The Next Step in Racial
Cooperation.
A Discourse Delivered in the Fifteenth Street
Presbyterian Church, Washington, D. C.,
November 20, 1921, by the Pastor,
REV. FRANCIS J. GRIMKE.
THE NEXT-STEP IN RACIAL COOPERATION.
During the past week, beginning with the fifteenth and extend¬
ing through the seventeenth, the Fifth Annual Convocation of the
Howard University School of Religion was held in this city at the
University. The general subject discussed was, "THE NEXT
STEP IN RACIAL COOPERATION.
As it is the desire of Dean Pratt to extend the influence of the
Convocation as far as possible, to carry the message it brings to
all of our churches through the ministers and laymen in attendance,
and through the churches to reach all the people, it has occurred
to me that I might do my part in helping to carry out his desire
if I took the subject up and directed your attention to it for a little
while this morning. And this is what it is my purpose to do at
this time.
It may be well in beginning the discussion to define the terms
of the subject:
(1). COOPERATION. Cooperation means the joining of
forces, the working together towards a common end, or for a com¬
mon purpose. That common end or purpose must be something
in which all are interested, which somehow effects the interest of
all. 'People are not likely to work together or continue to work
together very long unless they feel that it is to their advantage to
do so, that somehow they are to be mutually benefitted.
(2). RACIAL COOPERATION. By racial cooperation is
meant the races joining hands, working together towards some com¬
mon end; agreeing upon a program that all will strive earnestly
and honestly to carry out. There was such an understanding
between the nations composing the Allies in their resistance of
German aggression. They all worked together with a view of over¬
throwing Germany. And they did it because they felt that it was
mutually to their interest to do so.
(3). The Next Step in Racial Cooperation. This implies:
1. That some steps have already] been taken. 2. That other steps
are to follow, and the question is which next ? Or it may mean the
final step, the something more that is needed in order to complete
the task, to reach the goal, the end aimed at * * * *
With these definitions of terms, let us now look at the subject
and see what light we can throw upon it.
I. COOPERATION. In order to cooperate four things are
necessary if it is to be effectual:
1. The end or ends aimed at must be clearly set forth; we must
know definitely what we are working for. There musti be no mis¬
understanding here, no clouding of the issue: all must see alike,
must be moving towards the samei end.
2. All must approve the end aimed at, must feel that it is the
right, the proper thing to do. If there is any doubt as to the pro¬
priety, as to the advisability, the expediency or the wisdom of what
is to be done, the movement will be, so far, a failure.
3. There must be a real desire on the part of all to further the
end or ends aimed at. And,
4. There must be steady, persistent effort to reach the goal, to
realize the end aimed at. Cooperation without these conditions
being fulfilled will be in name only, and will accomplish little or
nothing.
II. RACIAL COOPERATION.
1. It must be a cooperation that will conserve the SELF-RE-
SPECT of each race—a cooperation between equals and not between
superiors and inferiors. There must be no arrogant assumption
of superiority of one race over the other in any work of coopera¬
tion if things are to move on smoothly, harmoniously. For the
purpose that we have in mind here, there are no superior and infe¬
rior races, in the sense: 1. of one race being more human or less
human than another. Whatever is essential to humanity belongs
to all alike. As human beings all stand on precisely the same plain.
And, 2. In the sense that all races are equally bound by the Ten
Commandments, by the Sermon on the mount, by the Golden Rule.
All races, in their relations one with the other, must be governed
alike by these great moral requirements. No race, because of its
greater knowledge and greater material possessions, in its dealings
with less knowing and less well-to-do races, may, because of its
intellectual and material superiority, arrogate to itself the right to
sidestep any of these great moral laws. The cooperating parties
2
must "work in the spirit of mutual respect Each must recognize
the right of the other to think for himself, and' not be expected to
accept blindly what others may think. I mention this here be¬
cause it sometimes happens in gatherings of white and colored peo¬
ple that colored people are expected to listen quietly, to have no
ideas vof their own, but simply to accept what may be advanced by
others. In all meetings or gatherings of this kind there must be
the largest liberty, each mtist be perfectly free'to give^expression
to his own views unhampered by the thoughts of others. The
freest expression should always be invited.and encouraged.
