script, Archives, ,are Book Librar OQKER T. WASHIWG'pl RY UNIVERSITY >. gg| / "THE BROTHERHOOD 6F MAN." rev. n. B. Wood (White), Vindicator of the Colored Race and Author of "The White Side of a Black Subject," and his friend, Rev. Harry Knight (Colored). ABRAHAM LINCOLN. CHARLES SUMNER, HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, ''The Abolitionist." Author of "Uncle Tom's Cabip." "Wtth Charity for All ai^d Malics Toward Non$ " NOTICE. This prospectus does not contain all of the many "Race" illustrations and portraits of promi¬ nent men that appear in the full copy or complete work entitled, "The College of Life," it being im¬ possible to show all the illustrations or sketches of prominent men in the prospectus. 1. T. Thomas Fortune, Journalist. 2. Booker T. Washington, Educator. 3. Hon. Frederick DouGeass, Statesman. 4. I. Garland Penn, Author, Orator ; 5. Miss Ida B. Wehs, Chief Commissioner, Atlanta Exposition. Lecturer, Defender of the Race. BISHOP B. W. ARNETT, D.D., EE.D., A. M. E. Church. BISHOP W. J. GAINES, D.D. A. M. E Church. The College of Life OR Practical 5elf= Educator A MANUAL OF SELF-IMPROVEMENT FOR THE COLORED RACE FORMING AN Educational Emancipator and a Guide to Success GIVING EXAMPLES AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF SUCCESSFUL MEN AND WOMEN OF THE RACE AS AN INCENTIVE AND INSPIRATION TO THE RISING GENERATION INCLUDING AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED THE WHOLE Embracing Business, Social, Domestic, Historical and Religious Education BY Henry Davenport Northrop, D. D., Hon. Joseph R. Gay, AND Prof. I. Garland Perm EMBELLISHED WITH HUNDREDS OF SUPERB ENGRAVINGS W. H. Ferguson Company, CINCINNATI, OHIO. 'Ehtered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855 by J. R. JONES, Untiie Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D—C». All Rights Reserved.. DEDICATION TO the Great African Race, numbering MANY MILLIONS in the United States of America, from whose hands the shackles of slavery have fallen within the present generation, and whose progress in that short period has astonished the world, and challenged its admiration:— And to the MILLIONS of souls of the same 'race in the "Dark Continent" to whom those of America will carry the light of Christianity to disenthrall them from the bonds of savagery and superstition: And to yet other millions now groaning under the yoke of slavery in semi-civilized countries and in the islands of the sea—to all the sons and daughters of Ham wherever they are found and whatever their condition— We send this Volume with our Greeting Happy indeed should be the African Race in this closing decade o^ the nineteenth century. From the long dreary night of past ages of barbarism and slavery the darkness is passing away—the morning light has broken and the sun of liberty and enlightenment is rising gloriously in the heavens. To these People, among whom the spirit of liberty has so recently been born and over whom the star of hope is smiling; To that Great Nation, which we believe, shall rise like a triumphant Phenix from the ashes which smoulder over the superstitions, the per¬ secutions and the barbaric ruins of ages past,— This Volume is hopefully DEDICATED BY THE AUTHORS TO THE READER. In preparing this volume for the Eight Millions of Afro-Americans in this country certain well-defined objects were in view, as follows: To advise, encourage and educate the thousands of young people of the race and to inspire them with a desire to better their condition in life by Self-Improvement; To afford the valuable information needed by the large class of men and women who are engaged in the responsible duties of active life, and to place within the reach of parents a valuable guide for the successful training of their children, and a Family Educator for the Home. With the above purpose in view portraits of many successful men and women of their own race, with sketches of their achievements in life, are given as examples of what may be accomplished through education, patience, perseverance and integrity of character. Many engravings illustrating Afro-American Progress are introduced as object lessons of the great advancement of their own people, impressing them with the fact that they must educate and elevate thems'elves if they would attain success in life. This volume is intended as a Self-Educator and is in no sense a history or book of biography ; therefore it cannot be expected to include the portraits or mention all prominent men of the race, nor describe all historical events. Sufficient portraits and sketches of successful Afro-American men and women are given as a Guide to Success, and illustra¬ tions of places, objects and events are given for the purpose of inspiring ambition and as an incentive for the sons and daughters of the race. Some subjects concerning the race, but not concerning Afro-American Progress, have been purposely omitted, as it is believed these subjects are not in accord with the purpose of the book. To the future the race must look forward. Let each individual prepare for it by Self-Education. Within this volume will be found "A College of Life," embracing the following departments : Thirty Years of Advancement, Afro-American Progress Illustrated, Negro Department Cotton States and International Exposition, Achievements of Successful Men and Women of the Race as a Guide to Success. Rules of Etiquette for all Occasions, Marriage and Domestic Life, The Care and Management of Children, Bible Stories for the Young, Household Economy, Athletic Sports, Physical Development, How to be Healthy and Strong: Bookkeeping and Penmanship, Correspondence and Letter Writing, The Correct Use of the English Language, Sentiment and Culture of Flowers, Amusements and Pastimes,. How to Organize Societies, Practical Suggestions for Home and School, Masterpieces of Eloquence Selections from the World's Best Authors, and an Encyclopedia of Valuable Information and Important Facts for Reference, iv CONTENTS OF THE PRACTICAL SELF-EDUCATOR. PAGE Thirty Years of Advancement 17 Afro-American Progress Illustrated 28 Clergymen and Churches 28 Bishop Richard Allen 28 Bishop H. M. Turner 29 Bishop Alexander Walters ; 30 Bishop B. T. Tanner 31 Bishop B. F. Lee 33 Bishop J. A. Handy 34 Rev. John T. Jenifer 35 Rev. James M. Townsend 36 Quinn Chapel, Chicago 39 Rev. H. H. Garnett 43 Rev. Richard DeBaptist 43 Rev. Alexander Crummel 44 Rev. Allen Allensworth 44 Rev. Pierre Landry 45 Rev. Augustus Tolton 47 Rev. Preston Taylor 48 Rev. Emperor Williams 48 Rev. W. D. Johnson 50 Rev. D. A. Graham 51 Rev. M. C. B. Mason 52 Rev. J. F. Marshall 53 Rev. B A. J. Nixon 53 St. Paul's A. M. Church, Raleigh, N. C... 53 Rev. John Jasper 54 Rev. E. W. S. Hammond 55 Afro-American Colleges and Industrial Schools 56 Prof. Booker T. Washington 60 Prof. J. D. Chavis 62 Prof. A. W. McKinney 64 Prof. T. J. Calloway 64 Claflin University and Industrial Insti¬ tute 67 Central College of Tennessee 69 Our Educational Progress 70 Secret Society Organizers and Officers 71 Rev. W. W. Brown 73 J. J. C. McKinley 73 Naval and Military Heroes 74 Toussaint L'Ouverture 74 Hon. Robert Smalls 77 Col. James Lewis 78 Capt. R. A. Paul 79 Major M. B. Delaney 80 The Educational Progress of the Afro- American Race 81 Normal Education 81 fa ob College Education 82 Professional Training 82 The Industries 83 Northern Philanthropy 83 Southern Appropriation 84 National Government Aid 84 Self-Education Support 84 In Northern Institutions 85 Our Boys and Girls 85 Rise and Progress of Afro-American Lit¬ erature 86 International Exposition, 1895... 91 Noted Afro-Amercan Women and their Achievements 95 Mrs. C. A. Johnson 97 Mrs. Cora L. Burgan 98 Miss Gertrude J. Washington 98 Miss Ida B. Weliere houses. 6 Ckrk '""vera! dv goods REV. JOHNTJENIPM"' E' CHURCH' WASHINGTON'D- C. 42 AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. and also as the center for humane and Chris¬ tian work among the Afro-American people. The Quinn Chapel congregation is among the most thrifty and intelligent of Chicago's Afro-American citizens. The church has an excellent Sunday School with other flourish¬ ing societies, lyceum, etc. This society has had fifty years of eventful history. It has Rev. Henry Highland Garnett, Late U. S. Minister to Liberia. purchased four lots, erected four buildings for worship, suffering the destruction of two church buildings by fire, removed eight times, and under the Methodist itinerant custom, has had twenty-four changes of pas¬ tors, some of them being scholarly men and able preachers and divines. Yet, through all these vicissitudes they have kept in ad¬ vance, with a fast hold on the confidence of the Afro-American people and the esteem of the best citizens of Chicago. At the end of the third quarterly confer¬ ence, Rev. J. T. Jenifer, who had so earn¬ estly labored with the congregation, was called to the Metropolitan Church, in Wash¬ ington, D. C., the connectional church, by the Bishops. Rev. G. C. Booth, a former pastor, was appointed to fill out the un¬ expired term or last quarter of the conference year of 1893. In the meantime the boards were soliciting the services of Rev. J. M. Townsend, then located at Richmond, Ind., and their wishes were granted. After Conference in 1893, he took charge of the church, and although everything and everybody seemed to be at a stand still, Dr. Townsend went to work.' Never before in the history of Quinn Chapel were its affairs so prosperous. Dur¬ ing the revival that started on New Year's night, more than 500 persons joined the church, and, in spite of the dull times, during the last third of the conference year the trustees raised over $4000, or more than they formerly raised dur¬ ing a year of prosperity. This money did not include the stewards' collec¬ tions and money taken in for charitable pur¬ poses. The auditorium of the church which was nothing but bare walls and naked floors was converted into as fine a church as any in the connection, and ranks with any church in the city of Chicago, without regard to the de- D.D., AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. 43 REV. HENRY HIGHLAND GARNETT, D.D. This celebrated preacher and states¬ man was born in slavery in Kent County, Md., December 23, 1815, but his father, by the aid of Thomas Gar¬ rett, a Quaker, succeeded in bringing him and the other members of the family to freedom. They lived for a time in Bucks County, Pa., but soon moved to New York, where ne studied for a while in the Mulberry Street School. He was obliged by the poverty of his family to work as cabin boy, and afterward endeavored to gain an edu¬ cation but was unsuccessful until he went V> the Oneida Institute at Whites- boro. He graduated in 1839, an<^> as in 'ihf- meantime lost his family through the slave hunters, he settled in Troy. He studied theology diligently, and in 1842 was licensed to preach and became pastor of the Liberty Street Church, with Ivhich church he remained for ten years, publishing the Clarion. He was pastor of the Shiloh Presbyterian Church of New York for twenty-six years, and only resigned this charge to go to Liberia as resident minister. Rev. Richard DeBaptist, D.D. well be proud. He was born November 11, 1831, and received a fair education in Vir¬ ginia under the guidance of his father and in secret. He was ordained to the ministry at Mount Pleasant, and taught public school for colored youth in this place for three years. Here he first exhibited those sterling traits of character which have since distinguished him and placed him in the front rank. He was pastor of the Baptist Church in Mount Pleasant for four years, and then took nomination. The great pipe organ and the sun burners add a great deal of beauty to the place and the sanctuary, which is built in the shape of a semi-circle, is very beautiful, and besides this the pews and all the rest of the furniture are of the highest order of excellence. On the whole it is indescribable, and for a person to appreciate the same it must be seen. A great victory has been achieved not only by the A. M. E. connection, but by the Afro-Americans of Chicago in general, and the people of other places will join in the triumphant praise. He did not live long after sailing, but he has left an example for others of his race that should be followed. He was an elo¬ quent and charming speaker, and, although a cripple for life, this only seemed to add to the brilliancy of his mind. REV. RICHARD DeBAPTIST, D.D. This well-known clergyman is a man of mark, of whom Fredricksburg, Va., may 56 AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. AFRO=AMERICAN COLLEGES AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS. WHAT our people can accom¬ plish by education has been shown during the last genera¬ tion. There is an old saying that "what has been done can be done again." A large number of our race have proved their ability to master not only the ordinary branches of learning, but also to meet the demands of the "higher education." This is an undeniable fact, and is valuable as showing that the colored man can be taught and trained for all professions and pursuits. He has that inquiring mind, which is one of the first essentials for obtaining knowledge. He has a praiseworthy curiosity for prying into what he does not know already. He is eager to learn. Wherever and whenever educational advantages have been placed within his reach, he has made diligent use of them. Common schools and higher institu¬ tions of learning have only to be thrown open to him and he will walk in, proud of his new and grand opportunities and ambi¬ tious to succeed. His mind and heart are stirred by the new era that has dawned upon him, his look is upward, and he begins to understand that the noblest manhood and the highest posi¬ tions of citizenship, wealth and social influence, can be gained only by self-culture and education. What is thought upon this subject by one of the leading Afro-American educators may be learned from the following article by Principal F. G. Snelson, of the Public School, Cartersville, Ga. The article is entitled, "What Ground, in what Studies should be Covered by a Grammar School Course?" and is taken from the columns of the Negro Educational Journal. Principal Snelson is a representative man of our race, and this renders his views upon the importance of primary education of special interest. Mr. Snelson says : The importance of a thorough and comprehensive Grammar School course is becoming more and more apparent every year. In the Higher Insti¬ tutions of learning, in Trade Schools and Business Universities pupils who have made a thorough mastery of the fundamentals of the Grammar School course seldom fail of marked success in the completion of their courses of studies and in their business careers. Every working man needs to know far more than the trade he has learned. If he has not a brain educated to think, he will surely be outwitted by the superior intelli¬ gence of contractors. " Hand-skill is essen¬ tial but hands must be moved by a thinking head," says one very wisely. The Ground to be covered demands : In the Form of a Story. Thorough preparation—the bringing to¬ gether all the helps, materials and incentives necessary to incite the acute interest of the teacher and prepare him for the lesson. The pupil himself must be prepared also; his interest fully awakened and his expecta¬ tions of receiving some good covetously aroused. The Ground to be covered requires the powers of admirable presentation. The German idea is that the teacher shall relate the lesson in the form of a story—thus hold¬ ing out the idea of a far higher grade of teaching force and showing the demands for better Normal training. The Ground to be covered will suggest the clearest association of those notions and 1. Prof. L. S. Clarke, Athens, Ga. 2. Prin. F. G. Smith, M.D.,Nashville,Tenn. 3. Prof. A.W. McKinney, A.M., Huntsville, Ala. 4. Prof. F. G. SnFi^son, A.B., Athens, Ga. 5. Dr. R- F. Boyd, A.M., M.D., Nashville, Tenn. 6. Prof. W. B. MaThfws, Cartersville, Ga. 7. Rev. Prof. J. A. Jones, Shelbyville, Tenn. 8. ProF. A. Tolliver, Marrietta, Ga. 9. Prof. W. H. Spencer, Columbus, Ga. GROUP OF STUDENTS, ATLANTA BAPTIST SEMINARY. RISING YOUNG MEN OF EDUCATION AND INTELLECT. AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. 57 ideas that have a resemblance, brought together, compared, and absorbed and truly assimilated from the broad and enchanting field of knowledge. Stoy's watchword, "Repetition, repeti¬ tion, eternal repetition," will strengthen immensely in one harmonious whole and into the conscious possession of full knowl- has been learned. The recent scientific term is apperception, by which is meant the intellectual appropriation of all the informa¬ tion acquired. Its products may be called habits of body and habits of thought, or the true discipline of the head, heart and hand. It may be called culture, produced by ideas internally assimilated like food eaten, digested Jubilee Hall, Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn. edge, the memory and logical powers of the pupil. It will give completeness, it will unite the old and the new, it will organize disconnected materials into a system and turn the mental possessions into elements of "power. The Ground to be covered should ever keep in view the familiar application of what and wrought into blood, bone and sinew of perfect usefulness. Our Grammar School course demands the greatest attention, because the vast majority of our school population will never reach beyond its narrow confines. It is the chosen few who enter the colleges; it is the select alone that ever are blessed with 58 AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. the advantages of trade and professional education. Therefore the potent elements of the successful lives of the great army of our youth inust be forcefully impressed by the grammar school teacher. As regards the number of studies used, our v/orking watchword should be, Non multa srd multum, not a superfluity, but an approp* ite selection and excellence of text¬ books. fVhat is known in modern pedagogy ral history, physics and physiology. Among those of the second class may be mentioned reading, drawing, spelling, penmanship, music and composition. The purpose of the "thought" studies is to furnish food material and stimulate concepts. The purpose of " expression " studies is to intensify impres¬ sions made, facilitate analysis of concepts, and make them more definite and clear. Geography should be the outgrowth of Chrisman Hall, Clark as co-ordination of studies should be of spe¬ cial consideration. The program or course of studies may be divided into two classes : ist, those studies which deal with objects of thought and that furnish the best material of knowledge; 2d, those studies which deal only or for the most part with simple expres¬ sion. Among those of the first class may be named geography, history, arithmetic, natu- Iniversity, Atlanta, Ga. the natural sciences; political geography should be the outgrowth of physical geogra¬ phy, and both should be the stepping-stones to history. Such co-ordination involves, ist, the teaching of clay modeling of the various grand divisions of the earth in its physical phenomena; 2d, the teaching of spelling with composition ; 3d, the teaching of composition with all the " thought" studies, with a comprehensive exercise of 60 AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. race or language, and which will make them feel that all nations are a part of a great whole or communism called Civilization, and that every American must " act well his part" toward making his own nation a strong contributor to the best forces of all Christendom. Well might the distinguished satirist of the Renaissance declare that the aim of education is a complete man; who fears, loves and serves God and loves his neighbor as himself; skilled in art and industry; pos¬ sesses the greatest amount of knowledge, and constantly strives for greater perfection in it. Finally the. Ground to be covered should ultimately, invariably teach the love of God: Could we with ink the ocean fill; Were every stalk on earth a quill; And were the skies of parchment made And every man a scribe by trade— To tell the love of God alone, Would drain the ocean dry, Nor parchment could contain the whole, Though stretched from sky to sky. To the foregoing may appropriately be added here sketches of several leading Afro- American educators. The first to be named is PROF. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON. Principal Washington of Tuskegee, Ala., was born a slave at Hale's Ford, Va., April, 1857. The place of his birth and early childhood, was a small one-room cabin, with a dirt floor—there being an opening in the middle of the floor where the sweet potatoes were kept in the winter. He belonged to a family by the name of Burrows. Very soon after the war he went with his mother, Jane Ferguson, his step-father and the remainder of his family to Maiden, W. Va., to live. Here he worked in the salt furnaces the greater part of each year, and went to school during three or four months. Mr. Washington usually secured some one to teach him at night when not permitted to attend school in the day. After working in the mines and furnaces for a considerable time, he secured employment at the house of Mrs. Viola Ruffner, a lady of New England birth and training, and who, though very exacting regarding all matters of work, was very kind and showed her interest in the education of young Washington in a number of ways. Slept Under the Sidewalk. In 1871, in some way Washington heard of Hampton Institute in Virginia He at once made up his mind to enter that institu¬ tion. With his own small earnings, amount¬ ing to six dollars per month, and with what his family were kind enough to give him, he found himself in Richmond, Va., but friend¬ less, shelterless and homeless. Casting about, however, he soon discovered a hole under a sidewalk that offered a night's sleep. As luck would have it, when he awoke next morning he found he was near a vessel un¬ loading pig iron, and application was at once made to the captain for work, which was given. Mr. Washington worked here until he had enough money to pay his way to Hampton Institute, which place he reached with a sur¬ plus of fifty cents. He remained at Hamp¬ ton three years, working his way through, and graduated with one of the honors of his class. After graduating and teaching in West Virginia, his old home, for a while, and spending a year in study at Wayland Seminary, Washington, D. C., Mr. Wash¬ ington was invited to return to Hampton as a teacher. In this capacity he remained at Hampton two years, till 1881, when appli¬ cation was made to Gen. S. C. Armstrong AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. G5 life of many difficulties, but surmounted by ored High School of Evansville, Ind., and his characteristic energy. Mr. Calloway was at once employed. The After graduation, desiring to perfect him- Evansville schools being somewhat "in poli- self in practical education, he went to Chi- tics," and thus suffering from outside influ- School of Art, Claflin University. Dress-Cutting School, Claflin University. cago, and by working at odd hours was ences, he resigned in May to accept a position enabled to complete the course of Bryant in the War Department, Washington, D. C., and Stratton's Business College. At this tendered him through the Civil Service Com time there happened a vacancy in the Col- mission, he having stood a high examination. 68 AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. departments. There are more students in annual attendance. than iooo printing, painting and grcfining, brlckmak> ing and laying, blacksmithing^ tailoring, First Engine Built at Central Tennessee College. Twenty trades and industries are taught, shoemaking, cooking, domestic economy, some of which are as follows: Carpentry, dress cutting, fitting and making, crochet- cabinetmaking, building, steam laundry, ing, artistic painting and needle work. The African Boys Being Educated at Central Tennessee College. AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. 71 that they opposed it afterward ought to be a sufficient answer. But if this is not sufficient, think of the deeds of Professor Scarborough, of Macon, Ga., author of a series of Greek text-books which have been adopted at Yale; George W. Williams, author of the " History of the American Negro;" Joseph T. Wilson, author of " Black Phalanx;" C. G. Morgan, class orator at Harvard, 1890, and a host of others. The high schools, seminaries, colleges and professional schools for colored people num¬ ber nearly two hundred. Many of them are controlled entirely by colored faculties as Livingstone and . Bennett Colleges, North Carolina; Morris Brown College, Georgia; Tuskegee Normal School, Alabama; Wil- berforce University, Ohio; Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute; Kittrell's Normal arid Industrial Institute and Shaw Univer¬ sity, except its president, who is white, but one of the first presidents to recognize the ability of young colored men to teach the higher branches. The plan works admirably well and, besides, teaches the race to confide in the ability of its own educated men and women. It afford^ lucrative employment to many who are by nature and choice fitted for the work of teaching. The colored people of the South have made more progress in education since the war than in anything else, and they are still thirsty for knowledge. The schools every¬ where are crowded. The love of knowledge seems to be instinctive, and thousands of faithful mothers spend many weary hours at the ironing board and wash-tub in order to get money to help their children obtain an education. With the start they now have twenty-five years more of earnest work will show marvellous changes in the educational condition of the race, attended by marked improvement in every respect. SECRET SOCIETY ORGANIZERS AND OFFICERS. OUR people have not been slow to see the advantages arising from combined effort. They believe in societies for mutual improve¬ ment, for dispensing charity to aid the unfortunate, for protecting their civil rights, for aiding one another in business and for elevating the race. They welcome every organization that promises to secure for them any political, social or material benefits. The history of secret societies proves that many of them possess a value and confer benefits that are something more than imaginary. Otherwise these various orders could not have flourished as they have. Their members are devoted to them, spend much time and money in maintaining them, and show in other ways that they are receiving some real advantage by continuing their membership. Afro-Americans are especially interested in societies whose prominent feature is prac¬ tical benevolence, for example, the care of the sick and aged poor, the assistance needed by those who for the time being are out of work, and the help required by them in the effort to obtain employment. Taking the different church societies, of which there is a vast number, and the secret orders of a more general character into account, it is safe to say that a very large proportion of our people are enrolled as members of organizations, of one form or another, all aiming to promote the moral, social and material welfare of those connected with them, and helping to sustain them. 72 AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. mystery thrown around a secret society. He ts attracted by the charming regalia and the brilliant parades. He takes pride in the order to which he belongs, and if there is any political organization that aims to advance his interests, secure his rights and elevate him to the full measure of a noble citi¬ zenship, he throws into it all his energies, and is faithful to his duties and obligations. Who can estimate the immense benefits thus derived, or the noble impulses thus given to our race ? We have space for mentioning only one or two prominent organi¬ zers and officers, but take pleasure in presenting the following brief sketch from a contemporary jour¬ nal. Charles H. Brooks, Grand Secretary G. U. O. of Odd Fellows of America Thus the great fact has. not escaped our people that " in union there is strength.'7 The finest achievements are brought about by combined effort, by uniting energies and directing them to a common object. The colored man, as all know, is emphatically a social being. He is happy in the society of his kind. His nature peculiarly fits him for uniting with others in joint efforts for bettering his condition and securing benefits that he could not obtain if acting independently and alone. It is not surprising, therefore, that he is ever ready for united action. The oreat benevolent orders have a charm for him. He likes the air of George Bryan Mills, Esq., Founder of the Order Esdros, Baltimore, Md. 74 AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. J. J. C. McKinley. From the foregoing sketches it will be seen that many of the most prominent colored men, many of the lead¬ ers, who may justly be consid¬ ered the wisest, the most far- seeing and the most devoted to the interests of our race, advocate friendly societies, and look with favor upon the different fraternities, the objects and aims of which tend to the improvement of the masses- and the bettering of their condition. Such societies have become numer¬ ous and are well supported. They find among their members, those who make good and careful officers, active, reliable and efficient. And these fraternities are also schools of education. They teach the art of combined effort, the proper control of finances, and the rules that should govern organized bodies of men. They promote a spirit of brotherhood and of active charity. They interweave the mu¬ tual relations of separate individuals, bring them closer together, and teach the great lesson that the welfare or mis¬ fortune of one is the common concern of alL NAVAL AND MILITARY HEROES. AS a race the Afro-Americans are not ambitious for military glory. Our people are peaceable and willing to settle their difficulties without any resort to arms. The character of the race must not be judged by exceptional instances of violence and bloodshed. Yet when driven to it, the race has shown great fighting qualities and has displayed a valor equal to that of the most renowned chieftains of other peoples.. Among the famous commanders who have shown the most brilliant military genius, the first to be named is that grand historic char¬ acter who was called the Napoleon Bona¬ parte of his race. TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE. This celebrated soldier, statesman and' martyr is supposed to have been born in the Island of Haiti, or San Domingo, May .20, 1743. Though very delicate in his extreme youth, he became stronger with years and always showed a kind and open disposition. His real name was Toussaint Breda, from the estate on which he worked as a slave tending HELPING OUR STUDENTS TO HELP THEMSELVES. ATLANTA BAPTIST SEMINARY. REV. WILLIAM. E. HOLMES, A.M., Atlanta Baptist Seminary. READING ROOM. GROUP OF COLLEGE STUDENTS, ATLANTA BAPTIST SEMINARY. AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. 75 flocks and herds. He was made coachman by M. De Libertas, and later steward of the sugar house. He married a widow with one son and learned to read. In 1791 the revolution broke out and he joined the soldiers, first working among them -as physician, but was afterward called to the front to lead them. Under his leadership the revolution was successful and he restored the island to peace and became the ruler. All San Domingo was prosperous and happy under his rule until Bonaparte issued a •decree in 1801 restoring slavery to the island and sent French troops to carry the order into effect. Made a Prisoner. L'Ouverture's property was destroyed, his family scattered and himself taken to the borders of Switzerland and thrown into a dungeon, where he died April 3, 1803. His noble character is shown in his last words to liis son, " Some day you will return to San Domingo and you must forget that France murdered your father." It is difficult to do justice to this extraor¬ dinary man. who left a profound impression upon his countrymen and his time. His passion was the love of liberty. In the great struggle for freedom in San Domingo he allied himself with France, believing »he had more to hope for from this nation than from England, but he was basely deceived. It was through an act of treachery that he was seized by the French Commanding Officer, in order that he might be transported to France, thus permitting slavery to be re¬ stored in the Island. By the sheer force of his native ability and integrity he rose to the highest position among his people, and it is not too much to say that no nobler leader ever marshalled an army or struggled for independence. Not merely great military genius, not merely great ability as a statesman appeared in his marvelous career, but above all his exalted character shone resplendently, and he was too honest to be bribed, too courageous to surrender, and too devoted to the welfare of his race to count his life dear to him. Speaking of him as a soldier, Wendell Phillips has said: Cromwell manufactured his own army; Napoleon at the age oi Toussaint L'Ouverture. twenty-seven was placed at the head of the best troops that Europe ever saw. They were both successful. "But," says Macau- lay, "with such disadvantages the English¬ man showed the greatest genius. Whether you will allow the inference or not, you will at least grant it is a fair mode of measure¬ ment ; apply it to Toussaint. Cromwell never saw an army until he was forty. This man never saw a soldier until he was fifty. 