BY ALLEN S. WILL OF THE BALTIMORE SUN //. m iheologifji/ ^ ^»th PRINCETON, N. J. % Purchased by the Hamill Missionary Fund, Division Section DS771 . W 6 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/worldcrisisinchiOOwilLO 'East 100 fr>xn Greenwich |a; ®Tro^ illmik Karelskaia tbuhanslcoe >Uol Yandi ^^ongure^ ^Balaganife^ ¥ ' S\ Kachagskoe Xy r^p"'>v^-t oBtthtskoe flirt oT»ihhor ^ L T B ® 3^ aarK^*'*'^ X--^*- nViicWnsk pomoaya' jOninskaya ^ ^aniaido Kiintgisko^ j,V,an»k^ Karaliitilciw .k.r« Izv^tnskuc N. ‘A^Vtovsko^i ^''on^^ftcblP®k IrkuUli! iLlstvenic^ ^uUuk'^ Buinskaya 5?=vSli8>so^ SeleKlPskcT ®Kelow? , j °Ku»tuo iAk^ba I Ns 7 j S«er^J(,p,,| ^ C^oi Loft-r ^^fttisk« »n$k»l j. Stivvn'“"*' t*lk€ Tnrgt iuSha»^a‘‘'artM Toirun* St.Kut ' Kakiag . 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IShok n Sliigoni^ /^holimssibt^ ’^'■“k ■'alone Ki»»A Cho'''"* ' I btirtnnng Hiiig"K'"‘ 'tlw'ko" biungyio'l't o\\ i»ing jllunktt** ^4«.r bhunktng, iKingcU;' M'inJM 0 '•■i«nnjf Chiamdo Popklang ^huchaii o ^ >\ e«‘ S)uilga T Yungsban ^ jckaiigl' Ubcncha«r/^"' I Vochau Swichou I Bat> Bi I j* Sut^o^b^ Sh'iflJtM ;^>nno ra' / Ck*'" ® ^ Lon „ > TW*»“ „ctoA< bucliau' /.KiirgHn Chingogan jHpr ^BHVTAy vQuciyi C'hinv‘'P'> VVheiHj Duminj j>|owgong ,Ne.i,.h«o Mainkhwou/ ^Anther Mines , Kiulsio bn iftp. (ion)par * *”*“y OaroH/He k billipto , ’NaP>* •'^"" P*LI MAKaRiin. ^ogganath sbiiMiinew] if Honph7>-^,^,„,? F K E N C ]I ^'emellien gojtaoo" CHINESE EMPIRE iaiiiliniTrii Kyuk j'liv RamKI (8iJ CnEOu04 tsL^ hain*i Lvaicl^!^ Co«<‘«5 Lining Pbtahaiig . \\ inl(l0uits'>^ Hantiiijn or j ol^tignBinali ( '^LipJioti “«gnr>aianjj SCAie ‘ r jw*jnnialie ”^•"•""■>■..00, '-a;- - *^'i)j Gufti, no) V .iTtOkl*'"'* Ot>AgUt^ ioBaiR. KiNDgknng NjSfri bdrmaj UuaiigP'idcii TkiTOhJ Biiruniik [o .Mulmc loAtnhe^ XMltJ 1-aifc' banl^an 6UV0/JT, Green M Ich laongitude gBaa A NEW MAP OF CHINA AND THE ADJACENT REGIONS Showing, besides other recent data, the progress in railroad construction up to the summer of 1900. Completed railroads are shown by th n black lines; projected railroads, by dotted lines. WORLD-CRISIS IN CHINA, 191)0. A short account of the outbreak of the War with the “Boxers,” and ensuing foreign complications, in= eluding also a sketch of events leading up to the distracted situ- ation in the Chinese Empire in the closing year of the century. AULBN S. WIBB, OF THE BALTIMORE SUN. JOHN MURPHY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS: BY B^iltiuore, Md. : 44 W. Baltimore Street. New York : 70 Fifth Avenue, Copyright, 1900, by John Morphy Company. CONTENTS, Chapteb. page. I. — Causes of the Crisis of 1900, ... 1 II. — Story of the Crisis m Detail, . . 10 III. — Interests of the United States in China, . 43 IV. — The Chinese-Japanese War, ... 74 V. — The Railway as a Conqueror in Asia, . 107 VI. — Pour Notable Characters in China: — The Empress Dowager, The Emperor, Li Hung Chang, and Kang Yu Wei, . 114 VII. — The Era of Foreign Interference, . . 127 Vin. — History of China at a Glance, . . 146 IX. — The Great Taeping Rebellion, . . . 166 X. — Chinese Religion and Civilization, . 165 XI. — How China is Governed, .... 188 PREFACE. “ What is the news from China ? ” is the question that everybody is asking. The newspapers are full of dispatches telling the story of a startling succession of events that seem destined to shake the world. Even the presidential campaign, now in progress, occupies a subordinate place in the estimation of the American public, whose interest is fixed on the extraordinary possibilities of the situation in the Flowery Kingdom. “ But what does it all mean ? ” asks the reader again. Here he cannot so readily find an answer. The news- papers faithfully tell the story of the developments in the situation as it rapidly unfolds itself, but the reader seeks something more than that. He wants to know how the present crisis was produced ; what tremendous forces are at work in this task of gripping by the throat a nation of 400,000,000 ; what are the possibilities and probabilities of the immediate future ; how far and for what reason the United States has been drawn into the vortex. In brief, he wants up-to-date information which will bring him in touch with the situation as it now exists. He seeks a special key to the events of the remote and immediate past which will give him a foundation for comprehending clearly and in their full significance