FROM THE LIBRARY OF REV. LOUIS FITZGERALD BENSON, D. D. BEQUEATHED BY HIM TO THE LIBRARY OF PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY € ' A ^tZ^c-^i+^l >f^XTc sfy^U sfrt Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library http://archive.org/details/heavenlOObern •-& THE OCT 24 1932 H E A V E X L Y L A X D FROM THE JBt (Kontemptu fBuntrt BERNARD DE MORLAIX MONK OF CLUNY (XII. CENTURY) RENDERED INTO CORRESPONDING ENGLISH VERSE SAMUEL W. DUFFIELD NEW YORK Anson I) . K . Randolph 770 Broadway 1867 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by ANSON D. F. RANDOLPH, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of New York. Bradstreet Press. To Him WHOSE LOVE ENCOURAGED THIS WORK j WHO HAS BEEN THROUGHOUT Brother more than Father; I Dedicate THIS POO It ILLUSTRATION OF A NOBLE POEM. DE HAC POEMA. How grand these monkish lines appear, Kept purely through a bitter time ; What noble rhyme And what a grace is here ! How sweetly full and calmly strong They sweep our weaker thought on high- To what a sky They urge our hope along ! rare Bernard ! I doubt no more At that which seemed support divine, For, line by line, Shines through the Further Shore. Old monk ! might I but see the day Which thou beholdest, where is done This feeble sun ? Where earth has passed away ; 1 would not reckon heat or cold, Or sadness or deep-graven grief, Since such relief Attends those streets of gold. I K&g^r^ yv ^fcf ^§ El ■gpT* Qj^ W^C^p3 BsK ^^T^ IJsKSi INTRODUCTION. NOW and then, down the long years of the world, the heavenly glory seems to have broken in upon mankind. Now and then its light has pierced even the gloom of the Dark Ages, and has brightened the cell of some poor and lonelv monk with more than earthly radiance. And while we remember Enoch, who " walked with God," and Stephen, who looked " steadfastly up into Heaven," and Paul, " caught up" by celestial power, and John on Patmos, " in the spirit on the Lord's Day," we should not forget those other, though later ones, to whom it seemed as though they gazed across the boundary stream, and saw, in very truth, the splen- dor of the Heavenly Land. v iii INTRODUCTION. Such a man was Bernard de Morlaix, the Monk of Cluny, whose poem I bring you here. Although he designed the " De Contemptu Mundi" as a cen- sure to the abuses of his time, he could not conceal the longings which were in his soul. And although he was no saint, in title, like his contemporary and namesake, Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaulx, he was still a saint, indeed. We feel the reality of his hope ; and while we stand in wonder at the mar- vellous versification (unparalleled by any before or since), we are more impressed than ever by its fine simplicity. Those of his words which relate to heaven have lived, because they could not die. Such strains of lofty confidence appeal to every Christian heart, encouraging the strong, and raising to better efforts the doubting and the faint. Pilgrims our- selves, as we trust, to those holy portals, we have here one of the purest and noblest of all pilgrim- songs. His poem consists of three books, containing, in all, some three thousand lines, and was written about the year 1145. Living chiefly in the memory of Protestants, it has yet, until very recently, been entirely unknown through any English translation. INTRODUCTION. j x The original is so rare, indeed, that a full copy is not to be found in the United States. For its discovery and appreciation, we are indebted to Archbishop Trench. He has taken from various parts of the longer poem ninety-six lines, which de- scribe the glories of the Heavenly Land, and has published them in his " Sacred Latin Poetry," in a connected shape. But as Daniel, in his " The- saurus," has, for some reason, given Bernard of Clunv simply a passing reference, this is, therefore, the only place from which we, on our side of the water, derive a knowledge of his work. In the latest edition of his volume, Trench extends our informa- tion a little further. The poem is first found in Flacius Illyricus, Poemm. de Corrupto Ecclesice Statu, p. 247. It has passed, according to Mohnike, through four editions, " to which," says Trench, " I could add a fifth." It was dedicated to Peter the Vener- able, by