76 AFRO-AMERICAN PROGRESS ILLUSTRATED. and sent him home con¬ quered ; at the most warlike blood in Eu¬ rope, the French, and put them under his feet; at the pluckiest blood in Europe, the English and they skulked home to Jamaica." The sol¬ diers were proud of their general and under his guidance performed miracles. It seems as if he never slept. The title "L'Ouverture " was given him because an officer said that wher¬ ever Toussaint goes he always makes an open¬ ing, the word means "the opening." President Hippolite, San Domingo. Cromwell manufactured his own army, out of what? Englishmen—the best blood in Europe out of the middle classes of Englishmen—the best blood of the Island. And with it he conquered what? English¬ men—their equals. "This man manufactured his army out of what? Out of what you class a de¬ spicable race of Negroes, debased and demoralized by two hundred years of slavery. One hundred thousand of them imported into the Island within four years, unable to speak a dialect intelligible even to each other. Yet out of this mixed, as V you say despicable mass, he forged a thun¬ derbolt, and hurled it at what? At the proudest blood of Europe, the Spaniard, Major F. C. Revells, Washington, D. C. The Educational Progress of the Afro-American Race By Prof. I. GARLAND PENN BECAUSE of the very great develop¬ ment of the Afro-American from slave to educator, a chapter on this subject cannot fail to be an eye-opener to the ignorant and a wonderful inspiration to the youth of the race. His condition at emancipation, the help he has commanded and received in one way or another, the prejudice confronting him, the inconsistencies with which he has had to deal without and within—all emphasize the educational chapter of his history. To briefly state the case as it stood at. emancipation, he was degraded, superstitious, ignorant, with all the base influences of slav¬ ery about him, with here and there a spark of intelligence which had come to some in¬ dividuals by reason of contact with the Mas¬ ter in the " Big House," as house servant, butler, etc. Compelled to live without learn¬ ing the letter, deprived of the right to cultivate in the most modest way his mind, that he should have made the educational progress which is evident, is nothing less than won¬ derful. The acceptance at once of such educa¬ tional proffers as came to him from the North, was itself a proof of his capacities, for dullness and stupidity would not have so eagerly grasped the opportunity, when to grasp it was a voluntary matter with the individual and not compulsory. It was compulsory that he should be deprived ; it was voluntary that he should accept. When the Afro-American was emancipated there came into the field help from all sources to educate him. Societies that were already organized in the North for work transferred the base of their operations South. These societies have been multiplied, and through them millions of dollars have been spent upon the race. Though compara¬ tively ignorant, the Afro-American finds himself in the period of reconstruction a large factor in the Legislatures of the South. To him is due the credit of throwing his voting strength in favor of a public free school sys¬ tem, which has not only proven his great benefactor in the South, but indeed the white man's as well. The effect has been to write a chapter of educational progress that will not grow dim with time. The statistics respecting elementary schools and education have already been given in this volume under the title, "Thirty Years of Advancement." NORMAL EDUCATION. In dealing briefly with the various kinds of education given our race in this hour of their need, we shall discuss the normal training, since it is most popular, and rightly so, because the demand is greater. The thing necessary for any race emerging from dense ignorance, and ushered immediately into the light of citizenship, is liberal training, 81 Rise and Progress of Afro- American Literature By Prof. I. GARLAND PENN. THERE is probably no phase of Afro-American progress that fur¬ nishes so fruitful a theme for thought and meditation as does the rise and development of Afro-American lit¬ erature, yet, notwithstanding this fact, we are as a race, from a literary point of view, comparatively unknown. To the sixty odd millions of our population our literary ac¬ complishments are almost a blank, if not a blank entirely. The star which marks the literary horizon is one whose lack of bright¬ ness is its most remarkable characteristic. By this statement I mean to say that few works of Afro-American authorship are known to the masses, while the bulk remains yet to be introduced. One reason for this is that few works have been subjected to ex¬ amination and allowed to come under the critic's eye, or, if submitted, they were found wanting in the scale of literary criticism, which prevented favorable mention or en¬ dorsement. I venture the opinion that much of the literature that is good and commenda¬ ble is not known, simply because it has not been put in the hands of those who are pre¬ pared to pronounce a just and impartial ver¬ dict upon jt. I will note the character of our literature, which seems to be necessary before its rise and progress can be discussed. The Afro-American as a slave needed no literature, for he was not allowed to use it, and was not capable of using it. But it will 86 be remembered that the transfer of slavery from North to South left many freedmen in the Northern States. As a slave he was making history, though sad; as a freedman he was making history more pleasant and laudable in character. Thus the character of our literature was early shaped into that of history which remains largely unto this day. ' Out of these facts comes the rise of Afro-American literature, yet not its genesis, for two very important works had been issued prior to this time, one of poetry and another of science, of which we should never lose sight. Some thirty odd years before this Phyllis Wheatley had issued a volume of poems and Benjamin Bannaker a work of science. Both efforts were highly com¬ mended and worthily praised by Washing¬ ton, Jefferson and other distinguished states¬ men of that period. First Afro-American Newspaper. Recalling the fact that as a freedman in one section of the Union the Afro-American began to make history and to be the subject for history, as a natural sequence he began to prepare a literature of his own in the absence of any such preparation upon the part of others. The need of a journal was most manifest, which was met in the issuance of the first Afro-American paper, Freedom's Journal, in 1827. In this journal the past efforts, the present condition and the future International Exposition, i895 By Prof. I. GARLAND PENN TO those who attended the World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chi¬ cago in 1893, it is a well-known fact that the resources of the South¬ ern States were not creditably shown. With State appropriations and a proper compre¬ hension of the magnitude of the Fair, this would seem surprising, but as the Han. Clark Howell, editor of the Atlanta Constitu¬ tion, puts it in the Review of Reviews for February, 1895, "The South was not ade¬ quately represented at Chicago, because of peculiar difficulties in the organic law of the Southern States." This failure, and a consequent need, well- nigh imperative, for the South to show in what respect it is great, led to a representa¬ tive meeting of the business men of Atlanta, who conceived, brought forth and named the Cotton States and International Exposi¬ tion, which is justly termed the "World's Event of 1895." It is generally termed by the people of the South, particularly the col¬ ored, the " World's Fair of the South." From an Afro-American standpoint it is truly suggestive, for the relations which he sustains to the mammoth enterprise make it his World's Fair, in the absence of a similar opportunity at Chicago, for which he pe¬ titioned and prayed. Shortly after it had been given to the pub¬ lic of Atlanta and the country in general that the South would try its hand on a great Fair, Bishop W. J. Gaines, one of the most highly respected citizens of that city, as well as a most distinguished prelate in the Afri¬ can Methodist Episcopal Church, together with' Mr. W. H. Rucker, called incidentally upon Mr. Samuel M. Inman, of Atlanta, a wealthy philanthropic citizen, the head of the greatest cotton house in the world, and suggested to him what a unique and interest¬ ing featur® a special exhibit of Afro-Ameri¬ can progress would be as a part of the Fair. The idea was well, received by Mr. Inman and further attention given it by all con¬ cerned, which resulted in an invitation to the colored population of America, the South particularly, to take a part in the fourth great exposition held on the American con¬ tinent. A Surprising Spectacle. The significance of the invitation is seen when the striking contrast is made that a people who thirty years ago, in ignorance and dense darkness, were upon exhibition on this very soil as slaves, bartered and sold at will, are in less than three decades asked to show their progress, and to assist in making successful a great exposition by ex¬ hibiting the resources of the country in which they and the dominant class are by implication considered common factors. That they are regarded common factors is not only implied, but acknowledged, as may be seen in the following written us by one of the most wealthy and aristocratic men in the South. Says he : "I feel the greatest inter¬ est in the development of your people, and especially in any movement which tends to make the white and colored people feel that 91 92 INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION. a salaried Chief of the Afro-American Depart¬ ment, with other incidental items, were the prerequisites of the invitation so generously extended, and so cordially accepted by the Cotton States and International Exposition Company and the colored people respectively. The race was expected to collect their own exhibits and raise the funds therefor, as a substantial evidence of self-interest and self-help, a character so much desired in our people. For ^ this purpose a commission of gentle- pi men were appointed in each State, g numbering in all 110 persons. >< Subsequently, Chief Commissioners ^ were appointed, who formed a Central g Board, which constituted the legisla- ^ tive power in the management of the building. On January 19, 1895, the h Central Board met in Atlanta, Ga., at 0 Clark University, and organized by ~ the selection of Prof. W. H. Crog- man, of Georgia, Chairman, and I. PQ Garland Penn, Virginia, Secretary. ^ Plans for the collection of the exhibits 2 were well laid. I. Garland Penn was g nominated Chief of the Afro-Ameri- can Department, with headquarters in § Atlanta, at a salary commensurate <1 with his labors. His nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Execu¬ tive Committee of the Exposition Com¬ pany, on motion of ex-Mayor and First Vice-President Colonel W. A. Hemphill, Business Manager Atlanta Constitution. Exhibits in every department of Afro-American progress tell their own story—the thrilling story of marvellous advancement in education, and all that belongs to the highest type of civi lization and refinement. their lot has been cast together and their in¬ terests and their future are one." A building covering 25,000 square feet, to cost $9,923, with no charges as to entrance or rent fees, our exhibits, a gift of $4,400, placed at the disposal of our Commissioners, Noted Afro-American Women and Their Achievements. WHENEVER women have had good opportunities for self- improvement, they have shown themselves the equals, in many respects, of those who are dignified by the title of "the stronger sex." Some of the brightest minds, many of the best scholars, many who are conferring rich lustre upon the Afro-American name, are women. It would be impossible within the compass of this volume to give sketches and narrate the proud achievements of all who have dis¬ tinguished themselves as teachers, musicians, readers, journalists and correspondents, authors and business managers, or who, as wives and mothers, have made the home a sacred place, and have planted seeds of the noblest character in the minds and hearts of the rising generation. Only a limited number of examples can be given, sufficient to indicate what our women can accomplish. And it must . steadily be borne in mind that these, and all other similar examples, are furnished as an encouragement and impulse to our colored people, that they may be urged on to make the most of themselves and obtain a position and influence equal to their capabilities. Although uneducated and poor, Afro- American women have been large hearted and ambitious. The first five dollars that was given to the Lincoln Monument, was given by Charlotte Cushman, an ex-slave. The spirit of kindness and self-denial that animated the bosom of our women, when during the war they divided their crusts and clothes with the Union soldiers, and caused them to hide the soldiers at the risk of their own lives, seemed a part of their natures. Generosity is a characteristic of our women. Rarely indeed does an appeal for help, coming from any source fall unheeded upon their ears. Out of their poverty, they give largely, and no class of women on the globe excel them in benevolence. Self-Sacrificing Mothers. Left penniless at the close .of the war, many of them with large families dependent upon them, instead of wringing their hands in despair, they went cheerfully forward to build homes, to educate their children and if possible to lay by a bit for a rainy day. Like the mother of the late Dr. Simmons, many of our women toiled both early and late at the washtub in order that their chil¬ dren might have the intellectual training of which they themselves had been so unjustly deprived. And how proud of these mothers should these children be, and how grateful for the many sacrifices that have been made for them. Every wrinkle in the dear old face should be regarded as a thing of beauty, and it should be the aim of their after lives to make life pleasant for their parents. But to return, by their frugality and labors their husbands were able to purchase homes, those who desired to do so, and to contribute largely to the cause of the Gospel and of education. Many of these noble women are dead now, but their memory is yet green and 95 96 NOTED AFRO-AMERICAN WOMEN. their children rise up and call them blessed. What can we say of our progress to con¬ vince skeptical friends, black and white, that our women are deserving of credit ? We will touch briefly upon their relation with * the religious world. What would be the condition of the churches cvf all races and denominations, if the women were to withdraw their moral and financial support ? The result is fright¬ ful to contemplate ! Our women seem pecu¬ liarly adapted to church work, in fact for benevolent work of any nature. Generous Helpers. It is the women in our churches who assist the perplexed pastor in devising plans for the annihilation of burdensome church debts, and who assume the charge of clothing the pastor and his needy family in a little purple and fine linen occasionally; who prepare at home, little feasts and invite this everyday hero, that he may fare sumptuously at least one day out of the seven, and who often seem to their pastor angels in disguise. By organizing themselves into aid socie¬ ties, known as King's Daughters, Gleaners, Women's Christian Temperance Union, Ep- worth League, Baptist Union and Christian Kndeavorers, they have been able to do much good. It is often seen in the columns of our race journals, that in various places our women have raised immense sums for the erection or renovation of churches or for some Christian enterprise. One women's organization known as the " Women's Mite Missionary Society of the A. M. E. Church" raised $1,525.46 during one year. Also we have a female Evangelist, Mrs. Amanda Smith, who has travelled exten¬ sively and who has already published a book, relating her experiences in the Old and New World. There are missionaries living who have immortalized their names by their zeal in carrying the Gospel to heathen Africa, women brave and true, like Mrs. Ridgel who accompanied her hwsband to Africa and succeeded in opening up a girl's school and who has written such inter¬ esting letters home to us. Let us now take a bird's eye view o£ Afro- American women in educational lines. Religion and education are clo«(ely allied. Under this head we will for the sake of brevity consider education in its broadest sense—that is the mental development of all the faculties. We will first speak of that class of women who are known as business women. Capacity for Business. It has been asserted by the enemies of the Afro-American race, that their women have no business capacity. But what are the facts of the case? In almost every avenue of business, our women are rapidly becoming engaged and where they are not, is due to predjudice rather than incompetence. The Dinahs and Chloes of ante-bellum days, who were then justly noted for their exquisite cookery, have bequeathed to their descendants a talent for cooking, which when cultivated, is hard to be excelled by the most accomplished English or French Chefs. Besides those who command good salariss as cooks in public and private establishments, there are those who are engaged in manag¬ ing hotels, boarding-houses, restaurants and catering establishments upon their own accounts. In New Orleans, there are Afro-American women, who earn a fair living by selling through the streets, bread, fruits, cakes and pies. It is impossible to enumerate the vast number who have purchased homes, yes, have become owners of snug fortunes by ATTENDING THE CONVENTION AT THE TUSKEGEE NORMAL 4ND INDUSTRIAL, INSTITUTE, TUSKEGEE, ALABAMA. building and wagons buii/r by the students at tuskegee. 98 NOTED AFRO-AMERICAN WOMEN. Mrs. Cora L. Burgan. MRS. CORA L. BURGAN. Mrs. C. A. Johnson. 1886, after graduation, her husband being a teacher in the public schools of that city. In 1887 she went to Missouri where she became the assistant teacher with her husband. She is a proficient scholar in music and is a teacher of music in Washington, D. C. Mrs. Johnson has quite a talent for literature and has contributed several papers. She is noted for her remarkable beauty. Miss Gertrude Janet Washing¬ ton (pianist), was born in Chi¬ cago in 1873, her family being one of the oldest Afro-Ameri¬ can families of this city. At a very early age Miss Washington showed a remarkable talent for the piano and her mother, wish¬ ing to have it cultivated, engaged the best German professors to teach her little daughter to play. At the age of fourteen Miss Washington began a course at the Chicago Musical Col¬ lege under Doctor Ziegfeld, and at the age of For a number of years she taught music in the Texas Blind Asylum for Colored Youth, and is distinguished as the first Afro- American who was offered a position in that institution. She was married to I. M. Burgan in 1889, and became a teacher in the Paul Quinn College. She is a pleasing and courteous woman and takes great interest in the elevation and culture of her race. MISS GERTRUDE JANET WASHINGTON. This accomplished lady was educated in the Detroit public schools and is a graduate of one of the leading musical conservatories of America. She comes of a musical family, her relatives having been musicians for sev¬ eral generations. NOTED AFRO-AMERICAN WOMEN. 101 The Memphis Free Speech an article appeared in May, 1892, that gave offense to a preju¬ diced public. By a mob the newspaper plant was destroyed and the two male editors were forced to flee for their lives. She was warned at Philadelphia not to return, as her life would be in danger. She began lecturing on the wrongs in¬ flicted upon her race and, as already stated, in this country and Great Britain she plead the cause of her people with marked ability and success. The most influential people in many of our cities and throughout England and Scotland gave her their support, anti- lynching organizations were formed, and valiant efforts have been put forth to secure justice for the black man. Galaxy of Bright Women. Other women have also gained high rank as writers and authors. It seems almost incredible that after so short a period of freedom, there are Afro-American women serving on the staff of prominent white jour¬ nals, as Miss Lillian Lewis, of Massachusetts, and writing stories for magazines like Har¬ per s and Frank Leslie's Magazines, but true nevertheless, and in Mrs. Matthews, better known as " Victoria Earle," we have a writer who writes for the Family Story Paper and •sther fiction papers. The number of women who contribute poems, essays and stories to race magazines is already large, and it is being constantly increased. Three of our best poetesses are wives of clergymen. Mrs. M. E. Lee is the wife of an A. M. E. Bishop. She is a writer of cul¬ tured verse that is eagerly read. A number of her poems have appeared in the Christian Recorder. Mrs. Charlotte F. Grimke, the author of a number of beautiful poems which are universally admired, is the wife of a Presbyterian clergyman. Mrs. Frances Harper writes both poetry and prose of the best type and has published two books of poems, "Forest Leaves" and "Southern Sketches." Mrs. Josie Heard, also the wife of a clergy¬ man of the A. M. E. connection, is a poetess of great merit. Miss Cordelia Ray is the author of a volume of poems entitled " Son¬ nets," that are highly spoken of by the press and Miss Virgie Whitsett, of Iowa, and Miss Mamie Fox, of Ohio, are rapidly winning their way to fame as writers of good and original poetry. Weil-Known Authors. Then we have women who have published original stories. Mrs. Matthews has written a charming Southern story entitled " Aunt Linda," and Mrs. Harper has given to the world " Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted," a story treating of the Race Problem. Mrs. A. E. Johnson has published two of her stories in book form, and Mrs. Cooper, author of "A Voice from the South," is said to have produced the best book ever written by a colored man on his race. In this field the work of our women is barely begun. With their vivid imaginations and quickness of perception, they are destined to fill an 'important place in the ranks of the literati of this land. But wre will have to prepare for the work even as others have had to prepare for it. Literature has its attendant drudgery just as is found in other professions. Non palma sine pulvere, no palms without dust, no crowns without crosses, is as true of literature as of other things. In coming days Afro-American women who faithfully portray the lights and shadows of our own life will receive better compensation, for then their work will be appreciated. As the name of Mrs. Matthews has just NOTED AFRO-AMERICAN WOMEN. 103 first article, an essay on " Influence," was published by Bishop B. T. Tanner in The Christian Recorder when she was a mere school girl; and up to the present day she has written essays, poems, short stories, and race sketches, which have been published far and near. She was especially sought for, and as¬ sumed the position of editor of the woman's department of The New York Freeman and The Philadelphia Echo. While engaged upon these papers she also reported for The Phila¬ delphia Press and The Times, two of the most widely circulated papers in the country. She has been upon the staff of correspondents of The Indianoplis Freeman, The Richmond Ran¬ kin Institute, and Our Women and Children. Though a regular contributor to these papers she nevertheless writes for other race jour¬ nals, from the great A. M. E. Review to the smallest paper published. Mrs. Mossell has selected journalism as her profession, believing, as she expressed herself once, that the future of women, especi¬ ally of Afro-American women, is on this line of literary work. In her writings she deals particularly with the women and the Afro- American race as a whole. She is alive to all the interests of our race ; and since jour¬ nalism is her mission, she is ever on the alert to ascertain some way in which to make it a success. Mrs. Mossell is the author of an excellent book entitled, " The Work of the Afro- American Woman." MISS PHYLLIS WHEATLEY. This remarkable colored girl was brought, in 1761, on a slave ship from Africa to the Boston slave market, and purchased by Mrs. John Wheatley, a benevolent and cultured lady. When bought she was naked except a piece of dirty carpet around her loins. She was thin and sick from a rough, tedious sea voyage, for her constitution was delicate at best. Impressed by her intelligent counte¬ nance and modest demeanor, she was selected from a large number of slaves. She learned easily and early developed a remarkable taste and talent for poetry, being in reality the first poet of the colored race of whom we have any knowledge. Her mis¬ tress, or rather adopted mother, for such she proved to be, sent her 011 a voyage to Eng¬ land in the hope of benefiting her health, which was not robust. A Remarkable Character. Her poems were first published in Boston in 1770. But her admiring friends prevailed upon her to bring out a second and better edition in London in 1773. This was a small octavo volume of about one hundred and twenty pages, comprising thirty-nine pieces. It was dedicated to the Countess of Huntingdon, and contained a picture of the poetess, and a letter of recommendation signed by the Governor and Lieutenant-Gov- nor of Massachusetts, with many other relia¬ ble citizens of Boston, including her master, establishing the fact that all the poems con¬ tained in the book *were written by Phyllis. For the poems were so excellent, strangers were disposed to question their originality. She was certainly one of the most remark¬ able characters in history. Her life reads more like a romance than the statement of historical facts. From a condition of nudity in a slave ship she worked her way up until she conquered the social caste of Boston and London, and in fact of two continents. George W. Williams says of her, " She addressed a poem to General Washington that pleased the old warrior very much. We have never seen it, though we have searched diligently." 104 NOTED AFRO-AMERICAN WOMEN. Mr. Sparks says of it, in his Life of Wash¬ ington, " I have not been able to find among Washington's papers this letter and poem addressed to him. They have doubtless been lost." Thus we see a' distinguished biographer, and no less distinguished historian, both searched diligently for the poem and their conclusions were that it had " doubtless been lost." But we are glad to inform our read¬ ers that the poem in question was " not lost, but gone before," to the publisher; sent by Washington himself. We shall give it ii> full but will first quote two letters germane to it. Letter From General Washington. " Cambridge, February 28, 1776. Miss Phyllis:—Your favor of the 26th of October did not reach my hands till the middle of December. Time enough, you will say, to have given an answer ere this. Granted. But a variety of important occur¬ rences, continually interposing to distract the mind and withdraw the attention, I hope will apologize for the delay, and plead my excuse for seeming neglect. I thank you most sin¬ cerely for your polite notice of me, in the elegant lines enclosed ; and however unde¬ serving I may be of such encomium and panegyric, the style and manner exhibit a striking proof of your poetical talents ; in honor of which, and as a tribute justly due to you, I would have published the poem, had I not been apprehensive, that while I only meant to give the world this new in¬ stance of your genius, I might have incurred the imputation of vanity. This and nothing else, determined me not to give it place in the public prints. " If you should ever come to Cambridge, or near headquarters, shall be happy to see a person so favored by the Muses, and to whom nature has been so liberal and beneficent in her dispensations. I am, with great respect, your obedient, humble servant, " George Washington." This is about the kind of a. letter we would expect from a man who was noble enough to emancipate his own slaves, that they might enjoy that liberty for which he imperilled his life. The following letter accompanied the poem, dedicated to Washington just before he took command of the Continental army : " General Washington, Sir :— " I have taken the liberty to address your excellency in the enclosed poem, and entreat your acceptance, though I am not insensible to its inaccuracies. Your appointment by the Continental Congress to be Generalissimo of the armies of North America, together with the fame of your virtues, excites sensations not easy to suppress. Your generosity, there¬ fore, I presume, will pardon the attempt. " Wishing your excellency all possible suc¬ cess in the great cause you are so generously engaged in, I am your excellency's most obedient, humble servant, " Phyllis Wheatley. " Providence, October 26, 1775." His Excellency, General Washington. " Celestial choir ! enthroned in realms of light, Columbia's scenes of glorious toils I write ; While freedom's cause her anxious breast alarms, She flashes dreadful in refulgent arms. See Mother Earth her offspring's fate bemoan, And nations gaze at scenes before unknown ; See the bright beams of heaven's revolving light Involved in sorrows and in veil of night. The goddess comes, she moves divinely fair, Olive and laurel bind her golden hair; Wherever shines this native of the skies, Unnumbered charms and recent graces rise. Muse ! bow propitious while my pen relates How pour her armies through a thousand gates; As when Eolus heaven's fair face deforms, Enwrapped in tempest and a night of storms; NOTED AFRO-AMERICAN WOMEN. 107 MRS. ZELIA R. PAGE. Mrs. Page was born free in Alexander, Va. Her mother desiring to secure the best possible advantages for her daughter in the way of education, decided to take her to New England. They were obliged, for the sake of safety, to travel as the slaves of Dr. ■ Peter Parker. With his family they went to Providence, R. I., from which place Zelia was sent to Boston to school. There she exhibited marked dramatic ability and was encouraged to go on by such educators as Biglow and Green. Her mother sent her to Wilberforce University in 1870, and in 1875 she graduated from that institution. She became the wife of Inman E. Page, President of Lincoln Institute, Jeffer¬ son City, Mo., in 1878. Since then she has been associated with Lincoln Institute, and by her kindness to needy students and her many acts of charity has endeared herself to all. MRS. FANNIE BARRIER WILLIAMS. Nothing but pleasant surprises $ await the people of America in get¬ ting acquainted with the ever in¬ creasing number of bright Afro- American men and women whose varied accomplishments and achieve¬ ments furnish some of the most in¬ teresting episodes in newspaper literature. Wide publicity was given to the brilliant sallies of wit and eloquence of a young Afro-American woman at Chicago, in appeal¬ ing to the Board of Control of the World's Columbian Exposition in behalf of the American Negro. The grave and matter-of- fact members of the commission were at first inclined to treat lightly any proposition to recognize the Afro-American's' claim to representation in the World's Fair manage¬ ment. They soon found, however, that puzzling cross-questions and evasions awak¬ ened in this young woman such resources of repartee, readiness of knowledge and nimble- ness of logic that they were amazed into admiration and with eager unanimity em¬ braced her arguments in a resolution of approval, and strongly recommended her appointment to some representative position. Mrs. Zelia R. Page. The name of this bright lady is Mrs. Fannie Barrier Williams, and a closer knowl¬ edge of herself and history reveals the inter¬ esting fact that there is something more to her than ability to speak brilliantly. She was born in Brockport, N. Y., where her parents, Mrs. and the late A. J. Barrier,. ha?ve been highly esteemed residents for nearly fifty years. Mrs. Williams is petite in size, and her face is one of rare sweetness of The Guide to Success WITH Examples and Achievements of Successful Men and "Women of the Race IT HAS been truly said that great deeds and examples inspire us to noble actions. We see what has been accomplished by others and we wish to be equally successful. We look at the enviable position they have gained and feel that we can become equally distinguished. We mark the respect they receive, the com¬ mendation given to them, the wide influence they are exerting, and our impulse is to make them a pattern for ourselves. The colored race of this country should aim at the highest success and make them¬ selves the best citizens and the most useful members of society. We should be guided by right principles and prove ourselves worthy of the liberty granted us by emanci¬ pation. There should be no better schools than ours, no grander statesmen, no more successful business men, no more shining lights in professional life, no happier homes, no more cultured women, no people more moral and upright. This is a high ideal, but we can reach it. It is safe to say we can do it, because many noble and worthy members of our race have already achieved great success. They have climbed high in their endeavors, have plucked the laurels for which they were reaching, have grasped the prize held out before them, and by their brilliant achieve¬ ments have conferred honor upon their people, and have written their names deep in history. Where are our rising young men and young women ? We call them to come forward. We bid them lift their eyes to the heights of knowledge and power. We point them to those whose names have become household words, and bid them press on to the front rank in the struggle of life. Great Desire for Learning. It is a marvelous sign of the times that there is a vast stir among all our people, a waking up from the lethargy and indifference of a state of servitude, an eager desire for learning and all the accomplishments of polite society, a noble resolve to rise to a higher plane and wield a mightier power. Here lies our hope for the future. We are not always going to be crushed to the earth. The blood that flows in our veins will grow warm and a new light will kindle in our eyes. The great leaders of the race have lifted up a high standard before us, and happy are they who shall climb until they reach it. With the object of furnishing the colored people in all parts of our country helpful advice, words of wisdom, and beneficial sug¬ gestions, this Guide to Success has been pre¬ pared. It is practical, pointed and inspiring. It teaches great lessons. It deals with thoughts and principles which ought to be imbedded in every mind and heart. It will help yon to that measure of self-improve- ill 112 THE GUIDE TO SUCCESS. ment which will be followed by a successful career. The first thing to consider is that success is the result of education and self-training. This great truth is brilliantly illustrated in the life and noble work of HON. FREDERICK DOUGLASS. Viewed from whatever standpoint, Fred¬ erick Douglass was a great man. In sum¬ ming up his life, it should be borne in mind that he was the first colored man to gain any considerable notoriety in the affairs of the American people. It is true he came for¬ ward at a time that afforded great opportu¬ nities for one of his race who had more than ordinary ability, and much that he accom¬ plished was due to this fact. He was- a natural product of his age, and was largely •developed by the peculiar circumstances by which he was surrounded. But the right material was in him. An ordinary man, with like opportunities, never could have made the splendid record that he made. As a slave, he was deprived of the benefits of an early education. Hearing his mistress read the Bible, he, one day, asked her to teach him to read it. This she consented to do, and he showed such aptitude that his master objected to his being taught, and so the work was discontinued. But the dis¬ covery of an unusual mind was doubtless made by himself, as well as by his master, and the little knowledge he had thus acquired, only intensified his desire for more. After making his escape from bondage, he found an asylum at New Bedford, Mass., and though engaged in manual labor, he em- traced every possible opportunity to cultivate his mind. It was in 1841 that he attended an Anti-Slavery Convention at Nantucket, and spoke. This was the effort that brought him before the public, and decided what was to henceforth be his life work. The Massa¬ chusetts Anti-Slavery Society at once em¬ ployed hi'm as a lecturer, and for fifty-four years he was one of the most prominent figures on the American platform. Like Abraham Lincoln, he was an original thinker, and had a unique way of expressing himself. Many of his brief utterances have crystalized into fireside expressions. It has been said of him that he was capable of put¬ ting a volume into a single expression. His style was generally slow and deliberate, but at times he would fairly catch fire, and pour out volumes of eloquence in such an impas¬ sioned manner as to move his audience to the highest pitch of excitement. No one could listen to him without being impressed with his earnestness. His sincerity and honesty of purpose made him formidable in any cause he espoused. His sterling integrity, coupled with his great ability, made him the trusted friend of his race, for whose rights he labored and fought so long and so bravely. No man was able to take his place as a race leader. He was true and tried. Grand Battle for Civil Rights. Having secured his own freedom, he embraced the first opportunity to labor for the emancipation of his fellow bondsmen. When the war of the rebellion broke out, he insisted upon the enlistment of colored troops, and was the principal agent in organizing the famous Fifty-Fourth Massa¬ chusetts. The war ended, he began the battle for civil rights, and the right of fran¬ chise. Things moved on smoothly for a time, then trouble in a different form came. The reign of mob violence constitutes one of the darkest pages in the history of our national life. Again Mr. Douglass arose in the greatness of his might, and waged war against the lyncher. As of old, he comes 116 THE GUIDE TO SUCCESS. in early life and practiced what she learned. Many Afro-Americans have held, and are holding now, po¬ sitions where the most sterling integrity and honesty are in con¬ stant demand. For example, such a man is Douglass B. McCary, who is cashier of the Capital Savings Bank. In such a position as this a reputation for the strictest honesty must be maintained; otherwise, the place could not be held for an hour. You should be accounted thor¬ oughly honest—honest in all your dealings, honest in your professions, honest in thought, word and deed. This is the sure and safe road to success. Douglass B. McCary, Cashier of the Capital Savings Bank, on rich gifts. The gentleman told them they must take it, and he was convinced they would make a good use of it, from the principle they had professed. The pious parents then blessed their benefactor, for such he proved. They paid their debts, which had disturbed their peace, and the benevolent giver furnished the husband and father employ¬ ment in his occupation as a car¬ penter, enabling him to rear an in¬ dustrious family in comparative happiness. This little girl became the wife of a respectable tradesman of New York, and had reason to rejoice that she was taught aright William E. Matthews, LL.B. 