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 NOV 2 1911 
 
 Divisioa Jl^rC 
 Section ' ' 
 
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Theological Encyclopedia 
 
THEOLOGICAL 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 A Irt^f Arrnunt of tlj^ Wt^mxBm mh 
 ICttrratur^ of uIl|Pologg 
 
 HENRY C. SHELDON, 
 
 Professor in Boston University 
 
 ^a Or m^^^ 
 
 NOV 2 1911 
 
 CUtnrtnnati: 
 
 JENNINGS AND GRAHAM 
 
 N^m fork: 
 
 EATON AND MAINS 
 
COPYRIGHT, I9II, BY 
 JENNINGS AND GRAHAM 
 
PREFACE 
 
 1^* t^* l^* 
 
 Experience of the difficulty of employing an 
 elaborate treatise on Theological Encyclopae- 
 dia in class work led the writer about ten 
 years ago to prepare, for private use, a brief 
 sketch of the organism of theology. A second 
 ground for limitation to the brief sketch was 
 the conviction that the treatment of the sub- 
 ject-matter of the various branches of theolog^^ 
 ought to be left to the several departments of 
 theological instruction; that, indeed, so far as 
 class work is concerned, an attempt to antici- 
 pate, with outlines of subject-matter, the fuller 
 exposition which belongs to the departments 
 is very much of a superfluity and involves be- 
 sides some risk of blunting the edge of inter- 
 est in the mind of the student. The extended 
 work in Theological Encyclopaedia is doubt- 
 less capable of fulfilling a useful function, but 
 it fulfills that function best when employed 
 
PREFACE 
 
 (after a preliminary perusal) as a book of 
 reference. 
 
 The student who Is connected with a wv. 11- 
 equlpped school of theology may be supposed 
 to have at command suitable means of gu'd- 
 ance in the great field of theological study. 
 To one who is deprived of the benefit of such 
 connection some practical suggestions may be 
 serviceable. Even on reading a brief treat! je, 
 like that which follows, with Its catalogue of 
 theological branches and its appended bock- 
 lists, some sense of bewilderment may over- 
 take him. Having In mind, then, the nee^ls 
 of the student who is left very largely to his 
 own resources, we make bold to offer this list 
 of advices: ( i ) In the first stage of theolog- 
 ical study a preponderant attention may prop- 
 erly be given to the Biblical branches. Every 
 student needs to familiarize himself with a 
 good book on Introduction to each Testa- 
 ment. Every student needs also to familiarize 
 himself with a good book on the Biblical The- 
 ology of the Old Testament and the New 
 Testament respectively. When the debt to 
 these two classes of works has been paid the 
 detailed exegetical study of some of the Bib- 
 lical books most vitally related to the Chris- 
 tian faith may follow. (2) In making choice 
 6 
 
PREFACE 
 
 of books, especially in the field of Biblical 
 study, it Is a matter of prudence to begin 
 with those which do not stand at the extreme, 
 w^hether of conservatism or of liberalism. 
 There is a just presumption that the scholar- 
 ship of the past has achieved something worth 
 while, and that some deference is due to the 
 consensus, or the approximation to a con- 
 sensus, which it may have wrought out. On 
 the other hand, there is a just presumption 
 that scholarly industry through the ages must 
 be able to lay hold upon some new data and 
 gain some improved points of view. Putting 
 the two presumptions together, we are driven 
 to the conclusion that the student in the pri- 
 mary stage simply shows reasonable discretion 
 in giving the preference to books which escape 
 either extreme. Of course the one who gives 
 himself to extensive investigation, and aims at 
 mastership in a given department, may prop- 
 erly feel that the burden is upon him not to 
 pass by any order of books which promises 
 even a small addition to information and in- 
 sight. Quite obviously, however, what is in- 
 cumbent upon the expert is not a rule for 
 the one who is at the beginning of the ways. 
 (3) The above principle of selection may be 
 applied with eminent propriety to the choice 
 
 7 
 
PREFACE 
 
 of a Dictionary of the Bible — a handy instru- 
 mentality which the earnest student can not 
 fail to appreciate. (4) In the department of 
 Historical Theolog}^ the student will find it 
 of advantage to have under his hand a treatise 
 on Church History which is neither so con- 
 densed as to be arid nor so extensive as to 
 be wearisome. After utilizing a work of this 
 description he will find historical monographs, 
 or books devoted to particular themes, exceed- 
 ingly fruitful of interest and profit. (5) In 
 preparation for the study of Systematic The- 
 ology, or as an accompaniment of such study, 
 the faithful use of a well-constructed book on 
 the History of Christian Doctrine is of first- 
 class importance. Nothing affords a better 
 safeguard against precipitancy and onesided- 
 ness in theology than a thorough review of 
 the effort at doctrinal construction through 
 the centuries. (6) The student will proceed 
 wisely in giving good heed to the demand for 
 proportion in his attention to the branches be- 
 longing to Practical Theology. The time has 
 not gone by when it will do to be at all lax 
 in seizing every means of pulpit ejfficiency. 
 But the time has gone by when the shepherd 
 of souls can be excused from studying and 
 applying the most eligible plans for leading 
 
PREFACE 
 
 childhood and youth into the ways of religion. 
 The time has also gone by when the themes 
 of world-evangelization and of social amel- 
 ioration can be reckoned outside the pale of 
 pastoral interest. (7) The selection of books 
 for study or perusal is much too vital a mat- 
 ter to be treated in a haphazard or easy-going 
 fashion. The student needs and is entitled to 
 ask advice from the best available sources. 
 He should feel free, yea under obligation to 
 himself and to the Church, to make full in- 
 quiry. Among those to whom inquiries may 
 properly be addressed are the professors in 
 the theological schools. We have no license 
 to speak for the professors, but we surmise 
 that they esteem it a part of their vocation 
 to give careful and kindly heed to all inquiries 
 concerning books, and especially concerning 
 books that belong to their respective depart- 
 ments of instruction. 
 
 Boston University, January, igil. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Chapter Page 
 
 I. Consideration of Terms, - - - - 15 
 
 II. Questions of Classification or Distriku- 
 
 TioN, 24 
 
 III. Exegetical Theology, - - - - 29 
 
 IV. Historical Theology, - - - - 38 
 V. Systematic Theology, - - - - 44 
 
 VI. Practical Theology, - - - - 50 
 
 Literature, 57 
 
Theological Encyclopedia 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 Consideration of Terms 
 
 The term "Encyclopaedia" is significant of a 
 comprehensive summary of knowledge. "The- 
 ological Encyclopdaidia" is therefore naturally 
 understood to mean a comprehensive summary 
 of theological knowledge. In the unrestricted 
 sense the title means just that. But it is pos- 
 sible to distinguish between matter and form, 
 and to construct an encyclopaedia which de- 
 votes a principal, not to say an exclusive at- 
 tention to the latter. A Theological Ency- 
 clopaedia devised on this plan, instead of giving 
 an epitome of the subject-matter of theology, 
 would be content to discriminate the various 
 branches of theological study, to describe their 
 scope and function, and to indicate their mu- 
 tual relations. The accomplishment of this 
 task of discrimination and description might 
 indeed involve some reference to subject-mat- 
 
 15 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPiEDIA 
 
 ter, but the reference would be brief and inci- 
 dental. 
 
 It is with Theological Encyclopaedia in this 
 formal signification that we have to deal. We 
 understand thereby such a general introduc- 
 tion to theology as undertakes to set forth in 
 order the various branches of theological 
 study, to define their function and scope, and 
 to indicate their proper relations to one an- 
 other. 
 
 In order to avoid ambiguity It Is necessary 
 to determine in what sense the term ''the- 
 ological," as used in the title. Is to be under- 
 stood. Various questions may be asked re- 
 specting the scope of theolog}^ For instance, 
 the question may be raised whether "natural 
 theology" so-called — that is, the body of con- 
 clusions, having more or less of a theological 
 significance, which may be derived from an 
 examination of the works of God in nature — 
 Is to be Included. To this Inquiry an affirma- 
 tive answer Is undoubtedly to be given, In so 
 far as the presumption Is admitted that the 
 facts of the natural world have any bearing 
 upon theological questions. Anything that 
 throw^s light upon those questions, or comes 
 Into distinct relation with them, falls within 
 the province of theology. It does not follow, 
 i6 
 
CONSIDERATION OF TERMS 
 
 houcver, that a complete circle of theological 
 studies must include a branch set off by itself 
 under the name of Natural Theolog}. It may 
 be that all the subject-matter which that title 
 is made to cover can be taken up with entire 
 convenience and propriety in the universally 
 recognized branches, such as Apologetics and 
 Dogmatics. In our view this is the case. 
 While it may be worth while that books 
 should be written on the theme of natural 
 theolog}S just as it may be worth while to 
 award a monographic treatment to many 
 minor divisions of the great field of theology, 
 there is only moderate ground for rating nat- 
 ural theology as a distinct theological disci- 
 pline. 
 