the successive stages in the crisis as they are presented to him day by day. vm PREFACE. Such being the case, no apology is needed for even the humblest endeavor to fill this want. The book is offered as a suppplement to the older histories of China, many of them admirable and thorough works but not approaching sufiiciently close to the present. It aims to bring the recent changes and upheavals easily within the comprehension of those who may care to read it. An effort has been made to show what the political, social, educational and religious system of China is and how it has come in contact with the civilization of the western world ; important epochs in the history of the emj^ire itself, particularly those bearing on the present situation, are also described. Especial attention has been bestowed on the points of contact between China and the United States. In the hope that the book may play some part, however modest, as a clue to the coming century in China, which seems destined to be the most critical period in all her long history, it is herewith presented. Allen S. Will. Baltimoee, July 26, 1900. World-Crisis in China, 1900 CHAPTER I. Causes of the Crisis of 1900. F or China it has been but a step from the seclusion of a hermit kingdom, ages old, to the centre of the world’s stage of diplomacy. Until the present century was well on its way, she had no regular official relations with any foreign country and wanted none. She was content to work out her own destiny in her own fashion. China was to be for the Chinese, and the rest of the world was to be as its peoples chose to make it. But what a marvellous change is presented to- day ! Every chancellory in Europe has one of its star diplomats accredited to Pekin. The ambitious dreams of the world’s great military and naval powers centre around the land of the Mongols. Fleets and armies are ready to meet in the clash of battle for the possession of the ancient empire’s soil, and wait but the word to begin. Mutual jealousy 1 2 THE CRISIS OF 1900. has alone prevented an actual parcelling out of the country among aliens in race and religion. This element of restraint may reach the stage of insuf- ficiency at any moment, and then — who can prophesy the result? A world-war greater than any in modern times is the imminent and awful possibility that looms up. And why, asks the reader, this sudden rush of the nations toward China? What is the prize that threatens to involve them in mutual slaughter on a tremendous scale? The answer is found in the vast riches of the empire developed by the toil of its people through centuries. The land is enor- mously fertile, and is blessed with a climate that makes it a bee-hive of the world’s production. It supports 400,000,000 people and can sujiport more. Its teas, its rice, its silks, its cotton, its bamboo — these and a thousand other sources of wealth tempt the cupidity of the world. To control this trade is regarded as the international prize of the century. And to drill and arm those vast yellow hordes and turn them in the service of another power to con- quer the world or at least to defy it — is the project not one to dazzle men trained to look at things through the spectacles of modern diplomacy ? The humanitarian will probably argue that the Chinese have a right to their own country ; that their trade, if exploited at all by foreigners, should be exploited under the laws aud authority of the Chinese government itself; that the customs and THE CRISIS OP 1900. 3 prejudices of the people should be respected as far as possible and that whatever the foreign goverunients seek to accomplish within the realm should be striven for with the weapons of peace and justice, not with those of war and deceit. But modern diplomacy works by its own pro- cesses. To paraphrase a much-quoted saying, the decalogue has no place in diplomacy — or very little place, at any rate. While the individual’s standard of morals in these days is that of Chris- tian civilization, the code of the world’s diplomats is still that of the stone age. ‘‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth ” is the stern rule of Mosaic justice. But the powers of Europe have sought to take from China a city for an eye and a province for a tooth. Trade and territory — these are the shibboleths of our modern chancellories. Land is wanted but riches are wanted more. This never-satisfied