e
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION.
CHAPTER FROM THE REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION
For 1896-97.
<
Chapter XLIV.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1898
CHAPTER XT/TV.
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED KAOE.
References to preceding Reports of the United States Bureau of Education, in which
tliis subject has been treated: In Animal Reports—1870, pp. 61, 337-339; 1871,
pp. 6, 7, 61-70; 1872, pp. xvii, xviii; 1873, p. lxvi; 1875, p. xxiii; 1878, p. xvi;
1877, pp. xxxiii-xxxviii; 1878, pp. xxviii-xxxiv; 1879, pp. xxxix-xlv; 1880,
j>. ls-iii; 1881, p. Ixxxii; 1882-83, pp. liv, xlviii-lvi, xlix, 85; 1883-84, p. liv;
1884-85, p. Ixvii; 1885-86, pp. 596, 650-656; 1886-87, pp. 790, 874-881; 1887-88,
pp. 20, 21, 167, 169, 988-998; 18S8-89, pp. 768, 1412-1439; 1889-90, pp. 620, 621,
624, 634, 1073-1102, 1388-1392, 1395-1485; 1890-91, pp. 620, 624, 792, 808, 915,
961-980, 1469; 1891-92, pp. 8, 686, 688, 713, 861-837, 1002, 1234-1237; 1892-93,
pp. 15, 442, 1551-1572, 1976; 1893-94, pp. 1019-1061; 1894-95, pp. 1331-1424;
1895-96, pp. 2081-2115; also in Circulars of Information—No. 3, 1883, p. 63; No.
2, 1886, pp. 123-133; No. 3, 1888, p. 122; No. 5,1888, pp. 53, 54, 59, 60, 80-86; No.
1, 1892, p. 71. Special Report on District of Columbia for 1869, pp. 193, 300,
301-400. Special report, New Orleans Exposition, 1884-85, pp. 468-470, 775-781.
The total enrollment in the public schools of the 16 Southern States and the Dis¬
trict of Columbia for the year 1896-97 was 5,398,076, the number of colored children
being 1,460,084 and the number of white children 3,937,992. The estimated number
of children in the South from 5 to 18 years of age was 8,625,770. Of this number
2,816,340, or 32.65 per cent, were children of the negro race, and 5,809,430, or 67.35
per cent, were white children. By reference to Table 1 on page 2297 it will bo
seen that the number of colored children enrolled was 51,84 per cent of the colored
school population, and the number of white children enrolled was 67.79 per cent of
the white school population. The average daily attendance in the public schools of
the Southern States was 3,565,611, the number in the colored schools being 904,505,
or 61.95 per cent of the colored school enrollment, and the number in average attend¬
ance in the white schools being 2,661,106, or 67.58 per cent, of the white school
enrollment.
It may be noted that in Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina the colored
school population exceeds the white school population. In Kentucky the number
of colored children enrolled was 65.52 per cent of the colored school population, a
percentage of enrollment for the colored schools greater than in any other State,
and larger than the percentage of white enrollment in at least six of the Southern
States. In the colored schools of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and South Carolina
the average daily attendance was a greater percentage of their enrollment than was
credited to the white schools of the same States upon their enrollment. Of the
119,893 public school teachers in. the Southern States, 27,435 belong to the colored
race. There was one colored teacher to every 33 colored children in average attend¬
ance, and one white teacher to every 29 white children in average attendance.
For the year 1896-97 the total expenditure for the public schools of the 16 Southern
States and the District of Columbia was $31,144,801. The cost of the schools for the
colored race can not be accurately stated, but a fair estimate would place the cost
of the colored schools at about $6,575,000.. This is something over 20 per cent of the
aggregate expenditure for the Southern States, while the average attendance of col¬
ored children was about 26 per cent of the entire average attendance of white
and colored pupils. Since 1870 the amount of money expended for public schools in
2295
2296
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
the South has reached $511,922,268. It is believed that about $100,000,000 of this
sum must have been expended for the education of the colored children. The total
expenditure for each year, and the aggregate for the twenty-seven years, as well as
the common school enrollment of white and of colored children for each year since
1876 are shown in Table 2 on the next page.
SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION.
There are at least 178 schools in the United States for the secondary and higher
education of colored youth exclusively. For the year 1896-97 only 169 of these
schools reported to this office. Of this number 1 was in Illinois, 2 in Indiana, 1 in
New Jersey, 2 in Ohio, and 3 in Pennsylvania, the remaining 160 being in the South¬
ern States. These schools are all to be found classified according to their grades in
the lists of universities and colleges, normal schools, and public and private second¬
ary schools in other chapters of this annual report, but more complete statistics
are given for each of these schools in detail in Tables 9 and 10 of this chapter, and
summarized in Tables 3 to 8.
Table 3 shows that in the 169 schools there were employed 1,795 professors and teach¬
ers, 787 males and 1,008 females. There was a total enrollment in tlieso schools of45,402
students, 20,243 males and 25,159 females, an increase of 5,275 over the enrollment of
the previous year. In collegiate grades there were 2,108 students, 1,526 males and 582
females, an increase of 653 over the previous year. In the secondary grades there
were 15,203 students, 6,944 males and 8,259 females, an increase of 1,640 over the year
before. In the elementary grades of these secondary and collegiate institutions there
were 28,091 pupils, 11,773 males and 16,318 females, an increase of 2,999 over the year
1895-96.
The classification of students according to courses of study is given in Table 4 and
part of Table 5. In all the colored schools there were 2,410 students pursuing the
classical course, 1,312 males and 1,098 females. There were 974 students in scientific
courses, 447 males and 527 females. In English courses there were 11,340 students,
4,667 males and 6,673 females. The business courses had 295 students, 179 males and
116 females. Table 5 shows that there were 5,081 students in normal or teachers'
training courses, 2,382 males and 2,699 females.
Table 5 shows that there were 117 graduates from college courses, 103 males and
14 females. There were 1,256 graduates from normal courses, 537 males and 719
females. Tho high school courses had 846 graduates, 333 males and 513 females.
The number of students pursuing professional courses and the number of gradu¬
ates from such courses are given in Table 6. In all there were 1,311 professional stu¬
dents, 1,137 males and 174 females. There were 611 students and 68 graduates in
theology, 104 students and 30 graduates in law, 345 students and 71 graduates in medi¬
cine, 38 students and 10 graduates in dentistry, 39 students and 20 graduates in
pharmacy, and 174= students and 35 graduates in nurse training.
Table 7 shows that in the 169 schools for the colored race there were 13,581 pupils
and students receiving industrial training, 4,970 males and 8,611 females. The
number in industrial training was almost 40 per cent of the total enrollment in these
schools. There were 1,027 of these pupils being trained in farm and garden work,
1,496 in carpentry, 166 in bricklaying, 144 in plastering, 149 in painting, 85 in tin
and sheet metal work, 227 in forging, 248 in machine-shop work, 185 in shoemaking,
68D in printing, 6,728 in sewing, 2,349 in cooking, and 2,753 in other trades.
The financial summary of tho 169 colored schools is given in Table 8. In the
libraries of these schools there were 224,794 volumes, valued at $203,731. The aggre¬
gate value of grounds, buildings, furniture, and scientific apparatus was $7,711,958.
The value of benefactions or bequests received during the year 1896-97 was $>>03,050.
The schools received from public funds for support for the year $271,839, from tuition
fees $141,262, from productive funds $92,080, and from sources not named $540,097,
making an aggregate income of $1,045,278 for the year.
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE.
Table 1.—Common school statistics, classified by race, 1896-97.
2297
State.
Estimated number
of persons 5 to 18
years of age.
Percentage of
the whole.
Pupils enrolled
in the
public schools.
Per cent of per¬
sons 5 to 18
years enrolled.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Alabama
334, 700
286, 900
53. 84
46.16
198, 605
120, 921
59. 34
42.15
Arkansas
331, 700
128, 500
72.08
27.92
234, 078
82,192
70. 57
63.96
Delaware (1891-92)
39,850
8, 980
81.61
18. 39
28, 316
4,858
71. 06
54.10
District of Columbia...
45, 440
25, 000
64. 51
35. 49
27, 797
15,198
61.17
60. 79
Florida
92, 240
73, 060
55. 80
44. 20
65, 913
39, 502
71. 46
54. 07
Georgia
369, 000
346, 300
51. 59
48.41
266, 991
179,180
72. 36
51. 74
Kentucky (1895-96)
557,400
95,400
85. 39
14.61
337, 618
62, 508
60. 57
65. 52
Louisiana
206, 500
220, 000
48. 42
51.58
103, 868
66, 079
50.30
30.36
Maryland
268, 000
77, 200
77.64
22. 36
186, 416
43, 531
69. 56
56. 39
Mississippi (1894^95)...
212, 700
309, 800
40.71
59. 29
162, 830
187, 785
76. 55
60. 61
Missouri
890, 300
54, 200
94. 26
5.74
641,237
31,915
72. 02
58. 88
North Carolina (1895-96)
389, 700
233, 700
62. 51
37.49
244, 376
120, 544
62.71
54.15
South Carolina
176, 700
296, 500
37. 34
62. 66
119, 027
139,156
67. 36
46. 93
Tennessee (1895-96)
480, 300
162, 000
74. 78
25. 22
386, 483
95,102
80.47
58. 70
Texas (1895-96)
800,500
245, 500
74. 53
25.47
481.419
135,149
60.14
55. 05
Virginia
340,100
242, 000
58.43
41. 57
244, 583
123, 234
71.92
50.92
VV est Virginia (1895-96)
274, 300
11, 300
96. 04
3.96
208, 435
7,230
75.99
63.98
Total
Total, 1889-90
5, 809, 430
«5,132, 948
2, 816, 340
o2,510, 847
67. 35
67.15
32.65
32. 85
3, 937, 992
3, 402, 420
1, 460, 084
1,296, 959
67.79
66. 29
51. 84
51.65
State.
Alabama
Arkansas
Delaware (1891-92)
District of Columbia...
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky (1895-96)
Louisiana
Maryland
Mississippi (1894-95)...
Missouri
JJorth Carolina (1895-86)
South Carolina
Tennessee (1895-96)
Texas (1895-96)
Virginia
West Virginia (1895-96)
Total
Total, 1889-90 ....
Average daily attendance.
White.
b 130,230
144, 532
b 19, 746
21, 783
43. 623
156; 504
247,203
75, 384
111, 208
99, 048
468, 611
155, 899
82, 627
272, 963
349, 913
145, 218
136, 614
2, 661,106
2,165, 249
Colored.
6 82, 770
50, 977
b 2,947
11, 530
25, 854
90,179
39, 658
48, 739
22, 419
103, 635
21, 820
75, 826
99, 932
65, 213
90, 336
68, 203
4,467
904, 505
813, 710
Per cent of enrollment.
White.
65.57
61. 75
69. 73
78. 36
66.18
58. 62
73. 23
72. 58
59. 66
60. 83
73. 08
63.79
69.42
70. 63
72.68
59. 37
65. 54
67. 58
63.64
Colored.
68.45
62. 02
60. 66
75. 87
65. 45
50. 33
63.44
73. 76
51.50
55.19
68.37
59. 92
71.81
68. 57
66.84
55. 34
61. 78
61.95
62.74
Number of teachers.
White.
4,725
5, 617
734
715
2, 016
6. 014
8, 727
2, 630
4, 062
4, 591
14,176
5,129
2,928
7,257
10, 470
6,448
6, 219
92, 458
78, 903
Colored.
2, 398
1, 564
106
356
642
3, 247
1,482
1,052
774
3, 264
762
2, 756
2, 045
1,878
2, 747
2,127
235
27,435
24, 072
a United States Census. 6 Approximately.
Table 2.—Sixteen former slave States and the District of Columbia.
Tear.
Common school
enrollment.
Expend¬
itures
(both
races).
Year.
Common school
enrollment.
Expend¬
itures
(both
races).
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
1870 71
$10, 385,464
11, 623, 238
11,176, 048
11, 823,775
13,021,514
12, 033, S65
11, 231, 073
12, 093, 091
12,174,141
12, 678, 685
13, 656, 814
15, 241, 740
16, 363, 471
17, 884, 558
19, 253, 874
1885 86
2, 773,145
2,975, 773
3,110, 606
3,197, 830
3, 402,420
3, 570, 624
3, 607, 549
3, 697, 899
3, 835, 593
3, 845,414
3, 861. 300
3, 937i 992
1, 048, 659
1,118, 556
1,140, 405
1, 213, 092
1,296,959
1, 329, 549
1,354,316
1,367,515
1,424, 995
1,441,282
1, 429, 713
1,460, 084
$20, 208,113
20, 821, 909
21,810,158
23,171, 878
24, 880,107
26, 690, 310
27, 691, 488
28, 535, 738
29, 223, 546
29, 372, 990
30,729,819
31, 144, 801
1886-87
1887-88
1873 74
1888 89
1874-75 .