'THE PLANET" MAILING DEPARTMENT. Granville T. Woods. Richard B. Harrison. 118 THE GUIDE TO SUCCESS. political field and from that time on held many important positions. He became an Hon. P. B. S. Pinchback, Ex-Governor of Louisiana. editor in 1870, and through his newspaper largely influenced the State Legislature. The next year he became Lieutenant-Governor to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Oscar J. Dunn. The following year he was nominated by a large, enthusiastic Republican State Convention for Governor. There were many complications at this time in the political situa¬ tion, and after many conflicts and much excitement, Mr. Pinchback was made Governor until Janu¬ ary, 1873. He was at once elected United States Senator for the term of six years. But a conspiracy existed to keep him out of Congress. He has held many responsible positions and in each and all has shown himself to be a man of mark. He illustrates forcibly the great virtue of self-reliance, is a man of independent thought and action, and has frequently passed through emergencies where only his own nerve and firmness have saved him from defeat. It may safely be said that he is the most prominent representative of our race in the Southwest. PERSEVERANCE. YOU must not give up. You must go at it and keep at it. Fitful effort accomplishes very little ; it is the long and steady pull that does wonders. You must remember John Wesley's motto: " All at it and always at it." This grand virtue has been the making of many illustrious men, and the want of it will account for the utter failure of many others who by nature were splendidly endowed. Our race afforas a multitude of striking examples, showing the supremacy of this quality. Among them all Mr. T. Thomas Fortune is one of the most noteworthy. His career as an editor, author and agitator has been a brilliant one. He shows what can be accomplished by steady perseverance, his mother having transmitted this quality to her son. He was born in Jackson County, Fla., in 1856. He began his career as a printer at Jack- THE GUIDE TO SUCCESS. m sonville, being known as what is called a printer's "devil" on one of the newspapers. Having lost his position through a change of proprietors, he began attending school and at once took high rank as a student. We next find him a clerk in the city post office, but, being a youth of high blood, he refused to take an insult, left the place and went back to the printer's case. In 1876 he entered How¬ ard University, where he re¬ mained two years, prepar¬ ing himself for his future life work. He has attained great celebrity as a jour¬ nalist in New York, being a very forcible, versatile and attractive writer. An appreciative biographer speaks of him as follows: " His life has been one of stern reality, struggling for a foothold ; he often meets difficulty and ob¬ stacles which would cause men of less fortitude to succumb; but still he bat¬ tles on, believing that the race is not always to the swift, but to him who holds out to the end. Owing to his political stand he finds much to encounter, but we earnestly believe that in the long run he will have no cause to regret his course. He is still laboring with the hope that the intelli¬ gence and culture we are gaining will eventu¬ ally cause the race to reach that point where it will be able to maintain itself. He sees in the future grand and glorious achievements. " He is an inveterate foe to the half¬ hearted who dare not stand up and take ostracism and blows for the race. He is a business man who means business, and is determined to make his paper succeed, if such a thing is possible. There are many competing for public favor, but The Freeman holds its own, and no matter how much newspaper disagreement there may be over first place in the newspaper world—the variety, vivacity and even impetuosity of Mr„ T. Thomas Fortune. Fortune's editorials will always give him a commanding position among the lights -of the fraternity." Mr. Fortune has been connected with some of the most widely circulated periodi¬ cals and newspapers of the country, and has always made a success with his pen. He is a bold and trenchant writer. j 20 THE GUIDE TO SUCCESS. FORCE OF CHARACTER. EMERSON says, " Men of character are the conscience of the society to which they belong." And Martin Luther said, "The prosperity of a country depends, not on the abundance of gf-fgHgj-h 0f its forti- the beauty of its public insists in the number of Senator as, in its men of educa- and character; here are nterest, its chief strength, . excellence, in every station of life—men of industry, of integrity, of high principle, of sterling honesty of purpose— command the spontaneous homage of man¬ kind. It is natural to believe in such men, to have confidence in them, and to imitate them. All that is good in the world is upheld by them, and without their presence in it, the world would not be worth living in. Such a man is the Hon. B. K. Bruce. This distinguished man, who has been a member of the United States Senate, was born in old Virginia, March I, 1841. His lot as a slave boy was hard and toilsome, and of course he had few if any opportunities for ob¬ taining an education. When the act of emancipation liberated four millions of our people, young Bruce made his way to Oberlin College, and there pursued such a course of study as he thought would best qualify him for future usefulness. Having made diligent use of his time, and gained a fair edu¬ cation, he entered public life in the State of Mississippi in 1868. As a planter he was highly re¬ spected, and at once showed that he was fitted for positions of honor and trust. In 1870 he was elected Sergeant-at-Arms of the State Senate. Here he made good use of acquaintance with the leading men to better develop the judgment, tact and executive ability, which have so signally characterized his after life. Soon after he was appointed Assessor of Taxes, Sheriff and member of the Board of Levee Commissioners. Having already gained great distinction as an able man and wise statesman, he was chosen to the United States Senate in 1874, and took his place in the highest council of the nation. Here he served with marked THE GUIDE TO SUCCESS. 123 CARVE OUT YOU1 THE world will not start of itself and go for you. You must make it go. It will not turn round while you look on and do nothing. It will turn round if you are at the crank to make it turn. And you must know how to do the turning. Do not stand still and look on ; you may stand ancl stare until the heavens roll together and be no better for it. You cannot save your linen; it will get soiled. Never mind, but roll up your sleeves and go at it. Better soiled linen than none at all. You cannot play the gentleman if you ever expect to accomplish anything of importance. Of all the big fortunes in New York, Phila¬ delphia, Chicago and other cities, every one was made by hard work and " horny hands; " not one would know a pair of kid gloves without an introduction. Much will be done if we do but try. No¬ body knows what he can do till he has tried ; and few try their best till they have been forced to do it. "If I could do such and such a thing," sighs the desponding youth. But nothing will be done if he only wishes. The desire must ripen into purpose and effort; and one energetic attempt is worth a thousand aspirations.' It is these thorny " ifs"—the mutterings of impotence and despair—which so often hedge round the field of possibility, and prevent anything being done or even attempted. "A difficulty," says a well-known author, " is a thing to be overcome grapple with it at once; facility will come with practice, and strength and fortitude with repeated effort. Thus the mind and character may be trained to an almost perfect discipline, and enabled to act with a grace, spirit and liberty, almost incomprehensible to those who have not passed through a similar experience. OWN FORTUNE. No Afro-American better illustrates these truths than the Hon. John M. Langston, the only colored Representative in Congress from the Old Dominion. The remarkable story of his life is that of the first colored lawyer; the powerful anti-slavery agitator; the re¬ cruiter of the famous colored regiments ; the earnest worker among the freedmen; the efficient teacher and trusted adviser; the faithful holder of public office; the able poli¬ tician and brilliant statesman; the popular leader and the powerful and true friend of his race and blood. A Scholar and Orator. Mr. Langston was born in Louisa County, Va., on the 14th of December, 1829. Some time previous to this, his mother had been set at liberty by her master, to whom she sustained the real, yet illegal, relation of wife. Having removed to Ohio, John was placed in the public school, and afterward completed his education at Oberlin College. From the first he was an apt scholar, and gave promise of a distinguished career. He began the study of law and was ad¬ mitted to the bar in 1854. Notwithstanding prejudice on account of his race, he succeeded by the force of his pre-eminent ability and showed himself to be fully prepared for the demands of his profession. At the anniver¬ sary meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1855 he made a speech that marked him at once as an orator. During the war Mr. Langston was employed by the government to recruit colored troops, in which capacity he was very successful. He was afterwards ap¬ pointed General Inspector of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. His next great work was founding and 124 THE GUIDE TO SUCCESS. organizing the Law Department of Howard University, of which for a time he was the acting president. In 1877 he was appointed Minister to Hayti, discharging the responsible duties of this position with signal ability. He then accepted the presidency of the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, where he was greatly beloved and was con¬ spicuously successful. In 1888 he was elected to the Fifty-First Hon. John Mercer Langston, Ex-Congressman. Congress. His election was contested, as the decree had gone forth that no colored man would be allowed to represent the Fourth Congressional District of Virginia, but with characteristic pluck he fought for his seat, won the contest, and made his mark in the halls of our national legislation. Mr. Langston has reflected great honor on his race and is a rare example of what a resolute, self-reliant, persevering man can do. He has carved out his own fortune and is deservedly a man of national fame. Another man who illustrates the same noble traits is PROF. I. GARLAND PENN. Mr. Penn is one of the rising men of the race; in fact, he has already risen. He stands at the very summit of achievement and fame. He was born in the year 1867, in New Glasgow, a small village in Amherst County, Va. His father and mother, Isham Penn and Mariah Penn, were fully aware of the superior advantages of a public school training to their children, and moved to the City of Lynchburg when Irvine was five years old. He passed with success through the primary and gram¬ mar grades of the schools, and in 1882 entered the junior class of the high school. Circum¬ stances, over which he had no control, prevented him from at¬ tending school during the suc¬ ceeding school year, and, in con¬ sequence, he taught a school in Bedford County, Va. After teaching for one school year, he decided to re-enter the high school, from which he graduated in 1886, having taken high rank. The subject of our sketch has had several years' experience as a teacher, and has suc¬ cessfully managed county and city schools. During 1883-4 he taught with credit to him¬ self, and satisfaction to his superintendent and patrons, a school in Bedford County, Va. During the school year of 1886—7 he superintended a school in Amherst County, Va. In 1887 he was elected as a teacher in 128 THE GUIDE TO. SUCCESS. server of peace, the cherisher of love, the teacher of humility. Patience governs the flesh, strengthens the spirit, stifles anger, extinguishes envy, subdues pride ; she bridles the tongue, refrains the hand, tramples upon temptations, endures persecutions, consum¬ mates martyrdom. Patience produces unity in the church, loyalty in the State, harmony in families eaid societies ; she comforts the Prof. W. S. Scarborough, LL.D. poor and moderates the rich ; she makes us humble in prosperity, cheerful in adversity, unmoved by calumny and reproach ; she teaches us to forgive those who have injured us, and to be first in asking forgiveness of those whom we have injured; she delights the faithful, and invites the unbelieving ; she adorns the woman, and improves the man ; is loved in a child, praised in a young man, and admired in an old man. Be patient with your pains and cares. We know it is easy to say and hard to do. But you must be patient. These things are killed by enduring them, and made strong to bite and sting by feeding them with frets and fears. There is no pain or care that can last long. None of them shall enter the city of God. A little while and you shall leave behind you the whole troop of howling troubles, and forget in your first sweet hour of rest that such things were on earth. This cardinal virtue is especially required by our race, whose wrongs are so many, who have such prejudices to overcome, and who have so much yet to accom¬ plish before we can gain the high position we hope to attain. One of the most remarkable examples of this quality in pursu¬ ing one great object is found in that bright ornament of our race, Prof. W. S. Scarborough. It is only by slow and patient labor that any man can gain such dis¬ tinction as a scholar and man of letters. He was born at Macon, Bibb County, Ga., February i6? 1852, and began school at the age of six years. He early showed a disposition for study and although nominally a slave he succeeded, by stealing out unseen with his books and by such aid as was given him by his white playmates, in learning the rudiments, and at the age of ten he was able to act as secretary for various colored organizations for which services he received a small remuneration. As soon as they were able to do so, his parents sent him to school, and in 1867 he entered the Louis High School and finished in 1869, going at once to Atlanta University THE GUIDE TO SUCCESS. 12& added to their fortune the subject of this sketch who, though born in poverty and shrouded in obscurity, was destined to make for himself a name honored among men. At an early period the mother went to Phila¬ delphia where she and her family were met and from there to Oberlin College. He graduated from this institution in 1875 and went to Macon and taught Latin, Greek and mathematics. He soon returned, however, to Oberlin and took up the study of Helen- istic Greek and Hebrew. He was Principal of the Pane Institute, now Allen University of Columbia, S. C.; established the first post office at Wilberforce, and was made postmaster, and established and became president of the first young men's reading room. In 1881 he was associate editor of the Authors' Review and Scrap Book, and is the author of an excellent Greek text book and of several able papers. Mr. Scarborough is a member of a number of educational associations and lodges and is a very able scientific lecturer. He received the degree of B.A. at Oberlin in 1875 ; A.M. in 1878, and LL.D. in West Africa from Liberia College, in 1878, and was married in 1883 to the talented writer and teacher, Miss Sarah C. Bierce. His educational works hold the highest rank even in institutions PreS- W. J. Simmons, D.D. of learning attended only by white pupils. Another and similar example may well be placed in connection with the foregoing. We refer to that distinguished author, educa¬ tor and clergyman, Rev. W. J.Simmons, D.D. In Charleston, S. C., June 29, 1849, Edward and Esther Simmons, two slaves, I by an uncle who had gone North some time before, and who cared for the little family as best as he was able to do. They were hunted by slave traders, who seemed determined to burrow them out of their hiding place in the little rooms back of the room used by their benefactor as a shoemaker's shop. THE GUIDE TO SUCCESS. 131 present residence, and ran the first car over one and one quarter miles of track on October 19, 1886. He is sole owner of the grounds on which the Colored Industrial and Fair Association hold their session. He has achieved all by his natural ability and patient industry. Another illustration is found in Mr. Isaiah T. Montgomery, general merchant and suc¬ cessful business man, Mound Bayou, Miss. MENTAL AND PH EDUCATE every part of yourself. Your whole mental and physical nature should be developed to the highest point. How are you to do it? Certainly not without effort. You must work with a will. And don't be satisfied with a smattering of knowledge. Draw the deepest water from the well; put forth your grandest powers ; hold steadily to your pur¬ pose and do not give up in discouragement. Look to the noble men who have risen to distinction by self-improvement, several sketches of whom are here furnished. BISHOP B. W. ARNETT. This bright ornament of his race rose step by step until he reached the highest place in the gift of his brethren, being the seventeenth Bishop of the A. M. E. Church. He was born at Brownsville, Fayette County, Pa., March 6, 1838, and joined the church in 1856, Rev. Lewis Gross, pastor. He was licensed to preach March, 1865, at Union Bethel Church, Washington, D. C., and joined the Travelling Connection April, 1867, at Lexington, Ky. In April, 1868, he was ordained deacon by Bishop William Paul Quinn, and elder at Xenia, Ohio, April, 1870, by Bishop D. A. Payne. He was elected financial secretary He was at one time the slave of Jefferson Davis of the Southern Confederacy. He was the only Afro-American member of the Mississippi Constitutional Convention, which disfranchised the Afro-American in that State. Mr. Montgomery is a scholar and a prominent man of the race in his State, and by slow and steady steps has reached a posi¬ tion of honor and influence, being very widely known and respected. fSICAL CULTURE. May, 1880, at St. Louis, Mo., and re-elected at Baltimore, Md., in 1884; was chosen Bishop, May, 1888, and ordained May, 1888, at Indianapolis, Ind., by Bishop A. W. Wayman and others. This is only a meagre sketch of one of our most successful scholars and Bishops, who has risen to eminence by self-culture and diligent effort. PRES. S. T. MITCHELL, A.M. President Mitchell was born September 24, 1851, in Toledo, Ohio, to David and Nancy A. Mitchell. From six to thirteen he was in the public schools of Cleveland and Cincinnati, and in 1864 entered Wilberforce University, where he was converted in 1865. He helped to organize and named the Sodalian Society and was teacher at the University. Poverty compelled him to labor on all the farms in the vicinity, yet he graduated with highest honors from the classical course, June, 1873. He taught at Wilmington, Ohio, two years and was Principal of Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City, Mo. He helped organize the Colored State Teachers' Association, and was its.first presi¬ dent ; drew up and secured the passage of the bill which opened the doors in St. Louis, Kansas City and elsewhere to colored CHARLES WINTER WOOD, Colored Tragedian and Greek Student. W. A. HAZEL, OF ST. PAUL, The Successful Stained Glass Designer. CHRISTMAN HAL,!, WITH STUDENTS IN FOREGROUND, CI tion is, Whom to invite? Upon this point there hinges a second of almost equal impor= tance, namely, How many are to be invited? Taking the second difficulty first, we may say that a dinner-party may consist of any number with one exception; there are not to be thirteen at table, because some persons entertain a foolish superstition with regard to that number, and we have known those who would decline to sit down rather than make the thirteenth. Large dinners are a mistake, though, of course, political, business, family and othei reasons, often necessitate their being given. Six or eight is a comfortable number for a dinner. We prefer an even to an odd number; the guests are then paired, though all present should unite for the general en¬ tertainment, instead of breaking up into knots, as is inevitably the case where a dozen or more persons sit down. Of course, if a dinner is given merely as an opportunity for display, it does not matter how many are invited, so that the resources of the establishment (and of the pastrycook) are equal to the occasion. In the latter case, too, it does not much matter who is asked; the host has only to group his guests to the best of his ability. But when the object is that a dinner shall be enjoyed, it is quite as important to ask, " Who ? " as to determine how many. There is nothing which party-giving people fail in so lamentably as the right selection and assortment of their guests. How often must it be repeated, that it is not enough to make 5£ CHAPTER VIII. Etiquette to be Observed at Weddings. HE first great question is, " When shall the wedding take place?" In Europe the favorite months for weddings are, generally speaking, June, July and August. There is some unaccountable prejudice against the month of May. Easter week is a very popular time for marriages. Wednesday or Thursday is considered the best day—indeed, any day but Friday, which is considered unlucky. In this country all seasons are regarded as suitable, except that Lent is considered an inappropriate time, and Friday shares the prejudice* entertained towards it in Europe. It is the privilege of the lady to appoint the time for the wedding, and the gentleman should leave her unfettered in this, except for very important reasons. The season of the wedding day may be gov¬ erned, to a certain extent, by the place where the honeymoon is intended to be passed; and by the same rule, the honeymoon is fre¬ quently governed by the season at which a wedding is obliged to take place. Marriage is regulated in this country by the laws of the various States of the Union. Some of these require a license from the county court, or circuit court of the city in which the marriage is to take place. This license must be procured by the intended husband, and he must be accompanied by a near relative of the lady—her father or guardian is the proper person—who must make oath that she can lawfully contract the proposed marriage, and answer any ques¬ tions that may be asked. The bridal trousseau does not include plate, glass, china, furniture, though we have seet these articles mentioned as belonging thereto in a book professing to be an authority on the subject. It comprises simply the bride's stock of attire, which is to last her for the first few years of her wedded life. She should be careful, however wealthy she may be, not to have too great a quantity of wearing ap« parel; for the changes of fashion are so fre¬ quent that it is just possible the make of many of her garments may be quite gone by before she has had time to wear them. It is impossible to give an accurate state¬ ment of the cost of a trousseau, for that is a matter that must be governed by the means and taste of the bride. Gifts for the Happy Pair. Presents to the bride and bridegroom-elect should be sent in during the week previous to the wedding—not later than two full days before the event. It is so customary now to make an exhibition of the presents the day before, or the day of the wedding, that it is more than ever necessary that they should arrive in good time. They should be in accordance with the means, and in harmony with the tastes of the recipients. Nothing is in worse taste than to send some gorgeous ornament for a houst where it will be out of keeping with all the rest of its belongings, and only serve for a monu¬ ment of the vulgar ostentation of its donor. We happen to know of an instance of a moss elaborate and ornamentally decorated jewel- box, which was presented to a young bride, who was very blooming and very lovely, but had not a diamond to bless herself with. 63 ETIQUETTE OF WEDE gentlemen's dress even more monotonous than it usually is on these occasions. The Bride. The bride should retire to rest early on the evening preceding the wedding, although the ceremony may not take place until the next evening. She should avoid all fatigue and excitement, and endeavor to look as fresh and blooming as possible on the all-import- occasion. The bride generally takes breakfast in her own room, and remains there until the hour arrives for her to resign herself to the hands of her maidens to be dressed for the altar. It is the bridesmaidens' privilege to perform this service. After she is dressed she remains in her room till her carriage is announced, or, where the wedding is at the house, until it is time for her to descend to the drawing-room. The bride's carriage is invariably the last to \eave the house, and it contains but one >ccupant besides herself—namely, her father or the person who is to give her away. With regard to the dress of the bride, it is *tmply impossible to lay down a rule. It is governed by the fashion of the day, but is always ^yhite for a maiden, and of light colors for a widow contracting a second marriage. According to the present fashion, the attire of the former is that of a white moire antique dress, with a very long train, or a plain white silk, with a lace skirt over it; wreath of orange blossoms, and Honiton lace veil, descending almost to the ground. Of course the gloves should be white, and the shoes or boots of white kid, or white satin, as the case may be. It is customary for the bride to make some little present to the bridesmaids on the wed¬ ding morn. These should generally consist of some trifling article of jewelry—not too costly—for it should be borne in mind that the gift should be valued rather as a memento 5 [NGS AINU FUNERALS. 65 of the occasion it commemorates than for its own intrinsic worth. Should the bride reside in- another city or part of the country, the bridegroom, and such of his groomsmen as are to accompany him, should reach the place the day before the ceremony. They may dine at the house of the bride's parents; but it is not etiquette for them to sleep there, even though invited to do so. They should take up their quar¬ ters at a hotel, or with some friend who has asked them to do so. The bridegroom ought not see his bride on the happy day until he takes his place by her side for the final cere¬ mony. The Bridegroom. It is the custom in this country for the bridegroom and his groomsmen to wear full evening dress. This has been described. The English custom of being married in morning dress is rapidly coming into favor in refined society. In the latter case, the dress of the bride¬ groom should be a blue frock or morning coat—never a black one— very light trousers and tie, and white gloves. He may also wear a small sprig of orange blossom, or some small white flower, in his button-hole. Boots may be of shining patent leather or of kid. It is customary for him to make some lit¬ tle present to his best man—say a choice scarf-pin or a signet-ring—both as a memento of the day and a slight acknowledgment of his valuable services on the occasion. He may also make a similar but less expensive present to each of his groomsmen. He is not bound to do so, however. The bridegroom should be careful to see that all his arrangements are made before- hand, especially if the wedding is to be fol. lowed by a bridal tour. Tickets should be purchased beforehand, places reserved in par-, lor cars and baggage checked, or had in BEFORE THE WEDDING. The Bride. WAITING FOR THE) MINISTEP The Bridegroom. CHAPTER IX. How to Converse Well. HEN yo'ir opinion differs from that of others, maintain it with modesty, calmness, and gentleness; but never be eager, loud, or clamorous; and, when you find your antagonist beginning to grow warm, put an end to the dispute by some genteel stroke of humor. For, take it for granted, if the two best friends in the world dispute with eagerness upon the most trifling subject imaginable, they will, for the time, find a momentary alienation from each other. Dis¬ putes upon any subject are a sort of trial of the understanding, and must end in the mor¬ tification of one or other of the disputants. On the other hand, you need not give a universal assent to all that you hear said in company; such an assent would be mean, and in some cases criminal; but blame with indulgence, and correct with gentleness:* Have a mind of your own; do not compel any one to say to you, "Do, please, differ from me, just to show that there are two of us." Always look people in the face when you speak to them; not doing it is thought to imply conscious guilt; besides that, you lose the advantage of observing by their counte¬ nance?; what impression your discourse makes upon them. When you find your temper rising, resolve neither to speak to, nor answer the person who excites it; but stay till you find it sub¬ siding, and then speak deliberately. En¬ deavor to be cool and steady upon all occa¬ sions; the advantages of such a steady calmness are innummerable, and would be tedious to relate. It may be acquired by care and reflection; if it could not, tha? reason which distinguishes men from brutes would be given us to very little purpose. You scarcely ever heard of a Quaker in .* passion. There is in that sect a decorum and decency, and an amiable simplicity known in no other. Witticisms at the Expense of Otliers. If you have wit (which I am not sure that I wish you, unless you have at the same time an equal portion of judgment to keep it in good order), wear it like a sword in the scabbard, and do not brandish it to the terror of the whole company. Wit is a shining quality, that everybody admires; most people aim at it, all people fear it, ano few love it, unless in themselves. A mar must have a good share of wit himself, to endure a great share in another. When wit exerts itself in satire, it is a most malignant distemper; wit, it is true, may be shown in satire, but satire does not constitute wit, as many imagine. A man of wit ought to find a thousand better occasions of showing it Abstain, therefore, most carefully from satire; which, though it fall on no particular person in the company, and momentarily, from the malignancy of the human heart, pleases all; yet, upon reflection, it frightens, all. Every one thinks it may be his tun. next; and will hate you for what he find* you could say of him, more than be obliged to you for what you do not say. Fear and hatred are next-door neighbors; the more wit you have, the more good-nature and politeness you must show, to induce people 6c 72 RULES OF ETIQUETTE and when you have said what yon desire to say, stop. Speak in a distinct, well-modulated voice, but avoid loud talking. A low, sweet voice is one of a woman's greatest charms, and will never fail to win her the admiration of tnen. Mothers should beware of praising or talking much of their children in company. Such topics, though interesting to them¬ selves, are tedious to others. Mere courtesy will prevent your visitor from differing with you, but he will be glad to discontinue the conversation. Remember " brevity is the soul of wit; " therefore "speak little, but speak well, if you would be thought a person of good sense." Ancient Anecdotes. Be cautious in relating anecdotes. Unless you can relate a story with ease and effect, it is better not to attempt it. Avoid laughing at your own wit. Habitual relaters of anec¬ dotes are apt to become great bores. Do not mimic the peculiarities, infirmities, or short-comings of others in general society. You may give offence to some one present who is a friend of the person car' catured. Do not speak of what passes in a house that you are visiting. You need not tell all the truth unless to those who have a right to know it all. But let all you tell be truth. Do not offer advice unless you know it will be followed. Beware, however, of ad¬ vising an angry or an opinionated person. Be cautious as to asking questions. The reply may be very embarrassing to the per¬ son of whom the question is asked. Do not volunteer information, especially in public; but be very sure you are correct m what you state as facts. FOR ALL OCCASIONS Do not sit dumb in company, but beai your share in the general conversation. Do this with modesty and self-possession, neither thrusting yourself forward, nor hesitating where you should speak. It is better to be a good listener than a good talker. A Prudent Reserve. It is not necessary to express your opin¬ ions upon all subjects; but if you give utterance to them, do so fearlessly, frankly, and with courteous regard for the opinions of others. The greater your learning, the more modest should be your manner ol expressing it. When we speak of ourselves and anothei person, whether he is absent or present, pro¬ priety requires us to mention ourselves last Thus we should say, " he and I," " you and I." Do not indulge in words or phrases ol double meaning. To do so is to draw upon yourself the contempt of those who heai you. Avoid exaggerated expressions. Speak simply, and with moderation, or men will doubt your statements. Always be good-tempered. Nothing is so agreeable or so useful in society, as a pleasant, even temper. What may be very entertaining in com¬ pany with ignorant people, may be tiresome to those who are better informed than your¬ self. In conversing with a lady, do not appear to bring your conversation down to her level. Sensible women detest "small talk," and re¬ gard with coutempt the man who appears to think they cannot converse intelligently upon subjects generally treated of in society. Be lenient to the weakness and foibles ol your friends. Remember that you need a like forbearance from them. CHAPTER X. Etiquette of Correspondence. CORRESPONDENCE between two persons, is simply a conversation reduced to writing; in which one party says all that he has to communicate, replies to preceding inquiries, and, in his turn, proposes questions, without interrup¬ tion by the other; who takes precisely the same course in his answer. We should write to an absent person, as we would speak to the same party if present. To a superior, we ought to be respectful; to a parent, duti¬ ful and affectionate; to a friend, frank and easy; and clear and definite in our expres¬ sions to all. Conciseness is one of the charms of letter-writing: we do not mean to say that a letter should not contain sufficient facts, ideas, and feelings; but they ought to be as briefly expressed as perspicuity and elegance will permit. If we encumber an idea with ver¬ biage, it loses its power. There are some persons who, when they express a feeling, or a thought, of which simplicity should be the charm, clothe it with all the verbal treasures they possess: this is like wearing one's whole wardrobe at once; the figure is "lost in a mass of drapery. Lengthened periods are as much out of place in a letter as they would be in conver¬ sation, of which letters may be called the prototype; for they tire the reader even more than they would the hearer: when written, their faults are also perceived with much less difficulty than when spoken. The style, of course, may rise with the subject; but all parade of words should be dropped in a familiar epistle. The death of a friend 01 relation, a calamity, or any circumstance of grave importance, should not be communi¬ cated in the same manner as a trifling occur¬ rence, or even a happy event: brevity, in these cases, is beauty; in those it would be demed unfeeling and abrupt. To an absent friend, an elaborate letter will be most welcome: a stranger, a superior^ or a person of whom the writer seeks some¬ thing, will recoil from a "folio of four pages," and, perhaps throw it aside unread, or, at best, but slightly skimmed over. When the party, to whom a letter is addressed, is unin¬ terested in the subject on which it is written, the writer of it should display a brevity, which will attract attention, and insure a perusal; no unnecessary ornament should be used, nor, in fact, anything introduced but what is import¬ ant and bears strongly on the case stated, ot the inquiry made. All those little personal details and trifling circumstances which are so delightful in % letter from a friend, would fatigue and dis¬ gust a stranger, to whom they are destitute of interest. We should never suffer our selves to be seduced to adopt a fine-sounding epithet unless we are perfectly well acquainted with its meaning; or to indulge in a simile, unless we are capable of wielding it with ease. It is dangerous to meddle with fine phrases* if we are unaccustomed to the manner of using them. A person who, by invariably keeping within the beaten path, and nevel running astray after "the butterflies of lan¬ guage," had been accounted, by his corre TS CHAPTER XL Proper Forms for Letters. VERY person who has much corres¬ pondence to attend to, will appre¬ ciate the convenience of having forms of well-written letters at hand for the vari¬ ous occasions on which such forms are required. If you are averse to copying these, they will nevertheless be suggestive, and give an idea as to the subject matter of epistolary communications, and the manne, of writing them. These letters are grouped under variouf heads for the convenience of persons desiring to use them. Business letters may be found in a subse¬ quent part of this work, where they properly belong. -^CIscLtss 10, / 8 $*]. escu'u tLt ^c*-c^c6 f CL>KscL "t'Cui^es tsluobs j-t* t^o-> -L'e^^S'UA-' ^esVu't'L'Yt>i>esKjt'iis ioCt^iu fL-G^e^'Ms tso- esvCtsSstst'asVKs ^o-!