 A second question on the scope of the term 
 theology relates to the disposition of the non- 
 Christian religions. How far, if at all, is 
 the ground which they cover to be regarded 
 as included in the theological domain? Evi- 
 dently it is needful to impose here very con- 
 siderable restrictions. However the matter 
 may appear to a non-Christian thinker, the 
 Christian theologian can but regard the Chris- 
 tian religion as ultimate. It Is appropriate 
 therefore to his point of view to give a sec- 
 ondary consideration to the non-Christian re- 
 17 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
 
 liglons. He needs to draw upon them only 
 as they have affected the history of his own 
 religion, or as they furnish materials illustra- 
 tive or corroborative of one or another ele- 
 ment which claims recognition in his own re- 
 ligious system. He treats them in a manner 
 consistent with his own standpoint when he 
 simply accords them a place in branches aux- 
 iliary to the main divisions of Christian the- 
 ology. In so far as they have modified Chris- 
 tian history they make matter for a branch 
 auxiliary to Historical Theology. In so far 
 as they supply data for a philosophy of re- 
 ligion they help to constitute a branch auxil- 
 iary to Systematic Theology. In so far as 
 they serve to illustrate the superiority of 
 Christianity, and thus are adapted to minister 
 to its defense, their study can be rated as aux- 
 iliary to Apologetics. 
 
 A third question relative to the province of 
 theology concerns its relation to philosophy. 
 The latter may be defined as an attempt to 
 get at ultimate truth by rational processes. 
 Theology on its constructive side attempts, 
 within limits, the same thing. It attempts to 
 get at ultimate truth, in so far as that truth 
 has religious worth or significence. Theology 
 may enter upon its task with a more positive 
 i8 
 
CONSIDERATION OF TERMS 
 
 presumption In favor of the authority of writ- 
 ten revelation than belongs to the philosoph- 
 ical starting-point. Still theology Is not obli- 
 gated to treat that presumption as a mere mat- 
 ter of course. On the contrary It has occa- 
 sion to treat It as a subject for rational In- 
 spection and confirmation. In connection 
 with any great doctrinal theme It Is Interested 
 to review all the available data, those of ra- 
 tional thinking Included. It follows, there- 
 fore, that philosophical method must serve as 
 an Important Instrumentality of theology. 
 The theologian In the proper execution of his 
 task must philosophize. A good discretion 
 may make him wary about tying himself 
 closely to any one historic system or school of 
 philosophy; but he will not rate lightly the 
 demand to utilize the best fruits of the philo- 
 sophical thinking of the past centuries. It Is 
 not to be overlooked, however, that recourse 
 to philosophical method and to philosophical 
 data does not necessarily Imply that a distinct 
 standing Is to be given to philosophy within 
 the group of theological studies. It strikes us 
 that the debt is paid to this branch when, on 
 the one hand, the best approved substance of 
 philosophy Is wrought into the texture of Dog- 
 matics, and on the other hand the History of 
 
 19 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
 
 Philosophy is given a prominent place among 
 the studies auxiliary to the History of Chris- 
 tian Doctrine. 
 
 Questions might also be raised as to whether 
 it comes within the scope of theology to take 
 account of one or another science. It will be 
 enough to state here two maxims which must 
 shape the answer to this order of questions: 
 ( I ) Theology is entitled and obligated to 
 make use of any sort of subject-matter that 
 throws light upon any of Its themes. (2) It 
 is not best to overcrowd the list of theological 
 studies by giving a distinct place in that list 
 to any branches which are not to a very notice- 
 able degree implicated with matters religious 
 or theological. 
 
 Advancing to a positive statement, we may 
 say that theology in the Christian sense is the 
 science of the Christian religion, and as such 
 includes in its scope all the branches which 
 serve for the exposition of the Christian re- 
 ligion, as respects its oracles, its history, its 
 doctrinal content, and the leading applications 
 of its principles to life. In addition to the 
 branches which come clearly within its limits 
 it may admit, under the category of auxilia- 
 ries, a few whose subject-matter has an obvi- 
 20 
 
CONSIDERATION OF TERMS 
 
 ous connection with religious facts and prob- 
 lems/ 
 
 To speak, as we have just done, of theology 
 as a science may not be quite in keeping with 
 judgments which have sometimes been ren- 
 dered. It is nevertheless a perfectly warrant- 
 able way of speaking. One or another system 
 of theology, as actually developed, may have 
 slight claim to be regarded as scientific. But 
 the subject-matter of theology is just as ca- 
 pable of orderly representation as is any other 
 subject-matter; it also furnishes grounds for 
 just as reliable inductions as does the subject- 
 matter of most of the sciences. One who is 
 free to speak of the science of geology, or 
 biology, or medicine should have no hesitation 
 to speak of the science of theology. In any 
 one of these sciences the subject-matter shades 
 off into the mysterious ; but the implication 
 
 1 As respects the meaning of religion in general, it is to be 
 observed that it has both a subjective and an objective aspect. 
 On the one hand it denotes man's disposition to believe in the 
 existence of a higher power, his feeling of dependence upon 
 and obligation toward that power, and his impulse to worship 
 the same. On the other hand it denotes the rites, institutions, 
 and doctrines which give expression to the native tendency to 
 believe, to the sense of dependence and obligation, and to the 
 impulse to worship. Into its realization in any worthy degree 
 the whole nature of man enters — his feeling, his will, and his 
 intellect. 
 
 21 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOP/LDL\ 
 
 with mystery does not nullify the title to a 
 scientific character. It is largely characteris- 
 tic of the sciences that, alongside a domain of 
 certainty, they include areas which can claim 
 at best only a high degree of probability. 
 
 As dealing with a subject-matter objectively 
 furnished, theology ranks as a positive science. 
 This characteristic, however, does not place it 
 in contrast with other branches of knowledge, 
 except pure mathematics. Sometimes an an- 
 tithesis has been drawn between theology and 
 philosophy, as though the one belonged to the 
 positive and the other to the speculative order. 
 But surely it is only a limited contrast which 
 can be affirmed here. A philosophy which 
 takes no serious account of the actual w^orld 
 and of actual human history, which attempts 
 to build up a system of truth out of sheer no- 
 tions, is not likely to be worth much. Gener- 
 ally speaking the positive and the speculative 
 are interwoven in the branches of human 
 knowledge. Even the physical sciences have 
 their working hypotheses, that is speculative 
 elements conjoined with the objectively fur- 
 nished matter. In pure mathematics alone 
 (including purely formal logic as being con- 
 formed to mathematical principles), where 
 only ideal quantities come into the account, 
 22 
 
CONSIDERATION OF TERMS 
 
 is the whole subject-matter drawn out from 
 pure mental conceptions. 
 
 Theology evidently constitutes a study of 
 vast extent and profound interest. The facts 
 and truths with which it more directly deals 
 are the deepest in man's being and the highest 
 above the human plane. It utilizes the most 
 significant findings of a large proportion of 
 the branches of learning. It takes into con- 
 sideration the greatest treasures of past his- 
 tory, and gathers up the data for the farthest 
 possible outlook into future destiny. It gives 
 ample room for speculative acumen, but at the 
 same time includes the themes that are of all 
 the most intensely practical. For a combina- 
 tion of intellectual interests and heart inter- 
 ests there is no study that surpasses theology. 
 
 23 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 Questions of Classification or 
 Distribution 
 
 In the execution of its task of distributing the 
 subject-matter of the great field which it sur- 
 veys, Theological Encyclopaedia encounters 
 certain difficulties. Obviously the distribu- 
 tion ought to be according to a simple, com- 
 prehensive, and self-consistent scheme. It re- 
 quires, however, not a little thought to de- 
 termine what scheme best answers to this de- 
 scription. Various questions, for example, 
 may be raised as to the proper order of the- 
 ological branches. Concerning several of 
 them an inquiry may be propounded as to 
 which is antecedent and which consequent. 
 If on the one hand archaeology prepares the 
 way for successful Biblical study, on the other 
 hand Biblical study is to a large extent just 
 that which furnishes the materials of archne- 
 ology. If on the one hand a grasp of his- 
 
 24 
 
QUESTIONS 
 
 tory facilitates exegesis, on the other exegesis 
 is needed to gain trustworthy matter for his- 
 tory. If on the one hand the student who 
 sets out to interpret the Bible needs to be 
 guided by hermeneutical maxims, on the other 
 a knowledge of the real nature of the Bible 
 seems to be a necessary antecedent to the form- 
 ing of hermeneutical maxims. If on the one 
 hand one needs to be assured in general of the 
 truth of the Christian system before he un- 
 dertakes to represent that system, and so has 
 occasion to preface dogmatics with apologetics, 
 on the other hand the detailed study of the 
 Christian system seems to be a needed prepa- 
 ration for its best defense, and so to require 
 that dogmatics should precede apologetics. In- 
 stances like these may serve to apprise us that 
 arrangement is in part dependent upon some- 
 thing else than intrinsic relationships, namely, 
 upon the relative point of view. Which of 
 two branches shall be made subordinate to the 
 other depends often upon the end immediately 
 contemplated. For example, if exegesis or 
 detailed interpretation is the end in view, then 
 history, so far as it is capable of assisting the 
 process of interpretation, is subordinate to exe- 
 gesis. On the contrary, if history is the end 
 in view, then exegesis, so far as it furnishes 
 
 25 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOP/LDIA 
 
 grounds for historical judgments, is subordi- 
 nated to history. This is not saying that a 
 sufficient warrant may not be found in in- 
 trinsic relationships for making some branches 
 antecedent to others. The proper conclusion 
 is that the relative point of view must be ad- 
 mitted as an appreciable factor in the deter- 
 mination of the order of various branches. 
 On some of the minor points of arrangement 
 there are no very decisive grounds of decision. 
 As respects main divisions it is difficult to 
 improve on the fourfold scheme advocated by 
 Hagenbach and others, according to which 
 the theological domain is divided between Ex- 
 egetical Theology, Historical Theology, Sys- 
 tematic Theology, and Practical Theology. 
 The choice, it seems to us, lies between this 
 scheme and the moderately difierent one of 
 Heinrici. In the latter a general distinction 
 is made between "historical" and "normative" 
 branches, the former being made to cover the 
 specifically Biblical branches as w^ll as the his- 
 tory of Christianity since Biblical times, and 
 the latter including as principal subdivisions 
 Systematic Theology and Practical Theology. 
 The idea of the historical branches is to ex- 
 hibit the whole deposit of religious truth and 
 fact ; tlie idea of the normative branches is to 
 26 
 
QUESTIONS 
 
 afford means of guidance In religious teaching 
 and work. The scheme of Wernle ma}- be 
 regarded as being in substantial accord with 
 that of Heinrici, since he recognizes but three 
 grand divisions, the Historical, the S5^stematic, 
 and the Practical, and includes the Biblical 
 studies under the first of these. In point of 
 simplicity and logical consistency something 
 can be said for this plan. Still it is open to 
 the objection that it does not directly empha- 
 size the distinctive place which belongs to the 
 Bible as a pre-eminent source of Christian 
 teaching. On the whole, we do not find suf- 
 ficient ground for exchanging the scheme of 
 Hagenbach for the competing scheme. 
 