1889-90
1875 76
1890 91
1, 827,139
2, 034,946
2, 013, 684
2, 215, 674
2, 234, 877
2, 249, 263
2. 370.110
2, 546, 448
2, 676, 911
571, 506
675,150
685,942
784, 709
802, 374
802,982
817, 240
1, 002, 313
1, 030, 463
1891 92
1877 78 -
1892-93
1878-79
1893-94
1894-95
1895 96
1896-97
Total ...
514, 922, 208
1884-85
2298 EDUCATION REPORT, 189G-97.
Table 3.—Teachers and students in institutions for the colored race in 1S0G-D7.
Teachers.
104
20
3
85
10
71
1
8
34
48
8
42
17
3
84
14
17
12 48
14 49
10 40
14 70
3 11
169 7871,008
111
29
0
31
15
153
1
10
40
50
20
52
16
5
90
9
8
75
101
59
123
10
215
49
3
116
25
22-J
2
18
74
98
28
94
33
8
174
23
25
3 23
150
99
193
21
Students.
Elementary.
1,131
593
250
1, 354
20
453
841
60
415
236
11
983
71
m
1, 202
1, 772
568
1,458
94
1, 795 11,773
1,427
090
148
329
2,416
27
784
l, 19:
183
501
247
7
1, 661
79
156
1, 270
2, 272
1, 006
1, 745
111
2,558
1, 289
292
579
3,770
53
1, 237
2, 034
243
970
483
18
2. 644
150
207
2,472
4, 044
1,574
3, 203:
205
16, 318 28, 091
Secondary.
1, 223 1, 008
253! 210
24
408j 590
67'
6291, 049j
16
35
466
186
93
520
171
17
672
82
230
410 524
570 601
349 440
433! 941
S*4| 105
24
50
586
181
180
334
218
16
860
97
137
6, 944 8, 259
2, 231
463
30
998
163
1, 078
40
85
1, 052
367
2'
854
389
33
1,532
179
373
934
1,171
789
1, 374
189
15,203
Collegiate.
38
12
50
23
7
30
10
12
342
82
424
174
0
"98
49
10
105
5
0
201
47
48
14
193 179
84 31
85 2
190
0
'i
70
10
177
5
0
261
62
48
17
372
115
87
Total.
-3
2, 392'
809
34
80-ij
317
2,157
16.
6ll
1, 017'
1,076
163,
1, 040
412
28
1, 856
200
395
1,623
2, 535
1,001
1, 970
178'
a
&
2,447 4,839
913 1,782
8 42
820 1,714
42C 742
3,481 5, 6:J8
241 40
77 138
1, 450 2,407
1,395 2,471
309 532
9S7
405
23
2, 581
191
293;
1,797
3, 052
1,477
2, 688
210
2, 007
877
51
4, 4ii7
391
688
3,423
5, 587
2, 478
4,604
394
1, 526 582 2,108 20, 243 25,159 45,402
ll I I I
Table 4.—Classification of colored students, by courses of study, 1S9G-97.
State.
Students in
classical courses.
Students in sci¬
entific courses.
Students in
English courses.
Students in
business courses.
Alabama
Arkansas
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Mississippi
Missouri
Me-w Jersey
Mortli Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
West Virginia
Total.
11
52
3
129
3
29
0
218
14
81
3
347
121
0
35
73
47
40
41
19
0
175
14
165
67
218
40
44
18
1, 312
150
0
50
161
35
107
30
11
0
14
3
29
31
176
7
36
1, 098
271
0
85
234
82
147
71
30
0
189
17
194
98
394
47
80
26
2,410
447
12
28
0
6
111
0
55
9
29
17
50
44
57
527
392
168
2
497
229
0
397
2
114
0
233
735
16
326
1, 359
24
559
,094
40
15
81
0
27
175
0
88
24
64
29
105
101
71
70
330
57
129
18
0
533
56
56
678
486
186
522
170
422
237
187
20
0
690
40
29
658
775
237
767
240
752
294
316
38
0
1, 229
96 I
85 '
1,336
1 261
'423
1, 289
974
4,667
6,673 |11, 340
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE. 2299
Table 5.—Number of colored normal students and graduates in 1SDG-97.
State.
Students in nor¬
mal courses.
Graduates of high-
school courses.
Graduates of nor¬
mal courses.
Graduates of col¬
legiate courses.
Male.
Fe¬
male.
Total.
Male.
Fe¬
male.
Total.
Male.
Fe¬
male.
Total.
Male.
Fe¬
male.
Total.
Alabama
Arkansas
Delaware
828
103
669
61
1,497
104
8
7
10
4
18
11
308
6
281
7
589
13
2
3
0
1
2
4
District of Columbia . ,.
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
75
17
114
0
79
10
210
0
154
27
354
0
27
0
44
1
6
58
2
71
4
10
85
2
115
5
1G
26
7
3
36
3
41
62
10
44
5
0
9
0
0
0
5
0
5
0
14
0
Indiana
Kentucky
77
12
17
85
61
0
221
29
54
102
263
137
108
76
144
eo
33
156
57
0
232
54
29
223
365
138
65
84
221
72
50
241
118
0
453
83
83
325
631
275
173
160
4
8
1
24
6
0
33
2
5
14
31
14
36
9
13
17
11
26
5
0
36
12
6
43
60
24
89
9
17
25
12
50
11
0
69
14
11
57
91
38
125
18
Louisiana
Maryland
Mississippi
Missouri
New Jersey
North Carolina
Ohio
14
11
11
14
0
44
7
19
19
4
23
0
14
20
33
30
18
37
0
58
27
5
2
3
.2
0
If
7
30
0
16
5
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
2
1
0
0
5
2
3
2
0
10
30
0
18
G
3
0
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
"Virginia
"West Virginia
Total
37
55
24
20
0
58
111
30
54
2
95
160
54
74
2
2, 382 j2, 699 ^5, 081
333
513
846
537
719 jl, 256
103
14
117
Table 6.—Colored professional students and graduates in 1S9S-D7.
State.
Students in pro¬
fessional courses.
Professional students and graduates.
Theol¬
ogy.
Law.
Medi¬
cine.
Dentist
ry-
Phar¬
macy.
Nurse
training
Alabama
Arkansas
Delaware
District of Columbia.
!Florida. - -
Georgia
Illinois -
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana -—
Maryland
Mississippi
Missouri - —. -
New Jersey
North. Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
"Virginia
Woat V irginia
25
132
S07
0
295
0
295
25
Total.
154
0
0
13
38
2
5
4
0
316
15
48
50
221
4
65
0
1,137
193
0
0
13
43
2
57
4
0
122
15
48
86
221
13
67
0
174 1,311
104 30 345
2300
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Table 7.—Industrial training of colored students in 1896-97.
Pupils receiving
industrial
training.
State.
Alabama
Arkansas
Delaware
District of Columbia..
Florida
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Mississippi
Missouri
New Jersey
North Carolina.
Ohio
Pennsylvania...
South Carolina..
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
"West Virginia..
,117
132
34
151
76
251
74
118
1, 272
2,105
314
40
225
194
1, 523
Students trained in industrial branches.
U O
IS
294
40
14
195
29
20
165
EH 8
8
0
10
•S*
11
20
394
48
360
65
28
442
83
28
667
142
421
452
59
201
433
207
432
140
23
1,116
133
88
1,042
416
693
915
132
221
827
255
792
205
51
1,558
216
116
1,709
558
1,114
1,367
191
18
73
0
90
0
15
66
0
0
53
5
167
125
7
78
8
94
31
28
142
38
28
182
41
125
77
52
10
60
10
57
79
22
76
10
10
Total 4,970 8,61113,5811,027 1,496 166 144 149 85 227 248 185 689 6,728 2, 349 2, 753
Table 8.—Financial summary of the 169 colored schools.
State.
Alabama
Arkansas
Delaware
District of Columbia ...
Plorida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Mississippi
Missouri
New Jersey
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
"West Virginia
Total.
o ®t-
IS tD
3.2 3
$35,377
1,020
200
0
15
10, 703
133
2, 600
8,110
200
0
24,464
0
1,745
47, 538
1,950
167,480
3,515
1C, 125
5, 660
17. 319
2,376
33,770
169
212
18, 567
10, 700
5,000
16, 820
2,910
100
17, 250
6, 600
14,000
8.475
18,166
7, 575
17,400
5, 600
305,050 224,794
$15, 970
2, 935
14, 500
2, 350
29, 659
190
200
17, 025
8, 800
4,400
24,400
2,159
75
16, 035
6,500
14, 000
5, 680
17, 330
6,700
11, 223
3,600
rt .
•dp®®
S 3 o -5
g«H « g
' ®-
IS**
2 >5 ® o
$532,
170,
17,
965,
70,
1, 324,
38,
2,
294,
326,
110,
431,
166,
1,
523,
108,
214,
212,
904,
324,
888,
110,
$14, 730
8, 200
4,000
32, 600
11,500
17, 300
17, 271
5,807
29, 220
9, 000
12, 900
9, 750
18,000
3,000
17, 889
16,400
3,100
3,100
20,600
25,550
15,000
7,914
292
23,014
5, 094
4,054
3, 200
7,313
1,761
0
8,588
1,822
8,485
24,958
23, 683
7,'
325
203,731 7,714,958! 271,839 141,262 92,080 540,097 1,045,278
I j
^ 'H
8 2
0 S'~
2£g
$7, 766
■ 2,100
9, 000
0
5,700
4,578
6, 440
1,240
10, 000
125
0
725
1, 323
2^8
© O
h d
$36, 778
4,145;
4,200!
11,000
145
81,115
8,173
22, 610
11, 610
23, 222
2, 996
0
49, 857
8, 771
1,000 37, 633
2, 800 38, 633
500 25,134
37,224 164,406
1, 559 9, 669
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE
2301
"SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITION OF NEGROES IN CITIES."
Under the above title the Atlanta University has recently published a valuable
report of an investigation made under the direction of that institution by a number
of its graduates. The introduction to that report and the three leading papers
by the principal investigators are reprinted below :
introduction.
The papers presented in this report were written exclusively by colored men and
women, and are based upon statistical investigations made by them under the
direction of Atlanta University.
The investigation was begun by an inquiry on the part of three graduates of
Atlanta University into the causes of the excessive mortality among negroes. A
conference was held on the subject at Atlanta University in May, 1896, and the facts
brought out at that conference were so significant that the investigation was con¬
tinued for another year along similar lines, but on a more extensive scale, and a
second conference was held in May, this year. The cooperation of graduates of
other institutions was invited. The present investigation, therefore, is the result
of thejoint efforts of graduates of Atlanta University, Fisk, Berea, Lincoln, Spelman,
Howard, Meharry, and other institutions for the higher education of the negroes.
The conclusions which these men and women have reached as a result of their
investigations are, in some respects, most surprising; especially their conclusions as
to the effect of environment and economic conditions upon the vital energies of the
race. Their conclusions were, in substance, that the excessive mortality of their,
people can not be attributed in any large degree to unfavorable conditions of environ¬
ment, but must-he chiefly attributed to thelgnorance of the massea pfLthqjpewla
and~tlTeir disregard of the laws of Health and morality! The significance of this
conclusion is tersely expressed by one of the writers^who says:
"This last fact, that the excessive death rate of the colored people does not arisen
fin a to environment, is of vast importance. If poor houses, unhealthy
localities, bad sewerage, and defective plumbing were responsible for their high
death rate, there would be no hope of reducing the death rate until either the col¬
ored people became wealthy, or philanthropic persons erected sanitary houses, or
municipalities made appropriations to remove those conditions. But since the
excessive death rate is not due to these causes, there is reason for the belief that it
may be reduced without regard to the present economic condition of the colored
people."
The attention of the members of the conference seemed to be mainly directed to
a consideration of the social questions affecting the progress of the race. The
sentiment of the conference was voiced by one writer in these words:
" If we are to strike at the root of the matter, it will not be at sanitary regulation,
but at social reconstruction and moral regeneration."
The solution of the problem will be found in the wise direction of the numerous
charitable, religious, and educational organizations of colored people already estab¬
lished. As a means toward that end, the university will continue the city problem
investigation along the lines upon which it was begun, and will hold a third con¬
ference at Atlanta next May. The subject of the next conference can not now be
announced, but in accordance with the expressed wish of members of the last con¬
ference, it will be some subject dealing with the social conditions of the people.
The result of the present investigation has been, on the whole, distinctly encour¬
aging. In the opinion of the committee having the investigation in charge, the
negro has nothing to fear from a most rigid and searching investigation into his
physical and social condition, but such an investigation can be saade most helpful
and valuable.
Results of the Investigation.