2. It must be a cooperation that aims always^to jsonserve the ends
of justice, fairplay, mutual goodf^Tliese ends are never to lie Tost
sight of. Nothing which runs counter to them is to be allowed to
enter. It must be a cooperation that faces the issues of right and
mutual good-will squarely.
III. The Next Step in Racial Cooperation. This implies, as I
have already said, (1) that some steps have already been taken.
What are they? We have come, I mean a goodly number of white
people and of colored people, to an understanding as to certain
things in regard to the race issue in this country. There are many
things that we have not yet come to an understanding in regard to,
but some things we have. And later on, when we have been suf¬
ficiently educated in Christian principles and in the rights of man,
in the true principles of democracy, there will be others added to
the list.
1. We have come to see that race-hatred is an evil; that no good
ean come out of it; that it will be better for both races and for the
country at large to put an end to it, and to put an, end to it as
speedily as possible. As long as it exists it will be a source of irri¬
tation—a disturbing' force, a source of weakness and not of strength.
It is love that should be cultivated, and not hate, good-will and
not ill-will. * # #
2. "We have come to see that the Negro is an American citizen
and that he, as well as the white man, is entitled to the full pro¬
tection of the law—protection as to life, liberty, property, the pur¬
suit of happiness. This is guaranteed to him in the Constitution;
but over a large section of our country these guarantees have been
ignored, he has had little or no protection under the laws. There
is, however, a growing sentiment in the South itself, among the
better class of whites, among men and women who represent the
best brain and conscience of the South, against the continuance of
this condition of things. There is a goodly number of such, and
that numiber is growing and will continue to grow, who are say¬
ing, and saying it not in secret, but loud enough to be heard, that
the Negro must have justice in the courts. And they are organ-
3
izing with that end in view, and have already done some very
effective work.
3. We have come to see that what is good for the white man is
good for the colored man; that what is good for the white child
is good for the colored child. If education is good for the one, it
is good for the other. If playgrounds, recreation centres are good
for the one, they are good for the other; if schools of all grades,
from the kindergarten up to the highest, are good for the one, they
are good for the other. If healthy surroundings, sanijtary dwell¬
ings, the chance to make a decent living are good for the one, they
are good for the other. Every good thing that will help to make
the white man a better man and a better citizen, the colored man
also needs and ought to have.1 * * *
4. We have come to see that lynching is an evil, that it is just
as much a crime against society, a bloiv at civilization to lynch
a colored man as it is to lynch a white man. We have come to
see that the spirit of the mob cannot be sanctioned, winked at, con¬
doned, quietly acquiesced in, without striking at the foundation
of civil government itself, without destroying all respect for law
and1 order. Sentiment against the mob has been steadily growing
for years, and now the matter isj crystallizing, as we hope, in the
form of a national law against lynching, now before Congress. * * *
So much fort the steps already taken.
2. By the next step in cooperation may mean, what next is to
be added to this list of cooperative things—things that we can
unite our forces in pushing? President Harding in his recent
Birmingham address insists very strenuously upon a threefold
equality for the Negro—political equality, economic equality, edu¬
cational equality. From one equality only he shuts him out, and
that is social equality. So far as social equality is concerned the
colored people are not troubling themselves about it in the least;
it is the very last thing they think about. But they are concerned,
and deeply concerned, about the other three. And they are con¬
cerned about them because without them they would be placed at a
very great disadvantage in the struggle of life. In every true
democracy, in every democracy worthy of the name, these three
equalities, at least, should be the heritage of every citizen. And
some day not only the friends of the Negro, but all good citizens,
all honest, fair-minded white Americans will concede them, and
join hands in seeing that they are realized in the life of the nation.
The white South does not believe in the educational equality of
the Negro; it beliewes still less in his political equality. If we
listened to such men as Senators Harrison, Watson, Beflin, and
others of their ilk, the Negro is never to havet his political' rights
in the South. Of one thing we are sure, however—men of their
stamp will soon be off the stage of action, and other men, bigger
4
in brain and heart, more liberal in sentiment, with more enlight¬
ened consciences, will come to take their places; and the leaven
of true democracy, which is already beginning to work in the South,
will go on working until it has leavened the whole lump. The
Negro's political outlook in the South is not a hopeless one; it will
be sure to improve with the advancing years. The time is coming,
must come, when his vote will be counted there as well as the vote
of the white man. Esther that or the South's representation in
Congress will be cut down. One or the other is bound, sooner or
later, to take place. The rest of the Nation will not continue to
allow that section of the country to be represented for voters who
are not counted. * * * For the present, therefore, the political
equality of the Negro in the South must be left out in any scheme
of cooperation. There is no hope of getting any considerable num¬
ber of southern white men to cooperate at this time in securing to
the Negro his political rights there. They may in secret concede
his right to vote under the Constitution, but they will be very slow
in saying so publicly, and will be still slower to make any move
in thai} direction.
