in Richmond county; South 
 Farnham parish, in lower Essex, and St. Anne's parish, in upper Essex; 
 as both Richmond and Essex counties were formed from Rappahan- 
 nock county. 
 
 St. Anne's parish contained two churches. One of these churches, 
 now destroyed and even its name lost, but of which the foundation 
 is visible, stood near the present St. Matthew's church, about a mile 
 above it, on the road leading to Lloyd's. When St. Matthew's church 
 was begun in 1860, its location was selected by its members, and spe- 
 cially recommended by Colonel Wm. Beverley, of Blandfield, because 
 of its neighborhood to the old church which had been the regular place 
 of worship of the Blandfield family and other Episcopal families in 
 that vicinity. This old church fell into the possession of an owner 
 named Sale, from which fact it was known as "Sale's Church." Legend 
 tells us that its material was taken away, and applied to such prac- 
 tical uses that its chancel rail was made into a chicken coop. About 
 two miles from this old church, and on a branch of Occupacia creek, 
 stood the rectory, called "The Glebe," later sold to the Rowzie family, 
 and was known as Clover Field. An old colored man named Frederic 
 Robb, and owned by the Rowzie family, delighted in narrating his 
 reminiscences of this old church, and the assembling of its congrega- 
 tion, conspicuous in that day by the rare possession of coaches, and 
 by the English style of costume — knee breeches and boots worn by the 
 gentlemen. 
 
164 
 
 About eight miles farther up in the county of Essex, and situated 
 upon or near Blackburn's creek, stands Vauter's church,' and Mr. 
 Richard Baylor, of Kinloch, writes the following interesting sketch 
 for Bishop Meade's above-mentioned work: 
 
 "The first thing that I recollect as connected with the old sanc- 
 tuary is that my father used to keep the old English Bible at Marl 
 Bank, and when the casual services of a passing Episcopal minister 
 were to be held there a servant took the old Bible on his head and 
 accompanied the family by a near walking way across the same Black- 
 burn's creek, and after service brought it back. I still have the old 
 Bible at Kinloch, valued for its antiquity, and on its blank leaves are 
 numerous references in my father's handwriting. I remember when 
 the church doors always stood wide open, if indeed they could be 
 closed, and have taken refuge myself from a storm in the body of 
 the church, leading my horse in with me." 
 
 Mr. Baylor relates the occurrence of a duel between two gentlemen 
 before the south door of the church, of which he aays he was informed 
 by Mr. R. B. Starke, of Norfolk, who attended as surgeon. Mr. Baylor 
 continues: 
 
 "We are indebted to the firm friendship of a lady that Vauter's 
 church did not share the same fate of other sanctuaries, as, for in- 
 stance, the church at Leedstown, just across the river. So soon as 
 Mrs. Muscoe Garnett heard that persons had commenced carrying away 
 the paving stones of the aisles, and perhaps some of the bricks, she 
 claimed the church as her own, and threatened prosecution to the 
 next offender. The ground on which she placed her claim was that 
 the church stood on her land, or that oi her family." 
 
 Mr. James Garnett, the father of Mrs. Muscoe Garnett's husband, 
 did purchase lands adjacent to the church from the Vauter family 
 before the middle of the 18th century, but we must ascend the stream 
 of time higher than this, to trace the origin of Vauter's church. The 
 date, 1731, is marked on a brick in the southern wall of the church, 
 and this has led to a popular belief that the church was built in 
 1731; but this date may have been that of some alteration or repair. 
 At any rate, the following facts seem to contradict the idea that the 
 church was built in 1731: It has been the legend for years that 
 Vauter's church was endowed with a communion service by Queen 
 Anne of England, and the old cup of the church service was lost. 
 A few years ago a gentleman in New Jersey was shown a communion 
 
165 
 
 cup in the collection of a friend, and marked "St. Anne's Parish, 
 Essex County, Virginia." The new owner had purchased it in a New 
 York shop to add to his collection as an antiquary. Now, no doubt, 
 this was the missing cup presented to St. Anne's parish by the Queen, 
 and as she died in 1714, the presentation must have been prior to 
 1731, when the church was supposed to have been built. This fact 
 alone, however, may not be conclusive, because of the possibility that 
 there was an earlier church in this parish; but in an old land survey, 
 made by John Vauter for Buckingham Brown, who owned land on 
 Blackburn's creek close to Vauter's church, there is a "road leading 
 to the church" on the plot, and this plot is dated 1722; and in another 
 survey, made for John Hawkins (who also owned land on this same 
 creek), by John Vauter, surveyor, there is shown as a boundary the 
 "church land," and this plot is dated 1719. Blackburn's creek (for- 
 meily Lucas' creek), is the starting point in tracing many contiguous 
 properties at the date of the earliest mention of Vauter's church; and 
 as we find Vauters taking up "King's lands" on this creek close to 
 Vauter's church, very early in the 18th century, it seems probable 
 that the church was built upon "King's land," by order of vestry 
 empowered by the Governor of Virginia, and took the name of "Vau- 
 ter's" from propinquity to lands occupied by Vauters. However this 
 conjecture may be, it seems certain that Vauter's church was standing 
 In 1719, and possibly considerably earlier. Church and glebe lands in 
 existence at that remote date are difficult to trace, as the vestries of 
 the parishes seem to have been empowered to buy or sell property and 
 to levy taxes for the maintenance of the church, often getting into 
 difficulties with the Governor of the Colony, and administering their 
 prerogative with great irregularity and little record of their proceed- 
 ings. The combination of ecclesiastical and secular affairs was indeed 
 so remarkable that in an old deed conveying land from Gaines to 
 Garnett in 1766, there is the statement that it was "published in the 
 Parish Church of St. Anne's." 
 
 Bishop Meade, in speaking of the earliest Church conventions after 
 the Revolution, says: "In 1814 Thomas Matthews and Hon. James 
 Hunter were delegates from St. Anne's Parish; in 1817 Hon. James 
 M. Garnett; in 1820 Mr. Robert Beverley;" making this statement in 
 connection with his narrative of the complete disorganization of the 
 church for years previously, and its faint revival about the date of 
 these conventions. While there is a notice of the first vestry in Rap- 
 
166 
 
 pahannock Parish under a minister named Francis Doughty, we do 
 not hear of any minister of St. Anne's Parish before Rev. John Bagge' 
 in 1724. He seems to have died soon after he toolv charge of the 
 parish, and to have been succeeded by the very remarkable Rev. 
 Robert Rose. Mr. Rose appears to have enjoyed the great confidence 
 of his people, both as a minister and a business man, and to have 
 been a universal counsellor to his friends scattered over the wide 
 territory of his ministry, reaching to Nelson county. He died while 
 attending the laying out of Richmond city, in 1751, and was buried 
 there. Mr. Smelt succeeded Mr. Rose. In 1774-76 "Parson John 
 Matthews" was minister of St. Anne's. Then, after a long interval. 
 Rev. John Rennolds was minister in 1822, succeeded in 1825 by Rev. 
 John P. McGuire, after whom were the following successors: Rev. 
 Edward B. McGuire, 1852 to 1867; Dr. Charles Goodrich, in 1869; Rev. 
 Alexander Overby, 1873 to 1880; Rev. W. S. Campbell, 1881 to 1884; 
 Rev. J. C. Koon, 1885 to 1888; Rev. D. T. C. Davis, 1890 to 1899; Rev. 
 E. W. Cowling, 1900 to 1902; Rev. J. F. Burks, 1902. 
 
 The early history of St. Anne's Parish, in the immediate vicinity 
 of Vauter's church, is strikingly illustrative of the transitoriness of 
 human affairs. Even the names of families, which for generations 
 were prominent land owners and influential citizens, have completely 
 disappeared. Cornhill, Lucas, Gaines, Hawkins, Brookings, Shipp, 
 Meadows, Vauter and many others have left no trace, except in tat- 
 tered deeds or records of land transfers, dating nearly or quite two 
 centuries in the past. And yet it is still remarkable that for at least 
 one century this old church has been supported by the same small 
 band of hereditary members: Saunders, Dishmans, Pilkingtons, Bay- 
 lors, Warings, Sales, Rowzies, Bairds, Beverleys and Hunters and 
 Garnetts. Nearly all of these families furnish the same congregation 
 for the two churches of St. Anne's parish, Vauter'o and St. Matthew's. 
 
AQUIA CHURCH, OVERWHARTON PARISH, 
 STAFFORD COUNTY, VA. 
 
 BY THE REV. JOHN MOXCUUE, D. D. 
 
 TAFFORD is the northernmost county of the "Northern Neck," 
 
 or that portion of Virginia lying between the Rappanannock 
 
 and Potomac rivers. It is a part of the very early settled land 
 
 in the new world, its organization being fifty-seven years after 
 
 the settlement at Jamestown. 
 
 Were all of its records at hand, they would doubtless prove of in- 
 terest to the lover of American history, second only to those which 
 relate to days when Englishmen realized for the first time that there 
 was, indeed, a home for them beyond the seas. 
 
 The county organization dates back at least as far as 1664. It was 
 originally a part of Westmoreland, and extended up the Potomac river 
 as far as what is now Georgetown, or West Washington, and to the 
 west as far as the Blue Ridge Mountains, including some of the most 
 fertile sections of the State. The counties of Prince William, Fairfax, 
 Fauquier and Loudoun were thus within its bounds. What afterwards 
 became the homes of Washington, Mason, Fairfax and others were 
 part of Stafford. 
 
 The first grants of land in Stafford, which were near the Rappa- 
 hannock River, at Fredericksburg, were awarded to Messrs. Gerald 
 Fowke, Richard Heaberd and Robert Alexander, on March 23d, 1664. 
 From the records in the Land Office at Richmond it would appear 
 that this section of country was rapidly settled. 
 
 From 1664 to 1680 the following names appear among the land- 
 owners in the county: Meese, Calclough, Wather, Beach, Hatloft, 
 Morris, Boris, Hunston, Howison, Gaylard. Anderson, Palmer, Waller, 
 Collingwood, Briggs, Bailey, Travers, Buchner, Hall, Walker, Watson, 
 Berry, Normansell. 
 
 As Virginia is the mother of States and statesmen, Stafford is a 
 mother of counties and distinguished men in Church and State. In 
 its original dimensions, it did not touch the Rappahannock River. In 
 June, 1666, the county, according to old records, was represented in 
 the House of Burgesses by Colonel Henry Meese. His salary was a 
 
168 
 
 cask of tobacco a day, with one hundred and fifty pounds for traveling 
 expenses, and if traveling by water, one hundred and twenty pounds, 
 at the rate of four days each way for his attendance as a member of 
 the Assembly. 
 
 As to the history of the first settlers, nothing can be stated with 
 definiteness. Some of these may have come immediately from England 
 or Scotland, and from names of citizens, about twenty years later, it 
 would appear that many were from the last-named country originally. 
 The tide of emigration had then set in steadily towards the New World. 
 Others of the early inhabitants may have come from Lancaster, West- 
 moreland, Northumberland, and lower counties, nearer the coast, which 
 was naturally the first settled land. Among the people prominent in 
 the history of the county was Mr. George Brent, who came to Stafford 
 from Maryland in 1683. He acquired large estates, called Woodstock 
 and Brenton. The first of these still exists in the original name. It 
 is at the head of Aquia Creek. There was considerable contention for 
 this property by the Maryland authorities, the little colony then being 
 governed by Lord Baltimore. It was claimed that his possessions ex- 
 tended into what is now Virginia, up Aquia Creek, taking in the land 
 aforesaid. The claim was not allowed. Mr. Brent was a Roman Cath- 
 olic, and although the prejudice against that religion was great, his 
 worth was acknowledged, for on May 2, 1683, he was appointed by 
 the Governor and Council Receiver-General north of the Rappahannock 
 River, and on July 10, 1690, he was made Ranger-General of the 
 Northern Neck. The prejudice to his religion, however, was shown 
 in 1693, when George Brent and his brother, Robert, were inhibited 
 from practicing law, in view of their being Papists, the light of 
 religious liberty not having then shone upon the land, or what may 
 have been possible, the intolerance of dogma, on the part of those 
 who were thus punished, having made itself felt in secular affairs; 
 both conditions being alike lamentable. These conditions evidently 
 changed, even in that age, and the spirit of love became assertive; 
 for one of these gentlemen afterwards was associated in practice with 
 Mr. William Fitzhugh, and another was joint sponsor with the first 
 George Mason at the baptism of an Indian boy, whom they had taken 
 prisoner. 
 
 George Brent was twice married, his second wife being a daughter 
 of Colonel Henry Seawell. of Maryland, whose widow married Lord 
 Baltimore. Her tomb is still to be seen in Aquia graveyard, about 
 
169 
 
 one mile from Woodstock. It bears this inscription: "She was the 
 daughter of Lady Baltimore, by Henry Seawall, Esq., Secretary of 
 Maryland; her age 35 years." 
 
 Another interesting item of history is the settlement of Huguenots 
 in Stafford in 1700. There is on record a paper, entitled "French 
 Men's Petition from Ettiene Reinbau, Jean Borchbleau, Jean Cabelle, 
 Lewis Direaubaum, Charles Peraut, Marie Reinmonde, Pere Rousoau, 
 Isaac Lafite, Abraham Michau, Piere Batie, Anderic Lebornie and 
 John Calvert, stating that they have come to Stafford as strangers, 
 reduced to extremity and poverty, and praying to be exempted from 
 county levies for what time the court shall think fit." This record 
 's dated March, 1700. These people, it is thought, afterwards left the 
 country, and some joined the French colony at Mannakin Settlement, 
 in Henrico, now Powhatan county. 
 
 In the early county organization there are recorded, in 1680, such 
 names as George Mason, Matthew Thompson, John Alexander. Philip 
 Buckner, Rice Hooe, Richard Fossaker, John Washington, Robert Col- 
 ston, James Sumner, John Waugh, Thomas Gregg and Thomas Owsley 
 among the officers; and some years later, in the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century, are rienry Fitzhugh, Thomas Lunn, John "Waugh, 
 James Jameson, Rawleigh Travers, and others, whose descendants are 
 numerous at the present day, many having the same names. 
 
 Stafford Courthouse was first situated at Marlboro, on the Potomac. 
 The present building, about seven miles west of that site, was erected 
 in 1783, two acres of land having been deeded to the county for court- 
 house and prison by William Gerrard and William Fitzhugh. 
 
 Many of the places whose names link the past with the present still 
 exist. Among these are Arkendale, Chappawamsic, Clermont, Somerset, 
 Chelsea, Clifton, Dipple and Woodstock, in the upper end, and Boscobel, 
 Argyle, Chatham and Snowden, in the lower end of the county. The 
 old homes on some of these estates have passed away. 
 
 The history of the Church is naturally closely interwoven with that 
 of the county organization. Some of the very early records of the 
 county, which were taken away during the Civil War, were found in 
 the New York State Library, and restored to their rightful place within 
 late years. From these the following, interesting facts have been 
 obtained: 
 
 "September 7, 1664. Wm. Green, and Vincent Young, sworn wardens 
 
170 
 
 of Potomac Parish." This was evidently the first Stafford Parish, 
 its boundaries being the same as those of the county. 
 
 "November 19, 16C5. Mr. Hugh Dowding sworn Church Warden." 
 
 "November 28, 1666. Vestry chosen as follows: Captain Jno. Alex- 
 ander, Mr. Richard Fossaker, Mr. Richard Heabeard, Mr. Robert Os- 
 borne, Mr. John Heabeard, Mr. Wm. Heabeard, Mr. Robert Howson, 
 Mr. Vincent Young, Wm. Green, Jno. Withers, Thos. Humphrey, and 
 Thos. Gregg. Mr. Robert Osborne and Mr. John Withers Church 
 W'ardens." 
 
 "April 3d, 1667. The Court doth order that the minister preach 
 at three particular places in this county — viz.: At the southeast side 
 of Aquia and at the Court House, and Chotanck, at a house belonging 
 to Robert Townshend; to officiate every Sabbath Day in one of these 
 places, successively, until further Order." 
 
 "June 12th, 1667. Vestry as follows; Dodman, Meese, Mason, Alex- 
 ander, Rd. Heabeard, Mr. W^m. Townshend, Wm. Heabeard, Mr. Wm. 
 Greene, John Wiser, Vincent Young and David Anderson." 
 
 "Oct. 8, 1667. Whereas, There is no certain place in the upper pre- 
 cincts of this county for the reading of Divine Service, the Court 
 doth order that John Withers, Church Warden for these precincts, 
 agree for a house to read at the most convenient place." 
 
 It will be noted that no minister is named in connection with these 
 proceedings, but there possibly may have been one or more. 
 
 The evidences point to a God-fearing people, however, whose strength 
 of purpose in the trying days of early settlement was shown in their 
 determination to worship and serve the God of their fathers. The 
 proud heritage of such righteous example has been cherished by thel) 
 descendants, and assisted in the honorable citizenship of succeeding 
 generations. 
 
 If there were any church buildings they were probably of wood, the 
 traces of which have long since been lost. 
 
 The first minister of whom there is record was the Rev. John 
 W^augh. It is not improbable that he was the original rector of 
 Stafford county, though he is first brought to notice in 1680. 
 
 There were then two parishes in the county — Stafford and Chotanck. 
 Mr. Waugh seems to have been a man of great strength of character, 
 as well as of personal influence with his people. It is noted that on 
 March 11, 1692, there being difficulty in getting some to take charge 
 of the ferry over Potomac Creek, he contracted to do it himself. He 
 
171 
 
 is said also to have been wise in temporal affairs, having patented 
 and purchased considerable land, and he died, leaving a large estate. 
 His descendants were prominent in county affairs in the early days, 
 but the name has passed from the county, other sections having 
 doubtless claimed those hearing it. 
 
 During his rectorship there was much fear of the aggression and 
 domination of Romanism, James II. being upon the English throne, 
 and his views being pronounced in favor of breaking down the prin- 
 ciples of Protestantism. It is said that Mr. Waugh was very energetic 
 in keeping this danger before the people, and great excitement was 
 created, and from his addresses and methods of agitation employed 
 by others, a very serious state of affairs was threatened. Mr. Nicholas 
 Spencer, of Cople, Westmoreland, then Secretary of State in Virginia, 
 stated that a rebellion as great as that led by Bacon was imminent. 
 Happily, all of this was adjusted. William and Mary replacing James, 
 peace and Protestantism reigned once more. 
 
 In the year 1700, we find again two parishes in the county — Over- 
 wharton and St. Paul's; the former, like the county, taking its name 
 from the corresponding place in England. The Rev. John Frazier 
 was the rector of Overwharton. 
 
 The population of the county can be estimated from the fact that 
 in the first-named parish there were 318 titheables, and in the latter 
 346. These represented about one-fourth of the population. 
 
 In 1710 the same two parishes appear, with the Rev. Alexander 
 Scott as rector of St. Paul's. It would appear that these parishes 
 were generally served by one rector, the scarcity of clergy in Vir- 
 ginia being one of the regrettable conditions. This was evidently so 
 in the early history of the Church, until the latter part of the 18th 
 century. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Scott was rector nearly twenty-eight years, and died 
 April 1, 1738, aged 52 years. He must have been a useful man in the 
 Church, there being many evidences of his earnestness. During his 
 rectorship the old Potomac church, situated near the creek of that 
 name, was probably the parish church. Bishop Meade speaks of it as 
 "one of the largest in Virginia." This venerable building, after dese- 
 cration by the soldiers in the War of 1812, and by others who had 
 lost the sense of veneration, crumbled into ruins, and even these have 
 been obliterated. This church was situated six or seven miles from 
 Old Aquia. 
 
172 
 
 From the report of Mr. Scott to the Bishop of London, noted by 
 Bishop Meade, it appears that in the parish there were ''six hundred 
 and fifty families, eighty to one hundred communicants in attendance, 
 one church and several chapels; his glebe was so inconvenient that 
 he rented it out and bought one more convenient for himself. His 
 church and chapels as full as they coulj hold." 
 
 Mr. Scott is buried at Dipple, his seat on the Potomac. The tomb 
 is still to be seen, together with a number of others, representing 
 some of the first families of long ago. It is a slab resting on four 
 pillars. The epitaph, surmounted by the Scott arms, is as follows: 
 "Here lies the body of the Rev. Alexander Scott, A. M., and Presbyter 
 of the Church of England, who lived nearly twenty-eight years. Min- 
 ister of Overwharton Parish, and died in the fifty-third year of his age, 
 lie being born the 20th day of July, A. D., 1686. and departed this 
 life the 1st day of April, 1738." Upon the coat of arms is inscribed 
 these words: 
 
 "Gaudia Nuncio Magna."- 
 
 A beautiful memorial of Mr. Scott is the Communion service which 
 is in the possession of Old Aquia church, and in regular use. 
 
 It consists of three pieces — chalice, cup and paten of beaten silver, 
 and very massive. Each piece contains this inscription: "The gift of 
 the Rev. Mr. Alexander Scott, A. M., late minister of this Parish 
 Anno 1739." The service was eviden«^ly purchased with money be- 
 queathed for the purpose, as the date is the year after Mr. Scott's 
 death. It has passed through some of the country's most trying 
 days, and was buried in the earth for safety during the three great 
 wars — of the Revolution, of 1812, and that between the States. It 
 was during Mr. Scott's rectorship (in 1730) that some very important 
 changes were made in county and parish lines. The county of Prince 
 William was formed from the heads of King George and Stafford; 
 and Hamilton Parish was organized in the new county. 
 
 Mr. Scott was succeeded by the Rev. .John Moncure. He was a native 
 of Scotland, but a descendant of the Huguenots, who fled from France 
 on the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Mr. Moncure came to 
 America and settled in Northumberland county, Virginia, where after 
 two years' private study, he went to England for holy orders, which 
 he received at the hands of the Bishop of London. Returning to 
 the New World, he became curate to Mr. Scott, and on the death of 
 the latter, his successor, as stated. 
 
173 
 
 He was rector of the parish for twenty-six years. Like his prede- 
 cessor, he was a man to whose influence the growth of the early 
 Church owes much. 
 
 Mr. Moncure married Frances, the daughter of Doctor Gustavus 
 Brown, of Charles county, Maryland, and her sister was the wife of 
 the Rev. James Scott, rector of the neighboring parish of Dettingen, 
 in Prince William. He evidently resided at the Glebe, near Old Po- 
 tomac church, but in the later years of his ministry, having by good 
 management accumulated money, he purchased an estate in the north- 
 ern section of the county, where he made his home. This place is 
 called "Clermont." The house is still standing, and is in excellent 
 preservation, being the true type of the old-time English home. 
 
 One daughter of Mr. Moncure was the wife of Governor Wood, of 
 Virginia. In a letter to a friend, she speaks of the location as "the 
 most beautiful eminence I have ever beheld." It overlooks the Potomac 
 River on one side and Chappawamsic Creek on the other. Mr. Moncure 
 had a large family, and among his descendants are the Daniels, Con- 
 ways, Robinsons, and many other families in Virginia and elsewhere. 
 
 This letter of Mrs. Wood and another from George Mason, of 
 Gunston, author of the Bill of Rights, a warm friend of Mr. Moncure 
 and kinsman of his wife, which was written to Mrs. Moncure just 
 after her husband's death, pays beautiful tributes to him as a man 
 and Christian. 
 
 Part of the parish register during Mr. Moncure's rectorship has been 
 preserved. It contains over twenty-five hundred names, many, if not 
 the greater number, of them being unknown in the county to-day. 
 This book was kept for many years by the Hon. R. C. L. Moncure, of 
 the Virginia Court of Appeals, and great-grandson of Mr. Moncure, 
 and is now in Stafford, and in good preservation. 
 
 During Mr. Moncure's rectorship Aquia church was built. A build- 
 ing was erected in 1751, which was soon after destroyed by fire. On 
 its site the present church stands, having been built in 1757. It 
 occupies a commanding eminence near the public road from Fred- 
 ericksburg, and is one of the most beautiful of Virginia's Colonial 
 churches. Like many of them, it is cruciform and of brick. Unlike 
 most of them, it has a bell and clock-tower, the hands of the latter 
 having been in existence until the last few years, marking the dead 
 past. Over the south door, in white letters on black ground, arc; thess 
 
174 
 
 words: "Built A. D. 1751. Destroyed by fire 1751, and Rebuilt A. D. 
 1757 by Mourning Richards, Undertaker. Wm. Copein, Mason." 
 
 The aisles of the church are of stone, the cross in the center being 
 of white marble. At the southeastern angle of the cross is the old 
 "three-decker" pulpit, with its great sounding-board. The chancel is 
 at the east end of the cross. It contains a handsome reredos, with 
 four panels, on which are the Ten Commandments, Apostles' Creed 
 and Lord's Prayer. Beneath the chancel rest the remains of Mr. 
 Moncure, and under the Communion table is a marble slab, with this 
 Inscription: 
 
 "In memory of the Race of the House of Moncure." 
 
 The pews are of the old square kind. 
 
 The gallery faces the chancel from the west end of the cross, anc* 
 on a panel of it are the names of the first minister and vestry, as 
 follows: 
 
 lohn Moncure, minister; Peter Hed^eraan, lehn Mercer. lohn Lee, 
 Mott Doniphan, Henry Tyler, William Mountjoy, Benjamin Strother 
 Thomas Fitzhugh, Peter Daniel, Travers Cook, Church-wardens. lohn 
 Fitzhugh, lohn Peyton, Vestrymen. 1757. Mr. Moncure died in 17ti4. 
 
 In 1777 important changes were again made in both county and 
 parish lines. Up to that date, as stated, Stafford lay wholly on the 
 Potomac, extending from Westmoreland to Prince William, while King 
 George lay wholly on the Rappahannock, extending from Richmond 
 county to Fauquier. The Stafford parishes were Overwharton and 
 St. Paul and those in King George, Hanover and Brunswick. The 
 divide or watershed was practically the dividing line. 
 
 In 1777 the county lines were all changed to run across the Neck 
 instead of with the rivers. The parish lines between King George and 
 Westmoreland were adjusted to conform to the county lines, but this 
 was not done between King George and Stafford. Brunswick Parish 
 is supposed to be in King George, because Lamb's Creek, the only 
 church in the parish for many years, is in that county. As a fact, at 
 least five-sixths of the parish was in Stafford. 
 
 This arrangement has continued to the present day, though the 
 hand of time almost obliterated parish lines, and the trials which the 
 Church has gone through have made it impossible, in late years, to 
 have more than one minister to both parishes, wherever they might 
 be situated. 
 
175 
 
 The Rev. John Moncure was succeeded in the rectorship by the Rev. 
 Clement Brooke, and in 1785, when the American Church was or- 
 ganized, the Rev. Robert Buchan was rector of Overwharton, and 
 the Rev. Thomas Thornton of Brunswick Parish. These were thus 
 the last clergymen serving under the Mother Church. 
 
 The following entry in the records in the clerk's office at Stafford 
 Court-house relates to this period: 
 
 "At a vestrey held for the Parish of Overwharton, at the Glebe of 
 the same, 20th of August, 1785 — Robert Buchan, minister; Thomas 
 Mountjoy, John R. Peyton, Church Wardens; John Mountjoy, Wm. 
 Gerrard, Moses Phillips, Elijah Threlkheld, George Burroughs and 
 James Withers, Vestreymen. 
 
 "Pursuant to an Act of Assembly, we the minister and Vestrey of 
 Overwharton Parish, proceed to value the real and personal estate 
 of said parish, do find: 235 acres of land, worth £15 per annum; 100 
 ditto for the poor house; chalice and plate of Aquia Church, £5; 
 ditto, at Potomac Church, £6." 
 
 The lay delegates at the Convention in 1785 were Mr. Charles 
 Carter, representing Overwharton, and Mr. William Fitzhugh, Bruns- 
 wick Parish. In 1786 Mr. Fitzhugh again represented Brunswick 
 Parish. 
 
 In consequence of absence of records and decline of the Church 
 in the years succeeding the Revolution, there are but fitful glimpses 
 of parish history until within comparatively late years. 
 
 In 1819 the Rev. Thomas Allen had charge of the work at Aquia 
 and Dumfries, the seats of the old parishes of Overwharton and 
 Dettingen. The next minister of whom there is record is the Rev. 
 Mr. Prestman, and after him the Rev. Mr. Johnson. Both of these 
 clergymen labored as missionaries for the revival of the work. 
 
 The old church survived these troublous days, but was almost a 
 ruin in 1837. Bishop Meade thus graphically describes it as he 
 beheld it when on his regular visitation in later years: "It was a 
 melancholy sight to behold the vacant space around the house, which, 
 in other days, had been filled with horses and carriages and footmen, 
 now overgrown with trees and bushes, the limbs of the green cedars 
 not only casting their shadows, but resting their arms on the dingy 
 walls and thrusting them through the broken windows, thus giving 
 an air of pensiveness and gloom to the whole scene. The very path- 
 way up the commanding eminence on which the church stands was 
 
176 
 
 filled with young trees, while the arms of the older ones so embraced 
 each other over it that it was difficult to ascend." 
 
 The darkest hour, however, is before the dawn, as the Bishop's next 
 entry proves, though a number of years intervened between this and 
 the succeeding visit, the latter being in 1856: 
 
 "Had I been suddenly dropped down upon it, I should not have 
 recognized the place and building. The trees, brushwood and rubbish 
 had been cleared away. 
 
 "The light of heaven had been let in upon the once gloomy sanc- 
 tuary. At the expense of eighteen hundred dollars (almost all of it 
 contributed by the descendants of Mr. Moncure), the house had been 
 repaired within, without and above. The dingy walls were painted 
 white, and looked new and fresh, and to me it appeared one of the 
 best and most imposing temples in our land. The congregation was 
 a good one. The descendants of Mr. Moncure, still bearing his name, 
 formed a large portion." 
 
 These improvements were made when the Rev. Henry Wall was 
 rector of the parish. He was succeeded in 1858 by the Rev. George L. 
 Mackenheimer. 
 
 Dark days came again to the old church in the troublous years of 
 the Civil War, out of which it emerged dilapidated and well-nigh 
 ruined. It had been a camping place for soldiers, and the desecra- 
 tion of the sacred precincts was lamentable. Again was its existence 
 threatened; the plastering fell or hung loosely to the walls, the 
 pillars to the gallery began to give way, the doors were open and 
 desolation reigned. When the storm passed, however, the remnant 
 of the Church people put forth their efforts to reclaim it. The de- 
 scendants of the good and holy men of long ago, at a distance, com- 
 bined their efforts with those of Church people in the county, and 
 again, after the lapse of years, the old church renewed its youth. 
 Among these friends of liie Church were the Scotts and Robinsons, the 
 former contributing to the immediate needs of the building, and the 
 latter, in the person of Mr. Moncure Robinson, who. by an endowment, 
 looked to its future condition. To this latter gentleman, now gone to 
 his reward, and his nephews, Messrs. Philip and Barton Haxall, his 
 administrators in the matter, and who are also descendants of the old 
 rector, the church owes much. 
 
 The faithful efforts of those who lived near and worshipped in the 
 old church were equally great and effective in the work of restoration, 
 
177 
 
 and what is best of all, the revival of that which it represented. These 
 consisted largely of the descendants of the old rector and his faithful 
 supporters in long ago, and their influence has thus been perpetuated. 
 to the glory of God. 
 
 After the war the Rev. J. M. Meredith became rector of the parish. 
 He found a communicant list of eight, which, by his faithful efforts, 
 and the grace of God, was in a brief time increased to fifty or more.. 
 He was succeeded by the Rev. Robert S. Barrett. -; 
 
 Among those who labored most earnestly and effectively for the 
 restoration of the old church in later years were Mr. and Mrs. Wil- 
 liam E. Moncure and Mr. and Mrs. George V. Moncure. 
 
 These sleep in the family graveyard at Somerset, near "Clermont." 
 Others now living are: Mr. R. C. L. Moncure, Mr. Hugh Adie, the fam- 
 ilies of Mr. Withers Waller and Mr. Travers Moncure, James Ashby 
 and Henry Moncure. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Barrett was succeeded by the Rev. George H. Apple- 
 ton, and he by the Rev. George M. Funsten. Under the rectorship 
 of the latter, a new and commodious rectory was built. It was sub- 
 sequently destroyed by fire, but has been rebuilt after an improved 
 plan. 
 
 The other rectors in succession are: Rev. T. Carter Page, the Rev. 
 J. H. Birkhead, the Rev. J. Howard Gibbons and the present faithful 
 and beloved rector, the Rev. E. B. Burwell. 
 
 The old church is in better condition than it has been for years. 
 Its beautiful and imposing appearance at once impresses the beholder 
 and quickens the admiration for the church architecture of Colonial 
 days. 
 
 The communicant list approximates one hundred. Sunday-schools 
 and other parish activities are doing much good, and the bright old 
 days seem returning, freighted with the blessing of the God of our 
 fathers. The venerable and now venerated building thus abides in 
 her strength, supported by her children. Having come safely through 
 the wars, and having endured the storms of time, she stands in 
 majesty, typical of the Word, which has so often been proclaimed 
 from the old pulpit, promising strength to the cause of righteousness. 
 
ST. PAUL'S CHURCH, KING GEORGE COUNTY, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY AIISS NANNIE UYKI) TIRNER. 
 
 N King George county, a tew miles from the Potomac River and 
 ten from the Rappahannock, stands old St. Paul's church, one of 
 the most venerable and interesting of the Colonial churches of 
 Virginia. Regarding its exact age there is doubt, as the written 
 statements concerning it vary, and there seems as yet no way of de- 
 termining which is right. We find the parish records, however, run- 
 ning back as far as the year 1716, with references to still earlier 
 records, and furnishing a sort of context to the history of the present 
 building. 
 
 This building was erected somewnere about -the middle of the 
 eighteenth century, and is, consequently, now over a hundred and 
 fifty years old. It was built for the ministration of the Rev. William 
 Stuart, son of the first rector of the parish, the Rev. David Stuart. 
 The latter, a direct descendant of the royal house of Stuart, came to 
 this country from Scotland in 1715, and was soon after given charge 
 of St. Paul's Parish, though the church building at that time was some 
 miles distant from its present site. The two Stuarts, father and son, 
 for nearly eighty years fed the flock of Christ in the same field; 
 though it was not until the Rev. William Stuart took charge, about 
 1750, that the St. Paul's of to-day — the brick building now standing — 
 was erected. This saintly man- left a name that shines almost with a 
 halo in the records that follow him. His goodness and eloquence 
 and lovable personality appear to have strengthened and beautified 
 the spirit of the parish, and led it into great religious prosperity. 
 His letter of resignation, when physical frailty at last compelled him 
 to give up the work, is touching in its mingled solicitude and sub- 
 mission: 
 
 "To the Vestry of St. Paul's Parish: 
 
 Gentlemen. — I have been curate of this parish upward of forty 
 years. My own conscience bears me witness, and I trust my parish- 
 ioners (though many of them have fallen asleep) will also witness. 
 
179 
 
 that until age and infirmities disabled me, I always, so far as my 
 infirmities would allow, faithfully discharged my duties as a minister 
 of the Gospel. It has given me many hours of anxious concern that 
 the services of the Church should be so long discontinued on my ac- 
 count. The spirit indeed is willing, but the fleish is weak. I therefore 
 entreat the favor of you to provide me a successor as soon as you 
 can, that divine service may be discontinued no longer; and at the end 
 of the year the glebe shall be given up to him by your affectionate 
 servant, William Stuart." 
 
 But with his passing, old St. Paul's fell on evil days. For some 
 reason, his successor was never ordained to the priesthood, and here 
 we discern what was, perhaps, the first shadow of the darkness that 
 followed. A few years after he died we find the grand building in 
 ruins, and, as a vestryman of a later day wrote sadly, "The life of 
 the church almost gone out." Only the walls remained, of such won- 
 derful masonry as to defy all ravages — and these were desecrated. 
 The history of this period must he taken either as a record of unr 
 precedented poverty among the people, or else as a sharp commentary 
 on the coldness and laxity of the time — perhaps both. The chronicler 
 states that there was occasionally lay reading in the ruins; ana this 
 was all, except for "association meetings" at intervals. For the rest, 
 beasts of the field roamed through the church, or what was left of 
 it; soldiers camped tliere, and the decaying contents furnished plunder 
 for the "ruthless of the land." Bishop Meade's account of his visita- 
 tion in 1812 is a vivid pen picture of the desolation that had come 
 upon the once prosperous church. He says: 
 
 "St. Paul's was then in ruins. The roof was ready to fall, and not 
 a window, door, pew or timber remained below. Nevertheless, notice 
 was given that we would preach there. A rude, temporary pulpit or 
 stand was raised In one angle of the cross, and from that we per- 
 formed service and addressed the people. On the night before the 
 meeting a heavy rain had fallen, and the water was in small pools 
 here and there where the floor once was, so that it was difficult to 
 find a dry spot on which the attendants might stand." * * * 
 
 Truly, things had come to a woeful pass for old St. Paul's. We can 
 almost see now the forlorn congregation liuddled in one side of the 
 building, exposed to all the winds of heaven, with pools of water under- 
 foot and a precarious roof overhead. I fancy the old Bishop's face 
 was sad enough as he ascended his "rude temporary pulpit." He must 
 
180 
 
 have felt like crying out with the distressed prophet of Israel, "Being 
 desolate, it niourneth unto me." 
 
 A few years later we find the Legislature turning the ruins over 
 to the citizens of the county, with permission to convert them into 
 a sort of academy. This decree was indirectly the means of restoring 
 to some extent the place of worship, for thereafter, for a while at 
 least, the building was used conjointly as a church and an institution 
 of learning. Probably the back part, the upper half of the "cross," 
 served for the school, while in the remaining three-quarters services 
 were resumed. This arrangement does not seem to have prospered, 
 though, for after a time the seminary was neglected and the house 
 "became inconvenient for purposes of worship." It was as though 
 the spirit of the church could not brook this sharing with the world, 
 as it were, precincts that had hitherto been trod by worshippers only. 
 
 Sometime after this the cloud begins to show a silver lining, for 
 the neighbors petitioned the Legislature to give the building back 
 to its rightful owners and its original purposes.* This request was 
 complied with, and three-quarters of the edifice was forthwith set 
 aside to be used wholly as a church, while the one-fourth in the 
 rear, separated from the rest by thick walls, was made the abode of 
 the rector. 
 
 In 1816 the parish had been reorganized by a newly-made vestry 
 and between 1822 and 1850 we find various ministers taking the 
 oversight of the flock: The Rev. Joseph Clapham; the Rev. Edward 
 Peet, to whom belongs the honor of naving done most toward bring- 
 ing the church back to its ancient prestige; the Rev. Mr. Goldsmith, 
 and others. We fancy that even in the forsaken years, even during 
 its time of utter destitution and desolation, there were some who loved 
 the old church still, and cared to linger within its walls. It is said 
 that an old colored woman who had spent her life near the place — 
 having belonged to a family of the congregation — used to go regularly 
 every Sunday and sit among the ruins. On being questioned, she 
 answered that it did her more good to sit there and "think over the 
 old prayers" than it would to go a-praying in any of the newer churches 
 of other denominations. 
 
 After the restoration there may have been times of discouragement, 
 of decreasing prosperity and dark outlooks for a while — no doubt they 
 came; and there was the blow of the Civil War and its attendant 
 df-moralization; but the tide had turned, the old church — the physical 
 
181 
 
 part — stood firm, and the spiritual part went on from strength to 
 strength. Sunday after Sunday the people gathered in their reclaimed 
 temple to join in the prayers and praises of the service. There was 
 never any lapse into the old dread state; and the years dealt kindly, 
 on the whole, with that which had been recovered by the grace of 
 God from such a Slough of Despond. 
 
 St. Paul's stands to-day, as it stood a century and a half ago, un- 
 changed in form, unaltered in construction, with the self-same bricks 
 in its walls that the first builders put there. The shape is cruciform, 
 and, as of old, three parts of the cross make up the place of worship, 
 while the fourth is a spacious vestry-room, warm and high-pitched. 
 Three flights of stairs lead up to a gallery, which runs around three 
 whole sides of the building, and afford? of itself room for a congrega- 
 tion. Two stories of windows; that is, windows in both gallery and 
 lower floor, let in abundant light and air; and an entrance to each 
 angle of the cross allows the congregation to enter by different aisles, 
 thus making their assembling well-nigh noiseless. An old lofty pulpit, 
 draped in deep crimson and approached by a stairway of no mean di- 
 mensions, occupies the background of the chancel. The Communion 
 rail makes an immense semi-circle, which accommodates a large num- 
 ber; while the entire building would seat five hundred people. 
 
 The plate still used for the service was donated a good deal over a 
 hundred years ago by a communicant, and bears the inscription: 
 
 "Given by Henry Fitzhugh, of Stafford county. St. Paul's Parisn, 
 Gent., for the use of your church." There is a Prayer Book, also pre- 
 sented in 1830 by Miss Jane Parke, a descendant of the first rector; 
 and in the old pulpit is to be found a large Bible, the gift of the 
 well-beloved Rev. William Stuart, in 1769, and inscribed with his name 
 and the date. This volume Is a Cambridge edition, appointed by His 
 Majesty's special command to be read in churches "cum privilegiis," 
 with the dedication: "To our most high and mighty Prince James, 
 by the grace of God King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, De- 
 fender of the Faith, the translators of the Bible wish grace, mercy 
 and peace, through our Lord Jesus Christ." 
 
 St. Paul's holds many precious memories and associations for the 
 congregation of to-day. There is scarcely a member who cannot 
 claim, "My grandfather was vestryman — or warden — or rector here"; 
 or, at least, "My ancestors worshipped in these very walls." It was 
 
182 
 
 on the doorstep of this church that one of our Virginia Bishops was 
 won to Christ. A thoughtless unbeliever, lingering outside at a 
 Sunday service, he overheard the sermon heing delivered within, and, 
 like Saul of Tarsus, saw a great light. And doubtless, to many others 
 have come, beneath that roof, during these two hundred years, illu- 
 minations across a dark path, sudden moments of falling at the Divine 
 feet — revelations too deep for telling. 
 
 One of the treasures of the parish is the ancient church register, 
 now in the possession of a direct descendant of the Rev. David Stuart. 
 Its first pages are torn out, and the earliest recorded date is 1716, 
 while the leaves are thinned and blackened by time; but the staunch 
 coverings have resisted the wear of two centuries, and the contents 
 is remarkably well preserved. The small, cramped handwriting, ornate 
 with flourishes and long s's, microscopic, faded, is still legible, and 
 one can trace there the record of a mighty gathering in of souls. A 
 remarkable feature is the long list of negro baptisms, hundreds on 
 hundreds, exceeding in number the baptisms of the whites. Tbe 
 countless entries give the same names that are borne today in the 
 congregation: Ashton, Grymes, Fitzhugh, Stuart, Berry, Tayloe, Hooe, 
 Washington, with others no longer represented. Received into the 
 Church, united in matrimony, committed to the dust "in the hope of 
 a glorious resurrection" — generation after generation of gentle. God- 
 fearing folk — this the age-worn register stands for. The people touch 
 It with reverent hands, just as they sit reverently Sunday after Sunday 
 in the shadow of the walls tnat sheltered those very souls. In that 
 building one seems inaeeo to be compassed about by a great cloud of 
 witnesses. 
 
 To-day old St. Pauls is a landmark, a proud possession. I would 
 call it more: A witness to the faith which endures, the religion that 
 time and adversity, and destruction itself, cannot overthrow. 
 
MERCHANT'S HOPE CHURCH, MARTIN'S 
 BRANDON PARISH, VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY >'. P. DL'XX, RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 ABOUT fourteen miles from Petersburg and half that distance 
 from Prince George Court-house, stands Merchant's Hope 
 chui'ch, at a point two miles inland from James River, on 
 what is known as the Church Road. The building, of ancient 
 brick, is sixty feet long and thirty feet wide, with walls twenty-two 
 inches thick, and rafters of such unusual size that their weight proved 
 a menace even to those sturdy walls which were, some fifty years 
 ago, braced by iron rods to prevent threatened damage. On one of 
 these rafters the number 1657 was found. It was taken to be the 
 date of the erection of the church, and this date is now painted on 
 the outside cornice of the building. Of the credibility of the inference 
 antiquarians must judge. The aisles, passing from both doors and 
 meeting at the chancel, are six feet wide and are paved with the 
 original flag stones, practically in perfect preservation after all these 
 years. They are eighteen inches square, and were doubtless im- 
 ported, as others of that day are known to have been. On replacing 
 one of these tiles which had become lOOsened, it was found to bear 
 on its under surface a crown cut in the stone as a sort of stamp or 
 trademark. Across the end of the church, opposite the chancel, runs 
 a gallery. Passing under this, the west door is reached, on one side 
 of which is a small vesting room, lighted by a tiny window into the 
 church. On the other side a stairway leads to the gallery. The ceil- 
 ing, following a low curve, was until recently of white plaster, like 
 the finish of the walls, but owing to the difficulty of keeping its 
 arched surface in repair, it is now ceiled in wood. The old lines were 
 preserved and the acoustic properties of the church are said to owe 
 their excellence to this form of roof. The old square pews remained 
 in use till the Civil War, and are now replaced by the modern kind, 
 while the chancel, destroyed at the samd time, has never been restored. 
 The original rail and gate are replaced by a curved walnut rail. The 
 necessary furnishings are the simplest. Within the memory of the 
 father of the present senior warden the high pulpit, with its sounding- 
 
184 
 
 board, stood midway down the cliurcli, (lie minister leaving the chancel 
 and traversing half the length of the aisle to enter it. The upright 
 beam to which the sounding board was affixed is detected beneath 
 the plaster now. The church's jewel is an old Bible of great beauty 
 and interest. The title pages are gone, but expert testimony affirms 
 it to be "the New Testament of 1639, which is appended to the Old 
 Testament of 1640." There seems no reason to doubt that it is John 
 Westhrope's "great Bible," left to the parish in 1658. 
 