its author \ and this dedication furnishes us the monk's own account of the difficulty of his task. It was first printed at Breme, 1597. Shortly after its republication, the grandeur of the composition aroused the interest of the Rev. John Mason Neale, and encouraged him to attempt its x INTRODUCTION. translation. He did so, and, in its sweet, earnest aspiration, his poem, " The Celestial Country," known also as " Jerusalem the Golden," most amply represents the older hymn. It is even, in the judgment of a recent writer, u better than c De Contemptu Mundi.' " In spirit, the rendering is perfect — yet, in fact, " The Celestial Country" is an original composition with Dr. Neale. It has been most wonderfully popular, in whole or in parts, and nothing but this can be said against its merit. On this ground, then, Dr. Abraham Coles, of Newark, N. J., has endeavored to attain a more literal rendering of the " Laus Patriae Coelestis," as the cento has been named. His fourteen versions of the " Dies Irae" have placed him in the front rank of translators, and his ability is beyond dispute. And yet the anapests which he employs fail to carry into our language the sounding dactyls of the Latin. His lengthening of the third portion of the line is a liberty, moreover, which does not enhance the com- pactness of the version. While he is at times re- markably literal, and while he represents better than any previous translator the exact expressions of the INTRODUCTION. X J original poem, he lacks that soaring fervor which distinguishes Dr. Neale. Place has, therefore, still been left for another effort to bring the Cluniac's verses into a more per- fect English dress. From this close imitation in all respects, both Neale and Coles have recoiled. The compiler of the " Seven Great Hymns" speaks of Bernard's verse as " so difficult that the English language is incapable of expressing it." Dr. Neale states that he u deviated from his ordinary rule of adopting the measure of the original ; because our language, if it could be tortured into any distant resemblance of its rhythm, would utterly fail to give any idea of the majestic sweetness of the Latin." Bernard himself exclaims, when recounting its diffi- culties, and alluding to the failure of Hildebert de Lavardin and Wichard of Lyons, two eminent ver- sifiers of his day : " I may then assert, not in osten- tation, but with humble confidence, that if I had not received, directly from on high, the gift of in- spiration and intelligence, I had not dared to attempt an enterprise so little accorded to the powers of the human mind." In commenting upon this extract, Dr. Coles adds : " What was difficult for the Xii INTRODUCTION. author would be tenfold more difficult for the trans- lator, because there hang upon him numerous clogs from which the other is free." He says, however, in another place, that " While one would not care to prosecute it through a long poem, we are persuaded the thing could be done, and in a manner to make the verses tolerably readable and effective" It is on the strength of this expression that the present translation is attempted. The design was formed in Chicago, towards the latter part of 1866, and occupied intervals of leisure from that date until its completion, in Philadelphia, in April, 1867. Its possibility was suggested by an examination of the Latin verses, as given in the " Seven Great Hymns," and a confidence that their structure had been — partially, at least — misunder- stood. The following analysis will, it is thought, bear out this statement. The measure is called " leonine and tailed rhyme, with lines in three parts, between which a caesura is not admissible." Each line consists of a first part composed of two dactyls, a second part containing two more dactyls, and a third part made up of a dactyl and a trochee. The last dactyls of the first INTRODUCTION. x iii and second parts rhyme together, and the lines are in couplets — the final trochees also rhyming. This re- mark upon the dactylic nature of the rhymes in the first two parts is not made by Neale or Coles, or the compiler of the " Seven Great Hymns." They all italicise the last two syllables, whereas it should be the last three^ i. e., the foot itself. Take, for example, the sixth of