wn A | The State Agricultural College THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN No. 37 TECHNICAL SERIES No. 2 Birds of Colorado BY W. W. COOKE APPROVED BY THE STATION COUNCIL ALSTON ELLIS, President FORT COLLINS, COLORADO MARCH, 1897 DENVER THE Agricultural Experiment Station OANITH FORT COLLINS, COLORADO 6st CG m C6X THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE gem xpire | S47 HON. JOHN J. RYAN...........-. Fort Collins.......... 0.5.00. 000+ +) 1897 HON. E. H. SNYDER.............Highlands... .-. 1897 HON. J. E. DuBOIB................Fort Collins.... --. 1899 HON. A. 8. BENSON ....... be ssenee Loveland .. . +1899 HON. JAMES L. CHATFIELD ....Gypsum ..........-.. 1901 HON. A. LINDSLEY KELLOGG ..Rocky Ford........ eeeee ee L901 HON. B. F. ROCKAFELLOW...... Canon City .... cece ee cece ee eee 19038 MRS. ELIZA F. ROUTT ...........DONVOr 2... ccee ee cece ener eee cee eee 19038 GOVERNOR ALVA ADAMB, } ex-officio PRESIDENT ALSTON ELLIS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IN CHARGE A. L, KELLOGG, Chairman. JOHN. J. RYAN. J. E, DuBOIs, ALSTON ELLIS. A. 8. BENSON. STATION COUNCIL ALSTON ELLIS, A. M., Ph. D., LL. D............-. President and Director : WELLS W. COOKE, B.S., A. M.........5.--- . Agriculturist C. 8. CRANDALL, M.8B.........-.-. cece eee eee _Héxdiculturiet and Botanist WILLIAM P. HEADDEN, A. M., PH. D........ cece cece eee eee Chemist L. G. CARPENTER, M.8..... .. Meteorologist and Irrigation Engineer c. P, GILLETTE, M.8...... .... Entomologist DANIEL W. WORKING, B.&8....... .. Secretary LATHROP M. TAYLOR, B.S8S., Stenographer ASSISTANTS FRANK L. WATROUS .... 0... oo cee cee eee cee cee e teen eeee Agriculturist JACOB H. COWEN, B.S. .... 2... ccc cece cee ne ee en eee .. Horticulturist CHARLES RYAN .... 1.66. eee cece cece ee een ete ten eens Chemist EMMA A. GILLETTE ..... 2.0.2... ccc cece ene cece enen cece sees Entomologist ROBERT E. TRIMBLE, B.8....... Meteorologist and Irrigation Engineer SUB-STATIONS PHILO K. BLINN, B.8.. Aiecea ¥ aves eben tals . Buperintendent Arkansas Valley Bcation, “Rocky Ford, Oalexadc J. E, PAYNE, M.8. mines Bpacyoec es +++... Superintendent Rain-Belt Bintion, ‘Cheyanne ‘Wells, “Colorado THE BIRDS OF COLORADO. BY W. W. COOKE. The following paper is designed to set forth our present knowledge of the distribution and migration of Colorado birds. There is also included a bibliography of the subject and an historical review of the progress of ornithological investigation in this State. The total number of species and varieties of birds known to occur in Colorado is 360, of which 228 are known to breed. This is a larger number of species than has been taken in any state east of the Mississippi and is exceeded by only one state of the Union, that is by Nebraska with nearly four hundred species. The reason for this great variety of bird life is found in the geographical position of the State and the physical charac- teristics of its surface. ; From the Atlantic Ocean to western Iowa but slight changes occur in the avi-fauna. But with the decreased rain- fall and the increase in altitude from there westward, a great number of new forms appear. The greatest change is at the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains, which is the natural dividing line between the eastern and middle provinces of the United States. But while many of the western forms extend as stragglers eastward into Kansas and Nebraska and especially into the Black Hills of South Dakota and northwestern Ne- braska, a large number of eastern forms do not pass west of the semi-arid region of twenty inches of annual rainfall and are not found in Colorado. It is due to this fact that Nebraska ex- ceeds Colorado in the number of species taken in the State. All of the eastern. species reach Nebraska and nearly all the western forms extend into northwestern Nebraska. This is strikingly shown in the case of the Warblers. Nebraska has more than twenty Warblers that do not occur in Colorado, while Colorado has less than five that are not found in Nebraska. The avi-fauna of Colorado is reinforced by species that belong more properly to the regions on all sides of it. The basis may be considered as the species that range over the whole of the United States and those that are most abundant 4 BIRDS OF COLORADO. in the middle west. As additions to these, there come to the State from the east such distinctively eastern species as the Bobolink, Phoebe, Blue Bird, and Baltimore Oriole; from the west the Dwarf Hermit Thrush, Grace’s Warbler, Golden- crowned Sparrow, and the Black Swift; from the north Holbcell’s Grebe, Arctic Tern, Harlequin Duck, and Barrow’s Golden-eye; while something over twenty truly southern species have been taken as stragglers in southern Colorado. Of accidental visitants we have our share. Three varieties of Surf Ducks have wandered to Colorado; a specimen of the English Saxicola enanthe was taken near Boulder, a Bendire’s Thrasher at Colorado Springs, an Olivaceous Flycatcher at Fort Lyon, a White-winged Dove in Jefferson County, a White Ibis at Denver, a Roseate Spoonbill at Silverton, and most wonder- ful of all, a Scarlet Ibis near Pueblo. The broken character of the surface of Colorado offers in- ducements for birds of all kinds. The eastern third of the State is a vast plain, rising from an altitude of 3,500 feet at its eastern edge to nearly 6,000 feet where it joins the foothills of the Rockies. This whole region is treeless, except a narrow fringe along the streams. Innumerable throngs of birds sweep across it during migration, especially water fowl and waders, but its attractions are too few to induce many to remain through the summer. The center of the State is occupied by the Continental Divide. Range on range attaining a height of over 14,000 feet offers favorable conditions for even boreal species. The great mountain parks lie in this section, and at an altitude of 8,000 feet mark the limit of height reached by the great bulk of the ‘species. The western third of Colorado presents a wilderness of rolling hills from 5,000 to 8,000 feet in altitude, covered with a few trees and a very scanty vegetation. Bird life is present in small numbers but great variety and partakes largely of west- ern characteristics. The temperature of Colorado is much below that of cor- responding latitudes in the Mississippi Valley. On the plains the average for the year is not far from 52° F., with extremes more marked and changes more sudden than in moister cli- mates. At 7,000 feet among the mountains the average tem- perature is five degrees lower, and at 9,000 feet only a little colder. Timber line is about 11,500 feet in Colorado and with an average temperatttre of two degrees below freezing is yet the home of some birds for the entire year, while during the short summer many species find here congenial nesting sites. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 5 The rainfall on the plains is about fourteen inches per year, increasing to twenty inches at 8,000 feet in northern Colo- rado, but in the southern scarcely reaching that amount until nearly to timber line. This scarcity of rain has a direct influ- ence on the vegetation and through that on the distribution of the birds. With the exception of a few species of sparrows, almost all the bird life of the State is confined to the vicinity of water or high enough on the mountains to reach timber. The records given in this bulletin are based first of all on the printed matter that has appeared dealing with the birds of Colorado. This mass of material has been supplemented by much manuscript matter, and by the personal observations of the author during a four years’ residence in the State. There is no State in the Union that offers a more difficult field for thorough work, and a recapitulation of our present knowledge only serves to bring out more clearly the many points on which further information is needed. The only claim for completeness made by the present list is that it is complete so far as work done up to this time is con- cerned. Experience in this State as well as in others teaches that additions will be made for many years to come. These will not be confined to any one part of the State nor to any par- ticular class of birds. In addition to accidental visitants, it may be confidently expected that several more eastern species will be found to follow up the Arkansas and the Platte Rivers, and a still greater number of western species up the valley of the Grand into western Colorado. Though much ornithological work has been done in Colo- rado, many parts of the State have never yet been visited by an ornithologist. The region along the eastern base of the foothills at the juncture of mountain and plain has been quite thoroughly studied. Fully four-fifths of all the records of Colo- rado pertain to this narrow strip, thirty miles wide and one hundred and fifty miles in length. As this constitutes less than one-twentieth of the area of the State, it can be seen how little attention has been paid to much of Colorado. In this strip, Beckham, Nash and Lowe have worked at Pueblo; Aiken at Pueblo, Cafion City and Colorado Springs; Allen at Colorado Springs; Henshaw, Anthony and H. G. Smith at Denver; Trippe at Idaho Springs; Gale at Gold Hill; W. G. Smith and Osburn at Loveland; Breninger at Fort Collins, and Dille at Greeley. In most cases this work has been continuous through the year, and has resulted in a pretty thoroygh knowledge of the main features of the ornithology of this"fegion. About a dozen other ornithologists have given us results of short visits to various places ip this belt. 6 BIRDS OF COLORADO. Eastward lie the great plains, stretching 150 miles from Pueblo to the Kansas line and crossing the whole breadth of Colorado. Here is an extent of country four times as large as the State of Massachusetts, and in this whole region but two ornithologists have ever worked. Capt. P. M. Thorne was at Fort Lyon, on the Arkansas, and Mr. H. G. Hoskins at Bur- lington and vicinity, in Kit Carson County. There are four- teen counties in eastern Colorado that have not a single printed bird record to their credit. The great parks of Colorado have received but little more attention. Coues crossed North Park; Stevenson, Middle Park, and Allen, South Park, and took hurried glimpses at the bird life. San Luis Park has fared somewhat better, thanks to the labors of Henshaw and Aiken. Stone spent several months between South Park and San Luis Park, in the vicinity of Hancock. Insouthwestern Colorado, Drew in San Juan County, and Morrison in La Plata County, have given us valuable notes on the birds of the higher portions of the region. The whole of northwestern Colorado remains unexplored. What a field for the ornithologist! As large as the whole of New England outside of Maine, and containing the whole valley of the Grand River and its tributaries, it will reward the zealous seeker with many Pacific forms not now known to Colorado. No other part of the State will probably show so large a return as the region around Grand Junction. Other specially favorable lo- calities for new developments are the lower waters of the tribu- taries of the San Juan River in southwestern Colorado, the region around Trinidad in south central Colorado, the Arkan- sas River near the Kansas line, and especially the Cimarron River of southeastern Colorado and the Platte River near Jules- burg in northeastern Colorado. For increased knowledge of distribution with regard to altitude, and for range during the breeding season, so little is known compared with what remains to be discovered that any part of the mountain region of Colorado offers an inviting field to the ornithologist. In addition to the mass of published data accessible to all, the present writer has received valuable assistance from many manuscript notes, and he wishes here to express his thanks to the correspondents who have put so much time, labor and care into their preparation. Much information on special points has been obtained in answer to direct inquiries and also the follow- ing lists have been received: A. W. Anthony. List of 226 species known by him to have been taken“in Colorado. W. H. Bergtold. Notes on 20 species seen by him in Routt County and near Denver. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 7 G. F. Breninger. List of 257 species known by him to have been taken in Larimer County. R. A. Campbell. List of 40 species noted near Boulder. E. B. Darnell. Notes on 68 species found in Routt County. H.G. Hoskins. Notes on 58 species seen near Burlington, and dates of migration for four years. Mortimer Jesurn, M. D. List, with annotations, of 161 species taken on the Platte River 150 miles north of Cheyenne. W. P. Lowe. List of 188 species found at Pueblo and in the Wet Mountains, distinguishing the breeders. Chas. F. Morrison. List of 332 species known to occur in Colorado, of which 152 are marked as breeding in the State. Wm. Osburn. Annotated list of 254 species identified by himself and Wm. G. Smith in the vicinity of Loveland. Capt. P. M. Thorne. Annotated list of 160 species shot by him during five years residence at Fort Lyon. Especially valuable, because nearly all the specimens have been identified by Mr. Brewster and are now in the Field Museum in Chicago. One of the hardest things to determine in making out a state list, is what shall constitute a valid record and entitle the bird to a place in the list. The present writer has endeavored to take a middle course between including everything that seemed to have a fair claim for admission and excluding every- thing to whose record attached any suspicion. With all species at all doubtful the full record has been given, so that future students may judge for themselves whether the species is en- titled to entry. This course has been taken owing to the small amount of work that has as yet been done on Colorado ornith- ology. Some readers will undoubtedly believe that the records of some of the species here given need confirmation and should have been omitted. On the other hand the author can say that he has in his possession the records of forty-two species that have been ascribed to Colorado. Many of these, in fact the larger part of them, he believes to occur in the State, yet they have been excluded from this list, pending further infor- mation. 8 BIRDS OF COLORADO. CLASSIFICATION OF COLORADO BIRDS. 1. Residents; species found in the State at all times of the year regardless of the season. Merganser americanus. Lophodytes cucullatus. Anas boschas. Dafila acuta. Clangula islandica. Histrionicus histrionicus. Colinus virginianus. Callipepla californica. Callipepla gambeli. Dendragapus obscurus. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides. Lagopus leucurus. Pediocztes phasianellus cam- pestris. Centrocercus urophasianus. Meleagris gallopavo. Meleagris gallopavo mexicana. Circus hudsonius. Accipiter velox. Accipiter cooperi. Accipiter atricapillus. Buteo borealis kriderii. Buteo borealis calurus. Buteo swainsoni. Archibuteo ferrugineus. Aquila chrysaétos. Halizetus leucocephalus. Falco mexicanus. Falco peregrinus anatum. Falco sparverius. Strix pratincola. Asio wilsonianus. | Asio accipitrinus. Syrnium occidentale. Nyctala acadica. Megascops asio. Megascops asio maxwellize. Megascops asio aikeni. Megascops flammeola. Bubo virginianus subarcticus. Speotyto cunicularia hypogeea. Glaucidium gnoma. Conurus carolinensis (formerly) Geococcyx californianus. Ceryle alcyon. Dryobates villosus hyloscopus. Dryobates pubescens homorus. Dryobates scalaris bairdi. Picoides americanus dorsalis. Ceophlceus pileatus. Melanerpes torquatus. Colaptes cafer. Otocoris alpestris arenicola. Pica piea hudsonica. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha. Aphelocoma woodhousei. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis. Corvus corax sinuatus. Corvus cryptoleucus. Corvus americanus. Nucifraga columbiana. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. Pinicola enucleator. Carpodacus cassini. Carpodacus mexicanus front- alis. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi. Leucosticte australis. Spiuus tristis. Spinus pinus. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 9 Passer domesticus. Calcarius ornatus. Rhynchophanes mecownii. Junco caniceps. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus. Ampelis cedrorum. Cinclus mexicanus. Catherpes mexicanus consper- sus. Troglodytes hiemalis. Certhia familiaris montana. 2. Winter visitants; Sitta carolinensis. Sitta calolinensis aculeata. Sitta canadensis. Sitta pygmea. Parus inornatus griseus. Parus atricapillus septentrion- alis. Parus gambeli. Psaltriparus plumbeus. Myadestes townsendii. species that have been taken com- monly in the State during the winter, but are not included in the foregoing list. Urinator imber. Merganser serrator. Aythya americana. Aythya vallisneria. Aythya affinis. Charitonetta albeola. Chen hyperborea. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-jo- hannis. Otocoris alpestris leucoleema. Coccothraustes vespertinus montanus. Acanthis linaria. Plectrophenax nivalis. Leucosticte tephrocotis. Leucosticte tephrocotis littor- alis. Calcarius lapponicus. Zonotrichia leucophrys inter- media. Spizella monticola ochracea. Junco aikeni. Junco hyemalis connectens. Junco mearnsi. Junco annectens. Pipilo maculatus arcticus. Ampelis garrulus. Lantus borealis. 3. Species that breed in the State and regularly winter further south, but a few occur irregularly in south- ern Colorado in winter and in mild winters may oc- cur throughout the State. Podilymbus podiceps. Larus delawarensis. Anas carolinensis. Branta canadensis. Grus mexicana. Gallinago delicata. Falco columbarius. Agelaius phceniceus. Sturnella magna neglecta. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Zonotrichia leucophrys. Melospiza fasciata montana. Cistothorus palustris paludi- cola. Merula migratoria. Merula migratoria propinqua. Sialia mexicana bairdi. Sialia arctica. Io BIRDS OF COLORADO. 4. Species that have been taken in Colorado in winter, either as rare or accidental visitors. Stercorarius parasiticus. Rissa tridactyla. Larus argentatus anus. Larus atricilla. Xema sabinii. Aythya marila nearctica. Harelda hyemalis. Oidemia americana. Oidemia deglandi. Oidemia perspicillata. Branta canadensis hutchinsii. smithsoni- Accipiter atricapillus striatu- lus. Buteo borealis harlani. Nyctea nyctea. Colaptes auratus. Scolecophagus carolinus. Loxia leucoptera. Leucosticte atrata. Zonotrichia coronata. Junco hyemalis. Melospiza fasciata. Cardinalis cardinalis. 5. Summer residents; species that have been known to breed in the state. A. Species that breed on the plains and in the mount-.... ains or mountain parks. Colymbus nigricollis californi- cus. Larus delawarensis. Hydrochelidon nigra surina- mensis. Anas boschas. Anas strepera. Anas americana. Anas carolinensis. Anas discors. Anas cyanoptera. Spatula clypeata. Aix sponsa. Erismatura jamaicensis. Botaurus lentiginosus. Ardea herodias. Grus mexicana. Porzana carolina. Fulica americana. Recurvirostra ainericana. Himantopus mexicanus. Totanus solitarius. Symphemia semipalmata inor- nata. Actitis macularia. Agialitis vocifera. AXgialitis montana. Centrocercus urophasianus. Meleagris gallopavo mexicana. Zenaidura macroura. Cathartes aura. Circus hudsonius. Accipiter velox. Accipiter cooperi. Buteo borealis calurus. Buteo swainsoni. Archibuteo ferrugineus. Falco mexicanus. Falco peregrinus anatum. Falco columbarius. Falco richardsonii. Falco sparverius. Asio wilsonianus. Asio accipitrinus. Bubo virginianus subarcticus. Speotyto cunicularia hy pogeea. Coccyzus americanus occiden- talis. Ceryle alcyon. Dryobates villosus hyloscopus. Dryobates pubescensh__ orus. Ceophlceus pileatus. BIRDS OF COLORADO. Il Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Colaptes cafer. Phalzenoptilus nuttalli. Chordeiles virginianus henryi. Tyrannus tyrannus. Tyrannus verticalis. Tyrannus vociferans. Myiarchus cinerascens. Sayornis saya. Empidonax difficilis. Empidonax traillii. Otocoris alpestris arenicola. Pica pica hudsonica. Corvus cryptoleucus. Corvus americanus. Molothrus ater. Xanthocephalus xanthocepha- lus. Agelaius phceniceus. Sturnella magna neglecta. Icterus bullocki. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Carpodacus mexicanus front- alis. Spinus tristis. Spinus psaltria. Spinus psaltria arizonz. Chondestes grammacus strigat- us. Pooceetes gramineus confinis. Spizella socialis arizone. Spizella pallida. Spizella breweri. Melospiza fasciata montana. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx. Oreospiza chlorura. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus. Zamelodia melanocephala. Passerina amoena. Progne subis. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Chelidon erythrogastra. Clivicola riparia. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Ampelis cedrorum. Lanius ludovicianus excubit- orides. Vireo gilvus. Dendroica zstiva. Icteria virens longicauda. Setophaga ruticilla. Oroscoptes montanus. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Troglodytes zedon aztecus. Cistothorus palustris paludi- cola. Merula migratoria propinqua. Sialia arctica. B. Species that breed on the plains, but only to the foot- hills of the mountains. Podilymbus podiceps. Sterna forsteri. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. Dafila acuta. Nycticorax nycticorax neevius. Rallus virginianus. Steganopus tricolor. Bartramia longicauda. Numenius longirostris. Colinus virginianus. Pedioceetes phasianellus cam- pestris. Callipepla californica. Meleagris gallopavo. Buteo borealis kriderii. Strix pratincola. Megascops asio. Conurus carolinensis. (formerly) Icterus galbula. Quiscalus quiscula zeneus. Passer domesticus. Calcarius ornatus. Rhynchophanes mccownii. Spizella socialis. 12 BIRDS OF COLORADO. Ammodramus savannarum per- pallidus. Spiza americana. Calamospiza melanocorys. Vireo olivaceus. Dendroica striata. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, Mimus polyglottos. Harporhynchus rufus. Sitta carolinensis. Merula migratoria. Sialia sialis. C. Species that breed in the mountains or mountain parks and not on the plains. Merganser americanus. Lophodytes cucullatus. Clangula islandica. Histrionicus histrionicus. Branta canadensis. Gallinago delicata. Dendragapus obscurus. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides. Lagopus leucurus. Accipiter atricapillus. Pandion halizetus carolinensis. Nyctala acadica. Megascops flammeola. Glaucidium gnoma. Picoides americanus dorsalis. Aéronautes melanoleucus. Contopus borealis. Empidonax wrightii. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis. Nucifraga columbiana. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. Pinicola enucleator. Carpodacus cassini. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi. Leucosticte australis. Zonotrichia leucophrys. Junco caniceps. Melospiza lincolnii. Passerella iliaca schistacea. Piranga ludoviciana. Helminthophila virginiz. Helminthophila celata. Helminthophila celata lutes- cens. Dendroica auduboni. Dendroica townsendi. Geothlypis macgillivrayi. Sylvania pusilla. Anthus pensilvanicus. Cinclus mexicanus. Troglodytes hiemalis. Certhia familiaris montana. Sitta canadensis. Sitta pygmeea. Parus gambeli. Regulus satrapa. Regulus calendula. Myadestes townsendii. Turdus fuscescens salicicola. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii. Turdus aonalaschke auduboni. Sialia mexicana bairdi. D. Species that breed principally tn the mountains, and but sparingly on the plains. Aquila chrysatos. Halizetus leucocephalus. Megascops asio maxwellic. Megascops asio aikeni. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis. Sphyrapicus thyroideus. Melanerpes torquatus. Selasphorus platycercus. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 13 Contopus richardsonii. Aphelocoma woodhousei. Corvus corax sinuatus. Spinus pinus. Ammodramus alaudinus. Tachycineta bicolor. Tachycineta thalassina. sandwichensis Vireo solitarius plumbeus. Salpinctes obsoletus. Catherpes mexicanus consper- sus. Sitta carolinensis aculeata. Parus atricapillus septentrion- alis. E. Species that breed regularly only in southern Colo- vado. Callipepla gambeli. Columba fasciata. Syrnium occidentale. Geococcyx californianus. Dryobates scalaris bairdi. Cypseloides niger borealis. Trochilus alexandri. Selasphorus rufus. Amphispiza bilineata. Amphispiza belli nevadensis. Pipilo aberti. Guiraca czrulea eurhyncha. Compsothlypis americana. Dendroica zstiva sonorana. Dendroica graciz. Dendroica nigrescens. Thryothorus bewickii leuco- gaster. Parus inornatus griseus. Psaltriparus plumbeus. Polioptila czrulea. 6. Species taken in the State during the summer, but not known to breed. Ajaja ajaja. Plegadis guarauna. Ardea candidissima. Philohela minor. Callipepla squamata. Melopelia leucoptera. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. Melanerpes carolinus. Phalenoptilus nuttalli nitidus. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Icterus spurius. Junco phzeonotus dorsalis. Passerina cyanea. Mniotilta varia. Seiurus aurocapillus. 7. Migrants; species that have been taken in the State during the spring or fall, but are not known to breed or winter in Colorado. A&chmophorus occidentalis. Colymbus holbcellii. Colymbus auritus. Larus occidentalis. Larus californicus. Larus franklinii. Larus philadelphia. Sterna paradiszea. Phalacrocorax dilophus. Anas obscura. 14 BIRDS OF COLORADO. Aythya collaris. Clangula clangula americana. Chen hyperborea nivalis. Anser albifrons gambeli. Olor columbianus. Olor buccinator. Guara rubra. ' Grus americana. Grus canadensis. Gallinula galeata. Phalaropus lobatus. Macrorhampus scolopaceus. Micropalama himantopus. Tringa maculata. Tringa fuscicollis. Tringa bairdii. Tringa minutilla. Tringa alpina pacifica. Ereunetes pusillus. Ereunetes occidentalis. Calidris arenaria. Limosa fedoa. Totanus melanoleucus. Totanus flavipes. Numenius hudsonicus. Squatarola squatarola. Charadrius dominicus. AXgialitis semipalmata. Arenaria interpres. Myiarchus lawrencei olivas- cens. Sayornis phoebe. Empidonax minimus. Carpodacus purpureus. Ammodramus bairdii. Zonotrichia querula. Zonotrichia albicollis. Piranga rubra cooperi. Helminthophila peregrina. Dendroica czerulescens. Dendroica coronata. Dendroica maculosa. Dendroica rara. Seiurus noveboracensis bilis. Sylvania pusilla pileolata. Harporhynchus bendirei. Turdus aonalaschke. Turdus aonalaschke pallasii. Saxicola cenanthe. nota- 8. Stragglers or doubtful species, including those of which but one instance is known. A&chmophorus occidentalis. Colymbus holbeellii. Colymbus auritus. Rissa tridactyla. Larus occidentalis. Larus californicus. Larus atricilla. Anas obscura. Chen hyperborea nivalis, Branta bernicla. Ajaja ajaja. Guara alba. Guara rubra. Tantalus loculator. Ardetta exilis. Ardea rufescens. Nycticorax violaceus. Gallinula galeata. Callipepla squamata. Melopelia leucoptera. Elanoides forficatus. Ictinia mississippiensis. Accipiter atricapillus striatu- lus. Buteo lineatus elegans. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. Sphyrapicus varius. Milvulus forficatus. Myiarchus lawrencei cens. olivas- BIRDS OF COLORADO. 15 Sayornis phoebe. Icterus spurius. Scolecophagus carolinus. Carpodacus purpureus. Zonotrichia querula. Zonotrichia coronata. Zonotrichia albicollis. Melospiza fasciata. Cardinalis cardinalis. Piranga rubra cooperi. Vireo solitarius cassinii. Dendroica czerulescens. Dendroica rara. Seiurus aurocapillus. Icteria virens. Sylvania pusilla pileolata. Harporhynchus bendirei. Turdus aonalaschke pallasii. Saxicola cenanthe. g. Regular visitants from the east or southeast. Colaptes auratus. Tyrannus tyrannus.* Quiscalus quiscula ceneus. * Spizella socialis.* Spiza americana.* Helminthophila celata.* Compsothlypis americana.* *Breeding. Dendroica coronata. Galeoscoptes carolinensis.* Harporhynchus rufus.* Sitta carolinensis. * Polioptila czerulea.* Merula migratoria. * Sialia sialis.* 1o. Rare or irregular visitants from the east or southeast. Xema sabinii. Anas obscura. Branta bernicla. Ajaja ajaja. Philohela minor. Elanoides forficatus. Ictinia mississippiensis. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. Sphyrapicus varius. Melanerpes carolinus. Phalenoptilus nuttalli nitidus. Milvulus forficatus. Sayornis pheebe. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Icterus spurius. Icterus galbula. Scolecophagus carolinus. Carpodacus purpureus. Zonotrichia querula. Zonotrichia albicollis. Melospiza fasciata. Cardinalis cardinalis. Passerina cyanea. Vireo olivaceus. Mniotilta varia. Helminthophila peregrina. Dendroica cerulescens. Dendroica maculosa. Dendroica rara. Dendroica striata. Seiurus aurocapillus. Icteria virens. Saxicola cenanthe. 1. Regular visitants from the west or southwest. Anas cyanoptra. Grus canadensis. Columba fasciata. Glaucidium gnoma. Geococcyx californianus. Dryobates scalaris bairdi. 16 BIRDS OF COLORADO. Cypseloides niger borealis. Dendroica gracie. Trochilus alexandri. Dendroica nigrescens. Selasphorus rufus. Dendroica townsendi. Myiarchus cinerascens. Catherpes mexicanus consper- Amphispiza bilineata. sus. : Amphispiza belli nevadensis. Parus inornatus griseus. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus. Psaltriparus plumbeus. Guiraca ceerulea eurhyncha. Nore. All of these species have been found breeding in Colorado ex- cept Grus canadensis. 12. Rare or irregular visitants from the west or southwest. Plegadis guarauna. Myiarchus lawrencei olivas- Callipepla squamata. cens. ; Callipepla gambeli.* Junco phzeonotus dorsalis. Melopelia leucoptera. Pipilo aberti.* Accipiter atricapillus striatu- Piranga rubra cooperi. lus. Vireo solitarius cassinii. Zonotrichia coronata. Turdus aonalaschkee. *Breeding. SUMMARY. ‘Total species in Colotads snninonasecssse sce se Sees 360 i, Residents 222-221 .25'-2 220 5-sssteesesecsensse 87 2. Regular winter visitants from the north-------~- 24 3. Regular breeders that sometimes occur in winter-- 17 4. Rare or accidental winter visitants-------------- 22 & Summer residents. ee ceceee sce 228 A. Breeding on plains and in mountains____-_-_ IOI B. Breeding on plains, but not in mountains__ 34 C. Breeding in mountains, but not on plains__ 53 D. Breeding principally in mountains, spar- ingly on plains_.._-_--------------------- 20 E. Breeding regularly only in southern Colo- TadOe S55 Ske gee ee SE a ee are 20 6. Summer visitants, not known to breed-_-------_-_ 15 fir 4 AUS ot eee chet se ae ae a 58 8. Bttragglers —-2- nanan enneesa noes oe ee ous 48 g. Regular visitants from east and southeast-____--- 14 10. Rare visitants from east and southeast-___..___-- 33 11. Regular visitants from west and southwest______- 20 12. Rare visitants from west and southwest-_-_------ 12 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 17 DATES OF MIGRATION. The notes on migration given in the following table are designed to show the different time at which the same species of birds arrive at different places and altitudes in Colorado as compared with the time of their arrival in the same latitude farther east and at a lower altitude. St. Louis, Mo., is thirty miles farther north than Fort Lyon, Colo., and one hundred and twenty miles south of Loveland, Colo. Hence, according to latitude, the birds should arrive in St. Louis about the same time as at Fort Lyon. But it is found that in fact they reach St. Louis on the average about twelve days before they appear at Fort Lyon. ‘The dates of arrival seem to indicate an aver- age difference of six days between Fort Lyon and Loveland. The distance between these two places is one hundred and fifty miles, or an average movement for the birds of twenty-five miles per day. This agrees quite closely with the average of twenty-eight miles per day that was found to be the usual speed of migration in the Mississippi valley. The birds arrive at Idaho Springs about twenty-five days later than at Loveland, the result of the nearly three thousand feet more of altitude at the former place. The records that follow for St. Louis, Mo., were taken by Mr. O. Widmann during the spring of 1884, and published on pages 33-37 of ‘‘ Bird Migration in oe Valley.” The records for Fort Lyon were made by Capt. P. M. Thorne, U. S. A., and those at Loveland by Mr. Wm. G. Smith. | These records were made for the Division of Ornithology and Mam- malogy of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, and the present writer is indebted to the chief of the division, Dr. C. Hart Merriam, ‘for copies of these records. The notes from Idaho Springs are those taken by Mr. T. M. Trippe, and pub- lished by Dr. Coues in ‘‘ Birds of the Northwest.” It is understood, of course, that when dates are given for western varieties that do not occur at St. Louis, it is meant that the western variety was noted in Colorado and its eastern rep- resentative at St. Louis. Thus, merula migratoria propingua was seen at Fort Lyon, while merula migratoria was the bird seen at St. Louis. All the dates given are those on which the first individu- als of the species were seen. 2 18 DATES OF ARRIVAL. BIRDS OF COLORADO. St. Lours,| Fr. Lyon, LOVELAND, IDAHO Mo CoLo, COLo. PERINGE: a " a CoLo., 1884. 1883-1886. 1887-1890. 1873. Dafila acuta Jan. 30 _. | Mch. 14-Apr.1 | Jan. 27-Feb. 10 Aythya americana ___..._......--.. | .--------- Feb. 22-Mch. 1 | Feb. 2-Mch. 6_. Anas carolinensis. Feb. 18 _. | Feb. 20-Mch. 3 | Feb. 21 ____-_ Anas strepera__ Sialia arctica__ Aythya vallisneria Larus delawarensis _ Spatula clypeata Aythya affinis_. Anas americana. Merula migratori: ZEgialitis vocifera Charitonetta albeola Chen hyperborea _ Falco sparverius _ Anas cyanoptera. Anas discors _____ Fulica americana Totanus melanoleucus__ Falco peregrinus anatum. Tringa bairdii _______._--. Sialia mexicana bairdi Sayornis saya____.___. Oroscoptes montanus.___ Pipilo maculatus megalonyx. Zonotrichia leucophrys____- Erismatura jamaicensis 4igialitis montana___....__-...- Speotyto cunicularia hypogea_ Grus americana__________-__-. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis_ Rallus virginianus.______.______--- Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides_ Zenaidura macroura______.__.--_-- Xanthocephalus conic eal . Recurvirostra americana _ Numenius longirostris__ Anthus pensilvanicus_ Totanus flavipes ___ Podilymbus podicep: Poocetes gramineus confinis_ Cathartes aura_.___--_-__-._-._- Scolecophagus cyanocephalus._ Dendroica auduboni. Tringa minutilla___ Totanus solitarius _ Ammodramus savannarum perpal- jidus Ardea herodias __ Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Chelidon erythrogaster____... Progne subis___.__.___- Petrochelidon lunifroms __________. Jan. 30 __ Mch. 11-_- Jan. 30 _. Mch. g-I2. Mch, 27-Apr. 1 APf. 7 .-------- APr. 4-20. Mch. 7___. Mch. 1__ Mch. 31 Mch. 26 Apr. 29-May 12 Apr. 28-May 7 Mch, 21-29____- Mch. 25-Apr. 13 Mch. 25-Apr. 13 Mch. 10-25.___. Mch. 26-Apr. 6 Mch. 2 Apr. Apr. Apr. 4 Mch. 27-Apr. 5 Mch. 27-Apr. 18 Mch. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. --- May Io BIRDS OF COLORADO. DATES OF ARRIVAL— Continued. 19 ST. Louis. Fr. Lyon, LOVELAND, IDAHO SPRINGS, Mo., COLo., COLo., ConO 1884. 1883-1886. 1887-1890. 1873 ‘ Nycticorax nycticorax nzvius_____ Apr. 25.__.__-. ZEgialitis meloda circumcincta Apr. 25-May 5 asec ad Dendroica coronata_____________.-. Apr. 24-25.__.- ---Apr. 25 Turdus aonalaschke auduboni Apr. 25-May 7 | ---May 25 Myadestes townsendii.. APT) 425. eciscee - Resident Spizella pallida.___..._- Tachycineta thalassina _ Stelgidopteryx serripenni: Limosa fedoa__-....------ Tringa alpina pacifica.__ Macrorhampus scolopaceus_ Melospiza fasciata montana Steganopus tricolor _____ Salpinctes obsoletus____ oe Cistothorus palustris paludicola___ Colymbus nigricollis californicus._ Spizella socialis arizonz_ Phalaropus lobatus.____ Helminthophaga celata Melospiza lincolnii ___.__....._-.-. Symphemia semipalmata inornata Clivicola riparia_____..-----.------- Tachycineta bicolor_ Sterna forsteri ____.- Oreospiza chlorura. Larus franklinii ____ Ereuntes pusillus_ Dendroica estiva___ Passerina amcena -_.._.. cee sieeve Chondestes grammacus strigatus Tyrannus verticalis __ Contopus richardsonii Tyrannus tyrannus_____ Turdus ustulatus swainson: Setophaga ruticilla___ Dendroica nigrescens_ Icterus bullocki_____ Geothlypis trichas 0 Ereuntes occidentalis________._ Calamospiza melanocorys..__ Troglodytes aédon aztecus__ Piranga ludoviciana _. Harporhynchus rufus. Geothlypis macgillivrayi Vireo solitarius plumbeus _ Galeoscoptes carolinensis Contopus borealis Vireo gilvus.___ Vireo olivaceus Dendroica striata.__ Empidonax minimus. Mimus polyglottos__ Sylvania pusilla... _____ Aéronautes melanoleucus_ Botaurus lentiginosus___ Zamelodia melanocephala_ Helminthophaga peregrina. Micropalama himantopus May 10-15___ Apr. 21-May 10 20 BIRDS OF COLORADO. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COLORADO ORNITHOLOGY. The following list of publications, concerning the birds of Colorado, is believed to be practically complete with the follow- ing exceptions: No record has been made of the reviews or notices that have appeared of these publications. Some twenty- three articles have been omitted as being but incidental refer- ences and having no valuable bearing on the subject matter in hand. One important particular should be noted in regard to the following pages. While referring to the book or article by its title as a whole, the explanatory notes have reference to only that part of the work that deals with Colorado birds as such explicitly. All implied references have been neglected. Even such a broad and comprehensive statement as “found in the entire Rocky Mountain region” has not been deemed sufficient to warrant considering it a Colorado reference. No reference whatever is made to all that part of the publications that deals with other matters. The names of the authors are arranged alphabetically and the articles under each author in chronological order. AIKEN, C. E. and Hotpen, C. H. Jr. Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado Territories. By C. H. Holden, Jr. with additional memoranda by C. E. Aiken. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XV. 1872, pp. 193-270. The paper is edited by T. M. Brewer who states that Mr. Holden’s notes are based on birds and eggs found ‘‘in the northern part of Colorado and south- ern part of Wyoming Territories.” As no record is given of the precise localities where each species was obtained, Mr. Holden’s notes cannot be quoted with any certainty as referring to Colorado. The records of Mr. Aiken were taken near Fountain, El Paso County, between November 1, 1871 and May 1872, and formed an important contribu- tion to the knowledge of Colorado birds. The paper treats of 142 species, fully annotated, of which 59 are for the first time accredited to Colorado. AIKEN, C. E. A Glimpse at Colorado andits Birds. Am. Nat. VII. 1873, p. 13. Field notes on 21 species of birds seen in October in El] Paso County. AIKEN, C. E. A New Species of Sparrow. Am. Nat. VIT. 1873, p. 236. Description of Centronyx ochrocephalus since ascertained to be a syno- nym of 4. daivdii. Taken in El Paso County, Colorado. BIRDS OF COLORADO. ar AIKEN, C. E. The Nidification of the Blue Crow and of the Gray-headed Snowbird. Am. Sportsman, V. 1875, p. 370. Contains the first published description of the nest and eggs of the Blue Crow ( Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus ) also the first description of the nest and eggs of the Gray-headed Snowbird (/unco caniceps ). AIKEN, C. E. Notes on the Ornithology [of Colorado] observed by Mr. C. E. Aiken, Assistant. Ann. Rept Chief of Engineers, 1875, part If. Appendix LL, p. 1070. A short sketch of the birds observed by him ina trip from Pueblo to Pagosa Springs and return by way of the San Luis Valley. These notes, in a much fuller form, are included in H. W. Henshaw’s report on the Birds of the ‘Geographical Explorations and Surveys west of the one hundredth meridian. ALLEN, J. A. Notes of an Ornithological Reconnoissance of portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming and Utah. Au/. Mus. Comp. Zool. IIT. 1872, pp. 113-183. A notable paper for the student of the historical side of Colorado Ornith- ology, as it contains the first real ‘‘local list’? ever published of Colorado birds. All that had been written previous to this time on the birds of Colorado treats of less than twenty-five species, while this paper mentions more than three times that number. It is not meant that no ornithologists previous to this time had visited Colorado, but that their observations had not at this time been published. Mr. Allen’s paper contains in addition to notes on birds from other states, a list of birds observed in Colorado, July-August, 1871 (81 species); in South Park, Colorado, July, 1871 (54 species); on Mount Lincoln, Colorado, July, 1871 (36 species). Of these 84 species are for the first time accredited to Colorado. ALLEN, J. A. and BREWSTER, Wm. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Colorado Springs, Colorado, during March, April and May, 1882. &. MN. O.C. VIIT. 1883, pp. 157 and 189. Notes on the arrival, abundance and breeding of 134 species. Also tech- nical notes by Mr. Brewster on the specific characters of 14 species. The first and only records for Colorado of Bendire’s Thrasher and the Florida Gallinule are given here. Mr. Brewster here gives the original description of Helmintho- phila celata lutescens, but without including Colorado in its geographical range, where however it has been taken by subsequent observers. ALLEN, J. A. On the Avi-Fauna of Pinal County, with Re- marks on some Birds of Pima and Gila Counties, Arizona. By W. E. D. Scott, with annotations by J. A. Allen. Azé&, V. 1888, p. 760. States that Troglodytes aedon aztecus is the form found in Colorado. ALLEN, J. A. The North American Species of the Genus Colaptes considered with Special Reference to the Re- lationships of C. auratus and C. cafer. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. IV. No. 1, 1892, artecle If. p. 27. Considers that true auratus, true cafer and also the mixed forms are found in Colorado. AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. ‘The Code of Nomen- clature and Check List of North American Birds, adopted by the American Ornithologists’ Union, being the Report 22 BIRDS OF COLORADO. of the Committee of the Union on Classification and No- menclature. New York: American Ornithologists’ Union, 1886. Contains specific Colorado references to 35 species. AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union. Check List of North American Birds, prepared by a Committee of the American Ornithologists’ Union. Second and Revised Edition. New York: American Ornithologists’ Union, 1895. Contains specific Colorado references to 53 species. Anruony, A. W. Winter Plumage of Lewcosticte australs. Auk, IV. 1887, p. 257. Description of the plumage of male, female and young, based on speci~ mens taken at Gold Hill, Colorado. Antuony, A. W. The Scaled Partridge (Calipepla squamata) in Colorado. Auk, XII. 1895, p. 388. A freshly killed bird seen in a taxidermist shop during the winter of 1892-3; said to have been killed on the Platte River near Denver. BairpD, S. F., Cassin, J. and Lawrence, G. N. Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under the direction of the Secretary of War in 1853-6, according to Acts of Con- gress of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. Vol. IX. Birds: by Spencer F. Baird, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institution, with the co-operation of John Cassin and George N. Lawrence. Capt. Gunnison’s party and that of Lieut. Warren brought back skins and records of about twenty species of birds that have nothing but an historical value in this connection. ‘They are included in the above volume with the records of the other surveying parties. BairD, S. F. Pacific Railroad Reports as above, Vol. X. Route near the 38th and 39th parallels explored by Cap- tain J. W. Gunnison, and near the 41st parallel, explored by Lieutenant E. G. Beckwith. Zoological Report No. 2. Report of Birds Collected on the Survey. By S. F. Baird. Contains munch the same notes from Gunnison’s party that had already been printed in Vol. IX. Unimportant records of 15 species. Bairp, S. F. Geological Survey of California. J. D. Whit- ney, State Geologist. Ornithology, Vol. 1. Land Birds. Edited by S. F. Baird from the manuscript and notes of J. G. Cooper. Published by authority of the legislature, 1870, pp. XI., 591. The only reference to Colorado ornithology is the appearance here under the name of Leucosticte campestris of a specimen of Leucosticte tephrocotis sent from Denver to the Smithsonian, January, 1862, by Dr. C. Wernigk. This is the first record for this species from Colorado. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 23 BairD, S. F., BREWER, T. M. and Ripeway, R. A History of North American Birds. Land Birds, Vol. I.-[III.]. Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1874. 3 vols. Contains specific Colorado references on 54 species, nothing of which is new material. BATCHELDER, C. F. Description of the First Plumage of Clarke’s Crow. Auk, Vol. 7. 1884, p. 76. Specimens obtained in Chaffee County, Colorado. BATCHELDER, C. F. An Undescribed Subspecies of Dryobates pubescens. Auk, VT. 1880, p. 253. Describes D. p. orewcus (=homorus) with type from Loveland, Colorado. Batty, J. H. The U. S. Geological Survey. Forest and Stream, I. August 28, 1873, p. 35. Brief notes of a trip from Denver to Buffalo Peaks. Mentions seven spe. cies of common birds and in addition says: ‘'I have also taken the nest, eggs and young of the Regulus calendula (ruby-crowned wren), which have never been taken before.’ Batty, J. H. The White-tailed Ptarmigan—Lagopus leucu- rus. Forest and Stream, I. January 29, 1874, p. 390. Seen in winter in the foothills of South Park, Colorado. BEeckHAM, C. W. The Black-headed Grosbeak (Zame/loaza melanocephala). O. and O. VIII. 1883, p. 63. Notes on the nest and eggs. A male seen incubating near Pueblo, Colo- rado. BreckuamM, C. W. Notes on Some of the Birds of Pueblo, Colorado. Auk, //. 1885, p. 739. Brief records of the movements of 91 species of birds. Contains the first record for Colorado of Zhryothorus bewickii leucogaster and, with one excep- tion, the only record to date. BECKHAM, C. W. Additional Notes on the Birds of Pueblo County, Colorado. Auk, /V. 1887, p. 720. Addition of 22 species to the 91 previously noted and further notes on 28 species in the original list. First records for Colorado of Zonotrichia que- rula and Z. albicollis. There has been a second specimen of the latter taken; the former remains the only record for the state. BENDIRE, C. E. Notes on the Habits, Nests and Eggs of the Genus Sphyrapicus Baird. Auk, V. 1888, p. 226. Contains extended notes by Mr. Dennis Gale on the habits of S. v. nuchalis in Colorado. BENDIRE, C. E. Notes on the Habits, Nests and Eggs of the Genus Glaucidium Boie. Auk, V. 1888, p. 366. States that the form found in Colorado is G. gnoma. BENDIRE, C. KE. A Peculiar Nest of Czzclus mexicanus. Auk, VI, 1889, p. 75. Describes one taken by Mr. Dennis Gale at Gold Hill. 24 BIRDS OF COLORADO. BENDIRE, C. E. Pucicorous columbianus (Wils.), Clarke’s Nut- cracker. Its Nest and Eggs, etc. Auk, VT. 1889, p. 226. Notes made by Mr. Dennis Gale at Gold Hill, Colorado, together with a reprint of Bendire’s description of the first nest and eggs ever taken, specimens procured in Oregon, (Bendire, O. & O. 1882 pp. 105-107 and 113-114); anda reprint of Goss’ description of the nest he found at Fort Garland, Colorado, (Goss, B. N. O. C., VIII. 1883, ~. 447). Mr. Gale’s specimens are the third known to science. 1 BENDIRE, C. E. Description of the Nest and Eggs of Megas- cops asio maxwellig, the Rocky Mountain Screech Owl. Auk, VI. 1889, p. 298. The first nest known was taken by Mr. A. W. Anthony near Denver ; also several nests taken by Mr. Dennis Gale near Gold Hill. BENDIRE, C.K. Megascops asio maxwellia. Auk, VII. 1890, Dp. Of. Results of the examination of three ejected pellets sent by Mr. Dennis Gale from Gold Hill. BENDIRE, C. E. A Second Nest and Eggs of Picecorvus colum- bzanus taken in Colorado. Auk, VIL. 1890, p. 92. Taken by Mr. Dennis Gale at Gold Hill. BENDIRE, C. E. Smithsonian Institution. United States Na- tional Museum. Special Bulletin No. 1. Life Histories of North American Birds, with special reference to their Breeding Habits and Eggs, with twelve lithographic plates. By Charles Bendire, Captain U. S. Army (retired), Honor- ary Curator of the Department of Odlogy, ete. pp. VIII. 446. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1892. Descriptions of the nests and eggs of many species of Quail, Grouse, Doves, Hawks and Owls, of which 26 are specifically mentioned as occurring in Colorado. Contains many interesting and valuable notes by Mr. Dennis Gale, of Gold Hill, Colorado, on the breeding habits of birds in the Rocky Mountains. BENDIRE, C. E. Smithsonian Institution. United States Na- tional Museum. Special Bulletin [No. 3.] Life Histories of North American Birds from the Parrots to the Grackles, with special reference to their Breeding Habits and Eggs. By Charles Bendire, Captain and Brevet Major U. S. A. (retired). Honorary Curator of the Department of Oology, U. S. National Museum, Member of the American Ornith- ologists’ Union. With seven lithographic plates. Wash- ington: Government Printing Office, 1895. pp. I-IX. 1-518. This is Part Il. of the work quoted above as Special Bulletin No. 1." It has the same general plan and style and the notes come from the same sources. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 25 BraAckeTT, A. E. Jack Snipein Colorado. Forest and Stream IX. 1877, p. 397. BRENINGER, G. F. Lincoln’s Sparrow and its Nesting. O. & O. XII. 1887, p. rgr. Nest with young taken July 5 at 12,000 feet. BRENINGER, G. F. Nesting of the Western Yellow Warbler. O. & O. XIII. 1888, p. 64. Short note on its breeding habits. BRENINGER, G. F. Nesting of the Green-tailed Towhee. 0. & O. XIII. 1888, p. go. Eggs taken late in June at 7,000 feet. BREWER, T. M. Exhibition ofa Pair of Plectrophanes mac- cownt from ‘‘California,’’ 2. ¢., Colorado. Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hrst. XV. 1873, p. 317. BREWER, T. M. Note on the Nesting and Eggs of Logopus leucurus. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XVI. 1874, p. 348. Taken by Mr. T. M. Trippe at Idaho Springs, Colorado, June 28, 1873, a thousand feet above timber-line. BREWER, T. M. [Letter on the Nest and Eggs of Dendreca audubont.| Tbts, gth Series 1877, p. 394. Fully described specimens from Summit County, Colorado. BREWER, T. M. Notes on /unco caniceps and the Closely Allied Forms. 2. MV. O. C. III. 1878, p. 72. Nest and eggs taken by J. H. Batty. Egg also taken July 12, 1876, in South Park. BREWER, T. M. The Rocky Mountain Golden-eye (Bucephala wslandica). B. N. O. C. IV. 1879, p. 148. First eggs in the United States probably taken by Edwin Carter in 1876 BREWER, T. M. The Rocky Mountain Whiskey Jack (Perz- soreus canadensis capitalis). B. N. O. C. LV. 1879, p. 239. Nest taken by Mr. Carter, April 2, 1879, at Breckenridge. BREWSTER, Wm. On a Collection of Birds lately made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona. B. M. O. C. VIII. 1883, p. 2!I. Refers to the occurrence of the Chapparel Cock in Colorado. BREWSTER, Wm. and ALLEN, J. A. See Allen, J. A. and Brewster, Wm. &. XW. O. C. I’T/T. 1883, pp. 157 and 189. BREWSTER, WM. Bendire’s Thrasher (Harporhynchus bendtret) in Colorado. B. N. O. C. VIL, 1883, p. 57. First and only capture in Colorado. 26 BIRDS OF COLORADO. BREWSTER, WM. Recent Occurrence of the Flammulated Owl in Colorado. B. MO. C. VIII. 1883, p. 123. Note from Mr. C. E. Aiken recording a young bird in nestling plumage taken near Manitou, and one taken at Mosca Pass, at the same place where Dr. Walbridge shot one four years previous. BREWSTER, Wm. The Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra strick- landi) in Kansas. By L. L. Dyche. Azk, /7/. 1886, p. 260. With a supplementary note by Mr. Brewster in which he states that Colorado specimens are much nearer stvicklandi than americana. BREWSTER, WM. Three New Forms of North American Birds. Auk, IV. 1887, p. 145. Describes a new subspecies Symphemia semipalmata inornata with types from Larimer County, Colorado. BREWSTER, Wm. On Three Apparently New Subspecies of Mexican Birds. Auk, V. 1888, p. 739. The Colorado Dendroica estiva is considered as a fair intermediate be- tween sonorana and morcomt., BREWSTER, Wo. Descriptions of Seven Supposed New North American Birds. Auk, VII. 1891, p. 739. Includes Megascops asio aikeni with type from F] Paso County, Colorado: Burns, FRANK L. The American Crow, (Corvus americanus) with Special Reference to its Nest and Eggs. Bull. No. 5 The Wilson Ornithological Chapter of the Agassiz Associ- ation, pp. I-41. Oberlin, Ohio, March 15, 1895. H. Kenas- ton’s print, Oberlin, Ohio. Contains notes from Colorado by Mr. F. M. Dille. Byers, W. N. Birds and Electric Light. Forest and Stream, AVITT, 1882, 366 Destruction of large numbers of birds by flying against the framework of the electric light towers in Denver, Colorado. CANTWELL, GEO. C. Doings of a Tenderfoot. O. & O. XV. 1890, p. 704. : Short notes on several species of common birds seen near Pike’s Peak. CoaLE, H. K. Ornithological Notes of a Flying Trip through Kansas, New Mexico, Arizona and Texas. Auk, XJ. 1894, p. 216. A few notes on five species of the winter birds of Fort Logan, near Den- ver, Colorado. CocKkERELL, T. D. A. The Second Report of the Colorado Biological Association. Custer County Courant [local newspaper |, December, 1888. Note from Chas. F. Morrison giving record of the capture of Ajaya ajaja at Silverton, Colorado. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 27 CockERELL, T. D. A. The Sixth Report of the Colorado Biological Association. Custer County Courant, January 16, 1889. aan from H W. Nash of the recent capture of the Pygmy Owl near CockERELL, T. D. A. The Ninth Report of the Colorado Biological Association. ‘Our Spring Migrants,” T. D. A. C[ockerell]. Custer County Courant, February, 1889. Dates of arrival for 1888 of 11 species. CocKkERELL, T. D. A. The Thirteenth Report of the Colorado Biological Association. Custer County Courant, March, 1889. Robins first seen near Short Creek, March 1g, 1889. [ Oversheets of all these reports were issued, unpaged and mostly un- dated ]. Cooxr, W. W. Ten New Birds for Colorado. Auk, XJ. 1894, p. 182. _ Records of some 15 species, of which Oidemia deglandi, Ardetta exilis, Calidris arenaria and Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, proved to be new birds for the State. CooxE, W. W. The Summer Range of Colorado Birds. Azé, XTT, 1895, p. 157. Gives recapitulation of the altitudes at which the birds breed in the State, but mentions only a few species by name. Cougs, E. Range of the Geococcyx californianus. Am. Nat- uralist, VII, 1873, p. 751. Quotes a letter from Dr. A. Woodhull on the occurrence of this species on the Arkansas River near Fort Lyon, Colorado. CouEs, E. Department of the Interior. United States Geolog- ical Survey of the Territories. F. V. Hayden. U. S. Geologist in Charge. Miscellaneous Publications No. 3. Birds of the Northwest. A Hand-book of The Ornithol- ogy of the Region drained by the Missouri River and its Tributaries. By Elliott Coues, Captain and Assistant Surgeon U. §. Army. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874. pp. XII. 7or. A large part of Colorado falling within the scope of this volume, there is here collected nearly all that had been written on Colorado birds up to this time. One hundred and forty-five species are attributed specifically to Colorado, in addition to many whose habitat includes Colorado by implication. But the most important part of the work with reference to Colorado, is the very full and valuable notes of Mr. T. M. Trippe on the birds in the vicinity of Idaho Springs. They form to-day the best record there is of the vertical movements of the birds in spring and fall migration. Cours, E. On the Breeding Habits, Nest and Eggs of the White-tailed Ptarmigan (ZL. leucurus). Bull. U. S. Geo- logical Surv. Terr. 2d series, No. 5, January 8, 1876, pp. 263-266. Most of the material on which these notes are based came from Colorado. 28 BIRDS OF COLORADO. Cougs, E. The Destruction of Birds by Telegraph Wire. Am. Naturalist, X. 1876, p. 734. A detailed account from observations in Colorado. Cours, E. Range of the Lanier Falcon. B. NM. O. CLL. 1877, p. 26. Very numerous in open portions of Colorado. Coues, E. Western Range of Conurus carolinensis. B. N. O. C. IL, 1877, p. 50. Letter from Mr. E. L. Berthoud of its occurrence from 1850 to 1862 at Golden, Denver, on the Little Thompson, and on the Arkansas River near old Fort Lyon. Cougs, E. Note on the Cinnamon Teal. B. W. O. C. LL 1877, p. 51. This and several other species very abundant, breeding at a small lake in North Park, Colorado. CouEs, E. Melopelia leucoptera in Colorado. B. NM. OJ C. LT. 1877, p. 8}. Note from Mr. E. L. Berthoud of seeing a dozen or more, July, 1869, at the head of Cub Creek, Jefferson County, Colorado. - Couxs, E. Nest and Eggs of Selasphorus platycercus. B. N. O. C. IIL, 1878, p. 95. Record of five nests found by Mr. E. A. Barber, July 26, 1875, in extreme southwestern Colorado. Covxs, E. Department of the Interior, United States Geolog- ical Survey of the Territories. F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist in charge. Miscellaneous Publications No. 11. Birds of the Colorado Valley. A Repository of Scientific and Popular Information Concerning North American Ornithology. By Elliott Coues. Part First. FPasseres to Lanide. Bibliographical Appendix. Seventy Illustra- tions. pp. XVI. 807. Washington: Government Print- ing Office, 1878. Contains a good deal of material on Colorado birds, but it is all quoted from Henshaw’s Report on the Surveys West of the Hundredth Meridian. q. v. Cours, E. Nest and Eggs of Catherpes mexicanus conspersus. B.N. O. C. V. 1880, p. r8r. Nest with five eggs taken by Mr. H. D. Minot at Manitou, June 8, 1880. Couxzs, E. Nest and Eggs of Myzadestes townsendit. B. N. O. C. VIIT. 1883, p. 239. Description of nest and eggs found by Mr. Wm. G. Smith in Jefferson County, Colorado. Couss, E. Nest and Eggs of Parus montanus. B. N. O. C. VIIT. 1883, p. 239. Description of both taken by Mr. Wm. G. Smith. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 29 Cours, E. Key to North American Birds, Etc. Fourth Edition, 1890. Gives specific Colorado references for 35 species. DaviE, OLIVER. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. By Oliver Davie. The Fourth Edition. Introduction by J. Parker Norris. Illustrations by Theodore Jasper, A. M., M. D., and W. Otto Emerson. pp. XII. 451. Columbus, Hann & Adair, 1889. Contains specific references to 77 species of birds as breeding in Colorado. DEANE, RUTHVEN. Capture of a Third Specimen of the Flam- mulated Owl (Scops flammeola) in the United States and First Discovery of its Nest. 2. NM. O. C. ZV. 1879, p. 188. Taken by Mr. C. E, Aiken at Poncha Pass, Fremont County, June 15, 1875; also the nest with one egg. This is the first record of its breeding in Colorado. DEANE, RUTHVEN. The Old Squaw (Clangula hyemalts) in Colorado. Auk, XJI. 1895, p. 292. A male and female, shot by Mr. John B. Sibley near Denver, November 13, 1892. This is the first record for Colorado. DILLE, F. M. Nesting of 1895, aud they have several times been taken in Kansas. There is no record of their breeding far out on the plains of Colorado, but judging from their known habits it is probable that a few breed locally over much of the country from the mountains to Kansas. In north central Colorado, at the western edge of the plains, a scattered pair or two cau be found breeding in most of the sloughs or marshes. West of the range, Henshaw found them breeding in southern Colorado in June and Dr. Coues notes them as very abundant breeding at small lakes in North Park. They are among the later migrants of the ducks arriy- ing in northern Colorado early in April, and by the middle of June have full clutches of eggs. 142. Spatula clypeata. SHOVELLER. Summer resident; common, locally; in migration, abund- ant. This duck inhabits the whole of North America and is BIRDS OF COLORADO. 55 among the few that breed throughout their range. It has been taken all over Colorado, but apparently is more common as a breeder in the western half, not because it is more common there in migration, but it seems to prefer the higher altitude. Records of its breeding on the plains are not numerous, but in the mountain parks at about 8,000 feet it is one of the most numerous of the summer resident ducks. 143. Dafila acuta. PINTAIL. Summer resident; rare; in migration; common; winter resident, rare. Some days during spring and fall migration this duck is very common on the plains. It is a bird of the plains, seldom going above 6,000 feet. A few remain around open water on the plains through the winter. It was recorded several years ago as breeding in the State (Ridgway, Bull. Es- sex Inst. V. 1873, 174), though it usually breeds from the northern row of states in the United States northward. Both W. G. Smith and G. F. Breninger write that it breeds in Lari- mer County, east of the foothills. 144. Aix sponsa. Woop Duck. Summer resident; rare. Occurs over all of the United States and breeds throughout its range, but it must be con- sidered as one of the rare ducks in Colorado. It has been taken at Loveland and is occasionally taken on the lakes near Denver. C. F. Morrison says, ‘I found this duck at Fort Lewis, where it no doubt breeds, although I found no nest. Abundant about the headwaters of the Rio La Plata at an elevation of 9,500 feet.” (O. & O. XIII. 1888, 165.) 146. Aythya americana. REDHEAD. Migratory; common. Breeds farnorth. Is more common in Colorado than the Canvas-back and occurs throughout the State. Is one of the earlier ducks to move in the spring and occasionally a few appear in the fall by the middle of September, sometime before the regular flight begins. 147. Aythya vallisneria. CANVAS-BACK. Migratory; not common. A few are observed spring and fall over all of the State, and sometimes quite large flocks are noted. It lingers late in the fall and has even been noted in the winter on the plains. Breeds far north. 148. Aythya marila nearctica. AMERICAN ScauP DUCK. Migratory; rare. Occurs on both sides of the range, but never common anywhere. Has been seen as late as December in southwestern Colorado at 9,000 feet. (Drew, B. N. O. C. VI. 1881, 85.) Breeds far north. 56 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 149. Aythya affinis. LESSER Scaup DUCK. Migratory; not common. Its range is much the same as the last species, but it is rather more common. Occasionally found in southern Colorado in winter. Reaches northern Colo- rado early in March. 150. Aythya collaris. RING-NECKED DUCK. Migratory; rare. It is a little strange that this duck should be so uncommon as it seems to be in Colorado, since it is more common in Kansas than either of the others. Probably occurs on both sides of the range, though all the records are on the plains east of the foothills. Breeds far north. 