3. This brings us to the last sense in which the next step in
Racial Cooperation may be understood, in the sense of the final
step—the step that remains to be taken in order to complete the
work of race adjustment, of bringing about the harmonious work¬
ing together of both races in mutual good-will and respect. That
step, I believe, is the acceptance on the part of both races of Chris¬
tianity, pure and simple, without additions or subtractions. I
believe now, as I have believed for years, that the solution of our
race problem, as of every other problem, is to be found in Chris¬
tianity. Jesus Christ laid down certain principles and acted upon
them which, if we accept and act upon, will heal all of our differ¬
ences and will make us brothers in fact as well as theory. The
question of race, of color never troubled Jesus Christ. EGe was just
as much at home with a Samaritan as he was with a Jew, with the
Syro-Phoenician woman who came to him in behalf of her daughter
grievously tormented with a demon as he was with the woman of
Jewish extraction who crept up behind him and touched His gar-
menty saying, "If I but touch the hem of his garment I shall be
made whole." And why? Because He thought of men and dealt
with them, affiliated with them, not as members of any particular
race, but as children of God, and each one as equally precious in
the sight of God. T'hinkmg of man, as He did, recognizing each
individual, irrespective of race or color, as bearing the image of
God, as made in Has likeness, it was impossible for Him not to be
perfectly at home with all. The superficial distinctions that count
for so much with us counted for nothing with him. He moved upon
5
a plain far, far removed from tfitr $etfy distinctions which we
make. And the purpose of Christianity, if I understand it arightT
is to lift the whole human race up to that same high level. We-
hear a great deal about ineffaceable differences of races, impassable
barriers which separate one from the other—of the black peril and
of the yellow peril, and the necessity for all the white races to*
stop fighting each other and get together for the purpose of resist¬
ing the darker races. That kind of talk and thai kind of sentiment
is entirely alien from the spirit of Christianity. Jesus Christ has
set up on this earth a kingdom that is to be world-wide', that fe to
embrace all races, and is to weld men of ail race& tdgfefhtfr ia a
great spiritual brotherhood in which the color of a man's skin and
his race identity is to play no part. Its g'reaf aim is to makre over
the individual after the likeness: of Jesus Christ. In Other words,
to make us into what the apostle calls saints of God, to start us
on the road to sainthood, to holiness of heart and life. ''Till we
come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son
of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature" of
the fulness of Christ." Now, we all know, or ought'to know, that
a full grown man, in the sense in which the apostle is using the
term here, that sainthood is not a matter of color or race, but of
character. The qualities that enter into the makeu^ of a saint are
the same whatever may be the race or the color of the individual.
I am emphasizing this in order to call attention to the fact that
the great aim of the religion of Jesus Christ is to develop character,
and character1 of a certain type. The matter of race, color, con¬
dition never enters for a moment into His thought or calculation.
What cares He about a man's race or color. It is what the man
becomes, develops into under His leadership, that alone concerns
Him. He thinks no more of a white saint than He does of a black
saint, or a saint of any other color. The one is just as dear to
Him as the other, the one isi held by Him in just as high estima¬
tion as the other.
If we can only get this thought into our heads and into our
hearts: if we will only stop thinking about race and color and begirt
thinking in earnest about what Jesus Christ is thinking aboutf
and what the whole purpose of His kingdom: in this world is for,
it will go very far towards settling all race differences. We mag¬
nify the things. that count for nothing in the sight of God", and
five very little attention or place but very little valuer upon
the thing that is of greatest value in Hfl's sight—character. This
will be denied, of course, on the part of a great many; but if fs
true, nevertheless. In this country society, within the Church as
well as out of it, is built upon the idea that a wjhite skin is not only
of value, but even where there is neither intelligence nor virtue
6
associated with It, it is of more Value and is entitled to greater
respect or consideration than a dark skin, however much of virtue
or intelligence may be connected with it. Think of the places from
which colored people are excluded simply because of their color!
