Division^^.^)!^ I >13 Secti#n.ffl'....Vs/ C l Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library / https://archive.org/details/bookofjobnewcritOOwrig THE BOOK OF JOB. A NEW CRITICALLY REVISED TRANSLATION, WITH ESSAYS ON SCANSION, DATE ETC. BY / 6. H. BATESON WRIGHT M.A. queen’s COLLEGE OXFORD. HEAD WASTER OF H.B.N. GOVERNMENT CENTRAL SCHOOL, HONG KONG. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON; and 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. 1883 . TO THOSE TO WHOSE GENEROSITY AND CARE I AM INDEBTED FOR EDUCATION THIS FIRST LITERARY ATTEMPT IS DEDICATED AS A TOKEN OF GRATITUDE. * PREFACE. This work is intended to follow in the wake of the Cri¬ tical Edition of A. Merx published some dozen years ago. The translation and critical alterations are the fruit of three years application, but some apology is needed for the de¬ sultory and incomplete character of the grammatical notes which were hurriedly arranged amidst many distractions. As exception is likely to be taken to the use of the words ‘orthodox’ and ‘unorthodox’ in connexion with the theology of the Book of Job; I was glad, a year after sending the MS to Europe, to find myself supported by the able author of ‘Ecce Homo’ who in ‘Natural Religion’ I. 1. p. 10, says “Notably the „Book of Job not in occasional passages only, but as its main „object and drift contrasts the conventional and as it were „orthodox view of the Universe, with the view which those „obtain who are prepared to face its awfulness directly.” Cf. below my Introduction pp. 6, 9. I must also state that I purposely avoided noticing the parallels between the Book of Job and Deutero-Isaiah to which Mr. Cheyne in his recent work on Isaiah devotes an Essay, as I have in all cases similarly avoided the relation of the Book of Job to works of doubtful date. Hong Kong, 1883. G. H. BATESON WRIGHT CENTRAL SCHOOL HONG KONG. ( CONTENTS. Page Preface. Y Introduction. 1 Book of Job a drama. 1 The Author an Israelite. 3 His skill. 5 His use of Hebrew literature.10 His Poetical Skill.23 (Scansion.25 Paronomasia).32 Date of the Book. 34 Text.38 Criticism.122 Notes.134 Grammatical Notes.196 Analysis of the Speeches.199 Glossary.217 Appendix. Psalm xxxvii and the Book of Job .... 239 t . . INTRODUCTION. The book of Job is a dramatic writing in which the author by the mouth of the various characters ventilates his own opinions, and by means of their debate expresses the conflict of ideas in his own mind. Compare Tennyson’s ‘Two Voices’ which is much indebted to Job, as also parts of ‘In Memoriam’. The Moral Government of the world is the main problem: Why it is allowed that the wicked often flourish and the good suffer; while a question of such importance as the immortality of the soul cannot fail to come to the front occasionally, as this is dependent upon the former, the eternal future giving opportunity for restitution. Whether any real man of the name of Job ever existed it is useless to inquire, for his experience must have been very different from that narrated in the poem which does not pro¬ fess to be real; else whence are we to suppose that God sup¬ plied Job, whose stock of cattle had been utterly destroyed, with a fresh supply double that number, for they can scarcely have been purchased with the small peace offerings of his friends and relations. Or again though ‘misfortunes never come singly’ we can hardly conceive as historic the fourfold de¬ vastation that befel Job in one day, when 1000 oxen and 500 asses were driven off in one raid, 3000 camels in another, when lightning destroyed 7000 sheep, and a whirlwind over¬ turned the house crushing his children. The description of the disease itself is inconsistent, inaccurate and unnatural: see note ii. 7. i 2 INTRODUCTION. Ewald who admits to our poet the skill of so carefully realising a patriarchal surrounding for the hero, so skilful in¬ deed as to raise the erroneous tradition of Mosaic authorship, denies him the ability to conceive the narrative. Surely this required less genius than the other. What difficulty would a man, who had suffered misfortune and been exposed to the well meaning but fruitless consolation of friends, have in de¬ vising a simple plot to narrate his own experience under some thin guise. The real difficulty in accepting this book as fictitious is the local tradition which points out the home and still cherishes the memory of Job. See Wetzstein’s Appendix to Delitzsch’s Job. But as the book provides a careful description of the locality, it only requires such implicit religious reception as we know was accorded to it, to account for the tradition, which being founded on belief in the historic truth cannot be adduced as witness for that truth. Beside the unhistoric traits above alluded to, no one can fail to see that the Prologue and Epilogue might be removed and yet the object of the poet be attained. These must have been written after the poem was conceived, else how are we to account for the absence of any allusion to Satan’s agency in suffering, and for the name of Job derived not from his sufferings but from his speeches (see note i. 1), and the names of the three friends coined from their speeches (see note ii. 11), which show at least the outline of the poem to have been written prior to the Prologue; though probably minor details cf. xviii. 20; xx. 26 may have been added as the fiction as¬ sumed shape. The Epilogue is added for the sake of poetic justice, and is simply compiled to realise the promises of the three friends v. 24—26; viii. 7, 21; xi. 15—17; xxii. 23—30, and the expectation of Job himself xix. 25. That the author intended his work to be a dramatic epic is established by the frequent synallage, or sudden introduction of the third person in the midst of a list of first or second I. THE AUTHOR AN ISRAELITE. 3 persons, somewhat like the ovzog of the Greek drama as if ad¬ dressing the audience, cf. ix. 28. 31. 32. 34; xiv. 6 (cf. x. 20); xvi. 7. 9. THE AUTHOR. I. THE AUTHOR AH ISRAELITE. This is demonstrated by his historical allusions and minor references to the Hebrew law, as well as by his quotations from Hebrew literature. Historical Allusions. Gen. ii. 7 cf. x. 9; xxxiii. 6 where man is spoken of as moulded from clay; cf. also xxvii. 3; xxxiii. 4, breath of God in man’s nostrils. iii. 8 cf. xxxi. 33 where allusion is made to Adam’s attempt at concealing his sin. iii. 19 cf. x. 9; xxxiv. 15 ‘to dust thou makest me return’. iv. 10. 11. Abel’s blood crying from the earth, cf. xvi. 18. vi. cf. xii. 15; xxii. 15—17; xxxiv. 26. 27 references to the Flood. vii. 21 cf. xxxiv. 15 all flesh would die together. xi. Tower of Babel cf. xx. 4—6. xii. 6; xiii. 7 cf. xv. 19 no stranger passed through the land. xvi. 12 cf. xi. 12 ‘wild ass of a man’. xix. cf. xxxi. 32—34. Hospitality in spite of opposition from a crowd. xix. 24 cf. xviii. 15. Sulphur strewn on his dwelling supposed divine judgment like brimstone on Sodom. xix. 30—38 cf. xxx. 6—8. Sneer at Moab and Ammon dwelling in caves, children of shame, yea nameless. Ex. xx. cf. xxiv. 13. 15. 14 the murderer, adulterer, and thief enumerated in the order of the decalogue. xxi. 6 cf. xl. 28 the custom of boring a servant’s ear. xxi. 22 cf. xxxi. 11, also Lev. xviii. 17 mar uoi-i 4 INTRODUCTION. Dt. xxviii. 35 cf. ii. 7 where Job’s malady is described as identical with the terrible judicial infliction from God. Josh. vi. 26 cf. xii. 14 overthrow of Jericho not to be rebuilt. x. 11 cf. xxxviii. 30 hailstones in time of war. 2 Sam. vi. 8 nwn yns ps cf. xvi. 14 -oifisp pD xx. 10 Joab shed out Amasa’s bowels to the ground. cf. xvi. 13. 1 Ki. x. 6 Queen of Sheba addresses Solomon much as Job does God xlii. 5. xvii. 1; xviii. 1. Elijah’s judicial dearth: “If as a scourge the earth is withered, If in mercy he lets it receive rain.” xxxvii. 13. xviii. Elijah on Carmel xix. at Horeb cf. xxxvi. 32. 33. xix. 11 the whirlwind cf. xxxviii. 1; xl. 6. 12 the still small voice cf. iv. 16. xxi. 17—24. The curse on Ahab’s family in Naboth’s vineyard cf. xxiv. 18 “Their heritage is cursed upon earth, He shall no more visit his vineyard.” xxii. 19—21. The parable of Micaiah is the original of the author’s conception of Satan coming amongst the angels of God. For a celestial conclave cf. Is. vi. 2 Ki. xix. 35 Destruction of Sennacherib’s host cf. xxxiv. 20 “In a moment they die And at midnight the people are troubled and pass away And the mighty men are removed without force.” Isaiah xxxviii. The prayer of Hezekiah and his utterance ver. 3 find parallels in Job especially cc. vii. ix. x. II. THE AUTHOR’S x&KILL. 5 II. THE AUTHOR’S SKILL. As the book of Deuteronomy, composed late in the closing days of Judah’s independent existence, was impressed with the fictitious antiquity of a Mosaic origin to secure greater respect for its reproofs of regal despotism, and its warnings of im¬ pending annihilation, so this author placed his hero in patriarchal times to which the declining nation looked back with affec¬ tionate yearning. To make this effect as realistic as possible, all the above allusions to Hebrew records and experience are skilfully converted into generalities. In the conversations the older and not distinctively national names for God El, Shaddai, Adonai xxviii. 28 are employed, also the Aramaic Eloah is frequently adopted, perhaps not without regard to the Arabic Allah. The distinctive Hebrew name Jahveh creeps into the conversations only xii. 9 and xx. 23. In the prologue, epilogue, and titles of speeches it is not out of place, as the author does not profess his work to have been a translation. The primitive patriarchal times are skilfully reproduced, even to the minute detail of exuming xlii. 11 the obsolete name for a coin found only Gen. xxiii. 19; but the allusions to quarrying and mining, and to deserted cities mar the effect with slight inconsisten¬ cies. The regretful reference of the non-Israelite speaker xv. 19 to times prior to the Hebrew immigration might not be out of place in patriarchal times subsequent to Abraham and Isaac, but it is out of place in the mouth of a resident east of the Jordan. The sacrifice made by the three friends is carefully selected, not from a Levitical model but from the more ancient rites observed by Balaam and Balak. The age of Job at his death is consistent with the assumed patriarchal period. Such is a sketch of the poet’s skill in disguising his own times and vividly recalling a bygone age. And here we may ask if Job is an historic character we must suppose him to 6 INTRODUCTION. have lived (1) either in patriarchal times then how is it the Psalmists and Prophets are silent concerning him; (2) or con¬ temporaneously with the author, then why blend real and ideal by transplanting him from his own times. Equal skill is apparent in the choice of a scene for the plot. He selected countries outside Palestine that he might with less impropriety make his hero, who is at the same time godfearing, express heterodox opinions, and approach with greater freedom the awful mystery of divine dealings. The three friends who are incapable, as they needs must be, of answering Job’s enquiries and objections, who moreover incurred the displeasure of God, could not have been represented by orthodox Hebrews. To make these characters as lifelike as possible, the author’s vocabulary is rich in Arabic and Aramaic words, which is in accordance with the limits of the countries where they are supposed to dwell. But the greatest display of skill is in the individual re¬ presentation of character and the progression in the speeches. JEliphaz. n. In his first speech he approaches Job considerately with an apology; but wishing to play the part of a true friend, he will not withhold advice because unpalatable. He confines himself to speaking generally of the power and wisdom of God, and the imperfection of man. He concludes with a word of hope, and of true consolation in the power of God to restore. The supposed inspired vision gives a clue to his sense of superior wisdom. n. After hearing three speeches of Job he becomes in¬ censed. Job is more than imperfect: he is impious proud and rebellious, and shares the fate of such; with personal allusion to Job’s experience. A realistic touch is discernible in the modification of his own importance, the assertion of which would be out of place while he is rebuking Job’s pride, and in the substitution of Bildad’s appeal to tradition. 7 II. THE AUTHOR’S SKILL. x The more Job asserts his innocence the more indignant Eliphaz grows. He puts Job through an ordeal of confession, following Zophar’s track he suggests crimes of oppression Job must have committed. He misunderstands Job’s statement that God’s influence is not evident, and supposes him reck¬ lessly to renounce God as the wicked have done. Like a man of honest purpose he urges Job to be reconciled to God, and become obedient to the law; and repeats the promise he made at the first of restitution. Thus in Eliphaz, a man little younger than Job (xv. 10), we have evidence of kind heart but firm religious prejudice. The tone of the third speech implies regret for the harshness of the second, and shows he was not unmoved by Job’s en¬ treaty for pity xix. 21. Bildad. A. He is more superficial, affecting proverbs and alluding to tradition. He does not deny Job’s claim to integrity, and promises him restoration; but to maintain the principle that misfortune is the punishment of crime, asserts the guilt of Job’s sons. B. He follows in Eliphaz’s track, making personal allu¬ sions to Job’s sufferings, and now asserting his wickedness. /’. He is unable to do more than assert God’s power. To make his speech at all significant, he has to borrow Eliphaz’s parable setting forth the imperfection of man in general. The unexpected termination of Eliphaz’s third speech has cooled the ardour of the other two friends; they see they can¬ not cope with Job, so Bildad makes a forlorn hope, but Zo- phar abstains from a third speech, being too wise to be con¬ tent with platitudes. Zophar. «. is like Eliphaz in magnanimity, but is more keensighted than the other two. In his first speech he sees God alone can meet Job’s difficulties (xxxii. 13). He maintains God does not punish men as they deserve, the wicked go unpunished because 8 INTRODUCTION. God pities their folly and ignorance; if Job would acknowledge his sinfulness, restoration is in store for him. /?. He frankly admits how well Job has turned his own remarks on himself, but can see no cause for Job’s loss of property but that it was acquired by oppression. The absence of Zophar’s Third Speech (a difficulty to Ken- nicott) is explained above. It is an example of the poet’s skill to represent the resources of the three friends as gradually exhausted, that his sympathy with his hero may be the more evident. Job. The individuality of his speeches needs no demonstration but we must illustrate the progress of thought. From wishing never to have been born c. iii. he advances n. to the desire for death as an end to suffering and per¬ plexity. He complains of the close inspection to which God subjects him, and desires to know his sin. A. He admits and illustrates the omnipotence of God. He cannot confess his guilt nor affirm his innocence, and com¬ plains there is no manifest difference in God’s treatment of the just and unjust. He has a great awe of God, still he would ask him why he made him if only to oppress him in his short life. a. Having heard all the three friends he complains of their assumption of superiority; growing desperate as death seems nearer, he fancies God treats him as his enemy, and as he is unconscious of recent sin, he supposes this to be the consequence of youthful errors. He now reflects the grave he longed for is the end of man and he wishes it were not so. n. He shows the folly of his friends’ attempts at con¬ solation, maintains his innocence, appeals to God as a witness, but admits his condition provides opportunity for a mistaken hasty judgment. He sees that if his longing for the grave were realised, his hope of restitution would never be fulfilled. 9 II. THE AUTHOR’S SKILL. B. He now distinctly asserts that God has wronged him. He describes his desolate condition. But from this his lowest depth of despair he rises to the highest intuition. ‘He shall not die but live’, he shall see his restitution before he dies. /?. He more clearly than ever shows the prosperity of the wicked while the good experience God’s displeasure. He warns the friends how ill they have disguised their personal allusions to himself. 5 . He desires more urgently to see God face to face, being confident of acquittal, he again contrasts the suffering of the good with the career of the wicked: but this time admits the wicked are ultimately doomed to disappointment. This slight concession to the opposite side after prolonged debate is a masterpiece on the part of the author. I\ He complains of the feebleness of Bildad’s last speech and proves his own acquaintance with the omnipotence of God. After waiting to see if Zophar had anything to say; y. He maintains his position is unshaken, his integrity unsuccessfully assailed. He quotes their description of the fate of the wicked and deplores their absence of wisdom, then to clear himself from the charge of impiety concludes with quoting the maxim of true wisdom. As a soliloquy introduced the human controversy, so one now precedes God’s interference, in which he contrasts his former prosperity and present affliction, then elaborates his innocence and challenges appeal to the highest court. We observe in Job a deep rooted piety, a close intimacy with God of such a character that it could afford to dispense with conventionalities; which exposed him to the misapprehen¬ sion of the friends who lacked his ability to actually realise and grasp the idea of God’s familiarity with man. His petulance xxi. 4 of advice, the cries extorted from him by suffering, and his repeated ejaculations of alternating hope and despair, could only have been conceived and expressed by a man who had 10 INTRODUCTION. passed through a similar ordeal. For further evidence of skill in the course of debate, retorts, plays on words, perver¬ sion of ideas, and the like, see the Analysis of each speech and the notes passim. The answer of Jahveli consists in a challenge to Job to suggest to him a better moral government of the world xl. 9 — 13, after showing him his inability even to understand the physical wonders of the Universe. At first sight it seems strange that the Omnipotence of God, which had been urged by the three friends and admitted by Job all through the dis¬ cussion, should be the final argument which reduces Job to silence. But the difficulty is solved when we observe that (1) the three friends with their orthodox views were satisfied that the Government of this All-powerful God was evident, the principle of it simple; sooner or later the wicked suffered and the good were rewarded, while God’s omnipotence rendered enquiry futile and impious. (2) Job, with his rationalistic turn of mind, felt that his peculiar position demanded further ex¬ planation; though God was omnipotent, surely his plan of governing the world should be such that those whom it af¬ fected could understand it. (3) God’s answer is in effect the nucleus of the argument in Butler’s Analogy; the same diffi¬ culties attend the investigation of the spiritual as of the physical world, the same residuum of total ignorance is ex¬ posed. Job with his repudiation of the sweeping traditional views of the three friends is nearer the truth and therefore more acceptable to God. Such is the skill of the author as philosopher and dramatist, his poetical ability is made below the subject of a separate Essay. III. THE AUTHOR’S USE OE HEBREW LITERATURE. It cannot be too distinctly remembered that in almost every Hebrew work we have some quotation from its predecessors. III. THE AUTHOR’S USE OF HEBREW LITERATURE. 11 Thus Hosea and Micah evince acquaintance with Amos, Isaiah with all three, Jeremiah with these, together with Obadiah, Joel, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. The parallelisms of Hebrew poetry are so studied that if an author found a happy expression, or play upon words, he would copy it exactly, or employ loftier or newer words, and make such alterations as the difference of occasion might require. It need not surprise us to find quotations among contemporaries like Amos, Hosea, Micah, Isaiah or Jeremiah, Zephaniah, for the schools of the prophets in so limited an area as Palestine would speedily become ac¬ quainted with the latest effusions among their brethren. There are many passages, not to mention sentiments, com¬ mon to the book of Job and the poetical and prophetical works. As it has been too much taken for granted that the priority belongs to Job, here follows a list of the most striking pas¬ sages; where it will be evident from the number of them that it is improbable Job should be the vast storehouse of Hebrew expression on philosophical and theological problems, to which all Hebrew poets and philosophers are indebted; where also in many cases the primd facie assumption of originality will be shown to be in favour of the prophets. With poetical works the author was naturally well ac¬ quainted. We discover traces of the influence of odes like Ja¬ cob’s Blessing, Songs of Moses, of Deborah, and of Hannah. His relation to each Psalm cannot be discussed but the fol¬ lowing are those which have most in common with him. Pss. vii. xvii. xviii. xxii. xxx—xxxix. xli. xlii. xlv. lviii. lxii. Ixix. lxxi. lxxii. lxxiii. Ixxviii. cii—cv. cvii.; while cxix. is evidently much indebted to our author. As regards Proverbs, this also is an anthological collection of the wisdom of many ages, so that it is equally dif¬ ficult as in the case of the Psalms to decide in favour of expres¬ sions and ideas here. Delitzsch has made a complete collection of the peculiar vocabulary common to Job and Proverbs, and is convinced that many proverbs were culled or compiled from Job. As this cannot be demonstrated owing to insufficient premisses, 12 INTRODUCTION. I can only state my reasonable conviction that Job’s ode to Wisdom, c. xxviii., was suggested by Proverbs and not vice versa. Also observe Prov. iii. 8.11; iv. 12; ix. 12; x. 28; xix. 6; xxii. 8. and for xxxi. 6, see note on Job iii. 20. Canticles probably, Ecclesiastes undoubtedly, are later works than Job. The Book of Job and the Prophetical Works. Amos. ii. 9 by7272 t^b -pkubni Job xviii. 16 van - ’ v’lina nnn?: rnr -173 va'iun I'V’Sp b72' 1 by?272i 14 bp72 D1372 “DN1 xi. 20 nri272 012721 Now in Amos this striking expression is quite in keeping with its context, for the prophet is describing in detail an actual panic; while Job borrows the phrase to employ it metaphori¬ cally, cf. Jer. xxv. 35. iv. 7 the judicial employment of rain cf. Job xxxvii. 13. 13 nn*y u inia rvay Job x. 22 boN 1720 ysim In Amos it is a natural example, amongst many, of God’s power; Job takes the thought, and increasing the poetical force by the choice of more exalted words, employs the phrase as a description of the nether world. iv. 13 pN \-172n by b p“n Job ix. 8 tv ■'*172:2 by "pm This phrase, formerly applied to man’s successful elevation, Amos boldly employs of God himself, ‘he treads the high places of the earth', immediately copied by Micah i. 3 ; and slightly altered by Isaiah xiv. 14 , in his philippic against the king of Babylon, ‘I will go upon the high places of the cloud and be¬ come like the Highest.’ The author of Job, after writing ‘who stretches the heaven alone’, immediately remembered the phrase in Isaiah as of God treading the summits of the clouds; but preferring antithetic to synthetic parallelism, and also struck by the grand expression gained by the slight alteration, he changed ay into a -1 and read ‘He treadeth the crests of the waves: v. 8 b-am ri72^a no? Job ix. 9 tv^m b-an ay nay ]72n -mm III. THE AUTHOR’S USE OF HEBREW LITERATURE. 13 If Amos bad had the fuller list of constellations before him, there is little reason why he should have avoided quoting the paronomasia m>y i-rmy. Ewald remarks, a simple shepherd like Amos must have been indebted to the more learned author. But have not shepherds been celebrated for their interest in and acquaintance with Astronomy? v. 8 mabit ypab parn Job xi. 17 frnn ypaa sisyn here the author, as above he quotes its converse, iv. 13, takes the idea but clothes it so as to make an evident play on his own verse x. 22. viii. 10 baisb aa\-n TD&i-n Job xxx. 31 m:a bnso mn ympb am^m bai ama bipb msyi Job v. 10 is somewhat similar to Amos ix. 6; but who can fail to see that Job xxxviii. 34, ‘Canst thou raise thy voice to the cloud that the volumes of water may cover thee?’ was sug¬ gested by ‘Who calleth to the waters of the sea and they cover the earth’. Cf. also Job ix. 7; Amos ix. 14 is the origin of the phrase ‘turn the captivity’ of the nation, afterwards quoted Dt. xxx. 3; Ps. xiv. 7; liii. 7; lxxxv. 2; Hos. vi. 11; Zepli. iii. 20. Jeremiah passim, Lam. ii. 14, Ezekiel; in Job xlii. 10 it is applied to the restoration of the individual. ix. 14 man mams amy ism cf. Job iii. 14 mb main a^san xv. 28 mmas amy ■ptmi Hosea. ii. 20 mia anb Thai Job v. 23 “n^ia ynmn ^:as ay m rrrmn mn ay Ninm aim pb rmbmm namm ntn It is more probable that such a covenant with irrational crea¬ tion should have been ascribed to God before it was applied to man. iv. 6 rantt ■’baa my mans Job iv. 21 trnann Nbi imm xxxvi. 12 ran ■’baa lyimi 9 man T’by mapm xxxvi. 23 man -nby npa m This phrase must have existed concerning man, before it could readily be seen to be inapplicable to God. iv. 14 aab^ ■pa* 1 tfb ayi Job xi. 12 aab -1 am: O’si see Notes. 14 INTRODUCTION. In Hosea v. 14, also xiii. 7, we have God likened to a fierce lion, a bold figure which Am. i. 2; iii. 4. 8 seems to have sug¬ gested. Job x. 16 borrows this, so also xvi. 9; xviii. 4 he uses pm of God’s preying upon him, without any allusion to the lion, a metaphor only possible if there was existing a well- known passage like Hos. xviii. 4 pmN ■on, where the whole simile is perfect. vi. 1 msm pm Nm “o Job v. 18 mm mm- 1 Nm m ismm pp mem vn pim" 1 3 lib aims Nim xxix. 23 ■’b mm ibm y-iN nn 1 ©ipbas iBipbab tsiTBi Hosea represents God as desirable as seasonable rain, Job em¬ ploys the same figure (cf. Dt. xxxii. 2) for his own exhortation. Hosea vi. 7 refers to Adam’s as a typical transgression, Job xxxi. 33 makes a particular point of Adam’s seeking to conceal his guilt. vii. 14 Dnbn ■on ipyr Nbi Job xxxvi. 13 DmN m iynm Nb amaDfflB by ■)b -i b' n m viii. 8 *rm Nm this metaphor is borrowed from Gen. xvi. 12 C“n Nm, which gave rise to Job xi. 12 “b-p chn Nm pop also, cf. Job xxiv. 5. ix. 13 ‘bringing forth his children for the murderer’ cf. Job xxvii. 14 ‘if their sons multiply it is for the sword’. x. 7 am ->:b by p^pn Job xxiv. 18 am m by Nirr bp Hosea has a good supply of such similes: vi. 4 morning cloud, and dew, xiii. 3 chaff from the threshing floor, smoke from the window, many of these are found in Job. x. 13 ym Qncin Job iv. 8 yiN ■’imm anmp rrnbiy mmp^ bay mm Hosea was probably acquainted with Prov. xxii. 8, but his own originality is vindicated by viii. 7; x. 12. xii. 1 p3N2 ananp ayi Job xv. 15 ■pair Nb manpa p Eliphaz in depicting God’s keen scrutiny of the universe (xiv. 18; xv. 15), represents even the angels as appearing untrust¬ worthy, in words derived from this phrase of Hosea’s ‘as loyal III. THE AUTHOR’S USE OF HEBREW LITERATURE. 15 as the angels’. It is manifest Hosea could not have thus ex¬ pressed himself if the book of Job were already extant. xiii. 12 di-idn *py ‘rnaa Job xiv. 17 •’sudd Tniis ann inxan namaz ■’am by bstam Job after complaining that God seeks and searches out his sins and transgressions, here prays (cf. x. 6) that he will con¬ ceal them, ‘fasten them up in a bag’; how could Hosea if he wrote later, speak of Ephraim’s sin as ‘hidden in a bag’, which would then be suggestive of God’s mercy instead of reserved punishment. xiii. 14 buxia “ra Job xxxiii. 28 nnm rnma ■'mas rna Compare also with this verse of Hosea the passages in Job xiv. 12—14; xix. 25—-27, where he wishes for certainty con¬ cerning the issue of the struggle between life and death, between his spirit and the tomb. Further Elihu’s advice (Job xxxiii. 27) to Job, is remarkably similar to Hosea’s to Israel xiv. 2. 3. Compare also the cry of the repentant Ephraim IJos. xiv. 9 lanvsm ■’may with Job’s xiii. 5. Micah. i. 8 nrjro iscia nai'N Job xxx. 29 cranb "rmn rtN nam mans bnao ram maab rm Job’s idea is more poetical, being improved on Micah’s. vi. 15 j-ion Nbi nn Job xxiv. 11 imnaa' 1 nmrs pn ■pn liman aba -samm awaara asm amp Thus far have we brought the book of Job down to the reign of Hezekiah, which is about the time assigned to it by Ewald and Merx. Now we will proceed to show that this book cannot have been written earlier than the close of the kingdom of Judah. Isaiah. i. 8 arss nscs Job xxvii. 18 -aaza nfflJ nsosa ii. 9—12 is a description of God’s power to crush pride and the effect of the exercise of this power. Compare with this Job xl. 11. 12 where, in words borrowed from this passage of 16 INTRODUCTION. iwa pam 121&0 Pim! 11 bsu3 aiN mrifiu Ty am mai PWa Q2 Ul3 naai yiiU ND MW Isaiah, God is represented as asking Job if he has the divine attribute, to exercise it. ii. 10 raya psalm Job xl. 13 10 mbn mm mm 11 unborn mu ba mm 12 immam mu ba nan annn a^yiap "pm The verses in Isaiah are in keeping with the whole passage, the false worship of idols is changed into abject submission to God, the expressions being intentionally the same. In Job there are many plays on words, and even tautology. The originality must lie with Isaiah. iii. 3 (also ix. 14) aua niw only Job xxii. 8 and 2 Ki. v. 1. viii. 10 aipi Nbi raa ma- Job xxii. 28 pb ap-n ton rum x. 32. 33; xi. 1. There is a grand description of a tree felled and lopped, yet vitality remains in the stump ( 2 * 12 ) and roots cf. Job xiv. 7—9. xi. 7 pn bam npaa mm Job xl. 15 baa apna mitn mom xiii. 10 ama ibm Nb—^aaia m xxv. 5 bmm Nbi nm “yin tin mm Nb nmi — rmya iot Nb amaiai Bildad wishes to make a variation in quoting Job’s sentiment ix. 7 and avails himself of Isaiah’s phrase, xiii. 13 tmon CPO 10 p by Job ix. 6 nonpoo pPNM worn mipoo pm t mmsi Job ix. 5 states the convulsions of nature to be the result of God’s anger, for which again cf. Is. xiii. 13. xiv. 19—22. The fate of the king of Babylon is taken by Bildad (Job xviii. 17—20) as a type of the wicked in general; observe the loss of name and remnant (posterity), also the rare words “an p: ‘kith and kin’, only found in these two passages, cf. Gen. xxi. 23. In the same chapters Is. xiv. 30 a ■bn ‘man Job xviii. 13 m» man a superlative expression peculiar to these two passages. HI. THE author’s USE OF HEBREW LITERATURE. 17 xvii. 14 ypi Chan Job vii. 21 rnmnutt xix. 5 CPh 72 Dm iriC32i xiv. 11 sp •072 am nbTN mh nprr hfim oah rhrp Pirni There is no reason why Job’s expression should not have suited Isaiah; but the inim ‘laid waste’ of Isaiah is too strong for general application, so "ibiN is substituted by Job. Who would alter the poetical a- 1 *<272 to the prose a^rm. xix. 10 125522 Job xxx. 25 mas 1 rraay Job xii. 17—25 in describing God’s influence over nations bor¬ rows ideas and phrases from Is. xix. 11—14 cf. also Is. iii. 1- The parallel is exact, beginning with the folly of princes and counsellers and finishing with the allusion to the drunken man Job has treated exhaustively the suggestion in Isaiah. xxii. 22 nna yw Job xii. 14 rina -1 Nbi mv by ‘"imo -1 xxv. 2 nsi’ 1 ab abiyb ran" 1 Nbi aimm p xxvi. 19 pay mao xxvi. 19 p? 2 n ma ■’isia ‘The dwellers in dust’ of Isaiah is amplified by Job into ‘dwellers in clay houses’, that he may allude to the uncer¬ tainty of the foundations of such. xxvi. 21 inmn nN yhNh nnbm Job xvi. 18 mn ■’Dan bN phN r-pyhiri by my naan abi also cf. Job xx. 27. xxvii. 1 mn U5H3 cf.xxx.6t)aiy72 tpra xxvi. 13 mn usni Job vii. 12 ‘Am I a dragon or a sea, that thou settest guard over me’, also v. 18, seems to have arisen out of connecting Is. xxvii. 3 with xxvii. 1. 9 Is. xxix. 6. The thunder, earthquake, whirlwind and fire com¬ pare with Elijah’s experience at Horeb and Job xxxvii. 2, xxxviii. 1. xxix. 7 nb^b -pm mbn only Job xxxiii. 15 h'mb yrnn mbn 15 hity anob '-m 'p72y72h xlii. 2 nsty n-’byu mt m pcjn72n rpyn xxxviii. 2 nity p^rra nt m 16 “mna ax naaan 14 nmn Tana perm xxx. 5 myb xb 172 b ib^m xb xxx. 13 172 b my Nb ibwr Job’s expression is sarcastic (cf. xxvi. 2), more naturally derived from Isaiah’s matter of fact than vice versa. Job xix. 23 takes Isaiah’s (xxx. 8) idea of writing an impressive utterance in a 18 INTRODUCTION. book, but improves on the idea of its being eternal by sug¬ gesting it should be engraved on a rock. xxxii. 3 aw %b i ■my nryusn ab Job vii. 8 \np yx ■'ip nan sb Job has taken ‘the eyes of spectators’, and converted it into ‘the eye of him that seeth me’. Job iv. 3 a^np naan nan xxxv. 3 man n^-p npirt pinn map d^tp 4 p^ba -p^app- 1 buna mbiaa a^apai yuan mmo a-opan Job expands and introduces elucidatory parallels. For paral¬ lels with Hezekiah’s Prayer, see notes on Job iv. 20, vi. 9, vii. 4. G. 11, (x. 1), xvii. 3, xxxviii. 17. Zephaniah. In Zephaniah i. 15 we have a description of the day of God’s vengeance based upon but elaborated from Is. viii. 22 (Joel ii. 2?). In Job xv. 25 we find npt^m px: inm*m : pun a-p inapnn corresponding to p\an nv and Prpixm -Pii an in Zeph. i. 15, and this paronomasia is found only in these two pas¬ sages. Again Job xxx. 3 the difficult phrase nmam n&nia U5?aN finds its explanation in the same verse of Zephaniah :pnuj an nm'aan. It is more likely that the originality should lie with the author who in a terrible description should in one verse make two such plays on words, which plays are also mutually connected, than that he should bring these together from a book in which they are sundered by 15 chapters. Such plays 4 are moreover characteristic of Zephaniah cf. ii. 1, iv. 6. Job xxi. 30 mpnx an is again taken from Zeph. i. 15. 18 and is found elsewhere only Ez. vii. 19. We may also see a striking similarity between Elihu’s statement Job xxxvi. 19 of the in¬ sufficiency of human ransom, and Zeph. i. 18. Obadiah 4 puna ream ax Job xxxix. 27 pas; man p:p a^-a amaia ya am np am 1 am nip Nba nm - x. 19 ppipn nrnir «b PUJNa 16 III. THE AUTHOR’S USE OF HEBREW LITERATURE. 19 Habakkuk i. 2 2 73tun Nbl Tl5>TlO Job xix. 7 JlSyN Nbl &73H pyitN p yTUin Nbi &73n 'pbN pytN pin ymx 4 225272372 nitib is it 1 ’ Nbi xxiii. 7 it3SU573 niiib iittbsio Habakkuk states in the abstract ‘no cause can ever be heard’, Job ‘I shall triumphantly carry my cause’. i. 6 ib Nb m35iz372 nTU'nb Job xviii. 15 ib iba7a ibinNn p:s72jn Habakkuk xi. 13 ‘Thou art too pure of eye to behold evil and thou canst not view iniquity’, seems the prose utterance which Eliphaz exalts into poetry (Job xv. 16) ‘the heavens are not pure in his eyes’. i. 14 131 b71372 Nb 72372*733 Job xli. 25 nb723 ’3 “icy by pN 15 nbyn rcm Mbs xl. 25 i-om irrnb ^7i373n iii. 16 ■'3223 n^im iny72723 xxxvii. 1 “’lb *nm rntb t|s 173 7]p7372 *7m At the sound of God’s thunder Hab. says ‘my belly trembled’, Elihu ‘my heart quivered and leaped from its place’. Joel i. 7 pirv-n tr^vnio Job xvi. 14 naas •’by p*r iii. 17 *ny nn iyny Nb en'm xv. 19 DDinn yr -ny abi Jeremiah. From the quotations made from Zephaniah and Habakkuk we have discovered that the book of Job was not written till after the reign of Josiah. We have now to consider whether Jeremiah or Job is the independent author of the passages common to them. Nor must we, because Jeremiah has made free use of preceding authors, be predisposed to deny him originality; for this has been shown above to be also a cha¬ racteristic of the author of Job. The following is a list of passages in Job, where in the notes references will be found to Jeremiah; Job iv. 2, vi. 15. 20, vii. 7. 15, viii. 6. 7, ix. 4, xii. 6, xiii. 26, xiv. 12, xvi. 9, xix. 19. 24, xx. 15, xxi. 7, xxii. 15, xxvi. 12, xxvii. 8. 15, xxx. 16. 26, xxxi. 10. 40, xxxiv. 21, xxxvii. 9, xxxviii. 11. 24. 34, xxxix. 20 INTRODUCTION. 1. 8. 24. 26. Many of these will be found to be illustrations from Nature, of which Jeremiah was a profound observer. But the most famous case of similarity is the cursing his birth by each author on two occasions. Jer. xv. 10, xx. 14—18; Job iii. and x. xviii. xix. Most commentators conclude in favour of Job, in fact Merx chiefly on the strength of. this, affirms that Jeremiah is the ‘terminus ad quern ’ for the date of Job. There is a manifest simplicity in Jeremiah both of idea and expression. He curses the accoucheur, Job the day and night of the anniversary of his birthday. Job x. 18 complains that God had allowed him to live, Jer. xx. 15 blames the ac¬ coucheur. Job wishes he had been stillborn iii. 11 or an abor¬ tion iii. 16, while Jeremiah expresses the strange wish xx. 17 that his mother had been always pregnant with him, that her womb had been his tomb, to which the only parallel in Job is iii. 10. Compare further Jer. xx. 18. ‘Why came I forth from my mo¬ ther’s womb to see trouble?’ Job iii. 20 ‘Oh! why give light to the wretched’ and iii. 10 ‘Because it shut not up my mother’s womb thus ever hiding sorrow from my eyes.’ It is impossible that Jeremiah should deliberately have turned Job’s poetical effusion into comparatively so bald an utterance. Jeremiah’s is rather like Elijah’s ‘It is enough, now take away my life’, the cry from the heart of a man broken down with disappoint¬ ment, which the author of Job has as is his wont touched up and coloured with the exquisite taste required by the prelude to a great work of which it is, and was intended to be, the chef d’oeuvre. xv. 21 -ra ^ribitrn Job vi. 23 hit tm •'Siabwi ‘□"'irny sp:a iirnsn trirny tut xxiii. 14 a mu m iprw viii. 20 omu ts jrTt-p nVi Job would hardly invent such a phrase concerning God, it must have been used with regard to man before its a fortiori ap¬ plication to God is evident. xxiii. 18 non iw mu Job xv. 8 ~iba yionti yuun am III. THE AUTHOR’S USE OF HEBREW LITERATURE. 21 xxv. 14 nbyss anb 'dnwbizn xxi. 19 tAn abim tjin 15 nNT nann *pn ana 20 nnw -nta nanm Jeremiah had a dramatic talent, see how superior his parables of the cups c. xxv. and the yokes c. xxvii. are to similar ones in Amos. The play in this passage is evident in Jeremiah; drunkenness was a sin he in common with all the prophets inveighed against. The very heat of intoxication nan Hos. vii. 5, itself a play on nan wine, is applied by Jer. to the nan or wrath of God. How then can we reasonably suppose Jeremiah to have based his parable on this little phrase in Job? Ob¬ serve the intimate connection of retribution in the preceding verse on each occasion. Jeremiah’s Other Works. We have no space here to vindicate Jeremiah’s authorship of the Lamentations but shall simply credit him with that work. The intimate connection between Lamentations and Job will be recognised on reference to the notes on Job ii. 13, vii. 20, xv. 33, xvi. 13, xviii. 7, xix. 9. 25, xxviii. 17, xxx. 9. 30. 31. Psalm xxii. The title of this should be not nnttjn nb-’N but n^n ^nbw cf. v. 20, the LXX dvTihjipscos is so far correct. Ewald re¬ cognised this Psalm as belonging to this period; but it must be referred to Jeremiah as its author, for in vv. 10. 11 allu¬ sion is made to his destiny before birth Jer. i, 5; for the same reason we attribute Psalm lxxi. to him; vv. 7. 8 refer to the abuse heaped upon him when in the stocks Jer. xx; v. 9 bi ba b:< finds its parallel and explanation Jer. xi. 20 "pba pn 'mbx Above all we find Jeremiah has made a play on his name Jer. xx. 7 not n -1 ap'-p Jahveli exalts, but n' 1 nav Jahveli deceives, and in this Psalm v. 6 is a further play, he calls himself m'bin a worm as if his name were derived from n? 2 p. In the use too of n^aa target Lam. iii. 12, Job xvi. 12 there seems a play on npaa prison Jer. xxxii. 2 etc. Now this Psalm represents a man whose sufferings were very similar to if not identical with those of the author of Job. 22 INTRODUCTION. He had experience of the stocks Job xiii. 27, of the insult of mobs xvi 10, xix. 18. Then in the Psalm vv. 14. 15. 27 we have a description of an exhausted attenuated frame cf. Job xix. 27, xxxiii. 21. The image of a lion toying with his prey is only found Ps. xxii. 16; Job x. 16. Bildad xxv. 6 borrows the remarkable name ‘worm’ for man, with which however we are now so 4 familiar that its origin has not been investigated. Psalm lxix. This Psalm is rightly attributed by Hitzig to Jeremiah, and like Psalm 22 has much in common with Job. Ver. 4 Job xvii. 7, v. 8 Job xvii. 6, v. 9 Job xix. 13. 17, v. 13 Job xxx. 9. 11, v. 21 Job xix. 21. 28. Thus the book of Job is in the closest affinity with the works of Jeremiah. The surroundings of the two authors, their ill health, the abuse to which they were subjected are similar to minute details. The observant love of Nature ap¬ parent in Job is strikingly conspicuous Jer. ii. 24, viii. 6. 7, x. 13, xii. 9, xiv. 2—6, xv. 12, xvii. 11, xlviii. 28, xlix. 19. The at¬ titude towards God of reverence and yet of petulant enquiry is the same. And when in addition to the above we observe, that the author of Job a native of Palestine added to his book xl. 15—41. 26 some ideas on natural history which occurred to him at a later time during his sojourn in Egypt; and remember that Jeremiah also ended his days in Egypt we cannot but ask, ‘What hinders -us from assigning the authorship of the Book of Job to Jeremiah since his life and abilities easily coincide with such a view?’ We may observe that Job has already been assigned to the author of Lamentations by Bunsen, who however makes Baruch their author. Jeremiah’s mind and style run throughout his works, though we must allow for variation of metre, and difference of sub¬ ject. Jeremiah is the Hebrew Milton, living in revolutionary times he also engaged in politics, wrote prose works on the subject; composed a dramatic epic philosophically approaching the problem of evil, introducing his own personal experience; IV. THE POETICAL SKILL OF THE AUTHOR. 23 left other smaller poetical works, and finally died in ob¬ scurity. That, the Jews rank Jeremiah next to Moses and Elijah is evident cf. Matt. xvi. 14 and the opinion of Saadyah that Jere¬ miah is the afflicted servant of God Isaiah liii. We need not then shrink from ascribing to him the largest contribution to Hebrew literature, which large as it is, is still less in bulk than the yEneid alone of Virgil. IV. THE POETICAL SKILL OP THE AUTHOR. The Book of Job falls into cantos, stanzas and stichi (lines). There is not however the regularity in the formation of these that is required in modern poetry. The only perfect specimen of arrangement in the book is chap. iii. which consists of 2 cantos each containing 4 stanzas of 6 stichi each, and 1 small stanza or verse of 2 stichi. Delitzsch and Merx seek uni¬ formity in the stanzas and ignore the Canto; Ewald and Da¬ vidson abandon the idea of uniform division and print in Cantos, marking parallelisms but ignoring the Stanza. That these divisions were intended by the poet himself will be eli¬ cited from the following considerations. (a) Cantos. iii. 13. 26 these verses terminating the cantos convey a marked contrast, which they emphasise with intentional as¬ sonance. xxviii. 1.12.20 manifestly the commencements of three cantos. Elsewhere the logical division defines the limit of the canto. Vide Analysis. In the Canto is the nearest approach to uniformity in the number of stichi. Chap. iii. 26. 26. iv. v. 20. 22 | 15. 16 | 12. 12. vi. vii. 26. 28. 27. 26. ix. 24. 22. 22. 24. 25. 24 INTRODUCTION. Chap. xv. 36. 35. xvi. 16. 16. 18. 16. 14. xx. 20. 20. 19. xxi. 35. 33. xxii. 18. 20. 20. xxxii. 22. 22. 22. 23. 21. xxxiv. 28. 28 | 25. 26. xxxvi. 24. 35 I 36. 24. (/9) Stanzas. Sometimes there is a parallelism between the corresponding lines of 2 adjoining stanzas. In c. iii cf. 4 a. 6 a, 4/9. 6/9 etc. In c. xiv. 1 ‘Man that is born of woman’, 4 ‘Ah who can make pure from impure’, and observe Bildad’s reference 25. 4. Sometimes a play in sound in the parallels. In c. iii cf. 5 a. 7 a, 5 y. 8 a or at the beginning and end of the same stanza xxvi. 11—13. Sometimes a chiastic parallelism between the beginning and end of the stanza. vi. 5 a. Brays the wild ass over the grass. 7 /9. Though hungry it loathes my food, x. 17 y. Vicissitudes and a fixed time are my lot, 19/9. From the womb to the grave had been carried, i.e., so escaped the vicissitudes which have befallen me between birth, and death which is my fixed time. Most frequently the limits of the stanza are defined by the continuation of one idea. Thus x. 4—7 conduct unworthy of God, 8—11 creative formation in the womb. (y) Stichus. The primitive form of this was the monostych. Monostych. vi. 5, x. 15 y. 17 y, xviii. 4, xix. 27 y etc. Distych. When two sticlii are joined together by some common con¬ struction. (1) Copulatives frequently; (2) Comparison vii. 9 etc.; IV. THE POETICAL SKILL OF THE AUTHOR. 25 (3) Regimen of verb iii. 20 Why give, vii. 7 Remember; (4) Re¬ lative iii. 23 etc. Tristych. iii. 4. 5. 6. 7 a/?. 8a, iv. 16. 19, v. 5, vi. 4. 10, vii. 4. 11. 16. 20, viii. 6, ix. 24, x. 1. 22, etc. etc. Scansion. 3Ierx has observed that by far the majority of stichi are found to contain eight syllables, to read which we must often dispense with the Metheg and Chateph vowels, and contract the Dual terminations; but a closer inspection discovers that a more elaborate scheme is required to meet the ’difficulties of the case. The importance of determining whether or not the book was intended to be read in metre appears in the evidence it bears on the omission or insertion of letters and words, which must mar the rhythm if the author had such originally in contemplation. For examples see Critical Table i. 17. 19, ii. 4. 10, iii. 16, v. 5, vi. 7. 20, viii. 19, ix. 21, xii. 7, xiii. 6. 14, xiv. 4, xviii. 13. 20, xxiv. 1. 12, xxviii. 5. 6, xxix. 5. 6. 12. 25, xxx. 1. 12. 24, xxxi. 18, xxxiii. 16, xxxiv. 23. 26. 29. And in the following Table observe how attention to'metre demands redivision of verses, which is corroborated by the sense thus obtained. Certain stichi read easily in eight syllable metre without any alteration. Thus xi. 7 /?. Im ghadh taklith shaddai tabho xiii. 11/?. Uphachdho yippol ghaleykem 12 a. Zikroneykem mishley epher /?. Le-gabbey chomer gabbeykem But every here and there comes a line with one or more syllables apparently too many or too few to fit into the eight syllable scheme. The very opening of the poem seems re¬ fractory; 7. 10. 8. 10. 9. 9. 7. 8. 11. 7. 9. 11. 7. 8, thus ir_ regularly runs the number of syllables in each stichus in Job iii. 3—8. 26 INTRODUCTION. It is well known that Semitic languages love to write gram¬ matical forms more fully than they are spoken; hut the Mas- sora had not the Linea Occultans of the Syriac, nor the Wasla of the Arabic, whilst, aiming at the greatest exactness they had registered even the faintest sounds disregarded by those. We have therefore to discover rules of contraction. Job iii. 3—8 is subjoined, transliterated from the Hebrew in the form in which I suppose the author to have intended it to be pronounced, that some idea may be formed of the ne¬ cessity and value of the rules which follow thereafter. iii. 3. Yobhadh yom ivva- -ledh bo W’allail a- -mar horah gabber 4. Hayyom lia- -hu yehi choshek A1 yidhre- -shev eloh mimmaghl W’al tophagh ghalav ne- -liarah 5. Yigaluv choshek we- -tzalmuth Tishkan ghalav gha- -nanah Yebhagh- -thuv kamri- -rey yom 6. Hallail yiqqachev opliel A1 yi- -chadh bimey shanah Bemispar yeracliim al yabho 7. Hinn’ allail- -hu yehi galmudh A1 ta- -bho rena- -nah bho 8. Yiqqe- -bhuv ore- -rey yom. The above justifies itself, since the connection between vv. 4. 5 and 6. 7 (especially 4 a and 6 a, 5 a and 7 a, 5 y and 8 a) is now as recognisable in sound as it has hitherto been in sense. Hides for Scansion. 1. Dual terminations contract, mam for mayim etc. 2. Chateph vowels, when used for Sheva syllabic or mute, to be disregarded sha’ gath, she’ lathi etc. 3. Metheg disregarded, except when followed by the same consonant repeated, iv. 4 korghoth, 8 korshey but gliole- lim, ore-rey, alle-lai. iy. THE POETICAL SKILL OF THE AUTHOR. 27 4. Furtive Pathach ignored; Eloh maddugh koch. 5. Daghesh Forte in consonants pointed with Sheva is ignored, mib’li, adhab’rah, etc. 6. Vocal Sheva is slurred (a) if the letter is initial radical iv. 6 drakeyka, iv. 7, x. 9 zkor, iv. 14 qraan, (/?) before suffix iv. 6 yirathka kislathka, v. 24 navka, (y) in a consonant pointed with Sheva before n iii. 1 w’einenuo, iv. 7 w’epho, v. 1. 7 w’el, v. 4. 8 w’otho. This is illustrated by hndu for inNw: xli. 17. Some¬ times also before rr cf. vi. 2 w’havvathi. (d) The prepositions b, n when pointed with Sheva arc often drawn back on to a preceding word ending with •nriN letters, i. 15. 17 hikka l’phi, v. 6 yetze m’ghaphar, xiii. 16 lo l’phanav, xiv. 3 tabhi b’mishpat, vii, 16 lo l’gholam. 7. Poetical Suffixes. (1 ) ;)!t- the n is lost in pronunciation and the i becomes a consonant with whatever vowel precedes somewhat like the Syriac wno. iii. 4 yidhreshev, 5 yigaluv yebhaghthuv, 6 yiqqachev, iv. 8 yiqtzruv, xi. 14 harchiqev, xiv. 20 titliqephev watshalchev. That this was the ancient pronunciation is attested by xxv. 3 where the LXX translate -rn'iN EvsdQa mistaking ‘orev’ for ‘orebh 1 rmx, (2) -a~ pronounced ~en’ ~un’ as in Syriac x. 8—11 eight stichi end in this manner wayyaghsun’ watbhalgen’ ghasithan’ etc. iii. 25, vi. 4. 9 etc. 8. The article is frequently absorbed (a) w’allail, hinn’ allail cf. Rule 6 y somewhat as b*^? for b^ir, (/?) as in Syriac hallail ’hu for hallail hahu cf. on danbhiyau for danbhi hau. 9. Arbitrary. (a) nb^b always pronounced lail’, nanbas for n v »bat, 28 INTRODUCTION. (/?) Segholate adverbs with monosyllabic utterance iii. 4, xviii. 16 mim-maghl, iv. 21, xiv. 20 nitzch, vi. 2 yaclid. (y) Pausal forms. (1) resolved 'qb for i. 15. 16, v. 27, vii. 19, (2) for the sake of assonance the pause is sometimes thrown back on the last word but one, so viii. 22 yilboshu bosheth. (d) pronounced ~/:i v. 6 um-adhamah, x. 14 um- ghavoni. Samples of Scansion. At first sight it might appear plausible to scan a line of 8 syllables in a sort of Iambic metre but as 8. 9. 7 and even 6 syllables are found in one stanza, 3 feet will be observed to be the natural division. Lines containing less than 6 are Hemistychs, those which have 10 syllables are not common they must fall into 4 feet. 6 syllables. vi. 20. Boshu ki ba- -tachu 21. Ivi ghat- -tah he- -yithem 23. Umal- -tun mi- -yadh tzar xx. 7. Royav yomru ayy«- xxxviii. 2. Mi zeh machshik ghetzah 7 syllables. iii. 3. Yobhadh yom ivva- -ledli bo 5. Tishkan ghalav gha- -nanah Yebhagh- -thuv kamri- -rey yom 6. A1 yi- -chadh bimey shanah 7. A1 ta- -bho rena- -nah bho 8. Yiqqe- -chev ore- -rey yom 8 syllables. iii. 3. W’allail a- -mar horah gabher 4. A1 yidhre- -shev eloh mimmaghl W’al topliagh ghalav ne- -harah 5. Yigaluv choshek we- -tzalmuth. IV. THE POETICAL SKILL OF THE AUTHOR. 29 9 syllables. iii. 6. Bemispar yerachim al yabho iv. 12. Wattiqqach ozni shem- -etz menku 13. Binphol tar- -demah ghal anashim v. 14. We kallail yemashshu batztzohram 10 syllables. iii. 24. Ivi liphney lachmi anchathi tabho 25. Ki pachadh pachadh- -ti wayye- -thayen 1 iv. 2. Hanissah dabhar eleyka tileh 5. Ki gbattak tabho eleyka wattel. xviii. 2. Gkadk anak tasim qintzey le- -millim 14. Titzgkan ye- -thedho T melek bal- -lahoth. Poetry in the Prologue. It lias been admitted that i. 5. 21, ii. 10 are poetry; but there is a refrain attached to the speeches of Jahveh and Job, and to the reports of the messengers, which justifies us in supposing that these also are capable of rhythm. I subjoin them thus arranged leavin g them to speak for themselves. i. 5. Ulai cliatu bhanay Ubherku elohim bilbliabham 7. Misshot lia- -aretz umithhal- -lak bah 8 or. Ha-samta libka ghal ghabhdi Iyyobli fi. Ki ein ka- -moliu ba- -aretz y. .Isk tarn weyasher d. Yare e- -lohim we- -sar meragh 9. Ha-chinnam yare Iyyobli e- lohim 10. Ha-lo at- -tah sakta baghdo Ubhghadh bei - -tho ubh- -ghadh kol a- - -sher lo Missabhibh maghseh yadhav be- -rakta Uiniqnev pharatz ba- -aretz 11. Wulam she- -lacli na ya- -dheka 30 INTRODUCTION. i. 11. Wegagli bekol a- -sber lo Im lo glial panei- -ka yeblia- rekka 12. Hinneh kol asber lo bb‘- -yadlieka Raq eilav al tasblaeb yadbeka 14. Habba- -qar hayu cborsbotb Watbonotb rogboth glial yedheihem 15. Wattippol Sheblia wat- -tiqqacbem W’etli hangha- -rim liikku 1’- -plii cberebb Wa-im malta raq ani Lebhaddi lebaggidli leka 16. Esk elo- -him min-basb sbamam Napbla wattibligbar batztzon Ubhan- -gharim wat- -toklem Wa-im- -malta raq ani Lebhaddi lebaggidb leka 17. Ivasdim sa- -mu shlosba rasbim Wayyipkske- -tu glial kag- -mallim Weth hangha- Wa-im etc. etc. -rim liikku 1’- -pbi cberebh 18. Bhanei- -ka ublino- -theika Oklim weshotbim yayin Bebheith acbibem babkor 19. W’hinneh ruch ge- -dbolah Baah me- -gbebher ham- -midbbar Wayyiggagk barbagb pin- -noth habbaith Glial hangba- Wa im- etc. etc. -rim wayya- -mutbu 21. Gharom ya- -tzatbi mibbeten immi Wegba- -rom asbubh sbammab Yahveh na- -than we-yah- -veh laqacli Yehi sbem yabveb m’- -bhorak 31 IV. TIIE POETICAL SKILL OF THE AUTHOR. ii. 2. 3 same as above i. 7. 8 to which is added 3«. Wcghodhen’ machziq be- -tummatho £. Watsithen’ bho 1’ bhalgho chinnam 4. Ghor beghadh ghor wekol asher lo Ish yit- -ten beghadh naphsho 5. Ulam she- -lach na ya- -dheka Wegagh al ghatzmo w’el besaro Im lo el panei- -ka yebha- rekka 6. Hinno beya- -dheka Ak eth naphsho shemor 9. Ghodhka macli- -ziq betum- -matheka Barek elohim wamuth 10. Kedhabber achath han- -balotli Tedhab- -beri gam at Hattobh ne- -qabbel meth ha-e- -lohim W’eth ha- -ragh lo ne- -qabbel. In the above there is only one Hemistych i. 8 y repeated ii. 3 y but such are found occasionally in the book itself. In i. 17 § we must dispense with and in xix. 8 with bim. Vide Critical Table. In ii. 4. I have restored kol asher lo, ish for kol asher la-ish, as it suits the scanning and directly refers to the terms of God’s permission i. 12, see also Satan’s own remarks i. 10. 11. We also observe in i. 10 that X'zon is parallel to y-,^n and adjunct therefore to r3“n not nso. The presence of vn in 14 a is evidence of the purpose of scan¬ sion as the verb is omitted ver. 18 where the construction is identical, for Delitzsctis statement is inaccurate, ‘The verb rn stands here because the clause is a principal one not as ver. 18 adverbial’, in each case the sentence is protasis to an apodosis commencing with i. The two last lines of each messenger’s speech are a refrain, and the line before in each with the repeated hangharim is distinctly assonant. 32 INTRODUCTION. i. 7, ii iii. 8. v. 21. viii. 11. 10 . 22 . ix. 33. x. 15. 22 . xi. 12. 17 xii. 17. 18. xiii. 12. xv. 11. 26. 27. 29. 30. 31. xvi. 2. 9. 12 . 14. xvii. 4. 14. xviii. 16. xix. 15. Paronomasia. 2 arm play on pit) (Eivald). mnp^ of the clay, 6. imp -1 of the night, an •'PPN; -,nnb 5. an ■’Tnaa cf. ix. 13 ana -nra avan -maa Observe the imitation of and assonance with vi. 5. yoruka yomru lak umillib- -bam yotzi- -u millim yilboshu bosheth an lb, 32 Nb nan cf. vii. 8 -pa nnaa rain aa’n -bn •* T • • • T • naan cf. x. 22 aain. bbiTD bbifT 1 non; pitn moan cf. now ver. 20. n?;n "a; cf. iv. 19 am \nn bN nn;in;n cf. xiii. 4 bba “’Nan n:n; ^a.i ■'aa baa ->ba nma Tuan cf. ix. 9 mnai b^oa \aa maa abi;; cf. 28 a^bab aia -1 nio - 1 T * nan; anna bx cf. 15 nan; ttpn 14 ^b 22 ana ^b b/;a.n;nn; a forced retorted play on xv. 11 bN nn;in;n improved below xxi. 34. m;;;an cf. ver. 8 maiapm nitautan nnanan cf. ver. 14 ninan n;7a ^ba ym -1 cf. xv. 26 nanca nba yin" 1 baa?; n;ai aab ia cf. Ps. lxvi. 7 a^nnon nnssrn r : - r r v ; • a?;nn Nb p ba nab nnn b« n?;o tsn T * * * ba?a?ai u-mimmaghl bin yimmal nib cf. 13 PTSN IV. THE POETICAL SKILL OF THE AUTHOR. 33 xx. 6. nbm on cf. 7 ibb^a 13. b? 2 rr cf. 14 mnb 24. mm cf. 25 paai 26. ibn^a T“na cf. 21 "ibaixb nmi 2 i 28. br go into captivity cf. 27 ibr reveal xxi. 23. T'bttJi *-Nb'U cf. xxvi. 9 below. 28. bmx mx cf xviii. 24 ''1572 bmx 32. bar nmapb cf. 30 ibar rmar 34. ban m72in:n cf. xv. 11 bx Vi xxii. 10. b:’72 cf. bx72 xx. 29 each the last word of a speech, erne ana a common play cf. Is. xxiv. 17. Jer. Lam. 12. mbx iobn cf. bxbn xxi. 22, xxii. 1, bx bx xv. 13 etc. 24 - 122 a “ma v v : xxiv. 18. bbpn bp xxvi. 9. ran a for -a a a to be assonant with mwa 10. an pn 11. idst-t 'x mm s> cf. 13 ■nmEP dv:x mma 13. nna am: a 172125 mma xxvii. 6. nanx rprp xxviii. 16. “PEHN TED xxx. 28. man xba mabn cf. xxix. 6 ntrana la^bn xxxi. 30. T125S3 nbxa baNi25b cf. xxvii. 8 vam: mbtf bixor t r v 37. immx t»22 xxxvi. 15. ynba ybm xl. 10. na3 *px3 mm am cf. v. 12 mm 22. mam mam abbaa a^bxi: xli. 1. nata: max V 3 34 INTRODUCTION. THE DATE OF THE BOOK OF JOB. Beside many references to the life of Elijah, we have ob¬ served in the historical allusions that mention is made of the destruction of Sennacherib’s host Job xxxiv. 20. Under the head of quotations we have also shown that the book is in¬ debted to Jeremiah, if not indeed actually composed by him. As Job was not an historic personage the allusion to him Eze¬ kiel c. xv. presupposes the existence of this book; while the order ‘Noah Daniel and Job’ shows acquaintance with Job to have arisen after Daniel came into notoriety after the destruc¬ tion of Jerusalem. We must then suppose the book of Job to have been written at this time, and a copy (as Jeremiah’s works actually did) to have reached the exiles in Babylon when Ezekiel took him for a type of piety. With such a date the internal evidence of the book agrees. Exalting an ‘alien to the commonwealth of Israel’ to such a place of esteem with Jahveli, it can only have been written at a time when godfearing Gentiles had been recognised as pleasing to God. Traces of such a feeling are to be found in Isaiah and Jeremiah. Shaving i. 20. Cutting ii. 8 as tokens of grief, decried in the Mosaic Ritual could hardly have been ascribed to a pious man earlier than the time of Jeremiah who alludes without disapproval to these practices. Oppression and covetousness (vi. 27; xx. 10. 19; xxii. 6—9; xxiv. 2—4. 13—18) employed as typical crimes require such a time of lawless excess as attended the close of the kingdom of Judah. Vide Isaiah, Jeremiah and the prophets in general. The fate of nations, which God allows to flourish and then to collapse xii. 28 points to the same time, when Syria and the Ten Tribes had succumbed to Assyria, and Assyria itself, Judah and Egypt been subdued by Babylon the newly cul- THE DATE OF TIIE BOOK OF JOB. 35 minating power. So also do the want of burial xxvii. 15, cf. Jer. viii. 2; xxii. 19; Ps. lxxviii. 64; the worship of the moon xxxi. 26. 27 cf. Jer. xliv. 15—19; the intimate acquaintance with a besieged city xix. 12; xxx. 12. 14 to which we have more distinct reference xx. 28; xxxvi. 8—12; also the experience of revolutions xii. 16—22 when princes and priests are led captive, and the ministers of state are perplexed. While jealousy of the immunity of robbers from affliction xii. 6 and the allusion to Ammon and Moab as dwellers in caves xxx. 5 ‘children of shame yea nameless xxx. 8 (cf. the mythical origin of the fathers of these nations Gen. xix. 30—38) recal the feeling towards the surrounding nations of Israel, before they suffered the same fate of destruction, while they were yet robbing and murdering the unprotected remnant of Hebrews. The language of the book also agrees with this date. Its Aramaisms are more akin to those of the prophets than of Ezra or the author of Ecclesiastes; the very employment of them is artificial for the sake of parallelism or of variety, cf. p3 and aj'i, and D^pT, and '-mi) xvi. 19, mis and mr xxxix. 5, yv> and nn; xvii. 16, irtnM and mis, dip and xl. 18 ps and bpif: xv. 3. Such is very different from the mixed language of a later period when Aramaic words were employed unconsciously or in fact were required to reach the popular ear. Other dates have been assigned to Job. The old tradition has long been exploded, that it was composed by Moses, or only committed to writing by him, in which case it merely existed by oral tradition or was deciphered from inscriptions on the rocks in Horeb. Perhaps this last fancy was suggested by xix. 23. 24. The train of thought which resulted in the suggestion of Moses as its author is to a certain extent natural. The salient features of the book—the Arabic phraseology, the close observation of desert life, the intimate acquaintance with Egypt, the many traits in common with the old patriarchal 3* 36 INTRODUCTION. life, and the absence of allusion to Mosaic ritual and to any doctrine distinctively Israelitish—seemed readily conformable to this hypothesis. Though we thus have evidence of a critical spirit, we cannot be surprised that an age which did not scruple to accredit Moses with Deuteronomy and many parts of the Pentateuch he could never have penned, should also father on him a work which itself testifies to a much more modern origin. The hypothesis perhaps now most favoured is that the hook of Job is one of the many glorious productions of the golden age of Hebrew literature-the reign of Solomon; which is based chiefly on striking similarities in the vocabulary of Job and Proverbs, and on the opportunity afforded by the then intercourse with Egypt and Arabia for borrowing pictures and phrases from these countries. Somewhat similar arguments result in the opinion of Ewald, Renan and Merx, that it is to be referred to the reign of Hezekiah, for the international relations were almost identical, and a fresh edition of the Proverbs was issued, cf. Prov. xxv. 1. But in face of the mutually corroborative testimony col¬ lected above, we can assign no earlier date than the destruc¬ tion of Jerusalem B.C. 588. Merx’s assertion that the book of Jeremiah forms a ‘terminus ad quern’ for the compilation of Job, is met and answered above where the relation between these books is discussed. KeiVs statement that ‘the numerous Arabisms would be simply inexplicable in the age of the exile’ might be correct, if it were supposed that the book was written in Babylon; but there is no insurmountable difficulty if we suppose the author to be living in Palestine in the 6th century, for the intercourse with Arabia, begun in the days of David and Solomon and revived in those of Hezekiah and Josiah, must have provided the learned with an Arabic vocabulary. Objection has been raised to so deeply philosophical a work arising in times of unsettlement. Such an argument would THE DATE OF THE BOOK OF JOB. 37 deny Milton the authorship of Paradise Lost. Such a time was exactly suited to ventilating the problem of God’s dealings with his peculiar people, whether nation or individual. The appearance of the book of Job at such a time would account for its having sutfered the most severely by way of corruption and dislocation of all Hebrew books. While not before this time would any Hebrew venture to ventilate semi-sceptical views such as much later appeared in Ecclesiastes. THE BOOK OF JOB. THE PROLOGUE. CHAPP. I. II. . 1 There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job. And the same man was honest and upright god- 2 fearing and sin-abhorring. And there were born to him 3 seven sons and three daughters. And his possessions were seven thousand sheep and three thousand camels, live hundred yoke of oxen and five hundred she-asses, beside a very large staff of servants: so that this man was the most important among the tribes of the East. 4 Now his sons used to hold a feast in each other’s houses in turn, and they sent invitations to their three 5 sisters to eat and drink with them. And when the circuit of the feast days was completed, Job sent for them and sanctified them rising early and offering sacrifices for each of them, for he said: “Lest haply my sons have sinned, “And blasphemed God in their hearts.” Job did thus every time. 6 On the day when the angels came to present them¬ selves before Jahveh, Satan also came amongst them. Ch. i. 7—16. 39 7 And Jahveh said to Satan: “Whence comest thou?” And Satan said to Jahveh in reply: “From traversing the earth, and visiting every corner of it.” 8 And Jahveh said to Satan: “Hast thou observed my servant Job, “That there is no man like him upon earth, “Honest and upright, “God-fearing and sin-abhorring?” 9 And Satan made reply to Jahveh: “Doth Job fear God for nought? 10 “Hast thou not hedged him in, “And his household and all his property, “On every side the work of his hands thou hast blessed, “And his cattle spread in the land. 11 “But just stretch forth thine hand “And smite his property, and see “If he will not blaspheme thee to thy face.” 12 And Jahveh said to Satan: “Behold all his property is in thy power, “Only himself thou shalt not touch.” And Satan went forth from the presence of Jahveh. 13 And on the day when his sons and daughters were eating, and drinking wine in the house of their eldest 14 brother; a messenger came to Job saying: “The oxen were ploughing, “And the she-asses grazing close by, 15 “When the Sabaeans came suddenly and seized them “And slew the young men with the edge of the sword. “While I escaped, I only “By myself to bring thee the tidings.” 16 While he was yet speaking another came saying: “The lightning from heaven 40 Ch. i.'16—ii. 2. “Fell upon the Hocks and consumed them, “And upon the young men and devoured them, “While I escaped, I only “By myself, to bring thee the tidings.” 17 While he was yet speaking another came saying: “The Chaldees disposed in three companies “Attacked the camels, “And slew the young men with the edge of the sword, “While I escaped, I only “By myself, to bring thee the tidings.” 18 While he was yet speaking another came saying: “Thy sons and thy daughters “Were eating, and drinking wine “In the house of their eldest brother, 19 “When lo! a great gale “Came across the desert “And struck the four corners of the house “Upon the young men, so that they were killed “While I escaped, I only “By myself, to bring thee the tidings.” 20 And Job arose, and rent his clothes and shaved his head 21 and fell prostrate on the earth in worship. And he said: “Naked came I forth from my mother’s womb, “And naked shall I return thither, “Jahveh gave, and Jaliveh hath taken away, “Let Jahveh’s name be blessed.” Thus far Job did not sin by attributing folly to God. ii. 1 And on the day when the angels came to present them¬ selves before Jahveh, Satan also came amongst them to 2 present himself before Jahveh. And Jahveh said to Satan: “Whence comcst thou?” And Satan said to Jahveh in reply: “From traversing the earth, and visiting every corner of it.” Ch. ii. 3—11. 41 3 And Jahveh said to Satan: “Hast thou observed my servant Job, “That there is no man like him upon earth “Honest and upright, “God-fearing and sin-abhorring; “And that he still maintains his perfect conduct? “So thou hast incited me to afflict him to no purpose.” 4 And Satan made reply to Jahveh: “Skin after skin, yea all that he hath, “Will a man give rather than himself; 5 “But just stretch forth thine hand “And smite his bone and his flesh, and see “If he will not blaspheme thee to thy face.” 6 And Jahveh said to Satan: “Behold he is in thy power, “Only thou must regard his life.” 7 And Satan went forth from the presence of Jahveh. And he smote Job with grievous boils from the sole 8 of his foot to the crown of his head. And Job took a piece of pottery to cut and gash himself with, and sat in 9 the midst of ashes. Then his wife said to him: “Thou art still maintaining thy perfect conduct? “Blaspheme God that thou mayest die.” 10 But he said to her: “As a light woman would speak “Thou, even thou, art speaking. “Good we are to receive from God, “And we are not to receive evil?” Thus far Job did not sin, with his lips. 11 When the three friends of Job heard of all this evil that had befallen him, they came each from his place, Eliphaz the Temanite and Bildad the Shuite and Zophar the Naamathite. And they met together to come to com- 12 fort and console him. But when they lifted up their eyes from afar off, and hardly recognised him, they lifted up their voices and wept and rent each man his clothes; and 13 scattered dust upon their heads towards heaven, and sat beside him upon the earth seven days and seven nights without speaking a word to him, for they saw that the pain was very great. JOB’S OPENING SOLILOQUY. CHAP. III. 2 . 6 . 6 . 6.6 | 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 2 . iii. 1 Afterwards Job opened his mouth and cursed his day. 2 And Job brake the silence and said: 3 Perish the day whereon I was born, The night when they said, ‘It is a man child’. 4 That day! may it be dark, And God not seek it from above, And no light dawn upon it. 5 Darkness and gloom reclaim it, A cloud settle down upon it, Eclipse of day render it terrible. 6 That night! may pitchy darkness seize; Let it not join the reckoning of the year, Nor come amongst the number of the months. 7 Aye that night be barren, Nor sound of joy heard in it. 8 Let them who curse the day curse this. What time Leviathan awaking rises; 9 Its morning twilight stars be darkened, Hoping for light while there is none, Nor let it see the glimmer of the dawn. 10 For that it shut not up my mother’s womb, Thus ever hiding sorrow from my eyes. Why was’t I died not at my birth, Just born and ceased to be? 11 44 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Ch. iii. 12—26. Why were the knees prepared to welcome me, And why the breasts for me to suck? For now should I be lying and at rest, Asleep, then were there peace for me. With kings and councillors of earth, Who for themselves rebuild abandoned cities. Or with princes possessed of gold, Who fill their houses with silver Or as a buried abortion 1 had been, As infants who see not the light. There cease the wicked to trouble, And there the toilworn rest. The bondsmen together repose, Undisturbed by the tasker’s voice. There the great and the small are one, And the slave is free from his lord. Oh! why give light to the wretched, And life to the bitter of soul! Who long for death and it comes not, And search for it rather than treasure. Who are cheerful almost with glee, And rejoice when they find the grave. Oh! why to the man perplexed, Whom God was wont to protect. For my groaning becomes my food, My roarings pour forth like water. For the fear I feared befel me And what I dreaded came upon me. I have no peace, I have no rest, I have no quiet, but trouble conies. A. THE FIRST COURSE OF CONTROVERSY. CIIAPP. TV—XIY. ELIPHAZ’S FIRST ANSWER. CHAPP. IY-Y. 4 . 4 . 4 . 4.4 | 4 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3.4 || 4 . 4 . 3.4 | 4 . 4 . 4.4 | 4 . 4.4 | 4 . 4 . 4 . iv. 1 Then Eliphaz the Temanite spake in reply: 2 Should one attempt a word with thee, thou wilt be vexed; Yet who can put a check on speech? 3 Lo thou hast instructed many, And strengthened the nerveless hands. 4 Thy counsels raised up the stumbling, Thou bracedst the bending knees. 5 Yet now it’s thy turn thou faintest, When evil touches thyself thou art scared. 6 Is not piety thy confidence, And thine honest ways thy hope? 7 Think now. Who ever perished innocent, When ever were the upright cut off? 8 As my experience goes, they who plough misfortune, And sow trouble, they reap the same; 9 From the breath of God they perish, By the blast of his wrath are consumed. 10 Hark to the roaring of the lion, to the roaring of the lion! As the two young lions roam about, 11 The lion perishes from lack of prey, And the lioness’ whelps are scattered. 46 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 v. 1 2 3 4 5 Ch. iv. 12—v. 5. E’en to me was a secret word brought, My ear caught the whisper of it, In the fancies of dreams of the night, When slumber falls upon men. Fear seized upon me and terror, And made all my bones to tremble. A breath passed over my face, The hair of my flesh stood erect. It stood, and I saw not its form The apparition before mine eyes, And a still small voice I heard. “Shall a mortal be just before God, “Or a man be pure with his Maker? “If he puts not trust in his servants; “And charges his angels with folly, “Much more men who dwell in clay houses, “Whose foundations are laid in the dust, “More easily crushed than a moth. “Who are cut off all the day long, “Unregarded they perish for ever, “As soon as their cord is loosened “They die without gaining wisdom.” Call now. Is there any to answer? To which of the saints wilt thou turn? For complaining destroyeth the fool, And jealousy slayeth the simple. I have seen a fool firmly rooted, Suddenly his dwelling passed away. Ilis sons wander far from help, Undefended are crushed in the court. What they harvest the hungry eat, These take it even out of the baskets; While the thirsty devour his wealth. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Cn. v. 6—21. 47 For misfortune springs not from the dust, Nor does trouble spring out of the ground; Nay but man is born unto trouble, As eaglets mount high on the wing. But I in your place would seek God; % And lay my own cause before him, Who doth great things unsearchable, And wondrous things innumerable. Who sends the rain upon earth, Pouring water over the fields; And he places the low born on high, That the mourners attain unto prosperity. Frustrating the thoughts of the crafty, They fail to accomplish their plans; Ensnaring the wise in their craft So the scheme of the cunning is overthrown. In the daytime they meet with the darkness, And grope in the noon as at night. While he saves from the sword of their mouth, From the hand of the mighty, the poor. So hope springs up for the needy, And iniquity closes her mouth. Lo happy whom God doth chasten, Then despise not the Almighty’s correction. When he wounds, himself doth bind; When he smites, his own hands heal. Six times he shall rescue from trouble, The seventh, no evil shall touch thee. In famine, from death he will save; thee; And in war, from the stroke of the sword. From the scourge of the tongue thou shalt hide, Nor fear approaching destruction. 48 Ch. v - 22—vi 7. 22 At destruction and famine thou shalt laugh, Nor have aught to fear from wild beasts; 23 For with stones of the field thou wilt have league, Yea with thee shall the wild beasts keep peace. 24 Thou shalt yet see thy house in peace. And shalt keep thy household from sin; 25 Thou shalt yet see a numerous seed, Thine offspring as grass of the earth. 26 In ripe age thou wilt come to the tomb, As a sheaf in its time is gathered. 27 Lo this is what we have searched. So it is. Do thou now hear and consider it. JOB’S ANSWER TO ELIITIAZ’S FIRST SPEECH. CHAPP. YI. VII. 7 . 6 . 7.6 | 6 . 4 . 4 . 6 . 4.4 | 6 . 6 . 3 . 6.6 | 4 . 4 . 5 . 4 . 5 . 4 . vi. 1 Then Job spake in reply. 2 Oh would my complaining were weighed, My trouble too, that they both were laid in the scales. 3 For now it weighs more than the sand of the sea, For this reason my words seem blasphemous. 4 For the Almighty’s arrows have pierced me, Whose poison my spirit drinks deep. God’s terrors trouble me. 5 Brays the wild ass over the grass? Does the ox low over the fodder? 6 Does one eat tasteless food without salt? Is there flavour in juice of the mallow? 7 My soul refuses to touch, Though hungry it loathes my food. Ch. vi. 8—23. 49 8 Oh! would my request were granted, That God would vouchsafe me my hope! 9 That God would-be pleased to crush me. Let loose his hand and destroy me! 10 Then this still my comfort should be, I could exult o’er unceasing pain; I did not falsify the words of God. 11 What is my strength, that I should wait, My end that I should drag on my life? 12 Is my strength the strength of stones, Or my flesh is it made of brass? 13 Surely no help is left in myself, Philosophy is driven far from me. 14 When sympathy fails from his friend, Then a man loses his fear of the Almighty. 15 My brethren are false as a stream, They pass like a mountain torrent; 16 Which is black by reason of ice, And the snow which is hidden in it; 17 In the time of drought it is destroyed, Disappears in the heat from its place; 18 The paths of its course are perverted, Go forth in the waste and are lost. 19 Caravans from Tema gaze round, Merchant troops of Sheba hope for it; 20 Ashamed are they that they trusted, Arrived at the place are confounded. 21 E’en so have ye now been, Ye fear a causeless fear. 22 Said I ever “Give unto me, “Pay a bribe for me from your wealth, 23 “Rescue me from the hand of my foe “Ransom me from the tyrant’s power.” 4 50 Ch. vi. 24—vii. 9. 24 Show me and I will be silent, Instruct me wherein I have erred. 25 What force have the words of the upright! But your argument what can it prove. 2G Ye esteem your own speech as argument, The words of one in despair ye count wind. 27 Ye forsooth who cast lots for the orphan, And barter concerning your friend. 28 And now be pleased to turn towards me, For can I be false to your face. 29 Turn again let there be no injustice, I too will return, my uprightness remaineth. 30 In my tongue is there any injustice, Or cannot my sense discern crime? vii. 1 Hath not man a fixed time upon earth, His days, are they not as the hireling’s? 2 As the servant desires the shade, And the hireling longs for his wages, 3 So months of vain hope are my portion, And wearisome nights my lot. 4 When I lay me down, then I say “How long ere I rise?” And the livelong night I am sated with tossings till dawn. 5 My flesh is clothed with worms and clods of dust, My skin-sores heal only to run again. 6 My days are swifter than a weaver’s shuttle, They vanish away without hope. 7 Remember that my life is as a wind Mine eye shall not again behold prosperity. 8 The eye of him who sees me shall no more gaze on me, Thine eye shall turn towards me but I shall be no more. 9 As a cloud vanishes and disappears, So he that goes below, comes up no more; 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Ch. vii. 10—21. 51 He returns no more to his home, And his place shall know him no more. Yea I too cannot hold my peace; I must speak in anguish of spirit, In bitterness of soul make my plaint. Am I a sea or a sea monster, That thou settest a watch on me? When I said, “My bed will be my comforter, “And my couch will endure my complaining.” Then thou didst affright me with dreams, And scare me with horrible visions. So that I prefer suffocation, | lt; I despise | death on account of my pains. I shall not live for ever | 20 O preserver of men | Leave me for vanity are my days. Why dost thou make so much of man, That thou observest him so strictly; Inspecting him every morning, And trying him every moment? How long wilt thou not look away from me, Nor leave me, e’en while I gulp down my spittle? What sin can I have done unto thee, That thou shouldest set me as a butt to thee, That I am become a burden to myself? Oh why not forget my sin, Remove far away my transgression, That now I might lie in the grave, Thou mightest seek me, but I should not be. 4* 52 Ch. viii. 1 —14 BILDAD’S FIRST SPEECH. CHAP. Till. 6 . 7 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . viii. 1 Then Bildad the Shuite spake in reply, 2 How long wilt thou utter such things, And thy words like a strong wind prevail? 3 Doth God pervert judgment, Or the Almighty justice? 4 Did thy sons commit sin against him, He cut them off in the midst of their sin. 5 If thou thyself wilt seek unto God, To the Almighty wilt make thy complaint, 6 If thou art pure and upright, Though now he be stirred up against thee, He will requite thy righteous house. 7 And though thy beginning be small, Thine end shall be great exceedingly. 8 Ask now of the former generation, Apply thyself to their fathers’ research. 9 For we of yesterday are ignorant, And our days upon earth a shadow. 10 Will they not teach thee and tell thee And bring forth words from their heart. 11 Does Papyrus grow without mire? Does the marsh weed grow without water? 12 Even still in its verdure, ungathered, It is withered before any grass. 13 Thus the courses of all God-forgettcrs And the hope of transgressors shall perish. 14 Whose hope proves disappointing, His trust as a spider’s web. Ch. viii. 15—ix. 6. 53 15 When he leans on his house, it stands not, * He grasps it, it cannot endure. 16 He nourishes in the sunshine, Over his roof his tendrils spread. 17 On a heap his roots are entwined, He holds on between the stones. 18 If he’s removed away from his place, It denies him “I never saw thee”. 19 Lo such is the uprooting of his course, And others spring forth from the dust. 20 Lo God despises not the perfect, He strengthens not the sinners’ hands. 21 Thy mouth shall yet be filled with laughter, And thy lips with exultation. 22 They that hate thee shall be clothed with shame, The tent of the wicked shall be no more. JOB’S ANSWEE TO BILDAD’S FIRST SPEECH. CHAPP. IX. X. 6 . 6 . 6.6 | 6 . 8.8 | 8 . 8.6 | 8 . 8.8 | 8 . 5 . 5 . 7 . ix. 1 Then Job spake in reply, 2 Certainly I know it is thus. How should a mortal be just with God? 3 If he deign to dispute with him, He will answer not one of a thousand. 4 Wise in plan, mighty in execution, Who ever safely defied him? 5 Who suddenly removes mountains, Overthrowing them in his wrath. 6 Who causes the earth to shake from her place, Her pillars are horror stricken. 54 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Ch. ix. 7—23. 'faho commands the sun that it rise not, And sets his seal on the stars. Who stretches the heavens alone, And walks the crests of the waves. Who makes the Bear Orion and Pleiades, And Chambers of the South. Who doth great things unsearchable, And wondrous things innumerable. Lo he crosses without my seeing, And passes without my beholding. When he seizes, who shall restore? Or say “What art thou doing?” God doth not withdraw his anger Neath him crouch the helpers of Rahab. Yea though I should answer him, Make choice of my words with him; E’en were I innocent I could not answer, But cast myself on the mercy of the judge. If I called and he answered me, I could not be sure it was his voice I heard. Yet he aims at me with a tempest, Multiplying my wounds without cause. He suffers me not to recover, But fills me with bitterness. Is it a question of strength? “Lo I am mighty.” Or of judgment? “Who can advise me?” Am I righteous, his mouth would convict me, Am I perfect it would convict me. Am I perfect I know not my own self, Therefore I said “’Tis all one, “Perfect and sinful alike he destroys.” If the scourge slay suddenly, He mocks at the trial of the innocent. Ch. is. 24—x. 3. 55 24 The world is given to the hands of the wicked; Its judges’ faces he covers, If not he, who else is it. 25 My days are swifter than a courier, They flee without seeing good. 26 They pass like ships of reed, As an eagle swoops on its quarry. 27 If I say “I will forget my complaining, “Forsake my gloom and he cheerful,” 28 I fear on account of my pains, I know thou wilt not acquit me. 29 Yet even if I am guilty Why do I thus toil in vain. 30 Should I wash myself like snow, And cleanse my hands in purity; 31 Then wouldst thou plunge me in a ditch, So that my clothes would abhor me.” 32 For he is not a man like myself whom I could answer That we should go together to judgment. 