il ■ LIBRARY OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY PRINCETON, N. J. Presented by Es+CN^e or Kev. Greorc^e Gr.Smi'i'n BR 145 .K96 1861 v.l ) Kurtz, J. H. 1809-1890. Text-book of church history / TEXT-BOOK OF CHURCH HISTORY. BY Dk. JOHN HENEY KUETZ, PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF DORPAT; AUTHOR OF '"A MAATIAL OF SACRED HISTORY," " THE BIBLE AND ASTRONOMY," ETC. ETC. VOL. I. TO THE REFORMATION. PHILADELPHIA : LINDSAY & BLAKISTON 1861. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S60, by LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. STEREOTYPED BY J. F.\GAN PRINTED BY C. SHERMAN & SON. EDITOR'S PREFACE The author of the following work was born Dec. 13, 1809, at Montjoie, in the district of Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia. In early life he contemplated becoming a merchant ; but as the desire to study theology soon became predominant, he entered (1839), after a five years' course at the Gymnasia of Dortmund and Soest, the University of Halle. Ullmann and Tholuck were then lecturing there, and the latter especially exerted a decidedly favourable influence upon our author's theological training. He subsequently completed his studies at Bonn, and then went as a private teacher to Courland. He would soon, however, have returned to his native country, but for an appointment in 1835 as chief teacher of Religion in the Gymnasium at Mitau. Whilst occupying this post, he produced several works which laid the basis for his present reputation : " The Mosaic Sacrifice," Mitau 1842; " The Bible and Astronomy," Mitau 1842— 3d ed. Berlin 1853 (transl. by T. D. Simonton, and publ. by Lindsay & Blakis- ton, Philadelphia, 1857); "Suggestions in vindication and proof of the Unity of the Pentateuch," Konigsb. 1844 ; " The Unity of Genesis," Berlin 1846 ; " Symbolical Signification of the Tabernacle," Leipsic 1851 ; " Text-book of Church History," Mitau 1849, 3d ed. Mitau 1853, 4th ed. Mitau and Leipsic 1860; "Manual of Sacred History," Konigsb. 1843, 6th ed. 1853 (iii) iv editor'spreface, (transl. by Chas. W. Schaeffer, D. D., publ. by Lindsay & Bla- kiston, Philad. 1856); "Biblical History illustrated," Berlin 1847, 3d. ed. 1853; and "Manual of Church History," Mitau 1852, 2d ed. 1853. His literary labours soon gained for him flattering atten- tion ; the honorary degree of Doctor of Theology was con- ferred upon him, and in 1850 he was called to the chair of Church History in the evangelical University of Dorpat, Livonia (founded in 1632 and revived in 1802), which he continues to occupy. He has also been appointed to the honorable post of Counsellor of State to the Emperor. The present edition of the " Text-book of Church History" is, to a large extent, a reprint of the Edinburg translation. But as that translation, avowedly, tampered with the original work, care has been taken, in this edition, to make the rendering con- form strictly to the author's sense. This proved to be a more serious task than was anticipated, in some cases requiring an entire reconstruction of the plan of the work, and in others the translation of whole pages of matter omitted in the Edinburg Issue. The number of pages thus added amount to about fifty, including pp. 311-82, 381-99, and the whole of the section treating upon Hus. The verbal alterations necessary are too many to be enumerated, although in making these no mere pri- vate taste was indulged. Wherever the translation fairly con- veyed the author's sense, it was allowed to stand ; and it is due to the Edinburg edition to say, that this was very largely the case. It is probable that no book, original or translated, was ever issued, in which the author, or editor, did not see room for improvement. But the verbal changes made in the present in- stance, were required in justice to the theological stand-point of Dr. Kurtz. Mr. Erdesheim (the translator of the Edinburg edi- tion), by omitting a qualifying word, or substituting one of a different import, has kept Dr. Kurtz from saying, in many in- EDITOR S PREFACE. V stances, what lie desired to say, or has made him utter something which he would be unwilling to endorse. This is especially true of statements relating to Predestinarianism, the Sacraments, and the Church. As an illustration of the injustice thus done to the author, the reader is referred to § 119, 6, (2), where, in reference to John Buchrath of Wesel, Dr. K. says : " In opposition to transubstantiation he advocated the doctrine i of impanation." The Edinburg translation has it : " His views were certainly not Romish." Indeed it became very evident, upon comparing the Edinburg issue with the original, that the alterations were de- signedly made, for the purpose of adapting a Lutheran work to a Puritan market. This is not only doing great injustice to the author, but to the Church at large. One of the best apologies for denomination- alism is, that it is overruled for the more manifold development of the excellencies of Christianity. And this benefit, so far as it may hold in fact, must exhibit itself no less in the literary than other' labours of Christians of different confessions. Why then should not a Puritan or Presbyterian be allowed to speak or write as a Presbyterian, an Episcopalian as an Episcopalian, a Reformed as a Reformed, and a Lutheran as a Lutheran ? The truth is not all on one side. And no one mind, imbued with true moral earnestness, is capable at once of appreciating and presenting fairly, the various sides of truth. Instead, there- fore, of distorting a work like the present, by forcing it into the pattern of a foreign mould, it should be permitted to set forth facts in its own way. Doubtless Dr. Kurtz is fallible, and will find many to dissent from some of his statements. But he is a responsible man, and ready, it is to be presumed, to make cor- rections whenever convicted of errors. We say this the more unreservedly for not being of the same Church with the respected author. The merits of this work which the reader will please notice is 1* VI EDITORSPREFACE. the author's Text-hook, not his Manual (the latter being a much larger work) of Church History, are so obvious, that they need not be pointed out in detail. It combines lucid conciseness with full comprehensiveness to a rare degree. And although it can- not, of course, supply the place of larger works on the subject, already issued, or in course of publication, it will tend to satisfy a great want in this department of literature. It is proper to add, that whilst the Edinburg translation was made from the third edition of the original work, the edition now offered to the public contains all the improvements of the fourth edition of the original, which was published within the last three mouths. J. H. A. BOMBERGER. Philadelphia, July 16, 1860. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. § 1. Idea of Church History Page 25 §2. Division of Church History , 26 1. Different Tendencies apparent in Church History. 2. The Several Branches of Church History, 3. Principal Phases in the Historical Development of the Church. I 3. Sources and Auxiliaries of Church History. 32 § 4. History of Church History 33 THE PREPARATORY HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH ; OR, THE WORLD BEFORE THE COMING OF CHRIST IN ITS RELATION TO THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. § 5. Survey of the History of the World 42 §6. Primeval Preparation of Salvation 42 § 7. Different Purposes which Judaism and Heathenism were intended to serve 43 § 8. Heathenism 45 1. Religious Life among the Heathen. 2. Moral Condition of the Heathen. 3. Intellectu.al_jCulture of the Heathen. 4. Greek Philosophy. 5. Social Condition. § 9. Judaism 51 1. Judaism under Special Divine Discipline. 2. Judaism after the Retirement of the Spirit of Prophecy. § 10. The Samaritans 53 (7) 8 CONTENTS. § 11. Communications between Judaism and Heathenism 54 1. Influence of Heathenism on Judaism; 2. of Judaism on Heathenism. ^ 12. The Fulness of Time 56 HISTORY OF THE PRIMITIVE CHURCH. FOUNDATION OF THE CHURCH BY CHRIST; ITS CONSTITUTION IN THE APOSTOLIC AGE. (First Century.) g 13. Characteristics of this Pi-imitive History 57 I. THE LIFE OF JESUS. ^ 14. Jesus Christ the Saviour of the World 59 II. THE APOSTOLIC AGE. § 15. Feast of Pentecost — Activity of the Apostles before the calling of Paul 61 ^16. Labours of the Apostle Paul 62 § 17. Labours of the other Apostles 64 1. Peter's Bishopric at Rome. 2. Two or Three James's ? 