✓ tuG-* Lo-v^fy co tt-W'S'. Svu tslucs is-U, i^£/ ioo-vutAs *■/ La^lL-Q^'tstsj S VesoasLL totfc'to pstesCuiuUs'uGs tes c'£oo-WL> ufc ksCLsii, &->&■ e-Kx wLAjs CfoiMsZs cLo^e^iu *iuo-fc> bout* t^loes Loyu Liu o-p tkses c^iocuuvL-, WltL esV~e^>Luc6 tS a^nC'y cot* o-'vKso-iui' (uOKsoes'ueslsi^r Jl Cf. i^oestcLiis, zfc 9^ RULES OF ETIQUETTE FOR ALL OCCASIONS. ANrOUNCING ARRIVAL TO A FRIEND ON HER INTENDED MARRIAGE TO A GENTLEMAN ON HIS MARRIAGE ENGAGEMENT TO A FRIEND ON HIS GOOD FORTUNE TO A FRIEND ON THE BIRTH OF A SON Dear Roderick : I have just arrived on the Steamship Majestic, after a quick and pleasant voyage. Expect me to greet you face to face at my earliest convenience. As ever, BRANDON. LETTERS OF CONGRATULATION. M>r Dear Vicksburg, September 20, 189-. No one, I believe, can be more desirous to hear of your welfare and your prosperous settlement in the marriage state than myself. I have long been sensible of your worth, your goodness of heart, your rectitude of principle, and your warmth of friendship. Enviable among men will be the lot of him who is destined to become your partner for life ; and fortunate, indeed, was Mr. in that introduction which first presented you to his notice. As for Mr. , I need scarcely observe that I approve of your choice, in which you have shown a discrimination that does credit to your taste, and to that good sense which has been the guide of your past life. Adieu, and believe me to be, my dear , Yours most sincerely and aifectionately, Philadelphia, January 6, 189-. Dear Old Fellow : And so you really are to be a Benedict! Well! I have no objection, provided you feel convinced that it is a measure likely to tend to your happiness. For myself, I am still a bachelor, although I do not know what such temptation as you appear to have undergone might not do towards upsetting my present resolutions. You know I have no antipathy to matrimony : but, unlike yourself, I have not independent means sufficient to render me fearless of consequences, and should not be disposed to involve any woman, whom I could like sufficiently to make mjr wife, in a doubtful state of circumstances, if not in a discomfort which must be painful to a man of proper feeling and honor. At the same time, believe me, I cordially sympathize with your delight at the prospect of an agreeable union, and wish sincerely that every Happiness may be the result. Ever truly yours, 1,ouisville, Ky., February io, 189-. My Dear Howard : The news of your good fortune gives me great satisfaction. No one can possess true friendship without rejoicing in the prosperity of a friend. To one who has always been manly, true and noble, and who has labored persistently toward a particular end, success must be extremely gratifying. It will ever be my delight to hear that you are prospering in your undertakings, and if in any way I can serve you, you can rely upon my best endeavors. With every good wish for yourself and Mrs. Kerr, Ever faithfully yours, St. Louis, Mo., June 15, 189-. Dear Old Friend : The happy announcement that a son and heir has been born to you, gives me extreme satisfaction. I always thought you would distinguish yourself in some way, and would do something whereby your name might descend to posterity. And now, my worthy chum, it seems you have done it. I will not draw any picture of the cares and anxieties of fatherhood, such as carrying a squalling youngster on your arm at 3 o'clock in the morning, running for the doctor when the little one has spasms of wind colic, opening your eyes with astonishment at BOOK II. Courtship, Marriage and Domestic Life. CHAPTER XII. Mail and Woman, or Suitable Rules for Love-Making. AN was made for woman, and woman equally for man. How shall they treat each other? How shall they come to understand their mutual relations and duties ? It is lofty work to write upon this subject what ought to be written. Mis¬ takes, fatal blunders, hearts and lives wrecked, homes turned into bear-gardens, tears, mis¬ eries blasted hopes, awful tragedies—can you name the one most prolific cause of all these? If our young people were taught what they ought to know—if it were told them from infancy up—if it were drilled into them and they were made to understand what now is all a mystery to them—a dark, vague, unriddled mystery—hearts would be happier, homes 'would be brighter, lives would be worth living and the world would be better. This is now the matter—matter grave and Serious enough—which we have in hand. There are gems of wisdom founded on health, morality, happiness, which should be put within reach of every household in our whole broad land. It is a most important, yet neglected subject. People are squeamish, cursed with mock modesty, ashamed to speak with their lips what their Creator spoke through their own minds and bodies when he formed them. It is time such nonsense— nonsense shall we say ?—rather say it is time such fatal folly were withered and cursed by the sober common sense and moral duty of universal society. Professor O. S. Fowler, the eminent lecturer, who made the subjects of love, courtship, marriage and domestic life his study for half a century, shall be permitted to instruct, warn, inspire, direct and benefit those who peruse the pages of this practical work. Here is what he says: Courtship ! Its theme, how dc ightful! Its memories and associations, how charm¬ ing ! Its luxuries the most luxurious prof¬ fered to mortals! Its results how far reach¬ ing, and momentous! No mere lover's fleet¬ ing bauble, but life's very greatest work! None are equally portentous, for good and evil. God's provisions for man's happiness are in A COQUETTISH MAIDEN. What will the Answer be? Yes or No? BIyACK PATTI. (Sissieretta Jones.) The Great Singer. MME. DESSERIA PLATO, Only Colored Singer at World's Fair. MAN AND WOMAN, OR SENSIB A gifted law student became thoroughly enamored with an excellent young lady at¬ tending the same school, who reciprocated his affection ; each more than satisfied with, and both intending to marry, each other. \et her proud mother objected, that " he was not good enough for her daughter. " Though the girl thought differently, and had done nothing to lessen his Love, yet his pride made liim ignore her altogether. He met and passed her daily without recognition, till years afterwards his love conquered pride, and he re-proffered his hand ; but she iad just engaged herself to another, while her heart still remained true to him. A man pre-eminently talented and moral, a woman most lovely and devoted, and both perfectly adapted to each other, were spoiled because her mother's prizing her daughter highest maddened him. For shame! He did not take a lawyer's view of that question. He should have cherished her Love, snapped his finger at all others, and let nothing in the heavens above or earth beneath interrupt it. Marriage Spoiled. Relations, you shall not interfere, where even parents may not. Make your own matches, and let others make theirs ; especi¬ ally if you have bungled your own. One such bungle is one too many. The parties are betrothed. Their marriage is "fore-ordained" by themselves, its only rightful umpires, which all right-minded out¬ siders will try to promote, not prevent. How despicable to separate husbands and wives! Yet is not parting those married by a Love- spirit, equally so? Its mere legal form can¬ not increase its validity. Marriage is a divine institution, and consists in their own personal betrothal. Hence breaking up a true Love- union before its legal consummation, is just as bad as parting loving husband and wife ; ,E RULES FOR LOVE-MAKING. 115 which is monstrous. All lovers who allow it are its wicked partakers. Marrying1 in Haste. If anything specially requires the early consummation of marriage, hasten it; yet cementing the affections is the great work in hand, which too close intimacy at first rathei hinders than helps. As whatever grows has its natural period for maturing, so has Love. At engagement you have merely selected, so that your familiarity should be only intellec¬ tual, not affectional. You are yet more ac¬ quaintances than companions. As sun changes from midnight darkness into noon¬ day brilliancy, and heats, lights up, and warms gradually, and as summer "lingers in the lap of spring;" so marriage should dally in the lap of courtship. Nature's adolescence of Love should never be crowded into a premature marriage. The more per¬ sonal, the more impatient it is ; yet to estab¬ lish its Platonic aspect takes more time than is usually given it; so that undue haste puts it upon the carnal plane, which soon cloys, then disgusts. Coyness and modesty always accompany female Love, which involuntarily shrink from close masculine contact until its mental phase is sufficiently developed to overrule the antagonistic intimacies of marriage. Besides, why curtail the luxuries of court¬ ship ? Should haste to enjoy the luscious- ness of summer engulf the delights of spring? The pleasures of courtship are unsurpassed throughout life, and quite too great to be curtailed by hurrying marriage. And enhance ing or diminishing them redoubles or cur¬ tails those of marriage a hundred-fold more. A happy courtship promotes conjugal felicity more than anything else whatever. A neg- ress, asked why she didn't marry, since she had so many making Love to her, replied . CHAPTER XIIL Who are, and are not, Adapted to Each Other. FAMILY is a great affair. As a commodity, a production, a life- work, an achievement, it has no peers. Its power over man is supreme. As it is, so is all else human. As a " speculation," a " venture," if well con¬ ducted, it is the most "paying enterprise," yields better "dividends," and is every way more "profitable" than any other "line of business" in which mortals can "invest." Those who possess the capital should procure a " round-trip " ticket for this matrimonial excursion. It will take you around and through the world in better style, and show you finer " prospects " than any other. Of all the achievements man can accom¬ plish, all the works he can do, and missions fulfil, this stands first. He who has founded a family among men has done vastly more than he who has founded a useful manufac¬ tory, or established a " commercial house," or amassed great wealth. To own broad acres, deeds, corner lots, bonds, is something ; but you childless millionaires are "poor critters," in comparison with those who own a superb family. That is incomparably the very finest piece of "property" within human reach. He who "owns" a good wife, she who "possesses" a good husband, and that married pair who have a "clear title" to smart and rosy little ones, with a domicile and necessaries " thrown in," may justly be prouder, carry their heads higher, " feel their oats" more than any other occupants of this whole earth, childless kings not excepted. To establish a family, which shall float along down the stream of time, to originate human interests, and helj to create human history, exceeds wearing childless crowns. What realm equals the family kingdom? What governor-gf.neral is as absolute as its sovereign head ? 01 what obedience as willing or complete, because accorded by love? Gardens filled with roses are beautiful, and rich fruits luscious, yet paradise " was not arrayed like one of these" families. How should it be " gotten-up," and man¬ aged? One poorly conducted is a pool affair. Wisdom in nothing is as much needed or as all-important as in starting and regulating a family " enterprise." God ordained the family, and therefore its natural laws, and thereby a family science, as much as a mathematical, or any other; for which, exultant thanks to its Author. Obey¬ ing these laws renders a happy family just as sure as to-morrow's sun; because both are equally induced by inflexible causation. The only possible cause of domestic unhap- piness is the breach of these laws. Those who follow them need have no more fear of domestic unhappiness than that the sun will turn backwards. Learning how is the first step. Novices should be careful how they undertake it, just as children should not play carelessly with sharp tools; and all should learn how to use this "instrument" of extreme weal or woe before they begin to tamper with it; which is often quite young. Where can men learn how a family should be founded and conducted? Strange that, whilst every other department of science has 121 WHO ARE, AND ARE NOT, ADAPTED TO EACH OTHER. 151 abundantly capable of accomplishing almost anything, because too irresolute to once begin; whereas, with a judicious yet ex¬ pectant wife to prompt them to take initia¬ tory steps, they would fill responsible posi¬ tions. An industrious, thrifty, hard-working man should marry a woman tolerably saving and industrious. As the " almighty dollar " is now the great motor-wheel of humanity, and that to which most husbands devote both to enjoy them together. Indeed, a good appetite in both can often be made to harmonize other discordant points, and promote concord. Men large in beauty should by no means marry women deficient in it; yet women in whom it is large may marry men in whom it is only fair, provided other traits are favorable ; for a man of taste can never en¬ dure a slattern, while a woman of taste can bear with a man who is careless of appear- FAMILY JARS. An ill-tempered pair; neither considerate or amiable; neither self-possessed and quiet when the other is enraged; too much alike in disposition, petulant, excitable, unreasoning, proving constantly the infelicities of married life ; both human snapping-turtles. then entire lives, to delve alone is uphill work. Much more if she indulges in ex¬ travagance. It is doubly important, there¬ fore, that both work together pecuniarily. But if either has property enough to create in both a feeling of contentment, large ac¬ quisition in the other is less important; yet a difference here often engenders opposition elsewhere. Good livers should marry—he to provide table luxuries, she to serve them up, and ances, and love him, provided he has suffi¬ cient power and stamina of character to eclipse this defect by his sterling character¬ istics ; yet he must let her "fix him up nicely." An Untidy Wife. A clergyman of commanding talents, su¬ perior eloquence, and the highest moral worth, was publicly described as likely to marry a woman of superior taste, refine¬ ment, personal neatness, beauty, elegance of CHAPTER XIV. The Model Wife. HO makes the best wife? Not a weak, forceless, stupid, uneducated, giddy creature. The best wife has certain marked traits and characteristics, which every man should look for before put¬ ting his foot in any "entangling alliance," and failing to find, should pause and not go a single step farther. One of these traits is industry. By in¬ dustry I do not mean merely laboriousness, merely labor or activity of body, for pur¬ poses of gain or of saving; for there may be industry amongst those who have more money than they know well what to do with, and there may be lazy ladies, as well as lazy farmers' and tradesmen's wives. There is no state of life in which industry in a wife is not necessary to the happiness and prosperity of the family, at the head of the household affairs of which she is placed. If she be lazy there will be lazy servants, and which is a great dea? worse, children habitually lazy; everything, however neces¬ sary to be done, will be put off to the last moment; then it will be done badly, and in many cases not at all; the dinner will be too late-, the journey or the visit will be tardy; inconveniences of all sorts will be continu¬ ally arising; there will always be a heavy arrear of things unperformed; and this, even iincngst the most wealthy of all, is a great jurse; lor if they have no business imposed upon them by necessity, they make business for themselves; life would be unbearable without it; and therefore a la^y woman must always be a curse, be her rank or sta¬ tion what it may. But who is to tell whether a gill wf make an industrious woman ? How is the purblind lover especially, to. be able to ascer« tain whether she, whose smiles and dimples, and bewitching lips have half bereft him of his senses; how is he to be able to judge, from anything that he can see, whether the beloved object will be industrious or lazy? Why, it is very difficult; it is a matter that reason has very little to do with; but there are, nevertheless, certain outward and visible signs, from which a man, not wholly de¬ prived of the use of his reason, may form a pretty accurate judgment as to this matter. It was a story in Philadelphia, some years ago, that a young man, who was courting one of three sisters, happened to be on a visit to her, when all the three were present, and when one said to the others, " I wondei where our needle is." Upon which he with drew, as soon as was consistent with the rules of politeness, resolved never to think more of a girl who possessed a needle only in partnership, and wlio, it appeared, was not too well informed as to the place where even that share was deposited. This was, to be sure, a very flagrant in¬ stance of a want of industry; for if the third part of the use of a needle satisfied her when single, it was. reasonable to anticipate that marriage would banish that useful im¬ plement altogether. But such instances are seldom suffered to come in contact with the eyes and ears of the lover, to disguise all defects from whom is the great business, not only of the girl herselfj but of her whole familv 'S3 THE MODEL WIFE. *57 the dress is no bad foundation for judging. If it be careless, slovenly, if it do not fit properly, no matter for its mean quality: mean as it may be, it may be neatly and trim¬ ly put on ; and if it be not, take care of > our- self; for, as you will soon find to your cost, a cloven in one thing is a sloven in all things. Look at the shoes ! If they be trodden on jne side, loose on the foot, or run down at the heel, it is a very bad sign ; and, as to slip-shod, though at coming down in the morning and even before daylight, make up your mind to a rope, rather than to live with a slip-shod wife. Oh! how much do women lose by inat¬ tention to these matters? Men, in general, say nothing about it to their wives; but they think about it; they envy their luckier neighbors ; and, in numerous cases, conse¬ quences the most serious arise from this ap¬ parently trifling cause. Beauty is valuable ; it is one of the ties; and a strong tie too: ihat, however, cannot last to old age ; but die charm of cleanliness never ends but with life itself Tlie Queen of the Kitchen. There must also be a knowledge of do¬ mestic affairs. It was the fashion in former times, for ladies to understand a great deal about these affairs, and it would be very hard to make me believe that this did not tend to promote the interests and well-being of their husbands. A thorough acquaintance with domestic affairs is so necessary in every wife that the lover ought to have it continually in his eye. Not only a knowledge of these affairs, not only to know how things ought to be done, but how to do them, not only to know what ingredients ought to be put into a pie or a pudding, but to be able to make the pie or the pudding. Young peo¬ ple, when they come together, ought not, anless they have fortunes, or are in a great way of business, to think about servants. Servants for what! To help them to eat and drink and sleep? When children come, there must be some help in a farmer's or tradesman's house; but until then, what call for a servant in a house, the master of which has to earn every mouthful that it consumed ? Love Can't Live on Heavy Bread. Hating and drinking come three times every day; they must come; and however little we may, in the days of our health and vigor, care about choice food and about cookery, we very soon get tired of heavy or burnt bread, and of spoiled joints of meat; we bear them for a time, or for two perhaps, but about the third time, we lament in¬ wardly ; about the fifth time it must be an extraordinary honeymoon that will keep us from complaining; if the like continue for a month or two, we begin to repent; and then adieu to all our anticipated delights. We discover, when it is too late, that we have not got a helpmate, but a burden ; and the fire of love being damped, the unfortu¬ nately educated creature, whose parents are more to blame than she, is, unless she re¬ solve to learn to do her duty, doomed to lead a life very nearly approaching to that of misery; for, however considerate the hus¬ band, he never can esteem her as he would have done, had she been skilled and able in domestic affairs. Never fear the toil to her; exercise is good for health; and without health there is no beauty; a sick beauty may excite pity; but pity is a short-lived passion. Besides, what is the labor in such a case? And how man) thousands of ladies, who loll away the day, would give half their fortunes for that sound sleep which the stirring housewife seldom fails to enjoy! Honest labor means health and happiness. CHAPTER XV. The Model Husband. f^ROFESSOR FOWLER well says that Fy animal power is the great base of all capacity, all functional excellence. What is life without health? What are the sickly worth to themselves, families, or the world ? As a machine, however well adapted to execute the best of work, is worthless without motive power; so animal stamina is the first prerequisite for companionship. A good physique is indispensable even to men¬ tal power and moral excellence, which wax, wane, or become vitiated, according to ex¬ isting physical conditions. Men always have worshipped, will worship, at the shrine of female beauty, and woman at that of masculine strength; both of which consist mainly in vigorous animal condi¬ tions. Let those girls who know no better, choose little-faced, little-footed, small-boned, shrivelled, soft-handed, soft-headed, nervous, white-livered young men, well nigh emascu¬ lated by their effeminate habits; but you do not want them. They may answer merely to beau you into and out of a parlor or ball¬ room, or escort you to a party or picnic, or for flirtation; but they will make miserable husbands, because they are not sick enough to nurse, nor well enough to excite your whole-souled love, and are so fidgety and irritable that to please or love them is impos¬ sible. Indoor clerks and puny dandies are indeed more polite than sturdy farmers and mechan¬ ics ; but as conjugal partners, robust work¬ men are altogether preferable. Men who remain much within doors must exercise 3aily, or suffer the decline of their manli¬ ness. Are not good, firm health and a hard} constitution quite as safe a reliance for tht support of a family as capital in business) Does not ability to work exceed bank stock! Miss Young America stands badly in hei own light by refusing the hardy farmer and resolute mechanic for the more accomplished but less reliable clerk, or idle inheritor of a fortune. These anti-working ideas of both sexes are rendering them almost unmanage¬ able just from their muscular inertia, and ruining future generations. At this rate of decline, what feeble, delicate mortals de¬ scendants must become in the next genera¬ tion? And as few as weakly! Yet indi¬ viduals are not to blame. Our societariafl customs are thus fatal to our future. Oui men rush from work to study, or some seden¬ tary employment, or else to business. Theii minds must be educated at the expense of their constitutions, to the ruin of both. 1/ they adopt business, they become so anxious, and apply their minds so long and labori¬ ously, as to sap the very roots of animal power, and become poor and delicate before old enough to marry. Our nation cannot long survive these enervating habits, except by renewed importations. Woman, patron¬ ize muscle, not dandyism. Smile oh strength, not delicacy. And, young man, indoors and out, make health paramount, both for its own sake, and that of your pros¬ pective wife; and also for its indispensa- bility to the matrimonial and parental rela¬ tions. Health, pluck, courage to face the world and conquer it, are what you want. 16} .66 COURTSHIP, MARRIAG1 her " there imz" or lover, wholly irrespect¬ ive of lier husband, who only possesses her dowry and fortune, while another has he,, heart. Would this were all! One of England's richest heiresses, while glistening in diamonds, evinced the most iiopeless melancholy in the midst of the gayest assembly. Religious herself, she loved a divine; but her proud family in¬ sisted that she should marry wealth; yet she paid them back, by pertinaciously refusing to marry at all; and is most miserable in spite of untold riches, and more hopelessly wretched than her penniless washerwoman. Nature always punishes such breaches of her laws by spoiling the life of both victims. Did not the world-renowned conjugal diffi¬ culties of Lady Norton originate in a mone¬ tary alliance? Have we not proved that love alone is the guardian of virtue? A rich, proud, stern father obliges his daughter to marry one she loathes. This compels her either to die broken-hearted, or else to love outside of wedlock; the necessary conse¬ quence of which is either infidelity, or else the starvation of her love-element. You Can Spoil Your Wife. I am to suppose that you have made a good choice ; but a good young woman may be made, by a weak, a harsh, a neglectful, an extravagant, or a profligate husband, a really bad wife and mother. All in a wife, beyond her own natural disposition and edu¬ cation is, nine times out of ten, the work of her husband. The first thing of all, be the rank in life what it may, is to convince her of the necess¬ ity of moderation iu expense ; and to make her clearly see the justice of beginning to act upon the presumption, that there are children coming, that they are to be provided for, and that she is to assist in the making of that provision. Legally speaking, we have a AND DOMESTIC LIFE. right to do what we please with our own property, which, however, is not our own unless it exceed our debts. And, morally speaking, we, at the moment of our marriage, contract a debt with the naturally to be ex¬ pected fruit of it; and therefore the scale of expense should, at the beginning, be as low as that of which a due attention to rank in life will admit. Love Sweetens Life. The power of love is perfectly magical for happiness, when its laws are obeyed ; for misery, when they are violated. Not a tithe of the love inherent in all is ever called forth ; because these laws are little observed; and this because few understand them ; not¬ withstanding all the hecatombs of works and novels, love stories included, written by both men and women, on this love theme. Manifest normal male or female nature to¬ wards your mate. No man ever did, does, or can express true manly attributes to his wife without proportionally enainoring, or unmanly without alienating her. How much she loves him depends chiefly on how much true manhood he evinces towards her • though also on how much love capacity she has, and its state. As far as you feel and express true manly attributes, you enamoi your wife ; but as far as you depart there¬ from, you excite her loathing and disgust; even though she has no idea just what she likes and dislikes. Hence being the true man to her5 attains two most glorious human ends—perfect? your own manly nature, and enainors her As every man who does business should pride himself on doing it in the best manner possible ; so every man should pride himself 011 being true to manhood, and attaining its two ends, a wife's love, and fine offspringv Being the true woman enamors a husband, and compels him to love her in proportion the mode: vorce in all other respects; and is incompat¬ ible with a perfect love. Doling out given sums, at stated times, to a wife for "pin money," separates those pecu¬ niary interests which should be shared in common. Are not her family struggles as heroic and perpetual as his business ? Should not their mutual earnings be regarded and shared in common? No true wife will desire this dress or that luxury, unless she knows her husband likes it; or else leaves it wholly to her judgment. Both should plan, work, and be interested together in whatever in¬ terests either. If woman lacks man's plan¬ ning power to forecast results, she has the more tact and intuition, and a nicer sense of right; that most important means of ultimate business success. Each the Other's Half. Farmers and their wives probably come nearest to nature's conjugal co-operation as to pecuniary interests, and furnish the best samples of affectionate wedlock—husbands in ploughing, sowing, driving, feeding; and ndves in cooking, milking, churning, and saving; both making common cause in everything. All should follow their ex¬ ample. Philadelphia merchants are pre-eminently successful; obviously partly because many of their stores are in their dwellings; so that when obliged to be absent, wife or daughter takes the place of husband or father. They also employ many female clerks. Man's mind must unite with woman's in order to take correct views of things. He looks at them only from masculine, she from feminine stand-points; so that neither can take a complete view of anything except in and by uniting both their views; by which each completes the other's. "In the multitude of counsel there is safety." x\ll need advice in most things; HUSBAND. 173 and who is as proper to give it as a wife 01 husband? By presupposition, each is most deeply interested in the other's welfare, which is everything in a counsellor. What an indescribable pleasure to both to talk ovei plans and prospects, and consult togethei or anticipated results! The mere pleasure of the conference doubly repays its troubles What a luxury to her to be consulted! It gratifies her kindness that she is serviceable, and pride that she is esteemed as a "help* meet." Her being required to help carry out plans, the very office of a wife, gives her a right to have some say as to what she shall help accomplish. Napoleon and Josephine. Napoleon Bonaparte furnishes the best illustration on the largest scale of the "aid and comfort," and want of them, rendered by a true wife. Josephine was a magnifi¬ cent woman; accompanied him wherever she could ; and was his chief privy coun¬ sellor in everything Colonel lyehmanouski. a Pole, who entered the military academy with him, fought one hundred and seven battles under him, was his body servant, and knew all about his family secrets, in a lec¬ ture on Josephine one of a course on Bona¬ parte, said: " His success was due to her as much as to himself. He was often rash in his bold¬ ness, and would sometimes devise plans svrt to cause defeat. The remonstrances of all his generals and staff had no effect on him But he never finally acted on any measure without her approval. Her quick instinct* saw and pointed out any defects, which he perceived and obviated ; and when his army knew that she had approved any measureT they were sure of success. His divorce caused his downfall. His new wife's jeal¬ ousy prevented his visiting Josephine often; so that, not under her influence, he planned MISS MELANIE MACKUN, Colored Beauty of St. L,ouis. MRS. W. II. STEWARD, Louisville, K}'., Haudsouie Afro-American Woman. Yhe above Gold, Diamond-set Medals were Offered by the Appeal to the Most Beautiful Maiden and Married L,ady of The Race, and were Won by Mtss Macklin and Mrs. Steward. GROUP OF INTELLIGENT, NEATLY DRESSED AFRO-AMERICAN CHILDREN. " Suffer little children and forbid them not to come unto me, for of such is the kingdom of heaven."