 Some recent writers have thought it appro- 
 priate to style the first grand division the Bib- 
 lical rather than the Exegetical. This termi- 
 nology affords a certain advantage In disposing 
 of such branches as Biblical History and Bib- 
 lical Theology. It enables one to place them 
 w^ith other purely Biblical branches in a com- 
 mon division. But this gain is ju.^t about 
 counterbalanced. If one department is 
 rounded out another is curtailed. Why should 
 Historical Theology be excluded from the 
 Biblical domain? Surely the term in itself 
 suggests no exclusive attention to the Cliris- 
 
 27 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
 
 tlan as opposed to the Jewish Church. It 
 seems just as well, therefore, to retain the 
 term exegetical, and to let the two branches 
 in question find a place in the historical de- 
 partment under the denomination of historical 
 branches specifically prepared for by exeget- 
 ical study. Should one prefer the term "Bib- 
 lical" to designate the first main division, he 
 would of course need to avoid conjoining it 
 with ''theology" In that relation, since other- 
 wise he would have occasion to put a double 
 sense Into the term "Biblical Theology." 
 
 28 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 EXEGETICAL ThEOLOGY 
 
 Since the Bible affords the starting-point for 
 a consideration of the history of Christianity, 
 the fundamental basis for doctrinal construc- 
 tion, and the principles which ought to govern 
 practical religious endeavor, an understanding 
 of the contents of the Bible appears as the pri- 
 mary demand of theology. Hence Exegetical 
 Theology, the object of which is to secure this 
 understanding, has an excellent title to be 
 ranked as the first main division of theological 
 science. By the general consent of theologians 
 this division is made to include, besides exe- 
 gesis proper, a number of branches which 
 serve as aids in the work of interpretation. 
 
 A measurably complete list of the several 
 parts of Exegetical Theology may be made as 
 follows: (i) Biblical Philology or Linguis- 
 tics. (2) Biblical Archaeology. (3) Canon- 
 ics. (4) Biblical Criticism: (a) textual, (b) 
 29 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOP.LDIA 
 
 literary and historical. (5) Biblical Intro- 
 duction or Isagogics. (6) Hermeneutics. 
 (7) Exegesis, or the detailed interpretation of 
 the Scriptures. Respecting these branches it 
 is not claimed that they represent in every in- 
 stance an exclusive province of study, but only 
 that they have fairly determinate outlines, 
 though tw^o or more of them may include 
 some common territory. 
 
 I. Biblical Philology stands for the study of 
 the Biblical languages. In the broader sense 
 It includes also the languages so far cognate 
 with the Biblical as to be able to make a dis- 
 tinct contribution to the understanding and 
 appreciation of the peculiarities of the same. 
 AVhatever may be requisite for the ordinary 
 pastor and teacher, it Is strictly necessary for 
 the competent Old Testament exegete to be 
 well versed In Hebrew and Aramaic, and it 
 is desirable that he should have furthermore 
 a good Introduction to other Semitic tongues. 
 As for the New Testament exegete, while he 
 must be at home in the Greek language. It Is 
 by no means a matter of indifference whether 
 he has a mastery of the original languages or 
 the Old Testament. In New Testament 
 Greek there Is a Semitic undertone. "Many 
 grammatical forms, modes of speech, and ex- 
 
 30 
 
EXEGETICAL THEOLOGY 
 
 prcssions of the New Testament are capable 
 of being understood only by one who is ac- 
 quainted with the peculiarities of the Semitic 
 languages" (Rabiger, Encyclopaedia of The- 
 ology, II, 33). So important a part of the 
 New Testament oracles as the discourses of 
 Jesus is implicated with a Semitic tongue ; for, 
 though reported in Greek, these discourses 
 were spoken in Aramaic, and a probable con- 
 jecture as to the original form may evidently 
 serve a good purpose in connection with one 
 and another phrase or sentence. 
 
 2. Biblical Archaeology is the science of 
 Biblical antiquities. As the term has com- 
 monly been employed, archaeology stands in 
 contrast wnth history proper as being more 
 occupied with products than with processes. 
 It describes the theater and sets forth the fixed 
 memorials of a people's life, and thus provides 
 materials for the history which gives a con- 
 nected picture of the progress of a people 
 through successive developments and fortunes. 
 Broadly construed, Biblical Archaeology in- 
 cludes matters of geography ; of climate and 
 physical conformation ; of animal and vege- 
 table life ; of manners, customs, and industries ; 
 of domestic, political, and religious institutions, 
 and of arts and sciences. It treats of these 
 31 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
 
 matters more especially in relation to the He- 
 brew nation ; but it falls within its province 
 also to take account of the customs and insti- 
 tutions of other peoples in so far as they in- 
 fluenced Hebrew thought and life. In this 
 view it would evidently need to award a con- 
 siderable reference to the Egyptian, the Baby- 
 lonian, the Assyrian, the Greek, and the 
 Roman civilizations. 
 
 3. It is the office of Canonics to set forth 
 the facts relative to the formation of those 
 collections of sacred books which we call the 
 Old and the New Testament respectively; 
 also to state principles which may enable us 
 to judge whether any Wiiting should be ex- 
 cluded from these collections or any outside 
 writing be admitted thereto. Practically the 
 canon may be fixed on account of the indispo- 
 sition of any considerable party to make a 
 move either for excision or inclusion. But in 
 point of theory Christian society has the per- 
 petual right to review the canon and to take 
 action upon the question of revising its limits. 
 It is important that each generation by ex- 
 penditure of judicial investigation should gain 
 the basis of an intelligent conviction on the 
 subject. 
 
 4. Textual Criticism (otherwise described 
 
 32 
 
EXEGETICAL THEOLOGY 
 
 as the Lower Criticism) attempts by a com- 
 parison of the oldest manuscripts, by a review 
 of citations in ancient authors, and by an ex- 
 amination of ancient versions, to determine 
 as far as possible the original text of the ca- 
 nonical books. Its task is one which can be 
 well executed only through immense patience 
 and knowledge of details. 
 
 Literary and Historical Criticism is occu- 
 pied with the investigation of the Biblical 
 books for the purpose of ascertaining as nearly 
 as may be their authorship, their date, their 
 relation to other writings, whether inside or 
 outside the canon, the degree of their histor- 
 ical trustworthiness, and the special stage 
 which any one of them may represent in the 
 development of Biblical religion. In contrast 
 with Textual Criticism this order of investi- 
 gation has been styled the "Higher Criticism." 
 The terms "lower" and "higher" are not very 
 happily chosen, but may be tolerated with the 
 understanding that the one denotes the pri- 
 mary stage of critical procedure, and the other 
 Is indicative of completing stages. In popular 
 usage Higher Criticism is often made to stand 
 for a special set of critical conclusions, promi- 
 nent among which are the composite author- 
 ship of the Pentateuch and the relatively late 
 
 3 33 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOP^:n:>IA 
 
 date of some of its principal constituents, the 
 plural authorship of Isaiah, and the post- 
 exilian origin of the Book of Daniel. But 
 such usage is evidentl}- counter to the demands 
 of a precise terminology. Conclusions change. 
 Critical procedure, on the other hand, is a 
 constant demand of Biblical scholarship. It 
 must perpetually be brought into requisition, 
 whatever order of conclusions may be reached ; 
 for sound intelligence will not consent to rest 
 upon fiat or mere custom, but will ever main- 
 tain Its right and duty to examine into the 
 grounds of that which is offered to its accept- 
 ance. If distinctions must be made in view 
 of the type of conclusions reached, It will suf- 
 fice to put conservative criticism In contrast 
 with radical or progressive criticism. To re- 
 tain a consistent meaning for Higher Criti- 
 cism it should be made to cover all scientific 
 effort to form a true theory of the origin of 
 the books of the Bible and of their place and 
 significance severally In the unfoldment of the 
 Biblical religion. 
 
