EMORY UNIVERSITY
HISTORY
OF
ALABAMA
for use tn
SCHOOLS
AND FOR GENERAL READING
by
John \V. Beverly
published by the author
1901
Copyrighted 1901
by
JOHN W. BEVERLY.
PRESS ®F ALABAMA P'T'G CO., MONTGOMERY.
PREFACE.
Knowledge precedes patriotism. Down to the present
time there has been but little study of the history of this
splendid State of ours, either in the schools or by the fire¬
side. That Alabama is one of the greatest states in the
Union in natural resources; that she has produced some
of the ablest men in the nation; and that she has bound¬
less possibilities, are facts but little known. In proportion
as an individual, as well as a nation becomes familiar with
the facts in any case, just in that proportion is engendered
a love for the object of which the knowledge is acquired.
Knowledge is the mother of devotion. There can be no
lasting attachment until the traditions, the laws, and the
sentiments, and all that make a State, have become
household words.
To be true, you must first know the truth.
Owing, therefore, to the fact that so little is known,
generally, of the State's history, the presentation of the
subject in the form of questions and answers, in large
part, is undertaken in this volume. This method has
some strong arguments in its favor—the catechising of one
another by children, and a sure and ready method by
which teachers may acquire a foundation of the cardinal
points in the subject.
The treatise is not a question book in the ordinary form;
but a history of the State topically arranged. The work
comprises history proper and geography, and a
short chapter on the Negroes of Alabama. A separate
chapter is devoted to DeSoto, because of the importance
of his expedition through Alabama. The Creek Indian
War is made a separate chapter, to the end that it would
appear in clearer light. The Governors' administrations
iv
form each a chapter. The scheme of the counties is a special
feature. By this scheme,children,and also adults,will learn
the counties more easily and certainly than by any other
method yet produced. Another special feature is, the
scheme to learn the Governors.. This rhyme will enable
persons to recall the Governors in their order, as well as
some chief point of history at the time of their administra¬
tion.
The geography is grouped under the head of the
counties, giving the main features of each county.
In the preparation of this work, gratitude is hereby
extended to General W. C. Oates, for valuable assistance;
Thomas M. Owen, Esq., Director of the Department of
Archives and History of Alabama, for general and indis-
pensible service through the entire preparation; Prof. G.
W. Brock, member State Board of Examiners for teachers,
for valuable suggestions; Mr. Junius Riggs, Supreme
Court Librarian, for the use of books and suggestions; Col.
W. B. Jones, of Montgomery, for suggestions; Col. John
W. DuBose, author of the "Life of Yancey", for critical
readings; Hon. Robert Barber, for corrections.
The following works have been frequently consulted:
Brewer's Alabama; Owen's edition of Pickett's History of
Alabama; Brewer's Hand Book of Alabama; Alabama As
It is; Brown's History of Alabama, and some minor au¬
thorities not necessary to mention.
Also should be mentioned as consulted, Journals and
Acts of the Legislature, The Montgomery Advertiser, Mil¬
ler's History of Alabama, and the Bcjwrt of the History Com-
mission.
The list of officers of the State is merely added as an
appendix, and not as the work of the author of this
volume.
J. W. Beverly,
State Normal School,
Montgomery, Ala.
September 16, 1901.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Preface
PART I. HISTORY.
Chap.
I. DeSoto in Alabama 1
II. The Indians of Alabama 4
III. The French in Alabama 11
IV: Spanish and English iu Alabama 15
V. Mississippi Territory 20
VI. Alabama as a Territory 25
VII. Creek Indian War.-, 29
VIII. Administrations of Governors William W. -Bibb
and Thomas Bibb 89
IX. Administration of Governor Pickens 43
X. Administration of Governor Murphy 46
XI. Aministrations of Governors Gabriel and Samuel B.
Moore 48
XII. Administration of Governor Gayle ... 50
XIII. Administration of Governors Clay and McVay,__ -.53
XIV. Administration of Governor Bagby 56
XV. Administration of Governor Fitzpatrick .59
XVI. Administration of Governor Martin 62
XVII. Administration of Governor Chapman _ ._64
XVIII. Administration of Governor Collier 67
XIX. Administration of Governor Winston 70
XX. Administration of Governor Andrew B. Moore 73
XXI. Administration of Governor Shorter 76
XXII. Administration of Governor Watts 80
XXI LI. Administrations of Governors Parsons and Patton 83
XXIV. Administration of Governor Smith 87
XXV. Administration of Governor Lindsay 90
XXVI. Administration of Governor Lewis 92
XXVII. Administration of Governor Houston 95
XXVIII. Administration of Governor Cobb 99
XXIX. Administration of Governor O'Neal 102
XXX. Administration of Governor Seay 106
XXXI. Administration of Governor Jones 111
vi
XXXII. Administration of Governor Oates 116
XXXIII. Administration of Governor Johnston ... 119
XXXIV. Administrations of Governors Samford and Jeiks 122
XXXV. Battles between the Confederates and the Federals 124
Intercalary Chapter. List of the Governors and scheme to
learn the Governors 132
PART II. GEOGRAPHY.
I. General Information and Statistics 135
II. The lliver System of Alabama 149
III. Cereal Belt—the Tennessee Valley 153
IV. The Mineral Belt 160
V. The Cotton, or Black Belt 176
VI. The Timber Belt 187
PART III. THE NEGRO IN ALABAMA.
I. The Negro as a slave before 1819 196
II. The Negro as a slave in Alabama as a State__ 199
III. The Negro as a Citizen 202
RART I.
HISTORY.
CHAPTER I.
DeSoto in Alabama.
When and by what white man was Alabama discovered %
Alabama was discovered by DeSoto in 1540.
Who was DeSoto
DeSoto was a Spanish cavalier.
What part of Alabama did he enter %
"By way of Cherokee County.
How many men did DeSoto have with him ?
He left Spain with six hundred men, but increased his
force, at Cuba, to one thousand picked men, before he
vntered Alabama.
Whence did DeSoto enter Alabama ?
He came from northern Georgia.
vVhat was the nature of their equipment'?
They had helmets, breastplates, shields, coats of mail,
lances, swords, guns, crossbows, and a piece of artillery.
They had, also, cattle, swine, and mules. There were
priests and monks there.
When did DeSoto enter Alabama!
July 2, 1540.
Name the first Indian town entered ?
Costa.
What was the next Indian town to which he came and
halted °?
From Costa, DeSoto came next to Coosa, within the pres¬
ent limits of the county of Talladega.
How long did DeSoto remain at Coosa i
He remained here 25 days.
2
HISTORY OP ALABAMA.
At what well known town did tliey next arrive I
Tallassee, on the Tallapoosa.
How long did they tarry here ?
Desoto and his force remained at Tallassee 20 days.
While at Tallassee what important invitation was
received by DeSoto ?
An invitation from Tuscaloosa, the Indian chief, to visit
him.
Who bore the message !
The son of Tuscaloosa, saying that his father, about 30
miles below, awaited the coming of DeSoto.
Where did DeSoto and Tuscaloosa meet'?
It is supposed that they met somewhere below Line
Creek, in Montgomery County.
How long was DeSoto on the way to Tuscaloosa's capital,
and in what direction did he travel ?
DeSoto was two days on the way, and traveled in a south¬
west direction till he came to the capital of the Mobilians,
of whom Tuscaloosa was chief.
Through what counties did DeSoto pass, on the way to
Tuscaloosa's capital"?
Through Montgomery, Lowndes, and south-east Dallas.
What was the name of the next town to which they
came
An Indian town, called Piache, probably in upper Wilcox,
Where was Tuscaloosa in the meantime ?
Tuscaloosa had accompanied DeSoto all the way from
the place where they met below Line Creek; and he con¬
tinued to accompany DeSoto till the party arrived at
Mauvila, the capital of the tribe of which Tuscaloosa was
chief.
What happened when the party entered Mauvila ?
The chief deserted DeSoto and his men, went into one of
the Indian houses, and a battle ensued between DeSoto
and the Indians.
When did the battle begin "? t,
On the morning of October 18, IJeUO, soon after DeSoto
and his advance guard had entered the city.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
3
How long did the battle last ?
About 9 hours.
How many houses did Mauvila contain ?
About 80.
How many inmates could each contain ?
About 1,000.
What was the result of the battle %
The Spaniards lost about 20 killed, 150 wounded; the
Indians lost about 2,500, killed. Night closed upon the
city in ruins, it having been burned.
What became of Tuscaloosa ?
Some say he perished in the flames; others, that he
escaped.
Where was Mauvila ?
Probably at Choctaw Bluff, in Clarke County, 25 miles
above confluence of the Alabama and the Tombigbee.
In what direction did DeSoto move from the battle of
Mauvila ?
Northward.
Where were DeSoto's ships, at this time !
Probably in Pensacola Bay.
Why did DeSoto go northward rather than to Pensacola
Bay to rejoin his fleet ?
Because he heard that his men at Pensacola had planned
to go into mutiny.
About what time was it when DeSoto began his march
northward ?
About the middle of November.
Through what part of Alabama did he travel north¬
ward
The counties of Clarke, Marengo, and Greene.
To what Indian town did he come in this region ?
A town, called Cabusto, near the town of Erie, on Black
Warrior River.
What happened at Cabusto ?
A battle between the inhabitants and DeSoto, and then
the explorer passed into Mississippi.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
CHAPTEK II.
The Indians of Alabama.
Name and locate the chief Indian tribes that inhabited
Alabama ?
The Cherokees, the Chickasaws, the Choctaws, and the
Creeks. There was also another smaller tribe, theTensaws.
The Cherokees.—What portion of the State did the Cher¬
okees inhabit1?
The Cherokees inhabited the north-eastern corner of Al¬
abama.
Where did DeSoto encounter them ?
- DeSoto encountered them on the upper waters of the
Coosa and feasted with them in their capital, called
Cheaha.
What was the status of the civilization of the Cherokees
as compared with other tribes ?
The Cherokees were the most civilized of all the tribes,
and they had written laws before leaving Alabama. They
had a delegate in the Confederate Congress.
Mention some of their customs ?
The Cherokees had a custom of slitting and stretching
their ears; they shaved off all the hair of their heads,
except a small patch at the back.
What of their appearance ?
Their hands and feet were small.
Name some amusements that occupied the Cherokees '!
They were fond of dancing and ball playing.
Describe their burial rites i
When it was apparent a sick man could not recover,
they prepared his grave, annointed his hair and painted his
■ face; and when he died they buried his body immediately.
His guns, bows and other utensils were buried with him.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
The Chickasaws.—What portion of the State did the
Chickasaws inhabit"?
The Chickasaws inhabited the north-western portion of
the State- -the head waters of the Tombigbee and also of
the Yazoo. Their territory included the greater part of
the. Tennessee Valley, and the first tier of north-western
■counties.
How did they compare with the other tribes of Alabama !
The Chickasaws were the most courageous of all the orig¬
inal tribes of Alabama.
What particular family was the most noted among the
Chickasaws ?
The Colbert family, a half-breed family, which obtained
ascendency early in the 19t.h -century, and still main¬
tains it.
What of the Chickasaws as warriors %
They were the best fighters of all the tribes.
Where did the Chickasaws originate ?
They came to this State from Mississippi.
To what family did the Chickasaws belong f
The Chickasaws belonged to the Muscogee family.
What was the bond that made the Muscogee family %
All the tribes of Alabama, except the Cherokees, had a
similar language. This similarity in language and dialect
make up one people—called the Muscogee family.
On what territory did the Chickasaws wage war!
From the Ohio to Mobile Bay.
In what else besides fighting did the Chickasaws excel %
They excelled also in the chase. The warriors were not
fond of agriculture. This was left to the women.
Whom did the Chickasaws resemble and in what respect ?
They resembled the Choctaws both in language and cus¬
tom. The Choctaws and Chickasaws together constituted
the western half of the Muscogee family.
The Choctaws.—Where did the Choctaws live ?
The Choctaws inhabited the western and south-wester l
portions of Alabama and a portion of Mississippi.
6
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What is the probable meaning of the word choctaic T
It probably means flat.
To what is the name due ? ,
From their flattening the heads of their male infants.
What of their complexion %
They were darker than the Creeks. It is said they were
not fond of water and could not swim. The Choctaws were
tillers of the soil; the Creeks warriors. The Choctaws
would defend their territory, but were not in the habit of
making foreign wars. The men helped the women to work.
In what did the Choctaws excel %
They excelled in oratory.
What were some of their characteristics ?
They wTere hospitable, cheerful, witty, and cunning.
What were some of their chief faults 1
Gambling, intemperance, and begging.
Name some of their sports ?
Ball-playing and a game called chunke.
Mention some of their funeral rites ?
Like other Indians, they collected and cleaned the bones
of the dead. They had great faith in the medicine men;
and when a patient was incurable, they usually strangled
him at once.
The Creeks.—Where did the Creeks live ?
The Creeks inhabited central and eastern Alabama.
When first known, the Muscogees, of whom the Creeks
were a branch, inhabited the domain extending* from the
Tombigbee to the Pacific.
How did the Creeks compare in prowess with the other
tribes ?
They were the most powerful of all the tribes that inhab¬
ited Alabama.
Why did the Creeks live mostly in towns?
Because they were a warring people and lived in towns
for protection.
Where were their principal towns"?
rJ heir principal towns were on the Coosa, the Tallapoosa,
and Flint rivers.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
7
Oil what territory (lid they jnake war ?
They made war all the way down to Mobile Bay and to
ilorida.
By whom and for what reason was this tribe of Indians
•called Creeks ?
They were called Creeks by the English because of the
many rivers in their territory.
What was the character of the menl
The Creek men w«re indolent. The men hunted and
fished and left the work of agriculture to the women.
What sports occupied the Creeks ?
Ball-playing find chunke.
Where did the Creeks originate ?
They came, originally, from Mexico.
The Tensaws.—Where did the Tensaws live1?
The Tensaws lived on the banks of the Tensaw River
and about Mobile Bay.
. Where did the Tensaws originate?
They came from the present county of Tensas, in Louis¬
iana.
ALLIED TRIBES.
The Alabamas.—To what confederation did the Alabamas
belong ?
The Alabamas belonged to the Creek confederation; and
this is why the Alabamas is not laid down as one of the
principal classes.
What territory did the Alabamas inhabit ?
The Alabamas inhabited the territory beginning near
the junction of the Coosa and the Tallapoosa, extending
down about forty miles.
Fame some of their towns'?
Cosawda, Autauga.
Where did the Alabamas originate 1
They came to this State from the banks of the Yazoo and
Mississippi rivers.
8
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What tribe harassed the Alabamas, and finally routed
them from their territory %
The Creeks routed them and settled upon their territory.
Where did the Alabamas go when the Creeks routed
them %
They fled for refuge among* the Choctaws anil other
tribes.
Were the Creeks and Alabamas ever reconciled ?
Yes; through the intervention of Bienville, the French
Governor, at Mobile, in 1702.
How did the treaty affect the Alabamas ?
The Alabamas became a part of the Creek confederacy.
All the tribes mentioned here belonged to the Creek con¬
federacy unless otherwise stated.
Where did the Tallassees live ?
The Tallassees lived upon the Tallapoosa and its tribu¬
taries.
Where did the Tookabatohi come from ?
From the Ohio country.
What alliance did they make ?
Became a part of the Creek nation.
What town did the Tookabatchi build ?
A town near ruins western Tallassee.
What name did they give their town ?
Their own name—Tookabatchi.
What expedition halted at Tallassee prior to the coming
of the Tookabatchi ?
DeSoto's expedition.
What of interest did the Tookabatchi bring from the
Ohio country ?
Curious brass plates.
For what were these brass plates used I
At green corn celebrations, once a year.
Where did the Tuskegees live '?
hi East Alabama, in the fork of Coosa and Tallapoosa
rivers.
What town did the Tuskegees build i
Tuskegee.
HISTORY OE ALABAMA.
9
Where?
On East bank of the Coosa.
Later, what fort was built on site of Tuskegee 1
The French Fort, Toulouse.
Later still, what fort was built there !
Fort Jackson, by the Americans 100 years later.
What small tribes lived about Mobile Bay and Eiver f
The Chatots, Thomez and Tensaws. The Chatots were
friends of the French and embraced Catholic religion.
What finally became of these tribes %
They were finally merged into the larger tribes of Chick -
asaws and Choctaws.
Where did the Natchez tribe originate ?
From south-western Mexico.
Where did they settle later %
On the banks of the Mississippi, chiefly at modern
Natchez.
For what was this tribe noted ?
Its despotism and haughtiness.
How did the Natchez come to Alabama?
Some of them fled from destruction of war and joined
the Chickasaws and the Creeks.
INDIAN CHIEFS.
Pushmataha was born in Mississippi in 1765. He
belonged to the Choctaw tribe. He was admirable in char¬
acter, intelligent, brave, and eloquent. He was "a friend
to'the white man." He died in Washington, D. C., Decem¬
ber 24,1824, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery.
Big Warrior was a native Alabamian. He was a man
of prudence, and shrewdness. He was a friend of the
whites and sided with them in the war of 1813. He died
in Washington, D. C., while on business as a delegate, 1825.
Tecumseh was one of the most remarkable characters
among the North American Indians, He was an orator,
10
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
and a warrior. He led the forces in the North, after leav¬
ing Mississippi Territory. He was defeated and slain in
battle in Canada, October 5, 1813.
I Osceola was a famous Seminole Chief. He was born in
Macon county. He was blood thirsty, brave and relent¬
less in his hostility towards the whites. He made the
^Everglades of Florida the last stronghold of his race, east of
f the Mississippi. He was decoyed into the American camps,
by promises of amnesty, and died in chains, at Fort Moul¬
trie. He was a son of an Englishman and a mixed-breed
grand daughter of James McQueen, a Scotchman.
Alexander McGillivray was born near Wetumpka in 1746.
His mother was Sehoy, an Indian princess, and daughter
of a French officer, Capt. Marchand, who was killed at
Fort Toulouse while in command in 1722. Sehoy was mar¬
ried to McGillivray, a Scotch trader. The son was edu¬
cated in Charleston, at seventeen; and returned to his
native forests. His descent, wealth, and mental powers
at once placed him at the head of the Muscogee, or Creek
Nation.
Peter McQueen, "High-Head Jim," and David Francis, a
"prophet," were leaders of the hostile forces against the
whites in the Creek War, the beginning of which was the
skirmish at Burnt Corn.
Tuscaloosa was chief of the Mobilians, better known as
Choctaws. The story of the meeting with DeSoto and the
consequence of the same has been told under the head of
DeSoto in Alabama.
The Colberts were half-breed Chickasaws. From this
family Colbert county gets its name. George Colbert
owned a ferry in Colbert county and lived there, and Levi,
his brother, qlso^ lived in Colbert county.
William Weatherford, the "Red Eagle," was the son of
Charles Weatherford, a Georgian, and Sehoy, a half sister
of Alexander McGillivray.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
11
CHAPTEE III.
The French in Alabama.
By what general name did the French call all their pos¬
sessions in North America 1
Louisiana.
What did Louisiana embrace!
All the land from the source of the Mississippi to its
mouth.
Who was LaSalle %
A French explorer.
Whence did LaSalle come into Alabama territory?
From the region of the Great Lakes, down the Mississippi.
Who claimed this region for France?
LaSalle, in 1682.
Who was Bienville?
French Governor of Louisiana. He was a native of
Canada, and was the third French Governor of Louisiana.
What forts did he build ?
In 1764, Bienville built Fort Toulouse, between Coosa
and Tallapoosa rivers, about four miles from their junction,
long known afterwards as Fort Jackson. He also built
Fort Tombecbee; afterwards Fort Confederation, on the
Tombigbee, near Epes Station, in Sumter county.
What other fort was built by the French ?
Fort Conde, afterwards known as Fort Charlotte, within
the present limits of the city of Mobile.
When did France give up her territory east of the Mis¬
sissippi?
By treaty of Paris, in 1763, France ceded to England all
her territory east of the Mississippi, except the island of
Orleans. By treaty of Paris, Spain ceded to Great Britain
all her claims to Florida.
12
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What did Spain receive in exchange for Florida ?
The city of Havana, Cuba, which had been seized by
the English during the war.
What were some of the terms of peace?
The French commandant, *at Mobile, delivered Fort
Conde to Major Robert Farmer, of the English army.
Fort Tombecbee was delivered to Captain Thomas Ford.
Chevalier Lavnoue, commanding Fort Toulouse, not being
relieved, gave up the Fort and threw the guns into the
Coosa. By the foregoing acts the Alabama territory passed
into the hands of the English. By a secret treaty France
ceded to Spain all her remaining territory in North
America.
What was the meaning of West Florida?
West Florida embraced a large part of. Mississippi and
Alabama.
How far north did West Florida extend?
West Florida extended as far north as parallel 32° 28',
extending from mouth of the Yazoo, on the Mississippi,
east to the Chattahoochee river.
AVhere is the line that marks parallel 32° 28' north lati¬
tude ?
Between the city of Montgomery and the town of
Wetumpka. All Alabama south of that line was in British
West Florida, and all north of that line was in British
Province of Illinois.
When did the Spanish get control of West Florida?
West Florida passed under Spanish control at the time
of the Eevolution.
CONTRACT WITH CROZAT.
Give an account of Louisiana Province ?
From the time of acquisition, down to September 14th
1712, the French possessions in America had been a burden
rather than a source of revenue to France. Because of this
fact, the King of France desired to let the Province of
Louisiana out to some one. He found Antoine Crozat a
wealthy merchant, who entered into contract with him
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
13
What were the provisions of the contract with Crozat ?
By contract, signed September 14th, 1712, the King gave
Crozat the commerce of Louisiana for fifteen years. Crozat
was to make certain improvements, and to become owner
of improved lands, to render certain part of the product of
mines to the King, reserving rest for himself. The laws
and customs of Paris were to prevail in the Province.
, When did Crozat's agents arrive, and how many souls
in the Province at the time ?
Crozat's agents arrived in May, 1713, and the total popu¬
lation, including soldiers, was about six thousand. There
was a new Governor, Cadillac, Bienville becoming second
in command.
LAW AND HIS COMPANY.
After the expiration of the contract with Crozat, who
had possession of the Province of Louisiana U
In September, 1717, the Province was turned over to a
company called the Company of the West.
Who was the leading man in this company f
John Law, a Scotchman, who had led a wandering life,
and one of adventure.
On what was Law's fame based 1
His fame was based on a scheme for the issue of paper
money based on various sorts of securities. He founded a
bank at Paris, which was, for a time, prosperous. Law's
apparent success set the people in Paris wild with specula¬
tion. Ship load after ship load of emigrants were sent to
Mobile.
Who became Governor now instead of Cadillac ?
Bienville, who had been second in command, now
became Governor. Under Bienville the Capital was estab¬
lished at New Beloxi, in 1720, but Mobile was still chief
settlement. By this time slavery was firmly established.
When did the war break out between France and Spain?
In the beginning of 1719, war broke out between France
and Spain, and the quarrel of the mother countries was
taken up by the colonists in America.
14
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What was the result ?
The French were the victors. Pensacola, which belonged
to Spain, was taken by France, and, in 1720, was restored
to Spain, when the war ended. The English caused the
Chickasaws to become hostile to the French. The Choc-
taws were good friends to the French. But Law's com¬
pany of the West was brief and had absorbed a similar
company of the East. In 1719, the name was changed to
the Company of the Indies. In 1720, Law became Comp¬
troller-General of France, and the company swallowed up
the Royal Bank of France. The end came. Shareholders
became suspicious. Law fled from Paris. The company's
affairs were turned over to a council of regency. The
crash came. The number of souls in the colony, including
Negroes, was about six thousand. This threw the colony
in great distress. The Garrisons at Mobile and Beloxi
were compelled to seek food among the Indians. The
colony was at last submitted to three commissioners.
Bienville had planned to make New Orleans the capital; so
in 1723, the capital was removed to that place. Mobile con¬
tinued to be the meeting place of Indian Annual Congress,
friendly to the French. The next year Bienville was called
to France to answer charges. Bienville issued a code
known as the Black Code, the provisions of which were,
the Jews were all banished from the colony, colonists were
to accept Boman Catholic faith, • whites were not to inter¬
marry with Negroes. When Bienville arrived in France,
he plead his cause to no purpose; he was removed from
office, after twenty-five years of service in the New World.
After a short temporary command under another, the
Province of Louisiana was put under Governor Periere.
(The events that follow under Periere do not affect our
history.)
In the beginning of the year 1731 the company was
asked to surrender its charter, and the Colony of Louisiana
passed under the control of the Crown, 1732. In 1733
Bienville again became Governor. '
History of alabama. lo
CJIAPTER IV.
Spanish and English in Alabama.
By what general name did the Spanish call their posses¬
sions in North America ?
Florida.
At the time of the Revolution, who was Governor of the
Spanish possessions?
- Galvez.
What conquests did Galvez make?
In 1780, March 14, Galvez captured Fort Charlotte, at
Mobile. The whole of "West Florida was surrendered to
Spain.
What promotion did Galvez receive?
He was made Captain-General of Louisiana and Florida.
When were the conquests of Galvez in Florida confirmed ?
After treaty of Paris had recognized independence of
the United States.
How was the dispute over boundary settled ?
The dispute was settled by settling upon 31st parallel
north as the boundary between FJorida and the United
States, extending from Mississippi, on the west, to the
Chattahoochee on the east.
What was the attitude of British West Florida during
the Revolutionary War?
The inhabitants of British West Florida were not in sym¬
pathy with the thirteen original colonies in tneir struggles
for freedom from Great Britain.
What kind office did Spain offer ?
Spain offered herself as mediator between the colonies
and Great Britain, but her offer was rejected.
What was the result of refusal to accept Spain as medi¬
ator?
In 1779, Spain declared war against England.
16
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Who was Spanish Governor of Louisiana at this time?
Galvez, as before said.
What portion of the present State of Alabama continued
under Spanish rule, even after settlement, 1795, upon 31st
parallel north, as boundary between the United States and
Florida1?
The <'Mobile District," the territory between the Pearl
and Per dido rivers.
What event finally settled the right of supremacy of,
and possession to, the soil of Alabama?
The French-Indian War, 1755-1763. "It was no mere
question of succession to distant thrones that was this time
to wet the soil of America with the blood of her colonists."
For what, then, was the struggle?
For land.
Where did the war break out?
At the gateway to the Ohio Yalley, Duquesne, which
was held by the French.
Wrhen did the English come into possession of Alabama?
By treaty of Paris, in 1763, France formally ceded to
England all her territory east of the Mississippi, except
New Orleans and adjaceent district known as the island of
Orleans.
THE ENGLISH.
The middle of the eighteenth century saw the end of the
struggle between France and England in North America.
It is known that the colonies of these two countries took
up the quarrel in America. The chief seat of the French
was in Canada, and in that region most of the battles of
the French and Indian War, as it was called, were fought.
In 1763 the final treaty of peace, known as the Treaty of
Paris, was signed by Great Britain, France, Spain, and
Portugal. France ceded to Great Britain all her posses¬
sions in North America, east of the Mississippi, except
New Orleans and the adjacent district. Spain had come
to the assistance of France in 1762. Havana, Cuba, had
HISTORY OP ALABAMA.
17
been taken by the British. Spain ceded to Great Britain
the whole of Florida and Pensacola, and Great Britain
restored Havana to Spain.
By a secret treaty made in 1762, France ceded to Spain
the remainder of her possessions in North America, which
remainder was only New Orleans and lands west of the
Mississippi. It will thus be seen that all the land east of
the Mississippi, except New Orleans, belonged to England
by this time. The English, having displaced all other
nations in the eastern part of North America, had, after
all, to contend with her own colonists. Alexander McGil-
livray was employed by the English, and given the rank
fcand pay of a Colonel, to aid the English in conciliating
the Creeks. In 1784 McGillivray formed a compact with
the Spaniards to give them the control of the commerce
with hi^ people. He agreed to deliver up all white men
opposed to the Spanish influence among the Creeks. For
this he was made a Spanish Commissary, with rank and
pay of a Colonel.
McGillivray led his people to reject a treaty made, of
territory, to Georgia in 1783, causing bloodshed when the
Georgians attempted to settle the cession. In 1785, Con¬
tinental Congress sent commissioners to treat with the
Creeks, and through McGillivray the matter miscarried,
as well as other attempts later. It should be borne in
mind that Alabama territory formed a part of Georgia.
In 1732, Oglethorpe received a grant of territory. This
grant was what is now the State of Georgia and part of
Alabama. In 1785 Georgia established the county of
Houston, embracing what is now the counties of Madison,
Lauderdale, Limestone and Jackson, in Alabama. A set¬
tlement was established in the northwestern corner of the
State, but in a short time the colonists were driven off by
the Indians. In 1788, the Continental Congress appointed
another agent in the South. McGillivray continued his
opposition until the Georgians were removed from the
Oconee lands. In 1789, President Washington found the
18
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
same unsettled conditions. He sent a commission to treat
with McGillivray. The commission read a treaty, on the
Oconee, but to no purpose, for after coimcil McGillivray
and his chiefs decided that the terms were not satisfactory.
In 1790, Washington sent Colonel Willet to invite McGil¬
livray to come to New York, that city being the National
Capital at that ^i me. After conference with the Creeks, it
was decided that McGillivray should go to New York city.
At New York, August 7, 1790, a treaty was signed by
General Knox, Secretary of War, and McGillivray and
twenty-three chiefs and warriors. This treaty declared a
perpetual peace, and placed the Creeks under the protec¬
tion of the United States. The Creeks were to receive
fifteen hundred dollars annually, and to have certain lands.
Thus was the treaty for the Oconee cession.
There was also a secret treaty, by which several of the
chiefs were to receive annual pensions and medals. McGil¬
livray was made an agent, with rank of Brigadier-General
and a salary of twelve hundred dollars per annum. He
now repairs to his home at the Hickory Ground. When
the boundary line of the treaty was to be run, again he
becomes an obstacle. While the Commissioner was waiting
on the Oconee for McGillivray, he, McGillivray, was in
New Orleans treating with the Spaniards. McGillivray
returned to the Coosa and was made Superintendent of the
Creek Nation in behalf of Spain, with a salary of thirty-
five hundred dollars, and he was still in the pajr of the
United States, also. He died February 17, 1793.
Although McGillivray was dead, yet there was still
much confusion about land grants. South Carolina claimed
a "twelve-mile strip," which now forms the northern part
of Alabama and Mississippi. In 1787, South Carolina
ceded this strip to the United States. Georgia, as we
have already stated, laid claim to the territory of Alabama.
In 1789, Georgia sold three and one-half million acres
covering the northern part of Alabama, to the "Tennessee
Company." This sale to the "Tennessee Company" and
HISTORY OP ALABAMA.
19
some others in Mississippi, to other companies, was known
as the first Yazoo sale. President Washington issued a
proclamation against these sales. The "Tennessee Com¬
pany" attempted a settlement at Muscle Shoals, but were
driven away by the Indians. On failure of the Company
to pay, Georgia declared the contract void.
In the winter of 1794-5 the Legislature of Georgia passed
another "Yazoo" bill. To the "Georgia Company," for
1250,000, the following lands were conveyed, in the
present State of Alabama: the counties of Clarke, Greene,
Marengo, Perry, Autauga, Bibb, Shelby, Tuscaloosa,
Pickens, Fayette, Jefferson, St. Clair, and portions of eight
others, together with some lands in Mississippi. Georgia
also conveyed to the "Georgia-Mississippi Company," for
the sum of $250,000, lands in what is now parts of the
counties of Washington, Sumter, and Greene, in Alabama,
together with some lands in Mississippi. To the "Ten¬
nessee Company," for $60,000, well nigh all northern Ala¬
bama. Growing out of these sales, there was a political
war cry, "Yazoo Fraud." The next Legislature, com¬
posed of new material, declared the sale null and void.
These transactions under this head, English, were
mainly in British Province of Illinois, which Province
included in its domain all of Alabama north of 32° 28'.
South of this latitude was all South Alabama; and this
portion of the State was embraced in West Florida. At
this time, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana was in com¬
mand of Spanish garrisons at Pensacola, at Fort Charlotte,
at Fort Tombecbee, and at Fort St. Stephens.
20
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
CHAPTER V.
Mississippi Territory.
What did Mississippi Territory include1?
All the territory from Mississippi river on the west to
Chattahoochee on east, and between 31° and 32° 28'.
What State laid claim to the Mississippi Territory?
Georgia.
When was a territorial government formed for the Mis¬
sissippi Territory?
By Congress, with consent of Georgia, on April 7, 1798,
slavery not being prohibited.
Who was appointed first Governor?
Winthrop Sargent, of Massachusetts.
What was the capital of the Territory ?
Natchez.
What proclamation did Governor Sargent issue?
' A proclamation, April 2, 1799, dividing Natchez district
into two counties—Adams and Pickering. On June 4,
1800, he issued another proclamation establishing the
county of Washington, embracing the territory along the
Tombigbee and the Alabama, covering all that part of
original Mississippi Territory now lying in Alabama.
What part of Alabama is covered by the original county
of Washington?
Twenty-nine counties of Alabama and sixteen in Missis¬
sippi.
After the Territory |had advanced to the second grade,
who became Governor?
William C. Claiborne, a native of Virginia, and citizen
of Tennessee.
When did Georgia give up her claim to the Territory ?
In 1802, Georgia ceded all her territory, on her eastern
frontier, to the United States. All this territory was
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
21
bound up in Mississippi Territory by act of Congress,
approved March 27th, 1804.
When did the French give up Louisiana ?
In December, 1803, Claiborne accepted formal surrender
of Louisiana, United States having purchased it from
Napoleon.
What part of Alabama did the Spanish still hold 1
The "Mobile district."
What was the "Mobile district" ?
The territory between Pearl and Perdido rivers, south
of 31st parallel.
How long did the Spanish hold "Mobile district ?"
Till 13th of April, 1813, when it was wrested from
Spain by war (and by act of congress May 12, 1813).
What disposition was made of "Mobile district?"
It became a part of Mississippi Territory.
What General wrested the "Mobile district" from Spain?
General Wilkinson. (This was the last of foreigners in
Alabama.)
What three settlements of whites were there at this time
in Mississippi Territory ?
Settlements in Natchez district; the Tombigbee settle¬
ments, including "Mobile district," and settlements north
of the Tennessee river.
What was the policy of the Government toward the
Indians ?
To purchase their lands from them.
What nation of Indians was unwilling to part with
its possessions'?
The Creeks.
What caused the Creeks to be hostile?
Spanish and English,influencej
What was the attitude of Indians in the war of 1812 ?
Against the Americans.
Where did the Creek war break out?
At Burnt Corn, Conecuh county.
22
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What massacre did they commit ?
The massacre at Fort Minis, in Baldwin county, August
30, 1813.
What white leader came down to the assistance of the
white settlers'?
Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.
The "Mobile district" continued under Spanish rule and
was incorporated with Mississippi Territory, out of which
Alabama was carved.
When was Mississippi Territory divided, and when was
Alabama Territory formed ?
Mississippi Territory was divided March 1, 1817; Ala¬
bama Territory was formed March 3rd, 1817.
We have seen that both the United States and Spain
laid claim to the region bounded by the Chattahoochee on
the east, the Mississippi on the west, the line of 32° IS' on
the north, and the line of 31° on the south. In 1795,
Thomas Pinckney was sent to Spain, and in October of the
same year, concluded a treaty which put an eud to the
boundary trouble. The line agreed on was that of 31°
north latitude, extending from the Mississippi to the Chat¬
tahoochee; thence down the Chattahoochee to the Flint;
thence direct to the head of the St. Mary's, and down that
river to the sea. The "Mobile district", as the portion of
Alabama south of 31° was called, was all of this state that
Spain now held. The treaty required all Spanish garrison
north of line 31°, and American post south of that line,
should be removed in six months after the treaty was
ratified. Andrew Ellicott was appointed one of the Ameri¬
can Commissioners on Boundary, 1797, but on account of
some misunderstanding between the Spanish authorities
and the Americans, it was 1799 before the matter was set¬
tled. In 1798, however, Congress formed, with the region
above line 31°, as before described, the Mississippi Terri¬
tory, with a government independent of Georgia. It should
be borne in mind that Georgia down to this time exercised
jurisdiction over what became Mississippi Territory. It
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
23
was stated, however, that Georgia's rights were not to be
impaired. The President was authorized to set up U gov¬
ernment similar to that in the territory north of the Ohio;
however, slavery was not prohibited. President Adams
appointed Winthrop Sargent as Governor, and John Steele
as Secretary. Governor Sargent, from the capitol at
Natchez, issued a proclamation forming three counties in
Mississippi Territory, viz: Adams, Pickering, and Wash¬
ington. Washington county embraced all that part of the
Mississippi Territory now in Alabama, and a part of Mis¬
sissippi. Washington county had one representative in
the Territorial Legislature. Its population in 1800 was
733 whites and 494 negroes. Governor Sargent resigned
April, 3800. The Secretary exercised the functions of
Governor for a short time. There were some plantations
along the Mobile and Tensaw rivers. There were settle¬
ments on the Tombigbee and about Fort St. Stephens.
White traders were to be found in all the Indian towns.
Fort Stephens and Fort Stoddart, in Tensaw neighborhood,
were the Military posts.
In July, 1801, President Thomas Jefferson appointed
William C. Claiborne Governor of Mississippi Territory.
The next year the capital was removed from Natchez to
the town of Washington, a little east of Natchez. The first,
county court in Washington was held at Mcintosh Bluff,
on the Tombigbee. Justices of the Peace were appointed
for the counties. Trouble now arose over land grants;
some settlers claiming by right from Spain; some, from
Georgia; some, from the British. Congress placed one
Commissioner at St. Stephens and another at Washington,
to settle the claims.
