VOL. XIV, NO. 2
FEBRUARY, 1922
THE SCIENTIFIC
MONTHLY
EDITED BY J. McKEEN CATTELL
CONTENTS
GROWTH IN LIVING AND NON-LIVING SYSTEMS. Professor Ralph S. Lillie___1 13
MENTAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF FRESH AIR. Professor Wm. A. McCall
and Bronson L. Huestis 1 3 1
PROGRESS OF PUBLIC HEALTH WORK. Dr. J. Howard Beard 140
ELECTRONS AND ETHER WAVES. Sir William Bragg, F.R.S 153
CHEMISTRY OF THE BLOOD ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. Dr. George R.
Cowgill 16!
ENUMERATION ERRORS IN NEGRO POPULATION. Dr. Kelly Miller 168
WEATHER CONTROL. Professor D. W. Hering 178
FISHING IN THE MISSISSIPPI. Professor A. S. Pearse_ 186 <
FLOWER SEASONS. Charles Robertson 201
THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE:
The Toronto Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science; Resolutions of the American Association concerning the Public
Welfare; Scientific Items 205
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CHEMISTRY OF THE BLOOD ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO 167
of blood and analyzes it for non-protein nitrogen, urea, creatine,
creatinine, uric acid, and sugar, some of which are present in as
small quantities as a few milligrams per one hundred cubic centi¬
meters of blood. To these might be added calcium, chlorides, phos¬
phates, amino nitrogen, cholesterol and the acetone bodies and still
the list would be incomplete.
Following the lead of Prevost and Dumas, and others who might
be mentioned, the modern physiological chemist, armed with new
weapons for research, is pushing his chemical studies back beyond
the membranes of the kidney glomeruli and tubules to the blood,
and discovering relations of inestimable value to medical science.
The following words, written in 1821, are still worthy of attention
in 1921 :
General hydropsy, hematuria and many other affections enter a new day
when considered from this particular point of view. The characters of the
kidney secretion acquire a very powerful interest in that they serve to indicate
the condition of the mass of the blood and the typical changes to which this
important fluid is subject.
For the scientist especially, the story of the past is the record
of progress in methods through which problems are approached
and in ideas which direct the activities of the investigator. lie who
inherits by virtue of his scientific lineage all of the achievements
of by-gone days would do well not to exalt unduly his own efforts
or fail to appreciate his debt to those who laid the foundations
upon which the more modern structure is built. The substance
that seems relatively simple to the modern chemist has not always
appeared in this light; it has often been necessary to unravel a
mass of seemingly conflicting data in order to reveal this simplicity.
The chemistry of the blood in 1821 consisted essentially of a small
body of facts concerning the blood-clot, the coagulable proteins,
the coloring-matter, and a few soluble salts; the passing of a cen¬
tury has resulted in the advancement of this particular branch of
knowledge almost to the rank of a separate science. The only
standard by which the work of the present may be compared with
that performed one hundred years ago is that of the scientific
method itself; that our fore-fathers in 1821 used this method well
is certified by the fact that their results have stood the test of time;
whether or not the contribution of 1921 shall possess the same clear
title to longevity depends upon the degree of keen insight into
problems, the skill in the use of methods, and finally the measure
of self criticism which may be existent among the present genera¬
tion of investigators.
168
TEE SCIENTIFC MONTHLT
ENUMERATION ERRORS IN NEGRO
POPULATION
By Dr. KELLY MILLER
HOWARD UNIVERSITY
THE Bureau of the Census was established for the purpose of
enumerating the population of the United States, and for the
collection and collation of other statistical data bearing on the
social welfare of the nation. The government bases its calcula¬
tions upon the information furnished by this bureau. The basis
for congressional representation, military conscription and other
federal regulations are based upon the census enumeration within
the limits of the several states. Publicists and social philosophers
base their conclusions upon the same data. It is, therefore, a
matter of the greatest importance that the enumeration should
be reliable and trustworthy. The Bureau of the Census ranks as
a scientific department of the government. Constantly repeated
errors of this bureau tend to impeach its scientific reputation and
to vitiate the conclusions based upon its output. Numerous com¬
plaints have been made by competent critics not only repudiating
the results, but also impugning the motive. Manipulation in be¬
half of sectional and partisan advantage has been freely charged.