 Candor, reverence, a faculty for perspective, 
 and judicial discrimination are prime demands 
 for the Biblical critic. His path runs between 
 sins of intemperate conservatism and sins of 
 intemperate radicalism, and It Is easy to swerve 
 
 34 
 
EXEGETICAL THEOLOGY 
 
 to one side or the other. As for the student 
 in process of forming his convictions, he needs 
 to cultivate patience and openness of mind, 
 avoiding at once a blind tenacity in holding 
 on to old views and rashness in committing 
 himself to new. If at any time he is tempted 
 to be disturbed by the findings of criticism 
 he should fortify his confidence by contem- 
 plating the immeasurable wealth of ethical 
 and religious truth in the Bible. ''To theo- 
 logical students," says Philip Schaff, "I would 
 give the advice as the best safeguard against 
 skepticism to master first and last the contents 
 of the Bible, and never to lose sight of its 
 spiritual truths, which are immeasurably more 
 important than all the questions of lower and 
 higher criticism." (Theological Propaedeutic, 
 p. 184.) 
 
 5. Biblical Introduction is naturally men- 
 tioned in close connection with Literary and 
 Historical Criticism, The fruits of that criti- 
 cism enter into its appropriate matter. Indeed, 
 in characterizing the task of the one we have 
 named the principal themes of the other. In- 
 troduction falls into two main divisions, since 
 there are points of description which apply to 
 the Old Testament group of writings as a 
 whole, and others that are pertinent to the 
 
 35 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 New Testament. In the proper execution of 
 its function it serves as a propaedeutic to the 
 study of each Testament, and also of the indi- 
 vidual books of each. The limits within 
 which it should be confined are not very dis- 
 tinctly marked ; but evidently it can not deal 
 at length with the subject-matter of the Bib- 
 lical books without trenching on the province 
 of other theological branches. 
 
 6. Hermeneutics lays down the general 
 principles which should govern interpretation. 
 Among the foremost of these are the follow- 
 ing : ( I ) Primary respect is to be paid to the 
 meaning of the words in a given passage and 
 to the grammatical construction. While some 
 concession may be made to the idea of a typ- 
 ical, mystical, or allegorical sense in the Scrip- 
 ture, the demand should not be overlooked 
 for great caution and discrimination in dealing 
 with this element. (2) Interpretation should 
 carefully regard the context, take note of par- 
 allel passages, and make distinct account of 
 the place which the given passage occupies in 
 the progress of revelation. (3) Interpretation 
 should have respect to the class of writings to 
 which a given composition belongs, awarding 
 due recognition to the presumption that the 
 distinctive peculiarities of the class will ap- 
 
 36 
 
EXEGETICAL THEOLOGY 
 
 pear with greater or less fullness In the Indi- 
 vidual specimen. (4) Interpretation should 
 be sympathetic with the standpoint of an 
 author, and should proceed on the basis of 
 the best possible Insight Into his Intellectual 
 and emotional modes and his literary pecul- 
 iarities. 
 
 7. Exegesis utilizes the contributions of all 
 the aforementioned branches In the great task 
 of a detailed Interpretation of the Bible. So 
 large Is the ground to be covered, and so great 
 Is the variety of literature In the Bible, that 
 no one exegete is likely to be a competent mas- 
 ter In the whole field. The well-qualified In- 
 terpreter Is the one who, after being schooled 
 to a good degree In the whole Bible, has taken 
 time and pains to make himself an expert on 
 some particular portion. This fact affords an 
 obvious rule for the selection of commentaries. 
 
 37 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 Historical Theology 
 
 In its Biblical part Historical Theology in- 
 cludes the following main divisions : Old Tes- 
 tament History, the Life of Christ, the His- 
 tory of the Apostolic Age, Biblical Theology 
 of the Old Testament, and Biblical Theology 
 of the New Testament. Etymologically con- 
 sidered ''Biblical Theology" might denote 
 other than a historical branch. It might be 
 taken as substantially identical with Biblical 
 Dogmatics, and thus signify an organic or sys- 
 tematized presentation of doctrine on the basis 
 of inductions from the sum total of Biblical 
 data. But in common usage Biblical The- 
 ology has very decided historical associations. 
 It is actually treated as the history of doctrine 
 within Biblical limits, its object being to set 
 forth the genesis of doctrine and its movement 
 through the various stages which may be dis- 
 
 38 
 
HISTORICAL THEOLOGY 
 
 cerned in the Old and New Testaments re- 
 spectively. 
 
 The canons for the treatment of Biblical 
 history are substantially the same as those for 
 dealing with historical matters generally. It 
 should be remembered, however, that it only 
 harmonizes with the true historic method to 
 acknowledge extraordinary elements in Bib- 
 lical history, should good evidence appear for 
 their reality. While positive dogmatic pre- 
 suppositions are not to be read into the Bib- 
 lical narratives, no more is matter to ^e read 
 out of those narratives on the score of negative 
 dogmatic presuppositions, such as the non- 
 occurrence of divine interventions in the 
 course of human history. It is fair to ask the 
 extraordinary or miraculous to give a good 
 account of itself, and to submit to certain 
 tests of credibility; but to exclude it by a 
 sweeping speculative dictum in no wise savors 
 of historical method. To resort to sheer dog- 
 matism on the one side or the other is doubt- 
 less the easier course ; but the historic spirit is 
 patient and shy of over-large conclusions. If 
 it finds evidence of legendary accretions in 
 the Bible it will accept the fact, but will not 
 on that account stamp as unhistorical super- 
 natural manifestations in general. It is not 
 
 39 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPiT:DIA 
 
 to be overlooked that even a legend may serve 
 to convey a religious lesson, and that a re- 
 ligion which is solidly based in history may 
 yet have a certain fringe of legendary repre- 
 sentations in its sacred oracles. No one doubts 
 that there is a real biography of Luther, even 
 should it be concluded that the story of his 
 ink-bottle salute to the devil and some other 
 items may have a legendary cast. In like 
 manner a sprinkling of legendary matter in 
 some portions of the Bible w^ould afford no 
 valid occasion to doubt that the Bible con- 
 tains a real history of the Kingdom of God in 
 the world. 
 
 The post-Biblical part of Historical The- 
 ology falls into two main divisions, namely, 
 General Church History and the History of 
 Christian Doctrine. The latter, it Is true, is 
 not logically excluded from the former. Gen- 
 eral Church History must give some account 
 of doctrinal developments. But the subject- 
 matter on the doctrinal side of Christian his- 
 tory Is so immense that Its detailed treatment 
 Is very properly assigned to a di'stinct branch. 
 
 How many subdivisions shall be made of 
 
 General Church History Is very largely an 
 
 optional matter. In dealing with so wide an 
 
 area it is of course easy to mark off many 
 
 40 
 
HISTORICAL THEOLOGY 
 
 provinces. One can devote special considera- 
 tion to the earlier stages of Christian history 
 under the name of the History of the Early 
 Church, Patristics, Christian Archaeology, or 
 Christian Antiquities — an enumeration in 
 w^hich the first term stands for the compre- 
 hensive narrative; the second, for an account 
 of the lives and writings of the fathers (usu- 
 ally of the first six centuries) ; and the third 
 and fourth, for a systematic presentation of 
 monumental and documentary evidence on the 
 art, institutions, rites, customs, and character- 
 istic modes of thought and feeling in the early 
 Christian community. Mediaeval and modern 
 developments may in like manner be set apart 
 for distinct treatment. Such themes as mis- 
 sions, polity, discipline, worship, and art make 
 suitable subjects for a special historical con- 
 sideration. Statistical summaries which serve 
 as an index of progress or decadence in re- 
 ligion and morals serve also a good purpose. 
 None of these themes should be excluded from 
 the general treatise ; but it fulfills a useful end 
 to supplement the general treatise w^ith mono- 
 graphs which attempt a minute representation 
 of particular topics. 
 
 In a judicious management of Church His- 
 tory careful attention will be given to the 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCVCLOP^^^.DIA 
 
 need of a just balance between the Individual 
 and the general, between the chronicle of 
 events and the delineation of the inner life 
 of the people. While the importance of get- 
 ting at general laws and tendencies will not 
 be overlooked, it w^ill be recognized that the 
 personal factor counts for not a little. While 
 great public events and the transactions in 
 high official station will not be neglected, due 
 attention will be given to the fact that the 
 genius of Christianity and the beneficent re- 
 sults of its true enthronement are quite as well 
 illustrated in less conspicuous lines — in the 
 tenor of domestic life, in social amelioration, 
 in the kind of moral leaven infused into litera- 
 ture, and in the measure of practical endeavor 
 to alleviate suffering and to promote every 
 form of human well-being. 
 
 In connection with the History of Christian 
 Doctrine there is less occasion for subdivision 
 than obtains in relation to General Church 
 History. The most important subsidiary 
 branch of the former passes under the name of 
 Symbolics, by which is denoted the treatise on 
 the creeds representative of different Christian 
 communions. One may indeed treat the creeds 
 of Christendom as a basis for dogmatic or 
 polemical disquisition ; but primarily they are 
 42 
 
HISTORICAL THEOLOGY 
 
 matter for historical consideration. Symbolics 
 finds its most appropriate place in association 
 with the History of Christian Doctrine. 
 
 Among the branches auxiliary to Histor- 
 ical Theology may be mentioned the general 
 histories of the nations which have served as 
 the field of Christianity, and also the histories 
 of the more important non-Christian religions. 
 To the History of Christian Doctrine a spe- 
 cially important auxiliary is the History of 
 Philosophy. From its first days down to the 
 present doctrinal construction has been to a 
 noticeable extent implicated with philosophical 
 speculation. 
 