[Note.—The three following papers on the results of the investigation were written
by the three members of the conference who individually collected the most data:
Mr. Butler E. Wilson, a member of the committee, who gathered data relating to 100
families that had migrated from North Carolina to Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. Eugene
Harris, of Fisk University, who made an extensive investigation in Nashville,
and Mr. L. M. Hershaw, of Washington, D. C., who had in charge the very labori¬
ous work of analyzing the reports of the boards of health for the past fifteen
years.—Ed.]
2302
EDUCATION BEPOKT, 180G-U7.
GENICKAL SUMMARY.1
In making this investigation of the habits, morals, and environment of negroes
living in cities, three things have "been kept constantly in view, viz:
First. To obtain accurate information, without regard to cherished theories or
race pride; .
Second. To make the inquiry practical and helpful, and not merely for scientific
results; and, , .
Third. To induce the people to apply the remedies -which they have in their own
hands for the evils which are found to exist and which retard their progress.
The results to bo gained depended entirely upon the intelligence and litness of the
investigators, wlio were selected with great care from the ranks of well-known
colored educators, ministers, physicians, lawyers, and business men living among
the people covered by the investigation. All the data were gathered by this body
of trained colored leaders, and they are believed to be perhaps more than usually
accurate, because of the investigators' knowledge of the character, habits, anil
prejudices of the people, and because of the fact that they were not hindered by
the suspicions which confront the white investigator, and which seriously affect the
accuracy of the answers to his questions.
The work of the investigators was entirely voluntary and was done with a will¬
ingness and industry highly gratifying.
The cities embraced in the investigation, with a single exception, are located in
regions of heaviest n6gro population, and are fairly representative of other cities
containing large numbers of negroes.
The data obtained were published in the May Bulletin of the United States Depart¬
ment of Labor, and cover so wide a range of useful information that only a few
things can be pointed out here.
Referring to the tables of this Bulletin, we find one noticeable fact in Table 3,
namely, that the size, of colored families is much smaller than is commonly sup-nosed,
the average being 4.17 persons.
Tables 5 and 6, giving household conditions by families—the average persons per
sleeping room and the number of rooms per family—show that the general belief
tlyit the tenements and houses occupied by colored people are greatly overcrowded
founded on facts. These tables do not show that any great overcrowding
exists, on the whole, although for certain individual families and groups the aver¬
ages are somewhat larger. It also appears that the average number of living rooms
is much larger than has been thought to be the case. An average of 2.22 persons
to a sleeping room in Atlanta, 2.44 persons in Nashville, and 1.96 persons in Cam¬
bridge, and 2.05 persons in all tho other cities covered by the investigation, is an
unexpected and important showing, and reverses tho idea that tho number of fami¬
lies having but one room each for all purposes was very largo and was tho rule
instead of the exception. Out of a total of 1,137 families investigated only 117,-or
10.29 per cent, had but one room each for their use for all purposes.
Table 7, giving number of families and means of support, shows a largo proportion
of females who either support families unaided or who contribute to tie support of
families.
Of the male heads only 26.7 per cent were able to support their families without
assistance from oth:r members. Of the 1,137 families 650, or 57.17 per cent, were
supported wholly or in part by female heads.
In comparison with white female heads of families and those contributing to
family support there is quite a large excess on the part of colored women.
This table calls attention to the enforced absence of mothers from their homes
and the daily abandonment, by these mothers who are compelled to aid in earning
the family support, of their young children to the evil associations, tho temptations,
and vicious liberty of the alleys, courts, and slums.
To attempt to prove from the Bhowing of this table that negro men are unwill-
ing-to support their families and that they are lazy and shiftless would be unfair.
Careful inquiry by a number of the investigators indicates V6ry strongly that the
comparatively small support given bv-the-mirmn to-their families is not due to unwill¬
ingness,"~but to thejr inability to get work as readily and constantly_as the woraeu.
At the South white" men'refuseto work Iff the bench, in The mill, and at other employ¬
ments with colored men, who for this reason are denied work, and therefore unable
to earn means with which to support their families.
This fact was found to exist in tho city of Cambridge, where a large per cent of
the men in the hundred families investigated, in reply to an inquiry, said that they
had been refused work because they were colored, and a number of them said that
they were unable to follow their trades, but had to "job around" with unsteady
employment for tho same reason.
!By Mr. Butler It. Wilson (1881), Boston, Mass.
EDUCATION OP THE COLOKED RACE.
2303
The "women in those families find steady employment as domestic servants and
laundresses, and at tho South find but little competition from white women.
The investigation gives a great many data on this industrial side of tho question,
"which, "want of spaco will not now allow us to consider.
Tables 8 and 9, giving the number and per cent of persons sick during the year
and the number and per cent of deaths during the past five years by causes, show that
tho diseases moat fatal to the colored people are consumption ancLpnaumonia. While
tho average length of time~of sickness from ifc is short, malarial fevor is shown to be
one of tho most prevalent diseases. Rheumatism is also shown to be quite prevalent.
Both of these diseases, as well as typhoid fever and pneumonia, may to a great
extent bo kept in abeyance by the observance of hygienic rules and a proper care
of the health.
In the 100 Cambridge families it was found that many of the men work in the water
department, and after the day's work eat the evening meal without changing their
damp clothing, often going to sleep in their chaira for an hour or more and then
going to a lodge or "society meeting," remaining not infrequently until 11 and 12
o'clock.
These tables also show that the difference between the death rate of the white and
colored people from diarrhea, diphtheria, scarlet fever, malarial fever, and typhoid
fever, all diseases chiefly affected by environment, is very slight.
Table 10, giving sickness by sanitary condition of houses, shows that while sani-
ary conditions have a very important bearing, they are not important enough to
account for the difference of per cent in the death rate between tho white and colored
people.
Great caution must be observed in making deductions from this table. While it
Is intended to show the bearing of sanitary conditions on tho health of the com¬
munity, the results obtained are not conclusive. It would be orroneons, for instance,
to attribute to bod sanitary conditions the increased amount of sickness in families,
and leave out of consideration such factors as irregular habits, indifference to healthy
living quarters, and the intimate relation between poverty and ill health.
By reference to the table it will be seen that tho number of persons sick in Atlanta
was 163 out of a total of 577, or 28.25 per cent, where the light and air were good; and
that out of 367 persons living where the light and air were bad, 120, or 32.70 percent,
were sick, a difference of only 15 per cent between houses with good and bad condi¬
tions as to light and air.
One hundred and twenty-eight persons living* in houses with good light and air
lost 5,819 days by sickness, or an average of 45.46 days each; while 102, or 26 persons
less, lost, under bad conditions of light and air, only 4,361 days, or an average of
42.75 days each, a difference of 6 per cent, the average days of sickness being more
in houses with good light and air than in those where the light and air were bad.
This table further shows that out of 537 persons living in Atlanta in houses with
good ventilation 153, or 28.49 per cent, were sick during the year, losing, for the
124 reporting, 5,927 days, or an average of 47.80 days each; while out of 427 persons
living in houses with bad ventilation 154, or 36 per cent, were sick during the year,
133 of whom lost 6,050 days, or an average of 45.49 days each, a difference of only 26
per cent between the per cent of persons sick where ventilation was good and where
it was bad, the average number of days again being greater for those under good
conditions than for those under bad.
Table 15, giving general description of houses, shows that a large proportion of
the houses occupied by the 1,137 families were wooden structures, detached and
located in neighborhoods of fair character. Of the 1,031 houses but 43 had bath¬
rooms, and 183 had water-closets, 95 of which were in the Cambridge houses. In
Atlanta and Cambridge the houses with bad outside sanitary conditions predomi¬
nated. In all the other cities the houses with good outside sanitary conditions pre¬
dominated, tho latter being greatly in excess for the entire territory covered.
This paper may be summarized as follows:
First. All the data in the investigation have been gathered by intelligent colored
men and women living in the communities covered. These investigators weio not
hindered by obstacles which make it difficult for a white man to get accurato infor¬
mation of the family life, habits, and character of the colored people. These colored
investigators can not be charged with prejudice and designs against tho interests of
the colored people. For theas reasons their work is thought to be more than usually
accurate and reliable.
Second. Overcrowding in tenements and houses occupied by colored people does
not exist to any great extent, and is less than was supposed.
Third. In comparison with white women, an excess of colored women support
their families entirely, or contribute to the family support, by occupations which
take them much of their time from home, to tho neglect of their children.
Fourth. Environment and the sanitary condition of houses are not chiefly respon¬
sible for the excessive mortality among colored people.
2304
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Fifth. Ignorance and disregard of the laws of health are responsible for a large
proportion of this excessive mortality.
Social and Physical Progress.'
The study of vital statistics is one of the most important subjects that can engage
the attention. The death rate, taken in connection with the birth rate, determines
the natural increase or decrease of population, the growth or decline of a people,
and the strength of nations. Dr. William Farr, late registrar-general of births,
deaths, and marriages in England, states the whole matter in the following lan¬
guage: "There is a relation betwixt death, health, and energy of body and mind.
There is a relation betwixt death, birth, and marriage. There is a relation betwixt
death and national primacy; numbers turn the tide in the struggle of population,
and the most mortal die out. There is a relation betwixt the forms of death and
moral excellence or infamy."
It has been known for a number of years to health officers and students of vital
statistics that the death rate of the colored people was larger than that of the white
people; that the colored people were dying in larger numbers in proportion to the
colored population than the white people were in proportion to the white popula¬
tion. Of late years these facts have become known to most intelligent persons, and
great interest attaches to the degree of the excess of the colored death rate and to
the causes of it.
This paper will deal with the vital statistics of the cities of Atlanta, Ga.; Balti¬
more, Md.; Charleston, S. C.; Memphis, Tenn., and Richmond, Va. Each of these
cities contains a large colored population, surrounded by social, economic, and moral
conditions such as exist in other cities where colored people are congregated in con¬
siderable numbers, if Philadelphia is excepted. The cities selected are therefore
thoroughly representative for the purpose in hand, and the conditions found to pre¬
vail in them may be fairly presumed to prevail in the other cities having a large
population of colored people.
The average annual death rate per 1,000 of the living population in these five cities
for the fifteen years from 1881 to 1895 was 20.74 for the whites and 36.13 for the
colored, showing a percentage of excess for the colored of 73.8.
The average annual death rate per 1,000 by race for each of the five cities under
consideration for the past fourteen or fifteen years is as follows:
Per cent
City.
White..
Colored.
excess of
colored.
Atlanta (1882-1895)
18.50
34.71
87.6
Baltimore (1880-1894)
20.69
32. 71
58.1
Charleston (1881-1894)
23.19
44.08
90.
Memphis (1832-1895)
20.58
31.15
51.3
Richmond (1881-1895)
20. 73
38. 02
83.4
An inspection of the table just given shows that the highest death rate among the
colored is in Charleston (which is also true as to the whites) and that the lowest
death rate among the colored is in Memphis, the lowest among the whites being in
Atlanta. Comparing the white and colored death rates, it is to be seen that the
greatest excess of colored over white is in Charleston, where it reaches 90 per cent,
the excess in Atlanta being 87.6 per cent and that in Richmond 83.4 per cent. The
least excess is found in Memphis, which is 51.3 per cent, Baltimore having 58.1 per
/tent. These figures seem to justify the conclusion that the worst physical condi¬
tions among the colored people are to be found in Charleston, Atlanta, and Rich¬
mond and the best in Memphis and Baltimore.
Having found the average death rates of the two races in these five cities for the
past fourteen or fifteen years, and having compared them with each other and drawn
a conclusion as to the relative physical conditions of the colored populations in the
cities under consideration, it will conduce to a better understanding and a fuller
knowledge of these conditions to divide the fourteen or fifteen years which this
investigation covers into three periods as nearly equal as possible. By pursuing
this method Ave shall be able, in a measure, to decide whether the physical condition
of the colored people is better or worse in 1894 or 1895 than in 1880 or 1881.
1 By Mr. L. M. Hershaw (1886), Washington, D. C.
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE.
2305
City.
First period.
Second period.
Third period.
White.
Col¬
ored.
Per cent
excess of
colored.
"W"hite(.
Col¬
ored.
Per cent
excess of
colored.
White.
Col¬
ored.
Per cent
excess of
colored.