 The church yard, lying beside the little church, contains no tomb- 
 stones, nor is there a tradition that any ever existed. In that part of 
 the w^orld the plantations were large and the distances great, and the 
 custom of interment in private burying grounds to a great extent 
 prevailed. The church yard is carefully fenced, and is still occa- 
 sionally used as a place of burial. No monument or tablet nor trace 
 of such marks the church walls. No old register exists, no new one 
 has been begun. The spot is mute as to its own history, and one who 
 would learn the story must glean far and wide and at last ])ring 
 home but a small sheaf. 
 
 The church takes its quaint and suggestive name from the old 
 plantation on which it stood. No part of the tract retains the name 
 to-day except God's Acre. The small farms into which it was divided 
 long ago have well-known names of their own. A bark called Ye 
 Merchant's Hope was plying between England and Virginia in 1634. 
 In 1035, under West, William Barker, Mariner, Richard Quoyning 
 (Quiney) and John Sadler, Merchants, and their associates and com- 
 pany, received a grant of "1,250 acres of land in the county of Charles 
 City, and extending into the woods from a seat or grant of lands 
 called Merchant's Hope, formerly granted to the said Barker his 
 Associates and Co." This tract, enlarged by the purchase from his 
 heirs of Captain Powell's holdings, already historic ground by reason 
 of his tiagic end here in the Massacre of 1622, was repatented under 
 Harvey in 1638 as "Merchant's Hope, formerly known as Powle Brook." 
 Barker received further grants, and bought other lands in the neigh- 
 borhood. Sadler and the company were granted some portion of Mar- 
 tin's Brandon in 1636 and other tracts in 1649, and the holdings of 
 these men now formed two plantations of great size, the home of a 
 considerable colony. 
 
 In 1655 we hear for the first time of court l)eing held at ^Merchant's 
 Hope. Barker must have sold his interest in the two places, leaving 
 
185 
 
 Quiney and Sadler joint owners. Quiney, whose brother Thomas had 
 married Judith Shakespeare in 1615-16, died in London in 1655. Sadler, 
 who was, I believe, his father-in-law, died in 1658. Of his will we 
 shall have occasion to speak later. 
 
 In 1711, under Spotswood, the Sadler and Quiney heirs repatented 
 Merchant's Hope, now 2,208 acres. In the meantime that part of 
 Charles City county lying along the south bank of James River had 
 been made into a new county and called Prince George, no doubt in 
 honor of Queen Anne's Danish consort. There is a deed among the 
 Prince George county records, executed in 1720, conveying, on the part 
 of Quiney's heirs, one-half of Merchant's Hope and Martin's Brandon 
 to Nathaniel Harrison, who doubtless bought the other half of both 
 plantations from the heirs of John Sadler. He thus became the sole 
 owner of a magnificent tract, which in part remains in the Harrison 
 family to-day. 
 
 Court was transferred from Merchant's Hope in 1726. A field two 
 miles from the church is now known as "Court-house Jamb." We 
 can not doubt that it is the site of the court-house. As the building 
 fell into ruin, perhaps some upright for door or window outlasted 
 its fellows, and so gave a name to the spot, which clings to it still. 
 
 The parish of Martin's Brandon, in which Merchant's Hope church 
 lies, was, says Meade, "a very early parish in Charles City." From it 
 Bristol parish was cut off in 1642. Bishop Meade mentions that Mer- 
 chant's Hope and old Brandon were the only churches in the parish. 
 Their history he dismisses with very few words. 
 
 Probably the site of the oldest church of the parish is to be found 
 at Brandon. The suggestive name of Church Pastures clings to a 
 small farm on the estate, where there is a churchyard with a few 
 still decipherable tombstones. Here are buried some of the Tookers 
 (or Tuckers), of Devonshire, and John Tirrey, Gent., who died in 
 1700. Near here is the grave of John Westhrope's wife. The will of 
 John Westhrope. of London, Merchant, made in 1655, after his return 
 to England, and proved in 1658, leaves "to the church of Martin 
 Brandon, in Virginia, 2,000 lbs. of Merchantable Tobacco and Caske, 
 toward the Repairing or the building up of a new Church; provided, 
 always, the said church be built upon the same ground or place the 
 said church now stands on; also 1,000 lbs. of Tobacco and Caske to 
 contain the same, to bye a Communion Cupp, also my great Bible and 
 a book called Bishop Andrew's sermons." "The Communion Cupp" 
 
186 
 
 is a cherished possession of the present church at Brandon. It was 
 doubtless used by both churches as long as they remained in the 
 ii.ame parish, for after the separation in 1857 we find an appropriation 
 of $70 at Merchant's Hope for a Communion service, which is the one 
 now in use there. 
 
 Another will of this period which contains a mention of the parish 
 is that of John Sadler, above referred to. He leaves a portion of his 
 cattle on "his plantations in Virginia in parts beyond the sea * * * to 
 the minister and parish there, and £20 worth of goods to be delivered 
 to Master Charles Sparrowe and the chiefest of the parishioners of 
 the parish of Martin's Brandon, to repairing the church and par- 
 sonage." Of course, this church, about whose repair Sadler and Wes- 
 thrope were concerning themselves, could not be a recently built brick 
 edifice, but must refer to the earlier church of Brandon. 
 
 If the date 1657 is assignable to the present Merchant's Hope church, 
 we may imagine its erection undertaken under the law passed in 
 1655, reiterating former decrees of Assembly ^nd urging the laying 
 out of parishes, the building of churches and the buying of glebes. 
 In 1667, under Berkeley, there was granted to "the Parish of Martyn's 
 Brandon 200 acres for a Glebe belonging to their church in the County 
 of Charles City, between Captain Johnson's land and the 'Merchants.' " 
 A farm still called the Glebe, and lying midway between the two 
 churches, would seem to correspond to this grant. No other mention 
 of it has come to my notice. It is a luatter of record when the sale 
 of many glebes was allowed at the request of the parish vestries, but 
 no such request is to be found in the case of Martin's Brandon. 
 
 The first minister in the parish whose report we find is John Warden, 
 who states that he came to Virginia in 1712. "In six months went to 
 Waynoak and Martin Brandon, both which parishes were hardly suffi- 
 cient to maintain a minister, therefore I removed to Lawn's Creek, 
 Surry, January 30, 1717." In the meanwhile Peter Fontaine had come 
 to the colony in 1716. He "preached at Weyanoke and Martin's Bran- 
 don; some time after at Wallingford and Jamestown, all belonging 
 to distinct parishes." After 1720, when changes were made in many 
 parish lines, Fontaine was given the charge of Westover, which now 
 lay entirely on the north side of the river, and we hear of no one at 
 Martin's Brandon till the time of Alexander Finnie, in 1754-55. Bishop 
 Meade mentions Coutts as incumbent from 1773-76. Ten years later 
 Blagrove was rector, followed after an interval by Rev. John Jones 
 
187 
 
 Spooner. Then follows a silence in the parochial reports. Bishop 
 Meade tells us that these were not lost years, however. 
 A consecrated man from Rhode Island worked among the people 
 during this time, ably assisted by lay helpers. In 1828 Bishop Moore 
 reports his intention to send a missionary to Prince George and Surry, 
 "through whose labours I hope for a revival of the Church and the 
 restoration of her excellent form of worship." Rev. John Cole was the 
 man selected, but in 1830 we find him in Gloucester, and no report 
 of Martin's Brandon reaches the Convention for another seven years. 
 Then the Rev. R. E. Northam, rector of Brandon and Cabin Point 
 (Surry) took charge of Merchant's Hope, repaired the church and 
 formed a vestry. This is the beginning of more prosperous days, con- 
 tinuous services and good attendance, with occasional visitations and 
 confirmations. Rev. Aristides S. Smith came to the church in 1843. 
 A parsonage was built, and work among the blacks received a new 
 impetus. He reports a chapel built by two proprietors of adjoining 
 estates for their slaves. He was followed in the rectorship by Rev. 
 Henry Denison. The communicants now numbered thirty-four. His 
 earnest energies were directed to the work among the slaves, and 
 he reported encouraging prospects and large congregations. He was 
 followed by Rev. Charles Minnigerode, under whose ministry the 
 flock abundantly prospered. He was succeeded by the Rev. E. C. 
 Murdaugh. 
 
 Then came the formal division of the parish. Brandon church and 
 Cabin Point became united in a parish, to be known as Martin's 
 Brandon and Southwark. The parsonage was ceded to Merchant's 
 Hope, and Rev. R. L. Johnson was called. He was followed by Rev. 
 John S. Hansborough. The war came on, and the church building 
 suffered desecration. It was used as u stable, while the high pews 
 were torn out to furnish flooring for the enemy's tents. For these 
 damages the Court of Claims has now allowed satisfaction, and the 
 vestry is about to receive indemnity. After the war Mr. Hansborough 
 returned to the desolated parish, and ministered there till 1870, fol- 
 lowed by Rev. Wm. F. Gardner and E. Valentine Jones. During a 
 ministry of eleven years Mr. Jones saw his charge prosper greatly. 
 The old places near by still sent their representatives whenever the 
 church doors were opened — the Cockes, of Tar Bay; the Blands, of 
 Jordan's Point; the Willcoxes, of Flower de Hundred, and the RufRns, 
 of Beechwood. 
 
188 
 
 The last rector to serve the church was Rev. F. G. Ribble, now of 
 Petersburg. During his stay of a few months last spring and summer 
 the Bishop visited the parish twice and confirmed twenty persons. Un- 
 fortunately the church has been closed since last September. The field 
 is full of promise. Whenever the doors are opened the church is filled 
 with eager, interested listeners, but it is impossible for the congrega- 
 tion, in existing circumstances, to support a minister. The building 
 is in perfect repair, due to the untiring zeal of its small congregation. 
 It has stood in its integrity through all these years witnessing to the 
 undying religion planted in our land by its early settlers. After years 
 of prosperity the Civil War came, working ruin to the whole region. 
 The tide of life swept out and left it stranded. No county in the State, 
 perhaps, has felt changed conditions more keenly. In some portions 
 the solitude is wonderfully like desolation, and the pines in the old 
 corn rows have almost reached maturity. Perhaps the awakening will 
 some day come. When it does it will find the living Church of Christ 
 standing to testify that, in the arrestment of material progress and the 
 long sleep which looked like death, her influence went out unfalter- 
 ingly, whereby many hearts have been quickened. 
 

THE FORK CHURCH, HANOVER COUNTY, 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY ROSEWELL 1>AGE. 
 
 ^^^jppNj^HERE is a record in the county of Louisa, Virginia, according to 
 a letter in my possession, a copy of a petition sent by certain 
 taxpayers of tliat newly-formed county to the house of Bur- 
 gesses in 1740, praying to have refunded to them a certain to- 
 bacco tax that had been levied on them to build a large, new and 
 convenient church in St. Martin's Parish, Hanover county. 
 
 That this church was The Fork church, or "The Old Fork Church," 
 as it is generally known, is asserted by two eminent Virginians who 
 formerly lived in the respective counties of Louisa and Hanover. 
 
 This petition bears date two years before the cutting off of Louisa 
 from Hanover, and of Fredericksville Parish from St. Martin's Parish, 
 which appear from Henning's Statutes (Vol. V., pp. 21 and 208) to have 
 been so separated in the year 1742. 
 
 It may add to the value of this paper to state that the boundary be- 
 tween the two parishes was a line drawn from the mouth of Gladys 
 creek, on the south side of the Northanna river, a course south 20 
 degrees west, till it intersects the Goochland line. And when Fred- 
 ericksville Parish was divided, that part which adjoined St. Martin's 
 was called Trinity (Hen. Sts., Vol. VIL, p. 428). 
 
 St. Paul's Parish in Hanover was divided in 1726, six years after the 
 county of Hanover was cut off from New Kent, and to the parish was 
 given the name St. Martin's, after St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London. 
 For it was in that very year that that London church was built by 
 Gipps (See Brit. Enc, Title "London"). 
 
 The church was no doubt called St. Martin's, but was soon known as 
 "The Fork Church," from its position with reference to the two forks of 
 the Pamunkey, as the Northanna and Southanna were called in many of 
 the legal documents of that time. In the last twenty-five years the name 
 has been applied to the neat little church at Doswell, five miles away 
 from the mother church. Two other churches in the western end of 
 the parish, Allen's Creek and Hollowing Creek, in the memory of the 
 oldest inhabitant of the parish, have passed away, and no trace of their 
 
190 
 
 existence survives. In the place of these, two other churches have 
 been built in the parish, but The Old Fork chui'ch survives as a noble 
 monument to the Colonial Churchmen. 
 
 Built of the glazed end brick, so familiar in Colonial buildings, its 
 birthday is fixed at 1735, two years after that of the courthouse some 
 twelve miles to the east, which sheltered the throng assembled there 
 in 1763 to hear Patrick Henry in the "Parsons' Cause." It is a matter 
 of great satisfaction to all lovers of the history of the community 
 to know that both of these noble buildings are in an excellent state 
 of preservation. Tradition says that these buildings were built of 
 brick brought from England, as it says of many other of our Colonial 
 buildings; but, thankless as the task is to destroy such a tradition, 
 I am compelled to state that neither these, nor the brick for any other 
 of our churches, were brought from England. 1 am confirmed in this 
 statement by the answer of the learned Dr. Philip Slaughter, to whom 
 some years ago I propounded the question. 
 
 The Fork church is a solid structure, whose length, 7.5. feet, is about 
 three times its breadth, with a door at the southern end, and another 
 on the side, near the northeastern corner. Over each door there is 
 a portico on brick columns, whose proportion and entasis are the 
 admiration of lovers of architecture. 
 
 Although the records of Hanover county and of St. Martin's Parish 
 have been lost or destroyed, the history of the old church is safe in 
 the tradition and life of the people. 
 
 In 1886 the Rev. Dr. Philip Slaughter published in the Southern 
 Churchman an account of his recovery of what he called "The Rec- 
 tory Book" of St. Paul's Parish, without which, he says, even Bishop 
 Meade had been unable to give a full history of that parish. Among 
 the names he mentioned as figuring in the vestries in St. Paul's Parish, 
 which as we have seen embraced St. Martin's, Trinity and Fredericks- 
 ville Parishes until 1726, were the Crawfords, Merewethers, Winstons, 
 Henrys, Grymeses, Bickertons, Jones, Andersons, Rylands, Garlands, 
 Merediths, Pages, Pendletons, Timberlakes, Lipscombs, Goodalls, Ab- 
 botts, Macons, Skeltons, Pierces, Taylors, Darracotts, Chapmans, 
 Streets, Crosses and Pollards. 
 
 An entry of some interest is the following: "September, 1708, Mr. 
 Thomas Sharpe having offered to be our minister, it is agreed that he 
 preach in both churches till the last day of December come twelve 
 months, and if at the end of that time he likes us and we like him, 
 to continue. Otherwise each party to provide for themselves." It 
 
191 
 
 is a satisfaction to know that preacher and people liked each other, 
 for he continued to "be hired" from year to year until 1720, when St. 
 Martin's was cut off as we have seen. 
 
 The Fork church is rich in historic associations. Hither came 
 Patrick Henry in his early infancy, and in later life while living at 
 "Scotch Town," the interesting old hipped roofed structure some five 
 miles away, through whose wide hall, in spite of the stone steps, 
 Tarleton and his raiders rode. For Patrick Henry, with all of his 
 zeal and enthusiasm for the liberty of his country, and with all of his 
 feeling in behalf of the people which burst forth in their defense 
 against the Parsons when they demanded more than was thought 
 their due, always revered the Episcopal Church in which he was 
 baptized and in which his father, John Henry, had been vestryman, 
 and his uncle, the Rev. Patrick Henry, for whom he was named, was 
 a parish minister for forty years. (Records of St. Paul's Parish ante.) 
 To the Fork church from "Scotch Town" came Henry's cousin, 
 Dorothea, better known as Dolly, little dreaming, perhaps, as she sat 
 in the high-backed pew over which she could hardly see when stand- 
 ing on tiptoe on a cushion, that she was one day to be the wife of 
 James Madison, President of the United States. 
 
 There preached in this parish, and at a church called The Fork, 
 near "Ground Squirrel Bridge," Samuel Davies, the great Presbyterian 
 preacher and president of Princeton College, as well as founder of the 
 Hanover Presbytery, that virile body, whose staunch stand against 
 the Establishment has been well described by Cooke, the Virginia 
 historian. 
 
 St. Martin's Parish still owns the beautiful communion service, 
 the paten and chalice inscribed with the following legend: "For the 
 use of the churches in St. Martin's Parish, In Hanover and Louisa 
 counties, "Virginia, 1759." 
 
 The history of this service is lost. There are two traditions about 
 it. One that it was presented by St. Martin's church, London, and the 
 other that it was presented by William Nelson, president of the Coun- 
 cil, and brought over by his son Thomas (afterwards Governor Nelson) 
 upon his return from England that year, upon the completion of his 
 education. 
 
 The following incidents are also related of this old service, in each 
 of which Mrs. Berkeley, of "Airwell," is the heroine: 1st, that she 
 defied General Tarleton and his raiders when they demanded the ser- 
 vice; and 2d, that she defied the overseers of the poor who demanded 
 
192 
 
 it after the glebe lands were taken from the church. Bishop Meade 
 is authority for the last statement. (Vol. II., Old Churches', p. 26.) 
 It is of interest to note that this same service is now kept at the same 
 place by the descendants of that redoubtable Churchwoman. 
 
 Near the Fork church were grants of land made by the crown to 
 Thomas Nelson, grandfather of General Nelson, upon a part of which 
 his descendants now reside. The Marquis de Chastellux, who served 
 in America as Major-General under Rochambeau, describes his visit 
 to the "Offley," the home of General Nelson, a few miles above the 
 Fork church. (Howe's Miscellanies, p. 295.) It was at Mont Air, the 
 home of his son Francis, who so long represented the parish in the 
 councils of the Church, that General Nelson died; and it was within 
 a few miles of the old church at "Springfield" that his widow lived, 
 having survived him nearly forty years. Beneath the shadow of the 
 old church her remains lie buried along with those of a great number 
 of her descendants. It may be safely asserted that from this sainted 
 lady the Church has had as many adherents botji clerical and lay, 
 as have ever sprung from one stock in the same length of time. With 
 the aid of one of her granddaughters, I have counted up twenty-four 
 clergymen of the Episcopal Church among her descendants. When 
 during the war the vestrymen were unable to raise the minister's sal- 
 ary, a daughter of hers sent them word that she would guarantee 
 it personally. 
 
 Among those ministers furnished by this parish. Bishop Meade 
 mentions the Rev. W. N. Pendleton, Washington Nelson, Robert 
 Nelson and Farley Berkeley. To these may be added the names of 
 the Rev. G. W. Nelson, late rector at Warrenton, and the Rev. Frank 
 Page, of Brooklyn. 
 
 It was to this parish, and to the home of Dr. Carter Berkeley that 
 Bishop Meade came to choose his second wife, Thomasia Nelson, step- 
 daughter of Dr. Berkeley. She, too, is buried at the Old Fork church. 
 
 To the neighborhood of this old church cam^ Lewis Minor Coleman, 
 with his Hanover Academy and his influence for good hardly second 
 to that of Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, which school and influence were 
 well maintained by his successor. Colonel Hilary P. .lones, who had. 
 however, to yield to the inevitable, and this great school is now but 
 a memory. 
 
 The picture of this old church will recall many recollections to the 
 former students at Hanover Academy, many of whose names may now 
 be found on the backs or seats of the solid heart-pine pews. 
 
193 
 
 In the early part of the last century that demon of architecture, 
 which Mr. Jefferson said had spread its maledictions over the land, 
 broke loose, and the high-backed pews were taken out, and the pulpit 
 which had been at the side of the church, was put at the end. 
 
 An old Bible in the parish, that of the Fontaines, shows that in 1787 
 the Rev. Robert Barrett was in charge. It was he of whom Bishop 
 Meade (Vol. II., p. 43) says he received 320 pounds of tobacco for each 
 sermon preached in Louisia county, where he preached twenty-four 
 times a year during days of labor. 
 
 The list of clergy who have ministered in the parish since Mr. 
 Barrett includes the Rev. Messrs. Peter Nelson, who became a Baptist; 
 Boggs, Phillips, Wydown, Cooke, Bowers, Stringfellow, Isaac Gibson, 
 Wm. A. Alrich (whose first wife, a lovely woman, the sister of James 
 M. Love, Esq., of Fairfax county, lies buried at the Fork church), 
 R. Douglas Roller. Edward S. Gregory, R. Roane Claiborne, Curtis 
 Grubb, Anselem Buchanan, S. S. Hepburn and Alexander Gait. To all 
 these godly men the parish and this church are greatly indebted. Per- 
 haps to Mrs. Hepburn more than any other person is due the present 
 excellent condition of the Fork church, and the grounds surrounding it. 
 The present wardens of the church are Nathaniel Burwell Cooke 
 and Joseph F. Grubb. 
 
 Within the last few years two funds of $3,000 and $200, respectively, 
 have been established for the benefit of the church, the larger fund 
 subject only to the maintenance of the Nelson-Page burying ground. 
 Bishop Meade gives the list of the true friends of religion and of the 
 Episcopal Church in the parish as Fontaines, Nelsons, Morrises, 
 Wickhams, Taylors, Winstons, Pollards, Robinsons, Pages., Prices, 
 Shepherds, having already mentioned the Berkeley family, and made 
 note of Dr. Carter Berkeley, "whose name may be so often seen on 
 the Convention journals of the last and present century." 
 
 Among the names on the vestry since Bishop Meade's time, in ad- 
 dition to those mentioned by him, many of whom are related to those 
 so mentioned, are Minor, Noland, Fleming. Hunter, Jones, Cooke, Dos- 
 well, Terrell, Thompson, Grubb and Duke. There are many other 
 families about the church whose love and affection for it are exhibited 
 in the fact that though members of other churches, their attendance 
 is regular, their aid efficient and their pride in the old church as 
 marked as if they were members of the Episcopal Church. Thither 
 they bring their dead to be buried, and often their young people to 
 enter this old church of their forefathers. 
 
194 
 
 The only monument inside the church is a beautiful tablet to three 
 of its faithful sons: 
 
 "The Rev. Robert Nelson, Missionary to China during thirty ytars — 
 of whom it is alleged, 'He followed the Holy doctrine which he taught^ 
 comforting many.' " 
 
 "William Nelson, late Colonel of Artillery C. S. A., who in this 
 parish served God and helped his fellowmen for over sixty years." 
 
 "John Page, late Major C. S. A. who in this parish through a long 
 and honorable life did his duty to God and his neighbor." 
 
 On the outside of the church lie buried many of those already 
 mentioned and not mentioned. Among the latter may be named 
 Captain and Mrs. Charles Williams Dabney, whose names are 
 honorably associated with the history of the county and paris." and 
 over whose remains a handsome monument has been erected liy their 
 children. 
 
 A strong iron fence surrounds the church grounds, and this noble old 
 church, with its massive walls and slate roof, bids fair to stand for 
 generations as a lasting monument to the zeal and good taste of its 
 builders. That its history should be lost is a great misfortune. It 
 is, indeed, one of the pathetic things about our Church's past, no less 
 than about many of the cherished possessions of our State, that any 
 adequate history thereof is entirely lacking. Nineveh and Karnac 
 are hardly less known. 
 
ST. MARY'S WHITE CHAPEL, LANCASTER 
 COUNTY, VIRGINIA. 
 
 liY MRS. ELIZMJI'TXi LKWIS AEALE. 
 
 ^^Tp^HE earliest records of Lancaster County Parish, wlien Lancaster 
 
 and Middlesex were one, go back to 1650. In that year the court 
 
 }\ appointed Rev. Samuel Cole the minister of the whole county, 
 
 on both sides of the Rappahannock river. This minister's name 
 
 appears on a Vestry Book of Middlesex county, Va., in 1664. The court 
 
 also appointed church wardens and sidemen, as in the English Church, 
 
 for each side of the river; they were John Taylor, William Chapman, 
 
 John Merryman, Edmund Lurin, George Kibble and William Leech. 
 
 Other names on the record are Thomas and Cuthbert Powell, Edward 
 
 Digges, William Berkeley, Robert Chowning, Henry Corbin, David Fox 
 
 and John Washington, of Westmoreland county. 
 
 In the year 1661 a general vestry was formed, and John Carter, 
 Henry Corbin, David Fox and William Leech were appointed, from 
 both sides of the river, to take up subscriptions for the support of 
 a minister. Many of our county records and the Vestry Book of St. 
 Mary's and Christ churches were destroyed during the war "between 
 the States," and we find no one who can tell us just the year old St. 
 Mary's White Chapel was built; but of this we are sure, that it was 
 sometime in the middle of the sixteenth century. This is assured by 
 dates on the Communion plate, still in the church, and on tombstones 
 to be found in a good state of preservation in the churchyard. Bishop 
 Meade, from whom notes are herein taken, states in his book of "Old 
 Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia/' that "the first church 
 was torn down and the present one built in 1740." One might infer from 
 this that the whole church "was torn down," which was not the case 
 at all. It was first built, like her contemporary. Old Christ church, 
 in the lower part of the county (or rather Old Christ was built like 
 St. Mary's, for we are assured that St. Mary's is the older) in the form 
 of a cross, with three galleries, one owned by Major James Ball and 
 Mr. Joseph Ball; one by the Downmans, of Belle Isle, and one was for 
 the slaves of the Churchmen. 
 
 In 1739 the old church was in great* need of a new roof and other 
 
196 
 
 repaii-s, and the congregation being at that time unable or unwilling 
 to raise the large sum of money required, determined to 'take down 
 two arms, of the church and restore the rest. This was done in 1740, 
 the contract being awarded Mr. James Jones. The structure was then 
 made into an oblong square, 60 feet long, 30 feet broad, walls 24 feet 
 to roof, which has an oval ceiling. The pulpit is in one end of the 
 long aisle, facing the south door, over which is the one remaining 
 gallery. In the center of the long aisle is a broader one leading to 
 the double doors facing the west, towards the county road, which is 
 the main entrance. These doors are fastened now, as in olden time, 
 by an iron thumb latch. 
 
 The high pews and the pulpit, which had a stairway leading up to 
 it, with a banister rail, were allowed to stand until prior to the Civil 
 War, in the middle of the eighteenth century, when the pews were cut 
 down, the high pulpit not being removed until 1882. In that year the 
 old tablets were brought down from the gallery, where they had been 
 laid in the dust, and restored at a cost of one hundred dollars. Rev. 
 H. L. Derby, then rector of the parish, was very active in having 
 this done. They are four in number. Two contain the Ten Command- 
 ments and were the gift of David Fox in 1702. The other two were 
 given by his son, William Fox, and contain the Apostles' Creed and 
 the Lord's Prayer. There is no date inscribed on these, but they were 
 given in 1717, as shown by the will of Captain William Fox, dated 
 1717, and in which he directed: "My wife shall send for the Lord's 
 Prayer and Creed, well drawn in gold letters, and my name under 
 each of them, set in decent black frames, as a gift to St. Mary's 
 White Chapel"; and he also left by his will to that church "the 
 font that came in that year." That the wife carried out the will to the 
 letter is proven by the tablets and font in the church, in splendid 
 preservation to this day. The tablets are of solid walnut wood and the 
 letters are hand-carved, cut in, and heavily gilded in gold gilt. They 
 are oval at the top, with the square base, in keeping with the deep- 
 seated windows and oval ceiling. The font, of unpolished marble, 
 stands on a square base, which is exceedingly heavy, from which a 
 round marble pedestal supports on its top the very large, round marble 
 basin, all of which stands four feet six inches. The chalice is a 
 solid silver goblet inscribed: "The gift of David Fox, 1669." 
 
 George Spencer, by his will, dated March 23, 1691, gave twenty 
 pounds sterling for a piece of communion plate for St. Mary's White 
 ■Chapel, and also a "Curpice." The only other piece of silver in pos- 
 
197 
 
 session of the church is a small silver salver, which is used with the 
 goblet. It is. much worn by age and has no inscription or date, but 
 we suppose that it is "that piece of plate." 
 
 The old Bible was given by Rawleigh Downman, of Belle Isle, in 
 1838. The beautiful circular Communion railing remains as in olden 
 days, but the brick aisles have been planked and carpeted, as has the 
 chancel, and fitted up with modern furniture. The old Communion 
 table is still in the vestry room. It once stood in the chancel, 
 and was covered with a green velvet cover with a gilt fringe, 
 and in the center was the Ball coat-of-arms in bas-relief and done in 
 gilt. This was sold years ago to one of the Downmans, whose mater- 
 nal ancestor was a Ball. 
 
 In the churchyard are a number of old tombs of massive marble, 
 bearing dates in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Nearly all 
 of the oldest are inscribed with the name of Ball. The first is David 
 Ball, seventh son of William Ball, born 1686; some of the others are 
 Mildred Ball, Juduthum Ball, Mary Ann Ball, daughter of Rev. John 
 Bertrand, Jesse Ball, Mary Ball, daughter of Edwin Conway, and James 
 Ball, her husband; Fanny, daughter of Rawleigh Downman, of Lettuce, 
 third wife of James Ball and daughter of Richard Lee, of Ditchley. 
 
 These names show that this church counted among her numbers 
 names of the old Virginia aristocrats of the sixteenth and seventeenth 
 centuries. Among the Churchmen of the eighteenth century we will 
 mention Chinn, Downman, Carter, Ball, Mitchell, Lee, Lewis, Bwell, 
 McCarty, Towles, Chowning, Sneade, Pierce, Robinson and Chilton. 
 The ministers were Rev. Samuel Cole, died 1659; Revs. William White 
 and Benjamin Doggett, died 1682; John Bertrand, died 1701 (he was a 
 Huguenot, is buried at Belle Isle, and counted among his descendants 
 Judge Cyrus Griffith, last president of the Continental Congress) ; 
 Andrew Jackson, died 1710; John Bell, died, 1743; David Currie, died 
 1792; David Ball, died 1791. Then followed Leland, Page, McNorton, 
 Low, 1832; Ephraim Adams, 1838; Francis McGuire, 1839; Rev. Bryant, 
 1844; Rev. Richmond, 1850; Rev. Nash, 1853; Rev. Edmund Withers. 
 These were followed by Revs. George May, H. L. Derby, B. B. Burwell, 
 Mr. Micou and the present rector. Rev. L. R. Combs. 
 
 In the corner of the churchyard is an old slab, flat on the ground 
 and much broken, inscribed: "To Rev. Jno. Stritchley, born 1669." 
 Then follows a long illegible inscription. We have no record of his 
 having served the church. Col. William Ball, who came to this county 
 from England in 1650, settled at the mouth of the Corrotoman River, 
 
198 
 
 bringing his family. He died in 1GC9, leaving two sons and one 
 daughter, Hannah, who married Daniel Fox. William left -eight sons. 
 Joseph left no male issue, but General George Washington is his 
 grandson by his youngest daughter, Mary. Mary Ball, grandmother 
 of Washington, lies buried at "Epping Forest," five miles from the 
 church, and a handsome oil picture of her adorns the walls of the 
 court-room at Lancaster, the county seat. None of Col. William Ball's 
 children are buried at the church, but his grandchildren and their de- 
 scendants. Joseph Ball married a Miss Ravenscroft, of England, and 
 settled in London. He was brother of Mary Ball, who was the mother 
 of Washington. His only daughter, Fannie, married Raleigh Down- 
 man in 1750. Her children were Joseph Ball Downman, of Morattico; 
 Fannie, who married Col. James Ball, of Beaudley, and Mr. Raleigh 
 Downman, of Belle Isle. 
 
 Mr. Joseph Ball wrote to his nephew, George Washington, after 
 Braddock's defeat, the following letter: 
 
 "Stratford,. 5th of Sept., 1755. 
 
 "It is a sensible pleasure to me to hear that you have behaved with 
 such a martial spirit, in all your engagements with the French, nigh 
 Ohio. Go on as you have begun, and God prosper you. We have heard 
 of Gen. Braddock's defeat. Everybody blames his rash conduct. Every- 
 body commends the courage of the Virginians and Carolina men, which 
 is very agreeable to me. I desire you, as you may have opportunity, 
 to give me a short account how you proceed. I am your mother's 
 brother. I hope you will not deny my request. I heartily wish you 
 good success, and am 
 
 "Your loving uncle, 
 
 "Joseph Ball. 
 
 "To Major George Washington, at the Falls of Rappahannock, or 
 elsewhere in Virginia. 
 
 "Please direct me at Stratford-by-Bow, nigh London." 
 
 Unlike most Colonial churches, St. Mary's did not suffer by the depre- 
 dation of troops during the war 1861-5. The Federal gunboats came 
 up the Rappahanock river, near where the church is located, and threw 
 boml) shells over and around, cutting off the tree tops, but did not hit 
 the church. A company of the Ninth Virginia Calvary, C. S. A., were 
 stationed at the church for a few months in 1861, and had tents all 
 around the church. Col. Merriwether Lewis was then captain, with 
 Mr. Robert Tunstall Pierce as first lieutenant, and James K. Ball, of 
 
199 
 
 Beaudley, as second lieutenant. The three are to-day "sleeping" near 
 each other in the churchyard, resting "on the old camp ground," and 
 €ach has a monument to show the reverence and love the living bear to 
 the honored dead. 
 
 In 1880 the church ladies organized a society called "The Bee Hive," 
 and since that time have raised nearly a thousand dollars, which has 
 been spent on the church. To-day both the interior and exterior pre- 
 sent a neat and comfortable appearance, and to "the faithful few" who 
 ^worship within her walLs. she seems 
 
 "A spot of earth supremely blest, 
 Dearer, more sacred than all the rest." 
 
ABINGDON CHURCH. GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY THE REV. WILLIAM BYRD I-EE. RECTOR. 
 
 66^ 
 
 l=;\ HE history of the Episcopal Church of Virginia has been, 
 from the very beginning, a most interesting and eventful 
 J_j^ one beyond that of any other diocese in the Union." 
 We refer the reader to Bishop Meade's "Old Churches and 
 Families . of Virginia," from which the foregoing quotation is 
 made. In attempting to write articles on Ware and Abingdon 
 Parishes and their churches, I am embarrassed by finding the 
 county and church records almost wholly destroyed up to the year 
 1830. Many valuable documents were burned at Jamestown in 
 167G, when Nathaniel Bacon kindled the first fires of rebellion in 
 th'e Colony. Again at Williamsburg, in 1776— th'e War of the Revo- 
 lution — many precious documents were consumed by fire. In 1820 
 the clerk's office at Botetourt, which is now called Gloucester, the 
 county's old seat, was burned with its contents. A further fire at Rich- 
 mond, on April 2, 1865, destroyed all of Gloucester county records. As 
 a precautionary step, Gloucester being in the lines of the enemy, the 
 records had been carried to Richmond. A mutilated register of Abing- 
 don Parish, from 1677 to 1761, and a like uninjured vestry book of 
 Petsworth Parish, in that county, is all that remains from the fires 
 prior to and including that of 1820. From these old books and other 
 fragments of history we get a dim light of Colonial Church work in 
 Gloucester, telling what our fathers did to perpetuate the religion of 
 our Lord Jesus Christ, as the Church of England received and planted 
 it in America. 
 
 In the absence of her burned and loyi records, Gloucester points to 
 the names and history of her families, to the character of their homes 
 and family graveyards, to the remaining Colonial churches. Al)ingdon 
 and Ware, and to remnants of foundations where Kingston and Pets- 
 worth churches and earlier old chapels stood when the State was 
 almost a solid forest. These are monuments to the culture and piety 
 of her people. 
 
 In 1008 Capt. John Smith, with his hirdy followers, first visited what 
 is now Gloucester county. It is here Pocahontas saved the life of 
 
201 
 
 Smith. Here also our forefathers in the Church found the first fruits 
 unto Christianity among the Indians, in the person of Pocahontas, the 
 daugliter of the Indian Iving. Her numerous offspring in Virginia and 
 elsewhere occupy positions high in Church and State, and trace their 
 ancestry beyond Jamestown even to Gloucester, when it was the seat 
 of an Indian empire. 
 
 Weworocomico, the chief home of Powhatan, is distinctly lo- 
 cated on the map of Captain John Smith, and also on the map of 
 Tyndall, fixing the locality on Purton bay, York river, as the spot 
 where Pocahontas saved the life of Smith. 
 
 In the food borne from Gloucester oy Smith to the starving people 
 at Jamestown, this county became, as it were, a foster-mother to the 
 stricken colony 
 
 Gloucester lies on the north side of York river, about fifteen miles 
 from Jamestown. York river and York county were first called Pa- 
 munkey river and Pamunkey shire. Afterwards they bore the name of 
 Charles river and Charles shire. (One of the original eight shires 
 mentioned in Hen. Stat., Vol. I., page 224.) 
 
 In like manner the county bordering on the north side of York river, 
 being once a part of York county, shared the names successively Pa- 
 munkey shire, Charles River shire, York county; and finally Glouces- 
 ter. I mention these changes of names, which together with land 
 grants, to be referred to, will throw light upon the genesis of Glouces- 
 ter county and her parishes. 
 
 What is now called Gloucester Point, just across the York river from 
 Yorktown, was first called Tyndall's Point. Subsequently it was called 
 Gloucester Town, which name it bore up to about 1850. Like York- 
 town, it has an imperishable history. Gloucester county was cut out 
 of York county about 1651. Land grants were located in York county 
 on the north side of York river until April, 1651. (See York County 
 Land Book.) Prior to this date, between 1630 and 1644, a considerable 
 white population had settled on the north side of York river. In the 
 absence of history to the contrary, it is probable that public worship of 
 God was first conducted in Gloucester at Tyndall's Point. "When the 
 geographical and other advantages of Gloucester became known to the 
 English settlers, they were eager to avail themselves of them. The 
 unusual extent and nature of its water front, the enduring wealth of its 
 land, and the mild, salubrious climate have been well and long known. 
 King Powhatan showed his wisdom by making his permanent home 
 there. It was at a strategic locality. 
 
202 
 
 A study of the long Gloucester water front and country back of 
 Gloucester town, and also up and down York river shores develop some 
 very interesting features and history that, very likely, controlled the 
 direction of the first farmers' settlements outside of Gloucester town. 
 The "War Path," or "Indian Road," well known in Gloucester, crossed 
 York river at Page Rock, in order to reach the "Indian Field," the red- 
 man's settlement in York county. The "War Path" also ran northward 
 from Shelly, in Gloucester, passing to the west within a few miles of 
 the present site of Abingdon church, and on to within half a mile of 
 where Ware church now stands; then onward to the Piankitank and 
 Rappahannock rivers. 
 
 Shelly, about eight miles above Gloucester town, is noted for the 
 great bank of oyster shells left there from Indian feasts in the long 
 past. Timber Neck and Carter's Creek plantations are both close to 
 Shelly, and like the latter place their waters are celebrated for oysters 
 that could be easily taken and were abundant. The Indian needed 
 shallow, quiet waters for oyster gathering. The .red warrior would be 
 slow to give up these delightful haunts of his ancestors, and to aban- 
 don the "war trail" that led to his neighbors' wigwams, south and 
 north, in the kingdom of Powhatan. The ruins of what is known as 
 Powhatan's chimney, on the east side of Timber Neck creek, and addi- 
 tional oyster shell mounds on the west side of Carter's creek, at Rose- 
 well, indicate a long-standing and large Indian settlement upon these 
 waters. Therefore it is not probable that the first settlers on Glouces- 
 ter shores spread up the river. What is more likely, they settled east- 
 ward, on the shore line of York river and along Sarah's creek, and an 
 arm of this river close to Gloucester town. Guinea, a very favorably 
 protected peninsula about five miles long, is surrounded by wide waters 
 on three sides, north, south and east. The west side is partly cov- 
 ered by Sarah's creek. This neck, cut off from the Indians, offered ex- 
 cellent pasturage all the year long on its extensive marshes for horse?, 
 cattle and hogs of the whites. The pines, wild myrtle and horse 
 bushes protected the stock in bad weather. This peninsula, unique in 
 its location and advantages, was doubtless, with Tyndall's Point, the 
 earliest section of Gloucester settled by the whites. With few excep- 
 tions it has been the home of small farmers and fishermen. Ministers 
 located in Kiskyacke Parish likely visited and administered to these 
 hardy citizens, as Tyndall's Point was at first in that parish. 
 
 Abingdon church Colonial register preserves the names of many fam- 
 
203 
 
 ilies that have lived in Guinea since 1677. Her people were among 
 the earliest worshippers at Tyndall's Point and at Abingdon, and they 
 probably came to church in their boats and a-foot in the early days. 
 Later on the better conditioned drove in the carryall, sulky and stick- 
 gig. The bodies of many of them sleep in Abingdon churchyard, leav- 
 ing the story told of the mother church upon the hearts of the people. 
 
 Water courses and the divides of water-sheds most frequently mark 
 the metes and bounds of State, county and parish. As the white set- 
 tlements advanced into the interior, county and parish areas, under 
 the multiplication of settlers, became more contracted and defined. 
 The changes that Gloucester Parish lines underwent, in over two hun- 
 dred years, it is impossible to follow clearly. Settlers had moved into 
 what is now Gloucester county before the second attempted Indian 
 massacre of 1644. In making this second attack the Indians were mind- 
 ful of the struggle between the Roundheads and King Charles I., and 
 took advantage of the disturbed state of affairs. (See Smithey's Hist, 
 of Va., page 68.) From 1640 to 1650 was a most trying period to the 
 settlers in what is now Gloucester county, and doubtless had a retard- 
 ing influence upon the Church development. Settlers were summoned 
 by the Burgesses to return to the south side of York river. After this 
 the country north of the York and on the Rappahannock was not open 
 for settlement until September 1, 1649. (See Acts of House of Bur- 
 gesses, Hen. Stat., Vol. I.) 
 
 AS early as 1623 the House of Burgesses oraered, "There shall be in 
 every plantation where the people meet for the worship of God, a house 
 or room sequestered for that purpose." A court was held in York coun- 
 ty in a private home, before a courthouse was built, so we may conclude 
 the same people habitually assembled in private houses for worship of 
 God before a church could be built. 
 
 There was a place of worship at "Temple Farm," about two miles 
 below (east) Yorktown. Doubtless hardy spirits, seeking God at that 
 time, from Gloucester town crossed the wide, boisterous river, with its 
 sweeping tides, to worship at the locality where, over one hundred 
 years later. Lord Cornwallis was to ask terms of surrender for his 
 "red coats." 
 
 The plantations were at first all on the river (or bay) shore. Farms 
 were patches cut out among the trees. Communication was mostly by 
 boat. (See Men, Women and Manners, Fisher, Vol. I.) It is then 
 not surprising (Gloucester abounding in rivers) that in 1648 (See Hen. 
 
204 
 
 Hist., Vol. I, page 353), the settlers petitioned the House of Burgesses 
 to allow them to return to Gloucester. 
 
 Having called attention to the direction in which the settlers of 
 Gloucester, seeking best natural living advantages and greater security 
 from the Indians, I think the chosen locality for a chapel or church 
 would be at Gloucester town or near it, and overlooking the placid 
 waters of Sarah's creek. 
 
 Charles I. was beheaded in 1G49. With his downfall many Cavaliers 
 flocked to Virginia and not a few settled in Gloucester. Three years 
 later — November, 1652 — Gloucester for the first time appears as a 
 county of the Colony, represented in the House of Burgesses by Col. 
 Hughe Gwynn and Mr. Francis Willis. (See Hen. Stat., Vol. I., page 
 371.) 
 