Georgia, in 1802, through commission at Washington,
ceded all her territory west of the Chattahoochee to the
United States. For this the United States agreed to pay
one and a quarter million dollars out of the proceeds from
sale of these lands. In 1804, Congress added to Mississippi
Territory the land ceded by Georgia, and the "twelve mile
strip" which was once owned by South Carolina.
24
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
In 1804, Mississippi Territory extended north to the
Tennessee; the 31st parallel was the soutuern boundary.
Thus the Gulf coast, including the city of Mobile, was a
part of West Florida and was held by Spain, and formed
no part of the Mississippi Territory.
In 1803, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States,
having taken it from Spain in 1800. That part of West
Florida between the Pearl and the Perdido rivers was
called the District of Mobile, and this was under Spanish
rule. When Louisiana was purchased, the President
appointed Governor Claiborne as its first Governor, and
Mississippi was left without a Governor for more than a
year, the functions of that officer devolving upon the Sec¬
retary. Early in 1805, Robert Williams, of North Caro¬
lina, the new Governor, took charge of Mississippi Terri¬
tory.
Aaron Burr, once Vice-President of the Union, while
fleeing from j ustice, was captured near Fort Stoddart, in
Washington county.
In 1805, the United States purchased from the Chicka-
saws and Cherokees all rights to a triangular tract of land
north of the Tennessee, twenty-five miles across at the
Tennessee line and about three miles wide on the river
itself. The Choctaws also made cessions to part of south¬
west Alabama. It was the general policy of the United
States to purchase the lands from the Indians.
John Hunt, a Tennesseean, was the founder of Hunts-
ville, which was settled about this time. In 1808, Gov¬
ernor Williams established Madison county, with Hunts-
ville as county seat. Harry Toulmin, of Kentucky, was,
in 1804, appointed a judge of the court of the Tombigbee
settlement. In 1809, President Madison appointed David
Holmes, of Virginia, Governor of the Mississippi Territory.
There were now three principal settlements in the Mis -
sissippi Territory; the settlements around Natchez, settle¬
ments on the Tombigbee and the Mobile, settlements in the
Tennessee Valley, On the east were the Creek Indians;
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
25
on tlie south, the Spaniards. May 14, 1812, Congress
annexed the "Mobile district" to the territory of Missis¬
sippi. December 18, 1812, the Mississippi Legislature
created Mobile county, although the city of Mobile and
most of the adjacent territory was as yet in the possession
of Spain. The war of 1812, between the United States and
Great Britain, made it necessary for the United States to
own Mobile. In April, 1813, General James Wilkinson,
with about 600 men, came from New Orleans and demanded
the surrender of Mobile as a part of Mississippi Territory.
The Spanish commandant, Captain Perez, made the sur¬
render. From now on the Mississippi Territory included
all the present State of Alabama down to March 1, 1817,
when the Mississippi Territory was divided.
CHAPTER VI.
Alabama as a Territory.
When was the Mississippi Territory divided1?
It was divided by act of Congress, dated March 1, 1817.
When was Alabama Territory formed ! •
It was formed March 3rd, 1817.
What was the capital of the Territory!
St. Stephens, Washington county.
How was the first Legislature formed !
The Governor, appointed by the President, was empow¬
ered to convene those members of the Mississippi Terri¬
tory that fell by division within the limits of the new
Territory. 1
Who happened to be the only member of the upper
house !
James Titus, of Madison county; and during the entire
26
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
session of the first Legislature lie occupied a separate
chamber and exercised all the functions of that body.
Who was appointed Governor'?
Wm. W. Bibb, of Georgia.
When did the first Territorial Legislature convene?
January 19, 1818, at St. Stephens.
What counties were represented in that body ?
The counties ©f Baldwin, Clarke, Madison, Mobile, Mon¬
roe, Montgomery and Washington.
When did the second and last Legislature convene1?
November 2nd, 1818, at the same place.
What did this Legislature do of special note1?
It established the seat of government at Cahaba. It also
designated Huntsville as the temporary seat of govern¬
ment until buildings could be erected at Cahaba, for as yet
the latter was only a town in name.
By act of Congress, March 1,1817, Mississippi Territory
was divided. On March 3, of the same year, 1817, Ala¬
bama Territory was formed. Prior to March 1,1817, what
is now Alabama was a part of the Mississippi Territory.
Alabama being a Territory, its Governor and its Secretary
were appointed by the President of the United States.
The Governor's powers were very extensive. The two
bodies of the Legislature were called the Legislative Coun¬
cil and the House of Representatives. The act of Congress,
creating the Territory of Alabama, provided that the Leg¬
islature should be made up as follows: All the members
of the original Mississippi Territorial Legislature that fell
by allotment on the Alabama side, were to be members of
the Alabama Legislature. Those who belonged to the
original Mississippi Legislative Council were members of
the corresponding branch in the Alabama Legislature; and,
in like manner, the members of the Lower House, or House
of Representatives, were members of the House of Repre•
sentatives of the Alabama Legislature. It happened that
only one member of the Legislative Council of the original
Mississippi Territory fell to the Alabama side; and, hence,x
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
27
there was but one member of the Legislative Council of
Alabama Territory, James Titus, of Madison county. It
is said that James Titus met and adjourned, and exer¬
cised all the functions of that body. The following
counties were represented in the House of Representatives:
Baldwin, Clarke, Madison, Washington, Monroe, Mobile,
and Montgomery counties. St. Stephens, in Washington
county, was named as the capital till the Legislature
othe rw i se ord ered.
The President appointed William Wyatt Bibb, of Geor¬
gia, as Governor of Alabama Territory, in 1817. The first
Legislature of Alabama Territory convened at St. Stephens,
January-19, 1818. Gabriel Moore, of Madison county, was
Speaker of the House of Representatives. By appoint¬
ment of three additional members, selected from names
presented, the President increased the membership of the
Legislative Council. Commissioners were appointed to
select a permanent capital. Thirteen new counties were
established by the first Legislature; and the Territory was
divided into three judicial districts. A bank with $500,000
capital was established at St. Stephens. The second ses¬
sion of the Territory convened in November, 1818. This
was the last Territorial Legislature. Another bank was
established at Mobile. The second Legislature of the
Territory designated Cahaba, near the mouth of the Cahaba
river, as the capital. Cahaba was only a town in name,
as yet; therefore, the Legislature designated Huntsville as
temporary capital till buildings could be erected at Cahaba.
In 1819, by treaty, the Cherokees ceded to the United
States all their claims in Alabama north and west of the
Tennessee river. These lands are now embraced in- the
counties of Madison, Jackson, and Marshall.
In the spring of 1817, the flow of immigration into Ala¬
bama was so great that the price of provisions was very
high. The immigrants were mostly from Georgia, Ten¬
nessee, the Carolinas, and Virginia; the Georgians settling
in the east, the Tennesseeans in the north, the Carolinians
28
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
and Virginians in the great river bottoms. In Marengo
county a band of French immigrants were given a grant of
territory, provided they would plant and cultivate the
vine and the olive. Congress authorized the sale of four
townships to them at two dollars per acre. Most of the
grant lay in Marengo county, but there was some in Greene.
The colony did not succeed. The total population of the
Territory in 1818 was 67,000; of whom 21,000 were slaves.
More than 300 were free Negroes.
On March 2nd, 1819, Congress passed an act allowing
Alabama Territory to form a Constitution preparatory to
its admission as a State. This act was called the Enabling
Act. Congress donated to the Territory the sixteenth sec¬
tion of every township of public lands, for tlie support of
schools; twenty-two sections of land for a "seminary of
learning" ; sixteen hundred and twenty acres for the cap¬
ital at Cahaba; five per cent of the net proceeds from the
sale of public lands, for internal improvements.
The election for delegates to the first Constitutional Con¬
vention was held in May. The total number of delegates
was forty-five, forty-four of whom met in Huntsville, July
5, 1819. Madison county had eight, the largest of any
county. The President of the Convention was John W.
Walker, of Madison county. On August 2nd, 1819, the
Convention finished its work, and sent the Constitution to
Congress to be approved. On December 14th, 1819, Ala¬
bama was admitted into the Union.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
29
CHAPTER VII.
Creek Indian War 1813-14
When the Indians began to attack the white settlers,
who were the leaders of the white forces against the Indians?
There were four principal leaders of the whites against
the Indians: (1) General Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee,
with volunteers from Middle and West Tennessee; (2) an
army from the West, commanded by General F. L. Clai¬
borne; (3) an army from East Tennessee, commanded by
Major-General John Cocke; (4) an army from Georgia,
commanded by Brigadier-General John Floyd.
The following pages will contain the descriptions of the
fights between the whites and the Indians, beginning with
the skirmish at Burnt Corn, Conecuh county:
Where is Burnt Corn"?
Burnt Corn is a small creek in Conecuh county.
Between whom was this fight*?
Between the white settlers, and the Creek Indians under
Peter McQueen and other chiefs.
When did it occur?
July 27th, 1813.
By whom were the whites led?
By Colonel James Caller, with 180 mounted volunteers.
What was the result ?
Loss of whites, two killed, fifteen wounded. The loss
of Indians was probably greater.
FORT MIMS MASSACRE, AUGUST 30, 1813.
Where was Fort Minis?
Fort Mims was in the northern part of Baldwin county,
a mile east of Alabama river, two miles below the "cut off."
SKIRMISH AT BURNT CORN.
30
HISTORY;OF ALABAMA.
Between whom was this struggle °?
Between the whites and the Indians.
What caused the Indians to commit this massacre1?
The Indians were incensed at the attack of Burnt Corn,
July 27, 1813.
What were the forces?
About 1,000 warriors from towns on the Coosa and the
Tallapoosa made up the Indian forces; 553 souls comprised
the settlers.
Under whose command were the whites?
The whites were under command of Major Daniel Beas-
ley, and Dixon Bailey, a half-breed.
When did the fight begin1?
About mid-day, while the settlers dined.
What provision for safety had*'been made against the
Indians ?
Around the dwelling of Samuel Mims, the settlers,
many of whom were half-breeds, had built a stockade, and
with their families and slaves had gone into it.
What was the result of the slaughter1?
Of 553 souls, not fifty escaped death. This is regarded
as the most shocking massacre that ever happened in the
United States.
Who informed the settlers of the approach of the Indians ?
Two Negroes, but they were disbelieved and Hogged."
FORT SINQU EFIEL D.
Where was Fort Sinquefield?
It was in the north-eastern part of Clarke county.
What battle occurred here, and when ?
A battle between the settlers and the Indians, about 100,
under leadership of Prophet Francis, September 1, 1813.
How were the settlers fortified?
The settlers, on account of war with the Creeks, had
gathered in a stockade; but the stockade being crowded,
Abner James and Ransom Kimball repaired to the latter's
house, two miles distant.
history of Alabama.
31
Where was the attack made by the Indians, and with
what result?
The Indians attacked the house of Kimball, killing
twelve of the settlers; sixteen escaping to the Fort.
What further attack was made?
Two days later, while the settlers were burying the dead
outside the garrison, the Indians came upon them again.
The final result was that the Indians were driven off with
some loss, and in this latter instance the settlers lost one—
a woman.
THE CANOE FIGHT.
Where did this fight occur ?
Near the mouth of Bandon's creek, fifteen miles below
Claiborne by the river, and seven or eight miles by land.
When did it occur and by whom ?
It occurred January 12th, 1813, between some Indians
and Sam Dale, with two others.
How many canoes had the band of volunteers'?
Two canoes, obtained from a Negro named Caesar.
What were the forces under each, the whites and the
Indians?
Some of Dale's party had crossed the stream, the others
were left on the other side. Those left gave warning that
the enemy was descending. Soon a large canoe appeared
floating down the stream, and in it eleven warriors. Two
of the Indians left the boat; one was killed and the other
escaped. Nine remained lying flat in the boat to escape
the balls of Dale and his men. One of Caesar's canoes was
on the west bank, and the other had been brought back to
the east bank. Dale and two of his men got into the
smaller boat and rowed to the Indian canoe. (Caesar rowed
for them.) Then the battle began, three against nine.
The nine were killed and their bodies thrown into the
river; the three escaped almost unhurt.
32
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
FIGHT AT TALLASAHATCHEE.
Where was Tallasahatchee ?
It was in Calhoun county.
When did this battle occur, and between whom1?
On November 3rd, 1813, between the whites, under
command of General Coffee, and the Indians.
How large a force had the whites?
About 500, and some friendly Creeks and Cherokees.
What was the result"?
One hundred and eighty Eed Sticks were found dead
on the field; Coffee's loss was five killed, eighteen wounded.
BATTLE OF TALLADEGA.
When did this battle occur, and between whom?
This battle occurred November 8th, 1813, between a
force under General Andrew Jackson and the Eed Sticks.
How and by whom were the settlers protected from the
hostile Indians?
Alexander Leslie, a half breed, built a stockade to pro¬
tect the friendly Indians from the Eed Sticks. The Eed
Sticks surrounded the stockade and reduced the inmates
to extremities.
How large were the forces?
There were 2,000 whites, including Creeks and Cherokees;
nearly 1,000 Eed Sticks. White's loss, fifteen killed,
eighty wounded.
What was the result of the battle ?
The Tennesseeans, under General Jackson, pursued and
shot them down as they fled, and two hundred and ninety-
niile savages were left dead or disabled on the field. The
garrison of Leslie's Fort, one hundred and sixty warriors
and their families, were relieved.
Ill STORY OF ALAS AM A.
33
FIGHT AT AUTOSSEE.
Where was the Indian town of Autossee ?
Autossee was on the Tallapoosa river, near the month of
Calabee creek.
What battle occurred here ?
A battle between the savages and the whites.
When did this battle occur!
On November 29th, 1813.
Who was in command of the whites, and how large a
force had he?
Brigadier-General John Floyd was the leader, and had
nine hundred and fifty Georgia militia and four hundred
tory Indians.
What was the result of the battle?
The town was set on fire, after an hour or two; and the
Indians driven into the swamps or beyond the river.
Four hundred houses were consumed; two hundred Indians
lost; Georgians killed and wounded, fifty-four.
SKIRMISH* AT ECONACHACA (HOLY GROUND).
Where was the Indian town, Econachaca?
On the river, in northern part of Lowndes county.
What tale had the Indian prophets told about the town ?
That the whites would sink into the ground as they
approached the town.
When was this fight, and between whom?
In-December, 1818, between the whites and the Indians.
How large were the forces, and by whom led?
There were about one thousand whites, including one
hundred and fifty Choctaws under Pushmataha, all under
command of General F. L. Claiborne; and the Indians
under Chief Weatherford.
From where did General Claiborne come at this time?
He came from Fort Claiborne.
34
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What Fort did he build while on the journey *to
Econachaca?
Fort Deposit.
How far is Econachaca from Ft. Deposit!
About forty miles.
What of the assault?
The assault was vigorous, the whites advancing in a
crescent shaped line. The Indians made a brief but fierce
resistance, then fled into the swamps.
What was the result?
About thirty Indians and Negroes were left dead on the
field; five whites lost, one killed, tweuty wounded. Wreath-
erford fled on horse over high bluff to the other side of the
river and escaped. Claiborne burned Econachaca.
FIGHT AT EMUCKFAU.
Where is Emuckfau creek?
It is in the northern part of Tallapoosa county.
Between whom was this battle ?
Between the whites, eight hundred and fifty strong,
with two hundred Indians under General Jackson; and the
savages.
When and where did this fight occur?
On the night of January 22nd, 1814, at the creek.
What incidents in the fight?
At day light the savages fiercely attacked the camp at
different points. They were repulsed, but made another
attempt. Finally, mounted men pursued them for three
miles, and the combat ceased.
What was the result of this battle?
General Jackson retreated next day, having sustained
loss of thirty killed, seventy wounded; savages a little
more.
HISTORY Of ALABAMA. 35
FIGHT AT ENITACHOPCO.
Where was Enitachopco?
II?was on the lower edge of Clay county.
Between whom did this battle occur?
Between the whites under General Jackson, with about
1,000 men; and the Indians.
When and where did the fight occur'?
On January 24th, 1814, while Jackson's forces were
crossing the creek, after the battle of Emuckfau.
What was the result!
Twenty-six Indians were left on the field. There was
severe loss on both sides.
THE BATTLE OF THE HORSESHOE.
* Where is the horseshoe peninsula?
It is in the bend of the Tallapoosa river, not far from
Emuckfau.
By what name did the Indians call this place ?
Tohopeka (Tohopka).
When did this battle occur?
On March 27th, 1814.
Between whom was this battle ?
Between the whites and the Indians.
Who were the leaders, and how strong were the forces 1
Generals Jackson and Coffee led the whites, two thousand
strong; and Chief Weatherford, with about one thousand
warriors, led the Indian forces.
Describe the battle ?
General Jackson having learned that the Red Sticks had
gathered in the peninsula, left a sufficient garrison at Fort
Strother, and sent supplies down the Coosa to the mouth
of Cedar creek, where a fort was begun and named Fort
Williams. Thence he proceeded to the enemy. The
Indians had thrown up a breastwork of logs. On the
morning of March 27th, General Jackson moved against
the breastworks. While General Jackson's men were
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
storming the breastworks, General Coffee, with some
friendly Chickasaws, crossed from the other side and
burned the village. Thus the Creeks were surrounded,
though they fought bravely to the end.
"What was the number lost ?
General Jackson's loss was thirty-two killed and ninety-
nine wounded; the Indians, five hundred and fifty-seven
killed.
What was the result of this battle on the Creek War?
The battle of the Horseshoe broke the back of the war,
though small parties were still in arms.
What lands were'acquired by treaty with the Creeks?
By treaty of Fort Jackson, August 9th, 1814, the Creeks
ceded all their territory lying south of a line drawn from
Wetumpka to a point on the Chattahoochee, below Eufaula,
and west of the Coosa river, to the United States.
BOMBARDMENT OF FORT BOWYER.
Where was Fort Bowyer?
It was on the extreme southern point of Baldwin county.
When did this bombardment take place, and between
whom?
It occurred September 15th, 1814, between the British
and Indians on one side, and the settlers on the other.
How large a force had the British, and how large a force
the settlers?
The British were seven hundred and thirty men, with
four men-of-war, under Col. Nichols; and the Fort was
defended by one hundred and thirty men under Major
Lawrence.
Give an incident of the fight?
A fierce cannonade from the ships and a land battery
was replied to with spirit by the garrison, and within two
hours the enemy was driven off with the destruction of his
flagship, the Hermes, which was burned by her crew.
What was the final result?
The loss of the British was two hundred and thirty two
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
37
men killed and wounded; that of the garrison, four men
killed, four wounded.
When was the Fort again invested ?
In February.
By what force %
The British army and fleet of Peckenham returning from
bloody repulse on plains of New Orleans.
How large was the force?
Thirty-eight war vessels drawn up, and five thousand
men were landed on the shore.
"What was the result!
Seeing these preparations for the reduction of the Fort,
Major Lawrence surrendered it with three hundred and
sixty men, February 12th. The enemy held the place for
a few weeks only, for peace had already been declared.
* General Andrew Jackson was of Tennessee. He was the
chief leader of the whites against the Creek Indians in the
war. Colonel John Coffee was General Jackson's compan¬
ion throughout the war. The war of the Creeks was
brought on because of discontent, the Indians.believing
they were defrauded of their lands. The whites of the
Tombigbee and Tensaw settlements gave rise to trouble by
displacing the Indians in those neighborhoods. In the-
fork of the Alabama and Tombigbee, white settlers had
driven out the Alabamas and taken their hunting grounds.
This was in Clarke county, established December, 1812.
In 1811, a horse path from the Chattahoochee to Mims'
Ferry was converted into a Federal road by a party of sol¬
diers.
Tecumseh, the ■'famous Shawnee warrior, became spokes¬
man for his people. Tecumseh lived above the Ohio. His
parents once lived in the Shawnee settlement on the Talla¬
poosa. The Creeks formed a war party known as the Eed
Sticks. Tecumseh had the Big Warrior as his opposer in
getting up a war party. Big Warrior formed a peace
party. The leaders of the hostile forces were Peter
McQueen, a half-breed of Autossee, "High-Head Jim,"and
38
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
David Francis, a "prophet," and Weatherford, the "Red
Eagle." At first, civil dissension arose among the Indians
themselves. In June, 1812, the United States declared
war against Great Britain, and from that time the Red
Sticks received encouragement from the British. A party
of Indians went down to Pensacola to' obtain ammunition.
Spies were sent to discover what the expedition to Pensa¬
cola meant. Colonel Caller, the senior militia officer of
the frontier, called out the militia, and with one hundred
and eighty men marched eastward across the Tombigbee
July 25th, 1813. When they struck the road from Pensa¬
cola, they marched down this till they reached Burnt Corn
creek, and on July 27th, of the same year, the skirmish of
Burnt Corn occurred.
Jackson established several depots of supplies. He
established Fort Deposit, on the Tennessee; on the Coosa
Jackson built another fprt, called Fort Strother. From
here Jackson went to Talladega and fought a battle. It
was less than forty days after the Fort Minis massacre that
General Jackson came to the aid of the settlers in Alabama.
Jackson also established Fort Williams, at the mouth of
Cedar creek, on the Coosa. From here Jackson proceeded
to the Horse Shoe bend, where the most bloody battle of
the war occurred. This battle settled the war, in large
measure. Next, Jackson went to Hickory Ground, in
Elmore county, and built Fort Jackson on the ruins of Fort
Toulouse, built by Bienville. The treaty made at Fort
Jackson, August 9th, 1814, terminated the war on the
Tallapoosa, and many of the Creeks fled to Pensacola.
There the Creeks were protected by the Spaniards, who
were incensed at the capture of Mobile." War was also
waging between Great Britain and the United States, the
war' having begun in 1812. The British enlisted the
Indians that fled to Pensacola, in a campaign against
Mobile and New Orleans. General Jackson left Fort Jack¬
son and made his way to Mobile, built Fort Bowyer; later
captured Pensacola, and then repaired to New Orleans.
The Creek War was ended, and, by the treaty of Fort
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
39
Jackson, a large territory was ceded to the United States
Government and opened to settlers. The incoming settlers
can best be described in the language of Pickett, the his¬
torian: "The flood-gates of Virginia, the two Carolinas,
Tennessee, Kentucky, and Georgia, were now hoisted, and
mighty streams of emigration poured through them,
spreading over the whole territory of Alabama. The axe
resounded from side to side, and from corner to corner.
The stately and magnificent forests fell. Log cabins
sprang, as if by magic, into sight. Never, before or since,
has a country been so rapidly peopled.'7
CHAPTER ^III.
Administrations of William W. Bibb
and Thomas Bibb, 1819-20.
When and where was William W. Bibb born?
In Virginia, 1781.
When did he come to Alabama?
From Georgia, which was his home immediately pre¬
ceding his coming to Alabama, in 1817.
What special mission brought him to Alabama?
He was appointed Governor of the Territory of Alabama.
What importance attaches to Governor Bibb besides
being the only Governor of Alabama Territory?
He was the first Governor of Alabama as a State.
When was Governor Bibb inaugurated ?
November 9th, 1819, in the city of Huntsville, tempo¬
rary capital.
In what county did Wm. W. Bibb reside when elected
Governor?
Autauga county.
40
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What provision did the first State Constitution make
for the government of the State ?
The Constitution provided for an election, in September,
of a General Assembly, a Governor, one Representative in
Congress for the whole State, Clerks of courts, and a Sheriff
for each county.
Who was opposing candidate for Governor ?
Marmaduke Williams, of Tuscaloosa.
When did the first State Legislature convene?
In October, 1819, at Huntsville.
Name the chief towns of the State, at this time1?
The chief towns of the State at this time were Hunts¬
ville, Mobile, Montgomery, Claiborne, Cahaba, St. Ste¬
phens and Florence, no one of which had two thousand
inhabitants.
When was the act passed to found a State University?
The Legislature passed the act December ISth, 1820;
though the school did not open till eleven years after, 1831.
What other schools were established about this time?
In 1811, the Territorial Government incorporated Trus¬
tees for an Academy at St. Stephens; one year later, Green
Academy was chartered at Huntsville.
When was the first steamboat company organized, and
where?
The St.' Stephens Steamboat Company was organized
1818, at St. Stephens. In 1820, the Steamboat Company
of Alabama was organized. The Mobile Company, in 1821.
How long did it take the steamboats to make a trip from
Mobile to Montgomery?
About three weeks.
What was the population in 1820?
The population, in 1820, was 127,901, exclusive of Indians.
How many whites and how many Negroes?
The whites numbered 85,451; the Negroes, 42,450.
There were about two hundred free Negroes.
- What of mining and manufacturing in 1820?
These industries were unknown in 1820,
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
41
What denomination established the first churches'?
The Roman Catholics.
Name the first officers of the State?
William W. Bibb, Governor; Thomas A. Rodgers, Sec¬
retary of State; Samuel Pickens, Comptroller of Accounts;
Jack F. Ross, Treasurer.
,What about Judicial Circuits with a Judge for each Cir¬
cuit?
The first Legislature divided the State into five Judicial
Circuits with a Judge for each.
How were Judges of County Courts provided?
The Judges were appointed for County Courts by the
Governor, till 1850.
How was the Supreme Court first constituted ?
The Supreme Court, at first, was made up of the Circuit
Judges sitting together.
Who were the first Judges?
The first Judges were Clement C. Clay, Reuben Satfold,
Richard Ellis, Henry Y. Webb, and A. S. Lipscomb. In
1820, Judge Clay was chosen Chief Justice.
Who were elected first United States Senators?
The first United States Senators were William R. King,
of Dallas county, and John W.Walker, of Madison county.
When did the State cast its first electoral vote?
The State cast its first electoral vote in 1820, for James
Monroe, of Virginia, for President.
To what party did Monroe belong?
He belonged to what was then called the Republican
party, which afterwards became the Democratic party.
When was the State bank organized and by what power?
In 1820 an act was passed by the Legislature estab¬
lishing a bank at Cahaba, but it did not open for some
years.
What counties were established by the first Legislature?
The counties of Greene, Perry, Jefferson, Henry, Wil¬
cox, and Butler. Pickens county was established by the
next Legislature, 1820.
42
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
When did Governor Bibb die?
In July, 1820.
Who became Governor?
His brother, Thomas Bibb, President of the Senate.
December 14th, 1819, Alabama Territory became one of
the States of the Union. The Constitution provided for
an election of State officers in the September preceding the
date on which Alabama was admitted as a State. The
first state officers were: a Governor, Secretary of State,
Comptroller of Accounts, and Treasurer.
The chief occupation of the people at this time was agri¬
culture. There were few improvements of a public char¬
acter. Highways were not yet made, streams unbridged,
and court houses and jails were of the rudest kind. It is
said that the first session of the Circuit Court in Marengo
county was held in a blacksmith shop. Flat-boats were
first used on the rivers, and these were continued till some¬
time after 1820. In one case of the very earliest steamers,
even two to three months, as is shown by record, was
required to make a trip from Montgomery to Mobile in
1819. The first steamboats having no whistles, discharged
heavily loaded guns on approaching the landing, to notify
the inhabitants.
Huntsville was temporary capital of the State from 1819
to 1820, wheu the seat of government was removed to
Cahaba. Tha first Legislature of the State was convened
at Huntsville, October 25th, 1819; the second Legislature
of the State assembled at Cahaba, October 23rd, 1820.
The first Governor was William W. Bibb, of Autauga
county. Governor Bibb died in July, 1820, and Thomas
Bibb, of Limestone, his brother, President of the Senate,
became Governor. The State cast her first electoral vote
in 1820, for James Monroe, of Virginia, for President, and
Daniel D. Tomkins, of New York, for Vice-President.
The State was entitled to three electoral votes at this time,
and the electors were elected by the General Assembly.
History of Alabama.
43
There was but one Representative in Congress for the
whole State. It is said that John Pierce set up the first
school, in the Tensaw neighborhood. It is probable that
the Roman Catholics rendered some sort of teaching ser¬
vice even before the John Pierce school was established.
In Mobile and that portion of Alabama controlled so
long by the French and the Spanish, the Catholics early
had established churches. The Protestants in Tensaw
and Tombigbee settlements were without churches and
settled ministers for "a long time. These early ministers
were chiefly Methodists and Baptists. The Presbyterians
soon followed.
Under the Territory, the judges of County Courts were
named by the Governor; under the State government the
General Assembly chose one probate judge for each county;
and this system continued down to 1850. The first term
of the Supreme Court was held at Cahaba, May 8th, 1820.
Governor William W. Bibb was inaugurated November
9th, 1819. Observe that this was before Alabama had
been formally admitted as a State.
CHAPTER IX.
Administration of Governor Israel
Pickens 1821-1825.
When and where was Governor Pickens bomt
He was born in North Carolina in 1780.
When did he come to Alabama?
He came to Alabama in 1817, as Register of the Laud
Office at St. Stephens. He represented Washington county
in the Constitutional Convention, but was living in Greene
county when elected Governor.
44
fiiSTORY OF ALABAMA.
What person of national reputation visited the State, in
this administration?
General LaFayette visited Montgomery in 1825.
What counties were formed in this administration?
Covington, Pike, Dale, Fayette, Pickens, Tuscaloosa,
and Walker counties.
When did the first steamboat pass up the Mobile and
the Alabama rivers ?
In 1821.
What of travel in these days'!
Travel was slow and burdensome.
What about the freshet on the Alabama in 1821 ?
So great was the freshet that the idea of removing the
capital was suggested.
What, more than any other combination of circum¬
stances, tended to bankrupt the citizens of the State at
this time"?
The extravagant prices paid for government land by the
settlers.
Where did these sales take place?
These sales took place at Huntsville in 1818, and at St.
Stephens in 1819.
To what extent were the settlers involved for lands pur¬
chased from the General Government?
They were involved to the extent of about twelve mil¬
lions of dollars.
How were the people relieved of their burden ?
The State bank was organized with power to issue notes.
This was intended as a measure of relief, there being so
little money in circulation.
At what date and where was the bank set up?
In 1824, the bank was set up at Cahaba, Avith one hun¬
dred thousand dollars capital stock!
When was the question of the boundary between Ala¬
bama and Georgia settled?
The boundary between Alabama and Georgia was, in
this administration, left by Congress to the two States con¬
cerned.
HISTORY Ol? ALABAMA.
45
When did the Legislature provide for the election of the
electors bj the people?
In 1824.
What was the attitude of the Indians about this time?
The Creeks were hostile, thinking they had been cheated
out of their lands.
How were the directors of the bank to be chosen?
By the Legislature.
Who was elected United States Senator, and when?
William R. King, of Dallas, was elected United States
Senator in 1823. In 1822, Senator Walker resigned, and
William Kelly, of Madison county, succeeded him. In
1825, Henry Chambers, of Madison county, was elected as
Senator instead of Senator Kelly, but died on his way to
Washington.
Who succeeded Senator Chambers?
Former Governor Pickens, by appointment, till the fol¬
lowing Legislature.
When the Legislature met, who was elected to take the
place of Senator Pickens ?
John McKinley, of Lauderdale, was chosen for the rest
of the term.
Who was elected as next Governor, in 1825?
John Murphy, of Monroe county.
Israel Pickens, of Greene county, was the third Gov¬
ernor. He was elected in 1821 over Henry Chambers, of
Madison county. He was re-elected in 1823, over the same
opponent. This was an era of good feeling in the State,
and no bitterness entered into the political contest.
High prices paid for Government land had almost bank¬
rupted the settlers. Unimproved lands sold for as high as
$60 to $70 per acre; one-fourth of which was to be cash,
the balance in three annual installments.
By the year 1821 travel was much improved, steamers
making the trip from Montgomery to Mobile in four or
five days.
In 1823, a memorial from the Legislature to Congress
recommended the purchase of more land from the Creeks.
46
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
There was already much dissatisfaction among the Creeks
about the treaty of Fort Jackson, which was made August
14th, 1814.
The United States Government, in 1823, left the question
of boundary between Alabama and Georgia to the two
States concerned.
In 1823, the Legislature sought to bring relief to the
people, burdened with debt, by establishing a bank, with
power to issue notes for circulation, or, in other words, to
make paper money and issue the same. The bank was
known as the "Bank of the State of Alabama." The
charter was to last until 1845. Moneys arising from the
sale of public lands given by the United States for a ''sem-
inary of learning" were put into the bank's stock. Not
more than $100,000 from this source could be so used.
In 1824, $100,000 capital stock was secured and the bank
set up at Cahaba.
In 1824, the number of Presidential electors was five,
to be elected by popular vote, as against legislative elec¬
tion before this time.
# CHAPTEE X.
Administration of
Governor John Murphy, 1825-1829.
When and where was Governor Murphy born ?
In North Carolina, about the year 1785.
When did he come to Alabama?
In 1819.
What public service did he perform ?
He represented Monroe in the Constitutional Convention.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
47
What was the chief event of this administration !
The removal of the capital from Cahaba to Tuscaloosa,
1826.
What caused the decline of Cahaba!
The removal of the capital aud the bank, both to Tus¬
caloosa.
When and by how much was the bank's stock increased !
Iu 1824, by another $100,000 and another trust fund,—
proceeds of school lands.
What change, in 1823, was there in Chief Justice?
Justice Clay was succeeded by Abner S. Lipscomb.
Wno compiled a code of the laws of the State, and when!
Judge Harry Toulmin, in 1823, according to act of the
Legislature.
What of the tariff question! .
In 1828, the Alabama Representatives and Senators in
Congress voted against the tariff law, and this they did in
accordance with the wishes of the State.
Who was the next Governor!
Gabriel Moore, of Madison, in 1829.
John Murphy was the fourth Governor of the State.
His administration began November, 1825, and he served
two terms. Down to this time there was only one political
party iu the State.
The freshet on the Alabama river caused much sickness
at Cahaba; and, hence, the subject of removal of the capi¬
tal was discussed. Montgomery and Tuscaloosa were the
chief contestants for the seat of government. Tuscaloosa
won the prize, and the capital was removed to that city in
1826. Tuscaloosa was first settled in 1815. In 1828, Ala¬
bama's Eepresentatives in the United States Congress
voted against the tariff law. In 1820, Congress established
a Federal District Court, with jurisdiction over Alabama.
In 1824, Congress divided the State into the Northern
District, with Huntsville as the place for holding court,
and the Southern District, with courts to be held at Mobile
and Cahaba.
48
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
CHAPTER XI.
Administrations of Governor Gabriel
Moore and Samuel B. Moore,
1829-1831.
When and where was Governor Gabriel Moore born?
He was born in North Carolina, about the year 1785,
and settled in Hontsville in 1810.
What offices did he hold!
He was Speaker of the Territorial Legislature of Ala¬
bama, a member of the Constitutional Convention; and
afterwards, President of the Senate, and served in Congress.
Name the first two colleges that were established in the
State 1
St. Joseph's College, near Mobile, and a college at
LaGrange, in the northern part of the State, both estab¬
lished in 1830.
What treaty wras made with the Indians in this adminis¬
tration ?
The treaty of Dancing Eabbit Creek was concluded Sep¬
tember, 1830, and thus another of the great tribes of Indians,
the Choctaws, was removed from the State.
What internal improvements were made in this admin¬
istration ?
This administration was marked by the construction of
the Mussel Shoals Canal of the Tennessee river and the
construction of the first railway in the State, in 1831, from
Tuscumbia to Decatur.
How wrere the trains first hauled?
By horses.
In 1831, w^hat change was made in office of Governor,
and why?
In 1831, Governor Gabriel Moore was elected to succeed
Senator McKinley in Congress.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
49
Who became Governor1?
Samuel B. Moore, President of the Senate, became Gov¬
ernor.
What National question was claiming the attention of
the people?
The question of nullification.
What important institution was opened in this adminis¬
tration ?
The State University, at Tuscaloosa, was opened April
18th, 1831.
Who was the first President?
Dr. Alva Wood, a New Englander, and graduate of
Harvard.
Who was elected as next Governor I
John Gayle, of Greene county.
The administrations of Governors Gabriel and Samuel
B. Moore began in 1829, and continued for one term only.
The census of 1830 gave Alabama a population of 309,527
—more than double what it was in 1820. The Tennessee
Valley and the Black Belt were the portions of the State
that attracted immigrants at this time. Madison county
was the leading one in population. Limestone and Law¬
rence counties were the next populous counties in the Ten¬
nessee Valley. Greene and Dallas counties were the lead¬
ing counties in the Black Belt. Tuscaloosa and Montgom¬
ery counties were also among the leading counties. Wash¬
ington'county was falling behind. In 1820, the State had
twenty-four counties. By the close of the first decade
there were twelve new counties added.
When Senator McKinley's term expired in 1831, Gov¬
ernor Gabriel Moore was elected in his place. Therefore,
Governor Gabriel Moore served as Governor only about fif¬
teen months. Samuel B. Moore, of Jackson county, Pres¬
ident of the Senate, became Governor. His term was
short, he serving from February to November, 1831.
The question of the tariff was one of much interest at
this time. South Carolina was one of the foremost States
50
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
to declare that the United States had no right to tax the
people to favor certain industries. This attitude of South
Carolina was called the South Carolina Nullification.
In 1829, there was an amendment to the State Constitu¬
tion limiting the official tenure of judges to six years. It
was ratified by the General Assembly June 16th, 1830.
This was the first amendment to the Constitution of Ala¬
bama.
CHAPTER XII.
Administration of Governor John
Gayle, 1831-1835.
When and where was Governor Gayle born?
He was born in South Carolina in 1792.
When did he come to Alabama and where did he settle?
He came to Alabama early in life and settled in Clai¬
borne, and practised law.
What offices did he hold?
He served in the Territorial Legislature, was Solicitor in
his district, a justice of the Supreme Court; was Speaker
of the House in 1829, at which latter time he was living in
Greene county.
What special era does this administration mark ?
, Governor Gayle's administration marks the time when
first trouble arose between the State and the Federal Gov¬
ernment.