the introductory eight lines, Sobria in U holt || Improbl pu/uat || utraqiie juste, which is, in all respects, a perfect line — each foot being a word, and the rhyme unimpeachable. So with the line immediately succeeding : Ille \)us$Liiui8 II Ille grswisslm&s \ ecce! venlt Rex ! The poem is a daring effort to combine a dactylic hexameter (in which the last syllable is common) with the monkish rhyming usual in the Middle Ages. This constitutes its extreme difficulty. It seems, therefore, that certain principles and licenses which Bernard employed are lawful in any translation. They are these which I have placed below : 1. The use of similar, though not identical vowel-sounds (our " allowable rhymes";, e. g., novFssima and pt T ssima. 2 xiv INTRODUCTION. 2. The rhyming of the two short syllables of the dactyls, even when introduced by a different consonant, and preceded by the same syllable, e. g., homo reus and homo Deiis, proelia and priemia, gloria and sobria, where in each case the con- sonant goes with the first short syllable in the spelling. 3. The rhyme must, however, be perfectly dactylic, so far as possible, e. g., tribulatio and recreiitio, laurea and atirea. 4. When Bernard permits himself a license as to the long syllable (a thing very frequent with him), a translator can surely be allowed a like privilege in respect to the first short syllable. Bernard's looseness in this part of the construction is so great, that it becomes more general tha then usage which is strictly correct. This led to the belief that the only rhyme of the first two parts lay in the fact that the first two syllables of one dactyl were identical with those of the other. A fal- lacy on the face of it. But, in view of Bernard's own liberty in the matter, the present translation pays more attention to the beginning and end of the dactyl than it does to the middle — that syllable having no accent, either primary or secondary, and being, therefore, easil) slurred in reading. But the closing syllable has always been carefully handled, since this aforesaid secondary accent always comes on it when the foot is at all broken. These principles thus laid down have never been violated by the present version, except in two in- stances, where the discordance is very slight, and where it was necessary to preserve an exact agree- INTRODUCTION. xv ment with the original, even in its faults. And the license then taken is less than Bernard himself has claimed. That the present translation may be found accept- able, is hoped, for several reasons : 1. It is as close an imitation of the measure as can be con- structed from the English language. 2. It endeavors, like the version of Dr. Coles, to be a true and literal rendering, line for line, and often word for word. 3. It seeks, so far as may be, to catch the spirit of that " heavenly homesickness" so admirably seized by Dr. Xeale. 4. Its main purpose, like that of Dean Trench, is to spread wider through Christendom the knowledge of a poem which is the ''real and deep utterance" of a fervent soul. May it, even in some small degree, lift us into a purer air — placing us on that " Hill called Clear," from which our longing eyes can discern the glories of the Heavenly Land. May it comfort us in our waiting until u the former things have passed awav," and we shall go to be forever with the Lord. S. W. D. April, 1S67 THE HEAVENLY LAND LAUS PATRIAE CCELESTIS. HORA noviflima, tempora peilima funt ; vigilemus ! Ecce ! minaciter imminet Arbiter ille fupremus ! Imminet, imminet et mala terminet, aequa coronet, Re&a remuneret, anxia liberet, aethera donet ; Auferat afpera duraque pondera mentes onuftae, Sobria muniat, improba puniat utraque jufte. Ille piiflimus, ille graviffimus, ecce ! venit Rex ! Surgat homo reus ! Inftat Homo Deus a Patre Judex. "THE HEAVENLY LAND.' THESE are the latter times, these are not better times, let us stand waiting: Lo, how with awfulness He, first in lawfulness, comes arbitrating ! Nearer and nearer yet ! — Wrong shall in terror set, right shine refulgent. Sad ones He liberates, righteous remunerates, ever indulgent ; Harshness he mitigates, burdened souls animates, freeing them lightly ; Holy ones blesseth He, wicked distresseth He — each alike rightly. He the benignest One, He