grasp for trade is a natural result of overcrowded populations and it is leading to some astonishing results. In ancient times it was the glory of conquest that tempted the Alexanders and Csesars. Now it is the spoil of war that lures them on. The knight does the work of the merchant — not the merchant that of the knight. China has her faults and many of them — what nation has not? And a bitter penalty, it appears, she must pay. If events move in the same pro- cession in the next few years as in the last few 4 THE CRISIS OF 1900. the partition of Poland is to be repeated in the ancient empire on the eastern shores of Asia. And now to the immediate causes which have led up to the crisis of 1900. It has been the China- man’s greatest misfortune that he does not like foreigners. His natural and deep-rooted aversion to them, born of 4500 years of seclusion in his own land, has not been reduced by the effects of the foreign influx as he has seen them. The character of the foreigners who have gone to China, has not, in many cases, been such as to convey a normally good impression of the great world beyond. The sailor class, with its vices, has thronged the seaports to bear away the wealth of Cathay. Holders of foreign concessions have often been arbitrary, over- bearing and avaricious. The motives and methods of the Christian nations as illustrated by their diplomatic intercourse with Pekin, have often been at variance with the sublime precepts of the Bible which missionaries have preached as the supreme law. All this has tended to confirm the Chinaman in his previous opinion that foreigners are at best but “ foreign devils.” He has veered to extremes in his hatred of them and their works. But this feeling against foreigners did not reach uncontrollable limits until, following the Chinese- Japanese war of 1894-95, Russia, under the guise of a lease, acquired possession of the enormously strong fortress of Port Arthur, and the splendid seaport of Talienwan. Russia also acquired railway franchises THE CRISIS OF 1900. 5 in Manchuria, the great northern province of China, from which the ruling dynasty of the empire comes. It was but a slight stretch for Russia to string her columns of troops all over Manchuria, and lap them over into the neighboring province of Mongolia, taking virtual possession of important strategic posi- tions everywhere she went. Thus all of Northern China, a region reaching from the Siberian border almost to Pekin, was practically acquired by Russia with no more foundation of title than a lease of two ports and a few railway concessions. England, anxious to keep pace with her colossal rival, followed in kind. Port Arthur and Talien- wan are on the northern side of the Gulf of Pechili, which is the sea gateway to Pekin. England de- manded and secured the fortress of Wei Hai Wei, on the southern side of the gulf, and which, when a large fleet is stationed there, commands the gulf’s entrance. Imagine a semicircle with its open side to the east. This may be taken to represent the Gulf of Pechili. Equidistant from its two ends, and at its western extremity, is Taku, the entrance to the Peiho river, leading to Pekin, 120 miles from the mouth of the river. On the northern segment of the semicircle are Port Arthur and Tali- enwan, and on the southern segment is Wei Hai Wei. Besides seizing Wei Hai Wei, England se- cured an extension of her territory at Hong Kong. The city of Hong Kong is on an island, and the extension obtained was on the mainland adjacent, in 1 6 THE CRISIS OF 1900. the district of Kowlun. The foreign settlements at Shanghai, controlled by Americans, British and French, were also extended. Germany was not slow to take the cue. For the murder of two German missionaries in the province of Shantung, which stretches south from the shore of the Gulf of Pechili, Emperor William demanded possession of the seaport and fortress of Kiaochau, on the eastern border of Shantung, and of prefer- ential rights for Germans in the whole province. This was soon in a fair way of being made equiva- lent to absolute German authority in Shantung. France, which claims a sphere of influence in Southern China, extending north from Tonkin to the British sphere in the valley of the Yangtzekiang, advanced her posts northward and demanded and received new concessions for railways and canals. Italy demanded a lease of San INIuu Bay on the eastern coast of the empire south of Kiaochau. Here, for once China showed backbone. She felt that she could afford to deny Italy’s demand and she did so. Italy has not withdrawn the claim but has taken no positive steps to enforce it. China and the Chinese were alarmed at these extraordinary developments — all within the space of four years, from 1895 to 1899. It came to be accepted as a fact among them that the foreign powers were bent upon a partition of China and that this partition was an early and sudden prob- ability. They looked back upon the work of L THE CRISIS OF 1900. 