3. John's Exile. § 18. Constitution, Life, Discipline, and Worship of the Church 66 1. The Cbarismata. 2. Bishops and Presbyters. 3. Other Church Offices. 4. Life and Disciphne. 5. Worship. §19. Apostolic Opposition to Sectarians and Heretics ■. 71 1. The Convention of the Apostles. 2. The Basis of Apostolic Teaching;. FIRST SECTION. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHURCH IN ITS ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL FORM. § 20. Character ajid Boundaries of this Phase of Development 79 FIRST PERIOD OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY UNDER THE ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL FORM OF CULTURE (100-323). I. RELATIONS BETWEEN TUE CHURCH, THE SYNAGOGUE, AND HEATHENISM. §21. Hostilities and Persecutions of the Jews 82 § 22. Attempts at Restoration and Reaction on the part of the Syna- gogue and the Samaritans 83 1. Dositheus. 2. Simon Magus. 3. Menander. CONTENTS. 9 23. Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 84 1. To the Time of Trajan. 2. To the Time of Marcus Aurelius. 3. To the Time of Septimius Severus. 4. To the Time of Decius. 5. To the Time of Diocletian. 6. Diocletian. 7. Constantine. 24. Positive Reaction on the part of Heathenism < 92 1. Apollonius of Tyana. 2. Neo-Platonism. 3. Lucian. 4. Celsus, Pyrphyry, Hierocles. Spread of Christianity 94 or. II. DANGERS ACCRUING FROM A LEAVEN OP JUDAISM AND HEATHENISM REMAINING IN THE CHURCH. §26. Survey 95 Gnosticism. § 27. Ebionism and Ebionite Gnosis 97 1. The Nazarenes. 2. The Ebionites. 3. The Elkesaites. 4. The Pseudo-Clementine System. § 28.. Gentile Gnosticism 101 1, Cerinth. 2. The Gnosticism of Basilides. 3. The Gnos- ticism of Valentine. 4. The Gnosticism of the Ophites. 5. The Gnosticism of Carpocrates. 6, The Antitactes. 7. Saturninus. 8. Tatian. 9. Bardisanes. 10. Marcion. 11. Hermogenes. § 29. Manichseism 108 1. Person and History of the Founder. 2. The System and Sect. in. DEVELOPMENT IN THE GOVERNMENT, WORSHIP, LIFE, AND DISCIPLINE OP THE CHURCH. § 30. Internal Organization of the Church Ill 1, Ordines Majores et Minores. 2. Synods. 3. Unity and Catholicity of the Church. 4. The Pripxacy of Rome. §31. Celebration of Public Worship 116 Disputes about the Observance of Easter. §32. The Administi-ation of Baptism 118 1. Catechumens. 2. Discussion about the Baptism of Heretics. 3. The Dogma concerning Baptism. § 33. The Administration of the Lord's Supper 121 1. The Sacramental Liturgy. 2. The " Disciplina Arcani." 3. The Dogma of the Lord's Supper. 4. The Sacrificial Theory. § 34. Reading, Sermon, Prayer, and Praise 123 1. The Doctrine of Inspiration. 2. The New Testament Canon. 3. Translations of the Bible. 4. Hymnology. 10 CONTENTS. § 35. Places of Public Worship and Influence of Art..., 126 §36. Life, Manners, and Discipline 127 1. The Christian Life. 2. Ecclesiastical Discipline. 3. As- ceticism. 4. Beginning of the Worship of Martyrs, §37. The Montanistic Reformation 131 1. Phrygian Montanism. 2. Montauism in the West. 3. Doc- trine and Practice. § 38. Ecclesiastical Schisms 133 1. The Schism of Hippolytus at Rome. 2. Of Feliclssimus at Carthage. 3. Of Novatian at Rome. 4. Of Meletius in Egyppt. IV. TEACUING AND LITERATURE OF THE CUURCH. § 39. Theological Schools and their Representatives 135 1. The Apostolic Fathers. 2. The Apologetical Writers of the Second Century. 3. The School of Asia Minor. 4. The School of Alexandria. 5. The School of North Africa. 6. The School of Antioch. 7. Apocryphal and Pseudo- Epigraphic Works. § 40. Development of Doctrine and Dogmatic Controversies 141 1. The Trinitarian Question. 2. TheDynamisticMonarchians. 3. Praxeas and Tertullian. 4. Noetus, Callistus, and Hip- polytus. 5. Beryllus and Origen. 6. Sabellius and the Two Dyonisii. 7. Paul of Samosata. 8. The Millennarian Controversy. § 41. Theological Literature 147 1, Apologetics. 2. Polemics. 3. Dogmatics. 4. Criticism and Exegesis. 4. Historical Literature. 6. Practical Theology. SECOND PERIOD OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY UNDER THE ANCIENT CLASSICAL FORM (323-692). I. STATE AND CHURCH. §42. Fall of Heathenism in the Roman Empire 151 1. Constantine the Great and his Sons. 2. Julian the Apos- tate. 3. Final Destruction of Heathenism. 4. Resistance and Apologies of the Heathen. § 43. The Christian State and the State Church 155 1. The Emperors. 2. General Synods. 3. Ecclesiastical Law. CONTENTS. 11 II. MONASTICISM, THE CLERGY, AND IIIERARCnY. 2 44. Monasticism 158 1. St. Aiitonius. 2. Nunneries. 3. Monasticism in'the East. 4. The Acoimetes and Stylites. 5. Sectarian and Hereti- cal Monasticism. § 45. The Clergy 162 1. Training of the Clergy. 2. Canonical Age. 3. Ordination. 4. Injunction of Celibacy. 5. Ecclesiastical Functionaries. 2 46. The Patriarchal Office and the Primacy 165 1. The Rivalry between Rome and Byzantium. 2. Pretensions of Rome to the Primacy. III. THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND ITS REPRESENTATIVES. § 47. Theological Schools and Tendencies 170 1. The School of Antioch. 2. Of Edessa. 3. Of Alexandria. 4. New Alexandrian School. 5. Theology of the West during the Fourth and Fifth Centuries. 6. The Theology of the Sixth and Seventh Centuries. § 48. Theological Literature 181 1. Exegetical Theology. 2. Historical Theology. 3. Apolo- getics. 4. Polemics. 5. Dogmatics. 6. Ethics and As- ceticism. 7. Practical Theology. 8. Christian Poetry. IV. DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES AND HERESIES. § 49. General Development of Doctrine 186 § 50. The Trinitarian Controversy (318-381) 187 1. First Victory of Homoousian Principles (318-325). 2. As- cendancy of Homoiousianism (326-356). 3. Homoiism (357-361). 4. Final Ascendancy of the Nicene Creed (361-381). 5. The Pneumatomachoi. 6. Literature of the Controversy. 7. Later Development of Nicene Views. § 51. Origenistic Controversies (394-438) 194 1. The Monks of the Scetian and Nitrian Desert. 2. Contro- versy in Palestine and Italy (394-399). 3. Controversy in Alexandria and Constantinople (399-438). § 52. Discussions about the Person of Christ (428-680) 197 1. The Apollinaristic Controversy (362-381). 2. Antagonism between the Different Theological Schools (381-428). 3. The Nestorian Controversy (428-444). 4. The Monophy- site Controversy — (A.) Eutychianism (444-451). 5. (B.) Imperial Attempts to bring about a Union (451-519). 6. (C.) The Decrees of Justinian I. (527-553). 7. (D.) The Monophysite Churches. 8. The Monothelete Controversy (633-680). 12 CONTENTS. § 53. Controversies connected with the Doctrine of Redemption (412- 529) 207 1. Preliminary History. 2. Doctrinal Views of Augustine. 3. Pelagius and his System. 4. The Pelagian Controversy (412-431). 5. The Semi-Pelagian Controversy (427-529). § 54. Old and New Sects 214 1. Manichteism. 2. Priscillianism. V. WORSHIP, LIFE, DISCIPLINK, AND MANNERS. § 55. Worship in general 216 § 56. Times of Public Worship and Festivals 217 1. The Weekly Cycle. 2. Horse and Quatember. 3. The Cal- culation of Easter. 4. The Easter Cycle of Festivals. 5. The Christmas Cycle of Festivals. 6. Festival of the Trans- figuration, 7. The Ecclesiastical Year. g 57. The Worship of Saints, of Relics, and of Images 221 1. Saints' Days. 2. The Worship of Mary. 3. The Worship of Angels. 4. The Worship of Images. 5. The Worship of Relics. 6. Pilgrimages. § 58. Administration of the Sacraments 226 1. Administration of Baptism. 2. Doctrine of the Lord's Sup- per. 3. Sacrifice of the Mass. 4. The Dispensation of the Supper. § 59. Administration of Public Worship 230 1. Use of the Scriptures. 2. Hymnology. 3. Psalmody and Hymnody. 4. The Liturgy. 5. Symbolical Rites. § 60. Places of Worship and Works of Art 236 1. Basilicas, &c. 2. Side Buildings. 3. Ecclesiastical Furni- ture. 4. The Fine Arts. §61. Life, Discipline, and Manners 239 1. Ecclesiastical Discipline. 2. Christian Marriage. 8. Sick- ness, Death, and Burial. g 62. Heretical Reformers 242 § 63. Schisms 243 1. Schisms in consequence of the Arian Controversy. 2. The Donatist Schism. 3. The Concilium Quinisextum. ■VI. THE CHURCH BEYOND THE BOUNDARIES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. g 64. Christian Missions in the East 247 1. The Abyssinian Church. 2. The Persian Church. 3. The Armenian Church. 4. The Iberians, Lazians, and Abas- gians ; the East Indies and Arabia. CONTENTS. 13 65. The Mohammedan Counter-Missions 250 1. Fundamental Idea of Islamism. 