Senator Roger Q. Mills, in an article in The Forum, bitterly com¬
plained that the south was deprived of its due quota of representa¬
tion by the imperfection of the enumeration of 1890. Indeed,
the alleged inaccuracies of the eleventh census provoked a flood
of condemnatory literature.
Various enumerations of the negro population by the Census
Office since 1860 have not been very flattering to the scientific repu¬
tation of that bureau. These enumerations have been not only
inherently erroneous, but so conflicting and inconsistent as to de¬
mand calculated corrections. It may be taken for granted that
the enumerations up to 1860 were reasonably accurate and re¬
liable. The negroes, up to that time, were in a state of slavery,
and the master had merely to hand the list of his slaves to the
enumerator, just as he would the list of his cattle or other forms
of chattel. There was every facility and every reason for accurate
returns. The negro population up to 1860 was inflated by im¬
portation of slaves from Africa, and, consequently, it was impos-
ENUMERATION ERRORS IN NEGRO POPULATION 169
sible to check the accuracy of the count by the ordinary statistical
tests. Beginning, however, with the census of 1870, this popula¬
tion has been cut off from outside reinforcement and has had to
depend upon its inherent productivity for growth and expansion.
It, therefore, becomes an easy matter to apply the ordinary statis¬
tical checks to test the accuracy of enumeration.
It is conceded that the enumerations of 1860, 1880, 1900 and
1910 were accurate within the allowable limit of error. Accord¬
ing to these enumerations, the growth was more or less normal
and regular, and conformed to the requirements of statistical ex¬
pectation. But the enumerations of 1870, 1890 and 1920 are so
flagrantly discrepant as to demand special explanation and cor¬
rection. A miscount at one enumeration upsets the balance for
two decades. If it be an undercount, it makes the increase too
small for the preceding decade and too large for the succeeding
one. Accordingly, the only consecutive decades upon which we
can rely for accuracy concerning the growth of the negro popu¬
lation would be xhe 1850-1860 and 1900-1910. In order to escape
obvious absurdities, the figures for the other decades must be sup¬
plied by reasoned interpolations. The mere exhibit of the several
enumerations by the Census Office will convince the student of
their inherent improbability.
Negro Population at Each Census, and Decennial Increase, 1860-1920
Decennial Per cent, of
Year. Number. Increase. Increase
1860 4,441,830 803,022 22.1
1870 4,880,009 438,179 9.9
1880 6,580,793 1,700,784 34.9
1890 7,488,676 907,883 13.8
1900 8,833,994 1,345,318 18.0
1910 9,827,763 993,769 11.2
1920 10,463,013 635,250 6.5
The irregularities of these figures are as whimsical as if pro¬
duced by the sport of the gods. The normal growth of population
uninfluenced by immigration or emigration shows a gradual in¬
crease in decennial increment and a gradual decline in the rate
of increase. Wherever there is found to be a wide divergence
from this law, it must be accounted for by special contributory
influences. The column giving the decennial increments, instead
of showing a gradual behavior, jumps back and forth with unac¬
countable capriciousness. A sudden drop from 803,022 to 438,179
is offset by an alarming rise to 1,700,784 for the next decade, when,
lo and behold, there is a swift decline to 907,883 for the following
ten years. We look aghast at the upward bound to 1,345,318,
thence a downward drop to 993,769, followed by a still further
170
THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY
startling decline to 635,250. It makes the head swim to try to
keep track of such whimsical variations. The decadal increase
per cent, shows similar irregularities. The rhythmical rise and
fall of these figures impresses one as the alternate up and down
motion of boys playing at see-saw. Why should the ordinates of
a curve, which should move smoothly downward, drop suddenly
from 22.3 to 9.9, then rise to 34.9 and drop again to 13.9, then
rise to 18.0 and decline again to 11.2 with a final slump of 6.5?