the divinest One, see! as King reigneth ; God-man from God appears — man bursts the sod of years — Judgment remaineth! LAUS PATRIJE CCELESTIS. Hie breve vivitur, hie breve plangitur, hie breve fletur : Non breve vivere, non breve plangere retribuetur ; O retributio ! flat brevis actio vita perennis ; O retributio ! coelica manfio flat lue plenis ; Quid datur et quibus ? iEther egentibus et cruce dignis, Sidera vermibus, optima fontibus, aftra malignis. Sunt modo praelia, poftmodo praemia ; Qualia ? Plena, Plena refeitio, nullaque paffio, nullaque poena. Spe modo vivitur, et Syon angitur a Babylone ; Nunc tribulatio ; tunc recreatio, fceptra, coronae ; Tunc nova gloria pectora fobria clarificabit, Solvet enigmata, veraque fabbata continuabit. Liber et hoftibus, et dominantibus ibit Hebraeus ; Liber habebit'ur et celebrabitur hinc jubilaeus. THE HEAVENLY LAND. 5 Briefly we tarry here, briefly are harried here, here is brief sorrow ; But not to brevity comes our longevity due on that morrow. O morn victorious ! short fight and glorious — then life unending : O morn victorious ! homes meritorious on us at- tending. u What and to whom given ?" Fullness of high heaven to the unworthy ; Best things to heedless ones, guerdons to speed- less ones, stars to the earthy. Battle's malignities gain for us dignities — " What are they ?" say you ? Full, full replenishment, freedom from banishment, none there to fray you. Though she is bound and fast, Sion is crowned at last (hope rules our going). Now, tribulation comes ; then, new creation comes., kingdoms bestowing. Then shall fresh glory-light make the old story bright, raising each spirit, Ending obscurity ; true Sabbath purity then we inherit. Far over many seas, kept from his enemies, sing- ing in gladness, Then shall the Jew go free, holding his jubilee, rescued from sadness. 3 LAUS PATRIAE CCELESTIS. Patria luminis, infcia turbinis, infcia litis, Cive replebitur, amplificabitur Ifraelitis : Patria fplendida, terraque florida, libera fpinis, Danda fidelibus eft ibi civibus, hie peregrinis. Tunc erit omnibus infpicientibus ora Tonantis Summa potentia, plena fcientia, pax pia fanclis ; Pax fine crimine, pax fine turbine, pax fine rixa, Meta laboribus, atque tumultibus anchora fixa. Pars mea Rex meus, in proprio Deus ipfe decore Vifus amabitur, atque videbitur Au&or in ore. Tunc Jacob Ifrael, et Lia tunc Rachel efficietur \ Tunc Syon atria pulchraque patria perficietur O bona Patria ! lumina fobria te fpeculantur, Ad tua nomina fobria lumina collacrymantur : THE HEAVENLY LAND. n Land of delightfulness, safe from all spitefulness, safe from all trouble, Thou shalt be filled again, Israel built again, joy shall redouble. Land all beneficent, country magnificent, succored from dangers, Given thou art to be and there have part in thee home-born and strangers ; While upon men around, glory shall then abound, vision supernal Of that great dignity, full of benignity, peace, pure eternal — Peace without wickedness, peace without wretch- edness, peace without quarrel, Goal to all wanderings, rest to all ponderings, con- quest and laurel. Portion shall then be mine in the dear Lord divine ; I shall distinguish Him the Sole Beautiful, whom the true dutiful never relinquish. Jacob with Israel and Leah with Rachel then change condition; Then Sion's palace halls rise where no malice falls, lift to completion. O fairest Holy Land, our eyes have wholly scanned calmly, thy splendor; At thy mere mention oft, moved by attention soft, we have grown tender. LAUS PATRIAE CCELESTIS. Eft tua mentio pectoris unctio^ cura doloris, Concipientibus aethera mentibus ignis amoris. Tu locus unicus, illeque coelicus es paradifus, Non ibi lacryma, fed placidiffima gaudia, rifus. Eft ibi confita laurus, et infita cedrus hyfopo ; Sunt radiantia jafpide moenia, clara pyropo : Hinc tibi fardius, inde topazius, hinc amethyftus ; Eft tua fabrica concio coelica, gemmaque Chriftus. Tu fine littore, tu fine tempore — fons modd rivus ! Dulce bonis fapis, eftque tibi lapis undique vivus. Eft tibi laurea, dos datur aurea, Sponfa decora ; Primaque Principis ofcula fufcipis, infpicis ora : Candida lilia, viva monilia funt tibi, Sponfa ; Agnus adeft tibi, Sponfus adeft tibi, lux fpeciofa : THE HEAVENLY LAND. g Vision