Atlanta
Baltimore
Charleston
Memphis
Richmond
18.22
22. 60
25. 40
26. 08
22.42
37. 90
36.15
44.08
43. 01
40. 34
108.4
59.9
73.5
64.9
79.9
19. 25
19.46
22.30
21.49
21. 37
33.41
30.52
46. 74
29. 35
38. 83
73.5
56.8
109.6
36.5
81.7
18.03
20.01
21. 88
14.17
18.42
32. 76
31.47
41.43
21.11
34.91
81.6
57.2
89.3
48.9
89.5
The tabular statement contains, in addition to the average annual death rate, the
percentage of the excess of the colored death rate. Lest the percentages of excess
mislead somebody, it is necessary to explain that, in comparing the three periods
they merely show whether or not the colored death rate has decreased as rapidly as
the white death rate, and not the actual increase or decrease of the colored death
rate. To illustrateComparing the second and third periods in Richmond, it is to
be seen that the percentage of excess for the second period is 81.7 per cent and for
the third period 89.5 per cent. Without looking at the matter carefully the conclu¬
sion is likely to be drawn that the colored death rate is greater for the third period
than for the second, when, as a matter of fact, it is less, the rates being 38.83 1 for the
6econd and 34.91 for the third.
An inspection of the above table shows that there has been a constant decrease in
the colored death rate from period to period in Atlanta, Memphis, and Richmond.
In Atlanta the colored death rate for the first period is 37.96, for the second 33.41,
and for the third 32.76; in Memphis 43.01 for the first period, 29.35 for the second,
and 21.11 for the third and iu Richmond 40.34 for the first period, 38.83 for the
second, and 34.91 for the third. While Baltimore and Charleston do not show the
constant decrease from period to period noted in the other cities, they do show a lower
death rate for the third period than for the first, the death rates in Baltimore being
36.15 for the first period, 30.52 for the second, and 31.47 for the third, and those in
Charleston 44.08 for the first period, 46.74 for the second, and 41.43 for the third.
Memphis shows the greatest improvement, the average death rate at the end of the
third period being 50.9 per cent lower than at the end of the first, and Charleston
shows the least improvement—6 per cent. In Atlanta the improvement is 13.9 per
cent, in Richmond 13.4 per cent, and in Baltimore 12.9 per cent.
Of the five cities with which this paper deals but two hare a registration of .
births—Baltimore and Charleston. Richmond had sucn a registration, but it was"
^discontinued some years ago. The registrations of Baltimore and Charleston are
admittedly incomplete. No view of the vital statistics of a community is complete
without a knowledge of its birth rate. The birth rate is closely related to the death
rate. The natural increase of population depends upon the excess of the birth rate
over the death rate. It would be highly interesting to know what the birth rate of
the colored population in the five cities under consideration is. Is it as great as
the death rate? Is it greater than the death rate? These questions can not be
answered satisfactorily because the health reports do not Bupply the information.
The United States census of 1890 gives the colored birth rate of the United States
as 29.07 per 1,000, but owing to the incompleteness of the records of births by
the municipal and State authorities, these figures are not reliable and are probably
much too small. Four European countries have birth rates which exceed the
colored death rate in the cities that we have under consideration. In view of the
well-known fecundity of the negro race, it is fair to infer that his birth rate is cer¬
tainly as high as that of the Italian, the German, the Austrian, or the Hungarian.
If this is so, then the death rate in these cities has not reached the point where
population begins to decrease. It is well-nigh useless to pursue this branch of the
Bubject further, because of the lack of data.
Having established the fact that the average colored death rate for the past four¬
teen or fifteen years in the five cities is 78.8 per cent in excess of the white death
rate in the same cities for the same period, and having shown, by dividing these
years into three equal periods and comparing the rates of previous with succeeding
periods, that the colored death rate shows an improvement over fifteen years ago, it
remains to set forth the causes of this excessive mortality.
The principal causes of the excessive mortality of the colored people are the same
in all the cities, therefore it will serve our purpose to know the average death rate
of the three cities, Charleston, Memphis, and Richmond, combined, for a period of
1 The death rate is generally expressed in terms of 1,000. The phrase "rate of 38.83"means that
there were thirty-eight and eighty-three one-hundredths deaths per 1,000 of population. For brevity,
the words "per thousand " are omitted.
ED 97 145
2306
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
fifteen years for certain classes of diseases, and to give in full the same facts con¬
cerning Atlanta. The table which follows sliows for Charleston, Memphis, anu
Richmond, combined, the average death rate per 10,000 by specified causes ior a
period of fifteen years, from 1881 to 1895:
Disease.
Consumption and pneumonia -
Typhoid, malarial, and scarlet fevers, diarrhea and diphtheria
Cholera infantum, convulsions, and still-born
Scrofula and syphilis -
White.
«32.76
20.16
14.87
0. 81
Colored.
75.48
26. 22
39. 43
4.72
Per cent
excess of
colored.
130.4
30.0
165.1
482.7
a These death rates for specified causes ara per 10,000.
It is to be seen from the table above that for all classes of diseases the colored
death rate exceeds the -white. The greatest excess is found under scrofula and
syphllilapwliere it is 482.7 per cent in excess of the white death rate. The next
greatest excess is due to infantile diseases—cholera infantum, convulsions, and still¬
born—the excess being 165.1 per cent. The third greatest excess is due to pulmo¬
nary diseases, and is seen to be 130.4 per cent. A Ye see also that the least disparity
betwgen the white and the colored death rate is fn vi i iTT"Tm ilfrr"1far-ffrrtTrp^^
most affeclecri5y^lI^lfonmiBnt71nclu5lnF^nhoid and malarial fevers and diphtheria,
where the excess is only 30 per cent. As to syphilis and scrofula, it is to be observed
that the number of deaths is small. The white death rate during fifteen years in
Charleston, Memphis, and Richmond has been less than 1 per 10,000 of the popu¬
lation, whilo the colored was somewhat less than 5. The per cent of the excess
of the colored over the white is, however, startling, and furnishes much food for
reflection as to the morals of the colored people.
The two principal causes of the excessive mortality of the colored people are pul¬
monary diseases—consumption and pneumonia—and infant mortality. The exces¬
sive prevalence of consumption and pneumonia among colored people is brought out
very plainly in the foregoing table, where the excess in these cities is shown to be
130.4 per cent.
The following table, containing the total average annual number of deaths and
the average annual number of deaths of children under 5 years of age, with distinc¬
tion of race, will serve to show the extent of the infant mortality among colored
people:
ATLANTA, GA.
Period.
Average annual
number of deaths.
Average annual number of deaths
under 5 years of age.
"White.
Colored.
■White.
Colored.
Per cent
of white.
Per cent
of colored.
1882-1885 !.
470
644
804
751
845
1,086
172
224
257
313
348
386
38.7
34.7
31.9
4 J, 6
41.1
35.5
1886 1890
1891-1895
CHAELEST03?, S. C.
ISSo 18S9
525
1,394
148
558
28.0
40.0
1890-1894
529
1, 316
141
518
26.4
39.3
MEMPHIS, TE2W.
1836-1890
678
742
180
263
26.5
35. 4
1891-3895
619
741
145
232
23.4
31.1
TheTe is an enormous waste of child life among both races, not only in the cities
under consideration, but in all cities. But from the data at hand the conclusion is
justified that the mortality among colored children is not alarjr.iiiglyJlii.exce.ss of
the mortalitv_amonlfwhito_xluldreaJ. unless it b^or~cEir(Ireri~iinder 2_years of age.
The figures which weEave presented on this subject show that the mortality among
children of both races has decreased constantly since 1881 in Atlanta, Charleston,
and Memphis.
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE.
2307
Of tlie diseases which are excessively prevalent among colored people the most
important, and the one -which should be the occasion of the greatest alarm, is con¬
sumption. We have seen already that consumption and pneumonia are among the
causes of excessive mortality of the colored people, the oxcess per cent of Charleston,
Memphis, and Richmond being 130.4.
The table following shows the rate per 10,000 of deaths from consumption in all
the cities investigated:
ATLANTA, GA.
Period.
White.
Colored.
Per cent
excess of
colored.
1882-1885
18.40
18.83
16.82
50. 20
45. 88
43.48
172. 83
143. 65
158. 50
1886-1890
1891-1895
BALTIMORE, MD.
1886
1887
1891
1892
25. 65
58. 65
128. 05
22. 23
55.42
149. 30
20. 00
46. 32
131. CO
20.10
4!>. 41
145. 82
CHARLESTON, S. C.
1881 1884
27. 52
20. 05
17. 71
72.20
68. 08
57. 6G
162. 35
239. 55
225. 58
1885-1889
1890 1894
MEMPHIS, TENN.
188*> 1885
34.25
24.29
15.00
65.35
50. :to
37. 78
90. 80
107. 08
137. 61
1886-1890
1891 1895
RICHMOXD, TA.
1881 1885
25. 57
21.27
18.54
54.93
41.63
34.74
114. 82
95. 72
87.38
1880 18S0 .
1891 1895
It ia to be seen that in all of the cities the death rate for consumption is high
among the colored people, the lowest rate b^ing 34.74 per 10,000, in KicEmond, and
the highest 72.20, in Charleston. The greatest disparity between the white and the
colored death rate for this cause is also in Charleston, where the excess per cent of
the colored is as high as 239.5. The important fact must not be lost sight of that
the fleatih rate from this cause ha3 constantly decreased in all the cities except
Charleston, and in Charleston tne death rate lor the period 1896-1894 is lower than
for the period 1881-1884. There is reason, however, for great concern and anxiety as
to the excessive prevalence of this disease among the colored people. Unless checked
and reduced tfo a normal state, it may in the course of years be a deciding factor in
the ultimate fate of the race. The prevalence of tubercular and scrofulous diseases—
consumption, scrofula, syphilis, and leprosy—has caused the weaker races of the
earth to succumb before the rising tide of the Christian civilization. The Carib of
the West Indies, the noble red man of these shores, the natives of the Sandwich
Islands, and the aborigines of Australia and New Zealand have all disappeared or
been greatly reduced in numbers as the result of the ravages, of these diseases. It
should be an object of first importance, then, to get control of these diseases before
they reach the point where control is impossible.
It will be of interest to know somewhat in detail the physical condition of the
population in Atlanta for the fourteen years from 1882 to 1895, and the tables which
follow set forth quite fully this fact.
2308 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Death rate per 1,000, Atlanta, Ga.
Period.
"White.
Colored.
Per cent
excess of
colored.
1882 1885
18. 21
19.25
18. 03
37.96
33.41
32. 76
108.4
73.5
81.6
It is seen that the death rate of the colored, population, though greatlyin excess of
that.oOhe wh i tftTSas constimtly^Secreased,. the average Heath rafeper 1,000 for the
'first period beiug oTIBST'foFltEe'liecond. yyTIl, and for the third 32.76. Relatively, as
compared with the whites, the death rate of the colored shows much improvement.
Though the percentage of excess of colored for the third period is greater than that
for the second, the percentage for both of these periods shows a marked decrease
from that of the first period.
The following tables show for three periods, 1882 to 1885,1886 to 1890, and 1891 to
1895, the average annual death rate per 10,000, Atlanta, Ga., by specified causes:
CONSUMPTION AND PNEUMOJSIA.
Period.
"White.
Colored.
Per cent
excess of
colored.
1882 1885
CO CO 00
r-f
! O 00
i WCON
76.89
72.14
75. 75
180.3
139.4
165.9
1886 1890
1891 1895
CHOLERA INFANTUM AND STILLBIRTHS.
1886 1890
26. 78
24. 99
56.09
53. 86
109.4
115.5
1891 1895
TYPHOID, SCARLET, AND MALARIAL FEYERS, AND DIPHTHERIA.
1882 1885
11. 58
14. 58
10. 72
19. 31
17.17
12.48
66.7
17.7
16.4
1886-1890
1891 1895
OTHER CAUSES.
1882-1885
a 143.15
121.05
116.15
a 283.44
188. 67
185. 50
a 98.0
55.8
59.7
1886-1890
1891-1895
a Including deaths from cholera infantum and stillbirths.
It is observed that in all these groups of causes the colored death rate has de¬
creased from period to period, except for consumption and pneumonia, where the
aeaih rate for the period 1891-1895 is greater than for tlie period 188(i-1890, though
slightly less than for the period 1882-1885.
The statistics presented in the various tables which this paper contains, viewed
candidly and dispassionately, show results favorable to the physical improvement
of the colored race. If the mortality rate had remained stationary for a period of
fifteen years, it would have been a lasting evidence of the physical strength and
endurance of the race. But we have shown that the mte ha,h decreased in that
that, too, as is well known, in the face of hard, exacting, and oppres¬
sive social and economic conditions. When all of the facts in the colored man's case
are taken into consideration, the wonder is, not that the death rate is as high as it
is, but that it is not even higher. The history of weak and inferior races shows that
they beg'in to decrease in number after one generation's contact with Anglo-Saxon
civilization. The native population of the Sandwich Islands a hundred years ago
was estimated to be 100,000. The latest census taken on the islands shows the native
population to be 35,000. We do not witness this decay and decrease in numbers in
the colored race anywhere in the Western Hemisphere.
In studying any phase of negro life in the United States, the fact must be kept
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE.