33 Would there were an arbitrator between us, To place his hand on us both. 34 Let him remove his rod from off me And let not his fear terrify me. 35 I would speak and not be afraid of him. For in my opinion it is not thus. x. 1 My soul is disgusted with life, I would abandon myself to my plaint I would speak in the bitterness of my soul 2 I would say into God; “Condemn me not, “Show me wherefore thou strivest with me. 3 “Is it a pleasure to thee to afflict, “To despise the work of thy hands; “And smile on the plan of the wicked. 56 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Ch. x. 4—19. “Hast thou the eyes of a mortal? “Or seest thou as man sees? “Are thy days as the days of a mortal? “Or thy years as the days of man? “That thou seekest out my transgression, “And searchest after my sin; “Though thou knowest that I am not guilty, “And none can rescue from out of thy hand “Thy hands have fashioned and made me, “Afterwards thou dost turn and destroy me. “Think that as clay thou didst mould me, “And to dust thou wilt make me return. “Didst thou not pour me like milk, “And make me congeal like a cheese? “With skin and flesh thou didst clothe me, “With bones and sinews didst frame me. “Life and mercy didst thou show me, “Thy providence preserved my life. “And these thou dost store in thy heart, “I know that this is thy plan. “When I sinned then thou didst observe it, “From my transgression thou wilt not acquit me, “If I am wicked, woe unto me “And righteous, I dare not raise my head. “Be content with my shame and consider my affliction, “As a lion thou dost seize and ensnare me, “And again show thy power upon me. “Renewing thy witness against me, “And increasing thine anger against me. “Vicissitudes and a fixed time are my lot. “Why broughtest thou me forth from the womb? “I had died and no eye had beheld me “I should be as I had not been “From the womb to the grave had been carried. Ch. x. 20—xi. 9. 57 20 “Are not the days of my life few? “Cease from me that I may be cheerful a bit, 21 “Ere I go hence no more to return “To the land of darkness and gloom 22 “To the land which is pitchy dark, “Of gloom without any order, “Whose dawn is as pitchy darkness.” ZOPHAR’S FIRST SPEECH. CHAP. XI. 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 5 . xi. 1 Then Zophar the Naamathite spake in reply, 2 Shall a torrent of words be unanswered? Or a man of much mere speech be justified ? 3 Shall men be silent at thy babblings, While thou mockest without reproof 4 And sayest, “My doctrine is pure “And I am clean in thine eyes?” 5 But would that God would speak, And open his lips with thee. 6 He would show thee the secrets of wisdom, That the essence of wisdom is double; Thou shouldst learn that God Doth forget much of thy guilt. 7 Canst thou find out the depths of God, Or fathom the mind of the Almighty? 8 As high as heaven, what canst thou do? Deeper than hell, what canst thou know? 9 Its measure is longer than earth, And wider than the broad sea. 58 Ch. xi 10—xii. 2. 10 As lie passes he makes an arrest; When he summons who shall reply? 11 But he knows how foolish are men, He sees sin without regarding it, 12 Yet foolish man is proud, Though he is born of the race of wild men. 13 If thou wouldst direct thine heart. And stretch forth thine hands unto God; 14 Remove any sin from thine hand, Nor let iniquity dwell in thy tent; 15 Yea then shouldst thou raise thy face without spot, And be pure without any fear. 16 Yea thou shouldst forget thine affliction, Or remember it as water that is past. 17 Thy time shall be brighter than noon, Though it be dark, it shall be as the morn. 18 Thou slialt be confident that yet there is hope Though thou fear, thou shalt lie down securely. 19 Thou shalt lie with none to make thee afraid, And great ones shall supplicate thee. 20 But the eyes of the wicked shall fail; And their refuge perish from them, And their hope more swiftly than a last gasp. JOB'S ANSWER TO ZOPHAR’S FIRST SPEECH. CHAPP. XII. XIII. XIV. 5 . 8 . 8.4 | 8 . 6 . 6.6 | 6 . 6 . 6 . 6.8 | 6 . 6 . 6.5 | 8 . 6 . 7.7 | 6 . 6 . 7 . 4 . xii. 1 Then Job spake in reply 2 Surely ye are the people And with you will wisdom die. Ch. xii. 3—17. 59 3 Yet I have understanding as well as you, I am not a whit inferior to you; With whom indeed may not such words be found. 4 I am become a sport to my friends, 'While I cry unto God and he hears me Mocking the righteous and upright man. 5 Contempt for misfortune, in the opinion of those who think at ease, Is ordained for those whose footing is insecure. 6 While the tents of the robbers are in peace And all things are safe to those who provoke God Even to those for whom God doth provide. 7 But ask now the cattle, And the birds of heaven and they will tell thee; 8 Or reflect on the earth and it will teach thee, And the flsh of the sea will recount to thee. 9 Who doth not recognise in all these, That the hand of Jahveh hath made them, 10 In whose hand is the soul of every living thing, And the breath of every mortal? 11 Should not the ear prove words, As the palate tastes its food? 12 With the aged is wisdom, And with length of days understanding. 13 With him are wisdom and might, His are counsel and understanding. 14 Lo he destroys that it cannot be rebuilt, He restricts man and he cannot free himself. 15 Lo he restrains the waters and they are dried up, He sends them forth and they overturn the earth. 16 With him are strength and the essence of wisdom, The erring one and the error are his. 17 He leads counsellers despoiled, And makes the judges fools. 60 Cti. xii. 18—xiii. 9. 18 He looses the band of kings And girds their loins with a girdle. 19 He leads the princes despoiled, And overthrows the firmly established. 20 He removes the speech of the trusty, And takes away the sense of the aged. 21 Pours contempt upon princes, And relaxes the girdle of nobles. 22 Reveals deep things out of darkness, And brings deep gloom to the light. 23 He multiplies nations to destroy them, Extends their borders to forsake them. 24 Removes the heart of the chiefs of the people, And makes them stray in a trackless waste. 25 They grope in the dark without light, He makes them stray like a drunken man. xiii. 1 Lo all this hath mine eye seen, Hath mine ear heard and understood. 2 I also know as much as you, I am not a whit inferior to you, 3 But I would speak with the Almighty, And be pleased to argue with God. 4 But ye fabricators of lies, All of you worthless physicians, 5 0 would ye were utterly silent, Then that would be for you wisdom. 6 Listen now to my argument, And attend while I plead my cause. 7 Will ye speak perversely for God, And speak deceitfully for him? 8 Will ye act partially for him, And plead in the name of God? Were it well he should thoroughly search you, Could you mock him as ye would a man? 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Ch. xiii. 10—26. 61 He would certainly argue with you, If ye are secretly partial. Will not his majesty scare you, And his dread alight upon you? Your proverbs are proverbs of dust, Your bodies are bodies of clay. Keep silence for me and I must speak, Even I, let what will befal; I will bear my flesh in my teeth, And carry my life in my hands. Lo he will slay me I cannot delay, Yea I will defend my course to his face; This also shall be my salvation, That no sinner can come in his presence. Hear oh hear my words, While I declare in your ears. Lo now I have ordered my court, I know I shall be acquitted. Who is there to impeach me? For now were I silent I should die. Only grant me just these two things, Then from thy face I will not hide. Thine hand from oft' me remove, That thy dread may not terrify me; And call thou and I will answer, Or I will speak and answer thou me. How many are mine offences and sins? My transgressions and sins do thou show me. Wherefore dost thou hide thy face, And countest me as thy foe? Canst thou fear the driven leaf, Or pursue the dry stubble? For thou writest bitter things against me, And makest me inherit the sins of my youth. 62 Ch. xiii. 27—xiv. 13. 27 And my feet dost thou set in the stocks, And observest all my paths, Encircling the soles of my feet. xiv. 1 Man that is born of woman, Short lived and full of trouble; 2 Like a flower that blooms and fades, As a shadow that flees and stays not; xiii. 28 Waxes old like a rotten clout, Or as a moth-eaten garment. xiv. 3 Yet on such dost thou open thine eyes, And bringest him to judgment with thee. 4 Ah who can make pure from impure. 5 Since his days are fixed and determined, And his months are numbered by thee, And thou hast set him a limit he may not pass. 6 Look away from him that he may have peace, Until he shall enjoy as a hireling his holiday. 7 For there is hope for a tree, Though it be cut down, that it may yet change, And its branches may not cease; 8 Though its roots wax old in the earth, And its stump die away in the ground; 9 At the scent of water it may blossom, And bring forth sprouts like a cutting. 10 But man dies and passes away, He expires, and where is he? 11 As the waters ebb from the sea, And the river is scorched and dried up, 12 So man lies down and rises no more; Till the heavens be no more they shall not awake, Nor be roused out of their sleep. 13 Oh that thou wouldst conceal me in the grave, And wouldst hide me till thine anger were past; Wouldst set me a time and then remember me. Ch. xiv. 14—22. 63 14 If a man die shall he live again? All the days of my appointed time will I wait, Until my change shall come. 15 Thou wilt call and I shall answer thee, Thou wilt have respect to the work of thine hands. 16 Though now thou countest my steps; Thou wilt not observe my sins, 17 Sealing in a bag my transgressions, And sewing a covering over my sins. 18 But as a hill falls and crumbles away, And a rock is removed from its place, 19 When the waters have washed away stones, And its torrents swept away the dust of the earth; So thou hast destroyed man’s hope, 20 Thou oppressest him continually and he dies, Thou distortest his features and sendest him away. 21 His sons come to honour and he knows not, Or are disgraced without his regarding. 22 Yea his flesh upon him is ill, And his soul is mourning within him. B. THE SECOND COURSE OF CONTROVERSY. CHAPP. XV—XXI. ELIPHAZ’S SECOND SPEECH. CHAP. XY. 4 . 6 . 8 . 6 . 6 . 6 | 6 . 5 . 6 . 5 . 5 . 8 . xy. 1 Then Eliphaz the Temanite spake in reply. 2 Shall the wise answer windy knowledge; And fill his own belly with the east wind, 3 Arguing with a bootless speech, With unprofitable words? 4 Surely thou art destroying religion, And detracting from devotional meditation. 5 For thy mouth exposes thy guilt, Though thy tongue chooses its craftiness. 6 Thy mouth and not 1 shall convict thee, And thy lips shall bear witness against thee. 7 Art thou the primaeval man? Wast thou formed before the hills? 8 Didst thou listen in the council of God? And dost thou limit wisdom to thyself? 9 What dost thou know that we know not also. Or understand and the same is not with us? 10 Both the hoary and the aged are with us, Who have seen more days than thy father. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Ch. xv. 11—26. 65 Are the consolations of God too little for thee? Or words spoken quietly with thee? Why is thine heart so proud? And why do thine eyes wink? For it is against God thou sendest thy breath, And utterest words from thy mouth. What is man that he should be pure, Or woman born that he should be just? If he puts no trust in his saints, And the heavens are not pure in his eyes; How much less a man despised and diseased, Who drinketh up guilt like water. I will inform thee, listen to me, And what I have seen I will relate; What wise men have reported, Accurately from their fathers; To whom alone the land was given, When no stranger passed in their midst All this life the wicked is troubled; Through the number of years allotted to the tyrant, The sound of terrors is in his ears, In peace the destroyer approaches. He cannot rely on awaking from darkness, And he must keep a watch against the sword. He roams in search of prey as a hawk, He knows his doom is fixed. A dark day | 24 terrifies him; Want and necessity oppress him, Like a king armed for war. Because he stretches his hand against God, And utters defiance to the Almighty; Buns against him with his neck, With the thick bosses of his shield; 5 6G Cii. xv. 27 — xvi. 3. 27 Though he covers his face with fat, And makes collops of fat on his loins; 28 He dwells in deserted cities, Which have uninhabited houses, Which are destined for heaps of ruins; 29 He shall not be rich nor shall his wealth abide, Nor shall the profit of the tyrant be extended. 30 He shall not return from darkness; The flame shall scorch his root, He shall be chastened by the wind of his mouth. 31 Let him not trust in deceptive vanity, For vanity shall be his requital. 32 It shall be prematurely perfect, As a tuft before it is green, 33 As a vine drops its unripe grape, And as the olive casts its blossom. 34 Thus the household of the ungodly is barren, And fire devours the tents of bribery, 35 Conceiving trouble and bringing forth misfortune, Whilst their belly fashions deceit. JOB’S ANSWER TO ELIPHAZ’S SECOND SPEECH. CHAPP. XVI. XVII. 4 . 6.6 | 8.8 | 4 . 6 . 4.4 | 6 . 6.4 | 6 . 4 . 4 . xvi. 1 And Job spake in reply. 2 I have heard ten thousand such things, Troublesome comforters are ye all. 3 Is there an end to words of wind, Or what obliged you to answer? Cu. xvi. 4—16. 67 4 I also would talk just like you, If I were in your place (and you in mine). I would be friendly with you with words, And grieve o’er you shaking my head. 5 I would strengthen you with my mouth, The moving of my lips should support you. 6 If I speak my pain is not diminished, But if I forbear what am I the better? 7 Surely now he hath wearied me, Thou hast destroyed my whole family. 8 Hopeless calamity seizes me. My leanness rises and bears witness to my face. 9 His anger ensnares and preys upon me; My enemy gnashes upon me with his teeth, He sharpens his eyes against me. 11 God delivers me over to knaves, And casts me to the mercy of the wicked. 10 They gape upon me with their mouths, They derisively smite me on the cheek They come in full force against me. 12 1 was at peace and he crushed me, Grasped me by the neck and bruised me; And set me up as a butt for himself. 13 His arrows whistle around me, He unsparingly pierces my kidneys, He pours out my gall on the ground. 14 He makes breach after breach in me, He rushes against me like a warrior. 15 I sewed sackcloth upon my skin. And defiled my horn with the dust; My face is red with weeping, And on mine eyelids settles deep gloom. 16 68 Ch. xvi. 17—xvii. 10. 17 Since no violence is in my hands, And because my prayer is pure; 18 Oh earth cover not my blood, Nor let there be room for my cry. 19 Yea now behold my witness is in heaven, My witness is in the most highest, 20 They that mock me are friends of God, 0 God, my eyes swim with tears; 21 For they argue with man on God’s side, Even the son of man with his friend. 22 But few more years will come And I shall go a journey whence I shall not return, xvii. 1 My spirit hath pledged my life, The grave clamours for me. 2 Would that these false arguers were far from me, That my misery need not remain the subject of their wranglings. 3 Fix now the pledge thou requirest of me; Who else is there to argue with me, 4 For thou hast hidden their heart from wisdom, Therefore thou dost not exalt them? 5 God announces the fate of the wicked, That the eyes of his sons shall fail; 6 Thus setting me a byword to the people, So that I am become as one in whose face they spit. 7 For mine eye fails with grief, And all my members are as a shadow. 8 The upright are astounded at this, And the innocent is indignant at the guilty; 9 But the righteous holds on his way, And he of clean hands increases in strength. 10 But now return again all of you, And I shall not find one wise man amongst you. Ch. xvii. 11—xviii. 7. 69 11 My days have exceeded my allotted time, The cords of my heart are broken. 12 They promise me day for night And “Light is near when darkness comes on”. 13 Am I to hope for the grave as my home, That I should spread my couch in darkness. 14 Should I call corruption my father, The worm my mother and sister. 15 Ah where then would be my hope? Who ever would see my wish? 16 To the bars of the grave they descend, Together go down to the dust. BILDAD’S SECOND SPEECH. CHAr. XVIII. 4 . 3 . 6 . 6 . 8 . 8 . 6 . xviii. 1 Then Bildad the Shuite spake in reply, 2 Ilow long wilt thou give us incentives to speech? Do thou ponder and speak after us. 3 Why are we esteemed as beasts, And accounted dumb in thine eyes? 4 “God hath preyed on his soul in his anger”. Will the earth be for thy sake forsaken, And the rock be removed from its place? 5 Yea the light of the wicked is quenched, And the dame of his bre is not bright; 6 The light is dark in his tent, And the lamp in his hand is put out. 7 His progress towards wealth is restricted, His own scheme makes him to fall. 70 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 * Ch. xviii. 8—21. For he catches himself in the net at his very feet, As he walks to and fro amongst the meshes; The trap catches him by the heel. The maze seizes hold upon him. His cord is concealed in the ground, And his noose is laid on the path. Terrors scare him on every side, And yawn for him at his feet. Evil shall be in his wealth, And the doom await his fall. His skin shall be devoured by sickness, The worst disease shall devour his limbs. His prop shall be broken from his tent. And the tent peg shaken for the King of Terrors. What he owns not abides in his tent, Sulphur shall be strewn on his dwelling. Downwards his root shall wither, And upwards his flower shall fade. His memory shall perish from earth, And his name be no more in the streets. They shall thrust him from light into darkness, And chase him out of the world. Among his people no son nor descendant, Nor in his dwellings shall any remain. His later generation of children shall be devastated, Just as the whirlwind destroyed the former. Surely these were the tents of the wicked, This the site of him who ignored God. Ch. xix. 1—13. 71 JOB’S ANSWER TO BILBAO'S SECOND SPEECH. CHAr. XIX. 4 | 8 . 6.5 | 8 . 6.6 | 4 . 6 . 6 . xix. 1 Then Job spake in reply. 2 How long will ye weary my soul, Ancl oppress me with your words? 3 These ten times do ye reproach me, And shamelessly misunderstand me. 4 Yet if I have really erred, The error remains with myself. 5 If ye count yourselves superior to me, And argue reproachfully with me; 6 Then know that God hath wronged me, And his net hath encircled me round. 7 So I cry against crime and am not heard, I appeal and there is no judgment court. 8 lie hath hedged my course impassably, And set darkness upon my paths; 9 Hath stripped off mine honour from me, And removed the crown from mine head; 10 Hath dug me round on every side, And transplanted my hope like a tree. 11 And his anger is hot against me, And he counts me as his foe. 12 His troops come together. And raise their bank against me, And blockade me in my tent. 13 My brethren have removed far from me, And my friends are pitiless to me; 72 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Ch. xix. 14—29. My neighbours and acquaintance desert me, My guests forget me; And my handmaids count me a stranger, I am become as a foreigner to them: I called to my servant unanswered, I appealed to him with my mouth. My breath is strange to my wife, And my tent to my brethren. Yea boys despise me, When I arise they speak against me. All my fellow councillors loathe me, And are turned against me, even he whom I love. My bones stick through my skin and my flesh. And I carry my skin in my teeth. Pity me, pity me Oh ye my friends, For the hand of God hath smitten me. Why do ye pursue me as well as God, And are not satisfied with my flesh. Oh that my words were written anywhere; Oh that they were engraven in a book; With an iron style and with lead, Hewn in the rock for ever! I know that my Avenger liveth, And a successor shall stand by my grave. And after he hath relaxed this encircling net, Then still in my flesh shall I see God, Whom I shall see for myself, And mine eyes behold and not another. I am utterly exhausted in my appointed time. But ye say “How can we persecute him, “While the power of retort is left with him?” Fear rather the sword for yourselves; For indignation hath sharpened her sword, That ye may know the Almighty. Ch. xx. 1 — 14. 73 ZOPHAK’S SECOND SrEECH. CHAP. XX. 8 . 6.6 | 6 . 8.6 | 5 . 6 . 8 . xx. 1 Then Zophar the Naamathite spake in reply. 2 Surely my own thoughts retort upon me, In the working of my feelings within me; 3 I hear objection made to my reproach, And the spirit of my own reflections answers me. 4 Dost thou know this eternal rule, From the time when man was placed upon earth; 5 That the joy of sinners is short lived, And the mirth of the ungodly but for a moment? 6 Though his majesty tower to heaven, And his head reach to the clouds; 7 As his dung he shall perish for ever, They that saw him shall say “Where is he?” 8 As a dream flits without being grasped, And as the night vision flies. 9 The eye saw him but shall not again, And his place shall see him no more. 10 His sons oppress the poor, His own hands store away the wealth. 11 His bones upon him are full, And with him shall lie in the grave. 12 Though evil be sweet in his mouth, And he hide it under his tongue; 13 Though he cherish and will not forsake it, And keep it in the midst of his palate; 14 His bread in his bowels is turned, To the poison of asps in his midst. 74 Cii. xx. 15—29 15 He swallowed wealth and shall vomit it, God shall cast it forth from his belly. 16 lie shall suck the poison of asps, The tongue of the viper shall slay him. 17 God shall visit his waterbrooks, And the torrents of butter and honey; 18 Making him restore his unswallowed toil, He cannot enjoy either wealth or profit. 19 Because he oppressed and forsook the poor, Despoiled his house and did not rebuild it; 20 Because he knew no rest in his craving, Nor found satisfaction in his delight; 21 There is no one left to enjoy it, Therefore his wealth shall not remain. 22 When his satisfaction is complete, he shall feel want, Spite all the hands of the workmen bring him. 23 Jaliveh to till his belly, Shall send upon him the heat of his wrath, And shall rain upon him while he is eating. 24 He shall flee from the weapon of iron, And the bow of brass shall transfix him; 25 The sword is drawn and comes through his back, And shall gleam from his gall. Terrors shall come upon him, 26 Utter darkness is prepared for his treasures. A fire not kindled by man shall devour him, And feed on the remnant in his tent. 27 The heavens shall reveal his guilt, And the earth bear witness against him. 28 The produce of his house shall be seized, Poured forth in the day of his wrath. 29 This is the portion of the wicked man from God, The inheritance decreed him by God. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Ch. xxi. 1 —14. 75 JOB’S ANSWER TO ZOPHAR’S SECOND SPEECH. CHAP. XXI. 6 . 8 . 8 . 8.5 | 8 . 8 . 8 . 7 . 2 . 1 Then Job spake in reply. Hear oh hear my words, Since this is your sort of consolation. Bear with me ancl I will speak, And after my speaking ye may mock. As for me, do I make my complaint to man? And if I do, why should not my soul be impatient? Turn towards me and be astonished, And lay your hands on your mouths. But when I remember I am afraid, And terror seizes my flesh. Why do the wicked live, Wax old yea are mighty in power; Their descendants are established before them, Their family and offspring in their sight? Their houses enjoy peace free from fear, And the rod of God is not laid upon them. Their ox genders without mishap, Their cow calves without casting its calf. They send forth their children like sheep, Their children dance about; They sing to the timbrel and harp, And rejoice to the sound of the pipe. Their days wax old in mirth, In a moment they descend to the grave; And they say to God “Depart from us, “We have no pleasure in thy ways; 76 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Ch. xxi. 15—30. “What is the Almighty that wo should serve him, “And how shall we profit if we appease him?” So their goods are their God in their hands, Far from me be the counsel of the wicked. Ilow then is the light of the wicked quenched, And does their calamity befal them; And does God apportion them snares in his anger, That they should be as chad before the wind, And as stubble which the whirlwind seizes? No for his own children God reserves his wrath, lie requites him his sin and he knows it: His eyes behold weapons And of the wrath of the Almighty he drinks. For what pleasure can he have in his house when he is gone, And the number of his months is cut short? Can God teach knowledge. When he is judge of the heavens? One dies in his perfect prime, Quite at ease and in peace; His channels are full of fat, And marrow waters his bones. The other dies with a bitter soul, Without ever seeing prosperity. Together they lie down in the grave, And the worms swarm over them both. Lo I know your opinions, How you wrong me in your thoughts. For ye say “Where is the prince’s house, “Where is the chief tent of the wicked?” (Why do you not ask the passers by? You cannot mistake their signs.) “For the day of calamity he is reserved, “Evil | leads him to the day of outpoured wrath.” Ch. xxi. 31—34. 77 31 Who would tell a man of his way to his face, Who would requite him what he had done; 32 When he is being led to the tomb, And is watching beside his mound, 33 When the clods of the valley are sweet to him; And after him flock all mankind, And before him a host without number? 34 Then how vainly do ye comfort me, And your answers are left valueless! C. THE THIRD COURSE OF CONTROVERSY. ClIAPP. XXII—XXVIII. ELIPHAZ’S THIRD SPEECH. CHAP. XXII. 6 . 6.6 | 8 . 8.4 | 4 . 8 . 8 . xxii. 1 Then Eliphaz the Tenianite spake in reply. 2 Shall God profit a man, As his teacher profits a wise pupil ? 3 Is there any pleasure to the Almighty, when thou art righteous; Or any gain to him when thy way is perfect? 4 Will he argue with thee for thy want of piety, Or enter with thee for trial? 5 Is not thy wickedness great? And there is no end to thy crimes. 6 Thou exactedst pledge from thy brother without cause, And strippedst the clothes from the naked. 7 Thou gavest no water to the weary, And refusedst the hungry bread. 8 And the oppressor possessed the land, And the prince’s favourite sat as judge therein. 9 Widows thou sentst empty away, And the arms of the orphans were broken. 10 Therefore snares are round about thee, And sudden fear affrights thee. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Ch. xxii. 11 — 27. 79 Thy light is dark thou canst not see, And a mass of clouds covers thee. Is not God as high as the heavens? See how high the star is at our zenith; Then thou sayest “How can God know? “Can he judge even through the darkness? “The clouds hide him that he cannot see, “And he walks about in the vault of heaven.” Dost thou observe the way of old, Which iniquitous men have trodden? Who were seized before their time, Whose foundations were swept away by a torrent; Who said to God “Depart from us, “What can the Almighty do to us?” And he filled their houses with good. Far from me be the counsel of the wicked. The righteous shall see and laugh, And the innocent shall mock them; Surely their property has disappeared, And their remnant the fire consumes. Grow familiar with him, then shalt thou have peace, Thus shall thy prospects flourish. Accept now the law from his mouth, And lay up his words in thy heart. If thou return to the Almighty, thou shalt be restored; If thou put iniquity far from thy tents, Thou shalt lay up gold more than dust, Gold of Ophir like stones of the brook; The fields shall be to thee gold, And lead shall become to thee silver; Yea then shalt thou delight in the Almighty, And raise thy face unto God. Thou shalt beseech him and he will hear thee. And thou shalt perform thy vows 80 Ch. xxii. 28—xxiii. 10. 28 Thou shalt decree a thing, and it shall be established to thee, And the light shall gleam on thy path. 29 If God bring a man low and thou cry, “Raise him up” Then he rescues the lowly minded; 30 He will pardon the guilty, Who escapes by the cleanness of thy hands. JOB’S ANSWER TO ELIPHAZ’S THIRD SPEECH. CHAPP. XXIII. XXIY. 6 . 6 . 6 . 6.8 | 6 . 6 . 6.7 | 8 . 8 . 8 . 9 . xxiii. 1 And Job spake in reply, 2 Yea still my mourning is bitter, My sore is heavier than my sorrow. 3 Oh that I knew where I might find him, I would come even into his presence; 4 I would order my cause before him, And fill my mouth with arguments. 5 I would know the words he would answer me, And understand what he would say to me. 6 Would he argue with me with his full force? Nay, surely he would not regard me. 7 Should he place the righteous on a level with him, Then should I triumphantly carry my cause. 8 Lo I go towards the east he is not there, Westwards and I cannot perceive him; 9 Northwards where he works I cannot seize him, Southwards where he hides and I cannot see him. 10 Yet he knows the way that I take, When he hath proved me I shall come forth as gold. Ch. xxiii. 11—xxiv. 8. 81 11 My foot holds fast by his path; His way I have kept without swerving, 12 The commands of his lips unchangeably; In my breast have I stored the words of his mouth. 13 When he seizes a man who shall deliver him? And he doth what his soul desires. 14 For he concludes my appointed time, While many such are with him; 15 Therefore I am afraid of his face, I reflect and tremble before him. 1G For God hath cowed my heart, And the Almighty hath terrified me; 17 But I am not destroyed by darkness, Nor by the throne of gloom. xxiv. 1 From the wicked times are not hidden, But God’s servants do not see their days. 2 The wicked remove landmarks, They spoil the flock and the shepherd; 3 Lead away the ass of the orphan, And take the widow’s ox for pledge. 4 The needy are turned from the way, The poor of the land slink away together; 5 As wild asses in the wilderness, They go forth in their work Seeking the food of the desert; There is no bread for their children. 6 In a field not their own they harvest, And glean the vineyard of the wicked. 7 Naked they lodge without clothes, They have no covering in the cold; 8 They are drenched with torrents on the hills, Unsheltered they huddle against the rock. 6 82 Ch. xxiv. 10—22. 10 Naked they go without clothes, And starving carry the sheaves; 11 Between the walls they make oil, And tread the wine vats and remain thirsty. 12 From the city men groan, And the souls of the children cry, And God heeds not their prayer. 13 These are as rebels against the light, They know not his ways, Nor sit in his paths. 14 Without the light the murderer rises And slays the poor and needy; 15 And the adulterer’s eye observes the twilight, Saying “No eye shall see me.” As he puts the veil on his face. 14 y And in the night the thief goes about, 16 Digging through houses in the dark. They shut themselves up in the day time, That they may not know the light; 17 For to them light and gloom are all one, For they are well acquainted with midnight terrors. 19 In the drought and heat they rob. In the days of snow they miss what they seek. 18 He passes swiftly like a speck on the waters; Their heritage is cursed upon earth, He shall no more visit his vineyard. 20 The womb forgets him, the worm gloats on him, He is no longer remembered, And iniquity is snapped like a tree; 21 Evil is barren and does not bear, And a widow which gives not suck. 22 He influences the mighty with his wealth; He stands but cannot rely on his life. Ch. xxiv. 23—xxvi. 2. 83 23 He uses them as a prop and is supported, But his eyes are upon their doings. 24 They are exalted for a while; then he is no more, Then they shrink like all they have gathered, And wither like the head of a stalk. 25 If it be not so, where is he who will prove me false, And show my speech to be worthless. BILDAD’S THIRD SPEECH. CHAP. xxv. 4 . 6 . xxv. 1 Then Bildad the Shuite spake in reply, 2 Empire and dread are with him, He takes vengeance on his rebels; 3 Is there any limit to his troops, And whom doth not his light vanquish? 4 How should man be just with God, And how the woman born be pure? 5 He appoints the moon when she is not to shine; And the stars are not pure in his eyes, 6 Much less a mortal who is a worm. And the son of man who is a worm. JOB’S ANSWER TO BILDAD’S THIRD SPEECH. CHAP. XXVI. 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 3 . xxvi. 1 Then Job spake in reply. 2 How hast thou helped the man without strength, And assisted the powerless arm! 6* 84 Ch. xxvi. 3—14. 3 What good counsel thou hast given the witless, And fully explained the essence of wisdom! 4 Whom hast thou informed with thy words, And whose breath proceeded from thee? 5 God created the Shades, Even those who dwell beneath the waters. 6 Hades is naked before him, And there is no covering to the abyss. 7 He stretched the north upon chaos, And poised the earth upon nothing. 8 He enveloped the waters with clouds, That the cloud should not burst beneath their weight. 9 Withholding his throne from sight, He spreads his cloud over it. 10 He spans the vault over the face of the waters. To the horizon where light blends with darkness. 11 The pillars of heaven tremble, And are dismayed at his rebuke. 12 By his strength he stirred up the sea, By his skill he smote Bahab. 13 The bars of heaven are shattered, His hand wounded the fleeing serpent. 14 Lo these are the ends of his ways; But how a small whisper is heard thereby. And the thunder of his majesty who can conceive? AN INTERVAL To allow of Zop]tar making his reply, after which Job proceeds. Ch. xxvii. 1—14. 85 JOB’S UNANSWERED CHALLENGE. CHAPP. XXVII. xxvni. 6 . 6 . 6.4 | 6 . 6 . 6.4 | 8 . 9.6 | 6.10 | 6 . 10 | 3 . xxvii. 1 Then Job proceeded to utter his speech and said 2 As God liveth, who hath rejected my suit, And the Almighty who hath embittered my soul; 3 While still my breath is in me, And the breath of God in my nostrils; 4 My lips shall not speak iniquity, Nor my tongue mutter deceit. 5 God forbid that I should allow you to be right, While I live I will not part with my honesty; 6 I have held my righteousness firm and will not let go, My heart doth not reproach me for any of my days. 7 Let mine enemy rather take the place of the wicked And he that opposes me of the wrong doer. 8 For what is the hope of the godless though he make gain, When God shall require his soul? 9 Will God hear his cry, When trouble befals him? 10 If he found pleasure in the Almighty, He would at all times call upon God. 11 I will teach you the acts of God, And the plans of the Almighty I will not conceal. 12 Lo ye all of you have seen as much, Then why do ye indulge such imaginations? 13 “This is the lot of the wicked man from God, “And the inheritance tyrants receive from the Almighty. 14 “If their sons multiply, it is for the sword, “And his offspring are not satisfied with bread. 86 Ch. xxvii. 15—xxviii. 7. 15 “His remnant lie unburied where they fall, “And his widows make no lamentation. 16 “Though he hoard silver like dust, “And store away raiment like mud; 17 “He may store hut the righteous shall wear, “And the innocent shares his silver. 18 “He built his house like a moth, “And as a booth the watchman rears. 19 “He lies down rich, hut shall do so no more, “He opens his eyes hut is no longer so. 20 “Terrors by day overtake him, “The whirlwind snatches him by night, 21 “The eastwind seizes him and he dies, “And it whirls him from his place. 22 “The Most High unsparingly shoots at him, “He seeks to flee from his hand. 23 “Over him men clap their hands, “And scorn him where he used to be.” xxviii. 1 Now silver hath its mine, And gold a place where they fine it. 2 Iron is taken from dust, And copper melted from stone. 5 The earth from which comes forth man’s bread, Is in its depths overturned by fire. 6 Its stones are the place for sapphires, And its dust gives man gold. 3 Man puts an end to darkness and every obstacle; He searches for stone in darkness and gloom. 4 He makes a shaft in a wild spot; Unsupported by the foot They are lowered by their comrades and swing. He has a path which the eagle knows not, Which the eye of the hawk does not see, 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Ch. xxviii. 8—23. 87 Which reptiles have not trodden, Nor the lion walked upon. He works at the flint with his hand, He overturns hills at their base. He bores through river storehouses And all treasure hath his eye seen. He dams up streams from trickling through, And brings secret treasure to light. But whence may wisdom be found, And where is the home of knowledge? Man knows not its path Neither may it be found in the land of the living. The deep says “It is not in me.” The sea says “Nor is it with me.” The gold of Segor is not given for it, Nor may its price be weighed in silver. It is not outweighed by gold of Ophir, By the precious onyx and sapphire. Gold and glass do not equal it, Nor are vessels of fine gold its exchange; Coral and crystal may not be mentioned, The possession of wisdom exceeds pearls. The topaz of Ethiopia does not equal it, Nor is it outweighed by the purest gold. But whence does wisdom come, And where is the home of knowledge, Seeing it is hid from the eyes of all living, And concealed from the bird of heaven? The abyss and death say, “We have heard its report with our ears.” God understands its way, And he knows its home; 88 Ch. xxviii. 24—28. 24 For he looks to the ends of the earth, He beholds beneath the whole heaven. 25 When he appointed the weight to the wind, And weighed the waters by measure; 26 When he fixed a law for the rain, 27 And a path to the lightning and thunder; Then he saw it and declared it, He understood it yea fully investigated it. 28 But he said “For man “Lo the fear of the Lord is true wisdom, “And to abhor evil is understanding.” END OF THE HUMAN CONTROVERSY. JOB’S CONCLUDING SOLILOQUY. Chapp. XXIX—XXXI. 4 . 6 . 8.8 I 4 . 8 . 8.6 | 7 . 8 . 6 . 6.3 | 8 . 8 . 4 . 6.6 6 . 6 . 5.8 | 6 . 6 . 10.10 | 6 . 7 . 6 . 7 . xxix. 1 Then Job proceeded with his speech and said, 2 Oh that I were as in the months of yore, As in the days when God protected me; 3 When his lamp shone over my head, And I walked in darkness by its light. 4 As I was in the days of my youth, When God’s communion was over my tent; 5 When my family was still with me, And my children around me; 6 When I washed my steps in butter, Streams of oil poured round my feet. 7 When I went forth early to the town, In the open space I set up my tent; 8 The youths saw me and hid themselves, The old men rose up and stood; 9 Princes refrained from words, And laid their hands on their mouths; 10 The voice of the chiefs was hushed, And their tongue clave to their palate. For the ear that heard me blessed me, And the eye that saw me gave me witness; 11 90 Ch. xxix. 12 — xxx. 2. 12 Because I rescued the poor from the rich, Even the orphan and him that had no helper. 13 The blessing of the destitute came upon me, And the widow’s heart I made to rejoice; 14 I clad myself in righteousness; and it clothed me Like a robe; and my turban was impartiality. 15 I was eyes to the blind, And feet was I to the lame. 16 A father was I to the needy, I searched out the cause that I knew not. 17 And I shattered the jaws of the wicked, And from his teeth delivered the prey. 18 And I said “The innocent people will I rescue, “So I shall multiply my days like the sand. 19 “My root will lie open to water, “And the dew will lodge in my tuft. 20 “My honour shall be ever fresh with me, “And my bow be renewed in mine hand.” 21 They listened to me and were dumb, And waited for my advice. 22 After I spoke they did not continue And my speech distilled upon them; 23 They waited for me as for rain, And opened their mouths as for the latter rain. 24 I smiled on them that were diffident, And no one disturbed my serenity. 25 I chose their path; and sat chief And dwelt as a king midst his troop; As one who led them to pastures, xxx. 1 But now my juniors mock me, Whose fathers I should have disdained, To set with the dogs of my flock. 2 Yea what use is the strength of their hands to me? Their vigour has perished from them. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Ch. xxx. 3—18. 91 Destitute from want and hunger, They grub for roots in the desert, In the dark and desolate evening. They pluck mallows beside the shrubs; And the juniper root to warm themselves. They are thrust forth from men, (One cries after them as after a thief) To inhabit in the wildest valleys, Caves in the earth and rocks. Amongst the shrubs they bray, Beneath the nettles they herd. Children of shame yea nameless, They are driven with blows from the land. And now I am become their song, And am become a byword to them. They despised and stood aloof from me, And from my face they withheld not spitting. For they frequent the gate and answer me, They behave in my presence without restraint. The youths arise to impeach me, And raise perilous paths against me. They destroy my paths for my ruin, Thus they assist them that are helpless. They approach me as a wide breach, In the midst of clamour they roll onwards. Terror returns upon me, Like the wind it pursues my nobility, And my prosperity like a fleeting cloud. And now my soul is poured forth within me, Days of anguish seize hold upon me. By night my bones are pierced in my frame, And the worms that gnaw me rest not. My clothing is wonderfully disguised, It girds me like a shirt collar. 