Such variability has perhaps never been experienced by any human
population. The internal evidence of error is overwhelming. The
Census Bureau has sought to make corrections for the evidently
erroneous enumerations of 1870 and 1890. But the equally dis¬
crepant figures of 1920 remain so far indisputed.
The census of 1870 has been universally discredited. The
greatest error of enumeration falls, naturally enough, on the negro
race. This race had just been set free, and had not reestablished
itself in definite domiciles. Political conditions in the South were
in the flux and flow of readjustment. The machinery of the Cen¬
sus Bureau was not sufficiently efficient to cope with so complicated
a situation. Statisticians, recognizing the evident error, have tried
to correct the mistake by statistical computation. The Census
Bureau estimates the error in the negro population for the decade
to be 512,163. An acknowledged error of a half million, it would
seem, would put this bureau on the lookout for similar errors in
the future. But the census of 1890 was notoriously faulty. Here
again the undercount, it is obvious, fell mainly in the South, and
largely among the negro population.
The Census Bureau, in commenting upon the apparent irregu¬
larities of returns for 1890, states: "According to the returns,
the rate from 1880 to 1890 was very much lower than even the
last rate, that of 1870-1880, and the rate for 1890-1900 was much
higher than during the preceding or succeeding decade. Such
abrupt changes in a class of the population which is not affected
by immigration seem very improbable and almost force the con¬
clusion that the enumeration of the negroes in 1890 was deficient.
In the special volume on "Negro Population of the United States
1790-1915," the director further declares:
The presumption of an undercount at the census of 1890, therefore, rests
upon the improbability of the decennial rates of increase themselves as devel¬
oped from the census returns; the inconsistency of the indicated changes in
the rates from decade to decade with the changes in the proportion of children
in the negro population, and upon the improbability of the deeennial mortality
indicated for the decades 1880-1890 and 1890-1900 The number of
omissions at the census of 1890 cannot be accurately determined, but it would
seem to be a fair assumption that the decline in the rate of increase from
ENUMERATION ERRORS IN NEGRO POPULATION 171
decade to deeade was constant, and that the rate fell off in each of the two
decades 1880-1890, 1890-1900 by approximately the same amount. On this
assumption, the probable rates of increase for the four decades, 1870-1910, are
22.0, 17.9, 13.8, 11.2. ... A rate of 17.9 per cent, for the decade 1880-1890
would give a negro population in 1890 of nearly 7,760,000, which, in round
numbers, exceeds the population as enumerated at the census of 1890 by
270,000. This is probably the number of omissions of negroes at the census
of 1890, on the assumption that the retardation in the rate of growth in the
20 years 1880-1900 was constant.
By making the estimated corrections for acknowledged error
in the counts of 1870 and 1890, decadal growth from 1880 to 1890
would be reduced and from 1890 to 1900 increased, so as to pro¬
duce reasonable conformity with the laws of normal growth. A
gradual decline in the rate of growth from 22.3 per cent, to
11.2 per cent, in 60 years will prove that the negro element con¬
forms to the regular law of human population. This decline would
appear even more gradual if we consider that the rate of 22.1
from 1850 to 1860 was contributed, in considerable measure, by
African importation. The Census Bureau offers the following
table with corrected numbers for 1870 and 1890:
Negro Population: Decennial Increases, with Estimated Allowances
for 1870 and 1890
Deeennial Per cent, of
Year. Number. Increase. Increase.
1910 9,827,763 993,769 11.2
1900 8,833,994 1,073,994 13.8
1890 7,760,000 1,179,207 17.6
1880 6,580,793 1,188,621 22.0
1870 5,392,172 950,342 21.4
1860 4,441,830 803,022 22.1
According to the recent bulletin issued by the Bureau of the
Census, the negro population showed a surprising and unexpected
decline during the last decade. In 1910 there were 9,827,763
negroes, and in 1920 10,463,013, giving a decadal increase of
635,250 or 6.5 per cent. If these figures were added to the table
corrected to 1910, the disparity would be as glaring as any which
has yet come from the Census Bureau. The sudden drop in de¬
cadal increase from 993,769 to 635,250, or from 11.2 per cent, to
6.5 per cent., is so strikingly out of harmony with the more or less
regular movement of the table as to call loudly for correction or
explanation. The table shows a gradual decrease in the decen¬
nial increment from 1880 to 1910, a decline of 194,852 in three
decades. But now we are called upon to accept a sudden decline
of 358,519 in a single decade.