2309
constantly in view that the negro has been subjected to degrading and blasting
slavery for more than two centuries. "W hile slavery did its victims a great wrong
in depriving them of the fruits of their toil, it did them a greater wrong in denying
them opportunities for moral and mental improvement. Those who sit in judgme t
upon the negro and study his frailties and shortcomings must not forget these
previous conditions.
To recapitulate, it has been shown—
First. That the colored death rate exceeds the white, th© excess averaging for fiv&'
cities, during a period of fifteen years, 73.8 per cent.
Second. That the death rate of the colored population in five cities is lower for the
period 1890-1895 than for the period 1881-1885.
Third, That the principal causes of the excessive mortality among the colored
people of five cities are pulmonary diseases and infant mortality.
Fourth. That the least disparity between the white and colored death rates is for
those diseases due to unwholesome sanitary conditions— typhoid, malarial and scar¬
let fevers, diphtheria, and diarrhea. ,/
This last fact, that the excessive death rate of the colored people does not arise''
from diseases due to environment, is of vast importance. If poor houses, unhealthy
localities, bad sewerage, and defective plumbing were responsible for their high
death rate, there would be no hope of reducing the death rate until either the col¬
ored people became wealthy, or philanthropic persons erected sanitary houses, or
municipalities made appropriations to remove these conditions. But since the
excessive death rate is not due to these causes, there is reason for the belief that it
may be reduced without regard to the present economic conditions of the colored
people.
The Physical Condition of the Race.1
* * * If the colored people in our larger towns are bent upon living near the
center of the city, they can not rent or buy property, except in the less desirable or
abandoned parts. But it is not necessity, it is only convenience that leads them to
live over stables, in dark, damp cellars, and on back alleys in the midst of stench
and putrefaction. They can, if they would, go to the suburbs, where they can get
better accommodations for less money. I have been in families in Nashville ranging
from seven to ten living on a back alley with a rivulet of filth running before the
door of the one room in which they bathed and ate and slept and died. Two miles
farther out all of these families might have secured for the same money shanties of
two and three rooms, with purer air and water, and had a garden spot besides. Among
the colored people convenience to the heart of the city often overrides considerations
of health, and that the white people offer them hotbeds of disease for homes is no
excuse for their taking them. It is better to live in the suburbs than to die in the
city. The negro is induced, but not forced, to accept the bad accommodations of
down-town life. Apart from this apparent exception in the matter of rented houses,
no race discrimination affects in the least the negro's physical condition; and it is
for this very reason that I am hopeful of a change for the better in the vital statistics
of our people. If the large death rate, the small birth rate, the susceptibility to
disease, and the low vitality of the race were due to causes outside of our control, I
could see nothing before us but the "blackness of darkness foreverbut because
the colored people themselves are responsible for this sad state of affairs, it is to be
expected that time and education will correct it.
The conclusions which I shall draw in this paper are based largely upon my study
of the problem in Nashville.
In the first place, then, the excess of colored deaths over white is due almost
entirely to constitutional diseases and infant, mortality- According to health statis¬
tics, tile constituTton&l diseases "which are mainly responsible for our large death
rate are pulmonary consumption, scrofula, and syphilis, all of which are alike in
being tuberculous.' A large number of the colored convicts in our State prison at
Nashville are consumptives or syphilitics. Out of 92 deaths in a certain territory it-
Nashville, 19 deaths, or over 20 per cent, were due to consumption. The other 73
deaths were due to thirty-five different causes. In the recent Atlanta investiga¬
tion, according to the mortality report of Cambridge, Mass., consumption was the
cause of 15 per cent of the deaths.
Deaths from consumption in Nashville for the period 1893-1895.
Race.
1893.
1894.
1895.
Remarks.
124
177
91
159
82
218
A reduction of nearly 34 per cent.
An increase of over 23 per cent.
1 By Prof. Eugene Harris, Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn.
2310
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Alarming as are the facta set forth in the preceding table, they are not the whole
truth. They would bo occasion for serioua concern if the races we numerically
equal, but when we remember that the colored people ot Nashville are on y t ree-
fifths aa numerous as the whites, it is all the more startling. For the year 1890, w en
82 white deaths from consumption occurred in the city of .Nashville, there ougnt to
have been only 49 colored, whereas there really wore 218, or nearly four and ono-half
times as many as there ought to have been. It is an occasion oi serious alarm when
37 per cent of the whole people are responsible for 72 -per cent of the.deaths ij&ai
consumption." .
Deaths among colored people from pulmonary diseases seem to be on the increase
throughout the South. During the period 1882-1885, tho excess of colored cleatTs
from consumption for the city of Memphis was 90.80 per cent. For the period 1891-
1895, the excess had arisen to over 137 per cent. For the period of 1886-1S90, tho
excess of colored deaths from consumption and pneumonia for the city of Atlanta
was 139 per cent. For tho period 1891-1895, it had. arisen to nearly 166 per cent.
From these facts it Avould appear that pulmonary consumption is the "destroying
angel" among us, and yet I am told that before the war this dread disease was vir¬
tually unknown among the slaves. Fortunately, Charleston, S. C., kept even before
the war the mortality statistics of the colored people, and, consequently, we are
able to ascertain with some accuracy how their death Tate from consumption before
the Avar compares with their death rate afterwards. What are the facts m the case?
From 1822 to 1848 the colored death Tate from consumption was a trifle less than
the white. Since 1865 it has been considerably greater, and is still increasing.
According to J. L. Hoffman, the white mortality from that cause has decreased since
the war 134 uef"TSP,00u. Tlie colored mortality has incFea3£fi oyer 234 ner lOO^Of).1
TEo question arises, How do wo account lor tiiis change? Is it because the negro
is inherently more susceptible to pulmonary diseases, or is it because of his changed
environment—his different social conditions ? If his tendency to consumption is due
to his inherent susceptibility, what was it that held it in check until after the war?
It seems that this fact alone is sufficient to fix the responsibility upon the conditions
which have arisen since emancipation. Mr. F. L. Hoffman claims that the negro's
lungs weigh 4 ounces less than a white man's, and that though his normal chest
measure is greater, his lung capacity is less; and that here we have a cause for tho
negro's tendency to consumption which no environment, however favorable, can
affect. Even if this be a fact, it is hard to see how it began to operate as a cause
of consumption only since the war.
Let us turn for the present to another eause of the excessive mortality among us,
namely, the increased prevalence of scrofula and venereal diseases. For the period
1882-1885 the colored death rate in Memphis from scrofula and syphilis was 205.8 per
cent in excess of that among the whites, but from 1891 down to the present time the
excess has been 298 per cent. For the period 1893-1895 there were iu the city of
Nashville 8 white deaths from scrofula and syphilis and 35 colored. In proportion to
the population, there ought to have been on!y5. Of course allowance must be made
for the fact that, on account of the scandal and disgrace, white physicians are relue-
tant to report white deaths from these causes, whereas such motives rarely, if ever,
influence them in reporting colored deaths.
According to the Mav bulletin of the Department of Labor, out of 1,090 colored
people canvassed tliis year m tiic cliy 01 jxasliviue, 18 were suilefing from scrofula
and syphilis. One whose attention has not been called to the matter has no concep¬
tion of the prevalence of these diseases among the negroes of Nashville. I have
looked for it in both races as I have walked the streets of my city, and to come across
the loathsome disease in the colored passers-by is not an uncommon occurrence. This
state of affairs can be accounted for when I tell you that there is probably no city in
this country where prostitution among colored people is more rampant and brazen,
and where abandoned colored women are more numerous or more public in their
shameful traffic.
In the families canvassed* by me this year, among 50 sufferers from rheumatism, 8
were so badly crippled as to be bedridden invalids. When we consider the fact that
some forms of rheumatism are syphilitic in their origin, and that in these same fami¬
lies there were 18 suffering from scrofula and syphilis, it would appear that venereal
poisoning was responsible for a considerable share of the rheumatism.
There is one obstacle to the race's reproducing itself that has some connection with
and hence I speak of it now. I refer to the enormous amount of
stillbirths and infant mortality prevalent everywhere among colored people. For
the period of 1893-1895, the still and the premature births in the city of Nashvillo
were -72 lor the white and 385 for the colored; or, in proportion to the population,
* °i?.n. on®;third times as many as there ought to have been. This relative state
of aftairs obtains m Memphis and Atlanta, and in all the large cities of tho Sonth.
1 See Kaco Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro, "by F. L. Hoffman.—Ed.
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE.
2311
From tlio liealtli reports of all our large Sou tliern cities we learn that a consider able
amount of our infant mortality is due to inanition, infantile debility, and infantile
marasmus. Now, what is the case in regard to these diseases ? The fact is that they
are not diseases at all, but merely the names of symptoms due to enfeebled constitu¬
tions and congenital diseases, inherited from parents suffering from the effects of
sexual immorality and debauchery. Translated into common spefech, they are noth¬
ing more than infant starvation, infant weakness, and infant wasting away, the cause
of whicli is that the infants' parents before them have not given them a fighting
chance for life. According to Hoffman, over 50 per cent of the negro children born
in Richmond, Va., die before they are 1 year old.
The number of still and premature births am on grig is a matter of great alarm, not
only because it seriously interferes with the numerical "increase of the race, but
because it involves the fecundity, the health, and even the moral character of large
numbers of our women. The support of the family often falls very heavily upon our
poor washerwomen; and since they find it hard to get the husks to feed and the rags
to clothe their already large number of little folks, living in one room like stock,
rather than to add to their burden they resort to crime. An official on the Nashville
board of health, who is also proprietor of a drug store, tells me that he is astonished
at the number of colored women who apply at his store for ^rugs with a criminal
purpose in "view.
The sixteen Atlanta groups in the recent investigation showed that the female
of families nxft considerably in excess of the male, and out of 324 families 31
were wholly supported by the mother, and 'A)5 were supported by tne mother alto¬
gether ot in part. In such social conditions as these, where the burden of bread
winning is borne largely, and often altogether, by the mother of the household, it
is not surprising that poor laboring women, who are igftorant of its ruinous effects
upon both health and character, should resort to prenatal infanticide.
The average family for the eighteen -cities covered by our Tecent investigation
jrumbers only 4.1. which that in fhfts« eighteen cities the race is doing barely
more than reproducing itself. The large colored families of a few decades ago are
becoming more and more scarce. I know a grandmother who was the proud mother
of over a, dozen children; the (laughter could boast of nine; and. not one of several
granddaughters, though married for a number of years, is the mother of more than
one child. This family is but an illustration of many others just like it. Such
faets go to show that the negro is no longer the "prolific animal" that he once was
termed. The race, like the women of whom Paul onee wrote to Timothy, must be
"saved through childbearing." «
I take it that the excess of infant mortality from cholera infantum and convul¬
sions means nothing'^ore than that the negro mothers do not know so well how to
feed and care for their offspring. They need instruction in infant dietetics and
baby culture.
I have now covered the ground to whicli our excessive death rate is mainly due,
namely, pulmonary diseases, especially consumption and pneumonia, scrofula, vene¬
real diseases, and infant mortality. If we eliminate these diseases, our excessive
death, rate will be a thing of the past.
Let ua now inquire, What is there in the negro's social condition that is responsi¬
ble for the prevalence of these diseases, and the consequent mortality? In the first
place, then, be it known by all men that we to-day in this conference assembled are
not the enemies of our people because wc tell them the truth. We shall know the
truth, and the truth shall make us free, not only from the bondage of sin, but from
vicions social conditions and consequent physical death. Sanitary regulations and
the soeial reconstruction of Israel formed a large part of Moses' religious duty, and
why may it not of oursf
While I do not depreciate sanitary regulations and a "knowledge of hygienic laws,
I am convinced that the sine qua non of a change for the better in the negro's phys¬
ical condition is a higher social morality. I do not believe that his "poverty or his
relation to the white people presents any real impediment to his health and physical
development. Without going into the reasons for it, it is well known that the poor
laboring classes often enjoy better health, are freer from disease, have larger fami¬
lies, and live longer lives than the rich.
I am convinced that for the causes of the black man's low vitality, his suscepti¬
bility to disease, and his enormous death rate we must look to those social condi¬
tions which he creates for himself. What are they? I have already referred to the
social causes of our excessive infant mortality, namely, the frequency with which
the partial or the entire maintenance of the household devolves upon the mother;
and especially the impaired chance for life which a debauched and immoral parent¬
age bequeaths to childhood. The infants in their graves will rise up in judgment
against this evil and adulterous generation and condemn it.
The constitutional diseases which are responsible for our unusual mortality are
often traceable to enfeebled constitutions broken down by sexual immoralities.
2312
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
This is frequently the source of even pulmonary consumption, -which disease is
to-day tlie black man's scourge. .