What of executive clemency in this administration?
Governor Gayle issued many pardons.
What was his attitude toward the South Carolina Nulli¬
fication?
In his inaugural address he condemned it, and the Leg¬
islature agreed with him.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
51
What was the attitude of the people ?
The people were opposed to the tariff measure of the
General Government.
What was done with respect to the Indians'?
The Governor was opposed to defrauding the Indians
out of their lands, and wrote the chiefs of the Creeks that
he was unable to protect them against those persons that
might design to defraud them.
What counties were formed from the Creek cession ?
The counties of Calhoun, Coosa, Tallapoosa, Talladega,
Russell, Randolph, Macon, Chambers and Barbour were
formed from the Creek cession.
How was the Indian treaty enforced %
United States troops were placed in the State to enforce
the treaty.
What was the result of the troops' being in the State?
Great excitement prevailed, and one white settler, named
Hardeman Owens, was killed.
How was the matter finally settled!
After heated correspondences between the Governora nd
Lewis Cass, Secretary of War, the President sent Francis
Scott Key, author of "The Star Spangled Banner," to treat
with the Governor. The matter was settled, the Secretary
approving the course of Governor Gayle.
What steps were taken as to the banks 1
Branch banks were established at Mobile, Montgomery,
and Decatur, in 1832. In 1835, a bank was established at
Huntsville.
What effect did the addition of these banks have on the
State debt?
They caused an increase in the bonded debt of the State,
of about five million dollars.
How were the Directors chosen ?
Directors were chosen by the Legislature, with power to
loan to whom they pleased.
What railroad was incorporated in this administration?
The Montgomery railroad, now the Western of Alabama,
in 1834,
52
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
When was the Supreme Court made a separate body1?
In 1832, it was made a separate body.
Who was the first Chief Justice1?
Alberts. Lipscomb was. the first Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court as a separate body.
When was the first cotton factory incorporated?
In 1832.
Who succeeded Governor Gayle?
Clement C. Clay, of Madison county, was elected as next
Governor.
Governor Gayle's administration was from 1831 to 1835.
Governor Gayle was opposed to the Nullification sentiment
and so expressed himself in his message to the General
Assembly. The State of Alabama was opposed to the
tariff law, but sided with the Governor in opposition to the
doctrine of Nullification. The Legislature showed its dis¬
approval by condemning Nullification by a vote of forty-
six to sixteen.
A treaty, called the Treaty of Cusseta, was made with
the Creek Indians on March 24th, 1832. Into the counties
made from the Creek cession, many settlers flocked. In
this rush into the new lands, one settler, Hardeman Owens,
was killed by the troops, placed on the cession to enforce
the provisions of the treaty.
The Grand Jury indicted the soldiers for the killing of
Owens, but the garrison at Fort Mitchell, where the sol¬
diers were stationed, would not surrender them to the
courts. This killing occurred in Russell county.
The Legislature of 1832-33 required the Governor to
reside at the seat of government.
The first cotton factory of the State, the Bell Factory,
was incorporated December 29th, 1832. The winters of
1832 and 1833 were both severe, and were followed by
great floods. On the night of J>eeembeE '13th, 1833,
occurred a brilliant meteoric display, popularly known as
the time when the "stars fell." This meteoric display
was especially brilliant in Alabama,
ItiSfORY OF ALABAMA.
53
CHAPTEK XIII.
W
Administrations of Governors Clay
and McVay, 1835-1837.
Where and when was Governor Clay born?
He was born in Virginia, .1789.
What public office did he hold?
He represented Madison county in the Territorial Legis¬
lature, and in the Constitutional Convention, and served
as a Judge. He also served in Congress.
What of the Indians in this administration?
In this administration, the Cherokees ceded all their
lands to the General Government, December 29th, 1835.
This was the last of the four great tribes of Indians that
had occupied Alabama for centuries.
What counties were formed out of the Cherokee cession?
The counties of DeKalb, Cherokee, and Marshall.
In this same year, what other Indian troubles were there?
This same year, 1835, is made memorable by the trouble
on the part of the Muscogees, or Creeks, as sometime
called, on the eve of being removed to the West.
In 1836, what burden was laid upon the banks ?
All taxes were repealed and the Government committed
to the bank for support.
Next year the State had to incur a large debt to save the
bank from ruin.
What of banking affairs in this administration, especially
as to specie payment?
In 1837, there was a "run" on the banks and every one
of them suspended specie payment between the 12th and
27th of May.
CLEMENT C. CLAY.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What effect had this "rim" oil the banks and the sus¬
pension of specie payment?
Many persons were reduced to poverty by depreciation
of property.
What measures did the Government devise for the
amelioration of the condition of the people1?
The Governor convoked the General Assembly in extra¬
ordinary session, and measures were passed that checked
the disaster.
In this administration, what particular trouble was there
with the Indians?
In the spring of 1837, on the edge of Barbour county,
near Pike, there occurred what is known as the battle of
Pea River, between the whites and the Indians.
What Indians gave aid to the whites?
.Governor Clay went to Montgomery and held a conference
with the chiefs of the Creeks and obtained help from them.
What changes in the Supreme Court?
There were three changes of Chief Justice by the close
of this administration, 1837, which was also the close of
Jackson's administration as President of the Union.
What political party arose in the State about this time,
1837 ?
By the close of 1837, there was a strong Whig party in
the State. (The Whigs are the Republicans of to-day.)
Who was leader of the party that advocated State's
rights?
Dixon H. Lewis, the Representative in Congress, was the
leader of a strong party in the State known as "State's
Rights" men.
What office did Governor Clay next hold ?
He succeeded Gabriel Moore in the United States Senate.
Who became Governor?
Hugh McVay, President of the Senate, a resident of
Lauderdale county, and a native of South Carolina, became
Governor. McVay came to Madison county when the State
was a part of Mississippi Territory.
ftlSfORY OP ALABAMA.
55
What offices did he hold ?
Governor McVay served in the Legislatures of Missis¬
sippi Territory and of Alabama Territory and in the Legis¬
lature of Alabama as a State.
How long did he serve as Governor1?
Only four months, till next election.
Who was elected Governor at the election in 1837 ?
Arthur P. Bagby, of Monroe county.
The administrations of Clement C. Clay and Hugh
McYay began November 21st, 1835, and ended 1837.
Governor Clay was elected as a friend of General Jackson's
administration, over General Enoch Parsons of Monroe
county. The most important event of this administration
was the treaty of New Echota, December 29th, 1835, by
which the Cherokees csded all their lands in the State to
the United States. The Government was to pay the Chero¬
kees $5,000,000 for their lands and provide homes for them
in the West. Out of this cession were formed, January
9th, 1836, the counties of Cherokee, Marshall, and DeKalb.
In January, 1836, the General Assembly abolished direct
taxation. The expense of the State Government devolved
upon the State bank.
In 1836, there were several outbreaks on the part of
the Creek Indians, in the eastern part of the State. Hostile
Indians assembled in Russell county; and there was a bat¬
tle at Pea River, in Barbour county, near Pike. Some
friendly chiefs aided the whites. A number of Indians
were killed.
In 1837, was the time of the great financial panic. The
panic of 1837 was general, but especially severe in Ala¬
bama, for in 1836 the law for taxation had been repealed,
and the support of the State Government had been placed
upon the bank. This made it necessary for the State to
borrow several millions of dollars to save the bank from
ruin. The time just prior to the panic of 1837 is known
as the "Flush Times" of Alabama.
In 1836, the State's electoral votes, seven in number,
56
MlSTOHY OF ALABAMA.
were cast for;Yan Buren and Johnson, President and Vice-
President, respectively.
In July, 1837, Governor Clay was elected United States
Senator. Upon his resignation, Hugh McVay, President
of the Senate, became Governor. He served .only about
four months.
CHAPTER XIY.
Administration of Governor Bagby,
1837-1841.
When and where was Governor Bagby born?
He was born in Virginia in 1796.
When did he come to Alabama?
Bagby came to Alabama when it was as yet a Territory.
What offices did he hold?
He represented Monroe in the Lower House, and was
several times Speaker. (He was against President Jack¬
son as to nullification.)
What was the condition of these times ?
These were times of great panic.
What did the Legislature do looking to making better
times ?
The Legislature provided that the Governor should
appoint a Board of Control to look into the affairs of the
bank and also into that of the branch banks.
What intensified the panic?
Drought stopping navigation on the rivers, and yellow
fever epidemic at Mobile, intensified the panic.
SISTOHY OF ALABAMA.
57
What did the Governor say about the bank in his
message ?
He pointed out its faults in no uncertain language, more
than once.
What discovery was made in 1841 respecting the bank ?
The startling discovery that many of the Legislators
and others in high station had planned to defraud the
bank by false bills of exchange.
What of Chancery Courts in this administration?
Chancery Courts were established in 1839. Now there
were two Divisions with six Circuits, and two Chancellors
were elected by the Legislature.
When was the Penitentiary system established ?
The Penitentiary system was adopted by the Leg¬
islature in 1839.
What of the boundary between Alabama and Georgia?
The boundary run by the Georgia commissioners in
1826, was not satisfactory; so, another commission with
three members from Alabama was appointed.
What of special interest transpired in educational mat¬
ters in 1837 and 1839 ?
In 1837, Dr. Basil Manly took charge of the State
University, at Tuscaloosa.
In 1839, the Judson was founded, at Marion.
Who was the first President of the Judson ?
Milo P. Jewett, afterwards President of Yassar College.
About this time how had the Whigs gained in strength?
In 1838-39, the Whigs elected two of the five Congress¬
men.
What legislation was attempted in regard to education
in the session of 1837-38?
Daniel P. Bestor, of Greene, made an effort to estab¬
lish, by Legislative enactment, a good system of public
schools.The measure, however, failed.
The Democrats having lost two of the five Congressmen
began to devise what plans for future success ?
They passed a law, but through efforts of Whigs, (with
a proviso, that the people should declare by vote whether
58
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
the law should remain longer than for one election), that
all Congressmen should be elected on a general ticket.
The plan carried by electing all the Congressmen Demo¬
cratic, but was not made permanent, the matter having
been submitted to the people to signify by vote as to
whether it should be permanent.
Who was leader of the Whigs at the time 1
Henry W. Hilliard.
In what portion of the State were the Whigs strongest f
In the Southern and Middle portions. In 1841, the
Whigs had a candidate for Governor, James W. McClung,
of Madison. The Democrats elected Benjamin Fitzpatrick,
of Autauga county, as the next Governor.
Arthur P. Bagby was elected Governor in 1837 over
Samuel W. Oliver, of Conecuh county. The administra¬
tion began in 1837 and continued two terms, till 1S41,
Governor Bagby being reelected in 1839.
The period covering Bagby's administration was one
long to be remembered because of the hardships endured
by the people. The people wished to borrow money, but
the banks were unable to make the loans. The price of
cotton was low.
In 1838, because of complaint on the part of farmers
against the Mobile warehousemen, the Legislature passed
a bill providing for a State warehouse. This plan, how¬
ever, did not materialize.
In 1839, there was another panic.
In 1837, John McKinley, of Lauderdale, was commiss¬
ioned as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States, and he served till his death in 1852.
The Census of 1840 showed a population of 590,756;
Whites 335,185, Negroes 255,571. Of the Negroes 2,039
were free Negroes.
In 1840, the Whigs made a strong fight in Alabama.
Their candidate was General William Henry Harrison.
The boundary between Georgia and Alabama was settled
in 1839.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
59
The number 01 counties was now forty-nine. In 1839, a
bill was passed abolishing the law of imprisonment for
debt, except in cases of fraud.
January 26th, 1839, separate courts of Chancery were
provided. Before this time the Circuit Courts had exer¬
cised jurisdiction in all causes of equity.
In the election of 1841, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, of
Autauga, was elected Governor.
CHAPTER XY.
Administration of Governor Fitzpat¬
rick, 1841-1845.
When and where was Governor Fitzpatrick born 1
He was born in Georgia in 1800.
When did he come to Alabama and where did he settle ?
He came to Alabama in 1819, and first settled in Mont¬
gomery.
What public service had he performed before he became
Governor ?
He served as Solicitor for his Circuit. He was a lawyer
by profession.
What steps were taken in this administration regarding
the bank and its branches 1
A committee was appointed to investigate charges of '
fraud, but it never reported.
What further step did the Governor take in regard to
the bank %
He consulted two eminent lawyers, John A. Camp and
Henry Goldthwaite.
What special part did John A. Camp have in the matter
later 1
He was elected to the Lower House, and, through
60
History of AlAbaMA.
his efforts at the head of a committee, the result was the
liquidation of the bank and the people paid taxes to defray
expenses of the Government instead of the bank's paying
for State Government.
What measure of relief did the General Government
bring to the people?
To relieve persons in new counties buying Government
lands, Congress was asked to pass a law making the bank
money good in purchase and payment of same, and the
State agreed to receive whatever part of "the money thus
paid for lands that was to come to it for education and
internal improvement. The law was passed.
What was the next step in the bank matter ?
The next year, 1846, the bank at Tuscaloosa was pat into
liquidation and this was the end of State banking. It was
some time, however, before the bank's affairs were finally
closed.
What became of the bank notes ?
As they were redeemed they were burned and the plates
destroyed.
What changes were made in the Constitution in 1845 ?
Two changes—in 1845, the General Assembly was
changed from annual to biennial in its meeting; and an
amendment allowing the capital to be removed- from Tus¬
caloosa.
In 1841, what important institution was set up and
where ?
Howard College, at Marion, which was removed to East
Lake in 1888.
What of the redisricting the State in this administra¬
tion ?
The State having right now to seven Congressmen, it
became necessary to make seven districts instead of five as
heretofore.
What was the manner of enumeration down to this time?
Down to this time, the enumeration was based on count
of slaves as well as of the whites.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
61
What counties of the State opposed this way of enumer¬
ation and why %
The northern counties, because the southern and middle
counties had large slave population,and these counties were
largely of Whig sentiment.
In the next election what was the success of the Whigs !
In 1843, the Whigs elected only one Congressman; James
Dellet, of the "Mobile district." In 1845, Montgomery dis¬
trict was carried by the Whigs, Henry W. Hilliard being
elected.
What change occurred in United States Senate?
Dixon H. Lewis was elected to take the seat of Wm. R.
King, who was appointed Minister to France; and Wm.
L. Yancey was elected Representative in place of Dixon
H: Lewis.
Who was elected next Governor ?
Joshua L. Martin, of Tuscaloosa, an Independent in pol¬
itics, and formerly a Democrat.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick, of Autauga county, was elected
Governor in 1841, reelected in 1843, thus serving two terms.
He was elected in 1841 over James W. McClung, of Mad¬
ison county, who received the Whig vote.
In 1842, the branch banks at Mobile, Montgomery,
Huntsville, and Decatur, were placed partially into liqui¬
dation; and a year later the Central bank at Tuscaloosa was
put partially into liquidation. The State, owning the
stock in the banks, issued bonds to redeem the currency
issued. The issuance of bonds for this purpose caused
the State to be involved in debt to a large extent.
Three commissioners were appointed in 1846, to direct
the affairs of the bank; one year later the number was
reduced to one, viz.: Francis S. Lyon.
In 1842, the State tax, which, was repealed in 1836, was
again imposed upon the people, without dissent on their
part.
The year 1844 is memorable for the following reasons:
The Whig candidate for President, Henry Clay, visited the
62
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
State. In this same year, William R. King, United States
Senator, was appointed Minister to France. Dixon H.
Lewis, the leader of the States Rights party, was elected
Senator in place of William R. King. Dixon H. Lewis's
seat as Representative in the United States Congress was
filled by William L. Yancey. Greater men than these
three few States have possessed.
The State's electoral vote, uine in number, were cast in
1844 for James K. Polk, of Tennessse, and George M. Dal¬
las, of Pennsylvania, for President and Vice President
of the United States.
Administration of
Governor John Martin, 1845-1849.
When and where was Governor Martin born ?
Joshua L. Martin was born in Tennessee in 1799.
What public offices did he hold ?
He served in the Legislature, was Solicitor, Circuit
Judge and Chancellor.
How did Governor Martin fare politically ?
Being an Independent in politics, that opposition should
come against him from politicians was but natural.
What recommendations did he make about the banks %
He recommended that a committee of three be appointed
and a single director for each bank be appointed.
When was the Capital removed from Tuscaloosa ?
The Capital was removed from Tuscaloosa in 1846.
Why were there no elections in 1846 %
Because the Constitution had been changed, making the
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
63
meeting of the General Assembly biennial instead of
Annual as prior to this amendment.
What about the question of slavery at this time ?
Slavery was warmly debated.
Who was the foremost orator ?
Wm. L. Yancey.
What was the result in Congressional contest in next
election ?
In 1847, Governor Gayle was elected a Whig Congress¬
man from the Mobile district.
Who was elected Governor ?
Reuben Chapman, of Madison county.
Joshua L. Martin was elected Governor in 1845 over
Nathaniel Terry, of Limestone county. Joshua L. Martin
entered the race as an Independent in politics, and he
served only one term.
In this administration, the war with Mexico engrossed
public attention. Many Alabamians enlisted in Regiments
of other States; but only one Regiment as such was received
into service.
The first systematic Geological survey of the State was
begun July 13th, 1847, under Prof. Michael Toumey, of
the State University. He was subsequently named as
State Geologist, and published "The First Biennial Report
of the Geology of Alabama'' in 1850.
64
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
CHAPTER XVII.
Administration of Governor Chap¬
man, 1847-1849,
When and where was Governor Chaj)man born I
He was born in Virginia, 1802.
When did he come to Alabama ?
In 1824.
What public offices did he hold 1
He served in the State Senate and in Congress.
What steps were taken respecting the bank ?
In 1847, Francis L. Lyons was made sole commissioner of
the bank to deal with creditors, and to manage the bank's
affairs; and he reduced the debt as low as could be reason¬
ably expected.
What railroads were chartered in this admininistration ?
In 1848, the Selma, Eome & Dalton, and the M. & O.
railroads were chartered.
What county was formed in this administration1?
Choctaw county, in 1847.
What about taxes ?
The Legislature established a system of taxes in this
administration.
Who was elected United States Senator ?
Arth ur F. Hopkins, Whig candidate.
What other candidates were there ?
Dixon H. Lewis and Wm. E. King, the latter of whom
had just returned from foreign mission of France.
Why was Dixon H. Lewis elected ?
Because of his States Rights views.
What accession of territory was causing much debate ?
The Mexican War being over, the new territory
acquired caused much debate as to whether it should be
admitted as slave territory or without such right.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
65
What were the two main points discussed1?
Some wished to leave the question of slavery to the Ter¬
ritory itself and this was called "Squatter Sovereignty;"
others, that claiming the right of slavery was a national
question to be settled by Congress.
What instruction ,was given the delegate of the State
Convention to the National Democratic Convention ?
William L. Yancey and the other delegates were
instructed by the State Convention to vote for no National
candidate opposed to States Eights.
Who was nominated and what was the result ?
Lewis Cass, of Michigan, was nominated; and William
L. Yancey withdrew from the Convention.
What views did Lewis Cass lu ,d ?
He was supposed to believe in "Squatter Sovereignty."
Who was made United States Senator and why ?
Fitzpatrick, Senator Lewis having died; William L.
Yancey was elected same year to succeed Senator Bagby,
and in 1849, Jere Clemens, of Madison, was elected to suc¬
ceed Senator Fitzpatrick.
What change in the Constitution in 1849 1
Art amendment to the effect, that election of Judges of
Circuit Courts and County Courts was transferred from
the General Assembly to the people.
When was the capitol burned ?
December 14,1849, while the Legislature was in session.
The archives were saved.
Who was nominated as Governor !
Henry W. Collier, of Tuscaloosa, after two days ballot¬
ing.
Eeuben Chapman served one term, 1847 to 1849. He
was elected over Nicholas Davis, of Limestone, a Whig.
About this time there was. a revival in railroad building.
The Selma, Eome and Dalton, and the Mobile and Ohio,
were chartered in 1848, but these roads were not built till
some years later.
In the Presidential election of 1848, the Whigs made a
66
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
favorable showing for themselves, reducing the Democratic
majority to less than one thousand. The State's electoral
vote was cast for Lewis Cass and William O. Butler.
At this time there were fifty-one counties in the State.
Institutions of learning were increasing, new and beau¬
tiful church edifices were displacing the rude structures of
earlier days.
The University Fund, and the "Sixteenth Section" Fund
given by Congress for the support of public schools had
been lost in the bank. The State pledged itself to pay the
interest on these funds.
In the Democratic State Convention of1848, the Southern
Eights men made the first declaration of their principles.
The leader of the Southern Eights men was William L.
Yancey. He came to the Convention with a platform
already prepared; and so great was his eloquence that he
succeeded in having it adopted without any change. This
platform became known as the "Alabama Platform." The
main feature of the "Alabama Platform" was that neither
Congress nor the Territorial Legislature had any right to
prohibit slavery in the Territories; but that it was the
duty of Congress to protect property in slaves as well as
that in other forms. The State Convention sent William
L. Yancey and other delegates to the ^National Democratic
Convention with instructions to vote for no man that
would not accept this view. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, was
nominated, and Mr. Yancey withdrew from the Conven¬
tion.
In 1S49, there was an amendment to the Constitution
providing for the election of Judges of the Circuit and
Probate Courts by the people. Prior to this these officers
had been elected by the Legislature.
In 1840, the Whigs carried the State Senate in the elec¬
tion. The Lower House, and both houses on joint ballot,
were, however, Democratic.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
67
CHAPTER XVIII.
Administration of Governor Collier,
1849-1853.
When and where was Governor Collier born ?
He was born in Virginia in 1801.
Where did he settle in Alabama?
At first he settled in Huntsviile, and later in Tuscaloosa.
What public offices did he hold?
He served iu the Legislature, as Circuit Judge, and
from 1837 to the'.time of election as Governor, he served as
Chief Justice.
What was the chief work of this administration?
The chief work of this administration was to provide
a home for the State Government.
When were the buildings ready!
By the session of 1851.
What important State institution was opened in this
administration 1
The hospital for the insane was opened at Tusealoosa,
in 1851.
Who was the first director ?
Dr. Peter Bryce, whose name now forms part of the
name of the institution.
Who was elected United States Senator in 1849?
In 1849, William E. King was re-elected as Senator.
What was the Census in 1850 ?
The population of the State in 1850 was 771,623; Whites
426,514, slaves 334,844, and the rest free Negroes.
What about the bank at this time ?
In 1853, Francis L. Lyon finished his work as Com¬
missioner of the bank and his report showed that the
bonded debt of the State was close on to nine and one half
millions of dollars when he took charge of the bank and
as
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
that since his commission the amount had been reduced to
about three and one-half millions, and the outstanding
notes received at par.
Who succeeded Francis L. Lyon1?
John Whiting succeeded him as Commissioner of the
bank.
What change in Chief Justice was there?
The learned Edward S. Dargan became Chief Justice.
What increase was made in the number of Judges ?
In 1851, the number was increased from three to five.
When did Wm. P. Chilton become Chief Justice?
In 1856, Wm. P. Chilton became Chief Justice,
What of railroads ?•
Most of the railroads of the State were projected in this
administration.
What of National questions'?
By this time a strong disunion party had developed in
the State.
What was the particular National question?
The question known as the Compromise of 1850.
What was William L. Yancey's attitude toward the
compromise ?
He and his followers, known as States Eights men
organized a States Eights party.
What other steps did the States Eights party take ?
They held a State Convention in Montgomery, in 1851,
and nominated candidates for all the Congressional dis¬
tricts.
What was the name of the other party and who was the
leader ?
The other party was called Unionists or Conservatives,
and was led by Henry W. Hilliard.
What was the result .in Congressional election ?
The result was that the States Eights party elected two
Congressmen, and the Conservatives, five.
What of the National election in 1852?
The Democrats elected Franklin Pierce, of New Hamp-
filSTOfeY OF ALABAMA.
69
shire, for President; and William R. King, of Alabama,
for Yice-president. (Mr. King never occupied his office,
he having died before the time.)
Who filled Senator King's place in the Senate!
Benjamin Fitzpatrick was appointed, and later the Leg¬
islature elected him. Clement C. Clay, Jr., of Madison,
was elected to succeed Senator Clemens.
What was the result of the State election in 18531
The result was a sweeping Democratic victory for the,
General Assembly; and for Governor, John A. Winston, of
Sumpter county.
What of the Whigs now ?
They began to decline.
Governor Collier was elected in 1849, and re elected in
1851, without any organized opposition in either instance.
There being no Capitol, the Governor was inaugurated in
the Montgomery Methodist church.
The chief business of this administration was to provide
a home for the State Government, the Capitol having been
burned in 1849. The new Capitol was ready for use by
the session of 1851. It was rebuilt on Goat Hill.
In 1850, the Alabama Historical Society was organized
at Tuscaloosa. Dr. Basil Manly, the President of the
State University, was its founder and chief promoter. This
society has been of inestimable value in preserving the
history of the State. It has really performed a work that
posterity will more and more appreciate. This society
was incorporated in 1852 by the General Assembly.
Chancellor Alexander Bowie was its first President.
In 1850, the General Assembly appointed John J. Or-
mond, George Goldwaithe, and John Erwin, to codify the
laws of the State. Arthur P. Bagby was substituted for
John Erwin, who declined to serve. The Code was pub¬
lished in 1852.
The Census of 1850 showed a population of 771,623;
White 426,514; Negroes 334,844; free Negroes 2;265.
70
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
There was much activity in railroad building during
the time of this administration.
In the National election of 1852, Alabama was honored
in having William E. King elected as Vice-president on
the ticket with Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire. At
the time of the inauguration in 1853, Mr. King was in
the island of Cuba, whither he had gone for his health.
There he was allowed to take the oath of office for Vice-
President of the United States. He reached his home, in
Dallas county, and died there April 18th, 1853.
The Compromise of 1850, with Henry Clay as leader,
engaged public attention no little.
In March, 1853, John A. Campbell, a learned jurist of
Mobile, became the successor to Associatd Justice John
McKinley, of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Mr. Campbell resigned after Alabama seceded.
CHAPTER XIX.
Administration of Governor Win¬
ston, 1853-1857.
When and where was Governor Winston born ?
Governor Winston was born in Madison county in 1812,
but settled in early manhood in Sumter ?
What public offices did he hold?
His public office had been confined to the Legislature.
What is noteworthy respecting Governor Winston ?
He was the first Chief Magistrate of the State that was
born within the State.
What characterized the administration of Governor
Winston more than any one other act1?
Governor Winston's administration was characterized by
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
71
the large number of bills vetoed. So large, indeed, was
the number of vetoes that he was called the "veto
Governor."
What was the character of most of the measures that
the Governor vetoed ?
They were bills to subsidize railroads and other private
enterprises.
What important railroad was chartered in this admin¬
istration1?
The North and South railroad was chartered in 1854.
What other important material matter was occupying
the public and the Legislators'?
The great mineral wealth of Alabama, revealed by State
Geologist, Professor Tourney. (Professor Tourney died in
1857).
What other question, arising from the Governor's mes¬
sage, was there that engaged the attention of the people"?
The question of public schools engaged the attention
of the people and of the Legislators.
When did the public school system begin?
The Legislature of 1853-54 marks the beginning of the
public school system of the State,—the city of Mobile lead¬
ing the way by adopting a systlem as early as 182G.
When was Bartow Academy built, at Mobile ?
In 1835.
Who was the author of the bill providing for State edu¬
cation1?
Judge A. B. Meek, of Mobile.
What were the provisions for officers "?
There was to be a State Superintendent, three Commiss¬
ioners in each county and township trustees.
Who was the first State Superintendent ?
Wm. T. Perry.
What was the school fund in 1852 ?
Less than two hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
When did the Methodists found the Southern University,
at Greenesboro!
In 1856, and opened its doors in 1859.
72
HlStORY OP ALABAMA.
What female school is an offset to the Southern Uni¬
versity?
The Alabama Conference Female.College, at Tuskegee,
which opened in 1856.
What change was made in the Supreme Court in 1853?
The number of judges was reduced from five to three.
Who were the three chosen?
In 1853, William P. Chilton, George Goldthwaite, and
Samuel F. Eice, were chosen by the General Assembly.
At what date was there a yellow fever epidemic in the
State, and where was it particularly severe?
In 1854, and particularly severe at Montgomery.
What panic was there in this administration?
A general financial panic in 1857.
WThat political party had its rise in this administration ?
The "Know -Nothings."
How had they developed in Alabama?
To such an extent that they came near electing their
candidate for Governor i:? 1855. They elected two Con¬
gressmen.
Judge William E. Smith was one of the "Know-nothing"
candidates that was successful.
In the National election of 1856, for whom did Alabama
vote ?
James Buchanan.
What other party had its rise in this administration,
about 1856?
The Eepublican party.
Who was next chosen Governor?
Andrew B. Moore, of Perry county, was elected in 1857?
In 1853, John A. Winston, of Stimter, was elected over
William S. Earnest. In the election of 1855, Governor
Winston was re-elected over George D. Shortridge the
Know-nothing candidate.
About this time great interest was taken in local im¬
provements, and many measures were passed granting
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
73
State aid to private corporations. Governor Winston
promptly vetoed these measures.
The public school system has its beginning in. this ad¬
ministration, being established in February, 1854. The
schools were, when first opened, supported partly by State
aid and partly by tuition, they, in many cases becom¬
ing pay schools after the public fund had been exhausted.
In 1856, Alabama's nine electoral votes were cast for
Buchanan and Breckenridge.
CHAPTER XX.
Administration of Governor Andrew
B. Moore, 1857-1861.
"When and where was Governor Moore born!
In South Carolina, in 1807.
When did he come to Alabama?
In 1826, and settled in Perry county.
What public offices did he hold?
He served as Representative and as Speaker in the Lower
House, and Judge of the Circuit Court.
What was the chief business of the people, at this time?
Farming, cotton being the chief staple.
In the great and heated excitement over the slave ques¬
tion, in 1857, what important decision did the Supreme
Court of the United States hand down?
That the slave holders had a right to take their slaves
into any State or Territory and not forfeit the right of
ownership over them.
Out of what case did this decision arise?
This decision arose out of the Dred Scott case.
74
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Where did the National Democratic Convention meet in
1860?
It met in Charleston, South Carolina, in April.
What instructions were given the Alabama delegates?
William L. Yancey and the other delegates were in¬
structed to withdraw from the Convention if the "Alabama
Platform" was not adopted. (Alabama's Representatives
withdrew).
On the election of Abraham Lincoln, in 1860, what did
the Governor do?
He had writs of election for delegates to a Convention
issued immediately after the election of Lincoln was
declared.
What other steps were taken?
Under the Governor's orders, the Forts on Mobile Bay
were seized by the State troops; and Commissioners were
sent to the other Southern States.
When did the Secession Convention convene?
The Secession Convention was held January 7th, 1861.
When was the Ordinance of Secession adopted ?
On January 11th, 1861, the Ordinance of Secession was
adopted.
How did the vote stand ?
There were 61 in favor of it and 39 against it—-only
24 refused to sign it.
On what mission was William L. Yancey sent to Europe?
To secure from European nations a recognition of the
Confederacy.
Whom did Alabama choose as her Senators in the Con¬
federate Congress?
William L. Yancey and Clement C. Clay, Jr.
What Alabamian was made Secretary of War of the
Confederacy ?
Leroy Pope Walker.
In the election of 1861, who was chosen next Governor?
John Gill Shorter, of Barbour.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
75
"When did the Provisional Congress of the Confederate
States convene?
It met at Montgomery, February 4th, 1861.
What change was made in the time of meeting of the
General Assembly!
The meetings were changed from annual to biennial
sessions.
What steps were taken to meet new conditions 1
The General Assembly met in extraordinary session, in
March.
Andrew B. Moore was elected' without opposition in
1857, and re-elected in 1859 over William F. Samford, of
Macon county. Both of these gentlemen were Democrats.
About this time the revenue from king cotton was
about twenty millions of dollars a year. Cotton was the
main source of wealth.
At the session of the General Assembly of 1859-60, res¬
olutions were adopted, February 24th, 1860, requiring the
Governor in the event of the election of a "Black Republi¬
can" to the Presidency of the United States, at the election
in November following, to order elections to be held for
the election of delegates to a Constitutional Convention of
the State. After the meeting of the electoral college, in
1860, it being declared that Abraham Lincoln was Presi¬
dent of the United States, Governor Moore had writs of
election issued, and ordered the State troops to seize the
Forts on Mobile Bay. Commissioners were also sent to
the other Southern States, to consult and advise as to
what steps should be taken.
February 4th, 1861, seven States were represented by
delegates to the Provisional Congress, at Montgomery.
The State Convention assembled in Montgomery, Janu¬
ary 7th, 1861. Four days later, January 11th, the Ordi¬
nance of Secession was adopted. The members of Con¬
gress from Alabama resigned their seats and withdrew in
76
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
a body from the Congress of the United States after the
adoption of the Ordinance of Secession.
It was openly proposed by some, because of Union sen¬
timent in the Northern part of the State, to erect a new
State in the Tennessee Valley and call the same Nickajack.
The electoral votes in 1861, were cast for Jefferson
Davis and A. H. Stephens, for President and Vice-presi¬
dent of the Confederate States.
Leroy Pope Walker, an Alabamian, was made the first
Secretary of War of the Confederacy.
President Lincoln formally declared war April 15th.
The whole of the first year of the war Governor Moore
was in the executive chair.
On the 18th, of February, 1861, President Davis was in¬
augurated, at Montgomery.
CHAPTER XXI.
Administration of Governor John G.
Shorter, 1861-1863.
When and where was he born ?
In Georgia, in 1818, and came to Alabama, Barbour
county, in 1833.
What public offices did he hold ?
He served both houses of the Legislature, as Circuit
Judge, and in the Confederate Provisional Congress.
What made these times a period of great anxiety and
suspense?
The war, in consequence of which the State had increas¬
ed her debt.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
77
How many regiments Had Alabama in the field ?
Alabama had 27 regiments in the field by the latter
part of 1861.
How many men did Governor Shorter report in the
field in 1862 ?
More than 60,000.
What fact made Alabama suitable ground for military
stores for the Confederacy?
The fact that the State held middle ground among the
Confederate States made it a suitable place for military
stores; and also a safer retreat for those that fled from
the Confederate border States.
What is notable about Selma ?
In Selma, was the largest arsenal of the Confederacy.
What of Cahaba in the war?
At Cahaba, was a large military prison, toward the close
of the war.
Name some distinguished Alabamians in the war?
General Leroy Pope Walker, who had resigned as Sec¬
retary of War, General Jones M. Withers, Major General
Robert E. Eodes.
When did the Federal troops enter Alabama?
The Federal troops entered Alabama early in 1862.
What part of the State did they enter ?
The northern part.
How long did they remain?
Till August, 1862.
Where did General Briggs' army goon leaving the State?
To Kentucky.
What Confederate General attempted to drive the Fed¬
erals out of Alabama?
General Bragg, but he was not wholly successful.
What Confederate General won a brilliant victory in
1863?
General Forrest captured 1700 Federal troops in Chero¬
kee county, in May, 1863.
78
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
From what point did General Forrest pursue tlie
Federals'?
From Tuscumbia.
What Alabamian served as Secretary of War of the
Confederate Government %
John A. Campbell.
What high Federal position had he held ?
He was one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of
the United States in 1853.
When Alabama seceded what course did Judge Camp¬
bell take %
He resigned his seat as Justice.
On what important commission did he serve ?
He was one of the three commissioners that met Abra¬
ham Lincoln in conference on terms of peace at Hampton
Eoads.
Who succeded to the office of Governor iu 1863 ?
Thomas H. Watts of Montgomery.
Governor Shorter was elected in 1861, over Thomas H.
Watts, of Montgomery. Like his predecessor, he had to
rule in a time of great peril to the country.
The Federal troops began to occupy the northern por¬
tions of the State early in 1862. They were driven out
in August, 1862, but returned about a year later. At Lit¬
tle Bear Creek, in 1862, in the vicinity of Tuscumbia, a
battle occurred between Generals P. D. Eoddy, and
Sweeney, in which the latter fell back to Corinth. At
Barton Station, General Roddy again forced the Federals
back. There was an engagement at Town Creek, in Law¬
rence county, April 28th, 1863, between Generals Dodge
and Forrest. From this latter engagement General For¬
rest went in pursuit of Colonel Streight, capturing him,
with his force, in Cherokee county.
Streight's men having burned the bridge, Miss Emma
Sansom, a young girl of Etowah county, at the risk of
her life, directed General Forrest to a ford on Black Creek,
HISTORY OF ALAB4MA.
79
In recognition of her courage, the General Assembly, No¬
vember 27th, 1863, voted her a gold medal and a section
of land.
The following were Confederate Generals from Ala¬
bama:
Major Generals—H. D. Clayton, John H. Forney, Jones
M. Withers, Robert E. Bodes.
Lieutenant General—Joseph Wheeler.
Brigadier-Generals—Evander Mclver Law, Edward P.
Tracy, Leroy Pope Walker, B. D. Fry, Josiah Gorgas, I.
W. Garrott, Sterling A. M. Wood, P. D. Roddy, E.jW. Pet-
tus, Cullen A. Battle, W. H. Forney, Charles M. Shelley,
James H. Clanton, W. W. Allen, Danville Leadbetter,
James T. Holtzclaw, W. F. Perry, George D. Johnson,
James T. Cantey, Archibald Gracie, Alpheus Baker,
John H. Kelley, John T. Morgan, Young M. Moody, Z.
C. Deas, John C. C. Sanders. General John B. Gordon
of Georgia, raised a company in Alabama, the Raccoon
Houghs.
On April 28th, 1863, occurred the death of William L.
Yancey, one of the most brilliant orators, and fearless ad¬
vocates, that stood within the councils of the Confederacy.