92 Ch. xxx. 19—xxxi. 3. 19 He hath cast me into the mire, And I am become like dust and ashes. 20 I cry to thee but thou answerest not, I stand and thou regardest me. 21 Thou art become very cruel to me, Thou shootest at me with thine own hand. 22 Thou raisest, me to the wind, and makest me ride, Thou causest me to melt in the roar of the storm. 23 For I know thou wilt bring me to death Even to the house of assembly for every living soul. 24 Surely never against the poor did I stretch the hand, Or in his calamity out of favour to the rich. 25 Have I not wept over him whose life was hard, Hath not my soul grieved over the needy. 26 When I hoped for good then evil came, And I waited for light then darkness came. 27 My bowels unceasingly boiled, Days of anguish possessed me. 28 I walked clad in mourning ere the sun was up, I stood and cried in the assembly. 29 I became brother to the jackals, And friend to the ostriches. 30 My skin was black upon me, My bones were burned with drought. 31 My harp is turned to mourning, And my pipe to the sound of weeping. xxxi. 1 I made a covenant with mine eyes, Not to regard any maiden. 2 Now what has God ordained from above, What has the Almighty appointed from the highest heaven? 3 Is it not calamity to the wicked, And adversity to the doers of iniquity? 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Cn. xxxi. 4—19. 93 Doth not God see my ways, And reckon all my steps, If I have walked treacherously, And my feet hastened to deceit? Let God weigh me in just scales, And he will recognise my integrity. If my steps have swerved from the way, And my heart hath followed the glance of my eyes, And aught hath cleaved to my hands; Let me sow and another eat, And let my offspring be rooted out. If my heart hath been seduced about a woman, And I have laid wait at my neighbour’s door. Let my wife be subject to another, And let others lie with her. For this is villany, Yea a crime worthy of the judges; For it is a fire which would devour to the abyss, And would burn up all my goods. If I have slighted the cause of my servant, And of my maid, when they went to law with me; Then what should I do when God arose, And when he summoned how should I answer him? Did not my Maker make him in the belly, And the same God fashion us in the womb? If I withheld the poor from their desire, And made the widow’s eyes to fail; If I ate my morsel alone, And the orphan ate not thereof; When from my youth he had been to me a father, And from my mother’s womb used to guide me. If I saw one perishing without clothing, And the needy in want of covering; 94 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 33 38 Cii. xxxi. 20—38. If his loins did not bless me, And he was not warmed with the fleece of my flocks. If I raised my hand against the orphan, Because I saw my help in the court; Let my shoulder fall from its blade, And mine arm be snapped from its socket. Nay but I feared the calamity from God, I could not endure his majesty. If I placed my confidence in gold, And called pure gold my trust; If I rejoiced because my wealth was great, And because my income increased; If I saw the sun when he shone, And the moon as it moved in splendour, And my heart was secretly enticed, And my hand kissed my mouth; This too were a criminal offence, I should have been false to the God above. If I rejoiced at the misfortune of my enemy, And exulted when evil befel him; Nay but I restrained my mouth from sinning, From bringing a curse on his head. If the men of my tent have not said, “May his enemies never destroy him!” The stranger did not lodge in the street, I opened the gate to the wayfarer. If because I feared the great mob, And the scare of other families affrighted me, I was silent and went not forth to the door; If I hid my transgression like Adam, Concealing my sin in my bosom; If my land cry out against me, And its furrows also mourn; Cii. xxxi. 39—37. 95 39 If I have eaten its strength unpaid, And disregarded the life of its occupier; 40 Instead of wheat may thorns come up, And tares instead of barley. 35 Oh would that some one would hear me, Here is my signature, let the Almighty answer me, And here is the deposition of my adversary. 36 I swear I will bear it on my shoulder, And bind it on me as a tiara. 37 The number of my steps will I recount to him, As a prince will I approach him. THE DIVINE CONTROVERSY. ClIAPP. XXXYIII—XL. 14. XLII. 1 — 6. JAHVEH’S REPROOF. CHAPP. XXXYIII. XXXIX. 4 . 8.8 | 8 . 6.6 | 6 . 6.6 | 4 . 8.4 j 7 . 8.8 | 8 . 8.7 | 2 . 7 . 6 . 6 . xxxviii. 1 Then Jahveh answered Job from the whirlwind and said, 2 Who is this that darkeneth counsel, By words without knowledge? 3 Gird up now thy loins like a man, And what I ask thee, explain to me. 4 Where wast thou when I founded the earth? Tell me if thou hast acquired knowledge. 5 Who fixed its dimensions? (for thou knowest) Or who stretched the level cord upon it? 6 Upon what were its piers sunk, Or who laid its corner stone, 7 When the morning stars sang together, And all the sons of God shouted for joy? 8 Who hedged the sea with double doors, By whose help did it issue from the womb; 9 When I set the cloud as its garment, And the thick darkness its swaddling clothes? 10 And I fixed my decree concerning it, And appointed bars and double doors; 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Ch. xxxviii. 11 — 27. 97 And I said “Thus far shalt thou come and no further, And here shall the pride of thy waves be broken.” Didst thou in thy life command the morning, And make the dawn know its home? Seizing the skirts of the earth, That the wicked may be shaken from its lap, Canst thou turn it over like a clay seal? Or store it away like a garment, So that light is denied the wicked, And the uplifted arm is broken? Hast thou reached the founts of the sea, Or walked in ocean recesses? Have the gates of death been revealed to thee? Hast thou seen the gates of deep gloom? Dost thou know the full width of the earth? Tell me, if thou hast perfect knowledge. Where is the path which light frequents, And darkness, where is its home, Since thou conductest it to its territory, And appointest its homeward paths? Thou knowest for thou wast born long ago, And the number of thy days is great. Hast thou entered the storehouses of snow, Or seen the storehouses of hail, Which I restrain for the time of trouble, For the day of battle and war? Where is the road whence the wind divides, And the east wind is scattered over the earth? Who cut the channel for the heavy downpour, And the way for the lightning and thunder; Raining upon the uninhabited land, On the wilderness where no man dwells; Satisfying the waste and the desert, And making the thirsty land sprout grass? 7 98 Cii. xxxviii. 28—xxxix. 2. 28 Has the rain any father, Or who begat the drops of dew? 29 From whose womb issued the ice, And who begat the hoarfrost of heaven? 30 The waters are congealed like a stone, And the surface of the deep becomes one piece. 31 Canst thou "hind the bands of the Pleiades, Or loosen the cords of Orion? 32 Canst thou bring forth the constellations in their time, And lead the Great Bear with its children? 33 Dost thou know the laws of the heavens, Or fix its control over the earth? 34 Canst thou raise thy voice to the clouds, That its volume of water may cover thee? 35 Canst thou send forth the lightnings that they will go, And will say unto thee “Here we are”? 36 Who put wisdom in their inmost parts? Who placed understanding in their hearts? 37 Who breaks up the skies in wisdom, And pours forth the bottles of heaven; 38 Kneading the dust into a solid mass, So that the clods cleave together? 39 Canst thou hunt the prey for the lioness, And satisfy the craving of the young lions; 40 When they crouch in their caves, And wait in the thicket their lair? 41 Who appoints his prey at eventide, When his young cry unto God, And are restless from want of food? xxxix. 1 Knowest thou the time when the wild goats bear? Dost thou observe when the gazelles are in labour? 2 Dost thou count the months they fulfil, Knowst thou the time when they will be delivered? 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Ch. xxxix. 3—25. 99 They bow down their pa,ins pierce them, They cast forth their young. Their young are strong and grow up in the desert, They go forth and return no more. Who set the wild ass free? Who loosened the bonds of the onagra, Whose house I appointed the plain, And the salt waste for his habitation? He scorns the noise of a town, And heeds not the cries of a driver. He spies the mountains his pasture, And sniffs after every green herb. Will the oryx willingly serve thee, Or pass the night at thy stall? Wilt thou harness the oryx for ploughing, Or will he harrow behind thee? Wilt thou rely on him for his great strength, And leave thy work to him? Wilt thou trust him to return to thee, And will he gather thy seed into thy threshing floor? Dost thou give the horse his strength, Or clothe his neck with the mane? Canst thou make him spring like a locust? The snorting of his nostrils is terrible. He paws the valley and rejoices, He goes forth in might to meet an army. He laughs at fear, nor knows dismay, Nor turns away from the face of the sword. About him clangs the bow, The glittering spear and lance. He swallows the earth with a rush and a roar; And will not stay when the trumpet sounds, When the trumpet calls u Ha-a-ah”; And the battle sounds afar, The shouts of the captains and the turmoil. 100 Ch. xxxix. 26—xl. 2. 26 Does the falcon fly by thy arrangement, And spread its wings for the south? 27 Or does the eagle soar at thy command, And place its nest high on the rock? 28 It dwells and lodges on the peak of the rock, 29 And from thence it espies its prey, Its eyes view its food from afar; 30 Then it flaps its wings aloft, And where the carcases are there it alights. 13 Does the wing of the ostrich soar aloft Or is it strong on the wing like the stork and the falcon ? 14 Nay it leaves its eggs on the ground, And broods o’er them on the earth; 15 And forgets the foot may crush them, And the wild beasts of the plain trample them. 16 She is as careless about her young, as though they were not hers. In vain is her imprudent work; 17 For God hath made her unmindful of wisdom, Nor allotted to her understanding. 18 What time the archers come, she spreads her wings, She mocks the horse and his rider. JAHVEH’S CONTKOVEKSY WITH JOB. CHAPP. XL. 1-14 XLn. 1 — 6. 2 | 4 | 4.6.6 | 5.6. xl. 1. Then Jahveh answered Job and said, 2 Will he who contends with the Almighty return? Will the arguer with God answer him? Cn. xl. 3—xlii. 3- 101 3 And Job answered Jahveh and said, 4 Lo I am too insignificant, how shall I answer thee? I lay my hand upon my mouth; 5 Once I spake and could not a second time, Twice and could not continue. 6 Then Jahveh answered Job from out of the whirlwind and said, 7 Gird now thy loins like a man, I will ask thee, then do thou instruct me. 8 Dost thou really deny me justice? Wilt thou convict me to acquit thyself? 9 Hast thou an arm like God? Canst thou thunder with a voice like him? 10 Deck thyself now with pomp and dignity, And in glory and majesty clothe thyself. 11 Disperse the floods of thy wrath, And behold all pride and abase it. 12 Behold all pride and make it submit, And trample the wicked in their place; 13 Bury them in the dust together, Cover their faces whilst thou art burying them. 14 Then will I also admit unto thee, That thine own right arm can help thee. xlii. 1 Then Job answered Jahveh and said, 2 I know thou art allpowerful, Nothing is too hard for thee. 3 “Who is this that ignorantly concealeth God’s plan?” Surely it is I who have related without consideration, Things too wonderful for me to know. 102 Ch. xlii. 4—6. 4 Oh hear now and let me speak, Let me ask thee and do thou instruct me. 5 I had heard of thee with the hearing of the ear, But now mine eye hath seen thee; 6 Therefore I abhor myself, And repent in dust and ashes. «/ THE EPILOGUE. CHAP. XLII. 7—17. xlii. 7 And it came to pass after Jahveh had spoken these words to Job, that Jahveh said to Eliphaz the Temanite; “Mine anger is kindled against thee, and thy two friends, 8 “for ye spake not rightly for me as my servant Job. And “now take you seven bullocks and seven rams, and go to “my servant Job and ye shall offer them as a sacrifice “for yourselves; and Job my servant shall intercede for “you, for only his person will I accept not to deal with “you, according to your folly, for ye spake not rightly for “me as my servant Job.” 9 Then went Eliphaz the Temanite, and Bildad the Shuite and Zophar the Naamathite, and did according as Jahveh spake to them, and Jahveh accepted Job’s person. 10 And Jahveh turned the captivity of Job when he inter¬ ceded for his friends, and Jahveh added to Job double 11 his former possessions. Then came to him all his breth¬ ren and all his sisters and all his former acquaintance, and ate bread with him and sympathised with him, and comforted him on account of all the evil which Jahveh had brought upon him; and they gave him each a coin and each a golden ring. 12 And Jahveh blessed the latter end of Job more than the beginning; and he had 14,000 sheep and 6,000 camels, and 1000 yoke of oxen and 1000 she asses. And he had 104 Ch. xlii. 13—17. 13 seven sons and three daughters; and he called the name 14 of the first daughter Jemima, the second Kezia and the 15 third Keren happuk; nor were any women in the whole land found so beautiful as the daughters of Job, and their father gave them an inheritance as well as their brethren. 16 And Job lived afterwards 140 years and saw his sons 17 and descendants to four generations. Then Job died, old and at a great age. LATER ADDITIONS TO THE BOOK OF JOB. A. ELIHU’S DISCOURSES. chapp. xxxir—xxxvir. B. THE SECTIONS ON BEHEMOTH AND LEVIATHAN. CHAPP. XL. 15 — XLI. 26. A. ELIHU’S DISCOURSES. CHAPP. XXXII—XXXVII. xxxii. 1 Then these three men ceased from answering Job, 2 because he was righteous in his own eyes. Then was kindled the wrath of Elihu the son of Berakiel the Buzite of the family of Ram. Against Job was his wrath kindled 3 because he justified himself against God; and against his three friends was his wrath kindled, because they con- 4 demned Job without finding an answer. So Elihu waited 5 while they spake with Job because they were older than he. When Elihu saw there was no answer in the mouths of these three men then his wrath was kindled. ELIHU’S FIRST DISCOURSE. chapp. xxxn. 6—xxxm. 6.6.10 j 6.6.10 | 8.8.6 | 9.8.6 | 5.6. 10. xxxii. 6 And Elihu the son of Berakiel the Buzite found his answer and said, I am very young, And ye are aged, Therefore I was diffident and feared, To show you my knowledge. 108 Ch. xxxii. 7—22. 7 I said “Age should speak “And number of years should teach wisdom.” 8 Surely there is a spirit in mortal man, And the breath of the Almighty gives them understanding. 9 Great men are not necessarily wise, Nor do old men understand judgment. 10 Therefore I said “Listen to me “I will show you my knowledge, even mine.” 11 Lo I waited for your words, I listened to your explanations. And whilst ye searched for words, 12 I paid great attention to you. And lo none of you convinced Job Not one of you answered his words. 13 Do not say “We have met with wisdom, “Which God only and not man can refute.” 14 Job has not arrayed his words against me, Nor will I answer him with your speeches. 15 They were afraid and answered no more, Words failed them. 16 Then I waited because they did not speak, Because they stopped and answered no more. 17 I even I will answer for my part, I will declare my knowledge even mine. 18 For I am full of words, The spirit within me constrains me; 19 Lo my belly is as unopened wine, It must burst like new bottles, 20 I will speak and give myself vent, I will open my lips and answer. 21 I will he partial to none, I will flatter no man. 22 For I know not how to flatter; How soon will my Maker take me away. 109 \ Ch. xxxiii. 1—16. xxxiii. 1 But listen now Job to ray speech, And hearken to all my words. 2 Lo now I have opened my mouth My tongue hath spoken in my palate. 3 My heart hath spoken uprightness, And my lips have uttered sincerity. 4 The spirit of God hath made me, And the breath of the Almighty put life in me. 5 If thou art able answer me, Set thy cause before me and take thy stand. 6 Lo I am as thyself in respect to God, I too am moulded from clay. 7 Behold my dread cannot terrify thee, Nor also my hand weigh heavy upon thee. 8 Yea thou saidst in mine ear, And the sound of thy words do I hear; 9 “I am pure without transgression, “Even I and there is no crime in me; 10 “Lo he finds occasions against me, “He counts me as his enemy; 11 “He sets my feet in the stocks, “He observes all my paths.” 12 Lo herein thou art not right, I will answer thee, Since God is too mighty for man. 13 Why dost thou argue with him, Seeing “he explains not one of his decrees.” 14 Nay but God does speak once, Yea twice but it is unnoticed. 15 In the dreamy night visions, When deep sleep falls upon men. In slumber upon the couch; 16 Then he uncovers men’s ears, And with their reproofs terrifies them. 110 Ch. xxxiii. 17—30. 17 Whilst he turns man back from his evil way, And conceals pride from him; 18 He withholds his soul from the pit, And his life from passing by the sword. 19 Also he is chastened with sickness on his bed, And with the racking of his bones continually; 20 So that his life rejects bread, And his soul dainty food. 21 His flesh wastes away from sight, And his bones seek not to be seen; 22 And his soul draws nigh to the pit And his life to the executioners. 23 If there is an angel near to God, A mediator, one among a thousand, To proclaim on man’s behalf his uprightness; 24 Then God takes pity on him and says, “Kescue him from going down to the pit, “I have found a ransom.” l 25 His flesh is fatter than in his youth, He returns to the days of his youth. 26 He prays to God and he accepts him, And he sees his face with exultation, And he requites man for his righteousness. 27 He sings amongst men, And says “I have sinned, “And perverted equity, “And have not received my deserts. 28 “He hath redeemed my soul from going down to the pit, “So that my life still beholds the light.” 29 Lo all these things God does Twice, thrice with men; To recover his soul from the pit, To restore it to the light of the living. 30 Cit. xxxiii. 31—xxxiv. 11. Ill 31 Attend Job listen to me, Be silent and I will speak. 32 If thou hast words answer me, Speak for I have pleasure in thy justification. 33 If thou hast not listen to me, Be silent and I will teach thee wisdom. ELIHU’S SECOND SPEECH. CHAPP. XXXIV. XXXV. 4.6.6.6.6 | 8.8.8.4 | 9.5.7.4 | 4.6.6.6.4. xxxiv. 1 Then Eliliu continued saying, 2 Hear oh ye wise my words, And ye learned hearken to me; 3 For u tke ear should prove words, “As the palate tastes its food.” 4 Let us test the judgment for ourselves, Let us determine together what is fair; 5 For Job hath said, “I am righteous “And God hath removed my right; 6 “I am defrauded of my right, “I am sick with undeserved afflictions.” 7 Where is there a man like Job, Drinking blasphemy like water, 8 Walking in company with evil doers, And going with wicked men? 9 For he hath said, “A man gains nothing, “By pleasing his God.” 10 Therefore hear me ye men of understanding. Far be evil from God, and wrong from the Almighty. 11 For he requites man according to his deeds, And as a man walks he makes it befal him. 112 Ch xxxiv. 12 — 29. 12 Yea verily God doth not condemn wrongly Nor doth the Almighty pervert judgment. 19 Who doth not accept the person of princes, Or favour the rich before the poor; For they are alike the work of his hands. 20 In a moment they die and pass away, And at midnight the people are troubled, And the mighty men are removed without force. 21 For his eyes are upon the ways of man, And he beholds all his steps; 22 There is no darkness and no gloom, Where the workers of iniquity may hide. 23 For he sets not man an appointed time, When he may enter into judgment with God; 24 He destroys the mighty without enquiry, And sets others in their stead. 25 Surely he is well acquainted with their deeds, He overthrows them by night and they are crushed; 26 He smites them along with the wicked, In the place of the Shades, 27 Who likewise revolted from him, And understood none of his ways, 28 Bringing before him the cry of the poor, So that he hears the cry of the needy. 29 When God acquits who can condemn, When he removes the condemned who can release him? 13 Who else than he visits the earth, And who disposes the whole world? 14 If he turn his attention to man, And gather to himself his spirit and breath; 15 All flesh would die together, And man would return to dust. 16 Now if thou hast understanding, Hearken to the sound of my words. Ch. xxxiv. 17—xxxv. 5. 113 17 Shall he forsooth who hates judgment arrest? Even if thou art just, shouldest thou condemn the Al¬ mighty? 18 Should one call a king, ‘knave’, Or princes, ‘villain’? 29 y Over nation and individuals alike, 30 God sets as king an ungodly man From the lowest of the people— 31 Much less should one say to God, “I have been punished without being guilty, 32 “What I cannot see for myself do thou show me, “If I have done evil I will do so no more.”. 33 Is this thy view, he will requite thee what thou deniest? Thou must choose and not I, And what thou knowest speak. 34 Let men of understanding speak to me, And a wise man listen to me. 35 As for Job, he does not talk with knowledge, And his words are without reflection. 36 Ah would that Job might be thoroughly tested, On account of his answers like vain men. 37 For he adds to his sin; He applauds crime in our midst, And he multiplies his words against God. xxxv. 2 Dost thou consider this right, Calling thyself more just than God, 3 When thou sayest “What profit have I “What do I gain by abstaining from sin?” 4 I will answer thee, words, And thy friends with thee. 5 Gaze towards heaven and behold, Look how high above thee the skies are. 8 114 Ch. xxxv. 6—xxxvl. 3. 6 If thou hast sinned how dost thou injure him? If thy crimes are many how dost thou affect him? 7 If thou art just what canst thou give him, Or what will he receive from thine hand? 8 Thy sin may affect a man like thyself, And thy righteousness profit a son of man. 9 On account of many oppressions men cry, They call for help against the arm of the mighty. 10 And he does not say “Where is God my Maker, Who sets constellations in the night, 11 “Who teaches us by the beasts of the earth, “And instructs us by the birds of heaven?” 12 There they cry, but he answers not, Against the pride of evil men. 13 Surely God does not hear vanity, Nor will the Almighty regard it. 14 Yea though thou sayest thou canst not see him, Thy cause is before him and thou must wait for him. 15 But now since God does not punish Job’s anger, And utterly disregards his insolence; 1G Job vainly opens his mouth, And multiplies words without knowledge. ELIHU’S THIRD SPEECH. CHAPP. XXXVI. XXXVII. 5 . 7 . 6.6 | 4.7 . 8 . 8 . 8 | 8 . 10 . 10 . 8 . | 4.10 . 10 . xxxvi. 1 And Elihu proceeded to say, 2 Wait a little for me and I will show thee, That there are still arguments for God. 3 I will bring my knowledge from afar, And I will establish my Maker’s justice. Ch. xxxvi. 4—18. 115 4 For surely my words are not false. 5 Perfect in knowledge, lo God is almighty, And mighty in power he despises not understanding. 6 He preserves not the life of the wicked, But gives sentence for the afflicted. 7 He withdraws not his eyes from the righteous; But with kings on the throne, He sets them and they are firmly established. 8 And if they are bound with chains, Being seized with the cords of affliction; 9 Then he tells them their deeds, And their crime how arrogant they are. 10 He uncovers their ear to reproof, And bids them renounce iniquity. 11 If they hear and obey; Their days shall end in prosperity, And their years in pleasure. 12 But if they do not hear; They pass away by the weapon, And expire in ignorance. 13 The proud ungodly indulge in wrath, They will not cry for help when he binds them. 14 Their soul dies while they are young, And their life ends as that of the unclean. 15 He delivers the poor in trouble, And by affliction he makes them listen. 16 And thee also will he bring out of distress, To freedom without any restraint in it. And thy table shall remain full of fatness, 17 Full even with the sentence of the wicked; Sentence and justice shall be united. 18 But beware lest in plenty anger incite thee, And lest the size of the ransom turn thee aside. 8 * 116 Cn. xxxvi. 19—xxxvii. 1. 19 Should thy wealth equal it? No not gold nor all accumulated riches. 20 Thou wilt not long for the night, When peoples are removed from their place. 21 Beware lest thou turn to iniquity, For on this very account hast thou been proved by suffering. 22 Lo God towers aloft in his might; Who is a teacher like him? 23 Who can correct him for his way, Or who can say “Thou hast done wrong”? 24 Remember how great is his work; Which men have beheld. 25 Which all men see, And mortals view from afar. 26 Lo God is exalted beyond our knowledge, The number of his years is beyond research. 27 When he withholds the drops of water, They are resolved from rain into mist; 28 And what the skies distil, Drops upon men as showers. 29 Can any understand the spreading of the clouds, The rumblings of his pavilion? 30 Lo he spreads the light above, While he covers the depths of the sea. 31 For thus he both judges nations, And gives food in abundance. 32 With both hands he covers the light, Or brings it forth when one prays for it; 33 Therewith he indicates his friend, Whose anger is zealous against iniquity. xxxvii. 1 Yea at this my heart trembles, And leaps from its place. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ch. xxxvii. 2—17. 117 Listen listen to the roar of his voice, And to the mutterings which proceed from his mouth. Under the whole heaven he sends it forth, And his lightning to the skirts of the earth; After it a voice roars, he thunders with his majestic voice, And delays not the lightnings when his voice is heard. God thunders with his voice wonderfully, He doth great things beyond our knowledge. For he saith to the snow, “Fall to the earth”, And he orders the rain of the mighty showers. He sets a seal on the work of all mortals, That all men may know their Maker; Then the wild beast enters his lair, And abides in his cave. As the simoom comes from the south, So the cold comes from the northerly winds; From the breath of God comes the ice, And the expanse of waters becomes like a mirror. Also he loads the cloud with water, His lightning disperses the cloud. And God their courses directs, In his skill; that they may do All that he commands them Upon the face of the whole earth. If as a scourge the earth is withered If in mercy then he lets the earth receive rain. Hearken to this o Job, Pause and ponder the wonders of God. Dost thou know when God plans conceruing them, And makes the light shine out of his cloud? Dost thou know how the clouds are suspended, The secrets of him who has perfect knowledge? Thou whose garments are too hot, When the land is sultry from the south wind; 118 Ch. xxxvii. 18—24. 18 Dost thou help God hammer out the skies, Firm like a molten mirror? 19 Teach us what we must say to him, We are too ignorant to arrange our speech. 20 Need one inform him that I am speaking, Or must a man tell him that he is perishing? 21 Though now they see not the light, When he is giving light in the skies; Yet a passing breeze shall clear them 22 From the north shall come a golden glory Terrible majesty upon God. 23 The Almighty whom we have not found, Is mighty in strength and judgment, And perfect in unimpeachable justice. 24 Therefore men should fear him, He beholdeth not the proud wise men. THE SECTIONS ON BEHEMOTH AND LEVIATHAN. Chapp. xl. 15— xli. 26. 8 . 6.4 | 8 . 8.8 | 6 . 6.8 | 8 . 8 . 8 . xl. 15 Behold now the hippopotamus, which I have made, He eats grass like an ox beside thee. 16 Behold now his strength is in his flanks, And his vigour in the navel of his belly. 17 He wags his tail stout as a cedar, The sinews of his thighs are interwoven. 18 His bones are tubes of brass, His bones as hammered iron. 19 He is the beginning of God’s ways. His Maker presented him with a scythe, 20 For the river growth provides for him; Where all the wild beasts sport. 21 Under the lotus trees he lies down, In a thicket of reed and mire. 22 The lotus trees weave him a shade, And the water willows surround him. 23 If the river is swollen he troubles not, And stays when Jordan rises. 25 Wilt thou fish for the crocodile with a hook, (E. V. xli. 1) And pierce his tongue with a line? 26 Wilt thou place a reed in his nose, And bore his cheeks with a thorn spike? 120 Ch. xl. 24—xli. 10. 24 23 Into his mouth | 24 with his teeth he would take it, His nose would pierce through the snares. 27 Will he supplicate thee often, And address thee plaintively? 28 Will he make an agreement with thee, Wilt thou take him as a servant for ever? 29 Wilt thou pet him like a bird, And tie him with a cord for thy maidens? 30 Will bands of fishermen barter him, And divide him amongst the traders? 31 Canst thou fill his hide with darts, And his head with fisher’s harpoons? 32 Lay thy hand upon his head, Remember his jaw, and do not repeat it. xli. 1 Lo the trust in him is deceitful, He will surely attack them that shoot him. 2 There is none so hold as to rouse him, And who can stand before him? 3 Who then shall oppose me and escape? All under heaven is mine. 4 I cannot be silent about his limbs, I will declare his might, and describe his proportions. 5 Who hath rolled back the edges of his garment, Through his double breastplate who hath passed. 6 Who hath opened the doors of his face, The rows of his teeth are a terror. 7 A pride are the channels of his shields, Closed like a sealed rock. 8 His scales are close to each other, No wind can enter between; 9 They are fastened one to another, They are one piece and cannot be separated. His neezings gleam like the light, And his eyes are as the eyelids of dawn. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Cn. xli. 11—26. 121 From his mouth proceed flames, And sparks of fire issue; From his nostrils comes smoke, Like a pot on a fire of reeds; His breath kindles coals, And a flame proceeds from his mouth. In his neck lodges might And at the sight of him there is anxious trembling. The ridges of his flesh are close together, Immovably firm upon him. His heart is firm like stone, Yea firm like the nether millstone; The stags are afraid of his destruction, They wander far from his violence. The sword that reaches him does not hold, The spear that is hurled at him drops off. He accounts iron as chaff, Brass as rotten wood; Arrows will not put him to flight, Slung stones become as stubble to him; Clubs are accounted as stubble, And he laughs at the whirr of the spear. Beneath him are the sharpest sherds, He spreads himself like a harrow on the mud. He makes a foaming whirlpool like a boiling pot, He makes the sea like an apothecary’s pot. Behind him he makes a glittering path, The deep might be taken for hoary hair. He hath no ruler upon earth, He is king of all the reptiles. CRITICISM OF THE TEXT OF JOB. De Rossi quoted by Merx says “All critics are aware that our present Hebrew text is derived from a Venetian Edi¬ tion by R. J. Chayim, 1526, itself corrupt and from corrupt sources”. It is perhaps too much taken for granted, that owing to the elaborate care of the Massoretes, the Hebrew MSS must be identical, but this is notoriously not the case. An inspec¬ tion of the instances selected by Carey from the collation of several MSS made by Kennicott and De Rossi will illustrate not only variety of readings such as will be referred to in the notes, but the omission of whole verses as iii. 8, v. 24, viii. 22, xv. 12, xxxviii. 14.15, and alterations evidently made with a reli¬ gious purpose as ‘sons of man 1 for ‘sons of God 1 xxxviii. 7. We find moreover that the Qree or marginal readings have been adopted in the readings of many MSS, precisely as in our own recent Revised New Testament. If then the Hebrew text has not been preserved inviolate since the labours of the Massora, what are we to think of its condition prior to these. The very work itself is a witness to previous corruption; it was undertaken because the text was known to be corrupt and the Massora was to be ‘the bond 1 to restrict further blunders in the future. Their marginal readings admit the presence of errors and even the absence of words; but they have passed over many vitiated passages, whilst making other unnecessary and sometimes incorrect alte¬ rations. Above all, their careful calculation of words and of the number of occurrences of peculiar forms cannot serve as CRITICISM OF THE TEXT OF JOB. 123 a check to mistakes, for as Delitzsck observes, what use is it to be told that a word is spelt or pointed ten times in a man¬ ner different from ordinary, unless the ten occasions are defi¬ nitely given, since the Scribe on coming to the word would have to hunt through the whole copy MS to see if the occasion before him was included or excluded in the list extraordinary. Examples of this in Job are * 110 ; xv. 30 ‘Yur xl. 2 and pn xix. 26 pH xxiii. 12 the pointing of which requires to be inter¬ changed , though the Massoretic number of words so pointed is not affected. Houbigant remarks a complete Concordance would have attained their purpose better. But the antiquity of clerical errors is more strongly attested by such passages as are repeated by the same or another Heb¬ rew author. And here I abstain from comparing Pss. xiv and liii as Merx has done, because the variations are too well con¬ nected and maintained to be adduced as witness to the negli¬ gence of scribes, or to ingenious later corrections. 2 Sam. vi. 5 cpuinn bs 1 Chr. xiii. 8 Qi'-pmi T2* b2D 7 '"n bran by = inbiab? 10 it* nbm ptdn by viii. 1 3H72 HN xviii. 1 m hn 3 ^'unb 3 n-'iznb xi. 1 D-Oi72nbPi rra ■>72nb DN 20 rpbs hn rpba “’HN xxiii. 8 issyrt 12 'ht xi. 11 in^n na nw 9 Donna 13 dw ocn 20 in 7ITN 22 b^n Psalm xviii. 11 N'T 1 ! 2 Sam. xxii. 11 nth 12 nsiun 12 mum 25 ■hi mna 25 miaa 46 lsnnH 46 . inm- 1 ! xl. 16 172 ID 1 Psalm Ixx. 4 13112 1 124 CRITICISM OF THE TEXT OF JOB. Psalm xl. 18 " | b ;narr Psalm lxx. 6 'b non xcvi. 6 rtznpm 1 Chr. xvi. 27 TEIpMS 13 NS is NS is 34 NS *0 Jer. xlviii. 5 ^s "os nbm -os Is. xv. 5 -o is nbm 31 ■)S by xvi. 7 “>02N bN vjvoNb nai"p onn Tp vnn nosn Tp 32 bs; -no 7 -rvs 9 bs: TV!"! ps^p 45 vino vs -ipsp-1 Num. xxiv. 17 no vs bs spnp-i In the above we have instances of almost every variety of textual error, transposition, confusion and omission of let¬ ters; and the more serious omission and insertion of whole words. We have thus obtained from the Jewish sacred litera¬ ture itself irrefragable proof of the unsoundness of its text from very remote times, for these discrepancies are carefully observed in the versions. We are accordingly left free to apply to Hebrew documents all the reasonable arts of criticism, which are successfully applied to those of other languages. The following are the main classes of changes to be effected. A. Imperative changes; being such as are corroborated by similar phrases in the context or parallels. Thus we have no hesitation in reading ]sn for bsN 1 Sam. vi. 18 cf. 14. ysn for ym xvii. 7 nb'-p for npnb xix. 20 nb^ip“ i i for mbpv 2 Sam. xx. 14. In Job such examples are to be found vi. 3, vii. 21, xxviii. 10 etc. B. Different texts; observable in the rendering of the versions, pre-eminently the Septuagint Syriac and Targums. Job v. 5, xv. 23, xvii. 16 etc. C. Self suggestive changes; being such as the sense requires though unsupported by further evidence. Job iii. 8, iv. 10, vi. 20, vii. 15, xii. 23 etc. The following cautions are worthy of observation. (1) The Hebrew text should be read from an unpointed edition, and no regard need be paid to the limits of words or CRITICISM OF THE TEXT OF JOB. 125 verses; as letters and words have sometimes been sundered thus producing difficulty. It cannot be too well remembered that the vowels and system of punctuation have only the value of a superior sort of version, being as far as possible the embodiment of oral tradition by the learned Rabbis of the 5 th century and onwards. A slight acquaintance with the Tar- gums and Rabbinical exegetes and grammarians will suffice to show how unsettled the Jews were themselves as to the correct reading of their own scriptures. (2) In the use of the versions great caution is needed; as in spite of great ingenuity and many thoughtful suggestions their work is often marred by great carelessness, while their ignorance occasionally stands confessed in transliterated words. (3) Regard should always be paid to similar passages and expressions in other authors. The usual meaning of a word or phrase should be as much as possible retained, cf. imain vi. 13 by Ty viii. 6 by Dip- 1 xxv. 3. (4) It is not enough to translate a verse so that the trans¬ lation is sensible in itself, it must be conformed to the whole context. The versions and English translation frequently dis¬ regard this. (5) In poetical works the force of parallelism must be observed v. 5, xviii. 12 etc. (6) In a work like the book of Job notorious for its plays on words, attention to this characteristic may be useful in suggesting valuable alterations xv. 30 etc. (7) Readings which cause a lame tautology offer prima facie presumption of being corrupt xviii. 13 etc. Table of Critical alterations in Job. i. 17 18 19 annp-n gloss from v. 15 tanpm my bail yy gloss from v. 16 nbc3 126 CRITICISM OF THE TEXT OF JOB. i. 21 ■'I'lNlT ii.4 UTN lb a^b 8 Tirnin mnnr; 10 fin nr* ■'inn mum nx nr iii. 5 mbnn •’mnnn and always for ninbit mmnn 8 mm nyn mmnrm 16 rrriN Nb is a gloss from x. 19 iv. 10 ■nun v. 3 ■nny-’n mpio 5 iPitp m^nit 1‘T'iSp nmarr vi. 1 ‘’mil mm 3 wb mb 4 ■nT-inm ■mnnm 7 nnann r-irnm ■’Tin mnnrt 20 man nan vii. 15 mnstyn mnityn 21 Nian ainn viii. 16 inrr mm 17 pmm n pn mm 'n ma 19 unvan in linn 21 Nbm my mbm in ix. 16 nbnp t’tnn Pip ptm 20 VD 21 mm ON73N gloss cf. vii. 15 30 inn inn 33 ib Nb x. 8 man nnN man am 20 ma mbn mm ma -1 bam Tr xi. 15 p-rn plS72 xii. 4 pm a p'inin pinin 7 pm gloss from v. 8 23 nnmi (mb) nnmi (nm) xiii. 6 ■’D nnmn •’nnmn CRITICISM OF THE TEXT OF JOB. 127 xiii. 14 rra by gloss from ara *b>y end of v. 13 20 bx bi* xiv. 2 3 w&n 4 am Nb 10 j|brm 17 ann T xv. 22 Tapin 23 npN r ~ ms 24 imam tnspnn 29 abar. amayb •-. : • r r 30 am 31 nte xvi. 5 ptm 8 nifi ayb T “ “ T xvii. 1 nban r : it ipyn 2 n •• r • r 3 maay . .,.. 11 ■'nma •t : • ^anaa 15 Tism \mpn xviii. 2 a^isn aaa 7aanoo yan 3 pmya 11 rbaab mzisy 12 iaisa ya 13 yaa baio 14 nan" 1 ■jystn maa7a 20 T 1 72lby THN xix. 3 laarn 13 ■’arax am mnara NST ■>nio a gloss ujbrrn ann r T TPi* TT’i Tnnya-’ tnapnn abra yaab r ITU pizm ypta ayb r t •• : nban r : •*. win my raay ... . T TlTKlT ■’O‘IT/2 ^mpm Tiipn yjnan “did anjo iran aamya mirsrn i5in aya •'pa baso irmyssm mama rar by 1THN laaran iar pa ami pmasa 128 CRITICISM OF THE TEXT OF JOB. xix. 17 in^m • -jr irnsrn 20 man im» 13 a) lira 23 laDa naan 26 ilb Tiy iprn irnba Vba ipnn irnba iba 29 msuj r — n'm'ir v TlU ■pin) xx. 2 I'mim Tnrm 10 niaajn T V nsnajn t : *• r 11 vy ’by Tiba 17 anni—b« inns—b« 20 Nb72i ab?:i 23 mni in’ 1 xxi. 8 D723> T — a72a 16 bN Nb 20 11T2 nia 30 '-iba'm ^bnm T xxii. 11 TIN IN 16 plt'T’ pasr 20 1372ip 21 "jnM2n pa n inn 25 — r i ib T “ niaiy masnn xxiii. 12 ipnn ipria 17 Noa noa xxiv. 1 amr^ 113572 T172 2 tni 5 Nb ’ib 12 a^bba aibbn rib an t * ; nban 14 TN Nb TNb asi pbni nsna ini 19 Vine) sbaj Tin T ... biNai nbaj 172172 21 W1 T T nn pi2M (?) ai’jn v. 2 5 i. 5 9 12 13 i. 8 19 20 22 i. 5 6 7 10 13 27 i. 5 G rr i 12 18 21 25 1 3 4 5 11 12 18 22 24 CRITICISM OP THE TEXT OF job. 129 VH'rros Bib© r : • • rmipaa a'ib© t j • pym py p bbirp ibbirp NOB noa m:iana in:aina ippie - ’ am© mma npa© a■’72© impa bi*© 11 b©" 1 riDT 1 ST) DN"* D»T’ ama ■jT’by rby HBEPt: ppnnn mnb pEn: nmnm anb it:b 172 a nnpEy npay am: ib : ib am: : ib rmatiN nipiata napp napy ip^aip pi:mp! 'mj 'p© rrfiwna Pi72na Pisi gloss from Dt. xxxii. 13 ■’723’0 may pn© py© y'T©72 y:©72 y©iN ip: ay yia« isp ay ibm 172 -pi 172‘V’P ibnn an:* an:-; am-’b ^:a72 gloss from xxxii. 4 ampypt a^ppypt a7:nb t - : a? 2 nb t : “ -» (?) 13 HDD nrp — v **.r nnE iprn mb© ■’bap gloss cf. xviii. 8 ©na na !pto©n m©n nb©N -oya nb©" 1 ma 9 130 CRITICISM OF THE TEXT OF JOB. xxx. 24 It* 1^ xxxi. 18 mbm mm • T fisnm xxxii. 4 nTN nN aaaaa r : ~ : am an a ara* naa • t : 11 ynNN T'TN • r 18 ‘TlNbtt mb72 xxxiii. 3 “)72N ■' ta l73N 7 msao 9 qn mison mamn 16 anrr anti: 17 maw so xxii. 29 m3 21 "IDTU51 man 24 1W1D irwis 30 “mb “mb xxxiv. 23 ayi72 a^an my a^an 26 amsn a\m 29 mnai (mna) fisman t v : 30 ‘rjbttn qb7372 msspn ■^7372 xxxv. 10 ni“i-rn r - rrn»T xxxvi. 4 gloss 21 nnna r : - nnrta r : — r 27 naan : mb “127372 T T najaa : nab “1273 32 mm 33 mp73 xxxvii. 6 rrnaa aiam nn273 aajn “1272 a-uaaa 7 imay a^am irrawTa ■nam 13 aao v-in rib72N I t : it ax imab aa 21 mafia Tna xxxviii. 8 “p"' m “On 10 miaa naaja 11 naan man 20 •pan Van 24 mn “Via CRITICISM OF THE TEXT OF JOB. 131 xxxviii. 