—Matthew 19-14. CHAPTER XVI. The Care and Management of Children ; or Health and Happiness for the Little Ones. HB following plain, golden rules for the care and management of children are from the pen of the world- renowned physician, Dr. Pye Henry Cha- vasse, who is known in both Europe and America as authority upon all matters relat¬ ing to health and disease. He has the rare faculty of uniting good common sense with the most profound learning and skill. Dr. Chavasse says:— The nursery ought to be the largest and the most airy room in the house. In the town, if it be in the topmost story (provided the apartment be large and airy) so much the better, as the air will then be purer. The architect, in the building of a house, ought to be particularly directed to pay attention to the space, the loftiness, the ventilation, the light, the warming, and the conveniences of a nursery. A bath-room attached to it will be of great importance and benefit to the healtn of a child. The ventilation of a nursery is of para¬ mount importance. There ought to be a constant supply of fresh pure air in the apartment. But how few nurseries have fresh, pure air ! Many nurseries are nearly hermetically sealed—the windows are seldom, if ever, opened; the doors are religiously closed; and, in summer time, the chimneys are carefully stuffed up, so that a breath of air is not allowed to enter! The conse¬ quences are, the poor, unfortunate children are "poisoned by their own breaths," and are made so delicate that they are constantly catching cold ; indeed, it might be said that hey are laboring under chronic catarrhs, all arising from Nature's laws being set at dt fiance. The windows ought to be large, and should be made to freely open both at top and bot¬ tom. Whenever the child is out of the nursery, the windows ought to be thrown wide open; indeed, when he is in it, if the weather be fine, the upper sash should be z little lowered. A child should be encouraged to change the room frequently, in order that it may be freely ventilated ; for good air is as necessary to his health as wholesome food^ and air cannot be good if it be not frequently changed. If you wish to have a strong and healthy child, ponder over and follow this advice. I have to enter my protest against the use of a stove in a nursery. I consider a ga.< stove without a chimney to be an abomina¬ tion, most destructive to human life. There is nothing like the old-fashioned open fire¬ place with a good-sized chimney, so that it may not only carry off the smoke, but also the impure air of the room. Be strict in not allowing your child either to touch or to play with fire ; frightful acci dents have occurred from mothers and nurse* being on these points lax. The nursery ought to have a large fire-guard, to go all round the hearth, and which should be suffi¬ ciently high to prevent a child from climb* ing over. Not only must the nursery have a guard, but every room where he is allowed to go should be furnished with one on the bars. Moreover, it will be advisable to have a guard in every room where a fire is burning, 175 CHAPTER XVII. Home Occupations HERB has been a revival of taste in common tilings, and we care much more than our grandparents did about surrounding ourselves with beauty. The struggle of life was harder for them, and they had not time, as we have, for adorning tables and chairs, arranging corners so that they are artistic and not hideous, and making windows and walls rich with color and fair with softly falling drapery. Embroidery. Among the most popular home occupa¬ tions for ladies at the present day, we may name embroidery. The loom and the spin¬ ning-wheel, in one simple form or another, are as old as history, and our devotion to the embroidery frame is only a return to the work which mediaeval ladies found delight¬ ful. True, few of them could read or write, and so the needle was their only form of ex¬ pression, while all doors are open to us. But, though not shut up to embroidery, it is pleasant work for a group of merry girls or thoughtful women. To speak of materials, the most expensive are silk, velvet, tissue, gold and silver cloth, velveteen, and plush. Among cheaper ma¬ terials which are available in household art, are linens of various degrees of fineness, crash, sateen, Bolton, sheeting, serge, and canton flannel. Imagine the old funereal parlor with ghostly windows, hung with white shades, a marble mantel deathly white, a marble- topped table with a few ambrotypes and animals in red and gilt on its chilly surface, for Leisure Hours. and then think how even such a room may bloom in brightness when a fair magician has touched it with her needle. Behold! Creamy curtains drape the windows-, a lam¬ brequin covers the frozen mantel, the tables are hidden under cloths which make each a warm and glowing spot to attract the eye, and a screen cuts off the angles, while the room seems to invite you in to rest and be refreshed. Every lady who gives her mind to it, whether greatly skilled or not, can improve a dull and dingy room by a few judicious alterations, and ever)* young girl may, if she choose, learn to embroider at odd moments, and little by little transform her abode from ugliness to beauty. Crewels are used for working on linen, serge and flannel. Tapestry wool is much thicker than crewel and is useful on coarse fabrics. Embroidery silk is preferred for silk, satin, or fine materials. In working with crewels, cut your threads into short lengths. It is difficult to use too long a thread without puckering up the work. Plush, which is the most elegant and effective material for banners, draperies, and covers, is very costly. A good quality is worth $4.50 a yard. Woolen plush is a little less than silk, but is also expensive. Canton flannel which comes in double width, and finished alike on both sides, in all the rich and desirable colors, can be bought for ninety cents a yard. Felting, which is thick and stubborn, though useful for some purposes, costs $1.50 195 HOME OCCUPATIONS FOR LEISURE HOURS. <97 over about three-quarters of an inch wide. Alter all are folded, braid or weave them to¬ gether, half one way and half another, to form a square. Sew the outside pieces as far as the centre of your mat, then cut the fringe as deep as you. wish it, and dampen it by pressing 011 it a wet cloth. Shake it very gently until it is dry. The fringe will curl up and be very pretty. Tissue paper flowers are made by cutting the petals as much like real flowers as possi¬ ble, and fastening them by stems of flexible wire. This is nice work for little fingers. Crocliet. The little crochet hook is very old. Its charm is that with so small a tool so many beautiful things may be produced. From a counterpane to a collar, almost anything may be made with the crochet needle. Babies' afghans and sofa quilts for convalescents are often crocheted. There are few occupations more fascinating than this. Knitting-. The delight of knitting is its sociability. One must give her close attention to her em¬ broidery, but the lady who knits may talk at the same time, and be witty or wise as she pleases. What pictures rise in our mind's eye of dear old ladies knitting by the fire, their silvery needles flashing and their thoughts busy with the past. Shawls for breakfast or evening wear are both knitted and crocheted. Among our most dearly- prized treasures is a sofa-quilt, knitted in broad stripes, each like a gay Roman ribbon, and crocheted together in black and gold, with deep fringe knotted in the edge, the work of a lady who has counted her seventy-six years, and reached life's evening leisure. Patcli-Work. I^et no one despise this homely art. It is an accomplishment worth boasting of to make a really elegant patch-work quilt. you have pretty patterns or can procure them, save them carefully, for sooner or later you will meet some elderly womdii who keeps a quilt on hand, and fills up her " betweenities" by combining tints and matching pieces witb poetic harmony. Elegant Drawn TV"ork. Since much of the popular fancy-work oi to-day consists of what is genet ally known as drawn work, we will devote some space to a description of the various stitches and designs used in that form of ornamental iilS H . liliiil m gt; iHPjiiinil B ® " li 1 8 lilili ■m 1 llfTp if • :H H =' l«8 H H 11 Hiliir" J No. 1.—To Hemstitch a 3>oily. for the home. We will commence at the beginning with the simple hemstitch, and thence proceed with the more difficult de¬ signs. Draw six threads one inch and an eightt from the edge, on all its four sides, and baste the hem so that it will be a half-inch wide Beginning at the left side of doily, fasten the thread. Be sure the knot is out of sight Place the needle in under five or six threads from right to left, draw it through and take an ordinary hemming stitch at the right of the threads, as in illustration No. 1. A practiced eye will not need to count th«® number of threads. *98 COURTSHIP, MARRIAC Draw out three or four threads about two toe) les from the edge, the distance determin¬ er# the depth of your fringe; then taking ,'fij ill | of equal service taken dry. Furthermore such a person should habitually keep as quiet as possible, should avoid hot food and hot drinks, as well as stimulants and excitation* of any kind, should prefer not eating toe much at one time, but rather more often, and should live in a well ventilated room, avoiding too warm or oppressive a tempera¬ ture. The same rules hold good in respect to persons troubled with diseases of tht heart. All Sorts of Injuries. In every case of injury, in cuts, stabs, and gunshot wounds, in contusions, sprains, dis¬ locations, and fractures, in burns, frostbites^ and frozen members, the first measure to bt adopted is the application of cold in the form of ice, snow, or cold water. These substances are best applied in an animal bladder or 8 rubber bag. When towels wet in cold water are used, they require to be renewed every minute, for, unless frequently changed, they really act as poultices to the part, invit¬ ing what we wish to prevent. Cold not only stanches any bleeding which may occur, un¬ less the hemorrhage is altogether too severe, but it also moderates the ensuing inflamma¬ tion. The injured part must enjoy perfect rest and must be kept scrupulously clean. Fractures. When an injury occurs to the lower limb, BOOK IV. Business Rules and Forms. CHAPTER XXVIII. Meaning of Terms Used in Business. ftiondonmene. —Relinquishing to underwriters property saved fro^i shipwrecks. Abatement.—Discount; sum allowed on payment of money betore due. Acceptance.—A receiving so as to bind the agreement to pay a bill or draft. Accommodation Paper.—The loan of commercial paper or credit. Accrued.—Interest or increase due and unpaid. Account.—A statement; an arrangement of debits and credits in relation to any person or thing; a recoid of business transactions. Account Sales.—A statement of the product arising from the sale of goods received by a merchant from another party, and sold for his benefit, together with the costs and charges incurred in making such sale. Accountant.—One who is skilled in accounts. Actuary.—A clerk of certain courts and insurance offices; one skilled in annuities; an acting officer. Administrator.—One who manages an intestate estate. Adjustment.—Settlement of a difference between two parties. Admi: alty.—A body which controls naval affairs in England. Ad valorem.—According to value. Advance.—Additional price, stocks above par. Advances.—Sums of money paid by a merchant upon goods lodged in his hands for sale at a future time. This term also covers money loaned by bankers on bills of lading. Adventure.—Property ventured in a voyage; a specula¬ tion. Advice. -Counsel given, usually in regard to the pur¬ chase and sale of goods. Affidavit.—A declaration under oath made in writing Agent.—A person who acts for another; a deputy. Adulteration.—Mixing a spurious with a genuine articlfe. Allowance.—Abatement, a deduction made few: various reasons. Ambassador.—An envoy of the highest rank sent to « foreign government. Appraise.—To estimate the value of goods or property. Anticipate.—To take beforehand, or pay before due. Appurtenance.—That which appertains or belongs t£ something else. Arbitration.—The referring of a controversy to person* chosen by the parties to decide It. Arrear.—That which is behind in payment. Assay.—To determine the amount of a particular metal in an ore or metallic compound. Assess.—To tax, or value for the purpose of taxing. Assets.—Resources, property in possession or mom-y due. Antedate.—To date beforehand. Assignee.—One to whom something is assigned, out who receives property to dispose of for the benefit of creditors. Assignor.—One who makes a transfer to another. Assignment.—The transfer of property to assignees. Association.—A company of persons united for a par ticular purpose. Assume.—To take on one's self or become liable fck the debts of another. Attachment.—A writ or warrant for the purpose. Attest.—To call to witness or give official testimony rtv quired in solemn instruments. Attorney {Power of).—A document by which a persKm authorizes another to act in his stead. Ai*ctioneer,—One who sells goods at an auction. 365 CHAPTER XXIX. Business Rules and Laws for Daily Use. HB need of a compendium of rules and laws required in daily business is evident. For want of tliis men I have to consult lawyers and pay fees, where¬ as, if they had at hand just the information which this chapter furnishes in a plain, condensed form, they would save themselves much trouble and expense. You find here in a nut-shell what you would have to wade through many volumes to obtain, and are furnished with legal knowledge which is of inestimable service to every man doing business. Many mistakes may be avoided by con¬ sulting the maxims and laws here laid down. CONCISE BUSINESS RULES. The intelligent and upright business man regulates his conduct by fixed principles and established methods. He is not the creature of impulse or caprice. 1. He is strict in keeping his engagements. 2. He does nothing carelessly or hurriedly. 3. He does not entrust to others what he can easily do himself. 4. He does not leave undone what should and ean be done. 5. While frank with all, keeps his plans and views largely to himself. 6. Is prompt and decisive in his dealings, and don't overtrade. 7. Prefers short credits to long ones; and cash to credit always. 8. Is clear end explicit in his bargains. 9. Doesn't leave to memory what should be in writing. 10. Keeps «*}pies of all important letters sent, and files carefully all papers of value. 11. Doesn't allow his desk to be littered, but keeps it tidy and well arranged. 12. Aims to keep everything in its proper place. 13. Keeps the details of his business well in hand, and under his own eye. 14. Believes that those whose credit is suspected a<« Hot to be trusted. 15. Often examines his books and knows how lie stands. 16. Has stated times for balancing his books, and sending out accounts that are due. 17. Never takes money risks that can be avoids, and shuns litigation. 18. Is careful about expenses, and keeps within his income. 19. Doesn't postpone until to-morrow what can as well, be done to-day. 20. Is extremely careful about endorsing for any one. 21. To claims of real need he responds generously. CONCISE BUSINESS JLAWS. The following compilation of business law contain! the essence of a large amount of legal verbiage: 1. If a note is lost or stolen, it does not release the maker; he must pay it, if the consideration for which it was given and the amount can be proven. 2. Notes bear interest only when so stated. 3. Principals are responsible for the acts of tlielr agents. 4. Each individual in a partnership is responsiblu for the whole amount of the debts of the firm, except in cases of specialpartnership. 5. Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 6. The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 7. An agreement without consideration is void. 8. A note made on Sunday is void. 9. Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. 10. A note by a minor is voidable. A contract made with a minor is void. 11. A contract made with a lunatic is void. 12. A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in ' state of intoxication, cannot be collected. 13. It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 14. Signatures made with a lead-pencil are good it' law. 15. A receipt for money is not always conclusive. 16. The acts of one partner bind all the rest. 17. The maker of an "accommodation " bill or note (one for which he has received no consideration, hav¬ ing lent his name or credit for the accommodation of the holder) is not bound to the person accommodated, 371 CHAPTER XXX. Book-keeping. VERY boy should learn book-keeping. Is there any good reason why every girl should not learn book-keeping also? A practical knowledge of accounts and of the various forms used in business, ought to be acquired by every individual. For the want of such knowledge, mistakes and blunders are constantly occurring. Every household should have its accountant SIGNS AND Acct. Account Ad lib. At pleasure Admr. Administrator Admx. Administratrix Adv. Adventure Agt. Agent Amt. Amount Ans. Answer A.JX In the year of ou\ Lord A.M. In the year of the World A.M. Before noon—Meaning Apr. April Asst. Assistant Asstd. Assorted Aug. August Ave. Avenue Bal. Balance Bds. Boards Bgs. Bbl. Bags Barrel Bk. Bank B.B. Bill Book Blk. Black Bis. Bales Bot. Bought Bro. Brother Brot. Brought Bu. Bushel Bxs. Boxes Bills Rec. or BjR Bills Receivable Bills. Pay. or BjP Bills Payable Cap. Capital The system of book-keeping herewith pre¬ sented, is that taught in Peirce's Business College, Philadelphia, which is considered the leading institution of its kind in the United States. The publishers of this work acknowledge Mr. Peirce's courtesy in placing at their disposal the system taught in his college, a knowledge of which can be gained by any one, and will be found invaluable. DNS USED IN BUSINESS. C. B. Cash Book CKgd. Charged Ck. Check C. L. Car load C. 0. D. Collect on delivery Co. Company Coll. Collateral Col. Collection Const. Consignment Com. Commission Con. Contra Cr. Creditor Cts. Cents D. B. Day Book Dep. Deposit Dec. December Deft. Defendant Dfi. Draft Dis. Discount D. i. Double first clas6 Do. Ditto—the same Doz. Dozen Dr. Debtor Dray. Drayage D's. Days Ea. Each E. E. Errors excepted E. &" 0. E. Errors and omission) excepted Eng. English Enfd, Entered Et a l, And others 373 382 BUSINESS RULES AND FORMS. These would appear in the Journal as follows: Philadelphia, March i, 189 . Cash Camden Woolen Mills Expense Expense Wendell, Fay & Co. Merchant Jno. Stilz & Son Hughes & Miller Cash 2887 50 2000 00 200 00 687 5o 537 50 100 00 12 50 625 00 1275 00 Memorandum of transactions entered in the Invoice Book, on page 380, and here Journalized. March, 1 189 .—Bought of Camden Woolen Mills bill of Cassimeres amounting to $1137.50. Bought of Wendell, Fay & Co. bill of Serge, $1125.00. These would appear in the Journal as follows: Philadelphia, March i, 189 . Mdse. Camden Woolen Mills Wendell, Fay & Co. 2262 50 "37 1125 Memorandum of transactions entered in the Sales Book, on page 380, and here Journalized\ March 1, 189 .—Sold John Stilz & Son Cloths to the amount of $450. Sold Hughes & Miller bill of Cloth: to the amount of $687.50. These would appear in the Journal as follows: Philadelphia, March i, 189 . Jno. Stilz & Son 450(00 Hughes & Miller Mdse. 68750 1137 50 LEDGER. The Ledger is the principal book, and all other books are subservient to it. It is the book of accounts, and in it are gathered from the books of original entry, either ilirectly or through the Journal, all the business transactions of which a record has been made; but nothing can be entered into ^he Ledger until (1) it is known L.o what account the entry belongs, and (2) 01 which Hide it is to be entered. For each person who becomes indebted to us, or to whom we owe anything, and for each sort of property of which we may become possessed, an account must be opened and indexed, and the date and amount of the item placed therein. Numerous transactions are thus brought, in this condensed form, into a very small compass. The debtor, or chaiged items, are placed 011 the left hand side and the creditor, or discharged, or trusted items^ on the right hand side. By deducting the sum of the items on the one side, from th^3 sum of the items upon the other side, an easy determination is made of the amount due us, o** due by us, or the amount of BOOK-KEEPING. This would appear in Inventory Account of the Ledger as follows : Dr. Inventory. 189 July To Mdse. " Real Estate " Store Fixtures Reading Rail Road Stock 189 35 9/63 38 July i 35 9000 00 35 1625 00 m 35 3200 00 23,588 38 By Mdse. " Real Estate " Store Fixtures " Reading Rail Road Stock 35 35 35 35 393 Cr. 9763 9000 1625 3200 23»588 38 LOSS AND GAIN ACCOUNT. Loss and Gain Account is debited with all Losses and credited with all gains. The dif¬ ference between the sum of the debits and the sum of the credits is the net gain or net loss. If the sum of the debits is the greater, it is a net loss; if the sum of the credits is the greater it is a net gain Into this account are brought all the losses and gains which have occurred in the busi¬ ness, and they are here compared and the net gain or loss determined. It is a Non-speculative Account, and closes into the Capital Account. Schedule of Losses and Gains. July i, 189 .—Porter & Coates, on closing their Ledger for the year, find that they have gained : On Mer¬ chandise, $21,630.80; on Real Estate sold during the year, $2,800 ; on Discount and Interest, $963.40; on Penna. R. R. Stock, $1140; on Phila. & Reading R. R. Stock, $813. They have lost: On Expense Account, $581.60 ; on Salary Account, $9830; on Rent, $5000. Their net gain for the year is, therefore, $11,935.60. This would appear in Loss and Gain Account of the Ledger as follow: Dr. Loss and Gain. Cr. 189 July To Expense " Salary " Rent " Porter " Coates 36 36 36 36 36 581160 983° [00 5000 00 5967 80 5967'80 27,347 20 189 July By Mdse. " Real Estate " Discount and Interest " Pa. R. R. Stock " P. & R. R. R. Stock 36 36 36 36 36 21,630 2800 963 1140 813 27,347 20 Debits are losses; Credits are gains. SHIPMENT ACCOUNTS. Shipments are names given to accounts to which are charged the cost of goods sent to be sold for our account and at our risk by a Factor, or Bailee, called a Commission Mer¬ chant The account is kept for the purpose of ascertaining the gain or loss on goods sent to a particular person. At the time of shipping, the account, by whatever name it may be called, is debited for the cost of the merchandise and all ex¬ penses incurred in shipping the same. It is credited for the net sum yielded by our goods in the hands of the Commission Merchant. The shipments are distinguished one from another by the letters of the Alphabet, or the CHAPTER XXXI. Forms for Business Letters. IT IS quite as easy to write a love letter as to write a good business letter. Both are difficult, and the opportunity to consult approved forms will be appreciated by all who engage in correspondence. Many business men have achieved success by being able to write a letter suited to the case, saying just enough, saying it right to the point, and stopping when there was no more that needed to be said. A man is known by his correspondence. In large business houses it is customary to employ a correspondent who can transact this most delicate part of the business in a neat and satisfactory manner. The art of explanation, persuasion and dis¬ tinct statement, is one surely to be coveted. The following forms of letters are valuable for consultation, affording style, methods of statement and important suggestions, and will be of service in business correspondence, No. 55 Main St., Messrs. Matthews & Corner Chicago, June 12th, 189 . No.,360 Levant Sfc.: Gentlemen.—Understanding by your advertisement in the Tn6une of the nth inst., that Seeking a you require the services of a junior clerk, I beg respectfully to offer myself as a candidate for the junior clerk- appointment. I am nineteen years of age, and, from my attainments in various branches of 6HIP education, I believe myself qualified for the duties required. I may mention that I am not altogether unacquainted with book-keeping and accounts, hav¬ ing for some months past assisted my father, Mr. James Brixey, lumber merchant, in the count' jng-house department of his business. Should you entertain my application, I beg to refer you to Messrs. Cram & Snyder, coal dealers, and Mr. Robert Dunlevy, hardware merchant, Wyoming St., who will have -leasure m testifying as to my character and abilities. I am, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, WILLIAM M. BRIXEY. No. 360 Levant St., Mr. William M. Brixey: Chicago, June 13th, 189 . PlRM'S reply TO ®IR*—Having made inquiry of Mr. Dunlevy, one of the references named in your letter or application the 12th inst., we are satisfied with his recommendation. Before making an engagement, however, we should desire a personal interview, and should therefore be glad if you could make it convenient to call at our counting-house on Saturday forenoon, at 11 o'clock. Yours, MATTHEWS & CORNELL. YOUTH'S REPLY TO THE Foregoing No. 55 Main St., Messrs. Matthews & Cornell : Chicago, June 14th, 189 „ Gentlemen.—I am in receipt of your esteemed letter of yesterday, and feel much obliged by your kind attention. I shall not fail to wait upon you on Saturday, punctually at the hour mentioned, and should my application be ultimately successful, no effort shall be wanting on my part to merit your confidence and approval. I am, gentlemen, Your obedient servant, WILLIAM M. BRIXEY. 26 401 PRIVATE OFFICE OF CYRUS FIELD ADAMS, Successful Business Man and Publisher of "The Appeal," Chicago, 111., An Elegantly Appointed Afro-American Newspaper Office. JOHN MITCHELL, Jr., Richmond, Va., Successful Business Man, Able Editor, and Fearless Defender of his Race. JOHN OUINCY ADAMS, ST. Paul, Minn., Successful Business Man and Prominent Colored Jour¬ nalist. First President of tlie Afro-American Press Association. CHAPTER XXXII. Agreements, HERE) are persons who transact the most important business by verbal contract. Although this is a prevail¬ ing custom in country places, it is a very poor way to do business. It is but fair to both parties that the contract should be in "black and white"; then there can be no mistakes of memory, and no possibility of evading the terms of the instrument. An agreement or contract is an arrange¬ ment entered into by two or more persons, by which each, binds himself to perform certain specified acts within a designated time. Agreements may be verbal, but it is better in all cases, and absolutely essential in mat¬ ters of importance, to express them in writing. Great care should be taken, in drawing an agreement, to state explicitly and in the plainest language the various acts to be per¬ formed, and the time of such performance. Nothing should be left to doubt or uncer¬ tainty. The law requires that all the parties to an agreement shall understand its provisions in the same sense, and does not recognize the existence of a contract in which this is not the case. Thus, a person sent an order to a merchant for a particular quantity of goods on certain terms of credit The merchant sent a less quantity of goods, and at a shorter credit. The goods were lost on the way, and the merchant sued the party who ordered them for their value. He failed to win his case, as the court held that in consequence of or Contracts. the failure of the merchant to send the quaifc tity of goods ordered and to grant the credit asked, there was no common understand¬ ing between the parties, and consequently no contract. A contract must show that it is made for a valuable consideration. A failure to do this renders it void in law. Fraud annuls all contracts and obligations, and the party so wronged is relieved of his obligation by law. If both the parties to an agreement act fraudulently, neither can take advantage of the fraud of the other; nor can one who acts fraudulently set his own fraud aside for his benefit. Agreements written in pencil are binding in law, but it is best to write them with ink, as pencil-marks are easily erased. Agreements should be prepared and signed in duplicate, triplicate, etc., according to the nun: ber of persons concerned in them. Each party should have a copy, and should care¬ fully preserve it. Generally speaking, all written instru¬ ments are construed and interpreted by the law according to the simple, customary, and natural meaning of the words used. When a contract is so obscure or uncertain that it must be set wholly aside and regarded as no contract whatever, it can have no force or effect upon the rights or obligations of the parties, but all of these are the same as if they had not made the contract. No custom, however universal, or old, or known (unless it has actually become a law), has any force whatever, if the parties see fit 407 CHAPTER XXXIII. Laws of Partnership. EN who associate themselves to¬ gether in business should have a clear understanding of their mu¬ tual and individual rights and obligations. A partnership is an agreement between two or more persons for joining together their money, goods, labor, and skill, or any or all of them, in some lawful commerce or business, under an understanding, express, or implied from the nature of the undertak¬ ing, that the parties to the agreement shall share between them the profits and loss aris¬ ing therefrom. As stated, a partnership may be formed by oral agreement, but it is always better and safer that it should be based upon written articles of agreement, in which the terms and conditions of the partnership must be stated explicitly. A single joint transaction, out of which considered by itself, neither profit nor loss arises, will not create a partnership. Neith sr is it a partnership where parties make a jo'mt purchase and each then and there takes his proper share of the goods. No especial form of words is necessary in the preparation of articles of partnership. The agreement should give the full names of the parties to it, the amount of money or goods, or the nature of the services, contri¬ buted by each; should state clearly the responsibility assumed by each; and should set forth the manner in which the profits arising from the agreement are to be divided. In the absence of such statement the law assigns an equal responsibility, and presumes an equal division of the profits. , 412 The partnership dates from the date of thfc articles, unless otherwise expressly stated la the agreement It is not necessary that each partner should contribute an equal amount of money to be entitled to an equal share of the profits. An individual may contribute his knowledge of the business to be engaged in, or his skill, or his labor, or all three, the other partner or partners contributing a specified sum of mo¬ ney, or the money and their services. The agreement mrst state exactly what is contri¬ buted. Bach and every partner is liable for the debts or losses of the concern. A partner ship may bind one or more partners to beai the losses, and exempt another partner, 01 partners, from such losses. This agreement is perfectly valid between the partners, but it is not good against creditors unless such creditors in dealing with the firm were aware of this agreement, and based their trans¬ actions upon it. The act of one partner binds all the others. Thus, if one partner gives a negotiable note for the use of the firm, and signs it with his individual name, such signature binds all the other partners. Each partner is absolutely responsible to every creditor of the firm for the whole amount of the debt. If his agreement with them limits the amount of his responsibility he may proceed against them to recover his loss. A person lending his name to a firm, 01 causing, or allowing it to be published as one of the partners in a concern, or allowing it CHAPTER XXXIV. Bills of Sale, Bonds and Assignments. ®v BILL, OF SALE is a written agree- ment by which a person transfers to another person, for a valuable con¬ sideration, his entire right, title, and interest in personal property. As a general rule, in order to establish ownership in law, the purchaser must take actual possession of the property purchased; but in some States, if the sale was not made fraudulently, for the purpose of evading the payment of just debts, the bill of sale is prima facie evidence of the sale, and will hold good against the creditors of the seller. Such questions must be decided by juries, who have power to set aside the sale in cases where fraud is proved. goods conveyed 3uarawty Bill of Sale—General Form with Warranty. Know Aw, Men by These; Presents, That in consideration of seven hundred dollars, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I do hereby grant, sell, transfer and deliver unto Thomas Wright, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, the following goods and chattels, viz.: One set of parlor furniture, upholstered in purple velvet, .... $400.00 One set of black walnut chamber furniture, 300.00 $700.00 To have and to hold all and singular the said goods and chattels forever. And the said grantor hereby covenants with said grantee that he is the lawful owner of said goods and chat¬ tels ; that they are free from all incumbrances; that he has good right to sell the same, as afore¬ said ; asd that he will warrant and defend the same against the lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever. In Witness whereof, the said grantor has hereunto set his hand this tenth day of March, 189 . Witnesses: REII/I/Y VANSANT. Q. C. Bertron, Ei;mkr Schutzer. Bill of Sale—Of a Horse, with Warranty. Know aix Men by These presents, That in consideration of one hundred and fifty dol- vbticle of oale jars) to me paid Patrick Dooner, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I, John Mul¬ ligan, by these presents do bargain, sell, and convey to the said Patrick Dooner, his heirs, exec¬ utors, administrators, and assigns, one bay horse, of the male sex, bay color, fifteen hands high, with a white star in the forehead, known as Old Reliable, to have and to hold the same unto the said Patrick Dooner, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns forever. warranty And I, for myself, my heirs, executors, and administrators, will warrant and defend said horse unto him, the said Patrick Dooner, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns,, against the lawful claims and demands of all and every person or persons whatsoever. Witness my hand this tenth day of May, 189 , JOHN MUUJGAN. Witnesses: Thomas Jackson, George FXint. 