80
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
CHAPTER XXII.
Administration of Governor Watts,
1863-1865.
When and where was he born 1
Governor Watts was born in Butler county, in 1819.
What public offices did he hold %
He served in both branches of the Legislature, and
served in the Constitutional Convention of 1861. He was
an able lawyer.
What Cabinet position in the Confederacy did he hold ?
He was Attorney General in the Confederacy from 1862
till he became Governor of Alabama.
Who preceded Governor Watts as Attorney General ?
Thomas Bragg, an able Alabama lawyer.
What change occurred in the Confederate States Senate"?
Senator Clay resigned and went to Canada on a mission
for the Government ?
Who succeeded Senator Clay?
Richard W. Walker, of Lauderdale.
WThat office did Richard W. Walker hold when he was
appointed Confederate Senator 1
He was a Justice on the Supreme Court bench.
Who succeeded Judge Walker ?
John D. Phelan, of Tuscaloosa, succeeded Judge Walker
as an Associate Justice.
Who was Chief Justice at this time ?
Abraham J. Walker was Chief Justice at this time, he
having succeeded Judge Rice in 1859.
What particular act caused great suffering and depriva¬
tion among the people of this State?
The fact that all the ports were blockaded by the Federal
warships.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
81
What victories did General Forrest win ?
September 24th, 1864, General Forrest captured 1900
Federal infantry, at Athens, Limestone county.
When were the Forts on Mobile Bay captured ?
Early in April, 1865.
Who was the Federal General?'
General Canby.
When did the Federals take Mobile?
April 12th.
When did General Wilson, Federal, enter Alabama ?
Early in March, 1865, General Wilson entered Alabama
by way of Franklin county.
How large a force had General Wilson ?
Thirteen thousand five hundred picked men, about
12,000 of whom were mounted.
When did General Wilson enter Selma?
April 2nd.
Was there any fighting at Selma?
Yes; a very destructive engagement.
Where did Wilson go on leaving Selma1?
General Wilson moved from Selma to Montgomery and
entered the city, April 12th.
Was there any fighting at Montgomery?
No.
When did Alabama surrender to General Canby ?
General Richard Taylor surrendered to General Canby,
May, 4th. 1865. In consequence of the blockade of the
ports by the Federals, food and clothing were very scarce.
Howr were the people in this administration relieved of
their suffering?
The State took up contributions of food and distributed
to those in need.
Where did General Wilson encounter General Forrest?
At the point where Birmingham now stands.
Where did Wilson come from at this time?
From Chickasaw, Colbert county, through Russellville
and Jasper.
82
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
When did General Rosseau enter tlie State1?
July, 1864.
How large a Jtorce had he?
About 1,300 calvary.
What part of the State did he traverse ?
The eastern part, destroying much property.
When did Admiral Farragut enter Mobile Bay ?
August, 1864, with a fleet of 18 vessels.
What was the result of the battle?
The Federals conquered Forts Gaines and Morgan.
Where are these Forts'?
At the entrance of Mobile Bay.
What other Forts were finally taken?
Early in 1865, Spanish Fort and Fort Blaikley.
When did General Wilson meet General Forrest 1
In March, 1865.
Who was the next Governor %
Lewis E. Parsons.
Governor Watts assumed the reigns of government
December, 1863. This administration was of short dura¬
tion, it lasting till the close of the war, 1865. Governor
Watts was occupying the position of Attorney-General in
President Davis' cabinet when he was elected Governor
of the State.
Most of the conflicts occurring in this administration
are placed in the chapter on ilBattles between the Feder¬
als and the Confederates." •
Most of the able bodied men being in the war, the care
of those left behind devolved upon the Negroes, to a large
extent, and be it said to their credit that history records
no case where any such one proved false to the trust.
On May 4th, 1865, General Richard Taylor surrendered
to General Canby the military district of which Alabama
formed a part.
HISTORY OP ALABAMA.
83
CHAPTER XXIII.
Administration of Governors Parsons
and Patton, June 21st. 1865-1868.
When and where was Governor Parsons born?
He was born in Xew York state in 1817.
When did lie come to Alabama and where did he
settle?
He came to Alabama in 1810, and settled in Talladega.
What public office did he hold %
He served in the Legislature.
When did Governor Parsons come into office?
June 21st, 1865.
How did he come into office ?
Governor Parsons came into the office of Governor by
appointment of President Johnson.
How long was Governor Parsons' administration?
Governor Parsons' administration extended from June
21st, 1865 to December 20th; 1865, about six months.
What was the chief work of Governor Parsons', admin¬
istration ,!
The chief work of Governor Parsons' administration was
called the rehabilitation of the State—that is the regaining
of statehood.
Who could take part in the rehabilitation of the
State ?
Only those that were willing to swear allegiance to the
Union.
What persons were not allowed to vote or hold office ?
Those tbathad been officers of the Union,and afterwards,
served the Confederacy, were not allowed to vote or hold
office.
What proclamation did Governor Parsons issue?
Governor Parsons issued a proclamation to the qualified
84
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
voters k) elect delegates to a Constitutional Convention.
He also issued certain regulations to govern the people
till the convention should meet and frame a Constitu¬
tion.
What were some regulations 'till the Convention should
meet ?
All State officers, considered loyal to the Union, were
to hold office until their successors were apj)ointed; all
"laws in force before secession, that were in accord with the
Constitution of the United States, were declared still in
force. The slave code was no longer binding.
When did the Convention meet and who was the pre¬
siding officer!
The Convention met at Montgomery in September, and
Benjamin Fitzpatrick was its presiding officer.
Was the Constitution changed wholly?
No; the Constitution was amended so as to accord with
the Constitution of the United States, according as was
necessary to carry out the plans of the President.
At the next election, in November, who was elected
Governor ?
Robert M Patton, of Lauderdale.
What did the Legislature do ?
The Legislature met and ratified the 15th amendment to
the Unified States Constitution, and then Governor Patton
was inaugurated.
When and where was Governor Patton born ?
He was born in Virginia in 1809.
What public offices did he hold?
He served in the Legislature, and was, in 1861, Presi¬
dent of the State Senate.
Who were elected United States Senators in 1865?
Governor Parsons and George S. Houston. •
What message respecting the peopled condition did
Governor Patton send to the Legislature ?
A message, calling for help for the people that were in
need,
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
85
What message had Governor Parsons already issued
respecting help to the people in need ?
That there were 250,000 in need of help.
How did aid come to the people %
Aid came through charity, the State Government, and
the Federal Government.
What about the State's Representatives in Congress"?
They were not allowed to take their seats.
What did the National government do for the newly-
liberated slaves %
The National Government set up what was known as
the Freedman Bureau, to provide for the newly-liberated
slaves.
What new amendment to the United States Constitu¬
tion was proposed to the State in 1866?
The Fourteenth Amendment, giving the Negroes the
right to vote and hold office.
What did the Legislature do about this amendment %
The Alabama Legislature rejected the Fourteenth
Amendment, though the State asserted its loyalty to the
Union.
Who completed a new Code of Laws ?
Chief Justice Walker in 1867.
When the Supreme Court was reconstructed who became
Justices "l
A. J. Walker, W. M. Byrd, and T. J. Judge.
What did the special census of 1866 show %
That there was a decrease in the number of Negroes as
well as number of Whites.
What did Congress finally do with respect to the State
of Alabama *
In March, 1867, Congress passed two acts known as
Reconstruction Acts.
What was the standing of the State at this point?
Alabama was made a part of a military district, under a
General of the army.
86
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
By what name was the Government known ?
The Government of the State was then said to be under
military rule.
What was the next step necessary for the State to
undertake ?
The next step for the State was to form a new Consti¬
tution, carrying out the will of Congress.
Who was in command of the military district of which
Alabama formed apart?
General John Pope.
What was the status of Governor Patton during the
time of military rule ?
He was merely nominal Governor during the time that
Alabama was under military rule and he Governor.
WTiat county was formed in 18G5 !
The county of Crenshaw.
WThat counties in 1806 ?
The counties of Bullock, Clay, Cleburne, Elmore, Baine,
(nowEtowah), and Lee were formed in 18G6.
What counties, in 1867 I
Colbert, Hale, and Jones (now Lamar).
Who was the next Governor of Alabama ?
William H. Smith, of Randolph county.
It should be observed that Governor Watts served till
April, 1865. On June 21st, 1865, the President of the
United States appointed Lewis E. Parsons, of Talladega,
as Provisional Governor of Alabama. There was, conse¬
quently, an interregnum of about two months—from April
to June. Lewis E. Parsons served from Juue 21st, 1865, to
to December 20th, 1865.
In September 1865, a Constitutional Convention met at
Montgomery. The chief business of the convention was
to revise the Constitution of the State. Three articles of
primary importance adopted were:
(1). To abolish slavery; (2) to annul the ordinance of
secession; (3) to annul all ordinances of 1861 in conflict
with the Constitution of the United States.
History or alabama-.
87
William G. Jones, who had been District Attorney of
Alabama under the Confederacy, was succeeded by Rich¬
ard Busteed, of New York, under appointment by Presi¬
dent Lincoln. Judge Busteed assumed the duties of office
in 1865.
The Constitutional Convention of 1865, revised the
Constitution in accordance with the plans of President
Johnson, but this did not meet the approval of Congress.
Robert M. Patton was elected Governor under the new
Constitution.
March 2nd, 1867, Congress passed a measure over the
President's veto, "to provide for the more efficient gov¬
ernment of the insurrectionary States." With this the
State was put under military rule.
W CHAPTER XXIY.
Administration of Governor Smith,
July 13, 1868-1870.
When and where was Governor Smith born?
He was born in Georgia in 1828.
When did he come to Alabama ?
In 1839, and settled in Randolph County.
What public office did he hold?
He served in the Legislature, as a Circuit Judge, and
chief of the Registration Department under Reconstruction
Acts.
In this administration, who were members of the con¬
vention that met in November, to form a new constitution ?
In this convention, 1868, there were seventeen negroes,
and the rest, mostly men from other states.
88
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Who was the presiding officer ?
E. W. Peok, of Tuscaloosa county.
Name some special feature of the constitution of 1868.
The new constitution established the office of Lieutenant-
Governor.
When did Governor Smith call a Legislature"?
Governor Smith called a Legislature to convene in July
and the majority of the members belonged to what was
called the "Black man's" party.
How many negroes were in this Legislature q.
There were twenty-six negroes in this Legislature.
For what did this administration pass appropriation, in
large measure ?
This administration passed many bills subsidizing
railroads.
What of the representation in Congress from this State
in 1868 ?
All the Bepresentatives and Senators were natives of
other states.
What of the Supreme Court?
New Justices were placed on the Supreme Court bench.
How many sessions of the Legislature were held the
first year %
There were three sessions of the Legislature held in 1868.
What new territory was sought for annexation in this
administration ?
West Florida, but it failed of accession.
What new counties were formed in 1868 ?
Chilton (then called Baker), Escambia and Geneva.
What was the most notable occurrence of these times!
The most notable occurence of these times was the hold¬
ing on to the office by Governor Smith against Governor
Lindsay, who had been elected at the preceding State
election.
How long did Governor Smith hold out against the
newly elected Governor *
He refused to give up the office of Governor and main-
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
89
tained his occupation of the office about 3 weeks by
troops,—he alleging fraud.
Only July 13, 1868, the office of Governor was filled by
William H. Smith, of Eandolph. He convened the
General Assembly in July, and also called a session for
October. "
Governor Smith denied the right of Eobert M. Patton
to the office of Governor.
The work of registering the vote, for the election in 1867,
was conducted under the command of military officers,
who were in sympathy with the Republican party at the
North. The list showed a greater number of blacks than
of whites.
Three sessions of the Legislature were held the first
year.
On November 24, 1869, the General Assembly ratified
the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the
United States.
General Pope was placed in command of the military
district of which Alabama formed a part, and Brigadier-
General Wager Swayne was placed in immediate command
of Alabama, with headquarters at Montgomery.
The State was to remain under the above military rule
till a new constitution should be formed and the Fourteenth
Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
ratified.
A convention, under the congressional plan of recon¬
struction, met in Montgomery, November 5, 1867. Under
this Constitution the State was again admitted into the
Union on July 11, 1868. This constitution was submitted
to the people for ratification February, 1868, and hence,
it is known as the Constitution of 1868. Most of the voters
remained away from the polls, yet Congress declared the
Constitution ratified.
Presidents Lincoln and Johnson claimed that no State
could withdraw from the Union, and, consequently, that
Alabama had never been out of the Union.
90
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
During the time of military rule, Governor Patton was
merely nominally Governor, though he held the office for
some months longer than the period for which he was
elected.
Provisional Governor Parsons, acting under orders of
Secretary of State Seward, of the United States, relinquished
the State Government to Robert M. Patton, December 13,
1865, though December 20th was the proper date.
The first Lieutenant-Governor of the State was A. J.
Applegate.
CHAPTER XXY.
Administration of Governor Lindsay,
1870-1872.
When and where was Governor Lindsay bora ?
He was born in Scotland in 1821.
When did he come to Alabama, and where did he settle?
He came to Alabama in 1848, and settled in-Tuscurabia.
What public office did he hold ?
He served in the Legislature. .
How was the Legislature divided as to parties at this
time?
The Senate was Republican, but the House had been
wrested from the hands of the Republicans.
What new troubles now came upon the State ?
The Alabama and Chattanooga railroad failed to pay on
its bonds, 1871, and the bond holders turned to the State
for their money.
What steps did the Governor take ?
He seized the property of the railroad and employed
General Clanton as counsel.
History of Alabama.
91
What was the result?
The State operated the road.
To what extent was the State involved for railroad bonds
about this time, 1871-72!
About $15,000,000.
In 1871, what important school was established?
The Agricultural and Mechanical College at Auburn.
What was the amount the A. & M. College received
from the sale of public lands donated by the United States
Government ?
The amount was $216,000.
What is the school called now ?
The Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
When was the Normal School at Florence located ?
The Florence Normal School was established, by the
Legislature, in 1871.
Who was chosen President of the University, at Tus¬
caloosa ?
Matthew F. Maury. He soon resigned.
Who succeeded Governor Lindsay, in 1872 1
D. P. Lewis, a Republican, as Governor, and Alexander
McKinstry, as Lieutenant-Governor.
In 1870 Robert B. Lindsay was inaugurated Governor of
the State. When the time arrived for the inauguration
in 1870, Governor Smith refused to give up the office,
claiming that he, and not Governor Lindsay, had been
elected.
Edward H. Moren, of Bibb county, was elected Lieuten¬
ant Governor on the ticket with Governor Lindsay.
Governor Smith procured the issuance of a writ re¬
straining the President of the Senate from counting the
returns of the election. Lieutenant-Governor Moren,
having been sworn in, and having taken his seat as Pres¬
ident of the Senate, declared Lindsay elected.
Governor Smith refused to give up the executive office
and called to his aid a body of Federal troops, stationed
92
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
at Montgomery. After two or three weeks, Governor
Smith was displaced by judicial proceedings.
The State Senate was Republican during the administra¬
tion of Governor Lindsay.
The population of the State in 1870 was 996,992. There
were 521,384 whites, 475,510 negroes and 98 others.
The buildings of the State University, having been
burned in time of war, were reconstructed and ready for
occupation by July, 1868. However, the occupation to
students did not take place till April, 1869. The Univer¬
sity had elected for it's head, at one time, Matthew F.
Maury, author of Physical Geography, and many other
scientific works. He soon resigned.
CHAPTER XXVI.
Administration of Governor Lewis,
1872-1874.
When and where was Governor Lewis born!
He was born in Virginia, about the year 1820.
When did he come to Alabama, and where did he settle ?
He came to Alabama early in life, and settled in Hunts-
ville.
What public office did he hold ?
He represented Madison county in the Constitutional
Convention of 1861; was elected to a seat in the Confed¬
erate Provisional Congress, but resigned his seat; served as
Circuit Judge in 1863.
What party elected Governor Lewis?
The Republican party.
Who was chosen Lieutenant-Governor?
Alexander McKinstry.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
93
What of United States Senator1?
The year before, the Democrats had elected George
Goldthwaite, but ill health interfered with his usefulness.
How did the two parties stand in the Legislature of 1872 ?
On the face of the returns, it seems that the Democrats
had both houses.
What of United States Senator?
The Legislature of 1872 had to elect a successor to George
E. Spencer.
What steps did the Democrats take?
They proceeded to organize as usual in the capitol,
counted the votes for State officers, and announced that
Lewis and his associates were elected.
What course did the Republicans pursue?
The Republicans met in the court house, and with them
the candidates that declared that they were elected instead
of the Democrats.
By what names were these different gatherings known ?
The one was called "Capitol Legislature" and the other
"Court House Legislature."'
Which one of these factions did Governor Lewis recog¬
nize?
He recognized the "Court House Legislature" and sent
a message to the same.
How did Governor Lewis maintain his position?
When the "Capitol Legislature" persisted, he called in
the troops to his aid.
What was the next step taken by the Governor?
He asked the Attorney-General of the United States to
outline a compromise, which was done, and the Democrats
accepted.
What was the result of the compromise?
The result was that the Republicans were in power in
the Legislature, and Senator Spencer given another term
in the United States Senate.
What was the State's debt for railroad bonds?
About $17,000,000,
94
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What of the panic in 1873!
The panic, in 1873, was a financial panic* throughout the
country, but. especially oppressive in the South.
What was the result as to Alabama?
Many thousands left the State.
What makes the year 1874 memorable in history?
In that year, the Democrats swept the country in Con¬
gressional elections.
What about the Legislature for 1874?
Both houses were Democratic.
Who were elected to the Supreme bench ?
Three illustrious lawyers, Robert C. Brickell, Amos R.
Manning, and Thomas J. Judge.
Who was elected Governor ?
George S. Houston, of Limestone county.
In 1872, David P. Lewis was elected Governor by the
Republicans, and Alexander McKinstry Lieutenant-Gov¬
ernor. The Democrats nominated Thomas H. Herndon,
of Mobile, Lieutenant-Governor. Moren was renominated.
General U. S. Grant wras elected President of the United
States. The Republicans elected five of the eight Con¬
gressmen to which Alabama was entitled. The Legislature
of 1872 had to elect a successor to George E. Spencer,
United States Senator. The election returns showed a
Democratic majority. The Democrats organized in the
capitol and announced the election of David P. Lewis and
his associates. The Republican members of the Legis¬
lature repaired to the court house and there proceeded
to organize the Legislature.
Governor Lewis, of Madison county, having been
declared elected, recognized the assembly at the court
house. From this circumstance arose the appellations
"Capitol Legislature" and "Court House Legislature."
On December 17th, 1872, the "Capitol Legislature" held
its last session, a compromise having been proposed by the
Attorney-General of the United States, which compromise
was accepted.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
95
In this administration there were large appropriations
to railroads, which appropriations involved the State in'a
large debt. This debt, together with oppression because
of a general financial panic in 1873, made the times par¬
ticularly hard to bear.
In 1874, the Democrats elected George S. Houston.
CHAPTER XXVII.
Administration of Governor Houston,
1874-1878.
.When and where was Governor Houston born ?
He was born in Tennessee, in 1809.
When did he come to Alabama, and where did he settle?
He came to Alabama in 1821, and settled in Lauderdale
county.
What public offices did he hold1?
He served in the Legislature, was Solicitor, served in
> Congress in 1841, and with the exception of one term, was
in Congress till Alabama withdrew from the Union.
Of what two important committees, at one time in Con¬
gress, was he chairman ?
Of the Committee on Ways and Means, and the Com¬
mittee on Judiciary.
What was one of the most useful and substantial services
rendered to the State in this administration %
The chief act of this administration was the adjustment
and liquidation of the State's indebtedness.
How was the adjustment and liquidation brought about?
The adjustment and liquidation was brought about by
the appointment of a commission, consisting of Governor
96
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Houston, L. W. Lawler, of Talladega, and T. B. Bethea,
of Montgomery.
"What did the report of the commission show the State's
indebtedness to be %
It was found that the State's liabilities amounted to
about thirty millions of dollars.
IIow was the debt liquidated 1
By issuing new bonds, instead of outstanding bonds; by
rejecting some claims, and the reducing of others.
What saving was there to the State besides liquidation ?
There was a direct saving to the State of about three
and a half million^ of dollars, and the balance of the
indebtedness made certain and definite.
What else can be said of the economic side of Governor
Houston's administration 1
It was characterized by the most rigid economy—even
to requiring the departments to do with less stationery.
When was the Alabama and Chattanooga railroad sold?
In October, 1876, by order of the United States Court,
the rights of the State being reserved.
What other important work was done in this adminis¬
tration'?
The making of a new constitution, changing that of 1868
to that of 1875.
When was the question of a Constitutional Convention
submitted to the people ?
The question of a Constitutional Convention was sub¬
mitted to the people on August 3, 1875, and the people
decided to have a convention.
When and where did the Convention meet?
The Convention met at Montgomery, September, 1875,
and was in session less than a month.
What were some provisions made in the Constitution
of 1875!
That the Legislature, excepting the first session after¬
wards, should not hold over fifty days, and members be
paid four dollars per day. The office of Lieutenant Gov-
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
97
ernor was abolished, and the President of the Senate was
empowered to become Governor in case of vacancy.
When was it submitted to the people and what was the
result ?
The new Constitution was submitted to the people
November 16th, 1875, and the people ratified it.
When did it take effect ?
It took effect, December 6th, 1875.
Who represented Alabama at the Centennial Exposition
in 1876, at Philadelphia ?
Alabama had an exhibit undef' the management of John
, T. Milner.
In 1876, who was elected President of the United States?
R. B. Hayes, of Ohio. f
For whom did Alabama, in 1876, cast her electoral
vote?
For Tilden and Hendricks. Governor Houston was
re-elected as Governor.
What was President Hayes' policy toward the South ?
He withdrew the troops from the South.
What county was formed in 1877 ?
Cullman county,
What legislation was there on schools?
The Legislature appropriated for schools one hundred
and thirty thousand dollars.
Separate schools were provided for the whites and
for blacks, and the cities allowed to manage their own
schools.
The State University by constitutional provision, was
committed to the care of a Board of Trustees, nominated
by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate.
In 1878, who was placed at the head of the State Uni¬
versity ?
General Josiah Gorgas, succeeding William E. Smith.
What of United States Senators ?
Governor Houston was chosen to succeed Senator Spen¬
cer, and John T. Morgan, of Dallas, to take the place of
Senator Goldthwaite, deceased.
98
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What did the Bepublicans do in 1878 ?
They made no nomination for Governor in the year
1878.
Who was elected Governor %
E. W. Cobb, of Shelby county.
In 1874, Georgr S. Houston, Democratic candidate, was
elected over David P. Lewis, the Eepublican candidate.
Bobert F. Ligon, of Macon, was elected Lieutenant-
Governor. This election marks the end of Eepublican
rule in Alabama. Governor Houston was elected with
great anticipatious, and he satisfied, completely, the expec¬
tations of the State.
He came into office at a time when the State was heavily
burdened with debt. Governor Houston was a rigid econ¬
omist, and a financier of no mean parts. He was re-elected
in 1S76, thus serving two terms.
The administration is noted for two tasks accomplished
—the liquidation and. adjustment of the State's indebted¬
ness, and the making of the Constitution of 1875, that
under which we are now living.
In 187(>, Alabama east her electoral vote for Tilden and
Hendricks.
The direct appropriation from the State for the public
schools was, in 1876, $130,000.
In 1S77, Cullman county was formed out of Blount,
Morgan and Winston counties.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
99
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Administration of Governor Cobb,
1878-1882.
"When and where was Governor Cobb born?
He was born in Abalama about 1808.
What public office did he hold?
He served in the Legislature. He was a lawyer by
profession and a conservative Governor.
What section of the country began to develop about this
time1?
The section around Birmingham.
What one thing aided in the development of Birm¬
ingham ?
The crossing of two roads, the South & North and the
Alabama & Chattanooga, in the neighborhood of Elyton.
Name some of the most noted men in the building up
of this region.
John T. Milner, of the South &North road; Josiah Mor¬
ris, of Montgomery; J. C. Stanton, the projector of the
Alabama & Chattanooga road, and many others. Also,
should be mentioned James R. Powell.
What agency was instrumental in building up the city
of Birmingham ?
The Elyton Land Company.
Who were its chief officers ?
James R. Powell was President.
When was Birmingham chartered 1
In 1871.
By middle of 1873, what was the estimated population!
2,500.
What was its population in 188.0 %
3,086.
What relapse did the city have 1
In 1873, a panic, the result of cholera epidemic.
100
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
When were the Pratt mines opened ?
The Pratt mines were opened in 1879.
Name a celebrated furnace of Pratt.
The Alice furnace, which went into blast in 1880.
What of the whole section of the mining portion of
Alabama1?
It is safe to say that such rapid development is without
a parallel in history.
Who were the founders of Anniston ?
The Tylers and the Nobles.
What of the city of Mobile about this time?
The city being involved in an immense debt, gave up
the attempt to set matters right and the Legislature
repealed its charter.
What hindered Mobile in 1878 ?
Yellow fever; later, however, the city regained its
former importance.
How did Mobile stand in 1879 !
Her bonds were good for a million dollars,—all being
bid for by Boston, and home capitalists.
What of the election in 1880 ?
Governor Cobb was his own successor in 1880. The
Republicans made no nominations.
What new party now arises ?
The "Greenbackers."
Who was eleected United States Senator in 1880?
James L. Pugh, of Barbour, was chosen to fill out the
unexpired term ol Senator Houston, deceased.
Who was Senator instead of Senator Houston until the
election of Senator Pugh ?
Luke Pryor, of Limestone, by appointment, January,
1880, to December, 1880.
What was the census of the State in 1880 ?
The census in 1880 was 1,262,505, the whites more than
62,000 in excess of the blacks.
How many persons did the census show could neither
read nor write 1
Above 370,000, mostly negroes.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
101
What was the most important legislation in this admin¬
istration1?
The establishment of the railroad commission, in 1881.
What is their dnty ?
Their duty is to adjust complaints between the railroads
and the people.
What of the Supreme Court1?
Judge Manning died and H. M. Sommerville, of Tusca¬
loosa, was appointed in his place in 1880.
What of Congressmen!
All were Democrats; but General Shelley was unseated
by the House of Representatives.
Who succeeded Governor Cobb in 1882 ?
Edward A. O'Neal, of Lauderdale.
In 1878, Eufus W. Cobb was elected Governor, and he
was re-elected in 1880.
About this time the marvelous, and unprecedented
development of Birmingham, and the other North Ala¬
bama towns began. The wonders and glories of Birming¬
ham were talked of even in Birmingham, England. And
to these regions were attracted almost every nationality
on the globe.
In the mad rush for Birmingham soil, and a "corner
lot," the Black Belt was almost depopulated in some
localities: Farming land could then be had for a "mere
song". Happily for the State, this has changed. The
people now see that everybody cannot speculate, and
everybody cannot farm; but that diversity makes a
State.
In 1880, the only opposition the Democrats had came
from the "Greenbackers."
All the Congressmen elected were Democrats, but
General Shelley was unseated this time and also subse¬
quently.
At the Presidential election in 1880, the State cast
its electoral vote for Hancock and English, the Demo¬
cratic candidates. Garfield and Arthur, Republicans,
were elected.
i02
history of Alabama.
The population of the State in 1880 was 1,262,505, with
the whites greatly in excess of the colored. The census
showed that there were in the State about .370,000 persons
above the age of ten that could not read or write.
CHAPTER XXIX.
Administration of Governor O'Neal,
1882-1886.
When and where was Governor O'Neal born1?
He was born in Madison county in 1818. Distinguished
as a lawyer while still a young man, he won fame in
the secession cause, and as a soldier.
What was the nature of the questions with which the
Legislature had to deal ?
The assessment and collection of taxes, the tax rate,
the treatment of convicts, the proper relation of the State
to railraads, and similar questions.
What about the cities of Selma and Mobile?
These cities were deprived of their charters. But
Selma received her charter again, as had Mobile some¬
time betore.
When was the department of Commissioner of Agricult¬
ure established ?
The department of Commissioner of Agriculture was
established in 1883.
Who was appointed first Commissioner of Agriculture?
Judge Edward C. Betts.
What are the chief duties of this officer ?
The chief duties of the Commissioner of Agriculture
are: The formation of associations among farmers, for
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
103
the purpose of instruction and consultation; investigation
of various topics in agriculture; the protection of farmers
against worthless mixtures offered as iertilizers; and the
encouragement of immigration.
What source of revenue has the office!
The sale of fertilizer tags, by which means nearly the
whole expense of the office has been paid.
Who was State Treasurer under Governor O'Neal?
Isaac H. Vincent.
What showed the favor and high esteem in which he
was held ?
He was elected, contrary to custom, to fill the office for
a third term.
When did Vincent leave Alabama and on what pre¬
text ?
The latter part of January, 1882, he left home saying
that he was going to New York on business.
How much shortage did the committee of Legislature'
report as found against Treasurer Vincent?
A shortage of more than two hundred and thirty
thousand dollars.
What steps did the Governor take ?
He offered a reward at once, but it was four years before
Vincent was apprehended.
His bond and the record of it was missing from the
Secretary of State's office.
How much did the State recover!
From three parties known to have signed it, the State
recovered about $50,000, and it had to bear the loss of
the rest.
When was Vincent captured ?
In 1887, and was tried in August.
What was done with him %
He was sent to the penitentiary %
What new office arose from the fact of the State's
losing so much through its Treasurer?
The office of Examiner of public Accounts.
104
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What of the financial condition of the State, although
she had sustained such a great financial loss ?
The next year the Treasury was fuller than at any time
in its history, and the tax rate could safely be lowered
although already low.
Tn 1882, what State Normal school was established ?
The Normal School at Livingston.
Who was the first principal and is still at its head!
Miss Julia Tutwiler, daughter of the noted teacher, Pro¬
fessor Tutwiler, of Green Springs.
What grant did the United States make to the State
University in 1884 ?
A grant of more than 46,000 acres of land.
What was the intention of this gift *
To make good, as far as it would, the loss arising from
the burning of the buildings by the Federal troops in time
of war.
In 1884, how many miles of railroad track were there
in the State!
About 2,000 miles in operation.
How had output of Iron increased ?
It had increased from 7,000 tons in 1870, to 124,000 in
1884.
What of the progress of Jefferson county?
It had taken its place among the five principal counties
of the State.
What change in Chief Justice was there ?
Chief Justice Brickell retired aud Judge Stone was
promoted to the place. Judge Stone's place was filled by
Judge David Clopton.
Who was the other Associate Justice ?'
Judge Somerville.
Who was elected President of the United States in
1884?
Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President since
the war.
What did Governor O'Neal say in his last message,
1886 1
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
105
''Duringthe past two years the State has been peculiarly
blessed; taxes were light and there was a general pros¬
perity."
Who was elected Governor in 1886 1
Thomas Seay, of Hale county.
Who were candidates for the nomination ?
General Clayton, John D. McIQeroy, and Col. IsT. H. E.
Dawson. Seay won after a hard fight in the Convention.
Edward A. O'Neal was elected Governor in 1882, and
re-elected in 1884.
In January, 1883, the defalcation of Isaac H. Vincent,
State Treasurer, was made public. The shortage afterwards
was found to be over $230,000. Having departed from
the State, he was captured in 1887, brought back to the
State, and convicted and sentenced to ten years imprison¬
ment. Before the expiration of his term he was par¬
doned.
In 1886, the "boom" in the Birmingham district, and
North Alabama, reached its highest point. In 1887, the
"boom" began to subside.
The many manufactories that have been established in
the Birmingham district, have placed the city on a sure
and lasting basis of prosperity.
In 1886, a State Code appeared, prepared by Robert C.
Brickell*, Peter Hamilton, and John P. Stillman.
On February 23, 1883, the Department of Agriculture
was created. Its chief is to be a practical and experi¬
enced agriculturalist.
Following the defalcation of Treasurer Vincent, the
State created the office of Examiner of Public Accounts.
The material prosperity of the State, during the last
years of this administration, was very hopeful.
In 1886, Alabama cast her electoral vote for Grover
Cleveland, for President of the United States. All the
Congressmen of this year were Democrats.
106
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
CHAPTER XXX.
Administration of Governor Seay.
1886-1890,
When and where was Governor Seay born?
He was born in Greene county in 1846. He was a law¬
yer by profession, and served the Confederate cause in
war.
What public service did he perform besides that of sol¬
dier ■■?
He was State Senator for ten years, and toward the
close of his term was President of the Senate.
In what did his main strength, politically, lie ?
He was wise, kind hearted, and liberal towards his
opponents.
How did he find the State ?
He found the State in good condition, with many ave¬
nues of progress open.
What distinguished visitor came to Montgomery in this
administration ?
Grover Cleveland, President of the United States, visited
Alabama in the first year of Seay's administration.
What was the occasion of the visit ?
The State Fair; and Governor Seay welcomed him in a
speech full of enthusiasm, to which the President re¬
sponded.
What of education about this time ?
The Legislature of 18£6-87 is notable for the number of
bills and resolutions passed. It passed abill,in 3887, appro¬
priating 13,000 for the maintenance of a Xormal School
atTroy, on condition a suitable building be provided.
When was the school opened 1
In 1887.
History of alabama.
107
What other appropriations were made for education at
this time?
The Legislature of 1886-87 passed a bill to establish a
colored university, with funds from common school fund,
but the Supreme Court declared such act unconstitutional,
and the appropriation was withdrawn, in the midst of the
session.
Where was the Normal School formerly located?
At Marion..
What was done further ?
At the next Legislature Governor Seay recommended to
re-establish the school on a permanent and constitutional
basis, which recommendation was carried into effect.
What was the custom as to the sale of liquor ?
There was what was known as "local option law."
What was the meaning of this ?
Any county or town could, by this law, prohibit the sale
of liquors, without interfering with another community.
What was the chief business of the people 1
There was a revival of prosperity from the panic of
1884.
What particular towns had made special progress 1
All North Alabama was in a state of greatest prosperity,
and notably so was Birmingham.
What was the valuation of property in Birmingham in
1887 ?
In 1887, the assessed value of property was more than
$33,000,000, as against $3,000,000 in 1881.
What effect had the rise of Birmingham, and other
cities in North Alabama, upon the Black Beltl
The lands in farming regions, or Black Belt, depreciated
in value very much.
What association grew out of the depressed state of
affairs in the Black Belt ?
The Farmers' Alliance.
What epidemic broke out in September, 1888, and
where 1
108
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Yellow fever broke out in Decatur in 1888, but was, by
strict quarantine, confined to that place.
Who was opposing candidate to Seay in 1888 ?
W. T. Ewing, a Eepublican.
Who was successful ?
Thomas Seay, for a second term.
For whom did Alabama vote in the national election ?
For Cleveland and Thurman, for President and Vice-
President.
What of Representatives in Congress from Alabama ?
The Democrats returned a solid delegation.
How did the Legislature stand ?
Democratic, by a large majority.
Who was elected United States Senator !
John T. Morgan was re-elected.
In this Legislature, what law was passed respecting
insane criminals ?
A law regulating the treatment of insanes, at Tusca¬
loosa, was passed, dispensing with mechanical restraint.
Who were the authors of the bill ?
Judge Somerville, of the Supreme Court, and Dr.
Bryce, the head of the Insane Asylum. (This law has
been copied by other States).
What increase was made in the number of Justices on
Supreme Bench"?
The number of Justices was increased from three to four.
Who was appointed to fill the new place 1
Thomas N". McClellan, who had been Attorney-General.
What other change in the Supreme Court?
The next year Judge Somerville resigned, and Thomas
W. Coleman was appointed in his place.
What was the census of 1890 ?
The census showed a population of a little more than
one and a-half millions, with increase among the whites,
both relatively and absolutely, greater than among the
colored people.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
109
What was the rank of Alabama in population in the
Union ?
Alabama was now the 17th State in the Union in popu¬
lation.
"What else was noticeable as to the population, about
this time ?
The northern counties had increased greatly; and the
cities made large gains at expense of country.
How did the State rank industrially, about 1890 ?
About this time, 1890, Alabama ranked third in the
production of iron ore and the production of pig iron, and
sixth in the production of coal.
What was the school population in 1890 ?
There was an enrollment of more than 335,000, with
white and colored in proportion of 7 to 4.,
What of religion1? '
More than 30 per cent, of the people were church mem¬
bers. There were more than 6,000 church buildings, and
church property valued at about $7,000,000.
When was Howard College removed to East Lake ?
In 1888.
What noted school was established in 1890, and by
whom ?
The East Lake Atheneum, by Major Solomon Palmer.
Who became Governor after Seay ?
Thomas G. Jones, of Montgomery.
Who was his most formidable opponent in the conven¬
tion ?
Reuben F. Kolb, of Barbour.
What combination was supporting Eeuben F. Kolb ?
The Farmers' Alliance.
Who was elected United States Senator 1
James L. Pugh, of Barbour.
The period from 1886 to 1890, two terms, covers the
time of the administration of Thomas Seay, of Hale county.
In 1888, Governor Seay was re-elected over W. T. Ewing,
Republican.
110
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
In 1887, tlie Legislature abolished the colored Normal
School, at Marion, and set up, in its stead, the Colored
University, in Montgomery. The school was opened at
Montgomery under the name of Colored University, but
the Supreme Court declared the act establishing the
school unconstitutional, because the funds were to be
derived from the common school fund. Through the kind
offices of Governor Seay the matter was laid before the
following Legislature and the Legislature re-established
the Normal School. A committee, appointed by the Gov¬
ernor, located the school at Montgomery, where it is doing
a good work.
An Agricultural Experiment Station was established at
the Polytechnic Institute. In 1887, an experiment station
was established at Uniontown. Later an Agricultural
School has been established in each Congressional district.
On February 18, 1889, the Legislature passed an act
providing relief for maimed or disabled soldiers, and for
widows, who had not re-married, whose husbands were
killed or died in the war.