151. Clangula clangula americana. AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE. Migratory; rare. Occurs throughout the State, but never common. Breeds far north, but begins to migrate early. C. E. Aiken took one in southern Colorado at 9,o0oo feet on August 30, 1874. 152. Clangula Islandica. BARROW’sS GOLDEN-EYE. Resident; not common. ‘The distribution of Barrow’s Golden-eye in Colorado is rather strange. It is a northern spe- cies, coming south in the winter to Colorado, and then when spring returns quite a share of these winter birds remain to breed in the mountains. So there results the queer condition of a northern species breeding in the mountains almost at the extreme southern limit of its range. On the plains it is a rare migrant and winter visitant; in the mountains it has been found breeding throughout the whole western half of Colorado, usually at about 8,000 feet. Chas. F. Morrison has the following note concerning its occurrence: ‘‘This species might almost be called a resident in southwestern Colorado. I can record its breeding in Dolores County,. and have taken them all through the winter in the ponds below Fort Lewis.” (O. & O. XIII. 1888, 165.) It nests in trees. There are no records of its ex- tending much east of the mountains far out on the plains, and it never has been taken in Kansas. 153. Charitonetta albeola. BUFFLE-HEAD. Migratory; common. Occurs throughout the State in migration, and is likely to be found near any open water in the winter. Breeds far north. 154. Harelda hyemalis. OLp-Souaw. Winter visitant; rare. A northern species coming south into Colorado in the late fall and winter. ‘The only records come from the north central part of the state where G. F. Breninger writes that he found a dead bird on the shore of one BIRDS OF COLORADO, 57 of the lakes near Fort Collins. J. B. Sibley shot a male and female on McKay Lake near Denver, November 13, 1892. (Deane, Auk, XII. 1895, 292.) 155. Histrionicus histrionicus. HARLEQUIN DUCK. Resident; not common. This is regularly a northern species, breeding far north and coming into Colorado in the winter as it does over the Mississippi Valley to the eastward. But a few remain to breed at about 10,000 feet in the mountains more particularly of western Colorado. C. F. Morrison says: “T believe it breeds in both the San Juan and La Plata coun- ties. * * * [have often seen it through the winter below Fort Lewis on the Ute reservation together with G. zslandica.” (O. & O. XIII. 1888, 165.) F. M. Drew gives it as breeding from 7,000 to 10,000 feet. (Auk, II. 1885, rr.) 163 Oidemia americana. AMERICAN SCOTER. Winter visitant; rare. This and the next two are “Surf Ducks” that breed far north and come south in the winter, principally along the coast, but a few visit the larger inland waters. One would suppose them out of place in arid Colorado, but professional hunters expect to see a few of them each year. An Ainerican Scoter is in Mrs. Maxwell’s collection and G. F. Breninger writes that he found a dead one near Fort Collins. 165. Oidemia deglandi. WHITE-WINGED SCOTER. Winter visitant; rare. G. F. Breninger reports the cap- ture of three specimens, one of which, taken November 3, 1890, is now in the cabinet of the State Agricultural College at Fort Collins. H.G. Smith reports four specimens as follows: one at Marston’s Lake, near Denver, October, 1887; one on Lee’s Lake, near Fort Collins, October 23, 1888; one taken by Wm. G. Smith, at Loveland; one at Sloan’s Lake, near Denver, October 16, 1890. (Nidologist, III. 1896, 48.) 166. Oidemia perspicillata. SuRF SCOTER. Winter visitant; rare. Prof. Wm. Osburn writes that he saw one in the collection of Wm. G. Smith, taken at Loveland. H. G. Smith says that one was taken at Marston’s Lake, near Denver, October, 1887, in company with the specimen of O. deglandi mentioned above. (Nidologist, III. 1896, 48.) 167. Erismatura jamaicensis. Ruppy Duck. Summer resident; common. Occurs on both sides of the range in migration and during the breeding season is not un- common in the mountains up to 10,000 feet. East from the mountains it becomes less common in summer until along the 58 BIRDS OF COLORADO. eastern border of Colorado it rarely nests, though still common in migration. It is rather late to arrive in the spring and the eggs are laid by the middle of June. 169. Chen hyperborea. LESSER SNOW GOOSE. Migrant and winter resident; not common. A few are seen during migration spring and fall along the plains east of the mountains. There is no record of their wintering on the plains though probably they are at least an occasional winter visitant to the open waters of southeastern Colorado. Twenty years ago Henshaw heard of them as wintering abundantly in the San Luis Valley. But they are much less common every- where in the Rocky Mountain region now than they were then. West and southwest of Colorado they still remain fairly abund- ant. Breeds far north. 169a. Chen hyperborea nivalis. GREATER SNOW GOOSE. Migratory; rare. The eastern form, not coming regularly as far west as Colorado, being confined mostly to the Atlantic coast. A specimen shot by Pres. Z. X. Snyder east of Greeley, March 20, 1895, is a little longer than the greatest length given for the Greater Snow Goose. This is the only certain Colorado record. 71a. Anser albifrons gambeli. AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. Migratory; rare. Probably the rarest Goose that regularly occurs in Colorado. A few have been taken in migration in eastern Colorado. 172. Branta canadensis. CANADA GOOSE. Summer resident, rare except locally; winter resident, not common; in migration, common. The most common Goose of the State. It might almost be called resident since there is no time in the year when there are not some in the State, but it is probable that the same individuals do not remain here throughout the year, those that breed in Colorado going farther south for the winter and their places being taken by those that nested further north. On the plains of eastern Colorado they are known only as migrants and winter residents. In the mountains they breed along the higher secluded lakes at about 10,000 feet, especially in North Park, where Dr. Coues found them breeding in large numbers. (B. N. O. C. II. 1887, 51.) A few remain in southern Colorado through the winter and they are likely to appear irregularly anywhere east of the range ex- cept in the severest weather. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 59 172a. Branta canadensis hutchinsii. Hurcuins’s Goose. Migratory; common. Not quite so common as the Canada Goose and breeding only north of the United States. Passes through in migration spring and fall anda few may winter, since it has been taken as late as December. 173. Branta bernicla. Brant. Migratory; rare or accidental. An eastern species seldom coming so far west as Colorado. A specimen was shot by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon, April 11, 1883, and though it was not preserved there can scarcely be any doubt of the correctness of the identification. 180. Olor columbianus. WHISTLING SwAN. Migratory; not common. In former years Swans were fairly common over much of western North America. Now they are rare anywhere but are still found in migration in Colo- rado. H.G. Smith mentions four cases of the occurrence of the Whistling Swan at various places in eastern Colorado and says he has heard of others. (Nidologist, III. 1896, 48.) One was shot from a flock of three at Fort Collins, March 16, 1895 and preserved by a local taxidermist. 181. Olor buccinator. TRUMPETER SWAN. Migratory; rare. Apparently not so common as the last species. There was a specimen in the Maxwell collection and H. G. Smith reports two instances that have come to his knowl- edge. It has never been known to breed in Colorado, though breeding but a little farther north in the Mississippi Valley. One was shot during the fall of 1896 near Fort Collins. 183. Ajaja ajaja. ROSEATE SPOONBILL. Accidental visitant; two instances. A southern species not regularly occurring north of the Gulf States. In a letter dated June 17, 1888, T. M. Trippe, of Howardsville, Colo., writes to C. F. Morrison, as follows: ‘‘A Rosy Spoonbill was captured at Silverton, Colo., the other day. It was caught alive, but died in a day or two. It was a female in fine spring plumage.” (O. & O. XIII. 1888, 181.) H. G. Smith notes a specimen in very worn plumage August 8, 1890. Said to have been taken near Pueblo. (Nidologist, III. 1896, 65.) 184. Guara alba. WHITE IBIS. Migratory; rare. A southern species, but once known to have been taken in Colorado, but since it has been taken at Great Salt Lake to the west and up the Mississippi Valley to South Dakota, its occurrence in Colorado may not be acci- 60 BIRDS OF COLORADO. dental. The only record for Colorado is the one noted by H. G. Smith that was shot in 1890 at Barr Lake, east of Denver. (Nidologist, III. 1896, 65.) [185.] Guara rubra. ScaRLeT Isrts. Accidental. A tropical species that is recorded but four times from the United States. The first three were found, one each, in Florida, Louisiana and Texas; the fourth and last in Colorado. A finely plumaged adult male was shot in the Wet Mountains, May, 1876. ‘The mounted bird is still in the pos- session of Mr. Livesey, who until 1894 resided in Pueblo. This is the most wonderful record in the whole list of Colorado birds, but there is no doubt whatever of its correctness. 187. Plegadis guarauna. WHITE-FACED GLossy IBIS. Summer visitant; rare. Though fairly common locally in New Mexico and Arizona, the Ibis seldom goes as far north as Colorado. H. G. Smith says that it is occasionally reported by sportsmen. He has examined three specimens from Marston’s Lake, near Denver, and one from Pueblo. Other specimens have been purchased in the Denver market. (Nidologist, III. 1896, 65.) P. B. Peabody reports one purchased at Colorado Springs and killed in that vicinity. (Nidologist, II. 1895, 116.) "There was a specimen in the Maxwell collection, and Prof. Wm. Osburn writes that Wm. G. Smith of Loveland had one in his collection. From its occurrence in Colorado in the summer Mr. Ridgway concludes that it breeds in the State in the ‘marshes of valleys.’’ (Bull. Essex Institute, V. 1873, 174). The present writer knows of no nests that have ever been taken in Colorado. ; 188. Tantalus loculator. Woop IBIs. Summer visitant; rare. There was a mounted specimen of this southern species in the Maxwell collection and this seems to be the basis for the earlier references to its occurrence in Colorado. When and where this specimen was taken can not now be learned. There seems to be no authentic basis for a certain published statement that it breeds in Colorado, except the well-known fact that it ordinarily breeds throughout its range. Mr. C. E. Aiken informs the present writer that he knows of two specimens that have been taken in Colorado. 190. Botaurus lentiginosus. AMERICAN BITTERN. Summer resident; common. Occurs throughout the State, breeding from the plains to about 7,000 feet. Arrives late in April and begins laying by the middle of May. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 61 191. Ardetta exilis. Least BITTER. Summer visitant; rare. ‘The only record for Colorado is a stuffed specimen now at Colorado Springs that was killed in the immediate vicinity. It is a little strange that no more is known of this bird in Colorado. It isa common bird in Kan- sas and extends clear across to the Pacific Ocean, though less common west of the Rocky Mountains. Under these condi- tions it must be more common in Colorado than its record would indicate. 194. Ardea herodias. GREAT BLUE HERON. Summier resident, not uncommon; in migration, common. Occurs throughout the lower portions of the State seldom going much above 5,000 feet, but a few find their way into the mount- ain parks. Around Fort Collins it is a rather common breeder, all the nests being placed on the tops of the tallest cottonwoods on the banks of the Cache La Poudre. In other parts of the State it sometimes selects more lowly nesting sites. Arrives in northern Colorado early in April. 197. Ardea candidissima. Snowy HERon. Suminer visitant; rare; not known to breed. At least seven specimens have been secured in Colorado and several others reported, representing both sides of the range, but all from the lower portions, not above 5,000 feet. 198. ‘Ardea rufescens. REDDISH EGRET. Summer visitant; rare or accidental; not known to breed. In the collection of C. E. Aiken, of Colorado Springs, there is a young bird of this species shot near that city. The bird is not young enough to indicate that it was hatched in the vicin- ity, but probably wandered north in the fall after having been reared much farther south. This is the only record for Colo- rado. 202. Nycticorax nycticorax nzvius. BLACK-CROWNED NicutT HERon. Summer resident; not comimon and local; in migration, not uncommon. Since it occurs through most of the United States, this Heron probably will be found west of the range, but at present all of the records refer to the plains country east of the Rockies and not above 5,500 feet. It breeds throughout itstange. ‘Thereis a heronry of this species a few miles from Fort Collins. Six years ago it consisted of about fifty pairs; now it is reduced to about half that number. The nests are close together occupying less than half an acre on an island in the Cache La Poudre River. The eggs are laid about the first of June, the birds arriving the middle of April. 62 BIRDS OF COLORADO. . 203. Nycticorax violaceus. YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Summer visitant; rare. A southern species coming casu- ally north to Colorado. Not known to breed. The only re- corded specimen is the one in Mrs. Maxwell’s collection and that is known to have been taken in Colorado, but where can not now be learned. 204. Grus americana. WHOOPING CRANE. Migratory; rare. A Mississippi Valley species reaching its most western extension in Colorado at the western edge of the plains, where it was first recorded by C. E. Aiken who marks it as “‘seen occasionally in migration.’’ It has since been noted by Wm. G. Smith at Loveland and there is a very fine mounted specimen in the museum of the State Agri- cultural College at Fort Collins. Passes through during the first half of April. 205. Grus canadensis. LITTLE BROWN CRANE. Migratory. Not enough material has yet been accumulated to give a satisfactory statement of the distribution of this bird in Colorado. All of the earlier records of ‘“G. canadensis” re- fer to the next species now called G. mexicana. It is certain that the Little Brown Crane occurs in Colorado in migration for Capt. P. M. Thorne has taken it at Fort Lyon and there is a mounted specimen at the Agricultural College at Fort Collins. 206. Grus mexicana. SANDHILL CRANE. Summer resident; not uncommon locally; in migration, common; winter resident in the southern part of the State. The Rio Grande Valley in Colorado used to be the winter home of thousands of Cranes and even yet they are abundant enough in the fall to induce many parties to go to the San Luis Valley for the express purpose of hunting Cranes. They breed locally throughout their range from 5,000 to 7,500 feet. F. M. Drew mentions that one of their breeding grounds is in Animas Park at 7,000 feet. (B. N.O.C. VI. 1881, 85.) They are also known to breed in Routt County. In the autumn they move higher up, having even been seen passing over above the highest mountain peaks of the State. In the San Luis Valley the mi- grating birds appear in large numbers about the middle of Sep- tember and remain until the first of November; they return in the spring any time between the first and twentieth of March, depending on the season, and leave about the first of May. If the Little Brown Crane occurs there it is not distinguished by the hunters from the Sandhill. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 63 212. Rallus virginianus. VIRGINIA RAIL. Summer resident; not uncommon. Though not often seen on account of its retiring habits, this species undoubtedly occurs in migration over all the plains region of Colorado below 5,500 feet. C. E. Aiken took the nest and eggs June 4, presum- ably in El Paso County. It breeds near Loveland, according to Prof. Wm. Osburn, and a pair is now (June, 1896,) breeding a few miles from Fort Collins. 214. Porzana carolina. Sora. Summer resident; common in suitable localities. One can scarcely go by a marshy spot in Colorado on a summer evening without hearing the note of this bird. It breeds throughout its range from the plains to 7,000 feet. More com- mon during the breeding season in the northern part of Colo- rado than in the southern, 219. Gallinula galeata. FLoRIDA GALLINULE. Summer visitant; rare; not known to breed. Colorado is rather out of the normal range of the Gallinule, but since it is found to the east, south and west of the State, its occurrence here can hardly be considered as accidental. ‘The only record for Colorado is that of Allen and Brewster, who took one at Colorado Springs, May 9, 1883. (B.N. O. C. VIII. 1883, 151.) 221 Fulica americana. AMERICAN COOT. Summer resident, common; in migration, abundant. Breeds throughout the State in suitable places on the plains and in the mountain parks up to 8,000 feet. Reaches northern Colorado the last of March. 223. Phalaropus lobatus. NORTHERN PHALAROPE. Migratory; not uncommon. Breeds far north. Occurs throughout the State from the plains to well up in the mount- ains. F. M. Drew notes that “May 22, six were killed by flying against telegraph wires at Howardsville, Colo., at 9,500 feet. Unless the flock turned back and retraced fifty miles of their course, they would have to cross the range at 12,000 feet.”’ (B. N. O. 'C. VI. 1881, 249.) They are usually found below 8,000 feet. Mr. Aiken has taken them several times near Colorado Springs. They cross the plains of northern Colorado the first half of May. 224. Steganopus tricolor. WILSON’S PHALAROPE. Summer resident; not uncommon; in migration, common. The Wilson’s Phalarope is more common than the Northern, but there are no records of its occurrence in the mountainous parts of the State. It is a common breeder around the ponds 64 BIRDS OF COLORADO. of northern Colorado below 6,000 feet, even within a few rods of cultivated ground. Eggs have been taken near Fort Collins on June 8. In southern Colorado it is known only as a migrant. Reaches northern Colorado the last of April. 225. Recurvirostra americana. AMERICAN AVOCET. Summer resident; common. Most common on the plains, but occurs in the mountain parks up to 8,000 feet. Rather rare in western Colorado. Henshaw found them breeding abund- antly in the San Luis Valley, with nearly all the eggs hatched by June 21. In northern Colorado on the plains the eggs are mostly laid by the first week in June, the birds having come the middle of April. 226. Himantopus mexicanus. BLACK-NECKED STILT. Summer resident; not uncommon. It is found at the same places and at the same time as the Avocet, but the order of abundance is reversed, the Stilt being more common west of the range though still occurring in eastern Colorado. Breeds at the same time as the Avocet from the plains to 8,000 feet. 228. Philohela minor. AMERICAN WOODCOCK. Summer visitant; rare. Colorado marks the extreme western range of the Woodcock and it is found here only to the base of the foothills. The five known instances are all within 50 miles of Denver. H.G. Smith reports one August 12, 1885, and one in October, 1885, within the city limits of Denver. He also reports that one was seen by Mr. John Bently during the fall of 1887 near Boulder and that one was recently shot near Fort Lupton. (Auk, III. 1886, 284 and Nidologist, III. 1896, 65.) Dr. W. H. Bergtold, of Denver, writes that he saw one in Denver, June, 1895. Since the Woodcock breeds throughout its range and since it has been noted here in June and August, it is fair to presume that it breeds occasionally in Colorado, but no nests have as yet been found in the State. 230. Gallinago delicata. WILSON’S SNIPE. Summer resident, rare; in migration, common; winter resident, rare. Found throughout the State in migration any- where below 10,000 feet, but more common on the eastern slope than the western. F. M. Drew found it breeding in San Juan County (B. N. O. C. VI. 1881, 85), and W. E. D. Scott found a few pairs breeding in June at Twin Lakes at over 9,000 feet. (B. N. O. C. IV. 1879, go.) On the plains it is known only in migration and a few in winter. Aiken, Morrison and Bennett report it in winter, the first on the plains, the second at Fort Lewis, and the last in Routt County. It has been known to winter at open marshy springs even 150 miles north of Colorado in central Wyoming. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 65 232. Macrorhampus scolopaceus. LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER. Migratory; not uncommon. Probably occurs throughout the lower regions of the State, though all the records are con- fined to the plains region east of the mountains. It is not un- common there in migration, passing through about the middle of April. Breeds far north, but a record of one taken by H. W. Henshaw at Denver, July 24, 1873, would lead one to suspect that it may yet be found breeding in the State. 