2. Service performed by Mohammedanism in Providence. THIRD PERIOD OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY IN ITS ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL FORM. (692-1453.) I. MOVEMENTS IN THE EASTERN CHURCH, IN CONJUNCTION WITH SIMILAR DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WESTERN CHURCH. §66. Iconoclastic Controversy in the East (726-842) 253 1. Leo th.e_I^saurian. 2. Constantinus .Copronymus. 3. Ii^e. 4. Theodora. § 67. Schism between the Greek and the Roman Church, and Attempts . a.tJJnion (857-1453) 256 1. Comniencement of the Sy^iism (807). 2. Leo the Philoso- pher and Basilius II. 3. Completion of the Schism in 1054. 4. Attempts at Re-union. 5. Andronicus III. and Johannes V. Paloeologus. 6. Johannes VII. PalEeologus. II. INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE EASTERN CHURCH. 68. Theological Science and its Representatives 261 1. Revival of Classical Studies. 2. Aristotle and Plato. 3 Scholasticism and ISIysticism. 4. Theological Sciences 5. Distinguished Theologians. 69. Dogmatic Controversies (the Hesychastic Controversy) 266 70. Gkvvernment, Worship, and iSInnners ■ 268 1. The Arsenian Schism. 2. Public Worship. 3. Monasticism. 4. Reformatory Efforts. 71. Gnostic and Manichcean Heretics 270 1. The Paulicians. 2. The Children of the Sun. ' 3. The Eu- chitcs and Bogomiles. 72. The Orthodox Slavonic-Greek Churches 274 1. Greece. 2. The Chazars. 3. The Bulgarians. 4. The Russians. ; 73. The HereticaKlhurches of the East 277 1. The Nes^rians. 2. The Monoghy sites. 3. The Maronites. 2 '^ 14 CONTENTS. SECOND SECTION. HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN ITS MEDIEVAL AND GERMANIC FORM OF DEVELOPMENT. § 74. Character and Extent of this Phase of Development 284 1, Its Character. 2. Its Periods. FIRST PERIOD OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY IN ITS ME||LJ]VAL AND GERMANIC FORM OF DEVECDfM'El^Tr (Cent. 4-9.) — I. ESTABLISHMENT, SPREAD, AND LIMITATIONS OF THE GERMAN CHURCH. -"~ § 75. Christianity and the Germans 287 1. Predisposition. 2. Profession of Christianity. 3. Mode of Conversion. § 76. Victory of Catholicism over Arianism 290 1. The Goths in the Countries along the Danube. 2. The Visi- goths. 3. The Vandals. 4. The Suevi. 5. The Burgun- dians. 6. The Rugians and St. Severinus. 7. The Ostro- goths. 8. The Langobards. 9. The Franks. § 77. Victory of the Romish over the British Confession 296 1. British Confession. 2. Ireland. 3. The Picts and Scots. 4. Roqii^l^ j^ission among the Anglo-Saxons. 5. British Mission among the Anglo-Saxons. 6. Victory of the Ro- mish over the British Confession. § 78. Conversion of Germany , 302 1. South-Western Germany. 2. South-eastern Germany. 3. North -Western Germany. 4. St. Boniface. 6. The Saxons. § 79. The Slavonians within the Boundaries of Germany 311 1. The Moravian Church. 2. Introduction of Christianity into Bohemia. § 80. The Scandinavian Nations 313 3 81. Christianity and Islamism j 316 CONTENTS. 15 n. INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OP THE GERMANIC CHURCH. § 82. The Papacy and the Carolingians 318 i. Origin of the ^tatfis^CUie^Church. 2. The Crf^rolingian Dynasty. 3. The Papacy till the Time of Nicholas I. 4. Nicholas I. and Hadrian II. 5. John VIII. and his Suc- cessors. § 83, The Papacy and the Metropolitan_ Office 326 §84. State of the Clergy 329 1. The Higher Clergy. 2. The Inferior Clergy, 3. Injunction of Celibacy. 4. The Canonical Life. §85. Monasticism 333 1, Benedict of Nursia. 1. Benedict of Aniane. 3. Nunneries. 4. Large Monasteries. 2. Sty UteSj Recluses, and An- chorites. § 86. Ecclesiastical Property 337 Benefices and Secularization. §87. Ecclesiastical Legislation 339 1. Collections of Ecclesiastical Law. 2. The Forged Decretals of Isidore. g 88. State of Intelligence, Ecclesiastical Usages, and Discipline 342 1. Religious Education of the People. 2. Popular Christian Poetry. 3. Social State. 4. Administration of Justice. 5. Ecclesiastical Discipline and Penances. §89. Public Worship and the Fine Arts 348 1. Liturgy and Preaching. 2. Church Music. 3. The Sacri- fice of the Mass. 4. The Worship of Saints, Relics, Im- ages.and Angels ; Pilgrimages. 5. Ecclesiastical Seasons and Places. 6. The Fine Arts. § 90. State of Science and of Theological Literature 353 1. Monastic and Cathedral Schools. 2. Celebrated Theologians before the Time of the Carolingians. 3. During the Reign of Charlemagne. 4. Under the Reign of Louis the Pious. 5. During the Reign of Charles the Bald. 6. Theological Sciences: Exegesis. 7. Systematic Theology. 8. Prac- tical Theology. 9. Church History. § 91. Development of Doctrine and Dogmatic Controversies 361 1. The Adoptionist Controversy. 2. Controversy about the Procession of the Holy Spirit. 3. Controversies of Pas- chasius Radbertus. 4. Controversy about Predestination. § 92. Reformatory Movements , 367 1. Opposition of the Carolingians to Image Worship. 2. Ago- bard of Lyons and Claudius of Turin. 16 CONTENTS. SECOND PERIOD OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY IN ITS MEDIEVAL AND GERMANIC FORM OF DEVELOPMENT. (Cent. 10-13.) - I. SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY. g 93. Missionary Operations during that Period 370 1. The Scandinavian Mission. 2. The Slavonian Magyar Mis- sions. 3. Missions among the Fins and Letonians. 4. Missions among the INIongols. 5. Missions in Mohamme- dan Countries. §94. The Crusades > 382 g 95. Islamism and the Jews in Europe 386 1. Islamism in Sicily. 2. Islamism in Spain. 3. The Jews in Europe. II. HIERARCHY, THE CLERGY, AND MONASTICISM. § 96. The Papacy and the Holy Roman German Empire 389 ' 1. The Papacy to the Death of Sylvester II. (904-1003). 2. To the Synod of Sutri. 3. To Gregory VIL (1046-1073). 4. Gregory VII. 5. To the Settlement of the Dispute about Investiture. 6. To Innocent IIL (1123-1198). 7. Innocent IIL (1198-1216). 8. To Boniface VIIL (1216- 1294). § 97. The Clergy 407 1. Political Influence. 2. The Pataria. § 98. The Religious Orders 410 1. The Order of Clugny and that of Camaldoli. 2. The Cister- cians. 3. New Orders. 4. The Mendicant Orders. 5. The Beguins and Beghards. 6. The Knightly Orders. § 99. Ecclesiastical Jurisprudence 419 III. THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND CONTROVERSIES. I 100. General View of Scholasticism 420 1. Nurseries of Scholasticism. 2. ^Metaphysical Basis. 3. Ob- ject and Method of Scholastic Theology. §101. The Seculum Obscurum (Tenth Century) 424 g 102. Division among the Dialecticians (Eleventh Century) 426 1. Authors. 2. Eucharistic Controversy. 2. Controversies of Anselm. CONTENTS. 17 § 103. Separation and Re-union of Dialectics and Mysticism 430 1. The Conflict. 2. Reconciliation. 3. Renewed Controversies. § 104. Highest Stage of Scholasticism (Thirteenth Century)....^ 435 1. Celebrated Scholastics. 2. Ilaimundus Lullus. 3. Biblical and Practical Opposition. 4. A German Mystic. 5. His- torians. IV. THE CHURCH AND THE PEOPLE. § 105. Public Worship and the Fine Arts 439 1. The Sacraments. 2. New Festivals. 3. Worship of Images, Relics, and Saints. 4. Hymnology. 5. Ecclesiastical Music. 6. Ecclesiastical Architecture. 7. The Plastic Art and Painting. § IOC. Popular Life and National Literature ." 445 1. Popular Life. 2. Popular Culture. 3. National Literature. § 107. Ecclesiastical Discipline and Indulgences 450 V.' OPPOSITION TO THE PREVAILING SYSTEM OF ECCLESIASTICISM. ^ 108. Active Opposition to Prevailing Ecclesiasticism 451 1. The Cathari. 2. Sect of the Holy Spirit. 3. Revolutionary •. . Reformers. 4. Prophetic and Apocalyptic Opposition. 5. The Waldenses. § 109. Reaction in the Church 461 1. Crusade against the Albigenses. 2. The Inquisition. THIRD PERIOD OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY IN ITS MEDIEVAL AND GERMANIC FORM OF DEVELOPMENT. (Cent. 14 and 15.) I. THE HIERARCHY, THE CLERGY, AND MONASTICISM. § 110. The Papacy 463 , 1. Boniface VIII. (1294-1303). 2. The Papacy in its Baby- lonish Exile (1309-1377). 3. The Papal Schism and the Reforming Councils (1378-1443). 4. The Last Popes be- fore the Reformation (1443-1517). § 111. The Clergy 471 2 112. The Monastic Orders 472 1. The Benedictines and Olivetans. 2. The Dominicans. 3. New Orders. 4. Hermits. 5. The Brethren of the Com- mon Life. 2* B 18 CONTENTS. II. THE CHUECH AND THE PEOPLE. I 113. Public Worship and the Fine Arts 478 1. New Festivals in Honour of the Virgin. 2. Preaching. 3. Catechization. 4. Hymnology. 5. Church Music. 6. Architecture, the Plastic Art, and Painting. § 114. Popular Life and National Literature 482 1. Religious Associations. 2. The Friends of God. 3. The Brothers and Sisters of the Free Spirit. 