The population of the State in 1890 was 1,513,017. Of
these 830,796 were white; 681,131 colored; 790 others.
The material prosperity of the State during this admin¬
istration was of a most solid kind.
With the same foresight that was his wont in private
affairs, Governor Seay managed the affairs of State.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Ill
CHAPTER XXXI.
Administration of Governor Jones,
When and where was Governor Jones born ?
He was born in Georgia in 1841.
What public service did he render ?
He served in the Confederate Cause. His last service
was to bear a flag of truce at Appomattox. He is a
lawyer, by profession.
What other public service has he rendered %
He was Reporter of the Supreme Court and Speaker of
the House of Representatives.
What law was passed in 1890-9 L respecting common
carriers ?
In 1890-91 the Legislature passed a law that the railroads
should provide separate carriages for white and colored.
What law was passed for disabled Confederate soldiers ?
One half of one mill on every dollar's worth of property
(taxable) was devoted to the cause of disabled Confeder¬
ate soldiers and to widows of Confederates.
What other appropriations were made?
An appropriation for the completion of the Confederate
monument on the Capitol grounds.
What change was made in the Supreme Court.
The number of Justices was increased to five, and Rich¬
ard W. Walker appointed to the new place.
What internal improvements did the United States
Government make in the State in 1894 %
The dredging of Mobile Bay.
From what deprivation did the people suffer in 1894?
From a freshet on the Tombigbee and Xoxubee rivers.
How were the citizens relieved ?
They were relieved by the Governor's calling for aid,
which was generously given.
1890-1894
112
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What of the convention of colored people held at Tus-
kegee, in 1892 ?
It was noted for the expression of good feeling between
the races.
For what was the year 1892 notable in Alabama poli¬
tics !
For the division of the Democratic party in the State,
Captain Kolb being leader of one element and Governor
Jones being leader of the other, and more conservative.
What office did Captian Kolb hold at this time ?
He was Commissioner of Agriculture.
What measure did the Legislature pass respecting the
office of Commissioner of Agriculture ?
That the office should be elective. (Prior to this it had
been appointive).
What change was made in the office of Commissioner!
Governor Jones appointed Hector D. Lane, instead of
Captain Kolb, whose term expired before the election
came off in 1892.
What course did Captain Kolb pursue?
He, claiming that Governor Jones had no right to make
the appointment, refused to give up the place. Suit was
brought against him and the lower court decided in his
favor. The Supreme Court reversed the decision and Mr.
Lane became Commissioner of Agriculture.
What effect did this contest, over the office of Com¬
missioner of Agriculture, have on the the two factions in
the Democratic ranks.
It intensified the bitterness existing between the two
factions.
What was the next political move of Captain Kolb ?
He announced himself for Governor, but failing to
receive the nomination in the Democratic Convention, he
and his followers held a separate convention in which he
was nominated for Governor, and candidates for other
State offices.
What of the Republicans?
They made no nominations.
HISTORY OP ALABAMA.
113
What was the result of the election ?
Governor Jones was elected by a majority of about
11,000. Reuben F. Kolb claimed that he had been elec¬
ted by a majority of 40,000.
Why did Kolb make no contest for the Governorship ?
Because there was no law for contests.
What was the result of the Congressional elections in
1892?
Nine Democrats, Alabama's quota, were elected.
For whom was the electoral vote of the State cast ?
For Cleveland and Stevenson, Democratic candidates.
What Alabamian did Mr. Cleveland appoint to a Cabi¬
net position1?
Hillary A. Herbert, of Montgomery, was appoionted as
Secretary of the Navy.
What important position did Herbert fill while in Con¬
gress ?
For a long time he was at the head of the Committee on
Naval Affairs.
What change did the Legislature of 1892-93 make in
election laws"?
The Legislature of 1892-93 passed a bill providing for a
modified form of the Australian ballot, a ballot printed
by the State, with the names of all the candidates on it.
The law further provided that the voter should have the
right to mark his ballot secretly, and that aid should be
given voters unable to read.
When was the Industrial school at Montevallo estab¬
lished %
It was established in 1892-93, but did not open for
students until 1895.
What law was passed in regard to convicts in 1892-93?
The new law gave entire control of convicts to a board
of nine persons, with the Governor as Chairman.
What gave rise to this law ?
The bad treatment by private parties who had the con¬
victs hired. The Board was still allowed to hire them to
114
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
private persons. A school was introduced into the
system.
What law was passed with respect to tax %
The tax rate was raised, 1892-93, from four to five mills
on the dollar.
What made this slight increase in taxation more bur¬
densome than otherwise would have been the case ?
The panic of 1893.
What effect did the panic have on the industrial life
of the State.
It had the effect of a crushing blow, cotton was below
actual cost; iron depressed. In 1894, there was a strike
by coal miners of ISforth Alabama, and the militia were
ordered out to keep the peace. Troops were ordered out
to protect railroad property at Birmingham and near
there—the Chicago railroad strike having extended into
Alabama; in July striking miners attacked the State con¬
victs and their guards and killed several men. So great
was the disorder that Governor Jones went in person to
the scene of the trouble.
When did the State conduct her first quarantine and
what was the occasion?
In 1893, against yellow fever at Pensacola, Florida, and
Brunswick, Georgia.
What of Reuben F. Kolb, in the next State election ?
He was again a candidate for Governor, being nominated
by "Jeffersonian Democrats7'" and supported by Republi¬
cans and Populists.
Who was successful ?
William C. Oates was elected by a majority of more
than 27,000 according to the returns.
What of the Supreme Court ?
Robert C. Brickell became Chief Justice instead of
Justice Stone, who died in March, 1894. The Associates
were Thomas N. McClellan, Thomas W. Coleman, James
B. Read, and Jonathan Haralson.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
115
What of the Congressional election 1
The Democrats elected eight of the nine Congressmen,
and the Populists one.
In 1890, Thomas Goode Jones was elected Governor
over Benjamin M. Long, Republican candidate.
Yearly conferences of Negroes, both at Tuskegee and at
Normal, have accomplished much in bringing about good
feeling between the races. The conferences are growing
more and more in public favor.
In 1892, co-education was inaugurated at the Alabama
Polytechnic Institute, at Auburn. In 1893, the State
University opened its doors to women.
In 1893, the Democrats came into power at Washington,
Grover Cleveland being the President. Mr. Cleveland
honored Alabama by appointing Congressman Hilary A.
Herbert, of Montgomery, Secretary of the Navy.
In 1892, the Democratic party was divided. Governor
Jones was leader of one faction, and Captain Kolb, the
other.
There was a warm canvass between Governor Jones and
Captain Kolb. Governor Jones received the nomination
in the Convention. Captain Kolb and his followers
claimed that Governor Jones, and other candidates for
\ '
State officers, were elected by fraud in the primaries. So
Captain Kolb and his associates held a convention and
nominated Kolb for Governor, and other State officers.
The result was the election of the "regulars", as Governor
Stones and his associates were called.
The Legislature of 1892-93 passed a measure for a new
election law. A modified form of the Australian ballot, a
ballot printed by the State with the names of the several
candidates printed on one ticket in alphabetical order.
The voter should have the right to mark his ballot secretly;
and those unable to read should have aid.
Captain Kolb was nominated again in 1891, and W.
C. Oates was nominated by the ''regulars''. Mr. Kolb
was nominated by Democrats. He was also sup-
11() HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
ported, largely, by the Republicans and the Populists.
For supremacy of the law and the maintenance of order,
Governor Jones had been well schooled while in command
of the State troops, even before he became Governor.
While Governor, he appeared in person at the scene of the
disorder in North Alabama, and showed himself a good
citizen and a fearless servant in the right.
CHAPTER XXXII.
Administration of Governor Oates,
1894-1896.
When and where was Governor Oates born ?
He was born in Pike county, in 1833.
What public service has he performed ?
He has taught school, served in the War of Secession,
and was commander of the 48th Alabama. He lost an
arm in war, near Petersburg, Virginia. He was made a
Brigadier-General in the Spanish-American war. He
served in the Legislature, beginning in 1870; after which
he served about 16 years in Congress, when he became
Governor of Alabama.
What of educational interests about this time?
In this administration, there was an educational awak¬
ening.
What of Governor Oates' messages ?
Governor Oates, in his messages, and especially the last,
gave a larger amount of useful information in regard to
the State's schools, resources, and the State's liability,
than can be found in any similar documents.
HISTORY OP ALABAMA.
117
What of executive appointments in this administration"?
There was an unusually large number of executive
appointments—more than two thousand.
What of an executive mansion ?
Governor Oates was the first Governor to recommend
the purchase of a Governor's mansion.
What cession of lands and buildings did the United
States Government make to Alabama, in this administra¬
tion 1
The United States ceded to the State of Alabama the
Mt. Yernon Reservation, consisting of 1,9Q0 acres, with
many valuable buildings.
Where is the Mt. Yernon Reservation, and for what had
the buildings been used ?
It is in the northern part of Mobile county, and had
been used as headquarters for United States troops, sta¬
tioned there for many years.
What recommendation did Governor Oates making re¬
specting the Mt. Yernon cession ?
That it be used as a hospital for the insane of the Xegro
race, and the Legislature of 1900-01, has so declared, and
appropriated $25,000 toward it.
What other lands has the State acquired in this admin¬
istration %
In Clarke county, three sections of saline lands have
been acquired by the State from the General Government.
What was done for agriculture in this administration ?
In 1895, several agricultural experiment stations were
authorized by the Legislature.
/What did the school fund amount to at this time 1
One-half million dollars from all sources, exclusive of
poll tax.
What State institution was built in this administration %
The Montevallo Industrial School, for girls.
Who were candidates before the Democratic State con¬
vention ?
Joseph F. Johnston, of Jefferson, and Richard H. Clarke,
of Mobile.
118
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What division was there in the Democratic ranks at this
time?
There were the Free Silver Democrats and the National,
or Gold Democrats.
Who was elected United States Senator ?
General E. W. Pettus, of Dallas, to succeed Senator
Pugh.
Joseph F. Johnston, of Jefferson, succeeded William C.
Oates, as Governor.
William C. Oates was elected Governor in 1894. Before
the Democratic State convention as candidates for Governor,
were Congressman William C. Oates, and Captain Joseph
F. Johnston, an advocate of free silver. Captain Kolb
was nominated for Governor by the "Jeffersonian Demo¬
crats," and he was, in large measure, supported by the
Populists and the Republicans. The Democratic "regular,"
William C. Oates, was elected.
His long service in the Congress of the United States
prepared Governor Oates for a high plane in legislation.
He advocated a special tax for schools, in order that the
people might know what they were paying for education,
and what for other purposes.
A code of the State was issued in 1896, by William L.
Martin.
Governor Oates served only one term, from 1894 to 1896.
He was not renominated because he declined to serve
another term.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
119
CHAPTEK XXXIII.
Administration of Governor John
ston, 1896-1900.
When and where was Governor Johnston born1?
He was born in Xorth Carolina, in 1843. He served in
the Confederate ranks and was five times wounded. At
first he lived in Selma, where he practiced law; later, in
Birmingham. At one time he was chairman of the Dem¬
ocratic State Executive Committee.
What law was passed in this administration regarding
taxes %
'A Bill, known as the back tax law, was passed, author¬
izing a commission to collect unpaid taxes, and a bill
exempting from taxation for a term of years all capital
that may be invested in cotton mills in the State.
What change was made in the Supreme Court in 1898 %
Thomas X. McClellan was chosen Chief Justice.
What of the sale of lands, donated by the General Gov¬
ernment to the school at Montevallo, and to the State Uni¬
versity ?
There was much discussion, the claim being made that
better prices could have been obtained.
How did Alabama answer the call for troops to the
Spanish-American war %
She mustered, without delay, two regiments into ser¬
vice, at Mobile. Alabama also furnished a battalion of
colored troops.
By whom was the colored battalion raised !
By Captain Francis G. Caffey, of Montgomery. Later
the battalion was increased to a regiment.
What Alabamians were made G enerals in the Spanish-
American war ?
Joseph Wheeler was made Brigadier General, and Wil-
120
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
liain C. Oates a Brigadier-General, of United. States Vol¬
unteers.
Where did General Wheeler see service in the late war ?
He served in the engagement before Santiago, as com¬
mander of all the cavalry; and he served also, in the Phil¬
ippines.
What daring deed did Richard Pearson Hobson perform
in the Spanish-American war ?
He gunk the collier Merrimac in the channel of Santiago
harbor, an act designed to block the channel.
What special and important measure did the Legisla¬
ture of 1898-9 pass?
It passed a bill calling for a Constitutional Convention, in
order to change the Constitution of 1875 with respect to
suffrage.
Why was the Convention not held '?
The Governor, though he approved the bill calling for a
Convention, convoked the General Assembly in extraor¬
dinary session, and the law was repealed.
What was the issue of the election of 1900 ?
Candidates for the.Legislature in 1900 were elected on
pledge to support the calling of a Constitutional Conven¬
tion.
Who was Senator Morgan's chief opponent for Senator 1
Governor Johnston, and both of these gentlemen made
some personal canvass.
What was the result"?
Senator Morgan was re-elected.
For what was Governor Johnston's administration espe¬
cially noted ?
Economy in the use of the State's funds.
Who succeeded Governor Johnston ?
William J. Samford, of Opelika.
Joseph F. Johnston, of Jefferson county, was elected
Governor in 1896, and re-elected in 1898, thus serving two
terms.
In 1898 the war with Spain was declared. Alabama
ItlSTOKY or ALABAMA.
121
was, through, the exercise of the Governor, one of the
States most heartily answering the call for volunteers.
Two regiments were soon mustered into service, at Mobile.
One of these regiments was under Colonel E. L. Higdon,
and the other under Colonel J. W. Cox. There was also
a colored troop organized by Major E. L. Bullard, of the
regular army. Captain Francis G. Caffey, of Montgomery,
mustered in the first colored company. This fact, Captain
Caffey's mustering in of the first colored troop, is but an
index to the good feeling that all good citizens have always
desired to see. The colored battalion was increased to a
regiment later.
President McKinley very purposely appointed William
C. Oates and General Joseph Wheeler Brigadier Generals
of the United States Yolunteers.
On June 3, 1898, one of Alabama's sons startled the
world by one of the bravest and most heroic acts recorded
in the annals of our country—the sinking of the Merrivnac
by Lieutenant Hobson. Lieutenant Eichard Pearson'Hob-
son, of United States Naval Service, was born and reared
in Greensboro, Alabama.
In December, 1898, the monumeut to the soldiers and
sailors, on capitol grounds, at Montgomery, was unveiled.
December 6, 1898, the General Assembly passed an. act
providing for the holding of the Constitutional Conven¬
tion, but it was repealed by a called session of the Legis¬
lature on May 10, 1899.
The material prosperity of the State was encouraging at
this time. This administration was one of economy in the
use of the State's funds.
In September, 1900, Governor Johnston represented the
State at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in the presentation
of gifts to the two new battleships, the Kearsage and the
Alabama. In his speech, the Governor congratulated the
country on the universal good feeling.
122
HISTORY OP ALABAMA.
W CHAPTER XXXIV. W
Administrations of Governors Wm. J.
Samford and W. D. Jelks, 1900.
When and where was Governor Samford born ?
He was born in Lee county, in 1845.
What public office did he hold 1
He served in the Legislature, and was, at one time,
President of the Senate. He was a member of the Con¬
stitutional Convention of 1875.
What about the inauguration of Governor Samford ?
Governor Samford being sick at the time of inaugura¬
tion, was unable to take upon himself the active duties of
the Executive department. He took the oath of office,
at his home in Opelika.
Who acted in the stead of Governor Samford during
disability arising from sickness ?
When the Legislature of 1900-01 convened, Governor
Samford requested Senator Jelks, President of the Senate,
to act in his stead until such time as he would be able to
assume control of the State. Accordingly, Senator Jelks
took charge for about one month, when Governor Sam-
lord was able to assume control.
What measure was passed by the Legislature of 1900-01
respecting history and archives ?
The Legislature passed an act creating the Department
of History and Archives, to preserve the records of the
the State, and whatever publications that can be had
bearing on the State. Thomas M. Owen, of Birmingham,
Secretary of the Alabama Historical Society, was very
fittingly chosen to be at the head of the department of
History and Archives. On December 10th, 1898, the
General Assembly provided for the appointment of an
Alabama History Commission of five members. The Com-
History of Alabama.
123
mission consisted of Thomas M. Owen, W. S. Wyman, S.
W. John, Peter J Hamilton, and Charles C. Thach (of
Auburn). This Commission made its report in the form
of a book containing the information of whatever literature
on Alabama there is in existence, where found, and what
is its nature, probable value, accessibility, extent, etc.
Thomas M. Owen was made Chairman of this Com¬
mission.
What Legislation was there respecting the insane?
The Legislature 1900-01, passed a bill appropriating
$25,000 to maintain an asylum for the colored insane, at
Mount Yernon, in Mobile county. The Mount Vernon
Reservation was set apart for a Colored Insane Asylum,
and the colored insane were to be moved from Tuscaloosa
to that place.
What of a Constitutional Convention ?
The Legislature, in 1900, passed a bill calling for a
Constitutional Convention. The measure was submitted
to the people and they ratified the same by vote.
When did the Convention meet?
On May 21st, 1901, at Montgomery.
Who was made President of the Convention ?
John B. Knox, of Calhoun.
What did the Legislature of 1900-01 do for education ?
The school fund was increased to about one million dol¬
lars from all sources.
When did Governor Samford die?
On June 12th, 1901, Governor Samford died while in
Tusealoosa attending a meeting of the Board of Trustees of
the State University. Dr. W. S. Wyman, who had sev¬
eral times refused the offer of Presidency, was elected as
President of the State University.
Who became Governor?
W. D. Jelks, President of the Senate.
124
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
W CHAPTER XXXY. W
Battles Between the Confederates
and the Federals.
This chapter, on battles between the Federals and the
Confederates, chronologically, should come before the close
of Governor Watts' administration; but we place it after
Governor Jelks' administration so as not to make any
break in the list of the administrations of Governors.
And, also, because these events are complete in themselves.
CAPTURE OF CLAYSVILLE.
Where is Claysville?
It is in Marshall county.
When and between whom was this battle?
Between the Federals, and the Confederates under Cap¬
tain Smith, of Jackson, March 8, 1864.
How were the Federals entrenched at Claysville ?
They were occupying three houses.
What was the result?
The entire force of sixty men, after spirited attack, sur¬
rendered; and a supply of stores and property was taken.
The Federals' loss : one killed, three wounded. The Con¬
federates' : one killed, four wounded.
CAPTURE OF MADISOX STATIOX.
Where is Madison Station ?
Madison Station is in Madison county.
When was this capture, and by whom?
The capture was on May 17th, 1864, by Confederates
under Colonel Patterson, of Morgan county.
How large a force had Colonel Patterson?
The garrison was estimated at 400 men, and Colonel
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
125
Patterson had about 500 men and a piece of artillery.
What was the results
Eighty prisoners and some stores were taken.
SKIRMISH AT CHEHAW.
Where is Chehaw?
Chehaw is in Macon county, near Tuskegee.
By whom was this skirmish ?
This skirmish was by General Rosseau, of Kentucky,
with about 200 Federal troops against about 400 of the
State's reserves, together with some citizens.
At what points did action take place, and what was done1?
At Loachapoka, July 11, 1861, the Federals began to
destroy railroad track, at Beasley's Tank, one mile and a
half from Chehaw. The 400 reserves attacked the invad¬
ers, but were driven back. The Confederates again
advanced, reinforced by a number of citizens, and the
raiding party abruptly left the field and overtook their
company at Auburn.
What was the loss?
Confederates' loss, six or eight killed, sixty wounded;
Federals' some loss.
BATTLE OF MOBILE BAY.
When and by whom was this battle?
The battle of Mobile Bay was August 5th, 1864, Admiral
Farragut in command of the Federals; Admiral Buchanan
in command of the Confederates.
Of what did the Federal fleet consist?
The Federal fleet was composed of four powerful iron¬
clad monitors, and fourteen steamers, and 1,500 land
troops, on Dauphin Island, at Fort Gaines, moved there
on 3rd.
What was the result of the battle?
The enemy having opened fire on Forts Morgan and
Gaines, were soon replied to. The foremost monitor,
struck by a torpedo, went down, and all her crew of one
126
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
hundred and thirty, save ten, were lost. Then tlie Federals
succeeded in getting into the Bay. The Tennessee only
left of the Confederates, she, after a time, began to attack
the enemy alone ; she finally surrendered.
What was the loss ?
Federals' loss : Fifty-two killed, one hundred and sev¬
enty wounded, besides the loss on the Tecumseh, which
struck the torpedo. Confederates': Two killed, nine
wounded.
FORT MORGAN.
Where is Fort Morgan ?
It is near the entrance of Mobile Bay.
When did the State troops take charge of the Fort, and
with how many men was it garrisoned?
The State troops took the Fort a few days before the
ordinance of Secession passed, and garrisoned it with five
hundred and fifty men and sixty guns, Brigadier-General
Page in command. (On Dauphin Island, four miles dis¬
tant, stands Fort Gaines.)
When did this engagement take place?
On 5th of August, 1864.
How did the contest begin ?
Fourteen ships of war standing ready to pass into the
Bay, both Forts opened fire upon them, and they replied
with vigor.
What result at this point ?
The Tecumseh was sunk by a torpedo, and her crew of
one hundred and twenty lost with her. The rest passed
safely into the Bay. Fort Gaines surrendered on the 8th.
What reinforcements came?
On 9th, 3,000 Federals under General Granger landed
in rear Fort Morgan.
When did the general bombardment begin ?
On 22nd a monitor gave signal for bombardment.
How long did the firing continue?
From early morning till about 9:30 o'clock, and, at inter¬
vals, all night.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
127
How did the garrison behave during bombardment?
The garrison did not reply during bombardment.
What was the result?
Between forty and fifty were killed or wounded. The
Fort was completely defaced by shells. The garrison sur¬
rendered at 2:80 p. m. next day.
CAPTURE OF ATHENS.
Where is Athens ?
Athens is in Limestone county.
When and by whom was it captured ?
September 23rd, 1864, by the Confederates under Gen¬
eral Forrest,
How large a force had he?
General Forest had 3,000 men and was joined by 1,500
ot Roddy's force?.
What was the result after first attack?
Forrest captured horses and cantonment of the enemy
and drove the enemy into a fort they had erected half
mile from the city.
What was tlie next move on part of General Forrest?
During the night General Forrest surrounded the Fort
and prepared for an attack.
What was the result?
Col. Campbell, after conference with General Forrest,
surrendered the Fort with 1;400 men.
What reinforcement came?
Four hundred troups from the direction of Nashville,
and they encountered a detachment of Forrest's troops.
How long did this engagement last, and what was the
result?
This engagement lasted one hour, and there were a num¬
ber killed on bolh sides.
What other redoubts were there on the way, and what
was the result with them ?
Half a mile down the road, toward Decatur, was a
redoubt with about fifty men, and another one mile further
128
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
with, eighty-five men. The latter surrendered without a
struggle; the former held out till a few were killed.
What trophies were taken?
One thousand nine hundred prisoners, four pieces artil¬
lery and a small wagon train. The enemy's loss was about
forty killed, one hundred wounded; the Confederates' loss
was not over twenty killed and sixty wounded.
Whither did the Confederates move next1!
The Confederates moved next northward, and camped
eight miles from Athens.
What captures were effected ?
Two more block houses and seventy of the enemy with¬
out a fire.
ENGAGEMENT AT SULPHUR TEESTLE.
Where is Sulphur Trestle1?
It is iu Limestone county.
When did the Confederates arrive at Sulphur Trestle?
September 25th.
How were the Federals fortified 1
They had a strong redoubt and two block houses to
guard the trestle of the railroad.
H®w large a force was garrisoned here ?
About one thousand men, of whom six hundred were
Negro Infantry, and the rest Cavalry.
What was the result of encounter here ?
General Forrest opened fire on them. Col. Lathrop,
Federal Commander, was killed; the wooden works burned;
the forces and block houses surrendered, about seventy-five
men lay dead in slaughter houses; thirty more being killed
and wounded. The capture numbered three hundred and
fifty horses, two pieces artillery, twenty loaded wagons.
SIEGE OF SPANISH FOET.
Where was the Spanifr h Fort ?
Spanish Fort was situated on Conway river, an arm of
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
129
the Tensaw, in Baldwin county, seven miles due east of
Mobile city.
Wlien did this siege take place!
The siege took place March 27th, 1865.
Of how many men did the garrison consist!
For the first live days 3,400 men, consisting of Gibson's
Brigade of Louisianians, Ector's Brigade of Texans and
North Carolinians, Thomas' Brigade of Alabama Beserves,
the latter relieved April 1st by Holtzclaw's Brigade of
Alabamians. Now the garrison numbered 2,321 Infantry,
506 Artillery; ^the whole under Brigadier-General Eandall
L. Gibson.
For what had this Fort been constructed!
To protect batteries Hnger and Tracy, respectively, one
and a half and two miles in the rear on the low islands,
placed there to obstruct the accent of the river.
What was the composition of the attacking force!
A number of iron-clad steamers.
What resulted when attack was made!
Three of the steamers were sunk—the Milwaukee, the
Osage and the Rodolph. On April 4th, there was a terrific
bombardment from seventy pieces of artillery, which lasted
two hours, causing the earth to almost literally reel. The
garrison did not reply. By the last day of the siefie ninety
guns were trained on the Fort.
What happened on the 8th!
At sunset on evening of 8th the Federals effected au
entrance after overpowering Ector's veterans.
What was the final resolt!
The Confederates evacuated the works the same night by
passing over a plank foot bridge, abont two miles in length
and two feet wide, which had been laid over the marshes
from the Fort to the river opposite battery Tracy. Here
they found transportation deficient, and at midnight about
1,000 lined up and marched to Fort Blakeley. five miles
distant. All that left the Fort reached Mobile safely.
130
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
A number were captured in the assault and others lelt
were by accident.
How long did the siege last?
Thirteen days.
STORMING OF SELMA.
When and by whom was the storming of Selma?
The storming of Selma was under command of General
Wilson, on April 2nd, 1865.
What Confederate General was in charge at Selma, and
with what force?
General Forrest, with 3,100, of whom 1,400 were in well
organized brigade of General Armstrong, with about thirty
pieces of artillery in position.
What was the character of the engagement?
It was mostly a hand-to hand tight.
What was the result?
The Federals captured 2,700 men and thirty-two pieces
of artillery. The Federals probably lost about 500 men.
Generals Forrest, Armstrong and Roddy escaped with a
few troops.
SKIRMISH AT PLEASANT RIDGE.
Where is Pleasant Ridge?
It is on the line of Pickens and Greene counties.
What battle was fought at this place?
A battle between the Federals, under General Croxton,
and the Confederates, under General Wirt Adams.
When?
April 6th, 1865.
From where did General Croxton come?
General Croxton came from Tuscaloosa, where he had, a
day or two before, destroyed the public buildings.
What was the relative strength?
The Federals had 1,450 men; the Confederates less.
What was the result?
The first charge of the Confederates drove back the
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
131
invaders in confusion, and about 100 were captured,
wounded, or killed.
SIEGE OF BLAKELEY.
Where was Fort Blakeley?
Blakeley was at the entrance of Mobile Bay.
When did this siege occur1?
This siege lasted from April 1st to 9th.
What were the forces, and who were in command'?
There were 3,500 men, under General St. John R. Lidell,
guarding the fortifications along the river; reinforcements
of two divisions of Canby's. forces from Spanish Fort
swelled the enemy to about 25,000, one division of whom
were Negroes. On April 1st, 132,000 men, under General
Steele, had come to Blakeley. There were three gunboats
—the N<(shviUfi, the Huntsville, and the Morgan.
When did the general attack begin?
On April 1st the Federals made one wholesale attack on
the works. Three miles of men dashed upon the works, and
they surrendered a few hours after that of Appomattox.
ASSAULT ON FORT TYLER.
Where was Fort Tyler?
Fort Tyler was near the line of Georgia.
Who occupied this Fort?
A few youths and convalescents of a camp in the place—
in all 104 men.
When did the capture occur, and who were the leaders?
The capture occurred on the 16th of April, 1865—a week
after Appomattox. General LaGrange, of Wilson's Cav¬
alry, was in command of the Federals; General Tyler, of
Tennessee, who had just recovered from a wound received
at Chickamauga, was in command of the Confederates.
When was the attack made, and what was the result?
At 10 o'clock a. m. tiring began. The Federals charged
132
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
up the works, but were repulsed. At 2 o'clock General
Tyler was killed and the Fort surrendered. This was the
last conflict of the war on Alabama soil.
Intercalary Chapter.
LIST OF GOVERNORS- AND THEIR TERM OF
SERVICE.
William Wyatt Bibb Nov. 1819 to July 1820
Thomas Bibb _ July 1820 to Nov. 1821
Israel Pickens Nov. 1821 to Nov. 1825
John Murphy Nov. 1825 to Nov. 1829
Gabriel Moore Nov. 1829 to Mar. 1831
Samuel B. Moore Mar. 1831 to Nov. 1831
John Gayle Nov. 1831 to Nov. 1835
Clement C. Clay Nov. 1835 to July 1837
HughMcVay July 1837 to Nov. 1837
Arthur P. Bagby Nov. 1837 to Nov. 1841
Benjamin Fitzpatrick Nov. 184 L to Nov. 1845
Joshua L. Martin Nov. 1845 to Nov. 1847
Reuben Chapman Nov. 1847 to Nov. 1849
Henry W. Collier Noa\ 1849 to Nov. 1853
John A. Winston Nov. 1853 to Nov. 1857
Andrew B. Moore Nov. 1857 to Nov. 186]
John G. Shorter Nov. 1861 to Nov. 1863
Thomas H. Watts Nov. 1863 to Apr. 1865
Lewis E. Parsons June 1865 to Dec. 1865
Robert M. Patton Dec. 1865 to July 1868
William H.Smith July 1868 to Dec. 1870
Robert B. Lindsay Dec. 1870 to Dec. 1872
David P. Lewis Nov. 1872 to Nov. 1874
George S. Houston Nov. 1874 to Nov. 1878
Rufus W. Cobb Nov. 1878 to Dec. 1882,
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
133
Edward A. O'Neal Dec. 1882 to Dec. 1880.
Thomas Seay Dec. 1886 to Dec. 1890.
Thomas G. Jones Dec. 1890 to Dec. 1894.
William O. Oates Dec. 1894 to Dec. 1896.
Joseph F. Johnston Dec. 1896 to Dec. 1900.
William J. Samford Dec. 1900 to June 1901.
W. D. Jelks 1 June 190] to
Scheme to Learn the Governors.
(1) William and Thomas Bibb, the first to rule the State,
(2) Precede Pickens, Murphy, with money at less rate.
(3) Gabrieland Samuel Moore, withrailroad, college first,
(4) Lead the way for John Gayle, kind as any on earth.
(5) Next Clay and Hugh McVay seeState tax all repealed.
(6) Then Bagby, Fitzpatrick, have panics, dried up fields.
(7) Martin, Chapman, Collier, with States' Eight ques¬
tion strong.
(8) Lead Winston, Andrew Moore, two names remem¬
bered long.
(9) John Shorter, Thomas Watts, coming in time of strife.
(10) Precede Parsons, Patton, new in industrial life.
(11) Then come Smith and Lindsay, following change
in law.
(12) Clear the way for Lewis, last Republican saw.
(13) Noble Houston and Cobb wrought well for ship of
State,
(14) Making sure O'Neal's and Seay's coming at later
date.
(15) In times of division there come forth Jones and Oates.
(16) Then come Johnston and Samford, both having all
the votes.
134
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
NOTES.
Line (1) needs no explanation.
Line (2) refers to time of State bank.
Line (3) refers to first college and first railroad.
Line (4) alludes to Governor's many pardons.
Line (5) when State tax was repealed, 1836.
Line (6) refers to panic and drought, 1837 and 1839.
Line (7) needs no explanation.
Line (8) refers to fact of these coming before the war.
Line (9) means time of war.
Line (10) refers to changed conditions.
Line (11) alludes to the Constitution of 1868.
Line (12) is plain.
Line (13) alludes to Houston's clearing off the State debt.
Line (14) refers to fact that the State was in good con¬
dition.
Line (15) refers to fact that the Democratic party was
divided.
Line (16) alludes to the party's being uuited.
PART II.
GEOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER I.
General Information and Statistics.
Bound Alabama.
Alabama is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the
east by Georgia, on the south by Florida and the Gulf of
Mexico, and on the west by Mississippi.
Between what parallels of latitude is Alabama situated'/
Alabama is situated between 30° 10' and 35° north lati¬
tude.
What is the area of Alabama!
The area of Alabama is 52,250 square miles, of which
the water area is 710 square miles.
What is the longitude of Alabama ?
Alabama lies between longitudes 84° 53' and 88° 30' west.
How much coast line has Alabama?
About sixty miles of coast.
What is the population?
1,828,697.
What proportion does the colored race bear toward the
whites!
The colored population is not half of the population of
the State, the white being much greater.
What counties are north of the Tennessee River?
Lauderdale, Limestone, Madison, and Jackson counties.
What counties on southern border of the State?
Mobile, Baldwin, Escambia, Covington, Geneva, and
Henry counties.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What counties in the extreme south-western part ot the
State ?
Mobile and Baldwin counties.
What counties in the extreme north-eastern part of the
State?
Jackson and Cherokee counties.
What counties in the extreme north-westeru part ?
Lauderdale and Colbert counties.
What county in extreme south-western part of the State ?
Henry county.
Where is Jefferson county ?
A little north of the central part of the State.
What counties border on Jefferson?
Walker, Blount, St. Clair, Shelby, Bibb, and Tuscaloosa
counties.
Where is.Montgomery county?
Near the center of the State.
What counties border on Montgomery county?
Autauga, Elmore, Macon, Bullock, Pike, Crenshaw, and
Lowndes counties.
Name the counties bordering on the, east State line, be¬
ginning north.
Jackson, DeKalb, Cherokee, Cleburne, Randolph, Cham¬
bers, Lee, Russell, Barbour, and Henry counties.
Name the counties bordering on the west, beginning
north.
Lauderdale, Colbert, Marion, Lamar, Pickens, Sumter,
Choctaw, Washington, and Mobile counties.
How may the State be divided ?
The State may be divided into the Cereal Belt, embrac¬
ing the Tennessee Valley; the Mineral Belt, or region,
embracing about one-third of the Slate south of the Ten¬
nessee Valley; the Agricultural, or Cotton Belt, embrac¬
ing about one-fourth ot the State; the Timber Belt, embrac¬
ing all the State south of the Agricultural Belt. The
Agricultural Belt, or Cocton Belt, is generally known as
the Black Belt.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
137
Name the Black Belt counties.
Pickens, Sumter, Choctaw, Greene, Hale, Perry, Dallas,
Lowndes, Autauga, Elmore, Monigomery, Macon, Bullock,
Russell, Marengo, Wilcox, and Barbour.
Name the chief seaport.
Mobile.
Population of the Incorporated Cities, Towns and Villages of Alabama, 1890 and 1900.
co
00
cities, towns and
villages.
Abbeville
Alabama City
Alexauder City
Andalusia
Anniston
Ashford
Ashland
Ashville
Attalla
Athens
Auburn
Avondale
Banks
Bates ville
Berry Station__.
Bessemer
Birmingham
Boaz
Boiling
Brantley
Brewton
Bridgeport
Brookside
Brundidge
Calera
popu lat'on
1900
1890
889
465
2,276
1,061
679
551
270
9,695
9,998
286
422
635
862
1,692
1.254
1,010
940
1,447
1.440
3,060
1,642
198
137
245
6,358
4,544
38,415
26,178
zoo
175
390
1,382
1,115
1,247
658
380'
537
770
753
cities, towns and
villages.
Camden
Camp Hill
Carbon Hill
Cardiff „
Carrollton
Castleberry
Center
Centerville
Cherokee __
Childer.sburg
Chulafinnee
Citronelle
Clanton
Clayton
Clio
Coal City
Collinsville
Columbia
Columbiana
Cordova
Cou rtl and
Cuba
Cullman
Dadeville
Day ton
populat on
1900
478
686
830
562
278
167
2*2
422
261
872
88
696
611
998
826
509
524
,182
,075
567
488
384
,255
,136
427
1890
545
866
568
203
347
239
623
997
367
960
654
265
1,017
873
412
cities, towns and
villages.
Decatur
I )eer Creek
Demopolis
Dot han „
Dundee
Eastaboga
Eden
Edwardsville
Elba
Elkmont
Etisley —
Enterprise
Fufaula
Eunola
Eutaw
Evergreen
Falkville
Faunsdale
Fayette
Fitzpatrick
Flint
Florence
Fort Deposit
Fort Payne
Fruithurst
population
1900
1890
3,114
2,765
832
2,606
1,898
3,275
247
249
898
177
398
446
635
285
174
2,100
610
4,532
4,394
132
884
1,115
1,277
343
333
211
452
447
357
229
_
6,478
6,012
1,091
518
1,037
2,698
374
Fulton
Furman
Gadsden
Gainesville
Gaylesville
Geneva
Georgian a
Girard
Good water
Gordon
Graysville
Greensboro
Greenville
Guin
Gurley
Haleysville
Hamilton
Hardaway
Hartford
Hartselle
Headland
Heflin
Highland Park
Hillsboro
Hobson
Hollins
Holly Pond
Hollywood
Horse Creek
Huntsville
Hurtsboro
Iron'aton
Iron dale
140
184
195
4,282
2,901
817
1,017
266
1,032
637
567
456
3,840
728
589
356
319
2,416
1,759
3,162
2,806
249
831
570
165
235
200
382
670
596
602
460
383
467
256
292
238
422
144
168
385
8,068
7,995
407
433
735
562
525
Jackson
Jacksonville
Jasper
Jemison
Jenifer
Joppa
Kennedy
Kinsey
LaFayette
Lanett
Langston
Leighton
Lineville
Livingston
Louisville
Lu verne
McFall
M adison
Marion
Midland City
Midway
Millport
Mobile
Monroeville
Montgomery
Mooresville
Morris
Moulton
Muscadine
Newberne
New Decatur
New Hope.