Think of the difference in the treatment that is accorded to people
on the basis of color solely, simply because of their complexion,
their race identity. This is the kind of education that is going
on all over the country,- the standard of measurement that is being
set up everywhere, in the churches, as well as out of them. And
it all arises from a failure on the part of the church to read aright
the mind of the Master, as revealed in His life and teachings—a
failure on the part of the church to put the emphasis where Jesus
puts it, upon character and not upon race and color. Unfortunate¬
ly, in the present order of things in this country, character, intelli¬
gence, culture are of small account when put over against race or
color. As some one has expressed ity the most degraded white man
is better than the most intelligent, the most upright and virtuous
colored man. The white people, as a whole, would not admit that
such is he case, I know1; but the course which they afe pursuing
in their treatment of the colored man teaches, if not just that les¬
son, what amounts to the same thing. His color is the only thing
that is ever taken into consideration in determining what treat¬
ment should be accorded to him. In all public utilities or places
the white man goes any and everywhere on his color, provided he
is able to meet expenses; the colord man can go nowhere, or scarcely
anywhere, because of Ms color, never mind how able he may be to
meet expenses. Everywhere he is proscribed, segregated. Wher¬
ever he goes he finds the stress laid on color; he finds a white skin
counts for more than character or intelligence, or both. The evil
of estimating people in this way lies in the fact that it puts the
emphasis in the wrong place; it magnifies, Out of all proportion,
a thing which, in and of itself, is of no possible value, certainly
none in the sight of God. No man is held responsible, according
to the wore} of God, for his race or color; or fs any account taken
of his race or color in grading him, but every one is held responsible
for his character and conduct, and is estimated accordingly. That
is the standard set up by the great Teacher; and it is the only
standard that should ever he se( up. Peter saw this, and with
great clearness sets forth the attitude which all Christians should
take, which the Church should take and hold unflinchingly to, in
the statement: "Of a truth T perceive that God is no respecter of
persons: but in every nation he that feareth him and worketfr
righteousness is acceptable to him." You will notice here, the
thing that makes men acceptable to God is not that thev are of
any particular race or nation, but the fact that they fear Him and
7
are upright in character and conduct. It is character, not race or
color, that Christianity stresses, and that it is seeking to make
dominant throughout the world. All distinctions based on race or
color, all talk about ineffaceable differences, impassable barriers -r
all attempts to segregate people on account of race or color, are
contrary to the spirit and teaching of Jesus Christ, and are
directly opposed to the great purpose of the setting up of the king¬
dom of God on earth. The apostle Paul, who knew the mind of
Christ as well, perhaps, as anyone, tells us that He came to break
down walls of separation, to destroy all enmities, and to make us
all brethren; that in Christ Jesus there cannot be Greek and Jew,,
circumcision and uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, bondman,,
freeman; but Christ is all and in all.'' These lesser distinctions
are all to be swallowed up in the greater realization and conscious¬
ness of oneness in Christ Jesus. It is the purpose of God, clearly
revealed in the scriptures, to bring together, in Christ Jesusr
believers of all the races of mankind in one great fellowship,
"There is one body, and one spirit, even as ye are called in one
hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism; one God
and Fatheri of all, who is over all and through all and in all."
It is because Christianity is what it is; its aim what it is; its
spirit what it is; its great governing principles what they are, that
I am saying, the next step in Racia.1 Cooperation, the step which
alone will bring about the desired result, is for both races to swing
in line with the teachings of Jesus Christ; is for both races to be
governed in all their relations with each other by the standard
which He has set up. And I mean just that—the next step in
racial cooperation should be the honest acceptance of the principles
of the Christian religion, and the purpose, solemnly formed, to
follow wherever they lead, regardless of personal consequences. It
will require courage, of course, to take such a forward step. To
be true to Christian principles, to live out the spirit of Jesus Christ
in dealing with this race question, will set us in opposition to
public sentiment, in opposition to what has been the custom, what
has been sanctioned by both church and society for generations.