416 CHAPTER XXXV. Deeds and Mortgages. O documents employed in business are more important than deeds and mortgages. In former times, any writing signed and sealed was termed a deed. Now, the law confines the meaning to instru¬ ments for the sale of lands. In this country, no lands can be transferred excepting by a deed, which must be properly signed, sealed, witnessed, acknowledged, delivered, and recorded. In some of the States, seals are not necessary to the validity of a deed. A deed should be written or printed on parchment, as paper is more perishable in character. The person making the deed is called the grantor; the person in whose favor the deed is made is called the grantee. The deed should be signed by the grantor with his full name, written clearly in ink of the best quality. A person accepting a deed signed with a lead-pencil places his rights in jeopardy. If the grantor cannot write his name, he may make his mark. The name of the grantee should be written clearly, with good ink, in the proper place in the deed. In the States which require a seal great cure must be given to see that only those recognized in law are used. Strictly speak¬ ing, a seal is a piece of paper wafered on, or ti piece of sealing-wax pressed on the paper. In the New England States and in New York, the law does not acknowledge any other kind. In the Southern and Western States, the written word Seal, with a scrawl around it, placed after the signature, con¬ stitutes a legal seal. 420 A deed must be delivered in order to ren der it valid. . There is no special form neces¬ sary to constitute a proper delivery. If the deed comes into the possession of the grantee with the knowledge and consent of the gran¬ tor, however it may have been gotten posses¬ sion of, it is a valid delivery. If a man makes a deed and fails to deliver it, and dies with it in his possession, the deed is of no effect whatever. A deed to a married woman may be delivered either to her or to her husband. Some of the States require that deeds shall be attested by two witnesses. New York requires but one. Other States do not require any witnesses; but in all cases a deed ought to be witnessed by at least two persons, whether the law requires it or not It is best to have adult witnesses; but minors may act in the capacity if they be of sound mind. The witness must have no interest in the deed. For this reason a wife cannot witness her husband's signature. As a general rule, deeds are valid between parties even when not acknowledged. It is always best to have them acknowledged, how¬ ever, as an unacknowledged deed cannot be recorded. The acknowledgment must be made before a person authorized by law to receive it. In some places a deed may be acknowledged by either of the grantors, but the old custom of an acknowledgment by all the grantors is the safest as well as the most general Where a wife joins with her hus¬ band in conveying away her land, or does so separately, a particular form and mode of acknowledgment is generally required to CHAPTER XXXVI. Rights and Duties of Landlords and Tenants. LARGE part of the business of our civil courts would cease if those who lease property and those who hire it had clear and definite legal forms to follow. These would enable them to come to a perfect, mutual understanding, and pre¬ vent a vast amount of litigation which now lesults from mere verbal agreements, and a failure of the parties to understand their mutual rights and obligations. A landlord is the owner of real estate who hires or lets his property to another person for a valuable consideration. The person who occupies rented property is called the tenant. The agreement between the land¬ lord and the tenant stating the terms upon which the latter occupies the property is called the lease. The person granting the {ease is called in law the lessor; the person to whom the lease is made is known as the 'essee. "Written leases. Leases should be written. No particular form of words is essential, but the lease should state in the clearest manner the terms and conditions of the agreement, so that nothing may be left to dispute between the landlord and tenant. The law does not recognize verbal promises as binding. Therefore the lease must state explicitly the covenants between the parties. No matter how bad the condition of a house, the landlord is under no legal obla¬ tion to make the necessary repairs unless he rjees fit to do so. The lease should therefore contain 3 clause providing for the necessary "epairs. Under an ordinary lease, should the houst be destroyed by fire the tenant must continue to pay the rent, because the law looks upon the land as the principal thing leased, and the house as merely secondary. So also, if the tenant agrees to "return and redeliver the house at the end of the term, in good order and condition, reasonable wear and tear excepted," he is bound by this agree¬ ment to rebuild the house should it be destroyed by fire. At present all well- drawn leases provide that the rent shall cease in case the house shall be destroyed or rendered uninhabitable by fire or any other unavoidable calamity. A similar clause is also inserted with regard to the return of the house. Such a clause in a lease relieves the tenant of the obligation to rebuild the house, even though it should be burned through his own carelessness or that of his servants. Sub-letting, Where the landlord desires to prevent his tenant from sub-letting a part or the whole of the premises, he must provide for i: in the lease. A person holding a lease which does not contain this prohibition can sub-let at his pleasure. The lease should definitely state the period for which it is given. If no time is specified, the tenant can hold the property for one year, but no longer. A tenant-at-will can¬ not vacate the property without giving notice of his intention, nor can he be put out without being given notice of the land¬ lord's desire to regain possession of the property. The laws in the various States 427 CHAPTER XXXVII. Agencies and Collection of Debts. CONSIDERABLE part of every kind of business is done through agents, the individual or the firm employing a trusted deputy. This system extends to nearly all kinds of commercial transactions, and is regulated by laws in all the States. An agent is a person who is employed by another to represent him in the performance of certain acts. One who is legally incompetent to act on his own account may be an agent for a per¬ son who is competent. Thus, an alien or a married woman may act as an agent. A principal is responsible for the acts of his agents when he, by his acts or words, causes the person with whom the agent deals to believe him to be vested with lawful authority to perform such acts. A person authorized to perform certain designated acts for another is termed a special agent; one who has authority to represent his principal in all his business, or all of his business of a particular kind, is termed a general agent. If a special agent exceeds his auinority,1 the principal is not bound by his act, because the person dealing with such an agent is bound to inform himself of the extent of such agent's powers. In the case of a general agent, the principal is bound by his acts, even though he exceed his authority, provided that in such acts he does not go beyond the general scope of his business. If, however, the person with whom the agent deals does so with the knowledge that the agent is exceeding his powers, he thereby releases the principal. Authority may be given to an agent either verbally or in writing. If in writing, it may be either under or without seal. If given by i written instrument, this instrument is termed a Power of Attorney. A power of attorney intended to cover much time should be recorded and acknowl¬ edged. The person granting the power of attorney is termed in law the constituent; the person receiving it is called the attorney. name of party powers qramted Form of Power of Attorney in General Use. Know All Men by These Presents, That I, Gad Hill, of the city of St. Louis, State of Missouri, have constituted, ordained, and made, and in my stead and place put, and by these presents do constitute, ordain, and make, and in my stead and place put Warren North, of the city of Baltimore, State of Maryland, to be my true, sufficient, and lawful attorney for me and in my name and stead to— \_Here state explicitly the things the attorney is to do, and the purposes foi whick the power is given. ] Giving and hereby granting unto him, the said attorney, full power and authority in and about the premises ; and to use all due means, course, and process in law, for the full, effectual, and complete execution of the business afore described; and in my name to make and execute due acquittance and discharge ; and for the premises to appear, and the person of me the con¬ stituent to represent before any governor, judges, justices, officers, and ministers of the law what¬ soever, in any court or courts of judicature, and there, on my behalf, to answer, defend, and reply unto all actions, causes, matters, and things whatsoever relating to the premises. 434 CHAPTER XXXVIII. Last Wills and Testaments. HE breaking of wills has become a habit A man makes his last testa¬ ment, disposing of his property, tiearly stating just what parties are to re¬ ceive it, dies in the happy assurance that his property will fall into the hands of the per¬ sons to whom he has devised it, and then he is scarcely cold in his grave before his rela¬ tives, near and remote, are having a lawsuit, each contestant trying to get the lion's share of the estate. The man was crazy, or his mind was feeble, or he was unduly influ¬ enced. The sharks in effect make a new will, but the dead man is not consulted. Then comes the wrangling, the false swearing, the subterfuges of crafty lawyers, the claims of thirty-third cousins who were nevel heard of until the old man died, and never would have been heard of unless he had left a million. And so a man shrewd enough to make a million is proved to have been a fool or a lunatic, and did not know how to give it away. Too much care can not be exercised in making a will. And no man with any amount of pro¬ perty should neglect to devise it, and have the instrument deposited in a safe place. To be sure, the law steps in and settles a man's estate after he has left it, but he should de¬ clare his wishes and intentions in writing, and should do this when in health and pos¬ sessed of the full use of all his faculties. There should be no neglect nor delay in a .mttei so important A will is the legal declaration ot what a person desires to have done with his property ■ifter hiri death There is nothing more jftcuic thaw to make a proper will; nothing in which legal advice of the most trustworthy character is needed. Every man should regard it as his solemn duty to make a will, whether he have much or little to leave behind him; but no one should venture to do so unaided, where the property to be disposed of is of importance, or where it is liable to become a subject of dispute among his heirs. Legal Debtor. Any one may make a will who is of legal age and sound mind. A married woman cannot, however, make a will unless the law of the State in which her property is situated vests her with the separate ownership of it. The legal age for making a will devising real estate is twenty-one years. In most of the States a male, aged eighteen years, or a female, aged sixteen years, may bequeath personal property by will. The person making a will, if a male, is called the testator; if a female, the testatrix. A will is of no effect during the life of' the maker, and may be set aside, altered ot replaced by a new will, at any time previous to the death of the maker. The last will made annuls all previous wills. It is, therefore, the duty of the testa¬ tor to state distinctly in the first part that this is his last will. If he has made other wills, he should state that by this instrument he revokes all other wills. I The will should close with a formal state¬ ment that it is the deliberate act of the tes¬ tator, and that it is properly signed and sealed by him. 439 LAST WILLS AT this in lieu of her dower or not, at hei pleasure. If the will fails to state that this bequest is in lieu of her dower she is entited to such bequest and to her dower also. In the Dominion of Canada the laws with reference to wills are generally the same as in the United States. In the Province of Quebec, however, a will written in the hand¬ writing of the testator and signed by him is valid without witnesses. After the death of the testator his pro¬ perty is liable for his debts. These must be 3 TESTAMENTS. 44* paid before the provisions of the will can take eifect The laws of the various States give precedence to the various claims upop the estate, In the following order : 1. Funeral expenses, charges of the *asf sickness, and probate charges. 2. Debts due to the United States. 3. Debts due to the State in which the de¬ ceased had his home. 4. Any liens attaching to the property bj law. .5. Debts due creditors generally. General Form of Will. NAME AND RESIDENCE TO THE WIFE m ?ME SON LEGACIES SERVANTS RESIDUE &KSOUTORS I, Thomas Henry Howard, of the City of Baltimore, State of Maryland, declare this to tw my last will and testament. 1. I give and bequeath to my wife, Catharine Howard, all the fixtures, prints, books, paint¬ ings, linen, china, household goods, furniture, chattels, and effects, other than money, or secur¬ ities for money, which shall, at my death, be in or about my house, No. 458 Park avenue in the said City of Baltimore. 2. I give and devise to my said wife, her heirs and assigns, the dwelling house and lot ol ground, known as Number 458 (fcur hundred and fifty-eight) in Park avenue, in the said City of Baltimore, together with all the appurtenances thereunto belonging; to have and to hold the same unto the said Catharine Howard, her heirs and assigns, forever. 3. I give and bequeath unto my said wife, the sum of two thousand dollars, to be paid to her ■within one month after my death, without interest. 4. I also give and bequeath unto my said wife, the sum of fifty thousand dollars in the pre¬ ferred stock of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, now held by me. 5. I give and devise to my son, George Frederick Howard, his heirs and assigns, forever, all that certain brick dwelling and lot of ground, known as Number 529, in St. Paul street, in the said City of Baltimore, together with all the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belong¬ ing, or in anywise appertaining; to have and to hold the premises above described to the said George Frederick Howard, his heirs and assigns, forever. 6. I give and bequeath to my said son, George Frederick Howard, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, in the bqnds ot the United States of America, known as the five-twenty bonds; being all the securities of the United States now held by me. 7. I also bequeath the following legacies to the several persons hereafter named: To my nephew, Thomas Henry Howard, the sum of ten thousand dollars ; to my cousin, Mrs. Rebecca Jackson, wife of Henry B. Jackson, of the City of Annapolis, Maryland, the sum of five thousand dollars; to my old and trusted friend and clerk, Alfred \V. Lee, the sum of five thousand dollars. 8. I also bequeath to each of my domestic servants who may be living with me at the timc of my death, the sum of two hundred dollars. 9. All the rest, residue, and remainder of my real and personal estate, I give, devise, anc bequeath in equal shares, to my said wife, Catharine Howard, and to my said son, George Fred erick Howard, their heirs and assigns, forever. 10. I appoint my said son and my said friend, Alfred W. I > the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted: The death of Whereas, It has pleased the Supreme Architect of the Universe to remove from our midst a free mason our late brother, Thomas W. Johnston; and, WHEREAS, The intimate relations long held by our deceased brother with the members of this Lodge render it proper that we should place on record our appreciation of his services as a Mason, and his merits as a man : therefore be it Resolved, By St. John Lodge, No. 210, on the registry of the Grand Lodge of Maryland, of Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons, that, while we bow with humble submission to the will of The Most High, we do not the less mourn for our brother who has been called from his labor to rest. Resolved, That in the death of Thomas W. Johnston this Lodge loses a brother who was al¬ ways active and zealous in his work as a Mason ; ever ready to succor the needy and distressed of the fraternity ; prompt to advance the interests of the Order ; devoted to its welfare and pros¬ perity ; one who was wise in counsel and fearless in action ; an honest and upright man, whose virtues endeared him not only to his brethren of the Order, but to all of his fellow-citizens. Resolved, That this Lodge tenders its heartfelt sympathy to the family and relati > cs of our deceased brother in this their sad affliction. Resolved, That the members of this Lodge will attend the body of our deceased brother to the grave in full regalia, to pay the last honors to his remains. Resolved, That these resolutions be entered upon the Minutes of this Lodge, and that a copy of them be sent to the family of our deceased brother. remonstrance against a nuisance in a city 454 Resolved, That the continuance of the slaughter-house of Messrs. Green and White, in th« midst of a densely populated neighborhood, is an intolerable nuisance, which is incompatible with the health and comfort of those who reside in its vicinity. Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed by the chair, whose duty it shall be to ap¬ prise the proper authorities of the existence and nature of the nuisance; and in case such action shall not produce its abatement, then to employ counsel, and take such other legal steps as tht case may require. CHAPTER XLII. How to Conduct Public Celebrations. ^UBUC CELEBRATIONS may be held by the citizens of a city, town, or village, as a whole people; or by societies or clubs. The chief public celebration in this country is held on the Fourth of July, or Independ¬ ence Day. In former years it was the custom to celebrate Washington's Birthday (February 2 2d), but this patriotic observance has been almost entirely discontinued. Should the celebration be conducted by the citizens at large, a public meeting should be held some weeks in advance, at which a Committee of Arrangements should be ap¬ pointed to make provision for the various portions of the celebration. Committees. The Committee of Arrangements should meet as soon as practicable after its appoint¬ ment. A chairman and secretary should be elected, after which the chairman should ap¬ point the various sub-committees, whose duty it is to arrange the various details of the cele¬ bration. These sub-committees should be as follows: Committee on Correspondence.—This com¬ mittee is charged with the duty of inviting such distinguished guests as may be desirable. Committee on Finance.—This committee solicits subscriptions of money, and manages the expenditure of it. Committee on Place.—This committee engages a suitable hall, or, if the celebration is to be held in the open air, secures suitable grounds, and attends to the erection of stands, etc. 458 Committee on Orator.—This committee secures an orator for the occasion and also ft reader of the Declaration of Independence, or of the Constitution of the United States, where it is desired to have these documents read, and great care should be taken to select some one known to be a good reader, in order that full effect may be given to the documents to be read, as a bad reader will only mar the ceremonies. Committee on Music.—This committee provides the vocal or instrumental music for the occasion. Committee on Printing.—This committee attends to the proper advertising of the cele¬ bration, and provides programmes and such other printed matter as may be needed for the occasion. Other sub-committees may be appointed to take charge of such other details as may need providing for. All sub-committees are under the control of the Committee of Ar¬ rangements, and must report to it at its regular meetings. The Committee of Ar¬ rangements may accept or reject the acts of sub-committees. The programme, or order of exercises for the celebration, should be carefully prepared beforehand, and should be rigidly adhered to. Public Dinners. Public dinners are given in honor of -some public or social anniversary, or of some dis¬ tinguished person. They may be given by the citizens of a place at large, or by any number of them, by a political party, a society, or a club. GRADUATING CLASS, RICHMOND THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. MORRIS BROWN CUL.USGE, ATLANTA, GA. BOOK V Manual of Practical Suggestions and Useful Information for the Home and School. CHAPTER XLIII. The Art of Writing Well, Showing How to Acquire 2 Good Hand-Writing, and How to Express Written Thoughts in a Correct Manner. RITING is the art of expressing ideas by visible signs or characters inscribed on some material. It is either ideographic or phonetic. Ideographic writing may be either pictorial, representing objects by imitating their forms, or symbolic, by indicating their nature or proportions. Phonetic writing may be syllabic or alpha¬ betic; in the former, each character repre¬ sents a syllable; in the latter, a single letter. The first mention of written letters of which we have any record is in the account given in the Book of Exodus of the Tables of the Law. We are told that the Ten Commandments were written by the finger of God on tables or tablets of stone. This statement has led some writers, among them the learned Dr. Adam Clarke, to believe that letters were Divinely invented upon this occasion. There is no necessity, however, for taking this view of the case; for at the time of the "Giving of the Law," a written language belonged to each of the nations on the southern shore of the Mediterranean. The Phoenician alphabet, upon which that of the Hebrews was modelled, had been in existence for several centuries before thii time, and as Phoenicia was then a dependency of Egypt, and engaged in active commerce with that country, Moses was doubtlesi acquainted with the Phoenician system. The fact that the Hebrew alphabet was modelled upon the Phoenician seems almost a positive proof of this theory. The early history of the alphabet has to be reconstructed from inscriptions, as noth¬ ing in the shape of manuscripts are now in existence to tell us what were the forms oi the letters. These are handed down in bronze and stone. The date of the invention of the Phoenician alphabet, which was the first purely phonetic system ever used, is now definitely settled. It was during the supremacy of the Shep. herd Kings over Egypt. These were princes of Canaanitish origin, who had conquered Lower Egypt, and were contemporary with Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph. The 461 464 ART OF WRITING WELL. 465 the outer. Keep the wrist free from the desk, and do not let it turn over to the right or the left, or bend down or up, or otherwise. How to Hold the Pen. Hold the pen lightly between the thumb and first two fingers, letting it cross the forefinger in front of the third joint. Rest the base of the holder at the nail of the middle finger. Place the forefinger over the holder. Bend the thumb and fingers out¬ ward, and the third and fourth fingers under to rest the hand on the nails. Let the nibs of the pen press the paper evenly. The movements in writing are produced by the extension and retraction of the pen- fingers and the thumb; by the action of the forearm on the arm-rest as a centre of motion; the whole arm movement, which is the action of the whole arm from the shoulder as the centre of motion; and the union of all these move¬ ments. In or¬ dinary writing, the first is suffi¬ cient. In orna¬ mental writing, flourishing, etc., all the various move- INCORRECT MODE OF HOLDING THE PEN. PROPER MODE OF HOLDING THE PEN. cramped and awkward, and greatly fatigues the writer. The pen should be held as lightly as though the least pressure would crush it, and not grasped as though you thought it would fly away. The Standing- Position. In standing at a desk to write, stand up¬ right, and with the chest well thrown out. The desk should be high enough to compel you to do this. It should slightly incline from the outer edge upwards, and should project far enough to allow you to place your feet well under it. The principal weight of the body should rest upon the left foot, the right being thrown forward. Stand with your left side toward the desk, and rest your body on the left elbow, which should be laid upon the desk in such a manner as to enable you to steady your paper or book with the left hand. This position will en¬ able you to write freely in the ordinary manner, or to use the whole forearm should you desire to do so. The pen-holder should point towards the right shoulder. A great saving of fatigue is made by assuming and keeping a correct position while writing either sitting or standing. By conscientiously attending to this matter, you will soon acquire the habit of maintaining a correct position, and will reap the benefit in the ease with which you perform your task, and in improved health. No one should be satisfied with a bad handwriting when it is in his power to im¬ prove it. Any one can procure a copy¬ book, and can spare an hour, or half an hour, a day for this effort at improvement. You should begin at the beginning, and practise faithfully until you have reached a satisfactory result. Remember that \ good hand is not acquired in a week or a month; it takes long and diligent practice to produce ments are em¬ ployed. The fingers should be kept flexible, and their move¬ ments as well as those of the hand and wrist, should be free and unrestrain¬ ed. Cramping or stiffening either the fingers or the wrist causes the handwriting to be IOC' CORRECT POSITION OF THE HAND. SPECIMEN OF ORNAMENTAL PEN FLOURI ART OF WRITING WELL. 47i composition, may begin with capitals. The observance of these rules is important. How to Punctuate Correctly. A knowledge of punctuation is very im¬ portant. A document not punctuated, or not punctuated properly, may present a neat appearance if written in a good hand and correctly spelled, but its value may often be entirely destroyed by incorrect punctuation. A notable instance of this occurred in Eng¬ land, and is thus noticed in the London Times : "The contract lately made for lighting the town of Liverpool, during the ensuing year, has been thrown void by the misplac¬ ing of a comma in the advertisement, which ran thus: ' The lamps at present are about 4050 in number, and have in general two spouts each, composed of not less than twenty threads of cotton.' The contractor would have proceeded to furnish each lamp with the said twenty threads; but, this being but half the usual quantity, the commissioner discovered that the difference arose from the comma following, instead of preceding the word each. The parties agreed to annul the con¬ tract, and a new one was ordered." Punctuation Marks. A Mr. Sharpe once engraved a portrait of a certain Richard Brothers, and gave the fol¬ lowing certificate to that effect. The docu¬ ment was designed as a simple statement of fact. The misplacement of a comma, how¬ ever converted it into a piece of gross pro¬ fanity. It read as follows: " Believing Richard Brothers to be a prophet sent, by God I have engraved his portrait." Had the comma been placed after the name of the Deity, the effect would have been very dif¬ ferent. Punctuation is the art of dividing a written composition into sentences; and is princi¬ pally used to mark the grammatical divisions of a sentence. The marks employed in punctuation are sometimes used to note the different pauses and tones of voice, which the sense and accurate pronounciation re¬ quire. The characters or marks used in punctua¬ tion are as follows: The Comma, The Semicolon, The Colon, The Period, The Quotation Marks, The Diseresis, The Crotchets, The Brackets, The Exclamation, The Interrogation, The Dash, In addition to these the following marks of reference are used : ( ) [] 1 ? The Ellipsis, * * * * The Hyphen, The Breve, w The Apostrophe ' The Brace, j- The Acute Accent, ' The Grave Accent, v The Circumflex Accent, a The Caret, a The Cedilla, g The Asterisk, The Obelisk, The Index, The Double Obelisk, * The Section, t The Parallels, The Paragraph, t Rules of Punctuation. When two or more words are connected without the connecting word being expressed, the comma supplies the place of that word; as "Alfred was a brave, pious, patriotic prince." Those parts of a sentence which contain the relative pronoun, the case absolute, the nom¬ inative case independent, any parenthetical clause, and simple members of sentences, connected by words expressing a comparison, must be separated by commas; as, " The elephant, which you saw in the menagerie, took the child up with his trunk into his cage." " Shame being lost, all virtue is lost." " Peace, O Virtue, peace is all thine own." " Better is a dinner of herbs with love, thai a stalled ox and hatred therewith." The following words and phrases, and others similar to them, are generally separated CHAPTER XLIV. The Art of "Writing Poetry, with Practical Instructions for Composing Verses. S MOST persons are given, at some period of their lives, to writing po¬ etry, it seems not inappropriate to devote a portion of this work to a few prac¬ tical remarks upon that subject. Poetry is the language of the imagination, the idea generally entertained that it consists in writing of rhymes, and in the proper ar¬ rangement of the verses and words employed, is erroneous. Verses may be arranged with the most precise skill, so that the keenest critic shall be unable to detect a flaw in their construction, and yet may not be po¬ etry. On the other hand, a prose composi¬ tion may be rich in the truest poetry. The words or verses are but the dress in which the thought is clothed. It is the thought, the idea, or the picture painted by the imag¬ ination that is poetry. The famous expres¬ sion of Menon, " Iyike the sandal-tree, which sheds a perfume on the axe which fells it, we should love our enemies," though written in prose, is poetic in the highest degree. This distinction of the poetic principle should be carefully borne in mind by those who aspire to write verse. The usual form of poetry is verse, and it is most common to adorn it with rhyme. Versification is the art of making verses. The word stanza is frequently used for verse, but improperly so. A verse consists of a single line. A stanza consists of a number of lines regularly adjusted to each other. We may, then, define a verse as a line con¬ sisting of a certain succession of long and 493 short syllables. The half of a verse is called a hemistitch. Two lines or verses constitute a distich, or couplet. The standard by which verse is measured is called metre. This depends on the num¬ ber of the syllables and the position of the accents. One of the most common errors with those who attempt to write poetry is the oversight of proper metre. There is no necessity foi this; anyone who can count is able to tell the number of syllables in a line. In order to regulate the proper succession of long and short syllables, verses are divided into certain measures, called feet. This term is applied because the voice, in repeating the lines, steps along, as it were, in a kind of measured pace. This division into feet de¬ pends entirely upon what is called the quan¬ tity of the syllables; that is, whether they are long or short, without reference to the words. Two kinds of verse are used by poets—• rhyme and blank verse. Rhyme is character¬ ized bya similarity of sound at the end of cer¬ tain definitely arranged lines. For example: All thoughts, all passions, all ... . delights, Whatever stirs this mortal .... frame, Are but the ministers of ... . love, A ad feed his sacred .... flame. What is the baby thinking .... about? Very wonderful things no ... . doubt. Blank verse is a combination of lines that do not rhyme. It was the earliest form of poetry used, and the only form attempted in Europe until the Middle Ages, when the CHAPTER XLV. The Language and Sentiment of Flowers. HE flower world is linked with all the finer sympathies of our nature. The sweet blossoms that cover the green wood are the delight of our childhood; a bouquet is the best ornament of girlish beau¬ ty : the meetest offering from young and timid love. Flowers deck the chamber of old age, and are the last sad gift of sorrow to the dead. It was from the East that we obtained a language of perfume and beauty which be¬ stows a meaning on buds and blossoms, though the Turkish and Arabic flower- language does not much resemble ours. It is formed, not by an idea or sentiment orig¬ inating in the flower itself, but by its capa¬ city for rhyming with another word ; that is, the word with which the flower rhymes becomes its signification. L,a Mottraie, the companion of Charles XII., brought the Eastern language of flowers to Europe ; but it was the gifted L,ady Mary Wortley Montague who first told the English-speaking world how the fair maidens of the East had lent a mute speech to flowers, and could send a letter by a bouquet. Here is part of a Turkish love- letter sent by her in a purse to a friend. She says, speaking of it: " There is no color, no flower, no weed, no fruit, herb, pebble, or feather, that has not a verse belonging to it; and you may quarrel, reproach, or send let¬ ters of passion, friendship, or civility, or even of news, without even inking your fingers." In the letter the following flowers are em¬ ployed : 5°° Jonquil.—Have pity on my passion. rose.—May you be pleased, and all yorn sorrows be mine. A Straw.—Suffer me to be your slave. The European flower-language was util-. ized, and almost formed, by Aim£ Martin ; and the earlier works on the subject were only translations or adaptations from the French: but English writers have ? good deal altered and modified it since; and as new flowers come yearly to us from other lands, every fresh vocabulary many contain additional words or sentences, even as our own tongue grows by grafts from other languages. The vocabulary which is given below i believed to be complete in every respect. The Flower-Language. A very interesting correspondence may be main¬ tained by means of bouquets. We give below several examples of this. The message is given and then the names of the flowers needed in the bouquet. 