Newton
1,039
1,176
1,237
1,661
780
245
331
323
130
166
342
1,629
1,369
2,909
777
270
506
211
234
851
850
416
288
731
451
820
412
1,698
1,982
304
430
612
357
244
38,469
31,076
422
30 346
21.883
150
143
187
156
290
132
100
564
4,437
3,565
208
457
520
Northport __
Oak man
Oneonta
Opelika
Oxanna
Oxford
Ozark
Paint Rock _
Pell City
Phoenix City
Pickensville
Piedmont __
Pinckard
Pine Apple .
Pollard
Pratt City.__
Prattville
Ragland
Reform
Renfroe
Repton
Riverside ___
Roanoke ___
Rock Mills
RussellvilJe
Rutledge ___
Scottsboro __
Seale
Seddon
Selma
Sheffield
Springville _
Stevenson
424
413
503
421
583
4,245
1,184
3,703
748
1,372
1,473
1,570
1,195
394
98
4,163
3,700
241
1,745
711
711
623
520
267
389
3,485
1,946
1,929
724
309
198
174
202
170
338
1,155
631
420
385
1,602
920
346
314
1,014
959
386
299
229
8,713
7,622
3,333
2,731
496
560
586
(—1
oo
so
Population of the Incorporated Cities, Towns and Villages of Alabama, 1890 and 1900.
cities, towns and
villages.
iSulligent
Sylacauga
'Talladega
Thomasville
Thompson Station
Town Creek
Townly
Trinity
Troy
populat'on
1900
1890
303
880
464
2,661
2,063
686
291
145
280
201
124
191
4,097
3,449
cities, towns and
villages.
Trussville
Tuscaloosa
Tuscumbia
Tuskegee
Union Springs
Uniontown
Vernon
Vienna
Vincent
populat'on
1900 1890
742
5,094
2,848
2,170
2,634
1,047
291
70
765
462
4,215
2,491
1,803
2,049
854
192
cities, towns and
villages.
Walnut Grove
Warrior
Wetumpka
Whiteoak Springs
Wilsonville
Winfleld
Woodlawn
Wyeth City
York
populat'on
1900 1890
251
1,018
562
475
1,095
316
2,848
299
528
619 v
so
H
O
1,506
"415 2
felSTOUY OF ALABAMA.
141
What mountains in northern part of the State?
Cumberland Mountains in northeast; Raccoon Mountain
between Jackson and DeKalb; Sand Mountain in DeKalb;
Lookout Mountain in DeKalb.
What are the Mussel Shoals!
A series of rapids in the Tennessee, above Florence.
How many islands belong to Alabama ?
Four.
Name and locate them ?
They are Dauphin, Petit Bois, Mon Louis, and Turtle
Back Islands, all in the Gulf of Mexico.
On what river is Demopolis ?
Tombigbee.
On what river is Selma?
Alabama.
On what river is Tuscaloosa ?
Black Warrior.
On what river is Montgomery?
Alabama.
On what river is Eufaula?
Chattahoochee.
What are the principal coal fields of Alabama?
The principal coal fields are the Cahaba, the Warrior
and the Coosa.
What is the character of the coal?
Bituminous.
Note.—Bituminous means having'the quality of blazing-
like fire or lightwood when burning.
Does Alabama export any coal ?
Yes, mostly to the South—Cuba, Mexico, and South
America.
What is Alabama's rank as a coal producing State?
Alabama ranks fourth.
In what counties is iron ore mostly found ?
Iron ore is found mostly in St. Clair, Shelby, Jefferson,
Tuscaloosa, Bibb, Talladega", Calhoun, Cherokee and Eto¬
wah counties.
142
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
COUNTIES. POPULATION. COUNTY SEATS.
Autauga 17,915 Prattville.
Baldwin 13,194 Daphne.
Barbour 35,152 Clayton.
Bibb 18,498 Centerville.
Blount 23,119 Oneonto.
Bullock 31,944 Union Springs.
Butler __i 25,761 Greenville.
Calhoun 34,874 Jacksonville.
Chambers 32,554 LaFayette.
Cherokee. 21,096 Center.
Chilton 16,522 Clanton.
Choctaw 18,136 Butler.
Clarke 27,790 Grove Hill.
Clay 17,099 Ashland.
Cleburne 13,206 Edwardsville.
Coffee.. 20,972 Elba.
Colbert 22,341 Tuscumbia.
Conecuh 17,514 Evergreen.
Coosa 16,144 Kockford.
Covington : 13,346 Andalusia.
Crenshaw 19,668 Luverne.
Cullman 17,849 Cullman.
Dale 21,189 Ozark.
Dallas * 54,657 Selma.
DeKalb 23,558 Fort Payne.
Elmore 26,099 Wetumpka.
Escambia 11,320 Brew ton.
Etowah 27,361 Gadsden.
Fayette 14,132 Fayette.
Franklin 16,511 Russellville.
Geneva 19,906 Geneva.
Greene 24,182 Eutaw.
Hale 31,011 Greensboro.
Henry 36,147 Abbeville.
Jackson 30,508 Scottsboro.
Jefferson 140,120 Birmingham.
Lamar 16,084 Yernon.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
143
COUNTIES. POPULATION. COUNTY SEATS.
Lauderdale 26,559 Florence.
Lee 31,826 Opelika.
Lawrence 20,124 Monlton.
Limestone 22,387 Athens.
Lowndes 35,651 Hayneville
Macon - 23,126 Tuskegee.
Madison 43,702 Huntsville.
Marengo 38,315 Linden.
Marion 14,494 Hamilton.
Marshall 23,289 Guntersviile.
Mobile 62,740 Mobile.
Monroe 23,666 Monroeville.
Montgomery 72,047 Montgomery.
Morgan 28,820 Decatur.
Perry 31,783 Marion.
Pickens 24,402 Carrolton.
Pike 29;172 Troy.
Randolph 21,647__ Wedowee.
Russell 27,083 Seale.
Shelby 23,684 Calera.
St. Clair 19,156 Ashville.
Sumter 3 32,710 Livingston.
Talladega 35,773 Talladega.
Tallapoosa . 29,675 Dadeville.
Tuscaloosa 36,147 Tuscaloosa.
Walker 25,162 Jasper.
Washington 11,134 St. Stephens.
Wilcox 35,631 Camden.
Winston 9,554 Double Springs
SCHEME TO LEARN THE COUNTIES.
11 plus 5 is to 11 plus 4
As 11x3 is to 11x2, 11x2.
11 minus 5 is to 11 minus 2
As 11x3 minus 1 is to 11x2 plus 11.
So is the number 11—7.
144'
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
To scheme of counties observe the following rules:
(1) That eleven is the pivot number, and begins each
calculation as well as each. line.
(2) Observe that in first line 5 follows eleven, and 4
follows eleven, and that first line is addition, 11 plus 5=16,
and 11 plus 4=15.
(3) That 3 and 2 follow eleven in second line, and that
second line is multiplication, thus, 11x3=33, and 11x2=22,
and 11x2=22.
(4) That in second line 11x2 is repeated.
(5) That in third line subtraction is employed: 11—5
is to 11—2. The figures 5 and 2 being used, resulting in
6 and 9.
(6) That the fourth line is multiplication, with sub¬
traction and addition, thus, 11x3 minus 1 is to 11x2 plus 11,
resulting in 32 and 33.
(7) That fourth line uses figures 3 minus 1 and plus 2.
(8) That in fifth line subtraction is used thus, 11 minus
7, and that figure 7 is used, resulting in 4 as answer.
SCHEME OF COUNTIES WORKED OUT.
11 plus 5 is to 11 plus 4=1615, as 11x3 is to 11x2, 11x2
=332222. 11 minus 5 is to 11 minus 2=69, as 11x3 minus
1 is to 11x2 plus 11=3233. So is the number 11 minus 7
=4. Now arrange these figures thus—
1,6,15,3,3,2,2,2,2,6,9,3,2,3,3,&
Next, take the counties in alphabetical order:
There is one county beginning with A.
There are six counties beginning with B.
There are fifteen counties beginning with C.
There are three counties beginning with D.
There are three counties beginning with E.
There are two counties beginning with F.
There are two counties beginning with G.
There are two counties beginning with H.
There are two counties beginning with J.
lilSTORY OF ALABAMA.
145
There are six counties beginning withT*
There are nine counties beginning with M.
There are three counties beginning with P.
There are two counties beginning with R.
There are three counties beginning with S.
There are three counties beginning with T.
There are four counties beginning with W.
It will be observed that this plan divides the counties
into groups according to the letters, thus making the learn¬
ing of them very simple and easy. By this plan you will
learn the counties of each letter, as if the process were
independent of what is to follow. Learn the counties
beginning with A as if this completed the list. In like
manner proceed with all of the letters.
Now, as to the correctness of the proportion in the
scheme, we would say there is no pretension, but that it is
merely used to an end. Of course, this scheme does not
take the place of learning the counties; it merely facili¬
tates the learning of them.
146 HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
DIAGRAM OF PLAN OF SURVEY.
Gr
■m
L
D
HISTORY OF ALABAMA. i47
DIAGRAM OF A TOWNSHIP W SFCTIONS.
6
5
4
3
2
1
7
8
9
10
11
12
18
17
16
15
14
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
30
29
28
27
26
25
31
32
33
34
35
36
A B—principal base.
0 D—principal meridian.
E F—first standard parallel north.
G H—first standard parallel south.
1 K—first guide meridian east.
The point O is the initial point.
Surveys have a starting place called the initial point.
In Alabama, the initial point is near St. Stephens, in
Washington county, and through this point is the princi¬
pal base, running east and west.
The line formed by surveying east and west is called the
base line—A B in diagram.
North and south through this point is run a line called
the principal meridian—C D in diagram.
Twenty-four miles, or four townships north of principal
base line, another line parallel to principal base is run—
E F in diagram. This is called first standard parallel north.
Thirty miles, or five townships south of principal base
line, another line is run parallel to principal base—G H
in diagram. This line is called first standard parallel south.
Forty-eight miles, or six townships east, a line is run
parallel to the principal meridian—I K in diagram. This
line is called the first guide meridian east.
Forty-eight miles, or six townships west, a line is run
parallel to principal meridian—K L in diagram. This
line is called the first guide meridian west.
This diagram, as explained, is the basis of the surveys,
148
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
within which townships are formed. A township is a
square six miles each way.
Observe that the reading of any particular township is
done in this way :
(1) All townships east of the principal meridian, C D,
are said to be in range east; all west of principal meridian
are said to be in range west.
(2) All townships north of base line A B are read north;
all south of base line are read south.
Example to be read:
Observe township marked "P" is read as follows:
Township 1 north, range 1 east.
Township "R" is read, Township 2 north, range 1 east.
Most townships in Alabama are "range east" because
principal meridian is in w< stern part of State, at St.
Stephens, thus making most of the territory of the State
east of the j)rincipal meridian.
Each township is sub-divided into thirty-six sections,
one mile square each ; sections are numbered from 1 to 36.
Which sections were school lands?
The sixteenth section in each township in original survey
was set apart for school purposes.
What has become of the sixteenth sections?
In most cases, the land has been sold and the money
used for school purposes. In a few cases, the land remains
unsold to the credit of the schools of the particular section
in which it is situated.
What is a range ?
A tier of townships running north or south of the base
line is a range.
What other section besides the sixteenth was set apart
for school purposes?
The thirty-sixth. (See township diagram.)
The diagram on survey is not according to any scale, but
simply explains the survey as described.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
149
#
CHAPTER II.
The River System of Alabama.
How does the River system of Alabama compare with
that of other States of the Union ?
Of all the States in the Union, Alabama has the greatest
number of valuable water-ways.
Where is the Tennessee river !
The Tennessee river crosses the northern part of the
State. The Tennessee rises in the south-eastern part of
Tennessee, flows through northern Alabama, and
flows into the Ohio at Paducah, Kentucky. This river is
1,037 miles long, one-third of which is in Alabama.
Describe the Mobile river.
The Mobile river is formed by the junction of the Ala¬
bama and Tombigbee rivers, about 42 miles above the
city of Mobile; flows between the counties of Baldwin and
Mobile and flows into the Mobile Bay just below the city
of Mobile.
Describe the Tombigbee river.
The Tombigbee is formed by the junction of the Upper
Tombigbee and Black Warrior, in the northern part of
Marengo county, just above the city of Demopolis; flows
South, touching the counties of Marengo, Sumter, Choc¬
taw, Clarke, and Washington, and unites with the Ala¬
bama to form the Mobile, after having run a course of 256
miles.
THE TENNESSEE RIYER.
THE MOBILE RIYER.
THE TOMBIGBEE RIYER.
3 50
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
UPPER TOMBIGBEE RIVER.
Describe the Little, or Uppeu Tombigbee river.
The Upper Tombigbee rises in the north-western part of
Mississippi, flows south and touches Alabama at Pickens
county, and continues a southerly course to northern
Marengo, where it joins the Black Warrior to form the
Tombigbee river.
Where is Tensaw river1?
In Baldwin county.
Where is Escambia river !
In Escambia county. It flows into Pensacola.
THE BLACK WARRIOR RIVER.
Describe the Black Warrior river.
The Black Warrior is formed by the union of Locust and
Mulberry Forks on the border of Walker and Jefferson
counties, flows south -western course and unites with the
Upper Tombigbee to form the Tombigbee. Navigable
only during high water.
SIPSEY RIVER.
Describe the Sipsey river.
The Sipsey river rises in Fayette county, flows south¬
west for 385 miles, and flows into the Upper Tombigbee.
NOXUBEE RIVER.
Describe the Noxubee river.
The Noxubee river rises in Mississippi, flows into Ala
bama for more than 100 miles, and flows into the Upper
Tombigbee above Gainesville, in Sumter county.
THE ALABAMA RIVER.
Describe the Alabama river.
The Alabama river is formed by the junction of the
Coosa and Tallapoosa, eleven miles below the city of We-
tumpka, and touches the counties of Elmore, Montgomery,
Autauga, Lowndes, Dallas, Wilcox, Monroe, Clarke, and
Baldwin, and unites with the Tombigbee to form the
Mobile.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
151
C AH ABA RIVER.
Describe the Cahaba river.
The Cahaba river rises in St. Clair county, flows between
Shelby and Jefferson, and through Bibb, Perry, and
Dallas, and flows into the Alabama, nineteen miles below
Selma.
THE COOSA RIYER.
Describe the Coosa river.
The Coosa river has its souree in north-western Georgia,
at Rome, takes a south-westerly course into Alabama, then
south-easterly and unites with the Tallapoosa to form the
Alabama, eleven miles below Wetumpka. Its length is
about 315 miles.
TALLAPOOSA RIYER.
Describe the Tallapoosa river.
The Tallapoosa river rises in the western portion of
Georgia, takes a south-westerly course, and unites with
the Coosa to form the Alabama 18 miles above Mont¬
gomery.
Where is the Perdido river ?
Between Baldwin county and Florida.
Where is the Yellow river ?
In Covington county, mainly.
Where is Pea river ?
Mainly in Coffee and Geneva.
Where is North river %
In Fayette and Tuscaloosa counties. It flows into the
Black Warrior.
Where is the Flint river %
In Madison county. It flows into the Tennessee.
Where is the Elk river ?
In Limestone county, and between Lauderdale and
Limestone. It flows into the Tennessee.
Where is Paint Rock river f
In Jackson county and between Madison and Marshall
counties.
152
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Where is the SepulgH river?
It is in the south central part of the State.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.
Describe the Chattahoochee river.
The Chattahoochee river rises in north-western
Georgia, takes a southerly course to Alabama, thence
a southerly course between Georgia and Alabama tor more
than 100 miles and flows into the Appal achicola, in
Florida.
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER.
Describe the Choctawhatchee.
The Choctawhatchee rises in Barbour county, Alabama,
and flows through Henry, Dale, and Geneva counties,
thence into Florida, flowing into Choctawhatchee Bay.
CONECUH RIVER.
The Conecuh rises in Bullock county, Alabama, and
flows in a south-westerly direction to the State boundary
line between Alabama and Florida. It flows into the
Escambia river. The Conecuh is used mainly for rafting
timbers.
MOBILE BAY AND HARBOR.
What are the dimensions of the bay !
The length of the bay, from its mouth to the city
wharves, is thirty miles. Its width at its entrance from
the Gulf is three and one-fourth miles. It is said to be a
safe harbor and that no vessel has ever been lost by. storm
in the bay.
HISTORY OF ALABAHA. 153
CHAPTER III.
Cereal Belt.
THE TENNESSEE YALLEY.
Where is the Tennessee valley?
It sweeps directly through the Cereal Belt.
How does it compare with other places in the United
States'?
The Tennessee valley, in the language of another, is
"more lovely than the plains of Texas, when clad in vernal
loveliness; more lovely than the plains of Illinois; more
lovely than the Blue Grass regions of Kentucky; more
lovely than the Miami valley of the Ohio; more lovely
than the Shanandoah valley of Yirginia; more lovely
than the Gennessee valley of New York." It is divided
in twain by the Tennessee river.
How many counties are embraced in the Tennessee
valley?
There are eight counties in the Tennessee valley.
Name them.
They are Lauderdale, Limestone, Madison, Marshall,
Jackson, Morgan, Lawrence/ and Colbert.
What is its extent ?
It is about twenty miles wide and two hundred miles
long.
It reaches from Georgia in on the east to Mississippi on
the west. It is walled in by mountain ranges both on the
north and on the south.
What are the chief agricultural products?
The chief agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats,
barley and rye. The chief fruits are pears, apples,
peaches, and grapes. The hardier fruits grow here to
perfection.
What of stock raising?
Qf late, stock raising has received much attention.
154
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Clover and grasses are largely cultivated. There are
magnificent forests. Near western edge of the valley,
brown iron ore is found.
LAUDERDALE COUNTY.
"Where is Lauderdale county?
Lauderdale county is in the north-western part of the
State, north of the Tennessee river; the Tennessee
river bordering its entire south and west boundaries.
For whom named ?
Colonel Lauderdale, of Tennessee.
When was it formed and what is its area 1
It was formed in 1818; area about 720 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
The northern portion is uneven, the southern more
level; the soil varied. In the south, the soil is redish; in
the north, grayish. There are vast forests of timber.
West of Florence, in the bend of the Tennessee river, is a
large valley known as Colbert Reservation. In this valley
are the most fertile lands.
What river forms the south-western boundary ?
Elk river.
What of minerals ?
Brown hematite iron ore is found in immense beds.
Marble, building stone, and limestone are found. At
Florence are the Florence Normal School and the Syuodi-
cal Female College. At Florence are, also, many manu¬
facturing establishments.
WThat of mineral waters ?
Springs having medicinal properties are found in several
parts of the county.
The most noted are Bailey's Springs, near Florence;
also, Taylor's Springs.
Name chief town.
Florence.
Muscle Shoals canal, 16 miles long, with fall of 85 feet
jn that distance, was completed by the General Govern-
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
155
ment in 1892, at a cost of more than four and a half mil¬
lions of dollars. It is regulated by nine locks. This canal
opens up the Tennessee river to navigation the greater
part of the year.
In this county there is a saltpetre cave on Elk river.
MADISON COUNTY.
Where is Madison county ?
Madison county is north of the Tennessee river, and
west of Jackson county. The Tennessee river forms its
southern boundary. Flint river, with its tributaries,
waters northern and eastern portions. Paint Eock river
is on the south-east boundary.
For whom named?
President Madison.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed.in 1808; its area is 872 square miles.
What minerals are there ?
Coal is found, and iron is believed to exist.
What of the surface and soil ?
In the north and north-west parts the surface is broken;
the eastern part is mountainous. The soil is varied, red
predominating. In wealth and production of cotton, Mad¬
ison leads all-other Tennessee valley counties. The water
power is immense and there is much timber.
Name the chief towns.
Huntsville, New Market, Maysville, Gurley and Madi¬
son. At Huntsville are many manufacturing enterprises.
Three miles from Huntsville is the Mathew's Jersey farm,
the most celebrated in the world. Monte Sano, a charm¬
ing resort on the mountain summit, near Huntsville, with
a princely hotel, is one of the most desirable resorts in the
Union. At Normal, near Huntsville, is located the
A. & M. College for the colored race. At Huntsville there
is a female college.
156
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
MARSHALL COUNTY.
Where is Marshall county ?
It is both north and south of the Tennessee river and
east of Morgan county.
When was it formed, and what is its area1?
It was formed in 1836; area 560 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The Tennessee river divides the county, making high
lands and low lands with varied soil—gray and red mainly.
A valley running from north-east to south-west divides the
county into two divisions. There is much timber. The
northern boundary is Paint Rock river, which separates
Madison county from Marshall county.
What of minerals 1
They are known to exist only.
Name chief towns.
Guntersville, Warrenton, Henryville, Clays ville, Albert-
ville, Oleander and Maucliester.
For whom is Marshall county named ?
Chief Justice Marshall.
In this county, nine miles from Guntersville, in the fall
of Short Creek, is a small but picturesque cataract. Near
Guntersville there is a large cave. On the river are
several artificial mounds from which bones and brass have
been taken.
JACKSON COUNTY.
Where is Jackson county?
Jackson county is in the north-eastern part of the State.
Fur whom named'?
General Jackson, the hero of New Orleans.
When was it formed, and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1810; area 990 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The Tennessee river divides the county. Eaccoon
Mountain is on south-east; spurs of the Cumberland on the
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
157
north-west. There are many forests. The soil in the valley
is fertile. There are some mineral springs.
What minerals are there ?
Coal and. iron; and an unlimited supply of marble and
limestone. Saltpetre is found here. Sand mountains are
also in the county.
Name the chief towns.
Long Island, Bridgeport, Bolivar, Stevenson, Fackler,
Scottsboro, Bellefonte, Larkinsville, Limrock, Woodville,
Paint Bock.
In Jackson county, there is a saltpetre cave near Scotts¬
boro, which was utilized by the Confederates in time of
war. There is a vast cave near tlie center of the county.
MORGAN COUNTY.
Where is Morgan county1?
Morgan county lies south of the Tennessee river, east of
Lawrence county, and north of Cullman county.
For whom named ?
General Daniel Morgan, of Pennsylvania.
When was it formed, and what is its area1?
It was formed in 1818; area 700 square miles.
What of the surface and soil %
The surface is divided into four natuial terraces:
(1) The bottoms next to the Tennessee ; (2) the land of
seventy-five feet or more higher; (3) tlie terrace upon Lit¬
tle Mountain; (4) tlie land southward to foot of Sand
Mountain. There are all varieties of soil.
What of manufactories?
At New Decatur are many manufactories, and car shops.
What mineials?
The minerals are chiefly coal and limestone.
Name chief towns.
Decatur, New Decatur, Falkville, Trinity, Hartselle,
Somerville, Leesburg, Danville, and Yalhermoso Springs.
i58
HISTORY OE ALABAMA.
LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Where is Lawrence county1?
Lawrence county is south of the Tennessee river and
west of Morgan county.
For whom named"?
James Lawrence, of Vermont.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1818; its area is 790 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
From east to west Courfcland and Moulton valleys extend;
Courtland in the north and Moulton in the south, and
between them Little Mountain (a detached portion). Lit¬
tle Mountain region is light and sandy soil; the two valleys
have mulatto and dark soils.
Name chief towns.
Moulton, Courtland, and Leighton.
COLBERT COUNTY.
Where is Colbert county ?
Colbert county is in the north-western part of Alabama,
south of the Tennessee river.
For whom named?
The famous Chickasaw Chief.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1867; its area is 570 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
From east to west extend through the county Little
Mountains. North of the mountain is Tennessee Valley;
south, Russell Valley. The soil ill the valleys is redish
loam ; the hills, lighter soil.
What minerals are there?
Brown hematite ore is found in inexhaustible quantities
in southern part; sand and limestone are found, also.
Name chief towns.
Tuscumbia, Sheffield, Cherokee, Chickasaw and Leighton.
Tuscumbia was founded 1818. Sheffield, 1884.
HlSTCXRY OF ALABAMA.
159
limestone county.
Where is Limestone county ?
Limestone county lies directly north of the Tennessee
river, east of Lauderdale. Elk river flows through the
north-west.
When was it former!, and what is its area1?
It was formed in 1818; its area is 500 square miles.
What of the suiface and soil ?
The southern portion is of more uniform surface.
Limestone has all varieties of soil which belong to the
Tennessee valley. The southern portion exceeds the
northern in fertility.
For whom named?
From a creek of that name.
What of minerals ?
As yet but little attention has been given minerals.
Specimens of lead have been found in the Elk river hills;
also have been found specimens of iron ore and coal.
Slate exists in immense quantities.
Name the chief towns?
Athens, Mooresville, Elkmont, Rowland. At Athens
is located the North Alabama Agricultural School.
Although in the Cereal Belt, Limestone produces con¬
siderable cotton.
1G0
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
CHAPTER IV.
The Mineral Belt
What does the Mineral Belt embrace!
The Mineral Belt is more than one-third of the State—
twenty-six counties.
Name the mineral counties.
Franklin, Marion, Winston, Walker, Cullman, Blount,
Jefferson, Shelby, Talladega, St. Clair, Etowah, DeKalb,
Cherokee, Calhoun, Cleburne, Clay, Randolph, Chambers,
Lee, Tallapoosa, Coosa, Chilton, Tuscaloosa, Bibb, Fayette,
Lamar.
Name the coal fields of special note in the Mineral Belt.
The Warrior, the Coosa, and the Cahaba coal fields.
What is the extent of the Warrior coal fields?
Summed up, the Warrior coal fields would make a bed
75 miles by 50 miles, 10 feet thick.
What is the extent of the Cahaba coal fields?
The Cahaba coal fields are about 400 square miles.
What is the extent of the Coosa coal fields?
The Coosa coal fields cover about 400 square miles.
The Cahaba coal fields, estimating the output at 10,000
tons per day, Professor McCalley says, would last about
1,100 years.
The coal is remarkable for its firmness and its capacity
to resist atmospheric changes.
The Coosa coal fields, at 10,000 tons per day, would last
165 years.
The Warrior coal fields, at 10,000 tons per day, esti¬
mated, would last 10,275 years. The Warrior coal is well
adapted to the production of gas and ateam, as well as
COAL.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
161
fitted for domestic purposes and tlie shop of the black¬
smith.
IRON.
The beds of this ore are so numerous that it is impossi¬
ble to poiut out the localities where it prevails. It lies
close to coal, making its manufacture far easier than in
most other sections of A meiica. The most valuable out-
croppings, thus far, are found in St. Clair, Jefferson, and
Shelby. Brown iron ore abounds in the regions south of
the Tennessee river. It is already mined in St. Clair,
Cherokee, Etowah, Calhoun, Talladega, and Bibb coun¬
ties. Besides these are to be found gold, silver, copper,
tin, lead, graphite, asbestos, emery, gypsum, ochre,
asphalt, marble, Kaolin, fire clay.
FRANKLIN COUNTY.
Where is Franklin county ?
Franklin county lies south of Colbert county.
For whom named ?
Benjamin Franklin.
When was it formed, and what is its area1?
It was formed in 1818; its area is 610 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The northern half is called Russell valley; the southern
half is a high table land and the soil is akin to the Ten¬
nessee valley counties.
What of minerals %
Immense beds of iron and coal are found.
Name the chief towns 1
Belle Greene, Frankfort, Russellville and Center Line.
MARION COUNTY.
Where is Marion county ?
Marion county lies south of Franklin county.
For whom named?
General Francis Marion.
162
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1818; its area is 810 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
The surface is broken, with much forest; and the soil is
diversified.
What of minerals in this county 1
There are rich deposits of minerals.
Name the chief towns.
Hamilton, Pikeville, Shottsville, Guinn, Darlington,
Barnes ville.
WINSTON COUNTY.
Where is Winston county?
Winston county lies south of Lawrence and west of
Cullman.
For whom named?
Governor John A. Winston.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1850, and till 1858 was known as Han¬
cock; its area is 540 square miles.
What of the soil and surface ?
The surface is much broken. Byler Ridge, in the
western part, divides the county into two parts; the
soil is thin.
What of minerals ?
Winston is in heart of the Warrior coal fields. The
entire county is but a coal bed.
Name chief towns.
Double Springs, Houston, Littleville, Motes, Delma,
Ark, Larissa. There are in Clear creek, two waterfalls
300 feet apart, and each 30 feet.
What other minerals besides coal and iron ?
Slate, building stone, granite and copper are found.
Natural Bridge, one mile west of the depot that bears its
name, on the Northern Alabama Railway, is the most
wonderful natural scenery in the State. This bridge is
120 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 62 feet high.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
163
WALKER COUNTY.
Where is Walker county 1
Walker county is west of Jefferson.
For whom named 1
John W. Walker.
When was it formed, and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1824; area is 880 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
Sandy soil, mostly; surface broken; there is much long
leaf pine.
How does Walker rank as a coal field ?
The richest of all the counties—entire county is but a
coal bed.
Name the chief towns.
Jasper, Holly Grove, South Lowell, Carbon Hill,
Elridge, Townley, Cardova, Horse Creek, Oakman.
CULLMAN COUNTY.
Where is Cullman county ?
Cullman county is south of Morgan county.
For whom named?
JohnG. Cullman.
When was it formed, and wbat is its area ?
It was formed in 1877; area is 650 square miles.
What of minerals ?
Coal and iron abound.
What special crops deserve notice?
Truck farming products are to be found in abundance.
What of the surtace and soil ?
The surface is one broad mountain plateau; hence,
mostly level; the soil is thin.
Name chief town.
Cullman. Cullman is a German colony of flourishirg
qualities.
164
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
BLOUNT COUNTY.
Where is Blount cmnty ?
Blount county is north of Jefferson county.
For whom named !
Governor "Win. G. Blount, of Tennessee.
When was it formed, and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1818; its area is 700 square miles.
What minerals are there 1
Coal and iron abound.
What special crops deserve notice?
Fruits—apples not excelled on the continent.
Name chief towns.
Blountsville, Oneonta, Bangor, Summit, Hanceville,
Garden City.
What of the surface and soil?
Through center of the county is a plateau 8 miles to 10
miles wide; on one side, parallel with plateau, is Brown's
valley; on the other, Murphree's valley. These valleys are
fertile; the plateau is good for fruit raising.
Blount Springs, 130 miles north of Montgomery, situa¬
ted immediately upon the Louisville & Nashville railroad,
is a favorite watering place of Alabama. The waters are
good for dyspepsia, scrofula, etc., and bladder troubles.
There are numerous caves in this county, some of which
contain saltpetre. One belongs to that class called blow¬
ing cave—the air taking an outward course in summer,
and inward course in winter.
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
Where is Jefferson county ?
Jefferson county is near the center of Alabama.
For whom named 1
Thomas Jefferson.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
Jefferson was formed in 1819;,has 060 square miles.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
165
What of the surface and soil ?
The surface is broken, often mountainous. Jones valley
contains the most fertile farming lands.
How does Jefferson rank in minerals?
It is one of the first counties in the State in the amount
of coal and iron.
What of manufactories.
Tn and around Birmingham, Bessemer, and other cities,
are many manufactories of various kinds.
What of the altitude of Birmingham?
Birmingham is 200 feet higher than Blount Springs, 40
miles north. Jefferson county is 700 feet above the level
of the sea.
Name chief towns ?
Birmingham, Bessemer, Ely ton, Pratt Mines, Oxmoor,
East Lake, Ensley. At East Lake are located Howard
College, and East Lake Atheneum.
SHELBY COUNTY.
Where is Shelby county?
Shelby county is south and east of Jefferson county.
For whom named ?
Governor Shelby, of Kentucky.
When was it formed and what is its area?
It was formed in 1818; area 780 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
The surface is broken; the soil diversified.
What of minerals?
Coal and iron abound; also, stone and lime are found at
Salnria and Long view.
What special works deserve notice f
Extensive manufactories of iron at Shelby and iron works
at other points.
Name the chief towns.
Wilsonville, Harpersville, Calera, Columbiana, Helena
and Montevallo.
Just above Calera, on the EaH Tennessee, Virginia &
166
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Georgia railroad, are Slielby Springs, a favorite watering
place. The waters hare valuable medicinal qualities.
There are immense lime works at LongvieW and Saluria.
At Montevallo is the Montevallo Industrial School, a
State institution for white girls.
TALLADEGA COUNTY.
Where is Talladega county?
Talladega county is north of Coosa county, and is sep¬
arated from Shelby by the Coosa river.
For whom named ?
For Indian town.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1832; the area is 700 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
The surface is rugged; the soil varied. There are val¬
uable forests.
What of minerals in this county?
Varied and valuable.
Name the chief towns.
Talladega, Childersburg, Alpine, Mumford, Eenfroe and
Jenifer.
Near the eastern border of the county, below the
Kahatchee hills, is the well known Sulphur Sj)rings, with
most attractive surroundings.
At Talladega are the Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute
of the State, and Talladega College, an excellent school for
colored people, under the American Missionary Association.
ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
Where is St. Clair county ?
St. Clair county is east of Jefferson county.
For whom named ?
General Arthur St. Clair.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1816; its area is 630 square miles.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
167
"What of minerals 1
The Red Mountains run through this county and in
these mountains are inexhaustible quantities of coal. The
most valuable part of the Coosa coal field is in this county.
Limestone is found in great abundance, also marble.
What mountains in the county t
On the north-eastern boundary, Strait or Blount, moun¬
tains; in the north-western part, Chandler Mountain.
What valleys deserve notice ?
The Coosa valley and the Cahaba valley, comprising the
most fertile lands.
Name the chief towns.
Ashville, Coal City, Eagland, Inman, Henry Ellen and
Springville.
ETOWAH COUNTY
Where is Etowah county 1
Etowah county is situated in the north-eastern part of the
State, west of Cherokee county.
For whom named ?
Indian name.
When was it formed and what is its area?
It was formed in 1866; its area is 520 square miles.
What mountains in the county?
Sand Mountain, width about 10 miles; Lookout Moun¬
tain, width about 5 miles.
What of minerals
Immense quantities, said to be about fifty million tons
iron ore, when summed up; vast quantities of coal, sixteen-
mile mountain of limestone. The present output is 600
barrels per day. Chert is found; and maganese is found
in large quantities.
Seventy per cent, of the county is in forests.
Name the chief towns ?
Gradsden, Attalla, Alabama City.
168
history of alabama.
DeKALB county.
Where is DeKalb county?
DeKalb county is in the north-eastern part of the State.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1836; area is 650 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
Seventy-five per cent, of the county is in forest. There
are portions of Sand Mountain and Lookout Mountain in
the county; the soil iii the bottoms is heavy lime, on the
plateau a sandy loam.
Name the chief towns.
Fort Payne, Collinsville, Lebanon, Valley Head and
Portersville.
In the north-western part of DeKalb is the fall of Little
river. In this river there is a small volume of water
thrown over a precipice sixty-five feet below.
A short distance below this cataract are the remains of
a fortress of semicircular form of three or four feet cavers
in the river bluff, which was evidently used as a citadel.
This fortress can be reached only by a foot-path overhang¬
ing a yawning chasm cut by the river beneath.
CHEROKEE COUNTY.
Where is Cherokee county ?
Cherokee county is in the north-eastern part of the
State; east of Etowah and south of DeKalb.
For whom named ?
An Indian tribe.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1836; its area is 660 square miles.
What of minerals in this county?
Vast deposits of iron ore and coal are found.
What of the surface and soil?
The surface is uneven and sometimes mountainous; in
the valleys red and brown loam; uplands are grayish.
Name the chief towns.
Center, Cedar Bluff and Hayles\ille.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
169
The Coosa river flows through the heart of this county.
Broomtown valley, in the north-western corner of the
county, is very fertile.
In the northern part of the county is a cataract of much
beauty in Little river. A sheet of water, about 10 feet
deep and 100 feet wide, falls perpendicularly 30 feet into
a rock basin of great depth. The river then flows through
a narnow chasm for about seven miles, 90 feet to 120 feet
deep. At the confluence of Walfe creek is a large cave,
and has a spacious entrance in the west bank of the river,
and is one of the most beautiful caves in America. The
ante-chamber is about 100 feet long, 50 feet wide, with a
concave dome 30 feet high.
CALHOUN COUNTY.
Where is Calhoun county ?
Calhoun county lies in the eastern part of the State,
north-east of Talladega county.
For whom named?
John C. Calhoun.
When was it formed, and what is its area %
It was formed in 1832, then known as Benton, changed
to Calhoun 1858; area is 640 square miles.
What valleys deserve special notice?
Alexandriaand Choccolocco valleys are both very fertile.
What of minerals'?
There are ore fields and coal beds and limestone in abun¬
dance.
Name the chief towns. ,
Anniston, Jacksonville, Oxanna, Oxford, Piedmont,
Morrisville, Germania, Choccolocco, and White Plains.
At Jacksonville there is a Normal school, and at Oxford
a college of considerable repute.
170
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
CLEBURNE COUNTY.
"Where is Cleburne county ?
-Cleburne county is in the eastern part of the State,
east of Calhoun.
For whom named?
General Patrick Cleburne, of Arkansas.
When was it formed, and what is its area? ,
It was formed in 1866; its area is 540 square miles.
What of minerals ?
Abundance of stone for building, and gold mines and
iron are found.
What of the surface and soil %
Innortherneud arerugged hills, and in it also mountains,
with intervening valleys. Along slopes good farming
lands with yellow subsoil are found. The valleys are of
reddish hue. Other soils are grayish.