4. National Literature. § 115. Ecclesiastical Discipline 487 1. The Inquisition. 2. Procedure against Witches. III. THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE. §116. Scholasticism and its Opponents 490 § 117. German Mysticism 492 IV. REFORMATORY MOVEMENTS. I 118. The Reformation in Head and Members 495 1. French Reformers. 2. German Reformers. 3. An Italian Reformer. § 119. Attempts at Evangsliiyil Reformation 499 1. W;^ifFe and the Wycliffites. 2. Bohemian Reformers before Hns. 3. Hus and Jerome of Prague. 4. The Husites. 5. The Bohemian and Moraviaji_^rethren. 6. Netherland Reformers. 7. An 1^,1; an Reformer. 5 120. The so-called Revival of Learning 510 1. The Italian Humanists. 2. The German Humanists. 3. Erasmus. 4. Humanism in Engird. Scotland, France, and Spain. 5. The Study of the^Scriptures. INTEODUCTION HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. §1. IDEA OF CHURCH HISTORY. The Christian Church is that Divine institution for the sal- vation of man, which Jesus Christ has founded on earth. Its aim is to have the salvation wrought out by Christ communicated to, and freely appropriated by, every nation and every individual. Outwardly, the Church manifests itself in the religious fellowship of those who, having become partakers of this salvation, co- operate in their own places, and according to the measure of their gifts and calling, towards the extension and development of the kingdom of God. Christ the God-man, who is exalted to the right hand of power, is the sole Head of the Church ; the Holy Spirit, who is sent by Christ in order to guide the Church to its goal and perfection, is its Divine Teacher; — the Word and the Sacraments are the ordinary means through which the Holy Spirit works in and by it. As the Church has originated in time, and has passed through a certain development, it has also a History. But its course is not one of continual progress. For, side by side with the holy government of its Divine Head, and the sanctifying influences of the Paraclete, we also descry in its administration a merely human agency. From the sinful- ness of our nature, this agency may prove unholy and perverse, and thus resist, instead of co-operating ; obstruct, instead of advancing ; disturb the progress by introducing impure elements, instead of preserving it in, or restoring it to, its purity. But even amidst all this error and perverseness attaching to human agency, the guidance and care of Christ and of His Spirit have 3 (25) 26 INTRODUCTION. manifested themselves in this, that Divine truth has not been suifercd to perish in human error, Divine power through human ^vealJness and rebelliousness, or the Divine salvation by man's iniquity. Nay, amid all hindrances, the Divine has developed and progressed ; and even these temporary obstructions have been made subservient for preparing, procuring, and manifesting in the Church the complete triumph of Divine power and truth. From these remarks, it will be gathered that it is the task of Church History not only to exhibit proper developments in the Church, but also all obstructions and aberrations, — at least so long as they have remained in some relation to the Church. §2. DIVISION OF CHURCH HISTORY. The many and extensive ramifications of Church History ren- der it necessary to arrange its subject-matter, both as to length, — i. e., into definite ^oeriods, during each of which some tendency, hitherto influential in the general development, reached its ter- mination, and in turn gave place to new influences which com- menced to affect the development, or to give it a new direction ; — and as to breacUh, — i. e., with reference to the various ele- ments of tendency and development, which made their appear- ance at any one stage. In the latter respect two points claim our attention : 1. The arrangement according to national churches, so far as these have followed an independent and distinctive direction ; or according to particular churches, which may partly have owed their origin to some division in the Church universal, occasioned by marked differences, in doctrine, worship, or con- stitution.— 2. The arrangement according to the grand., object towards which every movement recorded in ecclesiastical history tends. This common manifestation of ecclesiastical life, wliich appears in all national and particular churches, has, however, assumed in different churches a peculiar and distinctive shape. The idea of history, and especially that of a universal history of the Church, imjilies that it must mainly be arranged according to periods. But the question as to which of tire other two classifications is to be prominently brought forward, depends partly on the course of history itself, and partly on the plan on which it has been constructed. In general, the arrangement according to national churches must remain subordinate, at least so long as their union and co-operation has not been interrupted, TENDENCIES IN CHURCH HISTORY. 27 either by following entirely different tendencies, or through a sundei'ing of them into particular churches. 1. Different Tendencies apparent in Church History. — The Christian Church is intended to embrace all nations and tongues. Hence, it must al^vays he its aim to enlarge its domain by the conversion uf non- Christian nations and individuals. The History of the Extension AND Limitation of Chkistianitt, which exhibits either the progress or the various obstructions put in its vray, must therefore form an essential part of Church History. Again, though the Church is under the invisible guidance and the unseen care of the Holy Spirit, as a visi- ble and terrestrial institution, it requires, for its continuance and pros- perity, a secure outward position, and a stable and consistent internal arrangement, constitution, and order. Hence, Church History has also to chronicle the history of Ecclesiastical Constitution, both in refer- ence to the outward position of the Church towards the State, and to its internal organization, government, discipline, and legislation. The history of those ecclesiastical divisions (schisms) which had their origin only in different views about church government, and especially about the administration of discipline, belongs to this branch of the subject. • — Of still greater importance for the prosperous progress of the Church, is the development and the establishment of doctrine. The Holy Scrip- tures are, indeed, the sole source and rule of faith, and a suflScient directory in all that concerns the knowledge of salvation. But the words of Scripture are spirit and life, living seed-corn of knowledge, which, under the superintendence of the Spirit, who sowed it, must unfold into a glorious harvest ; that so the fulness of truth which they contain may be increasingly understood, and become' adapted to all stages and forms of culture — to faith, science, and life. It is, there- fore, also the task of Church Histoi'y to follow the Developjient of Ecclesiastical Doctrine and Science, in all the ways and by-ways (heresies) over which it has passed. — The Church also requires public Avorship, as the necessary expression of the feelings and aspirations of the faithful towards their Lord and God, and as a means for edifica- tion, instruction, and strength to the congregation. In the Word and the sacraments, the Church indeed received from its Lord the immov- able ground-work of all worship ; still, it had to seek out and to adopt the most suitable and effective form, under which these Divine powers and gifts might be perfected and applied. Hence the History of Worship must also foiun an essential element in Church History. — Lastly, the Church had to introduce the leaven of that new life, of which it is the depositary, into practical life, and into the manners and customs of the people. This, then, implies another element in Chuifh History, — that of Christian life among the people. — It is impossible to determine the historical succession of these varied manifestations of the life of the Church, according to abstract and logical principles, 28 INTRODUCTION. or to arrange them in the same manner at all periods. It will there- fore be necessary, in each case, to adopt a division Avhich at every period ^A*ill first present those elements which appeared most promi- nently, and exercised a decisive influence upon all the others. 2. The several Branches of Church History.