 43 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 Systematic • Theology 
 
 Systematic Theology has for Its office the 
 orderly presentation and justification of the 
 whole body of teachings or beliefs which be- 
 long to the Christian religion. Its principal 
 divisions are Apologetics, Christian Dogmat- 
 ics, and Christian Ethics. The second of these 
 divisions, as being the central and most In- 
 clusive branch of Systematic Theology, Is 
 sometimes presented under that name. Be- 
 sides the divisions named, mention might be 
 made of Biblical Dogmatics. But the demand 
 for such a branch in addition to Biblical The- 
 ology and Christian Dogmatics is scarcely Im- 
 perative ; for the former of these two presents 
 ready means for estimating the tenor of Bib- 
 lical teaching on all Important lines of in- 
 quiry, and the latter takes up all the data the 
 Bible has to offer for the determination of 
 dogmatic conclusions. If only a secondary de- 
 mand exists for Biblical Dogmatics, still less 
 
 44 
 
SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY 
 
 clearly is it incumbent upon us to reserve a 
 distinct place for Polemics and Irenics. Every 
 well-devised apologetic or dogmatic treatise 
 must be at once polemical and irenical, repuls- 
 ing either directly or indirectly conclusions op- 
 posite to those represented, and at the same 
 time recognizing, in the spirit of candor, the 
 points on which the favored system agrees 
 with its rivals. Special junctures in religious 
 history may indeed give fitting occasion to 
 treatises predominantly polemical or predom- 
 inantly irenical; but, in general, the theolog- 
 ical curriculum is not to be regarded as suf- 
 fering mutilation through the absence of such 
 treatises. 
 
 A well-rounded system of Christian Dog- 
 matics unavoidably incorporates not a little of 
 apologetic matter. In the preliminary por- 
 tions the general premises on which the given 
 system builds need to be justified, in order that 
 the claims of the system, as understood by its 
 framer, may be set in their proper light. Also, 
 in the unfoldment of the system occasion will 
 arise to substantiate this or that conclusion as 
 being rational as well as Christian. At the 
 same time, in consideration of the largeness 
 of the matter which enters into the defense of 
 the essential content of Christianity, a branch 
 
 45 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPi^DIA 
 
 devoted specifically to the office of that de- 
 fense serves a good purpose. As the terms just 
 used suggest, Apologetics In Its general signifi- 
 cation Is confined to the defense of the essen- 
 tial content of Christianity. Its work Is to 
 justify the Christian religion as a whole 
 against anti-Christian and non-Christian ri- 
 vals. An extended consideration of dogmatic 
 details does not fall within its scope. 
 
 Christian Dogmatics claims a wide basis. 
 It builds its structure upon written revelation, 
 but not exclusively. Any form of evidence 
 which can serve to legitimate doctrinal convic- 
 tion is to be regarded as lying within Its ter- 
 ritory. It accordingly puts the whole of re- 
 ligious history, and especially of Christian his- 
 tory, under contribution. It freely avails It- 
 self also of scientific and philosophical data so 
 far as they have any obvious bearing on its 
 themes. While this much is to be claimed, 
 It Is to be acknowledged that there Is occasion 
 for considering what the law of due propor- 
 tion requires as respects recourse to different 
 fields of evidence. A system of Christian 
 Dogmatics ought certainly to be permeated 
 with the Biblical teaching. In the normal 
 procedure historical and rational data will be 
 employed rather to confirm and to supplement 
 
 46 
 
SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY 
 
 that teaching than to displace and to over- 
 shadow the same. 
 
 Stress Is often placed upon the idea that 
 Christian Dogmatics should bear a confessional 
 character, that is, should reflect the doctrinal 
 type of a particular Christian communion. 
 Within limits this contention may be granted. 
 The framer of a dogmatic system can not be 
 expected to deny outright the prepossessions 
 which belong to him as a member of a partic- 
 ular communion. Moreover, the demands of 
 good manners and of good fellowship require 
 him to keep aloof from needless antagonisms. 
 At the same time the higher allegiance of a 
 man is due to truth. The Christian dogmatist 
 normally makes It his supreme aim to give an 
 unbiased exposition of the Christian system. 
 Unmitigated confesslonalism Is not likely to 
 promote the scientific construction of Chris- 
 tian Doctrine. 
 
 As respects arrangement of the main themes 
 of Christian Dogmatics, there Is little chance 
 to Improve on the general plan which has long 
 claimed the preference. The best arrange- 
 ment Is that which follows most nearly the 
 line of logical succession. In the proper order 
 of thought God Is the presupposition of man. 
 Man, the sinner, is the presupposition of the 
 
 47 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
 
 advent of the Savior and of His work of re- 
 demption. This last is the presupposition of 
 the realization of the kingdom of God in the 
 individual and in the race. Accordingly 
 after dealing, in an introductory division, with 
 the grounds and sources of theology, we se- 
 cure an appropriate order by making the prin- 
 cipal themes to be, in succession, God, the 
 Subjects of God's Moral Government, the 
 Person and Work of Christ, and the Kingdom 
 of Grace, or the Practical Realization of the 
 Redemptive Purpose. The several divisions 
 may be variously subdivided. The last-named 
 includes not less than three great topics, 
 namely, the Personal Appropriation of Salva- 
 tion, Ecclesiology, and Eschatology. 
 
 In dealing with men as subjects of moral 
 government and as candidates for citizenship 
 in a divine kingdom. Christian Dogmatics en- 
 ters the ethical domain. It falls within its 
 province to depict the moral ideals to which 
 Christians individually and collectively are 
 obligated. However, on account of the ex- 
 tent of the field of ethical study. Christian 
 Dogmatics may appropriately award thereto 
 a somewhat general consideration, leaving the 
 discussion of details to a special branch under 
 the title of Christian Ethics. The term 
 48 
 
SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY 
 
 "Christian" in this title serves as a means of 
 distinguishing this branch from Philosophical 
 Ethics. The two have not a little in common. 
 The main distinction is that Christian Ethics 
 has a specific historic basis, and makes its in- 
 ductions in the light of the personal perfection 
 and the authoritative teaching of Jesus Christ ; 
 while Philosophical Ethics obtains its stand- 
 ards more largely by reasoning from the idea 
 of man. Conformity with the spirit of Christ 
 is the goal to which the former looks; realiza- 
 tion of the idea of man is the goal which the 
 latter sets forth. The two may be regarded 
 as describing from different points of view the 
 same ideal. 
 
 As has been indicated, Systematic Theology 
 has an important auxiliary in the Philosophy 
 of Religion. The office of the latter Is to 
 ascertain, on the basis of the sum total of 
 religious manifestations in the world, the 
 grounds and nature of the religious principle, 
 and the essential characteristics of religion at 
 Its best. In so far as the inductions arrived at 
 In this way accord with Christian premises 
 and ideals, the Philosophy of Religion Is evi- 
 dently fitted to serve as an ally of Christian 
 Dogmatics, and also of Christian Apologetics 
 and Ethics. 
 
 4 49 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 Practical Theology 
 
 Proceeding on the ground of the character 
 and aims of the Christian religion as eluci- 
 dated by the preceding divisions, Practical 
 Theology considers the appropriate means and 
 methods of bringing that religion to actual su- 
 premacy in the life of men. Its leading 
 branches are Liturgies, Homiletics, and Pas- 
 toral Theology. 
 
 Liturgies treats not only of sacramental per- 
 formances, but also of all those parts of the 
 public worship which do not fall within the 
 special domain of Homiletics. The ritual in 
 which the congregation participates, the devo- 
 tional reading of the Scriptures, public prayer, 
 and the use of hymns and sacred music are 
 themes which belong within its province. 
 Furthermore, it treats of the order of exer- 
 cises and the combination of factors best 
 
 50 
 
PRACTICAL THEOLOGY 
 
 adapted to give symmetry and perfection to 
 the public service as a whole. 
 
 The office of Homiletics is to set forth the 
 principles of effective religious discourse. It 
 is essentially the science of preaching. Accord- 
 ing to the New Testament conception the spe- 
 cial ambassador of Christ is eminently a 
 prophet, a preacher, a minister of the Word. 
 He is to be apt to teach. He is to know 
 how to use the word of the Lord, so that in 
 his hands it may be a quick and powerful in- 
 strument, as well as a means of healing and 
 consolation. Homiletics aims to expound and 
 to illustrate the conditions of this order of 
 ministerial efficiency. It includes all princi- 
 ples and rules which may legitimately govern 
 the construction and delivery of sermons. 
 
 Pastoral theolog\^ has to do with the work 
 of the Christian minister as the shepherd of 
 souls and the leader of religious society. 
 Whatever pertains to the discreet fulfillment 
 of the offices of religious counsel and consola- 
 tion in relation to individuals and families 
 falls within its scope. Equally it includes 
 whatever bears upon the task of directing the 
 organized efforts of a congregation or society 
 on the various lines of religious and benevo- 
 lent enterprise. 
 
 51 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOP/LDIA 
 
 A number of branches may be specified 
 which are subordinate to Pastoral Theology, 
 or at least closely allied therewith. One of 
 these grows out of the office of the Christian 
 shepherd to bring the young into the fold 
 of Christ, or more generally speaking, to pre- 
 pare the immature, by instruction suited to 
 their capacity, for taking upon themselves the 
 responsibilities of the Christian profession. 
 Corresponding to this function is the branch 
 which bears the name of Catechetics. This 
 has for its province the principles and rules 
 which should govern the initial forms of re- 
 ligious tuition. Its successful treatment re- 
 quires a keen understanding of the mental 
 needs of the child, a sympathetic recognition 
 of his limitations, and a ready apprehension of 
 those ways of presenting truth wdiich best 
 minister to healthy feeling. In short, it takes 
 considerable of an artist in religion to devise 
 or to execute In Ideal shape a catechetical 
 scheme. No pastor should regard this task 
 as belonging to an inferior range of ministe- 
 rial activity. To get down among the chil- 
 dren and to utilize the power of a genial and 
 sympathetic intimacy with them for leading 
 them into the ways of religion, will tax one's 
 genius and skill quite as much as the effort to 
 52 
 
PRACTICAL THEOLOGY 
 
 soar into the highest reahns of rch'gioiis think- 
 ing. 
 