7 centuries in despair that it seemed about to be undone. Their despair quickly turned to rage, and the flame of anti-foreign feeling was fanned to white heat. It was the native converts to Christianity who first felt the scorch of this flame. This may seem strange at first but a brief analysis of the situation as it existed will show that it was a natural direction tor the anti-foreign feeling to take. The pagan Chinamen regarded the native converts as traitors and renegades to their cause who were more to be despised than the active and avowed missionaries themselves. Then, too, there was a fear of attacking the missionaries directly, for this would arouse the wrath of the foreign powers and afford the very pretext which was so eagerl}' sought — a pretext to divide China. So long as only native Christians were murdered, the Pekin government could hold that it was purely an internal afifair, and that it could deal in its own way with the murder of its own subjects by fellow subjects. The seizure of Kiaochau by Germany as indemnity for the murder of two missionaries served in marked degree to inflame the Chinese against the Christian proselyters. They regarded the loss of one of their richest provinces as directly due to these missionaries of an alien religion. It is in Shantung that the present outbreak has attained its most acute development. 8 THE CRISIS OF 1900. Then, too, the Chinese present other grievances against the missionaries — grievances which are declared by the missionaries themselves to be largely without foundation. They allege that the missiona- ries, through the representatives of their countries at Pekin, secure undue political advantages for the converted Chinamen over the unconverted. For instance, it is charged that native Christians have made a practice of complaining to the missionaries that their taxes were too high ; that the missionaries have in many cases, through the ministers at Pekin, obtained a lowering of these taxes, to the injustice of the pagan Chinaman, who has thus been com- pelled to bear an unjust share of the government's burdens. It is alleged that many native converts to Christianity have been actuated by no more worthy motive than the securing of lower taxes and other official favors. The n)issionaries have also been charged with arrogance and greed. To assume that the whole body of devoted servants of the Christian mission cause has been guilty of these faults would be a gross calumny. It would be equally absurd to assume that isolated instances of this character have not occurred. The Chinaman has been too prone to ignore the virtues of the many and magnify the sins of the few. And thus he has come, in some sections of China, to regard all mis- sionaries with distrust. A number of popular errors regarding mission- aries have gained wide credence. For instance. THE CRISIS OF 1900. 9 there is a belief among Chinese that the mission- aries cut out the eyes of young children for use in their rites and in medicine. Thus the orphanages attached to the missions have been the victims of deep and unjustified distrust. Still another grievance against the foreigners was the manner of introducing railroads. It was charged that these lines were surveyed and in some cases actually constructed through cemeteries over the graves of Chinamen’s ancestors. In the eyes of the Chinese there could be no greater outrage than this. Ancestoi-worship is one of the primary elements of their religion, and to have the bones of their forefathers thus defiled was more than they could stand. It was also charged that the right- of-way for these roads was acquired by summary and unjust methods, which worked great hardship on hundreds of natives. We hav’e thus sketched in brief the leading causes which prepared China for an anti-foreign upheaval