But it must be done. We cannot continue to misrenresent, as we
are doing in our teaching and in our acts, the principles and ideals
of Christianity, as we know we are doing, and truthfully go on
calling ourselves Christians. "Whatever of suffering it may entail
we must take this final step. Jesus said, 4'If any man would be
my disciple, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow
me." He said to the rich young ruler: "Sell all t^at thou hast
and give to the poor, and come follow me." He said to His dis¬
ciples as He was sending them forth, "Behold I send you forth
as sheep in the midst of wolves. They will deliver you up to coun-
8
cils, and in their synagogues they will scourge you; yea, and before
governors and kings shall ye be brought for my sake. And the
brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and the father his
child; and children shall rise up against parents, and cause them to
be put to death. And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's
sake." It shows that though it may entail suffering, may bring
us in disfavor with our friends, relatives and others, Jesus expects
us to be true to him and to his teachings. It is only in this way
that He is to gather out of the world a peculiar people. And until
we are willing to take this final step, and take it without reserva¬
tions, the thing that we are aiming at—good-will, peace, harmony
between the races—will never be realized. It is the willingness on
the part of both races to be true to Christian principls and ideals
that alone holds the solution. We may go on trying, as we have
been doing, to substitute something else in place of pure, unadul¬
terated Christianity; but ultimately we have got to come to< it, or
else go on as we have been going on, in strife and hatred. The
one thing needful is to be found in Christianity alone, in Chris¬
tianity which emphasizes the sacredness of the indivdual, the
fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man—of man, of all
men, white, and black, and yellow, and brown, and red—all
brothers, the children of one common father, God. It will not
be an easy matter to take this final step. There are great obstacles
in the way: prejudices will have to be overcome, long established
customs will have to be uprooted. Old things will have to pass
away, and a new order of things set up. And if we had to tackle
the problem in our own strength alone, it would be a hopeless one;
but we need not tackle it in our own strength alone. Back of the
Christian religion is the mighty power of God. "Who art thou,
great mountain? Before Zerubbabel thou shalt become a plain."
"Not by might, nor by power, but by my spirit, saith the Lord
of host." "Hail! All power in heaven and earth hath been com¬
mitted unto me. And, lo, I am with you always, even unto the
end of the ages." In and of ourselves we will never be able to
weld men of all races together in one great brotherhood, but God
Almighty and Jesus Christ his Son, working through us, can. And
that is our hope, and our only hope. If the change for the better
ever comes, it will be! in .this way, and in no other. The miore we
make of Christianity; the nearer we get to Jesus Christ in char¬
acter and life; the more fully we come to accept His great prin¬
ciples, His leadership; the more of His-spirit we get into us, the
nearer we will be to the solution of all of our problems, racial
and otherwise. The prayer, the great prayer, that we all need
to be sending up, and sending up continually, is. "Thy kingdom
come, thy will be done on earth as it is done in heaven." And
9
see to it that we are doing all that we can to answer ®ttr own'
prayer. We can all help to bring in the kingdom of God here on
earth if we will, if we make up our minds to do so.
I read recently a very interesting book by Mr. Fred Eastman,,
entitled, "Unfinished Business," prepared particularly for the
Presbyterian Church in the U_ S\ A., m the introduction of which
these words occur.-: "The reason for our striving for religious and
political freedom, education, and service is deeply rooted in our
theology. You cannot plant in the human heart the great con¬
ception of a so"rcreign God, indwelling in the' human soul, without
that idea some day flowering in reverence for human personality.
And sooner or later reverence* for human personality b^ars- fruit
in pactieal efforts for freedom, education and service; for freedom,
education and service are necessary for the full develop aent of
the divine possibilities in human personality. This is ~hy the
Presbyterian Church has always made evangelism, by t 'iich we
mean- getting- the human sour into fellowship with God, fur imental
in all its- work:.''
And this is the point, particularly, to which I am call' % atten¬
tion. According to this definition, what is the work, e great
work to which the Church is committed? It is EVAN ^LISM.
And what is EVANGELISM, as here defined? It is g ting the
human soul into fellowshiu with God. If that is what tT Church
really believes evangelism to be; and if that is what it aiming
to effect—to bring the human soul into fellowship with id:—how
is it possible for the question of race or color ever to c e up in
determining its attitude towards any human being or ny class
of human beings? For if'men may fellowship with Gr men of
all races and colors, why may they not fellowship with e h other ?