1. May maternal love protect your early youth in inno¬ cence andjoy ! Flowers needed. Moss Maternal love. Bearded Crepis Protect. Primroses Early Youth. Daisy ■ . Innocence. Wood Sorrel .Joy. 2. Your humility and amiability have won my love. Flowers needed. Broom Humility. White Jasmine AmioJt>iJ.ity. Myrtle Love 3- Let the bonds of marriage unite us. Flowers needed. Blue Convolvulus Bonds. Ivy Marriage\ A few whole straws Unite us. CHAPTER. XLVI. Care and Culture of House Plants and Flowers OME should be bright and happy : it should have everything to make it cheerful and pleasant. Flowers are decorated with all the colors of the rainbow; plants breathe, and their breath is perfume. To cultivate these is not only a pleasant pas¬ time; they give beauty to the house and garden. Tlxc Beautiful Flowers. Blooming, blooming everywhere, In country and in town ; Blooming for the good and wise, Rooking out in rare surprise, Laughing with a tender look, Nodding from some cosy nook, Dreaming by some idle brook, Every flower an open book, Every one a precious prize, Smiling through the varied dyeo- Scarlet and gold and brown— God's sweet thoughts of gracious care. Blooming, blooming, everywhere, Where quiet reigns, or strife ; Lifting faces fair as day, Happy greeting on our way ; Blooming where the children play, Blooming where fond lovers stray, Blooming in the hush of night, Trailing robes of crystal light O'er the garden's green and gold; Blooming for the young and old, Blooming for the wasted hand, Blooming free in all the land; Fringing the world so noiselessly, Lent to us most bountifully ; Frail blossoms full of life, God's sweet thoughts of gracious care! Blooming, blooming everywhere, In haunts of woe and sin; Still their mission they fulfil, Born to do our Father's will— Little tokens from above, Little fragments of his love, Who can tell what soul shall take Some new courage for their sake, Bearing midst the sun and showers Increase from these fragile flowers? Thus, the blossoms' souls abide, When the gates above swing wide, And he bears with him the while, Metn'ry of the bright flowers' smile- As pilgrim enters in— God's sweet thoughts of gracious care. Mrs. Charlotte E. Fisher. Our American woods are tangled "with creeping vines; our meadows are beautiful with blossoms; rough country roads ait ornamented with flowering shrubs; our hot¬ houses look like tropical gardens. Immense sums of money are invested in these flora} beauties whose glory lasts, perhaps, only foi a day, but they more than pay for them¬ selves, and the world would be dismal with¬ out them. The following are some plain directions for the care and culture of the choicest of these treasures of nature. THE LILY. All the species of this splendid genus, with which we are acquainted, may be con¬ sidered worthy of a place in every good col¬ lection of plants. Many of the species are well-known, while a greater number are not often seen in our gardens. The Iyily is an interesting flower to the young florist as well as the botanist, on ac¬ count of the simplicity of its structure and magnitude and distinct character of its differ¬ ent parts and organs. The root of the Lily, or what is generally denominated the root, is a scaly bulb, the scales being laid ovei CHAPTER XLVII. Care and Management of Birds and other Household Pets. THE CANARY. HIS sweet singer is entitled to the first place in any and all places, whether book, cage or aviary, his song being a pleasure to the poor and rich alike, and he can be found in the hut of the poor and the mansion of the rich singing as sweetly for one as the other. Space will not permit of description or account of the origin of the Canary, as it is now a domesticated bird, as far as we are concerned. The largest num¬ ber of the store-birds are brought from Gei- many to this country every year, the prefer¬ ence being given to them over our native birds on account of their excellence of song, and the St. Andresburg and other warblers are certainly entitled to it, as they are the sweetest singing birds in the world. A good St. Andresburg warbler, with its sweet water notes, is preferable to any mock¬ ing-bird or nightingale for excellence of its music (leaving care and trouble out of the question) and why are our native birds in¬ ferior? The reason is we are a careless people about the beautiful in art and nature. When you go to buy a new hat you want a pretty one, and will pay an extra price to get it. If you want a musical instrument you will take a friend with you to choose it, when you do not know anything about it yourself, but when you go to purchase a picture you will go alone, look at the price, and get a cheap one, and consequently a daub. 526 When you think of raising young birds you will run to the cheapest place, or from some acquaintance get a scrub hen for a gift, go to as much trouble to raise scrub birds as would be required to raise good stock, with a very small extra outlay in the first start. The scrubs you cannot give away, whereas there is a constant market at good prices for good birds. There are so many kinds of Canaries now in existence, or rather varieties of the same family, that it is impossible to enter into a description of them. But when buying a bird see that he is of good form, clean of limb, and, above all, never buy a bird till you have heard him sing, and are satisfied with the quality of his song. Then do not grudge the price for a good bird. When made a pet of it is priceless. Mating. The best time to mate birds is in the win¬ ter, and the 14th of February or St. Valen¬ tine's Day is by many considered a very lucky day to place the birds in the same cage. Let the luck be as it may, the month of February in this country, with our houses heated as they are now, modernly, is certainly the best time to place the birds togethei After the birds are placed in the cage to¬ gether they usually fight for a day or two, and sometimes longer, before they mate. As soon as they show any sign of mating, by carrying paper or anything else they can find, and appear to be looking for a place to CARE OF BIRDS AND OTHER PETS. 535 Teaching to Talk. A parrot will pick up very readily from any one it hears talking, but, like a child, it is apt to learn what is not desirable, but this can be overcome by the owner of the pet taking it into a room that is quiet for half an hour twice a day, and teaching by repeating to it in the same tone of voice three or four words day after day until learned, always using the same words. It will soon commence to answer, and make use of other words that it has heard cas¬ ually spoken, and if such words are not de¬ sired, they should be frowned on at once, and the bird scolded. If he is encouraged or laughed at, and he repeats the objection- abe words several times, it will be hard to break him of saying them in future. Never feed parrots meat. If lean it will heat the blood, and cause the bird to pull out its feathers; if fat meat is given it will give the bird the diarrhoea, as in their nat¬ ural state they live altogether on fruit, seeds, roots and nuts. PIGEONS. Most boys love to have pets outside the house, and many prefer the Pigeon to any other. The first thing to be done when you desire to have Pigeons is to prepare a roost or cot, which may be made in any barn, shed, or outhouse, or a large box may be put up sufficiently high to prevent cats or other animals from getting to it. Pigeons must be fed and confined to their cots till they have young, or they will be apt to find other quarters which they may prefer. Then choose your Pigeons, if common ones, which are the best in cities, as they are less liable to be decoyed away, and as they can be had for from forty to fifty cents a pair. A pair of fancy ones will cost you all the way from one twenty dollars. Beautiful Varieties. There are very many beautiful breeds of Pigeons. The Blue Rock Dove is a very handsome bird ; also the Pouter, which has the power of inflating its chest to such an extent that they appear to be double the size of the original bird, this quality being greatly admired by boys; the Carrier, on account of its homely head, but good birds to raise young, and as they are used for carrying messages are very amusing ; but the Tumbler is the boys' delight as he usually flies high and comes tumbling over and over in the air down to his cot. The Fantails are very beau¬ tiful, having many of the characteristics of the peacock. It is really the proudest and prettiest of the Pigeon family. The Trumpeter is an old and very nice bird, making a' noise like a trumpet as he brings his wings to the ground, and should be kept by every one laying claim to keeping a collection. Pigeons very seldom la\ more than two eggs., and the period of incubation is eigh¬ teen days. Both the male and female assist in the hatching and feeding the young. When first hatched the young feed for about ten days from a food disgorged from the crop of its parents, and after with grain carried in the crop of the old birds. Pigeons and Doves differ from most birds in their mode of feeding their young, and the observation of this will be very interesting to boys, the young thrusting their bill into the open bill of the old Dove, and the food is actually pumped from the old bird's crop iuto the young bird's. CHICKENS. These are also the boys' delight Like the pigeon fowl have all descended from the one source or specimen, the wild Jungle Fowl of India, a great number of varieties of them existing: in the domesticated state, amongst 53* MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS. Egg- Bound is a frequent occurrence with young birds, and they will brood upon an empty nest. The remedy is to annoint the vent of the bird with a little sweet oil, and to administer a dose of castor oil through the bill. Handle gently, for if you break the egg it will likely be the end of all. Sneezing-. ually caused by cold, and may be re- FISH GLOBES. lieved by passing a small straw through the nostrils of the bird. Keep the bird out of drafts and keep it warm. Huskiness and Loss of Voice. Usually caused from cold. Never purchase a husky bird, but when he gets so you will have to do the best you can for him, his voice is often restored ; but if he lives long he is almost sure to lose it again. Keep the bird in a warm place, give it, if a seed-eating bird, flaxseed and ripe plantain, crackers and milk with a little red pepper on it, and sweet cake with a little sherry wine on it, and a piece of fat pork smoked and rubbed well in red pepper, should be hung in the cage, and a few drops of good tonic should be put into the drinking water. Long- Claws and Seak. Though not diseases, they will oring them on, when the beak is too long. It prevents the bird from getting its food. When the claws are too long it prevents the bird, through fear of hanging, from getting on or off its perches. This is easily remedied, all that is required is to hold the bird firmly and place its foot on a block ; with a sharp knife cut off the surplus growth of the nail, being careful not to cut into the quick, which runs about one-fourth of an inch into the nail from the toe. The surplus beak may be re¬ moved in the same way. The Scab cometimes makes its appearance about the head and eyes of a bird, and often there is a small ulcer. When so, it should be removed with a sharp knife and the place anointed J with fresh butter or sweet oil, and fresh ;nourishing food, including fruit and veget- " ables should be given. Fits or Epilepsy or fits ofdizziness. Birds attacked with this fall from their perches and struggle. The best remedy is to souse them into a bucket of cold water quickly and place the bird gently down. He will most probably soon recover. When he does put him where he will get perfectly dry, and put a little sherry wine and spirts of nitre in his drinking water to prevent its return, and, in addition, give it more nourishing food. Soon he will appear like a new bird. CHAPTER XIvVIII. Encyclopedia of Valuable Information. ONEY is first mentioned as a medium of commerce in the twenty-third chapter of Genesis, when Abraham purchased a field as a sepulcher for Sarah, in the year of the ■world 2139; first made at Argos, 894 before Christ. Silver has increased 30 times its value since the Nor¬ man conquest, viz. : a pound in that age was three times the quantity what it is at present, and ten times its value in purchasing any commodity ; first coined in the United States, 1652; first paper Money, 1690. Foundations of Fortunes. Senator Farwell began life as a surveyor. Cornelius Vanderbilt began life as a farmer. Wanamaker's first salary was $1.25 a week. A. T. Stewartmade his start as a school-teacher. Jim Keene drove a milk-wagon in a California town. Cyrus Field began life as a clerk in a New England store. Pulitzer once acted as stoker on a Mississippi steamboat. Moses Taylor clerked in Water street, New York, at $2 a week. Geo W. Childs was an errand boy for a bookseller ex $4 a month. P. T. Barnum earned a salary as bartender in Niblo's Theatre, New York. Jay Gould canvassed Delaware County, New York, selling maps at $1.50 apiece. Andrew Carnegie did his first work in a Pittsburgh telegraph office at $3 a week. Whitelaw Reid did work as correspondent of a Cin¬ cinnati newspaper for $5 a week. Adam Forepaugh was a butcher in Philadelphia when he decided to go into the show business. Senator Brown made his first money by plowing his neighbor's fields with a pair of bull calves. A Business Lesson. Peter Cooper was one of the most successful, care¬ ful, and prudent business men of his time. He was strongly opposed to the methods of many merchants who launched out into extravagant enterprises on borrowed money, for which they paid exorbitant rate of interest. The following anecdote illustrates this point very forcibly: Once, while talkingabout a project with an acquaint¬ ance, the latter said he would have to borrow the money for six months, paying interest at the rate of 3 per cent, per month. "Why do you borrow for so short a time?" Mr. Cooper asked. " Because the brokers will not negotiate bills for longer " " Well, if you wish," said Mr. Cooper, " I *vill dis¬ count your note at that rate for three years." '' Are you in earnest ? '' asked the would-oe bor rower. "Certainly, I am. I will discount your note for $10,000 for three years at that rate. Will you do it? " " Of course I will," said the merchant. " Very well," said Mr. Cooper; "justsign this note for $10,000 payable in three years, and give your check for $800, and the transaction will be complete." " But where is the money for me ? " asked the aston ished merchant. "You don't get any money," was the reply. " Your interest for thirty-six months at three per centum pef month amounts to 108 per centum, or $10,800 ; there fore your check for $800 just makes us even." The force of this practical illustration of the folly o* paying such an exorbitant price for the use of money was such that the merchant determined nevei to bor¬ row at such ruinous rates, and he frequently used to say that nothing could have so fully convinced him as this rather humorous proposal by Mr. Cooper. Avoid. Debt. Every man who would get on in the world should, as far as possible, avoid debt. From the very outset of his career he should resolve to live within his income, however paltry it may be. The art of living easily as to money is very simple—pitch your scale of living one degree below your means. All the world's wisdom on the subject is most tersely epitomized in the words of Dicken's Micawber: "Annual income, twenty pounds ; annual expendi¬ ture, nineteen six ; result, happiness. Annual income; twenty pounds; annual expenditure, twenty pounds naught and six ; result, misery." Many a man dates his downfall from the day when he began borrowing money. Avoid the first obligation, for, that incurred, others follow, one necessitating the other ; every daj the victim will get more entangled ; then follow pre¬ texts, excuses, lies, till all sense of shame K' lost, the whole life becomes a makeshift, aud the debtol 542 556 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF VALUABLE INFORMATION. Electricity. A.s far back as 321 B. C., the ancient philosopher Theophrastus mentions the power of atnber to attract 3traws and dry leaves. Pliny in 70 A. D., writes con¬ cerning the same phenomenon, and it is from the Greek name of "amber," pronounced "elecktron," that we call this phenomenon "electricity." Dr. Gil¬ bert, of Colchester, may be considered the founder of the science of electricity, for it was he that carefully repeated the observations of the ancients, and experi¬ mented in various ways and published these experi¬ ments in a book during the period between 1540 and 1603. Sir Wm. Watson (1715 to 1807) distinctly an¬ nounced the theory of positive and negative electric¬ ity, which was afterwards elaborated by Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Dr. Franklin also established the fact that the lightning was an electrical spark, similar to that made by an electric machine or Ley den jar. In 1790, GalVani discovered that the contact of metals produced muscular contraction in the legs of a dead frog, and in 1S00, Volta discovered the art of generating electricity by contact of metals with damp cloths. From these we obtained the galvanic battery and the voltaicpik. It remained with Prof. H. C. Oersted, of Copen¬ hagen, however, to bring forward the most important fact, viz: the magnetic action of the electrical current. This was in 1820. As soon as the discovery reached France, the eminent French philosopher Ampere set to work to develop the important consequences it in¬ volved. Faraday in 1820, discovered electric-magnetic rotation. From this time up, experimentists and the¬ orists were busy searching for ways and means by which the electrical energy could be utilized as a me¬ chanical power, and to-day the galvanic battery and electric dynamo are rapidly ousting steam, and in a thousand ways doing its work with less noise, expense and better results. Electrical lighting is done by means Df the arc and incandescent systems. The Phonograph. The Phonograph is a machine for recording and then transmitting sounds, speech, music, etc. It is the in¬ dention of Thos. A. Edison, the most noted electrician of this age. The phonograph was accidentally discov¬ ered. Mr. Edison was at work on an apparatus for recording a telegraphic message, by having an arma- ferre (with a needle fastened in one end) of the sounder faake indentations on a piece of tin foil wrapped Around a cylinder. The message would thus be punc¬ tured or indented on this tin foil, then, by substituting another needle—blunt—for the sharp one and turning the cylinder, the armature would be vibrated as the needle entered into and passed out of the indentations. While experimenting, he turned the cylinder very yapidlys and instead of a succession of "clicks," a musical sound was produced. He seized the idei*, the Edison phonograph is the result. The perfected phonograph of to-day consists of a cylinder of wax, or other plastic material, which is re¬ volved either by hand, foot power or an electric motor. This cylinder, called the phonogram, is used for re® cording the sound. This is done by a diaphragm- such as is used in a telephone—into the centre of which is fastened a sharp needle, which rests upon and just touches the phonogram. When the words are spoken the diaphragm vibrates, moving this needle up and down, and a series of indentations are made in a spiral line on the phonogram, which is turning around about eighty-five times a minute. To make the phonograph speak, or repeat the words, another diaphragm, similar to the first or recorder, but having a blunt instead of a sharp needle, is placed at the starting point and thw phonogram made to revolve ; of course, as the needle passes over the indentations it vibrates the diaphragm and the words are reproduced—as in a telephone. The phonograph faithfully reproduces music, whis¬ tling, singing, speech, or any sounds, and the phono¬ grams can be packed into a mailing tube and sent all over the world to be used as often as desired. The Telephone. In 1831, Wheatstone showed that when the sounditlQJ boards of two musical instruments were connected to¬ gether by a rod of pine wood, a tune played on one will be faithfully reproduced by the other. Somewhat latf (f a toy, called the Lovers' String, was made, and is thft simplest form of a mechanical telephone. The toy consisted 01 two tin cups, the bottoms made of parch¬ ment or cat-gut tightly stretched like a drumhead, and connected, one with the other, by a string or cord. When the string was drawn taut, sounds, such as those of ordinary speech, produced in front of one of the cups were transmitted along the string to the other cup and reproduced there. This was the first telephone. At various times between 1831 and 1876, electricians and scientists had experimented with electro-magnet? as a mems of transmitting sounds a long distance. Charles Bourseul, in 1854, published an article on the electrical transmission of speech, and recommended the use of a flexible plate at the source of sound, which would vibrate in response to the atmospheric pulsations and thus open and shut an electrical circuit, and wou;d thus operate, by an electro-magnet, upon a similar pkve at a distance connected by wire with the first, causing it to give out as many pulsations as there were brea'^s in the circuit. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell first exhibited thtf speaking telephone at the Philadelphia Centennial Ex¬ hibition. It is this telephone, greatly improved how* ever, which is now in common use. This telephone consists of a compound permanent magnet fitted info the centre of ahfrd mbber tube and carrying, at ona IMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE. 557 end, a short electro-magnet. In front of this electro¬ magnet is fixed a thin, soft iron disk, about one and three-fourths inches in diameter. This disk lies at the end of the rubber tube, where the tube is formed into a mouth piece. The action of telephoning with this telephone is very simple. The sound, as ordinary- speech, is made in the mouth piece. The atmosphere conveys the sound—vibrations against the thin, iron disk (commonly called the diaphragm). The disk vibrates in sympathy, aud coming against the electro¬ magnet, breaks and opens the electric circuit with every vibration. By means of the connecting wire, the electro-magnet in the distant telephone causes the diaphragm to vibrate corresponding to the breaks in the current. This of course vibrates the atmosphere and the pulsations are conveyed to the ear. The tele¬ phone thus described is now used as a receiver. The transmitter, invented and improved by Edison and Blake, is combined with the Bell telephone, and makes the telephone of general use. Telephonic communications have been held between Chicago and New York, but not with overwhelming success. Edison's Mimeograph, The Mimeograph was designed and patented by Mr. Thomas A. Edison. In designing the mimeo¬ graph, Mr. Edison took as his fundamental principle, the stylus or point, the writing impliment of man since the art was first invented. It is the natural tool by which the hand can trace characters, and it is this stylus or point peculiar to the mimeograph in the line of duplicating machines, which created for it such a decided and permanent popularity. With the st3'lus as first principle, Mr. Edison built the mimeograph, with reference to the stylus as the writing instrument, designing the other parts to meet its requirements. The mimeograph belongs to the stencil class of duplicating machines, which, as is well known, is the best type of such devices. The stencil is made on a sheet of fine specially manufactured tissue paper, which is coated on one side with a film of sensitive material. The cutting agent of the mimeograph is a plate of fine tool steel, upon which are cut intersecting corru¬ gations, numbering 200 to the inch, thus making on the plate a surface of small sharp points, so fine and minute that a magnifying glass is required to bring them distinctly to the eye, upon this steel plate, which is imbedded in a table or plate of polished slate, the sheet of sensitive paper is placed, and the stencil is formed by writing on the paper over the steel plate with the stylus, which is made of tempered steel and nickel plated. As the steel point of the stylus (which is ground to a round or smooth point) passes over the sensitive paper, it presses the paper against and upon the steel plate, and the fine sharp points puncture it from the under side making a series of orifices or holes, each one a two-hundredth part of an inch from the next, in the lines of the writing. The point of the stylus, although tapered to the size of a nicely sharpened lead pencil, really rests on three of the cutting points of the writing plate (as the corrugated steel is termed) at one time. It thus glides easily and smoothly over the rough¬ ened surface without tearing the paper, but still with just enough friction to make the act of writing a pleasant operation, almost identical to that done by a medium hard lead pencil. After the stencil is made, the next operation is to prepare the stencil sheet (as the sensitive paper is now called) for the purpose of printing copies of which it is the original. The table or plate of slate which embodies the steel writing plate, is known as the base-board of the mimeograph. Connected with this base-board, work¬ ing on pivots, but easily separated from it is a frame of wood, which holds in it a brass frame kept in place by tightening catches. The stencil sheet is placed in the wooden frame, and the brass frame placed over it, and pressed into its slot and then held there by the tightening catches. This serves to stretch the stencil sheet tight and smooth like a drum head. When this is done, the frame is attached to the base-board, and the mimeo¬ graph is ready for work. The ink is squeezed from its collapsible tube upon a slate used for that purpose and a hand roller made of a peculiar composition is passed over it, spreading the ink evenly over the slate, and at the same time charging the roller. The sheet of paper upon which the copy is to be printed, is placed upon a blotter resting on the base¬ board beneath the stencil sheet, and the ink roller is passed over the stencil sheet, forcing the ink through the perforations and upon the impression paper, thus making a print. This last operation is repeated until the required number of copies are obtained. The modus operandi just described, is for the pur¬ pose of reduplicating autographic matter. Edison's Kinetoscope. Perhaps the simplest statement of the principle, upon which this instrument is constructed, would be to call it the reproduction of motion. The observer looks through a glass into a small cabinet and appears to see living figures. These may be men, or animals, and they are in action. Just as the phonograph makes a faithful record of sounds, so the kinetoscope gives us a reproduction of the actions of living creatures. The following is what Mr. Edison himself says on the subject: " In the year 1887 the idea occurred to 553 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF VALUABLE INFORMATION. me that it was possible to devise an instrument which should do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear, and that by a combination of the two all motion and sound could be recorded and reproduced simultaneously. This idea, the germ of which came from the little toy called the zoetrope, and the work of Muybridge, Marie and others, has now been accom¬ plished, so that every change of facial expression can be recorded and reproduced life size. The kinetscope is only a small model illustrating the present stage of progress, but with each succeeding month new possi¬ bilities are brought into view. '' I believe that in coming years by my own work and that of others, who will doubtless enter the field, grand opera can be given at the Metropolitan Opera House at New York, without any material change from the original, and with artists and musicians long since dead." After the instrument was perfected the succession of pictures was found to be rapid, and those instru¬ ments exhibited in nearly all our towns are found to work most satisfactorily. Facts About the Sun. the sun's light Is equal to 5,563 wax-candles held at a distance of one foot from the eye. It would require 800,000 full moons to produce a day as brilliant as one of cloudless sunshine. THE sun'S HEAT. The amount of heat we receive annually is sufficient t© melt a layer of ice thirty-eight yards in thickness, extending over the whole earth. Yet the sunbeam is only 1-300,000 part as intense as it is at the surface of the sun. Moreover, the heat and light stream off into space equally in every direction. Of this vast flood only one twenty-three hundred millionth part reaches the earth. It is said that if the heat of the sun were produced by the burning of coal, it would require a layer ten feet in thickness, extending over the whole sun, to feed the flame a single hour. Were the sun a solid body of coal, it would burn up at this rate in forty-six centuries. Sir John Herschel says that if a solid cylinder of ice forty-five miles in diameter and 200,000 miles long were plunged, end first, into the sun, it would melt in a second of time. THE SUN'S DIMENSIONS. Its diameter is about 850,000 miles. Let us try to anderstand this amount by comparison. A mountain upon the surface of the sun, to bear the same proportion to the globe itself as the Dhawalaghiri of the Himalayas does the earth, would have to be about tlx hundred miles high. Again: suppose the sun were hollow, and the earth placed at the center, not only would there be room for the moon to revolve in its regular orbit within the shell, but that would stretch off in every direction 200,000 miles beyond. Its volume is 1,245,000 times that of the earth, that is it would take 1,245,000 earths to make a globe the size of the sun. Its mass is 674 times that of all the rest of the solar system. Its weight may be expressed in tons thus, 1,910,278,070,000,000,000,000,000,000, a number which is meaningless to our imagination but yet represents a force of attraction which holds oaf own earth and all the planets steadily in their places: while it fills the mind with an indescribable awe as we think of that Being who made the sun, and holds it ia the very palm of his hand. Facts as to Sound. In air, sound travels from 1,130 to 1,140 feet per second. In water it passes at the rate of 4,700 feet per second. A bell sounded under water may be heard under water at 1,200 feet distance. Sounds are distinct at twice the distance on water that they are on land. On Table Mountain, a mile above Cape Town, every noise in it, and even words may be heard distinctly. Dr. Jamieson says that in calm weather he heard every word of a sermon at the distance of two miles. The sound of a tuning fork may be distinctly heard at a distance of 200 yards, by connecting the stem by pack-threads with the ear. Type-Writers. Perhaps the earliest form of a type-writor is a rude machine invented in England in 1714, without any practical fruits. M. Foucault sent to the Paris Exposi¬ tion of 1855, a writing machine for the blindj but the first of what are now popularly known as type-writers, was patented in 1868 by C. L. Sholes. of Wisconsin. This has been improved until now it is possible to attaic a speed of seventy-five to eighty words a minute in writing with this machine, which is fast enough for reporting speeches. The principal advantages gained are rapidity of execution and legibility. A type-writer can write with both hands and several fingers in instant succession, every letter being made with a single light touch instead of requiring from three to seven distinct strokes and dots, as in ordinary script. Lightning- Conductors. Copper is the best material for conductors. When circumstances are not such as to promote corrosion, iron may be used, but of larger dimensions. Its con¬ ductivity is about one-fifth that of copper. Copper lightning conductors should be of the follow^ ing dimensions: Rods an inch in diameter; tubes % of an inch in diameter, y% of an inch thick, ©r bands 1 y2 inches wide, 2/i of an inch thick. Iron lightning conductors should be either solid rods 1 inch in diameter, or bands 2 inches wide, }/% of an inch think. CHAPTER XLIX. Synonyms of the English Language. In this Table the letter a means adjective", v means ver!>; s i;;cans substantive or nounc. ABACK, backward, back. Abaft, sternwards, aft, behind. Abandon, leave, forsake, desert, renounce, quit. Abandoned, wicked, reprobate, dissolute. Abandonment, leaving, desertion, dereliction. Abase, lower, humble, humiliate, degrade. Abasement, degradation, degeneracy, abjection. Abash, bewilder, disconcert, discompose. Abate, lessen, diminish, bate, reduce, decrease. Abbreviate, shorten, abridge, condense, curtail. Abdicate, give up, resign, renounce, abandon. Abet, help, encourage, instigate, incite, assist. Abettor, assistant, accessory, accomplice. Abhor, dislike intensely, view with horror, hate. Abide, stay, dwell, live with, tarry, remain. Abjure, recant, forswear, disclaim, revoke. Able, strong, powerful, muscular, stalwart. Abnormal, anomalous, unnatural, irregular. Abode, residence, habitation, dwelling, home. Abolish, quash, destroy, revoke, abrogate. Abominable, hateful, detestable, odious, vile. Abominate, dislike, abhor, loathe, detest. Abortive, fruitless, ineffectual, inoperative, idle. About, concerning, regarding, relative to. Abridge, shorten, abbreviate, contract, curtail. Absolute, entire, complete, unconditional. Absolve, set free, loose, clear, acquit, liberate. Absorb, engross, swallow up, engulf, imbibe. Abstain from, keep from, refrain, forbear. Abstemious, moderate, sober, temperate. Abstract, summary, compendium, abridgmen . Accelerate, hasten, hurry, expedite, forward. Accept, receive, take, admit. Acceptable, agreeable, pleasing, pleasurable. Acceptation, meaning, signification. Access, admission, approach, avenue. Accession, increase, augmentation, enlargement. Accident, casualty, incident, contingency. Accomplice, confederate, accessory, abettor. Accomplish, to do, effect, finish, execute. Accomplishment, attainment, qualification. Accord, grant, allow, admit, concede. Accordant, compatible, harmonious, consonant. Accost, salute, address, speak to, stop, greet. Account, assign, adduce, reckon, compute. Accountable, punishable, answerable. Accoutre, arm, equip, fit out, furnish with arms. Accredited, authorized, commissioned. Accumulate, bring together, amass, collect. Acquaint, inform, enlighten, apprise. Acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy, cognizance. Acquiesce, agree, accede, assent, comply. Acquire, get, obtain, attain, gain, procure, win. Acquirement, accomplishment, acquisition. Acquit, pardon, forgive, discharge, set free. Action, deed, achievement, feat, exploit. Actual, real, positive, genuine, certain. Actuate, move, impel, instigate, induce, pu««!ipt. Acute, shrewd, keen, intelligent, penetrating. Acuteness, acumen, penetration, ingenuity. Adage, saying, maxim, aphorism, proverb. Adapt, accommodate, suit, fit, conform. Addicted, devote, wedded, attached. Addition, increase, accession, augmentation. Additional, extra, added, supplemental. Address, tact, skill, ability, dexterity. Adherence, adhesion, attachment, fidelity. Adherent, follower, partisan, pupil, disciple. Adhesion, adherence, attachment, fidelity. Adopt, take, assume, appropriate, choose. Adorn, beautify, decorate, embellish, ornaments Adroit, skillful, clever, dexterous, expert. Adulator, flatterer, parasite, toady. Adulterate, corrupt, contaminate, vitiate. Advance, bring forward, adduce, assign, allege. Advancement, preferment, promotion. Advantage, benefit, good, profit, avail, utility. Advantageous, beneficial, profitable, salutary. Adventure, incident, occurrence, casualty. Adventurous, bold, enterprising, daring. Adversary, opponent, antagonist, enemy, foe= Advice, warning, counsel, instruction. Advise, acquaint, inform, communicate, notify-. Advocate, counsel, defender, upholder. Aerial, airy, light, volatile, etherial, empvriaL Affability, courteousness, courtesy, urbanity= Affair, business, matter, question, subject. Affect, influence, act upon, interfere with, feiga. Affecting, touching, pathetic, melting, moving. Affection, fondness, attachment, kindness. Affectionate, loving, attached to, fond, kind. Affinity, relationship, alliance, kin, union. Affirm, swear, assert, asseverate, declare, aver. Affirmation, asseveration, protestation. Affix, attach, annex, subjoin, connect, adjoin. Afterwards, hereafter, subsequently. Age, period, time, date, generation, era, epoch. Aged, old, elderly, senile, anile. Agency, instrumentality, influence, operation. Aggrandize, exalt, promote, prefer, advance. Aggravate, tantalize, irritate, inflame, provoke. Aggregate, total, entire, complete, the whole. Aggression, encroachment, assault, attack. Agitation, perturbation, emotion, trepidation. Agonize, distress, rack, torture, writhe. Agony, anguish, pang, throe, pain, distress. Agree, consent, accede, acquiesce, comply. Agreeable, gratifying, pleasant, pleasing. Agreement, concurrence, coincidence, concord. Aid, help, assist, co-operate, relieve, succor. Aid, assistance, support, sustenance, succor. Ailing, unwell, sickly, diseased, ill. Aim, direct, point, level, endeavor to attain. Alleviate, assuage, mitigate, soothe, solace. Alliance, affinity, union, connection, relation. Allot, assign, apportion, appropriate, appoint 574 CHAPTER L, Foreign Words and Phrases in Common Use, LATIN WORDS lib initio: from the beginning. Ad captandum vulgus: to catch the rabble. Ad infinitum: to infinity, without end. Ad interim: in the mean time. Ad libitum : at pleasure. Ad referendum : for further consideration. Ad valorem : in proportion to the value. iljquo animo: with an unruffled mind. A fortiori: with stronger reason. Alias: otherwise," as, "Jones alias Brown." Alibi: elsewhere. Alma mater: a benign mother; applied generally to the University. A mensa et thoro: divorcedfrom bed and board. Amor patriae: the love of our country. Anglice: in English. Anno Domini: [A.D.] in the year of our Lord. Anno Mundi : [A.M.] in the year of the world. Annus Mirabilis: the year of wonders.