According to Hoffman, over 25 per cent of the negro children born in Washington
City are admittedly illegitimate. According to a writer quoted in Black America,
"in one county of Mississippi there were during twelve months 300 marriage
licenses taken out in the county clerk's office for white people. According to the
proportion of population there should have been in the same time 1,200 or more for
negroes. There were actually taken out by colored people just 3." James Anthony
Froude asserts that 70 per cent of the negroes in the West Indies are born in ille¬
gitimacy. Mr. Smeeton claims that ''in spite of the increase of education there
has been no decrease of this social cancer." My attention has been called to a
resort in Nashville, within less than two blocks of the public square, where a large
number of abandoned women and profligate men often congregate in the under¬
ground basement, which is lighted and ventilated only through the pavement
grating; and there in debauchery and carousal they make the night hideous until
almost morning. What are they sowing but disease, and what can they reap but
death ?
It is true that much of the moral laxity which exists among us to-day arose out
of slavery. It is due to a system which whipped women, which dispensed with
the institution of marriage, which separated wives from their husbands and
assigned them to other men, which ruthlessly destroyed female virtue, and which
made helpless women the abject tools of their masters. This is the correct explana¬
tion of our social status to-day, but to explain it is not to excuse it. It is no longer
our misfortune, as it was before the war; it is our sin, the wages of which is our
excessive number of deaths. Always and everywhere, moral leprosy means physical
death. Wherever the colored people are guilty of the immoralities of which James
Anthony Froude and W. L. Clowes of the London Times accuse them, if they con¬
tinue in them they will be destroyed by them, root and branch. Rome was destroyed
because the Empire had no mothers, and Babylon was blotted out because she was
the " mother of harlots."
A few years ago I said, m a sermon at Fisk University, that wherever the Anglo-
Saxon comes into contact with an inferior race the inferior race invariably goes to
the wall. I called attention to the fact that, in spite of humanitarian and philan¬
thropic efforts, the printing press, the steam engine, and the electric motor in the
hands of the Anglo-Saxon were exterminating the inferior races more rapidly and
more surely than shot and shell and bayonet. I mentioned a number of races that
have perished, not because of destructive wars and pestilence, but because they
were unable to live in the environment of a nineteenth century civilization; races
whose destruction was not due to a persecution that came to them from without,
but to a lack of moral stamina within; races that perished in spite of the humani¬
tarian and philanthropic efforts that were put forth to save them.
To that utterance let me now add this thought: That where shot and shell and
bayonet and the printing press and the steam engine and the electric motor have
slain their thousands, licentious men, unchaste women, and impure homes have slain
their tens of thousands; and I speak the words of soberness and truth when I say
that if the charges of sexual immoralities brought against us are true, unless there
be wrought a social revolution among us the handwriting of our destruction even
now may be seen on the wall. The history of nations teaches us that neither war
nor famine nor pestilence exterminates them so completely and rapidly as do sexual
vices.
If the cause of our excessive death rate be, in its ultimate analysis, moral rather
than sanitary, then this fact ought to appear not only in our vital, but in our crim¬
inal statistics as well. Professor Starr, of Chicago University, claims that in the
State of Pennsylvania, where there is little opportunity to assert that the courts are
prejudiced against colored criminals, though the negroes form only 2 per cent of the
population, yat they furnish 16 per cent of the male prisoners and 34 per cent of the
female. The race has such great privileges in Chicago and it is dealt with so fairly
and justly that the colored people themselves have denominated it the "Negroes'
Heaven;" and yet, according oo Professor Starr, while the negroes form only U per
cent of the population of Chicago they furnish 10 per cent of the arrests. I am
convinced that the immorality which accounts for these criminal conditions is also
responsible for the race's physical status; and if we are to strike at the root of the
matter, it will not be at sanitary regulations, but at social reconstruction and moral
regeneration.
2314
EDUCATION EEPOET, 1896-97.
Table 9 —Schools for the education of the colored
Location.
Same of school.
Religious
denom¬
ination.
Teachers.
Col¬
ored.
Pupils enrolled.
Total.
Elemen¬
tary
grades.
ALABAMA.
Calhoun
Huntsville...
Kowaliga
Marion
Montgomery.
Normal
Selma
do
Talladega .
Troy
Tuscaloosa
do
Tuskegee..
ARKANSAS.
Arkadelphia.
do
Little Rock.
do
do
Magnolia ...
Pine Bluff..
Southland ..
DELAWARE.
Dover
DIST. OF COLUMBIA.
"Washington.
do
do
do
FLORIDA.
Fernandina..
Jacksonville.
do
Live Oak
Ocala
Orange Park.
Tallahassee..
GEORGIA.
Athena
do
do
Atlanta
do
do
do
do
Augusta
do
do
College
Calhoun Colored School
Central Alabama Academy '*
Kowaliga Institute
Lincoln Normal School
State Normal School for
Colored Students.*
Agricultural and Mechani¬
cal College.
Burrell Academy
Alabama Baptise University
Talladega College
Troy Industrial Academy.
Oak City Academy
Stillman Institute
Tuskegee Normal and In¬
dustrial Institute.
Arkadelphia Baptist Acad¬
emy.
Shorter University*
Arkansas Baptist College .
Philander Smith College ..
Union Hig;h School*
Columbia High School
Branch Normal College
Southland College anu Nor¬
mal Institute.
State College for Colored
Students.
Nonsect ..
Nonsect
Cong ...
Nonsect .
Cong ....
Bapt
Cong
Nonsect.
Bapt
Presb
Nonsect .
High School
Howard University.
Normal School
"Wayland Seminary;.
Bapt
A. M. E.
Bapt
Meth ...
Nonsect
Bapt
Nonsect
Priends.
Nonsect ..
Nonsect .
Nonsect.
Nonsect .
Bapt
Graded School No. 1
Cookman Institute a
Edward Walters College a..
Florida Institute*
Emerson Home
Normal and Manual Train¬
ing School.
State Normal and Industrial
College.
Jerual Academy
Knox Institute
"West Broad Street School .
Atlanta Baptist Seminary.
Atlanta University
Morris Brown College
Spelman Seminary
Storrs School *
Hain.es Normal and Indus¬
trial School.
The Paine Institute
~Walker Baptist Institute..
Georgia State Industrial
College.
Nonsect..
Bapt.,
M.E.
Cong
Nonsect ..
Bapt
Cong
Nonsect
Bapt
Nonsect
A. M.E.
Bapt
Cong
Pres b...
M. E. S..
Bapt
Nonsect
12 58
* Statistics of 1895-96.
a No report.
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE.
race—teachers, students, and courses of study.
2315
Pupils enrolled. | Students.
Graduates.
Second-
graces.
^°ote^" ! Classical
classes. COU73es-
Scien-
tiiio
courses.
English
courses.
Normal
courses.
Business
courses.
High
school
courses.
Normal
courses.
Collegi¬
ate
courses.
6
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a
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3
3
14
21
19
29
76
305
95
42
104
29
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33
35
37
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237
109
49
95
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19
no
50
109
76
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237
83
8
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100
11
78
10
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27
1
105
112
5
4
3
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25
0
0
3
1
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0
1
10
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
05
6
20
0
104
15
56
25
1
7
0
0
5
1
0
4
2
0
1
0
6
2
15
8
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
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584
5
201
3
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0
0
0
22
0
40
487
5
211
3
216
161
0
0
1
2
29
39
27
15
126
12
24
215
103
8
82
16
2C
57
27
65
15
6
513
14
22
41
34
6
12
2
0
6
33
11
0
2
2
5
22
0
0
2
3
1
0
1
1
0
0
20
11
0
15
22
0
99
12
35
116
35
38
0
0
1
85
12
0
0
1
42
15
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
0
2
4
0
O
0
4
3
3
O
0
0
0
0
2
3
10
"342
0
0
5
2
"*82
0
1
5
0
1
2
O
0
1
3
97
0
207
C
0
0
67
8
0
57
22
52
49
22
57
2
6
16
0
4
22
10
0
5
0
0
0
32
0
11
0
5
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
177
164
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
32
0
39
15
12
28
7
23
34
76
110
0
0
25
84
21
98
S
21
27
9
61
0
134
192
109
0
45
70
43
0
15
2
0
7
9
1
0
9
2
0
1
2
1
0
0
06
0
110
161
123
0
176
162
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
11
0
0
0
0
8
13
2
5
6
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
11
0
16
20
27
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
1
4
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
20
10
0 127
5; 11
01 21
0
9
0
0
0
60
0
0
0
0
0
4°
0
0
8
3
50
21
11
43
43
0
104
98
4
2
10
17
1
0
0
0
11
0
81
0
2316
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Table 9.—Schools for the education of the colored
Location.
GEORGIA— cont'd.
.La Grange
"Mcintosh
Macon
Roswell
Savannah
South Atlanta ...
do
Thomasville
"Waynesboro.,
ILLINOIS.
Cairo .
Evans ville...
New Albany.
Berea
Frankfort.
Lebanon...
Lexington.
Louisville .
do
64 Paris
LOUISIANA.
Alexandria.
Baldwin....
New Iberia..
New Orleans
do
do
do
MARYLAND.
Baltimore
do
do
Hebbville.
Melvale
Princess Anne.
MISSISSIPPI.
Clinton
Edwards
Holly Springs .
do
Jackson
Meridian
....do
Name of school.
Southern Female College...
Dorchester Academy
Ballard Normal School
lloswell Public School
Beach Institute
Clark Institute
Gammon School of Theologj
Allen Normal and Indus¬
trial School.
Haven Normal Academy a.
Summer High School.
Governor School
Scribner High School.
Berea College
State Normal School for
Colored Persons.
St. Augustine's Academy..
Chandler Normal School
Christian Bible School...
Central High School
Paris High School
Alexandria Academy
Gilbert Academy and In
dustrial College.
Mount Carmel Convent a..
Leland University
New Orleans University ...
Southern University
Straight University
Baltimore City Colored High
School.
Morgan College
St. Frances' Academy
Baltimore Normal School
for Training of Colored
. Teachers.
The Industrial Home for
Colored Teacheis.
Princess Anne Academy ..
Mount Hermon Female Sem¬
inary.
Southern Christian Insti¬
tute.
Mississippi State Colored
Normal School.
Rust University
Jackson College..
Lincoln School
Meridian Academy
Religious
denom¬
ination.
Teachers.
White.
Bapt
Cong
Cong
Nonsect
Cong
M.E
M. E
Cong
Nonsect
Nonsect
Nonsect
R. C
Cong
Christian .
Nonsect ..
Nonsect ..
M.E.
M.E.
Nonsect
M.E
Nonsect
Cong
Nonsect ..
M.E
R. C
Nonsect
Nonsect ..
M.E
Nonsect .
Christian
Nonsect ..
Meth.
Bapt.
Cong
Meth
Col¬
ored.
11
16
27
Pupils enrolled.
Total.
Elemen¬
tary
156 258
80 250
94
32
26
250
85 19
a No report.
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE.
race—teachers, students, and courses of study—Continued.
2317
Pupils enrolled.
Students.
Graduates.
Second¬
ary
grades.
Collegi¬
ate
classes.
Classical
courses.
Scien¬
tific
courses.
English
courses.
Normal
courses.
Business
courses.
High
school
courses.
Normal
courses.
Collegi¬
ate
courses.
Male.
©
S
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13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
0
150
0
0
170
1*>5
0
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14
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6
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32
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95
80
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300
95
35
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274
29
0
30
49
21
19
31
55
60
19
67
85
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30
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0
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70
7
12
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73
60
57
17
161
50
43
23
73
161
3
40
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0
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57
110
50
0
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0
0
10
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43
119
0
2
0
13
3
7
4
3
3
7
0
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
24
20
20
48
15
25
35
40
19
10
7
0
6
9
fi
1
0
0
25
2
36
4
ft
0
4
3
0
3
0
40
138
25
230
30
2
S
0
5
2
4
0
0
6
2
30
24
6
8
0
0
0
0
6
8
0
0
30
25
0
9
107
12
12
25
30
10
107
0
4
15
10
0
0
0
0
0
7
4
?
0
0
9
35
0
0
0
0
?5
9
25
0
7
0
13^
29
10
5
30
65
48
43
8
8
1
4
q
4
43
0
0
1
2
3
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
3C
30
23
8
0
0
0
0
0
[ 30
23
0
0
0
0
6
2
0
0
3S
50
4C
21
6r
28
6C
4f
23
0
1C
c
7
2
21
0
49
70 13
'4
2
4
3
0
0
i 10
14
5
20
76
103
0
20
|
0
40
0
0
11
1
3
! 0
1 12
0
9
0
Ifi
35
a
10
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
2318
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Table 9.—Schools for the education of the colored
Location.
Mississippi—cont'd.
Natchez ..
Tougaloo .
Westside.
missouri.
Boonville
Hannibal
Jefferson City
Kansas City...
Sedalia
new jehsey.
Bordentown
north carolina.
Beaufort..
Charlotte.