— The above branches of Church History are severally of such importance, that they have fre- quently been treated as independent sciences. This method renders it possible to enter into fuller details, and, what is even more important, to treat each science according to its own peculiar principles, and in the most satisfactory manner. — The history of the spread, of, or of the obstructions to Christianity, is then viewed as the History of Missions. That of ecclesiastical government [ecdesiastica poUtia), of worship and of Christian manners, is called Ecclesiastical Archceology — a name inaptly chosmi, since it confines the range of inquiries to ancient times, and 'groups together heterogeneous elements. Let us hope that writers on this subject will in future separate these difi"erent elements, and follow the development of each to the present time, treating of them as of the history of Ecclesiastical Constitution, of Christian Worship, and of Christian Culture. The history of the development of doctrines may be arranged into — a) the History of Dogmas, in which the genetic development of the doctrines of the Church is traced ; h) Symbolics, in which the established doctrinal views of the Church universal, and of individual churches, as laid down in their confessions (or symbols), are presented in a systematic manner (in " Comparative Symbolics," these confessions are critically examined, and placed side by side with each other) ; c) Pa^r?s^i"c5, which treats of the subjective development of doctrine, as it appears in the teachings of the most eminent eccle- siastical authorities (the Fathers — limiting that expression chiefly to the first six or eight centuries of the Church) ; lastly, d) the History of Theology generally, or of individual branches of theological science, which details the scientific treatment of theology, or of its individual branches, in their historical course of progress. The History of Theo- logical Literature exhibits and criticises the literary activity of the Church generally; Patrology, that of the Fathers. Lastly, the science of Ecclesiastical Statistics presents a general view of the results of universal Church History during a definite period, and describes the state of the Church in all its relations, as it appeared at every period of its history, furnishing, " as it were, a cross-section of history." Literature. 1. History of Missions : Blumhai-dt, aUgememe M'ls- sionsgeschichte (Universal History of Missions). 3 vols. Basle 1828. — • W. Brown, Hist, of the Propagation of Christ, among the Heathen since the Reform. 3d F>d. 1854. — For Protest. Missions, comp. also J. Wi'ggers, Gesch. d. Evang. Mission, 1845; for Rom. Cath. Miss, the work of Henrion, translat. into German by Wittmann. Schafi"h. 1817. 3 vols. 2. History of the Papacy : Bower, Hist, of the Popes. London, LITERATURE. 29 1749 ; transl. into German, and contin. by Rambach. 10 vols. Magd. and Lcipz. 1751. — Chr. W. Fr. Walcli, Entw. einer vollst. Gesch. d. Papstth. (Sketch of a complete history of the Papacy). Gott. 175G ; SpiUler, Gesch. d. Papstth. ; C. J. Weber, Papstth. u. Papstc. Stuttg. 183G : Artaud de Montor, Hist, des Papes. Augsb. 1848. 3. History of Monastic Orders : H. Hehjot, Gesch. aller Kloster u. Ritterorden. Aus d. Franz. (History of all Monastic and Knight Or- ders). Leipz. 1753. 8 vols. — [Miisson), pragm. Gesch. d. vornehmsten MiJnchsorden, ini Ausz. von Crome (pragm. Hist, of the Principal Monastic Orders, condensed by Crome). Leipz. 1774. 10 vols. — J. Fuhr, Gesch. d. Monchsorden. Nach d. Franz, des Baron Henrion (Par. 1835), (Hist, of the Monastic Orders, after the French of Baron Henrion). Tubing. 1845. 2 vols. 4. History of Councils : E. Riclicrii, hist, concill. gener. LI. IV. Paris 1680. 3 Voll. 4. — C. /. Hefele, Conciliengcsch. nach d. Quellen (Hist, of Councils, from the original sources). Vols. I. II. Freib. 1855 (meant to extend over 5 vols.). — Chr. W. F. Walch, Entvr. eincr vollst. Gesch. d. Kirchenversammll. (Sketch of a Complete History of Eccle- siastical Councils). Leipz. 1759. 5. Ecclesiastical La^v: /. W. Bickell, Gesch. d. K.-ll. (Hist, of Eccles. Law, continued by Eostell), fortgesetzt v. /. W. Eodell. 2 vols, (incomplete). Giessen 1843. 49.— i^erJ. Walter (Rom. Cath.), Lehr- buch d. K.-R. aller christl. Confessionen (Manual of the Eccles. Law of all Christ. Churches). 11th ed. Bonn. 1854.— G. Pliilipps, K.-R. (Eccl. Law). 5 vols. Regensb. 1845. — Eichhorn, Grunds. d. K.-R. (Principles of Eccl. Law). Gcittg. 1831. 2 vols. — A. L. Bidder, Lehrb. d. K.-R. (Manual of Eccl. Law). 4th ed. Leipz. 1853. 6. Archeology : by Protestant writers : Jos. Bingham, Antiquities of the Church, 10 vols. ; Augiisti^ Denkwiirdigk. aus. d. chr. Arch. (Memorabilia in Chi-ist. Archfsol.). 12 vols. Leipz. 1816; Dessen Handfe* d. christl. Arch. (Augusti's Manual of Christ. Arch.). 3 vols. LeipS» 1836 ; RheinwaJd, die kirchl. Arch. (Eccles. Arch.). Berlin 1830; Boh- mer, die chr. kirchl. Alterthumswissch. (Chr. Eccles. Archa3ol.). 2 vols. Bresl. 1836. 39 ; Gucricke, Lehrb. d. chr. kirchl. Arch. (Manual of Chr. eccl. Arch.). Leipz. 1847 ; Siegel, Handbuch d. chr. kirchl. Alterthii- mer in alphab. Ordnung (Manual of Christ, and Eccles. Antiq. in thef/f alphab. order). 4 vols. Leipz. 1836; C. ^Sc/zo/ze, Geschichtsforschung?^ liber d. kirchl. Gebrauche (Histor. Invest, on Eccles. Usages). 3 volf^ Berlin, 1819 ; Planck, Gesch. d. chr. kirchl. GescUschaftsverf. (Hist, of the Social Constit. of the Chr. Church). 5 vols. Hann. 1803 ; — by Ro- -MAN Catholic writers: Mamachii origines et antiq. chr. 5 voll. 4. Rom. 1749 ; Pellicia, de chr. eccl. politia. 3 voll. Neap. 1777, newly edited by Riiter, Col. 1829; Rinlerim, Denkwurdigk. d. chr. kath. K. (Memora- bilia of the Roman Cath. Ch.). 17 vols. Mayence 1825. 7. History of Dogmas: Petoiv»,9 (Jesuit), de theologicis dogmatt. c. not. Theojih. Alethani (J. Clcrici). 6 Voll. fol. Amst. 1700. — Manuals: 30 INTRODUCTION. by Enpdliardt (2 vols. Erlang. 183D) ; Bmnngarten-Crusms (Compen- dium 2 vols. Leipz. 1840. 46) ; W. Miinscher (3d ed. by Collii and Neu- deck-er. Cassel 1832) ; K. F. Meier (2d ed. by G. Baur, Giessen 1854) ; Fd. Chr. Baur (Stuttgart 1847) ; A'. R. Hagenhach 4. A. Leipz. 1857. (the 2d ed. translated by Buch. Edinb. T. and T. Clark) ; /. C. L. Gie- seler (Prelections. Bonn 1855) ; Keander (edited by Jacobi. 2 vols. 1857, transl. by J. E. Ryland).— C7»-. W. F. Walch, vollst. Historie d. Ketze- reien, bis zuni Bilderstreite incl. (Complete Hist, of Heresies, to the Controversy about Images). 11 vols. Leipz. 1762. 8. Symbolics: Marheineke, chr. Symbolik. A^ol. I. Heidelb. 1810; KiiUner, Symb. aller christ. Confess. (Symbolical Books of all Chr. Churches). 2 vols. Leipz. 1846; Winer, comparative Darstellung d. Lehrbegriffe d. verschied. chr. Kirchenpart. (Comparat. View of the Dogmas of the various parties in the Chr. Ch.). 2d ed. Leipz. 1837; Guericke, allg. chr. Symbolik (Universal Chr. Symb.). 2d ed. Leipz, 1846 ; MarJieijteke's Vorless. iiber die Symbolik (Prelections on Symb.). Berlin 1848 ; A". Maithes, conipar. Symbolik. Leipz. 1854; A. H. Baier, S3mb. Vol. I. Greifsvr. 1854. — By Roman Catholic writers; J. A. Mohler, Symbolik. 6th ed. IMayence 1843 ; Hilgers, symb. Theol. Bonn 1841; — against Mohler: Baur, der Gegens. d. Kath. u. Protcstantis- mus (the opposition between Roman, and Protest.). 2d ed. Tlib. 1836; Kitzsch, protest. Beantw. (Reply of Protest.). Ilamb. 1835. Comp. also: Thiersch, Yorless. Uber Protestantism, u. Kath. (Prelections on Protest, and Roman.). 2 vols. 2d ed. 1848. 9. Patrologt and History of Literature : EUies du Pin, nouv. biblioth. des auteurs eccl. 47 voll. Paris 1686 ; R. Ceillier, hist, des au- teurs sacr^s et eccl. des six preni. sifecles. Par. 1693. 16 YoU. 4; J. A. Mohler, Patrologie, edited by Rheitmayer. Vol. I. Regensb. 1839 ; /. Fessler, Institt. patrol. Oenip. 1850. 2 T. — By Protestant writers: W. Cave, Scriptt. eccles. hist, literaria. 2 Voll. fol. London 1688; C. Oudin, Commentarii de scriptoribus ecclesiast. Lips. 1722. 3 Voll. fol. ; /. A. Fabricii Biblioth. Grajca. Hamb. 1705 ss. 14 Voll. 4., nova ed. cur. Har- less. Hamb. 1790. 12 A^oll. 4. ; Ejusd. Bibl. mediae et infinia3 latinitatis aucta a J. D. Mansi Pat. 1754. 6 Voll. 4. ; Schotiemann, Biblioth. patr. latin, hist, liter. Lips. 1792. 2 vols. ; Oelrichs, Comment, de script, eccles. lat. Lips. 1790: /. C. F. Bdhr, Gesch. d. rom. Liter. (Hist, of Roman Liter.), Suppl. I.-III. Karlsr. 1836-40.— Ce^-c/; d. theol. Wis- sensch. (Hist, of Theol. Science): von Fliigge (3 vols. Halle 1796, to the time of the Reform.) : — S/diidlin (from the 15th cent.). 