The decennial rate of increase dropped from 11.2 per cent,
between 1900 and 1910 to 6.5 per cent, between 1910 and 1920,
172
TEE SCENTIFIC MONTHLY
whereas we should have expected a gradual decline of not more
than 1 or 2 points. On the face of the figures it seems probable
that the Census Bureau has again committed an error in the enu¬
meration of the negro population. As this bureau has admittedly
committed grave errors in enumeration of the negro population
in two preceding censuses, it is but reasonable that the obvious
discrepancy can be most reasonably accounted for by an error in
the present count.
Aside from the internal evidence itself, there is sufficient rea¬
son to suppose that this count might have been erroneous. The
mobile negro population has been greatly upset by the world war.
There was a mad rush of negroes from the South to fill the vacuum
in the labor market caused by unsettled conditions. Thousands
of negro homes were broken up and their members scattered with¬
out definite residential identity. In the cities especially, it seems
probable that the count was greatly underestimated. The negro
migrants lived for the most part in improvised lodgings and board¬
ing houses whose proprietors had little knowledge and less interest
in the identity of the boarders. The census official, visiting such
boarding houses with a large number of negro boarders would, in
all probability, receive an inaccurate underestimate by the ig¬
norant and uncaring proprietors. As an illustration of such in¬
accuracy, I cite a quotation from an editorial of the Dispatch of
Oklahoma City:
If the census enumerators over the United States were as careless in the
count as they were shown to be by this publication during the poll of the
population last year, the general charge is right that the black man has made
a much larger numerical advance than the official, yet faulty, records show.
It will be remembered that the Dispatch made the charge during the enumera¬
tion that there was a laxness and really seeming desire to overlook the black
man in this city. Our charge was printed in the daily papers. To cap it all
off, the irate enumerator in the section of the city where the Dispatch is
located, appeared on the evening that the charge was published, and demanded
of the editor the basis of the charge. We took him out into the 300 block on
East 2nd Street and found 33 black men whom he had not counted, folk who
told him so, and whose names he did not have on his lists.
If a presumption of undercount was justified by the statistical
indication for 1870 and 1890, surely a like presumption would ob¬
tain for the census of 1920. There are but three methods of ac¬
counting for this sudden slump in the growth of the negro popu¬
lation. First, an undercount of the Census Bureau, second, a
sudden increase in the death rate, and third, a decrease in the
birth rate of the negro population.
It is known that the death rate of the negro is decreasing rather
than increasing under improving sanitary conditions and general
ENUMERATION ERBOBS IN NEGBO POPULATION 173
social environment. The Director of the Census states that "the
death rate has not changed greatly." Instead of adhering to the
"fair assumption" of a steadily declining rate of increase, as
was done for the faulty enumerations of 1870 and 1890, the Di¬
rector of the Fourteenth Census accepts the violent leap from
11.2 to 6.5 and endeavors to vindicate the count of 1920, by as¬
suming a sudden decrease in negro birth rate.
On this point the Census Bureau explains:
The rate of increase in the negro population, which is not perceptibly
increased by immigration or emigration, is by far the lowest on record. This
element of the population has been growing at a rapidly diminishing rate
during the past 30 years, its percentage of increase having declined from 18
per cent, between 1890 and 1900 to 11.2 per cent, during the following decade
and to 6.5 per cent, during the 10 years ended January 1, 1920. Such data
as are available as to birth and death rates among the negroes indicate that
the birth rate has decreased considerably since 1900, while the death rate has
not changed greatly.