—A poem of Dryden's, so called in commemoration of the great fire of London. A posteriori: from the effect to the cause. A priori: from the cause to the effect. Arcanum: a secret. Arcana imperii: state secrets. Argumentum ad hominem : an appeal to the professed principces or practices of the adversary. Argumentum ad judicium: an appeal to the common- sense of mankind. Argumentum ad fidem: an appeal to our faith. Argumentum ad populum: an ap>peal to the people. Argumentum ad passiones: an appeal to the passion. Audi alteram partem: hear the other party. Bona fide : in good faith ; in reality. Cacoethes scribendi, loquendi: an itch for writing ; for talking. Capias: a writ to authorize the seizure of the defend¬ ant's person. Caput mortuum: the worthless remains. Certiorari : to be made more certain. Ceteris paribus: other circumstances being equal. Commune bonum : a common good. Compos mentis : in one's senses; a man of sane mind. Contra * against. Contra bonos mores : against good morals or manners. Cui bono ? Cui malo ? to what good—to what evil will it tend? 594 AM) PHRASES. i Cum privilegio: wUhprivilege, with peculiar privilege Currente calamo: with a running pen: -with greai rapidity. Custos rotulorum: the keeper of the rolls and record. Data: things given or granted. De facto: in fact, in reality. De jure : in right, in law. Dei gratia: by the grace or favor of God. De mortuis nil nisi bonum: let nothing be said of ifa dead but what is favorable. Deo favente—juvante—volente: with God's favor- • help—will. Desideratum: a thing desired. Desunt cetera: the remainder is wanting. Dies faustus: a lucky day—dies infaustus, an unlucky day. Domine, dirige nos: O Lord, direct us. Dramatis personae: the characters of the drama, or. th\ characters represented. Durante vita: during life. Durante placito: during pleasure. Ecce homo: beJiold the man. Ergo: therefore. Esto perpetua: let it be perpetual. Errata: errors—erratum, an error. Et cetera: and the rest, and so on. Excerpta: extracts. Exempli gratia: by way of example : [contracted, E. g,t and Ex. gr.] Ex officio: by virtue of his office. Ex parte : on one side; an "ex parte" statement, that is, a one-sided statement. Ex tempore, or, as an English word, extempore: with¬ out premeditation, without previous study. Fac simile, or, as an English word, facsimile: an en¬ graved or lithographed resemblance of hand-writing. Fas est et ab hoste doceri: it is allowable to derive in¬ struction even from an enemy. Felo de se: a suicide: in law applied to one who is supposed to have killed himself when in a sound state of mind. Fiat: let it be done. Fiat justitia, ruat coelum: let justice be done, though the heavens should fall. Filius nullius: an illegitimate son, the son of nobody Flagrante bello: during hostilities. Gratis: for nothing, gratztitously. CHAPTER LI. Abbreviations used in Writing and Printing. A. or Ans. Answer. A. A. S. Fellow of tlie American Academy. A. B. Bachelor of Arts. Acct. Account. A. C. or B. C. Before Christ. A. D. In the year of our Lord. A. M. Master of Arts ; Before noon ; In the year of the world. JEt. Aged. Abp. Archbishop. Agt. Agent. Att'y. Attorney. Bart. Baronet. Bbl. Barrel. B. V. Blessed Virgin. C. C. P. Court of Common Pleas. Caps. Capitals. Capt. Captain. Cash. Cashier. Cent, or C. A Hundred. Chap. Chapter. Chron. Chronicles. CI. orClk. Clerk. Co. Company ; County. Col. Collector ; Colonel; Colossians. Coll. College; Colleague. Com. Commissioner ; Commodore. Const. Constable. Con. Contra; on the other hand. Cor. Corinthians. Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary. C. O. D. Collect on Delivery. Cr. Credit; Creditor. C. S. Keeper of the Seal. Cts. Cents. Cur. Current; this month. Cwt. A hundred weight. Cyc. Cyclopaedia. D. D. Doctor of Divinity. Dan. Daniel. Dea. Deacon. Deg. Degree. Dept. Deputy. Deut. Deuteronomy. Do. or Ditto. The same. Dr. Debtor ; Doctor. E. East. Eccl. Ecclesiastes. Ed. Editor; Edition. E- g. For example. Eng. England; English. Ep. Epistle. Eph. Ephesians; Ephraim. Esa. Esaias. Esq. Esquire. Etc. Et cetera ; and so forth. Ex. Example ; Exodus. Exr. Executor. Ez. Ezra. Fr. France; Francis. Fahr. Fahrenheit. F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society. Gal. Galatians. Gen. General ; Genesis. Gent. Gentleman. Gov. Governor. G. P. O. General Post Office. H. B. M. His or Her Britannic Majesty. Heb. Hebrews. Hhd. Hogshead. Hist. History ; Historical. Hon. Honorable. H. R. House of Representatives. H. S. S. Fellow of the Historical Society. Hund. Hundred. Ibid. In the same place. I. e. That is {id est). Id. The same. I. H. S. Jesus the Saviour of men. Inst. Instant. Isa. Isaiah. Jac. Jacob. Jas. James. Jer. Jeremiah. Jno. John. Josh. Joshua. Judg. Judges. Jun. or Jr. Junior. K. King; Knight. K. G. Knight of the Garter. Km. Kingdom. Kt. Knight. Lat. Latitude; Latin. Lbs. Pounds. Ld. Lord ; Lady. Ldp. Lordship. Lev. Leviticus. Lieut. Lieutenant. LL. D. Doctor of Laws. Lon. Longitude. L- S. Place of the Seal. M. Marquis. Maj. Major. Matt. Matthew. Math. Mathematics. M. C. Member of Congress. M. D. Doctor of Medicine. Messrs. Gentlemen ; Sirs. M. P. Member of Parliament. Mr. Master ; or Mister. Mid. Midshipman. Mrs. Mistress. MS. Manuscript. MSS. Manuscripts. N. North. N. B. Take Notice. Neh. Nehemiah. No. Number. N. S. New Style. Num. Numbers. Obj. Objection. Obt. Obedient. O. S. Old Style. P. Page. Pp. Pages. Pari. Parliament. Per. By the (as per yard; the yard). Per cwt. By the hundred. Pet. Peter. Phil. Philip ; Philippians. Philom. A lover of learning. P. M. Post Master; Afternoon P. O. Post Office. Pres. President. Prin. Principal. Prob. Problem. Prof. Professor. Prov. Proverbs. P. S. Postscript. Ps. Psalm. Pub. Doc. Public Document. Q. Queen ; Question. Qr. Quarter. Q. M. Quarter Master. Regr. Register. Rep. Representative. Rev. Reverend; Revelation. Rom. Romans. Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. S. Shilling; South. 5. A. South America. Sam. Samuel. Sch. Schooner. Sec. Secretary; Section. Sen. Senator; Senior. Serg. Sergeant. Servt. Servant. Ss. Namely. St. Saint; Street. Supt. Superintendent. Surg. Surgeon. Switz. Switzerland. Thess. Thessalonians. Tho. Thomas. Tim. Timothy. Ult. {Ultimo). The Last. U. S. A. United States Army. U. S. N. United States Navy. V. or Vide. See. Viz. Namely. Vols. Volumes. Vs. {Versus). Against. W. West. W. I. West Indies. Wp. Worship. Yd. Yard. Yr. Year. 6. And. &c. And so forth. BOOK VI. Choice Selections of Poetry from the World's Best Authors. Daughters of Toil. PAL,E with want and still despair, And faint with hastening others' gain! Whose finely fibered natures bear The double curse of work and pain ; Whose days are long with toil unpaid, And short to meet the crowding want; Whose nights are short for rest delayed, And long for stealthy fears to haunt- To whom my lady, hearing faint The distance-muffled cry of need, Grants, through some alms-dispensing saint, The cup of water, cold indeed; ^ne while my lord, pursuing gains Amid the market's sordid strife, With wageless labor from your veins Wrings out the warm, red wine of life,— What hope for you that better days Shall climb the yet unreddened east ? When famine in the morning slays, Why look for joy at mid-day feast? Far shines the Good, and faintly throws A doubtful gleam through mist and rain ; But evil Darkness presses close His face against the window-pane. What hope for you that mansions free Await in some diviner sphere, Whose sapphire walls can never be Devoured, like widows' houses here? Too close these narrow walls incline, This slender daylight beams too pale, For Heaven's all-loving warmth to shine, Or God's blue tenderness avail. O brothers! sisters ! who would fain Some balm of healing help apply— Cheer some one agony of pain, One note of some despairing cry— Whose good designs uncertain wait, By tangled social bands perplexed, O, read the sacred sentence straight: Do justice first—love mercy next! Evangeline M. Johnsocv., Farm Ballad. ^HEN I start my plow a-runnin' in the black and nieller ground And the land is growin' smaller that my horses tramps around ; When the white-oak buds are openin' and grass a- growin' green, Makes a feller think of summer as he gazes on thtf scene; When the chipmunk runs and chatters 'cause th*> plough his den 'as torn, An' the crows are loudly scoldii' 'bout the plantin' of the corn ; When the bluebird hollers out a rail and starts to build a nest, Then l think that that's the time o' year I kind o' like the best; But it's might}' nice, I tell you, when the summer time is here, With the wheat a growin' yeller and the liarvesf drawin' near ; With the timothy in blossom and the hayin' just at hand, An' the mother quail a-callin' to her peepin' little bandc Oh, I like to watch the woolly clouds a-floatin' fat away As I'm ridin' on the mower or rakin' up the hay, Then I somehow seem acquainted with each bird or bumblebee, An' I think the golden summer is the time o' year for me. 6ob CHOICE SELECTIONS OF POETRY. 609. We are Growing Old. are growing old—how the thought will rise When a glance is backward cast On some long-remembered spot that lies In the silence of the past! It may be the shrine of our early vows, Or the tomb of early tears ; But it seems like a far-off isle to us, In the stormy sea of years. Oh, wide and wild are the waves that part Our steps from its greenness now; And we miss the joy of many a heart, And the light of many a brow. For deep o'er many a stately bark Have the whelming billows rolled, That steered with us from that early mark— O, friends, we are growing old— Old in the dimness and the dust Of our daily toils and cares; Old in the wrecks of love and trust, Which our burdened memory bears. Each form may wear to the passing gaze The bloom of life's freshness yet, And beams may brighten our later days Which the morning never met. But, oh, the changes we have seen In the far and winding way; The graves that have in our path grown green. And the locks that have grown gray ! The winters still on our own may spare The sable or the gold : But we saw their snows upon brighter hair— And, friends, we are growing old ! We have gained the world's cold wisdom now , We have learned to pause and fear; But where are the living founts whose flow Was a joy of heart to hear? We have won the wealth of man)' a clime, And the lore of many a page; But where is the hope that saw in time But its boundless heritage? Will it come again when the violet wakes, And the woods their youth renew ? We have stood in the light of sunny-brakes When the bloom was deep and blue; And our souls might joy in the spring-time then, But the joy was faint and cold; For it never could give us the youth again Of hearts that are growing old. Frances Brown. 39 Haste Not! Rest Not! WITHOUT haste ! without rest! Bind the motto to thy breast; Bear it with thee as a spell; Storm or sunshine, guard it well! Heed not flowers that round thee bloom, Bear it onward to the tomb ! TTagtp not! Let no thoughtless deed Mar for aye the spirit's speed! Ponder well, and know the right, Onward then, with all thy might! Haste not! years can ne'er atone For one reckless action done. Rest not! Life is sweeping by, Go and dare, before you die ; Something mighty and sublime Leave behind to conquer time! Glorious 'tis to live for aye, When these forms have passed away. Haste not! rest not! calmly wait; Meekly bear the storms of fate ! Duty be thy polar guide;— Do the right, whate'er betide ! Haste not! rest not! conflicts past, God shall crown thy work at last. Johann W. Von Goethe. Scraping- the Pan. have often been told of the unalloyed bliss, Shared alike by the simple and wise, That has come to each one in his bright childhood1 days— The making of tempting mud pies. But it seems to me strange that the sweetest and best In our young lives should not be forgot— The frolic, the fun and exquisite joy In scraping the pan or the pot. In the long, shadowed life "what is left" is but dregs,. More bitter the older we grow ; Then we think, with a sigh, of the cake in the pan That we scraped in the sweet long ago. Could I from the years full of hours gone by Choose one to live over again, I would take that dear hour from my childhood's be3* days, On mother's old kitchen floor, when, After waiting so long, with a hungering taste; At last, with a goodness benign, The old ebony cook put the cake in to bake, And the pan, all unscraped, then was mine. Margaret Andrews Oldham. 652 CHOICE SELECTIONS OF POETRY. Observations of Rev. Gabe Tucker. OU may notch it on de palin's as a mighty resky plan To make your judgment by the clo'es dat kivers up a man; For I hardly needs to tell you how you often come er- cross A fifty-dollar saddle on a twenty-dollar hoss. An, ' wukin ' in de low-groun's, you diskiver, as you go, Dat the fines' shuck may hide de meanes' nubbin in a row! I think a man has got ^ mighty slender chance for heben Dat holds on to his piety but one day out o' seben; Dat talks about de sinners wid a heap o' solemn chat, An' nebber draps a nickel in de missionary hat ; Dat's foremost in the meetin'-house for raisin all de chunes, But lays aside his 'ligion wid his Sunday pantaloons! I nebber judge o' people dat I meets along the way By de places -whar dey come fum an' de houses whar dey stay ; i?or de bantam chicken's awful fond o' roostin pretty high, An' de turkey-buzzard sails above de eagle in de sky ; Dey ketches little minners in the middle ob de sea. An' you finds de smalles' 'possum up de bigges' kind o'tree! J. A. Macon. The Three Dearest Words. IERE are three words that sweetly blend, That on the heart are graven; A precious, soothing balm they lend— They're mother, home and heaven ! They twine a wreath of beauteous flowers, Which, placed on memory's urn, Will e'en the longest, gloomiest hours To golden sunlight turn! They form a chain whose every link Is free from base alloy; A stream where whosoever drinks Will find refreshing joy ! They build an altar where each day Love's offering is renewed ; And peace illumes with genial ray Life's darkened solitude! If from our side the first nas fled, And home be but a name, X^et's strive the narrow path to tread, That we the last may gain ! Mary J. Mucki^E. The Funeral. I WAS walking in Savannah, past a church decayed and dim, When there slowly through the window came » plaintive funeral hymn; And a sympathy awakened, and a wonder quickly grew, Till I found myself environed in a little negro pew. Out at front a colored couple sat in sorrow, nearly wild, On the altar was a coffin, in the coffin was a child. I could picture him when living—curly hair, protrud¬ ing lip— And had seen perhaps a thousand in my hurried southern trip. But no baby ever rested in the soothing arms of death That had fanned more flames of sorrow with his fluttering breath; And no funeral ever glistened with more sympathy profound Than was in the chain of tear drops that enclasped those mourners round. Rose a sad old colored preacher at the little wooden desk, With a manner grandly awkward, with a countenance grotesque; With simplicity and shrewdness on his Kthiopiat face; With the ignorance and wisdom of a crushed, undying race. And he said, "Now, don' be weepin' for dis pretty bit o' clay For de little boy who lived there, he done gone and run away ! He was doin' very finely, and he 'precitate your love; But his sure 'nuff Father want him in de large house up above. " Now, He didn't give you dat baby, by a hundred thousand mile! He jist think you need some sunshine, an' He lend it for a while ! An' He let you keep an' love him till your heart was bigger grown; An' dese silver tears you're sheddin's jest de interest on de loan. '' Here yer oder pretty chilrun !—Don't be makin' ' appear Dat your love got sort o' 'nopolized by this little felloi here. Don't pile up too much your sorrows on deir little mental shelves, So's to kind o' set '®m woaderin' if dey're xio account demselves? MASTERPIECES OF EBOQOEDCE, ANCIENT AND MODERN ELOQUENCE. /a the revival of letters in modern Europe, VMWf&II ■ Eloquence, together with her sister muses, awoke, shook the poppies from her brov». But their torpors still tingled in her veins. In the interval her voice was gone; her favorite languages were extinct; her organs were r?o longer attuned to har¬ mony, and her hearers could no longer understand her speech. The discord¬ ant jargon of feudal anarchy had banished the musical dialects, in which she had always delighted. The theatres of her former triumph were either deserted, or they were filled with the dabblers of sophistry and chicane. She shrunk intuitively from the former, for the last object she remembered to have seen there was the head of her darling Cicero planted upon the rostrum. She ascended the tribunals of justice ; there she found her child, Persuasion, manacled and pinioned by the letter of the law; there she beheld an image of herself, stammering in barbarous Latin, and staggering under the lumber of a thousand volumes. Her heart fainted within her. She lost all confidence in herself. Together with all her irresistible powers, she lost pro- portionably the consideration of the world, until, instead of comprising the whole system of public education, she found herself excluded from the circle of science, and declared an outlaw from the realms of learning. She was not however doomed to eternal silence. With the progress of freedom and of liberal science, in various parts of modern Europe, she obtained access to mingle in the deliberations of hei parliaments. With labor and difficulty she learned their languages, and lent her aid in giving them form and polish. But she has never recovered the graces of her former beauty, nor the energies of her ancient vigor. JOHN QUJNCY ADAMS. WHAT IS A MINORITY? ^T&HAT is a minority? The chosen heroes of V X 1 earth have been in a minority. There \[ * is not a social, political, or religious privi¬ lege that you enjoy to-day that was not bought for you by the blood and tears and patient suffering of the minority. It is the minority that have vindicated humanity in every struggle. It is a mi¬ 42 nority that have stood in the van of every moral con¬ flict, and achieved all that is noble in the history of thft world. You will find that each generation has been always busy in gathering up the scattered ashes of tho martyred heroes of the past, to deposit them in the golden urn of a nation's history. Look at Scotland where they are erecting monuments—to whom ?—to the Covenanters. Ah, they were in a minority. Read their history, if you can, without the blood tingling to the tips of your fingers. These were in the minority, that, through blood, and tears, and bootings and scourgings—dying the waters with their blood, and staining the heather with their gore—fought the glorious battle of religious freedom. Minority ! if a man stands up for the right, though the right be on the scaffold, while the wrong sits in the seat of government; if he stands for the right, though he eat, with the right and truth, a wretched crust; if he walk with obloquy and scorn in the by-lanes and streets, while the falsehood and wrong ruffle it in silken attire, let him remember that wherever the right and teuth are there are always " Troops of beautiful, tall angels" gathered round him, and God Himself stands withia the dim future, and keeps watch over his own ! If a marii stands for the right and the truth, though every man's finger be pointed at him, though every woman's lip be curled at him in scorn, he stands in a majority ; for God and good angels are with him, and greater are they that are for him than all they that be against him. JOHN B. GOUGH. WASHINGTON'S COUNTRY. Delivered at the centennial celebration of Washington's inauguration, New York, April 30,1889. LOT out from the page of history the names of all the great actors of his time in the drama of nations, and preserve the name of Wash¬ ington, and the century would be renowned. We stand to-day upon the dividing line between the first and second century of constitutional government. There are no clouds overhead and no convulsions under our feet. We reverently return thanks to Almighty God for the past, and with confident and hopeful promise march upon sure ground toward the future. The simple facts of these hundred years paralyze the imagination, and we contemplate the vast accumula¬ tions of the century with awe and pride. Our popu¬ lation has grown from four to sixty-five millions. Its 657 MASTERPIECES OF ELOQUENCE. 669* SIean.wuile, we rejoice that so many of the pearls, and imeralds, and amethysts, and diamonds of the world are coming into the possession of Christian women. W~ho knows but the spirit of consecration may some day come upon them, and it shall be again as it was 'n the time of Moses, that for the prosperity of the nouse of the Lord the women may bring their brace¬ lets, and earrings, and tablets, and jewels? The precious stones of earth will never have their proper pl&oe till they are set around the Pearl of Great Price. T. DE WITT TALMAGE. WHEN WAR SHALL BE NO MORE. jEATH shall hereafter work alone and single- handed, unaided by his most terrible auxiliary. The world shall repose in quiet. Far down the vista of futurity the tribes of human kind are seen mingling in fraternal harmony, wondering and shuddering as they read of former brutality, and exulting at their own more fortunate lot. They turn their grateful eyes upon us. Their countenances are not suffused with tears, nor streaked with kindred blood. We hear their voices; they are not swelling with tones of general wailing and despair. We look at their smiling fields, undevastated by the hand of rapine; they are waving with yellow harvests, or loaded with golden fruits; and their sunny pastures we filled with quiet herds, which have never known the wanton ravage of war. We turn to the peaceful homes where our infancy has been cradled; they stand undespoiled by the hand of the destroyer. The scenes where we indulged our childish sports have never been profaned by hostile feet; and the tall groves, where we performed our feats of school-boy dexterity, have never been desecrated to obtain the implements of human destruction. Then our thoughts extend and embrace the land of jur birth, the institutions and laws we so much venerate, and something whispers us they shall endure forever; that all time shall witness their increasing perfection; that all nations shall copy from its example, ind derive interminable benefits from its influence; for arar, the destroyer of every valuable institution, the great and sole cause of all national ruin, is soon to be seen no more forever. IREVELYAH FABEB. TRUE PATRIOTISM. £7 w T&ITII mail m all; wit )£ gives us malice toward none; with charity for with firmness in the right, as God us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's rounds; to care for him who shall have borne ihe battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do i,!l which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting j^aaoe among ourselves, and with all nations. UNCOLX A MARVELLOUS CLOCK. 0UK. brains are seventy-year clocks. The angeV of life winds them up at once for ali, tliea closes the cases, and gives the key into th« hand of the angel of resurrection. '' Tic-tac, tic-tac ! " go the wheels of thought; our will cannot stop them; madness only makes them go fastei. Death alone can break into the case, and, seizing tha ever-swinging pendulum which we call the hearty silence at last the clicking of the terrible escape meaf we have carried so long beneath our aching foreheada OLIVER WENDELL HO LMlttv, W MEN WHO NEVER DIE. E dismiss them not to the chambers of for- getfulness and death. What we admired, and prized, and venerated in them, can never be forgotten. I had almost said that they are now beginning to live; to live that life of unimpaired influence, of unclouded fame, of un mingled happiness, for which their talents and services* were destined. Such men do not, cannot die. To be cold and breathless; to feel not and speak not; this is not the end of existence to the men who have breathed their spirits into the institutions of their country, who have stamped their characters on the pillars of the- age, who have poured their hearts' blood into tht channels of the public prosperity. Tell me, ye who tread the sods of yon sacred height, is Warren dead ? Can you not still see him, not pale and prostrate, th6 blood of his gallant heart pouring out of his ghastly wound, but moving resplendent over the field of honor, with the rose of heaven upon his cheek, and thb fire of liberty in his eye ? Tell me, ye who make your pious pilgrimage to the shades of Yernon, is Wash¬ ington indeed shut up in that cold and narrow house ? That which made these men, and men like these, cannot die. The hand that traced the charter of in¬ dependence is, indeed, motionless ; the eloquent li pu that sustained it are hushed; but the lofty spirits that conceived, resolved, and maintained it, and which alone, to such men, "make it life to live," these cannot expire: " These shall resist the empire of decay, When time is o'er and worlds have passed away; Cold in the dust the perished heart may lie. But that which warmed it once can never die." EDWARD EVERETT. STOPPING THE MARCH OF FREEDOM. ris not for men long to hinder the march ol human freedom. I have no fear for that ulti¬ mately ; none at all—simply for this reason : that I believe in the infinite God. You may make ycur statutes; an appeal always lies to the higher law, | ind decisions adverse to that get set aside in the ages, I Your statutes cannot hold Him. You may gather BIBLE STORIES FOR THE YOONG, comprising captivating NARRATIVES OF SCENES AND EVENTS. the earth. She in turn became the tempter of Adam, who yielded to her persuasions, as she did to those of the serpent. This is the Script¬ ural narrative of the fall of our first parents. Having been created holy in the image of God, by one great act of folly they lost their first estate. Adam and Eve Driven from Paradise.—The banishment of the guilty pair from the bowers of Eden followed their sin. They were startled by a voice which was heard in the garden in the cool of the day. Suddenly alarmed, they hid themselves among the trees and _ endeavored to escape. Fear was thk ball of our first parents.—Gen. in. 6. awakened when it was too late, and The Fall of our First Parents.—The j the Lord God having called unto Adam, he Bible begins with an account of the creation J was put on trial for his sin, and both he and of the world. The sun, moon and stars, the land ] Eve were driven forth from their happy home, and water, the trees, plants and an¬ imals, were made, and the whole work was pronounced to be very good. Then Adam was formed from the dust of the earth, a living soul was breathed into him, and Eve was given to be his companion and helpmeet. A beautiful garden for their abode was planted east¬ ward in Eden, and they were per¬ mitted to eat of every tree of the garden with the exception of one. If they tasted the fruit of this tree they would die. Eve was tempted by the serpent, and was told that disobedience would not result in death, but she would become as a god, knowing good and evil. She listened and ate, and from that mo¬ ment the curse of sia came upon ADAM AND EVE DRIVEN FROM ^RADisE.-Gen. in. 23,34. JUDGMENT OF SOLOMON. BIBLE STORIES FOR THE YOUNG. JEPHTHAH'S RASH VGW.—Judges xi. 34. Jephthah and his Daughter.—In olden times a vow was considered as something very sacred, and having once been made, on no consideration could it be broken. Jeph¬ thah, we are told, was a mighty man of valor. A battle with the Ammonites was to be fought, and Jephthah made a vow that if the Lord would grant him the victory he would make a burnt-offering of whatever met him at his own door on his return from the battle. The forces fought with bravery, Jephthah proved his generalship, and victory perched upon his banner. To his surprise and grief, his only daughter came out with music and dancing to greet her father. He rent his clothes, and manifested all the signs of sor¬ row and remorse. He told his daughter that he had opened his mouth unto the Lord, and could not take back his word. With the most dutiful submission she answered that if he had made a vow he should do as he had said. She gave her life that her rash father might keep the word which never ought to have been spoken. Samson and the Lion.—In the book of Judges an account is given of Samson and his wonderful feats of strength. From his birth he seems to have been marked for an extraordinary career. As he grew up the Spirit of the Lord began to move him at times in the camp of Dan. On a visit to Timnath to obtain a wife from the Philistines, Samson performed his first great feat of strength. Being met by a young lion, the Spirit of the Lord came upon him mightily, and seizing the lion he rent him in pieces. Samson paid a visit to the daughter of the Philistines whom he was seeking, and she pleased him well. After a time he returned to take her, and turning aside to see the carcass of the lion he had slain, he found a swarm of bees had made a hive in it, and had deposited honey. He took away some of the honey, and, according to the custom of the young men of the time, made a feast and invited his companions. The story in Judges gives a full description of this feast, and the failure of the young men to guess Samson's riddle. SAMSON SLAVING A LION.—Judges xiv. 6. BIBLE STORIES FOR THE YOUNG. The Flight into Egypt.—The parents of Jesus brought him to the Temple at Jerusalem. They could not remain there; their first concern was to save the young life committed to their love and care. They knew the cruelty of Herod, and his wicked design to slay the children, in the hope that Jesus would be among the number. They obeyed the Divine warning, and taking their young treasure fled with all possible speed to Egypt, a country which was outside of Herod's dominions. There was a place of safety, and having reached it, they remained until the death of Herod put an end to his ambition and cruelty. Then the angel of the the birth of cHRisT.-Luke n. 10-12. Lord appeared again unto Joseph, The Nativity.—The shepherds who had assured him that those who sought the life of the child were dead, and directed him to return to his own country. He did so, and made his home in the despised town of Nazareth, where the early life of Jesus was spent. Thus the prophecies were fulfilled that Israel's ruler would come out of Egypt and would be a de¬ spised Nazarene, one of the poor and lowly. heard the song of the angels and the statement that a Saviour had been born, left their flocks and went to Bethlehem to see what had come to pass. Naturally excited over the glad tidings brought to them, they made haste, and when they arrived in the village they were re¬ warded by a sight of the new-born child. There they found Mary and Joseph, and the babe lying in a manger. The shepherds having satisfied themselves of the truth of the mes¬ sage brought by the angel, hurried away with the joyful news, and spread the glad tidings to others. All who heard what had happened were filled with wonder. We are told that Mary, the mother of Jesus, kept these things in her heart, and thought about them. The shep¬ herds returned to their flocks, glo¬ rifying and praising God for all the things they had seen and heard. This is the beautiful description given us of the birth of Jesus. Every Christmas we celebrate the advent of Christ, whose name is Wonderful. the flight into esypt.—Matt. u. 14,15, THE NATIVITY. CHRIST BLESSING LITTLE CHILDREN. BIBLE STORIES FOR THE YOUNG. OPENING OF THE SEVENTH SEAL—Rev. viii. 1-6. The Seventh Seal.—The book of Reve¬ lation is mostly taken up with the visions of the apostle John. He saw many wonderful things, the meaning of which is not in all instances very plain. The opening of the seventh seal in heaven was followed by silence for the space of half an hour. Seven angels were seen, and to them were given seven trumpets; these are repre¬ sented in the foreground of the engraving. Another angel came with a golden censer, and stood at the altar. We have in the picture a cloud of incense ascending from the censer in the angel's hand. Then he filled the censer with the fire of the altar, and cast it into the earth. This was followed by voices, and thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake. The trumpets of the seven angels then sounded, one after another, and there were terrible signs in the earth. When the seventh angel sounded it was announced that the kingdoms of this world had become the king¬ doms of our Lord and of his Christ The New Jerusalem.—The apos¬ tle John also tells us that in one part of his vision he saw a new heaven and a new earth. He draws a beautiful picture of the glory of the heavenly world. The city of the New Jerusalem, in other words the redeemed Church, was seen coming down from heaven, adorned as a bride for her husband. A great voice said that the tabernacle of God was now with men, and He would dwell with them, and would wipe away all tears from their eyes. A glowing description is given of the peace and joy of the new Para¬ dise. A river of water of life flows from the throne, on the banks of which the tree of life is growing. The servants of God serve Him day and night in His temple. They behold the face of the King in His beauty, and are sealed with His name. The inscription at the top of the accompanying engraving announces that they are blessed who are called to the marriage supper of the Lamb, and the one near the bottom says, "Alleluia, for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth ! " THE NEW JERUSALEM.—Rev. xxi. 1.2. Index. Abbreviations Used in Business 373 Abscesses, How to Treat 362 Accent in Poetry . 494 A.ccount, Bills Payable......... 388 Accounts 376 Account, Capital 391 Account, Expense 389 Accounts, Factor's 395 Account, Inventory 392 Accounts, Labor 390 Account, Loss and Gam 393 Account. Merchandise.. 384 Accounts ot Materials 39° Accounts, Personal 385 Accounts, Principal's or Bailor's 395 Account, Private..... 392 Account, Real Estate 389 Accounts, Sales 395 Accounts, Shipment 393 Accounts. Speculative 388 Acquaintances, How to Form 35 Acquaintances, New, not to be thrust on others... 36 Acqaintance with Marked Men 18 Acre of Ground, Hills in 566 Acrostic Sale, The 212 Actress and Millionaire 138 Adams, John, Letter of. 86 Adams. President John 147 Adams, Wife of John, Letter of 86 Adapt Yourself to your Company, 18 Address, Proper Form of 80 Adjournment 453 Advice, Letters of. 76 Affection, Lack of 149 Affectation to be Avoided. 23 Affections Rule the Life 113 Africa, Exports of 560 Agencies and Collections 434 Age of any person, How to Tell 561 Ages of Animals 5^5 Ages of Horses, How to Tell 5^5 Ages, Proper for Marriage 124 Agreement for Sale of Personal Property 4ri 1 Agreement, General Form of 4°