Name chief towns.
Eiwarlsville, Heflin, Arbaohohee, Chula&anee.
CLAY COUNTY.
Where is Clay county t
Clay county is east of Tallapoosa and west ol Ran*
dolph,
For whom named?
Henry Clay.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1866; its area is 610 square miles.
What of minerals ?
A great variety of minerals is found, including gold,
silver, tin, mica, manganese.
What of the surface and soil?
The western portion is mountainous with dark fertile
soil; the eastern, varied surface with soil of sandy loam.
A mountain range extends from south-west to north-east
through the county. In northern portion, west of this
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
171
range, is a rich valley. The water power is immense.
Much forest abounds.
Name the chief towns.
Ashland, Lineville and Delta.
RANDOLPH COUNTY.
Where is Randolph county?
Randolph county is in eastern part of the State, north
of Chambers and east of Clay.
For whom named ?
John Randolph, of Virginia.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1832; its area is 610 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
It has been called the Switzerland of America; the soil
is thin.
What of minerals ?
It has gold, copper, graphite, mica and kaolin, and the
last named inexhaustible in quantity.
Name chief towns.
Roanoke, Wedowee, Rock Mills,
CHAMBERS COUNTY.
Where is Chambers county 1
Chambers county is in the eastern part of the State,
south of Randolph, north of Lee, and separated from
Georgia by the Chattahoochee river.
For whom named?
Hon. Henry Chambers, of Madison county.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1832; area is 600 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The land is rolling; the soil red and gray. This is one
of the best average counties for farming purposes in the
State.
172
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What special fruits!
Peaches in abundance. The famous Parnell farm has
1,000 acres in peaches.
Name the chief towns.
LaFayette, Bluffton, Cusseta, Fredonia and Milton.
' LEE COUNTY.
Where is Lee county ?
Lee county is in the eastern part of the State, South of
Chambers.
For whom named?
Robert E. Lee.
When was it formed and what is its area 1
It was formed in 1866; its area is 610 square miles.
What of minerals ?
Only abundance of lime rock.
What of the surface and soil ?
The soil is gray, red; and sandy—gray leading in
amount; the surface^ .
Name the chief towns.
Opelika, Auburn, Salem, Phenix City.
At Auburn is located the State Polytechnic Institute.
TALLAPOOSA COUNTY.
Where is Tallapoosa county ?
Tallapoosa county is situated in the eastern central part
of the State.
For whom named ?
Tallapoosa river.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
Itwras formed in 1832; its area is 810 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The Tallapoosa river divides the county into east and
west Tallapoosa. The surface is generally undulating,
though a large part is level. Much long leaf pine is to
found.
HisToky oi1 Alabama.
Falls in the streams make this county pre-eminent in
water power. The soil is red and gray. Some gold is
found.
There is immense water power in the streams, owing to
falls. In southern part of county is the famous Tallapoosa
Falls, being 53 feet inclination, rushing along a steep for
200 yards.
Name the chief towns.
Dadeville, Alexander City, Camp Hill, Daviston, Dud¬
ley ville..
COOSA COUNTY.
Where is Coosa county?
Coosa county is north of Elmore county.
For whom named 1
Coosa Eiver.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1832; the area is 670 square miles.
What of the surface and soil!
The surface is uneven; the soil red and gray.
What minerals are there ?
Between Weoguffka and Hatchet creeks iron ore seems
inexhaustible. There are some other minerals. Much
long leaf pine is found.
Name the chief towns.
Rockford, Kelleyton, Bradford, Nixburg, Goodwater.
BIBB COUNTY.
Where is Bibb county ?
Bibb county is north of Perry county.
For whom named?
William Bibb, the first Governor of Alabama.'
When was it formed and what is its area?
It was formed in 1818; it was then known as Cahaba
county, changed same year to Bibb; area is 640 square
miles.
m
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What of the surface and soil'?
The northern part is very hilly; the southern generally
rolling or level; the soil is mostly red. Forests of long leaf
pine are found. There is great water power in this county,
owing to falls in the streams.
What of minerals ? .
Iron, marble, coal, and limestone are found in abund
ance. The whole northern portion is but a coal "bed.
Along the precipitous hills are solid walls of valuable
stone 50 feet high. Blocks of limestone as big as a cottage
may be seen. This scene is along both Little and Big Ca¬
ll aba rivers. There are immense forests.
Name the chief towns.
Centreville, Scottsville, Six Mile, Blocton, Randolph,
Green Ford, Brierfield.
FAYETTE COUNTY.
Where is Fayette county?
Fayette county is in the western part of the State, west
of Walker county.
For whom named ?
General La Fayette.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1824; its area is 660 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The surface is divided thus:—Sipsey valley about 20
miles by one Mile; Luxapalia valley, about the size of the
Sipsey. Water power is great. The' soil is generally
brown loam and red.
What of minerals in this .county?
Iron ore and coal are found in abundance; also gold and
red ochre,, and building stone are found. Chalybeate
and Sulphur Springs are found.
Name chief town.
Fayette, C. H.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
175
CHILTON COUNTY.
Where is Chilton county ?
Chilton county is near the center of the State, north of
Autauga county.
For whom named *?
Judge W. P. Chilton.
When was it formed, and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1868, being known as Baker county
till 1875; its area is 700 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The surface is irregular, the soil is brown with red pre¬
dominating. Pine forests are extensive.
What of minerals in this eouaty 1
Not abundant, though in great variety.
Name chief towns.
Clanton, Maplesville, Verbena, Mountain Creek. Ver¬
bena and Mountain Creek are summer resorts, chiefly, for
citizens of Montgomery.
TUSCALOOSA COUNTY.
Where is Tuscaloosa county ?
Tuscaloosa county is west of Jefferson county.
For whom named %
Indian name.
When was it formed, and what is its area!
It was'.formed in 1818; area is 1390 square miles,
What of the surface and soil?
The surface is generally broken, the central and south¬
ern portions are most productive.
There is abundance of long leaf pine. Water power is
great.
< What of minerals
The coal is regarded the thickest in the world, and more
than half the county is underlaid with it. ■ , >
Name the chief towns. . ,
Tuscalsoosa, North Port, Cottondale,,and Foster's. ...
176
llISfORY OF ALABAMA.
At Tuscaloosa is located the State University, and tlie
Insane Asylum, for whites.
LAMAE COUNTY.
Where is Lamar county?
Lamar county is oh north-western border of the State,
north of Pickens and south of Marion county.
For whom named?
J. Q. O. Lamar.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
Lamar was formed in 1866, and named Jones; in 1868
changed to Sanford; in 1877 to Lamar; its area is 576
square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The last of the foot hills of the Alleghaney are found in
the northern part of the county. There are great falls in
the streams. The soil is red and gray.
What of minerals in this county?
About half the county is underlaid with coal; iron, also
abounds.
Name the chief towns.
Yernon, Sulligent, Crews, Kennedy, and Millport.
CHAPTER Y.
The Cotton or Black Belt.
Where is the Cotton Belt ?
The Cotton, or Black Belt, of Alabamalies directly south
of the great Mineral Belt of the State.
What is its extent?
The Black Belt extends from east to west limit of the
State, 13,610 square miles.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
How many counties in the Black Belt?
There are 17 counties in the Black Belt.
Name the counties of the Black Belt.
They are Pickens, Sumttfr, Choctaw, Greene, Hale,
Marengo. Perry, Dallas, Wilcox, Autauga, Lowndes,
Elmore, Montgomery, -Macon, Bullock, Russell and Bar¬
bour counties.
.What is the character of the soil ?
The soil in the richer portions is veiy black or of a dark
color, and immensely rich.
• How does this soil compare in fertility with other por¬
tions of the country ?
No more fertile land is found in all America.
PICKENS COUNTY.
Where is Pickens county ?
Pickens county is on the north-western border of the
State,
west of Tuscaloosa county.
For whom named ?
General Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1820; its area is 1,000 square miles.
What of the surface and soil 1?
The surface is somewhat broken, and the soil is sandy
loam, clay and lime. There is much forest.
What of mineral springs?
There are several mineral springs near Carrolton, the
county seat. The famous Indian Spring is just a half
mile east of the county court house.
Name special table land.
From Lubbub creek to the Tombigbee river, known as
<'Cross Roads," "Franconia" and "Garden" neighbor¬
hoods cannot be excelled for fertility in Alabama.
Name the chief towns.
Carrolton, Pickensville, Vienna.
178
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
SUMTER COUNTY.
Where is Sumter county1?
Sumter county lies on the Mississippi border, south and
west of Greene county.
For whom named?
General Thomas Sumter, of South Carolina.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1832; area 1,000 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The surface is undulating; the soil iu northern part is
black prairie; in. southern part sandy.
What is "Flatwood"?
"Flatwood" is a stretch of land three miles to five miles
wide, near the center of the county.
What minerals are found?
Beds of lignite, and marl are found.
What rivers?
There are the Tombigbee and Noxubee rivers, both nav¬
igable.
Name chief towns.
Gainesville, Livingstone, Cuba, Warsaw, York, Belmont,
Sumterville, Brewerville. At Livingstone is a State nor¬
mal college.
What of mineral waters ?
There is a mineral well at Livingstone, more than 1,000
feet deep, Persons resort here from all parts of the Union.
The waters are said to be good for dyspepsia, etc.
CHOCTAW COUNTY.
Where is Choctaw county ?
Choctaw county is in the western part of the State, west
of the Tombigbee river, and north of Washington county,.
For whom named?
The Indian tribe of that name.
When was it formed, and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1847; its area is 930 square miles.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
179
What of the surface and soil1?
There are extensive pine forests; the soil is black prairie
and sandy loam, and there are some hills.
What rivers are there 1
The Tombigbee, on eastern border of the county.
What of mineral waters in Choctaw!
Bladon Springs are situated just three miles from the
Tombigbee, in this county. From the mud, near these
springs, is manufactured a medicine called Acid Iron
Earth. The water has high medicinal qualities.
GREENE COUNTY.
Where is Greene county ?
Greene county is in the western part of the State between
the Black Warrior and the Tombigbee rivers, with Sipsey
river on the northern boundary.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1819; area 520 square miles.
For whom named ?
General Nathaniel Greene, of Rhode Island.
What of the surface and soil ?
In the south-west broad prairies; in the north-west and
north, the land is broken, with clay foundation.
Name chief towns.
Eutaw, Forkland, Boligee, Clinton, Pine Ridge and
Knoxville.
What minerals'?
Green sands and marl beds are found.
HALE COUNTY.
Where is Hale county1?
Hale county is situated east of Greene county and west
of Perry county.
For whom named ?
Colonel Stephen F. Hale.
When was it formed, and what is its area %
It was formed in 1867; its area is 670 square miles.
180
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What of the surface and soil1?
In the northern, part it is hilly and sandy; in the mid¬
dle, level and somewhat reddish, in the southern, black
prairie of marvelous fertility; in the north-western part,
an abundance of long leaf pine. By trial, it is found that
the famous red wood and cedar of California grow
readily in the soil of Hale. The Japan cedar flourishes
here.
What grass deserves special mention ?
The famous mellilotus comes to perfection, and its
seed are shipped to all parts of the South. -
Name chief towns?
Greensboro, Newberne, Akron, Havana. At Greens¬
boro is located the the Southern University, Methodist
State College.
In Hale counly, on the line of Hale and Tuscaloosa
counties, by the river side, there is to be found a group of
twenty artificial mounds. They average about twenty feet
in height. One is about forty feet. Skeletons have been
found in them.
MARENGO COUNTY.
Where is Marengo county?
Marengo county is north of Clarke county, and is
bonnded on the west by the Tombigbee.
Whence is the name derived ?
From French settlers.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1818; area is 960 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
Northern strip, about six miles wide, is prairie; next,
sandy clay about 12 miles wide; and the rest pine land
with long leaf pine.
Name chief towns.
Demopolis. Faunsdale, Jefferson, Spring Hill, Dayton,
McKinley, Thomaston, and Linden. At Demopolis is an
artesian well with mineral properties.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
181
WILCOX COUNTY.
Where is Wilcox county!
Wilcox county is south of Dallas county.
For whom named ?
Lieutenant Joseph M. Wilcox.
When was it formed and what is its area?
It was formed in 1839 ; area 960 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The general surface is uneven, with much level land;
black prairie and alluvial soil. Green sand marl is found.
Name chief towns.
Camden, Snow Hill, Allenton, Pine Apple, Eehoboth,
Lower Peachtree, Pine Hill, Arlington, Centennial, Gas-
tonburg.
DALLAS COUNTY.
Where is Dallas county?
Dallas county is near the center of the State, adjoining
Wilcox county.
For whom named?
Alexander Dallas, of Pennsylvania.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1818; area 954 square miles.
How does Dallas rank as a cotton county ?
It has tbe first place.
What of the surface and soil ?
The surface is generally undulating and there are black
prairie, clay land, and alluvial soils..
What of its mineral waters ?
In the city of Selma there are more than 100 artesian
wells, many having curative properties.
Name chief towns.
Selma, Orville, Saffold, Pleasant Hill, Summerfield,
Burnsville, Plantersville, Carlowville, Bridges, Eichmond,
Beloit, Martins.
]B2
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
PERRY COUNTY.
Where is Perry county %
Perry county is situated near the center of the State,
south of Bibb county.
For whom named %
Commodore O. H. Perry.
When was it formed, and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1819; its area is 790 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
Perry is hilly in the northern part, with red sandy
land; in south, level, black prairie predominating.
Name chief towns.
Marion, Uniontown, Hamburg.
In Marion are located the Judson Institute, the Marion
Female Institute, and The Marion Military Institute.
LOWNDES COUNTY.
Where is Lowndes county H
Lowndes county is south of Autauga county, and west
of Montgomery county,
For whom named.
Hon. William H. Lowndes, of South Carolina.
When was it formed, and what is its area.
It was formed in 1830, and its area is 740 square miles.
What of the surface and soil 1
The surface is generally rolling, and the whole county
lies within the prairie belt, but there is some upland.
What is the south-eastern part of the county called 1
It is locally called "Little Texas."
Name chief towns.
Hayneville, Lowndesboro, Benton, Ft. Deposit, Leto-
hatchie, and Calhoun.
At Calhoun is located the Calhoun Industrial School for
colored.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
131
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Where is Montgomery county %
Montgomery county is near the center of the State.
For whom named!
Maj. Lemuel P. Montgomery, of Virginia.
When was it formed, and what is its area %
It was formed in 1816; and its area is 740 square miles.
What of truck farming f
Near the city of Montgomery are many truck farms with
valuable incomes.
What of the surface and soil 1
There are three different kinds of soil: Black prairie,
red land, and pine land; the surface is generally level.
What special facts are worthy of note about the city of
Montgomery %
Forty-two passenger trains, not local, enter Montgomery
daily. The city is surpassed only by Memphis in wholesale
grocery business as an inland city, in the entire South,
Name chief towns.
Mpntgomery, Highland Park.
ELMORE COUNTY.
Where is Elmore county 1
Elmore county is north of Montgomery county.
For whom named %
Gen. John A. Elmore.
When was it formed and what is its area f
It was formed in 1866; its area is 630 square miles.
What of manufacturing chances f
The water power makes this county second to none in
the State for manufactoring chances. The government has
improved the river, at Wetumpka, by locks.
What of the surface and soil.
The surface is generally rolling, with about three-fourths
pine forests.
184
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Name chief towns.
Wetumpka, Elmore, Tallassee.
At Tallasssee and Wetumpka are vast cotton factories.
A plant, utilizing the falls at Tallassee, is about to be
put in operation to supply electricity to Montgomery.
BULLOCK COUNTY.
Where is Bullock county ?
Bullock county is east of Montgomery county and south
of Macon county.
For whom named ?
Col. E. C. Bullock, of Eufaula.
When was it formed and what is its area?
It was formed in 1866; its area is 660 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
From east to west, through the middle of the county,
extends a range of low hills, called Chunnenuggee
Ridge, forming a water shed. North of the ridge are
prairie lands, and the lighter lands are south of it.
Name chief towns.
Union Springs, Midway, Enon.
MACON COUNTY.
Where is Macon county ?
Macon county is north of Bullock county, and east of
Russell county.
For whom named?
Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina.
When was it formed, and what is it area?
It was formed in 1832; its area is 930 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
The surface is undulating, except in the north, some¬
what hilly; in the north and north-east, the soil is light;
in the south and south-east, and south-west, the soil i§
fertile.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
185
What of minerals?
Red Ochre has been found on Red Creek.
Name chief towns.
Tuskegee, Notasulga, LaPlace, "Warrior Stand, Society
Hill. At Tuskegee are located the Tuskegee Normal aud
Industrial Institute, for colored; the Alabama Conference
Female College; The Alabama High School for boys.
RUSSELL COUNTY.
"Where is Russell county.
Russell county is in the eastern part ot the State,
north of Lee county, and south of Barbcur county.
For whom named ?
Colonel Russell, of Mobile.
When was it formed, and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1832; its area is 670 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
The general surface is undulating and in some portions
broken; five or six miles west of the Chattahoochee are
fine loam lands; then begin the more elevated table lands,
which are red. There is some prairie.
Name chief towns.
Seale, Girard, Hurtsboro, Jernigan.
BARBOUR COUNTY,
Where is Barbour county.
Barbour county is in south eastern part of the State,
north of Henry and Dale counties.
For whom named ?
Governor Barbour, of Virginia.
When was it formed, and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1832; its area is 8j60 square miles.
What of the surface and soil 1
The northern portions are hilly; the southern, generally
level. Barbour creek divides the county into two sections.
186
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
North of Barbour creek are the most fertile lands; south
of this creek are lighter lauds.
Name chief towns.
Eufaula, Clayton, Louisville, Batesville.
AUTAUGA COUNTY.
Where is Autauga county ?
Autauga county is north of Lowndes and west of Elmore,
which latter is north of Montgomery county.
For whom named ?
From Indian word Autaugi.
When was it formed, and what is its area ?
It was formed in 18! 8; its area is 660 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
The surface is generally broken and undulating; the
soil is of all kinds, with but little prairie.
More than half of the county is covered with long leaf
pine. The Alabama river is on the southern border of the
county.
Name chief towns.
Autauga and Prattville.
In 1846, Daniel Pratt built his cotton mill, at Pratville.
The Pratt Cotton Gins, made at Prattville, have a world¬
wide reputation. More gins are manufactured here than
at any other place in the United States.
lltSTOEY OF ALABAMA. 187
The Timber Belt.
What is the Timber Belt?
All the southern portion of the State of Alabama is
embraced in the division known as the Timber Belt.
How many counties in this belt?
There are fifteen counties in the Timber Belt, viz.,
Washington, Mobile, Baldwin, Clarke, Monroe, Escambia,
Conecuh, Butler, Covington, Crenshaw, Pike, Coffee,
Geneva, Dale and Henry counties.
What is the extent of this section?
It extends from east to west across the Stale, and is
about one hundred and fifty miles wide
What crops are produced best in this section?
The chief agricultural products are cotton, corn, oats,
potatoes, sugar cane, and especially root crops, fruits aud
vegetables. There are vast forests of long leaf pine.
CONECUH COUNTY.
Where is Conecuh county?
Conecuh county is in the southern part of the State,
north of Escambia county and east of Monroe county.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1818 ; its area is 840 square miles.
Whence is derived the name?
The Conecuh river.
What of the surface and soil?
Most of the county is covered with the long leaf pine.
The soil is sandy loam, red clay, and lime.
What of minerals'?
Marl and mica are found. There is a mica bed near
Evergreen. Limestone of snowy whiteness abounds.
Name chief towns,
188
tl I STORY OF ALABAMA.
Evergreen, Castleberry, Gravella, Bellville, Brooklyn,
grnd Repton.
In Evergreen there is a mineral spring of note.
In Conecuh county, on Conecnh river, are three striking
artificial mounds, from which Spanish poins have been
taken. From one of these mounds there has been taken a
monstrous jaw-bone, larger than an ordinary adult jaw-bone.
On Yellow river there is a cave of vast extent.
DALE COUNTY.
Where is Dale county?
Dale county is in the southern and eastern part of the
State, west of Henry county.
When was it formed, aud what is its area?
Dale county was formed in 1854 ; area 650 square miles.
For whom named ?
Sam Dale, of canoe-fight fame.
What of the surface and soil ?
The Choctawhatchee river divides the county into north
aud south portions ; north of the river the land is rolling;
south, it is level. North of the river the soil is light loam;
south, light sandy.
Name chief towns.
Ozark, Clopton, Newton, Daleville, and Echo.
At Ozark there is a fertilizer factory.
CRENSHAW COUNTY.
Where is Crenshaw county"?
Crenshaw county is situated in the southern part of the
State, south of Montgomery county, and west of Pike
county.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1865; its area is 660 square miles.
For whom named?
Anderson Crenshaw.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
189
What of the surface and soil"?
The surface is undulating. The soil, in central part, is
very limy; in south, red, and pine lauds. The southern
half of the county has extensive pine forests. There is
considerable limestone in Crenshaw.
Name chief towns.
Rutledge, Luverne, Rocky Mount, Honoraville, New
Providence, Bullock, Mount Ida, Leon, Highland Home.
GENEVA COUNTY.
Where is Geneva county?
Geneva county lies on extreme southern border of the
State, west of Henry county.
When was it formed, and what is its area*?
It was formed in 1868; its area is 618 square miles.
Whence is derived the name?
From its chief town.
What of the surface ard soil?
The surface is generally level. The soil is generally a
light sandy loam; in eastern part are tine lime lands; in
south east valuable red lime lands.
Choctawhatchee penetrates the center of Geneva.
Steamers ascend the Choctawhatchie as far as Geneva.
Pea river traverses western part of Geneva.
Name chief towns.
Geneva, Mellville, Coffee Springs.
COYINGTON COUNTY.
Where is Covington county?
Covington County lies on line of Florida, midway of the
State.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1821; its area is 1,030 square miles.
For whom named?
General Leonard Covington.
190
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
What of the surface and soil?
The surface is undulating. Theie are some lakes in
southern part. There are vast forests of pine. The soil is
a gray, sandy loam.
Name chief towns.
Andalusia, Flovala, Race Hill, Red Level, Fairfield,
Loango, River Falls, Rome, Vera Cruz, Halton, Green Bay.
BUTLER COUNTY.
Where is Butler county?
Butler county lies south of Lowndes county.
For whom named?
William Butler.
AVlien was it formed, and what is its area?
]t was formed in 1819; its area is 800 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
The general surface is rolling, with some hills in the
west. In the north-western portion, red land; in the
southern, red and gray.
What of minerals?
Needle iron ore is found. Limestone in vast quantities,
in north-west; phosphates is found here also.
Name chief towns.
Greenville, Georgiana, Garland, Monterey, Forest Home.
At Greenville are two schools of higli repute.
This couty is somewhat noted for its mineral springs.
Butler Springs have long been noted for their mineral
waters. McCall's well, within tliree miles of Greenville,
is a most remarkable one. Its waters are pronounced the
strongest of mineral waters in America. This water is
good for dyspepsia, all phases of eruptions, and some
organic troubles.
HISTOKY OF ALABAMA.
191
COFFEE COUNTY.
Where is Coffee count}7 ?
Coffee county is in southern part of the State, south of
Pike county.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1811; its area is 700 square miles.
For whom named"?
General John Coffee.
What of the surface and soil?
In the main, the surface is level; but in the northern
portion broken and hilly. Within corporate limits of the
town of Elba, three rapid streams come together, viz :
Pea river, White river, and Beaver Dam creek. There
are great rapids in these streams. Much pine forest is in
this county.
Name chief towns.
Elba, Victoria, Clintonville, and Brannon.
PIKE COUNTY.
Where is Pike county?
Pike county lies south of Montgomery county.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
Pike was formed in 1821; its area is 710 square miles.
For whom named?
Zebulon Pike.
What of the surface and soil?
In the northern and central portions, Pike is hilly; the
rest of the county is largely level. In different parts are
sandy ridges with, clay foundation ; in some parts are lime
and clay lands; the best land is in southern part of the
county.
What is Chunnenuggee Ridge?
It is an elevation or ridge in the eastern part of the
county. There are valuable pine forests; and, hence
many mills.
192
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
Name chief towns.
Troy, Brundidge and Orion.
At Troy is located a State .Normal School.
HENRY COUNTY.
Where is Henry county?
Henry county is situated in the south-eastern part of
the State.
When was it formed ; and what is its area"?
It was formed in 1819 ; its area is 1,000 square miles.
For whom named?
Patrick Henry.
What of the soil and surface?
The upper portion of the county is broken and rolling ;
the southern, level. In southern portion, sandy soils pre¬
vail; in northern, light sandy loam; along the Choctaw-
hatchee, dark, rich, mulatto land ; south-west, rich lime
lands.
For what is Henry county specially noted?
It is noted for its dry atmosphere, probably not excelled
in the Union as a suitable place for consumptives.
Name the chief towns.
Abbeville, Dothau, Columbia, Gordon, Headland, and
Lawrenceville..
At Abbeville is au agricultural school under auspices of
the Scate,
WASHINGTON COUNTY.
Where is Washington county ?
Washington county is in the south-western part of the
State, north of Mobile county and south of Choctaw county.
For whom named ?
George Washington.
When was it formed, and what is its area ?
Washington county was formed in 1800, by proclama¬
tion of Winthrop Sargent, Governor of Mississippi Terri-
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
193
tory; its area is 1,050 square miles. It was the first county
formed in the limits of Alabama.
What of its surface and soil ?
The general surface is rolling; the northern tier of town¬
ships is shell prairie, river bottom, rich alluvial soil, and
the rest pine lands. There is an abundance of long leaf
pine.
Name chief towns.
St. Stephens, Mcintosh, Calvert, Deer Park, Escatawpa,
Fruitdale, Healing Springs, Koenton, and Frankville.
In Washington county are many valuable springs with
medicinal properties. The most noted are Healing Springs,
in northern part of the county, on M. & O. Railroad, six¬
teen miles from the Tombigbee. The four principal ones
are : Creek Spring, good for kidney troubles, etc ; Mound
Spring, good for dyspepsia, skin troubles, etc.; McCartney
Spring, good for chronic troubles; Scholes Spring, good for
chronic constipation, etc.
MOBILE COUNTY.
Where is Mobile county? %
Mobile county is in the extreme south-western part of
the State.
For whom named?
An Indian name, Mauvila.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1813; its area is 1,200 square miles.
What of the surface and soil %
In the northern and western portions of the county, the
surface is undulating; along the coast, it is flat. The soil
is mainly light. There are vast forests of pine.
Name two chief businesses.
Truck farming and fish and oyster businesses; the former
aggregating more than one million dollars a year. •
Name chief towns.
Mobile, Whistler, Citronelle, Mount Yernon, and Spring
Hill.
194
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
BALDWIN COUNTY.
Where is Baldwin county?
Balwin county is in the extreme south-western part of
the State.
For whom named?
Abraham Balwin.
When was it formed, and what is its area?
It was formed in 1809; its area is 1620 square miles. It
is the largest county in the State, and it is larger than the
State of Rhode Island.
What of the surface and soil?
The northern part is undulating; the southern, level.
The greater portion is covered with pine forests.
What is the chief business ?
Lumber and turpintine business. The soil has clay
bottom.
Name chief towns- Daphne, Montgomery Hill, Mont-
pelier, Stockton, Bay Minette.
CLARKE COUNTY.
Where is Clarke county ?
Clarke county is situated north of Balwin county, be¬
tween the Alabama and the Tombigbee rivers.
For whom named ?
John Clarke.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1812; its area is 1,160 square miles.
What of the surface and soil ?
There is a southward slope to the junction of the Ala¬
bama and the Tombigbee rivers. The ridge between these
two rivers causes all streams to run either west or south¬
west. The soil is shell prairie, river bottom, gray and
pine lands. There are excellent pine forests.
In Clarke county are found bones of an animal called
Zeougledon, an immense sea animal something like the
modern whale. At some places the bones were so numer-
HISTORY OF ALAR AM A.
195
ous as to be used for fencing. A vertebral column, seven
feet long, with bones of head and limbs of this animal is
found in the Boston Museum.
Name chief towns. Grove Hill, Clarkville, Barlow
Bend, Coffeeville, Thomasville.
MONROE COUNTY.
Where is Monroe county 1
Monroe county is south of Wilcox and east of Clarke.
For whom named %
James Monroe.
When was it formed and what is its area ?
It was formed in 1815; its area is 1030 square miles.
What of the surface and soil?
The surface is broken in the northern part, central and
southern part, undulating. The soil is pine land, alluvial
and loam. Extensive forests are found.
Name chief towns. Monroeville, Perdue Hill, Beuna
Yista, Burnt Corn, and Pineville.
Monroe Springs, in the northeostern part of the county,
are valuable for their mineral properties. What minerals
are found? Greene sand and marl are found.
ESCAMBIA COUNTY.
Where is Escambia county ?
Escambia county is on the Florida line, east of Balwin.
For whom named1?
Escambia river.
When was it formed, and what is its area!
It was formed in 1868; its area is 1000 square miles.
What of the surface and soil %
The surface is generally level and has vast pine forests.
The soil is generally light, sandy loam.
What are the chief occupations ?
Lumber and turpentine business.
Name chief towns. Brewton, Pollard and Flomaton.
PA RT III
CHAPTER I.
The Negro as a Slave Before 1819.
The first Negro in Alabama, as far as authentic record
shows, was left here by DeSoto in 1540. Owing to sick¬
ness on the part of the Negro, DeSoto was compelled to
leave him in the eastern part of the State.
The first slaves in the Louisiana Territory, of which
Alabama formed a part, were eighty Indians, there being
no Negroes, as yet, 1708. In 1712, the Louisiana Territory
had three hundred and twenty-four souls, twenty of whom
were Negroes. In the year 1717, the whole population of
the Lousiana Territory was seven hundred. There were
some Negro slaves valued at 660 livres, or about $122.00
each, to be paid for in rice or tobacco. In the year 1720, the
ship Hercules landed one hundred and twenty Negroes
from Guinea, Africa. This was nnder the French rule.
As early as the year 1708, when there were no Negroes in
the Louisiana Territory, and the fact learned that the In¬
dian slaves would resort to the woods when pressed too hard
in the fields, and the fact learned that the low lands were
detrimental to white men, Bienville, Governor of Louisiana
Territory, recommended that the colonist be allowed to
send Indians to the West India Islands, and there exchange
Indian slaves for Negroes, who were at that time in bondage
in the West Indies. The exchange was to be three Indians
for two Negroes. This plan of exchange miscarried, for
the islanders would not part with their "good Negroes."
It is but just to say in this connection, that the low lands
of the Scates of Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina,
with their humid atmosphere, could never have been
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
197
brought under successful cultivation without Negro labor.
There are some low lands in Alabama, too, along the rivers,
where only the Negro can survive.
In the year 1722, the company that had the control of
Louisiana Territory issued an ordinance prohibiting the
inhabitants from selling their Negroes to the Spaniards,
or other foreigners, or taking them out of the colony, under
severe penalty besides their confiscation.
In March, 1721, the Africaine, a ship of war, landed at
Mobile, with 120 Negroes. She was succeeded by the
Maire, with 338 more. The Neride, a third ship, came
with 238 Africans. The foregoing vessels were French.
As early as the time of Beinville, there was a code known
as the Black Code, which prohibited the inter-marriage
between whites and blacks.
The negro was not without some bravery, even in these
early years. In 1846, at the battle of Ackia, between the
French and the Chickasaw Indians, which battle lasted
three hours, victory perched upon the banner of the
Cbickasaws and defeat and disgrace upon that of the
French.
The French officers, suming up the result after the bat¬
tle, were taunting and jeering a negro named Simon, be¬
cause his company of negroes had fled from the field at
the time of battle. Simon himself, be it said to his good
credit, maintained his ground daring the entire engage¬
ment. Soon there was seen a drove of horses coming down
to the stream to slake their thirst. Simon, in resentment
to those who taunted and jeered him, seized a rope and
ran off toward the horses, saying: "I will show yon that
a negro is as brave as any one."
He passed around the horses, the Chickasaws firing
upon him, and made his way to a beautiful white mare,
threw a rope over her head, mounted upon her back, and
with lightning speed landed into the French lines. Simon
did not receive a wound, and it goes without saying, that
198
HISTOKY OF ALABAMA.
he was welcomed and was 110 more made sport of on ac¬
count of the retreat of his company.
In the year 1800, Washington county, which was then
a part of Mississippi Territory, had 744 whites; 494 Ne¬
groes, 23 of whom were free negroes. The counties of
Baldwin and Mobile, which were not as yet counties,
probably had as large a population.
In the year 3 801, a party of North Carolinians, consist¬
ing of Thomas Malone, a young clerk in the land office at
Baleigh, and others, together with sixty Negroes, came to
Alabama in wagons, and landed in the valley of the Ten¬
nessee, and from there made their way down to the
"Bigbee" settlement, near St. Stephens. The party con¬
structed two rough canoes in which they descended the
river, but before they had gone more than two miles the
craft struck some obstruction and was sunk. It was as¬
certained that one white child and twenty-one Negroes
were lost. This was in midwinter and there was no fire
to be had, except two miles away through the woods.
It was night now. In the midst of the suspense as to who
would offer some relief, a resolute young Negro volunteer¬
ed to go back to the old camp, two miles away, and bring
some fire. In about two hours the Negro returned with
fire from the old camp and, not unlike a conqueror in an¬
cient times, returning laden with trophies, he was hailed
with shouts of joy. The fire was built and the party
dried themselves and awaited the king of day. The In¬
dians stole a Negro from Malone, for the return of whom
he gave his watch.
In the year 1810, the three counties lying within the
present State of Alabama—Madison, Washington and Bal-
win—contained a white population of f>,422 and 2,624 Ne¬
groes, more than half of whom M ere in Madison.
The Negro has played his part in the Creek Indian war.
Two Negro slaves were the ones to report to the settlers
that the Indians were making their advance upon Fort
Minis, August 30, 18J3. For the information they gave
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
199
they were disbelieved and Hogged. A Negro woman was
the first survivor to reach Fort Stoddart, eighteen miles
away, that night with news of the disaster of Fort Minis.
A Negro named Ciesar, was a participant in the canoe
fight of 1813. It was he that rowed the boats for the
crew. In December, 1814, at the battle of Econachaca, in
the northern part of Lowndes, some Negroes were left
dead on the field, as well as others.
The Negro in Alabama as a State.
The first constitution of the State, 1819, recognized and
protected Negro slavery. The population of the State, in
1820, was as follows: Whites, 85,451; Negroes, 42,450.
There were about 200 free Negroes at that time.
The free negro, be it remembered, had to have some
white man to represent him at law.
In 1830 the population of the State contained 117,549
slaves; 1,572 free Negroes. In 1840, there were 253,532
slaves; 2,049 free Negroes. In 1850 there were 334,844
slaves; 2,205 free Negroes. In 18*00, there were 435,580
slaves; 2,090 free Negroes.
The General Assembly, in the winter of 1802, passed an act
authorizing the Governor to impress slaves to provide for
the public safety. Colonel Streight reported of General
Dodge that his army, in its raid through North Alabama,
among other property carried off 1,500 Negroes. Because
of its importance to the Negro race, and as worthy of re¬
membrance, we will insert a copy of an act of the General
Assembly respecting Negro help in the war:
200
history of alabama.
EXECUTIVE DEPRTMENT,
Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 21, 1861.
Geo. N. Gilmer, Esq., Tallassee, Ala.
Sir: On the 31st of January, 1861, the following Act
was passed by the General Assembly of the State of Ala¬
bama, to-wit:
"An Act to accept the services of certain patriotic citi¬
zens.
"Section 1. Be it enacted, etc., That the Governor be,
and is hereby authorized to accept to such an extent as he
may deem necessary the proffered services of Negro men
tendered by Geo. N. Gilmer, of Tallassee, Tallapoosa
county, Joel E. Matthews, of Dallas county, and Alexan¬
der Davidson and his neighbors, of Perry county, and of
persons who have made or hereafter make similar offers to
aid, as may be necessary, in defending and protecting the
State.
"Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That during the time
said Negroes are employed in the service of the State, and
while traveling to and from the place of such service, the
Governor is authorized 'to pay necessary expenses of trav¬
eling and provisions, out of whatever amount may be or
has been appropriated for the military defense of the State.
"Approved, January 31, 1861."
A. B. Moore.
It is said that about three regiments of Negroes joined
tha TJnion forces during their occupation of North Ala¬
bama, and during their raid through the State. About
800 Negroes joined General Wilson's army at Selma.
A. part from going to the war as constructionists on the
fortifications, Negro men saw much ol service, as attend¬
ants upon the person of their owners. When the master
was killed, the slave would take his body and accompany
it home, in many instances.
The slaves were encouraged to attend church on the
Sabbath.
HISTOBY OF ALABAMA.
201
There was a police system, called patroling, which was
regulated by law. Slaves found away from the premises
to which they belonged were required to present a pass.
If they happened to be without a pass, except on the way
to church or to work, the slaves were punished, the law-
describing the exact penalty. Although contrary to law,
many slaves learned to read and write, and many a one
wrote his own pass, when he desired to go abroad without
the knowledge or consent of his master.
The tie of affection between the owner and the slaves
was a silver cord that has come down to the present time,
and has caused the amelioration of the condition of many
a Negro. The apparent x^assing away of this good feeling
is the regret of all good people.
Many a colored woman that has, even to day, much
grace of movement and courtly bearing, has learned the
same from the "big house," as the master's residence was
called. Many a one that is an adept in artistic design had
her fingers taught in those days.
Negro men were taught trades, in very many instances,
and that good trades, which knowledge has been the
foundation of mirch prosperity on the part of those very
ones and their posterity. Since those days there has
been a decline in the learning of trades.