Dare we, in the name of Jesus Christ, take the positior hat men
who may fellowship with God may not fellowship wit us; men
who may fellowship with Jesus Christ are not fit for >Ilowship
with us? And yet that is just the attitude, largely, of w " >e Amer¬
ican Christianity. It is seeking, it says, to bring men i o fellow¬
ship with God, and at the same time it is not" willir itself to
fellowship with men if they happen to be of a differs f race or*
color. The inconsistency between this definition of T angeli'sm
and the actual practice of the Church is most glarir and' the
assumption underlying it, as it seems to me, is most bl phemous.
I can't help feeling that if we would stop and think r Tously of
this definition of evangelism, and it is a correct definit" n\ as out¬
lining, in part, the mission of the Church, it would ma" > a differ¬
ence; it would revolutionize things; it would put the 1 'iole ques¬
tion of race relations in an entirely new light Day by lay, if we
would carry about with us the thought that men of al races and
io>
colors may fellowship with God, and get that fact well and firmly
established in our hearts and minds, I think, we would be slow
to set up barriers against any one on account of race or color; we
would be slow to arrogate to ourselves a superiority to God him¬
self. And yet that is just what race prejudice does. It refuses
to fellowship with, holds itself above affiliation with those with
whom God fellowships; It has always seemed to me a most arro¬
gant and blasphemous position to take: so different from the spirit
of the lowly Nazarene. When the sheet was let down from heaven,
a voice was heard which said to Peter, '' Rise, kill and eat.'' But
Peter said. "Not so, Lord; for I have never eaten anything that
is common and unclean." And the voice came unto him again the
second time, "What God hath cleansed, make not thou common."
I do not know whether Mr. Eastman fully realized what he was
saying when he framed this definition of evangelism; whether he
saw its far-reaching import, its bearing upon the very thing we
have been discussing, race relations, or not; but I hope he did.
And I hope that it will not be long before we will all come to see
that fellowship with God is a much bigger thing than fellowship
with man; and that since men of all races and colors may fellow¬
ship with God, it ought to be possible for men of all races and
colors to fellowship with each other. It will be possible, if men
who profess to be Christians will set the example, will throw their
influence actively in favor of such fellowship. As long as a man's
status, contrary to the teachings of Jesus Christ, contrary to the
teaching of reason and common sense, is determined by the color
of his skin or his race identity, things will go on from bad to worse,
will never be any better; the kingdom of God will never come;
men will never be brothers in any true sense of the term. And,
therefore, I say deliberately, our next step, and the step next to
the next in racial cooperation is a step nearer to Jesus Christ; is
the opening of our hearts more fully, more completely to the domi¬
nating, controlling influence of Christian ideals and principles.
When^ Jesus Christ reigns in our hearts there will be no trouble
along "race lines; there will be no raising of the color question any¬
where. Men will be received and treated everywhere on the basis
of character and worth. Tennyson's noble lines are well worth
remembering:
" Howe'er it be, it seems to me,
'Tis only noble to be good.
Kind hearts are more than coronets,
And simple faith than Norman blood."
The mora »ve are educated under that kind of teaching, the less
there will be of race friction, the easier it will be to work together
in ppa<^ nnrl harmony, to pursue the even tenor of our ways with-
ii
out being reminded of one's race or color. The greater things of
the Spirit will come in and drive out the lesser things of the flesh,
and so the whole plain of living will be lifted. Men will be brothers
and not a set of barbarians ever clashing with each other, ever
seeking to lord it over each other.
'' Less of self and more of Christ,
None of self and all of Christ.''
is the way out of our present difficulties; is the way to permanent
racial peace and harmony. Not until we are willing to meet all
men as brothers, on the basis laid down by Jesus Christ, will it be
possible to break down the barriers which now separate us and
which keep us apart in envy and strife. In Jesus Christ alone
will there be perfect racial cooperation; in Christ Jesus alone will
men be able to live together in justice, righteousness and brother¬
hood. There is no other way: and the sooner we come to realize
it and yield ourselves to the great Teacher, the better it will be.
Interracial relations will be adjusted in his way, or not at all.
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