 Having no church records as to when the Gloucester Parishes of 
 Abingdon, Ware, Petsworth and Kingston (the latter now in Mathews 
 county) were formed, I turn to the Gloucester book of Land Grants. 
 There I find a grant to one John Chapman for four hundred acres of 
 lard in Kingston Parish in 1657. Grants wore located in Petsworth, 
 Abingdon and Ware Parishes in 1665 and 1666. There Is nothing m 
 the York records about these parishes. I think they were established 
 about 1652, because Gloucester being nearer Williamsburg than Lan- 
 castei' county, where court records repoited two parishes in 1654, one 
 of them bordering Gloucester on the north.* 
 
 Abingdon Parish lies in the southeastern part of Gloucester county, 
 fronting on York river and Mobjack bay. It is bounded on the north 
 and west by Ware and Petsworth Parishes. The area is between thirty 
 and forty miles in circumference. The church stands in a walnut 
 grove near the road leading from Gloucester Courthouse to Gloucester 
 Point, and is six miles from the latter. This is the second known 
 
 * A most interesting document has been called to light hy the above 
 article, from among papers in the hands of Mr. Robert R. Thurston, 
 who has shown me a patent to Francis Ceely for 600 acres of land in 
 Abingdon Parish, dated March 2d, 1648, signed by "William Borke- 
 lev." This pajier carries the parish four years back of the earliest 
 date, 16.52, given in the above article. As it was a parish in 164S. it is 
 most probable it was established before the massacre of 1644. It 
 mav have been formed as early as 1642, when Kiskiacke, or Chescake 
 Parish, was changed to Hamilton Parish. Notwithstanding the silence 
 of the York county Land Books on the subject, it is evident from the 
 fore-mentioned paper that "Abingdon" Parish was first a part of York 
 ?ountv. It mav then have embraced the territory of Ware. Petsworth 
 and Kingston i>arishes, or they ma\- have been cotemporaneons with 
 it. I trust these articles will call forth more light upon the liistory 
 of the i)arishe.s. 
 
205 
 
 church at this place. The foundations of the first church, close beside 
 the present building, show that it was much smaller than is the church 
 now in use. This first building, which the Rev. Charles Mann said 
 "had been enlarged," is supposed to have been built in early days of 
 this parish, and upon ground donated by Augustine Warner. 
 
 The foundations of an old wall that enclosed the Warner gift of half 
 an acre of land for this church and cemetery in which the church 
 stood, are still to be traced. This cemetery was enlarged in Colonial 
 days and enclosed by an excellent brick walk. The sight of these an- 
 cient ruins should awaken profound interest in every true-hearted 
 American. Here Mildred Warner, daughter of Col. Augustine Warner, 
 must have worshipped and received her early religious training. She 
 married Lawrence Washington, of Westmoreland county, Virginia, 
 and was the grandmother of George Wishington. 
 
 This church was used about one hundred years, when it became un- 
 safe and steps were taken to build the present beautiful Abingdon. 
 
 The present church is in the form of a square or maltese cross, 
 Ironting the west, the main entrance being at that end. The two out- 
 side faces of the western and eastern ends of the cross are each thirty- 
 six feet wide. The faces of the northern and southern outside ends 
 of the arms of the cross are each thirty-five feet wide. The extreme 
 length of the building from west to east is eighty-one feet. The ex- 
 tmm.e width of the building from north to south is seventy-six feet 
 six inches. The walls are two feet thick. I was unable to measure the 
 height of walls and angle of roof, but both are in fine proportion with 
 the width. I think the walls were built of brick made in Gloucester 
 (from an excavation near the church), and according to the Flemish 
 bond, and with glazed heads. The bricks framing the entrances are 
 of different sizes, color and clay from those in the body of the church, 
 sn.£?°-esting the probability of their having been imported. But few 
 biicks were imported in the colonies. 
 
 I am of the opinion that this structure was completed about 1755, 
 and for these reasons: First, the late Mrs. Robert C. Selden, of Sher 
 wood, who was born in 1S15, and died April, 1906, told me that in her 
 childhood, she remembered her aged aunt Innis, of Warner Hall, say- 
 ina. c-.he attended services in the first church when she was a little girl; 
 second, high in the church wall is a brick which I have carefully ex- 
 amined, dated 1734; third, the Williamsburg Gazette of February 14. 
 1751, has the following: 
 
206 
 
 "Notice is hereby given, on Wednesday, 27lh day of this month, a 
 vesiry will be held at Abingdon church, in the county of Gloucester, in 
 ordei to contract with workmen for building a new church in said 
 parish." 
 
 There is still another brick in the southwest corner of the wall, 
 three feet from the ground, with 1755 neatly cut in it, which I think 
 gives the date of its completion. The high Colonial pulpit stood at the 
 southeast re-entrant angle to the right of the chancel. 
 
 The beautiful pentagonal reredos is accurately described by Mrs. 
 Fielding- Lewis Taylor, as follows: 
 
 "It represents the facade of a Greek temple in the bas-relief, about 
 twenty fi'i-t in height and extending entirely across the back of the 
 chancel, it is handsomely carved and painted snowy white. Straight 
 across the lintel of the facade runs the first line of the Te Deum, 'We 
 praise Thee, God.' The roof of the reiedos dividing at the apex, sup- 
 ports a pineapple, both in high relief. Between the four fluted pilas- 
 ters of the reredos are set four long black tablets,' framed and lettered 
 in gold. These contain the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the Ten 
 Commandments. Alas! the breath of time has dimmed the beautiful 
 words. The light from the great arched windows (in the head of the 
 cruciform building, on either side of the chancel) shines full upon 
 these four foundation pillars of the Faith once delivered to the saints. 
 The effect of the whole is simple, but beautiful, full of deep spiritual 
 earnestness." Above the apex of the reredos is a gilt cross painted on 
 glass. 
 
 Abingdon church, within and without, is exceedingly impressive and 
 beautiful. The main and cross aisles were formerly laid in flagstones, 
 a step below the level of the pew floors. They were probably imported. 
 The pews were large and with high sides, according to Colonial style, 
 with benches on three sides. The chancel occupies the east end of the 
 cross. There are galleries in the arms of the cross, still furnished with 
 the same high pews. In early days the Thruston and Lewis families 
 are said to have occupied the south gallery, and the Burwells and 
 Pages the north gallery. In the rear of these pews benches were placed 
 for servants. Tliere was no flue nor other evidence, nor is there any 
 tradition that the church was heated in any way. As far as I viave 
 learned, this condition at Abingdon is not an exception in the first 
 plan of Virginia Colonial churches. The fathers brought from Eng- 
 land the custom of not providing the churches with stoves, but certain 
 
207 
 
 fanilies, no doubt, brought heating boxes, charcoal braziers, hot 
 bricks ana abundant wraps. In later times stoves were introduced, in 
 whicli wood was burned, the stovepipes passing out tlirough a per- 
 forated sheet of tin substituting a pane of glass. The stoves were in- 
 effectual for heating, and delicate persons were provided with bricks 
 heated on the stove and wrapped in woollens. Uncle Guy, the old 
 negro sexton, did this. A modern furnace is now in use. 
 
 In the Colonial section of the cemetery graves are so numerous 
 that it is impossible to find space for an interment in unoccupied 
 g'. jund. The vestry have forbidden the interment in the old cemetery 
 a,s a burying-ground. There are numbers of sunken stones that have 
 no lettering or dates. There are three well preserved tombs with 
 legible inscriptions. Two of these have coats-of-arms. A few years 
 ago the late Mrs. Robert Colgate Selden, a descendant of Augustine 
 Warner, gave an acre of ground adjoining the cemetery, for enlarging 
 the graveyard. Recently Mr. Joseph Bryan enclosed the whole ceme- 
 tery, about two and a half acres, with a substantial brick wall. The 
 tendency to use the new section of the cemetery is increasing. 
 
 The plantations in this and the adjoining parishes of Gloucester 
 generally have family burying-grounds. In the burying-grounds are 
 handsomely inscribed gravestones — at "Timber Neck," "Carter's 
 Cieek," "Rosewell," "Warner Hall," "Wareham," "Toddsbury," "High 
 Gate," "Violetbank," and other homes, along with destroyed Petsworth 
 and its abandoned churchyard. From these were gathered some history 
 of our Church. 
 
 For many a holy text around she strews 
 Which teach the rustic moralist to die. 
 
 In many instances, where these old estates have passed into other 
 hands, the family graveyards have become overgrown with shrubs, 
 trees and briars. 
 
 There is no record of ministers that I can find who served Kiskyacke 
 or York-Hampton Parishes, in York county, when their lines em 
 braced what is now Abingdon Parish, Gloucester. Doubtless ministers 
 from these parishes served in private houses or at a chapel of ease, 
 at or near Tyndall's, now Gloucester Point. Neither can a list of 
 ministers be given who have served Abingdon from its beginning as 
 a parish until 1674, when the Rev. John Gwynn removed there from 
 Ware Parish, and continued in charge through Bacon's Rebellion until 
 1688. (See Couit records.) 
 
208 
 
 With hill) we begin the list of knov'n ministers in the parish, al- 
 though it is almost certain one or more preceded him, as I 'find from 
 Dr. Hawks' Ecclesiastical History that "in 1G59 there were fifty parishes 
 in the Colony of Virginia, and the number of ministers about the num- 
 ber of the parishes." 
 
 Since Bishop Meade's day, an Abingdon Parish register, dating fr«m 
 1677 to 1761, has been found, a copy of it has been made and placed 
 with the Virginia Historical Society. The original is in the charge of 
 the officers of Abingdon Parish. From this record we find the Rev. 
 G'\v Smith served the parish from 1702 until his death in 1718. Dur- 
 ing his ministry the Rev. George Keith, missionary of the S. P. G., 
 preached in the first Abingdon church, June 13, 1703. This year was 
 also no'able as being the time that Major Lewis Burwell, of Carter's 
 Creek, presented the handsome communion service, still used in the 
 parish. It consists of a flagon, a cup and two patens, engraved, "The 
 Gift of L. B. to Abingdon Parish." According to maker's mark, the 
 set was made in London in 1702. The flagon is l-3i/i inches high and 
 81 o across the base. The cup is nearly 8 inches high and ^Vz acronr. 
 the mouth. Diameter of the large paten is lli/4 inches, and of the 
 smaller 6 inches. 
 
 According to the report of the Rev. Thomas Hughes to the Bishop 
 of London, made in 1724, he succeeded Rev. Mr. Smith in 1719, and was 
 still in the parish in 1744, when he baptized a member of the Thrus- 
 ton family. (See Thruston Bible.) In 1724 Mr. Hughes reported 
 about 300 families in the parish; that services were held every Lord's 
 Day, Good Friday and Christmas, in the forenoon; that there were 
 sixty or seventy communicants; that the Holy Communion was admin- 
 istered three times a year, and that about 200 Christians generally at- 
 tended the church. Mr. Hughes said the surplice had never been 
 used in the parish. (I suppose he used the black gown.) He reported 
 his salary was 1,600 pounds of tobacco. He also reported a glebe, 
 which he occupied, to be in good condition. This glebe house which he 
 mentioned is in existence in the limits of Ware Parish, and is one of 
 the most interesting brick Colonial houses in the county, and is now 
 owned by Mr. William S. Robins. The glebe buildings and lands were 
 confiscated by legislative act in 1802. 
 
 Mr. Hughes also reported a free school endowed and 500 acres of 
 land for the benefit of the poor children of Abingdon and Ware Par- 
 ishes. This grant was made by Mr. Henry Peasley, of Robins' Neck, 
 
209 
 
 in 1675. (See Hen. St., Vol. VII., p. 441.) Some years ago this bequest 
 was changed by the Virginia Legislature to benefit the poor of Glouces- 
 ter county. I think equity demands that it should be applied accord- 
 ing to the will of the testator. 
 
 Referring again to the Thruston Bible, there being no reference to 
 the Rev. Wm. Yates in the old Parish Register, I gather he was in 
 charge of the parish in 1750 and 1759. In this latter year he became 
 rector of Bruton Parish and president of William and Mary College. 
 Reference is made to him in Bishop Meade's book as rector of Abing- 
 don, though the printer calls him "Gates." 
 
 In the absence of other records, I again turn to the Thruston Bible, 
 and I find the Rev. Richard Hewett was in the parish in 1772. The 
 Rev. William Hubard in 1773, and Rev. Thomas Price in 1778, each of 
 these ministers having baptized members of the Thruston family. 
 Bishop Meade says Mr. Price was in the parish 1773, 1774, 1776. After 
 this there is no record of ministers for several years. 
 
 Abingdon was the third church in the diocese to receive an Episco- 
 pal visitation — possibly in the early part of 1791. (See Bishop Madi- 
 son'?: report to the Convention of that year.) 
 
 Rev. James Maury Fountaine is said to have had charge of the par- 
 ish in 1784. It is probable that about that time he preache ^. in all the 
 churches in Gloucester. In April, 1791, his name appears as presiding 
 at a vestry meeting in Petsworth Parish. He was then unanimously 
 asked to continue as "lecturer" of the parish, for the year to end the 
 eleventh (11th) of April, 1792. May 11, 1792, he was again present 
 at the Petsworth vestry meeting, and chosen "lecturer" for the next 
 twelve months, with this addition: "Mr. Fountaine is at liberty to at- 
 tend the Church of Abingdon at least three times a year." He is re- 
 corded as declining. July 2d of the same year he wrote to Bishop 
 Madison from Ware, endorsing Mr. Armistead Smith, of Kingston Par- 
 ish, for holy orders. From the foregoing, it seems he served the three 
 parishes for a time. 
 
 Mr. Armistead Smith's name next appears in connection with Abing- 
 don Parish. It is recorded in the Thruston Bible that on "December 
 22, 1804, at Bell Farm, Rev. A. Smith united Robert Thruston and 
 Sarah Brown in "holy matrimony." Mr. Smith entered the ministry 
 from Kingston Parish, Mathews, 1792. He was ordained priest in 
 Abingdon church by Bishop Madison in 1793. He died in 1817. Fur- 
 ther note will be made of him in the Ware article. 
 
210 
 
 in 1827 the Rev. James Carnes became rector of Abingdon, in con- 
 nection with Ware, and served in both parishes until 1829.' He was 
 followed in both charges by the Rev. John Cole (deacon), who contin- 
 ued rector until 1836. He was succeeded in both parishes the next year 
 hy the Rev. Charles Mann, who continued his joint ministry until 
 U-G7, when he resigned Abingdon Parish. Further note of Mr. Mann 
 will be made in the article on Ware Parish. 
 
 The Rev. S. H. Phillips became rector in 1868 and was in charge 
 until 1872, when he was followed by Rev. Alexander T. Hundley, who 
 contiuuGd in charge until 1883. He was greatly beloved by many 
 within and without the church and drew many to the church. 
 
 .'n 1884, the present rector began his ministry in the parish, first 
 temporarily, then permanently, in June, 1885. 
 
 During the late Mr. Hundley's ministry a mission was established 
 in Robins' Neck, about five miles from the church, upon what is known 
 as the "Free School Tract," the land formerly donated by Henry Pea- 
 liody to Abingdon and Ware Parishes. From this beginning, in 1888, 
 the present rector was able to build the Holy Innocents chapel, not 
 where the mission started, but upon a piece of land given by the late 
 Mr. Robert C. Selden, of Sherwood — a devout Churchman and vestry- 
 man. 
 
 In connection with this chapel I wish to make special mention of 
 my friond and parishioner, the late Mr. Joe Deal. He owned a part 
 cf the "Free School Tract," and lived and died in the original Peas- 
 ley house, built about 1655. He was a liberal subscriber to the chapel, 
 and, according to his request, he was buried with his parents and 
 o*:hpr members of his family at Abingdon church. 
 
 In October, 1904, Rev. S. R. Tyler assisted in Abingdon and Ware 
 Parishes until July 1, 1905, when he left to take charge of Hamilton 
 Parish, Va. He was at once followed by the Rev. R. Y. Barber, who left 
 at the end of a year for Texas. 
 
 Having given, as far as I could, a list of the ministers of Abingdon 
 Parish, it will be interesting to add the names of officers and of ves- 
 trymen as far as they are known. There are no known records prior 
 1o 1785 that give information on this subject. In Dr. Dashiell's Digest 
 of the Councils of the Diocese of Virginia, I find Governor John Page, 
 of Rosewell, represented Abingdon Parish in the Diocesan Council in 
 the years 1785, '86. '87, '91 and '97. Thomas Lewis in 1787 and Warner 
 Lewis in 1794. 
 
211 
 
 In 1785 I find Governor Page chairman of a committee in the Con- 
 vention to prepare an address to the members of the Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church of Virginia, representing the condition of that Church. 
 
 In 1854 Bishop Meade says Governor Page had seven descendants in 
 the Episcopal ministry. 
 
 The first recorded vestry meeting in Gloucester county was held at 
 Gloucester Courthouse, July 31, 1830. It represented the joint parishes 
 of Abingdon and Ware. Present, Rev. John Cole, Dr. William Talia- 
 ferro, Sr., Colonel Catesby Jones, Captain William Robins, Dr. William 
 G. Wiatt, Phillip E. Tabb, William P. Smith. On motion being made. 
 Colonel Catesby Jones and Dr. William Taliaferro, Sr., were unani- 
 mously elected wardens for Ware church. Mr. Archibald Taylor, Sr., 
 and Captain William Robins were in the same manner nominated and 
 appointed wardens for Abingdon church. 
 
 On April 30, 1832, we have a list of the Joint body of vestrymen: 
 "The following members are appointed for Ware parish vestry: Colo- 
 nel Catesby Jones, Rev. John Cole, Dr. William Taliaferro, Sr., W. T. 
 Taliaferro, William P. Smith, Philip E. Tabb. For Abingdon Parish: 
 Colonel William Jones, George B. Taliaferro, Thomas Smith, John R. 
 Bryan, William Smart and A. L. Davies. Dr. William Taliaferro and 
 Colonel Catesby Jones, wardens for Ware. George B. Taliaferro and 
 John R. Bryan, wardens for Abingdon." 
 
 That same vestry met December 31, and passed the following: 
 
 "On motion being made and seconded, the resignation of the Rev. 
 John Cole was accepted, and it is further resolved that the vestry, 
 through their secretary, do express the high sense they entertain of 
 Mr. Cole's services, and their entire approbation of his conduct during 
 the whole time he has officiated as minister of the parishes above men- 
 tioned, embracing a period of aoout seven years." 
 
 Again the Vestry Book is missing to the year 1868. 
 
 Abingdon vestry May 4, 1867: Colonel J. Lyle Clarke, Charles Selden, 
 Captain R. M. Page. At this period both church edifice and its officers 
 had to be re-established. The vestry for 1868: Colonel J. Lyle Clarke, 
 Dr. Charles Selden, Captain R. M. Page, Mr. John Backhouse, Captain 
 J. B. Brown, Captain John T. Perrin. 
 
 Abingdon and Ware were represented in the Council in 1827 by Aug. 
 L. Dabney, and again in 1831. Abingdon was represented in the Con- 
 ventions of 1827 and '31 by Augustine L. Dabney; in 1836 and '40, '50, 
 '54, '57, by John R. Bryan. 
 
212 
 
 The following are vestrymen of Abingdon and Ware conjointly from 
 1865 to 1867, when relationships were dissolved: Warner Taliaferro, 
 William Patterson Smith, Wyndham Kemj), Dr. Francis Jones, Dr. Sam- 
 uel Cary, Gen. William B. Taliaferro, Colonel William T. Robins, Col- 
 onel J. Lyle Clarke, Captain Richard M. Page, Dr. Charles Selden, Mr. 
 Richard P. Jones, Major William K. Perrin. 
 
 From 1867 to 1885 the following were added to the vestry: Messrs. 
 Robert C. Selden, John W. C. Catlett, Daniel C. Hopper, M. J. Musson, 
 John Backhouse, T. J. Meredith, Captain Joseph S. James, Burnet 
 Brcwn, Judge Fielding Lewis Taylor, Captain J. M. Nicholson. Since 
 1885 the following have been added: Richard W. Jones, Joshua G. 
 Bray, Walter Harwcod, J. Curtis James, Ashton Sinclair, Joseph Bryan 
 and John Lewis Bouldin. 
 
 The present vestry consists of Judge Charles Catlett, senior warden; 
 J. Curtis James, junior warden; J. L. Bouldin, treasurer; Judge F. L. 
 Taylor, register; Messrs. Joseph Bryan, J. G. Bray, Walter Harwood 
 and Ashton Sinclair. 
 
 It is worthy of note that the future historian of the parish will re- 
 joice when he comes across the minute and complete records that 
 Judge Taylor has kept of the proceedings of the vestry. 
 
 Abingdon has been repaired three times — first in 1841, when the 
 Rev. Charles Mann, Messrs. John Tabb, J. R. Bryan and Richard Coke 
 were appointed a committee to attend to the same. About that time, 
 it is probable, the present beautiful reredos was placed in the chancel, 
 on which are the tables of the Commandments, the Creed and the 
 Lord's Prayer. 
 
 In 1867 the church having been much injured by the Federal troops, 
 who occupied it at times during the war, was repaired at a cost of 
 $1,500. Some of the Colonial pews had been destroyed and others were 
 used as stalls for horses. The floor was raised and modern pe'^'s re- 
 placed the original ones. 
 
 It is interesting to note that while the church was closed to divine 
 services, the words, "We praise Thee, O God," remained high on the 
 reredos from the Christmas dressing of 1861. When the church was 
 repaired these words were painted on the reredos in golden letters. 
 
 Colonel J. Lyle Clarke was leader in this second repairing of the 
 church. There is a claim for damages done the church pending in the 
 Un-ted States court. 
 
 In 1897 the heavy timbers in the roof were found to be unsafe, and 
 for the third time repairs had to be made. 
 
213 
 
 Mrs. Charles H. and Mrs. William C. Dimmock were indefatigable 
 in their efforts to again repair the beautiful old church. Indeed, every 
 member of the congregation and many friends outside contributed to 
 the same. It was necessary to remove the woodwork down to the walls 
 and build over again; to put in two chimneys and a furnace; to change 
 the chancel, placing it and the pulpit in their former places, and to 
 make a vestry room. All this involved an expense of about $3,000. 
 The work was executed according to the plans of Mr. Marion Dimmock, 
 of Richmond, and under his charge. It was begun and finished in the 
 year 1897. That November the Rev. C. B. Bryan preached the re- 
 opening sermon, this being the church of his childhood. 
 
 It would be an imperfect sketch of Abingdon church without the men- 
 tion of some of the families who, in all their history, have been identi- 
 fied with the work. Such were the Warners, Robins, Lewises, Tay- 
 lors, Thrustons, Manns, Seawells, Perrins, Carys, Thorntons, Burwells, 
 Pages, Ennes, Roots, Tabbs, Deans, Bryans, Seldens, Sinclairs, Catletts 
 and Harwoods. Doubtless from among these and others were found 
 early vestrymen, who attended to the f.ffairs of the church. 
 
 I shall reserve certain conclusions as to the work of these worthies 
 until I speak of families in Ware, as these two parishes were closely 
 united and many of the same names were in both. 
 
 A careful count has been made by Mr. St. George T. C. Bryan of the 
 recorded baptisms in the old register, 1677 to 1761, as follows: Infant 
 male, white, 1,384; infant female, white, 1,422; adult white, 12; negroes, 
 950. '±otal, 3,768. 
 
 It is to be noted that the registration of the baptisms of the colored 
 persons was made in regular order along with the registration of white 
 persons, and without distinction in place. There were also found, and 
 an alphabetical list made of 572 different surnames of white families, 
 some of which occurred very often in the registration. Each surname 
 is recorded but once. This list appears below. 
 
 Reflect, that more than 150 years ago, 572 white families in Abing- 
 don Parish alone received Christian ministrations at the hands of the 
 Church of England. Had our forefathers been godless in this new 
 land what would have been their fate, and that of their children and 
 children's children? 
 
 I wish to express my thanks to Mr. St. George T. C. Bryan, Dr. and 
 Mrs. William C. Stubbs and other friends for valuable aid in material 
 and otherwise in this and the Ware article. 
 
214 
 
 INTKKKSTING CIirRfll AM) FAMILY KK( OliDS. 
 
 Below are seen the surnames of 570 resident families of Abingdon 
 Parish, Gloucester county, Virginia, from 1677 to 1761. This alpha- 
 betical list was taken from the parish records of births, marriages and 
 deaths during eighty-four years. There may be repetition in a few 
 instances, due to difference in spelling these family names: 
 
 Adams, Albin, Alloway, Anderson, Ashington, Augustin, Arnold, 
 Abney, Allman, Ames, Antony, Ashley, Austin, Arnall, Absalom, Allen, 
 Ambrose, Archibald, Atkins, Allberson, Tylestock, Alcomb, Allard, Am- 
 mon, Armstrong, Angur, Andrews, Babbs, Barbary, Barrow, Best, 
 Berkeley, Boswell, Briggs, Brown, Broadbent, Burrison, Buchanan, 
 Burton, Baker, Barkley, Barnet, Botts, Beddos, Bourk, Breeding, Broad- 
 ley, Brunner, Burrows, Burwell, Barth, Bates, Baden, Beveridge, Black- 
 burn, Bowry, Brockley, Broach, Bryan, Burford, Burnett, Barlow, Bay- 
 lor, Bartlet, Berryman, Bolton, Boloine, Bradley, Buck, Butler, Bishop, 
 Barnes, Barton, Belvin, Bew, Booker, Boutwell, Brooks, Bromfield, 
 Buckstone, Busbie, Broderick, Catrine, Cane, Cannifack, Cawdle, Cham- 
 b^^rlain, Clare, Cole, Correll, Cocker, Crittenden, Crow, Caker, Cannon, 
 Cannaday, Chance, Chandler, Clover, Collins, Cottrell, Compton, Crane, 
 Creedle, Callingerne, Carter, Call, Chapman, Christian, Cleveland, 
 Cocke, Cornwell, Cooper, Critchfield, Crawson, Camp. Carr, Caul, 
 Churchill, Clayton, Clement, Cooley, Coleman, Couchman, Crutchfield. 
 Curry, Campbell, Cary, Cawdell, Charwell, Clerk, Cluverius, Corriwell, 
 Cowper, Coward, Creswell, Culley, Daniel, Davies, Day, Dennis. Do 
 Jarnette, Dorton, Dudley, Dennaby, Dalton, Dearing, Dens, Dickson, 
 Druth, Dunbar, Danney, Dawson, Deal, Dent, Dixon, Drewett, Dyei-, 
 Darnaly, Dandy, Dodenharn, Densborow, Dobbs, Drummond, Davis, 
 Dawzey, Deneson, Dew, Dobson, Dunford, Eames, Elliser, Erborough, 
 Eavue, Elvidge, Earning, Ellis, Edwards, Ellenor, Ebbit, Elkin. Fal- 
 cher, Figg, Frawer, Firnice, Farrier, Finley, Freeman, Farril, Fitzhar- 
 ris, Fulcher, Forsythe, Fox, Furbet, Fletcher, Foster, Fuller, Gawin. 
 Gibbs, Gower, Gorman, Green Gromley, Gaines, Giles, Goswell, Gravit, 
 Grixon, Guttery, Gascoigne, Goodman, Goreing, Graves, Groves, Gut- 
 teridge, Gardner, Coram, Gough, Granley, Greenwood, Gwathmey, Gillet, 
 Gordon, Golsher, Grawson, Griswit, Hall, Harrington, Hearn. Hill. 
 Hockett, Howell, Hopdon, Huff, Hunley, Haley, Hartwell. Heywood. 
 Hinch, Hogg, Holies, Howell, Hughes, Hale, Haswell, Hemmingway. 
 Highland, Hobday, Hollinger, Humphrey, Huggins, Harvey, Hatch, 
 Hilery, Higgens, How. Holyfried, Hunt. Hugsey, Harwood, Haynes. 
 
215 
 
 Hilliard, Holt, Howard, Houch, Hudson, Hussy, Hupsey, Isabel, James, 
 Jobbin, Janson, Jock, Jeffries, Jennings, Jones, Johnston, Jenkins, 
 Keaton, Keyes, King, Keek, Kibby, Kendrick, Knight, Kerbie, Knowles, 
 Keymer, Kemp, Lacey, Lanier, Lee, Lively, Levett, Langhinghouse, 
 Lashadoe, Leek, Lithgoe, Lodge, Latsringhouse, Lawyer, Lowlynn, 
 Lighgo, Loyal, Lane, Lewyllin Lenford, Lobb, Lucas, Latter, Ledson, 
 Lester, Love, Lutridge, Major, March, Mannisher, McKendrie, McWil- 
 liams, MeClary, Marstick, Marriner, Mattocks, Mead, McDaniel, Mas- 
 toak. Mason, Mathews, Megrah, Michniel, Marnix, Marca, May, Mever, 
 Mapp, Mannox, Martin, Mayo, Megson, Meriday, Minor, Moody, Morrel, 
 Murrell, Millicint, Mitchel, Moore, Morris, Murfey Mills, More, Morrow, 
 Mynne, Millward, Mixon, Moring, Moxen, McCollister, Miller, Moein, 
 Morney, Mumford, Neatby, Neuman, Nochols, Nelson, Newman, Noden, 
 Nevel, Neving, Nolton, Newell, Newcomb, Norman, Nernie, Nicholls, 
 Nowell, Okey, Orrill, Olliway, Oxenbridge, Oliver, Olive, Orgin, Paddi- 
 son, Parala, Pate, Perry, Pierce, Powell, Pritchett^ Page, Partridge, Pat- 
 terson, Perkins, Pointer, Pomeroy, Prince, Pallet, Pargison, Peat, Pey- 
 ton, Pollard, Powers, Prosser, Pallison, Parsola, Peage, Pippin, Poore, 
 Popham, Purcell, Parry, Paston, Parrin, Plesey, Pollet, Potter, Pur- 
 chase, Quales, Quarles, Rachford, Redd, Rider, Rolf, Ruggles, Ryland, 
 Ralph, Reed, Robins, Rose, Rup, Ruglass, Ramsey, Reiheson, Roberts, 
 Ross, Rupie, Ran, Richeson, Robinson, Rowe, Rupel, Rawbottom, Rice, 
 Rogers, Robeson, Russell, Sadler, Sares, Scriven, Shackleford, Simmons, 
 Smith, Spiller, Street, Stoaks, Swift, Saches, Sargison, Scriviner, Sher- 
 iff, Skelton, Soals, Speed, Stanton, Stone, Sykes, Salisbury, Savage, 
 Seawell, Sherwin, Slater, Spann, Spratt, Steevens, Stubbs, Sympson, 
 Sanders, Sawyer, Serwiner, Shilling, Slatterwhite, Spencer, Stafford, 
 Stevens, Sumer, Saunders, Sharras, Shools, Simpson, Slave, Spruce, 
 Straghan, Stevenson, Surles, Tarleton, Temple, Thompson, Tillage, 
 Tomson, Tomstram, Tyler, Tarrant, Terrill, Thornton, Todd, Tool, Tug- 
 den, Tate, Terry, Thrift, Tombies, Tornson, Turner, Tawell, Thomas, 
 Throckmorton, Tomkeys, Trancham, Twails, Teagle, Thorogood, Thrus- 
 ton, Tomkins, Trawer, Twine, Ueding, Upton, Vest, Voluntine, Vaughan, 
 Vines, Vincent, Villine, Waddle, Wafers, West, Whiting, Williams, 
 Woodfolk, Walker, Wormley, Waterfield, Westborn, Wilson, Whitaker, 
 Woodfult. Wafer, Watkins, Wheeler, Willsborn, Wingate, Wood, Wel- 
 lington, Wave, White, Wiley, Witrong, Wyatt, Washington, Watts, 
 Whitehead, Willis, Woodfork, Wynn, Yarborough, Young, Yates. 
 
WARE CHURCH, GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY TIIE REV. WILLIAM HYKI) I.Ki;, RKCTOR. 
 
 WARE Parish was established between 1G52 and 1654. It em- 
 braces the southeast section of Gloucester county, and is 
 between thirty and forty miles in circumference; bounded 
 on the east and north by Mobjack bay; North river and 
 Mathews county on the west, and south by Petsworth and Abingdon 
 Parishes. 
 
 Tradition says there was a former church or chapel in the parish, 
 located about one and a half miles from the present church, on Glen 
 Roy estate, formerly the home of William Patterson Smith, now owned 
 by Dr. William R. Jaeger. A clump of trees and one or two tomb- 
 stones mark the spot. Mrs. Isaac H. Carrington (nee Smith) says that 
 her father protected this old site from encroaching cultivation. When 
 she was quite a young girl she made copies of the inscriptions on 
 two old gravestones for Bishop Meade, and sent them to him, at his 
 request. Then there were a good many broken bricks on the spot. 
 The field where this graveyard is, has long been known as the "Church 
 Field," and Bishop Meade speaks of it in "Old Churches and Families 
 of Virginia." On the same farm is Glebe Point, suggestive that part 
 of the forgotten glebe lands of Ware Parish may have been there- 
 about. This first church is supposed to have been built soon after 
 Ware Parish was established. 
 
 In 1680 a petition was made before the Colonial Court and Council 
 for permission to build another church in Ware Parish. (See records 
 in Virginia Historical Society.) In the absence of early parish re- 
 cords, I conclude that this petition was for the building of the present 
 Ware church, and that it was erected within the next ten years. The 
 ground on which it stands is said to have been donated by the Throck- 
 mortons, who once owned the adjoining estate, it being a part of 
 "Mordecai Mount," the original seat of the Cookes. 1 believe, however, 
 the church was built before the estate passed into the Throckmorton 
 family, as Gabriel Throckmorton did not marry Frances Cooke until 
 1G90. (See descendants of Mordecai Cooke, by William C. Stubbs. 
 Ph. D.) 
 
217 
 
 The present church is of brick, with glazed heads; is rectangular, 
 80 feet by 40 feet; walls three feet thick. It is surrounded by a brick 
 wall that confines a cemetery of half an acre of land, shaded by a 
 grove of cedars and walnuts. Six acres of land, recently acquired, 
 adjoin the old churchyard. 
 
 Three doors, "North," "South" and "West." give entrance to the 
 church. The chancel occupies the east end. The space directly in 
 front of the chancel is covered by inscribed horizontal gravestones. 
 There were— before the change of the interior plan— four rows of 
 medium high pews; a row along the north and south walls, respect- 
 ively, and a double row, end on end, extended through the body of 
 the church. Two longitudinal flagged aisles ran between the lines 
 of wall-pews and the opposing central rows; a cross aisle between 
 the north and south doors and an aisle at the west end, under the 
 servants' gallery, each made connection with the two longitudinal 
 aisles. The tall pulpit stood near the south door. It was a strik- 
 ing and handsome interior. Much objection was raised at the time 
 when modern pews were substituted in 1854. 
 
 The church is lighted by twelve large windows. Of these, two 
 double ones are in the chancel, and each describes an arc above. 
 There appears to have been the same absence of provision, as at 
 Abingdon, for heating the church. It was left, doubtless, in early days, 
 to each family or person to come prepared or else worship regardless 
 of the cold. Under the best conditions in winter the churches were 
 very cold. One devout lady, of whom I have heard, while riding to 
 church in her high swing "C" spring carriage on wintry days, sang 
 herself into a fervent mood, and on arrival she found nothing so warm- 
 ing to her in church as a sermon from the Rev. John Peyton McGuire, 
 of Tappahannock, who occasionally visited Ware and Abingdon. 
 
 The earliest minister I have record of was Rev. .John Gwynn. who 
 served this parish from 1672 to 1674, when he went to Abingdon. I 
 can hardly think that the parish was without ministerial services 
 from its beginning to 1672. 
 
 In an old Root family paper it is said of Rev. John Gwynn: "He was 
 a cavalier parson, turned out of his parish in England by Parliamen- 
 tary authorities during the Civil War." He doubtless came to this 
 country prior to 1660. 
 
 Possibly the next minister in Ware Parish was Rev. Wadding. 
 Dashiell reports him in Gloucester in 1676. The other parishes were 
 supplied in 1677. 
 
218 
 
 The next known minister was Rev. James Clack, wlio served 
 from 1679 until his death in 1723. His tomb is four fe'et from the 
 east wall, outside the church with this inscription: 
 "Here lyeth the Body of 
 ^ James Clack, the Youngest Son 
 
 X of William and Mary Clack — 
 
 ^ Born in the Parish of Harden, 
 
 0) miles from Devizes, 
 
 2 — the county of Wilts, 
 
 ■" came out a England August 18. 
 
 Arrived in Virginia upon New Year's day following. Came into this 
 Parish of Ware at Easter, where he Continued Minister near forty- 
 five years, till he Dy'd. He departed this life on the 20 day of Decem- 
 ber, in the year of Our Lord God 1723, in hopes of a joyfull Resurrection 
 to Eternal Life, which God Grant him for his Blessed Redeemer's 
 Sake. Amen." 
 
 Under his ministry the present church was built. His descendants 
 are still in the parish and have done much to maintain the gracious 
 mission of the ancient church. Mr. Charles E. Cary, vestryman of 
 the parish for thirty-nine years, now senior warden, is descended 
 from him. 
 
 After Mr. Clack's death, according to reports of Rev. Emmanuel 
 Jones, of Petsworth, and Rev. Thomas Hughes, of Abingdon, to the 
 Bishop of London, in 1724, they each held services in Ware church 
 on alternate Sundays in the afternoon. This, however, was not long 
 continued. 
 
 On May 14, 1724, Rev. John Richards left England for the Colony 
 of Virginia. (See Emigrant Book to America.) He was minister in 
 Ware church the following year, as seen from the inscription on 
 his wife's tombstone in the church, which reads: 
 
 "Underneath this stone lyeth interred the body of Amy Richards, the 
 most dearly beloved wife of John Richards, minister of this parish, 
 who departed this life 21st of November, 1725, age 40." 
 
 Also: "Here lyeth the body of Mary Ades, her faithful and beloved 
 servant, who departed this life the 23rd of November, 1725, aged 28 
 years." 
 
 Rev. Mr. Richards was rector until his death in 1735, as seen from 
 the following inscription on his tomb in Ware church: 
 
 "Underneath this stone lyeth the body of Mr. John Richards, late 
 
219 
 
 rector of Nettlestead, and vicar of Teston, in the county of Kent, in 
 the Kingdom of England, and minister of Ware, in the county of 
 Gloucester and Colony of Virginia, who, after a troublesome passage 
 through the various changes and chances of this mortal life, at last 
 reposed in this silent grave, in expectation of a joyful resurrection to 
 eternal life. He died the 12th day of November, in the year of our 
 Lord 1735, aged 46." 
 
 The next minister in the parish may have been Rev. Reid J. Ford, 
 as Dashiell's Digest of Councils of Virginia locates him in Gloucester 
 county in 1740. Then Abingdon and Kingston Parishes were supplied 
 and Petsworth vacant, waiting the arrival of Mr. Yoak. Mr. Ford's 
 ministry must have been very brief, as another tombstone in the church 
 shows Rev. John Fox as rector in 1742. 
 
 "Here lyeth the body of Isabel, daughter of Mr. Thomas Booth, wife 
 of Rev. John Fox, minister of this parish, who, with exemplary pa- 
 tience, having borne various afflictions, and with equal piety discharged 
 her several duties on earth, cheerfully yielded to mortality, exchanging 
 the miseries of this life for the joys of a glorious eternity on the 13th 
 day of June, in the year of our Lord 1742, of her age 38." 
 
 Bishop Meade speaks of Mr. Fox as having been in the parish in 
 1754 and 1758. 
 
 About 1764 the parish was vacant and Rev. James Maury Fountaine, 
 of Petsworth, accepted a call to fill the same. (See record in Pets- 
 worth Vestry Book for 18th day of November, 1764): 
 
 "As the Rev. James Maury Fountaine, who was minister of Petsworth 
 Parish has left to go to Ware, this parish is without a minister, the 
 vestry hath thought proper to recommend Mr. Chas Mynn Thruston to 
 his lordship, the Bishop of London, to be ordained a minister of the 
 Church of England." 
 
 It appears from the same record that in 1762 Mr. Fountaine had 
 been recommended by the vestry to the Bishop of London for ordin- 
 ation. Thus, two men were sent from Gloucester to England to be 
 ordained about the same time. Captain Charles Mynn Thruston 
 was a member of that vestry. 
 
 Mr Fountaine seems to have ended his days as rector of Ware. He 
 was in charge in 1792, when he signed testimonials for Mr. Armistead 
 Smith's ordination. One of his descendants, Mr. Francis Maury 
 Wyatt reports he was stricken with apoplexy on his return from 
 
220 
 
 Ware church and died March 13, 1795, and was buried under the floor 
 of Ware church, and a brown slab was placed over his -grave. 
 
 There are those now living who have heard from their forefathers 
 what a good man Mr. Fountaine was. In "Old Families and Churches 
 of Virginia," Mrs. Page, of Shelly, gives a description of Petsworth 
 church, and alludes to Mr. Fountaine's death. She says: "Child as I 
 was, I thought Mr. Fountaine must have been the best and greatest man 
 in the world, except my father." Her father was General Nelson, of 
 Yorktown. He has descendants in the county who have been baptized 
 in the church of their forefathers and have great regard for the same. 
 Rev. Mr. Mann says Mr. Fountaine taught a school near Ware. There 
 is a house known as the old schoolhouse, not far from the church, 
 and supposed to have been Mr. Fountaine's schoolhouse. 
 
 From what was said in my article on Abingdon, Mr. Fountaine had 
 served all the churches in the county. His Bible, which I have seen, 
 is still preserved by Mr. Francis Wyatt, and bears his name as 
 "minister of Ware, Abingdon and Petsworth." 
 
 At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, 'Bishop Meade states 
 that Virginia had 91 clergymen officiating in 164 churches and chapels. 
 At its close, he says, only twenty-eight ministers were found labor- 
 ing in the less desolate parishes of the State. This accounts for Mr. 
 Fountaine having to divide his services in these three parishes. 
 
 In 1795 Rev. E. L. Talley seems to have followed Mr. Fountaine in 
 the charge of Ware Parish. The Petsworth preserved record closes 
 in 1792, and there is none of Abingdon; so there is no way of telling 
 whether he served in those churches. Mr. Talley probably came to 
 Gloucester from St. Paul's, Hanover, where he once ministered. He 
 seems to have been an unworthy minister. He gave trouble to the trus- 
 tees of Ware Parish glebei in 1795. When or how he left Ware I cannot 
 say. In 1805 he was expelled from the order of Masons for unworthy 
 conduct. Bishop Meade makes but little mention of him. He says: 
 ■'Rev. Mr. Talley became a Universalist, and died a drunkard." 
 About that time there was a Rev. Mr. Hefferman in Middlesex, of ill 
 report. These two men did the Church much harm. How needful, in 
 all ages, is the prayer appointed for Matthias Day: "O Almighty God, 
 who, in the place of the traitor Judas, didst choose Thy faithful ser- 
 vant Matthias to be of the number of the twelve Apostles; grant that 
 Thy Church, being alway preserved from false apostles, may be ordered 
 and guided by faithful and true pastors, through Jesus Christ, our 
 Lord. Amen." 
 
221 
 
 As noted in the Abingdon article, Rev. Armistead Smitii served 
 Ware in connection with the other parishes of Gloucester and Mathews, 
 I thinlc, from the time the unfortunate Mr. Talley left until the death 
 of Mr. Smith in 1817. 
 
 Mr. Thomas A. Smith leports his father, Mr. Patterson Smith, as 
 saying that the Rev. Armistead Smith generally rode a trotting horse 
 from his home, "Belleview," in the lower part of Mathews, to his 
 appointments at Ware and Abingdon. He lived about thirty miles 
 from Abingdon church. He did a good work and left a sweet memory 
 behind him. His son, Mr. W. P. Smith, was a most active vestryman 
 and supporter of the parish for many years, until his death. He 
 trained his family in the ways of the Church. I am told that when 
 he and they could not attend church, he held the Church's service with 
 his children in his home, and read a sermon. This excellent custom 
 was and is still practiced in families in the two parishes, and is worthy 
 of emulation and perpetuation. 
 
 Mr. Armistead Smith was a native of Mathews county. He was 
 recommended by the vestry of Kingston Parish, as well as by Mr, 
 Fountaine, for holy orders. He served as deacon in Kingston Parish 
 and was ordained priest in Abingdon church by Bishop Madison in 
 1793. He entered the ministry when the Episcopal Church was in her 
 most depressed period, after her disestablishment in this land. It 
 took, indeed, a true, wise, strong and faithful man to exercise the 
 ministry she had received from the Lord Jesus. Her depressed and 
 scattered children were as sheep going astray. Such was Mr. Smith 
 to his people. He attempted to fix their hope in God; to calm their 
 fears; to rekindle their devotion to their Church and to encourage 
 them to labor to rebuild her waste places. To this he gave his 
 heart and life. He died in 1817 and was. buried at Toddsbury, the 
 home of his daughter, Mrs. Thomas Tabb, in Ware Parish. 
 
 Inscription on the tomb of Rev. Armistead Smith, "Toddsbury," 
 Gloucester county, Va: 
 
 "Sacred to the memory of The Rev. Armistead Smith, of Mathews 
 Co.. who after having faithfully served God in the Gospel of His Son, 
 departed this life Sept. 12th, 1817, aged 60 years, 9 months and 12 days. 
 
 "If sincerity in friendship, a heart glowing with true piety, benevo- 
 lence and charity have a claim to lasting regard, the memory of the 
 deceased will be fondly cherished." 
 
 He was the son of Captain Thomas Smith, of Beechland, Mathews 
 county (then Gloucester), and Dorothy Armistead, of Hesse. Among 
 
222 
 
 his descendants in Gloucester are Messrs. Thomas A. Smith, William 
 A. Smith and Miss Marian S. Smith, the Tabhs of "News'tead" and 
 "Showan," and the Dabneys, of "The Exchange." 
 