2 vols. Gott. 1810;— J. G. Walch, Biblioth. theol. sel. Jen* 1757. 4 Voll. 10. Lives of the Saints: L. Siirins, Yitx Ss. Col. 1570. 6 Voll. fol. Acta Sanctoi-Jivi, Ant. 1643 etc. 53 A'oll. fol. (begun by the Jesuit Bol- Jandus, hence known by the name of Bollandists). — Mabil/on, Acta Ss. ordinis s. Benedicti. Par. 1666. 9 Voll. fol. — Butler, Lives of the Saints, New ed. Dublin 1838. DIVISION IN CHURCH HISTORY. 81 • 3. Principal Phases in the Jlisforical Development of the Chnvcli. — In the history of civilization wc meet with three successive forms of culture : the Oriental, the Grteco-Roman, and the Germanic. The kingdom of God was to penetrate, and unfold itself, in each of these, in a manner peculiar to each, and thus attain its most complete development. The earliest Church (the Israelitish theocracy) represents its development in the Oriental form ; the ancient Christian Church its development in the Gn>3CO-Roman form ; the modern Church its development in the Germanic form. The Middle Ages exhibit the struggle between the superannuated classic form of culture, and the modern ; whilst the later development of the Church received its main impulse from the Germanic-Christian culture, which was matured by the genial influ- ences of the Reformation. This division of the History of the kingdom of God on the earth, according to the different forms of civilization, seems to us so essential, that we derive from it the principle of our division of Church History, as follows : . I. Antecedent History of Christianity : Preparation for it in the He- brew oriental form of culture ; simultaneous adaptation of the univer- sal form, for its manifestation in the Grteco-Ronum form. II. Primitive History of Christianity : The perfect exhibition of the plan of salvation by Christ and his Apostles. Conflict between the Jewish and Greek forms of culture ; victory of the latter. First cen- tury (Apostolic period). III. History of the Development of Christianity, on the basis of its original character. A. In the Ancient Classic Form: First Period, from a. 100-323, or to the final victory of Christianity over Groeco-Roman heathenism. Second Period, from 323-G92, or to the completion of the doctrinal development of the ancient Church (680) and the^ alienation between ^ the Oriental and Occidental Churches (092). Third Period, from 092-1453, or to the taking of Constantinople. Decline of the influence of the ancient classic form of culture on the history of the Church. B. In the Germanic Form. 1. //( the Middle Ages: First Period, including the 4th-9th centuries, or from the founding of the Church among the Germans to the end of the Carlovingian period. Second Period, from the 10th-13th centuries, to Boniface VIII., or the age of the papacy, monasticism, and scholasticism. Third Period, embracing the 14th and 15th centuries, to the Reform- ation ; decline of the factors prominent in the Middle Ages ; frequent reformatory movements. * 2. In the Modern Germanic Form : First Period, embracing the IGth century, the period of the Roforma tion. Second Period, the ITth century, the period of orthodoxy. 6Z INTRODUCTION. Third Period, the 18th century, the age of deism, naturalism, ration- alism. Fourth Period, the 19th century, the age of the revival of a Christian and Church life (unionism, coufessionalism) in conflict with commu- nism, pantheism, and materialism. § 3. SOURCES AND AUXILIARIES OF CHURCH HISTORY. 1. The sources of Church History are partly primary (origi- nal), such as monuments and original documents, — partly SECONDARY (derived), among which we reckon traditions, and reported researches of original sources which have since been lost. Monuments, such as ecclesiastical buildings, pictures, and inscriptions, are commonly only of very subordinate use in Cliurch History. But archives, preserved and handed down, are of the very greatest importance. To this class belong also the acts and decrees of ecclesiastical coiaicils ; the regesta and official decrees of the Popes (decretals, briefs) and of Bishops (jjastoral letters) ; the laws and regesta issuing from imperial chancellories, so far as these refer to ecclesiastical affairs ; the rules of monastic orders, liturgies, confessions of faith, letters of personages influential in church or state ; reports of eye-wit- nesses ; sermons and doctrinal treatises of acknowledged theolo- gians, etc. If the documents in existence are found insufficient, we must have recourse to earlier or later traditions, and to the historical investigations of those who had access to original documents which are now no longer extant. a. Collections of Councils: /. Harduin, concill. colloctio regia maxima. Par. 1715. 12 vols, folio. — J. D. Maiisi, concill. nova et am- pliss. coll. 31 vols. fol. Flor. et Venot. 1759 ss. h. Acts of the Popes: Ph. Jajf'e, Regesta pontiff. Rom. (to the year 1198). Berol. 1851. 4. — The decretals of the Popes are collected and treated of in the Corpus jur. Canon., ed. Bohmer (Hal. 1747. 2 vols. 4.) and Richter (Lps. 1833 ss. 4). — L. Cherubim, bullarium Rom. Ed. IV. Rom. 1G72. 5 vols. fol. — C. Cocqvelines, bullarum, privileg. ac dijjlo- matum ampliss. collectio Rom. 1739. 28 vols. fol. — Barheri, bullar. Magn. (1758-1830), cont. by 7^ Segretus (to 184G). Rom. 1835-47. 14 toIs. fol. c. Rules of Monastic Orders : Lvc. HoJsienii codex regularum monastic, et canonic. 4 vols. 4to. Rom. IGGl, auctus a Mar. Brockie. 6 fols. fol. Aug. Vind. 1759. d. Liturgies: J. A. Assemanni Cod. liturgicus eccl. univ. 13 vols. 4. Rom. 1749. — II. A. Daniel, cod. lit. eccl. univ. 4 vols. Lps. 1847-53. 8, HISTORY OF CHURCH HISTORY. 33 e. Confessions of Faith : C. W. Fr. Walcli, biblioth. symbolica vetus. Lemg. 1770 ; A. Halm, Biblioth. der Symb. u. Glaubensregelu der apost. kath. K. (Library of the Confessions and Rules of Faith of the Apostolic Catholic Church). Bresl. 1842. /. Acta Martyrorum : Tk. Ruinart, Acta primorum Martyrum. New edition by B. Gallura. Aug. Vind. 1802. 3 vols. — Surius and the Bollandists [l 3, 10) ; St. E. Assemanni, Acta Sanctorum Mart. Orient, et Occid. Rom. 1748. 2 vols. fol. 2. Auxiliary Sciences of Church History. — Those sciences are auxilia- ries of Church History which are indispensable in order properly to understand, critically to judge of, and to sift, the sources of ecclesias- tical history. Among them we reckon, 1) Diplomatics, which teaches us to judge of the genuineness, the completeness, and the trustworthi- ness of documents ; 2) Philoloyy, which enables us to make use of sources in difl'erent languages ; 3) Geography, and 4) Chronology, which respectively inform us about the scene, and the succession in time, of the different facts narrated. In a wider sense, we may also reckon among auxiliary sciences, general history, as well as that of jurisprudence, of civilization, of art, of literature, of philosophy, and of religion, all which are indispensable on account of their manifold bearing on the development of the Church. a. Diplomatics: J. Mahillon, de re diplomatica. Ed. II. Par. 1709. fol. b. Philology: C. du Frbsne [Dominus du Cange), glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimaj latinitatis. 6 vols. Par. 1733 ; edid. Hens- chel. Par. 1840 ss. 7 vols. 4. — Du Fr^sne, gloss, ad scriptores med. et infim. gra3citatis. 2 vols. fol. Lugd. 1688 ; J. C. Suiceri thesaurus eccle- siast., e patribus graecis. Ed. 2. 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1728. c. Geography: Car. a S. Faido, Geogr. s., cur. /. Clerici, Amst. 1703. fol. ; — Nic. Sansonis, Atlas ant. sacer, emend. J. Clericus. Amst. 1705. fol. ; — /. E. Th. Wiltsch, Handb. d. kirchl. Geogr. u. Statistik (Manual of Ecclesiastical Geography and Statistics). 2 vols. Berlin 1846 ; the same author's. Atlas sacer s. ecclesiast. Goth. 1843 ; C. F. Stdudlin, kirchl. Geogr. u. Statist. (Ecclesiastical Geography and Sta- tistics), 2 vols. Tub. 1804. — Mich, le Qnien, Oriens christianus in qua- ■' tuor patriarchatus digestus. Par. 1740. 3 vols. fol. 4. Chronology: Piper, Kirchenrechnung (Ecclesiastical Chronology). Berlin 1841. 4. § 4. HISTORY OF CHURCH HISTORY. CoMP. C. F. Stcivdlin, Gesch. u. Lit. d. K. G. History and Litera- ture of Church History). Hamburgh 1827. F. Chr. Banr, die Epochen der kirchl. Goschichtschreibg. (the Periods of the Literature of Church History). Tub. 1852. 