 Pastoral leadership implies evidcntl3- a con- 
 siderable knowledge of ecclesiastical polity 
 and discipline. At least the pastor can not 
 with any propriety fail of a good acquaintance 
 with the system of polity and discipline which 
 obtains in his own communion ; and of course 
 an intelligent understanding of one system is 
 furthered by a study of related and opposing 
 systems. There is room, therefore, under 
 Pastoral Theology for a branch which treats 
 of Ecclesiastical Polity and Ecclesiastical Dis- 
 cipline (or Church Law), so far as is needful 
 to promote intelligent administration. 
 
 A.S Christian enterprise transcends a local 
 outlook, and makes nothing less than the 
 world its field, the pastor and his congregation 
 must take account of their relation to the 
 wider sphere of evangelization. A place 
 therefore is fitly provided in Practical The- 
 ology for a branch which treats of the obli- 
 gations and methods of missionary labor. It 
 might be termed the Theory of IMissionary 
 Work. 
 
 In recent years much has been said on the 
 need of utilizing religion in the direction of 
 social amelioration. The conviction has 
 53 
 
THEOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPii:DIA 
 
 gained ground that the religious teacher 
 should investigate the great problems of the 
 day relative to the temporal and moral con- 
 ditions of the masses, and should be ready to 
 apply to these problems such means of solu- 
 tion as are contained, implicitly or explicitly, 
 in the Gospel teaching. Not a little may be 
 conceded to this conviction. A question may 
 indeed be raised as to what extent sociological 
 study should be recognized in a theological 
 curriculum. A full discussion of purely eco- 
 nomic questions evidently has small claim to 
 admission. But the viewpoint of Christian 
 ethics is legitimately applied to all the rela- 
 tions of man with man. There is, therefore, 
 a place in Practical Theology for a branch 
 which aims not only to throw light on the 
 proper ministration of charities, but also to 
 serve as a guide to the pastor in his relation 
 to other problems of a sociological order. 
 Such a branch might be entitled Christian 
 Sociology. 
 
 54 
 
Literature 
 
First Main Division 
 
 I 
 
 Brown, Driver, Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexi- 
 con of the Old Testament. 
 
 A. S. Geden, Outlines of Introduction to the He- 
 brew Bible. 
 
 J. H. Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon. 
 
 H. G. Mitchell, Hebrew Lessons. A Book for Be- 
 ginners. 
 
 W. R. Harper, Elements of Hebrew Syntax. 
 
 G. B. Winer, Grammar of New Testament Greek, 
 with additions by W. F. Moulton. 
 
 A. T. Robertson, A Short Grammar of the Greek 
 New Testament. 
 
 II 
 
 James Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible; 5 vols.; 
 also a one-volume Dictionary. 
 
 The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Reli- 
 gious Knowledge; 12 vols. 
 
 S. R. Driver, Modern Research as Illustrating the 
 Old Testament. 
 
 F. J. Bliss, The Development of Palestine Explora- 
 tion. 
 
 G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy 
 Land. 
 
 57 
 
LITERATURE 
 III 
 
 H. E. Ryle, Canon of the Old Testament. 
 
 F. Buhl, Canon and Text of the Old Testament. 
 
 B. F. Westcott, a General Survey of the History 
 of the Canon of the New Testament. 
 
 C. R. Gregory, Canon and Text of the New Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 IV 
 
 J. E. McFadyen, Old Testament Criticism and the 
 Christian Church. 
 
 G. A. Smith, Modern Criticism and the Preaching 
 of the Old Testament. 
 
 James Orr, The Problem of the Old Testament. 
 
 H. S. Nash, The History of the Higher Criticism of 
 the New Testament. 
 
 J. C. Hawkins, Horae Synoptlcae. 
 
 V. H. Stanton, The Gospels as Historical Docu- 
 ments ; 2 vols. 
 
 W. Sand AY, Criticism of the Fourth Gospel. 
 
 J. Drummond, The Character and Authorship of 
 the Fourth Gospel. 
 
 Adolph Harnack, Luke the Physician. 
 
 S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the 
 Old Testament. 
 
 J. E. McFadyen, An Introduction to the Old Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 Bennett and Adeney, A Biblical Introduction. 
 
 A. S. Peake, a Critical Introduction to the New 
 Testament. 
 
 58 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 A. JuELiCilER, Introduction to the New Testament. 
 
 B. Weiss, A Manual of Introduction to the New 
 Testament ; 2 vols. 
 
 Th. Zahn, Introduction to the New Testament; 3 
 
 vols., Eng. Trans. 
 G. Dalman, The Words of Jesus Considered in the 
 
 Light of Post-Biblical Jewish Writings and the 
 
 Aramaic Language. 
 
 VI 
 
 F. W. Farrar, History of Interpretation. 
 
 C. A. Briggs, Study of Holy Scripture. 
 *M. S. Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics. 
 
 G. H. Gilbert, The Interpretation of the Bible. 
 
 VII 
 
 Briggs, Driver, PlUxMMEr (Editors), The Interna- 
 tional Critical Commentary of the Holy Scrip- 
 tures of the Old and New Testaments. 
 
 The Expositor's Greek Testament; 5 vols. 
 
 W. F. Adeney (Editor), The New Century Bible. 
 
 Walter Lock (Editor), Westminster Commenta- 
 ries. 
 
 H. A. W. Meyer (Editor), Commentary on the 
 New Testament; 11 vols. 
 
 D. A. Whedon, Commentary on the New Testa- 
 ment; 5 vols. 
 
 F. C. Eiselen, The Minor Prophets. 
 
 B. F. Westcott, The Gospel According to St. John. 
 
 The Epistles of St. John. 
 
 The Epistle to the Hebrews. 
 
 59 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 J. B. LiGHTFOOT, St. Paul's Epistles to the Galatians, 
 the Philippians, the Colossians, and Philemon. 
 
 J. B. Mayor, The Epistle of St. James. 
 
 M. S. Terry, Apocalyptics. 
 
 H. B. SvvEtE, The Apocalypse of St. John. 
 
 W. Ramsay, The Letters to the Seven Churches of 
 Asia. 
 
 Second Main Division 
 I 
 
 R. L. Ottley, a Short History of the Hebrews. 
 C. F. Kent, The Historical Bible; 6 vols. 
 
 II 
 
 Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus 
 
 the Messiah. 
 F. W. Farrar, The Life of Christ. 
 W. Sanday, Outlines of a Life of Christ. 
 Rush Rhees, The Life of Jesus of Nazareth. 
 A. E. Garvie, Studies in the Inner Life of Jesus. 
 C. E. Jefferson, The Character of Jesus. 
 Carl Ullmann, The Sinlessness of Jesus. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Philip Schaff, Apostolic Christianity (Vol. I of his 
 History of the Christian Church). 
 
 J. H. Ropes, The Apostolic Age in the Light of 
 Modern Criticism. 
 
 A. McGiFFERT, History of Christianity in the Apos- 
 tolic Age. 
 
 60 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 J. V. Bartlett, The Apostolic Age, Its Life, Doc- 
 trine, Worship, and Polity. 
 
 C. Weizsacker, Apostolic Age of the Christian 
 Church; z vols. 
 
 IV 
 
 CoNYBEARE AND HowsoN, Life and Epistles of St. 
 
 Paul; 2 vols. 
 W. Ramsay, St. Paul, the Traveler and Roman 
 
 Citizen. 
 H. Weinel, St. Paul, the Man and His Work. 
 
 Hermann Schultz, Old Testament Theology; 2 
 vols. 
 
 W. H. Bennett, The Theology of the Old Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 A. B. Davidson, The Theology of the Old Testa- 
 ment. 
 Old Testament Prophecy. 
 
 C. H. CoRNiLL, The Prophets of Israel. 
 
 E. RiEHM, Messianic Prophecy. 
 
 C. A. Briggs, Messianic Prophecy. 
 
 VI 
 
 W. Fairweather, The Background of the Gospels; 
 or, Judaism in the Period between the Old and 
 New Testaments. 
 
 G. B. Stevens, The Theologj- of the New Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 W. Beyschlag, New Testament Theology; 2 vols. 
 
 H. C. Sheldon, New Testament Theology. 
 
 A. Robertson, Regnum Dei. 
 61 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 A. B. Bruce, The Kingdom of God. 
 
 St. Paul's Conception of Christianity. 
 A. B. D. Alexander, The Ethics of St. Paul. 
 W. P. Dickson, St. Paul's Use of the Terms Flesh 
 
 and Spirit. 
 
 VII 
 
 Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church; 
 7 vols. (Vol. V is in two parts; Vol. VII ends 
 with the Swiss Reformation.) 
 
 H. C. Sheldon, History of the Christian Church. 
 Vol. I, The Early Church; Vol. II, the Medi- 
 aeval Church; Vols. III-V, the Modern Church. 
 
 J. A. MoELLER, History of the Christian Church; 
 3 vols. 
 
 A. H. Newman, Manual of Church History; 2 vols. 
 
 \V. F. Adeney, The Greek and Eastern Churches. 
 