 After Rev. Armistead Smith's death Ware, like Abingdon, was 
 without a minister for about ten years. During a part of this 
 period, I am told, the doors were left open, and passing persons and 
 beasts found shelter from storms under its roof. About 1826 God 
 stirred the hearts of the people to think upon His Church, and about 
 their spiritual needs. 
 
 Bishop Meade makes mention "of old Mrs. Vanbibber and Dr. 
 William Taliaferro, Sr., two of the props of the Church in the days 
 of her adversity, in this wise: "I need not speak to the present gen- 
 eration in Gloucester, as there are still some living who knew their 
 religious worth, and continue to dwell upon the same to the younger 
 ones." Of Mrs. Vanbibber some interesting notices appeared many 
 yeais since in one of our religious papers. Of Dr. Taliaferro I may 
 say, from personal knowledge, that It is not 9ften we meet with 
 a more pious and benevolent man or more eminent physician." So 
 wrote Bishop Meade. 
 
 Other kindred spirits came forward to the help of this holy cause, 
 which resulted in the call of Rev. James Carnes to the parishes of 
 Ware and Abingdon; which he accepted, and was rector about two 
 years, from 1827-1829. 
 
 In 1829 Rev. John Cole became joint rector of Ware and Abingdon, 
 and so continued for about seven years, when he resigned and moved 
 to Culpeper Courthouse, Va. 
 
 It will be interesting to note the efforts of the vestry to obtain 
 another minister: "At a meeting of the joint vestry of the parishes 
 of Ware and Abingdon churches, convened at Gloucester Courthouse, 
 on the 4th of February, 1837, for the purpose of inviting a Pastor, 
 to take charge of the above Parishes — On motion being made, and 
 seconded by Mr. W. T. Taliaferro, Mr. G. Booth Taliaferro and Mr. 
 J. R. Bryan were appointed a committee to correspond with the 
 Rev. Thomas Atkinson, and failing in the application to Mr. Atkinson, 
 they are then authorized to correspond with Mr. Bowers or Mr. Wilmer 
 to fill the vacancy having occurred by the resignation of the Rev. 
 John Cole." 
 
 Being unsuccessful, a call was extended to the Rev. Charles Mann, 
 who was a former rector of Christ church, Alexandria, Va., and at 
 the time of this call filled the chair of Pastoral Divinity at the Vir- 
 
223 
 
 ginia Theological Seminary. Mr. Mann came to the parish in Novem- 
 ber, 1837. He continued his long and faithful ministry for forty years, 
 until his death, January 16, 1878. His grave is just east of the church 
 wall and close by that of Rev. Mr. Clack, the first minister of the 
 present church. I quote from Mr. Mann's letters to one of the mis- 
 sionary societies, perhaps the last he wrote: "The aid of your society 
 is now more needed than ever before in this parish, as in consequence 
 of my age (85) and infirmity (being lame), I have been obliged to have 
 an assistant. This parish has never been in so thriving a condition 
 as it now is. Of the seven persons confirmed, four were among the 
 most influential men in the parish, and there are several others who 
 wish to be, as soon as the Bishop can visit us; and as the church in 
 the adjoining parish has been closed for want of a rector, the con- 
 gregations are increased in size though the salary paid is smaller than 
 ever; but I do not complain, as I believe it is the best this impov- 
 erished people can do. Through the generosity of Mr. Charles Bruce, 
 of Charlotte county, by money given from the Bruce fund, the church 
 has been thoroughly repaired and is now a really handsome building. 
 The people are so scattered that we cannot have a Sunday-school 
 at the church, but there several scattered about in the parish, which 
 are all taught by pious and intelligent members of the church." 
 
 Mr. Charles E. Cary, a member of Mr. Mann's vestry says: "I knew 
 the Rev. Charles Mann from my earliest recollection to the time of 
 his death in 1878. He was one of the godliest men, as well as one of 
 the most intelligent and best informed, that I ever knew; and one 
 of the most thoroughly practical. He was full of faith, in consequence 
 of which he was always bright and cheerful. I remember on one oc- 
 casion, when there was some fear of dissension in the Church, on ac- 
 count of the High and Low Churchmen, that he remarked to me: 
 'There is no cause for fear; it is God's Church, and He will take care 
 of it.' " 
 
 In the dire days of 1864-'5, when the Northern soldiers had stripped 
 Gloucester county of what would feed the citizens, a young Confederate 
 soldier carried to Rev. Mr. Mann, in the dead of winter, a liberal 
 quantity of flour for those times, and several joints of pork. This 
 young man was the son of one of Mr. Mann's parishioners, then in the 
 Confederate lines. When the aged minister was shown the provis- 
 ions he said: "I did not think God would have sent you. I trusted 
 Him and I knew I should be taken care of, though we were almost 
 out of food." 
 
224 
 
 He had three servant men. Spencer he trained as a missionary, 
 and sent him to Africa to preach to his benighted race. The 6ther two' 
 servants. Will and George, proved their good training and devotion 
 to their old master and his helpless family by resisting every temp- 
 tation and offer made them by the Northern enemy. They worked the 
 little farm and helped keep the wolf from the door so long as the 
 war lasted. Mr. Mann fell on sleep, as he had prayed should be his 
 earthly end, passing painlessly through the gates of eternal life at 
 night, while his family slept— and so they found him in the morning. 
 
 His favorite hymn was. "Lord, Forever at Thy Side." 
 
 There is in Ware church, in the east wall, to the left of the chanceL 
 a tablet inscribed: 
 
 Erected 
 
 by a loving congregation 
 
 to the memory of 
 
 a faithful friend and pastor 
 
 Rev. Charles Mann 
 
 More than 40 years rectoi of this parish 
 
 Died Jany. lO, 1878, 
 
 in the 87th year of his age 
 
 and the 60th year of his ministry. 
 
 He showed forth the praise of God not only with his lips, 
 but in his faithful giving himself to his service and walking- 
 before Him in holiness and righteousness all his days. 
 
 The memory of the just is blessed. 
 
 Rev. William Munford became Mr. Mann's assistant in 187fi and in 1878 
 succeeded him as rector. He resigned the parish in 1879. 
 
 I became rector of the parish June 12, 1881, in connection with 
 Kingston Parish, Mathews county, Virginia. In June, 1885, I re- 
 signed the Mathews churches to accept a call to Abingdon Parish. 
 Thus Abingdon and Ware became reunited under one minister. 
 
 As stated in my Abingdon paper. Rev. S. R. Tyler assisted me in 
 both parishes from October, 1904. to July 1, 1905. At that date Rev. 
 R. Y. Barber followed Mr. Tyler and continued his aid for one year. 
 
 Although the list of the clergy for the parish is incomplete for want 
 of early records, still Ware, with Abingdon, was, I think, fairly well 
 Fiipplied with ministers in the Colonial period. 
 
 Beverley, in his History of Virginia, ppeakng of the whole Colony, 
 says: "They have now several vacant parishes." And again. "There 
 
225 
 
 are no Benefices whatever in the Colony that remain without a min- 
 ister if they can get one, and no qualified minister ever yet returned 
 from the country for want of preferment." 
 
 From a careful examination of the Register of Abingdon Parish 
 from 1677 to 1761, it appears there was a minister generally at hand 
 to administer baptism and other rites of the Church. 
 
 When I turn to the Petsworth vestry book, from 1677-1792, I find 
 that vestry, when the parish was without a minister, was prompt to 
 call another, and usually obtained one in reasonable time. 
 
 I infer from the foregoing that Ware was generally supplied with 
 ministers, who did a faithful work. 
 
 I believe if we had the records the baptisms would compare favor- 
 ably with those in Abingdon, where, for the eighty-five years prior — 
 from 1677 to 1761—2,806 infants, 12 adults, and 950 negroes were bap- 
 tized. 
 
 In Petsworth Rev. Emmanuel Jones reports to the Bishop of London: 
 "Masters afforded the ministers every opportunity to instruct the ne- 
 groes." I believe the same was granted in Ware. Members of the con- 
 gregation recall the colored people occupying the gallery and the pews 
 under the gallery. 
 
 It will be interesting to note the first Episcopal visit to Ware church. 
 Bishop Madison reported to the Convention which met in Richmond 
 May 3, 1792, that he had visited the following parishes: York-Hampton, 
 Elizabeth City, Abingdon, Ware. Christ Church (Middlesex), St. Anne, 
 St. Paul's (King George), Berkeley, Westover, Blisland, Bruton, James 
 City, Henrico and Lunenberg, and is happy to assure the Convention 
 that in most parishes the conduct of the ministers appeared to be such 
 as merited the highest commendation. The congregations were gen- 
 erally numerous and attentive to the form of worship established by 
 the Church; and though he had too much reason to lament that suf- 
 ficient regard was not paid to the decent support of the clergymen in 
 many of the parishes, yet the diligence with which most of the min- 
 isters continued to discharge their sacred functions, while it afforded 
 the highest proof of their zeal and piety, yielded at the same time 
 a pleasing hope that the Church would gradually revive.. 
 
 "In the five parishes of Abingdon, Ware, Christ Church (Middle- 
 sex), Berkeley (Fredericksburg), and Bruton, upward of six hundred 
 persons have been confirmed," reports Bishop Madison. 
 
 The Ware communion service consists of two plates, 8% inches in 
 diameter, two cups, IVz inches high and iV2 inches across the mouth 
 
226 
 
 and base. The original flagon is not with the set. A small one was 
 given to the church some years ago. 
 
 I see in Bishop Meade's book that Hon. Augustine Warner gave Pets- 
 worth church a service, consisting of one silver flagon, two silver 
 bowls and two silver plates. I have heard, when Petsworth church 
 went down, this service was divided between Ware church and another 
 church, unknown to me. If the above is true, Ware has the four 
 smaller pieces. Can anyone give a clew to the missing flagon of the 
 service reported by Bishop Meade, the gift of Augustine Warner? 
 
 Having told the beginning of the parish and church and given a list 
 of the ministers, as far as known, it will be well to note the glebes 
 and rectories that have belonged to the parish. 
 
 In 1680 Mr. Zachariah Crips left 300 acres of land in Ware Parish 
 for the support of the minister. This became the glebe and was sold 
 in 1769, because the vestry found one much better for the incumbent, 
 containing 378 acres. To effect this sale (See Hen. Stat. Vol. VIII, p. 
 435), the House of Burgesses appointed Rev. James .Fountaine, Robert 
 Throckmorton, Francis Tomkies and Francis Whiting, Gentlemen, to 
 hold in trust said land; that they may "sell and by good and sufficient 
 deeds convey, for the best price that can be got for the same." 
 
 During the ministry of Rev. Mr. Talley he and the trustees of a 
 tract of 352 acres of land, commonly known as the Glebe, had some 
 trouble to arise between Mr. Talley and the committee, growing out 
 of the question of its sale. I cannot say whether this was a part of 
 the 370 acres or not. 
 
 The trustees were Philip Tabb, Thomas Baytop, Christopher Pryor, 
 Matthew Anderson, Richard Baynham, Morgan Tomkies, Mordecai 
 Cooke, Peter Beverley Whiting, William Hall, Philip Sansum, and 
 John Dixon. It is possible some or all of these may have been ves- 
 trymen. The further history of glebes in Virginia is too well known 
 to be reviewed in tnis article. Tliey were abolished in 1802. 
 
 During the ministry of Mr. Cole there was no rectory in either 
 parish. He was a single man, and I understand lived with his par- 
 ishioners — a good portion of his time with Mr. George B. Taliaferro. 
 Edge Hill, near Gloucester Courthouse. His last home was with Mr. 
 John R. Bryan, at Eagle Point. 
 
 In April, 1837. there is this item from the vestry book: "Resolved. 
 Tliat Geo. B. Taliaferro be authorized to collect subscriptions for the 
 parsonage for the two parishes of Ware and Abingdon." The place 
 purchased was a little more than forty acres of land, with a house 
 
227 
 
 and outbuildings, secured from Mr. Chiswell Nelson, and located on 
 the "Indian Road," between "Church Hill" and "Campfield" estates 
 and about a mile from Ware church. 
 
 I have described its location because I find it impossible to locate 
 the 370 acres and the other parcel or parcels of land just mentioned. 
 
 Mr. Mann came to the parish in November, 1837. He and his 
 family spent several months with parishioners while the rectory 
 was repaired and enlarged. There he spent the rest of his long and 
 useful life. He and his family made it a home of sunshine — a place of 
 joy and welcome to his parishioners, friends and strangers. 
 
 I never occupied the old rectory. About the year 1883 it was sold, 
 and the funds were divided between the two parishes. Ware vestry 
 purchased a house and forty acres of land for a rectory, near Glou- 
 cester Courthouse, which I have since occupied. 
 
 I learned from Dr. and Mrs. William C. Stubbs that in June, 1752, 
 there was st^olen from Ware church the communion table, pulpit cloth 
 of crimson velvet double laden with gold; a surplice and gown. A 
 reward of ten pounds was offered for the apprehension of the thief. 
 
 In 1724 Rev. Thomas Hughes, in his report from Abingdon to the 
 Bishop of London, said: "Surplices had never been used in the parish." 
 In the Petsworth vestry book, 1733, I find an item of expense, "Wash- 
 ing surplice twice " These items are mentioned as showing when 
 
 and where the surplice was used, and when and where it was not used. 
 
 It will be interesting to note some of the vestrymen who have served 
 the parish — namely: John Throckmorton was church warden in 1679, 
 and Henry Whiting church warden 1674. (See General Court Records, 
 p. 374.) William Hall represented the parish in Convention in 1790 
 and again 1795; Peter Whiting in 1797; Richard Baynum, 1805; Thomas 
 Smith, 1821; Augustine L. Dabney, Ware and Abingdon, 1827; John 
 S. Dixon, 1832; Catesby Jones, 1833; Warren T. Taliaferro, 1834 and 
 again in 1839; G. Booth Taliaferro, 1840; J. R. Bryan, Abingdon and 
 Ware, 1843; Dr. J. R. Page, 1857; Dr. Samuel Carey, 1871; Joseph S. 
 James, 1872; Samuel B. Taylor, 1875; Charles E. Gary, 1876; Dr. M. 
 Miller, 1854. (See Dashiell's Digest.) 
 
 It is noted in my article on Abingdon that the vestries of Ware and 
 Abingdon met together, and they so continued until 1867, when their 
 relationships were dissolved. 
 
 Prior to 1830 Mr. Thomas S. Dabney was a vestryman. In 1841 the 
 Ware half of . the vestry consisted of Dr. William Taliaferro, Sr., 
 W. T. Taliaferro, William Patterson Smith, Philip E. Tabb and Charles 
 
228 
 
 Curtis. Those since added were Dr. J. Prosser Tabb, Dr. M. Miller, 
 Dr. John R. Page, Wyndham Kemp, Sr., Dr. Francis Jones, Dr. Samuel 
 Gary, Col. William T. Robins, Maj. William K. Perrin, Samuel D. Puller, 
 Maj. Tazewell Thompson, Charles E. Gary, Maj. Powhatan Ellis, 
 John Tabb, John N. Tabb, T. Todd Dabney, Gearge W. Morgan, 
 Thomas L. Benton, James L. Taliaferro, William S. Mott, N. S. Hop- 
 kins, Walter G. Perrin, Lewis M. Byrd, Isaac Slingluff and Frederick 
 Bayton Jones. 
 
 The last eight, with Mr. Charles E. Gary, compose the present vestry. 
 
 Among the family names prominent in the history of the parish 
 are Curtis, Cooke, Booth, Jones, Lewis, Willis, Todd, Whiting, Throck- 
 morton, Kemp, Tabb, Yateman, Corbin, Wiatt, Page, Ware, Montague, 
 Byrd, Reade, Gary, Baytop, Dabney, Tompkins, Vanbibber, Tomkies, 
 Nelson, Dixon, Davies, Taliaferro, Smith, Field, Roy, Smart, Gamp- 
 field and others. 
 
 Before closing this article it will be well to note the times Ware 
 church has been repaired. The first we have knowledge of was in 
 1827, when under the brief ministry of Mr. Carnes, Mr. Thomas Tabb, 
 Col. Thomas Smith, Dr. William Taliaferro, Sr., and others, had it 
 put in order for divine service. (See Bishop Meade's book.) 
 
 Mr. Mann, in 1836, was authorized to have chimneys placed in 
 Ware church. Evidently they did not give satisfaction, as they were 
 removed and stovepipes again projected through the walls. 
 
 In 1854 the church was again repaired, reroofed, and this time al- 
 tered, the floor of the chancel being extended over the tombs in the 
 east end of the church. The flagstone floor of the aisles was removed 
 and laid with boards to the level of the pew floor, and two modern 
 blocks of pews put in. The space under the gallery was partitioned 
 off from the church and made into a vestibule; the old high pulpit 
 removed from its position near the south door and substituted by a 
 modern one placed within the chancel. 
 
 In 1902 a new slate roof was put upon the church, the former chim- 
 neys were reopened and extended and have proved satisfactory. 
 
 It is worthy of note that in removing the old roof the timbers were 
 found in excellent condition. 
 
 There have probably been few counties in Virginia where a larger 
 number of long rectorships have existed than in Gloucester. Mr. Clack 
 served nearly 45 years; Mr. Gwynn, 16; Rev. Guy Smith, 18; Rev. 
 Emmanuel Jones (in Petsworth) 39; Rev. Mr. Hughes, 25; Mr. Foun- 
 
229 
 
 taine, 31; Mr. A. Smith, in Mathews and Gloucester, 25 years; Mr. Mann, 
 40, and the present pastor, 25 years. 
 
 From what I can gather of the condition of the church in the Colonial 
 period from private letters, from extracts of wills, from references in 
 sermons and wills, and from epitaphs on tombstones, there were many 
 exalted Christians who loved God and His Church, and tried to live 
 godly lives. They endeavored to instill spiritual teachings and prin- 
 ciples in the hearts of tneir children. 
 
 In my Abingdon article I spoke of Mildred Warner, ancestress of 
 General Washington, as having received religious instruction and 
 training at Abingdon church. Colonial Gloucester and her churches 
 seems to have been one of the seed-beds for raising up great men 
 in the Church and State. As an example, Petsworth Parish gave back 
 to the mother Church Beilby Porteus, Bishop of London; our own 
 Bishop Meade's ancestry goes back through a single line to Gloucester. 
 At Carter's creek, in Abingdon Parish, there once lived and is now 
 buried Lucy Higginson, widow of Maj. Lewis Burwell, after wife of 
 Philip Ludwell, and ancestress of that illustrious Churchman, patriot 
 and statesman, Richard Henry Lee. Another Gloucester Parish, 
 "Kingston" (now in Mathews county), had the honor of training 
 Judith Armistead in the ways of the Church of England to Christian 
 womanhood. She became the wife of Robert Carter, of Lancaster 
 county, Virginia, and thus the ancestress of that Christian gentleman 
 and soldier — a star of the first magnitude in the Church Militant, 
 General Robert Edward Lee. 
 
 Such was the work that was being done by "The Old Church in this 
 New Land," in former days, that the enemy of all righteousness sowed 
 seed about and within her to injure her usefulness. Though the Church 
 in Gloucester and throughout Virginia and in the other Colonies was 
 prostrate after the Revolution, God, as of old, was watching over her, 
 abiding His time to raise her up and send her forward upon her great 
 commission to aid in the evangelization of mankind. Let us, then, 
 cease casting aspersions upon her and upon our forefathers within her 
 fold, and instead, pray for her greater cleansing and labor for her up- 
 building. 
 
SUFFOLK PARISH, NANSEMOND COUNTY. 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY THE REV. JOHN B. DUNX, RECTOR OF ST. PAUL'S CHURCH, SUFFf)I.K, VA. 
 
 EN the year 1639, five years after the establishment of Wariasquy- 
 oake as a shire, the latter was subdivided into counties, one of 
 which was called Upper Norfolk. This name was changed in 
 1645-6 to Nansimum, which subsequently appears under a variety 
 of spellings, as Nandsamund, Nanzemund, Nansemum and Nansemund, 
 until finally it assumed its present form of Nansemond. In 1642 the 
 county was divided into three parishes to be known as South, East 
 and West, respectively. The statute provides that "the gleab and 
 parsonage that now is" shall be appropriated to East Parish. As there 
 was a resident minister in the county before 1642, it is natural to infer 
 that there was a church there. No record of the site or character 
 of this building is extant. The names of the parishes as South, East 
 and West soon gave way to other names, for in 1680 they are referred 
 to as Upper (South), Lower (East), and Chicokatuck (West). In 
 this year for the first time, we learn the names of the clergy resident 
 in the county. Upper Parish was served by the Rev. John Gregory; 
 Lower Parish by the Rev. John Wood, and Chicokatuck (Chuckatuck) 
 by Rev. William Housden, who served in Isle of Wight also. 
 
 As early as 1635 Nansemond attracted the attention of settlers. In 
 that year George West granted to Richard Bennett 2,000 acres on 
 Nansemond river, for importing forty persons. Bennett played a con- 
 spicuous part in the life of the county and Colony. He was a member 
 of the Governor's Council, but he was a Roundhead. He gathered 
 about him numbers of the same political and religious creed. In 
 1641 he sent his brother to New England to request that some Puritan 
 ministers be sent to Virginia. These ministers gained their strongest 
 foothold in Nansemond, where a flourishing church numbering 118 
 members was soon organized, and they chose as their minister Rev. 
 Mr. Harrison, who had formerly been Governor Berkeley's chaplain, 
 but had turned Puritan. The rapid growth of the Independents dis- 
 turbed the mind of the authorities, and active measures were taken 
 to suppress them. Religion and politics were practically synonymous 
 
231 
 
 in those days, and independence in religion spelled disloyalty in 
 politics. England was in the midst of the fierce struggle between 
 King and Parliament, and Virginia was strongly loyalist. 
 
 In 1648, a few months before the execution of Charles I., pressure 
 was brought to bear on the Nansemond Independents, and William 
 Durand, one of their elders, was banished. Durand was a citizen of 
 Lower Norfolk, but was associated with the Nansemond Independents. 
 He retired to Maryland. He is frequently confused in the histories of 
 Virginia with George Durand, who many years later migrated to 
 North Carolina and settled there. Next Rev. Mr. Harrison was expelled 
 from the Colony, and then their other teachers were banished; and 
 when the congregation stubbornly held to the Church of their choice, 
 some of them were imprisoned. 
 
 So far the Council had been unable to break their spirit, but an order 
 to disarm all Independents having been given, the spirit of resistance 
 was quenched. 
 
 A number of these dissenters having been invited by Governor Stone, 
 Lord Baltimore's deputy, retired to Maryland, and are remembered 
 as among the founders of Anne Arundel county in that State. 
 
 Among those who left were Richard Bennett and William Ayres. 
 These refugees prospered in their new abode, and others, induced by 
 their example, removed thither. It was not long, however, before they 
 became dissatisfied with the proprietory government of Roman Catholic 
 Maryland, and they were the leaders in the fierce civil war waged a 
 few years later in Maryland, between Protestants and Catholics. 
 
 Another body of Dissenters in the county fared better than the 
 Puritans;. This was the Society of Friends. This Society was found- 
 ed in 1648. As early as 1656 some of this sect arrived in Boston but 
 were sent back to England. In 1657 laws were passed in Massachu- 
 setts to prevent the introduction of Quakers, but they flocked thither 
 nevertheless. Virginia also strove to keep them out of the Colony. 
 In the wild enthusiasm of the first years of their existence many of the 
 Quakers were fanatics, courting martyrdom. They made mock of 
 established institutions and rulers, interrupted public worship, and 
 refused obedience to the law of the land. These fanatics gave to the 
 Society a bad name, and beginning with 1660, stringent laws against 
 ihem were passed by the Virginia Assembly. Captains were fined for 
 bringing them into the Colony. All of them were to be apprehended 
 and committed until they should give security that they would leave 
 the Colony. If they returned they were to be punished, and return- 
 
232 
 
 ing the second time they were to proceeded against as felons. It was 
 •Provided, however, that if the convicted Quakers should give security 
 not to meet in unlawful assembly they should be discharged without 
 any punishment whatever. It was only against organized opposition 
 to the government and Institutions that the law was directed. The 
 Colony did not interfere with the individual unless he with others 
 combined against the law of the land. Even when a member of the 
 Assembly was accui>ed of being a Quaker, he was not expelled till he 
 had refused to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy. Notwith- 
 standing the efforts of the Assembly, the Quakers increased, and con- 
 tinued to hold meetings. 
 
 In 1672 George Fox, the founder of the Society, visited Virginia. 
 Fox found a fruitful field of labor in Nansemond. He had meetings 
 "at Nansemond river, where Col. Dew, of the Council, and several 
 officers and magistrates attended, and at Somerton; also at Widow 
 Wright's in Nansemond, where many magistrates, officers and other 
 high people came." The effects of Fox's labors were lasting and a 
 large element of the present citizens of the county number Quakers 
 among their ancestors. Even the great man of the county, Richard 
 Bennett, fell under the spell of Fox; for George Edmondson, the com- 
 panion of Fox, wrote of Bennett: "He was a solid, wise man, received 
 the truth, and died in the same, leaving tv/o Friends his executors." 
 
 The records of the Chuckatuck meeting-house (1(573-1728), a copy of 
 which is in the possession of the writer, show that the Quakers were 
 numerous and practically unmolested. They had four meeting-houses 
 in the county, "built by the highway side." Their martyrology 
 is a brief one, the most conspicuous martyr being Thomas Jordan. 
 The sketch of this worthy is characteristic. "Thomas Jordan, of 
 Chuckatuck in Nansemond county in Virginia, was born in ye year 
 1634 and in ye year 1660 he Received ye truth and Abode faitbt'ull in 
 it, and in constant unity with ye faithfull friends thereof; and stood 
 in opposition against all wrong and Desateful spirits, having suffered 
 ye spoiling of his goods and ye imprisonment of his Body for ye 
 truth's sake and continued in ye truth unto the End of his dayes." 
 Jordan refused to pay tithes and defied the magistrates in court. He 
 was sent on to the Governor's Council, where he was dismissed with 
 a reprimand. 
 
 In 1703 Governor Nicholson became involved in a quarrel with 
 the vestry of Chuckatuck Parish which became so bitter that it 
 finally involved most of the prominent men in the country. Nicholson 
 
233 
 
 sent to all the vestries the opinion of Sir Edward Northy,. upholding 
 the Governor's claim of the right to fill a vacancy of long standing 
 in a church; and the right to force vestries to present their ministers 
 for induction. The vestry of Chuckatuck recorded, as they were or- 
 dered to do, the opinion of the King's attorney, but added this reso- 
 lution to it: "But as to presenting our present or any other minister 
 for induction, are not of opinion (record is here illegible), but are 
 willing to entertain our present minister upon the usual terms, as 
 formerly hath been used in this Colony." 
 
 A leading member of that vestry was; Capt. Thomas Swann, who 
 was a candidate for election to the Assembly. Nicholson was bitterly 
 hostile to Swann for his action in the vestry; and tried to bring about 
 his defeat. He carried his hostility even to the friends of Swann. He 
 turned out of office Daniel Sullivan, the efficient county clerk, because he 
 voted and worked for Swann, and substituted a wholly incompetent 
 man in his place. The court refused to accept the Governor's ap- 
 pointee, and Nicholson immediately turned six of the eight justices 
 out of office. Four members of the court were vestrymen of Chuck- 
 atuck. He went even further. He cancelled the commission of Thomas 
 Godwin, colonel of militia. Godwin was also a member of the recal- 
 citrant vestry. Nicholson's arbitrary behavior in this matter, for 
 in every case he proceeded without consulting the Council, was one 
 of the charges brought against him by Commissary Blair. 
 
 In 1703, Rev. William Rudd resigned the church in Norfolk to be- 
 come minister at Chuckatuck. He served there for some years and 
 was succeeded by the Rev. Thomas Hassell. In 1728 Colonel Byrd 
 passed through the county and notes that he "passed no less than two 
 Quaker meeting houses," and adds: "That persuasion prevails much 
 in the lower end of Nansemond county for want of ministers to pilot 
 the people a decenter way to Heaven." 
 
 Sometime about 1725 Chuckatuck and Lower Parish were united 
 to form one parish and called Suffolk Parish. The name of the parish 
 antedates the town of Suffolk by at least seventeen years, and strangely 
 enough, Suffolk is not in Suffolk Parish, but in the Upper Parish of 
 Nansemond. The union was brought about upon the petition of the 
 two vestries, representing their inability separately to support a min- 
 ister, but the arrangement was unsatisfactory from the beginning. 
 The first evidence of bad feeling is shown in the will of John Yeates, 
 dated 1731. This will is a long and interesting document. It provides 
 a liberal endowment for two free schools in Lower Parish, already 
 
234 
 
 built by the testator. He gives £10 in cash "to buy books for the 
 poorer sort of inhabitants in the parish, as the Whole Duty of Man; 
 also for procuring Testaments, Psalters, Primers, for my several 
 schools." 
 
 He gives to the church a pulpit cloth and cushion; also a silver 
 flagon and silver chalice, and silver plate. He gives to the church for 
 the use of the minister. Bishop Hall's works in large folio, and Bishop 
 Usher's "Sum and Substance of the Christian Religion;" also a large 
 Bible. He bequeaths to "my friends, and gentlemen of the vestry 
 living this side of the river, a treat at my house," and to "my worthy 
 friends, the worshipful court of Nansemond county, ten shillings to 
 drink for my sake." He especially provides that Chuckatuck Parish 
 shall not be the beneficiary of his will, for "I never was a gainer, or 
 the Lower Parish, by Chuckatuck Parish, but the contrary." 
 
 In 1737 the vestry of Suffolk Parish "upon evident proof of the 
 ruinous condition of the church" in Lower Parish, gave order for the 
 erection of a new brick church, at the place called Jordan's Mill Hill, 
 as more convenient than the old site. The members of the vestry from 
 the Chuckatuck side of the river refused to assist in the work, and the 
 matter was appealed to the Governor in Council, who ordered the 
 immediate erection of the building. This order of Council fixes the 
 date of the erection of the Glebe church (or Bennett's Creek church, 
 as it is called in the Vestry Book) as 1738. The Council also ordered 
 that since Chuckatuck had a majority in the vestry and seemed de- 
 termined to maintain it, none of the inhabitants of Chuckatuck should 
 be chosen vestrymen until there be an equal number of vestrymen 
 from each side of the river. 
 
 The old Vestry Book of the parish begins with the year 1749, during 
 the ministry of the Rev. John McKenzie. At his death in 1754 the 
 Rev. John Agnew was chosen minister. In 1755 the present church at 
 Chuckatuck was built, near the site of the ancient one. In 1758 the 
 vestry of Suffolk Parish was dissolved, by act of Assembly, on peti- 
 . tion of the inhabitants of Lower Parish. The vestry held in trust for 
 the Lower Parish valuable lands and a cash donation from Richard 
 Bennett, Thomas Tilly, and Richard Bennett, Jr. According to the 
 terms of the bequests, the poor of Lower Parish alone were to bene- 
 ficiaries. The vestry of the united parishes allowed the Chuckatuck 
 members of their body to colonize the poor of Chuckatuck in Lower 
 Parish, and thus receive the benefit of the Bennett and Tilly bequests. 
 The vestry, whose life-tenure of ofiice was apt to make them arbi- 
 
Wl. 
 
 -w** - ••» 
 
 id 
 
235 
 
 tiary in their dealings, were tauglit that they were the representatives 
 of the people and responsible to them for good conduct in office. 
 
 Some of the items entered upon the Vestry Book bring a smile to 
 the reader of to-day: The order for the payment of 500 pounds of 
 tobacco to the doctor, "for salevating Mary Brinkley and keeping 
 her salevated," is not a record of persecution, but of l<^indly care for 
 one of the parish poor. 
 
 In 1775 the Assembly passed a law tliat every person receiving aid 
 from the parish should, "upon the shoulder of the right sleeve, in an 
 open and visible manner, wear a badge with tlie name of the parish 
 cut either in blue, red or green cloth, and if any poor person neglect 
 or refuse to wear such badge, his or her allowance shall be withdrawn 
 or the offender whipped not exceeding five lashes for each offense." 
 This law seems to have been a dead letter in most parishes, but it 
 was rigidly enforced in Suffolk Parish, at least to the extent of pro- 
 viding the badges and making the allowance to the poor conditional 
 on their wearing the badge. 
 
 The provision in Yeates' will for "a treat at my house to my friends, 
 the gentlemen of the vestry," was not in jest, but a recognition of the 
 convivial habits of those gentlemen; for we read in the list of parish 
 expenses an order for the payment of 200 pounds of tobacco to William 
 Johns "for the use of his house for vestry meeting and for liquor." 
 
 Forty pounds of tobacco is ordered to be paid "to tlie Rev'd Agnew 
 for his wife washing the surplis." 
 
 In 1764 the Assembly passed an act whereby the ministers and people 
 should be exempt from ferriage when crossing the river to attend 
 service; and that such ferriage be paid by the vestry from the parish 
 levy. The vestry sent a committee to Williamsburg and succeeded 
 in having this act repealed, except in regard to the minister. 
 
 When the trouble with Great Britain began Nansemond organized 
 its County Committee. This committee was very active from the 
 beginning. Parson Agnew, the minister, was a zealous supporter of 
 the British cause, and open in his condemnation of the growing 
 spirit of independence. In the spring of 1775 Parson Agnew was ob- 
 served to visit actively among his congregation, urging them to full 
 attendance upon a certain Sunday. The ladies, especially, were in- 
 vited. On the appointed Sunday the church was filled with women, 
 while a crowd of men, numbering 500, stood outside and listened 
 through the windows. The minister read the prayer for the King, 
 and no word of disapproval was heard. He chose for his text, "Render 
 
236 
 
 unto Cseesar the things that are Ccesar's"; and his hearers pricked 
 up their ears, for they knew what was coming. He proceeded to 
 decry the sins of disloyalty and rebellion. Suddenly Mr. William 
 Cowper, a vestryman and magistrate, left his seat in the magistrates' 
 pew, and, mounting the pulpit, ordered the speaker to come down. 
 "I am doing my Master's business," said the parson. 
 
 "Which master?" replied Cowper; "your Master in heaven or your 
 master over the seas? You must leave this church, or I will use 
 force.' 
 
 "I will never be the cause of breeding riot in my Master's house," 
 said Agnew. 
 
 The minister then came down from the pulpit and walked down 
 the aisle and through the crowd at the church door, which parted to 
 make a passage for him. He entered his carriage and drove away. 
 The congregation quietly dispersed and Parson Agnew never again 
 entered the church that he had served for so many years. The parson, 
 though driven from his pulpit, continued his activity against what he 
 deemed a great wrong. He was warned by the County Committee, 
 but he still persisted. The matter grew so grave that he was finally 
 arrested. The affair caused a great deal of talk in the county and 
 throughout the Colony. In some quarters the people were much 
 criticized for their treatment of the minister. In order to justify their 
 action, the committee, through its secretary, Mr. John Gregory, sent 
 to the Virginia Gazette a recital of the charges against Agnew. 
 
 Virginia Gazette, April 8, 1775. — "Charges against Parson Agnew: 
 He asserted that it was no hardship to be carried beyond sea for 
 trial of crimes committed here. He declared, when speaking of the 
 Congress, that all such combinations and associations were de- 
 testable; that the Congress did not know what they were about; that 
 the designs of the great men were to ruin the poor people, and that 
 after awhile they would forsake them and lay the whole blame on 
 their shoulders, and by this means make them slaves. He likewise 
 informed Mr. Smith there was an association of the other party up 
 the county and the people were signing it fast; that they had dis- 
 covered their error in signing the present one. Upon the whole, the 
 public will plainly discover the principles this Reverend Gentleman 
 entertains and in what light he views the general resolutions adopted 
 and entered into for our relief from the oppressive hand of power. 
 Had this zealous advocate for deppotic rule been as assiduous in the 
 
237 
 
 discharge of the several duties of his function, as he has been indus- 
 trious in propagating false and erroneous principles, not only in private 
 discourse, but in blending detestable tenets in his angry orations 
 from the pulpit, in order to gain a party in opposition to the common 
 cause, and thereby lending his aid to seduce the very people that gave 
 him bread, to a state of wretchedness, this committee had not been 
 at the trouble to examine the 11th article of the Association, and open- 
 ing his conduct to the censure of the world. 
 
 "John Gbegorie (C. C.)" 
 
 The vestry also appointed a committee to wait upon the Convention 
 "with a true representation of the conduct and behavior of the Rev. 
 John Agnew." Agnew appealed from the sentence of Court of Com- 
 missioners for Nansemond county, and his appeal was heard by the 
 Committee of Safety on April 10, 1776. The minutes of the Committee 
 of Safety from April 10th to April 20th are lost, so we have no 
 knowledge of the result of the appeal. He left the county sometime 
 during 1776 and entered the British service, becoming chaplain of 
 the Queen's Rangers, in which troop his son, Stair Agnew, was 
 a captain. He and his son were taken prisoners during the Revolu- 
 tion and carried to France. In the Virginia Convention of May, 1776, 
 which gave to the State its first Constitution, William Cowper, who 
 had won popularity by his action in expelling Agnew from the church, 
 was chosen to represent the county. 
 
 In September, 1777, Rev. William Bland was elected minister of the 
 parish, but there is no record that he ever served. In October, 1778, 
 Rev. Henry John Burges was received as minister. Just before the 
 arrival of the Rev. Mr. Burges an event occurred which figures prom- 
 inently in Baptist martyrology. In 1778 David Barrow, pastor of the 
 Mill Swamp Baptist church, in Isle of Wight, which had existed for 
 many years previous, and Mr. Mintz, another Baptist minister, preached 
 by invitation at the house of a gentleman on Nansemond river, in 
 Lower Parish. A platform was erected and a crowd assembled. The 
 preaching of the two Baptists stirred up ill-feeling, and a number of 
 young fellows determined to break up the meeting. They jeered and 
 sung songs. This behavior naturally brought on them a stinging re- 
 buke from the preacher. There is no record of what he said, but in 
 the end about twenty men leaped upon the platform and captured 
 the two preachers and carried them down to the river, near at hand, 
 and ducked them. Barrow was the chief sufferer, as they thrust his 
 
238 
 
 face down into the mud. Mintz, who had given less occasion for ill- 
 feeling, was let off more easily. The affair was evidently the outcome 
 of the reckless spirit of a crowd of youths, who resented the criticism 
 of themselves and their class; and only the fevered imagination of a 
 pious chronicler could make it appear as a part of a systematic per- 
 secution by the Established Church. Attention is called to this in- 
 cident, for it is a characteristic example of that persecution by the 
 Church of which we read so much in the political briefs against the 
 Colonial Church. The concluding words of the record of this event 
 in the Baptist Book of Martyrs is mediaeval in its flavor: "Before these 
 persecuted men could change their clothes they were dragged from 
 the house and driven off by these enraged Churchmen. But three or 
 four of them died in a few weeks in a distracted manner, and one 
 of them wished himself in hell before he had joined the company." 
 
 The ministry of the Rev. Mr. Burges was very acceptable to the 
 people. Six months after he entered upon his. office a committee of 
 the vestry is appointed "to see if it would be any disadvantage to 
 build one or two small galleries in the Chuckatuck church, as the 
 church is much crowded and there is so large a congregation commonly 
 attending the church that there is not room in the pews for their 
 reception." 
 
 In 1779, Asbury, the great leader of Methodism, labored in Nanse- 
 mond county. He mentions in his diary of that year that he preached 
 in "the great preaching house in Nansemond." This preaching house 
 had been converted from a store into a church. 
 
 In 1784, the Rev. Arthur Emerson was elected minister. In 178(5. 
 one hundred and forty-six names of the inhabitants of Suffolk Parish 
 are signed to a petition to the Legislature protesting against the re- 
 peal of the law incorporating the Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 There is no entry in the Vestry Book from 1784 to 1825. 
 
 The act of Legislature requiring all glebe lands to be sold and the 
 proceeds turned over to the overseers of the poor, made exception in 
 case of those glebes which had been a private donation. The overseers 
 of the poor claimed the glebe in Suffolk Parish, but the Rev. Jacob 
 Keeling, minister of the parish at the time, fought the case in the 
 courts and won his case. The valuable glebe farm is still held by the 
 trustees of the parish. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Keeling was minister for many years, but there is no 
 record covering the time of his service. 
 
239 
 
 In 1827 Rev. Mark L. Chevers was chosen minister. 
 
 After about 1840 Suffolk Parish was served for many years by the 
 minister of Upper Parish, who lived in Suffolk. 
 
 In 1845 Chuckatuck church is referred to for the first time as St. 
 John's. 
 
 The Glebe church, in Lower Parish, is now under the care of Rev. 
 E. P. Miner, of Norfolk. St. John's, Chuckatuck, has no minister at 
 present. 
 
THE COLONIAL CHURCHES OF YORK COUNTY. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY MRS. MARY I). MKOU. THEOUXUCAL SKM I N AKY. FAIRFAX COUNTY. VA. 
 
 THE small county of York held within its narrow hounds the nu- 
 cleus of early Colonial life and strength. Very near the first 
 seat of government at Jamestown and afterwards halving with 
 James City county, the new business home of Governor and 
 Burgesses, it numbered among the planters those who influenced the 
 destinies of all the other counties. 
 
 There were three distinct Church parishes within its bounds. Charles 
 Parish a^ New Poquoson, on Poquoson river, was in the lower part of 
 the county and was called New Poquoson, in contradistinction to Old 
 Poquoson or Elizabeth City. It was ordered by the House of Burgesses, 
 Dec. 11, 1692, that "upon the peticon of ye pishioners of New Poquoson 
 in ye county of Yorke yt from henceforth forever hereafter ye old 
 pish Church shall be called and named Charles Church. And ye river 
 formerly called New Poquoson river shall from time to time and all 
 times hereafter be called and written, Charles river." The parish be- 
 came known as Charles Parish, but the river is Poquoson river. This 
 parish as New Poquoson had alreaay existed over forty years. 
 
 In the north of the county were the other two parishes, Kiskyache, 
 settled in 1630, Yorke in 1632. In 1633 the seventh of the stores for 
 receiving and shipping purposes ordered to be built in the different 
 plantations were built on Charles river for the inhabitants of Kis- 
 kyache and Yorke. Kiskyache was made a parish in 1642, and when 
 Charles river county was changed in name to York, the name of 
 Kiskyache was changed to Hampton Parish. 
 
 The first rector of Yorke and Hampton parishes was Rev. Anthony 
 Panton, in 1639-40. He became involved in an undignified squabble 
 with Richard Kempe, secretary of the Colony, whom he spoke of as 
 a "jackanapes" and criticized the untidiness of his personal appearance. 
 Richard Kempe took his revenge by having him deprived of his charge. 
 Anthony Panton appealed to England, bringing serious charges against 
 Kempe of mismanagement in public affairs. Kempe was recalled 
 and the charges against Panton were ordered to be inquired into, and 
 
241 
 
 if innocent of them he was to be reinstated in his parishes of Yorl^e and 
 Hampton, which latter is described as being between Williamsburg 
 and Yorke. (Neill's Virginia Carolorum.) 
 
 "Parson Cluverius was rector of Yorke-Hampton in 1644." (Virginia 
 Historical Magazine.) Bishop Meade states that an old tombstone in 
 Yorke county reads, "Hev. Thomas Hampton, rector of Yorke in 1647.'" 
 
 In 1642 a contract was made to build a church in Yorke. (Yorke Re- 
 cords.) The so-called "Temple Farm" was the site of old Yorke 
 church and there is r. deed recorded in Yorktown about 1769 which calls 
 the field in which the so-called temple stood, "The Church Field." 
 What is pointed out as a temple ruin is old Yorke church, described 
 in early patents. (William and Mary Quarterly.) 
 
 The old Yorke church was abandoned when Yorktown was estab- 
 lished, and before 1700 a new church was built there. "To this once 
 busy emporium of trade, the courthouse and church were transferred — 
 the courthouse from the half-way house on the road to Martin's 
 Hundred, and the church from the old forgotten plantations of Martin 
 Baker and George Menifee. * * * Near the half way house kept by 
 the Hansfords are the ruins of old Hampton church, formerly Chisiack 
 church. When Yorke and Hampton united into Yorke-Hampton the 
 Communion service belonged to Hampton." (William and Mary 
 Quarterly, Vol. I.-ll.) 
 
 From the different accounts given in the two Historical Magazines in 
 Virginia, taken directly from Yorke county records and from the old 
 register, all of which can easily be verified, it appears that up to 1642 
 the parishes of Yorke county were perfectly distinct; only Yorke and 
 Hampton were often under the same minister. Judging by the old 
 register, which begins long before 1692, when the name was changed 
 from New Poquoson to Charles Parish, this parish was large and 
 flourishing, containing many well known names. 
 
 The first entry concerning a rector was in 1687: "Ye Rev. Thomas 
 Finney, rector of this parish, died and was buried in the chancel of 
 New Poquoson Church." The next clergyman came in 1688, Rev. James 
 Sclater. He died in 1723, after a quiet ministry of 35 years, leading us 
 to hope, from the length of his pastorate, that he was one of the few 
 inducted ministers. 
 