0 34 INTRODUCTION. The Gospels and the book of Acts furnish us with an account of the commencement of ecclesiastical history. Next in order of time comes the work of Hegesippiis, a native of Asia Minor, who, about tlie middle of the second century, collected the various tra- ditions of apostolical time. Only fragments of this work have been preserved. Eusebius, Bishop of ('a?sarea, claims to be the Father of Church History in the proper sense of the terra. At first the Eastern had, in this branch of study, the advantage of ihe Western Church, which only furnished translations, or at most re-cast the material furnished by the Greeks, instead of carrying on independent investigations. During the middle ages the Eastern as well as the Western Church had only chroniclers, whose writings, however, are of the greatest importance as secondary sources for the history of their own times. Consider- ing the close connection between church and state in the Byzan- tine empire, we must not omit to notice the so-called Scriptores hidorice Byzantince, and the Latin national histories, biogra- phies, annals, and chronicles, as important for the student of Church History. The Reformation first called forth really critical investigation, and opened the way for a scientific treat- ment of Church History. In carrying on their great work, the Reformers felt the need of reverting to those times when the Church appeared in its purer form. To investigate and to determine such questions, it was necessary to study eccletiastical history ; while the very attacks of their enemies obliged the Roman Catholic Church to follow them into these investigations. Both the Lutheran and Catholic Churches, however, contented themselves, until the middle of the ITth century, with their two great works of the period of the Reformation. Then, how- ever, the spirit of rivalry was aroused in the pursuit of such studies, and during the llth century the Catholic Church un- doubtedly bore the palm. The more liberal spirit of the Gal- ilean Church fostered this zeal, especially among the Maurines and Oratorians of France. The lieformed Church, especially in France and the Netherlands, did not keep far in the rear of these efforts. In the 18th century the contributions of the Lutheran Church again take the lead, the Beformed following closely after, whilst the zeal and learning of the Roman Catholic Church had decidedly declined. But as rationalism invaded the sphere of theology, so pragmatism invaded that of Church History, and made the ideal of it consist in regarding all events HISTORY OF CHURCH HISTORY. 35 as the result of chance and passions, of arbitrariness and calcu- lation. Not until the 19th century was this conceited and dull spirit of prao-iuatism overcome. 1. To the Feformaiion. The History of Eusebius extends to the year 324. It was continued in the fifth century by Philostor(/his, an Arian, and by Socinfes, Sozomenns, and Thcodoret, Catholic writers. Early in the sixth century Iheodonis, a lector of Constantinople, wrote an abstract of Theodoret's work, carried down to his own times ; this abstract is, unhappily, all that remains. These works were followed in the sixth century by Evagrins. In the Latin Church, Bvjjuus, a presbyter of Aquilcja, translated the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, and brought it down to his own days (to 395). About the same time, Suljncius Severits, a presbyter from Gaul, wrote his " Historia Sacra," in two books, extending from the creation of the world to the year 400. In the sixth century, Cassiodm-ns^ a Roman official under Theodoric, condensed a translation of the Catholic continuators of Eusebius, which was designed to supplement the work of Rufinus. This compilation, well known as the Historica ecclesiastica tripartita, along with Rufinus, coritinued the common text-book in use up to the time of the Reforma- tion. Of a Syrian Church History by the Monophysite bishop, John of Ephesus, in the sixth century, the second part, containing the history of his own times, has but recently become known. (Cf. J. P. N. Land, John of Eph., the first Syr. Ch. Historian. Leyden 1857.) Concern- ing other contributions of the ancient Church see | 42, 5, and | 48, 2; for the medifeval histories of the Latins | 90, 9, of the Greeks ^ G8, 4. Gregorhis, Bishop of Ihws, furnished a most valuable contribution to the ecclesiastical history of the Franks up to the year 591, and the Venerable Bede, to that of England up to the year 731. The Liher Fon- tificalis, by the Roman librarian Anastasius [oh. 891) furnishes bio- graphies of the Popes. The work of Bishop Adam of Bremen (extend- ing to the year 1076) is of great value for the history of the northern churches. Among writers of universal Church history we name Ilai/mo of Halberstadt (c. 850), who however only extracted from Rufinus ; the Abbot Odericns Vitalis, in Normandy (c. 1150) ; the Dominican Bar- tholomew of iMcca (c. 1300), and Archb. Antoninus of Florence, in the 15th century. Near the close of the 15th century the spirit of historical criticism was awakened, through the influence of humanism (§ 120). Besides the numerous Scriptores hist. Bi/zant., Nicephoriis Callisti, in the Greek Church, wrote an actual Church history (in the 14th cen- tury). The Melchite Patr. Entijchius of Alexandria wrote, in the 12th century, a Ch. Hist, in Arabic, full of fables, and of value only for the condition of the Church under Mohammedan rule. 2. The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. As early as the middle of the sixteenth century, the Magdeburg Ceniiiria (1559-74), a splendid work on ecclesiastical history, were compiled by an association of Lu- 3* 36 INTRODUCTION. iheran divines, headed by Matthias Flachis Ilhjricus, a clergyman at Magdeburg. It consisted of 13 folio vols., of which each described a century. The work may be described as the result of unwearied labor, and as bringing forward a great many documents till then unknown. The Centuria evoked (in 1588) the Ecclesiastical Annals of Ccesar Ba- ronius (12 vols, folio, extending to 1198) ; a production specially im- portant from the circumstance that it brings to light many documents, which have since then remained unknown. The author Avas rewarded with a cardinal's hat, and had almost been elevated to the Chair of St. Peter. Of writers on general Church History we mention, in the Roman Catholic Church, Natalis Alexander, a learned, but scholastic and stiff Dominican; Seh.le Nainde Tillemont, a conscientious Jansenist author ; Claude Fleiiry, the mild, able, but somewhat diffuse confessor of Louis XV. ; and the eloquent Bishop Bosstiet. To the older Reformed Church Ave are indebted for many excellent works on ecclesiastical his- tory. Theodore Beza took the lead in his History of the French Re- formed Church. Its authors, however, attained the highest reputation in the 17th century, and became particularly distinguished by their learned special investigations (§ 160, 4) ; though general Ch. hist, also received creditable attention. J.H. Hottinger combined a history of the Jews, of Heathenism, and of Mohammedanism, with that of Christianity. Of still greater importance were the productions of Fr. Spanheim, in Leyden. In his Histoire de I'Fglise, J. Basnar/e has replied to Bossuet, while the Annales of Sam. Basnage Avere directed against Baronius. 3. The Eighteenth Century. — After the great work of the "Magde- burg Centuriones," the study of ecclesiastical history was for a time neglected by the Lidheran Church. A century elapsed before G. Calixt [oh. 1656) revived the study of this science. Strange to say, it was again controversy Avhich induced theologians to return to the subject. In 1699, Gottfr. Arnold, a learned Pietist and Mystic, composed his " Impartial History of the Church and of Heretics," — a work which throughout breathes a party spirit, and Avhich dosaribes genuine Chris- tianity only among heretics and fanatics. Still, it gave a fresh impulse to historical investigation. Since that period, men like Weismann of Tubingen, the tAvo IValchs {George Walch, the father, at Jena, and Francis Walch, the son, in Gcittingen), J. Lor. v. Mosheim, Chancellor in Giittingen [oh. 1755), and Sigism. J. Baumgarten of Halle, have furnished able and valuable works on Church History. Among these IMosheim deserves the first place, both on account of his acutenoss, of his practical sense, of his style, and of his pure Latinity. J. Sal. Semler of Halle [ob. 1791), the pupil of Baumgarten, attempted to throAV doubt upon almost every conclusion in historical theology at which the Church had arrived. He was answered by /. Matthew Schroclch, AA'hose work, in 45 vols., bears evidence of almost incredible labour and per- severance, although it is necessarily diffuse. Chevalier Spittler, a "Wurtemberg Minister of State, next furnished a clever caricature of HISTORY OF CHURCH HISTORY. 