 VIII 
 
 Adolf Harnack, The Mission arid Expansion of 
 Christianity in the First Three Centuries; 2 vols. 
 The Constitution and Law of the Church in the 
 First Two Centuries. 
 
 Charles Bigg, The Church's Task Under the Ro- 
 man Empire. 
 
 Ernst von Dobschuetz, Christian Life in the Prim- 
 itive Church. 
 
 T. M. Lindsay, The Church and the Ministry in 
 the Early Centuries. 
 
 E. Hatch, The Organization of Early Christian 
 Churches. 
 
 James Heron, The Church of the Sub-Apostolic 
 Age. 
 
 62 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 W. Bright, The Roman See in the Early Church. 
 F. W. Puller, The Primitive Saints and the See 
 of Rome. 
 
 IX 
 
 H. B. SwETE, Patristic Study. 
 
 W. Bright, The Age of the Fathers. 
 
 Ante-Nicene Christian Library (Clark, Edin- 
 burgh), 25 vols. 
 
 Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene 
 Fathers of the Christian Church (Edited by 
 Schaff and Wace), two series, of 14 vols. each. 
 
 Smith and Cheetham, Dictionary of Christian An- 
 tiquities; 2 vols. 
 C. W. Bennett, Christian Archaeology. 
 W. LowRiE, Monuments of the Early Church. 
 
 XI 
 
 H. H. MiLMAN, History of Latin Christianity; 8 
 
 vols. 
 G. Krueger, The Rise of the Papacy. 
 F. A. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in 
 
 the Middle Ages; 8 vols. 
 L. Pastor, History of the Popes from the Close of 
 
 the Middle Ages; 10 vols. 
 H. C. Lea, History of the Inquisition in the Middle 
 
 Ages; 3 vols. 
 
 History of the Spanish Inquisition; 4 vols. 
 William Muir, The Caliphate; Its Rise, Decline, 
 
 and Fall. 
 
 63 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 G. V. Lechler, John Wycliffe and His English Pre- 
 cursors. 
 J. LoSERTH, Wiclif and Hus. 
 A. H. Wratislaw, John Hus. 
 
 XII 
 
 J. Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Period of 
 the Renaissance in Italy. 
 
 Paul Van Dyke, The Age of the Renaissance. 
 
 The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. I, The Re- 
 naissance (by various writers). 
 
 XIII 
 
 T. M. Lindsay, A History of the Reformation; 2 
 vols. 
 
 G. P. Fisher, The Reformation. 
 
 G. W. Child, Church and State under the Tudors. 
 
 J. KoESTLiN, Life of Luther. 
 
 W. Walker, John Calvin, the Organizer of Re- 
 formed Protestantism. 
 
 A. Lang, John Knox and the Reformation. 
 
 II. M. Baird, History of the Rise of the Huguenots; 
 2 vols. 
 
 S. R. Gardiner, The First Two Stuarts and the 
 Puritan Revolution. 
 
 John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England. 
 
 A. W. Ward, The Counter Reformation. 
 
 F. L. Ranke, History of the Popes, Their Church 
 and State in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Cen- 
 turies. 
 
 64 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 XIV 
 
 J. F. Hurst, History of Methodism (illustrated) ; 
 
 7 vols. 
 Abel Stevens, History of Methodism; 3 vols. 
 
 History of the Methodist Episcopal Church; 4 
 
 vols. 
 The Journal of John Wesley, Standard Edition; 
 
 6 vols. 
 L. Tyerman, Life and Times of John Wesley; 3 
 
 vols. 
 
 C. T. Winchester, The Life of Wesley. 
 
 J. J. Tigert, a Constitutional History of American 
 Episcopal Methodism. 
 
 T. B. Neely, The Governing Conference in Metho- 
 dism. 
 
 XV 
 
 D. Dorchester, Christianity in the United States. 
 American Church History Series (Edited by 
 
 Schaff and others) ; 13 vols. 
 
 XVI 
 
 H. C. Sheldon, Sacerdotalism in the Nineteenth 
 
 Century. A Critical History. 
 F. Nielsen, History of the Papacy in the Nineteenth 
 
 Century; 2 vols. 
 J. J. I. voN Doellinger, The Pope and the Council 
 
 (issued primarily on the eve of the Vatican 
 
 Council under the name of "Janus"). 
 
 Declarations and Letters on the Vatican Decrees. 
 Samuel Hall, A Short History of the Oxford 
 
 Movement. 
 J. H. Overton, The Anglican Revival. 
 
 5 65 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 R. H. HuTTON, Life of J. H. Newman. 
 
 H. P. LiDDON, Life of Pusey; 4 vols. 
 
 Wilfrid Ward, W. G. Ward and the Oxford 
 
 Movement. 
 Walter Walsh, The Secret History of the Oxford 
 
 Movement. 
 
 History of the Romeward Movement in the 
 
 Church of England. 
 
 XVH 
 
 E. L. CuTTS, History of Early Christian Art. 
 
 Anna B. Jameson, Sacred and Legendary Art; 2 
 vols. 
 
 J. Fergusson, a History of Architecture in AH 
 Countries ; 5 vols. 
 
 G. G. Scott, The Rise and Development of Medi- 
 aeval Architecture. 
 
 W. A. Martin, A Manual of Ecclesiastical Archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 WoLTMANN and Woermann, History of Ancient, 
 Early Christian, and Mediaeval Painting; 2 vols. 
 
 R. MuTHER, The History of Painting from the 
 . Fourth to the Early Nineteenth Century; 2 vols. 
 
 xvni 
 
 DwiGHT, TUPPER, Bliss (Editors), The Encyclo- 
 paedia of Missions. 
 
 J. S. Dennis, Christian Missions and Social Prog- 
 ress; 3 vols. 
 
 H. P. Beach, Geography and Atlas of Protestant 
 Missions. 
 
 J. R. MoTT, The Decisive Hour of Christian Mis- 
 sions. 
 
 66 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 J. W. Bashford, God's Missionary Plan for the 
 
 World. 
 R. E. Speer, Missionary Principles, and Practice. 
 R. A. Hume, Missions from the Modern View. 
 
 XIX 
 
 Adolf Harnack, History of Dogma; 7 vols. 
 
 R. Seeberg, History of Doctrine; 2 vols. 
 
 H. C. Sheldon, History of Christian Doctrine, 4th 
 
 edition ; 2 vols. 
 G. P. Fisher, History of Doctrine. 
 J. A. Dorner, History of the Doctrine of the Person 
 
 of Christ; 5 vols. 
 F. LiCHTENBERGER, History of German Theology in 
 
 the Nineteenth Century. 
 Philip Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom ; 3 vols. 
 
 Third Main Division 
 I 
 
 G. P. Fisher, The Grounds of Theistic and Chris- 
 tian Belief. 
 
 H. C. Sheldon, Unbelief in the Nineteenth Century. 
 
 C. W. RiSHELL, The Foundations of the Christian 
 Faith. 
 
 L. F. Stearns, The Evidence of Christian Experi- 
 ence. 
 
 F. J. McCoNNELL, Religious Certainty. 
 
 E. A. Edghill, An Enquiry into the Evidential 
 Value of Prophecy. 
 
 James Denney, Jesus and the Gospel. 
 
 67 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 R. J. Knowling, The Testimony of St. Paul to 
 
 Christ. 
 James Orr, The Virgin Birth of Christ. 
 
 The Resurrection of Jesus. 
 R. J. Cooke, The Incarnation and Recent Criticism. 
 
 II 
 
 J. A. DoRNER, System of Christian Doctrine ; 4 vols. 
 
 H. Martensen, Christian Dogmatics. 
 
 O. A. Curtis, The Christian Faith. 
 
 H. C. Sheldon, System of Christian Doctrine. 
 
 W. A. Brown, Christian Theology in Outline. 
 
 W. N. Clarke, Outline of Christian Theology. 
 
 M. S. Terry, Biblical Dogmatics. 
 
 Ill 
 
 C. M. Mead, Supernatural Revelation. 
 
 Marcus Dods, The Bible, Its Origin and Nature. 
 
 B. P. Bowne, Philosophy of Theism. 
 Robert Flint, Theism. 
 Andrew Seth, Two Lectures on Theism. 
 James Iverach, Theism in the Light of Present Sci- 
 ence and Philosophy. 
 
 Horace Bushnell, Nature and the Supernatural. 
 James Orr, The Christian View of God and the 
 World. 
 
 J. S. LiDGETT, The Fatherhood of God. 
 H. P. LiDDON, The Divinity of Our Lord and Sav- 
 iour Jesus Christ. 
 
 68 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 George Smeaton, The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit. 
 H. B. SwETE, The Holy Spirit in the New Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 Julius Mueller, The Christian Doctrine of Sin; 
 2 vols. ' 
 
 F. R. Tennant, The Sources of the Doctrines of 
 the Fall and Original Sin. 
 
 W. Sanday, Christologies Ancient and Modern. 
 
 G. A. Gordon, The Christ of To-Day. 
 
 A. M. Fairbairn, The Place of Christ in Modern 
 
 Theology. 
 P. T. Forsyth, The Person and Place of Jesus 
 
 Christ. 
 A. B. Bruce, The Humiliation of Christ. 
 
 F. J. Hall, The Kenotic Theory. 
 
 J. S. LiDGETT, The Spiritual Principle of the Atone- 
 ment. 
 
 Horace Bushnell, The Vicarious Sacrifice. 
 Forgiveness and Law. 
 