 It was during the very short interregnum after his death that Charles 
 Parish was reported to the Bishop of London as vacant. The next 
 rector was called from Old Poquoson or Elizabeth City; Rev. James 
 Falconer, who died in 1727. Rev. Theodosius Staige was then called 
 
242 
 
 from Fredericksburg. He died after a pastorate of 20 years, m 1747. 
 In 1749 the Rev. Thomas Warrington is mentioned as rector. In 1756 
 he was called to Old Poquoson. The last name given vv^as Rev. Joseph 
 Davenport, who was stul rector when the register closed. The very 
 last entry was by Rev. Samuel Shields in 1789, who would seem to 
 have combined Charles and Yorke-Hampton parishes under the same 
 charge. Thus we see that in 140 years Charles Parish had only had 
 six ministers. 
 
 In our review of Yorke-iiampton up to 1647 it had already had three 
 clergymen. Throughout its history it is marked by constant change 
 among its clergy. Probably on account of its nearness to the restless 
 Church element in Williamsburg it would be apt to be influenced more 
 or less by the disputes between the Governor and the vestries, and 
 later oetween the Governor and the Commissary. 
 
 Old Yorke church was, according to early patents and records, at 
 Temple Farm or "the Old Church Field," two or three miles from 
 Yorktown. The foundations still existing measure 60 feet east and 
 west, 46 feet north and south. Hampton church stood in Kiskyache, or 
 Chisiack, between Williamsburg and Yorktown. "Col. Edward Digges 
 owned a plantation in Hampton Parish, of 1,250 acres, near the Indian 
 town of Kiskyache." (William and Mary Quarterly.) After some 
 time the parish was united to that of York and called York-Hampton. 
 The family seat of the Digges was eight miles from Williamsburg and 
 was called "Belfield." 
 
 Rev. William White was rector of York in 1658, Rev. James Folliott 
 in 1680, Rev. Stephen Fouace came from England in 1688, returned and 
 died there in 1702. He was rector of York-Hampton and witnessed 
 a written promise from Governor Nicholson to give the sum of £20 
 towards the building of a church in Yorktown if built within two 
 years, to be built of brick. This was in 1696. Documentary proof like 
 this ought to settle the date of the building of the present church. In 
 1695 Governor Nicholson gave 314 acres of land in Yorktown for a free 
 school. In 1860 Yorktown was laid out on land belonging to Mr. Ben- 
 jamin Reade, inherited from Captain Nicholas Martian, who was Bur- 
 gess for Kiskyache. The courthouse was ordered built in 1691 and all 
 county business was moved there. The next clergyman we know of 
 was Rev. Mr. Goodwin, 1714. 
 
 Then comes a break in our information until 1724, when the Rev. 
 Francis Fontaine makes a report to the Bishop of London, in which he 
 speaks of his parish thus: "There are two churches in this parish 
 
243 
 
 (York-Hampton), one in Yorktown and the other eight miles distant. 
 My parish is twenty miles in length and four miles broad. There are 
 two hundred families in it. In my church at Yorktown there are three 
 score communicants, at the other church about twenty." 
 
 It certainly seems as if the weight of evidence puts Hampton church 
 In the twelve miles more or less between Williamsburg and Yorktown, 
 rather than in the lower part of the county, where it would conflict 
 very decidedly with the large and well-cared for Charles Parish. 
 Bishop Meade himself takes this view. He says (Vol. I., p. 197) : "There 
 was at an early period a small parish between Williamsburg and York- 
 town called Kiskyache or Chescake. The church which still stands 
 a few miles from Williamsburg on the road to York belonged to that 
 parish." The Bishop also says that the Virginia Gazette for March, 
 1746, says that the plate given the church- by Nathaniel Bacon had 
 been stolen. (This was not the Nathaniel Bacon of notorious mem- 
 ory, but a near kinsman.) This was the plate of York-Hampton 
 church; perhaps that is the reason that in 1748 Philip Lightfoot in his 
 will leaves £50 to buy a 'silver flaggon and challice,' to be engraved 
 with his arms, for York-Hampton Church." Be that as it may the ola 
 Communion service of Hampton Parish has been transferred to York- 
 town, where it is still in use. It is engraved "Hampton Parish in 
 Yorke County, Virginia." The hall-mark shows it was made in 1649. 
 The service has one flagon 10% inches high and one cup 8i/^ inches. 
 The plate is modern, not solid silver. 
 
 The present church of Yorktown, probably the same one to which 
 Governor Nicholson subscribed in 1696, stands upon an elevation about 
 50 feet above the river and about z50 or 300 feet from the water. It is 
 built of a sort of marl stone taken from the hills overlooking the river. 
 When it was burnt in 1815 the action of the fire made the stone still 
 firmer, so that it was easily rebuilt. The old church was in the shape 
 of a T situated east and west. When it was rebuilt the wings of the 
 T were left off, making only a nave 60 by 30 feet. The foundations of 
 the wings have been filled up with rubbish and are distinctly visible, 
 the walls being 2^/^ feet thick. 
 
 In 1758 the Rev. John Camm was rector of York-Hampton. He 
 brought the parish into prominence by the strong stand he took with 
 regard to the payment of the clergy in money; the paper currency 
 which was good only in the Colony, allowing the small sum of only 
 two pence a pound for the tobacco, which had formerly been the 
 medium of pay between the vestry and the minister, thus depriving the 
 
244 
 
 clergy of the benefit of any fluctuation in the price of that commodity. 
 Mr. Camm not only resented this for himself, but he determined to 
 fight it out for his brother clergy, making his the test case. He fought 
 it first before the home government, then carried it to England. He 
 gained his point there, the Royal Commission ordering the annulment 
 of the law; but there was such bitter feeling against the royal decision 
 that when the case came up before the Virginia Assembly he was award- 
 ed one penny damages. The second time it was referred to England, 
 and the King and his officers refused to interfere again. 
 
 Twice in the history of the Church in Virginia did vital interests 
 depend upon individual action. The two Nelsons, the president and sec- 
 retary, refused to sit upon the board because they belonged to Mr. 
 Camm's parish and were opposed to the measure, thus leaving a ma- 
 jority of one for instead of against it. If they had consented to serve 
 it would have been a majority of one against it and probably it would 
 have dropped. 
 
 When the question of taking away the glebe. lands came up years 
 later Judge Pendleton had written his decision against the legality 
 of the act, carrying with him the weighing vote. Dying suddenly, he 
 had not signed the paper, and his successor rendering an adverse de- 
 cision, the great injustice was an accomplished fact. 
 
 In 1785, when the Convention was held in Richmond, Yorktown 
 church was represented by Rev. Robert Andrews, and Charles Parish 
 by Rev. Joseph Davenport. The church in Yorktown had seen sad 
 days, alternately in the hands of British and Continental troops and 
 many of its best men in the service of their country in other parts of 
 the Colony, it had been almost defenceless. In 1781 "The windows 
 and pews having been broken and destroyed and the Church used as a 
 magazine, the damages were valued at £150. The destruction was 
 wrought by Lord Cornwallis." (Y^ork Co. Records.) Lord Cornwallis 
 surrendered and the Articles of Capitulation were signed at Temple 
 Farm. 
 
 In 1786 and for many years Rev. Samuel Shields represented both 
 Charles Parish and York-Hampton at the Conventions. In 1793 Rev. 
 James Henderson represented them. From 1799 to 1815 all parish re- 
 ports were irregular and Charles and York-Hampton are absent from 
 the printed Convention reports. The church in Yorktown had probably 
 not been rebuilt after it was burnt in 1815, because Bishop Moore vis- 
 ited Y'orktown in 1825 and preached in the morning at the courthouse 
 and in the afternoon at Mr. Nelson's house. 
 
245 
 
 In 1825 the Rev. Mark Chevers, rector of Elizabeth City, reports: "At 
 tlie request of a few families in Charles Parish, York county, I have for 
 some months past performed divine services and preached from house 
 to house every fortnight on Saturdays, and it gives me great satis- 
 faction to state to the Convention that the services liave been well 
 attended and a vestry has recently been chosen and exertions are 
 making. The hope is entertained that the love of the Church may 
 yet revive in the parish. Communicants 32; baptisms 40; marriages 5; 
 funerals 9." It is evident from these last two items that the whole of 
 York county was without a useable church building. 
 
 A careful perusal of the Convention reports edited by Dr. Hawks 
 shows a greater desire in the two Bishops, Moore and Meade, to start 
 missions and churches in the new counties constantly forming than to 
 revive the old churches on the coast. 
 
 Tradition says that the bell was given by Queen Anne. When the 
 church was burnt the bell was broken and the fragments were laid 
 aside in the vestry room. After the Civil War those pieces were found 
 in Philadelphia by Rev. Mr. Nicholson, afterwards Bishop Nicholson, 
 and being attracted by the words "Yorktown, Virginia, 1725," he wrote 
 to Rev. Mr. Bryan asking the history of the bell. It was then recast 
 by tne Hook Smelting Company in 1882, and on July 11, 1889, was re- 
 hung on a rude scaffold in the churchyard, and rung for service after 
 a silence of 75 years. 
 
 The church suffered again during the Civil War. Standing as it did 
 on the brow of a hill commanding the wide sweep of water, it was 
 an important point of view; and a signal tower was erected on top of it. 
 The brick wall was taken away and the church dismantled. It is 
 hoped that damages will be obtained for this military destruction also. 
 
 After the war the late Dr. Wharton was very much interested 
 in the restoration of the church and worked hard to keep the build- 
 ing from falling into the hands of some other denomination which 
 would gladly have paid for repairing it for the sake of possessing a 
 historical church. 
 
 The ministers who have served there since 1835, probably in connec- 
 tion with some other charge, are; Dr. Minnigerode, Rev. Thomas 
 Ambler, Dr. L. B. Wharton, Rev. A. Y. Hundley, Rev. F. M. Burch, 
 Rev. William B. Lee, 1877-99. Rev. Floyd Kurtz, 1899-1901. In 1901 
 Rev. William B. Lee resumed charge of the parish, in connection with 
 the churches in Gloucester county. Hampton church and that of 
 Charles Parish have disappeared from the face of the earth; and the 
 
246 
 
 long roll of their communicants is called now in the heavenly courts. 
 Grace church alone in its dual character of York-Hampton, s.tands as it 
 has stood for two hundred and seven years. 
 
 This article has already outrun its limits, so space fails in which to 
 go over the list of prominent families who once filled these three 
 churches. Three generations of Nelsons lie in the graveyard there, 
 who by their strong individuality and sterling character impressed 
 themselves on the early history of Church and State. The evidence 
 of the strong Christian spirit of these ancestors of the Nelson family 
 can be seen in the number of faithful clergy who have borne the name 
 in the last fifty years. 
 
 In either the first or second volume of the William and Mary Quarter- 
 ly is a list of the estateo and families in the county of York during 
 the years of its prosperity, which makes you feel as if you were 
 riding past plantation after plantation; and some of the names are 
 so closely connected with the stirring history of the Colony, that you 
 feel as if you personally knew the owners of those well kept places. 
 No douDt there are many items of interest that could be added to this 
 article, but the main purpose in writing it was to connect the early 
 history of these three parishes with the imperfect sketch of Bishop 
 ivleade in 1854. That has been accomplished, and also pretty strong 
 proof has been adduced to show that York-Hampton was really the 
 name of the church at Yorktown itself — a hyphenated name for the 
 united church of old Yorke and Hampton. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH, MIDDLESEX COUNTY, 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY THE REV. JOHN MONCURE, D. D. 
 
 THE county of Middlesex is a narrow peninsula, lying between 
 the Rappahannock and Piankatank rivers. Its eastern boun- 
 dary is washed by the waters of the historic Chesapeake Bay, 
 and it was therefore easily accessible to the earliest settlers 
 of the country. 
 
 Originally, Lancaster county embraced the territory on both sides 
 of the Rappahannock for many miles. From this Middlesex was form- 
 ed on the southern shore. Records in the Virginia Land Office in 
 Richmond show that this division occurred as early as 1G69. The 
 original county-seat of Lancaster was located in what is now Mid- 
 dlesex. 
 
 The settlement of this section was probably as early, or even 
 earlier, as it is nearer the ocean, than the present county of Lancas- 
 ter. Many of the original settlers coming from Middlesex, in Eng- 
 land, transferred the name of the old home to the new, thus bringing 
 the mother land closer to them. The county is one on which nature 
 has smiled benignly. R,ich soil, salubrious climate, beautiful scenery, 
 in which the water forms a very attractive feature, and every facility 
 known in Virginia for living comfortably. Some of the best people 
 in our land in early days established their homes in this county. And 
 some of the old-time mansions are still to be seen, retaining vestiges 
 of former grandeur and reminding the contemplative of the attrac- 
 tiveness of old-time Virginia life. 
 
 Until separation of the territory into two counties, one minister 
 served the whole, though there were two parishes on either side of the 
 river. Those on the south side were called Lancaster and Pianka- 
 tank, and in 1666 they became one again, under the name of Christ 
 church, Lancaster county. 
 
 Very fortunately the original Vestry Book has been preserved, and 
 from it much valuable information has been obtained in reference to 
 the early Church history of the county. This book Bishop Meade had 
 access to when preparing the article on the Parishes in Middlesex, in 
 
248 
 
 his "Old Churches, Ministers and Families of A-'irginia," and for most 
 of the information in this article the writer is indebted to the matter 
 which he obtained therefrom. 
 
 In 1650 the churches in the district now covered by the two coun- 
 ties were in charge of the Rev. Samuel Cole. In 1666 the name of 
 the Rev. Mr. Morris appears as minister. It was during his rector- 
 ship, or a short time thereafter, that some dissensions arose as to 
 the bounds of the two parishes, which led to their reunion. 
 
 The first entry in the old Vestry Book states that Mr. Henry Cor- 
 bin had been appointed to keep the register of the parish, according 
 to a late act of Assembly. 
 
 The vestry oath is an item of great interest. It is as follows: 
 
 "I, A. B., as I do acknowledge myself a true son of the Church of 
 England, so dc I believe the Articles of Faith therein professed, and 
 oblige myself to be comformable to the doctrine and discipline therein 
 taught and established, and that as a vestryman of Christ church, I 
 will well and truly perform my duty therein, being directed by the 
 laws and customs of this country, and the Canons of the Church of 
 England, so far as they will suit our present capacity; and this I shall 
 sincerely do, according to the best of my knowledge, skill and cunning, 
 without fear, favor, or partiality; and so help me God." 
 
 In 1666 the vestry resolved to build a mother church, after the model 
 of that at Williamsburg, the glass and iron to be imported from 
 England. This was done at a point midway between Brandon and 
 Rosegill, the seats of the Grymes and Wormley families, not far from 
 the Rappahannock. This was used until 1712, when a new one was 
 built in the same place. 
 
 On the 29th of January, 1666, it was resolved to continue the Rev. 
 Mr. Morris as minister, but that he be not inducted. On the next day 
 he was paid his salary and dismissed, probably because of a natural 
 objection to the terms of his call. 
 
 In the same year a glebe was purchased and the Rev. John Shephard 
 called as minister for six months. At the expiration of that time 
 he was called for twelve months, and then permanently. Mr. Shep- 
 hard was evidently a man of piety and ability, for at his death the 
 following minute was recorded in the Vestry Book: 
 
 "It is ordered by this present vestry, that whereas it has pleased 
 Almighty God to take out of this life Mr. John Shephard, our late 
 Worthy minister, and this vestry and the whole parish desiring to 
 have his place supplied with a gentleman of good life and doctrine 
 
249 
 
 and a true son of the Church of England; and they knowing of none 
 such at present in this country, but have benefices — it is therefore 
 unanimously agreed by the vestry that the Hon. Ralph Wormley, Esq., 
 and Mr. Robert Smith be desired and empowered to write, in the name 
 of this vestry, to the Hon. the Lady Agatha Chichely, and Major 
 General Robert Smith — who, it is hoped, are now safe in London — to 
 request them, or either of them, that they will please to take the trou- 
 ble to procure a fit minister in England to come over and supply the 
 place of Mr. Shephard." 
 
 In this resolution the vestry pledged themselves not to employ any 
 one except temporarily until the clergyman came from England, whom 
 they agreed to accept as their minister, offering for his support the 
 use of the glebe lands, which contained four hundred acres, and an 
 annual allowance of sixteen thousand pounds of tobacco and caske, 
 besides all perquisites and other profHs. 
 
 During the vacancy the parish was supplied by the Rev. Superiors 
 Davis. 
 
 In November of that year Major General Robert Smith returned 
 from England with the new rector, the Rev. Deuell Read. Mr. Read 
 served the parish seven years, and proved a worthy successor to Mr. 
 Shephard. He arranged for a monthly administration of the Blessed 
 Sacrament of the Lord's Supper in the mother church. "And, more- 
 over, that this great solemn mystery might as well worthily as fre- 
 quently be observed, he did frankly and freely promise a sermon at 
 the said church monthly, that is to say, on the Saturday in the after- 
 noon, for the guiding the Communion — Not doubting that all parents 
 and masters of families, who ponder the everlasting welfare of souls 
 committed to their charge, would readily comply, and allow convenient 
 liberty to their children and servants to repair to church at such times, 
 there to be instructed and prepared for this religious duty." 
 
 This act was a very important step in religious growth, inasmuch 
 as by act of Assembly, which was a renewal of one of the Canons of 
 the Church of England, it was only required that the Sacrament be 
 administered twice a year, and in this case it was proposed to have 
 it in the mother church, which was but midway of a parish forty 
 miles in length. There were two other churches, at either end of the 
 county. At a later date, however, the communion was administered 
 in all of them. 
 
 After his resignation Mr. Read returned to England, and there is 
 an entry in the Vestry Book as follows: 
 
250 
 
 "I, Deuell Read, late of Middlesex in Virginia, having lived In the 
 county for at least seven years past, and received divers 'kindnesses 
 from the parishioners thereof, and Almighty God in His great good- 
 ness, having preserved me through many dangers in my return to 
 England, and being most kindly received by my Right Honorable and 
 Right Rev. Henry, Lord Bishop of London, do, in point of gratitude 
 to Almighty God, and in honour for the Church of England, freely 
 give and bestow, for the use of my successors in the said parish, four 
 milch cows and calves, four breeding sows, a mare and colt, to be 
 delivered on the glebe of said parish to the next incumbent, he to 
 enjoy them and their increase for his own use, and leaving the like 
 number and quality on his death to his successors; humbly requesting 
 my aforesaid Right Rev. Diocesan to give charge to his Commissary 
 there to take care herein, and to settle it in such manner as to him 
 shall seem fit, according to the true intent hereof. Witness my hand 
 in London, this 12th day of November, in the second year of our 
 Sovereign Lord and Lady King William and Que.en Mary, etc. Deuell 
 Read." 
 
 In imitation of this act, another entry states that: "The following 
 gentlemen, Vestrymen of the parish, viz.: Henry Corbin, Richard 
 Perrott, Abraham Weeks, John Hastewood, Richard Cock, Robert 
 Chewning, agree, each of them, to mark one cow-calf with a crop in 
 the right ear, to be kept, as well as their own cattle, until they be 
 two years old, then given to the vestry as stock for the parish." In 
 1692 the Rev. Matthew Lidford was chosen minister, and died after a 
 rectorship of one year. He was succeeded by the Rev. Samuel Gray, 
 who in 1698, after serving the parish most unworthily, agreed to resign 
 on the payment to him of a certain amount of tobacco. His career 
 was a dark cloud in the history of the church. 
 
 It may be stated here, however, that the ministry of the Church in 
 these early days, as shown by the records of this parish, will compare 
 favorably with that of any period and of any religious body. Bad 
 men there were then, as there are now, among all Church bodies, 
 but they were the exception. 
 
 In 1669 the Rev. Robert Yates became rector, and continued so 
 until about 1704, when ill health compelled his return to England. 
 His record was evidently that of a good and true man, for his vestry 
 continued his salary for some time in hope of his return. The Rev. 
 Bartholomew Yates (supposed to be his son) succeeded him. He 
 served the parish as minister for eighteen years, when he was called 
 
251 
 
 to York-Hampton Parish. His vestry increased his salary to two 
 thousand pounds of tobacco, in order to retain his services, and on 
 the Vestry Book is the copy of a petition to the General Assembly, 
 signed by John Robinson, to take measures to have him remain where 
 he was ec highly esteemed. He continued in Middlesex, therefore, 
 until his death, which occurred in 1734, thus completing a rectorship 
 of thirty years. 
 
 Mr. Yates had sons in England at college, and the vestry decided 
 to wait two years until his son, Bartholomew, was ordained, in the 
 meantime the parish was served by the Rev. Messrs. John Reade and 
 Emmanuel Jones, from parishes nearby. Rev. Bartholomew Yates 2d 
 was rector for twenty-five years, serving the parish until 1767. 
 
 Nine years before this date, the Rev. William Yates and the Rev. 
 Robert Yates were ministers in the adjoining parishes of Petsworth 
 and Abingdon, in Gloucester county, and they were either grandsons 
 or grea'^^-grandsons of the Rev. Robert Yates, the family thu? con- 
 tributing great strength to the Church in its early days in Virginia. 
 
 A large tombstone was placed over the grave of the Rev. Bartholo- 
 mew Yates in the churchyard. It is still in its place, and bears the 
 following inscription: "Here lie the remains of the Rev. Bartholomew 
 Yates, who departed this life the 26th day of July, 1734, in the fifty- 
 seventh year of his age. He was one of the visitors of William and 
 Mary College, as also Professor of Divinity in that Royal Founda- 
 tion. In the conscientious discharge of his duty, few ever equalled 
 him. none ever surpassed him. He explained the doctrine by his 
 practice, and taught and led the way to heaven. Cheerfulness, the 
 result of innocence, always sparkled in his face, and, by the sweet- 
 ness of his temper, he gained universal good vrill. His consort enjoyed 
 in him a tender husband, his children an indulgent father, his ser- 
 vants a gentle master, his acquaintances a faithful friend. He was 
 minister of this parish upwards of thirty years; and to perpetuate 
 his memory, this monument is erected at the charge of his friends 
 and parishioners." 
 
 The descendants of Mr. Yates are many and honored in different 
 parts of the State. 
 
 In 1767 the Rev. John Klug became rector, and, it is thought, con- 
 tinued so until his death, in 1795. His ministry was also marked by 
 deep piety and earnestness, and his works lived after him. He was 
 succeeded by the Rev. Mr. Heffernon, whose ministry was one of shame 
 and dishonor. He was rector for eighteen years, the Church suffering 
 
252 
 
 from his presence. At the time of his death, in 1813, the condition 
 of the church was depressing in the extreme; indeed, as Bishop Meade 
 says, "Its prostration was complete." This was brought about largely 
 by political conditions, the Church generally having suffered greatly 
 at that period, but an unworthy minister is responsible for much of the 
 sin and carelessness among his people. 
 
 The respect of some of the people of Middlesex for the matters of 
 the higher life, in those old days, is illustrated in an extract of the 
 will of Mr. William Churchhill, in 1711, in which he bequeathed one 
 hundred pounds sterling to the vestry of Christ Church Parish, Middle- 
 sex, to be placed at interest, the proceeds to be given the minister, 
 provided he preached four quarterly sermons each year against the 
 four reigning vices, viz.: Atheism (meaning living without God in 
 the world) and irreligion; swearing and cursing; fornication and 
 adultery and drunkenness. 
 
 Twenty-five pounds were put at interest and the interest money was 
 to be given the clerk or sexton attending such sermon. 
 
 From 1813 to 1840 there is little record of Church work in Middlesex, 
 though the parish was represented in the Diocesan Council of 1821 by 
 Mr. James Chewning as lay delegate, and in 1840 the old mother 
 church was a ruin, the walls alone standing. At this date Bishop 
 Meade thus strikingly refers to its sad condition: 
 
 "And what has become of the mother church — the Great Church as 
 she is styled in her journal — standing in view of the wide Rappahan- 
 nock, midway between Rosegill and Brandon? 
 
 "More, perhaps, than fifty years ago it was deserted. Its roof de- 
 cayed and fell in. Everything within it returned to its native dust. 
 But nature abhors a vacuum. A sycamore tree sprung up within its 
 walls. All know the rapidity of that tree's growth. It filled the 
 void. Its boughs soon rose above and overspread the walls. 
 
 "In the year 1840, when it pleased God to put it into the hearts of 
 some in whom the spirit of Old Virginia Episcopalians still remained, 
 to seek the revival of the Church's dry bones in Middlesex, that huge 
 overspreading tree must first be removed piecemeal from the house, 
 and the rich mould of fifty years' accumulation, to the depth of two 
 feet, must be dug up before the chancel floor and the stone aisles 
 could be reached — faithful workmanship of other days. These were 
 uninjured, and may still remain, while generations of frail modern 
 structures pass away. The house is now one of our best country 
 churches. The graves of our ancestors are all around it. In scattered 
 
253 
 
 fragments some of the tombstones lie; others too substantial to be 
 broken, too heavy to be borne away, now plainly tell whose remains 
 are protected by them. 
 
 These blessed improvements were wrought largely through the 
 energetic interest of Mrs. Kemp (Barbara Minor) Gatewood, who 
 started the movement which resulted in the restoration of the old 
 church. Others assisting prominently in the work were Dr. Rowan, Dr. 
 Nicholson, Mr. Boswell Roy, of Rosegill; the Blackburns and Segars 
 and Mr. Gatewood. 
 
 In the original arrangement of the parish there were two churches 
 in addition to the parish church. These were situated in the upper 
 and lower ends of the county, respectively. The three were known 
 as the Upper, Lower and Middle churches. All were of brick, and 
 are now standing, but the Upper church is occupied by the Baptists, 
 who have named it "Hermitage," and the lower by the Methodists, 
 and is still known as the Lower church. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Carraway, rector about 1845, writing to Bishop Meade, 
 thus speaks of them: 
 
 "The Upper and Lower churches or chapels are still standing. One 
 of them is about to be repaired by the Baptists. The Lower chapel 
 retains some appearance of antiquity, in spite of the effort to destroy 
 every vestige of Episcopal taste and usage. The high pulpit and 
 sounding-board have been removed, and the reading desk placed within 
 the chancel, before which is the roughly carved chest which formerly 
 held the plate and other articles for the decent celebration of the 
 Holy Communion. 
 
 "There were three sets of plate in the parish. A descendant of one 
 of the earliest families, now the wife of one of the Virginia clergy, 
 on removing from this county, took with her, in order to keep from 
 desecration, the service belonging to the Lower chapel. She lent it 
 to a rector of one of the churches in Richmond, with the under- 
 standing that, upon the revival of the parish, it must be restored. 
 Application was accordingly made in the year 1840, and the vestry 
 received the value of the plate in money, which was given at their 
 suggestion, they having a full service in their possession. 
 
 "The plate owned by Christ church was presented by the Hon. Ralph 
 Wormley. It numbered five pieces. But for the inscription, bearing 
 the name of the donor, it would have shared the fate of much that 
 was irreligiously and sacreligiously disposed of. 
 
 It was deposited in the bank in Fredericksburg, where it remained 
 
254 
 
 for more than thirty years. It was afterwards in regular use, but 
 was at one time almost destroyed by fire. Enough was rescued, how- 
 ever, for the use of church. 
 
 The set belonging to the Lower church was sold by the overseers 
 of the poor." 
 
 The old Glebe house, a large square brick building, is still standing 
 at the head of Urbanna Creek, which is near Christ church. 
 
 The Rev. W. Y. Rooker was in charge of the work in Mathews and 
 Middlesex a few years after 1840. He was succeeded by the Rev. G. 
 S. Carraway. As to the people who lived in Middlesex in the old 
 days, under the ministrations of the Church, much could be said. They 
 represented some of the most distinguished of the early citizenship 
 of the State, and their descendants have figured prominently in the 
 history of the country. Such names as the following were among 
 them: Corbin, Perrott, Chewning, Potter, Vause, Weeks, Willis, Cock, 
 Curtis, Smith, Dudley, Thacker, Skipwith, Beverley. Wormley, Jones, 
 Miller, Scarborough, Woodley, Whitaker, Robinson, Warwick, Gordon, 
 Chichester, Midge, Churchill, Burnham, Kemp, Cary, Daniel, Price, 
 Mann, Segar, Reid, Eliot, Miles, Montague and Nelson. The names of 
 Sir Henry Chicheley, Baronet and Knight (once Deputy Governor of 
 Virginia), and Sir William Skipwith, Baronet and Knight, appear 
 always at the head of the vestrymen, as written in the vestry books, 
 these titles giving them precedence. They appear to have been active 
 and liberal, giving land and plate to the churches. John Grymes and 
 Edmund Berkeley appear to have been church wardens for a longer 
 period than any others. The Thackers and Robinsons were also con- 
 stant attendants and church wardens for a long time. So also were 
 the Smiths, Churchills, Corbins, Curtises and Beverleys. Many of 
 these were members of the Council, and held other offices in the 
 Colonial government. The first Beverley on the list was the cele- 
 brated Robert Beverley, so noted in the early history of Virginia as 
 a martyr to the cause of liberty. He was clerk of the House of Bur- 
 gesses and father of Robert Beverley, the historian of Virginia, and 
 ancestor of the other Beverleys. 
 
 There were always three lay readers in each of the churches. The 
 names of Chewning, Baldwin and Stevens appear among these. They 
 were required not only to read homilies, but to catechise the chil- 
 dren, and see that everything about the church was orderly. By 
 express act of the vestry it was required that these lay readers be 
 sober and reputable men. 
 
255 
 
 The office of vestryman was that of an active worker for the iiplift 
 of the people, those holding it being guardians of the poor and desti- 
 tute, and at the same time pupei visors in liusiness matters of the 
 parish and county. There was one very important duty which vestries 
 had to perform and which occasioned differences between them and the 
 Governor of Virginia, namely: To maintain their rights as repre- 
 senting the people in the choice and settlement of ministers. In the 
 English Church the congregation have no part in the choice of their 
 ministers. Patrons appoint them and livings support them. In Vir- 
 ginia the salary being drawn immediately from the people by the- 
 vestries, the latter sometimes claimed the right, not only to choose- 
 the ministers, but to dismiss them at pleasure. In the absence of 
 Bishops and canons to try ministers, the temptation on the part of the 
 vestries to act arbitrarily is evident. The Governor, therefore, claimed 
 to be the Ordinary, to act as Bishop in reference to this point. Ap- 
 pealing to the English canon, he allowed the vestries the right to 
 call the ministers and present them for induction. Being inducted, 
 the minister could not be displaced by the vestry. He had a right 
 to the salary, and could enforce it by an appeal to law, unless, in- 
 deed, lor misconduct, he could be deprived by a process under the 
 divfction of the Governor. Should a vestry not appoint a minister 
 after a vacancy of six months, the Governor might send one, and induct 
 him as the permanent minister, not to be removed by the vestry. 
 
 In the old churchyard rest the remains of many of the people who 
 have figured prominently in the affairs of Church and State. Three 
 of these inscriptions on the tombs are of particular interest. One is 
 the epitaph of Mr. John Grymes, and reads as follows: 
 
 "Here lies interred the body of the Honorable John Grymes, Esq., 
 who for many years acted in the public affairs of this Dominion, with 
 honor, fortitude, fidelity to their majesties. King George I. and III. Of 
 the Council of State of the Royal Prerogative, of the liberty and prop- 
 erty of the subject, a zealous asserter. On the Seat of Judgment, 
 clear, sound, unbiassed. In the office, punctual, approved. Of the 
 College of William and Mary, an ornament, visitor, patron. Beneficent 
 to all, a pattern of true piety. Respected, loved, revered. Lamented 
 by his family, acquaintance, country. He departed this life the 2d day 
 of November, 1748, in the fifty-seventh year of his age." 
 
 Another epitaph reads: 
 
 "This monument is erected to the memory of Ralph Wormley, Esq., 
 of Rosegill, who died on the 19th of January, 1806, in the sixty-second 
 
256 
 
 year of his age. The rules of honor guided the actions of this great 
 man. He was the perfect gentleman and finished scholar, with many 
 virtues founded on Christianity." 
 
 Mr. Wormley was a member of a number of Episcopal Conven- 
 tions after the Revolution. After his death the descendants of Colonel 
 Edmund Berkeley appear to be almost all that remained of the 
 church. 
 
 This family preserved the Vestry Book from which all of the in- 
 formation gathered by Bishop Meade was obtained. 
 
 On the tomb of the wife of Mr. Wormley are these words: 
 
 "Beneath this marble lies interred the remains of Mrs. Eleanor 
 Wormley, widow of Ralph Wormley, Esq., of Rosegill, and sister of 
 Colonel John Tayloe, of Mount Airy, who died the 23d of February, 
 1815, in the sixtieth year of her age. Few women were more emi- 
 nently distinguished for correctness of deportment, and for the prac- 
 tice of all the Christian virtues. As a wife she was conjugal, as a 
 widow exemplary, as a mother, fond and affectionate, as a neighbor 
 charitable and kind, as a friend, steady and sincere." 
 
 There are also tombs of Lucy Berkeley, who died in 1716, and Sir 
 Henry Chicheley, Knight and Deputy Governor of Virginia; the Rev. 
 John Shephard and the Hon. Lady Madame Catharine Wormley, wife 
 of the Honorable Ralph Wormley (the first Ralph Wormley), in the 
 year 1685. 
 
 Rosegill, the grand old house of the Wormleys, still stands. It was 
 bought about fifty years ago by Captain John Bailey, a man of great 
 heart, who did much good for the Church in modern years. The old 
 mansion was restored to much of its former grandeur under his owner- 
 ship. 
 
 After his death hia widow lived there many years, and it was the 
 privilege of the writer to visit and enjoy her hospitality, and view the 
 house, one of the most intei-esting relics of a bygone age. Its situa- 
 tion is ideal, in full and beautiful view of the broad river, about two 
 miles from the town of Urbanna. Since Mrs. Bailey's death it has 
 been bought and beautified by a gentleman from Pennsylvania. 
 
 The modern history of Christ church is similar to that of most 
 Virginia Colonial churches. After being a long time asleep, it has 
 awakened to a new life, with hopes and aspirations which are well 
 founded. Though sometimes in a feeble condition, it has weathered 
 the storms of war and other trials. The ministers who have served 
 it since 1850 are the Rev. Joseph R. Jones, the Rev. John McGill, the 
 
257 
 
 Rev. Claudius R. Haines, the Rev. J. Hervey Hundley, the Rev. John 
 Moncure (for a brief time), the Rev. Frank Stringfellow, the Rev. E. 
 B. Meredith, the Rev. H. J. Beagen and the Rev. R. C. Cov/ling, the 
 present incumbent. Special mention should be made of the Rev. J. 
 Hervey Hundley, through whose energy and interest, largely, the 
 church in Middlesex was kept alive for many years. Dr. Hundley was 
 originally a Baptist minister in Lower Essex. He came over to the 
 Church, bringing his congregation with him. He served Christ church 
 as a rector for several times, being recalled time and again as the 
 church became vacant. He went to his reward about four years ago, 
 and, like all of the blessed dead, his works live after him. 
 
 Among the faithful laymen of modern days was Mr. Oliver J. Marston, 
 of Saluda. He, too, has gone to his rest, but his active, whole-souled 
 interest in the old church and its affairs will long remain in the 
 hearts of the people. 
 
 The parish is now in good condition. The old church building has 
 been improved by extensive repairs and adornments. It has been en- 
 riched by some fine memorial windows, and is now a place of beauty 
 as well as of sacredness. The present vestry is as follows: Mr. P. M. 
 Eastman, senior warden; Mr. J. C. Gray, junior warden; Mr. Gordon 
 Taylor, register, and Messrs. William Seagar, Marion Walters, William 
 T. Perkins, W. C. Walker and Benjamin Upton. 
 
WESTOVER PARISH, CHARLES CITY COUNTY, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY jrRS. MARY MORRIS TYLER, OF STURGEON POINT, VA. 
 
 /p=j-j=;\ HERE is no parish in Virginia more interesting, nor bearing 
 
 more distinctly the mark of antiquity than Westover. The 
 
 Jj, oldest church plate in the United States is a Communion cup 
 
 presented in 1619 to "St. Mary's Church in Smith's Hundred 
 
 in Virginia," by Mrs. Mary Robinson. The cup is still preserved by 
 
 the church at Hampton and bears the hall-mark of 1617, with the 
 
 inscription above mentioned. 
 
 Smith's, or Southampton Hundred extended from Weyanoke to the 
 Chickahominy river; was located in 1617 and abandoned after the 
 Indian massacre of 1622. If "St. Mary's Church," for which the plate 
 'was designed was actually built, it was contemp'orary with the Argall 
 'Church at Jamestown, and older than any other in the Colony. The 
 county of Charles City, in which it was located, was one of the original 
 shires or counties into which the Colony was partitioned in 1634, and 
 extended over a broad area on both sides of the James river. West- 
 over Hundred, Weyanoke (or Weyanoake) Hundred, Shirley Hundred, 
 and Charles City Hundred were early settlements on James river, 
 within its bounds, and we read of a school being, or to be established 
 "at Charles City Hundred in aid of the proposed college at Henrico." 
 Westover Parish followed the original county lines; was thirty miles 
 long and, extending to the other side of the river, included Charles 
 City Hundred (now City Point) and a section of country extending 
 to Martin's Brandon. Bishop Meade states that there were originally 
 in Charles City county the parishes of Westover, Weyanoke and Wal- 
 lingford, which extended to the Chickahominy river; all three after- 
 ward uniting into one, taking the name of Westover Parish. 
 
 At Weyanoke, generally accepted as the next settlement after 
 Jamestown, there long remained foundations of an ancient church, 
 and a pamphlet in the possession of Mr. Graves, of Maryland, states 
 authoritatively that an assembly was held at the church at Weyanoke 
 early in the 17th century. There are still traces of the old graveyard, 
 and one of the tombs from there was carried to St. Paul's, Norfolk, 
 (by the Rev. Dr. Okeson) where it may still be seen. Apparently 
 
259 
 
 after the destruction of the church at Weyanoke the "county was 
 divided into Westover and Mapsco. The part above the courthouse 
 was called Westover, and the part below called Mapsco, from an In- 
 dian name given the creek near where the original Lower church 
 stood." 
 
 The parish took its name from the Westover tract, which was 
 granted to Captain Francis West in 1619, for Henry West, the son 
 and heir of Lord Delaware, Governor of Virginia; Westover gaining 
 its name from the West family. 
 
 Owing to the unfortunate loss or lack of early parish records, it 
 is impossible to fix the age of the present Westover church. TTie 
 original Westover church stood near the Westover house, about a 
 quarter of a mile up the river bank. Its location is established by the 
 existence of very interesting tombs at that point. The earliest is that 
 of Walter Aston, who patented in 1642 a tract on Kimage's creek. 
 
 Next in point of antiquity is that of Theodoric Bland, who in 1666 
 purchased Westover: 
 
 S. M. 
 Prudentis & Erudite Theodorici 
 Bland Armig Qui Obijt Aprilis 
 
 23rd A. D. 1671. Aetatus 41 
 
 Cujus Vidua Maestissima Anna 
 
 Fillia Richardi Bennt Armig 
 
 Hoc Marmor Posuit. 
 
 Here are the highly interesting Byrd monuments, that of Mary Byrd,. 
 wife of one, and mother of another of the distinguished William Byrds: 
 
 Here lyeth the Body 
 
 of Mary Byrd, Late Wife of William 
 
 Byrd, Esq. Daughter 
 
 of Warham Horsemander Esq. 
 
 Who died the 9th 
 
 Day of November 
 
 1699. In the 47 year 
 
 of Her Age. 
 
 Nearby lies that fair heroine of romance, Evelyn Byrd: 
 
 Here in the sleep of peace, 
 Reposes the Body of Mrs. Evelyn Byrd, 
 Daughter of the Hon. William Byrd Esq. 
 
260 
 
 The various and excellent endowments 
 of Nature 
 Improved and perfected by an accomplished education formed her 
 for the happiness of her friends, for an ornament of her county. 
 
 Alas Reader, 
 
 We can detain nothing, however valued, 
 
 from unrelenting Death. 
 
 Beauty, fortune or exalted honour 
 
 See here a Proof, 
 
 And be reminded by this awful Tomb; that every worldly comfort 
 
 fleets away, excepting only, what arises from imitating the virtues 
 
 of our fi'iends and the contemplation of their happiness. 
 
 To which 
 
 God was pleased to call this Lady 
 
 On the 13th day of November, 1737, 
 
 In the 29th year of her age. 
 
 In the adjacent garden lies Col. William Byrd, by long odds the 
 most accomplished man of his day in America — statesman, scholar 
 and fellow of the Royal Society. He built the present noble brick 
 mansion at Westover, ran the Virginia and North Carolina line, and 
 founded the city of Richmond. His monument is very elaborate and 
 bears the following inscription: 
 
 "Here Lieth 
 The Honorable William Byrd, Esq., being born to one of the amplest 
 Fortunes in this Country, he was sent early to England for his Edu- 
 cation; where under the Care and direction of Sir Robt Southwell, 
 and even favored with his particular Instruction, he made a happy 
 Proficiency in polite and various Learning. By the means of the same 
 noble Friend he was introduced to many of the first Persons of the 
 Age, for Knowledge, Wit, Virtue, Birth or high Station, and particularly 
 contracted a most intimate and bosom Friendship with the learned 
 and illustrious Charles Boyle, Earl of Orrery, he was called to the Bar 
 of the Middle Temple, studied for some time in the Low Countries, 
 visited the Court of France, and was chosen Fellow of the Royal 
 Society." 
 
 On the opposite side of the tombstone is inscribed: 
 "Thus eminently fitted for the Service and ornament of his country, 
 he was made Receiver-General of his Majesty's Revenues here, was 
 thrice appointed Public Agent to the Court and Ministry of England, 
 
261 
 
 and being thirty-seven years a member, at last became President of 
 the Council of the Colony, to all this were added a great Elegancy 
 of Taste and Life, the well bred Gentleman and polite Companion, 
 the splendid Economist and prudent Father of a Family, was the 
 constant Enemy of all exorbitant Power, and hearty Friend of the 
 liberties of his Country. 
 
 "Nat. March 28th, 1624. Mort. Aug. 26th, 1744. An Etat 70 years." 
 
 There is no trace of a monument to the third William Byrd, whose 
 prominence in military life was such that he was seriously considered 
 instead of General Washington as leader of the Virginia forces in the 
 Revolutionary War. 
 
 In the old churchyard we find also the tombs of Benjamin Harrison, 
 of Berkeley, and his wife Elizabeth Burwell, this being the third 
 Benjamin Harri&on, father of Benjamin Harrison, Speaker of the 
 House of Burgesses, grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, one of the 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence, great-grandfather of Wil- 
 liam Harrison, President of the United States in 1841, who was born 
 at Berkeley in 1773, and great-great-great-grandfather of Benjamin 
 Harrison, President of the United States in 1889. 
 
 rhe only other decipherable tomb is that of Charles Anderson, the 
 first known minister of this parish. 
 
 There is no record of the date of the removal of the church from its 
 original site, only that it was removed brick by brick by "Mrs. Byrd 
 to her land Evelyngton," about two miles away. The last interment 
 in the old churchyard of which we have evidence was that of Mistress 
 Evelyn Byrd, 1737. The oldest monument in the present churchyard 
 remaining unbroken is "Erected by Richard Weir, To the dear mem- 
 ory of his pupil and friend. * * * He died the 17th of June, 
 1748. ' It looks therefore as if the move were made in the interval 
 between 1737 and 1748. If, however, the Mrs. Byrd who caused the 
 removal was, as has been supposed, the widow of the third William 
 Byrd, it would have been a little later. 
 
 Bishop Meade says of the present building: 
 
 "The old Westover church still stands, a relic and monument of 
 ancient times. It is built of the glazed-end bricks, generally used in 
 Colonial structures. It has been subject to terrible mutilation, having 
 been used in the days of general depression in the Episcopal Church 
 in the beginning of the 19th century as a barn. Repaired then by the 
 
262 
 
 families of Berkeley and Shirley, and again repaired just prior to the 
 war, it was used by the Federal troops as a stable. 
 
 "In 18G7 the Westover church was opened and used again for the first 
 time since the close of the war. Not a door, window, or floor was- 
 left; but by the blessing of good God and kind friends, we have re- 
 paired it." (Parish Register). Now, 1907, a considerable sum is in 
 the hands of the Ladies' Aid Society for the restoration and beauti- 
 fying of the church. 
 
 Of the Lower church in the parish, we are told that "the Old Brick 
 church, called Mapsco, stood about seven miles below the court- 
 house and immediately on the road to Sandy Point, the old seat of 
 the Lightfoot family, also convenient to the Chickahominy neighbor- 
 hood." A note written about 1850 says: "Mapsco church was on the 
 road to Barrett's Ferry, near the fork of the road, four miles below 
 where the new church stands. The ruins are still visible. The 'New 
 Church' is first alluded to in the Parish Register in 1841 as St. Thomas', 
 and on Christmas, 1854, St. Thomas' church was destroyed by fire. 
 Rebuilt in 1856, it was consecrated by the Assistant-Bishop Johns at 
 Mapsco church." 
 