and speech of thee unto us teach of thee whene'er we languish; Breath from thy cherished winds, cheers our nigh perished minds, curing our anguish. Thou art our Paradise, glowing with fairy dyes which we strive after ; Not there come tears again, placidest joy shall reign, music and laughter. There, sown in equal guise, cedar and laurel rise hyssop-attended \ Bright gold and jasper stone, clear as no Hesper shone, make thy walls splendid. There, upon either hand, sardius and topaz stand, amethysts mingle. There art thou permanent, throne of the firmament, Christ there is single. Thou hast no wave or strand, thou hast no grave or band — rill and yet river ! Sweet wines there flow for us, jewels there glow for us, radiant ever. Laurels and golden toys better than olden joys thou there shalt gather: Yet in thy deference Jesus hath preference, His art thou rather. Lilies like driven snow, gems set in even row, wait for thy wearing. That Lamb is still with thee, that Spouse is still with thee, clear light declaring. 10 LAUS PATRIAE CCELESTIS. Tota negotia, cantica dulcia dulce tonare, Tam mala debita, quam bona praebita conjubilare. Urbs Syon aurea, patria lactea, cive decora, Omne cor obruis, omnibus obftruis et cor et ora. Nefcio, nefcio, quae jubilatio, lux tibi quali«, Quam focialia gaudia, gloria quam fpecialis : Laude ftudens ea tollere, mens mea vi&a fatifcit : O bona gloria ! vincor ; in omnia laus tua vicit. Sunt Syon atria conjubilantia, martyre plena, Cive micantia, Principe ftantia, luce ferena : Eft ibi pafcua, mitibus afflua, praeftita fan&is, Regis ibi thronus, agminis et fonus eft epulantis. Gens duce splendida, concio Candida veftibus albis Sunt fine fletibus in Syon aedibus, aedibus almis ; THE HEAVENLY LAND. j l No occupation there, no aspiration there, save but sweet singing, Telling of life preserved granted for grief deserved, gratitude bringing. City of lustre rare, none but the just are there, thou shalt not crumble ; Proud hearts are stupefied and, from the Crucified, learn to be humble. Naught I know, naught I know, what joys then ought to grow, what rays shine o'er thee, How deep thy pleasures are, how rare thy treasures are, in years before thee ! When I have tried thy praise, wonder denied my lays, foiled I desisted. O best of any light ! in thee does any sight fail un- assisted. There is the corridor where martyrs o'er and o'er sing, all together ; There is the shining host, Jesus enshrining most in the clear weather ; There is the pasture ground where all the meek are found, where saints are resting ; There is the royal throne, whither comes joy alone, joined with glad feasting ; There is a nation bright in congregation white, clad in pure raiment ; No lamentations there ! such habitations fair ask for no payment. I2 LAUS PATRIAE CCELESTIS. Sunt fine crimine, funt fine turbine, funt fine lite In Syon aedibus editioribus Ifraelitae. Urbs Syon inclyta, gloria debita glorificandis, Tu bona vifibus interioribus intima pandis : Intima lumina, mentis acumina te fpeculantur, Pectora flammea fpe modo, poftea forte lucrantur. Urbs Syon unica, manfio myftica, condita coelo, Nunc tibi gaudeo, nunc mihi lugeo — triftor, anhelo : Te quia corpore non queo, pecl:ore faepe pene»tro, Sed caro terrea, terraque carnea, mox cado retro. Nemo retexere, nemoque promere fuftinet ore, Quo tua moenia, quo capitalia plena decore ; Opprimit omne cor ille tuus decor, O Syon, O pax — Urbs fine tempore, nulla poteft fore laus tibi mendax ; THE HEAVENLY LAND. *3 Free from all wickedness, free from all wretchedness, free from contention, Safely in peace at home Israel shall cease to roam, cease from dissension. Sion, thou city blest, they whom thy pity blessed soon shall possess thee — Thou who bestowest good upon our lowest mood till we confess thee. With my mind's vision I scan thine Elysian sky, study thy story ; Hope now my burning thought comforts, but turns me not yet from thy glory. Sion, majestic place, mansion of mystic grace, heaven- built o'er me, Now I rejoice in thee, now does my voice in me fail — I long for thee ! Thee, though my flesh be weak, strive I afresh to seek by my heart's yearning ; But, through my earthiness and earth's unworthiness, faint in my learning : No one discloseth yet, no one exposeth yet, unto us mortals Where are thy walls of light, on which there falls no night, or where thy portals. Thou dost each soul oppress with thy fair holiness, Sion the peaceful ! City where time is not, praise through my rhyme is not aught but disgraceful. 