 W. P. Du Bose, The Soteriology of the New Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 James Denney, The Place of Christ's Death in the 
 New Testament. 
 
 G. B. Stevens, The Christian Doctrine of Salvation. 
 W. F. Tillett, Personal Salvation. 
 
 J. A. Beet, The New Life in Christ. 
 S. M. Merrill, Doctrinal Aspects of Christian Ex- 
 perience. 
 Austin Phelps, The New Birth. 
 
 69 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 H. W. Clark, The Philosophy of Christian Experi- 
 ence. 
 
 G. A. CoE, The Spiritual Life. 
 
 W. James, The Varieties of Religious Experience. 
 
 H. C. King, The Seeming Unreality of the Spiritual 
 Life. 
 
 Daniel Steele, Love Enthroned. 
 
 James Mudge, Growth in Holiness Toward Per- 
 fection. 
 
 A. P. Stanley, Christian Institutions. 
 
 A. V. G. Allen, Christian Institutions. 
 
 J. C. Lambert, The Sacraments of the New Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 G. A. Jacob, The Ecclesiastical Polity of the New 
 Testament. 
 
 E. C. Dargan, Ecclesiology, A Study of the 
 Churches. 
 
 W. Lowrie, The Church and Its Organization. 
 
 G. Salmon, The Infallibility of the Church. 
 
 S. D. F. Salmond, The Christian Doctrine of Im- 
 mortality. 
 
 J, A. Beet, The Last Things. 
 
 H. A. A. Kennedy, St. Paul's Conceptions of the 
 Last Things. 
 
 IV 
 
 Newman Smyth, Christian Ethics. 
 James Martineau, Types of Ethical Theory; 2 
 vols. 
 
 B. P. Bowne, Principles of Ethics. 
 James Seth, Studies in Ethical Principles. 
 
 70 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 T. C. Hall, History of Ethics within Organized 
 Christianity. 
 
 V 
 
 G. T. Ladd, The Philosophy of Religion; 2 vols. 
 Harold Hoeffding, The Philosophy of Religion. 
 C. P. TiELE, Elements of the Science of Religion. 
 A. Lang, The Making of Religion. 
 
 VI 
 
 The Sacred Books of the East (Edited by F. Max 
 Mueller), 49 vols. 
 
 M. Jastrow, The Study of Religion. 
 
 F. B. Jevons, Introduction to the History of Re- 
 ligions. 
 
 James Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and 
 Ethics. ^» 
 
 A. Menzies, History of Religion. 
 
 K. Marti, The Religion of the Old Testament. 
 
 M. Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and As- 
 syria. 
 
 R. W. Rogers, The Religion of Babylonia and As- 
 syria. 
 
 A. H. Sayce, The Religions of Ancient Egjpt and 
 Babylonia. 
 
 A. V. W. Jackson, The Prophet of Ancient Iran. 
 
 E. W. Hopkins, The Religions of India. 
 
 James Adam, The Religious Teachers of Greece 
 
 H. Hackmann, Buddhism as a Religion. 
 
 James Legge, The Religions of China. 
 
 J. J. M. De Groot, The Religion of the Chinese. 
 
 John Ross, The Original Religion of China. 
 
 W. E. Griffis, The Religions of Japan. 
 
 71 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 p. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye, The Religion of 
 
 the Teutons. 
 D. S. Margoliouth, Mohammed and the Rise of 
 
 Islam. 
 J. J. Pool, Studies in Mohammedanism. 
 ZwEMER, Wherry, Barton (Editors), The Moham- 
 medan World of To-Day. 
 
 Fourth Main Division 
 I 
 
 F. E. Warren, The Liturgy and Ritual of the 
 Ante-Nicene Church. 
 
 L. Duchesne, Christian Worship, a Study of the 
 Latin Liturgy up to the Time of Charlemagne. 
 
 W. H. Frere, The Principles of Religious Cere- 
 monial. 
 
 R. J. Cooke, History of the Ritual of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 J. M. Neale, Hymns of the Eastern Church. 
 
 R. C. Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry. 
 
 John Julian (Editor), A Dictionary of Hymnol- 
 
 ogy- 
 
 E. S. LoRENZ, Practical Church Music. 
 
 II 
 
 E. C. Dargan, a History of Preaching. 
 Austin Phelps, The Theory of Preaching. Lec- 
 tures on Homiletics. 
 Phillips Brooks, Lectures on Preaching. 
 
 72 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 III 
 
 p. Fairbairn, Pastoral Theology. 
 W. Gladden, The Christian Pastor. 
 Herrick Johnson, The Ideal Ministry. 
 C. F. Reisner, Workable Plans for VVide-Awake 
 Churches. 
 
 G. A. Coe, Education in Religion and Morals. 
 
 C. W. RiSHELL, The Child as God's Child. 
 
 H. C. Trumbull, The Sunday School: Its Origin, 
 
 Methods, and Auxiliaries. 
 Burton and Mathews, Principles and Ideals for 
 
 the Sunday School. 
 M. Lawrance, How to Conduct a Sunday School. 
 
 Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church. 
 
 Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, South. 
 
 W. L. Harris, Treatise on Ecclesiastical Law. 
 
 S. M. Merrill, A Digest of Methodist Law. 
 
 G. M. Boynton, The Congregational Way. 
 
 The Constitution of the Presbyterian Church 
 IN the United States of America. 
 
 E. L. CUTTS, A Handy Book of the Church of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Constitution and Canons for the Government 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
 United States. 
 
 S. B. Smith (R. C), Elements of Ecclesiastical 
 Law ; 3 vols. 
 
 73 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 VI 
 
 J. S. Mackenzie, An Introduction to Social Phi- 
 losophy. 
 T. N. Carver, Sociology and Social Progress. 
 
 E. A. Ross, Social Psychology. 
 
 F. G. Peabody, The Approach to the Social Ques- 
 tion. 
 
 W. Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social 
 Crisis. 
 
 W. S. Bruce, Social Aspects of Christian Morality. 
 
 T. C. Hall, Social Solutions in the Light of Chris- 
 tian Ethics. 
 
 C. R. Brown, The Social Message of the Modern 
 Pulpit. 
 
 Samuel Plantz, The Church and the Social Prob- 
 lem. 
 
 E. L. Earp, Social Aspects of Religious Institutions. 
 
 C. S. Lock, Charity and the Social Life. 
 
 D. Dorchester, The Liquor Problem In All Ages. 
 J. M. Barker, The Saloon Problem and Social Re- 
 form. 
 
 C. Roads, Rural Christendom, or the Problem of 
 Christianizing Country Communities. 
 
 Miscellaneous Titles 
 
 James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance to the 
 
 Bible. 
 Robert Young, Analytical Concordance to the 
 
 Bible. 
 A. T. Clay, Light on the Old Testament from 
 
 Babel. 
 W. F. Warren, The Earliest Cosmologies. 
 
 74 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 James Moffatt, The Historical New Testament. 
 James Hastings (Editor), Dictionary of Christ and 
 
 the Gospels ; 2 vols. 
 Catholic Encyclopaedia (Edited by C. G. Herber- 
 
 mann and others) ; 15 vols. 
 A. W. WiSHART, Short History of Monks and Mon- 
 asteries. 
 C. F. deT. Montalembert, The Monks of the 
 
 West; 6 vols. (Edition of 1896.) 
 H. C. Lea, History of Sacerdotal Celibacy; 2 vols. 
 
 History of Confession and Indulgences; 3 vols. 
 W. C. Cartvvright, Constitution and Teaching of 
 
 the Jesuits. 
 F. Parkman, The Jesuits in North America. 
 E. L. Taunton, History of the Jesuits in England. 
 Paul Sabatier, Modernism. 
 
 George Tyrrell, Mediaevalism, A Reply to Cardi- 
 nal Mercier. 
 A. LoiSY, The Gospel and the Church. 
 A. Le Roy Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and 
 
 the Russians; 3 vols. 
 H. F. Henderson, The Religious Controversies of 
 
 Scotland. 
 R. C. Reed, History of the Presbyterian Churches of 
 
 the World. 
 H. C. Vedder, a Short History of the Baptists. 
 J. L. Neve, A Brief History of the Lutheran Church 
 
 in America. 
 Georgine Milmine, The Life of Mary Baker G. 
 
 Eddy and The History of Christian Science. 
 L. P. Powell, Christian Science, the Faith and Its 
 
 Founder. 
 W. A. Linn, The Story of the Mormons. 
 James Ward, Naturalism and Agnosticism ; 2 vols. 
 75 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 Robert Flint, Anti-Thelstic Theories. 
 
 B. P. BowNE, Personalism. 
 
 J. RoYCE, The Philosophy of Loyalty. 
 
 G. J. Blewett, The Study of Nature and the Vision 
 of God. 
 
 G. J. Romanes, Darwin and After Darwin; 3 vols. 
 
 A. R. Wallace, Darwinism. 
 
 Joseph Le Conte, Evolution: Its Nature, Its Evi- 
 dences, and Its Relation to Religious Thought. 
 
 Henry Drummond, The Ascent of Man. 
 
 Note. — It should be observed that The Interna- 
 tional Critical Commentary, The New Century Bi- 
 ble, The Westminster Commentaries, the New 
 Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia, the Catholic Encyclo- 
 paedia, the Encyclpaedia of Religion and Ethics, and 
 the Standard Edition of Wesley's Journal are in 
 process of publication at the date of writing (Jan- 
 uary, 1911). 
 
 76 
 

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