of vast proportions. The form which this upheaval took constituted a crime against humanity and was totally without excuse. It has tended to alienate from the Chinese all the sympathy which some of their admitted wrongs had created in their favor. We will consider this subject in our next chapter. CHAPTER II. Stoey of the Ceisis in Detail. I N the spring of 1900 one of the numerous anti- foreign societies that had sprung up in China began to commit acts of atrocity on a wide scale. This is tlie society of ‘‘Boxers/’ as they are popu- larly called. The name of the organization is I-ho-chu-an, meaning League of United Patriots. The last word of this title is pronounced in some parts of China the same as the Chinese word for fists, though the characters denoting it are different. Hence it is easy by a slight pun to translate the title as “ League of United Fists.” One of the mottoes of the society may be translated as “ patriot- ism, righteousness, fists,” — an idea corresponding to the English one of militant patriotism in a good cause. Besides, one of the rules of the society enjoins the practice of athletic sports, including boxing, by its members. Hence it is not difficult to account for the popular term “ Boxers,” now exclusively applied to this society by English-speaking people. A number of other secret organizations have made common cause with the Boxers, notably the Society of the Great Knife, which has wide influ- ence in China. The one name, however, is now used to denote all who are engaged in the outbreak. 10 THE CRISIS IN DETAIL. 11 The Boxers are a secret and oath-bound organ- ization. Their avowed object is the extermination of the foreigners who they believe are about to despoil and divide the land of their ancestors. Their operations began in October, 1899, when they began openly drilling in the streets of the principal cities of North China, and committed occasional acts of lawlessness against native Chris- tians. These disorders were considered local at first and the secret character of the Boxers’ organ- ization prevented a thorough and prompt compre- hension of the grave character of their movement. Secret societies are common in China and are usually within the control of the Pekin govern- ment, provided it is disposed to act vigorously. The Boxers continued to receive large accessions to their ranks, and in the early spring of 1900 they had grown to an estimated numerical strength of 3,000,000. Emboldened by the popularity of their cause, they began to commit acts of bloody lawless- ness on a large scale. A reign of terror was inau- gurated at every city, town and village in North China where the missionaries were established. Hundreds of native Christians were massacred, often with appalling tortures. Missionary property was burned and the missionaries were compelled to flee to the coast cities, where they sought protection under the formidable guns of foreign warships. The local Chinese troops appeared unable or unwilling to check the outrages. They were in active sym- pathy with the Boxers in many cases, and deserted 12 THE CRISIS IN DETAIL. by wholesale to the ranks of the outlaws, carrying with them their rifles and their ideas of foreign military drill learned from Russian, German and Japanese instructors. These accessions made the Boxers vastly more powerful. At first they had been insufficiently armed, many being provided only with steel pikes, axes, or sharpened poles of bamboo. Now they began to get rifles, and quickly learned how to use them. From a rabble they became an army. The taste of blood made them mad for more. No mercy was shown, and the native Christians, the principal objects of their wrath, fled in droves to escape the awful storm. The Boxers adhered in a general way to the policy of confining their operations to the native Chris- tians. A number of foreign missionaries were re- ported murdered, but the fact of murder has been confirmed in the cases of but two — Rev. H. V. Norman and Rev. C. Robertson, both English. Many of the missionaries were in great danger, but their hasty exodus to the coast cities saved the great majority of them. As previously intimated, the form which the anti-foreign outbreak took was wholly to be con- demned. The horrible murders perpetrated by the boxers caused the world to shudder. It was a war of private vengeance on private individuals, for which not even the shadow of excuse could be found. The Chinese were correct in supposing that the powers of Europe contemplated the divi- sion and exploitation of their country. The official THE CRISIS IN DETAIL. 