37 Church History. He was followed in the same spirit by Hencke of Helmstadt, who, in vigorous language, attempted to sketch the history of the Christian Church in the light of a continuous succession of religious aberrations. G. J. Planck of Gcittingen, a representative of the unhealthy supranaturalism of his time, wrote a number of eccle- siastical and other monographs, which display considerable research, but are tainted with the spirit of his school. — Theologians of the lie- Jormed Church also compiled valuable treatises on ecclesiastical his- tory. Among them we mention those of /. Cleriats, an Arminian ; of AJpli. Turretin, of Geneva; of Herin. Venema, of Franeker ; and of Jabloiisky, at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. The reforms introduced by the Emperor Joseph II. were not without eifect on the study of ecclesias- tical history among the members of the German branch of the Roman Catholic Church. Accordingly, Gasp. Eoyko of Prague, and Maitheto Dannenmaijer of Vienna, wrote in a liberal spirit, — the former in lan- guage almost cynical, the latter in a more scientific and calm tone. 4. The Nineteenih Century. — A new era in the treatment of Church Histoi'y opened with Chr. Schmidt of Giessen, in the commencement of the nineteenth century. Instead of the superficial or diffuse enu- meration of facts, formerly current, he insisted on a thorough study of the sources and an objective estimate of events. But, unfortunately, in his case, the independent and objective treatment merely consisted in want of sympathy on the part of the historian with the subject of his investigations. His writings were, in consequence, cold, unattrac- tive, and almost mechanical. But the fundamental principle to which he called attention was safe, and, if rightly applied, calculated to accomplish the object in view. He was followed by Gieseler of Gcittin- gen [oh. 1854), who elevated and improved this principle; and, in his History of the Church, has left a perfect storehouse of the most varied and comprehensive research. The text itself is terse ; but the notes by which it is accompanied contain an exquisite selection from the sources from which he had drawn. The Manual of Eagelhardt of Ei-langeu is an unpretending but valuable arrangement of the subject, as derived from the sources ; that of A". Hase of Jena is distinguished by its vivid sketches, its fresh and tasteful style, and its frequent though often enigmatical allusions to the sources whence his material had been drawn. In the prelections of Schleiermacher, we find, indeed, no more than the information ordinarily conveyed, but the leading outlines in the development of the Church are well traced. The work of Niedner claims special merit from the industry of the author, who furnishes much more than the common staple of text-books. The book afibrds evidence of most laborious study of the sources, and of discriminating tact ; but its style is heavy, and somewhat scholastic. The Manual of Fricke (unhappily left incomplete), learned but stiff, is a production of the same school. In Gfivyer's work on Ecclesiastical History, Chris- 4 38 INTRODUCTION. tianity is treated as the natural product of the time in which it origi- nated. Clerical selfishness, political calculations and intrigues, appear the sole principles of ecclesiastical movements which this author can appreciate or discover. Still, the work is of importance ; and those volumes especially which detail the history of the Middle Ages give evidence of original study, and contain much fresh information. Occa- sionally the writer is carried away by his ingenuity, Avhich suggests combinations where, in reality, none had existed. In 1853, Gfrorer joined the Roman Catholic Church. Almost at the same time with Gieseler, A. Neander commenced his great work on Church History, which formed a new phase in that branch of study. Sharing in the religious awakening which took place in Germany at the time of the French Wars, and deeply imbued with Schleiermacher's theology of feeling, he assigned to personal piety an important place in his treatment of Church History. In his view, ecclesiastical history furnished a grand commentary on the para- ble of the leaven which was destined to leaven the whole lump. The developments of the inner life are his favourite theme : he delights in tracing the Christian element even in persons and parties which had formerly been overlooked or disowned ; while, on the other hand, the Church and churchliness appear to him generally as a mere ossifica- tion of Christian life, and a crystallisation of Christian dogma. Simi- larly, he overlooks the influence exerted by political causes, nor does he pay attention to the {esthetic and artistic bearings of history. If his treatment of the subject is too minute and monotonous, the reader is compensated by fervour and the continuous evidence of familiarity with the sources. Among the pupils whom this great man has left, Jacobi of Halle, and Hagenhach of Basle, have generally adopted his course, but avoided his errors. The Manual of Jacobi (which is not yet completed) breathes the same spirit as that of his teacher. Its tone is elevated ; nor is the author content merely to imitate Neander. The prelections of TIagenbach, originally delivered to an educated audi- ence, are somewhat diffuse, but clear and attractive. They breathe throughout a warm Christian spirit, nor is the judgment of the lec- turer warped by narrow sectarian prejudices. W. Zimmermann, real- izing the necessity, in writing Church History, of going back to the idea of life, wrote a "History of the Life of the Church" for educated persons, which, notwithstanding its new title, pursued the old track. "What in the work of Neander had been wanting, from the subjectivc- ness of liis " pectoral" piety, Guericlce of Halle has attempted to supply, at least so far as the Lutheran Church, to which he is attached, is con- cerned. But in more respects than one the work is somewhat one- sided. Along with this production we rank the excellent Manual of Bruno Lindner of Leipsic. Tlie author belongs to the same ecclesias- tical party as Guericke ; he traces more particularly the development of dogmas ; and also takes notice of the operation of political influences, HISTORY OF CHURCH HISTORY. 39 as from time to time they were brought to bear on the history of the Church. The present work belongs to the chxss just named, but aims at furnishing fuller details, and more copious extracts from the sources, than the works of Guericke or Lindner. Students of Ecclesiastical History are also under manifold obligations to the conductors of the " Zeitschrift flir historische Theologie" (Journal of Historical Theo- logy), edited since 1851 by Ilhjen, and latterly by Kiedner. The Roman Catholic Church has latterly displaj^ed fresh activity In prosecuting the study of Church History. A succession of able writers have followed the noble convert (to Popery), Leopold, Count of Stol- berg. The work of Katercainp breathes a conciliatory spirit, and Is at the same time distinguished by elegance of composition. A new era in the historical investigations of the Roman Catholic Church com- menced with Ad. Holder, whose labours were prematurely arrested by death (in 1838). The school which he inaugurated is decidedly ultra- montane, but combines with this tendency the exhaustive diligence which characterises Protestant investigations. Incited by the example of Mohler, Dbllinger of Munich, Alzog of Hildpsheim, and Bitter of Breslau, have written valuable manuals. a. J. E. Chr. Schmidt, Handb. d. chr. K. G. (Manual of Eccl. Hist.) fortgesetzt v. F. W. Rettberg. 7 vols. Giess. 1800-34. — /. C. L. GieseJer, Lehrb. d. K. G. (Manual of Ch. Hist.) Section I.-III. in 6 vols, (the first 2 sections, forming 5 A'olumcs in "Clark's Series," have been translated into English). Bonn 1824-40. Vol. IV. Kirchen Geschichte d. 18ten Jahrhunderts (Eccl. Hist, of the 18th cent.), Vol. V. Kirchen G. d. neuesten Zeit (Eccl. Hist, from 1814), and Vol. VI. Dogmen-Gesch. (History of Dogmas), have, after the author's death, been edited by Dr. Redepcnning (Bonn 1855-57. — /. G. V. Eiir/eJhardt, Handb. d. K. G. 4 vols. Erlangen 1832.— A'. Ease, K. G. 8th Ed. Leipz. 1858.— i^. Schlei- ermacher, Vorles. u. d. K. G. (Lectures on Ch. H.) herausg. von Bonell. Berlin 1840.— C/