 Of the parish glebes we are told there were two in the day of 
 Parson Fontaine, 1724, neither having homes on them. The glebe 
 house now standing bears distinct evidence of antiquity. The land is 
 said to have been the grant of the crown; the house is built of the 
 Colonial glazed brick, and it was the residence of early ministers down 
 to Parson Chapin. 
 
 After the disuse of the glebe, Parson Norris (1833) lived with Dr. 
 Willcox at River Edge. 
 
 On the revival of Church life in the parish, a rectory was secured 
 on the outer part of Weyanoke, in 1841. From that point the rectory 
 was removed in 1888, to a tract adjoining Westover church, probably 
 the same "Westing, belonging to the Westover estate, across the 
 creek from the Westover house, once occupied by Parson Dunbar." 
 Of the ministers of this parish w^e are told by Bishop Meade: "We 
 have no means of ascertaining the name of a single minister of this 
 ancient shire for nearly a century after its establishment." The 
 earliest on record was Rev. Charles Anderson, to whose tomb we have 
 referred, who died in 1718, having been for 2(J years minister of this 
 parish. He preceded the first mentioned by Bishop Meade, that 
 godly man. Rev. Peter Fontaine, who served the parish faithfully 
 for forty years and died in 1755. He was followed in 1758 by Rev. 
 
263 
 
 William Davis; in 177G Rev. James Ogilbie; in 1786 Rev. John Dunbar, 
 the fighting parson, who married a daughter of the House of Byrd, 
 and of whose wild doings there is many a sinister tale. He is various- 
 ly reported to have fought a duel behind Westover and old Mapsco 
 church, and is said to have vainly tried to stir up strife between the 
 •cousins Benjamin Harrison, of Berkeley and Brandon, making the offer, 
 which was declined, to the bearer of a challenge from one to the other. 
 Next came, 1793 or earlier, Rev. Sewell Chapin, last occupant of the 
 glebe. Parson Chapin baptized John Tyler, tenth President of the 
 United States, who was born at Greenway, Charles City county, in 
 1790. An oil painting of old Parson Chapin hung in the Tyler home- 
 stead, "Sherwood Forest," until it was taken during the war to 
 Richmond, with other portraits, for protection, and burned there the 
 day of evacuation. Mr. Chapin died at "Weyanoke," the residence 
 of P. Lewis, and was buried in the aisle and under the present chancel 
 of Westover church. 
 
 Now follows the period that the "Churches mouldered away," in 
 which time, tradition tells of Parsons Black and Blagrove. 
 
 In 1833 Rev. Charles Farley acted as missionary in Charles City, 
 Chesterfield and King William. In the same year, 1833, Rev. A. 
 Norris took charge of the parish, followed in 1835 by Rev. William 
 Thomas Leavell, and in 1853, Rev. N. K. Okeson. In 1856 Dr. Ander- 
 son Wade followed, and was for upwards of twenty years beloved 
 rector of the parish. In 1880 came the Rev. W. B. Everett, and in 
 1886 Rev. K. S. Nelson. In 1888 the Rev. J. Poyntz Tyler followed, 
 and in his day there was a distinct increase of interest and enthu- 
 siasm in the parish. He was succeeded in 1891 by Rev. John C. Cor- 
 nick, who is still the faithful rector of the parish. 
 
 Among the early vestrymen of the parish we hear the names: 
 "LightfootS: Minges, Byrds, Carters, Harrisons, Tylers, Christians, 
 Seldons, Nelsons, Lewises, Douthats and Willcoxes," many of the 
 same being on the Vestry Books of to-day. The present vestry — B. C. 
 Harrison, registrar; J. M. Walker, senior warden; J. A. Ruffin, treas- 
 urer; William L. Woods, J. A. Gentry, J. B. Brockwell, T. W. Willcox, 
 junior warden; D. G. Tyler, F. L. Douthat, W. L. Harrison. 
 
 The Communion plate of both churches is extremely interesting — 
 that of Westover church, "Ex Done Sara Braine." The massive alms 
 basin belonging to this set has passed into the possession of St. 
 John's church, Richmond. The plate at Mapsco church was presented 
 by "Fran. Lightfoot, Anno 1727." 
 
264 
 
 During the last twenty years a third church has been added to the 
 parish — Grace chapel, Granville, in Shirley neighborhood. The Shirley 
 mansion, standing on the original "West and Shirley Hundred," is 
 one of the oldest and most interesting in Virginia. Patented in 1664 
 by Edward Hill, it has remained in unbroken line in the hands of 
 his descendants — Hills and Carters — many members of both families 
 rising to distinction. 
 
 The mother of Gen. Robert E. Lee, was Miss Carter, of Shirley. 
 At the "Forest," Thomas Jefferson was married to the widow Shelton. 
 There are a number of private graveyards throughout the parish, 
 containing interesting monuments, notably those at Sandy Point, 
 with the tombs of the Lightfoots; at Greenway, with the tombs of 
 the Tylers, notably Governor, afterwards Judge John Tyler, con- 
 temporary and friend of Jefferson and Henry; and the oldest of all 
 at Bachelor's Point with William Hunt, 1676, and another William 
 Hunt, 1694. 
 
 God's word and worship seem nowhere to have formed a more 
 important part in the early history of our country than in this old 
 parish of Westover. 
 
 For information in this paper we are indebted to Bishop Meade's 
 "Old Churches and Families in Virginia"; Dr. Lyon G. Tyler's "Cradle 
 of the Republic," and the only register of Westover Parish in ex- 
 istence, dating from the year 1833. 
 
LYNNHAVEN PARISH. PRINCESS ANNE 
 COUNTY, VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY THE REV. C. B. BRYAN, D. D., PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
 ^=j-p;Q,^ HE Eastern Shore chapel, built in 1754, is the last of three briclc 
 Colonial churches, which once stood in Princess Anne county. 
 ^ The old parish of Lynnhaven takes its name from the Lynn- 
 
 haven river, famous for its oysters; which, in turn, probably 
 took its name from the town of Lynn, near the mouth of the river 
 Ouse, in the county of Norfolk, in England. Lynnhaven Parish was set 
 off from Elizabeth River Parish in 1642, and its bounds covered the 
 area now represented by the county of Princess Anne; but it was at 
 that time a parish in Lower Norfolk county. Princess Anne county, 
 with its parish of Lynnhaven, was set off from Lower Norfolk county 
 in 16»81. The bounds of this old parish remained unchanged for 253 
 years, but in 1895 East Lynnhaven Parish, in which the Easteni Shore 
 chapel lies, was set off from Lynnhaven Parish, for reasons which ap- 
 pear scarcely necessary. This paper will take account of old Lynn- 
 haven Parish, covering Princess Anne county. 
 
 To one who loves the lower country and the salt water, and to whom 
 the earliest traditions of Virginia life are desHf, there are few more 
 interesting localities in the State. It is pre-eminently a Tidewater 
 county; washed by the broad Atlantic on the east, with a long range of 
 sand dunes from north to south on its shore; penetrated by the waters 
 of Currituck Sound on the south, with the best duck shooting in the 
 country; cut up by branches of the Elizabeth river on the west, with, 
 charming old homes scattered along its banks, and by Lynnhaven river 
 on the north; and with Chesapeake Bay lying on its whole northern 
 side, it is a land rich in all the scenes, and life, and products of our 
 sea and rivers, and it soon attracted the early settlers in Virginia. The 
 soil is a deep loam, covered, where not cleared, with forests of pine and 
 oak and holly on the higher parts, and in the extensive swamps with 
 huge gum trees, cypress and junipers, and with a tangle of many kinds 
 of vines and climbers. The red cedars love the banks of the river 
 shores, and liere and there great live-oaks, ages old, are landmarks in 
 the neighborhoods. The long gray moss swings from the forest trees. 
 
266 
 
 and the undergrowth is fragrant with its green myrtle and with many 
 rare plants, not often found in Virginia north of Lynnhaven Parish; 
 conspicuous among these are the yellow jessamine, wreathing the fence 
 rows in spring, and in the summer the gorgeous yellow flowers of the 
 great lotus, or water chinquapin (wanquapin, the Indians called it), 
 with its cone-shaped seed vessels and its hard nuts, standing in the 
 fresh water ponds near the seashore. 
 
 On the northeast point of the Parish of Lynnhaven, at Cape Henry, 
 our English ancestors first touched and claimed our land. And from 
 the settlements on the northern side of James river they began at an 
 early period to settle the southern shore opposite Old Point. In 1620 
 one John Wood, a shipwright, received a patent of land on Elizabeth 
 river because of the excellent ship timber and good shores for launch 
 ing there. The earliest settlements on the southern shore of the nay 
 were at first included in the corporation of Elizabeth City, now Eliza- 
 beth City county, from which direction the settlers came; and in 1629 
 Adam Thoroughgood (a progenitor of our bisho-p-coadjutor, Dr. Tuck- 
 er) lived in what is now Lynnhaven Parish, but was a representative 
 of the Borough of Elizabeth City in the House of Burgesses. His 
 quaint house, still standing, is, perhaps, the oldest residence in the 
 State. 
 
 The Church followed these early settlers before any separate county 
 organization was effected. And here, as in many cases, the parish is 
 older than the county. Elizabeth River Parish, whose earliest record- 
 ed church was in existence as early as 1635, is older than Lower Nor- 
 folk county, which was set off from Nansemond in 1649; while Lynn- 
 haven Parish, which was set off from Elizabeth River Parish in 1642, 
 is fifty-two years older than Princess Anne county, which was set off 
 from Lower Norfolk county in 1691. 
 
 The early days of the Church in Lower Norfolk county w^ere troubled 
 by a Puritan element, which had come into Virginia in 1641, during 
 that political and ecclesiastical upheaval which was convulsing the 
 mother country. 
 
 A prominent clergyman, the Reverend Thomas Harrison, who had 
 been chaplain to Governor Berkeley, turned Puritan in 1644. was 
 obliged to leave Jamestown, and went, first to Nansemond, where the 
 Puritans were strong, and then into Lower Norfolk county. 
 
 Whether he had charge of both parishes in the county. I cannot 
 state, but certain it is that the vestry of Elizabeth River Parish pre- 
 
267 
 
 sented him before the Governor and Council "for not reading the booke 
 of Common Prayer and for not adminstring the sacrament of Baptisme 
 according to the Cannons and for not catechising on Sunnedayes in 
 the afternoone according to the act of Assembly," with the result that 
 he was obliged to leave the Colony, which he did, going to Maryland. 
 Such was the loyalty of the people of Lower Norfolk county to the 
 Church in 1645. 
 
 The vestries were no less careful of the morals of the people, and 
 the same year which records the presentment of Mr. Harrison for 
 nonconformity records the presentment by Edward Hill and John Mar- 
 tin, church wardens of Lynnhaven, of parties for immorality; and in 
 1674, another party guilty of slander was condemned to be flogged, 
 "and shall stand three Saboath dayes in the parish church of Lynn- 
 haven, the congragacon there being present, with a paper on his head 
 written with these words following with Capitall letters, (vizt) I 
 
 als yeoman doe Stand here to acknowledge the great wrong 
 
 I have done in the slandering Mrs. Hall with my tongue. And the 
 
 said als yeoman shall pay the Court charges als execucon, 
 
 and the church wardens of Lynhaven parish or eyther of them are to 
 see the due performance of this order as they will answer the con- 
 trary to theire perrills." 
 
 In 1648 the Reverend Robert Powis, who had been minister of the 
 churches in Lower Norfolk ever since Parson Harrison deserted the 
 ministry of the church, was inducted minister of both Elizabeth River 
 and Lynnhaven Parishes. 
 
 In 1649, on the petition of Parson Powis, it was ordered by the court 
 that the parish of Lynnhaven shall call a vestry on Easter Monday 
 next and choose church wardens. Lancaster Lovett was one of the 
 church wardens chosen, and, in 165Q, it was recorded that he presented 
 
 unto the court "for a common blasphemer and swearer, 
 
 both at home and abroad, and for a most impudent and shameful car- 
 riage towards a widow woman, being her servant. It is therefore 
 
 ordered that a warrant issue forth for the for 
 
 his personal appearance at the next court to make answer for his 
 presentment." 
 
 In 1649 Parson Powis was minister of Lynnhaven alone, another min- 
 ister being now in charge of Elizabeth River Parish, and it is most 
 notable as illustrating the unflinching discipline administered by the 
 wardens and courts of the county, that when this minister of Eliza- 
 beth River Parish was himself found guilty of immorality, the court 
 
~ " 268 
 
 ■promptly took his case in hand, and on November 10th, 1049, ordered 
 
 that "whereas Mr. , minister of Elizabeth River 
 
 Parish, hath acknowledged to have committed the grievous sin of 
 
 ; now upon ye hearty contrition of the said Mr. 
 
 concerning his said foul offense, presented to the Cort in writing 
 under his own hand, it is therefore ordered, that he do make the 
 same confession in both churches by reading the said writing to the 
 people two several Sundayes Vizt Sunday next Come Senight at ye 
 parish Church & ye Sabboath day following at ye Chappell." 
 
 It must not be imagined from these presentments that this section 
 was notoriously immoral, although the case of the clergyman was 
 certainly exceptional. The records of the mother country and of the 
 Colonies north and south of Virginia show that this period was marked 
 by a general laxity of morals. But what the records of these courts 
 and parishes indicate is a conscientious and unflinching discharge of 
 their duty on the part of the church wardens and cotmty courts. 
 
 The Reverend Robert Powis died between the 2d of December, 1651, 
 and the 21st of December, 1652, when an inventory of his estate was 
 reported. It is most interesting to notice what this old parson died 
 possessed of. It was as follows, and the values are given in pounds 
 of tobacco: 
 
 Lbs. Tob. 
 
 Imprimis Seaven Milch Cowes at 3500 
 
 Itm six Calves of a yere ould apeece & ye advantage att 1100 
 
 Itm Two Steeres of fower yeres ould apeece or thereabouts att. . . . 0900 
 
 Itm Three steeres of two yeres ould apeece 1050 
 
 Itm two younge Sowes & and one barrowe shott at 0200 
 
 Itm two Barrowes & two Sowes at 0800 
 
 Itm: one feather bedd, one boulster, & one ould blankett 0400 
 
 Itm two paire ot ould Canvas sheetes & one hoUand sheete.... 0160 
 Itm two ould pillow beeres, five towells, two paire fustain draw- 
 ers one ould shirte five ould bands, two paire of Cuffes 0060 
 
 Itm three Coates, three Cassukes, two suits of cloathes two paire 
 
 of stockings all ould att 0250 
 
 Itm two & thirtye bookes at 0500 
 
 Itm one chest, one box 2: cases & two ould tables, one couch, 
 
 & one Chaire 0350 
 
 Itm 3: ould Iron potts, 3 old skilletts one fryinge pann one drip- 
 pinge pan one fire shovell, two paire of tonges. one chaffing 
 dish 0200 
 
269 
 
 Itm Six pewter rlishes, one pewter salt, one pewter Candlesticke 
 one drinkinge Cupp, one dram cupp, one hatchett, one hammer 
 
 all att 0070 
 
 Itm Six barrens of Corne 0480 
 
 Itm one boate, fower oares, & two skulls 0600 
 
 Itm one pestle, one brasse kettle & five ould trayes 0080 
 
 10700 
 
 five bills amoimtinge to ye Some of 320 
 
 Received of Coll: Yeardley with Caske 600 
 
 920 
 
 Totall some is 11620 1 tob 
 
 Leift Keelinge 
 Henery Snayle 
 Appraisers Owen Hayes their markes :/" 
 
 John Martin 
 
 What light an inventory like this throws upon the life of the country 
 parson in Virginia in the early Colonial period! After the death of 
 Parson Powis, there appears to have been no minister in Lower Nor- 
 folk county until December, 1654, when the grand jury made presentment 
 of "the general breach of the Sabbath throughout the whole county, 
 which we conceive is most chiefly occasioned through want of a godly 
 minister among us in the county, wherefore we humbly pray and 
 desire yt some speedy course may be taken to secure an able minister, 
 and some employed for yt purpose, left the charge be what it will. We 
 for our parts (and hope all ye rest of ye county) shall be verry 
 willing and ready to undergo." 
 
 Vestries were accordingly ordered to be held in the several parishes, 
 and a committee composed of Colonel Francis Yeardley, Major Thomas 
 Lambert and others were authorized to appoint a minister of God's 
 word for the parishes of Lower Norfolk. The committee made Captain 
 Thomas Willoughby their special agent in this matter. 
 
 The next minister mentioned in Lower Norfolk is Mr. Mallory, who, 
 we conclude, was employed by the committee empowered to procure 
 a minister. He received a bill of tobacco in 1657. Next Mr. George 
 Alford is mentioned as minister in 1658, and Symon Barrowes received 
 
270 
 
 a tliousand jjounds of tol)acco for dieting the minister for half a year. 
 
 During the latter halt of the seventeenth century several accusations 
 of witchcraft were made against unfortunate persons in Lower Norfolk 
 and Princess Anne county. In May, 1G55, at a court held at the house 
 of Mr. Edward Hill, in Lynnhaven, commissioners were appointed to 
 investigate "divers dangerous and scandalous speeches raised by some 
 persons conserning several women in this county, terming them to be 
 witches, whereby their reputations have been much impaired and their 
 lives brought in question." The result of this investigation we do not 
 know. Later, in 1675, Captain William Carver, w'ho afterwards lost 
 his life in Bacon's Rebellion, gave information "against lone the wife 
 of Lazarus Jenking, concerning her being familiar with evil spirits 
 and using witchcraft/' etc. Her case was also ordered to be investigated, 
 with what result does not appear. Again, in 1699, in Princess Anne 
 county, John Byrd and his wife, Anne, brought suit against Charles 
 Kinsey for defamation of Anne's character, declaring that she was a 
 witch, and that she had ridden him along the seaside and home to his 
 house, and that they, .John and Anne, were in league with the devil; 
 in which suit the defendant professed that in his thought and appre- 
 hensions, and to the best of his knowledge, they did serve him so. 
 The whole matter being put to a jury, they brought in a verdict as 
 follows: "We the jury do find for the defendant. Hugh Campbell, 
 foreman." So John Byrd and Anne, his wife, had no remedy, but re- 
 mained suspected of witchcraft. 
 
 But the unique trial for witchcraft in Lynnhaven Parish was that of 
 Grace Sherwood. James Sherwood and Grace, his wife, were 
 very poor and ignorant people, as the pitiful inventory of 
 their goods plainly shows. But in spite of her i)leasant name, 
 Grace got the reputation of being a witch. In 1698 one of her 
 neighbors said she had bewitched their cotton; another said she had 
 come into her at night and rid her, and went out of the keyhole or 
 crack of the door like a black cat; and on these accusations poor Grace 
 was brought before the justices of the county, which cost her heavily, 
 not only in reputation and distress of mind, but in heavy expenses. 
 The family became poorer than ever. Seven years passed, during 
 which James Sherwood died, and Grace became a widow. And now she 
 was again accused by one Luke Hill, and again brought into court; and 
 after suffering the law's delay, her house and every suspicious place 
 about it was ordered to be searched carefully for all images and such 
 like things, which might in any way strengthen the suspicion. And 
 
271 
 
 further, "a jury of Anciente and knowing women" was summoned to 
 search Grace herself bodily for suspicious indications, and their find- 
 ings were not favorable to Grace. This time she narrowly escaped 
 ducking, the weather being bad. The case and the evidence was laid 
 before the Council Board of the Colony; but Mr. Attorney General said 
 the charges were too vague; and the matter was referred back to the 
 county. After more delay and costs, Grace was ordered to be tried in 
 the water. Now, the approved way of trying a witch in the water re- 
 quired that she should be "stripped naked and cross bound, the right 
 thumb to the left toe, and the left thumb to the right toe," and so cast 
 into deep waters. Whether these requirements were complied with in 
 Grace's case we do not know. 
 
 The spot on Lynnhaven river whither she was carried, and where 
 she was bound and put in above man's depth, that they might "try her 
 how she swims," is still called Witch Duck. It is a very pretty spot. 
 If Grace was a witch, she must have been a water witch. For when 
 thus tried, she was seen to be "swimming when therein and bound, 
 contrary to custom and the judgment of the spectators." So she was 
 taken out and again searched by more Anciente and knowing women, 
 who brought in the condemning report that "she was not like them, nor 
 like any other women that they knew." 
 
 It is gratifying to note, in connection with this one witch ducking 
 in Virginia, that the sheriff was instructed "therein always to have a 
 care of her life to preserve her from drowning." What was to be done 
 with such a woman? The good people of Princess Anne were not pre- 
 pared to kill her. So she was again put in jail to be brought to future 
 trial. As there is no record of a further trial, it is likely she was re- 
 leased. She lived a good many years. Her will is dated 1733, and was 
 recorded in 1740, in which year it is probable that she died. The com- 
 mon tradition is that Grace Sherwood brought rosemary across the sea 
 in an egg-shell to Princess Anne, where the fragrant shrub still 
 abounds. 
 
 It must be remembered that at that period only a few people were 
 brave enough to declare their disbelief in witchcraft. As late as 1758 
 John Wesley wrote: "The English in general, and indeed most of the 
 men of learning in Europe, have given up all accounts of witches 'as 
 mere old wives' fables. I am sorry for it, and I willingly take the op- 
 portunity of entering my solemn protest against this violent comple- 
 ment which so many that believe the Bible pay to those who do not 
 believe it." The last trial for witchcraft in New England was in 1692. 
 
272 
 
 As in the case of Elizabeth River Parish, the earliest church was 
 situated on the northern shores of the parish, which were the first to be 
 settled. It was doubtless, at first, a wooden church, but in 1723 a brick 
 church had been built. This brick church lay within about a mile of 
 the Chesapeake, on the west side of Lynnhaven river, and just where 
 that river ran into a long estuary, which extended east and west, con- 
 necting Linkhorn Bay, Broad Bay, Lynnhaven River, and at that time 
 emptying into the Chesapeake at Little Creek, the dividing line be- 
 tween Lynnhaven and Elizabeth River Parishes. This topography has 
 been strangely altered by a circumstance which will be mentioned later. 
 
 In 1723 the Reverend James Tennant was minister of the parish, 
 Mr. Maxmillian Boush was church warden and Colonel Edward Mosley, 
 Capt. John Mosley, Capt. Henry Chapman, Charles Sayer, Mr. William 
 Elgood and Capt. Francis Land were vestrymen. Charles Sayer was 
 clerk of the vestry, Mr. James Nimmo was clerk of the church and of 
 one chapel, there being at that time two chapels in the parish besides 
 the church. Tlie roof of this brick church was found in 1724 to be 
 too rotten to be repaired, which, considering the quality of shingles 
 used in those days, indicates a very considerable age. A new roof was 
 ordered to be put on, and the roof was ordered to be tarred, a practice 
 still sometimes resorted to in old Princess Anne. It does not produce 
 a thing of beauty, but comes near lasting forever. 
 
 At the same time Captain Hillary Mosley was given leave to gratify 
 himself by the erection, at his own cost, of a pew for his family over 
 the chancel door, taking up as little room as possible. These family 
 gallery pews were a highly esteemed feature of our Colonial churches. 
 
 Ttie Reverend James Tennant continued minister until 1726, but 
 after November, 1726, when his salary of 16,000 pounds of tobacco was 
 recorded in the year's accounts, nothing more was heard of him; per- 
 haps he had died. On November 2d, 1726, Mr. Nicholas Jones, minister, 
 was employed temporarily to preach at the Brick church, and at each 
 of the chapels once every month, and for each sermon he preached 
 he was to receive 400 pounds of tobacco in cask, to be levied for him in 
 the next parish levy, which might be something like a year later. One 
 of the embarrassing difficulties which Colonial parsons had to contend 
 with, was pay long deferred. This paucity of sermons was to be 
 supplemented by Mr. James Nimmo reading every Sunday in the Brick 
 church, and John Dawley reading in the Eastern Shore chapel, Mr. 
 Peacock reading in the Upper chapel, sometimes called Pungo or Machi- 
 pungo. This continued through the years 1727-'28. 
 
273 
 
 In 1728, while trying to secure a minister, the vestry had a curious 
 difficulty with the Reverend Thomas Baly, "who contrary to the desire 
 of this vestry insisted on being our minister." The vestry sent Mr. 
 James Nimmo as their representative to the Governor to secure his 
 assistance in this awkward case, and as might be expected, the Rev- 
 erend Thomas Baly was removed. 
 
 In 1729 the Reverend John Marsden was employed on the same terms 
 that Mr. Jones had been, and on November 14, 1729, the Reverend 
 Henry Barlow was regularly employed as minister of the parish at a 
 salary of 16,000 pounds of tobacco in cask. 
 
 There were in the parish at this time, a church and two chapels, 
 that is, the old Brick church on the bay shore, an old wooden chapel, 
 standing where the Eastern Shore chapel now stands, about three 
 miles from the sea, which old chapel was replaced by a new frame 
 building not long afterwards, and the Pungo chapel, already referred to, 
 about four miles southeast of Princess Anne courthouse. There 
 were also two reading places, one on Knot's Island, in the southeast 
 part of the parish, and one in the Black Water District. The old 
 Brick church on the bay shore was found insufficient and badly lo- 
 cated. It was given up as a church in March, 1736, and turned into a 
 schoolhouse. How long it was used as a schoolhouse is not known, 
 but it came to the following curious end : some of the parishioners 
 were engaged in the fishing business, and had their fishing shores on 
 the bay shore north of the estuary running east and west, on the 
 southern shore of which the church was situated. This made it neces- 
 sary for them to cross this estuary, or else follow it westward several 
 miles and so reach the bay shore, and then come back to the fishing 
 points, opposite their homes. To avoid this detour they determined 
 to cut a short and narrow waterway from a point opposite where the 
 Lynnhaven river ran into the estuary, out to the Chesapeake. It was 
 a considerable undertaking, but they accomplished it with conse- 
 quences far greater than any one at first imagined. The winter storms 
 from the northeast opened the new inlet more and more until it be- 
 came a broad, deep current; the sands encroached upon the old outlet 
 and practically filled it up; but most serious of all the waters of the 
 new inlet cut closer and closer to the church grounds until most of the 
 graveyard was submerged, and the tombs and bones of many of the 
 dead found their last resting place in the bottom of Lynnhaven river, 
 at a point still called Church Point. 
 
274 
 
 Bishop Meade reports a communication to the above effect, and the 
 I)resent writer heard it repeated and substantiated about 1S79, by the 
 venerable Mr. Solomon Keeling, whose family had owned land for 
 generations on Lynnhaven river, and who said that some of his an- 
 cestors had assisted in cutting the ditch which is now represented by 
 the deep, strong mouth of Lynnhaven river. The Bishop's informant 
 added as a finishing touch, that "in 1819 Commodore Decatur and an- 
 other eminent person still living (i. e., when the Bishop wrote) were 
 bathing there, and in the middle of the river were enabled, by feeling 
 with their toes, to decipher the names of those they (the tombstones) 
 had covered before the waters of the bay had carried away the church- 
 yard." 
 
 In 173G, when the old church was turned into a schoolhouse, a new 
 church, larger and more centrally located, was built on one acre ol 
 ground at the Ferry Farm. This came later to be known as the Dona- 
 tion church, from its being near a donation of land given by a subse- 
 quent rector, of whom we shall hear. It was ordered to be sixty-five 
 feet long, thirty feet wide on the inside, the walls to be fifteen feet 
 high and three bricks thick from the ground to the water table, and 
 two bricks thick above the water table to the top. This church was 
 received by the vestry from Peter Malbone, the builder, on June 25, 
 1736. In the same year the glebe house was repaired and added to. 
 The new church was evidently a matter of pride in the parish, and the 
 wardens had to take extra care to get the congregailons propeiiy 
 located and settled in the church. Therefore it was ordered by the 
 vestry, July 10, 1736, that "For preserving order and decency, peace 
 and haimony in the new church 'tis resolved and the vestry do hereby 
 assign and appoint the two opposite great pews for the Magistratef and 
 their wives; the next adjoining pew on the north side of ye Church 
 for the family of the Thoroughgoods as their privilege in considera- 
 tion of the gift of our glebe by that family; the third great pew on 
 ye north side for ye Vestrymen and their wives; J<rd ye pew on ye 
 nonh side of yc Communion table is consigned to tn^ family and name 
 of the Walkes as a benefit formerly granted them in consideration of 
 gifts and services made and done by Col. Tho. Walke dec'd. and Col. 
 Ant ho. Walke, Sen'r; the next great pew on the south side for the 
 elder women of good repute and magistrates' daughters; the other 
 great pew on ye same side for such women as ye church wardens with 
 the approbation of the Vestry shall think fit to place there." 
 
 "Resolved, That Mr. Patrick Hackett is a fit person to sit uv in the 
 
275 
 
 gallery to keep everybody in order, and if the boys or any other person 
 will be not restrained but do any indecency, he is hereby required lo 
 report the same to the church wardens, who are desired to take proper 
 measures to punish such disorderly person: Likewise Mr. Francis 
 Mosely is appointed to look out of doors and if any person or persons 
 are sitting and talking or committing any indecency during divine ser- 
 vice he is hereby empowered to commit them to the care of the con- 
 stable, and inform the church wardens thereof, to be dealt with as the 
 law requires — Char. Sayer, CI. Vestry." 
 
 But it was easier for the vestry to pass these resolutions than to get 
 them accepted and complied with. Some of the congregation seem to 
 have resented the manner in which they were disposed of, and Mr. 
 Hackett in the gallery, Mr. Walke the church warden, and Mr. Mosely, 
 who was "appointed to look out of doors," found their offices no sine- 
 cures when they undertook to arrange and settle the congregation; and 
 at their next meeting on October 16th the vestry had to resolve further 
 that "Whereas several of the inhabitants of this parish has not thought 
 fit to accept off, and others to keep to the seats the church wardens 
 have assigned to and placed them in the new church lately built to the 
 great disturbance and disorder of ye congregation; to prevent which 
 disorder in ye said church for the future, we, the vestry of ye said 
 church, have met at ye parish church, and after due consideration have 
 assigned and Registered the adjacent persons and familys according to 
 their several stations, ye most proper seats or pews; do hereby publish 
 and declare that who or whatsoever person or persons shall assume to 
 themselves a power or take the liberty to place themselves or others 
 in any other seats or pews in ye said church, shall be esteemed a dis- 
 orderly person, and may exnect to i^e dealt with according to law: 
 and we do further impower and appoint ye church wardens for the 
 future to place all persons in the church of ye said parish. Teste, 
 Char. Sayer, CI. Vestry." 
 
 Evidently the parish was in a ferment, and the vestry was exerting 
 its utmost authority. But with what results we are not told. But 
 now one visiting the spot sees the walls of the old Donation church 
 standing in their plaintive dilapidation in the lonely woods, with the 
 big trees growing up within its walls, where the coveted "great pews" 
 used to be, and the disputants of former days lie about it in unmarked 
 graves. Let us hope that in another world their spirits are at peace. 
 
 The accounts kept by these old ves*^ries of their many and various 
 duties are most interesting, and often they were beautifully kept. The 
 
276 
 
 salary of the rector was generally Kl.OdO pounds of tobacco. In Lynn- 
 haven, Mr. Ezra Brook, clerk of the church, received 1,000 pounds for 
 his services; Mr. William Keeling, clerk of the Eastern Shore chapel, 
 also 1,000 pounds; and Mr. Andrew Peacock, clerk of the Upper chapeL 
 a like 1,000 pounds. 
 
 The care of the poor was especially the vestry's charge. They seem 
 not to have been kept in a poorhouse but scattered in households 
 here and there in the parish, the householder receiving from 2.50 to 600 
 pounds of tobacco a year, according to the age and condition of the 
 child or person. Every four years the parish had to be processioned 
 under the direction of the vestry. For this purpose it was divided into 
 precincts, Princess Anne being divided into ten. The precinct repre- 
 sented a neighborhood. The processioners at the time appointed went 
 around the metes and bounds of every farm in the precinct, and set- 
 tled all disputes about boundaries upon the spot. This having been 
 twice done in any case by the processioners without an appeal being 
 taken from their decision, gave a title from whicli there was no fur- 
 ther appeal. 
 
 The doctor of the parish frequently appears in the church accounts,, 
 and in Princess Anne he not infrequently brought in bills for sali- 
 vating some poor patient, which cost the parish 1,000 pounds of to- 
 bacco, and perhaps cost the patient his teeth. 
 
 The tobacco with which these various expenses were defrayed was 
 raised by a yearly levy laid by the vestry upon the "tithables" in the 
 parish; a "tithable" being a person from whom tithes or levies might 
 be collected. At this period in Virginia, the tithables consisted of all 
 male servants (white servants being intended), all negro servants, 
 male or female, above the age of sixteen, and all Indian servants, maie 
 or female, above the age of sixteen. The levy varied according to the 
 requirements of the year. Sometimes it was as much as 50 pounds 
 of tobacco from each tithable, sometimes much less. 
 
 In 17o& a new chapel was ordered to be built to take the placr of the 
 old Pungo chapel. It was to be of brick, but it does not appear to 
 have been done; at least, it is not recorded as having been received. 
 
 The Reverend Henry Barlow, who became minister in Octoi3er, 1729, 
 continued in charge of the parish until some time in 1747 — eighteen 
 years. During his ministry many improvements were made; the 
 Donation church Avas built and various additions were made to the 
 glebe house and proi)erty. 
 
 In 1748 Mr. Barlow was succeeded liv the Reverend Roliert Dickson, 
 
277 
 
 Avho first appeared as minister of tlie parisli in July of that year. He 
 •continued in cliarge until 1776, nearly twenty-eight years. During 
 Mr. Dickson's ministry, in 1754, the present Eastern Shoi'e chapel 
 was built, the third church to be built at that spot. The second 
 wooden chapel was still standing when the present brick chapel was 
 built in 1754. In the order for its construction it is described as 35 
 feet long, 25 feet wide in the clear, with a convenient large gallery 
 at the west end; the walls to be 18 feet high, with three windows on 
 •each side, two at the east end, and one in the gallery. "The Com- 
 munion to be railed and ballusttred"; the walls to be two bricks and 
 a half thick from the foundation to the water table, and two bricks 
 thick upward; the windows to be of good crown glass, eight by ten 
 inches, six lights by three beside the arch. The middle aisle to be 
 five feet wide, with four wainscot pews, with two on the north and two 
 on the south side thereof. The whole church to be completely painted, 
 where it is requisite, a sky color. It was to be covered with heart 
 •cypress shingles. 
 
 In October, 1753, Mr. Joseph Mitchell, of Norfolk, contracted to build 
 the chapel and undertook to finish it by Christmas, 1754, for 324 
 pounds, 10 shillings sterling. It was actually finished and received 
 by the vestry March 12, 1755. 
 
 In 1772, 23,000 pounds of tobacco were raised for the purpose of 
 building Pungo Chapel. 
 
 The long and uninterrupted ministry of the Reverend Thomas Dick- 
 son or Dixoji, as his name was sometimes spelled, came to an end 
 ;some time between the 25th of February and the 26th of November, 
 1776. The Register of the parish was then lodged with Mr. Edward 
 Mosley, clerk of the Brick church (afterwards called Donation), that 
 he might register all the births of the parish until further orders. The 
 will of Mr. Dickson was admitted to record February 14, 1777. By it 
 he made provision for the support of his widow, and then left his land 
 and slaves in trust to the vestry for the purpose of establishing a free 
 school for the education of orphan boys. 
 
 The vestry undertook to carry out the will, and after several at- 
 tempts to secure a teacher, on December 8, 1780, they employed Mr. 
 George Stephenson to keep the Dickson Free School, giving him the 
 use of the plantation on easy conditions; among them that he should 
 teach six poor children assigned him, and seventeen children on his 
 own account, who would pay for their schooling. 
 
 The Church was now in troublous and revolutionary times, and 
 
278 
 
 Lynnhaven sutferec] accordingly. The Reverend Mr. Dickson had died 
 in the great ye;ir ITTC, when the full force of the spirit of the Revo- 
 lution was abroad in the land, and nothing felt that force more dis- 
 astrously than the Church. Not that the Church was opposed to the 
 Revolution, for the Revolution was begun, sustained and consummated 
 l;y the most prominent Churchmen in Virginia. In Princess Anne 
 county, as in all the other counties, the vestrymen and officers of the 
 church are found upon the county committees, who guided and sus- 
 tained the Revolution throughout the country. Fourteen of the twenty- 
 five names of that committee in Princess Anne in 1774-'7a are found 
 among the vestry and officers of the church. 
 
 But not only was the whole country distracted and absorbed by the 
 disturbances of the Revolution, but the men who were its avowed pro- 
 moters, felt that there was much growing out of the connection be- 
 tween the Church and the State, which must needs be modified by the 
 Revolution which they were advocating. It was at this period also 
 That the Church was violently attacked by the Dissenters in Virginia, 
 who were Revolutionists, not only as concerned civil questions, but 
 still more violently in their hatred and opposition to the Church. They 
 very naturally took advantage of the disturbances incident to the Rev- 
 olution and of the difficulties growing out of the connection between 
 the Church and the State, which difficulties the leaders of the Revolu- 
 tion, who were themselves Churchmen, were contending with and 
 seeking to solve in the way which would involve least disturbance and 
 loss to the religious interests of the country. 
 
 The Dissenters, however, were not at all concerned to avoid dis- 
 turbance, but rather courted it; not to prevent any loss that might 
 befall the Church, but did all in their power to destroy it; and by agi- 
 tation and opposition in the parishes, as well as by appeals with which 
 they flooded the Convention of the patriots, the large majority of 
 whom were Churchmen, they hampered and weakened the infiuence of 
 the Church in all directions, little regarding the invaluable work that 
 the Church had done for the moral and religious civilization of the 
 land, under unspeakable difficulties, from the very foundations of the 
 country. 
 
 The weak point in the Church system in Virginia from the first, con- 
 sisted in the fact that, while it was an Episcopal Church, it was at 
 once without a Bishop and dependent upon an uncertain and scant 
 supply of clergy. Naturally it fell into the hands of the vestries, and 
 the records of the work of the vestries show what in the circumstances 
 
279 
 
 must be regarded as admirable faithlulness and efficiency on tlie part 
 of these laymen. Especially do the records show devotion to the 
 Church of their fathers, and a genuine effort to advance the moral and 
 spiritual welfare of the country; but they worked as laymen, and their 
 work was rarely balanced or sustained by sufficient clerical force. 
 Their duties were manifold, covering the work of a number of sala- 
 ried officials in our present county system, and this work they did 
 without other compensation than the honor and satisfaction of serv- 
 ing the community. But the most marked characteristic of a Virginia 
 vestry was the jealousy with which these men regarded their rights 
 and liberties. They resented, and generally successfully, everything 
 that they regarded as an encroachment upon their rights, whether 
 made by the local parson, whom they generally managed to keep quite 
 at their mercy, or by the Bishop's commissary, or by the Governor, or 
 even if it was a decision fortified by the Attorney-General of the Eng- 
 lish Crown. 
 
 This spirit of independence which they had cultivated for many a 
 year, was now bringing fruit in the Revolution; and they were more 
 absorbed in the question of civil liberty than in any other. It is not 
 surprising, therefore, that the set of men in Virginia, who composed, 
 at once, the vestries in their several parishes, and who were also the 
 magistrates, justices, burgesses, and from whom the Council Board 
 of the Commonwealth was taken, were found in those days of political 
 upheaval to be somewhat neglectful of what they regarded as the minor 
 matters of the parish. Thus it was that for two full years after 1780 
 there was no vestry meeting in Princess Anne. This was complained 
 of to the General Assembly, and in May, 1783, an act was passed dis- 
 solving the vestry of Lynnhaven, and ordering the election of another 
 vestry. The sheriff acted as directed by the Assembly, and on Novem- 
 ber 7, 1783, made return of the new vestry, which consisted of twelve 
 men, all but two or three of them vestrymen of the past, so that the 
 affairs of the parish were still committed by the freeholders to the old 
 hands. 
 
 The same Assembly which dissolved the vestry of Lynnhaven parish 
 in 1783 established Kempsville, in princess Anne county, to be a town. 
 
 In October, 1784, the General Assembly passed an act by which the 
 minister and vestry of any parish became a corporation, or in the ab- 
 sence of a minister the vestry became incorporate. This act was to go 
 into effect on Monday in Easter Week, being March 28, 1785, on which 
 day all existing vestries were declared dissolved, and new vestries 
 
280 
 
 ordered to be elected on that Easter Monday, 1785, or else on the next 
 fair day, in case that proved a foul day. 
 
 It may be noted that the same General Assembly of 1784 made it law- 
 ful for an ordained minister of any Christian society whatever to cele- 
 brate lawful marriages in Virginia, provided such minister received 
 the license of the county so to do. And for even the Quakers and 
 Menonites to solemnize their own marriages, either with or without a 
 ceremony, only provided it was done publicly. This Assembly also 
 declared certain marriages to be legal, which had been performed by 
 laymen in the absence of any minister, or by others who had no legal 
 right to perform marriages. So the Church parson was not nearly so 
 essential after 1784 as he had been. 
 
 Acting in accord with this direction of the Assembly, an election 
 for vestry to take place on Monday in Easter Week, 1785, was adver- 
 tised. When this meeting was approaching, the vestry, which had been 
 elected in Lynnhaven, in 1783, employed the Reverend Charles Petti- 
 grew to be minister of the parish and teacher of the Dickson Free 
 School, telling him of the election of a new vestry, which was to take 
 place on the 28th of Mai\ch on this same month. Mr. Pettigrew ac- 
 cepted, but did not come in time to fulfil his engagement, and was not 
 accepted as minister. 
 
 The new vestry, under the act of its corporation, was elected on 
 April 14, 1785, and subscribed to be conformable to the doctrine, dis- 
 cipline and worship of hie Protestant Episcopal Church. All of them 
 were old vestrymen. As the property now became incorporated in 
 their own hands, the following account of the parish was recorded and a 
 copy ordered to be sent to the next County Court. 
 
 An Account of Propekty Beix)ngixg to Lynnhaven Parish, April 
 
 14, 1785: 
 
 About 200 acres of land as a glebe, with an old dwelling-house and 
 a few outhouses, all in bad order; about 50 acres of land, with an 
 old house built for the reception of the poor and a kitchen, both want- 
 ing repair. 
 
 Belonging to the Mother Church: A large silver tankard and a silver 
 salvei'; a cup washed with gold; three pewter plates; one pulpit cloth 
 and broadcloth covering for the Communion Table; three sets of 
 Seeker's sermons, seven volumes each; volume of Tillotson's sermons; 
 three good Bibles and two old ditto; three Common Prayer books, large. 
 
 Belonging to the Eastern Shore Chapel: A silver tankard; a silver 
 
281 
 
 cup and a small silver salver; three pewter plates and one pewter 
 basin; one draper table-cloth and one napkin for the Communion Table. 
 Belonging to Pungo Chapel: A pewter tankard, two glass tumblers, 
 two pewter plates, one table-cloth and two napkins for the Com- 
 munion Table, a few old cushions at the mother church and the Eastern 
 Shore chapel. 
 
 Revenue: Rent of glebe land in 1785, £8; rent of parish land in_ 
 1785, £7, 5. 
 
 Anthony Walke, 
 John Ackiss, 
 Edwd. Hack Moseley, 
 James Henley, 
 John Cornick, 
 Joel Cornick, 
 Francis Land. 
 
 On May 6th, 1785, the Reverend James Simpson was inducted min- 
 ister of the parish and appointed master of the Dickson Free School. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Simpson and Mr. Anthony Walke were appointed 
 delegates to the First Episcopal Convention, which met that same 
 month in Richmond. Mr. Simpson attended, but Mr. Walke's name 
 does not appear among the delegates in attendance. 
 
 This same year — 1785 — is notable because in October the General 
 Assembly passed its great act for establishing religious freedom. After 
 a noble preamble, that act which was drawn up by Churchmen reads 
 as follows: 
 
 "II. Be it enacted by the General Assembly, That no man shall be 
 compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or min- 
 istry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested or bur- 
 thened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of 
 his religious opinions or belief, but that all men shall be free to 
 profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of 
 religion, that the same shall in no wise deminish, enlarge, or affect 
 their civil capacities." 
 
 The large majority of the House which passed this action were 
 vestrymen of the Church. And in the Episcopal Convention which 
 met in Richmond in May, 1785, appeared the names of many dis- 
 tinguished patriots of the Revolution, the Convention being presided 
 over in its first meeting by Carter Braxton, a signer of the Declaration 
 of Independence. 
 
282 
 
 Returning to Lynnhaven Parish: although the connection between 
 the Church and the State was now almost wholly broken, -the vestry 
 are still found charged by the County Court with the important duty 
 of processioning the lands in the precincts of the county, and many 
 entries in their records indicate their active interest in the affairs 
 of the Churcli in this year, 1785. 
 
 Among other steps, they ordered account to be made of the mem- 
 bers of the Episcopal Church in the parish above the age of sixteen, 
 with a view to providing, through subscriptions, a due financial sup- 
 port of the parish. 
 