27 N72¥ N5S72 37 ratr rao- 1 38 T*? npaa 41 arrb v v r arbb *• r xxxix. 3 nrnban orphan rtinban *mbi ranbisn “mb' 1 rtsnban amban 13 raijtn max t : v 7-1 na:i r : 18 a^ri/2 aim 21 “nan"' irarr 25 rr“p 29 pima bat* pinmb bast 30 ar irbr' imaao aa irbr' imaxi xl.2 ricp r -ibsp 5 rtDISN n:3'N 20 a-nir aim 24 ■pstsa va^a 32 oinho Pl72nb72 t r : • xli. 1 bon T ban T 3 abap abujNi 4 rnrn irmas rar ■pm rvnias rapi 5 lirpo 12DP 17 a^b^N ipitp • T “ *• * aib\s rnai instim 18 rprai = nnnia rr-nai 25// 26a na3 ba n« : nn ^bab iiam an interpolation. xlii. 9 rain raa As the full text of Job is not printed to accompany the translation, the most important redivisions of verses are sub¬ joined. vi. 21 crrprt nn? “>a iNPTn nnn linn t*b mas pan?: rnam 9* vii. 15 132 CRITICISM OP THE TEXT OF JOB. vii. 15 *riDNn rrra 16 dinit 1333 ipiin abiyb ■•7a*' ban '5 '37372 bin ix. 21 '723 D2 yiN Nb '2N Dn 22 *rn73N p by son rust xi. 6 n72an mTabyp - t b 12 m ri'^inb a'bca 'a ■jb n72J' 'a ym *]213>73 mbN xiii. 13 niaso '27372 1723'inn r-i73 'by iayo '3s* 14 '37231 '1723a N723N xv. 22 imc -pa3 'a ym 23 mnya' f723n ai' 3!lDpnn np123723 133 xvi. 20 bs* 'yi '3£'b72 '3'y nsbi mbs* xvii. 1 '?3' nban 'mi 'b a'lap pym 11 'mi72 nay '73' 'aab 'in'7a pm xix. 14 xxi. 8 'yi'72i 'aip ibin 'n'a '13 '3ina7i3 '3ia723nn mb 'nmTaso I723n' mss nib 'a ibai' miay tn'b yi xxi. 8 CRITICISM OF THE TEXT OF JOB. 133 xxiv. 5 lams a-’NPc "jn abyaa iNit*' napy ipnusa n-'-i^ab anb Nb xxx. 4 msr aypypj • HNU5721 !PN12J lUaN mia ■'by mba a^eapn a anb amnp ujpizn xxxiii. 3 nypm pais ^ab pun "ibb?a pipa “neuj xxxvi. 3 ■ba pp\a sb aaass m 4 praa b« p myp amn ab na piaa DiW' Nbi xxxix. 21 ununi paya picm pun rsppb Nif 1 naa 27 ybo iip ay*' mi 28 ybo p by pbnn ■pur 29 pen aiaa nrnirai nay Taiy pmpa ba^ xl. 15 yujy PU5N nana isi nipi ba&p ppaa p^srn pay 23 nsn*' isb pm piay in pp- 1 nm m naa^ anpi ram ipa bs idn apr anupiaa 136 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. i. 5. as mythical. Because blessing accompanied a farewell, it was not identical with it, else Jacob’s determined cry xxxii. 26 might be deprived of all its force and pathos, by the translation “I will not let thee go, except thou say farewell to me”. That the words mean some serious sin is evident from Job’s rebuke to his wife ii. 10. 6. Satan. It is scarcely necessary to remark that the evil spirit, here and consistently throughout the Bible described as subject to God though more emancipated in the N. T., cannot have been borrowed from the Persian dualistic theory of a demon independent of and always in collision with God. He is rather as Merx designates him a pessimist. It is however noteworthy that the author treats him as if he were as much a myth as the lying spirit of 1 Ki. xxii. 22; for no allusion is made to any evil agent throughout the controversy or in the speeches of Elihu. The only passage which could be strained to bear such an allusion is xxiii. 17, and even then the author¬ ship of evil is reserved as the prerogative of God. 20. m of shaving instead of mp or tibi, only here Mic. i. 16 Jer. vii. 29; elsewhere properly of sheepshearing, also Am. vii. 1 Hah. i. 12 of mowing. 21. ‘Return thither’ i. e by a figure of speech ‘return to the bosom of Mother Earth’. This verse is borrowed and elaborated Eccl. v. 14 Sirach xl. 1. ii. 3. There is a point in God’s speech ending with san, with which Satan had i. 9 opened his attack upon Job. It is as much as to say “For nought does Job serve me? You incite me against him for nought”. 4. ‘Skin for skin.’ What Satan intends to say is this. You have at present only assaulted Job in his outer cir¬ cumstances, though each blow it is true has fallen nearer home than the last; you have as yet taken only one out¬ work after another, the citadel remains untouched. You have stripped off ‘skin after skin’, but you have not reached the flesh, to do this you must smite the man himself. ‘rather than himself -sa combines here the meanings of ‘juxta’ and ‘pro’. A man will give away everything NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 137 . 4. that lies about him even right up to himself, rather than that the blow should reach himself. As Satan immediately mentions touching Job’s bones and flesh with a view to torture rather than destruction I translate the ambiguous i»E5 ‘himself’; though in God’s answer it is evidently used for ‘life’ as opposed to r?x ‘himself’ i. 12. 7. The disease which attacked Job is described in language borrowed from Dt. xxviii. 35, the botch or boil of Egypt. The allusions to his disease are as follows; he has sleepless nights vii. 4; he is plagued with terrible dreams vii. 14 and insufferable torment vii. 15; he experiences sensations of suffocation vii. 15; his flesh swarms with worms vii. 5, xxx. 17; his skin sores run vii. 5; his extreme emaciation is described xvi. 8, xvii. 7, xix. 20 but xxx. 18 he seems to be so swollen that his garments are tight for him; there is a dread of infection xix. 13—17 but xix. 18. 19, xxx. 11 he is attending the law courts and sitting in the gate. We are told that Elephantiasis is incurable, yet ix. 18 Job complains that God suffers him not to recover as if relapse had occurred after partial recovery. His skin is black xxx. 30 but this is also the effect of famine Lam. v. 10. Altogether the account of the disease is too uncertain to be accepted as an accurate picture of the real sufferings of Elephantiasis, though the poet may have drawn from its symptoms to give colouring to his description. 8. At the loss of his property and family Job shaved himself and fell prostrate on the earth i. 20; now, so far justifying Satan’s prediction, his mourning is more exces¬ sive he cuts himself (Jer. xvi. 6, xli. 5) and sits in ashes, -rum so one MS De Rossi instead of the cor : A ey : Turn to scrape or scratch which does not suit the accompanying act of sitting in ashes. 9. I see no more reason for changing “is into ix is with Merx and LXX here, than I do for understanding dj below to be equal to run with Delitzsch. 10. Targum modifies the baseness of the women to their servile duties at home. I follow Merx in reading rx for nx and joining nx a: 138 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. ii. 10. to the preceding not succeeding clause. Thus the scanning is accommodated, the final use of a; observed, and Job’s rebuke gains by the pointed astonishment. So Prov. xxvi. 4. As Delitzsch observes Job’s wife is the model for Anna, wife of Tobit. Tob. ii. 14. ‘with his lips’ not added above, i. 22. The Targum deduces from this, that his thoughts were not so correct as they had been. 11. The names of the three friends and their respective homes are well chosen, so as to convey a meaning suitable to their character, and at the same time have the appear¬ ance of being strictly historic. Eliphaz (Phasael. later form) ‘God is pure’ cf. iv. 17. 18. The Temauite ‘Orthodox’. Bildad ‘Unsuckled’ cf. a-* -Isa trirVa viii. 11 his attempt at wisdom. The Shuhite ‘Keflective’ both evidently satirical cf. xxvi. 2. 3. Zophar )j.s^ ‘Morning biughtness’ cf. xi. 17. The Naamathite ‘Suave’. It will be observed that the pseudonymes are derived from the first speech of each friend. How easily the first name might be regarded as historic we can see from the appendix of the LXX to c. 42 where he is identified with Eliphaz the son of Esau. 12. ‘sprinkled dust upon their heads’ cf. Lam. ii. 10 Ez. xxvii. 30. 13. seven days mourning so Joseph for Jacob, and the men of Jabesh for Saul. iii. 3. ‘It is a man child’ lit: a man child was conceived, observe the different tenses n-n Of course the night was the night of birth, perhaps mn should be *nn Aramaic for run cf. Gen. xxix. 32. 5. ‘reclaim it’ i. e' may the chaotic gloom dispelled at creation resume its sway. The parallel might perhaps be better supported though at the expense of this beautiful thought by taking bs; = 5s; in the Aramaic use ‘defile’, so Kashi and E. V. cf. Malachi i. 7. 12. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 139 5. ‘Eclipse’ ■'■v’-i&s not 2 with Renan Delitzsch etc. some¬ thing densely black, for root cf. Lam. v. 10 (Might not pas rioter Joel iii. 3 be akin). The Massoretic pointing agrees with the Targum ‘as a bitter day’. Rashi supposes ‘devils who rule in the day’ and for the idea refers to Dt. xxxii. 24 Ps. xci. 6. Merx considers the last syllable to be reduplicated and reads (surely ‘priests’ cf. Hos. x. 5 but this suits neither the parallelism, nor the scanning, nor yet the play on 8. «. 6. ‘let it not join’ -n- for or -rr- so Targum suits the parallel ‘nor come amongst the number of the months’ bet¬ ter than the derivation from mn ‘to rejoice’ as Rashi and Delitzsch. 7. ‘sound of joy’ rejoicing at birth. Targum strangely understands of cockcrowing. 8. (3 is to be connected with v. 9 so Merx, for 8k cor¬ responds to 5 y and they each terminate their respective stanzas. In which case the singular forms Sews nso” show D'-rryn in the plural to be wrong. In fact no sense can be made of this stichus as it stands, for the attempt of Renan Delitzsch etc. to understand it of a Chinese and Algerian custom for producing an eclipse by inciting a dragon to swallow the sun, does not suit the context, as it must be referred back to 5 y not forward to what fol¬ lows. Moreover beside Davidson’s objection that there is no proof of the existence of such a superstition in Semitic lands, surely the custom referred to is rather to scare than encourage the dragon, to prevent than produce an eclipse. Most of the versions have been content with a literal ren¬ dering, but the Targum followed by E. V. read ‘ready to stir up their mourning’ ■pnrvbs. All attempts to understand the animal crocodile do violence to the context, whether the idea arrived at be (a) men bold enough to rouse the crocodile cf. xli. 2 (/3) sorcerers skilled in safely accomplish¬ ing this feat, so Davidson, (y) or metaphorically ‘evil spirits’ with Lee and Carey. Verse 9 shows it to mean something connected with the dawn, and in xli. 9 ■jn-'-ils is again found in connection with ~r,v *e>"es upon which see 140 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. iii. 8. Delitzsch who shows there was in Egyptian hieroglyphics an association of the crocodile with the dawn. There are undoubtedly astronomical myths cf. ix. 13, xxvi. 12. 13, xxxviii. 32 elsewhere in this book so that we have no hesitation in considering this to be like xli. 9 an enigma¬ tical expression alluding to a constellation associated with the dawn, and read p'lii oi— ryy; n-y being employed in an intransitive sense to make a play on nr r-s at con¬ clusion of the last stanza cf. also nrr -nj ix. 13; unless indeed the unknown myth intended the constellation to waken or drive up the dawn or morning star. 14. I cannot with Ewald Delitzsch Renan adopt the render¬ ing ‘pyramids’ for mr on account of its similarity to the Coptic and Arabic ‘chram’; for it can only be main¬ tained in spite of the whole ‘usus loquendi’ of the Hebrew Scriptures, xv. 29 alludes to the custom of rebuilding and inhabiting desolate cities, so in Jeremiah and Deutero- Isaiah. Here mention is made of it Davidson thinks as illustrating the success and energy of the deceased kings. We may also ask when could the author or even Job himself have lived to speak of kings being in the habit of building the ancient pyramids. 16. I have eliminated so as intruded from x. 19 intro¬ ducing an idea not required hei'e, and marring the scanning. 19. ‘are one’ sin having the force of ‘same’ as Ps. cii. 28 the great and small sharing the same fate cf. Jer. xvi. 6. 20. There is a marked play here on Prov. xxxi. 6. ns bnyb p' nuV -aisV isn »B3 —cb B*"H1 a£3 'no; pi 23. Merx places this verse after v. 25 that 'ao may be in apposition to •'b, but this breaks the intimate connection between v.v. xxv. 26 “qj& is goverued by p- naS v. 20. l-ya qo'i used by Satan i. 10 of God’s protection can¬ not mean otherwise here, cf. xxix. 2 for a similar allusion. With the adversative force Job employs “so xi. 10, xii. 14, xvi. 11 or “i-t; xix. 8 (Lam. ii. 7). 24. ‘becomes my food’ 'vnb *izb (a) ‘before my food’ i. e takes away my appetite, (|3) ‘as my food’ so Delitzsch cf. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 141 .24. iv. 19. i. e. ‘supplants my food’. In any case the idea is the same as Ps. xlii. 4. 26. The soliloquy terminates with a contrast to the sup¬ posed tranquil condition v. 13 the end of the first half, iv. 2. cf. Jer. xx. 9. 3.4. expanded from Is. xxxv. 3. See Essay on the Author’s Use of Hebrew Literature. 6. There is no need to transpose with Hupfeld and Merx the words in the second clause. In Is. i. 13 mayi ps we have the same arrangement for the sake of antithesis. 8. cf. xxxi. 3 for the idea. It is not possible that in Eliphaz’s mouth bny and ps should be associated with diffe¬ rent meanings viz: here v. 6, and xv. 36; though the use in Psalms and Proverbs has affected translators in the first and last occasions, bny has consistently throughout the book the meaning of ‘vexation’ or ‘trouble’ afterwards so prominent in Ecclesiastes, px on the other hand, ‘vanity’ is used in these passages for ‘disappointment’ or ‘misfortune’, elsewhere in Job for ‘worthless conduct’ ‘iniquity’, but this meaning is unsuitable to v. 6 and therefore to iv. 8, xv. 36. 10. 11. Merx treats as a gloss, but they are not inconsistent with the scheme of stichi. The idea is the godless perish by the hand of God, like lions perishing from want and hunger being dependent upon God, cf. xxxviii. 41. Ps. xxxiv. 10, civ. 21. Lions are certainly not here used metaphori¬ cally for wicked men as Ps. xxii. 14, xxxv. 17. 10 or is interjaculatory, but 10/3 has nothing in common with Ps. iii. 7, lviii. 7 in accordance with which it is however taken by all. The breaking of the young lions’ teeth is unsuitable in a description of their sufferings from hunger. As lions do prowl often in couples, read pjiu for ■\sw; and take iyn: from nyr cf. xxxviii. 41. not = pna. it is for sake of scansion Nithpael cf. Is. xix. 14, Dt. xxi. 8. for Niphal. nax may mean ‘wanders’, but we should then expect ‘in search of' rather than ‘from lack of prey’; besides the application to v. 9 requires ‘perishes’. Delitzsch refers as a parallel to Ps. xcii. 10 where however he renders ‘perish’. 142 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. iv. 14. ‘all’ :r cf. Jer. xxiii. 9 not ‘strong’ as Merx. If however we refer to c. xxxiii. 15—19 where the later Elihu-author evidently quotes this passage we cannot but surmise that may have been the original, ‘the controversy or racking of my bones made me afraid’. 15. Merx following Targum reads r-yr ‘whirlwind’ for mss' ‘hair’ but this is out of place in the vision of ghostly still¬ ness depicted by Eliphaz. In the one case 15 (3 is parallel to 15 a, in the other to 14/3. 16. Merx with LXX reads It stood and I recognised it not I gazed still no form was before me which destroys the scansion, making 16 or a hemistych and 16 (3 unduly long. There is no paradox in our translation. Eliphaz was aware of an ethereal presence, whose shape he could not define. 17. p has its emanative force here man cannot obtain from God the admission of his perfection and purity, when this is denied to the loftier heavenly creation, v. 18. As this connection is evident and maintained ix. 2 where Job quo¬ ting this substitutes ns for p, it is strange that the com¬ parative force of p here should not have been completely exploded. 18. The application intended is elucidated by Eliphaz him¬ self xv. 15, still further by Bildad xxv. 5. Job complains of change and misery in life; the answer is' such changes are discernible also in the heavens, the moon and the stars have their light withdrawn at times by God, in both cases it is the impress of God’s wrath upon imperfection. Con¬ tinuance is to the pious Hebrew the only idea of per¬ fection cf. Ps. cii especially vv. 26. 27; it is on this prin¬ ciple that the existence of death is by them accounted for as the result of sin. ‘Saints’ may be the departed souls of the righteous, so Job. v. 1 cf. Dt. xxxiii. 2 (?) or only their pious memory cf. Hos. xii. 1 such allusions are decided evidence of the late authorship of the book. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 143 iv. 18. ‘servants’ probably inanimate influences cf. xxv. 5. Ps. civ. 4. nVnrj for bbr, Delitzsch’s objection, ‘the half vowel still more the absence of the Daghesh will not allow this’, is met by the fact that noss for dm is a well established precedent. Vide Ges. Thes. sub. voce. 19. ‘Whose foundation etc.’ the idea is twofold (a) the origin of man from dust (|3) the easy overthrow of a house thus erected on surface soil. Paul’s smysiog oiklcc tov OKTjrovg 2. Cor. v. 1 is indebted to this verse and 21. vv 'isb ‘as a moth’ so most moderns, ‘sooner than’ cf. viii. 12. Merx’s conjecture 'jm is unnecessary. 20. ‘All the day long’ cf. Ps. ci. 8 ipato cf. Is. xxxix. 12. 13 i. e. every hour is witness to a death. There is no comparison here to the life of an ephemerid as Del: 21. A sudden change from ‘clay houses’ to ‘tabernacles’ the taking down of which is accurately expressed by yoa so that am - must have the signification of ‘cord’, (tent cord properly in-*: cf. xvii. 11) not ‘excellency’ as E.V. and Da¬ vidson nor ‘abundance’ as Lee. ‘Without gaining wisdom’ n'asna cf. ry-i xxxvi. 12. v. 3 (3. aips ‘I cursed’ so Aquila and Vulgate. This expres¬ sion is out of place. Eliphaz was merely a spectator cf. Ps. xxxvii. 34 not the agent however indirect of the sudden destruction of the wicked which is God’s prerogative Ps. xxxvii. 22. The LXX = -yz'i is a misreading for W't cf. Ps. xxxvii. 36 which I therefore restore as the most probable original reading. 5. With Merx and LXX I read iis]? for i^sp cf. xxiv. 6 the one is the harvest in the storehouse, the other might be still in the field. I give the principal versions and translations of this verse before commenting upon it that its corrupt state may be manifest. LXX. For what they have collected the righteous eat, and they shall not (bn) be rescued from misfortune , their wealth is exhausted (‘thorns’ trop: = misfortune and n*as as from Rabbin: djmx to squeeze out). 144 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. y. 5. Syriac. What he hath harvested the hungry shall eat and for (bit.) the thirsty = D-3Stt) it shall be gathered, and the thirsty shall destroy his wealth. Targum. What he hath harvested the hungry shall eat aud soldiers shall drive off with weapons of war and robbers shall plunder his goods (b*r> = V-x = Vs and a-as as from Has a shield and akin to ■pt a weapon. This translation makes Eliphaz’s remark pointed with offensive personality too soon). Rashi. When the wicked man dies, the hungry shall come whom he oppressed in his lifetime and shall recover from his property what he stole from them. The judge (Vs) shall apply his wealth to the use of the poor who is rescued from the weapons of the wicked. And each of the thirsty shall swallow what he stole from them in his life. Metzudath Zion suggests Vs = rs-: and compares Jud.vii. 25. It is apparent that n-su); Vsi is the real crux of the passage, which is usually translated by moderns ‘right out of the thorn hedge’. Merx reads ‘God’ = Vs and to com¬ plete the parallelism adds a fabricated fourth stichus. ‘The Lord pours it out of their pitchers’. As the reference is clearly to the hungry, read Vs = nVs ‘these cf. xiii. 20, 1 Chr. xx. 8. And as the harvest is stored, the allusion to ‘a thorn hedge’ is out of place. I therefore obtain the meaning ‘baskets’ in the text from a comparison of s:ta Dt. xxviii. 5 with njs:s Ex. xvi. 33. As in xxiv. 6—10 Job maintains the opposite position to this of Eliphaz, the righteous poor, starving carry the harvest of the wealthy wicked; so in xxiv. 11 we have the author’s own support in reading a*s»:s = n-ttx with the versions Renan and Merx against Gesenius Delitzsch etc. 7. Man is born with the inherited necessity to surmount trouble as young birds must learn to fly, this comparison is exact, while that of ‘sparks' is by no means evident. This last meaning E. Y. Ges. Del. Merx etc. (Renan has in his text ‘fils de la poudre’ and in his note ‘l’oiseau de proie') is based on the assumption that the obsolete root NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 145 v. 7. ssn means ‘to burn' Ges: compares fpw, to which has been strained the meaning of the noun in the seven instances where it has occurred. The followiug are the passages («) Deut. xxxii. 34 (/3) Hab. iii. 4 (y) Job. v. 7 (d) Ps. lxxvi. 4 (?) Ixxviii. 48 (g) Cant. viii. 6 bis. where the testimony of the versions is clearly in favour of ‘bird’. LXX a. y. g ‘bird’ s ‘fire’ |3. d. corrupt Syriac a (3 y ‘bird of prey’ £ fire § g corrupt. Aq. and Sym. together or separately always ‘bird’ except in Cant, where they make conjectures. In Rabbinical authors the word would seem little used as Buxtorf only quotes the Targums on Ps. Ixxviii. 48 b vm ltttrls which only shows their ignorance of its meaning but excludes the meaning of ‘fire’ as ‘fiery fire’ would be redundant. The primary meaning of ryei seems to have been ‘bird’ as here and Hab (?); then ‘arrow’ as winged with a feather, so in Arabic in Conj. viii signifies (so Lee, not in Freytag) ‘sublatus fuit in altum’ compare ‘sagitta jacta’ roots with o and seem often intimately connected. Ps. lxxvi. 4 ‘the arrows of the bow’ and Cant. viii. 6 ‘the arrows of love are fiery arrows like the flame of Jah’. This passage conducts us to the third meaning ‘lightning’ thunderbolt’ Ps. Ixxviii. 48 or ‘plague’ Dt. xxxii. 34 as is frequently the metaphorical use of yn. Delitzsch in his note on Cant. viii. 6 says that “Phoenician Inscriptions show a name for God yn “>bb 1 i or merely nun which appears to correspond to Zsvg KEQavviog”. This does not subvert the primary derivation, as the metaphorical use sufficiently accounts for it. Moreover ‘the hurler of winged arrows’ is sufficiently sensible, while ‘fiery arrows’ should be r|«n 'sn I will add as a specimen of Jewish exegesis, their paraphrases of this verse; Targum. Man was created to toil in the law, but evil spirits fly on high. Another. Man is born to toil, and his end is as the sparks which fall from the coal and rise so he flies away. Rashi. Though a man do not sin, yet he receives toil for his sin by way of punishment, and is not like the angels io 146 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. v. 7. and spirits which fly away, over whom the devil and evil lust have no power Adding e)®i means spy a bird. 10/1. describes the irrigation effected when the streams are full. 11. In vv. 11 —15 we have distinct reminiscences of Han¬ nah’s Song. 1 Sam. ii a-n-tj? 'mourners’ so xxx. xxviii Pss. lit: ‘black’ either in clothing or eyes heavy with grief cf. xvi. 16. ?®* las® ‘reach to health’ or prosperity cf. Ps. Ixix. 30 for the same idea and expression. -:35®n—fpj>*i®i 12/3. lit: ‘And their hands do not wisdom’ i. e. fail in ac¬ complishing their wise plans. Train from »' is exactly ‘essentia’ and in the Bible always means ‘true wisdom’ cf. even vi. 13. 13. Quoted by Paul 1 Cor. iii. 19 mns: equivalent to our ‘despatched’ of swift execution. 15. from the sword viz from the mouth in apposition. 16 /3. cf. Ps. cvii. 42. 17. There is no need with Merx to eliminate n:n as the line scans well. Hinn’ashrey enosh yokichen’ eloh 19. I have followed Renan in paraphrasing this verse, as a mere translation fails to convey the poets’ idea. cf. Mic. v. 4. 21. Lit: as Delitzsch ‘When the tongue scourges’, see v. 15 which accounts for its mention immediately after the sword. 23 «. refers to 22 a, as 23 /3 to 22 /3. The soil by its stoni¬ ness shall not cause famine. Is this the origin of Matt, iv. 3, as Ps. xci. 11 is of Matt. iv. 5. 6. 24. ‘visit’ = ‘punish’ cf. xxxv. 15. 25. ‘words of uprightness’ cf. xxxiii. 3. The application to Job is quite evident, there is no need to read isr as Merx. 27. This verse apparently falls into a tristych ma'iprt nxT nan naartt® ton p qV a>n nnaa NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 147 v. 27. LXX and Syriac therefore point nsyts®. But apart from the fact that both scansion and scheme of stichi are thereby destroyed; c. xiii. 1 shows the reading of the Massora to be correct. vi. 2. As Job is here defending himself against Eliphaz’s taunt of grumbling v. 2 one feels tempted to translate irr ixsr by ‘counterbalance’ ‘weigh equal’ viz: his grief and its cause. The yerbs nVo bu: x»: all signifying to raise are also used in the sense of weighing. Gesenius followed by Delitzsch refers the connection to the act of the person holding the scales up to permit of their being suspended and compares the Latin pendere ‘to cause to hang’ to weigh. But it is more natural to suppose the Hebrew idiom to have originated in the action of the scales themselves, that these verbs obtain the meaning ‘to weigh’ because weights are put in one scale to raise the object in the other. Thus in Is. xl. 15 pis n^x •jn ‘Lo the isles as a speck which raises the scale’, the idea is ‘the isles are light as dust’ cf. the previous clause. In this passage we have the idea that Job wishes them both to be weighed, not however simultaneously for in v. 3 it is his calamity alone which weighs more than the sand. Just as in Ps. lxii. 10 mi the Psalmist means both the honourable and the mean man are severally lighter than, vanity. 3. is3& for i3& cf. xxxiv. 7 where Elihu quotes this and the next verse. 4. (3. my spirit imbibes the poison cf. xxi. 20; not as Delitzsch, the poison drains my life. y. ijnsyi ‘trouble me’ instead of ■'ais'i**' ‘arrayed against me’ in which is no sufficient force. LXX ■'jupn Herx ■OlpiSN 6. ‘juice of the mallow’ with Renan, following the Syriac rendering which Gesenius admits not to be despised. Host moderns adhere to the Rabbinical ‘white of an egg’ maVn being for p^n ‘yolk of an egg’. The LXX yevfia sv Qr}(xctGi xsvoig is either a feeble attempt resulting in con¬ fusion to explain the metaphor, for mis is taken literally; or they may have read nitoVa p^ia, adding by their trans- 10 * 148 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. vi. 6. lation of MtoVs to the store of Arabisms found in this hook. That they should have read is the more probable as the Arabic translators of the Peschito render by . 7. has a chiastic reference to v.v 5. 6 thus la ‘my soul refuses to touch’ refers to v. 6 unpalatable food, 7/3 ‘though hungry it loathes my food’ is contrasted with the habits of animals whose wants are supplied v. 5. The idea is, I cannot refrain from complaining over my sufferings, and my soul though yearning for God’s consolation cannot endure the thought of it, albeit it is as necessary for it as its sustaining food. Such a connection is required by the arrows and terrors of God v. 4. To understand a petu¬ lant repulse of Eliphaz’s consolation as Del.: etc. is quite out of place here and inconsistent with the calm reproof and argument cf v.v 14—26. The Massoretic text is corrupt. It is however defended by Ges. Ew. Del. Dav. and others who agree in rendering ‘the same is as my loathsome food’; and indirectly, by ltosenmuller who considers •'■ns an error for ■hs in sense of ‘as my food’ cf. Jud. vi. 5, vii. 12, by Bottcher who translates ‘such is my food in accordance with my disease’, and by Hitzig who by application to the Arabic obtains the meaning ‘morsels of my food’. All of these are strain¬ ed and unnatural. The LXX ‘they are repulsive to me like the stink of a lion’, adopted by Merx, attests as also the Peschito the corrupt condition of the text. In xxxiii. 20 we have the clue to what was the ori¬ ginal reading. Elihu is fond of quoting previous expres¬ sions, and the an. Xty. there nartT suggests that here the i has dropped off from before n>:r: after the occurrence of ' in '®ej. The reading mn*o ‘in hunger’ of the body, ‘anxiety’ of the mind, required by v. 5 has been carelessly transcribed from dictation and become "ra then •'i-o. 9. Job nearly approaches to his wife’s counsel ii. 9 but he adds v. 10 to show that his desire for death is un¬ mingled with any impiety. is a reply to Eliphaz iv. 34 and not an expression of 13 . NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 149 vi. 13. doubt that God can afford him help as LXX and Merx reading is for ‘a. The whole may be paraphrased, The strength and wisdom with which I comforted others can hardly be expected to avail for myself after my experience of accumulated misfortunes. 14. Intimately connected with the preceding verse and fol¬ lowing paragraph. Though I cannot derive comfort from myself, surely I have a right to expect it from my friends, how unjust then for them to accuse me of impiety when their conduct is the cause of it. onb Inf. with Gerundive force cf. Ew. Gr. § 280 a on from oon cf. from -m Is. xlv. 1 also from qsu> Jer. v. 26. By this pointing better sense and connection is arrived at, than by taking on as ‘the afflicted one’ as Mas- sorah and most commentators. The Targums and LXX have the idea of rejection, whence Merx substitutes vm for onb Metzudoth Zion and David so also Hitzig take -ion in the signification of ‘reproach’ which is quite out of place. Rashi though abiding by the Targum admits that non may be joined with d*jV. It must be observed that in the Tar¬ gum, ‘the friend’ is the sufferer not the visitor ‘Fear of God deserts him who withholds pity from his friend’, also unsuitable to context. 15. Torrents a symbol of instability cf. Jer. xv. 18. 16—20. This emblem is treated in detail. The torrent is black from depth and from the coldness of the slowly-melting snow and ice it carries along. 18. This verse may be rendered ‘The caravans change their route (go out of their way to seek the stream) and perish’. If so its proper place is after v. 20. It seems better however to continue the parable, the stream is dried up, its bed is filled with sand and the lessening rivulet mean¬ ders through the loose sand till it is dried up. cf. viii. 13 where Bildad purposely employs the same comparison for the fate of the wicked. 20. ii-itsa for ntaa so Merx Targum and Syriac. For a simi¬ lar picture of combined disappointment and shame at the not finding of water cf. Jer. xiv. 3. 150 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. vi.21a. Job’s application is short, ‘E’en so have ye now been’, I find the depths of your stream of consolation dried up by the heat of adversity. 21/3. has no connection with 21a. The brethren were the stream, they could not experience the fear and shame of the caravan which is Job. It is rather a transitional intro¬ duction to v.v 22—24 x^ belongs to 21/3 not 21a. ‘Ye fear a causeless fear’ lit. Without seeing dismay ye fear cf. Ps. liii. 6 and for the converse Job’s own experience iii. 25. We thus dispense with the alterations iV for xV dree, 'b for xV Verss and Ewald, and with the interpreta¬ tion xi = nothing as Targum and Delitzsch who compares Dan. iv. 32. With all these interpretations rrn is under¬ stood of Job’s ‘calamity’, but more accurately its force is subjective ‘dread’ ‘dismay’ Moreover it was not the mere sight of Job’s misfortune which dried up their sympathy, but as he suggests v.v 22. 23 the fear that he would appeal to them for charity. 23. quoted from Jer. xv. 21. 26. rising opposed to rrriV ; n^is their words to axis ■'ia-r Job’s despairing utterances. 27. Job has taken offence at Eliphaz’s implications of his guilt iv. 7, v. 3— -5 , and begins here the imputation of imaginary heinous crimes, which afterwards forms subject of retort from Eliphaz xxii. 6—9. Strange as such petu¬ lance appears to us, we may not on that account adopt Merx’s acute alteration after xix. 5 i^-ran for iVcn and iron for besides the application of ‘orphan’ to Job is simply ludicrous. 29. ‘Let there be no more nVis>’ for you said v. 16 ‘nVi* hath closed her mouth’. Carey’s idea that “ora may be an old 1 per. Imperative is worthy of attention cf. ^sx ix. 27. Perhaps we should read •'rooi here nibs there. Job has invited the friends to reply and then follows a whole chapter; the repetition of the invitation ‘Return ye’ is lame, but an introduction to the continued speech is natural and necessary ‘I have more to say’ ‘I too will return’. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 151 vi. 30. The intimate connection between this verse and vii. 1 is established by Elihu’s reference xxxii. 21. 22. vii. 1. In Job x. 17, xiv. 14 Is. xl. 30 Dan. x. 1 sas means the term of military service, a fixed appointed time the root of being akin to ms, is. The metaphor being derived from the life of the soldier, as pn xiv. 13 etc. is from the laws of inanimate Nature. 2. Delitzsch says '2 can never introduce a comparative clause except an infinitive’ and therefore supposes an eli¬ sion of the relative, of which an undoubted case is xi. 16 ‘thou shalt remember as water (which) is past’ and renders here ‘like a servant (who) longs’. But ix. 26, xiv. 2, xx. 8 etc. and this passage gain more force by taking the natural order of the words ‘as a servant longs’. In this manner the connection is with v. 1; in the other with v. 3. 7. cf. Jer. xvii. 6. 8. play on Is. xxxii. 3 Zophar xx. 7—10 quotes 8—10. 9. This with xiv. 10—14 is conclusive proof that the author of Job had no authoritative tradition on the sub¬ ject of resurrection or immortal life. 12. ‘Sea or sea monster’ Delitzsch understands the Nile and the crocodile. 15. cf. Jer. viii. 3. Merx has acutely joined mox* from v. 16 to this verse, which makes an antithetic parallel to “inam. We must also read with him •'Masya for 'assa cf. ix. 28 against Massora and Versions, as sense can other¬ wise be obtained only by fanciful interpretations. 16. ‘I shall not live alway’ cf. x. 20, so parallel to ‘my days are vanity’. ‘I would not live’ is a forced rendering as parallel to moxa if retained in v. 16. Merx recognised that D-!sn ^23 is an interpolation in v. 20. I have res¬ tored it here where its presence is evidently needed be¬ fore *3S>3 b-tr, and v.v. 17—18. * 13 : 3 . ‘preserver’ not ‘ob¬ server’ cf. x. 12. In vi. 9 Job sought positive destruc¬ tion, here he solicits negative if God will only withhold his protection. 17. 18. A complaint of God’s minute inspection, adapted from 152 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. vii. 17. Ps. viii. 5, where it is the subject of humble gratitude, cf. also Is. xxyii. 3. 20 . cf. Lam. iii. 12. ‘Have I sinned how do I affect thee, wherefore hast thou etc.’ so Delitzsch and Elihu xxxv. 6 against Ew. Ols. I have paraphrased in the text to show the force. ‘to myself’ following Kethibh Peschito Targum against LXX and Jewish tradition -'by ‘burden to thee o God’ which is the origin of the misreading ■'bsk xxxiii. 7. A thought out of harmony with the passage, for Job wishes rather that God would find him burdensome and leave him. The extra syllable mars the scansion. The burden is ex¬ plained xiii. 26 to be the past sins of his youth. 21. Merx with LXX reads stiin ‘forget’, which is supported by Zophar xi. 6 also xiv. 7; and is a better parallel to i*a»n (cf. 7taQS6ig Rom. iii. 25) than aiun ‘pardon’, which is more¬ over opposed to Job’s assertion of innocence. 21 yd Job intentionally expresses himself in words simi¬ lar to iii. 13. As he was not allowed to lie in the grave as a babe before experiencing trouble, why may he not now do so as an escape from it. viii. 2. Job had said ‘The words of one in despair ye count for wind’ or mere breath vi. 26. Bildad says ‘Nay thy words are like a violent wind’. 6 . As without 6/5 this chapter falls into 7 stanzas of 6 stichi each, it has been regarded as a gloss. So Merx who puts it in brackets. But 6/3y are parallel to 7c/3. We translate ‘Though now he be stirred up against thee yet he will etc.’ (cf. xiv. 16 nny for by i'5> has always an adversative cf. Is. xiii. 17 Jer. li. 1 2 Chr. xxi. 6; not as Ewald and Delitzsch ‘Surely he will care for thee and restore thee’ “ipns nu thy righteous dwelling cf Jer. xxxi. 23. 7. cf. Jer. xxxi. 17. 11 . Yide Note ii. 11. If this verse is read together with vi. 5 the intentional assonance is manifest. 12 . cf. Ps. cxxix. 5. 6 too worthless to be gathered. Other- NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 153 yiii. 12. wise we might suspect the insertion of S5 and translate ‘It must be gathered while yet green’. 13. nirrs is to be preferred to rvnrts of LXX and Merx, as it is subject to -rasr, and there is thus an application of the phrase from Job’s parable vi. 18. 16. 17. are an expansion of Eliphaz’s saying v. 3. ‘I saw the ungodly taking root’. ‘flourishes in the sunshine’ cf. Jer. xvii. 8 ‘does not fear when heat cometh’. As the roots of the plant are on a heap of stones for the sake of elevation, and the plant itself clings to the wall it is more probable its tendrils in such a case would be found on the roof rather than the garden. It is also better suited to the idea of flourishing in the sunshine cf. Ps. cxxix. 6 read irsa for iros. 17. The Massora rorr a^ax rra ‘beholds a house of stones’ is senseless. Read ptrr'x pa ‘holds on between the stones’. 19. i3“n tonss. Del. ‘his joyful course’ satirically, but surely ismy* -p- would express this better. LXX xcnaaxQocpr] suggests cf. xxxi. 8 (not raia* as Merx) ‘the up¬ rooting’ which I restore, antithetic parallel to mar' and play upon v. 3. 20 . phrase from Jer. xxiii. 14. 21 . cf. Ps. cxxvi. 2. 7x whence perhaps the confusion for ny. 22 . cf. Ps. xxxv. 26. ix. 4. m3 y-ttsi aa^ asn is a more exalted expression for the same idea Jer. xxxii. 19 an nsyn Vi-u w xVi ad¬ verbial ‘without knowing it’, before they know it’, ‘sud¬ denly’ = yjn ma. So Carey cf. Ps. xxxv. 8 Is. xlvii. 11 Prov. v. 6. Not connected with next stichus as Delitzsch, as if the mountains were in ignorance of God’s plan; nor corrected as Merx iyn ‘without being broken’ as if an instance of God’s care and power. This divine pre¬ rogative seems to be the origin of Christ’s test of faith Matt. xvii. 20. 9. ‘Chambers of the south’, by comparison with xxxvii. 9 these seem to be the storehouses of the South winds, 154 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. ix. 9. like the cave of iEolus , not constellations of the Southern Hemisphere. Their mention here is due to the stormy association of the Pleiades. It seems probable that this hemistych ran originally thus j-ivum the first word having dropped out from the similarity of letters, cf. xxxyiii. 32 where it is found in the same company *D3> riH-S. 11 . God’s presence is as incomprehensible as the imagi¬ nary vision of Eliphaz iv. 15. 16 whence the phrases are derived. 13o'. borrowed from the refrain so oft repeated Is. v. 25, ix. 12. 17. 21, x. 4, ‘For all this his anger is not turned away’. ft. We have here “probably a myth connected with such names of the constellations as kt] rog and 7iQiGTig. (Ew. Hirtz. Schlott. Een.) The poesy of the book of Job even in other places does not spurn mythological allusions and the phrase before us reminds one of the Hindu myth of Indras’ victory over the dark demon Yritras, who tries to delay the descent of rain, and over his helpers”. Delitzsch. 16. The Massoretic text is meaningless. If God answered him Job must be sure he had first heard his cry. I there¬ fore adopt Merx’s slight but important alteration ‘I could not be sure it was his voice I heard’, making the diffi¬ culty a doubt as to identity. 17. ‘aims at’ ‘hurls at’ not ‘crushes’ always means even xxxiii. 21 , Gen. iii. 15 ‘makes for’, ‘aims at’ and is con¬ nected with the root qs« v. 5, vii. 2 ‘to desire’. Job speaks of God aiming as with a bow, cf. for expression and sen¬ timent xxxiv. 6. 19. No alteration necessary as Merx. There is an allusion to v. 4. refers to zzb csn cf. Jer. xxxii. 19 ns»rs. 20 . The reading ‘my mouth’ is untenable, because Zophar’s argument xv. 6 ‘thine own mouth not mine shall con¬ demn thee’ would be pointless, if Job had said here ‘my own mouth convicts me’; and because some utterance of God is required here by v. 19 cf. also v. 28. Therefore with Ols: and Merx read vr for -e. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 155 ix. 21. ‘I know not my own self may mean ‘I have not suf¬ ficiently examined myself, or ‘Even I myself do not know’ with either of which ‘my mouth convicts me’ v. 20 is inconsistent, ■'•n dxsx must be viewed with Merx as an interpolation. 24. If no word at the end (cf. ■'sars'' xxiv. 25) Job sees no alternative power to God’s which brings evil on the world, and has therefore no belief in Satan. 25. 26. The idea of vii. 6. 7, repeated with fresh imagery derived from Is. xviii. 1. 2 swift messengers and ships. The reading nax is attended with some difficulty. It is best derived from the Arabic and then signifies ‘reed’ cf. x-jj -as Is. xviii. 2. Other interpretations are ships of ‘desire’ and of ‘hostility’. Delitzsch see his note here thinks px a possible conjecture ‘swift ships’, from a custom in descending the Nile of accelerating the speed of a boat by fastening a stone at its prow. Perhaps mas was the original ‘winged ships’ cf. mega vr\vGi Od. xi. 125, then we have a parallel in Is. xviii. 1 d-e:3 VaVa ‘winged boats’ see Merx’s note on Job xl. 31 where he compares the Coptic gagetol to the Hebrew tzitzal. 29. If I am guilty, why not kill me outright, why let me continue this vain struggle for life, if I am to perish as a culprit at last. 30. Same idea Jer. ii. 22. ‘White as snow’ iss for vw with Merx; certainly not ‘in snow water’ as Delitzsch etc. nor ‘in snow’ Penan, each of which is meaningless, ‘via again always means purity cf. xxii. 30 and here = cf. Ps. xxvi. 6, lxxiii. 