The slave did not have to provide for himself and fami¬
ly, and hence, the Negro does not rightly know and ap¬
preciate the morrow
Prior to 1865 it is said that the disease, called consump¬
tion, was unknown among the Negroes. Since that time
we all know how alarmingly this disease has taken hold of
the Negio. The causes and the remedies for this and
other things belong to another sphere than that of history.
Slavery was not without its evils; but it has brought much
good to the Negro.
In the war between the North and the South, the Ne¬
groes were of much service. Most of the able bodied men
being in the war, the care of those left behind devolved
202
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
upon the Negro, to a large extent, and be it said, to his
credit, that history records no case where any such one
proved false to the trust.
On May 4, 1805, Gen. Richard Taylor surrendered to
General Candy the military district of which Alabama
was a part. From this time dates the actual freedom of
the Negro.
In the summer of 1865 agents of the National Govern¬
ment came to Montgomery and set up the Freed man's
Bureau, to look after the welfare of the newly emancipated
slaves, by establishing schools and churches for the Ne¬
groes. "Swayne College" in the city of * Montgomery was
given the colored people by this bureau and named in
honor of General Swayne who had immediate command
in Montgomery.
On May 4, 1865, slavery came to an end by force of
arms; in September of the same year, by constitutional
legislation. The Fourteenth Amendment was proposed
for adoption to Alabama, December 6, 18(50. The Legisla¬
ture refused to ratify it. In 18(58 the Amendment was
adopted. This gave the Negro the right to vote and hold
office.
In the summer of 18(57 there was a registration of the
voters of the State. The board of registration consisted,
each, of two white men and one Negro. The registered
vote was (51,205 whites and 104,518 Negroes. This regis¬
tration was preparatory to voting for the holding of a con¬
stitutional convention, which met in Novembe, 1867.
CHAPTER III.
The Negro as a Citizen.
IILSTOR Y OF ALABAMA.
203
There were seventeen Negroes as members of this conven¬
tion. There names were:
1st District—John Carraway and Ovide Gregory, of
Mobile.
6th District—Thomas Diggs, of Barbour.
7th District—B. F. Royal, of Bullock.
10th District—J. H. Burdick, of Wilcox.
13th District—Washington Johnson, of Russell.
16th District—H, Stokes and J. Hatcher, of Dallas,
17th District—J. Wright McLeod, of Marengo.
18th. District—Simon Branson and Benjaman Inge, of
Sumter.
19th District—Samuel Blandon, of Lee.
21st District— Thomas Lee, of Perry.
22nd District—J. Iv. Green, of Hale; B. F. Alexander,
of Greene.
42nd District—LaFayette Robinson and C. Jones, of
Madison.
43d District—J. T. Rapier, of Lauderdale.
General George Meade, who succeeded General Pope in
command at Montgomery, kept the polls open for five
days. It should also be stated that General Julius Hey-
den succeeded General Swayne.
Governor Smith called the legislature to meet in July,
1868.
The following colored men served in the House in the
sessions of 1868, 1869-70:
Benjamin Alexander, of Greene; J. H. Alston, ofMacon;
Matt Avery, of Perry; Samuel Blandon, of Lee; IS". A.
Brewington, of Lowndes; John Carraway, of Mobile;
George W. Cox, of Montgomery; Thomas Diggs, of Bar¬
bour; Joseph Draun, of Dallas; J. Iv. Green, of Hale;
Ovide Gregory, of Mobile; George Houston, of Sumter;
Benjamin Inge, of Sumter; C. Jones, of Madison; G. S.
W. Lewis, of Perry; David Low, of Barbour; Jeff Mc-
Cally, of Madison; H. W. W. Rice, of Talladega; James
Shaw, of Mobile ; Lawrence S. Speed, of Bullock; Holland
204
HISTOKY OF ALABAMA.
Thompson, of Montgomery; William V. Turner, of El¬
more; Latty J. Williams, of Montgomery.
Those that served in the House in the sessions of 1870-
71 and 1871-72:
H. H. Craig, of Montgomery; A. H. Curtis, of Perry;
Thomas Diggs, of Barbour; John Dozier, of Perry; Wil.
liam D. Gaskin, of Lowndes; Xed Gee, of Dallas; J. K.
Greene, of Hale; Jere Haralson, of Dallas; R. L. Johnson,
of Dallas ; L. S. Speed, of Bullock; Henry St. Clair, of
Macon; Holland Thompson, of Montgomery; Mansfield
Tyler, of Lowndes; Latty J. Williams, of Montgomery.
Those serving in the House in 1872-73 and 1873-4:
William Y. Turner, of Elmore, Assistant Clerk; Phillip
Joseph, of Mobile, Engrossing Clerk; W. H. Council, of
Huntsville, Assistant Engrossing Clerk; C. O, Harris, of
Montgomery, Assistant Enrolling Clerk; Stepen Eussell,
of Montgomery, Page; Thomas Abercrombie, of Mont¬
gomery, Page; Robert Cook, of Montgomery, Page. W.
E. Carson, of Lowndes; T. J. Clark, of Barbour; Mentor
Dotson, of Sumter; John Dozier, of Perrv; Hales Ellsworth,
of Montgomery; Samuel Fautroy, of Barbour; J. H.
Goldsby, of Dallas; J. K. Greene, of Hale; R. L. Johnson,
of Dallas; Reuben Jones, of Madison; G. S. W. Lewis, of
Perry; Perry Matthews, of Bullock; January Maul, of
Lowndes; G. R. Miller, of Russell; Willis Merriweather,'
of Wilcox; S. J. Patterson, of Autauga; George Patterson,
of Morgan; Robert Reid, of Sumter; Bristo W. Reese, of
Hale; Lawrence S. Speed, of Bullock; Henry St. Clair, of
Macon; Lawson Stelle, of Montgomery; F. H. Threat, of
Marengo; J. R. Treadwell, of Russell; Thomas Walker, of
Dallas; E. A. Williams, of Barbour. L. J. Williams, of
Montgomery.
Xames of those serving in the House in 1874-75 and
1875-76:
Elijah Baldwin, of Wilcox; W. H. Blevins, of Dallas;
Matt Boyd, of Perry; H. Y. Cashin, of Montgomery; Eli¬
jah Cook, of Montgomery; Chas. Fagan, of Montgomery;
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
205
W. D. Gaskin, of Lowndes, Captain Gilmer, of Mont¬
gomery; C. E. Harriss, of Dallas; A. W. Johnson, of
Macon; Sam Lee, of Lowndes; G. S. W. Lewis, of Perry;
Jacob Martin, of Dallas; P. Matthews, of Bullock; Willis
Merriweather, of Wilcox; G. Patterson, of Macon; Bristo
W. Reese, of Hale; Robert Reid, of Sumter; C. Smith, of
Bullock; Manly Wynne, of Hale.
Serving only in 1875-76,
H. A. Carson, of Lowndes; E. W. Locke, of Wilcox,
only 75-76; W. D Gaskin, of Lowndes, 1874-75 only.
Names of those serving in the Senate 1872-71:
Jere Haralson, of Dallas; J. W. Jones, of Lowndes;
Lloyd Leftwich, of Greene; B. F. Royal, of Bullock.
Names of those serving in the Senate 1874-75 and 1875-76:
A. H. Curtis, of Perry; J. K. Green, of Hale; Jere
Haralson, of Dallas; J. W. Jones, of Lowndes; Lloyd Left¬
wich, of Greene; B. F. Royal, of Bullock.
Jere Haralson was not returned in 75-76.
Thomas Walker, at one time, was elected clerk of the
circuit court of Dallas.
Albert Boyd has served as tax assessor of Dallas county.
R. B. Thomas was elected clerk of the criminal court,
of Dallas, and, afterwards, served as Judge of the same.
John B. Simpson has served as "high sheriff" of Au¬
tauga county.
Henry Boyd served as of one the county commissioners
of Dallas.
There were colored men in several towns in the State
serving as ipolice. In Selma there is one Negro, Alex
Carr, still on the force, since about 1869.,
Alabama has had three Negroes as representatives in
Congress; namely, Benjamin F. Turner, of Dallas—Forty-
second Congress, 1871-1873; James T. Rapier, of Lauder¬
dale—Forty-third Congress, 1873-1875; Jere Haralson,
of Dallas—Forty-fourth Congress, 1875-1877.
James T. Rapier has served as Internal Revenue Collec¬
tor at Montgomery.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
1ST. H. Alexander, of Montgomery, has served as Receiver
of Public Moneys at Montgomery.
J. C. Leftwich, of Montgomery, is now serving as Re¬
ceiver of Public Moneys at Montgomery.
H. V. Cashin, of Decatur, is now serving as receiver of
Public Moneys, at Huntsville.
In 187G only one Negro was returned to the Legislature,
and he was from Madison.
The Constitutional Convention of 1875 had four Negroes
as members—H. A. Carson, of Lowndes; A. H. Curtis, of
Perry; G. S. W. Lewis, of Perry; R. A. Long, of Wasing-
ton county.
Most of the religeous denominations among the colored
people had their beginning in the white churches iu slav¬
ery days. After the close of the war the different denomi¬
nations of the whites set up Negro churches of their res¬
pective faiths, and nursed these new plants till they be¬
came able to look after their own affairs.
The Baptist State Convention was organized in 1868, at
Montgomery, Rev. Nathan Ashaby, first President.
What is now the National Baptist Convention was or¬
ganized in Montgomery in 1880, Rev. W. H. McAlpine,
D. D., first President.
Selma University, an inscitution owned and controlled
by the colored Baptisis, was founded in 1878. It has had
the following Presidents : II. Woodsmall (white), TT. H.
McAlpine, E. M. Brawley, C. L. Puree, C. S. Dinkins.
The Baptist membership is 183,021, with about 1,833
churches.
The Congregational church followed a school of the
American Missionary Association, located at Tallanega, in
J 867. The first church was organized at Talladega, in
1868. In 1876, the State organization of this denomina¬
tion was formed. There are twenty-two churches holding
membership in the State body, and several in the Tennes¬
see Valley holding membership in the Tennessee State
body. There are about 3,000 members.
HISTORY OF AT, A HAM A .
207
At the head of their educational work of the State is Tal¬
ladega College, founded in 1S67.
The A. M. E. Church has a membership of 87,253;
churches, 537. There are 502 ministers and 37 parsonages.
The church school, for the State, is Paine University,
located at Selma. This is a comparatively young school,
with good prospects.
The Alabama State Teachers' Association was organized
in 1SS2.
SCHOOLS.
The Negroes have many schools worthy of note. Of
these are the following:
Talladega College, established 1867, is known by its
good work.
State Normal, at Montgomery, established at Marion,
1873, has an interesting history and long service.
The Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, at Tus-
kegee, established 1881. This school is said to be the
largest of its kind in the world. Prof. Washington has a
reputation that is both national and international. He
needs no introduction to the public.
The A. & M. College for colored, at Normal, near Hunts-
ville, established 1875. This school is supported by the
State and the Morrill Fund from the general government.
Prof. Councill, who has been President since the school's
establishment, with the exception of one term, has placed
his name among those who are well known for something
accomplished.
Selma University, Colored Baptist State College, at
Selma, established 1878, is the pride of Alabama Baptists.
Paine University, A. M. E. College for the State, at
Selma.
Central Alabama Academy, at Huntsville.
There are good high schools at the following places:
Calhoun Industrial School, at Calhoun; an A. M. A. School
at Marion ; the Barbour Institute, for girls, at Anniston ;
208
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
the Anniston Normal and Industrial School; a high school
at Kowaliga; a high school at Miller's Ferry; an indus¬
trial school at Snow Hill; a summer normal at Nixburg;
Knox Academy, at Selma; a high school at Cotton Valley;
a high school at Nat; a high school at Athens; a high
school at Joppa ; a high school at Mobile; an industrial
school for girls, at Montgomery; the People's Village
school, Mt. Meigs; the Mt. Meigs Institute, Waugh; a
high school at Thomasville; the Stilman Institute, at
Tuscaloosa.
It has been about twenty-five years since the Negro was
a factor in the politics of the State. Of course, his acend-
ency from 1868 to 1876 was, in a large measure, abnormal.
In the interval he has given of his strength to religion and
industrial pursuits; and has, in very many cases, accumu¬
lated a decent competency.
In 1898, the Negro was again called to serve his country
in war. In response to the call for volunteers to the
Spanish-American War, Alabama promptly raised a troop
of soldiers, which was increased to a regiment later, known
as the Third Alabama. Down to the present time, there
have been two colored troops commissioned as State Militia,
one at Mobile, the other at Montgomery.
In Birmingham is the well known Negro banking insti¬
tution—the Penny Savings Bank—organized in 1890, and
incorporated 1895. It owns the banking house No. 319
Twentieth Street. Officers: W. E. Pettiford, President;
Peter F. Clarke, Vice-President; B. H. Hudson, Cashier.
The Colored M. E. Church, in this State, has two con¬
ferences, abount 100 ministers. It has 12,000 members,
and 180 churches. The value of church property is
$15,000. The State School of this church is the Alabama
Conference Academy, located at Huntsville.
Hobson City, a Negro incorporated town, is in Calhoun
county, adjoining Oxford. It has all colored officers. It
is said to be very law abiding, for there is only about one
arrest a month.
(Statistics from other churches could not be had.)
STATE OFFICERS.
Governor of thh Territory:
William Wyatt Bibb, 1817.
Governors"of the State:
William WyattBibb, 1819.
Thomas Bibb, 1820.
Israel Pickens, 1821.
John Murphy, 1825.
Gabriel Moore, 1829.
Samuel B. Moore, 1831.
John Gayle, 1831.
Clement C. Clay, 1835.
Hugh MeVay, 1837.
Arthur P. Bagby, 1837.
Benjamin Fitspatrick, 1841.
Joshua L. Martin, 1845.
Reuben Chapman, 1847.
Henry W. Collier, 1849.
John A. Winston, 1853.
Andrew B. Moore, 1857.
John Gill Shorter, 1861.
Thomas H. Watt, 1863.
(Interregnum of two months.)
Lewis E. Parsons, 1865, (appoint¬
ed by the President of the
United States.)
Robert Miller Patton,1865. (Gov¬
ernor Patton held office for
seven months longer than his
term, because a successor to
him was not elected.)
William H. Smith. 1868, (under
Reconstruction Acts of Con¬
gress.)
Robert B. Lindsay, 1870.
David P. Lewis, 1872.
George S. Houston, 1874.
R. W. Cobb, 1878.,
Edward A. O'Neal, 1882.
Thomas Seay, 1886.
Thomas G. Jones, 1890.
William C. Oates, 1894.
Joseph F. Johnston, 1896.
William J. Samford, 1900.
W. D. Jelks, 1901.
LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS.
(The office of Lieutenant Governor was created by the Constitu¬
tion of 1867 and abolished by the Constitution of 1875.)
A. J. Applegate, 1868. I Alexander McKinstry, 1872.
Edward H. Moren, 1870. | Robert F. Ligon, 1874.
SECRETARIES OF STATE.
Henry Hitchcock (Territorial Sec¬
retary.)
Thomas A. Rodgers, 1819.
James J. Pleasants, 1822.
James I. Thornton, 1824.
Edmund A. Webster, 1834.
Thomas B. Tuustall, 1836.
William Garrett, 1840.
Vincent M. Benham, 1852.
James H. Weaver, 1856,
Patrick H. Brittan, 1860.
Albert Elmore, 1865.
David L. Dalton, 1865-67.
Micah Taul, 1867.
Charles A. Miller, 1868 (uuder
Reconstruction Acts of Con¬
gress).
Jabez J. Parker, 1870.
Patrick Raglan d, 1872.
Neander H. Rice, 1873.
Rufus K. Boyd 1874.
W. W. Screws, 1878.
Ellis Phelan, 1882.
C. C. Laugdon, 1886.
Joseph I). Barron, 1890.
James K. Jackson, 1894.
Robert P. McDavid, 1898.
210
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
STATE TREASURERS.
Jack Ferrell Rose, 1819.
John C. Perry, 1822.
Hardin Perkins, 1829.
William Hawn, 1834.
Samuel G. Friersou, 1840.
William Graham,, 1846.
Duncan B. Graham, 1860.
L. P. Saxon, 1865.
Arthur Bingham, 1868 (under
Reconstruction Acts of Con¬
gress) .
James F. Grant, 1870.
Arthur Bingham, 1872.
Daniel Crawford, 1874.
I. H. Vincent, 1878.
Frederick H. Smith, 1884.
John L. Cobb, 1888.
J. Craig Smith. 1892.
George W. Ellis, 1896.
J. Craig Smith, 1900.
STATE COMPTROLLERS, OR AUDITORS.
Samuel Pickens, 1819.
George W. Crabb,1829.
Jefferson C. Van Dyke, 1836.
Joel Riggs, 1848.
William J. Green, 1855.
M. A. Chisholm, 1865.
R. M. Reynolds, 1868 (under Re¬
construction Acts of,Congress.)
Robert T. Smith, 1872.
Willis Brewer, 1876.
J. M. Carmichael, 1880.
M. C. Burke, 1884.
Cyrus D. Hogue, 1888.
John Purifoy, 1892.
Walter S. White, 1896.
Thomas L. Sowell, 1800.
ATTORNEYS-GENERAL.
Henry Hitchcock, 1819.
Thomas White, 1823.
Constantine Perkins, 1825.
Peter Martin, 1832.
A. B. Meek, 1836.
John D. Phelan, 1836.
Lincoln Clark, 1838.
Matthew W. Lindsay, 1839.
Thomas D. Clarke. 1843.
WilliamH. Martin, August, 1847.
Marion A. Baldwin' 1847.
John W. A. Sanford, 1865.
Joshua Morse, 1868.
John W. A. Sanford, 1870.
Benjamin Gardner, 1872.
John W. A. Sanford, 1874.
H. C. Thompkins, 1878.
T. N. McClellan, 1884.
William L. Martin, 1890.
William C. Fitts. 1894.
Charles G. Brown, 1898.
SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
(This office was created in 1854 )
William F. Perry, 1854.
Gabriel B. du Val, 1858.
W. C. Allen, 1864.
John B.Taylor, 1865.
John B. Rvan, 1866.
N. B Cloud, 1868.
Joseph Hodgson, 1870.
Joseph H. Speed, 1872.
John M. McKleroy, 1874.
Leroy F. Box, 1876.
H. C. Armstrong, 1880.
Solomon Palmer, 1884.
John G. Harris, 1890.
John O. Turner, 1894.
John W. Abercrombie, 1898.
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
211
COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE.
(This office was created in 1883 and made elective in 1891.
Edward C. Betts. 1883. I I. F. Culver, 1896.
R. F. Kolb, 1887. R. R. Poole, 1900.
HecterD. Lane, 1891; elected 1892 |
JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT.
Until 1832 the Supreme Court was composed of the judges of the
Circuit Court setting collectively.
Chief Justices :
Clement C. Clay, 1820.
Abuer S. Lipscomb, 1823.
Reuben Saflold, 1835.
Henry Hitchcock, 1836.
Arthur F. Hopkins, 1836.
Henry W. Collier,1837.
Edward S. Dargan, 1849.
William P. Chilton, 1852.
George Goldthwaite, 1856.
Samuel F. Rice, 1856.
Abram J. Walker, 1859.
Elisha W. Peck, 1868.
Thomas M. Peters, 1873.
R. C. Brickell, 1874.
George G. Stone, 1884.
R. C. Brickell, 1894.
Thos. N. McClellan, 1898.
Justices :
Clement C. Clay, 1819.
A beer S. Lipscomb, 1819.
Henry W. Webb, 1819
Richard Ellis, 1819
Reuben Safford, 1819
Henry Minor, 1823
John Gayle, 1823
John White, 1825
John M. Taylor, 1825
Sion L. Perry, 1828
Eli Shortridge, 1828
Henry W. Collier, 1828
Harry I. Thornton, 1833
Henry Hitchcock, 1835
Arthur F. Hopkins, 1836
Henry W. Collier, 1836
Henry Goldthwaite, 1836.
Arthur F. Hopkins, 1836.
John J. Ormond, 1837.
Clement C. Clay, 1843.
Henry Goldthwaite, 1843.
Edward S. Dargan, 1847.
William P. Chilton, 1847.
Silas Parsons, 1849.
Daniel Coleman, 1851.
David G. Ligon, 1851.
George Goldthwaite, 1852.
John D. Phelan, 1852.
Lyman Gibbons, 1852.
Samuel F. Rice, 1855.
Abram J. Walker, 1856.
George W. Stone, 1856.
Richard W. Walker, 1859.
John D. Phelan, 1864.
William McKindree Byrd, 1866.
Thomas J. Judge, 1866.
Thomas M. Peters, 1868.
Benjamin F. Saflold, 1868.
R. C. Brickell, 1873.
Thomas J. Judge, 1874.
Amos R. Manning, 1874.
George W. Stone, 1876.
H. M. Somerville, 1880.
David Clopton, 1884.
T. N. McCiellan, 1889.
Thomas W. Coleman, 1890.
Richard W. Walker, 1891.
W. S. Thorington, 1892.
J. B. Head, 1892.
Jonathan Haralson, 1892.
John R.Tyson, 1898.
Henry A. Sharp, 1898.
James R. Dowdell, 1898.
212
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
SENATORS IN CONGRESS.
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
William R. King, 1819-1844.
John W. Walker, 1819-1822.
William Kelley, 1828-1825.
He my Chambers, 1825-1826.
Israei Pickens, APril 10-Dec. 21,
1826.
John McKinley, 1826-1831.
Gabriel Moore, 1881-1837.
Clement C. Clay, 1837-1841.
Arthur P. Bagby, 1841-1848.
William R. King, 1848-1853.
Dixon Hall Lewis, 1844-1848.
Benjamin Fitspatrick, 1848-1849.
Jeremiah Clemens, 1849-1853.
Clement C. Clay, 1853(withdrew)
1861.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick, 1853( with¬
drew) 1861.
George S. Houston, 1865. Elect¬
ed, but not seated.
Lewis E. Parsons, 1865. Elected,
but not seated.
John A. Winston, 1867. Elect¬
ed. but not seated.
Willard Warner, 1868- 1871.
George E. Spencer, 1868-1879.
George Goldthwaiie, 1872-1877.
John T. Morgan, 1877-.
George S. Houston, 1879-1883.
James L. Pugh, 1883-1897.
Edmund Winston Pettus, 1897-.
CONFEDERATES STATES SENATORS.
William L. Yancy, 1861-1863. i Robert Jemison, 1863-1865.
Clement Clay, 1862-i864. Richard W. Walker, 1864-1865.
Sixteenth Congress, 1819-1821.
John Crowell.
Seventeenth Congress, 1821-1823.
Gabriel Moore.
Eighteenth Congress, 1823-1825.
JohnMcKee, Gabriel Moore, Geo
W. Owen.
Nineteenth Congress, 1825-1827.
John McKee, Gabriel Moore, Geo
W. Owen.
Twentieth Congress, 2827-1829.
John McKee, Gabriel Moore, Geo
W. Owen.
Twenty-first Congress; 1829-1831.
Robert E. B. Baylor, Clement C.
Clay, Dixon H. Lewis.
Twenty-second Congress, 1831-
1833.
Clement C. Clay, Dixon H. Lew¬
is, Samuel W. Mardis.
Twenty-third Congress, 1833-1835
C. C. Clay, Dixon H. Lewis(
Samuel W. Mardis, John Mc¬
Kinley, John Murphy.
Twenty-fourth Congress, 1835-
1837.
IS IN CONGRESS.
Reuben Chapman, Joab Lawler.
Dixon H. Lewis, Joshua L.
Martin, Francis S. Lyon.
Twenty-fifth Congress, 1837-1839.
Reuben Chapman, Joab Lawler
(1837-1838), George W. Crabb
(1838-1839), Dixon H. Lewis,
Joshua L. Martin, Francis S.
Lyon.
Twenty-sixth Congress, 1839-1841
Reuben Chapman, George W.
Crabb, James Dellet,. David
Hubbard, Dixon H. Lewis.
Twenty-seventh Congress, 1841-
1843.
Reuben Chapman, Geo. S. Hous¬
ton, Dixon H. Lewis, William
W. Payne, Benj. D. Shields.
Twenty-eighth Congress, 1843-
1845.
James E. Belser, Reuben Chap¬
man, James Dellet, George S.
Houston, Dixon H. Lewis (to
1844), F. G. McCounell, W.
W. Payne, William L. Yancey
(1844.)
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
213
REPRESENTATIVES IN
Twenty-Ninth Congress, 1845-
1847.
Reuben Chapman. Edward S.
Dargan, Henry W. Hilliard,
G. S. Houston, F. G. McCon-
nell, W. W. Payue, W. L.
Yancey (to 1846), Franklin W.
Bowdon, (1846), James L. F.
Cottrell (1846).
Thirtieth Congress, 1847-1849.
Franklin W. Bowdon, W. R. W.
Cobb, John Gayle, Sampson
W. Harris, Henry W. Hilliard,
George S. Houston, Samuel W.
Inge.
Thirty-first Congress, 1849-
1851.
W. J. Alston, Frankliu W. Bow¬
don, W. R. VV. Cobb, S. NY.
Harris, H. W. Hilliard, David
Hubbard, S. W. Inge.
Thirty-second Congress, 1851-
1853.
James Abercrombie, John Bragg,
W. R. W. Cobb, S. W. Harris,
G. S. Houston, W. R. Smith,
Alexander White.
Thirty-third Congress, 1853-
1855.
James Abercrombie, W. R. W.
Cobb, James F. Dowdell, S. W.
Harris, George S. Houstou,
Philip Phillips, William R.
Smith.
Thirty-fourth Congress, 1855-
1857.
W. R. W. Cobb, James F. Dow¬
dell, S. W. Harris, George S.
Houston, Eli S. Shorter, Wil¬
liam R. Smith, Percy Walker.
Thirty-fifth Congress, 1857-
1859.
W. R. W. Cobb, Jabez L. M.
Curry, James F. Dowdell, Geo.
S. Houston, Sydenham Moore,
Eli S. Shorter, James A. Stall-
worth.
Thirty-sixth Congress, 1859-
1861.
David Clopton, W. R, W. Cobb,
Jabez L. M. Carry, George S.
Houston, Sydenham Moore,
James L. Pugh, James A. Stall-
worth.
CONGRESS—Continued.
(Alabama was not represented in
the Thirty-seventh or the
Thirty-eighth Congress.
Thirty-ninth Congress, 1865-
1867.
(Representatives elected in the
Reconstruction period, but de¬
nied seats.) Charles C. Lang-
don, George C. Freeman, Cul-
len A. Battle. Joseph W. Tay¬
lor, Burwell T. Pope, Thomas
J. Foster.
Fortieth Congress, 1867-1869.
F. W. Kellogg, Charles W. Buck¬
ley. Benjamin W. N orris,
Charles W. Pierce, John B.
Callis, Thomas Haughey.
(These took their seats in 1868.)
Forty-First Congress, 1869-
1871.
Alfred E. Buck, Charles W.
Buckley, Robert S. Heflin,
Charles Hays, Peter M. Dox,
W. C. Sherrod.
Forty-second Congress, 1871-
1873.
Benjamin F. Turner, Charles W.
Buckley, William A. Handley,
Charles Hays, Peter M. Dox,
Joseph H. Sloss.
Forty-third Congress, 1873-1875.
F. G. Bromberg, J. T. Rapier, C.
Pelham, Chas. Ha.vs, John H.
Caldwell, Joseph H. Sloss, Al¬
exander White, C. C. Sheats.
Forty-fourth Congress, 1875-1877.
W. H. Forney, B. B. Lewis, J.
Haralson, J. H. Caldwell, J. N.
Williams, Taul Bradford, C.
Hays, G. W. Hewitt.
Forty-fifth Congress, 1877-1879.
James T. Jones, Hilary A. Her¬
bert, J. N. Williams, C. M.
Shelley, Robert F. Ligou, G.
W. Hewitt, William H. For¬
ney, William W. Garth.
Forty-sixth Congress, 1879-
1881.
Thos. H. Herndon, Hilary A.
Herbert, William J. Samford,
Charles M. Shelley, Thomas
Williams, B. B. Lewis, Wil¬
liam H. Forney, William M.
Lowe. ,
214
HISTORY OF ALABAMA.
REPRESENTATIVES IN
Forty-seventh Congress, 18S1-
1883.
Thomas H. Hern don, Hilary A.
Herbert, William C. Gates, C.
M. Shelley, Thomas Williams,
G. W. Hewitt, William H.
Forney, Joseph Wheeler.
Forty-eighth Congress, 1883-1885.
James T. Jones, Hilary A.Her¬
bert, William C. Gates, C. M.
Shelley, Thomas Williams, G.
W. Hewitt, William H. For¬
ney, Luke Pry or.
Forty-niuth Congress, 1885-1887.
James T. Jones, Hilary A. Her¬
bert, William C. Oates, A. C.
Davidson. T. W. Sadler, J. M.
Martin, William H. Forney,
Joseph Wheeler.
Fiftieth Congress, 1887-1889.
James T. Jones, Hilary A.Her¬
bert, William C. Oates, A. C.
Davidson, James E. Cobb, Jno
H. Bankhead, Wm. H. Forney,
Joseph Wheeler.
Fifty-first Congress, 1889-1891.
Richard Clarke, Hilary A. Her¬
bert, William C. Oates, John
V. McDuffie (in place of Louis
W. Turpin, unseated), James
E. Cobb, J. H. Bankhead, Wil¬
liam H. Forney, Jos. Wheeler.
Fifty-second Congress, 1891-1893.
Richard H. Clarke, Hilary A.
Herbert, William C. Gates,
Louis W. Turpin, Jas. E. Cobb,
J. H. Bankhead. William H.
Forney, Joseph Wheeler.
Fifty-third Congress, 1893-1895.
R. H. Clarke, Jesse F. Stalliugs,
William C. Oates, Gaston A.
Robbins, James E. Cobb, J. H.
IN CONFEDE
William P. Chilton, 1861-1865.
J. L. M. Curry, 1861-1864.
Thomas Fearn, 1861.
David Lewis, 1861.
Stephen F. Hale, 1861-1862.
Henry C. Jones, 1861.
Colin J. McRae, 1861-1862.
John G. Shorter, 1861-1862.
Robert H. Smith. 1861-1862.
Richard WT. Walker, 1861-1862.
Cornelius Robinson, 1861-1862.
CONGRESS—Continued.
Bankhead, W. H. Denson, Jo¬
seph Wheeler, L. W. Turpin.
Fifty-fourth Congress, 1895-1897.
R. H. Clarke, J. F. Stallings,
George P. Harrison, William
F. Aidrich (to succeed Gaston
A. Robbins, unseated in 1896),
A. T. Goodwyn (to succeed J.
E. Cobb, unseated in 1896),
John H. Bankhead, M. W.
Howard, Joseph Wheeler, Os¬
car W. Underwood.
Fifty-fifth Congress, 1897-1899.
George W. Taylor. J. F. Stall¬
ings, Henry D. Clayton, W. F.
Aidrich (in place of T. S. Plow¬
man, unseated in 1898), Willis
Brewer, John H. Bankhead,
M. W. Howard, Jos. Wheeler,
O. W. Underwood.
56th Congress, 1899-1901, GeoW.
Taylor, J. F. Stallings, Henry
D. Clayton, G. A. Robbins,
Willis Brewer, J. H. Bank-
head, John L. Burnett, Joseph
Wheeler, O. W. Underwood.
Constitutional Conventions.
Convention of 1819—Jo h n W.
Walker, President.
Convention of 1861—William M.
Brooks, President.
Convention of 1865 — Benjamin
Fitzpatrick, President.
Convention of 1867—E. W. Peek,
President.
Convention of 1875— Leroy Pope
Walker, President.
Convention of 1901—John B.
Knox, President.
TE CONGRESS.
Nicholas Davis, 1861-1862.
Edward S. Dargan, 1862-1864.
John P. Ralls, 1862-1864.
David Clopton, 1862-1865.
Thomas J. Foster, 1862-1865.
Francis S. Lyon, 1862-1865.
James L. Pugh, 1862-1865.
William R. Smith, 1862-1865.
Marcus D. Cruikshank, 1864-1865.
James S. Dickinson, 1864-1865.
Alabama Ba itist Colored University,
V 7
Selma, Alabama.
ITS OBJECTS.
It was founded iu 1878 by the Colored Baptists of Ala¬
bama for the training- of preachers, teachers, and Sunday
school workers. This object has been kept steadily in
view from the beginning of the institution until the present.
The demand to-day for competent preachers and teachers
is greater than ever before.
SOME RESULTS.
Many graduates and und ergraduates are scattered through
this and other states helping along various lines to lift up
the race and humanity—preachers propagating the gospel,
teachers carrying the light of education into the dark
places, doctors removing the ills that afflict humanity,
lawyers defending the oppressed, brave husbands and lov¬
ing wives exerting wholesome influence in their communi¬
ties. By the pen and voice our students are doing a
mighty work for the world. Not a community in tiie
State has not been blessed by the beneficent influence con¬
stantly igoing forth from the Institution. Its graduates
have been remarkably successful in the ministry, in the
school room, on the platform, in medicine, in law, and in
business.
ITS FACULTY.
The Institution has an able and experienced corps of
teachers, who are graduates from Northern and Southern
institutions. Under the faculty students receive careful
training. Two things are aimed at: 1. Moral discipline.
2. The habit of thinking. Books are only means to bring
out this result.
OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT.
The property, consisting of thirty acres and three build¬
ings, one of which is a large four-story brick building
40x120 feet, is owned by the Alabama Baptist State Con¬
vention and managed by a Board of Trustees elected by
and from that body. It is chartered by the Legislature.
DEPARTMENTS.
I. Literary.
]. Primary. 2. Intermediate. 3. Preparatory.
4. Normal. 5. College.
II. Theological.
1. Bible Training. 2. English Course. 3. Classical
Course.
III. Musical.
1. Instrumental. 2. Vocal.
IVr. Industrial.
1. Sewing. 2. Cooking. 3. Printing.
TERMS.
Board, furnished room, and fuel, per month $ 7.00
Tuition 1.00
Instrumental music 1.00
Vocal Free.
Washing 60c. to 70c. per month.
Those who wish, may work out one or two dollars per
month without interfering with their studies.
Pastors of churches can obtain board for $5.50 per
month. Tuition for all ministerial students free.
C. S. DINKINS, President,
Selma, Alabama.
TALLADEGA COLLEGE
For the Higher Education
of the Negro ....
Department of Theology. The College, with Classical
and Scientific Courses. The Normal Department.
The Preparatory Schools. Music. Industrial
Training.
Beautiful Location,
Healthful Climate,
Superior Facilities for Instruction.
EXPENSES VERY MODERATE
Graduates are Occupying Prominent
Positions in Eighteen States and
Territories and in Africa.
For further information, address
THE PRESIDENT,
Talladega, Ala.
THE
STATE NORMAL SCHOOL
For
COLORED STUDENTS,
Montgomery, Alabama.
ORGANIZED
In 1873, being the first school established by a Southern State for
the higher education of the colored race.
OBJECTS.
To educate competent teachers for the Public Schools and to pre¬
pare young men and women for leaders in the elevation of
the race.
AIMS.
To develop each student as an individual to his utmost capacity
in his physical, mental and moral nature.
CLAIMS.
Thoroughness in its work, as shown by the success of its students
in competitive examinations, and l>y the success of its 300
graduates.
ADVANTAGES.
Thorough English education with Manual Training as the basis
of future professional and industrial success. As cheap as any
school of the kind in the State. Tuition Free.
For further information, correspond with
W. B. PATERSON,
President,
Montgomery, . . Alabama.
ERRATA.
Page 2, line next last—"1840" should bo 1540.
Page 12, line 15—"a large part" should be the Southern parts.
Page 13, line 32, and elsewhere—"Beloxi" should be Biloxi.
Page 33, line 26—"1818" should be 1813-
Page 55, line 21—"devolved" should be was placed.
Page 62, heading chap, xvi—"John" should be Joshua L.
Page 64, line 10, and elsewhere—"Francis F. Lyons" should be
Fraucis S. Lyon.
Page 65, line 13, and elsewhere—"withdrew"should be, remained
Imt did not vote for candidates.
Page 65, line 18—"to succeed Senator Bagby" should be to suc¬
ceed Lewis as Representative in 1815.
Page 71. line 24—"Bartow" should be Barton.
Page 71 line 33—"William TV' should be William F.
Page 72, line 12—"1854" should be 1853.
Page 75, line 6—"annual to biennial" should be biennial to
annual.
Page 75, line 15—"twenty millions" should be forty-five millions.
Page 78, line 4—"secretary" should be assistant secretary.
Page 79, line 8—"Lieutenant-General Joseph Wheeler" should
be Major-General Joseph Wheeler.
Page 79, line 13—"Brigadier-General W. W. Allen" should be
Major-General W. W. Allen
Page 87, line 11—"in this administration" should be omitted.
Page 87, line 13—"1868" should be 1867.
Page 88, line 2—<(Peok" should be Peck.
Page 94, line 19—"Lieutenant-Governor" should be Governor.
Page 115, line 28—"Stones" should be Jones.
Page 120, line 7, and elsewhere—"Richard" should be Richmond
Page 123, line 28—''12th" should be 11th.
Page 155, line 16—"872" should be 810.
Page 163. line 28—"650" should be 600.
Page 164, last line—"960" should be 1140.
Page 168, line 5—"650" should be 725.
Page 170, line 8—"540" should be 600.
Page 172, line 29—"810" should be 760.
Page 174, line 15—"Green Ford" should be Green Pond.
Page 181, line 7—"740" should be 800.
Page 184, line 28—"930" should be 600.
Page 188, line 14—"1854" should be 1824.
Page 122, hue 2—"Lee county" should be Georgia.