The statement, "this element of the population has been grow¬
ing at a rapidly diminishing rate during the past 30 years," that
is, since 1890, presupposes the accuracy of the census of 1870,
which presumption the census office itself discredits in a previous
statement. It entirely overlooks the fact that the rate rose sud¬
denly from 13.8 for 1880-1890 to 18.0 for 1890-1900. With the
indicated corrections the rate of increase has declined within the
expected limits of fluctuation from 22 per cent, for the decade
1850-1860 to 11.2 per cent, for the decade 1900-1910, making a drop
of 10.8 points in 6 decades. The sudden downward drop by 4.6
points in a single decade certainly calls for a more satisfactory
explanation than a sudden and unaccounted for decrease in birth
rate. The only statement which the Census Bureau vouchsafes
to account for this rather startling conclusion is a very hesitant
and uncertain one:
Such data as are available with regard to birth and death rate among
negroes indicates that the birth rate has decreased considerably since 1910,
but the death rate has not changed greatly.
On examining the data on which this conclusion is based, we
find that they are wholly insufficient to justify the sweeping con¬
clusion imposed upon it. The mortality statistics are based upon
returns from the registration area. Only five southern states are
now included in the area, namely, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro¬
lina, South Carolina and Kentucky, from which birth and death
rates are collected annually, and even these states were not ad¬
mitted to the birth registration area in 1900. So that the compu¬
tation of birth and death rates for the colored population of these
states is neither adequate nor convincing.
174
THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY
Birth Bate of Negro Population in Specified Registration States, 1900
and 1919 (Comparative)
birth
rate
states and color
1900
1919
Maryland:
25.7
19.0
27.9
26.7
Virginia:
31.5
25.9
33.1
27.8
North Carolina:
34.3
29.3
36.5
28.5
South Carolina:
32.3
27.1
38.2
26.2
Kentucky:
31.2
24.7
Colored
25.2
17.7
Those are the only heavy negro states within the registration
area.
These states were not all included in the registration area for
1900. Mortality statistics in the non-registration area are noto¬
riously inaccurate and unreliable. Birth registration is especially
unsatisfactory even in the registration area.
Return of negro births would naturally be most inaccurate.
Negro births, especially in rural and small urban communities are
not always attended by regular physicians or certified health
officials. The midwife still plies her trade. There is a relatively
large number of illegitimate births among negroes. Official re¬
turns in such cases would not be apt to be rendered fully for pru¬
dential reasons. It is therefore evident that the rapidly declining
birth rate revealed by the census is based upon noncomparable
and inadequate data.
Even the apparent rapid increase in the white death rate
awaits fuller explanation before the figures can be relied upon
with assurance. It is curious to note that the birth rate among
the whites in South Carolina fell from 32.3 in 1900 to 27.1 in 1919,
the death rate rising but slightly from 10.4 to 10.6 during the
same interval. And yet the white population of that state in¬
creased from 557,807 in 1900 to 818,538 in 1920. There was a
vigesimal increment of 250,731 with little or no reinforcement
from immigration. This unexplained increment in the white pop¬
ulation seems also to discredit the reliability of the recorded mor¬
tality statistics within the states so recently added to the regis¬
tration area.
It is well understood that these states, except South Carolina,
ENUMERATION ERRORS IN NEGRO POPULATION
175
have shown a comparatively slow rate of increase in negro popu¬
lation for 30 years preceding the census in question. The facts
are indicated in the following table:
Decennial Bate of Increase of the Negro Population in Certain Regis¬
tration States: 1880 to 1910
rate
of increase
name
1890
1900
1910
*United States
13.5
18.0
11.2
Maryland
2.6
9.0
— 1.2
Virginia
6
4.0
1.6
North Carolina
5.6
11.3
11.7
South Carolina
14.0
13.6
6.8
Kentucky
—1.2
6.2
— 8.1
From the table it will be seen that the increase in negro popu-
lation in the southern states within the registration area has been
considerably lower than that for the country at large. In Mary¬
land, there is an actual decline in the negro population of 1.2 per
cent, from 1900-1910 and the small gain of 2.6 from 1880-1890.