4 H LAUS PATRIAE CCELESTIS. O fine luxibus, O fine lu&ibus, O fine lite, Splendida curia, florida patria, patria vitae! Urbs Syon inclyta, turris et edita littore tuto, Te peto, te colo, te flagro, te volo — canto, faluto ; Nee mentis peto, nam mentis meto morte perire, Nee reticens tego, quod mentis ego filius irae : Vita quidem mea, vita nimis rea, mortua vita, Quippe reatibus exitialibus obruta, trita. Spe tamen ambulo, praemia poftulo fpeque fideque, Ilia perennia poftulo praemia nocte dieque. Me Pater optimus atque piiflimus ille creavit ; In lue pertulit, ex lue fuftulit, a lue lavit. Gratia coelica fuftinet unica totius orbis, Parcere fordibus, interioribus unclio morbis > THE HEAVENLY LAND. jr O thou secure from sin, whom tears endure not in — thou without striving ; Land of the rarest grace, country of fairest face — ever surviving ! Sion renowned and vast, thy towers are found at last in safe location ; Search for thee, care for thee, love, hope and prayer for thee, is my vocation. Not through my good I crave, for nothing good I have, death is my merit ; Nor does my reticence court thy beneficence, wrath I inherit. Living indeed has been living indeed in sin — living yet dying : Guilty already held, pride now already quelled, no more defying — - Yet do I go in faith ; honors I know He saith crown my trust rightly ; Yes, I can seek them still, however weak in skill, daily and nightly. Me that divinest One, me that benignest One, God, has created ; In my sin bore with me, kept good in store for me, washed, renovated. Grace such as His, alone brings us to bliss unknown: earth's sole provision, Fitted to spare the cursed, salving with care the worst from Death's incision. 1 6 LAUS FATRIJE CCELESTIS. Diluit omnia coelica gratia, fons David undans Omnia diluit, omnibus affluit, omnia mundans : O pia gratia ! celfa palatia cernere praefta, Ut videam bona, feftaque confona, coelica fefta. O mea, fpes mea ! tu Syon aurea, clarior auro, Agmine fplendida, ftans duce, florida perpete lauro, O bona patria ! — num tua gaudia teque videbo ? O bona patria ! — num tua praemia plena tenebo ? Die mihi, rlagito, verbaque reddito, dicque, Videbis. Spem folidam gero ; remne tenens ero ? die, Retinebis. O facer, O pius, O ter et amplius ille beatus, Cui fua pars Deus ! — O mifer, O reus, hac viduatus ! Bernardus Cluniacensis. THE HEAVENLY LAND. J 7 Grace our guilt sweeps away, David's fount keeps alway freshly upspringing ; That stream which flows for all, that which arose for all, all pureness bringing. O thou abounding love, be thou redounding love! — show me thy dwelling, That I may see the blessed gathered with thee at rest — hear anthems swelling. O thou, my trust of old, Sion, whose dust of gold our gold outshineth, Where saints in long array, praise Christ with song alway — no flower declineth. Father-land best for me, shall / find rest in thee ? shall / behold thee ? Father-land best for me, shall / be blessed in thee ? shall grace enfold me ? Speak to me now I pray, answer and show the way, say " Thou shalt gain me." Then shall my trust be strong — but wilt thou tarry long ? O say " Attain me." Sacred and free from ill, blessings for thee fulfil, widening ever : God shall thy stay appear — Ah ! how shall they ap- pear who from Him sever ! Explicit. Dona nobis, Domine, Haecce amplioraque Filii e sanguine. — Amen ! "JUST AS I AM," Ille qui fum, et line fpe Nifi. in tuo fanguine Et in vocatu apud Te, O Dei Agne, venio ! Ille qui fum, nee commorans Ut purus fim, at obfecrana ; Ad Te qui nunc ftas condonans, O Dei Agne, venio ! Ille qui fum, in proeliis Jactatus, et in dubiis — Intra extraque femper lis, O Dei Agne, venio ! Ille qui fum, miferrimus, Caecus pauperque penitus (In Te procumbat animus), O Dei Agne, venio ! "JUST AS i am: 1 Ig Ilium qui fum recipies Et purum plane facies Quod Tibi fido indies, O Dei Agne, venio ! Ille qui fum ! — Amafti me Et clauftra fra£ta funt a Te : Nunc Tuus, Tuus unice, O Dei Agne, venio ! From the English of Charlotte Elliott.