 In closing the connection between the Church and the Stare, the 
 vestry ordered their wardens to make a statement of their accounts 
 to the overseers of the poor, which was done in 1786; and tlie tran- 
 sition period is noted in the form in which the vestrymen signed their 
 next act qualifying as vestrymen, which was as follows: 
 
 "At a meeting held at Kempsville the 27 December, 1787, we, the 
 underwritten, having been fairly elected vestrymen and trustees ac- 
 cording to an act of assembly, as well as an ordinance of the Conven- 
 tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church, held in Richmond on the 16 
 day of May, 1787, do agree to be for ever conformable to the doc- 
 trine, discipline and worship of the said Episcopal Church, and to 
 use all rational and just means in our power to advance the true 
 interest thereof." Then follow the names of the vestrymen. 
 
 On December 27, 1787, the Reverend J. Simpson "agreed to resign 
 his office of Lynnhaven Parish on the sixth day of May, 1788, when an 
 election of minister shall be held." 
 
 Mr. Simpson, being an inducted minister, could not be forced to 
 resign without due process; he therefore "agreed to resign. ' and 
 in doing so, he said that three years of experience had proven to him 
 that the emoluments of the said parish were not adequate to the 
 trouble. It appears, however, that one of the gentlemen of the parish, 
 Mr. Anthony Walke, was looking forward to the ministry and to being 
 called to the parish, which may well have influenced the action of Mr. 
 Simpson. Accordingly, on the 29th of March, 1788, Mr. Anthony Walke 
 was formally recommended to the Right Reverend William White, 
 Bishop of Pennsylvania, to receive orders, and on .Tuly the 3d, 1788, 
 Mr. Walke, having been in the meantime ordained (the record does 
 not say whether he was ordained both deacon and priest, but only 
 that he had retiirned to the parish and desired to be inducted), was 
 inducted minister of the parish. 
 
283 
 
 Four years later, while Mr. Walke was still minister of the parish, 
 the following interesting declaration was made by one John McCleunan, 
 a Romanist, who desired to enter the Episcopal Church. 
 
 DECLARATION OF JOHN M'CLENNAN, FROM IRELAND. 
 
 "I John McClennan having been educated in the Principles of the 
 Roman Church and having been convinced that, since the Rise of 
 the Pope's temporal Power, the members of the said Church have been 
 cruelly imposed upon by their Priests, who vainly pretended that they 
 could grant Absolution for Sin, and Dispensations for Sums of money, 
 thus usurping an Authority over the Consciences of Men, and who 
 have supported the Doctrine of the real Presence at the Administration 
 of the Eucharist, do now solemnly abjure the Supremacy of the Pope, 
 and hereby renounce all the superstitions of the Church of Rome and 
 declare that I will be a member of the reformed Church, holding the 
 Faith of a Protestant from this Day, being the 22 of July 1792." 
 
 "This is to certify that the above Declaration was publickly, made 
 by John McClennan at the Altar, in the Eastern Shore Chapel, of the 
 Parish of Lynnhaven and County of Princess Anne, on Sunday the 
 22d of July Anno Domini 1792 
 
 Anthony Walke, Minr." 
 
 On October 10th, 1800, the Reverend Anthony Walke resigned the 
 parish, and on the 1st November the Reverend Cornelius Calvert was 
 inducted as minister of this parish. 
 
 Until July, 1797, the vestry held unquestioned right to the Dickson 
 donation. In that year the question to their right was raised, possi- 
 bly by the dissenting element in the county, who were pressing in 
 many directions to obtain possession of Church property, or It may 
 be by some heirs, relatives of Mr. Dickson. In December, 1800, the vestry 
 took council of John Wickham, Esq., the distinguished lawyer of Rich- 
 mond, who advised them that, in his opinion, the vestry could, with 
 perfect safety to themselves and with propriety, continue the direc- 
 tion of the charity as hitherto, and no person had any right to dis- 
 turb in this duty. 
 
 That if they were obstructed in the management of the property 
 a court of chancery might interfere and appoint other trustees, and 
 that, in view of the testator's will, he thought that the vestry would 
 be reappointed. 
 
 Lastly, he declared that the heirs of Mr. Dickson could certainly not 
 
284 
 
 support a claim to the land whether uiuler the nianagenient of the 
 vestry or not. 
 
 At this time not only had the right of the church to the Dickson 
 donation been questioned, l)nt in July, 1801, it was found that certain 
 dissenters were seeking to force an entry into and take possession of 
 one of the churches. 
 
 The Reverend George Holston was put in charge of the free school 
 in 1803, and in August of the same year he was inducted minister of 
 the parish. 
 
 As late as April, 1813, the vestry and trustees of the parish were 
 still in lawful possession of the Dickson P^ree School property, but had 
 become involved in a troublesome suit with some of I\Ir. Dickson's 
 relatives in Scotland. 
 
 After this date there is a gap in the record of the vestry covering 
 eight years and six months — the next record is of a general meeting 
 of the members of the parish in November, 1821. The parish had 
 suffered much, both by neglect and otherwise, in thig interval. At this 
 meeting Mr. Thurmer Hoggard was chairman, a vestry was elected, 
 and the Reverend Mr. Prout was called to be minister of the parish, 
 at a salary of $500, and soon afterwards took charge. 
 
 In March, 1822, the vestry ordered the Donation church and the 
 Eastern Shore chapel to be put in repair, which was done at once, at 
 a cost of $386. 
 
 In 1824 delegates were elected to the Episcopal Council, and also 
 Pungo chapel was ordered to be repaired. Mr. Prout left the parish 
 in 1824, and the Reverend Mark L. Chevers was employed to give 
 some services. 
 
 In 1825 the church was again destitute of services, and the Reverend 
 John H. Wingfield was employed, and after him the following min- 
 isters served the parish on and after the dates given with their 
 names: 
 
 The Reverend David M. Fackler, 1838; Rev. B. F. Miller, occasional 
 services, 1841; Rev. John G. Hull, 1842; Rev. Henry C. Lay, 1846; 
 Rev. Edmund Withers, 1847; Rev. Lewis Walke, 1848; Rev. Robert 
 Gatewood, 1865; Rev. A. A. McDonough, 1873; Rev. E. A. Penick. 
 1877; Rev. C. B. Bryan. 1878; Rev. C. J. McCollough, 1881; Rev. 
 Richard Anderson, 1883; Rev. W. R. Savage, 1884; A. W. Anson. 1891. 
 In 1895 the eastern half of the parish, containing the Eastern Shore 
 chapel, was set off as a separate parish. The following ministers 
 continued to serve one or both of the parishes: Rev. W. R. Savage, 
 
285 
 
 1895; Rev. W. F. Morrison, 1896; Rev. Henry L. Lancaster, 1898; Rev. 
 J. E. Wales, 1898; Rev. Frank Stringfellow, 1906. 
 
 After the final declension of the old Donation church, which suffered 
 much from the isolation of its position, that congregation built a 
 church called Emmanuel church, about 1850, in Kempsville. 
 
 Of recent years many members of the Episcopal Church have removed 
 from the county to live in Norfolk. On the other hand, quite a settle- 
 ment of Church people have gathered at Virginia Beach, where a con- 
 venient chapel has been erected. Through the efforts of the Reverend 
 Mr. Savage, a chapel was built for the benefit of the life-saving crew 
 on the shore at and below Virginia Beach, and thus, while weakened 
 at some points, the Chuix-h has been strengthened in others, and 
 still has an abiding hold upon the hearts of the people of Princess 
 Anne county. Certainly no one building in the county is so gen- 
 erally revered as is the old Eastern Shore chapel, and it is pleasant 
 to hear from its present minister, the Reverend Mr. Wales, that the 
 church is in an encouraging and growing condition. The western end 
 of the county has suffered more on account of its nearness to Norfolk, 
 but it is blessed in a faithful company of workers and in the devoted 
 service of one who, while not a clergyman, has for years done a 
 minister's work in all things that were within his power, Mr. R. J. 
 Alfrlend, of Norfolk. 
 
 These parishes still retain their beautiful communion vessels. Those 
 which formerly belonged to the old Donation and the churches which 
 preceded it now belong to Emmanuel church, Kempsville. The cup 
 is marked with the date letter for 1705, the paten, which was the 
 gift of Maximilian Boush, and bears his arms, has the date letter 
 for 1711, and the fiagon, the date letter for 1716. These pieces, 
 with the old Vestry Book, dating from 1723, have long been in the 
 keeping of the Hoggard family at Poplar Hall, on Broad Creek. The 
 Communion vessels of the Eastern Shore chapel, consisting of a hand- 
 some cup, paten and flagon, all bear the date letter of 1759. 
 
HUNGARS CHURCH, NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 BY il. C. HOWARD. 
 
 THE history of the Eastern Shore of Virginia begins with Cap- 
 tain John Smith's visit of exploration, recorded by himself. 
 He says: 
 
 "Leaving the Phoenix at Cape Henry, wee crossed the bay 
 to the Eastern Shore, and fell in with the isles called Smith's Isles. 
 First people encountered were two grim, stout savages, upon Cape 
 Charles, with long poles, javelings headed with bone, who boldly de- 
 manded who and what we were. After many circumstances, they 
 seemed kind, and directed us to Accomack, the habitation of their 
 Werowance, where we were kindly treated. This Rex was the come- 
 liest, proper, civill salvage we encountered. His country is pleasant, 
 fertile clay soyle; some small creeks, good harbours for barques, not 
 ships. They spoke the language of Powhatan." 
 
 The largest of this group is still known as "Smith's Island." It 
 formed a very insignificant part of the patrimony of Mrs. Robert E. 
 Lee, Inherited through many general ions from her ancestor, John 
 Custis, of Arlington, Northampton county, Va. From this first Ameri- 
 can home of the Custis family, the famous Arlington, Mrs. Lee's 
 home until the outbreak of the Confederate War, received its name. 
 
 The home of the "Rex," whom John Smith visited (in 1608), was 
 on what Is called "Old Plantation" Creek, which name commemorates 
 the fact that the oldest "settlement" on the Eastern Shore was made 
 on this beautiful tidal inlet, probably on the farm at the head of the 
 creek, also called "Old Plantation." No trace of this first settlement 
 can now be found, and I have met with no reference to it prior to 
 the account given by John Rolfe, who, having returned to England, 
 taking with him his wife, Pocahontas, was desired by the Virginia 
 Company in London to furnish them with information concerning 
 the Virginia Colony. He tells them of six "plantacons," one of them 
 at "Dale's Gift," on the Eastern Shore, where Lieutenant Craddock, 
 
287 
 
 with about sixteen men, had been established for the purpose of mak- 
 ing salt, of which all the settlements were in need.* 
 
 A few years later, in 1620, a second settlement was made on the 
 farm now called "Town Fields," which lies between Cherrystonef and 
 King's Creeks, divided by the latter from the very new town of "Cape 
 Charles City." about fourteen miles trom the real Cape Charles. 
 The English called this second "towne" Accomack — probably in 
 compliment to the "Laughing King of Accomack" (John Smith's 
 "Rex")— which name was applied not only to the town and to 
 the royal residence, but by the Indians to the whole peninsula. The 
 new town seems to have absorbed the earlier one at Old Plantation, 
 which is heard of no more. Perhaps the Colonists found it more 
 convenient and comfortable to have th? "King's Creek" between them 
 and their Indian neighbors. 
 
 As usual in the early Virginia settlements, the building of a church 
 was one of the first duties to be performed. In the same year (1629) 
 one was built "neare the ffishinge poynte." Its exact location cannot 
 be Identified, for all "poyntes" in that highly favored land may be 
 made "ffishing poyntes." It was perhaps at the point made by the 
 junction of the two creeks. That it was called "the Ffishinge Poynte" 
 seems to indicate that, at that time, the few inhabitants, for mutual 
 protection, did all their fishing in one place. The church was "of 
 insignificant dimensions," constructed of rough logs, connected loosely 
 with wattle, the whole enclosed with 'Pallysadoes' for protection against 
 'ye Indian tribes, an ever present menace to peace and safety. '" I 
 believe, however, there is no record or tradition to indicate that the 
 tribes on the Eastern Shore ever invaded the "peace and safety" of 
 the English, possibly because of their prudent measures of self- 
 protection; but the massacres on the Western side of the Chesapeake, 
 and more especially the "Great Massacre" of 1622, made men cautious, 
 and this seems to have turned the tide of immigration to the other 
 shore, t where climate and soil were good, food supplies unusually 
 abundant, and where the Indians were kind and friendly. 
 
 ♦This Report, dated 1615 or 1616, is in one of the early volumes of 
 the Va. Hist. Mag., or the Va. Hist. Regi.ster; an ante-bellum number. 
 I read it some years ago, and have neither "Magazine" nor "Register" 
 to refer to. 
 
 tOriginally Clieriton; the unmeaning Cherrystone being a corruption. 
 
 tBishop Meade, Vol. I, p. 85, says: "Such was the effect, both in Vir- 
 ginia and England, that a commission was sent over to the Gov., Sir 
 George Yardley, to seek for a settlement on the Eastern Shore of 
 Virginia f<>r those who remained. That plan, however, was never jiut 
 Into execution, though steps were taken towards it." 
 
288 
 
 The first rector of this first church — which, though unnamed, should 
 never be forgotten — was the Rev. Francis Bolton. A manuscript record 
 in the Congressional Library gives this statement concerning his 
 salary: "It is ordered by the Governor and Council that Mr. Bolton 
 shall receive for his salary this year, throughout all the plantations 
 on the Eastern Shore, ten pounds of tobacco and one bushel of corn 
 for every planter and trader above the age of sixteen, alive at the 
 crop." A clergyman coming to Virginia could not have been in- 
 fluenced by any prospect of emolument; but, paltry as these items 
 seem, a bushel of corn and ten pounds of tobacco was probably a 
 larger contribution in proportion to income than we can always show 
 in these days. In 1630 Thomas Warnet (?), "principal merchant and 
 devout Churchman," bequeaths to Mr. Bolton the following useful 
 articles: "A firkin of butter, a bushel of salt, six pounds of candles, 
 a pound of pepper, a pound of ginger, two bushels of meal, a rundlet 
 of ink, six quires of letter paper, and a pair of silk stockings." 
 
 The second rector was the Rev. "William Cotton-, who officiated from 
 1632 to about 1645. The second church, about ten miles from the 
 first and lower down the peninsula, was built near the place after- 
 w^ards called Arlington, the home of John Custis, immigrant, of whom 
 many anecdotes still linger in local traditions, and whose tomb, with 
 the singular epitaph composed by himself, is still at Arlington. This 
 church was known as the "Magothy Bay Church." Presumably, it 
 was another log building, in no way superior to that at the "Ffishinge 
 Poynte"; and as there seems to be no record of any rector, it may 
 be assumed that Mr. Cotton had charge of both. Proof of its existence 
 in 1645 is found in an early county record, which ordered that all 
 citizens should carry "arms and fixed ammunition." Such as were 
 caught without these were to be "punished" by being required "to 
 clear paths to the neiv church," "enclosed by a stockade." 
 
 It must have been at the "Ffishinge Poynte" church that Marie 
 Drewe stood up and asked "forgiveness of the congregation" for some 
 "ugly words" she had used towards Joane Butler. It is evident that 
 Church and State in Virginia were as essentially one as in the Mother 
 Country. The "Act" for suppression of gossip was passed September, 
 1634; its enforcement was left to the Church, as this extract shows. 
 The two women had quarreled, and reviled each other in no choice 
 language. Joane was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced. 
 
 "Upon dew examination, it is thought fitt by the board that s"yd 
 Joane Butler shall be drawen over the King's Creek at the starne of 
 
289 
 
 a boat or canoux; also, the next Sabbath day in the tyme of devyne 
 (divine) servis, between the first and second lesson, present herself 
 before the minister, and say after him as followeth: 'I, Joane Butler, 
 doe acknowledge to have called Marie Drewe h , and hereby I con- 
 fess I have done her manifest wronge; wherefore I desire before tins 
 congregation that the s'yd Marie Drewe will forgiv me; and also 
 that this congregation will joyne (join) me in prayer, that God may 
 forgive me.' " 
 
 Marie Drewe was then arrested, and received the same sentence. 
 She retracted, asked "forgiveness" in the church and escaped the 
 ducking. 
 
 The name of the peninsula was changed from "Accowmake" to 
 Northampton in 1642. Various traditions give various reasons for 
 the selection of this name. The best authenticated seems to be that 
 it was a compliment to the Earl of Northampton. At this date there 
 were few settlers in the upper part, and Hungars Parish is not yet 
 mentioned. In 1662 the peninsula was divided, the upper county 
 resuming the original name, Accomac, the lower retaining that of 
 Northampton. 
 
 The first formally organized vestry was in obedience to an order of 
 the Court at James City." 
 
 "At a court holden in Accawmacke the 14th day of Sept., 1635"; 
 [the peninsula being then called Accomack]. 
 
 "At this court Mr. Wm. Cotton, minister, presented an order of 
 the court from James Citty, for the building of a Parsonage ordered by 
 the vestry and because there have heretofore been no formal vestry 
 nor vestrymen appointed, we have from this present day appointed 
 to be vestrymen those whose names are underwritten: 
 
 "Wm. Cotton minister, Capt. Thomas Graves, Mr. Obedience Robins, 
 Mr. John Howe, Mr. Wm. Stone, Mr. Burdett, Mr. Wm. Andrews, Mr. 
 John Wilkins, Mr. Alex Mountjoy, Mr. Edw. Drew, Mr. Wm. Beniman, 
 Mr. Stephen Charlton. 
 
 "And further we do order that the first meeting of the syd. vestry- 
 men shall be upon the feast day of St. Michael the Arch-Angel, being 
 the 29th day of September." 
 
 In accordance with that order of the court, the vestry meeting was 
 held and record entered of the same as follows: 
 
 "A vestry heald, 29th day of Sept. 1635. 
 
 "Capt. Thomas Graves, Mr. John Howe, Mr. Edward Drew, Mr. Obe- 
 
290 
 
 dience Robins, Mr. Alex. Mountjoy, Mr. Wm. Burdett, Mr. Wm. An- 
 drews, Mr. Wm. Stone, Mr. Wm. Benmian." 
 
 At this meeting an order was made jiroviding foi- building the 
 parsonage house. 
 
 As the parsonage here mentioned was for the use of Rev. Mr. 
 Cotton, it must have been built in the Magothy Bay section of the 
 county, near his two churches. It was ordered to be built of "wood" — 
 presumably sawed lumber, not logs — forty feet wide, eighteen feet 
 deep, and nine feet "to the valley," with a chimney at each end, and 
 beyond the chimneys a small room on each side — "one for the minister's 
 study and the other for a buttery." 
 
 "Mr. Cotton seems to have had considerable difficulty in collecting 
 his tithes, despite the fact that good buildings began to be erected," 
 and every home had its garden and orchard. Suit was brought in 
 1637 against Henry Charleton for non payment of dues. 
 
 "John Waltham, Randal Revel and John Ford deposed on oath that 
 they heard Henry Charlton say that if he had Had Mr. Cotton without 
 the churchyeard, he would have l^ict him over the Pallysadoes, calling 
 of him Black catted (coated) raskall. Upon the complaynt of Mr. 
 Cotton against the said Charlton and tlie depositions as above ex- 
 pressed, it is ordered that the said Charleton shall for the s'yd offence 
 buyld a pare of stocks, and set in them three severall Sabouth days 
 in the time of Dyvine Servis, and there ask Mr. Cotton forgiveness." 
 The punishment was doubtless salutary and conducive to proper re- 
 spect for clerical dignity. 
 
 There seems to have been no legal title to the ground upon which 
 the Magothy Bay church was built prior to 1691, for in that year 
 William Willett conveys, in consideration of 20,000 pounds of tobacco, 
 600 acres of land to William Baker,* reserving "one acre of land, on 
 which church now stands," "to remaine for that use as long as the 
 parish 'mindes' to continue the same." This land had been granted 
 by Francis Morrison, Governor of Virginia, to Edward Douglas, and 
 was confirmed by another patent from Governor Andros "to me, 
 William Willett," nephew and heir to said Edward Douglas. This 
 deed of conveyance is a curiosity of superfluous verbiage, and much 
 too long for quotation. It gives the boundaries with great minute- 
 ness, mentions "a spring neare the Church or Chappell." and is dated 
 "30 May Anno Regis X, Anno Domini, 1698." 
 
 •Book of Deed.s and Wills, No. 12, page 19S, Nurthainpton Records. 
 
291 
 
 It is probable that successive churches had taken the place of the 
 original structure (as at Jamestown and elsewhere) long before this 
 conveyance of title. The latest built upon this site was still in use 
 in the early years of the nineteenth century, but in 1826 it was pro- 
 nounced unsafe, torn down and the old materials sold at auction. t 
 
 Christ church in Eastville was built about this time, and the old 
 silver service for Holy Communion has been used in this church ever 
 since. The pieces have an inscription showing that they were the 
 gift of "John Custis, Esq'r, of Williamsburg," to the lower church 
 of Hungars Parish, 1741. The plate is marked "Ex dono, Francis 
 Nicholson, Esq'r." Date of this gift must have been 1690 to 1693. 
 
 Mr. Cotton died in 1645. He is called in the Records, "the godly 
 son of Joane Cotton, widow, of Bunbury, Cheshire, England." Wil- 
 liam Stone, first Protestant Governor of Maryland, was his brother-in- 
 law. Stone resided on Hungars Creek. 
 
 Rev. John Rozier (Bishop Meade says Rogers) succeeded Mr. Cotton. 
 An old colonist, in his will, speaks of this gentleman as "Deare and 
 respected friend," and Dr. John Holloway bequeaths to him a folio 
 Greek Testament. 
 
 In 1639 Nathaniel Eaton, first principal of Harvard, came in Nele's 
 barque to Virginia, where he married "Anne Graves, daughter of 
 Thomas Graves, a member of the Dorchester church, who emigrated 
 to Virginia, and died of climatic influence, leaving his daughter a 
 fair patrimony." Eaton became Rozier's assistant, but fled to England 
 in 1646. By the Assembly's Act of 1639-40, ministers of the gospel 
 were allowed ten pounds of tobacco per poll to pay their clerk and 
 sexton. 
 
 In 1642 the parish was divided. All south of King's Creek was one 
 parish, called Hungars; from King's Creek to Nassawadox was to be 
 known as Nassawadox Parish. In this latter was built a temporary 
 church. On December 23, 1684, Major William Spencer gave to the 
 church wardens of Hungars Parish the land on Hungars Creek, on 
 which "the frame of a church" now stands, and one acre of land 
 surrounding it, being a part of Smith's Field. So we learn that this 
 first Hungars church, like that at Magothy Bay, was built upon land 
 for which no title was obtained, until years had gone by. This 
 church was, perhaps, not abandoned until the "Brick Church." the 
 present Old Hungars, was built. 
 
 Hungars Creek is one of those beautiful tidal inlets which give to 
 
 tThe foundations may still be seen near the Arlington gates. 
 
292 
 
 the Chesapeake counties of Virginia and Maryland such exquisite 
 views of land and water, and upon which, even in those early times, 
 charming homes began to cluster; for the earliest colonists settled 
 along these creeks, and their descendants and successors have not 
 been able to improve upon the sites they selected. 
 
 Hungars Creek lies between Church Neck, its northern boundary, and 
 Hungars Neck, on the south. The church is in a grove of pines, at 
 the head of this creek. Approaching from the south, the county 
 road passes over a little bridge, which crosses one fork, and from 
 which the little village of Bridgetown ("at which courts were held in 
 early years") takes its name. 
 
 In 1691 the parishes were again made one, and from that time 
 until the present, county and parish are the same in extent. 
 Old records in the Clerk's Office: 
 
 "Att a council held att James City, Apr. the 21st, 1691. 
 
 "Present — The Rt. Hono'ble Francis Nicholson Esq. Lt. Gov. & coun- 
 cil. 
 
 "Major John Robins and Mr. Thomas Harmanson, Burgesses of the 
 County of Northampton, on behalf of the County of Northampton, by 
 their petition setting forth that the said county is one of the smallest 
 in the colony, doth consist of a small number of tithables, and is 
 divided in two parishes, by reason whereof the Inhabitants of both 
 parishes are soe burdened that they are not able decently to maintain 
 a minister in each parish and therefore prayed the said parishes might 
 be joyned in one and goe by the name of Hungars parish, not being 
 desirous to infringe any gift given to Hungars parish, and more 
 especially one by the last will of Stephen Charlton, which parishes 
 soe joined will not only be satisfactory to the inhabitants but make 
 them capable to build a decent church and maintain an able divine; 
 On consideration whereof Itt is the opinion of this board and accord- 
 ingly ordered that the whole County of Northampton be from hence- 
 forth one parish and goe by the name of Hungars parish, and that 
 the same shall be noe prejudice to the gift of the aforesaid Charlton 
 to the said parish of Hungars and it is further ordered that the 
 Inhabitants of the sd. parish shall meet at such time and place as the 
 court of the said county shall appoint and make choice of a vestry 
 according to law. Cop. vera, test, W. Edwards, cl. cou." 
 
 Then, in accordance with the appointment of the court, at a meet- 
 ing of the inhabitants of the said county of Northampton, at the 
 
293 
 
 ■courthouse thereof, the 22nd day of June, 1691, the following vestry- 
 men were elected: 
 
 Major John Robins, Capt. Custis, Capt. Poxcroft, John Shepheard, 
 Benj. Stratton, Preeson Davis, Benjamin Nottingham, John Powell, 
 Jacob Johnson, Thomas Eyre, John Stoakley, Michael Dickson. It 
 was evidently soon after this step was taken that the Hungars church 
 building was erected. 
 
 I have been unable to find the origin or meaning of the name Hun- 
 gai s, ncr when it was first applied to the parish. "Hungars Creek" 
 occurs in the records in 1649, possibly earlier. "Whether the parish 
 gave name to the creek or the reverse has not been ascertained, nor 
 any convincing explanation of the name itself offered. It has been 
 said that a parish in Northamptonshire, England, bears the same, but 
 the lists of English parishes in the Peabody Library, Baltimore, does 
 not contain a Hungars in any shire. So many of the Indian names 
 were retained that in default of tracing to any English source, I am 
 inclined to believe this a survival of Indian nomenclature, especially 
 in view of the fact that most of the Eastern Shore creeks still keep 
 their original names, somewhat modified. 
 
 Thomas Palmer, clericus, succeeded Rozier; John Armourier was 
 the next minister of the parish, and was followed as early as 1651 
 by the Rev. Thomas Higby, who married the widow of John Wilkins, 
 vestryman. In 1656 Francis Doughty, brother-in-law of Governor 
 Stone and non-conformist, is noted as "Minister and Preacher of Ye 
 Word in this parish, now in Northamptor/. county," and was exhorted by 
 one Ann Littleton in her will to rear "My children in ye most Chris- 
 tian faith." Rev. Thomas Teackle was officiating in the Upper parish 
 (St. George's, Accomac,) during Mr. Higby's service in the Lower; all 
 of his predecessors served but a short time, and the records show many 
 suits for their salaries. "Mr. Teackle had his difficulties also, and to the 
 end of his life sought his dues in a legal way."* He had, besides, diffi- 
 culties not financial. His moral character was fiercely attacked (in 
 one instance by Col. Scarburgh), but he retained the confidence and 
 affection of the people. It is on record in the county that, "on April 
 28th, 1663, one John Stockley was ordered to give bond for good be- 
 havior and to recant in presence of the congregations of Hungars and 
 
 *Rev'd Mr. Teackle acquired considerable land. A farm called 
 Craddock, situated in Craddock's Neck (not far from Old St. George's 
 church, Accomac), remained in possession of descendants of his own 
 name until a few years ago. Many descendants on the Eastern Shore 
 and in Baltimore. 
 
294 
 
 Nassawadox parishes the next time that the Rev. Thomas Teackle 
 preached in the church, because said Stockley had said that the vestry 
 was 'illegal and unfair' because not chosen by a majority of the 
 people." Mr. Teackle officiated at old St. George's much longer than 
 in Hungars parish; he probably ministered to both at the same 
 time, for the supply of clergymen was seldom equal to the demand, 
 and, faute de mieux, non-conformist divines were sometimes permitted 
 to officiate, "so far as the laws of England and of this colony permit;" 
 but that these loyal Churchmen accepted their services with reluctance, 
 and dispensed with them as soon as practicable, is shown by the fol- 
 lowing: 
 
 "Whereas, Mr. Daniel Richardson, o'r late minister, for want of 
 orders, was found not Orthodox, and therefore hired him from yeare 
 to yeare (to supply the place of minister so farr as the Lawes of 
 England and this country could make him capable) until we could 
 supply ourselves with an able Orthodox devine. And forasmuch as 
 Mr. Isaac Key did present, whom we find very able and worthy, wee 
 of the Vestry and subscribers hereof, doe certifye unto Your Honor 
 that at a vestry, the 8th day of May last past, did discharge the 
 said Richardson from his said ministry, and have since made choice 
 of the said Mr. Isaac Key for o'r minister, who hath accepted and 
 most willingly promised to serve; Wherefore we hereby request your 
 Honor's confirmacon by Inducting him into this o'r parish as min- 
 ister. And your Supplycants shall ever pray. John Stringer, William 
 Kendall, William Walters, John Robins, James Pigot." 
 
 To this appeal Governor Berkeley assented in these words: 
 
 "This worthy, learned Gent., Mr. Key, is soe well knowne to me, 
 that I am most certaine you will be happy in haveing soe deserving 
 a pereon to officiate to you and advise and comfort you in all yo'r 
 spirituall wants and necessityes, & I doe require that he bee immedi- 
 ately Inducted. William BKRKKLf:Y. 
 
 Nov. 18, 1676. 
 
 It will be observed that these Churchmen used the word "Orthodox" 
 as applied to a "minister," to signify that he had been regularly 
 ordained by an English Bishop. Bishop Meade says, "Such was the 
 use of the word orthodox at that time." 
 
 Prior to the induction of Mr. Key (in 1671). the "Commissioners 
 of Plantations" had sent over this query to Governor Berkeley: 
 
 "What coorse is being taken about instructing the people within your 
 
295 
 
 government in the Christian religion, and what provision Is there 
 made for the paying of your ministry?" Which elicited the following 
 reply from Berkeley: 
 
 "The same coorse that is taken in England, out of towns, every 
 man according to his ability instructing his children. We have fforty- 
 eight parishes in Virginia, and our ministers are well paid, and by 
 my consent should be better, if they would pray oftener and preach 
 less." 
 
 In or about the year 1653 Col. Stephen Charlton, a wealthy and very 
 prominent citizen, bequeathed his Home-place (situated in Church Neck, 
 at no great distance from Hungars church) to his daughter, Bridgett, 
 for her life, and to her heirs; but if she had no child, then the land was 
 to go to the church wardens, Argall Yardley and John Michael, and to 
 the vestry of Hungars Parish for the support of a rector. It was stipu- 
 lated that the church was to be open for divine service a certain num- 
 ber of times in every year. Bridgett Charlton married, but had no 
 child; and at her death the parish inherited it. It became the home of 
 many successive rectors. The last resident was the Rev. John Ufford, 
 who became rector in 1843, and resigned in 1850. In his time the church 
 was dispossessed of the property — "robbed" of it, the Church people con- 
 sidered. Bishop Meade says with regard to this act of spoliation: 
 
 "The peace and happiness of the Episcopal congregation in North- 
 ampton has been much marred for many years by a painful and pro- 
 tracted controversy with the overseers of the poor concerning the glebe. 
 More than two hundred years ago the wealthy and pious Charlton, in 
 view of his approaching dissolution, and in the event of one of his two 
 daughters dying childless, left a portion of that earth which is all the 
 Lord's for the perpetual support of the Church of his fathers, and of 
 that religion which had been his happiness in life, and was now to be 
 his consolation in death. He did this in the exercise of a right recog- 
 nized by God Himself in the law of His Word, and secured to men by 
 the laws of every government upon earth — the right of disposing of our 
 propeity by will. * * * The Legislature of "Virginia, both under the 
 Colonial Government and since our independence, has, by several acts, 
 ratified the Church's claim. But, after a long period of acquiescence in 
 the Church's right, the overseers of the poor, under that act of the Leg- 
 islature, which had never before been suspected of embracing this 
 case, determined to claim it, and actually did sell it at public auction, 
 conditionally. The question was brought before the Legislature, and a 
 sanction for the sale sought for; but it was dismissed as unreasonable. 
 
296 
 
 The question was taken before a court of law, and twice decided in be- 
 half of the Church. An appeal has been taken to a higher court. Years 
 have already been passed in painful controversy. Great have been the 
 -expenses to the Church, and much the loss in various ways. * * * 
 'The peace of the county has been much impaired by it. Political ques- 
 tions and elections to civil offices have been mixed up with it, and Chris- 
 tians of different denominations estranged from each ather. Surely, 
 when our Legislature reserved all private donations from the operation 
 of the law which ordered the sale of glebes, if this case could have been 
 presented to them, and they had been asked whether it could come un- 
 der the sentence of it, the bitterest enemies of the Episcopal Church, 
 and the most unbelieving foes of our religion, would have shrunk with 
 horror from the suggestion." 
 
 To complete the story of this transaction, I will only say that the 
 glebe was eventually lost to us. The very fact that the "lower glebes," 
 and the servants and other appurtenances of hotJi glebes were sold soon 
 after the passage of that Act, while the right of the Church to the 
 Charlton Glebe was not even questioned, shows conclusively to ^air- 
 minded people how the law was understood at the time. The farm is 
 still known as the Glebe, and is a lasting witness against an injustice. 
 
 No sketch of Hungars Parish, however slight, could be complete with- 
 out this story of our Glebe and its loss; but it is more pleasant to go 
 back to the church itself. Concerning it, however, I have very scant in- 
 formation. About 1750 "Richard Allen conveyed to John Haggoman and 
 his family all his interest in and to a pew which he (the said Allen) had 
 built In Hungars church." In 1759 Thomas Preeson, in his will, speaks 
 of "the new church on Hungars Creek," for which he had deeded to the 
 church wardens an acre of ground, and, in return, they had deeded to 
 him "a Pew marked T. P.," in 1751; and in the deed (signed in 1752) it 
 is stated that the church was "a brick church." The land he conveyed 
 was not that on which the church stands, but on the opposite side of the 
 county road, and was, I believe, intended for a burial place. In 1695 
 the Rev. Samuel Palmer was rector. In 1712 the Rev. Patrick Falconer 
 is minister. He died in 1718, "and after having given much to the 
 poor, he left his property to his brother James, in London, and desired 
 that his body should be buried before the pulpit in old Hungars church." 
 This was done; the sexton's fee for such interments being 300 pounds 
 of tobacco. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Dell was the minister until 1729; John Holbroke, until 
 1747. Rev. Edward Barlow succeeded and died in 1761; Rev. Richard 
 
297 
 
 Plewitt died in 1774; and in that year Rev. Mr. McCosltey became rector, 
 remaining until his death in 1803, succeeded by Revs. Gardiner, Davis, 
 Symes and Stephen Gunter. Rev. Simon Wilmer w^as rector as late as 
 1836. In that year Rev. W. G. .Jackson was elected. After a very severe 
 illness he resigned in 1841, and obtained a chaplaincy in the Navy. Rev. 
 J. P. B. Wilmer (son of Dr. Simon Wilmer, and eventually Bishop of 
 Louisiana,) was rector from 1841 to 1843, succeeded by Revs. John Uf- 
 ford, .James Ravvson and J. M. Chevers, elected in 1855. Of his succes- 
 sors I have not an accurate list, but Revs. C. Colton, A. S. Johns, Craig- 
 hill. Ware, Easter, William Nelson Meade, Randall, Carpenter and 
 Thomas are among them. 
 
 Prior to the Revolution the interior furnishings of Hungars church 
 Vi'ere very handsome — all of them brought fi'om England, and most, if 
 not all, of them gifts from Queen Anne. I have seen fragments of the 
 chancel draperies; dark crimson velvet of superb quality, with gold em- 
 broidery and bullion fringe, all of which had defied time and retained 
 a brilliancy I have never seen surpassed. Alas! only fragments remain- 
 ed; for in the antagonism to everything English, which followed the 
 Revolution, the Church — still the "Church of England," and without 
 Bishops of her own, fell upon evil times, and was pillaged and dese- 
 crated, with none able to protect her. Most of the clergy, being English- 
 men, returned to their own country. The deserted churches, still be- 
 loved by the faithful, could not be preserved from vandalism, under the 
 name of patriotism. The large pipe organ was taken from the church 
 and destroyed. Tradition says the fishermen in the neighborhood used 
 the metal as "sinkers" for their nets. The beautiful hangings were cut 
 to pieces; doors and windows suffered to fall from their hinges, and 
 nothing left in the church which was coveted by any chance intruder. 
 I have known persons who remembered to have seen cows grazing on 
 the grass growing in the brick-paved aisles of St. George's, in Accomac, 
 and Hungars church, doubtless, fared no better. The silver and the 
 altar linen — given by Queen Anne — were, however, carefully kept, and 
 are still in use, I believe; that is, the silver is used, and the altar cloth 
 kept as a priceless relic, for occasional use. 
 
 The unhappy condition of the Church throughout Virginia in the 
 years following the Revolution, and extending into the nineteenth cen- 
 tury, is well known, and need not here be dwelt upon. The extracts 
 which follow, from a letter written many years ago, will show how 
 Hungars parish suffered. The writer, a most devoted Churchwoman, 
 says: 
 
298 
 
 "The Episcopal Church in Northampton has been small and feeble, to 
 the grief of all the friends of Zion. I became a communicant on Christ- 
 mas day, 1813. The communicants were Mrs. Jacob, Mrs. E. Satchell, 
 Mrs. L. Stratton, Mrs. L. Evans, Mrs. H. Parker, Miss Anne Savage and 
 myself. My inestimable friend, the Rev, Mr. Davis, was pastor. Seven 
 other ladies soon after joined the little band. After Mr. Davis' death, 
 the Rev. Mr. Symes, from Norfolk, became rector. Hungars and Ma- 
 gotty Bay churches (the latter, that near Arlington) were both deserted, 
 and worship was conducted in the Courthouse at Eastville. Mr. Symes 
 toiled with untold difficulties for a very short time; removed to South 
 Carolina, and there died. 
 
 "Not coming immediately to the rectorship, the Rev. Herbert ]\Iar- 
 shall, of Rhode Island, officiated for six months. 
 
 "Mr. Wilmer's ministry was much blessed. The communicants increas- 
 ed to twenty-tivo in 1821; and among them were Mr. James Upshur, Mr. 
 Wyatt, Dr. Winder and Mr. John Harmanson. This was a strong acces- 
 sion; truly we thanked God and took tourage. And here allow me to 
 say, the want of male strength and co-operation has ever been the cause 
 of the slow growth of our Church in Northampton. The four gentlemen 
 named above died in quick succession, and the church was again left to 
 the women — 'last at the cross and earliest at the sepulchre.' In 1827 
 Dr. William G. Smith joined the church, and has been its consistent and 
 valuable friend. With our subsequent additions and circumstances you 
 are well acquainted. Our ministers have all been choice and faithful; 
 the responsibility is our own. Being the oldest living member, per- 
 haps 'the oldest inhabitant,' I have made these imperfect 'jottings' for 
 your information." 
 
 My own recollections begin with the Rev. Simon Wilmer, but the 
 memory is very vague, for I was not three years old at the time of his 
 death. He was very absent-minded, and his wife equally so. Many 
 memories of them lingered in the parish, and they were always spoken 
 of with great affection. Here is a story often told, which exhibits 
 their absent-mindedness: They had made a visit, their infant child be- 
 ing with them; and when taking leave were at great pains to see that 
 all their belongings were put into thei>- carriage. Half-way down the 
 avenue leading to the county road they heard a call, and stopped to see 
 what was wanted. "Can we have left anything?" asked his reverence. 
 His wife answered, "Everything that I can think of is here, even the 
 baby's bottle! But there must he something!" The "something" was 
 the baby himself, fast asleep on a sofa. This baby became the Bishop 
 
299 
 
 of Louisiana, and was said to have been as absent-minded as his 
 parents. The Rev. Stephen Gunter was Dr. Wilmer's predecessor. 
 
 I do not know at what time old Hungars was put in decent repair, and 
 the services resumed, nor under which i-ector this was accomplished; 
 but long before 1840 it was opened fortnightly for morning service, al- 
 ternating with Christ church, Eastville. Many of the families in and 
 near Eastville attended both churches regularly. The members of Hun- 
 gars church living in the upper part of the parish also frequently at- 
 tended the other church, for the parish was a harmonious unit. 
 
 The exterior of the church remained unchanged, but the interior never 
 regained its Colonial splendor, and the chancel furniture and draperies 
 were very simple and inexpensive. There was only one aisle; the pews 
 were large and nearly square, with benches on three sides. Children 
 sat on the front benches, facing their parents. The pulpit was at the 
 side of the church, near a door. 
 
 Before 1850 the old church was pronounced unsafe, cracks having ap- 
 peared in one of the gables, and the walls being slightly out of plumb. 
 An attempt was made, by means of iron rods, to draw the walls back 
 into position, but proving unsuccessful, the cracked gable was pulled 
 down and a portion of each side wall, reducing the length by about one- 
 third. It is, however, more than large enough for its present congrega- 
 tions. The interior was altered in various particulars; two aisles took 
 the place of one, thus reducing the size of the pews, while increasing 
 their number; the pulpit was removed to the chancel. 
 
 Bishop Meade gives the following list of vestrymen for Hungars 
 church since 1812: 
 
 Peter Bowdoin, John Eyre, Nathaniel Holland, John Addison, John 
 GofRgan, John Upshur, John Windee, Littleton Upshur, George Parker, 
 William Satchell, Thomas Satchell, S. Pitts, Jacob Nottingham, Isaac 
 Smith, John T. Elliott, J. H. Harmanson, James Upshur, Abel P. Upshur, 
 W. Danton, Charles West, W. G. Smith, John Leatherbury, Severn E. 
 Parker, John Ker, T. N. Robins, N. J. Windee, Major Pitts, G. F. Wil- 
 kins Simkins, Fisher, Evans, Bell, Adams, Nicholson. 
 
YEOCOMICO CHURCH, WESTMORELAND 
 COUNTY, VIRGINIA. 
 
 UY THE KEV. J. POYATZ TYLER. 
 
 THE section of country in which this venerable building is sit- 
 uated is identified with the very early history of Virginia. 
 The county of Westmoreland was cut off from Northumber- 
 land in 1653, and extended along the Potomac as high as the 
 Falls above Georgetown. This large territory was subsequently divided, 
 and in time the country was included in a narrow strip of land be- 
 tween the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers. There were two par- 
 ishes in the county; the upper, Washington, and the lower, Cople 
 Parish. 
 
 Bishop Meade states in his "Old Churches and Families of Virginia," 
 that there were originally two churches in this latter parish — one on 
 the Yeocomico creek, from which it takes its name, and the other 
 about ten miles distant, on Nominy creek, from which it also is named. 
 The latter was destroyed by fire soon after the late war with England, 
 and has been replaced by a brick one of more modern style. The 
 plate belonging to this was carried away by Admiral Cockburn and his 
 party, when they were on a pillaging expedition along the Potomac. 
 Concerning the subject of the sketch, Bishop Meade says: "Yeoco- 
 mico church is one of the old churches, being built in the year 1706. 
 The architecture is rough, but very strong, and the materials must 
 have been of the best kind. Its figure is that of a cross, and situated 
 as it is, in a little recess from the main road, in the midst of some 
 aged trees and surrounded by a brick wall, now fast mouldering away, 
 it cannot fail to be an object of interest to one whose soul has any 
 sympathy for such scenes. The old church has suffered, as have many 
 others, in the stormy times of the nation's history. During the last 
 war with Great Britain, it was shamefully abused by the soldiers 
 who were quartered in it while watching the movements of the 
 British on the Potomac. The communion table was removed into the 
 yard, where it served as a butcher's block, and was entirely defaced. 
 Being of substantial materials, however, it admitted of a new face 
 and polish and is now restored to its former place, where it will an- 
 swer, we trust, for a long time to come, the holy purposes for which 
 
301 
 
 it was originally designed. Nor was the baptismal font exempt from 
 profanation. It was taken some miles from the church and need as 
 a vessel in whicli to prepare the excitements of ungodly mirth. This, 
 however, was not long permitted, for in the absence of every member 
 of our communion, none being left to do it, a venerable man of the 
 Presbyterian connection, mortified at the dishonor done to religion, 
 took pains to regain it and restore to its proper place." 
 
 It is a large and beautiful font, and by its side the Bishop took his 
 station while he heard the renewal of baptismal vows from the lips 
 of those who were confirmed. 
 
 Bishop Meade also mentions the fact that the canvas on which the 
 Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer, and Creed were impressed, 
 was so torn by the soldiers that it was necessary to remove it, and 
 that some necessary repairs had been put upon the church by a worthy 
 gentleman of New York. It deserves mention that the good friend 
 who restored the font was Mr. Muiphy, of Ayrfield, and the other 
 worthy gentleman was Mr. W. L. Rogers, of Princeton, New Jersey, 
 who, as a member of the 36th Regiment of United States Infantry, 
 was stationed with his company in the vicinity of the church, in the 
 spring of 1814. 
 