In Virginia the highest rate of increase during the past 30 years
was 4 per cent. In Kentucky there was an actual decline for two
of the three decades. The low rate of increase in the border states
is due to the large emigration of the negro from these states to
the nearby northern states and cities. It is well known that the
negro who migrates to the North and the large cities is made up
of younger people of both sexes who, if they had remained at home,
would naturally tend to increase the birth rate.
The low birth rate revealed by the census in these states is
due to the migration of the negro population of reproductive age
from those states within the registration area. This, of course,
does not affect necessarily the birth rate of negro population as a
whole. A better view of the birth rate of the negro population
may be secured by considering the growth of this population in the
more typical southern states not so much affected by migration
during the same period.
Decennial Eate of Increase of the Negro Population in Certain Non-
Registration States: 1880-1910
name 1890 1900 1910
United States 13.5 18.0 11.2
Georgia 18.4 20.5 13.7
Alabama 13.1 21.9 9.8
Mississippi 14.2 22.2 11.2
Louisiana 15.6 16.4 9.7
Thus it will be seen that four heavy negro states, with an ag¬
gregate negro population of nearly four million, shows a rate of
increase far greater than those in the registration area. The in-
*Footnote: Exclusive of population especially enumerated in 1890.
176
THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY
crease in those states was due wholly to the excess of births over
deaths. But this does not tell the whole story. While the stream
of migration was not so pronounced from these states as from the
northern tier of southern states, still there has been a considerable
northern movement for the past three or four decades.
From a comprehensive view of the whole situation, it seems
perfectly clear that the sudden decline of the negro population
as revealed by the census of 1920 is due to miscount rather than
to the declining birth rate. If we should estimate an error in
count of 300,000, scarcely greater than that conceded by the Cen¬
sus Bureau itself for the count of 1890, the negro population dur¬
ing the past 60 years would have followed more or less consist¬
ently the ordinary laws of growth. Let us accept the substan¬
tial accuracy of the census of 1860, 1880, 1900 and 1910 and esti¬
mate the error for 1870 at 512,163, for 1890 at 270,000, as con¬
ceded by the Census Bureau, and let us still further allow an error
in the count, 300,000 for 1920, as here suggested. The growth of
the negro population since 1850 will be as follows:
Negro Population
Decennial Per cent, of
Number. Increase. Increase.
1920 10,763,013 935,250 9.6
1910 9,827,763 993,769 11.2
1900 8,833,994 1,073,994 13.8
1890 7,760,000 1,179,207 17.6
1880 6,580,793 1,188,621 22.0
1870. 5,392,172 950,342 21.4
1860 4,441,830 803,022 22.1
The table makes the negro population behave more or less
normally, and is certainly more reasonable than the startling de¬
viation revealed by the face of returns, and the explanation is
more acceptable to reason than that urged by the Census Bureau,
of a sudden and unexplainable decline in the negro birth rate.
It is a source of surprise to note that the American mind seems
to expect that any fact which affects the negro will deviate from
the normal course of human values. It is prone to accept with
satisfaction wild assertions and unsupported theories, without
subjecting them to the test of logic and reason. If it is seen in
the Census, it is so. Any statement issued upon the authority of
the government which seems to be belittling to the negro will be
seized upon by would-be social philosophers and exploited through¬
out the nation to the disadvantage of the race.
De Bow, relying upon the low rate of increase in the negro
population, revealed by the census of 1870, proved to the entire
satisfaction of those who were satisfied with this type of proof
EXCERATIOX ERRORS IX A 'EURO POPULATION 177
that the negro could not withstand the competition of freedom
and "would, forthwith, fall out of the equation as an affected factor.
The census of 1880, showing the unheard of increase of 34 per
cent., set ail of De Bow's philosophy at naught. But thence arose
another school of philosophers which declared that this unheard of
increase in the negro population threatened the numerical as¬
cendancy of the white race, and, therefore, the black man should
be returned to Africa from whence his ancestors came. The cen¬
sus of 1890 refuted this conclusion by showing only an increase
of 13.8 per cent., but, no whit abashed, another type of anti-negro
propagandism arose, declaring that the rapid decline in the race
indicated inherent, degenerative physical tendencies threatening
to the health and stamina of the American people. The census
of 1900, showing a rise of decadal growth to 18.0 per cent., pro¬
duced a calm in the domain of social speculation. But the preced¬
ing prophecies of evil are still of record. It seems to be the nature
of the prophet to ignore the failure of the fulfillment of his
prophecies.