233. Micropalama himantopus. Sriur SANDPIPER. Migratory; rare. Only found on the plains of eastern Colorado where it is occasionally met in spring migration in May and early June and less commonly in the fall. It has been reported by Capt. P. M. Thorne, from Fort Lyon, where he killed a female May 22, 1883, with the largest egg the size of No. 6 shot (Auk, IV. 1887, 264), by Prof. Wm. Osburn, from Loveland, by F. Bond, from Cheyenne, and by H. G. Smith, from near Denver. Breeds north of the United States. 239. Tringa maculata. PECTORAL SANDPIPER. Migratory; common. Occurs throughout the State in migration, both on the plains and even up to 13,000 feet in the mountains (Morrison O. & O. XIII. 1888, 107), though of course less common at the higher altitudes. Breeds in the Arc- tic regions. ‘ 240. Tringa fuscicollis. WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER. Migratory ; not uncommon. A bird of the plains finding its western limit at the base of the Rockies. It has been reported by Thorne, Breninger and Osburn. Breeds far north. 241. Tringa bairdii. Barrp’s SANDPIPER. Migratory; abundant. In fall migration this is one of the commonest of the Sandpipers, and is also common in spring. Breeds far north but returns early, entering the State again in the latter part of August. When moving northward it isa bird of the plains and the parks below 7,000 feet, but Trippe, Drew and Morrison agree that after the breeding season is over in August aud September, it roams to the tops of the loftiest peaks, 13,000 to 14,000 feet, feeding on grasshoppers. Passes through during April and the first half of May. 242. Tringa minutilla. LEAST SANDPIPER. Migratory; common. Arrives the latter part of April and is mostly gone by the middle of May. Is found principally on the plains and below 7,000 feet in the mountains. 5 66 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 243a. Tringa alpina pacifica. RED-BACKED SANDPIPER. Migratory; rare. There are but three Colorado records for this species, which is found throughout North America. There was an adult in winter plumage in Mrs. Maxwell’s collection, and Wm. G. Smith took it at Loveland, April 29 and May 9. Breeds far north. 246. Ereunetes pusillus. SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. Migratory; not uncommon. Arrives the last of April and first of May. Mostly on the plains and below 7,000 feet. 247. Ereunetes occidentalis. WESTERN SANDPIPER. Migratory; rare. Should not be an uncommon species in Colorado, but so far has been reported but three times. Prof. Wm. Osburn writes that he shot one at Loveland, July 4, 1889, and another May 12, 1890. W. P. Lowe, of Pueblo, shot two on a lake near there in the fall of 1894. Wm. G. Smith took one at Loveland, May 9, 1890. Breeds far north. 248. Calidris arenaria. SANDERLING. Migratory; rare. Though occurring over most of the world, it is quite rare on the plains region of the United States. Prof. Wm. Osburn reports three captures at Loveland, Septem- ber 24, 1889, September 30, 1889, and May 12, 1890. H.G. Smith saw one May 16, 1888, that had been taken a few days before at Sloan’s Lake, near Denver. There is a mounted spec- imen at the college at Fort Collins that was shot in the vicinity. Breeds far north. 249. Limosa fedoa. MARBLED GoDWIT. Migratory; not common. A bird of the plains not often seen; arrives about the first of May. Has once been taken in the mountains by C. EK. Aiken at the San Luis Lakes, October 1, 1874. Drew gives it as breeding on the plains, which it does in Nebraska, but there seems to be no record as yet of its nests being found in Colorado. 254. Totanus melanoleucus. GREATER YELLOW-LEGS. Migratory; common. Found both spring and fall every- where in favorable localities below 7,000 feet. It is a little strange that neither the Greater nor the Lesser Yellow-Legs is know to breed in Colorado, since they both breed in Nebraska but a few miles from the northeast corner of Colorado. ‘They reach northern Colorado about the first of April. 255. Totanus flavipes. YELLOW-LEGS. Migratory; common. Distribution and migration the same as that of the Greater Yellow-Legs but in most places not BIRDS OF COLORADO. : 67 quite so numerous. Capt. Thorne shot one at Fort Lyon July 23, which would indicate that it nested not far distant. 256. Totanus solitarius. SoLitary SANDPIPER. Summer resident, not common; in migration, common. Occurs both on the plains and in the mountains. Arrives in April and most pass on to breed north of the United States, but a few remain to breed from the plains at the eastern base of the mountains up to 10,000 feet. 258a. Symphemia semipalmata inornata. WESTERN WILLET. Summer resident; not uncommon. Rather common in migration on the plains, especially in the fall. In the spring it is most common from the first to the middle of May. Breeds throughout its range in favorable localities, but it is not a common breeder anywhere in Colorado and will not be found breeding at many places apparently well suited to its needs. Usually breeds from the plains to 7,000 feet, but occasionally much higher. 261. Bartramia longicauda. BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER. Summer resident, common; in migration, abundant. A bird pre-eminently of the plains, where it breeds abundantly; only rarely met west of the mountains. Arrives the latter part of April and extends into the mountains only to 6,000 feet. 263. Actitis macularia. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. Summer resident; abundant. It is strange to think ofa Sandpiper nesting on the top of a mountain, but so far up as this species can find a pond or small lake, it will build its nest, even to 12,000 feet. In the fall it ranges above the pines to 14,000 feet. It also breeds on the plains and at all intermediate altitudes. As abundant in Colorado as anywhere. Arrives about the first of May; leaves the higher altitudes in August, and most of them leave the State in September. A few remain until far into the winter, if not through the entire cold season. 264. Numenius longirostris. LONG-BILLED CURLEW. Summer resident; common. Arrives about the last of April and breeds in suitable localities on the plains. Occurs on both sides of the range, but only in the lower portions, usu- ally not above 5,000 feet. A few have been seen as high as 7,500 feet. 265. Numenius hudsonicus. HUDSONIAN CURLEW. Migratory; rare. All the records of this Curlew in Colo- rado come from the plains region east of the mountains, but as 68 : BIRDS OF COLORADO. it occurs over all of North America, it will probably yet be taken on the prairies of western Colorado. Arrives about the first of May and breeds far north. [266. Numenius borealis. Eskimo CurLEw. Migratory; rare. There is no reason to doubt that of the enormous flocks of this Curlew that pass over western Kansas, some occasionally enter Colorado; but to date there is no certain record of its capture in the State. It has been previously listed as a Colorado bird, but the record was based on error. ] 270. Squatarola squatarola. BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. Migratory; not common. Passes north through Colorado in May and returns in October. More common in fall than in spring. It is a bird of the plains below 5,000 feet. There are eight recorded instances of its capture at, Denver, Loveland and Fort Collins, and Mr. C. E. Aiken has taken it several times near Colorado Springs. Breeds far north. 272. Charadrius dominicus. AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER. Migratory; not common. A few pass in the spring and fall over the plains region of Colorado below 5,000 feet. Breeds far north. j 273. fEgialitis vocifera. KILLDEER. Summer resident; abundant. One of the earliest migrants, arriving early in March and remaining until the last of Septem- ber and a few much later. Breeds abundantly on the plains and at the base of the foothills. Is less common in the mount- ains, but is far from scarce up to the pines at about 10,000 feet. The eggs are laid from the middle of May to the first of June. 274. Fegialitis semipalmata. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. Migratory; not common. Passes through Colorado on its way from its breeding grounds near the Arctic Circle to its winter habitation which is sometimes far south of the equator. One was shot by Harry Smith at Loveland, May 6, 1890, and the specimen is now in the collection of Prof. Wm. Osburn. ‘This is the only record to date for Colorado. 281. gialitis montana. MOUNTAIN PLOVER. Summer resident; common. A bird of the plains rather than the mountains, but also found in the mountain parks and prai- ries up to 8,000 and rarely to 9,000 feet. Is among the earliest spring arrivals, reaching central Colorado by the last of March to the first week in April. Eggs are laid the latter part of May to the middle of June. On the plains the young are hatched by the last of June; in the mountain parks newly hatched young can be found all through July. Breeds throughout its range. Leaves the state in the fall, the latter part of October. Its num- ber can be judged by the fact that in one day of August at Fort Lyon, Capt. Thorne shot one hundred and twenty-six birds. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 69 283. Arenaria interpres. TURNSTONE. Migratory; rare. A few pass through Colorado on their way to and from their far northern breeding grounds. Accord- ing to H. G. Smith an adult was shot April 26, 1890, at Sloan’s Lake near Denver. (Nidologist, III. 1896, 95.) 289. Colinus virginianus. BoB-wHITE. Resident; somewhat common locally. There is some dis- pute as to whether or not this should be called a native species in Colorado. It has been introduced at various places from Pueblo north along the foothills to Fort Collins near the Wyom- ing line. In many of these places it is quite common, being protected by law. ‘There seems good reason to believe that all of the Quail along the foothills are the descendents of intro- duced birds. On the plains of eastern Colorado, near the Kan- sas line, the case is different. The birds are there beyond doubt, and though many of the original settlers are still there, no one knows of their having been introduced. They are known to be native and common in western Kansas and enor- mously abundant in Indian Territory, but a few miles from southeastern Colorado, so that it is fair to presume that some of the Quail of eastern Colorado are native. Eastern Colorado is well adapted to their needs and if it was not for the cayotes that destroy their eggs and young, they would easily become numerous. Nearly all the Quail are confined to the plains and the foothills below 5,500 feet. A few years ago several pairs were turned loose in Estes Park at about 8,000 feet and occas- ionally are still heard from. They have also been introduced along the Arkansas River below La Junta and are prospering. They are certainly native on Bear Creek in the extreme south- eastern corner of Colorado. 293. Callipepla squamata. SCALED PARTRIDGE. Rare or accidental visitant. A southern species coming north regularly only to southern Arizona and New Mexico. The first record for Colorado is the specimen taken by W. P. Lowe the first week in June, 1895, in the eastern foothills of the Wet Mountains. (Auk, XII. 1895, 298.) A. W. Anthony writes that he saw one in the shop of a taxidermist of Denver during the winter of 1892-3. It was freshly killed and said to have been taken on the Platte River east of Denver. 294. Callipepla californica. CALIFORNIA PARTRIDGE. Resident; local. According to F. M. Drew this species has been introduced in the vicinity of Denver. (Auk, II. 1885, II.) 7O BIRDS OF COLORADO. 295. Callipepla gambeli. GAMBEL’S PARTRIDGE. Resident; rare. Known to occur only in southwestern Colorado, where C. F. Morrison shot three of them 4o miles southwest of Fort Lewis. Across the line in southern Utah and in Arizona they are common. 297. Dendragapus obscurus. Dusky GROUSE. Resident; common in the mountains. Its only migration is a slight vertical one. Breeds from 7,000 feet to the border of timber-line, 4,000 feet higher. At the lower altitude the eggs are laid about the middle of May; at timber-line about June I. Raises but one brood which is hatched about the middle of June. In August they begin to gather into flocks of ten to fif- teen individuals and visit the grain fields or the more open gulches and foothills for berries. In September they wander above timber-line to feed on grasshoppers, reaching 12, 500 feet. In winter they come down into the thick woods during the severest weather, but many remain the whole year close to timber-line. 300b. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides. Gray RUFFED GROUSE. Resident; rare. So rare that the present writer has not yet been able to find a hunter who has seen it or even heard of it. Occurs mostly farther north, only a few coming as far south as Colorado. Is found from 7,000 to 10,000 feet; breeds among the pines just below timber-line and retires to the higher foot- hills in fall and winter. 304. Lagopus leucurus. WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN. - Resident; common. One of the most strictly alpine birds of the Rocky Mountain region. Fifty years ago the surveying parties of the Pacific Railroads found them breeding on the Snowy Range, and to-day the tourist who visits the highest peaks does not consider he has completed his sight seeing until he has been shown a family of Ptarmigan, or ‘‘ Mountain Quail ” as they are commonly called. They breed entirely above timber- line fron 11,500 to 13,500 feet, wandering to the summits of the peaks a thousand feet higher. Nesting begins soon after the first of June, and the young are hatched the early part of July. In southern Colorado eggs have been found as early as the first part of May. Only in the severest winter weather do they come down into the timber, usually to 10,000 feet, but occasionally to 8,000. At that season the sexes are in separate flocks and sub- sist largely on willow buds. In the winter they are white, changing to the darker mixed color in March and April; by the breeding season in June they have become so close in color to BIRDS OF COLORADO. 71 the moss and rocks that they are apt to depend on this for safety and allow a very close approach. The returning change to white begins in September and is completed in December. 308b. Pediocztes phasianellus campestris. PRAIRIE SHARP-TAILED GROUSE. Resident; not common. There are few parts of the State where the ‘‘Pin-tail” can now be called common. Twenty years ago it was plentiful in the northern half of Colorado on the plains and in the foothills up to 7,000 feet on both sides of the range. Even as late as ten years ago it was not uncommon throughout Larimer County. It can be said now to inhabit the same regions, but in such small numbers that its early extermi- nation is probable. A few are still found across the whole of northern Colorado from Nebraska to Utah and south on the plains to at least Burlington and the “‘Divide’’ south of Denver. Formerly a few were found throughout the southern half of Colorado, but there are no late records of its occurrence south of the places named. So far as known the present small and scattered flocks of Sharp-tailed Grouse are strictly resident. When they were more abundant they used to perform a short migration in eastern Larimer County, moving into the foothills in the summer and coming down onto the plains in immense flocks in the fall. [Nors. It mav be that the Sharp-tailed Grouse of Routt County are variety columbianus, but all the Colorado birds examined by the present writer are campestr7s. | 309. Centrocercus urophasianus. SAGE GROUSE. Resident; common. As its name implies, it is an inhabit- -ant of the artemesia or sage-brush plains, and is scarcely found elsewhere. It inhabits these favorable localities throughout the State, but it is much more common in the northern than the southern half of the State. It is resident where found, except possibly at some of the higher points to which it moves during the summer. It winters from the plains to 7,000 feet, and regularly breeds to 8,000 feet. A few range in summer as high as 9,500 feet. 310. Meleagris gallopavo. WiLD TURKEY. Resident; rare, and will probably soon be exterminated. There still remains a doubt as to whether the eastern Wild Turkey is the variety that occurs in southeastern Colorado. A few years ago these birds were enormously abundant along the Arkansas River in Kansas and Indian Territory, hence it is fair to presume that any found along that river in Colorado would be the same variety especially if found on the plains east of the mountains. Those taken by C. E. Aiken in this locality have 72 BIRDS OF COLORADO. been referred by Ridgway to this form (Bull. Essex Institute V. 1873, 174) with the remark that this is the first Colorado record. This latter statement however is an error, for Lieut. Pike in his memorable journey through Coloradoin 1806, found Turkeys so abundant from about where Canon City now stands to the present city of Salida, that they formed a large part of the food - of his soldiers. From other sources we know that they extended north along the foothills to within a few miles of the northern boundary of the state. One was taken on the Buckhorn in Lar- imer County as late as 1861. Turkeys still exist in Bent, Prow- ers, Baca and Las Animas Counties in southeastern Colorado. A flock of thirty was seen in 1883 on the Purgatoire River east of Trinidad and near the Spanish Peaks as late as 1890. During the winter of 1896-1897 they were seen in Bent County. 310a. Meleagris gallopavo mexicana. MEXICAN ‘TURKEY. Resident; rare, locally. There are a few Turkeys yet to be found in the wilder parts of southwestern Colorado and they are known to belong to the Mexican variety. Chas. F. Morri- son found them abundant ten years ago on the Rio los Pinos which runs through the Ute reservation in La Plata County. At an earlier date they were not uncommon along the southern boundary of Colorado from the front range westward. They ascend the mountains only to 7,000 feet. 312. Columba fasciata. BAND-TAILED PIGEON. Summer resident; local. Generally considered as a rare bird in Colorado, but on bringing together all of its records in the State, it is found to have been noted as follows: ‘‘ Most abundant in southwestern part in scrub oak, feeding on acorns.” (Morrison.) “Breeds at Durango up to 7,000 feet.’’ (Osburn.) West base of Spanish Peaks in September, and on September 25 on the Rio Grande at Del Norte. Had been there through the summer. (Henshaw.) ‘Abundant in the Wet Mountains west of Pueblo from 7,800 to 10.000 feet.” (Lowe.) This in- cludes what may be considered its regular range, i. e., from Cafion City west and south. Northeastward it has wandered nearly two hundred miles farther as these records will show. In the fall of 1887 John Bentley saw many of them at Dome Rock in Platte Cafion. The following summer he captured several, some of which were young birds evidently reared in the vicinity. (H. G. Smith.) Seen by my father near Morrison. (Anthony.) In 1820 it was first taken, described and named by Maj. Long’s Expedition on the South Platte at the ‘‘foot of the mountains” on a small tributary running north and south. This would make it not far from Denver. ‘The most northern record is that of V. L. Kellogg who saw a small flock in Estes BIRDS OF COLORADO. 73 Park during the summer of 1889. (Trans. Kans. Acad. Science, XII. 1889-90, 86.) Breeds from 5,000 to 7,000 feet and occa- sionally higher. 316. Zenaidura macroura. Mourninc Dove. Summer resident; very abundant. Arrives the last of March and the early part of April, begins laying early in May and fresh eggs have been found as late as August 12. Breeds everywhere below the pine region up to 10,000 feet, but rather tare above 8,oo0 feet. In the fall wanders upward to 12,000 feet. Remains late in the fall even to the middle of December in Larimer County. 319. Melopelia leucoptera. WHITE-WINGED Dove. Accidental. The only claim of this southern species to a place in the list of Colorado birds, rests on the following state- ment of Dr. Coues: “Mr. E. L. Berthoud informs me of its occurrence near timber-line (11,500 feet), on the head of Cub Creek, Jefferson County. He saw a dozen or more July, 1869.”’ (B. N. O. C. II. 1877, 83). If this is not a case of mistaken identity, it is a strange case of wandering. 325. Cathartes aura. TURKEY VULTURE. Summer resident; common. Occurs throughout the State and breeds from the plains to 10,000 feet. C. F. Morrison found one nest at 12,000 feet on the La Plata Mountains. Is most common on the plains along the base of the mountains. Arrives early in April and nests in the latter part of April and in May. 327. Elanoides forficatus. SwWALLOW-TAILED KITE. Summer visitant; rare or accidental. The only record for Colorado is the one seen by Mr. C. E. Aiken, near Leadville, in August, 1871. This isa bird of the plains, not coming regularly west of middle Kansas. It would not be surprising to find it occasionally in southeastern Colorado, but its occurrence west of the range, and at 11,000 feet, is purely accidental. 