13. rpiia is ‘soap’. 33 . bb for as Merx. The presence of an arbitrator would produce the result he prays for in v. 34. it xi? = r-b or i"x occurs nowhere else, sn bb is a play on urx xb v. 32 whence the error in the Massora. 35. ‘For it is not thus in my opinion’. I have been deal¬ ing on the assumption of my guilt v. 29 seq. but I main¬ tain my innocence (cf. xxvii. 5). Observe v. 2 where he began with the admission ‘it is so’. Delitzsch takes p in sense of ‘nothing’ cf. Is. li. 6 perhaps derived from p ‘a 156 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. ix. 35. gnat’, = worthless; here ‘I am not worthless’; the Heb¬ rew would admit of being rendered ‘Still I am not right in my own opinion’ cf. }- Gen. xlii. 112 Ki. vii. 9. x. 1. ■'■'na i«ej nap: cf. Gen. xxvii. 46 ■'“'na Tap. 3. The LXX aSmrigco = pays cf. Dt. xxviii. 29. 33 not as Merx ra-s. If it were not for the practice of making anagrams in this book, one would feel tempted to read apyn cf. ix. 20. 8 . With Merx and LXX read aian ms for a-ac m\ Such a change in God’s plan from moulding to demolition is amplified v.y 12 — 17. 15 y. is the commencement of a new strophe. I translate with Rosenmiiller De Wette Merx. 16. An image, derived from the conduct of a lion towards the prey it has seized cf. xix. 6 with which it plays seiz¬ ing it again and again and shaking it if it attempts to avail itself of its freedom cf. xvi. 9. Vide Dr. Living¬ stone’s anecdote of his own experience, ns; in its Heb¬ rew sense ‘raise’ affords little meaning I have therefore taken the Arabic to seize. It is from not recognis¬ ing this simile in Ps. xxii. 17 that the reading ■hm was changed to ms. God is compared to a lion Hos. v. 14, xiii. 7. 17 y. ‘Vicissitudes and a fixed destiny’ see note on vii. 1 also cf. below v. 20. Delitzsch and others render ‘Con¬ tinuously advancing troops and a host’, which is out of place here, the image of warfare is not introduced till c. xvi and c. xix. The vicissitudes alluded to are mani¬ festly v.v 12. 16. 17. God’s mercy and anger. 19. ‘I should be as I had not been’ cf. Ob. v. 16. 20 . I restore ■’■An with LXX^, for * Vim cf. Ps. xxxix. 6. Zophar’s remark xi. 17 is an allusion to this and the fol¬ lowing. Ps. xxxix. 13 also has much in common with the whole passage. xi. 1. As Zophar is quoting Job’s words vi. 10, x. 7 there is no need for Merx’s change to oratio obliqua. 6 . Wisdom is double cf. Eccl. vii. 14 Sirach (LXX. 36) xxxiii. 15. Merx’s translation ‘How wonderful they are NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 157 xi. 6. in their essence’ is an enigma. It is further strange, after his alteration vii. 21, that Merx should have deemed it necessary to alter nap, which has its reference there, into s:r. 7. mVsn is certainly ‘limit’, but from context of the mind or wisdom, not as Delitzsch of the existence of God. This reproof of Zophar’s is hardly required after Job’s admis¬ sion ix. 10 cf. Eliphaz’s statement y. 9. 8 . D'tt® 'naj ‘highest heaven’, 'v ma xxii. 12 ‘high as heaven’ cf. Is. vii. 11. 11. Sees sin without regarding it cf. v. 6, vii. 21 Numb, xxiii. 21 Act. xvii. 30 Rom. iii. 25. 12 . Eor various renderings of this verse see Delitzsch. For a similar idea to 12a cf. Prov. x. 8. 10 Hos. iv. 14, in these passages there is a wonderful assonance between 13aV and aaV, as it would make a good play on it may possibly have been the original here, a^a: -:tn for an ‘empty headed man’ seems a play on pa: 'n a prudent man cf. Gen. xli. 33. As a-N n“e Gen. xvi. 12 is a phrase with which the author must have been acquainted (Yide Essay on The Author an Israelite and observe his use of Genesis) a-K n"ie “imost naturally means ‘the colt or offspring of such a wild man’; it is a metaphor not a simile as Merx or proverbial oxymoron as Delitzsch. 15. ‘be purified’ reading with LXX Targ. and Merx pta for psa, cf. viii. 6 which supports this idea, while itself is supported in the hostile meaning b'J “psp by srn here. 17. Zophar ‘the cheerful’ promises Job a future restitution in words which repeat and play on his own dismal ex¬ pression x. 20—22. 19. ‘great ones’ cf. Prov. xix. 6 Ps. xlv. 13 not ‘many’ as Delitzsch. The first speeches of the three friends end each with a prophecy which is fulfilled c. xlii, and there it is ‘chiefs’ not ‘crowds’ who solicit Job’s intercession. 20 . Merx’s addition ‘Eor with him are wisdom and might’ with the Alex ne LXX is strangely out of place. xii. 3. ‘I am not a whit inferior to you’, ‘weigh no less’ cf. 158 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xii. 3. Jer. xlii. 2 ‘Let now our supplication have weight with thee’. ?£3 the thing weighed ‘falls’ in the balance till it rises by putting standard weights in the other scale, cf. note yi. 1. 4. pin® the second time Inf. abs. referring to God cf. ix. 23 where he accuses* God of making sport of his afflictions. 5. -'£5. ‘misfortune’ with b, not ms-s ‘a lamp’. 6 . cf. Jer. xii. 1. Lit: ‘Even to him into whose hand God has brought’ cf. xxii. 18a. b is resumptive from 7. Creation is as capable of proclaiming God’s Almighty power as the tradition of the ancients yiii. 8. "pm to he viewed with Merx as a gloss from next verse, here it destroys the scansion. 8 . rmu ‘reflect’ better parallel than taken as ‘shrub’. 11. cf. vi. 6. 30, which together with v.v 2 and 3 here show the next verse to affirm his own claim to wisdom as being an aged man. This is the ground of Eliphaz’s retort xv. 10. 14. cf. Jer. xiii. 19. A city destroyed its walls levelled with the dust, and another besieged; such antithetic parallelisms here are Job’s reply to Zophar’s xi. 6 state¬ ment that wisdom is double. 16. cf. Jer. xx. 7 ‘thou hast deceived me and I was deceived’. 23. From v. 17 the author has been employing synthetic parallelisms, therefore as ‘multiplies’ suits the context best as meaning for x-j®’: , so ‘forsake’ is the best for am- (nu) cf. Jer. xiv. 9, thus Syriac Thus ‘multi¬ plies’ ‘destroys’, and ‘extends’ ‘forsakes’ find their several parallels. xiii. 3. Zophar xi. 5 and Eliphaz v. 8 had recommended him to speak with God, Job here expresses his willingness to do so. 6 . ->b nnair with Merx and LXX cf. xxiii. 4 suits scan¬ ning and parallelism. 8 . cf. Jud. vi. 31. Will ye plead for Baal? 159 NOTES ON THE BOOK OP JOB. xiii. 9. Vrn to be foolish cf. xvii. 1. There is an allusion here to the nVnn iv. 18 with which by implication Eli- phaz had taxed Job. 12. The author through Job’s mouth expresses his con¬ tempt for proverbial generalities cf. Bildad viii. 8. Job also retorts on Eliphaz iv. 19 that he Eliphaz is also a tenant of a clay house. 14. cf. Lam. i. 14 Ps. cxix. 109 ns by repeated from close of last verse is to be omitted with LXX and Merx. 15. The determination to give brra the meaning ‘wait’ has led to the unnecessary alteration of xV whereas ‘I will not delay’ is Job’s idea (cf. xiv. 14 and Elihu’s ad¬ vice xxxv. 14) he now sees urgent necessity for adopting the course he had considered hopeless ix. 14. 32. 17. 'fiinx Aphel from nm cf. Dan. ii. 16 also -rVswx Is. lxii. 3; for Eliphaz in his retort xv. 17 quotes this and v. 1. The Massoretic pointing as substantive unnecessa¬ rily provides argument for a still later date of authorship. 19. He is not afraid of God’s impeachment cf. Is. 1. 9 Rom. viii. 34; he cannot refrain from speech cf. v. 15. 20 . The negative ba destroys the sense as the two requests are positive, ‘withdraw’ with which ‘that thy dread may not terrify me’ is only co-ordinated, and ‘call’. The LXX omit ba. I point Vs = nVx (cf. note v. 5) which restores the sense. Only grant me these two things’. There is a wonderful similarity of thought and expression between this passage xiii. 19. 20. ‘How were I silent, I should die. Only grant me these two things’ and Prov. xxx. 7. ‘Two things have I asked from thee do not refuse me them ere I die’ ba a tm cf. "t dts Ps. lxii. 12. 22 . here and xiv. 15 Job has lost his fear of not recog¬ nising God’s voice ix. 16. 23. 24. the thought of vii. 20 repeated. 25. The driven leaf scaring by its rustling the timid is a frequent metaphor in Scripture, cf. Lev. xxvi. 36 ‘And the sound of the driven leaf shall pursue them’. It is therefore more natural in the context to take y-s, as fre¬ quently, in the intransitive sense ‘Canst thou being scared 160 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xiii. 25. by such a trifle, take me for thine enemy’. And for the second clause, an emblem of vain continued pursuit of a worthless object cf. xxx. 15. ‘Terror chases my nobility as the wind (pursues the stubble)’. 26. cf. Jer. xxxi. 19. 27. by “pnrr meaning combined from npr; to carve ppn to encircle, cf. Prov. viii. 27 ninn 133 by sin ipna. Here in a sense of limit, cf. xiv. 5 ipR and xix. 6. 28. In the present position of this verse the 3 d person must be by synallage for the 1 st cf. xiv. 3, but its sense is connected with next chapter; where however as there is an evident connection between v.v 1 and 2, it cannot with Merx separate these but rather belongs to v. 3 where nr by has a contemptuous reference to this verse. xiv. 4. A simple form of the doctrine of Original Sin. cf. v. 1. Man born of woman impure cf. xxv. 4 John iii. 6. -ns sV a hemistych with Delitzsch, but better a gloss with Merx, Ewald reads -5 ‘Would that some one could’. 5.6. correspond to vii. 1. 2. As there the noontide rest in the shade, and the wages are subject of expectation; so here the rare holiday is craved after, typical of the grave. Job desires God to cease from urging him as a taskmaster, and to let him drag on till he is released from labour by death cf. iii. 17—19. 7—9. cf. Is. x. 33. 34 also Dan. iv. 23—26. 10. vbr, unless by hysteroproteron for ‘is sick and dies’ is wrong. LXX suggests (not as Merx) ‘and passes on’ or away (cf. 1 Sam. x. 3) which forms an excellent parallel to rsi. 11. 12. Another contrast from nature with the fate of man. Seas ebb but they flow again, rivers are dried up but are restored by the mountain torrents; whilst man dies, never to rise again as long as the heavens endure = for ever cf. Ps. lxxii. 7. 17. See note on vii. 9. Also cf. Jer. li. 57 ‘they shall sleep an eternal sleep and never awake’. 13. is a vain expression of desire for resurrection and restoration. NOTES ON THE BOOK OP JOB. 161 xiv. 14. It has been taken for granted that this verse is a continuation of the desire of v. 13, so that ‘the change’ waited for is the release from Hades. This verse is however in contrast with v. 13 and resumptive of v. 12. ‘If a man die shall he live again? Ho’. Hum mortuus redivivus? Still the question remains, What change is then referred to ? The Jewish expositors say Death, but v. 15 is opposed to this, relates to rplsrr v. 7. As there is no certainty of any restitution after death, I will as long as I live steadfastly hope for a change for the better; though left denuded of all like a bare stump. I know vitality is left in me, if God will only have favourable regard towards me I shall blossom again like that stump revived by water. This idea of restitution in this life is expressed more confidently xix. 25—27. 15a. cf. xiii. 22. 15/3 is a hopeful alteration of x. 3/3. 16. Though now God observes all his sinful ways xiii. 27 he will then grant his request vii. 21 and put away all his offences. Surely comparison with xiii. 27 requires the translation ‘Thou wilt not observe my sins’ which requires further that anrt be taken as Inf. Abs. which ktsni continues, “sealing . . . and sewing up” cf. 2 Sam. xvi. 13 -p^rt which equals feVpsi kw cf. v. 5 the more ordinary construction. 18. 19. This parable from nature is a contrast to the two preceding v.v 7—9, 11. As the hill is slowly and irre¬ coverably destroyed by the action of water, so hopelessly and gradually does God destroy man’s hope. If it were not for the following verse, one would be tempted to rnhxn ‘which perishes’. 20 . ‘changest his face’ making it rigid in the pangs of death. xv. 2. Eliphaz here more distinctly than Bildad viii. 2 refers to Job’s remark vi. 26. 5. pels -mam is a play on ■jnan px xii. 11 cf. vi. 30 as well as a retort on the sentiment therein con¬ tained. cf. Jer. xxiii. 18. 8 . 162 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xy. 10. As Eliphaz takes offence at Job’s claim to age xii. 12 it has been conjectured he was the oldest of the three friends. 11. As Job xiii. 4 had called them Eliphaz tells him that in rejecting their consolation he is rejecting God’s bt* nuainun another paronomasia. 16. ‘Drinking iniquity like water’ quoted by Elihu xxxiv. 7 Job had said his words seemed blasphemous because he had drunk of the poison of God’s arrow vi. 4. 19. In his appeal to the wisdom of Eliphaz’s remote an¬ cestors who lived before the Hebrews occupied Canaan, the author shows he had no intention of placing Job in the patriarchal era. 20 . It is the wicked from whom times are hidden, cf. xiv. 5. 21 . Allusion to xii. 6 where Job had said the tents of the wicked are at peace from robbers. Paul quotes this 1 Thess. v. 3. 22 . I see no sense in ‘he is selected for the sword’ rex for ifis so I read rttxi ‘and he is keeping watch’. 23. rrx as a vulture cf. xxiv. 5 where Job changes the figure to wild asses. IT'S for IT'S cf. xii. 5 pss — -'tb. See above v. 21 and other allusions in this chapter to c. xii, also cf. xviii. 12 -“x. 24. “jarr nr has been joined to preceding verse, but it be¬ longs to inrwn'' as the manifest allusion to iii. 5 evinces. The thought is derived from Prov. vi. 10, while the phrase npistti mx in its connection with qan nr was suggested by Zeph. i. 15. cf. Ps. cxix. 143. 29. The second stychus is evidently corrupt, see the va¬ rious hopeless expedients to make sense of it as it stands. Bead nb«; u^yb for n^:n yixV see v.v 20 and 31. 30a. repeats v. 22. 30y quotes iv. 9. We must read ror ‘and is chastened’ cf. Hos. x. 10 for “ror, to make sense, avoid tautology and observe the intended paronomasia, cf. xx. 27. 28. imini-i ‘his profit’ cf. xx. 18 against Delitzsch ‘posses- 31 . NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 163 xy. 31.sion’. In the next verse it is his profit which gives fal¬ lacious hopes of prosperity but perishes untimely. 33. cf. Lam. ii. 6. 34. A personal allusion to Job’s misfortunes, i. 16. 19. 35. Vide note on iv. 8. xvi. 2. In spite of Elihu’s rebuke xv. 11 Job adheres to his own valuation of their comfort xiii. 4. 3. Eliphaz had said the wise would not fill his belly with the east wind. Job is surprised after that there has been a continuation of the idle argument. 4. m'ans I would act the part of a “on ‘friend’. 5. ‘motion of the lips’ cf. 1 Sam. i. 13. As the mean¬ ing ‘sustain’ for "i : arr, properly ‘withhold’ ‘restrain’, is only found here; and the passage is a reply to Eliphaz’s first speech iv. 34 I restore ptm for which the other is an er¬ ror in transcription from dictation or is introduced from next verse by mistake. 7. This reference to the destruction of his family is caused by Eliphaz’s remark xv. 34, which he is anxious to show was God's act of violence not a merited punishment. 8 . errs to be taken with Ewald as ‘calamity’ cf. vi. 2, xxx. 13. tj6 ‘for ever’ therefore ‘hopeless’, the meaning ‘as witness’ is good parallel to next clause but unsuitable to the sense of ‘seizing me’. Hopeless calamity is a good parallel to ‘my whole family thou hast destroyed’. 9. That Job is speaking of God’s anger is evident from Bildad’s allusion xviii. 4. cf. xxx. 21 Jer. xxx. 14. Merx’s change to the plural is therefore not needed. 10 . The proper place for this verse is naturally after the next. 13. cf. Lam. iii. 13. 14. ‘He rushes against me like a warrior’ this applies to God the charge Eliphaz made against Job xv. 26. 17. This verse begins a new idea, bs here = ‘because’ ‘since’ cf. Is. liii. 9 and for the same idea 1 Chr. xii. 17. 20 . cf. Is. xxxviii. 14. To join bit with mVx spoils the scansion and deprives the verse of a deeper signification ‘friends of God are my mockers’ cf. xiii. 7. 8, xv. 11, xix. 22. which especially suits the following verse. 11 * 164 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xvii. 1. Point nVan for “Van. My spirit hath pledged my life. cf. his repeated desire for death vi. 9, vii. 15. The grave clamours for this pledge to be fulfilled ipsm for which is an : Xsy: See note xvi. 5. 2 . Read for "ry. 4. cf. Ps. lxvi. 7 upon which this plays. 5. What connection has Delitzsch’s rendering ‘He who gives his friend for spoil etc.’ with the context! pVn is the fate from God, its occurrence here leads to Zo- phar’s dilation which is summed up xx. 29. The friends whose hearts God has not illuminated quote generalities ‘the fate of the wicked is so and so’, Job’s fate is the same v. 7 therefore this man or his parents sinned. Thus we have an intimate connection. 8 . The righteous, Job himself so vi. 26 are bewildered by the difficulties and the innocent is indignant at the imputation of those more guilty than himself still the righteous holds on his way persistently, cf. ii. 9 etc. 10 . He repeats the invitation of vi. 29, (where also he maintains his innocence) and repudiates Eliphaz’s claim xv. 9. 10 to the wisdom of age. 11 . 'm»3T is corrupt read vrs cf. Ps. xxxix. 5. As in v. 1 above the scansion requires the verse to fall into two not three parts, ■'‘liT'to ‘the cords of the heart’ a metaphor cf. iv. 21, xviii. 14 instead of "ttnia. Merx conjectures ‘I sigh’. 12 . Here are further platitudes quoted. ‘It is darkest before dawn’ cf. xi. 17 and the prophecies of restoration at the end of each of the three first speeches. But ‘Am I to take this literally and go to the grave in search of brighter days?’ 15. vnxri for the second \nipn is required, as the repe¬ tition is meaningless, and na-iin is plural. 16. nrt3 not rest but Aramaic synonym for so Pe- schito and cf. xxi. 26. Por the occurrence of Hebrew and Syriac synonyms in the same verse, vide xv. 2, xvi. 19. xviii. 2. See Table of Critical Alterations. Job had said xvi. 3 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 165 xviii. 2. ‘what compelled you to answer?’ Bildad makes the na¬ tural retort, ‘How long will you provide the incentives?’ trnp ‘thorns’ ‘goads’ 'sap resolved form. For construct before prep, see Ew. Grammar § 289. b. Peschito and Targum with their rendering ‘hostility’ favour this deri¬ vation of , '5SJp. 3. Job. xvii. 4 said God had denied them understanding. Bildad in the language of Ps. xlix. 13 asks if they are to be esteemed as dumb beasts cf. xiii. 5 iraaa from nata = aus and akin to ira-ta cf. Gesenius so Merx. Ewald follows Targum ‘unclean’ from xaia. Delitzsch ‘narrow minded’. 4. He quotes xvi. 9 and asks will God abandon the ‘government of the universe to devote himself to punish¬ ing Job. No there are general laws for the wicked’. 7. shows that in Lam iv. 18 we should read via for ns 11. umm derived from pen gives no natural sense. I therefore derive from nss to yawn gape 12. iai« aan ‘his wealth is hungry’ makes poor sense. But if we read laixa. ‘Evil shall be in his wealth’ we not only have a good parallel with ns here, but one that is employed elsewhere xxi. 30, xxxi. 29. ls&a ‘his fall’ with Delitzsch cf. Jer. xx. 10 not as Ewald Merx ‘at his side’. Targum ‘wife’ cf. Gen. ii. 21 literally ‘his rib’, also taking i:is as ‘firstborn’ cf. Ps. cv. 36, Gen. xlix. 3. 13. Head nta Vaxp for na ^os', ‘Surely it i. e. calamity devours the limbs of his skin’, is unintelligible, n-a however makes a play with ma and is parallel to naa nsa. 14. Merx doubts the correctness of the Massoretic text, lrnnsni is corrupt. As 14a refers to xvii. 11 so does 14/3 to iv. 21 read nm pain cf. Is. xxxiii. 20. As verse 13 is asyndetic, so should this verse its parallel be, the i before "an has been repeated from nuaaa. 15. cf. Hab. i. 6 ‘inherit tents not their own’, here how¬ ever ‘what is not his own dwells in his tents’ immedi¬ ately explained to be sulphur. 18. ‘he shall be thrust from light into darkness’ is a 166 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xviii. 18. careful repudiation of the promise of light for darkness xvii. 12. 20. Ew. Del. etc. take and n-juriK to mean ‘those who dwell in East and West’. Hitz. Schlott. Hahn etc. ‘posterity and ancestors’. But read 'i"a'\by ‘his children’ for i»r by ‘at his fate’, and understand lasr of ‘devasta¬ tion’ not ‘astonishment’. Then ’p and x are comparative terms, his later issue shall perish as the former were destroyed by the whirlwind, cf. i. 19 to which allusion here is natural after the reference above v. 15 to the destruction by fire. Targum so understands lyiu not ‘fear’ as others. xix. 3. ‘reproach’ Zophar xi. 3 ‘Shall he mock without re¬ proach’; Job here says Surely you may be satisfied with your reproaches, ‘misunderstand me’ so Kashi. This most natural derivation cf. i“onn cf. xxi. 29 and for idea Ps. lvi. 6. 7. Job finds his confidence xiii. 18—22 in the ordering of his judgment court fail him. osr: p?:sx cf. Jer. xx. 8. 8. cf. xiv. 5 y. 9. cf. Lam. v. 16. 12. The application in xxx. 12 shows that by ‘troops’, Job means here his friends whom he calls xvi. 11 ‘knaves’. 13. ip'mn and ij>-p so Merx and 1 MS. Kennicott. ■'•usk for lit qx which is rather tautological with v. 15 so LXX cf. Prov. xii. 10. 14. Merx’s division is required by scansion against Mas- sora. 17. wan ‘my tent’ cf. Jer. xxxvii. 16 also Is. xxix. 1 nan of pitching tent as abode not for warfare. This is better than ‘my stench’ Delitzsch or ‘my supplication’. ‘Sons of my womb’ i. e. ‘of my mother’s womb’ cf. iii. 10 therefore ‘my brethren’. 19. cf. Jer. xx. 10, Ps. lv. 13. 20. cf. Ps. cii. 6 npa-i against npai ‘becomes rotten’ LXX and Merx. ‘Escape with the skin of my teeth’ has be¬ come proverbial, but it is difficult to derive a sensible NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 167 xix. 20. idea from it; comparison with xiii. 14 shows ‘I carry off my skin in my teeth’ is the correct idea so Hupfeld. 23. 24. cf. Is. xxx. 8. Jer. xvii. 1. 25—27. The difficulties that attend the reasonable interpre¬ tation, not to say the simple translation of this passage sufficiently attest its corruptness, is the Vindicator of his cause who redeems his life from death cf. xxxiii. 24, Lam. iii. 58. pmx ‘a successor’ ‘heir’ cf. xviii. 20 the friends had taunted him with his childlessness being a proof of his guilt xv. 34, xviii. 19. is ‘grave’ cf. xvii. 16, xx. 11, xxi. 26 and Arabic use. is ‘encircling net’ see above v. 6 sppn nixs. We must read m® ‘he hath loosened’ cf. xxxvii. 3 for “ms ‘my skin’ which is meaningless. p is ambiguous but Job’s desire throughout the book to see God and enjoy restitution before death, a desire gratified xlii. 5, as well as the following ‘my eyes’, makes it necessary to be taken as ‘from my flesh’ ‘looking forth from my flesh shall I see God’ i. e. ‘still in my flesh etc.’ ‘My reins languish in my bosom’ is a strangely spasmodic utterance. Read ppp iVs ‘I am utterly ex¬ hausted’ pna ‘within my appointed time’ cf. xiv. 5. 14. 28/3. is part of the friends’ remark, we must read ia for •“a ‘The root of the word’, the power of speech is not exhausted in Job though his frame is (cf. above and xxvii. 3—6) and Bildad is surprised that he continues to give incentives to argument. 29 /3. Delitzsch ‘for wrath meeteth the transgressions of the sword’; Ewald ‘for fiery are the chastisements of the sword’; Merx ‘for wrath befals transgressions’. The text is corrupt, the sense requires the idea of ‘sharpen¬ ing a sword’ cf. Dt. xxxii. 41 msw 3 fern. Aramaic like n^;n (Verbs y'y and being confused see npn) instead of niaiy. See above v. 26 for a similar clerical error. m® for pH® so LXX r\ vkrj cf. xxix. 5 where vkcoSrjg for "®. That this is the reading, and not p- or pm 168 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xix. 29. 'judgment’, is discovered by the observation that this verse is a retort to Bildad xviii. 17—21, moreover ps-in ■h® here corresponds to there, as at the close of c. xxi is assonant to ban at the close of c. xx. For idea cf. Ps. lviii. 11. The ■] is either euphonic to harmo¬ nise with the preceding word, or has crept in from next word beginning with i. xx. 2. -aia-®* is 'reply to me’ so 3 {3 not ‘furnish me with a reply’ which is not the meaning of a*'®n. Read maya for tiaya which is meaningless. 3. The reproof xix. 3—5 of my reproach xi. 3. 4. You speak with confidence of what you know in the hidden future, but do you know the law from the creation of man that the joy of the wicked is shortlived. 6. cf. Jer. li. 9. 10. Delitzsch’s translation disturbs the course of the idea which is to depict the wicked flourishing up to the time of his death. This equally applies to Merx’s translation. As then we cannot read his hands ‘restore’ run'®n from tv • : aiw, nor ‘burn’ 'atari from aa®, we must accept rua-tain from a®"' ‘store away’. 11. ‘upon him’ cf. xiv. 22 the contrast to this. itttVy ‘youthful vigour’ still more ‘youthful sins’ has no connection here. 15. cf. Jer. li. 44. 17. nxr*' ba ‘God shall visit’ in malam partem, not ba ‘Let him not enjoy’ ni*in3 rnaVs cf. Jud. v. 15 'c is usually found in con¬ struct. This division provides a good parallel to ®a-i ^Vru. 18. ‘As his wealth or principal, so his profit or interest he cannot enjoy’ 20. ‘craving’ for utaa ‘his belly’ so Delitzsch. tsV»i is wrong, its only sense would be here, ‘carry away his wealth with him to the tomb’. Whereas the next verse declares he has no descendant to enjoy it after his death. Read therefore xVu- which prepares the way for 23 or. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 169 xx. 23. To show the inconsequence of ‘m I cannot do better than give Delitzsch’s translation, It shall come to pass; in order to fill his belly He sendeth forth the glow of his wrath upon him. We must read mm cf. above v. 15 ‘God shall cast it from his belly’, here ‘Jahveh to fill his belly shall send upon him’ cf. Ps. lxxviii. 27. 30. 31, which also shows us we are to understand isims ‘whilst he is eating’ not ‘as his food’. 26. cf. xv. 34, xviii. 15, We need not read with Merx Tssssis for V’aitis^, for the Syriac as elsewhere the Tar- gum, understands ‘their treasure’ to mean ‘children’ cf. Ps. xvii. 14. 27. So far from the heavens and earth being on Job’s side xvi. 18. 19, they shall expose him. 29. cf. Is. xvii. 14 this portion decreed to the wicked man is more awful and complete than Job’s slight allu¬ sion xvii. 5 ■ntos nisna ‘his decreed inheritance’, lit.: ‘the inheritance of his decree’ objective ‘the decree against him’. xxi. 2. mm the i here = as, since cf. Is. xxxix. 1. 3. After my speaking you may mock, cf. Bildad xviii. 2 Do thou ponder and speak after us. 4. My complaint is not to man, as you admit xv. 13 but if it were shortness of temper is pardonable. 7. The problem of the book cf. Jer. xii. 1. 2. Ps. xxxvii. 1. 8. You taunt me with being childless. Bemember the families of the wicked flourish, say ‘their families’ better T - than say ‘before them with them’ is poor. 9. denies xv. 21. 12. asar ‘raise’ the voice cf. Ps. lxxxi. 2, Is. iii. 7. 16. sis the negative destroys the sense. Merx and LXX omit but this is defective. Read Vn cf. Hab. i. 11. 17. 18. Job quotes with surprise xviii. 5. 12, xx. 23. 19. The contrast begins here. His (God’s) children so Syriac apparently, therefore Job himself 19 cf. Ps. xciv. 23. 170 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xxi. 20. refers to vi. 4 we must read -n-rs for its. 21/3. cf. Ps. cii. 25. 22. ‘Can God teach . .. judge of the heavens?’ See Elihu xxxvi. 22 “God towers aloft in strength, who is a teacher like him?” also Eliphaz xxii. 13. ‘And thou sayest How can God know, shall he judge through thick darkness ?’ VsVn cf. nitron Dt. xxxii. 6. 28. refers to xviii. 21. 29 to viii. 18. 30. "3 after listen v. 28. Ye say that For the day etc. cf. xx. 28. yi belongs to |3 not a. yn and tx occur in parallels not in the same stichi cf. xv. 23, xviii. 12 iV'^ ‘leads him’ for iVar ‘they are led’. 33. cf. Eccl. iv. 16. It is no special judgment xviii. 20 crowds precede and follow the dying man to Hades. 34. Van n play on VxVi xv. 11. Vys ‘worthless’ Vs is con¬ nected with Vy^ to profit, cf. Hos. vii. 16 ‘they think evil of me, and return to what does not profit them’ VyxV = Vs'Va a play on Vsa, also Hos. xi. 7 Vy'tsVi for Vxi ‘bent on apostasy from me, they call upon Baal but he does not exalt them at all’. xxii. 2. The profit is not reciprocal. *a here = as cf. Is. lxii. 5. crVy a teacher Arabic Merx takes V-a»* ‘as the proverb says’. 6. 7. cf. Is. lviii. 7. 11. "ns for is with Merx and LXX cf. x. 22, xviii. 6. 15. cf. Jer. xiii. 27 is ts •'ins. 16. Allusion to the flood. ‘The flood swept away’ not ‘Their foundations were swept away as a flood’. 17. 13 V for isV. 17—19 quotes xxi. 14—16. 19. cf. Ps. cvii. 42. 20. aspi for us*p with Merx and LXX. 21. qnxian ‘thy income’ or prospects so LXX Pesch. Targ. cf. xxxi. 12 not ‘will come to thee’ as Del. etc. 25. ‘The Almighty shall be to thee gold, and silver of brightest lustre’. ‘Godliness is wealth’ in itself, is a maxim which might benefit Job in his present destitute state. But Eliphaz is promising real objective restitution see preceding verse; we want metals not metaphor here. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 171 xxii. 25. Bead for vrf. mns for mmp. For idea cf. Is. lx. 17. - T T Job. y. 23. 27. ef. Is. xix. 21. 22. 29. Illustrates how a decree from Job shall be confirmed by God. “lV-EErt refers to God. vv. 27—30 find their fulfilment xlii. 8. 30. -pa 'x ‘the not guiltless’ = the guilty. Clean hands cf. xvii. 9. xxiii. 2. ^ bitterness cf. vii. 11, xxvii. 2 . •h*' ‘my sore’ cf. Ps. lxxvii. 3 and for idea above vi. 2. 7. If God would only treat him on the terms of equa¬ lity he seeks vv. 3—5. cf. ix. 32 he would be sure of victory cf. Hab. i. 4 ob for nr. nnia ‘right in front’ ‘on a level’. 9. cf. ix. 10. 11 where coming after a description of God’s operations in the North and South of the sky ix. 9, we find conclusive support for the translation ‘hides’ = s)t3?* of ‘Chambers of the South’, ‘wrap’ cf. Ps. lxxiii. 6. The north the place of God’s concealment cf. xxxvii. 22. 12. Job does not require the exhortation xxii. 22 to observe God’s law. •'pna with LXX Renan Merx for "pnn Massora which Delitzsch understands ‘more than my own determination’. Perhaps originally "ana cf. xxxi. 33. 13. -rnxa Kim As it stands, as difficult as Gal. iii. 20 Comparison with ix. 12, xi. 10 shows a verb like tpk or p-rnn requires to be supplied, -nxa tpn the verb might easily drop out from homoeotelenton, if indeed the ori¬ ginal were not irnxa Kim which is preferable for sake of scansion as well as sense. 14. cf. Ps. cii. 25. 17. He is crushed by God not by the powers of dark¬ ness -port *3E>3 cf. xxxvii. 19 where it is employed for ignorance, noa for xoa so xxvi. 9 cf. 1 Ki. x. 19. Is this ‘throne of gloom’ the origin of the ‘throne of Satan’ Rev. ii. 13. xxiv. 1 a. disputes Eliphaz’s position xv. 20 while (3 maintains 172 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xxiv. 1. his own statement xiv. 5. •a^'a'a for ■'Tossnft which is corrupted and glozed, for the want of sense thereby conveyed see Del’s rendering ‘Wherefore are not bounds reserved by the Almighty ‘And they who honour him do not see his days’ Job is always maintaining that God fixes man’s limit of life, which this verse would then be ignorant of; Moreover he would thus proceed to deal with the wicked without any allusion to them. 2 . We must with Merx and LXX read wi ‘and his shepherd’ instead of ‘and feed’ as Ew. Del. 5. cf. xv. 24. Read anVs’y for iV. 8 . cf. Lam. iv. 5. 9. is an interpolation cf. vi. 27 it interrupts the de¬ scription of the sufferings of the oppressed. 12 . ‘stain’ is out of place we must read trlAy with Merx and LXX. Also nVer? ‘prayer 1 the groan of the men and the cry of the children which God does not regard; cf. xxvii. 9 to which Elihu refers xxxv. 13 where so® probably suggested the reading here n^tn ‘folly’ which makes no sense, also cf. iv. 18. 14. With Carey we must read ab for “iisis as Job is describing deeds of darkuess. With Merx for 'a-rr, for this is a description of three types the murderer adulterer thief. It is not the murderer who slays by morning light and plays the thief in the evening, as Delitzsch. 16. requires to be joined with 14 y. It is the thief who digs through to steal cf. Matt. vi. 19. Moreover we thus have the three crimes in the order of the 6 th 7 th and 8 th Commandments. 18. reminds us forcibly of Ahab’s encounter with Elijah at the vineyard of Naboth, when his race was cursed and all pleasure in his unlawful possession destroyed. 19. Comparison with vi. 16. 17 would make Delitzsch’s translation ‘Drought also heat snatch away snow water, So doth Sheol those who have sinned’, probable; if it were not that it unduly divides the verse. Besides in NOTES ON TIIE KOOK OF JOB. 173 xxiy. 19. the context, it is more natural to understand this a con¬ tinuation of the description of the violent robbery v.v 2. 16. In the summer they rob the crops etc. but in the winter their plans are futile. "> 2-2 for 'a-a, Vuo Inf. abs. with Gerund force isran ‘miss’ ‘fail’ not ‘sin’ here. 21. With Peschito I read run ‘Evil’ cf. xv. 34 for ‘Evil T T is barren’ is in connection with preceding verso ‘He is no more remembered, iniquity is snapped like a tree’. But this requires an alteration in rru", for which pos¬ sibly p-rn cf. Lu. xxiii. 29. 22—24. is an account of the influence of the wealthy wicked, how suspicious he is of his agents, and how they perish with him 22/3 cf. xv. 22 Dt. xxviii. 66 25/3 cf. xxi. 34. xxv. 2. Though ‘he maketh peace in his highplaces’ is shown by Is. xxiv. 21 to be a Hebrew idea; yet it lacks due connection with what precedes, we must therefore read n-ffl anVio ‘vengeance on his rebels’ cf. xxiv. 13, to which b'j s“p next verse ‘vanquish’ so Umbreit is parallel. What sense is there in the rendering ‘whom does not his light surpass?’ Ewald, Delitzsch? 5. With LXX we must read ~s>m for ~ cf. Lu. xii. 20 Jer. xvii. 10. 9. 10. are in response to Eliphaz’s exhortation xxii. 26. 27 to delight in the Almighty and offer prayers to him. Job here says If a man found real delight in com¬ munion with. God he would pray at all times. Surely God would not regard such selfish cries cf. Ps. xiv. 4, xviii. 42. 11/3. You boasted xv. 18 of the tradition received with¬ out falsification from your ancestors. My instruction equally reliable shall come straight from God. 12. You say xv. 9 you know as much as I do. Then why do you- argue in the following inconsequential NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 175 xxyii. 12. manner, Job then proceeds v.y 13—23 to quote their style of argument. 13. quotes xviii. 21, xx. 29 for this direct ranking of him with the wicked rankles in his bosom cf. xxxi. 2 where he deals with it at length. 14. cf. y. 4, xv. 34 etc. 15. ‘lie unburied where they fall’ cf. Jer. viii. 2 lit: ‘are buried by death’ cf. Lu. ix. 60. For 15/3 cf. Ps. lxxviii. 64. This is a strong representation of xviii. 19, xx. 21. 16w. cf. Zach. ix. 3. Por the fate of the wealth of the wicked cf. xv. 29, xx. 22. 18. refers to iv. 19 therefore no need for more correct simile with Merx to read x'zny for t>j>; for LXX only appends as conjectural alternative. 19. cf. xx. 9. t)Dv for pcs' so Ex. v. 7 1 Sam. xviii. 29. 20. cf. xviii. 11. 20. Read avu for a-sa with Merx, parallel to ‘by night’ or better still nar yomam for kammam. 22. cf. xx. 23. 24. Either supply ‘God’ or read •pVy for rVy. 23. Malignant joy at his death cf. Zeph. ii. 15 Lam. ii. 15. xxviii. We must put verses 5. 6 which are intimately associated with v.v 1. 2, before v.v 3. 4 which require to form one with v.v 7—11. 3. r-^an b^b is governed a» yp, the scansion also requires such a division, against Del. and Merx. ‘in darkness and gloom’ acc. of place cf. xxix. 3, they were search¬ ing for brilliant gems not ‘dark and gloomy stones’ as Delitzsch. 4. In a wild spot, lit: far from any resident. 5. Read rrmn for Vn anV. Thus ‘earth’ is not left absolute, but subject to ‘is overturned’ laa for t»a with Merx and Schott: ‘with fire’ not ‘as fire’. 6. cf. Dt. viii. 9. ib for him, ie for man. The paral¬ lel requires we should read nniry ‘its dust’ instead of ‘gold dust’ for we should require to translate with Delitzsch ‘it containeth gold ore’. 176 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xxyiii. 7. a'n iV, this has fallen out on account of its re¬ currence after i b at the end of previous verse in the Massora. It assists the scansion and is required by the occult reference v. 13 ‘man knows not the path of wisdom’ and v. 23 God alone knows its path, however much man may pride himself on making a path un¬ known to the animal creation. This upsets Merx’s read¬ ing, joining with v. 6. 8. pn® ‘reptiles’ not ‘wild beasts’ see note xli. 26. 10. roxis for rviisa cf. xxxviii. 22 ‘through river store¬ houses’ under beds of rivers, to this is the subsequent allusion ‘he dams out the water from trickling through’. 13. We must with Merx and LXX read ro-n for ns-y as ‘man knows not its equal’ affords no adequate sense. Moreover v. 23 requires this reading. 15. ‘Gold of Segor’ cf. allusion to Ophir v. 16 and to Ethiopia v. 19. The idea ‘pure gold’ is attained with much philological difficulty. See an interesting note by Carey, in loco. The whole passage collects and ela¬ borates Prov. iii. 14. 15, viii. 11. 27. nj-ari with Ewald for nr an. xxix. 2. ‘months of yore’ contrasted with ‘the months of vanity’ vii. 3 his present portion. Eor 2/3 cf. i. 10, iii. 23. 3. The darkness he is enduring is not as Bildad said xviii. 5 the extinguishing of the lamp of the wicked, but rather the eclipse of God’s sacred light. 4. ‘secret’ very ambiguous means ‘communion’ from the signification ‘council’ cf. xv. 8. 5. Parallelism requires wu cf. xvi. 7 mistead of ■'-a. 6. "iix'i destroys the scanning, it is a gloss from Dt. xxxii. 13 “ipirr is intransitive, its subject not object is ‘streams of oil’ cf. Dt. xxxiii. 24. •'ntsy unless highly poetical cf. -ir» xiii. 27, should be 'ttys cf. Ps. lviii. 11. The verse refers to Zophar’s speech xx. 17. 7. “na ‘early’ with Ewald Merx and LXX cf. xxx. 28 instead of -ya gate, see Delitzsch’s translation ‘forth to the gate up to the city’! NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 177 xxix. 9 cf. xxxvii. 21 • T to restore to light parallel to a'anV instead of i'iss ‘ that it may become light’. xxxiv. This chapter is disorganised: I have restored the probable order 1—12, 19—29/3;, 13—18, 29y—37 by which there is at least an attempt made at sensible division and connection. 3. quotes xii. 11. 4. Job pretended xxiii. 4 he knew what God would answer him. 5. cf. xiii. 18, xxvii. 2. 6/3. lit: I am sick of arrows without transgressions; cf. ix. 17 also vi. 4 to which allusion is made next verse. 7/3. with v. 8 recals Ps. i. 1 with its threefold type of the wicked. 8. applies to Job similar language to that which he addressed to his wife ii. 10. 11. zzb 'ujs refers to xi. 12. 13. vVy ‘beside him’ ‘with him’. Job had complained xxi. 22 that God was too occupied with the govern¬ ment of the heavens to regard the earth. 14/3. 15a. cf. Ps. civ. 29. 16. nra as refers to a^» «r ns xxxiii. 32. 18. cf. Eccl. v. 20, an ‘a fortiori’ argument having its apodosis in v. 31 from which it is separated by a vast gulf in the Massora. For its intimate connection with 29 y see note there. 20. ‘without force’ or without ordinary means rsh cf. Is. xxxi. 8 Dan. viii. 25. 21. cf. xxxi. 4 Jer. xvi. 17, xxxii. 19. 23. We must read "Sia for ns aro- cf. next verse ‘without enquiry’, also Job’s frequently expressed desire to come into God’s presence and order his court be¬ fore him. 24. cf. Prov. xxv. 2. 3. 184 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xxxiv. 25 a. God is as well acquainted with the deeds of the wicked, as they are xxiy. 17 with the terrors of mid¬ night in the darkness of which they vainly try to conceal themselves from him. See above v. 22. 26. b-nei for a-s‘ an allusion to the a-niaj Gen. vi. 4, for this with v. 27 refers manifestly to xxii. 15. 29/3. he hides the face of the prisoner cf. xl. 13 Esth. vii. 8 and read cf. xxxvii. 3 ‘who can release’ for la'iisr ‘who can see’ which was introduced because ‘hiding the face’ was understood of God which is un¬ suitable to the context. 30. ‘setting as king’. One must not call a king ‘knave’ v. 18 even though God set an ungodly man over them. In 29/ as regards the individual cf. Ps. cix. 6. ‘Set thou an ungodly man over him’. No sense can be derived from ‘that godless men reign not’. We must further read nispB ‘from the lowest of the people’ cf. 1 Ki. xii. 31 and for idea Dan. iv. 14 (17), for -«pBB ‘that they be not snares’. 31. '5 = ‘5 p|s a fortiori should one say? cf. v. 18. 31/3 so Ewald cf. xxxiv. 6. 32. Show me the sins of mine 1 cannot see for my¬ self cf. xiii. 23. 33. Lit: Out of what is with thee, shall he requite it though thou deny it. Carey. 33/3/ refers to ix. 14. 34. We must understand ibk in its sense of ‘speak’ not ‘say’, v.v 35—37 proceed from Elihu’s own mouth. 36a. refers to v. 3. 36/3 cf. v. 8 and its allusion to ii. 10. 37. The threefold division of the verse suits scansion best. Here again I adopt Carey’s translation. 37/3 is the positive side to that of which xv. 4 presents the negative, while 37/ refers to xv. 13. xxxv. 3. Elihu repeats the sentiment of xxxiv. 9 which is not a quotation of Job’s words, but as Eliphaz xxii. 17. 18 saw, might be inferred from his jealousy of the prosperity of the wicked, cf. vii. 20. 