It is particularly unfortunate that such loose and unscientific
propaganda can be bolstered up by data from governmental docu¬
ments which the uninquiring mind is disposed to accept with the
authority of holy writ. The calamity philosophers have already
dipped their pens in ink to damn the negro race to degeneration
and death by reason of the latest census figures. The thought, and
perhaps the conduct, of the nation may be misled on the basis of
erroneous data, backed up by governmental authority.
The broader question arises in the scientific mind. If the data
on negro population furnished by the census can not be relied
on, as is clearly shown by past enumerations, what assurance is
there that collateral information, such as death rate, birth rate,
occupation, illiteracy, etc., are to be given full credit and confi¬
dence. The negro problem is the most complicated issue with
which Ave have to deal. Straight thinking and sound opinion based
upon accurate data are absolutely necessary to enable us to reach
any conclusion of value. The Census Office has now become a per¬
manent bureau, which, it is hoped, will take rank with other scien¬
tific departments of the government.
Statesmen and publicists should have serious concern about
the accuracy of negro statistics in view of the importance of the
political and sociological conclusions based upon and derived
from them.
VOL. XIV.—12
178
THE.,$W * pF n, MONTHLY
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fc. *•-.#-
vi
& *Vf
fcr .D. W/l>
WEA1
By ^
I
K* YORK' UNIVERSITY
V
*L
not ill hum:
<1 Ivil without \
jtyire to suffer from a prolonged or rej ted
.ang for a remedy. Severe weather o any
kind—heat, cold, 'iuiii or drought—if long continued causes dis¬
tress and the only way to escape the ill effects of such extremes is
to control the weather, either to mitigate it when it is becoming
too sever
kind of
pies h
cine-
the s
moni ?
stitio
*
the, r'
imitat^
like t
forth
ima|
re
and
make
• ma;
ider*
the
jS to
pr^ to take proper measure^ in advance to secure the
■her that is wanted. SaV»g ^ and unenlightened peo-
J >rted .to all sorts of char mi Mjfdfcncantations; to medi¬
cs, raiu-gods, etc. rfl.se i^ummeries have been
article aid some ela^&rate^treatises. The cere-
atypii&Si ingenious finite are grossly super¬
iors m "licanery, jmy? Vv the method of
®ig|pij jye folk is $as6ct. * p homeopathy or
frsfVti e^he will attem^ttyW, .product; a noise
i< I th^; this will" r'esi H^n th ^o^rsting
ject p
bring. abou"'
sign .that r
witl£ pagan
ne of
the g u
atiated by 1>a u
nnc$jts attendant ra nj 'oV 3 $ U sub-
■> un^pite of li ^r re ^igHia it to
sSvfren she wasl ik,/, 1 is a
£*y"actices li^ve if en k>n on also
V </iA] izati&n:- Ji^pt'tei Pluvius
*' man DpitifeS, ai
1 are'r igry t
f ^e col<
1
>f
»
Oi,
tor
l ca
t, means of heath
>11 and* floods present prqb
off the destruction they v
nee'to individuals 01* to isolated plat
^che production, prevention, or moder
> of '..Wither over
;ven attetr 1 pd in the -hi
*4^ under ^ak^jJ^v^
£ to Professor
*fstiar&(, u
SC uri
xces,c
0 course
^must be
provide
^ella icessive
W' would
a es have
/ cictual con-
1# ot any specip1
lar^e districts
has not been accomplish
-of heat, frost 01 w nds, though jj
*d to the production of rain; and,*
vf the U. S. Weather Bureau, lAfe-'
at control is a scientific pos-
rs- wffl come, in time, *
ma c'ljbariy understand th'