13 acts of the powers proved this beyond all doubt. The proper course would have been for China to arm and prepare to defend herself against the aggressions of Europe — to maintain the integrity of China, if necessary, by a defensive war waged by the government and army, acting within the rules of humane warfare as far as any warfare can be humane. For a secret society, a band of private individuals, to appropriate and administer the vengeance which belonged to the government, if to anybody, was going at the problem not only in a wrong way, but an atrocious way. Repeated appeals were made by the foreign min- isters at Pekin to the Tsung-li-yamen (Chinese foreign office), but no effective steps to stop the outrages were taken. It began to appear that if the Christians were to be protected and the uprising suppressed, the foreign governments themselves would have to act. On May 19 Bishop Favier, head of the Roman Catholic Missionaries in China, wrote as follows to M. Pechon, French minister at Pekin : “Mr. Minister: From day to day the situation becomes more serious and threatening. In the prefecture of Poating more than seventy Christians have been massacred ; near Echao-Icheou only three days ago three neophytes have been cut in pieces. Many villages have been pillaged and burned ; a great many others have been completely abandoned. More than two thousand Christians are fleeing, without bread, with- out clothing, without shelter. At Pekin alone about four hundred refugees, men, women and children, are already 14 THE CRISIS m DETAIL. lodged at our house and that of the Sisters ; within a week we will probably have many thousands. We will have to dismiss the schools and the colleges ; also use all the hospitals to make room for these unfortunate persons. Upon the east of us pillage and incendiarism are imminent; we are hourly receiv- ing the most alarming news. Pekin is surrounded on all sides. The Boxers are daily coming nearer the capital, delayed only by the destruction which they are making of Christians. Believe me, I pray you, Mr. Minister, that I am well informed and say nothing lightly. Religious persecution is only one object. The real purpose is the extermination of Europeans, a purpose which is clearly set forth and written upon the banners of the Boxers. Their a^ssociates await them at Pekin, where they will begin by attacking the churches and finish with the legations. For us here at the Paitang the day is practically ended. All the city knows it; everybody is speak- ing of it, and a popular outbreak is manifest. Yesterday evening 43 poor women and their children, flying from the massacre, arrived at the house of the Sisters. More than five hundred persons accompanied them, saying to them that if they had escaped this once they would soon die with the others. Mr. Minister, I do not speak to you of placards with- out number which are posted in the city against Europeans in general. Each day new ones appear, more explicit than the others. Those who 30 years ago were present at the Tientsin massacre are struck with the resemblance of the situation then to that of to-day — the same placards, the same threat.®, the same warnings and the same blindness. Under these circum- stances, Mr. Minister, I believe it my duty to ask you to kindly send us at least forty or fifty marines to protect our persons and our property. This has been done under circumstances much less critical, and I hope you will take into consideration our humble prayer.” About the same time E,ev. Charles A. Killie, an American missionary in Pekin, wrote a letter to Thk Chkn-Mun, oh Mkhidian Gatk to Pkkin. (Tills is tlio M:iin l^iitrance to the (’apital, ami lea cn CO 05 00 to C5 00 9 — ^ 05 cn 4^ O to cn 00 00 Ot lo cn ^ * t?4 CO *q cn -q CO 4^ ^ to oc CO 00 *— to -q cn o cn ^ CO ‘ 1— * JO 1 O ^ H- t— o O cn t o ^ ^ bo bo O 05 1 Cn 4^ 00 05 O Cn 05 to to -^7 O 4^ 4^ 00 O 4^ CO Cn ^ -q 00 ^ O cn to 4ii. 00 to 05 H-» )— cn CO 4^ to cn •q 4^ 4>. 00 -q 05 H-* ^ O ‘ cn O 00 05 05 H-* to 03 CC CO •—* cn 'o5'^'o'o I— -q CO 05 4^ tr* INTEREST OF THE UNITED STATES. 