6 . NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 185 xxxy. 9. cf. xxiv. 12 where Job was astonished at God’s not interfering in behalf of the oppressed. Elihu says it is because they did not say, Let us betake our¬ selves cf. Jer. ii. 5 to God our Maker who provides the whole universe, mirs ‘constellations’ is required by context for rrnsT ‘songs’. 15. iex Job’s wrath cf. xxxvi. 13. "ay-:- xVi = parr xVi xi. 11 to disregard sin. xxxvi. 4. Job had xiii. 7 accused the friends of false speak¬ ing in behalf of God and claimed honesty for himself alone xxxi. 28. pis- n-^r can only be applied to God cf. xxxvii. 16, 1 Sam. ii. 3 moreover the next verse as it stands is incapable of scansion, falling into 8 and 4 or 4 and 8 syllables. *ps is a gloss introduced when the clause was supposed to refer to Elihu cf. xxxii. 6 Dsns -y-r nins. Bead here -raa Vs p man a-ttr. We thus get the grand idea, God the allwise does not despise the searches after wisdom made by his crea¬ tures. 6. cf. xxiv. 1. 7. cf. Ps. xxxiv. 15, cxiii. 7. 8. cf. Ps. cvii. 11. 9. cf. xxxiv. 25. 10. cf. xxxiii. 16. 11. 12. Elihu without argument merely contradicts Job’s description of the contrast in the deaths of the wicked and good cf. xxi. 22 — 25. 12/3 the weapon cf. xxxiii. 18 of the executioner xxxiii. 22. 12 y cf. iv. 21. 13. ‘proud ungodly’ the ungodly who think themselves wise. aV cf. ‘men of heart’ ‘wise men’ xxxiv. 10 also cf. xi. 12. Too proud to cry to God, cf. the refrain Ps. cvii ‘so when they cried unto God in their trouble he delivered them from their distress’ cf. Jer. v. 3 Lam. iv. 6. 14. The ungodly do not all live to a great age, their very excesses make them shortlived. 16. nna 3f Aram cf. rV;n Jer. xiii. 19 Job xix. 29. 17 a. cf. Ps. xxiii. 5 and the metaphor of being satis- 186 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xxxvi. 17a. fied with the flesh of one’s enemies. rsdss 3f Aram, for 17/3 cf. Ps. lxxxy. 11. 18—21. contain a warning to Job, when this plenty is restored to him, not to be lifted up by pride, or to be guilty of any such iniquity as has brought his present calamity upon him. cf. Ps. xlix. 7. 8. 18. ‘anger’ cf. above v. 13 ‘jealous pride’. 19. explains v. 18. When thou art in plenty think not proudly thou couldst have paid thine own ransom cf. xxxiii. 24. 20a. refers to Job’s often expressed wish to be removed into darkness and oblivion which is impious (see next verse), for he is asking to share the fate of the wicked. 20/3 cf. xxxiv. 19. 24. 23«. cf. Hos. iv. 9. 24/3. 25. Three synonyms of seeing i—j nn tsia^ cf. xxxv. 5. wan —,v. Therefore in 24a ‘Remember to extol his work’ finds no parallel, we must translate ‘How great is his work’, cf. v.v 23. 26 s-sor. 24. Hiph : denom : of which the author is singularly fond, not causative. 27/3. ‘drops of water’ subject to ipr, we must read itaaa for The i in i-s’j belongs to the next verse. 28/3. a*i for D'a-ai ‘showers’ for the sake of scansion gives best sense. If we retain the root ‘many’ we must translate ‘copiously upon man’ parallel to ‘vaaa^ v. 31 not as Delitzsch ‘upon the multitude of men’. 29. cf. xxvi. 14, xxxvii. 16. 32. 33. are parallel to v.v 30. 31. Observe 32 reverses the order of 30. 30a. He spreads the light above. 32a. With both hands he covers the light. 30/3. He covers the depths of the sea. 32/3. He brings it forth sm-i for uri. Light is here for lightning. S'JEaa ‘in favour of him who prays’, allusion to Elijah on M l Carmel. See xxxvii. 13. 33. -r;- cf. xvii. 5. ir-i ‘his friend’ (so Targ. Pesch. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 187 xxxvi. 33. Sym. Theod. Jer. Luth. Umbr. Schlott). ‘Therewith he indicates his friend’ excellent parallel to 31a. ‘For thus he both judges nations’ n:p£ for sop': (cf. Ez. viii. 3) allusion to L Ki. xix. 10. I subjoin a few translations of v.v 32. 33. Delitzsch. Both hands he covereth over with light, And directeth it as one who hitteth a mark. His noise announceth him, The cattle even that he is approaching. Renan. He clothes his hands with lightning bolts, And launches them against his foes. The crash of his step announces him, The panic of the flocks reveals his approach. Carey. On the hollow of his hands hath he covered the lightning And he giveth it commission in striking; His noise announceth concerning him, He hath a store of wrath against iniquity, xxxvii. 6. The Arabic sin ‘to fall’ is evidently the root from which a modern suggestion acutely derives mn\ ‘The lightning hurler’. “ion a-asi is manifestly a clerical error before ni^aa na»i, the tautology spoils the scansion. The mistake has been carefully copied by LXX but not by Peschito. v.v 6. 7 cf. ix. 6. 7. 7. ‘Their maker’ so Renan. By occasionally stopping men’s labours, the Creator reminds them of his power over them, and incites them to gratitude for these mercies when not withheld. 9. tr^vraa ‘north winds’ from n-T ‘to winnow’ ‘fan’ cf. Jer. li. 1. 2. LXX ccy.qcox^qicov either = rn« or as Gesen. aQKXovQog. This word an art : Xsy : in the Mas- sora should be read Jer. xviii. 14 for e-^t when that verse would run Does the snow of Lebanon forsake the rock of the field? Or are the streams deserted by the cold north winds ? Reading ir:::- with Kimchi for isrr. 188 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xxxvii. 10. ‘molten’ for ‘mirror’ cf. v. 18. 13. The Massora yields tautology and no adequate sense. Whether for a scourge, or for the good of the earth, Or for mercy he causeth it to discharge itself. We must read exi yx hVkjx for ex isikV ex. 13/3 ‘He lets the earth receive rain’ lit: ‘lets it find it’ cf. xxxvi. 31 and Elijah’s famine in the reign of Ahab. 20/3. cf. x. 8 where Job says to God ‘thou art destroy¬ ing me’. 23. cf. xi. 7. 24. cf. Ps. cxxxviii. 6. xxxviii. 2. If Elihu’s discourses had intervened originally, this verse must refer to him. 3. Job had expressed his willingness to answer God ix. 14, xiv. 15, xxiii. 3—5. 4. nra rrv cf. v. 18 nVa ps-r. 7. We must not with Merx LXX Syr. read x-z for ■pa for the parallelism supports the Massora, and Ps. lxv. 9 Jer. li. 48 show the idea to be quite Hebrew. 8. qs "to for qcv cf. v.v 5. 6 so Merx. 10. -avx makes no sense cf. Del. ‘a work of omni¬ potence broke over it i. e. the sea restraining it’. We must read n*®x cf. xiv. 13 and below pxj “a®" 1 for ■pxj rr®' so Merx. cf. Ps. civ. 9 Jer. v. 22. The verbs have thus strangely changed place. 13. A metaphor from some legal symbolical custom cf. Neh. v. 13. 19. imitates xxviii. 12. 20. 20. ‘Thou knowest’ understood, see next verse. ‘That thou mightest conduct etc’ Delitzsch makes no clear sequence. Also pan for ■par makes better parallel. 22. Man may boast of penetrating into river store¬ houses and damming out leaks, xxviii. 10. 11, but can he penetrate the storehouses of snow and hail, and withhold them from falling from the clouds, cf. also below v.v 26. 27. God’s beneficent working in the desert, contrasted with man’s selfish work xxviii. 4. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 189 xxxviii. 23. 24. cf. Jer. xviii. 17. rrn for ‘its required by paral¬ lelism so Merx besides “its is tautology after v. 19. 25. repeats xxviii. 26 with slight alterations, xxviii. 25 supports the reading nn above. 27. ‘thirsty land’ = psiss cf. Is. xliv. 3 Jer. xlviii. 18, we must substitute for so:». 30. cf. xli. 9 where the same word is employed of the scales of the crocodile holding together like the shields of a phalanx. 31. ntsTjus ‘bonds’ cf. -:s xxxi. 36 suggests that in 1 Sam. xv. 32 we should translate And Agag came to him ‘in bonds’ not ‘delicately’ also ns-yis. 32. ‘lead’ proper parallel. There is no need to read nrrjri with Merx ‘and comfort’, because of the myth given by Delitzsch where the children of the great Bear mourn over the corpse of their father slain by the Pole Star. 34a. cf. Jer. x. 13. 34/5 cf. xxii. 11/5 where Eliphaz uses the same phrase. 36. is a description of the intelligence shown by the powers of nature in obeying the orders given above. “"isw cf. Ps. lxxiii. 7 ‘heart’ ‘intellect’ so Targ. Syr. Saad. Ges. Carey. Benan. ‘To the cock’ Delitzsch etc. makes no sense. Ewald Merx etc. obtain the forced meaning of ‘lightning’ or ‘meteor’. 3 7. ‘Who numbers the skies’ makes no sense in con¬ text we must read for iec*, cf. xxvi. 8 where the clouds are fastened together to prevent the water escap¬ ing. In 37/5 nsv in the sense ‘to pour’ is an Arabism. 38. We must read psn ‘kneading’ for npxa ‘when the dust flows together’. Delitzsch. 41. That this verse belongs to the paragraph on the lion appears by (1) the scheme of stichi. (2) the inopportune insertion of an allusion to the raven, amidst beasts. (3) reference to Ps. civ. 20. 21 and Job iv. 10. 11. We therefore read ‘at eventide’ for aisls ‘to V V T •• T 190 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xxxviii. 41. the raven’ which was suggested by similarities with Ps. cxlvii. 9. xxxix. 1. cf. Jer. xiv. 5. 3. The verbs here have been divorced from their proper subjects. Van belonging to nVt cf. xvi. 13 and nVw to iV' cf. xxi. 11. At first sight it would appear as if the verbs had been transposed by a simple slip in the letters 'z and 'v, but this would cause a hystero- proteron and the proximity of ar^-iV' to v. 4 is required by parallelism with an-sa. 8. cf. Jer. xiv. 6. It is worth observing that the two verbs an- and iin are also associated Eccl. i. 13. Head -iin'’ not -nm subs. t : 12. Scansion requires the first stichus to end with arm intransitively. The reading of the Qree a-u- is the result of joining qyir from the following stichus. 13. Most moderns translate ‘The wing of the ostrich vibrates joyously. ‘Is she pious, wing and feather?’ and see a play ou the name of the stork n-ran cele¬ brated for its devotion. If the second clause with as is to be taken interrogatively the first must be so also with n understood. It is not her want of ma¬ ternal instinct which is alluded to in this verse, but rather a contrast of the position of her eggs on the ground with the lofty eyrie and the summits of fir trees cf. v. 27 Ps. civ. 17. Restored to its proper place after v. 30, (from which it was intruded amongst the beasts, on account of the occurrence of the word ‘horse’ v. 18 being considered a good introduction to the description of that animal) we find naVyj and -axn are naturally selected on account of the occurrence of iyVy in-ox v. 30 -as- v. 26. We must also read p cf. v. 26 which suits the scansion, the reading of the Massora was obtained by a change first naa ‘the female hawk’ afterwards na: ‘feather’ when ^axn had been T changed into max ‘wing’. LXX leave these words transliterated, Targum and Rashi take as names of birds. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 191 xxxix. 13. The Hebrew text would read thus 30. a“i isVs - ’ irrosa sin am trVVrt “msai 13. i-idVsj a'3:i p|:a •pi n-i»an iann as The reason of y. 13 being interrogative is thus manifest. 14. ‘a = Hay but cf. xxxi. 23. 16. nnt *Va ‘without proper caution’ ‘imprudent’. 17. cf. xxxviii. 36 where the heavenly powers enjoy the wisdom denied to the ostrich. 18. For niaa ‘aloft’ inapplicable to the ostrich we must read a-nia ‘archers’, s-aan ‘she spreads her wings’ which the wind then fills as sails. Vide Fleischer’s note Delitzsch c. xxiii. 2. 21. Scansion demands that naa should be joined with sa‘. It is strange that Merx should substitute hr ,:a which makes the former stichus still more unwieldy, and is only an alternative suggestion of the LXX. £ig nsSiov £V i6%v'C. 24. Jer. viii. 6 is the nucleus of this description of a horse’s excitement in war. 25. It is not the horse who says ‘ha! ha!’ it is an attempt at imitating the trumpet’s note referred to in last verse. s"v so 1 MS. Kennicott for pt-,'; the horse cannot scent the shouts of the captains and the turmoil. 26. As in v. 24 we saw reference to Jer. viii. 6 so here in the allusion to migration of birds there is distinct reference to Jer. viii. 7. 27. 28. cf. Obad. iv. 30a. is corrupt, so Merx who brackets it. As it stands it disturbs the intimate connection between 29 and 30/3 beside making an inaccurate statement for eaglets do not suck blood. Read ni isVsi iniam for m in-tKi. sVs is akin to dss and not to be derived from si- or even Vs. 30/3 cf. Matt. xxiv. 28. xl. 2. God invites Job to return to the encounter, as vi. 29 he had challenged his three friends. 192 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xl. 5. njssx cf. 1 Sam. xxvi. 8 Job xxix. 22 for n:yx which is tautological after preceding verse. 10—13. cf. Is. ii. 10. 11 see Isaiah and Job compared in the Essay on the Author’s Use of Hebrew Literature. 12. srw ‘in their place’, ‘where they are’ cf. xxxiv. 26 and Jer. xxxviii. 9 ‘he is likely to die where he is’ irnn. 13. Cover their faces for execution cf. Esth. vii. 8. 15—xli. 26. is a later addition, more suitable to be appended to chap, xxxix but as the leviathan was an emblem of pride, it was inserted here on account of v.v 11. 12. But Job’s remark xlii. 2. ‘I know thou art allpowerful’ should follow without interruption upon ‘Then will I also admit unto thee that thine own right arm can save thee’, xl. 14. 15. ftts belongs to the second stichus not the first. 19. The LXX idea, that the hippopotamus was the first of God’s creation ‘made for the diversion of the angels’, is interesting; ‘the angels’ is a late gloss apparently deriv¬ ed from a misconception of rr-oy-: Pesch. and Targ. cf. v. 11 where ni-ny is read T-a*. Still they are right in understanding of priority of ‘time’ not of ‘rank’. As mythology peopled the primoeval times with giants, it is natural they should look on huge beasts like the hippopotamus as remnants of such times. It is strange that Merx should adopt this misreading la or perhaps ■a fpjls for ia-n tor since the next verse is dependent upon the correctness of the Massoretic reading. 20. The hippopotamus does not graze on the mountains moreover the following is a description of the banks of a river. We must read for trin. 23. The allusion to the Jordan betrays the Hebrew nation¬ ality of the author who thinks the swelling of the Jor¬ dan a type of a swelling flood, rpr cf. Jer. xii. 5. pm pxa a phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, irm Vx does not belong to this verse, it adds nothing to the parallelism here while it is required below. Observe 25 ■pwV 26 vrfi) iex 24 its ippe Vx. 24. is out of place here where there is no allusion to NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 193 xl. 24. hunting. Its proper place is below after v. 26 where it forms proper parallel, rr^a is corrupt, read Tsm. Observe 26. Wilt thou pierce his cheeks 24 Hay his nose will pierce thy nets. Surely a crocodile’s pointed snout, not a hippopotamus’ broad muzzle. 28. ‘as a servant for ever’ piercing his tongue and nose reminded the author of the ceremony of boring the ear, symbol of eternal servitude Ex. xxi. 6 aVi3>V “nasi. 32. n-nVa ‘his jaw’ cf. xli. 6 not nanVa ‘war’ which makes poor sense. xli. 1. is-iVrrin the suffix is objective, Ts-a ‘those that shoot him’ cf. 2 Sam. xi. 24; and V-tr for Vet from Vvj ‘to hurl at’ ‘attack’. 2. Parallelism requires T3tV for tsV, the application to God does not begin till v. 3. 3. nVsn cf. ix. 4 for aVioso so Merx. 4. Mini -an Inf. abs. cf. xv. 35 for yrn “ot,. 5. lavra so LXX and Copt, for udi, the allusion to the jaw is reserved for v. 6. 7. ms; pride, a play on aj testudo cf. Ez. xvi. 24. 10. ‘eyelids of dawn’ cf. iii. 8. 12. ‘like a pot on a fire of reeds’ so Ewald, lit: like a seething pot (Jer. i. 13) and reeds i. e like the smoke which issues from a fire of reeds and envelopes a pot. 13. cf. Fs. xviii. 9. 14/3. lit: before him dances anxiety. 17. ‘stags’ is better than n'V-x ‘mighty men’. We observe that in Lam. iii. 47 “a»i rsai ‘destruction and violence’ are found together; and as ‘destruction’ makes a good sense here, we read ins® ‘the destruction by him’ instead of mxia ‘his rising up’ or ‘his majesty’: both un¬ suitable to the crocodile. As this verse is correlative to v. 14 it is more natural with Gesenius to understand sEr:n-> ‘missing one’s road’ ‘wandering’ which is parallel to ‘be¬ fore him dances anxiety’; not ‘missing the mark’ an idea reserved for next stanza; E. Y. ‘by reason of breakings they purify themselves’, for this meaning cf. Numb. xix. 12, xxxix. 14. 13 194 NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. xli. 18(3. ‘Neither spear nor dart nor harpoon’ a similar ap¬ pendix to xxxix. 23 ‘the glittering spear and lance’. But better parallelism is obtained by taking rr*i© = nn^to cf. and u>ote ‘that is planted in him’ cf. state Is. xiy. 19. 25. He hath no ruler upon earth cf. Hab. i. 14 as creep¬ ing things which have no ruler. 25/3. 26a. are a gloss from xl. 19. 11 respectively He is created without fear cf. xxxix. 16. He looks upon every proud thing. The latter being a strange statement with regard to the crocodile. The LXX and Syriac moreover make no sense of it. 26. yn© ‘pride’ then means ‘reptiles’, a play on pw. There¬ fore pi© are not all wild beasts of which the croco¬ dile can scarcely be said with propriety to be king, but those animals which on account of pride and rebellion in a former state are now condemned to creep, i. e all reptiles, cf. Gen. iii the narrative of the serpent, and in this book the many astronomical myths of conquest of pride ix. 13, xxvi. 13 all associated with dragons and serpents. xlii. 2. Nothing lit: no plan ntetw in a good sense. 3. Job quotes and appropriates God’s opening sentence xxxviii. 2, and in v. 4 humbly asks to be allowed to seek information from God, cf. xxxviii. 3, xl. 7. 5. A similar exclamation to the Queen of Sheba 1 Ki. x. 6. 7 for the phrase cf. Ps. xviii. 45. Thus Job’s pro¬ phecy xix. 27 is fulfilled. 6. How different in tone this humble admission from ‘As a prince will I approach him’ xxxi. 37 the closing words of his last utterance before God spake; and also from xxiv. 25 ‘who will prove me false?’ the challenge which but for a mutter from Bildad closed the mouths of the three friends. 8. At first sight there is a temptation with LXX and Syriac to read ‘And he shall offer them for you’ instead of ‘ye shall offer for yourselves’, as if because Job was the intercessor he must therefore be the sacrificing priest. NOTES ON THE BOOK OF JOB. 195 xlii. 8. Bat the plausibility of such an idea is overthrown by reference to Numb, xxiii. 3 where Balaam speaks to Balak of the sacrifices as ‘thy burnt offerings’ and leaves him there while he goes to seek inspiration alone. The ritual of the Epilogue of Job is in imitation of this episode in Numbers, observe the seven bullocks and seven rams. According to the Mosaic ritual the sin offering for the people was a goat, for the priest a bullock; the peace offering a bullock and a ram. ‘To do folly with you’ applicable to man not to God here = to deal with you according to your folly. 12. See Bildad’s prophecy of this viii. 7. The exact doub¬ ling of Job’s possessions is evidence of the unhistoric cha¬ racter of the book. 13. His family is restored without increase in numbers. 14. The names of the three daughters are respectively ‘Dove’, ‘Cinnamon’, ‘Horn of eye paint’ this last being for artificial adornment. Vide Jer. iv. 30 2 Ki. ix. 30. 15. This division of inheritance is not in accordance with the Mosaic Institutions see Numb, xxxvi. 8 where daugh¬ ters only inherit in default of male issue. 16. The age of Job, the piece of money (rrtssjp Gen. xxxiii. 19) and the description of Job’s death (cf. Gen. xxv. 8 of Abraham) are all intentionally borrowed to give a patri¬ archal colouring of antiquity to the book. i3 * GRAMMATICAL NOTES. Verbs. Aram. 3 fem. sing, see Notes xix. 29, xxxvi. 16. Conjugations. Hiphil. intransitive use ppr to grow old v'-m to take root ssan to be great xxxvi. 24. Aphel. mns xiii. 17. Polel. *nij> iii. 8 pEii xxvi. 11 psn xxvi. 13. Pilpel. “£“'B yeas xvi. 12 Jeremiah often. Quadrilitoral. rms xxvi. 9. Tenses. iii. 18. should be isaur cf. mr previous verse. iv. 3.4. refers to past time of duration, all should be in the same tense probably -on for mo\ v. 20. How comes ~"B in the midst of so many imperfects. 23. n&isjn should be imperfect, ix. 5. im for m-. *• T xii. 21. should be ns-n cf. npn Imperfect used for Imperative vi. 23. Peculiar forms. vi. 29. -uroi ix. 27 ■ntossn probably errors for naiwsj n-ssi or with Carey to be considered an old 1 st sing Imperative. Vav consecutive. This ancient construction of which scarcely a trace remains in Ecclesiastes, causes this author much perplexity unless indeed the confusion is due to the officious tampering of later scribes. The ordinary employment of it is found frequently, even the use with the imperative in apodosis cf. ii. 9 nisi, but observe in i. 1 we have t-Pi-n for 'm cf. v. 3; i. 4 non io?m for nom •oVn cf. v. 5; i. 5 i3“3i for is-an. GRAMMATICAL NOTES. 107 Again we have the Vav consecutive where the sense and parallels show it to be wrong. We must read iii. 10. ">roy ‘that it might hide’ cf. next yerse yysy ‘I should have come forth to die’ and y. 13; not ppov ‘and did (not) hide’, supplying negative from previous clause. 21. lPiiPErry after participle see next verse. 24. lsny cf. x^n. 25. so probably -rrsy cf. an*, vii. 18. la-ipsrn. ix. 20. vtapyy. 27. rurVasy xii. 22. say 23 a-asy an:y 24 nsny. xiy. 2. ^tey rr,ay. 10. Slay w^ny. Participles. i. 13. 14. 18, yi. 4 niyb’, xv. 22 pies'! for :esi. Inf. Absolute. xiy. 17, xv. 35, xxxviii. 38, see notes. Nonus. Plural y for a*, yVte frequently yppsK xxxi. 11. Aramaic form xix. 26 ‘Epj for nnsps. The above examples are illustrative, an exhaustive list is not aimed at. -s the privative = yx in the name a vs and xxii. 30. ba — piVx these v. 5, xiii. 20. •h. late particle cf. Jer. xxxi. 20 Job xxxix. 25 •na. is pi interrogative xxi. 22, xxii. 2. i in erratic position (see also below under a), iv. 6. Thy hope and thy perfect ways, xxvi. 5. beneath the sea and their inhabitants for ‘those that dwell under the sea’. cf. Is. i. 13 it is evil and the solemn assembly for ‘even the solemn assembly is evil’. vii. 4 anger of Rezin and Aram and Remaliah’s son. xix. 20 a saviour and a mighty and he shall deliver them. Jer. vi. 19 hearken and my law and despised it. viii. 1 At that time saith Jahveh and they brought. 198 GRAMMATICAL NOTES. yiii. 4. on account of 3 ‘as’ has sometimes a peculiar construction, the verb preceding instead of following. xiv. 2. and flees as a shadow and does not stay = as a shadow that flees and stays not. xv. 32. despises as a vine his bitter fruit and casts as an olive his blossom = as a vine etc. xx. 8. As a dream flies without being grasped, and flees as a night vision = and as a vision flees. Observe particularly. x. 16. And he seizes (or ‘rises’) as a lion and thou dost play with me = as a lion seizes so dost thou play with me. "o in its rarer meanings (1) = on to introduce a speech in oratio recta xxi. 30, xxvii. 3, xxxvi. 9. (2) = although viii. 6, xiv. 16. (3) = as xxii. 1 see note. (4) = how nos xxxvi. 24. b Aramaic sign of accusative v. 2, xii. 23, xiv. 15, xvii. 5. io a sort of Arabic form, ioa i>23 ioV for 3 3 b ix. 30, xiv. 9, xvii. 5, xix. 22, xxvii. 14 etc. not to be confounded with 103 103 ittls prepp with 3 d suff. plural rarely singular. ■'£ as a particle -es xxx. 18, xxxviii. 6. in sense of ‘as’ iii. 24, iv. 19. ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. JOB’S SOLILOQUY. 3. Curses day and night; 4. 5. Curses the day particularly, 6 —8«. the night, 8 /?—10. the dawn. 11—13. Wishes he had never been born then he should now have peace. 14—16. And be lying in company with the great ones of the earth, or even without ever enjoying his identity. 17—19. There is general peace. 20 —22. Why create the wretched. 23—25. Why create those doomed to disappointment. 26. He has no such peace as he might have had. v. 13. v. ELIPHAZ’S FIRST SPEECH. 2 . 3. He apologises for intrusion, but reminds Job he has in his time given advice so cannot now refuse it. 4. 5. He marvels Job’s philosophy cannot support him. 6 . 7. Job cannot be innocent else he would not suffer. 8 . 9. The wicked create their own troubles. 10 . 11. They are cut off by the wrath of God without whose care the very lions perish. 12. 13. He supposes inspiration in a dream. 14. 15. the sensatious of horror. 16. an intangible presence. 17. 18. If God charges his eternal angelic spirits with folly; 200 ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. iv. 19. much more beings coarse corporeal. 20 . 21. and short lived. v. 1. 2. No one heeds discontented murmuring. 3. 4. The wicked fool collapses, 5. The poor enjoy his wealth. 6 . 7. Man is doomed to inherit trouble. 8 . 9. He advises him to invoke the Almighty’s help. 10 . 11. who is merciful, 12. 13. before whom all disguise is futile. 14. 15. who is just. 16. 17. Hope springs from the thought that trouble is God’s chastisement, 18. 19. which he will himself temper, 20 . 21. and not allow to be fatal. 22 . 23. Nature shall cease to be at war with him, 24. 25. His family shall be restored 26. 27. He shall die in a good old age. ri. vii. JOB’S ANSWER TO ELIPHAZ’S FIRST SPEECH. 2 —4. His complaining is not unreasonable (cf. v. 2). 5—7. Animals cease to cry for food when their wants are supplied, but he is hungry with his food before him; men do not touch insipid food, nor can he enjoy his affliction. 8 —10. Being innocent he wishes he might die. 11—13. How can Eliphaz expect philosophy from him in tri¬ bulation. 15. 16. He expected consolation from his friends, which he compares to a swollen torrent. 17. 18. but it is dried up by the heat. 19. 20. and those who trusted in it were ashamed. 21 — 23. Their fear of his appealing to their charity is un¬ founded. ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. 201 vi. 24. 25. His words are powerful, their arguments inconclusive. 26. 27. But they worthless as they are, think the reverse. 28—30. He invites them to reply but prefers to continue. vii. 1—3. Man’s is not a short time (iv. 20. 21) but a destined duration of trouble. 4. Even his bed gives him no rest. 5—7. He describes his misery and calls for pity. 8 —10, Man returns not from the grave. 11 . 12 . 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 . viii. 2. 4. 5—7. 8 — 10 . 11 — 13. 14—16. 17—19. 20 — 22 . He feels the necessity of speaking, quite as much as Eliphaz (iv. 2). His bed affords him no comfort (v. 4). He wishes his sufferings might be fatal. Why does God think it worth while to pay such atten¬ tion to men, so worthless as Eliphaz (iv. 17—20) de¬ scribed them. What sin can he have done to attract God’s attention. He wishes God would pardon him, and let him die in peace, not in anger as Eliphaz (iv. 9) nor according to his wife’s suggestion (ii. 9). BILDAD’S FIRST SPEECH. Job is talking wildly there must be some cause for his sufferings; his sons must have perished as a judg¬ ment. He urges him to take Eliphaz’s advice (v. 8) and pro¬ mises him the same revival of fortune (v. 24—-26). He refers him to the superior wisdom of the ancients. The wicked wither like reeds; their hope does not endure, they are easily uprooted like a sucker, If Job is really righteous happiness is in store for him. ix.x. JOB’S ANSWER TO BILBAO'S FIRST SPEECH. 2 —4. Man cannot justify himself with God, because God is too high for him. 5—7. Almighty iu destruction, 202 ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. ix. 8—10. in creation, 11—13. incomprehensible. 14—16. It is useless for him to cry to God cf. v. 9, viii. 5. 17—20. God treats him summarily without a chance of defence. 21—24. It matters not whether he is innocent or guilty, a swift fate attends the latter, the afflictions of the former are the caprice of God. 25—28. His life passes swiftly, but pain makes all attempts at cheerfulness vain. 29—32. Even if he is guilty, God nullifies all his efforts to purify himself. 33—35. He would have no fear of God, if there were an arbi¬ trator between them. x. 1—3. He. will abandon himself to complaint. 4—7. Why does God treat him as shortsighted man would; 8 —11. after so carefully and wonderfully making him. 12—15/3. Why has God ceased his former providence. 15y—17/3. Why does he take delight in tormenting him. 17 y —19. His end is fixed, and many changes are decreed in the interval; 20 —22. but the time is short and the doom irretrievable, then why may he not have peace. xi. ZOPHAR’S FIRST SPEECH. 2 —4. Job must not remain unanswered, 5. 6. It were to be wished God would answer him. 7—9. God’s ways are unscrutable. 10 —12. God mercifully overlooks much sin, out of compassion for man’s folly. 13—15. He repeats Bildad’s advice viii. 5, and refers v. 15 to ix. 29—31. 16—18. The gloomy doom Job fears (x. 20—22) shall be averted. 19.20. Job shall be restored, but the wicked must perish, v. 19 refers to vii. 4. ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. 203 xii. xiii. xiv. JOB’S ANSWER TO ZOPHAR’S FIRST SPEECH. 2 . 3. His friends’ assumption of superiority is unfounded. 4—6. It is easy for the prosperous to despise affliction. 7—10. Inanimate creation can teach as well as the ancients, y. 9 repeats v. 3 everybody knows as much; 11 . 12. common sense and experience of age are all that is required, v. 12 (cf. vi. 30) applied to Job gives point to Elihu’s sarcasm xxxiv. 3 and to the allusion by God to Job’s age xxxviii. 21. 13—16. Still God’s wisdom is unapproachable (cf. his own similar argument ix. 4—13). 17—19. Kings and princes, 20 —22. The counsellors of the nation, 23—25. the nation itself, are all the playthings of God. xiii. 1—3. Eliphaz at the close of his first speech v. 27 recom¬ mended Job to ponder on his discoveries Job asserts his own experience is precisely the same. He accepts (v. 3) Zophar’s proposal that God should argue with him; 4—6. retorts on him his charge (xi. 3) of incorrect bab¬ bling, and calls them worthless physicians for prescrib¬ ing as his cure, repentance for sins he has not com¬ mitted. He wishes they would hold their peace as Zophar (xi. 3) had intimated. 7—9. While they pretend to argue for God, are they them¬ selves able to stand the inspection they allude to (iv. 17). 10 —12. If God should argue with themselves (xi. 5. 6) would they not be afraid; their traditional maxims would appear as worthless as if inscribed in dust instead of rock; they also inhabit clay houses. 12—16. He must speak for his life is in imminent danger, his confidence is based on innocence (vi. 10). 17 —19. He feels himself in the presence of the Judge and challenges the prosecutor. 20 —22. Then appalled at the majesty of God, he asks two 204 ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. xiii. 20—22. favours, cessation of bodily pain, and to hear God’s voice either in answer to or addressing him. 23—25. He would fain know what his sins really are; but God does not reveal himself it must be in anger not from fear. 26.27. God seems to be punishing him for long-forgot¬ ten sins. xiv. 1—3. Why does God think it worth while to notice and sue such unfortunate evanescent creatures as man. ‘Springs like a flower that fades’ is a reply to Eli- phaz’s philosophical comparison v. 7. 4 — 6. Zophar had urged an impossibility (xi. 14. 15). Why may not man enjoy himself in the short space of time allotted to him, uninspected by God. 7—9. A lopped tree has enough life to bear shoots. 10—12. But man like water that is passed or evaporated dies never to rise again. 13. 14. Job wishes God would lay him in the grave and restore him ; but as this is impossible he will hold on to the hope of restitution as long as life it¬ self lasts. 15 —17. It is possible if God will forget his past sins. 18—20. But God wears him away by repeated disappointment. 21. 22. All interest in life is denied him. xv. ELIPHAZ’S SECOND SPEECH. 2 . 3. It is hardly worth while to answer Job. He adopts Bildad’s (viii. 2) perversion of Job’s (vi. 26) allusion to his own words being mere wind in their opinion. 4. 6. Job is impious however cunningly he may disguise it. 7 —10. Job’s age is not so very great. 11 —13. In rejecting them he is rejecting God’s consolation. 14—16. He applies Job’s remark (xiv. 4) to himself and # ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. 205 xy. 14—16. repeats his argument (iv. 18. 19) with pointed refer¬ ence to Job’s diseased condition. 17—19. He will not talk dogmatically like Job (xiii. 17) but will relate experience handed down from immemorial tradition. 20 —22. The wicked are troubled like Job. 23. 24. The terrors of the wucked man, 25—27. his defiance of God, 28. 29. his wealth is doomed to destruction, 30.31. his labour is vain, 32'—35. his reward deceptive v. 34 refers to Job’s trials. xvi. xvii. JOB’S REPLY TO ELIPHAZ’S SECOND SPEECH. 2 . 3. Eliphaz has (xv. 18) quoted what everybody knows, do they call such miserable consolations divine (xv. 11). If they object so much to words of wiud (xv. 2) why were they guilty of answering him. 4. 5. In their place he could easily offer similar con¬ solation. 6 —8. He can neither speak nor be silent, God has utterly crushed him. v. 7 refers to xv. 34. 9—11. God treats him as his enemy, and leaves him to the hostile treatment of his three friends. 12—14. So far from defying God (xv. 25) God smote him in unsuspecting peace. God made a charge at him, not he at God as Eliphaz (xv. 27) had said. 15. 16. His is an attitude of grief not of defiance. 17 —19. Heaven and earth are witness to his innocence. 20 .21. His friends, instead of sympathising, take God’s side, xvii. 22. 1. He shall soon die, the grave demands him to fulfil his contract. 2 —4. These representatives of God are foolish, he wishes God to fix his own terms. 206 ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. xvii. 5—7. Certainly his condition looks like the fate of the wicked ; 8 . 9. a mystery to the righteous but still he will not rebel. 10—12. He challenges them to return to the debate, it is useless for them to cheer him (xi. 17) with prospect of brighter days; 13. 14. the grave is his only prospect, 15. 16. when all his hope of restitution would be lost. xviii. BILDAD’S SECOND SPEECH. 2 . 3. Job asks (xvi. 3) what obliges them to speak, when he provides the occasion; he insults them (xvii. 4) as being ignorant as beasts, and asking them (xiii. 5) to be dumb. 4. Job (xvi. 9) talks as if God absorbed with the punish¬ ment of him, was concentrating his attention upon him. 5—7. The hope of the wicked is dashed, 8 —10. his own plots ruin him; 11—14. disaster disease and death await him, 15—18. divine judgments befal him, 19—21. his posterity is destroyed. All with personal allusion to Job. JOB’S ANSWER TO BILDAD’S SECOND SPEECH. 2 . 3. Why do they weary him. 4—7. If he has erred, it is his matter; God refuses him justice. 8 —10. God has disappointed him. 11 . 12. He repeats (xvi. 9—11) his complaint of God’s anger. 13—16. His friends relatives and servants neglect him. 17—19. His wife and brethren abandon him, his juniors mock him, his chief friend is turned against him. 20 —22. He makes an affecting appeal for pity. ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. 207 xix. 23. 24. He wishes his very words indelibly recorded to pre¬ vent misunderstanding. 25—27/3. His restitution shall take place before he dies. 27 y —29. They will not leave him as long as he has strength to retort. Instead of warning him, let them fear for themselves. xx. ZOPHAR’S SECOND SPEECH. 2 —5. Zophar complains Job has retorted on him his own speech xii. 12—25 cf. xi. 6; xiii. 5 cf. xi. 3; xvii. 5. 7 cf. xi. 20; xvii. 12 cf. xi. 17; and xix. 3 cf. xi. 3; so he begins with a retort on Job, though you affect to know so much (xix. 25) of the future, you seem to forget the proverbial shortlived success of sinners in the past, 6 —8. illustrating apparently by the Tower of Babel. 9—11. However wealthy the wicked may become, he must some day cease. 12—14. His choice sins bring trouble upon him. 15—18. God shall make him disgorge his unlawfully acquired wealth, 19—21. because of his oppressions he is left without an heir. 22 . 23. In the midst of success God shall send catastrophe, 24—26a. he cannot escape divine retribution. 26/3—29. Heaven and earth shall combine to leave the impress of God’s anger upon him. He thus makes allusion to Job’s speeches, v. 7 cf. xiv. 10; v. 11 cf. xvii. 16; v. 14 cf. iii. 24, vi. 7; v. 27 cf. xvi. 18. 19. He also distinctly echoes Eliphaz v. 15 cf. v. 5; v. 26 cf. xv. 24; v. 27 cf. xv. 29. xxi. JOB’S ANSWER TO ZOPHAR’S SECOND SPEECH. 2 —4. He intreats them to bear with him while he illus¬ trates the nature of their consolations. If he utters his complaint to God it is not their matter; if not, 208 ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. xxi. 2—4. he may be impatient without incurring the charge of impiety. 5—8. He wishes to start on a new track but the problem of the success of the wicked still overpowers him; 9—12. their cattle and family prosper, 13—16. defying the Almighty they still live to a cheerful old age. 17. 18. What is the use of talking of their punishment as Bildad (xviii. 5. 12) and Zophar (xx. 7. 8. 23) did. 19—22. No, it is the good whom God afflicts. God who is occupied with celestial matters cannot explain his plans to man. 23—26. He contrasts the death of the wicked and good. 27—30. He knows well enough their pretended generalities are personal. 31-—33. How have they the heart to find fault with him in the presence of imminent death. 34. Full worthless is their consolation. xxii. ELIPHAZ’S THIRD SPEECH. 2 —4. Why should God teach man (xxi. 22) there is no gain to him if the pupil learns the lesson. 5—7. He will speak plainly (xxi. 27—30) this time, Job must have been guilty of want of philanthropy, 8 —10. of absolute oppression. 11 —14. Job asks in his ignorance, if God can know; 15—18. such was the question of the wicked before the flood. 19. 20. The righteous rejoice in God's punishment of the wicked (xvii. 8. 9). 21 .22. He returns to his first advice ‘Be reconciled to God’. 23—26. then shall follow restitution v. 25 cf. v. 23 ; v. 26 cf.xi. 15. 27—30. God will grant him his requests even in behalf of others. ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. 209 xxiii. xxiv. JOB’S ANSWER TO ELIPHAZ’S THIRD SPEECH. 2 —4. Similar in opening to his answer to Eliphaz’s First Speech. Bitter though his mourning be, it is more than justified by his sufferings. 5—7. He is sure he should gain his cause, if God would treat him as his equal; but he fears he would only ignore him. 9—10. He is at a disadvantage, though he cannot find God, God knows his every step. 11 —13. There is no need to tell him (xxii. 22) to keep God’s law. God treats him arbitrarily. 14—17. God the eternal cuts short Job’s little span of life; still it is God no unseen malevolent power which crushes him. xxiv. 1—3. The wicked are not cut short they flourish in crime. 4—5. The poor suffer, 6 —8. they toil poorly paid for the wicked, 10 —12. oppressed they cry unheeded to God. 13—15. The wicked because their deeds are evil are rebels against the light. The murderer, the adulterer, 14 y. 16. 17. 19. the thief and robber are described. 18.20.21. But he admits the wicked die at last under a curse. 22—25. When the wicked die, all his emissaries perish too. xxv. BILDAD’S THIRD SPEECH. 2 . 3. God is almighty (xii. 13—16) he conquers his rebels (xxiv. 13). 4—6. He quotes and amplifies Eliphaz iv. 18, xv. 14. 15. xxvi. 2—4. 5—7. 8 — 10 . JOB’S ANSWER TO BILDAD’S THIRD SPEECH. Certainly Bildad has answered him well! Where did he get his quotation from ? Has he too seen a vision (cf. c. iv)? God Almighty created Hell beneath and Heaven above. He separated the waters that were above from the waters that were below the firmament. 14 210 ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. xxiv. 11 —13. 14. xxvii. xxyiii. 2—4. 5—7. 8 — 10 . 11 . 12 . 13—15. 16—18. 19 — 21. 22. 23. Sky and sea alike he agitates. But then we only get a rumbling whisper concern¬ ing him, who can imagine therefrom God’s full majesty. JOB’S UNANSWERED CHALLENGE. He swears he will speak honestly (cf. xv. 5). He will not admit himself wrong. If he is wicked what is the use of inviting him to call upon God. He will show them he is not ignorant. They say the family of the wicked perish, their riches also come to an end. Nature wars against them. God punishes them and then men deride them. xxyiii. 1.2. 5. 6. Man gets metals and precious stones from the earth. 3. 4. 7. 8. Man can make himself paths unknown to Nature. 9—11. Man can overcome all obstacles. 12—14. But wisdom defies his search. 15—19. He cannot give his precious discoveries in exchange for it. 20 —22. Yea wisdom defies his search. 23—27. It is known only to God who governs the universe. 28. Simple piety is man’s truest wisdom. xxix—xxxi. JOB’S SOLILOQUY. 2 . 3. He wishes God were with him as of yore, 4—6. when his blessing was upon him, 7—10. when he enjoyed universal respect, 11—14. when gratitude was accorded to him for his benevolence. ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. 211 xxix. 15. 16. He was merciful aud just, 17—20. and thought his reward was safe. 21—24. He enjoyed universal respect (cf. 7—10). xxx. 25. 1. He was their leader; but now all respect fails him. 2 —4. His friends described him as the wicked, he depicts them as destitute of everything as they are of con¬ solation. 5—8. They are cursed and despised by men. 9 —11. Yet they despise him. Observe the contrast to the respect xxix. 7—10, 21—24. 12 — 14. They not only despise him but compass his ruin (cf. xix. 18). 15. The terror he had forgotten returns upon him, his hopes xxix. 17—20 are doomed to disappointment. 