Clinton ...
Concord
Elizabeth City.
Fayettoville ...
Franklinton ...
.do
do
Goldsboro ..
Greensboro.
do
High Point.
Kings Mountain.
Lumberton
Pee Dee
Plymouth
Baleigh...
do
Reidsville
Salisbury.
do.....
"Wilmington
Windsor.....
Win ton
119 Wilberforce
120 Xenia
Name of school.
Natchez College a
Tougaloo University
Alcorn Agricultural and
Mechanical College.
Sumner High School
Douglass High School...
Lincoln Institute
Lincoln High School
George K. Smith. College.
Manual Training and In¬
dustrial School.
Washburn Seminary —
Biddle University
Clinton Colored Graded
School.
Scotia Seminary
State Colored Normal School
State Colored Normal School
Albion Academy, Normal
and Industrial School.
Franklinton Christian Col¬
lege.
State Colored Normal
School, a
State Colored Normal
School.*
Agricultural and Mechan¬
ical College for the Col¬
ored Race.
Bennett College a.. —
High Point Normal and In¬
dustrial School.*
Lincoln Academy
Whitin Normal School
Barrett Collegiate and In¬
dustrial Institute.
Plymouth Normal School...
St. Augustine's School
Shaw University
Graded School...
Livingstone College
State Colored Normal
School.*
Gregory Normal Institute..
Rankin-Richards Institute.
Waters Normal Institute..
Wilberforce University
Colored High School
Religious
denom¬
ination.
White.
Cong
Nonsect.
Nonsect
Nonsect
Nonsect
M.E
Nonsect .
Nonsect.
Presb
Nonsect.
Presb
Nonsect.
Nonsect.
Presb
Christian
Nonsect.
Nonsect.
Friends...
Cong —
Nonsect.
Nonsect.
Nonsect.
P. E
Bapt
Nonsect.
Meth
Nonsect -
Nonsect.
Nonsect.
Bapt
pennsylvania.
Carlisle
122 Lincoln Univer¬
sity. .
123 Philadelphia | Institute for Colored Youth.
* Statistics of 1895-96.
Colored High School.
Lincoln University..
A. M. E..
Nonsect.
Nonsect
Presb...
Teachers.
Friends
Col¬
ored.
4 0 0
oj ii
0 1
3 1
13 4
1 1
10
Pupils enrolled.
Total.
Elemen¬
tary
grades.
a No report.
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE.
race teachers, students, and courses of study~—Continued.
2319
Pupils enrolled.
Students.
Graduates.
Second¬
ary
grades.
Collegi¬
ate
classes.
Classical
courses.
Scien¬
tific
courses.
English
courses.
Normal
coursos.
Business
courses.
High
school
coursos.
Normal
courses.
Collegi¬
ate
courses.
,2
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a
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14
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0
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24
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2<S
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Ps
28
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30
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PR
32
13
15
16
17
is
19
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35
27
39
33
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18
28
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63
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159
5
0
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30
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2
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13
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30
0
3E
2
4!
5
2£
93
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
10R
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
11G
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
2320
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Table 9,—Schools for the education of the colored
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
160
161
102
163
164
165
166
167
168
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Aiken
Beaufort
do
Camden
Charleston
do
Chester
Columbia
do
Frogmore
Greenwood
Orangeburg
TENNESSEE.
Chattanooga
Columbia
Dickson
Jonesboro
Knoxville
do
Maryville
Memphis
Morris town
Murfreesboro
Nashville
do
do
do
TEXAS.
Austin
Brenham
Crockett
Galveston
Hearne
Marshall
do
Palestine
Prairie Yiew
"Waco
VIRGINIA.
Burkeville
Cappahosic
Danville
Hampton
Lawrenceville
Manassas
Manchester
Norfolk
Petersburg
Name of school.
Schofield Normal and In¬
dustrial School.
Beaufort Public School
Harbisor. Institute
Browning School
Avery Normal Institute...
"Wallingford Academy
Brainerd Institute
Allen University *
Benedict College
Penn Industrial and Nor¬
mal School.
Brewer Normal School
Claflin University
Howard High School
Maury County Turner Nor¬
mal and Industrial
School. *
~Wayman Academy
"Warner Institute *
Austin High School
Knoxville College
Freemen's Normal Insti¬
tute. *
Le Moyne Normal Institute
Morristown Normal Acad¬
emy.
Bradley Academy
Central Tennessee College.
Fisk University
Meigs High School
Roger "Williams University
Tillotson College
East End High School
Mary Allen Seminary
Central High School
Hearne Academy, Normal
and Industrial School.*
Bishop College
"Wiley University
Colored High School
Prairie View State Normal
School.*
Paul Quinn College
Ingleside Seminary
Gloucester Agricultural and
Industrial School.
Colored Graded School
Hampton Normal and Agri¬
cultural Institute.
St. Paul Normal and Indus¬
trial School.
Manassas Industrial School
for Colored Youth.
Public High School
Norfolk Mission College
Bishop Payne Divinity and
Industrial School.
Religious
denom¬
ination.
Nonsect
Nonsect
Presb...
M.E
Cong ...
Presb...
Presb...
A. M.E.
Bapt
Nonsect
Cong .
Meth .
Nonsect ..
Nonsect ..
Nonsect .
Cong
Nonsect ..
U. Presb..
Friends...
Cong
M.E
Bapt. & M
M.E
Cong
Nonsect ..
Bapt
Cong
Nonsect ..
Presb
Nonsect ..
Bapt
Bapt
M.E
Nonsect ..
Nonsect ..
A. M.E...
Presb ..
Nonsect
Nonsect
Nonsect
P.E ....
Nonsect
Nonsect
U. Presb
Episcopal
Teachers.
"White.
Col¬
ored.
0
0
0
6
o; 2
3, 3
21
Pupils enrolled.
Total.
Elemen¬
tary
grades
* Statistics of 1895-96.
EDUCATION OP THE COLORED RACE.
race—teachers, students, and courses of study—Continued.
2321
Pupils enrolled.
Second¬
ary
grades.
13
70
10
50
4
36
9
4
3
141
20
4
10
46
31
78
29
11
213
21
07
46
112
0
14
Collegi¬
ate
classes.
15
11
0
42
115
16
19
41
35
12
Students.
Classical
courses.
3
ir
Scien¬
tific
courses.
19
0
16
106
67
19
English
courses.
156
0
281
13
12 15
112
95
64
0
9
113
60
205
266
Normal
courses.
23
47
126,
78 98
29 48
Business
courses.
163 0
115 6
191 3
82
49
18
16
15,
Graduates.
High
school
Normal
courses.
2T
88
8, 28
40 59
29
Collegi¬
ate
courses.
0 0
0 11
31
ED 97-
-146
Eh
32
0125
126
127
0128
0129
130
131
0132
0 133
0135
0 0
124
134
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
2322 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Table 9.—Schools for the education of the colored
Location.
Name of school.
Keligioua
denom¬
ination.
Teachers.
Pupils enrolled.
White.
Col¬
ored.
o
eh
Total.
Elemen¬
tary
grades.
©
'3
a
©
fH
©
a
| Female. |
[ Male.
©
a
ID
Fh
©
"ctf
ID
a
to
fh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
io
li
1»
Virginia—cont'd.
169
Petersburg
Peabody High School
Nonsect..
0
0
1
11
12
307
368
300
328
170
do
Virginia Normal and Colle¬
Nonsect..
0
0
7
5
12
145
165
64
8?
giate Institute.
171
Hartshorn Memorial College
1
fi
0
?
9
2
77
0
11
do
iv 2
High and Normal School ...
Nonsect ..
0
0
0
11
11
92
350
0
0
173
•>
0
■»
0
4
53
0
0
0
mary.
west virginia.
174
Farm
Nonsect ..
0
0
9
f,
44
56
stitute.
175
Harpers Ferry
Storer College
Free Bapt
2
4
2
1
9
58
76
22
45
1/6
Nonsect ..
v
0
1
3
fi
84
72
66
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE. 2323
race teachers, students} and courses of study—Continued.
Pupils enrolled.
Students.
Graduates.
Second- 1
arv
grades.
Collegi¬
ate
classes.
Classical
courses.
Scien¬
tific
courses.
English
courses.
Normal
courses.
Business
courses.
High
school
courses.
Normal
courses.
Collegi¬
ate
courses.
©
®
<D
£
<s
<0
®
®
o
Male.
cS
a
<D
PR
Male.
cS
a
®
PR
Male.
cj
S
<0
PR
Male.
i
Ps
Male.
"ea
a
®
PH
Male.
ca
a
®
PR
Male.
a
©
P=H
Male.
a
©
PR
| Male.
OS
1
Ps
Male.
03
1
PR
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2©
31
33
33
34
25
30
27
38
29
30
31
33
7
0
0
7
40
7
40
0
0
0
0
4
6
0
0
0
0
169
58
2
92
81
66
23
?
23
?
7
20
3
0
170
0
3
171
350
0
56
0
53
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
24
0
0
0
0
172
173
44
0
0
0
44
56
0
0
4
0
0
174
36
31
18
18
g
32
28
7
5
175
0
2
0
0
0
0
176
1
2324
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Table 10.—Schooh for ihe education of the colored race—
Name of school.
ALABAMA.
Calhoun Colored School
Central Alabama Academy*
ILowaliga Institute
Lincoln Normal School
State Normal School for
Colored Students.*
Agricultural and Mechani¬
cal College.
Bnrrell Academy
Alabama Baptist University
Talladega College
Troy Industrial Academy..
Oak City Academy
Stillman Institute
Tuskegee Normal and Indus
trial School.
ARKANSAS.
Arkadelphia Baptist Acad¬
emy.
Shorter University *
Arkansas Baptist College ..
Philander Smith College
Union High School*
Columbia High School
Branch Normal College
Southland College and Nor¬
mal Institute.
DELAWARE.
State College for Colored
Students.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
High School
Howard University-
Normal School
"Wayland Seminary.
Graded School No. 1
Cookman Institute®
Edward Walters College a.
Florida Institute *
Emerson Home
Normal and Manual Train¬
ing School.
State Normal and Indus¬
trial College.
GEORGIA.
Jerual Academy
Knox Institute
W est Broad Street School ..
Atlanta Baptist Seminary ..
Atlanta University
Students
in pro¬
fessional
courses.
16 0
0 0
10 0
70 0
Pupils re¬
ceiving in¬
dustrial
training.
706
336
36
1042
88 103
0 0
23 80
35 80
Students trained in industrial branches.
25
62
14
44
10
11
12
13
0 0 0
0 0 0
10
14
15
16
25 41
.J 5
0, 0 0
13
0 0
0 0
3
' Statistics of 1895-96.
a No report.
00
|w
?! w
* w
s-
p
©
§
i*
&
® *
' 02
cj
2 £
>-
0 C_|
©
© 2,
2 ©
p*
o
ST 2.
J 0
a>
e+-
&
c a
© p-
• QD
S>
© S
02
e S
M w
9 ■ »S
® w® ®
cc CO w w w
2326
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Table 10.—Schools for the education of the colored race-
Name of school.
Students
in pro¬
fessional
courses.
Pupils re¬
ceiving in¬
dustrial
training.
Students trained in industrial branches.
i
£
©
3
bS)
©
ft
| Carpentry. [
| Bricklaying. |
| Plastering. ]
| Painting. ]
Tin or sheet-metal work.
si
.a
'So
U
o
ft
| Machine-shop work.
ti
a
rf
a
o
o
r=l
XJ1
ti
a
'u
si
R
CD
M
M
a
3
o
o
O
| Other trades.
<D
•a
a
6
a
o
ft
a
o
E-t
<&
"5s
a
<6
a
<0
ft
"eg
O
H
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
6
20
0
18
30
290
128
19
fi
20
geobgia—continued.
1C
0
0
39
16
39
21
0
0
36
350
128
60
350
198
4
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
Spelman Seminary
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20, 34
0 0
Haines Normal and Indus¬
trial School.
1
41
0
41
|
1
1
Georgia State Industrial
College.
37
0
37, 19
37
5
5
5
52
25
0
0
173
260
0
0
9.9FV...
52
173
30
0
0
6
8
0
0
6
222
*0
0
285
0
0
Koswell Public School
Beach Institute
Clark Institute
Gammon School of Theology-
Allen Normal and Indus¬
trial School.
0
0
0
86
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
86
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 .
0
66
66
60
6
ILLINOIS.
INDIANA.
KENTUCKY.
Stato Normal School for Col¬
ored Persons.
18
81
99
18
7
81
81
0
120
120
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
120
13
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
91
82
0
95
83
2
186
165
2
0
15
LOUISIANA.
Alexandria Academy*.
Gilbert Academy and Indus¬
trial College.
15
10
11
10
1
1
0
0
10
0
0
40
38
44
26
80
50
Leland University
New Orleans University....