47 In four years the United States has doubled its sales to China and Great Britain’s fell off about $3,000,000. Last year the cotton goods trade rep- resented more than half the entire exports of this country to China, which bought more than half our total sales of cotton cloths to the world. These are striking figures and show what the trade of that empire means to the United States. This trade is much more important even than statistics show. Consul Fowler, the energetic representative of the United States at Chefoo, holds to the opinion that American commerce with China is underestimated by at least one-third. The recent subjection of North China to Russian influence has been of vast commercial benefit to the United States. Russia cannot produce the manu- factured articles which she needs for the develop- ment of that immense territory and she buys almost exclusively from the United States. Her great Siberian railroad and its branches are being con- structed of American material and the traffic over the completed parts of it is done by American locomotives and cars. The leading articles of American export to China are cotton goods and petroleum ; the leading staples which China sends to us are tea and silk. She also sends great quantities of hemp, hides, leather, mat- tings, oils aud feathers. Four-fifths of the principal manufactured articles of this country are represented in the trade to China. 48 INTEREST OF THE UNITED STATES. Before passing to the subject of the “open door’' let us consider an incident in our national career which tends to tie our hands, in a moral sense, in any effort to force Americans or American innova- tions on China. This is the Chinese exclusion law enacted by the United States Congress and having the practical effect of shutting out from this country all Chinese immigrants. Its justification, of course, is found in the right of the American people to pro- tect themselves from race admixture and also in the fact that repeated outbreaks of lawlessness directed against Chinese immigrants occurred on the Pacific coast previous to the passage of the law. In these outbreaks we have a parallel to the Boxer agitation, from which they differed not in principle, but in degree only. And if we assume the right to pro- tect ourselves from the influx of another race, surely the Chinese can claim the same right. The ques- tion may be asked if any country in the Western world would submit to a wave of Chinese aggres- sion involving the overthrow of the Christian religion and the political domination of the Orien- tals. We do not have to stretch the imagination far to conjure up bloody wars that would result in a decisive overthrow of the aliens. Indeed, a parallel can be found in the strenuous resistance of Europe to the Moorish tide in the Middle Ages. The following recent table shows the number of foreigners and foreign business firms in Cliina as registered at the consulates of the 33 treaty ports : LNTEREST OF THE UNITED STATES. 49 plH Or-'iOOO'^CSC^CsiCOJCiiCO t>, O — < t>- r-i 05 t-H TP i-H *— 1 CO 00 CO M T }4 05 o CO CO •-« CO CO 05 05 i-« CO 05 *-» CO o : ic : CO 05 t>.^ 05 <: 0 i— II— iio^*o .CO .Tj CO co'* iC 05 ’»^C 0 c 0 C 000 ’^i-hO'^’^OC 0 CJ000050C005CO'^05CO'^01 0^005 I— ICOOl rH r-if-iCOO ◄ o 5 )25 a e 3 o ^ c ■= 9 S'f 5 ,-J^ai! 2 cS.i 5 --S 05 fl o ,i3 .;X ^ — HflO' 2 C ^^-£3 fee. 5 r- = 0 ) • a-z: < 1 P 5 0 ) 3 S'®® i^lQPa 2 cz 2 PH*art of the total. In her financial aflfairs China has shown a credit- able contrast to Japan. She has incurred few per- manent debts for the sake of temporary gain. Japan, on the other hand, has borrowed money until her debt is several times as great as her whole revenue. At last she has reached a point where it is difficult for her to raise any more, and this is one of her weak points in the game with Russia. 198 HOW CHINA IS GOVERNED. We have seen that the theory of China’s govern- ment is the benefit of the people, to be secured by benevolent laws and equal justice. It has fallen short of this, as every nation must do, but the extent of its success in many respects is really wonderful when compared with the records of the modern nations. China’s^chief disadvantage is oflBcial cor- ruption, which can only be remedied efiScaciously by the payment of adequate salaries to all her officials. 1 Date Due 00 2 " I f, rrt f .--I Zf. m*4i^ >-t'. • V; f T . ^ ' *r 1 »c ^ ■t -fl * A. ^ t a >if «s V '■3 '4 ' '^r>' -^Jtly* - ,■r^ 1.J IL O i.'ij^/ ■ ■'' (W'*. I *k. ■ ’^'„1- JAI ^;,A > 1 v' ' ' '''