16—19. He alludes to his bodily sufferings. 20—23. God is ruthlessly hunting him to death. 24.25. He has not been unsympathetic (xxix. 17—20); 26—28. then why this unexpected requital. 29—31. He can do nothing but mourn. xxxi. 1—3. If God has decreed punishment to the wicked; 4—6. let him only treat him fairly aud he must acknow¬ ledge his innocence. 7. 8. He has not been guilty of lust, 9—12. much less of adultery. 13— 15. He has not oppressed his servant, 16—18. nor been guilty of ingratitude to the descendants of those who nursed him as a child; 19—23. nor of general oppression. 24—28. He has not made an idol of wealth, or succumbed to the enticements of grosser idolatry. 14* 29—31. He has not even hated his enemy, 32. 34. 33. nor been wanting in hospitality. 212 ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. xxxi. 38—40. He has not obtained his food at the expense of others (cf. v. 5 etc.). 35—37. With this statement of his innocence, and with the accusation of his three friends he is willing to approach God for decision. XXXVlll. xxxix. JAHVEH’S REPROOF. 2 . 3. Jahveh invites Job to argue with him, he will ask him to explain a few simple facts concerning 4 — 7. the earth, 8 —11. the sea; 12—15. the skies, 16—18. the depths, 19—21. light and darkness; 22—24. snow hail and wind, 25—27. rain 28—30. dew and ice; 31. 32. the stars, 33—36. the clouds and lightning, 37. 38. the effect of a storm upon the earth; 39—41. the lion, xxxix. 1—4. the gazelle, 5—8. the wild ass; 9—12. the oryx, 19—22. the horse, 23—25. the horse in battle; 26. the migration of birds, 27—30. the eagle, 13—15. the ostrich, 16—18. the ostrich when hunted; ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. 213 xl. 2. Will Job who has often challenged his friends an¬ swer God. 5. Job is too crushed to reply. 7. 8. God offers him fair terms. 9—11. If Job cannot understand the works of God, much less has he his power, 12—14. and cannot attempt the moral government of the uni¬ verse with which he finds fault. xlii. 2. 3. Job is convinced, 4—6. and humbled. LATER ADDITIONS. xxxii. xxxiii. ELIHU’S FIRST DISCOURSE. 6 . 7. He has been silent out of respect to age, 8 —10. but he thinks inspiration is better than experience. 11 — 14. He is surprised that the three friends left Job under the impression that man was incapable of refuting him. 15—17. So he speaks himself, 18— 20. from sheer necessity. xxxiii. 21—3. He will be honest and just (xxvii. 2—4). 4—7. He cannot affright Job being a mortal like himself. 8 —11. Job accuses God of injustice, 12— 14. and of being unable to explain himself to man. 15—18. God does speak to man by night visions, 19— 22. by sickness; 23. 24. and spares him from death on being told of his up¬ rightness. 25. 26. Again by restoration to health God speaks to man, 27. 28. bringing him to a confession of guilt. 214 ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. xxxiii. 29—33. xxxiv. xxxv. 2. 3. 4—6. 7—9. 10 — 12 . 19. 20. 21—24. 25—28. 29a/?. 13—15. 16. 17. These three methods of teaching man defy Job’s power to refute. ELIHU’S SECOND SPEECH. Job says, Common sense must criticise (xii, 11). Let us apply this to his charging God with in¬ justice. Job is manifestly impious. God must be just, his treatment of princes proves it. God sees and knows everything, and therefore has no need to hear man’s defence before sentencing him. His treatment of the wicked has always been the same. If God should give man the opportunity of appear¬ ing before him, the result must be death. How can Job impatient of judgment judge God. 18. 29y—32. However worthless a monarch may be we must not fail in respect to him; how much more un¬ becoming to tell God he is punishing him unjustly. 33. 34. Job must decide if he has fairly represented his opinions; if so he wishes to hear no more from Job, 35—37. who is foolish and wicked, xxxv. 2.3. not only denying God justice, but making him¬ self better than God. 4. 5. Elihu will answer him another way. 6—8. God is alike unaffected by Job’s guilt and goodness. 9—11. Men murmur but do not pray, 12—14. and then marvel God does not hear their prayer. 15. 16. Job is bold being unrebuked by God. xxxvi. xxxvii. ELIHU’S THIRD DISCOURSE. 2—4. There is more to be said in argument on God’s side. 5—7. God does not despise wise enquiry; it is not true that he favours the wicked. ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. 215 xxxvi. 8—10. God argues with all meu by suffering, 11. 12. the result depends upon their reception of it. 13. 14. The proud ungodly refuse to acknowledge God’s power to heal them, and perish prematurely from excesses; 15— 17. but the meek poor shall be restored. 18—21. Let not Job when restored forget his affliction, and think he could have deserved restitution. 22—25. Mighty as God is, he is the only teacher (xxi. 22). 26—29. It is not that God cannot see through the clouds, it is man who cannot pierce them, he can know nothing beyond the sound of thunder (xxvi. 14). 30—33. Observe the light and the lightning which man does not understand, but which God makes amen¬ able to the righteous. xxxvii. 1—5. Then he imagines a thunderstorm, a necessary prelude to the appearance of Jahveh in the next chapter, before which the writer intended this addition to be inserted. 6—10. By cold God teaches man his debt to his Maker, 11—13. also by giving and withholding rain. 14—15. Surely this must silence Job. 16— 20. Job cannot understand all these things, if he does let him explain them to his ignorant friends. 21—24. The ignorance of man does not prove the absence of wisdom beyond the skies. Humble admission of ignorance and reverence is becoming to man. THE SECTIONS ON BEHEMOTH AND LEVIATHAN, xl. 15—xli. 26. BEHEMOTH. 15—18. Observe the size of the hippopotamus, 19—21. the provision made for his needs, 22. 23. the river and its trees are his home. 216 ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES. LEVIATHAN. xl. 25. 26. 24. 27. Can man fish for the crocodile with line or net. 28—31. He cannot be tamed, or sold alive, xli. 32—3. If man is afraid of him surely he should be of his Maker. 4—6. He will describe the crocodile in detail; his armour and his jaws 7—9. his scales like a testudo 10—13. his fiery breath and glances. 14—17. The crocodile fears nothing; the stags coming to drink are afraid of him. 18—21. All weapons are futile against him. 22—26. He makes impressions on the mud, and stirs up the sea. He is the chief of all reptiles. GLOSSARY. Words peculiar to Job marked § Arabisms * Aramaisms f. Where references are given to other books, they are exhaustive, unless followed by etc. * -t ns freshness, verdure viii. 12 Cant. vi. 11 Dan. iv. 9, xi. 18. * § /run reed, akin to above ix. 26. 'as would that xxxiv. 36 connected by Ewald with bb, by Wetztein shown akin to nj>s to entreat. bzn to mourn xiv. 22. subs, mourning xxx. 31. meadow xxix. 25. v^sas drop xxxviii. 28 akin to bn to roll. / psas reed xl. 26,'’xli. 13 Isaiah only cf. sea; to suck. ■ps pillar, pier xxxviii. 6. sis bottle xxxii. 19 elsewhere of ventriloquism. bnn fool v. 2. 3. ps misfortune iv. 8, v. 6, xv. 38. sin xi. 11 and frequently, ps strength xl. 16. wealth (cf. ism ms) xviii. 7. 12, xx. 10 Prov. xi. 7. ms sign xxi. 29. but go xiv. 11. ms papyrus viii. 11 Gen. xli. 2. pins successor xviii. 20, xix. 25. ms hawk xv. 23, xxviii. 7. T - V;s stag xli. 17 fern, xxxix. 1. P's continued xxxiii. 19. firmly established, reliable xii. 19. 218 GLOSSARY. t ' § for tVs these y. 15, xiii. 20, 1 Chr. xx. 8. Vn Penta¬ teuch. nVs diseased xy. 16 Ps. xiv. 3, liii. 4. b'bx worthless, vain xiii. 4 cf. Vis. q-s teach xv. 5, xxxiii. 33, xxxv. 11 Prov. xxii. 25. Vs wither xxxvii. 13 Is. xxxiii. 9 etc. ra>as evening xxx. 3. raiss sick xxxiv. 6 Mic. i. 9 Is. xvii. 11 Jer. 5 times, 2 Sam. xii. 15. Vs darkness. des without vii. 6 favourite word with Isaiah. P'tS watercourse vi. 15. tubes xl. 18. ridges xli. 7. princes xii. 21. nis path vi. 18, viii. 13 ete. caravan vi. 19 Gen. xxxvii. 25 Is. xxi. 13. traveller xxxi. 32. “Eras quiver xxxix. 23 Is. xxii. 6, xlix. 2 Jer. v. 16 Lam. iii. 13 Ps. cxxvii. 5. rrx come iii. 24, xvi. 22, xxx. 14, xxxvii. 22. tirasa tares xxxi. 40. ija false, treacherous vi. 15. Isaiah Jeremiah ete. ia bars xvii. 16. limbs xviii. 13, xli. 4. babble xi. 3 Is. Jer. iVa see Vn. to choose ix. 14 etc. • test, prove xxxiv. 4, xxxvi. 21 = -jra Is. xlviii. 10. ■jisa belly i. 21. '312= my (mother’s) womb iii. 9, xix. 17. •3a weeping xvi. 16. trickling xxviii. 11. 333 be cheerful ix. 27, x. 20 Am. v. 9 Ps. xxxix. 13 Jer. viii. 18. rasVa nothing xxvi. 7 opposite to rrais*. W provender vi. 5 Jud. xix. 21 etc. iW not his own xviii. 15, xxiv. 6 cf. 13 s? Hab. i. 6. GLOSSAKY. 219 yhz swallow vii. 19, xx. 15. 18. destroy ii. 3, viii. 18, xxxvii. 20. '-vbz beyond, beside xxxiv. 32 lit: ‘not inclusive’ -y b>z. crests ix. 8 see Introd.: Quotations Am. iv. 13. -yz near, after, (seal) up i. 10, ii. 4, ix. 7. in behalf of ii. 4, vi. 22. nss mire viii. 11, xl. 21 swamp Ez. xlvii. 11. •jzz gain xxii. 3, xxvii. 8. cut off vi. 9. § pss knead xxxviii. 38 denom: from dough Ex. xii. 34 etc. s* § -S3 gold xxii. 24. 25, xxxvi. 19. t “2 outside xxxix. 4 Daniel hence -ai». ~>z pure xi. 4. -a purity ix. 30, xxii. 30. t ms flee ix. 25, xiv. 2, xx. 24, xxvii. 22, xli. 20. ■'“a cf. ■'i. n—3 bar xxvi. 13, xxxviii. 10 perhaps ‘fleeing’ xxvi. 13 Is. xxvii. 1. "p3 bless i. 10. 21, xxxi. 20, xlii. 12. blaspheme v. 11, ii. 5. 9, 1 Ki. xxi. 10. *§ ns; to seize x. 16. ns; to grow viii. 11. pride xl. 11. 12. ms; „ xli. 6. m°; „ xxii. 29, xxxiii. 17 Jer. xiii. 17. ■ps; „ xxxv. 12, xxxvii. 4, xxxviii. 11, xl. 10. ^s; to redeem iii. 5. Vindicator xix. 25. f § 3 ; body xiii. 12 cf. Dan. vii. 6 back see m;. § boss of shield xv. 26 cf. 1 Ki. vii. 33 navel of wheel, ns; mount high, place high v. 7, xxxv. 5, xxxvi. 7, xxxix. 27 high xi. 8, xxii. 12, xl. 10. § n;-3; cheese x. 10. § »'3; crystal xxviii. 18 cf. ‘hail’ Ez. xiii. 11. 13, xxxviii. 22. a; roof viii. 17. mu cut oneself ii. 8 Dt. xiv. 1 1 Ki. xviii. 28 Jer. xli. 5 etc. mn; troop xix. 12, xxv. 3, xxix. 25 hence -us ‘wing’, mu hedge (hostile) xix. 8 Lam. iii. 7 etc. 220 GLOSSARY. ^ t ' § § flia ma ana sta “iTJ »*a -U i ^ «» niteVa k« na>a l>a>a ®a>a a^a a>n; -3N“ n^a- TH ill V’’ ■a>n WSl “T s “ *§ dit nxn 7T n xin nifi heap xxi. 32. „ of corn v. 26 Jud. xv. 5 Ex. xxii. 5. back xx. 25 cf. aa. to issue xxxyiii. 8, xl. 23 Jud. xx. 33 Mic. iv. 10 Ez. xxxii. 2 Ps. xxii. 10. expire iii. 11, x. 18, xiii. 19, xiy. 10, xxyii. 5, xxix. 18, x^xyi. 12. stump xiy. 8 Is. xi. 1, xl. 24 cf. yna to hew. to decree xxii. 28 Esth. ii. 1 elsewhero ‘cut off = na. sinew x. 11, xl. 17. clod yii. 5. skin xyi. 15. barren iii. 7, xv. 34, xxx. 3 Is. xlix. 21. to swallow xxxix. 24 Gen. xxiy. 17. reed yiii. 11. to low vi. 5 1 Sam. yi. 12. defile, reject xxi. 10 cf. 2 Sam. i. 21 etc. be troubled xxxiy. 20 Jer. Ps. xyiii. bone xl. 18. to withhold xv. 4. 8, xxxvi. 7. 27. hungry yi. 7 Jer. xxxi. 25 akin to an. anxiety xli. 14. cause v. 8 elsewhere adverbial Ps. cx. 4 Eccl. Dan. cauldron xli. 11. sickness xyiii. 13 Ps. xli. 4. to dance xli. 14. hang xxviii. 4 akin to nVn. run (of water) xyi. 20 Ps. cxix. 28 Eccl. x. 18. knowledge xxxii. 6. 10. 17, xxxvi. 3, xxxvii. 16. „ xxxvi. 4, 1 Sam. ii. 3. quench xyiii. 5. 6, xxi. 17 Prov. xiii. 9, xx. 20, xxiy. 20 Is. xliii. 17 Ps. cxviii. 12. disappear vi. 17. south xxxvii. 16 Eccl. Ez. Dt. xxxiii. 23. ha ha xxxix. 25 mimetic of sound of trumpet, trample xl. 12 cf. Tp" to fall xxxvii. 6. destruction, fate vi. 2, xyi. 8, xxx. 13. GLOSSARY. 221 ^>n shine xxv. 5, xxix. 3, xxxi. 26, xli. 9 Is. xiii. 10 etc. be foolish xii. 27 Is. xliv. 25 etc. n^nn folly iy. 18. ■pan uproar xxxix. 7. crowd xxxi. 34. ^nn to mock xiii. 9. tnVpn mocking xyii. 3. dht loathe yi. 7, xxxiii. 20. "iit to crush xxxix. 15, 2 Ki. iy. 35 Is. lix. 5. IsnT to fear = Vm xxxii. 6 serpent Dt. xxxii. 24 Mic. yii. 17. n-3“i2T glass, xxviii. 17. pure, frequently late in this usage. Pent, ‘pure oil’. crime xxxi. 11. nor* eyil devices xxi. 27. good „ xiii. 2 Prov. i. 4, y. 2, viii. 12 Jer. xxiii. 20, xxx. 24. young xxxvi. 2 little Is. xxviii. 10. 13 == -nyx. ppn grow old xiy. 8 Proy. xxii. 6. ppT melt xxxyi. 27. refine xxviii. 1. pro xi. 15 purified, apt dry up yi. 17 = a-x. an bosom xxxi. 33. i>an pledge xyii. 1, xxii. 6, xxiv. 3. 9. do wrong xxxiv. 31 cf. defile Is. xiii. 5 etc. l=an pangs — V-n xxxix. 3 Is. xxvi. 17 etc. cords xviii. 10, xxi. 17, xxxyi. 8, xl. 25. pi Vann skill (rudder lines) xxxvii. 12 Prov. only. *an be sociable, condole xvi. 4. Hiph. here only. !"Han society xxxiy. 8. n^an merchants xl. 30. ® 2 n bind v. 18 early usage ‘girth an ass’, cover a face xl. 13. arrest xxx iv. 17. restrain xxviii. 11. D’tnn spikes xli. 22 of a harrow. Vm cease iii. 17, yii. 16, xiy. 6, xvi. 6. GLOSSARY. jm vault xxii. 14 Is. xl. 22 Prov. viii. 27. to span xxvi. 10. mn to show xiii. 17, xv. 17, xxxii. 6. 10. 17, xxxvi. 2, xli. 4 Ps. xix. 3 Daniel, mn thorn xxxi. 40, xl. 26. mn cave xxx. 6. ttjin senses xx. 2 cf. Eccl. ii. 25. rnn lightning xxviii. 27, xxxviii. 25 Zach. x. 1. xt>n to miss xxiv. 19. stannn to hide oneself xli. 16. Vn strength xxi. 7. wealth v. 5, xv. 29, xx. 15. 18 Jer. xv. 13, xvii. 3 etc. nVn pain vi. 10. T;n palate Job 7 times Prov. Pss. Lam. Cant. Hos. viii. 1. nsn hook xl. 25 Is. xix. 8 Hab. i 15. -t^n age, life x. 20, xi. 17 Ps. xvii. 14, xxxix. 6, xlix. 2, lxxxix. 48. bbn to form, create xv. 7, xxvi. 5. be in labour xxxix. 1. be troubled xv. 20. wait xxxv. 14 Ps. xxxvii. 7 etc. a^n to dream xx. 8 etc. be strong xxxix. 4 Is. xxxviii. 16. ruaVn mallow vi. 6. r^n pass iv. 15, ix. 11. 26, xi. 10, xiv. 10 cf. Hab. i. 11 etc. transfix xx. 24 cf. Jud. v. 26. change xiv. 7, xxix. 20. HE-Vn change, vicissitude x. 17, xiv. 14 Ps. lv. 20. nswn butter xx. 17, xxix. 6 (xxx. 28?). a’an to be warm vi. 17, xxx. 4, xxxi. 20, xxxvii. 17, xxxix. 14. n»n sun xxx. 28 Is. xxiv. 23, xxx. 26 Cant. vi. 10 Ps. xix. 7. ittmm he red xvi. 16 be hot Lam. i. 20, ii. 11. run tent xix. 17 Jer. xxxvii. 16. cpn wicked 8 times Is. ix. 6, x. 16, xxxiii. 14 Prov. xi. 9 Ps. xxxv. 16. Ten to be afraid xl. 23 Dt. xx. 3 etc. to wag xl. 17. GLOSSARY. 223 *sn to fear vi. 20, xi. 18. (dig, burrow Jer. xiii. 7 etc.) paw xxxix. 21. nsn to divide xl. 30. yxn to halve xxi. 21. ppn to engrave xix. 23. set a limit xxvi. 10 cf. Prov. viii. 27 etc. npnrm to surround xiii. 27. pn limit xxviii. 26, xxxviii. 10. fixed time xiv. 5. 13, xix. 27, xxiii. 14 (pm bosom xxiii. 12). am a scythe xl. 19. Vim nettle xxx. 7 Zeph. ii. 9 Prov. xxiv. 31. rpn spring, youth xxix. 4. •pm determined xiv. 5. harrow xli. 22, 2 Sam. xii. 31 Is. xxviii. 27, xli. 15. pm gnash xvi. 9 Ps. xxxv. 16, xxxvii. 12, cxii. 10 Lam. ii. 16 (cf. yin Josh. x. 21). “fort withhold 6 times (xvi. 5 read pm). rbrr, swaddling clothes xxxviii. 9 (root Ez. xvi. 4, xxx. 21 only). aim seize ix. 12 cf. Prov. xxiii. 28 only, mn dig xxiv. 16 Am. ix. 2 Jer. ii. 34 Ez. 6 times, rnn terrify vii. 14, xxxi. 34, xxxii. 15, xxxiii. 16, xxxix. 22. Vaia to dip ix. 31 Gen. xxxvii. 31 etc. sata to sink xxxviii. 6 Ex. xv. 4 etc. nine the inward parts xxxviii. 36 Ps. Ii. 8. Via to cast xli. 1 1 Sam. xviii. 11 etc. Is. Jer. Vtaa tube xl. 18. ■jnta to grind (obscene use) xxxi. 10. rwta to be dumb xviii. 3 akin to aiax. rftn. D3>ta taste vi. 6. sense xii. 20. Via sew, devise xiii. 4, xiv. 17 Ps. cxix. 69 cf. iep. mia burden xxxvii. 11 Is. i. 14 Dt. i. 12 = na' to afflict xix. 2 Is. Ii. 23 Zeph. iii. 18 Lam. y-r to toil x. 3, xxxix. 11. 16. worn iii. 17. yr work xx. 18. vr* GLOSSARY. to fear iii. 25, ix. 28 Dt. ix. 19, xxviii. 60 Jer. xxii. 25, xxxix. 17 Ps. cxix. 39. m a sore xxiii. 2 Ps. lxxvii. 3. tt to join iii. 6 Gen. xlix. 6 Ps. lxxxyi. 11 Is. xiy. 20. m to wait xiii. 15 etc. rVmn trust xli. 1 Ps. xxxix. 8 Prov. x. 28, xi. 7, xiii. 12 Lam. iii. 18. rpav' shoot, sucker viii. 16, xiy. 7, xy. 30 Hos. xiy. 7 Ps. lxxx. 12 Ez. xyii. 22 cf. Is. liii. 2. -D' to chasten xy. 30. reproye iv. 3. “Dia reproof v. 17, xx. 3, xxxyi. 10 "o» xxxiii. 16. bond xii. 18 akin to -mx. goats xxxix. 1 Ps. civ. 18. Proper name 1 Sam. xxiv. 3. to shine iii. 3, x. 3. 22, xxxvii. 15 Dt. xxxiii. 2 Ps. 1. 2, lxxx. 2, xciv. 1 Ez. xxviii. 7 —17. yis' a bed xyii. 14. psr to melt xxyiii. 2. pour xxii. 16, xxix. 6. be firm xli. 15. 16. pxia molten mirror xxxvii. 10. 18. firmness xxxviii. 38. “iirr limb xyii. 7. n— to teach vi. 24, viii. 10, xii. 8, xxvii. 11, xxxiv. 32. mitt a teacher xxxvi. 22. to cast, lay xxx. 19, xxxviii. 6. n'-itt archers xxxix. 18, xli. 1. to cast xvi. 11 cf. Numb. xxii. 32. vv' aged xii. 12, xv. 10, xxix. 8, xxxii. 6, 2 Chr. xxxvi. 17. -m tent peg xviii. 14 Jud. iv. 21 etc. “m remnant xxii. 20. tent-cord iv. 21. *'ma cord xyii. 11 Jer. x. 10. mas prevail xxxv. 16 (cf. viii. 2). mighty viii. 2, xxxiv. 24 Is. x. 13, xyi. 14, xyii. 12, xxyiii. 2. almighty xxxiv. 17, xxxvi. 5. plenty xxxi. 25 (n-asa xxxvi. 31) aged xv. 10. GLOSSARY. 225 213 false vi. 28, xxiv. 25, xxxiv. 6, xli. 1. cruel xxx. 21, xli. 2 ■nrss xix. 13. -ns destroy iy. 7, xy. 28, xxii. 20. hide xx. 12. falsify yi. 10, xv. 18, xxvii. 11, cf. »ns. ns strength iii. 17 etc. riches yi. 22, xxiv. 22, xxx. 2, xxxvi. 19. ans deny viii. 18, xxxi. 28. leanness xvi. 6, xxx. 18 Ps. cix. 24. -h-' 3 spark xli. 11 cf. -s-s Is. liv. 12 Ez. xxvii. 16. yi-"3 lance xxxix. 23, xli. 21. mms war xv. 24, xxi. 20. n»'s Pleiades ix. 9, xxxviii. 31 Am. v. 8. ripeness, vigour y. 26, xxx. 2. a'-v'“i>33 eclipse iii. 5 cf. -as Lam. y. 10. “3= be partial xxxii. 21. 22 cf. ms to name Is. xliy. 5, xlv. 4 Ezra. xcs seat xxxvi. 7 (nos xxiii. 17, xxvi. 9 1 Ki. x. 19) etc. Vos confidence viii. 14, xxxi. 24, ns os iy. 6. loins xv. 27 Ps. xxxviii. 8 Ley. V-os Orion ix. 9 Am. v. 8 Is. xiii. 10. ass to long xiv. 15 Gen. xxxi. 30 Zeph. ii. 1 Ps. xyii. 12, lxxxiv. 3. •ass grief, complaining v. 2, yi. 2, x. 17, xyii. 7 = oys. ses double xi. 6, xli. 5 Is. xl. 2 cf. n^ssa Gen. xxiii. ■]es hunger v. 22, xxx. 3 cf. Ez. xyii. 7. s-es young lion iy. 10, xxxviii. 39. ns: ransom xxxiii. 24, xxxvi. 18. -es hoar frost xxxviii. 29. ms to bargain vi. 27, xl. 30 Gen. 1. 5 Hos. iii. 2. ars pure gold xxviii. 16. 19, xxxi. 24 Ps. xlv. 10 Prov. xxv. 12 Lam. iy. 1 Cant. v. 11 Dan. x. 5. sirs shoulder xxxi. 22. ms wait xxxvi. 2. nns to cut off iv. 20. ns’s to weary, faint ir. 2. 5 Gen. xix. 11 and late use. ExV gently xv. 11 cf. Puth iii. 7 etc. asi? wisdom ix. 4, xii. 3, xxxiv. 10. 34. i5 GLOSSARY. nV wisdom xii. 24, xxxvi. 5. 13, xxxvii. 24. to be wise xi. 12. an!: gleaming steel xxxix. 23, xli. 13 Jud. iii. 22 Nab. iii. 3. nan!s® fire xv. 30 Ez. xxi. 3. tsrfs to kindle xli. 12 late word. p'lV leyiatban iii. 8, xl. 25 Is. xxvii. 1 Ps. lxxiv. 14, civ. 26. ■pV interpreter, mediator xxxiii. 23 cf. Gen. xlii. 23 etc. mocker xyi. 20. ynV affliction xxxyi. 15. wbV to sharpen xyi. 9 Gen. iy. 22, 1 Sam. xiii. 20 Ps. yii. 13, Iii. 4. v'b lion iy. 11 Proy. xxx. 30 Is. xxx. 6. (-sb) miis a net xviii. 10 cf. Proy. iii. 26. &b to mock vi. 3, ix. 23, xi. 3, xxi. 3, xxii. 19 late word. mockery xxxiy. 7. -*tb lamp xli. 11. rtk to bend yi. 18 Jud. xyi. 29 Ptuth iii. 8. -pis discourse xi. 4 Dt. xxxii. 2 Is. xxix. 24 Proy. vpb glean xxiy. 6 = tapis, ass's = rsa-sb augbt xxxi. 7. ■nw to measure yii. 4. mi: measure xi. 9, xvii. 11. 28. 25 cf. Ps. xxxix. 5 etc. ■S 2 S 2 „ xxxviii. 5. ->n» mnaa rash, nervous y. 13 Is. xxxii. 4, xxxy. 4. na to melt xxx. 22. tana to move xli. 15. pa chaff xxi. 18. sosa change xxiii. 12. a-raa executioners xxxiii. 22 cf. Jer. xxyi. 15, 2 Ki. xvii. 26. rv'tto girdle xii. 21 cf. ma Is. xxiii. 10 Ps. cix. 19. r-nrs constellations xxv. 10, xxxvii. 9. s^Taa north winds xxxvii. 9 Jer. xviii. 14. na marrow xxi. 24 cf. “*a Is. v. 17 Ps. lxvi. 15. -"na price xxviii. 15 cf. iaa rrnar. rt'sta’a target xvi. 12, 1 Sam. xx. 20, Lam. iii. 12. “ 2 » wither xxiy. 24 Ps. cyi. 43 Eccl. x. 18. m^b salt herb xxx. 4. rtnisb desert xxxix. 6 Jer. xvii. 6 Ps. cvii. 34. GLOSSARY. 227 bbn to speak viii. 2, xxxiii. 3 Gen. xxi. 7 Ps. cvi. 2. ■pVto words frequently Ps. xix. 5, cxxxix. 4, 2 Sam. xxiii. 2 Prov. xxiii. 9. bbft = V*3X wither xiy. 2, xyiii. 16, xxiv. 24 Prov. yi. 13 Pss. * 13*3 to apportion vii. 3 Ps. lxi. 8 cf. P3>2 elsewhere to number. ci3>3 refuge xi. 20 Am. ii. 14 etc. r-= 0*2 circuit, course xxxvii. 12 cf. 2 Ki. xxiii. 5. os*3 to melt, run, fail vi. 14, vii. 6 Dan. Jon. -iy>3 to totter xii. 5 Prov. xxv. 19 Ez. xxix. 7 Pss. = £3*3. 713**3 cave xxxvii. 8 , xxxviii. 40. bzn fat flesh xli. 15 hanging over fr. bn. x'p*3H to spread xxxix. 18. -nta to rebel xxiv. 13, xxv. 2. m» to wrangle xvii. 2. npma apothecary’s pot xli. 20. pfa to be forcible vi. 25. compel xvi. 3 Mic. ii. 10, 1 Ki. ii. 8. ■****3 to embitter xxvii. 2. bitter iii. 20, vii. 11, x. 1, xxi. 25. " 1*2 bitterness xxiii. 2 mrs xiii. 26 ix. 18. n-rva gall xvi. 13, xx. 14. 25 Dt. xxxii. 32. ■ 710*3 to draw xl. 25. flock xxi. 33. influence xxiv. 22. ■ 710*3 value xxviii. 18 Ps. cxxvi. 6 . Pi3»a bands xxxviii. 31. Viov to rule xxv. 2, xli. 25 Hab. i. 14 etc. proverb xiii. 12, xxvii. 1, xxix. 1. Viop proverb xvii. 6 cf. bvn Jer. xxiv. 9 etc. to be likened xxx. 19. “1 t3io*3 influence xxxviii. 33. 1010*3 to grope v. 14, xii. 25. a-r»3 men xi. 3. 11, xix. 19, xxii. 15, xxiv. 12, xxxi. 31. pr*3 sweet xx. 12, xxi. 33, xxiv. 20. px: groan xxiv. 12 akin to pns nis. 3*33 hollow xi. 12 only here of man. *733 fountain xxxviii. 16 cf. '33. H33 shine xviii. 5, xxii. 28. i5* GLOSSARY. tjj prince xxxi. 37. nrJ3 song xxx. 9 Hab. iii. 8 Is. xxxyiii. 20 Pss. Lam. -133 pour xx. 28 2 Sam. xiv. 14 Mic. i. 4. G Jer. xviii. 21 etc. to chase xviii. 18, xx. 8. ily xv. 23 cf. Is. x. 14 etc. a’n-j tossings vii. 4. prince xii. 21, xxxiv. 18. rra^u nobility xxx. 15 Is. xxxii. 8. spa to drive xiii. 25, xxxii. 13 Lev. xxvi. 36 Is. xix. 7, xli. 2 Ps. i. 4, lxviii. 3 Prov. xxi. 6. prta to bray vi. 5, xxx. 7. ns to comfort ii. 11, xlii. 11. t> 3 motion xvi. 5 cf. Lam. i. 8. ■p3 offspring xviii. 19 Gen. xxi. 23 Is. xiv. 22 cf. "33. nona consolation vi. 10 Ps. cxix. 50. v'na snorting xli. 12 cf. Jer. viii. 16. nru descend xvii. 16, xxi. 13 Jer. xxi. 13 Joel. iv. 11 Prov. xvii. 10 P8s. E)ts3 distil xxix. 22 Mic. ii. 6 etc. drops xxxvi. 26 cf. Ex. xxx. 34. "33 descendant xviii. 19 Gen. xxi. 23 Is. xiv. 22 cf. -'-3. ^33 to recognise ii. 12, iv. 16, vii. 10. be acquainted with xxiv. 13. 17, xxxiv. 25. mistake xxi. 29, xix. 3. accept, prefer xxxiv. 19 cf. Is. iii. 9 etc. “03 calamity xxxi. 3 cf Ob. i. 12. 303 remove xxiv. 2 Dt. xix. 14, xxvii. 17 etc. 3>03 transplant xix. 10. hurl, cast xli. 18. youth xxxiii. 25, xxxvi. 14, Ps. lxxxviii. 16 Prov. xxix. 21. ^y3 shake out xxxviii. 13 late word. ns3 blow, gasp xx. 26, xxxi. 39, xli. 12. nEtt a gasp xi. 20 cf. Jer. vi. 29. ^E3 to fall i. 20 etc. attack i. 15. be inferior xii. 3, xiii. 2. bra abortion iii. 16 Ps. Iviii. 9 Eccl. vi. 3. n^3 blossom xv. 33 Is. xviii. 5 Gen. xl. 10. GLOSSARY. 229 ■p hawk xxxix. 13. 26 Ley. xi. 16 Dt. xiv. 15. apj to bore xl. 24. curse iii. 8. PP to surround xix. 6. complete circuit i. 5 cf. Is. xxix. 1. neipr Ex. xxxiv. 22 etc. lEpj encircling cord xix. 26 cf. nspj rope Is. iii. 24. “ip 3 fierce xxx. 17. sb3 bear x. 15, xi. 15, xiii. 14, xxii. 26, xxiv. 10, xxx. 22, xxxyi. 3. bear punishment xxxiy. 31. bear with xxi. 3. to take tap, raise xxvii. 1, xxix. 1, xxxi. 36. raise the voice, sing xxi. 12 cf. ii. 12. accept, favour xxxii. 21, xlii. 8. weigh vi. 2. D-3S xrbs prince’s favourite xxii. 8. rsb majesty xxxi. 23. „ xx. 6. burden vii. 20 2 Sam. xv. 33, xix. 36. n»3 to forget vii. 21, xi. 6 made to forget xxxix. 17. p|®3 twilight (morning) iii. 9, vii. 4, xxiv. 15 Ps. cxix. 147 etc. ptu3 weapons xx. 24, xxxix. 21 late word, frs to pour iii. 24, x. 10. on3 destroy xxx. 13 = yp3 »P3. 3>P3 cf. nyp. y*i3 to dig xix. 10. prs to break xvii. 11, xviii. 14. pp3 to leap xxxvii. 1 Hab. iii. 5 Lev. xi. 21. -po to entwine viii. 18 (v xviii. 8) Nah. i. 10. puts Segor xxviii. 15 cf. 1 Ki. vi. 20. 21, vii. 49. 50, x. 21 2 Chr. stocks xiii. 27, xxx. 11. “hd order x. 22. ■hd council, communion xv. 8, xix. 19, xxix. 4. he to whirlwind xxi. 18, xxvii. 20, xxxvii. 9. hid to incite ii. 3, xxxvi. 18. rescue = H"w xxxvi. 16. GLOSSARY. "pD 1=0 iVo nVc V* Sl^D my& -ED IT'ED pED pED ■JV'ID may 'ay- nay ariy a;y my my my miy Viy t - yiy V T nlsiy ■l>Viy 11 y to interweave xl. 22 'to x. 11. shut xxxviii. 8. protect iii. 23 'to i. 10. to be acquainted with xxii. 21 Ps. lxxxix. 3 etc. profit xv. 3, xxii. 2, xxxiv. 9, xxxv. 3 cf. store¬ houses Ex. i. 11 etc. to exult vi. 10 cf. t^y. to weigh xxviii. 16. 19 cf. pl=o. to bank, besiege xix. 12, xxx. 12 late word, to pervert xii. 19 Prov. Ex. xxiii. 8 (Dt. xvi. 19). tempest xxxviii. 1, xl. 6. 'v ix. 17, xviii. 20 late word, to huddle xxx. 7 Is. xiv. 1 etc. stream xiv. 19 els: spontaneous growth, to smite xxxiv. 26 Jer. xxxi. 19 Ez. xxi. 17. applaud xxvii. 23, xxxiv. 37, cf. Numb. xxiv. 10 Lam. ii. 15. plenty xx. 22 'w xxxvi. 18. breastplate xli. 5 Jer. xlvi. 4, li. 3 els: 'a. staff of servants i. 3 Gen. xxvi. 14. fatness xv. 26 1 Ki. vii. 26, 2 Chr. iv. 5. 17 Jer. Iii. 21. cord xxxix. 10 Is. v. 18 Ex. etc. harp xxi. 12, xxx. 31 Gen. iv. 21 Ps. cl. 4. grieve xxx. 25 Is. xix. 10. to deck xl. 10 = nay. traverse xxviii. 8. a family xv. 34, xxix. 5 Numb. xxvi. 9 etc. to pervert xxxiii. 27 cf. my. child xix. 18, xxi. 11. wicked xvi. 11. criminal xviii. 21, xxvii. 7, xxix. 17 Zeph. iii. 5. crime xxxiv. 10. 32 Lev. xix. 15 etc. „ v. 16, vi. 29 etc. child iii. 16, xxiv. 12. awake xiv. 12. my awaken (awake?) iii. 8. myrn exult xxxi. 29 be indignant xvii. 5. myn stir, excite viii. 6, xli. 2. GLOSSARY. 231 my to pervert viii. 3, xix. 6, xxxiv. 12 Ps. exix. 78 Am. viii. 5 Prov. Eccl. ptss channel xxi. 24. a-tjy neezing xli. 10. p|ts5> to hide xxiii. 9. n^tay tiara xix. 9, xxxi. 36. spy way worn xxii. 7 Gen. xxv. 29 etc. tj> colt xi. 12 Gen. xxxii. 16 etc. sraay spider viii. 14 (xxvii. 18?) Is. lix. 5. ■oy to trouble vi. 4 Ps. xxxix. 3 etc. by use xxi. 34 Hos. vii. 16, xi. 7 cf. i'S'in by^bi. bby defile xvi. 15. tAy to hide vi. 16, xxviii. 21, xlii. 3. a-^y a teacher xxii. 2 (cf. xlii. 3?). ntaiVsr secrets xi. 6, xxviii. 11 Ps. xliv. 22. sraiisy youth xviii. 20, xxxiii. 25 Is. liv. 4 Ps. lxxxix. 46, xc. 8. tiby to soar xxxix. 13 exult xx. 18 Prov. vii. 18. yby „ „ xxxix. 30. bny trouble iii. 10 etc. Eccl.: not ‘sin’ as Numb, xxiii. 21 etc. workman xx. 22 Jud. v. 26 Prov. xvi. 26 Eccl. wretched iii. 20. ajy delight oneself xxii. 26, xxvii. 10 late word. -:y to bind xxxi. 36 Prov. vi. 21. nanya bands xxxviii. 31, 1 Sam. xv. 32. nry dark xi. 17. darkness x. 22 Am. iv. 3. D'EyEy eyelids iii. 9, xvi. 16, xli. 10 Jer. ix. 17 Ps. cxxxii. 4 Prov. asy to fashion x. 8 cf. asy an idol. apy to withhold xxxvii. 4. ipy to root up xxx. 3 Zeph. ii. 4 Eccl. iii. 2. iapy to oppress ix. 20 Mic. iii. 9 Is. lix. 8 Prov. ■paiy pledge xvii. 3 Gen. xxxviii. 17. 18. 20. mny wild ass xxxix. 5. -py proportion xli. 4. to equal in value xxviii. 17. 19, xxxvi. 19. cmy cunning v. 13 els: rva->y. 232 GLOSSARY. ■py to fear xiii. 25, xxxi. 34. § yiry wild, terrible xxx. 6. pry tyrant vi. 23, xv. 20. 29, xxvii. 13 Is. Jer. Ez. Prov. xi. 16 Ps. xxxvii. 35. *§ pry to gnaw xxx. 17. nw Maker, God iv. 17, xxxi. 15, xxxii. 22, xxxv. 10, xl. 19 Ps. xcy. 6, cxlix. 2 Hos. yiii. 14 Is. Prov. * § Great Bear ix. 9, xxxviii. 32. f § nray thought xii. 5 Jon. i. 6 Ps. cxlvi.4 Jer. v. 28 Cant. v. 14 Dan. vi. 4. pry to remove ix. 5, xiv. 18, xviii. 4, xxxii. 15 Gen. xii. 8, xxvi. 22 Prov. xxv. 1. t § to grow old xxi. 7. rry to plead xxii. 27, xxxiii. 26 Gen. xxv. 21 Ex. etc. yas to pray xxi. 15. intercede xxxvi. 32 cf. Is. liii. 12. § yjEW a target vii. 20. id3e to meet with v. 14. ■ve calamity xii. 5, xv. 23, xxx. 24, xxxi. 29 Prov. xxiv. 22. * | ntt'E fat xv. 27. * § “the thigh xl. 17. r”UE topaz xxviii. 19 Ez. ~bz to pierce xvi. 13, xxxix. 3 Prov. vii. 23 Ps. cxli. 7 2 Ki. iv. 39. r^E a millstone xii. 15 Jud. ix. 53 etc. *jVe to carry off safely xxiii. 7 cf. Is. v. 29 etc. be delivered xxi. 10. b'bt judge xxxi. 11. 28 Ex. xxi. 22 Dt. xxxii. 31 Is. xxviii 7. § ybt trouble ix. 6. r-i^B terror xxi. 6 Ps. Iv. 6 Is. xxi. 4 Ez. vii. 18. § vbs to weigh xxxvii. 16 akin to yl=E to tremble. tra-sE pearls xxviii. 18 Lam. iv. 7 Prov. ryE gape xvi. 10, xxix. 23 Ps. cxix. 131 Is. v. 14. hse gape xviii. 11, xxxv. 16. ysE wound ix. 17 Gen. iv. 23 etc. “pE to visit xxxiv. 13. punish xxxv. 15, xxxvi. 23 cf. Hos. iv. 9 etc. mpE providence x. 12. “pc to open eyes xiv. 3, xxvii. 19 Gen. iii. 5 etc. GLOSSARY. 233 pipe to bloom xiv. 9 Gen. xl. 10 etc. nmc youthful crowd xxx. 12. s‘E to redeem xxxiii. 24. ‘V’E to break y. 12, xy. 4, xl. 8. nit „ xxyi. 13 Ps. lxxiv. 13. "E“iE „ xyi. 12. ste spread xi. 13, xxxvi. 30, xxxix. 26. »‘E» spreading xxxyi. 29. t»‘e to separate, spread xxyi. 9. is»E to strip xix. 9, xxii. 6. make a raid i. 17. ^pe crafty y. 13 Ps. xyiii. 27 Prov. yiii. 8 Gen. xxx. 8. pipe simple y. 2. to entice xxxi. 9. 27. bti's lotus trees xl. 21. 22. d-nsxs offspring v. 25, xxi. 8, xxyii. 14, xxxi. 8 Is. ass a fixed time vii. 1, x. 17, xiv. 14 Is. xl. 2. ‘as to store xxvii. 16 cf. Gen. xli. 35 etc. akin to ns ns. n-nsr to make oil xxiv. 11. ys flower xiy. 2. to bloom xiy. 2 cf. Ps. xc. 6. pis to be narrow, constrain xxxii. 18. pxitt narrowness xxxyi. 16. npis*i trouble xy. 24 Zeph. i. 15 Ps. xxv. 17, cvii. 28, cf. Ps. cxix. 143. rrs desert xxx. 3. heat xxiv. 19 should be rns cf. Is. xviii. 4. piisVs darkness iii. 5 etc. Am. v. 8 Is. ix. 1 Jer. ii. 6, xiii. 16 Ps. xxiii. 4, xliv. 20, cvii. 10. 14. s^s fall xviii. 12 Jer. xx. 10 Ps. xxxv. 15, xxxviii. 18. ?s^x harpoon xl. 31 cf. Ps. cl. 5 whistling of cymbals, n-tts snare xviii. 9. piss to destroy (-vv) yi. 17, xxiii. 17 Lam. iii. 53 Pss. ans baskets v. 5 cf. pjsss Ex. xvi. 33 sat: Dt. xxvi. 2. sps turban xxix. 14 Is. iii. 23, lxii. 3 Zach. iii. 5 cf. PE 3 SIS Ex. ■ss shake xviii. 14 Is. xxxiii. 20. ns to be small xiy. 21 Jer. xxx. 19. pies to keep guard xv. 22. GLOSSARY. a bag xiv. 17 Gen. xlii. 35 etc. Vap to receive Prov. xix. 20 Chron. Esth. ■np black vi. 17 Mic. iii. 6 etc. mourning v. 11, xxx. 28 Ps. xxxviii. 7 etc. D-vnp saints v. 1, xv. 15 Dt. xxxiii. 3 etc. arp unclean xxxvi. 14 Gen. xxxviii. 21 etc. •• ’t ip line xxxviii. 5 late word. aip loathe x. 1 Ps. xcv. 10, cxix. 158, cxxxix. 21 Ez. cf. yip Gen. xxvii. 46. cut off viii. 14 cf. a*p harvest, mp to arise i. 20 etc. stand, stay viii. 15, xv. 29, xxiv. 22, xli. 18. vanquish xxv. 3 cf. ap enemy Jer. li. 1. sap to stay xiii. 15, xxiv. 14 Ps. cxxxix. 19 (Ob. i. 9 Dan.), rap to pluck viii. 12, xxx. 4 Ez. xvii. 4. 22 Dt. xxiii. 26. vbp to sling xli. 20, 1 Sam. xvii. 40 etc. aap to seize xvi. 8, xxii. 16. nip reed xl. 21. nap socket xxxi. 22. yap incentive xviii. 2 = yip cf. pa-s from pis Jer. xxix. 26. KEp to congeal x. 10 Ex. xv. 8. yep to close v. 16 Dt. xv. 7 Is. Iii. 15 Ps. lxxvii. 10, evii. 42. gather xxiv. 24 = yap. nap ends xxvi. 14, xxviii. 24. lowest of the people xxxiv. 30 cf. 1 Ki. xii. 31 etc. a-p war xxxviii. 23, 2 Sam. xvii. 11 Eccl. ix. 18 Zach. xiv. 3 Pss. n-p city xxix. 7 Prov. = r--p latinised Certa. rrp ice vi. 16, xxxvii. 10, xxxviii. 29 Gen. xxxi. 40 etc. y“p to mould xxxiii. 6. rrp cold xxiv. 7, xxxvii. 9 Jer. xviii. 14 etc. rap to rebel ix. 14. be hard afflicted xxx. 25. rap hard, cruel xxxix. 16 Is. lxiii. 17. ra-ap coin xlii. 11 Gen. xxxiii. 19 Jos. xxiv. 32. ~ap to bind xxxviii. 31, xxxix. 10, xl. 29. ■x“ aspect xxxiii. 21, 1 Sam. xvi. 12 Nah. iii. 6. my seer vii. 8 Gen. xvi. 13 rs- with suff. mirror xxxvii. 18. GLOSSARY. 235 ai archer xvi. 13 Jer. 1. 29 cf. Gen. xlix. 23 Ps. xviii. 15. showers xxxvi. 28 for B'3'3i Jer. iii. 3 etc. aji clod xxi. 33, xxxyiii. 38. ui trouble iii. 17. 25, xiy. 1 Is. xiv. 3. roar xxxvii. 2, xxxix. 24. yai to trouble xxyi. 12 Jer. xxxi. 35 etc. heal vii. 5 cf. Jer. yi. 16. am Rahab ix. 13, xxyi. 12 Ps. lxxxvii. 4, lxxxix. 11 Is. xxx. 7, li. 9. sii to shout xxx. 5, xxxyiii. 7, xxxix. 25. 6)i“i to shake xxyi. 11. of*' to wink xv. 12. 3i3*i fresh viii. 16. to wet, drench xxiv. 8. ®Ei3“i fresh xxxiii. 25. *'*i water xxxyii. 11 cf. rtii. a* 1 *! oryx xxxix. 9. 10 Numb, xxiii. 22 etc. i* 1 *! juice yi. 6 cf. 1 Sam. xxi. 14 spittle. “I3*i to cow xxiii. 16 Dt. xx. 3 etc. na- worm yii. 5, xvii. 15, xxi. 26, xxiv. 20, xxv. 6 Ex. xvi. 24 Is. xiy. 11. nsi to clang xxxix. 23 akin to pi. a^asi ostrich xxxix. 13. ■joi bridle xxx. 11 Is. xxx. 28 Ps. xxxii. 9. msi fear iv. 14 Ps. ii. 11, xlviii. 7 Is. xxxiii. 14. nasi mane xxxix. 19. e)S*i to distil xxxvi. 28 Ps. lxv. 12. 13 Prov. iii. 20 Is. xlv. 8. »si to leap xxxix. 20. ®si rushing, whistling xxxix. 24, xli. 21. d-se- Shades xxyi. 5, xxxiv. 26. ieh to spread xvii. 14, xli. 22 Cant. ii. 5. pi spittle yii. 19, xxx. 10 Is. 1. 6. api rotten xiii. 28 late word, papi rottenness xli. 19. ipi to dance xxi. 11 Ps. xxix. 6 etc. spi to spread xxxvii. 18. 6|®n a bird v. 7 see Note. nm to boil xxx. 27, xli. 23 Ez. xxiv. 5. am juniper xxx. 4 Ps. cxx. 4 1 Ki. xix. 4. 5. GLOSSARY. ;s® to roar xxxvii 4. n;s® roaring iii. 24, iv. 10. pn® destruction xxx. 3. 14, xxxviii. 27 Zeph. i. 15 etc. -seats destruction as above, rs® to desire vii. 2, xxxvi. 20. devour v. 5. pn® destruction xli. 17 Lam. iii. 47. a® hoary hair xv. 10 cf. 1 Ki. xiv. 4. p;a» ear of corn xxiv. 24 Gen. xli. 5 etc. "a® violence xli. 17 Lam. iii. 47. n;® to grow viii. 7. 11 Ps. xcii. 13. nj® Hiph.: to make great xii. 23 Ps Ixxiii. 12. to be great xxxvi. 24. K'iv Almighty xxxvi 36, xxxvii. 22. □aw to reach, tower v. 11, xxxvi. 22 cf. “a:. ;a® to seduce xii. 16 Lev. error xii. 1 6, xix. 4. pa® to err vi. 24, xix. 4. to harrow xxxix. 10 Is. xxviii. 24 Hos. x. 11. -no witness xvi. 19 cf. Gen. xxxi. 47. ana onyx xxviii. 16 Ex. etc. pt® to equal, deserve xxxiii. 27. tsi® to wander i. 7, ii. 2 Numb. xi. 8 etc. »i® rich xxix. 12, xxx. 24, xxxiv. 19 Is. xxxii. 5. riches xxxvi. 19. ffp® to aim ix, 17, xxxiii. 21 Gen. iii. 15. ■o® to see vii. 8, xvii. 15, xx. 9, xxiv. 15, xxxiii. 14, xxxv. 5, xiii. 14. to sing xxxiii. 27. nt® to behold xx. 9, xxviii. 7 Cant. i. 6. "® to bribe vi. 22 Ez. xvi. 33. ”® to crouch ix. 13, xxxviii. 40. •n® humble xxii. 29. -n® lion iv. 10, x. 16, xxviii. 8 Hos. v. 14, xiii. 7 Ps. xci. 13 Prov. xxvi. 13. ■jt® boil ii. 7 Pentateuch, yp® reptiles xxviii. 8, xli. 26 pride, pp® to wear away xiv. 18 Ex. xxx. 36 Ps. xviii. 43. pp® later form of pna. * ion un GLOSSARY. 237 § § ^ § § nna; to seek vii. 21, yiii. 5, xxiv. 5 Hos. y. 15 Is. xxyi. 9 Pss. Prov. 'no black xxx. 30 cf. Lam. iv. 8. nua; to extend xii. 23. aua; to prey xyi. 9, xxx. 21 Gen. xlix. 23 Ps. ly. 4. qua? to pour xiv. 19. qua? downpour xxxyiii. 25. 'i3a? heart xxxviii. 36 cf. nrsan Ps. lxxiii. 7 etc. nsa? darts xl. 20. 33a? to pour xxxyiii. 37. wisdom xyii. 4. to understand xxxiv. 27. 35. wise xxii. 2. iVa? peace xyi. 12, xx. 20, xxi. 23 late word. to be at peace iii. 25, xii. 6 Jer. xii. I Lam. i. 5 Ps. cxxii. 6. nVa> weapon xxxiii. 18, xxxyi. 12 Joel ii. 8 Cant. iy. 13, 2 Chr. Neh. VVia > despoiled xii. 16. 19 Mic. i. 8. aVa? to be at peace y. 23, xxii. 21. escape ix. 4, xii. 3. requite viii. 6, xxi. 31, xxxiv. 11. 33. perform xxii. 27. conclude xxiii. 14. s\bv to draw a sword xx. 25. yaa? whisper iy. 12, xxyi. 14 cf. yaa?. ma; to double xxix. 22, xl. 5. change xiv. 20. pa? to sharpen xix. 29 cf. Dt. xxxii. 41 etc. rya; to look yii. 17, xiy. 6 Gen. iy. 4. 5 Ps. xxxix. 14, cxix. 117 Ex. v. 9 Is. ?]ya) thought iy. 13, xx. 2 Ps. xciv. 19, cxxxix. 23 'a Ps. cxix. 113. nyca; volume of water xxii. 11, xxxviii. 34 els: company. ■»pa? to watch xxi. 32 cf. Jer. i. 12 etc. ypa? to pierce xl. 25. anw to interweave xl. 17 Lam. i. 11. rra; to let loose xix. 26, xxxiv. 29, xxxvii. 3, xii. 18 Jer. xy. 11 Dan. rpa? to burn xxxi. 12. n\ 238 GLOSSARY. § ‘ppb navel xl. 16 cf. Cant. vii. 3. ran v to take root v. 3 Is.xxvii. 6, xl. 24 Jer.xii. 2 Ps. lxxx. 10. root out viii. 19, xxxi. 8 Ps. lii. 7. psixp occasion xxxiii. 10 Jud. xiv. 4 cf. 2 Ki. v. 7. mr chaos xxvi. 7 Gen. i. 2. wilderness vi. 18, xii. 24. ip signature xxxi. 35 Ez. ix. 6 cf. 1 Sam. xxi. 14. “nn to look xxx. 11, xxxix. 8 cf. Eccl. i. 13 etc. = “'Bin wisdom v. 12, vi. 13, xii. 16, xxvi. 3 Mic. vi. 9 Is. xxviii. 29 Prov. *§ ppip club xii. 21. p'Vsp end, limit xi. 7, xxvi. 10, xxviii. 3 Ps. cxxxix. 22 Neh. iii. 21 cf. Ps. cxix. 96. •pn to measure xxviii. 25 late word. p^p to hang xxvi. 7. a hr furrow xxxi. 38, xxxix. 13 Hos. x. 4, xii. 12 Ps. lxv. 11 cf. hr heap. n:i>:r shape iv. 16 Pent. Ps. xvii. 15. p*vi>:p exchange xxviii. 17 Lev. xxvii. 11. 33 liuth iv. 7. profit, interest xv. 31, xx. 18. “ar join xxxvi. 17. pfeisp slumber xxxiii. 15. d-:p jackals xxx. 29. pan dragon vii. 12. pVj>p watercourse xxxviii. 25 Is. vii. 3 etc. | hr tasteless vi. 6 cf. Ez. untempered mortar. p^ep folly i. 22 Jer. xxiii. 13 Lam. ii. 14. pVep prayer xvi. 17, xxiv. 12. § pep spitting xvii. 6. -ep to sew xvi. 15 Gen. iii. 7 Ez. xiii. 18 Eccl. iii. 7. ypp to join hands xvii. 3 Prov. j- apr to prevail xiv. 20, xv. 24 Eccl. iv. 12. pnsp roaring xxx. 22, xxxvi. 29, xxxix. 7 Is. xxii. 2 Zach. iv. 7. The above Glossary is not intended to be exhaustive or to supplant the use of the dictionary but rather to play the part of a particular concordance showing how often a woi'd occurs in a peculiar sense, marking an : Xsyy : etc. APPENDIX. » PSALM XXXYII AND THE BOOK OF JOB. The problem of evil had been treated in Psalm xxxvii before the author of Job attempted to cope with it. In the first speech of Eliphaz, where he plunges into the vexed question of God’s treatment of the good and bad, he employs this Psalm freely. Job. iv. 7. Who ever perished innocent. Ps. xxxvii. 25. I have not seen the righteous forsaken. 28. they are preserved for ever, v. 2. Envy slayeth the simple. Ps. xxxvii. 1. neither be thou envious of the evil doer. Job v. 2 is intimately connected with v. 6 the author would never have introduced the digression v.v 3 — 5 if he had not been acquainted with Ps. xxxvii. v. 3. I myself saw the fool taking root. Ps. xxxvii. 35. I saw the wicked flourishing, v. 3. and suddenly his dwelling passed away. Ps. xxxvii. 36. And he passed away and lo he was no more. v. 19. 20. In six evils he will rescue thee etc. In famine he will redeem thee etc. is an amplification of Ps. xxxvii. 19. They shall not be ashamed in the evil time, And in famine they shall be satisfied. 240 APPENDIX. v. 24—26 is expanded from Ps. xxxyii. 37 the end of the upright is peace. Thus the author of Job selects the main threads from the complete treatise of Ps. xxxyii and interweaves them into the highly poetical discourse of Eliphaz. Other quotations are, Job yiii. 22. mrx a-yan isns Ps. xxxvii. 10, xvi. 9. maan 'by pm - - 12 also Ps. xxxv. 16. xviii. 19. the seed of the wicked cut off Ps. xxxyii. 28. xxxyiii. 15. the arms of the wicked broken - - 17. JENA : PRINTED BY H. POHLE. BOOK OF JOB. addenda and corrigenda. p. 5 line 15 from bottom exhuming for exuming p. 31 line 14 from bottom 19. 6. yy xix. 8. p. 65 xv. 20 his yy this p. 71 xix. 7 Lo yy So p. 123 xxiii. 20 *n ®*k yy in ©*n p. 126 ix. 21 —n yy i—n p. 127 xviii. 2 ijpnso yy a-n»i / p. 129 xxix. 5 yy i® p. 130 xxxiv. 29 13 * 1 ©* yy 131®* p. 132 xiii. 13 n-atKi yy n^3Ki p. 133 xxxvi. 4 *1*33 yy -1*33 — xxxix. 29 113*3' yy 11313* p. 135 line 15 from top yy uSo] p. 136 „ 13 f) bottom D3PI yy wan p. 139 „ 7 ff top •'“123 1 yy **1M3 p. 140 „ 7 yy bottom 25. 26 yy xxv. 26 p. 143 „ 3 yy top from bbrt yy for bbn — „ 10 yy bottom yy i isp p. 145 „ 1 yy top ro* yy E®* 1 — M 4 yy top xxxii. 24 yy xxxii. 34 — „ 12 yy top -131 yy 113T _ „ 16 yy bottom xxxii. 24 yy xxxii. 34 p. 146 „ 7 yy top xxx. 28 yy xxx. xxviii. — „ 15 yy bottom poet’s yy poets’ p. 148 „ 1 yy bottom iv. 3. 4 yy iv. 34 p. 151 „ 3 yy top Is. xl. 2 yy Is. xl. 30 p. 153 „ 11 yy bottom 13>*t* K^I is the commencement of note on ix. 5. ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. p. 154 line 4 from top 'nm for p. 159 yy 17 yy bottom to which yy with which — yy 16 yy bottom sub-ordinated yy co-ordinated p. 160 14 yy bottom Is. x. 33. 34. xi. 1 yy Is. x. 33. 34 p. 161 yy 10 yy yy tempted to point yy tempted to — yy 9 yy yy rnaxn T yy niaxn p. 164 yy 6 yy yy njt^r yy nanin p. 165 yy 12 yy yy ■"na yy •'1T3 p. 171 yy 1 yy top •nto for -v*? — T T — yy "rb for ■'«$ — yy 19 yy top manifestation yy concealment — yy 10 yy bottom horooeoteleoton yy homoeoteleoton p. 172 yy 12 yy top nnlj xV yy p. 175 yy 13 yy bottom governed by yy governed p. 176 yy 13 yy top yy na-ja — yy 9 yy bottom instead yy mistead p. 178 xxx. 3. Add. ‘dark and desolate evening' 1 play on Zeph. 4 - i. 15. ‘dark and desolate day’; acc. of time cf. xxiv. 19. p. 178 line 6 from bottom tana a-a for »na aaa (1 p. 179 yy 16 yy top rrsn sVa n n^rtsVa p. 183 yy 8 yy bottom "t* s^a yy ■vxVa •0^ p. 185 yy 7 yy top 'a yv' yy , a5>f' & p. 187 yy 7 yy bottom nin-ro • T * yy T — ;eri p. 189 yy 7 yy top n^an- yy prVan"' he p. 191 yy 9 yy bottom Obad. 4 yy Obad. iv. i \ p. 192 yy 3 yy yy iai»V yy 15 'bk « p. 196 yy 23 yy yy ‘i-iie xxvi. 13 yy PEia > p. 197 yy 20 yy yy Nouns yy Nonus p. 203 yy 12 yy top counsellors yy counsellors ' jC r lii 0Ji li ■*> ■v; t,h i o+ A f 14, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London; 20, South Frederick Street, Edinburgh. CATALOGUE OP Williams and norgate’s publications. hylus. Agamemnon. Greek Text re¬ used and translated by John F. Davies, ’ A. 8vo, cloth. 3s. ^yed Ameer) Life of Mohammed. A itical Examination of the Life and ’cachings of Mohammed, from a ohammedan Standpoint, including hapters on Polygamy, Slavery, Mos- em Rationalism, Moslem Mysticism, Crown 8vo, cloth. 9s. •veil (Professor H.) Table of Aryan .do-European) Languages, showing eir Classification and Affinities, with pious Motes; to which is added, Timm's Law of the Interchange of .lute Consonants, with numerous Illus- :’ations. A Wall Map for the use of blleges and Lecture-rooms. 2nd edition. Mounted with rollers. 10s. — Table of the Aryan Languages, with