Southern University
0
38
0
0
5
0
0
43
0
25
14
39
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
39
106
90
91
150
197
240
58
0
48
9
0
0
0
0
20
0
60
0
0
0
48
0
0
0
0
30
91
150
0
0
40
0
MARYLAND.
Baltimore City Colored High
School.
Morgan College
2
0
2
St. Frances Academy
0
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
13
0
"o
Baltimore Normal School
for Training of Colored
Teachers.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55
r Statistics of 1895-96.
flNo report.
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
G8
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
EDUCATION OP THE COLORED RACE.
and industrial training—equipment and income—Continued
Chief sources of support.
23
•9 o
id W
S "-3
S H
rQ _©
a1?
0 §
630"
<w a 2
© p ca
3 K ^
3 C3
£<* ft
24
26
A. M. E. Ch
"W. A. H. M. S. Slater fund.
Tuition and benevolence...
1,500
3, 000
200
$75, 800
150, 000
20, 000
$900
2, 375
1,310
M. E. Ch. S
"Walker Bapt. Assn
State anil United States.
Tuition
Benevolence
Amer. Miss. Assn., tuition .
State
Amer. Miss. Assn
$4,000
3,580
75
600
56
Endowment
Am. M. Assn., tuition.
800
400 14, 4341
5, 000 ....
300 25, 000 $10, 000
1, 000
1, 200
400
0
762
1, 000
11, 000
200
40, 000
10, 000
35,000
3, 000
12,258
500, 000
100, 000
8,570
1, 300
0
203
519
0
10, 000
088
1, 800
200
1, 513
468
State.
State
Public school fund.
169
18, 000
State
Tuition
Amer. Miss. Assn., tuition.
Contributions
City and State
City
Freedrnen's Aid, So. Ed. Society
of M. E. Ch.
do
212
15, 500
717
2,500
123,000 3, 517
23, 203 5,000
50 10,000
500 18,000
600
500 00,000
700 30,000
0
1, 000
500
40,000
600
913
15, 000
9,220
397
457
Endowment ....
Ereedmen's Aid, So. Ed. Society
of M. E. Ch.
State and United States
Contributions and tuition
2, 000
1, 000
5,000 100, 000
City
State and endowment.
1, 200
2, 500
200
2,500
2,000
60, 736
125,000
45,000
20, 000
3, 500
300
3,000
0
3,200
2, 000
500
2,000
1,000
240
2328
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Table 10.—Schools for the education of ihe colored race—
Name of school.
Maryland—continued.
The Industrial Home for
Colored Teachers.
Princess Anne Academy
MISSISSIPPI.
Mount Hermon Female
Seminary.
Southern Christian Institute
Mississippi State Colored
Normal School.
Eust University
Jackson College
Lincoln School
Meridian Academy
Natchez College a
Tougaloo University
Alcorn Agricultural and
Mechanical College.
MISSOURI.
Sumner High School
Douglass High School
Lincoln Institute
Lincoln High School
George E. Smith College...,
NEW JERSEY.
Manual Training and In¬
dustrial School.
NORTH CAROLINA.
"Washburn Seminary
Biddle University
Clinton Colored Graded
School.
Scotia Seminary
State Colored Normal School
State Colored Normal School
Albion Academy, Normal
and Industrial School.
Franklinton Christian Col¬
lege.
State Colored Normal
School, a
State Colored Normal
School. *
Agricultural and Mechani¬
cal College for the Colored
Bace.
Bennett College a
High Point Normal and In¬
dustrial School. *
Lincoln Academy
Whitin Normal School
Barrett Collegiate and In¬
dustrial Institute.
Plymouth Normal School...
St. Augustine's School
Students
in pro¬
fessional
courses.
Pupils re¬
ceiving in¬
dustrial
training.
23
Students trained in industrial branches.
90
10
11
28
35 0
36 10
0 0
0 0
0 0
12 18 14
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 ...
0 0
cfi I
15 16 17
0 0
4
0 0
0, 0
0 0
0 0
4
18
19
134 134
50
97
266
0 01 0
o: o o
80
20
15
r Statistics of 1895-90
a No report.
&S.B
wwhi
ct t+
g. s» S
® ® c'
SJ •
5 °
P"P<
® S
g.&
0 fei
"I
bj TO Cfl; CO
t>E&: a
5 © ® P-o
P
P
P-
d
O C« O O M C O
OOOO OOO
OOOO 000
O <35 O
OOO
O O Oi O
<J CO to u
OOO 00
CD 00O«»
O Oi Oi CO
O O O OO
OQiSO'
0®®!3 CO CO CO
O CO QD -4 O U1 rf*"
CC[j»
as
B »
M- CD
SB
g[>
j>P P ft-
J fe!w:
CfiEP 02
o o?r '
L,®
SkwP*
* » :
g'K
i-.w
"«T o
tr
S.0
K
IS O
c o
c o
Value of benefactions or be¬
quests in 1896-97.
Volumes in library.
Value of grounds, buildings,
furniture, and scientific ap¬
paratus.
Amount of State or municipal
aid.
Amount received from tuition
fees.
s
o
w
a
<3
a
►
H
o
%
o
N>HO COCO
K2
OS
to
CD
2330
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Table 10.—Schools for the education of the colored race-
Name of school.
Students
in pro¬
fessional
courses.
Pupils re¬
ceiving in¬
dustrial
training.
Students trained in industrial branches.
M
fH
O
*
rS
SS
bs
f-l
0
1
&
>>
u
-p
S
a
cj
o
bb
a
3
.2
•S
"fH
©
02
£
-H
'c3
ft
o
"oj
"§
a
©
©
In
o
Ft
EH
13
bb
0
"So
n
o
fcl
14
■a
o
*
ft
o
c2
cd
_g
3
o
rt
a
15
bh
1
s
©
o
A
w
16
bio
.9
£
'Eh
ft
17
fcb
•S
S
m
IS
bb
p
3
o
o
O
19
©
es
h
©
A
o
20
6
a
0
1
3
o
EH
©
'a
a
6
a
©
fH
o
H
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
NORTH CAROLINA—cont'd.
91
0
91
81
140
221
221
Livingstone College
State Colored Normal
School. *
Gregory Normal intitule...
0
0
0
25
38
63
17
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
i
10
35
40
0
0
0
0
0
190
25
190
25
190
25
oiiio.
Wilbcrforce University
15
0
15
83
133
216
0
38
0
0
0
0
0
0
46
67
65
0
pennsylvania.
Colored nigh School
Lincoln University
0
48
0
0
0
48
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28
130
0
88
120
0
116
250
0
0
30
0
28
26
0
18
0
0
18
8
0
16
8
0
120
0
88
80
0
96
38
0
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Schofield Normal and In¬
dustrial school.
Beaufort Public School
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
107
107
107
36
"Wallingford Academy
0
18
18
0
43
121
80
121
123
0
0
20
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
5
0
6
121
47
18
33
0
10
6
44
0
0
0
0
18
0
6
4A
18
0
Benedict College
Penn Industrial and Nor¬
mal School.
Brewer Normal School
106
107
0
281
101
70
200
243
207
177
200
524
23
0
0
7
107
0
22
4
0
0
75
4
0
0
75
6
0
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
1
0
0
75
5
0
0
14
10
0
4
87
70
200
213
10
0
0
19
45
0
0
TENNESSEE.
Maury County Turner Nor¬
mal and Industrial School*
Waytnan Academy
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
8
0
20
55
0
21
63
0
41
0
8
°
55
0
41
9
0
10
0
°
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Knoxville College
Freemen' sNormal Institute*
Le Moyne Normallnstitute.
Morristown Normal Acad¬
emy.
Bradley Academy
Central Tennessee College..
risk University
Meigs High School
Roger "Williams University.
TEXAS.
9
0
9
25
54
79
5
7
18
49
25
29
0
23
0
0
12
85
0
0
62
157
0
2
0
0
65
90
0
229
87
180
0
25
0
0
77
175
0
229
18
27
29
0
10
0
0
8
40
157
0
*'o
0
65
90
0
229
22
45
0
"o
0
30
0
6
0
0
0
204
7
0
0
0
0
»..
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
204
7
0
0
6
0
0
"o
0
"o
0
4
0
0
4
85
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
East End High School
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
0
Central High School
in
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
* Statistics of 1895-96. '
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
344
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE.
issional and industrial training—equipment and income—Continued.
Chief sources of support.
£1
A. B. H. H. S. Slater Fund.
City
Church
State
Am. Miss. Assn., tuition
State and benevoleneo
A. B. H. M. Society
State, tuition, endowment.
0
$5,125
650
850
1,934
500
50
2, 500]
05 CU
bi)c«
.9 »
ra'S
0 a
,ClO
0
© n
Sbg" .
•HflS
2 S S
,3 3 &
iSVi P<
$90, 000
1, 500
125, 000
200 15,000
600 3,500
250 10,
6, COO
108, 000
SI, 150
0
1,650
$3, 045
0
7S9
^i &
& °
* P
27
0 1,350
109
200i 50
$175
"206
16, 400
1, 822
1, 323 8, 771
State
Endowment and benevolence .
14, 000
214, 000!
Endowment, contributions
United States and State
Presb. Board
M. E. Church
A. M. Assn. and tuition
Presbyterian Church, tuition .
Presbyterian Church
A. H\ E. Church
Am. Bap. JET. M. Society
Contributions
A. M. Asso., church
E. A., S. Ed. So. Slater and Pea-
body Eunds.
Cit.y
Tuition .
Do
Am. Miss. Assn
City
Church and Miss. So.
New Eng. T. M
A. M. Assn., tuition..
E. A., S. Ed. Society..
State and County
F. A., S. Ed. Society
A. M. Assn., contributions.
State
A. B. n. M. S., tuitions
Am. Miss. Assn., tuition .
Stato and City
Donations
State
745
1, 000
4,000
8, 000
0
150
35, 365
2, 000 35,000
200
200.
200 .
600'
0'
250,
200,
2, 525'.
lOOj
200!
2, 000
75
500
20
150
522
3. 500
6, 000
150
950
2,000
0
355
1, 000
0
25, 000
8, 000
10, 000
30, 000
2,750
360
3, 000
12, 000
80, 000
30, 000
1,100
11,000
10, 200
100, 000
0
300
2, 000
500
0
4,000
6, 387
12
4, 000
1,800
400
75
45,000
75, 000
2,100
105, 000
375, 000
150,000
35, 000
2, 000
40,000
17, 000
0
4, 000
0
1, 000
1,270
300
700
1,500
600
70
400
428
4,600
1,150
10, 500
5, 425
1,500
775
15
350
2,450
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
32
EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97.
Table 10.—Schools for the education of th<
Kame of school.
Students
in pro¬
fessional
Pupils re¬
ceiving in¬
dustrial
training.
Students trained in industrial branches.
"P,
10 11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 20
texas—continued.
Hearne Academy, Normal
and Industrial School.*
Bishop College
Wiley University
Colored High School
Prairie View State Normal
School.*
Paul Quinn College
0i 0, 15
o o! o
77
virginia,
Ingleside Seminary
Gloucester Agricultural
and Industrial School.
Colored Graded School
Hampton Normal and Agri
cultural Institute.
St. Paul Normal and Indus
trial School.
Manassas Industrial Schoo
for Colored Youth.
Public High School
Norfolk Mission College
Bishop Payne Divinity and
Industrial School.
Peabody School
Virginia Normal and Colle¬
giate Institute.
Hartshorn Memorial College
High and Normal School
Richmond Theological Sem¬
inary.
west virginia.
TVest Virginia Colored In¬
stitute.
Storer College
High School
01 115
34, 55
115
302 184
46 30
40 53
o; o
29 268
0, 0
0 0
0 133
1 77
o! o
27
* Statistics of 1895-96.
W
fe-gfc- W9.
3 S B &3"
W
•§
Oejg?
§ 88
ef e+- §■>"
0 ^
N O c|
Hdhj
p
tie
$9
13 a
co
O WOtelte
f a tf' a
g ^)>P
-* td
t"*
o >d
p-W
P*^
Kjo
h:
Value of benefactions or be¬
quests in 1896-97.
CO h-» Ot CO
Volumes in library.
o o
o o
c o
Value of grounds, buildings,
furniture, and scientific ap¬
paratus.
Amount of State or municipal
aid.
Amount received from tuition
fees.
O
Amount received from pro¬
ductive funds.
Amount .received from other
sources.
-q n^- o
o o
oo eg o
t— W »—* »—I HMP Hi t—1 »-»■ M
•3 <1 -3 "Jft 050505 05 O CO
o <o oo -q oj
CO to H- o
C.O
m oo
W o
O *-3
W )-* H-I
o* cjx cn d tn
oo -q c& Cn £*
Total income for the year
1896-97.