 Mr. Rogers states, in an interesting letter to Bishop Meade, that in 
 1820, being on a visit to Westmoreland, and the old church being still 
 in ruins, he proposed to Mr. Murphy to undertake its repair, with the 
 result that active measures were taken, and in connection with other 
 friends, the work of renovation was accomplished. 
 
 Other repairs and alterations have been made from time to time. 
 The original pews have been replaced by more modern ones, and the 
 old-fashioned pulpit, with sounding board, is gone. In its place are a 
 reading desk and pulpit of recent design. 
 
 The baptismal font and communion table alone remain of the 
 original furniture. 
 
 The old brick wall around the church and burying-ground, which, 
 in many places, was pushed by the growing trees from the original 
 foundation, was partially restored under the rectorship of the Rev. 
 A. R. Walker, and neat and substantial iron gates were hung at the 
 three entrances. 
 
 The old sun dial, which bears on its face the name of Philip Smith 
 and the date 1717, has been removed from its post before the church 
 and is now kept in the rectory. Its face has been but little marred 
 
302 
 
 by exposure to the elements, and it will soon be restored to its former 
 place. 
 
 At the foot of the hill is a limpid spring, where thirsty worshippers 
 have been wont to refresh themselves by aid of an iron ladle placed 
 \here many years ago by kind-hearted Presley Cox, whose initials are 
 impressed on the bowl. 
 
 In a recent history of the church, published by the committee having 
 the bicentennial exercises in charge, and from which much of this 
 article is prepared, is the following interesting statement: 
 
 "This quaint relic of Colonial Virginia has stood through two 
 centuries of changing scenes, and has experienced a variety of usages, 
 little contemplated by those whose pious hands laid its foundations. 
 For three quarters of a century, loyal subjects of his Britannic Majesty 
 were required to assemble here each Sunday, and attend divine ser- 
 vices, under penalty of the forfeiture of a goodly quantity of tobacco. 
 
 "With the rise of Republicanism, the sins of the fathers of the 
 Church were visited upon it, and it fell into neglect and decay. In 
 turn, it became a soldiers' barrack, a school house by day, the nightly 
 resting-place for the beasts of the field, the roosting-place of birds 
 of the air, and the habitat of all creeping things — its sun-warm bricks 
 the striped lizards' paradise. Later, it was the scene of the conflict 
 between rival sects that fought for the right of exclusive occupancy; 
 and during the Civil War it afforded shelter for the home guard." 
 
 The church, though very old, was not the earliest known as Yeo- 
 comico church. 
 
 This statement is made by the Rev. G. W. Beale, of Hague, Va., 
 a gentleman well versed in its history. The earliest vestrymen of 
 the parish were Nicholas Jurnew, John Powell and Richard Holden, 
 who were chosen August 22, 1655. Mr. Beale gives a long list of names 
 of heads of families who were immigrants to Westmoreland and wor- 
 shipped at Yeocomico, between the years 1655 and 1706, among whom 
 are the following: 
 
 Col. Isaac Allerton, Dr. John Gerrard, Captain John Newton, Samuel 
 Rust, Col. George Eskridge, William Payne, William Wigginton, Sam- 
 uel Bonum, Richard Lee, Daniel McCarthy, Presley Cox, Daniel Tibbs; 
 and of later date. Dr. James Steptoe, Rev. David Currie, Gawin Corbin, 
 George Lee, Robert Carter and Nicholas Minor. 
 
 The old Parker home, "Springfield," was near the church, and here, 
 no doubt, worshipped General Alexander Parker, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, who also fought with "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the 
 
303 
 
 Indian wars. In the churchyard is the grave of Daniel McCarthy, who- 
 i-epresented the county in the Assembly of Burgesses in 1715, and 
 was Speaker of the House. The Southern Churchman, in 1888, pub- 
 lished the following: 
 
 "Close to the base of the right and east gable is the rocky founda- 
 tion of a vault, in size 15x18 feet; it is now a grassy mound with 
 several cedar trees growing upon it. Near the center of this mound is 
 a gray stone tablet, much defaced by time, and it was only afte' 
 repeated efforts that I have finally succeeded in making out the ii\ 
 scription, which is as follows: 'Here lyeth the body of Daniel McCarty, 
 
 who departed this life the fourth of 1724, in the forty-fifth year 
 
 of his age. He was endowed with many virtues and good qualifica- 
 tions, but the actions proceeding from them bespeak their praise. Here 
 also lyeth the body of Thaddeus McCarty, youngest son to Daniel 
 McCarthy, Esq., who died the 7 of February, 1731, in the 19 year of 
 his age. 
 
 "Near this place likewise is the body of Penelope, wife to Daniel 
 McCarty, second son of Daniel McCarty, Esq., and daughter to 
 Christine Higgens, Gent, who departed this life the 26 of March. 1732, 
 in the 19 year of her age, with one child." 
 
 In more modern times the list of honored names among the worship- 
 pers at Yeocomico are great, many being those of descendants of the 
 good and true of other years. 
 
 Special mention is to be made of Mr. John E. Crabbe, of the last 
 generation, who, after a successful career as a member of a Baltimore 
 firm, returned to Cople Parish. His son, Mr. Walter Randolph 
 Crabbe, has been for many years registrar of the parish. 
 
 Mr. James Arnest, Dr. Watt H. Tyler, father of the Diocesan Arch- 
 deacon, Col. Robert H. Mayo, Mr. E. C. Griffith, and others, figured 
 prominently in the later history and growth of the old church. 
 
 In reference to the rectors and vestries of Yeocomico, the early re- 
 cords have not been preserved, and it is impossible to give an accu- 
 rate list of the successive clergymen who had charge. From Bishop 
 Meade it is learned that the first minister of whom there is record was 
 the Rev. Charles Rose — 1754-'58. It is stated unauthoritatively that 
 the Rev. Mr. Bricken preceded Mr. Rose. The Rev. Thomas Smith 
 was minister 1773-'76. He was probably preceded by the Rev. Augus- 
 tine Smith. In 1779, the name of the Rev. James Elliot appears, and the 
 next minister of whom there is record was the Rev. Washington Nel- 
 son in 1835. In 1842, he was succeeded by the Rev. William N. Ward,. 
 
304 
 
 and he, in 1849, by the Rev. Theodore N. Rumney, afterwards rector 
 of St. Peter's church, Germantown, Philadelphia. The Rev. Edward 
 McGuire succeeded Mr. Rumney in 1850, and in 1852 and 1854, the rec- 
 tors were, successively, the Rev. William McGuire, the Rev. T. Grayson 
 Dashiell. During tlie Civil War, the Rev. Charles J. Rodefer was in 
 charge of the parish. 
 
 Within the present generation, the following clergymen have officiated 
 in the order named: Rev. John J. Lloyd, Rev. Pendleton Brooke, Rev. 
 Robert A. Castleman, Rev. David F. Ward, Rev. Austin B. Chinn, Rev. 
 Albert Rhett Walker, Rev. Frank Ridout and Rev. Charles H. Gross. 
 
 Besides the vestrymen elected in 1655, mentioned by Mr. Beale, there 
 is record of an election held in 1755, when the following were 
 chosen: John Bushrod, Daniel Tebbs, Richard Lee, Benedict Middle- 
 ton, George Lee, John Newton, Willowby Newton, Robert Middleton, 
 Samuel Oldham, Robert Carter, Fleet Cox, and James Steptoe. 
 
 At an election immediately following the Revolution, the following 
 vestry was chosen: Vincent Marmaduke, Jeremiah G. Bailey, John A. 
 Washington, Samuel Rust, John Crabb, Richard Lee, George Garner, 
 George Turberville, Patrick Sanford, John Rochester, and Samuel Tem- 
 pleman. 
 
 The exercises commemorative of the 200th anniversary, were deeply 
 interesting. They began on Sunday, July 15, 1906, and were in charge of 
 the Bishop of the Diocese. The congregation was large, people coming 
 from far and near to attest their regard for the old church, surrounded 
 with so manv associations sacred to them all. 
 
THE PARISHES IN ACCOMAC COUNTY. VA. 
 
 CO.MriLED IN PART FROM BISHOP MEADE'S "OLD CHURCHES, MINISTERS AND 
 FAMILIES IN VIRGINIA." 
 
 THE whole of the Eastern Shore of Virginia was called Accow- 
 make, then changed to Northampton, then divided into North- 
 ampton and Accomac. Soon after this, in the year 1762, the 
 county of Accomac was divided into two parishes by a line 
 running from the bay to the sea, the upper being called Accomac Parish, 
 and the other St. George's. The dividing line runs about three miles 
 north of Drummondtown. 
 
 From a record in the clerk's office in Northampton there is reason to 
 believe that the church at Pongoteague was built before the division 
 of the Eastern Shore into two counties, and was the first erected in Ac- 
 comac. The next was that which stood a few miles from Drummond- 
 town, and was, until the year 1819, called the New Church. At that 
 time the name of St. James' was given to it. It was subsequently re- 
 moved to Drummondtown, and now forms the church at that place. In 
 the year 1724 there were three churches in the upper parish (Accomac), 
 about ten miles distant from each other. The first minister of whom 
 we read in the parish was the Rev. William Black, who, in the year 
 1709-10, wrote to the Bishop of London that he had taken charge of it, 
 that there had been no minister there before for fifteen years. In the 
 year 1724 he is still the minister, and in answer to certain questions 
 by the Bishop of London, writes that he preaches at these churches, has 
 two hundred communicants, four or five hundred families under his 
 charge, instructs the negroes at their masters' houses, has baptized two 
 hundred of them, catechizes the children on Sunday from March to 
 September, has no Communion service or anything decent in his 
 church, receives a salary of forty pounds per annum (that being the 
 value of his tobacco), rents his glebe for twenty shillings per annum, 
 has a school in his parish, endowed by one Mr. Sanford, of London, and 
 which is still in existence. 
 
 How long the pious labors of Mr. Black continued after the year 1724 
 is not known. In the year 1755 we find, from an old list of the clergy 
 of Virginia, that the Rev. Arthur Emmerson, afterwards well known 
 in other parishes, was the minister. In the year 1774 the Rev. William 
 
306 
 
 Vere is set down in the Virginia Almanac as the minister of Acromac 
 Parish. He was doubtless the last minister of this parish.- In the year 
 17S5, when the first Convention after the Revolution met in Richmond, 
 there was no clerical delegate from either of the parishes of P/, aac. 
 Mr. Jabez Pittis was the lay delegate from Accomac Parish, r .- Mr. 
 Levin Joynes and Tully Wise from St. George's. 
 
 The churches in Accomac were a brick one, at "Assawaman," on the 
 seaside; a wooden one, on the Middle or Wallop's Road, about five miles 
 from the southern line of the parish, and another of wood, at Poco- 
 moke, near the Maryland line, called the New Church. None of, ; jem 
 now remain. About thirty years past, says Bishop Meade, throiJver- 
 seers of the poor took possession of the Communion plate, and ff- tt the 
 same to a silversmith, who intended to melt it. but being advis. .] that 
 it was doubtful whether they had any authority to sell the platp under 
 the law directing the sale of glebe lands, and there being a tradition 
 that the plate was a private donation, the sale was rescinded. 
 
 As to the ministers of St. George's Parish, in- Accomac, our records 
 before the Revolution fail us altogether. It is probable that some of 
 the ministers of Hungars Parish rendered service here for some time 
 after the division of the Eastern Shore into the counties of Northamp- 
 ton and Accomac, especially Mr. Teackle. The Teackle records say 
 that the Rev. Thomas Teackle preached there for over fortv years, and 
 family tradition states that he was the first rector of St. George's. He 
 died in 1696. This would date the church somewhere about 1656. In 
 Northampton cotmty records Mr. Teackle is frequently mentioned as 
 "Minister of ye Upper Parish." He was born in 1624, in Gloucester- 
 shire, England, and his father was slain in the army of Charles I. His 
 son, fleeing from the persecutions of the Cromwellites, first went to 
 the Bermudas, and thence came to Northampton at the instigation of 
 his cousin, Colonel Obedience Robins. St. George's is considered, in 
 the Teackle records, to be the fourth church in Virginia in point of age. 
 
 The first minister on any of our lists was the Rev. John Lyon, from 
 Rhode Island, who was in the parish in the year 1774, and continued 
 there during and some time after the war. Being more of the English- 
 man than the American in his feelings, his time was very uncomfort- 
 able during the Revolutionary struggle; but, being married into a re- 
 spectable family, his principles were tolerated and his person protected. 
 While as a faithful historian, we shall truthfully admit whatever of 
 Toryism there was among the clergy of Virginia, we shall as faithfully 
 
307 
 
 maintain that tliere was a large share of noble patriotism in the clergy 
 of Virginia. Mr. Jefferson declares this most emphatically. No ele- 
 ment ''''as more often invoked in the earlier history of Virginia than 
 the iience of ministers of the gospel in producing a feeling of re- 
 sists > to the oppressions of England, and no class from whom the 
 Henrys, Jeffersons and patriot politicians of that day received greater 
 aid in opening the eyes of the people and preparing them for severance 
 from Great Britain. Mr. Jefferson himself acknowledges this in his 
 works (Vol. I., pp. 5-6). 
 
 the year 1786 the Rev. Theopoliis Nugent was present in the Con- 
 ven " as the rector of St. George's Parish, Accomac. But nothing more 
 is k 'n of him. The following is a list of the clergymen from the 
 time L Mr. Nugent to the present day: The Revs. Cave Jones, Ayrs, 
 Reese Gardiner, Eastburn, Smith, Chase, Goldsmith, Carpenter, Adams, 
 Bartlett, Winchester, Jonathan Smith, William G. Jones and Zimmer. 
 
 The Rev. Cave Jones was a native of Virginia, probably a descendant 
 of one of the three of that name who ministered to the early Church 
 of Virginia. He was a man of talents and eloquence, which, after some 
 years, attracted attention beyond the bounds of our State, and led to a 
 call to Trinity church, New York. He was so popular in that situatio/i 
 as to become a formidable rival to Dr. Hobart, afterwards Bishop of 
 New York. 
 
 Another name in the above list is that of Rev. Mr. Eastburn, worthy 
 of more than passing notice. James Wallis Eastburn, a brother of 
 Bishop Eastburn, of Massachusetts, M. A. of Columbia College, of New 
 York, was a native of that State, and from every account we have of 
 him, must have been one of the most interesting and talented young 
 men of our country. He was ordained by Bishop Hobart in October, 
 1818; commenced his ministry in Accomac county almost immediately, 
 and after a short but truly glorious ministry of about eight months, 
 returned, broken in health, and expired in December, 1819, on his way 
 to the West Indies. He had only reached the age of twenty-two, but 
 was mature in mind and a "burning light" in the Church of God. The 
 hymn — 137 — beginning, "Oh, Holy, Holy, Holy Lord," was composed by 
 him at eighteen years of age. 
 
 Some years since, the Rev. Ambler Weed, of Richmond, undertook 
 the revival of the Church in the lower part of St. George's Parish, and 
 by great diligence caused a new church by the name of St. Michael's 
 to be erected near Belle Haven. In this and in old Pongoteague church 
 
308 
 
 he officiated for some years with great diligence and self-denial and 
 with some success. 
 
 Old Pongoteague, the first house of prayer erected in Accomac, and 
 probably not much less than two hundred years old (1857), still stands 
 a remarkable monument of former days, among some old trees, perhaps 
 as ancient as itself. It was a brick building in the form of a cross, 
 with a ])ow window in one arm of the cross and the vestry-room in the 
 other. The floor was of brick and the pews had high backs. Tlie pul- 
 pit was circular, with a flight of steps leading to it. The brick floor 
 having become uneven, a plank floor was laid over it, and the pew 
 backs were lowered. The Parish Register was lost, but the old Bible 
 and Prayer Book, together with the old Communion service, have been 
 preserved. The goblet and paten, it is believed, were the gift of Queen 
 Anne, and bear this inscription: "Ye Parish of Accomack." 
 
 In 18G1 the church was used as a stable by the Federal troops, and 
 at the end of the war the building was a complete wreck. Thus it re- 
 mained untenanted for a number of years, until the Church people of 
 the neighborhood determined to restore it as a place of worship. After 
 many sacrifices and trials and much hard work, they succeeded in re- 
 building the time-honored and sacred edifice. The arms of the cross, 
 being cracked and unsafe, were taken down, the main part of the cross 
 being rebuilt with the old bricks, and services were resumed after an 
 interval of twenty-five years. The first rector of the restored church 
 was the Rev. Mr. S. H. Wellman. Since then the rectors have been as 
 follows: The Revs. John Anderson, F. M. Burch, John McNabb, Henry 
 L. Derby, Cary Gamble, John S. Meredith and W. Cosby Bell. Among 
 its rectors, too, was the Rev. Benjamin Bosworth Smith, who served 
 at its altar in 1819, and was afterwards first Bishop of Kentucky and 
 Presiding Bishop of the Church in the United States. 
 
 I am sorry to be unable to give a list of the ancient vestrymen of 
 Accomac. The only document of which I have heard from which to de- 
 rive such list and other particulars perished during the last year. 
 Would that all the friends, members and ministers of the Church of 
 Virginia, and any others who have any care for her past history, would 
 but inquire for such documents, and search for them among the ne- 
 glected papers of old family mansions and clerks' offices! How much 
 might still be rescued from destruction and oblivion which is worthy 
 of preservation in some permanent form! 
 
309 
 
 In place of a list of vestrymen of the parish, I subjoin the following 
 of the families which, from the earliest period to the present time, have 
 belonged to the Episcopal Church in Accomac. It has been furnished 
 me by a friend, with the qualification that it is imperfect, and that 
 there are others who might be added: 
 
 "Bowman, Cropper, Joynes, West, Satchell, Smith, Wise, Finney, 
 Scarbrough, Robinson, Custis, Bayly, Snead, Parker, Stratton, Bagwell, 
 Andrews, Arbuckle, Stokely, Poulson, Downing, Bell, Upshur, Para- 
 more, Teagle, Hack, Seymour, Kellam, etc." 
 
ST. THOMAS' CHURCH, BATH ST. PAUL'S 
 CHURCH. EDENTON, NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 BY THE KEV. HUIIEKT HKENT DKANE. IJ. 1)., HECTOR OF ST. PAUL's fllLKCII, 
 
 EDENTON. N. C. 
 
 DN this article effort will be made to keep to the church buildings 
 and their material associations. 
 St. Thomas' was begun in 17o4; St. Paul's in 1736. Both were 
 substantially built of brick, and the main construction of both re- 
 mains unchanged and gives promise of endurance. In both buildings 
 the ravages of time have wrought, and human care, reverent and re- 
 spectful, if not always so intelligent as that of our day, has restored. 
 Tantalizing it is that so insufficient records repay our search. 
 
 When St Thomas' was first used does not appear, but the first oc- 
 cupation of St. Paul's, as noted in the Minutes of the Vestry, was in 
 1760. Both these parishes were organized with vestries in 3 701. St. 
 Paul's is the oldest organization — the oldest corporation of continuous 
 life in North Carolina; and its first church building, begun in 1701 
 and finished the next year, was the first church built in the Province. 
 But of the now existing buildings, St. Thomas', Bath, has always been 
 accounted the older. 
 
 The following measurements will help out our comparison, all being 
 outside dimensions: 
 
 ST. THOMAS'S. 
 
 Nave length, 51 feet; nave width, 31 feet; nave height, sides. 14 feet; 
 thickness of bricks, 3 by 4% by 9 inches; clay tiles in floor, 2 by 8 by 
 S inches. 
 
 ST. Paul's. ' 
 
 Nave length, 60 feet; nave width, 40 feet 3 inches; nave height, sides, 
 20 feet; dimensions of bricks, 2% by 4 by 8V2 inches. 
 
 St. Paul's was formerly tiled, and "intramural" burials were allowed. 
 The floor is now of wood. 
 
 The Minutes of St. Thomas' vestry have disappeared. St. Paul's 
 are continuous from 1701 to 1776, when there is a break of some years. 
 
 The beginning of St. Paul's first church was by voluntary subscrip- 
 tion; so also of the building now standing. 
 
311 
 
 Until about a generation ago, St. Thomas' had a wooden belfry, 
 standing apart from the church, in which hung a small bell, said to 
 have been given by Queen Anne of England. Within the memory of per- 
 sons now living the incongruous belfry was removed and the old bell 
 was given in part payment for a new and larger bell. 
 
 In aptitude for parting with something purporting to have been 
 given by that good "nursing mother of the Church," St. Paul's vestry 
 lias kept pace with St. Thomas'; for, about the year 1850 they gave 
 away to Holy Trinity church, Hertford, North Carolina, the small old 
 marble "Queen Anne font," to have a larger one, now in the church, 
 the gift of Mr. John Thompson, a parishioner. Tradition has it that 
 a consideration favoring the change was that the new font should be 
 large enough for the Rubric for the Immersion of Infants. History 
 does not record a test of that capacity. There is no mention in our 
 Minutes of the Queen Anne font, in its coming or going. 
 
 In a long and dismal letter written to the English Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel in 1713-14, St. Paul's vestry represent that 
 they have "but one sorry church, on the North shore of the Sound; 
 never finished, no ornaments belonging to a church, nor wherewith to 
 buy any." 
 
 Queen Anne died August 1st, 1714. She may, ere that, have been 
 moved to give the font and other help to these, her "poor country 
 folks," whose letter bears date March ye 2d of the same year. The 
 absence of all recognition of any such gift is remarkable. 
 
 In those days this settlement was called "Queen Anne's Town," but 
 not in the vestry book. It is "Chowan Precinct," or, more particularly, 
 the "North Shore"; and in the minutes of 1722-23, Edenton is first men- 
 tioned. It was just then that the authorities imposed the name in 
 memory of Charles Eden, the lately deceased royal Governor of the 
 Province. 
 
 The parish or precinct was too large to be served by one church 
 building, and that "25 feet long!" Therefore chapels were built, of 
 which there are in all six mentioned, in the Colonial period; namely: 
 Constant's, otherwise spelled Costans and Costen's, Farlees, Sarum, 
 Knotty Pine, Indian Town, and on the Southwest Shore. Descriptive 
 of them may be read this order of the vestry made in 1741: "to build 
 two chappells in Chowan parish, viz., at James Costans or theirabouts 
 as they shall think fitt, and the other at James Braddey's or near their- 
 abouts, and the Domentions as here mentioned vizt.: Thirty-five foot 
 long and Twenty-two foot and a half wide, Eleven foot in the pitch be- 
 
312 
 
 tween Sill and Plate, and a Roof; workmanlike, near a squear, and to be 
 a good fraim Gott out of Good Timber and covered with Good Sipress 
 shingles and good Sleepers and flowers of Good plank and seated with 
 Good plank, with three Windows suitable, with a pulpit and all things 
 suitable." 
 
 These chapels probably hindered the building of the church at Eden- 
 ton. Year after year the vestry was composed of men who lived re- 
 mote from Edenton, in the upper part of the precinct. There is not in 
 the minutes any reference to sectional feeling nor to any rural and 
 urban rivalry; but the long unfurnished church building at Edenton and 
 the absence of Edentonians from the vestry have seemed significant. 
 
 Surely, if Edward Moseley had remained here after 1736, when the 
 church was begun, public spirited and energetic as he was, the digni- 
 fied building could not have so dragged its slow length alongl 
 
 The first monies for its erection, as is true also of the building of the 
 1701 church, came from private subscription, the names and amounts 
 being very interesting, and the secretary or clerk being anonymous, his 
 entry being "My own subscription 100 t" — equal to the largest, only two 
 on the list being for so much. This information is from a separate 
 sheet, not the Vestry Book, which is evidently a current account of 
 receipts and expenditures for the present St. Paul's building, and its 
 first date of a payment is "May 10th, 1736— To money for clearing lots 
 12£." 
 
 The vestry on May 10, 1736, "Ordered that to contribute towards de- 
 fraying expenses of building a church at Edenton, * * * and other 
 contingent charges * * * a tax or levy * * * be * * * on 
 each Tythable * * * for the ensuing year." 
 
 At a General Assembly of the Province of North Carolina, held at 
 Edenton in 1740. an act was passed whose preamble notes that several 
 well disposed persons have voluntarily subscribed * * * to build 
 and erect a church in Edenton; that some of the commissioners appoint- 
 ed to have the work done had died, and that the vestry refused to assist 
 therein. It provided for the prosecution of the work, and "that when 
 the said church shall be fit to celebrate Divine Service in, all meetings 
 of Vestries * * * should be held at the said church and that no 
 other place in the said Parish." 
 
 The vestry's meeting in the church at Edenton in 1760 gives m that 
 year for its completion. 
 
 Now as to public sentiment toward taxation for church building, it 
 has been pointed out as creditable to the people of Edenton that they 
 
313 
 
 protested against selling the pews in St. Paul's and petitioned the As- 
 sembly to finish it by a tax upon the people, so that all, paying equally, 
 might have equal rights in their house of worship. 
 
 There is occasional notice of the vestry's granting the rights to 
 build a pew in a chapel. 
 
 Some reference now to the church plate, still in use: 
 
 In the minute of 1703 acknowledgment is made of the gift of Ten 
 Pounds to the Parish from Governor Francis Nicholson, of Virginia, 
 wherewith, it was ordered, that a chalice be purchased at Boston, to 
 be suitably inscribed. 
 
 In 1714 Col. Edward Moseley writes Governor Nicholson that his 
 purpose had not yet been fulfilled, and appeals to him to take steps to 
 accomplish it. 
 
 In 1714, in the above quoted dismal letter the vestry write the S. P. 
 G. that Governor Nicholson's gift had not "yet been expended for want 
 of an additiion according to the Intention of the Donor." 
 
 In 1727-28 it is written: "Coll. Edward Moseley made a present to the 
 Parish of a Silver Jhalice and Plate with his own name Engraven 
 thereon," and to-day that inscription may be read, the same on both 
 vessels: 
 
 "The Gift of Colonell Edward Mosely, for ye use of ye Church in 
 Edenton, in the year 1725." 
 
 There is also a larger chalice of silver with this inscription: 
 
 D. D. Johannes Garzia, Ecclesiae Anglicanae Presbyter." 
 
 The only reference to this priest is a minute of the payment to him 
 of f5 in 1736. He was an itinerant evangelist for this part of the 
 Colony, with his home at Bath. It was probably during his incum- 
 hency of St. Thomas', Bath, that that parish acquired its glebe of three 
 hundred acres, and its glebe house, the only one ever owned by any 
 parish in North Carolina, as Bishop Cheshire states. 
 
 An interesting association of these old parishes is in connection with 
 church books and public libraries. St. Paul's Vestry, March ye 2d, 
 1713-14, to the Soc. Prop. Gospel say: "The first Library of great value 
 sent us by the direction of the Reverend Dr. Bray, through an unhappy 
 Inscription on the Back of the Books or the title page, viz.. Belonging 
 to the Parish of St. Thomas', of Pamplico, in the then rising but now 
 miserable county of Bath, falsely supposed to be the seat of Govern- 
 ment, was lodged there and by that means rendered useless to the 
 clergy for whose service it was chiefly intended, and in what condition 
 we know not, but we fear the worst by reason of the late war." 
 
314 
 
 One book from that iiljrary has come down to us, and it was the: 
 happiness of a rector of St. Paul's, Edenton, to secure it as a gift to 
 the Diocese of East Carolina, the present owner of it. It is a copy of 
 Gabriel Towerson's Application of the Church Catechism, London, 1685, 
 bound in leather, handsomely stamped on the back, in gold: "Be- 
 longing to ye Library of St. Thomas' Parish in Pamlico." 
 
 About the year 1720 Edward Moseley sent bill of exchange to London 
 to purchase a library for St. Paul's, Edenton, but there is no record of 
 its coming. It is thus mentioned: "Catalogue of Books humbly present- 
 ed by Edward Mosely, Esq., to the Honb'le and Most August Society 
 for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, towards a Pro- 
 vincial Library to be kept in Edenton, the Metropolis of North Caroli- 
 na." There are seventy-four volumes. 
 
 Before leaving this old church, taking a last look toward its altar,, 
 one may recall the inscription at the base of the chancel window, the 
 only stained glass in the building, modestly hidden by the English 
 oaken furniture: 
 
 "In honour of God, to the memory of 
 
 Josiah Collins, 
 
 by whose efforts mainly this church 
 
 when in 
 
 ruins was restored. Died May 19th, 1819." 
 
HOLY TRINITY ("OLD SWEDES") WILMINGTON, 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 BY THE REV. KENSEY J. HAMMOND, WILMINGTON. DELAWARE. 
 
 "Hark! how the .sacred cahn that breathes around 
 Bids every fierce, tumultuous jjassion cease: 
 In still, small accents whispering- from the ground 
 A grateful earnest of eternal i)eace." 
 
 HESE are lines beneath the memorial window in memory of Mr. 
 
 and Mrs. James A. Bayard, on the south wall of that venerable 
 
 and historic church building, popularly known as "Old Swedes." 
 
 They well express its life mission for the many generations to 
 
 whom it has been Our Father's House. 
 
 As the English colonists carefully brought their pastor (Rev. Robert 
 Hunt) with them, when seeking a home in this new world, so did the 
 ■Swedes think it the right and only thing to be done when, in 1638, 
 Peter Minuit and his countrymen came here to form a new Sweden, 
 they brought the Rev. Reorus Torkillus. Sailing up the Delaware Bay, 
 they landed at a place called by the Indians "Hopokahacking," on the 
 north of Minquas creek; established themselves, built a fort and called 
 it Christiana, after their Swedish queen. 
 
 The pastor held services at first in the fort, and the cemetery was 
 located on a hillside further inland. In 1667 they built a wooden 
 church on the south side of the creek, at a place known then and now 
 as Crane Hook, where services were held until 1697. Various pastors 
 served after Mr. Torkillus: Campanius, Holgh, Charles, Peter, Loke- 
 nius and Fabricius, until in 1693 the congregation found itself in the 
 hands of Lay Reader Charles Christopher Springer, who, after a few 
 years of faithful service, petitioned the Swedish authorities for two 
 priests and some books. Three were 3ent over, reaching Philadelphia 
 about July 2, 1697, one of them, the Rev. Erick Biorck, coming to Crane 
 Hook. An active and capable minister, he took the English settlers 
 also under his care, preaching at some services to them in their own 
 language. 
 
 The congregation prospered. The population extended around Chris- 
 tiana creek as Wilmington grew, and a church building was desired on 
 the north side of that creek. After some discussion this was finally 
 
316 
 
 agreed upon, the residents there promising to furnish a canoe for free 
 ferriage across the creek to church for their brethren. 
 
 A contract was made with a Philadelphia builder for an edifice 66 
 feet long, 36 wide and 20 high, of brick, at a cost of £86. The Church 
 people were to "find ye said Joseph (Yard) and his Assistants during 
 ye time of ye said work, with sufllcient Meat, Drink, Washing and 
 Lodging, with sufficient Labourers for him and his Assistance, and to 
 find all necessary Material fitt for ye work, and the said Joseph not to 
 be hindered for Materials or Labourers or Carpenter's work." The 
 contract price for carpenter work was £130 of current silver money, to 
 Philadelphia contractors also. The walls were finished in August, 1698. 
 Gable ends were decided upon, and built later. Stones were broken by 
 the congregation and hauled on sleds during the winter. The boards 
 were sawn by hand on a saw-pit, and the nails forged by a blacksmith. 
 Inscriptions in forged iron letters adorned the walls. These were re- 
 pHred in part during the repairs of 1899: Over the east window, "Lux 
 L. 1. Tenebr, Oriens ex alto." Across the south wall, "Immanuel." On 
 the tower, "1G98." 
 
 Services were held in Crane Hook church for the last time on the 
 Fourth Sunday after Easter, when arrangements were made for sit- 
 tings in the new structure. Of this Pastor Biorck writes in his diary: 
 
 "Finally Hans P and his wife came forward, expecting to have 
 
 seats with the rest. Then I took him aside and asked him if he would 
 pay the £10 standing back on his subscription to the church, and be 
 united to the congregation as a true and proper member. If so, he 
 should have a pew. If otherwise, never; but that he should be at lib- 
 erty to come and hear God's Word, and stand wherever he could find a 
 place. All this he promised, and I immediately, in the hearing of the 
 congregation, rehearsed it, and said he and his wife should be acknowl- 
 edged as members as before. Then his written confession of his fool- 
 ishness and wrong towards God and me and the congregation was 
 read; but he has kept himself at home up to the present time." 
 
 On Holy Trinity Sunday, 1699, Pastor Biorck consecrated the new 
 church, giving it that name, that it might be a "perpetual, huml)le of- 
 fering to the great Triune God, and a hearty and sincere thanksgiving 
 for the unspeakable grace which He through me so humble and in so 
 wild a country in so short a time and above all my expectations and 
 against many oppositions had been pleased to let such a work be car- 
 ried forward to its conclusion, without damage or danger." The Rev. 
 Messrs. Andrew Rurman and Joseph Aureen assisted in the service. 
 
317 
 
 The notable strangers present were then entertained at John Stalcop's 
 house with food, wine and beer, after which the rest received refresh- 
 ment. 
 
 Reckoning all labor and gifts at the regular price, the church cost 
 £800. The pastor next secured from John Stalcop a 500-acre farm as 
 a glebe for the minister's use, and more land for the churchyard, its 
 site being the original cemetery hillside, Then in four years or less 
 this indefatigable worker infused life into a disheartened people, 
 brought them into their own edifice, with a support for their pastor, 
 and by unselfish devotion to their welfare, stimulated them to work 
 for the common good. His large-hearted charity also laid the foun- 
 dation through his friendship with the English and their clergy for 
 the changes which took place later and by which Swedish church prop- 
 erty became by willing consent of its owners absorbed by our Com- 
 munion. 
 
 In 1714 Charles XII., of Sweden, recalled Mr. Biorck, and he took 
 charge of the church in Fahlun, in Dalecartin, whence in 1718 was 
 sent a beautiful silver chalice and paten to Holy Trinity church from 
 the mining company, owing to his loving remembrance of his congrega- 
 tion in this wilderness. This service is still in use. 
 
 The Rev. Magister A. Hesselius succeeded as pastor until 1723. His 
 successors were Samuel Hesselius until 1731; John Enneberg to 1742, 
 and Peter Trauberg to November 8, 1748. His tomb is beneath the 
 main aisle of the church, just before the chancel. It bears the follow- 
 ing inscription: 
 
 "In memory of the Rev. Peter Trauberg, Missionary from Sweden, 
 first fouiteen years at Raccoon and Penns Neck churches, then seven 
 years here. He departed this life November 8th, 1748, aged 52 years. 
 He left this world, this gloomy scene of pain, 
 Tho' to his friends a loss, yet lasting gain 
 To him; the patron of a virtuous life. 
 And good conductor from that monster strife. 
 Who can forget the pains this worthy spent. 
 In painful journeys by his duty bent, 
 The sick to comfort, and to warn the vain; 
 So sweet his presence, urging rules, how plain! 
 Whose tender care and universal love. 
 Proved his commission from the God above. 
 Who gave him strength at first, and then did fill 
 
318 
 
 His soul, prepensed to do His holy will; 
 To hazard health, nay, life and pleasure, too, 
 His Lord's command with ardour to pursue; 
 For which he rests with God in bliss to be, 
 Freed from this world to all eternity." 
 
 In the side aisle of the church is a tiny grave, its stone bearing the 
 following inscription: "The son of Peter Trauberg, who departed this 
 life, July 29, 1750, aged nine years, six months and two weeks." 
 
 Until 1736 Magister Israel Aurelius served here; then Magister Erick 
 Unanander till 1759; and Magister Andrew Bovell till 1768. The last 
 of the Swedish pastors was Magister Lawrence Girelius, serving till 
 his return to Sweden in 1791. 
 
 Five years earlier the Swedish churches in this country sent a joint 
 letter to the Archbishop, saying their language was uo longer used 
 and expressing a wish to choose pastors from the English clergy herp. 
 The death of Archbishop Unander and other circumstances hindered 
 his successor from laying their request before the king. But in 1791 
 he (Uns Von Troil) did so and it was granted and Girelius recalled. 
 The congregation then petitioned the Delaware Legislature to amend 
 their charter, allowing the election of either a Lutheran or 
 Episcopal rector. The intimacy already strong between the Swed- 
 ish and Episcopal Churches, allowed several of their pastors to re- 
 ceive stipends and gifts from the "Society for the Propagation of the 
 Gospel," so it was natural for this congregation to turn to the Epis- 
 copalians for a rector, and they elected the Rev. Joseph Clarkson, 
 who served till 1799. His successors were the Rev. Messrs. Price to 
 1812; Wicks to 1817; Bull to 1819; Hall to 1821; Williston to 1827; 
 Connelly to 1828, and Pardee to 1835. During his rectorship the new 
 Trinity church was built on King street in 1830. and the old building 
 being very dilapidated was not used. The next year, however, it was 
 repaired. 
 
 In 1842 it was renovated and reopened for occasional services, 
 Bishop Lee oflRciaiing, and the Rev. J. W. McCullough preaching. In 
 1847 regular Sunday afternoon services were provided by the vestry; 
 the old bell was recast, and ordered rung for services at both churches. 
 The Rev. W. Franklin was chosen as assistant minister in 1852. and 
 put in charge of the "Old Swedes." His successors there as assistants 
 in Trinity Parish were the Rev. Messrs. Spooner till 1856; Parker to 
 1859; Murphy to 1897; Lewis to 1883; Higgins to 1888; and Dunlap 
 to ; and H. B. Olmstead now in charge. 
 
319 
 
 Another renovation was found necessary in 1898, and much and 
 thorough work was done this time also as a restoration to its earliest 
 appearance, inside as well as outside. A brief account of this is here 
 given, condensed as was the other, in part from a very full history 
 published at the time in the Every Evening, of Wilmington, Delaware. 
 Part of the original brick floor was found when a later wooden one 
 was removed. This was left, and, from ancient drawings of the in- 
 terior, found in the city, was extended in aisles after the earliest pat- 
 tern. High back pews with doors hung on hand-made antique hinges 
 with hand-made nails were given by the Colonial Dames. The original 
 pulpit was placed against the north wall with its canopy. A new 
 white marble altar covers the earliest one, built of stone and mortar, 
 hollow within, and reached by a door a foot square on the north side. 
 It corresponded to the record, "with a little room in under." The 
 tower was rebuilt an exact copy of the original. An outside stair was 
 built in the porch seen from the south side, as at first, to reach the 
 gallery, and new iron gates placed across this porch. The ivy cover- 
 ing the south wall was from a slip from Stokepogis in England, brought 
 and planted there sixty years ago by the mother of the Hon. T. A. 
 Bayard. 
 
 The present members of the iron firm in Fahlun, Sweden, from which 
 came the Communion silver service many years ago, hearing of the 
 restoration of the old church at this time, sent an oil painting of the 
 Rev. Erick Biorck, a copy, both picture and frame, of the portrait now 
 hanging in the church he served in Sweden. 
 
 The church was reopened with a service of benediction by the 
 Bishop of the Diocese, on Trinity Sunday, 1899, the bicentennial of 
 the church itself, he celebrating the Holy Communion, and the Rev. 
 Dr. Nelson, of Philadelphia, preaching from the text, Deut. 26:5. 
 The congregation of the parish church (Trinity) met and worshipped 
 with these, cementing the oneness of interest that always should be 
 found between congregations related as mother and daughter. This, 
 purpose marks the ministry also of the present rector and vicar. By- 
 interchange of pulpits, by united services in one of the other of the' 
 church buildings during the year, by co-operation in good works, the 
 two congregations are drawn nearer each other to the benefit of; 
 both and welfare of the Church in Wilmington. 
 
El}t mh ffiliurdt. 
 
 
 What an image of peace and rest 
 
 Is this little church among its graves! 
 All is so quiet; the troubled breast, 
 The wounded spirit, the heart oppressed. 
 Here may find the repose it craves. 
 
 See how the ivy climbs and expands 
 
 Over this humble hermitage, 
 And seems to caress with its little hands 
 The rough, gray stones as a child that stands 
 
 Caressing the wrinkled cheeks of age. 
 
 Here would I stay and let the world 
 
 With its distant thunder roar and roll; 
 Storms do not rend the sail that is furled. 
 Nor like a dead leaf, tossed and whirled 
 In an eddy of wind, is the anchored soul. 
 — H. W. Longfellow. 
 
(Eljurrlt m\h iH^mnrtal Art 
 
 In Metal, Wood, Stone or Marble. 
 
 Art ^tatiif ti-(Sla0a 
 ^Urchly'. Monuments ^Q^^ the Cemetery. 
 
 Church Changes, Decoration or Enrichment designed and executed, 
 
 or estimated on, if desired. 
 
 The Summer season affords the best opportunity for carrying out such work. 
 
 Write for Catalogue. 
 
 ^ J.5-.R.LAMB ' 
 
 25- 25- 27 SIXTH AVE. 
 NEW--t-ORK 
 
 56 West 8th Street, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 R. GEISSLER, 
 
 ART STAINED OLASS 
 CHURCH FURNITURE 
 
 Ar~^£ilfir» r~^V/-\cc is the most satisfactory form of 
 V^eiLlC V-^IObb MONUMENT. It must be made, 
 however, by one fully informed as to correct proportions and 
 symbolism. We have made a special study of this matter, 
 and have erected them in all parts of the country, it costing 
 no more to erect in one place ^, /^ Di l PC 
 
 thananotherunder our system. UnaS. L». ola.Ke & l^O., 
 
 Write for free booklet about Monuments. 793 Woman's Temple, CHICAGO. 
 
 iDhBMLRC CHURCH 
 fuRNISHIhGCOMFIIIff 
 
 BcsiGTislwrnRaiuKT 
 
 CHURCH EMBROIDERY 
 
 of every description. Altar Linen, Surplices 
 and Eucharistic Vestments, by a Churchwo- 
 man trained in English Sisterhoods. E.xclusive 
 stock of English silks and designs. Figure 
 work a specialty. Reasonable prices. Special 
 rates to missions. Cheap Stoi.es— Plain, $3.00: 
 Embroidered, $.5.00. Address 
 
 MISS L. V. MA CKRILLE. 
 CHEVY CHASE, MD. 
 
Gloucester Academy 
 
 On the T^rincipal's Farm, 
 SUMMERVILLE. 
 
 Prepares for Universities, Colleges and Business. Accessible 
 fi'om all points. Telegraph and telephone. Careful individual 
 instruction. Special attention to backward boys. 
 Boarders occupy dwelling with the Principal and his family. 
 
 JOHN TABB (Grad. Univ. of Va.), Principal 
 
 P. O., GLOUCESTER, VA. 
 
 University of Virginia, 
 
 Charlottesville, Va., 
 
 Comprises the following : 
 
 The College. 
 
 The Department of Graduate Studies. 
 
 The Department of Medicine. 
 
 The Department of Law. 
 
 The Department of Engineering. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Located in Piedmont Virginia. Catalogue sent on application. 
 
 HOWARD WINSTON, Registrar. 
 
 EPISCOPAL FEMALE INSTITUTE 
 
 WINCHESTER, VA. 
 
 An old-established Church School for Girls. 
 
 Thorough instruction and pleasant home at 
 lowest possible cost. Climate unsurpassed. 
 For catalogue, address 
 
 W. C. MARSHALL, Principal. 
 
 In the Mountains of the Blue Ridge 
 
 CHURCH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS 
 
 Primary, Intermediate and Coll ge Preparatory 
 64th Session Catalogue. 
 
 Virginia Female Institute, 
 
 Staunton, Virginia. 
 MARIA PENDLETON DUVAL. Principal 
 Rt. Rev. A. M. RANDOLPH. Pres. Board Trustees. 
 
 Virginia Military Institute. 
 Lexington, Va. 
 
 Sixty-eighth year. State Military, Scienti- 
 fic and Technical School. Thorough Courses 
 in General and Applied Chemistry, Civil and 
 Electrical Engineering. Confers degree of 
 graduate in Academic Cour.s;e, also degree of 
 Bachelor of Science in Technical Courses. All 
 expenses, including cloth'ng and incidentals, 
 provided at the rate of .$365 per annum, as an 
 average for four years, exclusive of profit. 
 
 New cadets report September 1. 
 
 GEN. SCOTT SHIPP. Supi. 
 
 Established 1835. 
 
 ®lt? ^outlinnt (Elntrrlimau 
 
 A Family Church Paper. 
 Published by the Southern Churchman Co., Richmond, Va. 
 
 THE OLDEST Church Paper in the 
 United States. Church News and 
 Family and Children's De- 
 partments. 
 
 $2 a year. To Clergymen $1 a year. 
 
Date Due 
 
 0C;3'55 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 
 ^ggffg^SUSfii 
 
 
 
 
 
 IMP' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 PRINTED 
 
 IN U. S. A. 
 
 
BX5918.V8C7 
 
 Colonial churches; a series of sketches 
 
 Princeton Theological Semmary-Speer Library 
 
 1 1012 00020 5692 
 
 '|il;ic:'';'(:'i;i(lr