329. Ictinia mississippiensis. Mussissipp1 KITE. Accidental. G. F. Breninger writes me that there is a mounted specimen at Denver that was taken at Trinidad. It is rare in eastern Kansas and common southward. 331. Circus hudsonius. MarsH Hawk. Resident; common. Is most common in migration, but is still common as a breeder and a few remain through the winter. On the plains it is one of the most common Hawks. In the mountains it breeds up to 10,000 feet, and in the fall has been seen as high as 14,000 feet. Spring migration begins early in March. It winters on the plains to the northern boundary of Colorado. 74 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 332. Accipiter velox. SHARP-SHINNED Hawk. Resident; common. In migration is common throughout the State, and breeds throughout its range, but much more commonly in the mountains than on the plains. Breeds up to 10,000 feet. C. F. Morrison took a set of eggs at Fort Lewis, Tune 22, 1886. 333. Accipiter cooperi. COoOPER’s HAWK. Resident; common. Breeds both on the plains and in the mountains to about 9,000 feet. Along the main range of the mountains it is not so common as the Sharp-shinned Hawk. Dennis Gale found eggs at Gold Hill June 25 and young July 2. 334. Accipiter atricapillus. AMERICAN GOSHAWK. Resident; not uncommon. Is rather more common in winter than in summer. In winter it occurs throughout the State below 9,500 feet; in summer the few that remain are restricted to the mountains, breeding from 9,000 to 10,000 feet. 334a. Accipiter atricapillus striatulus. WESTERN GOSHAWK. Winter visitant; rare, if not accidental. Most of the nu- merous records of the occurrence of the Western Goshawk in Colorado really refer to the eastern form, which is the common Goshawk of this State. ‘T‘he only certain record of the western form is that of Prof. Wm. Osburn, who says: “A male of this species was captured at Arkins, February 26, 1889, and a female at the same place, March 5. The male was much darker than the female with finer markings on the under parts, correspond- ing to the description of variety stvzatulus.’’ (Science, XXII. 1893, 212.) This is the Pacific Coast Goshawk coming east regularly to Idaho. 337a. Buteo borealis kriderii. KRIDER’Ss HAWK. Resident; not uncommon. ‘There isa slight question yet as to the distribution of the three varieties of Red-tailed Hawks that occur in Colorado. It has been taken for granted that all the records of typical dorealis for Colorado should be referred to some of the other forms, though it is not unlikely that it may rarely visit the extreme eastern portion of the State. ‘here can be no doubt that Krider’s Hawk occurs on the plains in Colorado during migration, and the present writer feels sure that the record of its nesting there is also correct. F. M. Dille teports that it nests on plains and large cliffs; one nest in Weld County was taken May 24. Of the occurrence and breeding of Krider’s Hawk in the mountains there is more question. It probably does occasionally visit the eastern foothills of the main tange, but there is as yet no unquestionable record of its nest- ing above 6,000 feet. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 25 337b. Buteo borealis calurus. WESTERN RED-TAIL. Resident; abundant. Is the common Rocky Mountain form overlapping the range of Krider’s Hawk and breeding from the plains to 12,000 feet in the mountains. Is one of the most common hawks of the State through the summer and not a few spend the winter in Colorado. 337d. Buteo borealis harlani. HARLAN’s Hawk. _ Winter visitant; rare. One specimen taken by C. E. Aiken at Colorado Springs. (Ridgway, Auk, II. 1885, 165.) One was probably taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon. 339b. Buteo lineatus elegans. RED-BELLIED Hawk. Migratory; rare. Included in the list of Colorado birds on the strength of the following note from Geo. F. Breninger: ‘“‘T saw one at Table Rock, a full plumaged bird with the breast to me; saw one at Fort Collins. I have handled them here in California and there is not the least doubt in the matter.” 342. Buteo swainsoni. SWwAINSON’s Hawk. Resident; common. More common on the plains than in the mountains. Breeds ‘throughout the State everywhere below 11,000 feet. Begins building its nest the last of April, eggs are laid the middle of May and the young appear early in June. Sometimes very abundant locally. A.S. Bennet of Lay, Colo., says he saw a flock of five hundred July ro, 1889. 347a. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK. Winter resident; not uncommon. Arrives from the north in November and remains until March. Is usually found in the lower parts of the mountains and on the plains. 348. Archibuteo ferrugineous. FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEG. Resident; rather common. Breeds both in mountains and on plains, but in the winter is mostly confined to the plains and the lower streams below 6,000 feet. Breeds at least as far south as Pueblo and thence to British America. Eggs have been taken in Colorado as early as April 13, and well-grown young by May 24; but three to four weeks later than these dates is the more common time. 349. Aquila chrysaétos. GOLDEN EAGLE. Resident; common in favorable localities. In few, if any, parts of the United States is the Golden Eagle more common than in the more mountainous portions of Colorado. They breed from the foothills to at least 12,500 feet. In the winter they wander occasionally over the plains, but are also found in 76 BIRDS OF COLORADO. the mountains to 11,000 feet. The nest is repaired for the season about the first of March, and the young are hatched about three months later. 352. Halizetus leucocephalus. BALD EAGLE. Resident; fairly common. Mostly in the mountains in the summer time and on the plains during the winter. Breeds in the mountains to 9,000 feet and occasionally higher; breeds less commonly on the plains. Capt. Thorne found a nest with two young, June 12, near Fort Lyon on the Arkansas River. 355. Falco mexicanus. PraIRIE FALcon. Resident; not uncommon. Breeds from the plains to 10,000 feet. In some of the more open portions of western Colo- rado it is quite numerous. Nearly all leave the State in the winter, returning in March and April. The eggs are laid in May. 350. Falco peregrinus anatum. Duck Hawk. Resident; not uncommon, locally. Has been reported from many places in the State. W. P. Lowe found the nest and young in St. Charles Cafion, near Pueblo, during the summer of 1895. Dennis Gale took a set of eggs on the Poudre River, April 30, 1889. Others report it as breeding up to 10,000 feet in the mountains. 357. Falco columbarius. PIGEON Hawk. Summer resident; rather uncommon; in migration fairly common; a few remain through the winter in the lower por- tions. The eggs have been taken in various parts of the State, from the plains to about 9,000 feet, but more commonly from 8,000 to 9,000. Eggs are laid about the first of June. 358. Falco richardsonii. RICHARDSON’S MERLIN. Summer resident; rare; in migration not uncommon. There are several references to its breeding in the State, as it undoubtedly does, but this seems to have been inferred from its being seen here in summer rather than from its nest and eggs having been actually taken. Drew states that it breeds from the plains upward. It has been taken in summer as high as 11,000 feet. In migration occurs throughout the State. 360. Falco sparverius. AMERICAN SPARROW HaAwkK. Resident; abundant. The most common hawk from the plains to 11,000 feet. In mild winters, like that of 1895-6, quite a number remain throughout the lower portions of the state, but the bulk winter farther south, returning early in March. Eggs are laid the latter part of April and fully fledged BIRDS OF COLORADO. 77 young are around by the middle of July. Breeds from the plains to 11,500 feet and in the fall ascends to the highest peaks, feeding on mice and grasshoppers. 364. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis. AMERICAN OSPREY. Summer resident; not uncommon, locally. W. E. D. Scott found a pair breeding at Twin Lakes at about 9,000 feet. (B. N. O. C. IV. 1879, 90.) It is said to begin laying the last of April, but Mr. Scott found eggs as late as the middle of June. Has been taken in the fall as high as 10,500 feet. 365. Strix pratincola. AMERICAN BARN OWL. Resident; very rare. The only record for Colorado is the one mentioned by H. G. Smith as caught in the Town Hall of South Denver. (Nidologist, III. 1896-7, 76.) A southern spe- cies rarely coming so far north as Colorado. The above record of “resident’’ is made not so much from the instance cited, as from its general distribution and the fact that it has been found breeding in Nebraska near the Colorado line. 366. Asio wilsonianus. AMERICAN LONG-EARED OWL. Resident; common. Winters from the plains to 10,000 feet and breeds from the plains to 11,000. Eggs are laid early in April. 367. Asio accipitrinus. SHORT-EARED OWL. Resident; not common. Much less common than the Long-eared and nearly confined to the plains. The highest record is a little below 8,000 feet. Breeds throughout its range in Colorado, but rather more common in summer in northern than southern Colorado. Begins laying in April. 369. Syrnium occidentale. SPOTTED OWL. Resident. There is no reason to doubt the occurrence of this species in the State, but its record for Colorado is badly mixed. All Colorado records are known,to be incorrect except the statement by H. G. Smith that C. E. Aiken has taken sev- eral Owls of this species. (Auk. III. 1886, 284.) Though the correctness of this statement has been challenged, yet Mr. Aiken has lately informed the present writer that there can be no question of the identification. 372. Nyctala acadica. SAw-wHET OWL. Resident; not uncommon. Occurs throughout the State below 8,000 feet, but all the records of breeding come from the mountains between 7,000 and 8,000 feet. Eggs are laid the latter part of May. H. G. Hoskins writes that he found one at Beloit, near the Kansas line, April 9, 1894. H. G. Smith records three cases in the vicinity of Denver. 78 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 373. Magascops asio. SCREECH OWL. Resident; rare. ‘The western range of aszo and the eastern extension of maxwellig and ackenz have not been satisfactorily determined. Aszo is the common form of western Kansas and western Nebraska, and maxwedlig is the common form of the foothills and extending at least thirty miles out on the plains. Between these known points lie nearly two hundred miles of plains, which form an unknown land so far as Screech Owls are concerned. That aszo does sometimes come into Colorado is proved by the capture of one in the mottled phase near Greeley, as reported to the present writer, by Pres. Z. X. Snyder. According to Capt. P. M. Thorne, there is a Screech Owl in- habits the timber along the Arkansas River at Fort Lyon. No specimens were obtained. It must be either aszo or azkenz, and of the two it is more likely to be aszo. 373e. Magascops asio maxwellie. Rocky MOUNTAIN SCREECH OWL. Resident; common. According to present ideas this form occurs in the mountains of Colorado from the central part of the State northward, and from the foothills to about 6,000 feet. It has been reported breeding from Denver, Boulder and Love- land. Eggs are usually laid about the middle of April, but have been found as early as the first of April and as late as the last of May. V.L. Kellogg records it as a rare visilant at Lamb’s ranch in Estes Park. (Trans. Kans. Acad. Science, XII. 1889-90, 86.) This ranch has an altitude of nearly 9,000 feet. 373g: Megascops asio aikeni. AIKEN’S SCREECH OWL. Resident. Type from El PasoCounty. E.M. Hasbrouck, in summarizing the records of this species, says that it probably does not occur north of Dougias County anywhere in Colorado. It is a bird of the more open country along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, south to central New Mexico and northeastern Arizona. Apparently not found below 5,000 feet nor above 9,000. Hasbrouck refers to this variety, Morrison’s ‘“‘ Mccalli,” from La Plata County. (Auk, X. 1893, p. 250.) W. P. Lowe, of Pueblo, writes that a Screech Owl, presumably this variety, is rather common in the foothills of. the Wet Mountains and that he once found it breeding at 7,800 feet. 374. Megascops flammeola. FLAMMULATED SCREECH OWL. Resident; rare. The rarest owl in Colorado, if not in the United States. All the known specimens from Colorado have been taken along the main front range of the Rocky Mountains, from Estes Park to the San Luis Valley. The first record for Colorado is the specimen in the Maxwell Collection, taken at Boulder, in March of some year previous to 1876. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 79 (Ridgway, Field and Forest, II. 1876-77, 195 and 208). ‘The second, by C. E. Aiken, at Poncha Pass, Fremont County, June 15, 1875, and the nest with one egg, being the first nest of this species known to science. (Deane, B. N. O. C. IV. 1879, 188.) The third was shot by Dr. Walbridge, at Mosca Pass in the San Luis Valley, the third week in August, 1879. (Ingersoll, B. N. O. C. V. 1880, 121.) The fourth was found dead in 1883 in the same place where Dr. Walbridge took hisspecimen. ‘The fifth, by C. E. Aiken, in nestling plumage, about the middle of Sep- tember, 1883, near Colorado City, at an altitude of 7,500 to 8,000 feet. (Fourth and fifth specimens, Brewster B. N. O. C. VIII. 1883, 123.) The sixth, seventh and eighth, by W. G. Smith, in Estes Park, one June 2, 1890, a female and nest with three fresh eggs, at 10,000 feet; one June 4 at the same altitude, a female, nest and two fresh eggs; one June 20, a female, nest and four partly incubated eggs at 8,000 feet. (O. and O. XVI. 1891, 27.) The ninth, by Evan Lewis, near Idaho Springs, June 7, 1890, a nest with three eggs at 8,700 feet. (Bendire, Life Histories N. Am. Birds, 1892, p. 375.) The tenth was taken July 17, 1884, near Evergreen P. O., Jefferson County. (H. G. Smith, Auk, X. 1893, 364.) In addition to these only six other speci- mens are known from the rest of the United States, and there are no records of its breeding anywhere but in Colorado. ‘There is a specimen in the National Museum at Washington that bears the date June 10, 1890 and was taken in Estes Park by W. G. Smith. It is presumably one of the three mentioned above, but it cannot now be learned which one it is. Mr. Dennis Gale writes that he took one twelve miles from Gold Hill in the direction of Estes Park. This makes the eleventh specimen for Colorado. Of these eleven, seven have been taken in Boul- der County or vicinity. 3752. Bubo virginianus subarcticus. WESTERN HORNED OWL. Resident; common. Not enough material has accumu- lated to define the range of the different forms of the Horned Owl in Colorado. ‘The following statements are given with the knowledge that they are far from complete and quite liable to error. But they seem to be the best explanation that can be given of the known facts. The second edition of the A. O. U. Check List gives swbarcticus as the only form breeding in Colo- rado, confining arcticus during the summer to Arctic America, with a southern migration in winter to Montana and Wyoming. The earlier writers went to the opposite extreme and referred all Colorado birds to avctecus. ‘The present writer is inclined to accept the theory that swbarctzcus is the form of the lower por- tions of the State, breeding commonly along the timbered river bottoms. How far this form extends into the mountains is not 80 BIRDS OF COLORADO. now known. There certainly isa Horned Owl that breeds in the mountains even up to 11,000 feet, and either this or some closely related form is found in winter nearly to the limit of trees. It is probable that these winter birds belong to both swdarctecus and arcticus, and that the summer birds are principally, if not entirely, swbarctzcus, though largely partaking of the character of both forms. 3756. Bubo virginianus arcticus. Arcric HORNED OWL. Winter visitant; not uncommon. ‘That this variety occurs in Colorado at any time in the year has been often denied. All doubts on the subject were lately settled by a specimen that Mr. C. E. Aiken lately sent to the present writer and which has been identified by Mr. Ridgway as undoubtedly arctzcus. Mr. Aiken writes about these birds, that there was ‘‘an owl I had mounted twelve or fourteen years ago which I called arctzcus. That specimen was a little more white and probably nearer the type than the present one. Both birds were brought to me by boys who had killed them near town [Colorado Springs,] but whether in the mountains or along the creek below town I can- not say. We havea flight of the lighter marked owls late in the fall, quite regularly, but I think the two under consideration are the only ones I have seen quite solight. I think both these birds were killed in November.” Writing some years ago about arcticus, Mr. C. F. Morrison says: ‘‘ This is the variety to which I refer the mountain specimens, they showing as much differ- ence from the plains specimens of swbarctzcus as my Montana birds do, and in some cases even lighter. Do not know just where to draw the line, but I think true avcézcus will be found as far south as the southern border of the State in the main chain of the Rockies.” Prof. Wm. Osburn says that one he has referred to this variety was shot in the mountains near Love- land November 29, 1890. It was nearly white. [375c. Bubo virginianus saturatus. Dusky HorNED OWL. Resident; not common. In time the above record of this variety will probably be shown to be correct, but at the present time it is hardly a scientific statement It has been but once formally stated as occurring in Colorado (Fisher, Hawks and Owls of the U. S., 74), and that is based on a misquotation, the birds having been found in Arizona instead of Colorado. Moreover all writers on Colorado birds agree that the Horned Owls of the mountains are a light colored race showing a tendency toward arcticus instead of saturatus. Nevertheless it is almost certain since the variety has been found common a few miles from the southwest corner of Colorado that it does really inhabit the higher mountains in the coniferous forests ] 376. Nyctea nyctea. Snowy OWL. Winter visitant; rare. More than a score of cases are known of its occurring in winter on the plains and the lower foothills of eastern Colorado to about the central part of the BIRDS OF COLORADO. 81 State. It was unusually common around Denver during the winter of 1886-7. One was captured alive near Fort Collins in the early winter of 1896-7. 378. Speotyto cunicularia hypogeea. BuRROWING OWL. Resident; abundant locally. Breeds from the plains to 8,000 feet regularly, less commonly to 9,000 feet and only occas- ionally seen at 10,000 feet. It is found clear across the State to Utah. Begins laying the latter half of April and eggs have been found in northern Colorado as late as the first of July. The Burrowing Owl is a partial migrant in northern Colorado and in the higher altitudes, but there is need of more precise knowledge concerning its movements. 379. Glaucidium gnoma. PyGmy OwL. Resident; rare. Occurs throughout the whole State west of the foothills, but no records as yet for the plains, except the single specimen taken in winter at Loveland by W. G. Smith, and that was but ten miles from the foothills. Mr. Smith also found the nest, with just hatched young, May 31, 1890, in Estes Park, at 10,000 feet, while in the extreme southwestern part of the State, at 1,000 feet lower, C. F. Morrison found four nests with eggs the first half of June, 1886. W. P. Lowe reports it as common in the Wet Mountains from 7,800 to 10,000, while E. B. Darnall writes that it occurs in Routt County in north- western Colorado, below 6,000 feet. One was taken at Denver by H. G. Smith, February 18, 1888, and one during the winter of 1888-9 near Durango. 382. Conurus carolinensis. CAROLINA PAROQUET. Formerly resident. ‘The only record for Colorado is that of E. Ll. Berthoud, who wrote to Dr. Coues: “I saw the Caro- lina Parrot at this place (Golden) and at Denver on the South Platte in 1860-61, and on the Little Thompson River, Colorado, in 1862. I have also seen it near old Fort Lyon, on the Arkan- sas River. (Coues, B. N. O. C. 1877, 50.) 385. Geococcyx californianus. ROAD-RUNNER. Resident; not common. Has been recorded along the southern border of Colorado from the extreme southeastern to the extreme southwestern corner. Its first Colorado record was by C. E. Aiken from E] Paso County, and that still remains as the most northern record. There was a specimen in Mrs. Max- well’s collection at Boulder, but it probably was taken in south- ern Colorado. Breeds throughout its range. Rarely found above 5,000 feet, but W. P. Lowe writes that he once saw one at 8,000 feet in the Wet Mountains. According to Henshaw the young hatch the last of July. 6 82 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 387. Coccyzus americanus. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Summer visitant; rare. The only claim this species has for admission to the list of Colorado birds is the statement by Major C. Bendire that it extends “casually to eastern Colorado.” (Life Hist. N. Am. Birds Part II, 19.) It is probably now too late to ascertain the foundation for this statement. It must be rare in Colorado for all the specimens taken at Fort Lyon, only a few miles from the eastern boundary of the State, are occidental. 387a. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis. CALIFORNIA Cuckoo. Summer resident; not uncommon locally. Occurs through- out the State, below 8,000, but most common on the edge of the plains. Specimens taken almost to the Kansas line are found to be this variety. Breeds throughout its range in Colorado. 388. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. Migratory; rare. There is a mounted specimen in the museum of the Agricultural College at Fort Collins, taken near there on June ri, byG. F. Breninger. Prof. Wm. Osburn writes that he took one at Loveland, at which place one was also taken by W. G. Smith. These are all the present records for ue though it probably some time will be found here breeding. 390. Ceryle alcyon. BELTED KINGFISHER. Resident; common. Breeds throughout the State, from the plains to 10,000 feet, although it is more common on the lower streams. A few remain even during severe winters eae the foothills almost to the northern boundary of the tate. 393d. Dryobates villosus hyloscopus. CABANIS’s WoopD- PECKER. Resident; common. Breeds from the plains to 11,000 feet and winters at almost as great an elevation. But the larger number breed among the pines in summer time and re- turn to lower altitudes for the winter. Eggs are laid early in May. 3 394. Dryobates pubescens. DOWNY WOODPECKER. Visitant; rare, if not accidental. Included among Colo- rado birds on the strength of the note of Maj. Bendire that it extends “irregularly to Colorado.’’ (Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, part II. 55.) It is probable that this statement is based on the geographical range for this species as given in Ridgway’s Man- BIRDS OF COLORADO. 83 ual, “Northern and Eastern North America and sporadically Western North America (Colorado, California, etc.).” The birds there referred to by Mr. Ridgway as being found in the west are now considered by him as belonging to homorus. As the authority for Maj. Bendire’s remarks cannot be now learned they are entered here to call attention to the record. 394b. Dryobates pubescens homorus. BATCHELDER’S WOODPECKER. Resident; common. Hardly as common in Colorado as its eastern representative is in the Mississippi Valley and much less common than Cabanis’s Woodpecker. ‘To this form are now referred all Colorado birds. It ranges in winter from the plains to 10,000 feet and breeds from the plains to 11,500, but is more common at the higher altitude in summer and at the lower in fall and winter. 396. Dryobates scalaris bairdi. TEXAN WOODPECKER. Resident; rare and local. It is rather strange that this bird should have been overlooked by previous collectors, as W. P. Lowe writes that it occurs regularly in Pueblo and Huerfano Counties. More commonly seen in spring and fall and oc- casionally an old bird in winter. Mr. Lowe has taken several of the birds and the skins have been positively identified, so there can be no doubt of its occurrence as he states. This is the first and only Colorado record for the bird and carries its known range over three hundred miles to the eastward. 401b. Picoides americanus dorsalis. ALPINE THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Resident; not common. ‘Throughout the mountains from about 8,000 to 12,000 feet. Occasionally a few feet lower, but remains even in winter in the pine belt chiefly at about 10,000 feet. It is not common anywhere but is scattered quite gen- erally through the mountains. D.D. Stone found a nest with five young birds near Hancock, July 10, 1883, at about 10,000 feet. (O. & O. IX. 1894, 9 and 10.) 402. Spyrapicus varius. YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER. Migratory; rare. The eastern variety scarcely coming west to the Rocky Mountains. It was taken by C. E. Aiken, pre- sumably in El Paso County, and there is a single specimen in the Maxwell Collection. 402a. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis. RED-NAPED Sap- SUCKER. Summer resident; common. Breeds from the plains to 12,000 feet, but the great bulk of nests are made between 8,000 and 9,000 feet. Arrives in April but eggs are not found until the first half of June. 84 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 404. Sphyrapicus thyroideus. WILLIAMSON’S SAPSUCKER. Summer resident; common. Breeds from 5,000 feet to the upper limit of the pines. In’southern Colorado is most com- mon from 9,000 to 10,000 feet; in northern Colorado from 6,000 to 9,000 feet includes the great bulk of the birds. Arrives the first week in April and eggs are laid the last half of May. 405. Ceophliceus pileatus. PILEATED WOODPECKER. Resident; very rare. The A. O. U. Check List gives its geographical distribution as “Formerly the heavily wooded region of North America south of about Lat. 63°, except in the southern Rocky Mountains ; now rare or extirpated in the more thickly settled parts of the Eastern States.” That it is rare in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado is certain, and it is not sure that it occurs there at all. F. M. Drew says that in southwest- ern Colorado “I have been told of a great big woodpecker and from the description think it is this bird.” (B. N.O. C. VI 1881, 85 and 138.) H.G. Hoskins writes that while passing Tuttle Ranch he saw a large crested Woodpecker that he took to be this species. Tuttle Ranch is only a few miles from the Kansas line and as this species is known to occur only a little farther east, it is probable that Mr. Hoskins’ identification is correct. 406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. RED-HEADED Woop- PECKER. Summer resident; common. Breeds on the plains and up to 10,000 feet. Rather more common on the plains than in the mountains. One of the latest migrants, not reaching northern Colorado until the last week in May. Eggs are not laid until late in June. 408. Melanerpes torquatus. LEwis’s WOODPECKER. Resident; common. Winters from the plains to the lower foothills and breeds from the edge of the plains to about 8,000 feet. Regularly passes but a few miles out on the plains, but has been taken in Finney County in southwestern Kansas, April 23, 1893, and Capt. P. M. Thorne saw two at Fort Lyons on the Arkansas River. A very characteristic bird of the lower foothills and has been seen as high as 10,000 feet in southern Colorado, though probably does not breed above 9,000 feet. Performs a slight southward migration, but most of its move- ments are merely to retire a few feet lower during the winter season. Breeds late in June. 409. Melanerpes carolinus. RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Summer visitant; rare, if not accidental. A southern and eastern species not regularly occurring farther west than central BIRDS OF COLORADO. 85 Kansas. One was taken by C. E. Aiken, and there are both a male and a female in the Maxwell Collection. In 1895, Pres. Z. X. Snyder saw one near Greeley. 412. Colaptes auratus. FLICKER. Migratory; rare. ‘The eastern form only extends west across the plains to the foothills and there is no record of its breeding, though a few may winter. Taken by Capt. Thorne at Fort Lyons, December 10, 1883, and by Prof. Osburn at Loveland during the fall migration, September 24, 1889. One was taken by the Pacific Railroad surveying parties on the South Platte. 413. Colaptes cafer. RED-SHAFTED FLICKER. Summer resident; abundant. Breeds from the plains to 12,000 feet and is almost as common at 11,000 feet as on the plains. An early migrant reaching northern Colorado by the first week in April and in mild winters, like that of 1895-6, remains all winter throughout the plains region. Even in the severest winter a few linger in the State. Eggs are laid from the last of May on the plains to the middle of June in the mountains. Most of the birds leave the mountains early in November, and the State by the first of December. 418. Phalznoptilus nuttalli. PooR-wILL. Summer resident; common. Breeds on the plains and in the mountains to at least 8,000 feet, while it has been noted as high as 10,000 feet in the mountains of southern Colorado. Arrives about the middle of May and the eggs are laid the latter part of June. Remains in the fall until October. 418a. Phalznoptilus nuttalli nitidus. FROSTED PooR-WILL. Summer resident; rare. In his original description of this variety, Mr. Brewster says that Colorado birds are true zz¢tallz, and this is of course true for the great bulk of the birds all over the State. But in southeastern Colorado nuttal/c becomes mixed with zztidus. Of three specimens taken by Capt. Thorne at Fort Lyon, Mr. Brewster marks two as typical mudta/iz and the other as not typical and nearest zztzdus. The latter speci- men is now in Mr. Brewster’s collection. As zztzdus comes north regularly to western Kansas, there is no reason why it should not occur in southeastern Colorado. 420a. Chordeiles virginianus henryi. WESTERN NIGHT- HAWK. Summer resident; abundant. Breeds on the plains and up to about 11,000 feet; in the fall wanders to 12,000 feet. Is rather more common on the plains and lower foothills than 86 BIRDS OF COLORADO. higher up, but is still common to 10,000 feet. Reaches northern Colorado the last of May and nests by the middle of June. Eastern Colorado is within the geographical range of C. v. sennetiz, but it has not yet been reported from the State. 422. Cypseloides niger borealis. BLack SwIFT. Summer resident; abundant, locally. Occurs regularly in southwestern Colorado, where it was found by F. M. Drew, who says that they come late in June and leave late in September; breed from 10,000 to 12,000 feet, and range far above 13,000 feet. Are very common and always hunt in large flocks. (B. N. O. C. VIL. 1882, 182 and B. N. O. C. VI. 1881, 85 and 138.) Has been taken by Dr. A. K. Fisher as far east as Trinidad. (Bendire, Hist. N. Am. Birds, Part II. 175.) 455. Aéronautes melanoleucus. WHITE-THROATED SWIFT. Summer resident; not uncommon, locally. Breeds only in inaccessible rocks from the lower. foothills at about 6,000 feet to at least 12,000 feet if not higher. Arrives the last of March to the middle of April. More common in the southern half of the State, but breeds at 7,000 feet on Horsetooth Mount- ain a few miles from Fort Collins and passes north into Wy- oming. 429. Trochilus alexandri. BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD. Summer resident; not uncommon, locally. Occurs only in the extreme western and southwestern part of Colorado, and there only in the lower portions below 6,000 feet. 432. Selasphorus platycercus. BROAD-TAILED HUMMING- BIRD. Summer resident; common. The most common Hum- mer in Colorado. Arrives early in May and breeds from the foothills to 11,000 feet. Ranges 2,000 feet above timber-line in summertime. Breeds most commonly from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. First set of eggs is laid about the middle of June and, at least in southern Colorado, two broods are reared. The young from the later brood are scarcely out of the nest by the middle of August and a few weeks later the birds start southward. Re- cords are lacking for the plains region east of the foothills, though common clear to the edge of the plains. 433. Selasphorus rufus. RuFoUuS HUMMINGBIRD. Summer resident; not uncommon locally. A western species coming into southwestern Colorado, where it breeds from 7,000 to 10,000 feet and ranges in summer several thousand feet higher. ‘Tolerably common in western Colorado and much less common along the eastern slope of the mountains. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 87 The most northeastern record is that of Mr. W. G. Smith who took it in Larimer County. One was taken by Mr. Dennis Gale near Boulder and a specimen was taken by Henshaw at Fort Garland, August 12, during the fall migration. ‘here is a spec- imen in the Maxwell Collection, but no data as to where it was capture 443. Milvulus forficatus. ScIssOR-TAILED FLYCATCHER. Summer visitant; rare, if not accidental. The only record for Colorado of this southern species is that of G. F. Breninger. He writes that he saw one at Table Rock, on the Divide, south of Denver. He says, “I saw the bird close to and there is no doubt in the matter.” 444. Tyrannus tyrannus. KINGBIRD. Summer resident; common. Occurs regularly only on the plains and a little way up the eastern foothills to 6,000 feet. Breeds throughout its range. Has been taken asa rare visitant in Routt County, in northwestern Colorado. Arrives about the first week in May. 447. Tyrannus verticalis. ARKANSAS KINGBIRD. Summer resident; common. Gets its English name from having been originally described by Say, from specimens taken on the Arkansas River [notwithstanding the statement in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway’s Birds of North America that they were taken on the Platte]. Rather more common in eastern than western Colorado, especially on the plains at the base of the foothills. Scarcely found in the mountains, rising regularly only to 7,000 feet, breeding from there down to the plains. Arrives the first week in May and nests about the middle of June. After the young are able to fly, about the first of August, a few wander into the mountains to 8, 500 feet. 448. Tyrannus vociferans. CASSIN’s KINGBIRD. Summer resident; common. Occurs throughout Colora- do, breeding from the plains to 7,000 feet and is fairly common even to the northern boundary of the State, though more com- mon in the southern two-thirds. Arrives the second week in May. ‘There are no records on the plains more than about fifty miles out from the foothills. 454. Myiarchus cinerascens. ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER. Summer resident; rare. A western species, coming east to the western edge of the plains. Breeds from the plains to 7,000 feet. Arrives the last of May and departs south late in October. ‘The most northeastern record is one taken at Golden by Prof. Osburn. 88 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 455a. Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens. OLIVACEOUS FLy- CATCHER. Summer visitant; rare, if not accidental. A southern species, known from Arizona and Mexico. ‘Taken once by Capt. P. M. Thorne, at Fort Lyon, May 11, 1883. (Auk, VI. 1889, 276.) 456. Sayornis phoebe. PHGBE. Summer visitant; rare. Comes west rarely to the eastern edge of Colorado. The only record is the one taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon, April 20, 1884. (Auk, VI. 1889, 276.) 457. Sayornis saya. Sav’s PHG&BE. Summer.resident; common. A bird of the plains rather than the mountains. Most common along the edge of the foot- hills, breeding in towns and around buildings like the eastern Pheebe, which it here replaces. Arrives early, from the middle of March to the first week in April, according to the season. Breeds on the plains and in the mountains to about 8,000 feet. Eggs are laid early in June. 459. Contopus borealis. OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER. Summer resident; common. Occurs in migration on the plains and in the mountains throughout the State. Breeds only in the mountains from 7,000 to 12,000 feet and is much less common breeding than in migrations. Breeds at least as far south as southern Colorado. Arrives late in May and breeds about the last of June. Departs southward in September. 462. Contopus richardsonii. WESTERN WooD PEWEE. Summer resident; common. Fairly common throughout the State as a breeder below 11,000 feet and very common in migration. In some places the most common Flycatcher. Ex- tends eastward to Kansas. Arrives last of April and first week in May and breeds about the middle of June. It is most common during the breeding season from 7,000 feet to the pine region. Migrates south in September. 464. Empidonax difficilis. WESTERN FLYCATCHER. Summer resident; common. Breeds from the plains to 10,000 feet, but is more common in the upper part of its range. Arrives late in May and nests early in July. 466. Empidonax traillii. TRAILL’s FLYCATCHER. Summer resident; fairly common. More common on the plains, but occurs in the mountains to 8,000 feet, breeding throughout its range in Colorado. ‘Arrives early in May and leaves late in September. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 89 467. Empidonax minimus. LEAST FLYCATCHER. Migratory; rare. Comes west only on the plains of Colo- rado and to the edge of the foothills. Has not been found higher than 6,000 feet. Arrives in May, and probably breeds, but no nests have as yet been taken. 468. Empidonax hammondi. HamMmonp’s FLYCATCHER. Summer resident; common. Comes east only to the western edge of the plains. Pueblo is the most eastern record. Breeds from the plains to 8,000 feet. Arrives early in May. 469. Empidonax wrightii. Wricu?’s FLYCATCHER. Summer resident; abundant. In migration is abundant throughout the State west of the plains, and is equally common during the breeding season from 7,500 to about 10,000 feet. Arrives the last of April and the first week in May. 474a. Otocoris alpestris leucolama. PAaLLip HoRrNED LARK. Winter resident; abundant. The literature of the Horned Larks in Colorado is more mixed than that of any other bird. A lpesiris, cornuta, occidentalis and chrysolema have all been re- corded for the State, but according to present ideas only /euco- lema and arenicola really occur in Colorado. Leucolema is the common “Snowbird” of the plains region and in the northern part of Colorado is enormously abundant from late in October until the middle of February. Only a few enter the mount- ains during the winter, probably not much if any above 8,000 feet. How far it passes up the mountains during migration has not yet been satisfactorily determined. Breeds north of the United States. 474c. Otocoris alpestris arenicola. DESERT HORNED LARK. Resident; abundant. All of the summer Horned Larks of Colorado are avenzcola and most of the winter birds of the south- ern half of the State belong here, as well as many from northern Colorado. Winters on the plains and a little ways into the mountains up to 9,000 feet, but only a few individuals above 7,000 feet. Breeds on the plains and in the mountains up to 13,000 feet. The bulk of migratory birds arrive on the plains in March and nesting begins early in April, two broods being raised. Eggs have been found as late as July 5. In the mount- ains nesting is from a month to two months later. Begins to leave the mountains early in October. 475. Pica pica hudsonica. AMERICAN MAGPIE. Resident; common. A few visit the plains of the extreme eastern Colorado during the winter and breed nearly to the go BIRDS OF COLORADO. Kansas line. They become more common westward, until at 50 miles from the foothills they are not uncommon locally along the banks of the larger streams. From the foothills through the mountains below 8,000 feet, they are very common and characteristic. A few breed as high as 11,000 feet and winter to 9,000 feet. On the plains and among the foothills nestbuild- ing begins in March and the earliest eggs the first week in April. Young are ready to fly the last of May. In the mountains the young scarcely leave the nest before the first of July. 478b. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha. LONG-CRESTED JAY. Resident; common. Seldom strays far east of the foot- hills, but has been taken in winter by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon. Very common from the edge of the plains west- ward through the mountains. Breeds from the base of the foot- hills to timber-line, but seldom below 7,000 feet. Winters from the edge of the plains to nearly 10,000 feet. The upward movement from the plains begins early in May. Eggs are found the last of May and all through June. Fully fledged young are noted the last of June. The return movement begins the last of September. 480. Aphelocoma woodhousei. WOODHOUSEH’S JAY. Resident; common. Most common along the base of the foothills and the lower wooded mountains. Not often seen on the plains of eastern Colorado, but has been taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon from October to April. Breeds from 5,000 to 8,000 feet, and most commonly at about 6,000 feet. Eggs are laid the last of April and first week in May. Winters in the lower valleys and along the edge of the plains at about 5,000 feet. In the fall has been known to wander to 9,500 feet. 484a. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis. Rocky MOUNTAIN JAY. Resident; common. Remains near timber line all the year round. During the winter descends a few hundred feet, and occasionally a few wander down to the foothills, but the bulk remain above 9,000 feet even in the coldest weather. Breeds early, usually by the middle of April, which at that altitude of 8,000 to 11,500 feet is long before the snows cease. F. M. Drew says of this species in San Juan County, “In autumn, when on his first tour of inspection around the house, he hops along in a curious sidling manner just like a school girl ina slow hurry. White-headed, grave and sedate, he seems a very paragon of propriety, and, if you appear a suitable personage, he will be apt to give youa bit of advice. Becoming confidential, he sputters out a lot of nonsense in a manner which causes you BIRDS OF COLORADO. gI to think him a veritable ‘whiskey Jack.’ Yet, whenever he is disposed, a more bland, mind-his-own-business appearing bird will be hard to find, as also many small articles around camp after one of his visits, for his whimsical brain has a great fancy for anything which may be valuable to you, but perfectly useless to himself.”” (B. N. O. C. VI. 1881, 140.) 486. Corvus corax sinuatus. AMERICAN RAVEN. Resident; common, locally. More particularly a bird of western Colorado, but occurs in the mountains as a not uncom- mon visitant. Has been taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon, and even extends occasionally east to western Kansas. Breeds throughout its range, but more commonly in the mount- ains at least to timber-line. Winters from the plains to about 10,000 feet. Irregular in its movements. 487. Corvus cryptoleucus. WHITE-NECKED RAVEN. Resident; rare. Formerly common along the eastern base of the front range for its entire length in Colorado and from 50 to 100 miles out on the plains. Now entirely absent from much of this region. F. M. Dille found nests and eggs May 24, 1887, in Weld County, far east of the foothills. There is no other late record north of Boulder, where R. A. Campbell saw them twice in 1894, high up in the foothills. C. E. Aiken says of its range 20 years ago: “I first saw them in October, 1871, about 25 miles south of Cheyenne on the line of the Denver Pacific Railroad where a large flock was hovering over the plain. In the city of Denver I have often seen them searching for food in the less frequented streets, and about 100 miles farther south on the Fontaine Qui Bouille, I have seen immense num- bers. At the latter place a flock of probably 1,000 individuals was resident during the winter of 1871-2. Although so abund- ant in winter, very few are to be seen in summer; the greater number either pass to the northward or become so distributed over the country as not to attract attention. * * * C. crypioleu- cus is mainly a bird of the plains, being replaced in the mount- ains by the common raven. ‘The two birds resemble each other so closely, both in notes and habits, that it is difficult to dis- tinguish between them at a distance; the greatest apparent discrepancy being in size, though the croak of carnivorus is somewhat deeper and louder than that of the other. I have sometimes found them both associated in the same flock. Each succeeding year since I first saw these birds I have noticed a marked decrease in their numbers in El Paso County, Colorado. The cause of this I do not know unless it is because as the country becomes more thickly settled, the solitude they love so well is denied them.” 92 BIRDS OF COLORADO. The narrow strip of country in Colorado where they used to be most common, now contains fully three-fourths of the entire population of the State. The White-necked Raven used to breed from the plains to 6,000 feet, and there is no reason to believe that the few survivors have changed their nesting habits. Its present scarcity can be judged by the fact that.of fifteen cor- respondents who have spent a great deal of their time in the field for the last ten years along the eastern base of the mountains from Pueblo to Cheyenne, only two have seen the bird alive. 488. Corvus americanus. AMERICAN CRow. Resident; common in northeastern Colorado, rare in the test of the State. F. M. Dille says in substance of its distribu- tion in Colorado: Breeds in considerable numbers along the courses of the South Platte and its tributaries in northeastern Colorado, although confined principally to the valley of the Platte. Have found it breeding in the near vicinity of Greeley, but from a point eight miles below the town their nests were quite abundant. Five nests found at one time on an island less than two acres in extent. Sometimes after a mild open winter, when the birds had been present in large numbers all the winter, they would disappear entirely as the breeding season approached. The earliest date of a full set of eggs is April 1, and the latest date May 23; average date April 27. One set taken May 5 on Clear Creek, Jefferson County, and once found nesting almost within the city limits of Denver. (Burns, Bull. No. 5, Wilson Ornith. Chapter Agassiz Assoc., Oberlin, Ohio.) In the vicinity of Fort Collins the present writer has found them not uncommon during the fall in quite large flocks, and a few nest along the Cache La Poudre, east of the foothilis. H.G. Hoskins reports having seen seven at various times near Burlington, close to the Kansas line. Capt. P. M. Thorne sawa few at Fort Lyon, on the Arkansas river, while Drew and Morrison both record it from southwestern Colorado. Breeds from the plains to about 7,000 feet and winters on the plains. 491. Nucifraga columbiana. CLARKE’S NUTCRACKER. Resident; abundant. ‘The first eggs known to science were taken by Dennis Gale at Gold Hill March 9, 1888, at 8,500 feet; a second set at the same place April 16, 1889. B.F. Goss had before this, on May 21, 1879, found a nest with young at Fort Garland. Breeds from 7,000 to 12,000 feet, though most commonly from 9,000 to 10,000 feet. Breeds from the first half of March at 8,000° feet to the middle of April at its highest range. Only one brood: young are on the wing the latter half of May. Some remain in small parties during the rest of the summer, others gather in larger companies. W. E. D. Scott reports ‘‘enormous flocks’’ at Twin Lakes June 24, BIRDS OF COLORADO. 93 1878. During the fall they wander up to at least 13,000 feet; in October begin to descend into the valleys. Most of them remain through the winter at 7,000 to 9,000 feet, but a few come down to the plains. H.G. Hoskins sent one for identifi- cation taken at Burlington, near the Kansas line, in January, 1896, and says that others have been seen there occasionally. They have also been taken as wanderers in South Dakota, western Nebraska and western Kansas. They begin the upward movement early in the spring, before most other mi- grants, and are almost the earliest birds to nest at 9,000 feet. 492. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. PINON Jay. Resident; abundant, locally. In the summer the Pinon Jay deserves its name, for it breeds almost exclusively among the pinon pines from 7,000 to 8,000 feet. A few nests have been found as low as 5,000 feet and as high as 9,000. First eggs are laid the last of March and first of April, and eggs are found as late as the middle of May. Keeps in small parties during the breeding season, and in large flocks the remainder of the year. Continually changing location according to food supply. In autumn wanders far above the pinon pines to 13,000 feet. Late in October begins to descend, and spends the winter in the lower-foothills and on the edge of the plains. At this season it wanders eastward across Colorado to Nebraska and Kansas. During the winters of 1889, 1890 and 1891 large flocks were seen in Finney County in southwestern Kansas. Returns to the pinon pines early in spring. 494. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. BOBOLINK. Summer visitant; rare. Occurs only east of the range on the plains and at the base of the foothills. Henshaw saw three at the Huerfano crossing in May, 1873, Allen and Brewster noted one at Colorado Springs May 18, and two others were reported May 23. Prof. Wm. Osburn writes he has seen one at Loveland and there was one in the Maxwell Collection. This completes the record to date for Colorado. Not known to breed in the State. The bird commonly known in Colorado as the “Bobolink” is the Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). 495. Molothrus ater. COWBIRD. Summer resident; common. Confined principally to the lower regions, breeding from the plains to 8,000 feet. As com- mon on the plains as anywhere in the Mississippi Valley. Arrives the last of March and leaves late in September. 497. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD. Summer resident; common. In migration occurs through- out the State and breeds in suitable places on the plains and 94 BIRDS OF COLORADO. among the foothills and parks to 7,500 feet. Scott found one July 20 at Twin Lakes at 9,500 feet, but did not ascertain that it nests at that altitude. Arrives about the middle of April and breeds early in June. Usually departs in September, but Capt. P. M. Thorne found one at Las Animas as late as October 17. 498. Agelaius phoeniceus. RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. Summer resident; common. One of the most abundant birds on the plains in suitable places, breeding principally below 7,500 feet but occasionally up to 9,000 feet. Arrives early, usually about the middle of March and remains in flocks until the middle of May, when it pairs and breeds during the whole month of June. The bulk depart late in October; some remain a month later, and a few linger through most of the winter. During the mild winter of 1895-6 they were common even in northern Colorado, and during the winter of 1896-7 very large flocks were constantly present. It would seem probable that the presence of part of them at least was due to the increased abundance of food. Beginning in 1892, more and more sheep have been fed in the Valley of the Poudre and Big Thompson Rivers. The number during the winter of 1896-7 has reached neatly 200,000. All of these are fed on corn in open yards. The blackbirds in large numbers have made these yards their feeding grounds and have apparently derived a good share of their food from the scattered grain. [499. Agelaius gubernator californicus. BicoLORED BLACKBIRD. Has not been taken in Colorado, but one was taken by Mr. Bond at Chey- enne, Wyo., April 14, 1889. (Auk, VI. 1889, 341.) This is just over the line from Colorado and the bird must have crossed Colorado to get there. This isa Pacific Coast bird and the occurrence is of course accidental. ] sorb. Sturnella magna neglecta. WESTERN MEADOWLARK. Summer resident; abundant. More especially a bird of the plains, but also common in the lower mountain parks, Breeds on the plains and to 8,000 feet. Also met both in sum- mer and fall above timber-line, but does not breed so high. Arrives early in March and breeds the latter part of May. Moves southward in October, though a few winter in southern Colorado. During the winter of 1895-6 they were not uncom- mon over most of the plains region of the State and also during 1896-7. 506. Icterus spurius. ORCHARD ORIOLE. Summer visitant; rare, if not accidental. The only record for Colorado known to the present writer is the single specimen taken by Allen at Denver. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. III. 1872, 113-183.) There seem to have been other records, but they are no longer accessible. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 95 507. lIeterus galbula. BALTIMORE ORIOLE. Summer resident; rare. The first record for Colorado is that by Allen, that it is rare westward to the base of the Rocky Mountains. Aiken afterwards found it in El Paso County and there was one specimen in the Maxwell Collection. Undoubt- edly breeds, though there is no record as yet of the nest having been found. 508. Icterus bullocki. BULLOCK’s ORIOLE. Summer resident; abundant. More common at the west- ern edge of the plains than the Baltimore Oriole is in the east. Breeds abundantly on the plains and in all the mountain region below 10,000 feet. Arrives early in May and breeds late in June. Departs in September, though Beckham saw two at Pueblo as late as October 24. 509. Scolecophagus carolinus. Rusty BLACKBIRD. Migratory; rare, if not accidental. A pair were shot near Denver December 17, 1883. (H.G. Smith, Auk, III. 1886, 284.) Prof. Wm. Osburn took one at Loveland November, 1889. (Science XXII. 1893, 212.) These are the only authentic records for Colorado. It has been several other times reported, but was evidently mistaken for Brewer’s Blackbird. 510. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. BREWER’S BLACKBIRD. Summer resident; abundant. Occurs throughout the State, breeding from the plains to 10,000 feet. Arrives on the plains the middle of April, and journeys upward as fast as open marshes appear. Nests the last of May. In August and Sep- tember large flocks ascend 3,000 feet above their breeding grounds and swarm over the country above timber-line to 13,000 feet. Retire in October and are common on the plains for a month ionger. A few remain through the winter in the lower portions of the State. 511b. Quiscalus quiscula zneus. BRONZED GRACKLE. Summer resident; not uncommon locally. Only in east- ern Colorado to the base of the Rocky Mountains. Henshaw found it rather numerous at Denver; just about to build May 14. The first arrived at Burlington, Colorado, May 9, 1896. Capt. P. M. Thorne writes that he has taken it at Fort Lyon and W. P. Lowe says that it breeds near Pueblo. There is no Colorado record of its breeding above 5,000 feet. 514a. Coccothraustes vespertinus montanus. WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK. Winter visitant; irregular and not uncommon. Is liable to occur anywhere in Colorado during the winter season. It has been seen at all times from early fall to late spring. Capt. P. 96 BIRDS OF COLORADO. M. Thorne took one at Fort Lyon May 11, and C. F. Morrison saw a flock of 30 at Fort Lewis May 17, at an altitude of 8,000 feet. These records so late in the season, make it not improb- able that it may yet be found breeding in the State. It has been noted from the plains to 10,000 feet. One was taken at Fort Collins as early as October, 1888. 515. Pinicola enucleator. PINE GROSBEAK. Resident; not uncommon. Most common in late summer and in winter when the bulk are just below timber-line, but stragglers descend to the foothills and wander over the plains. Capt. P. M. Thorne saw them several times at Fort Lyon and G. F. Breninger took one at Fort Collins November 6. They breed at timber-line. ‘Trippe found young birds fully feathered by June, before the snow was gone, while at 11,500 feet D. D. Stone saw a pair feeding young as late as July 25. (O. & O. IX. 1884, 20.) 517. Carpodacus purpureus. PURPLE FINCH. Migratory; rare, if not accidental. The only certain record for Colorado of this eastern species is the following from A. W. Anthony, who writes: ‘‘I have a female, which I shot November 15, 1885, near Denver. It was in company with C. frontalis and cassint.” 518. Carpodacus cassini. CASSIN’S PURPLE FINCH. Resident; common. ‘Toward the latter part of November this western representative of the Purple Finch leaves its breed- ing grounds in the mountains and retires to the foothills and plains. It is then common in flocks along the western edge of the plains and has been taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne as far east as Fort Lyon, which is at present the most eastern record of this species. A few remain through the winter in some of the lower parks up to 7,000 feet, and a large part go south of Colo- rado for that season. The last of March or early in April the return movement to the mountains begins. This is almost the only species in which the summer and winter ranges are com- plementary. It winters from the plains to 7,000 feet and breeds from 7,000 to 10,000. By May it has worked its way up the mountains to its summer home and breeds there the latter half of June. Capt. Thorne has taken one at Fort Lyon as late as May 28. It wasa female with eggs just visible to the naked eye, 519. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. HousE FIncu. Resident; abundant. Originally described by Say from specimens taken near where Cafion City now stands. One of the most abundant winter birds on the plains along the base of BIRDS OF COLORADO. 97 the foothills and breeding quite commonly in the same localities. Common in towns, breeding around the cornices of buildings and in the shades of the electric lights like the English Sparrow of the East, for which it is often taken by visitors from the por- tions of the United States blessed by the English importation. Rare far out on the plains, but a flock of 15 was seen in Finney County, in southwestern Kansas, January 5, 1892. Breeds on the plains and especially in the lower foothills. Less commonly in the mountains to 8,000 feet. ‘The most eastern record of breeding anywhere is that of Capt. P. M. Thorne, who took a pair at Fort Lyon June 3, 1883. The female contained an egg with shell. He also saw one other in the fall. The height of the breeding season along the foothills is the middle of June and two broods are often reared. Eggs have been noted at Fort Collins as early as March 25 and as late as the middle of July. The most northern record noted is that of F. Bond at Cheyenne, where the first came April 14 and the nest and eggs were taken June 11, 1889. (Auk, VI. 1889, 341.) 521a. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi. MEXICAN CROSSBILL. Resident; not uncommon. Under this heading are in- cluded all the Red Crossbills of Colorado, not because specimens exactly like eastern birds are not found here, but because there seems to be no satisfactory way of separating them from the western form. Occurs on the plains and the lower foothills during the winter, and breeds in the foothills and the lower mountains to about 8,000 feet. The above may be considered as the usual range, but specimens have been taken in winter at Manhattan at an altitude of 9,000 feet, and the birds have been seen in summer up to at least 11,000 feet. The breeding period is apparently quite irregular. The Red Crossbill of the east breeds in winter, and the western form must do the same'at least part of the time, for C. F. Morrison found a nest and four eggs January 30, 1887, near Fort Lewis (O. & O. XIII. 1888, 70), while W. E. D. Scott at Twin Lakes found young flying June 24 that were several months old. On the contrary T. M. Trippe speaks of their breeding as late as May. 522. Loxia leucoptera. WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Winter visitant; rare. Only one record, that of F. M. Drew, who took one in Baker’s Park, in southwestern Colorado, at 9,500 feet. (B. N. O. C. VI. 1881, 85 and 138.) 524. Leucosticte tephrocotis. GRAY-CROWNED LEUCOSTICTE. Winter resident; rare. A western species breeding in the Sierra Nevada of California and probably in British America. Comes south and east in winter to Colorado, and has been taken along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. To the speci- 7 98 BIRDS OF COLORADO. mens already recorded may be added two taken at Fort Collins March 31. Most of the earlier records of this species really refer to L. australzs. 524a. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis. HEPBURN’S LEU- COSTICTE. Winter visitant; rare. Summers in British America and comes south and east in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. There was a specimen in the Maxwell Collection; F. M. Drew gives it as occurring in the winter from 5,000 to 8,000 feet, while C. F. Morrison says that it is a winter visitant, rare on the eastern slope and common on the western. He says he has seen it both in the spring and in the fall. There is much need of more information on the occurrence in Colorado of this variety and the typical species. 525. Leucosticte atrata. BLACK LEUCOSTICTE. Winter visitant; rare. Was originally described by Ridg- way (Am. Sportsman IV. 1874, 24) from four specimens taken by C. E. Aiken at Cafion City in April, 1874. The present writer has seen a mounted specimen in Colorado Springs and there is one in the Maxwell Collection. All references to the birds in Colorado apparently refer to one or the other of these instances. 526. Leucosticte australis. BROWN-CAPPED LEUCOSTICTE. Resident; abundant. Ranges the highest in summer of any bird in Colorado, unless it is the White-tailed Ptarmigan. Never seen below timber-line in summer and not known to nest below 12,000 feet; thence to the tops of the highest peaks. The height of the breeding season is the latter part of July. In August young and old swarm over the summits of the peaks picking insects off the snow. By the last of October or early in November, they descend to timber-line .and remain there through the winter except as they are driven a little lower by the severest storms. At the same time a few come into the lower valleys almost to the base of the foothills. 528. Acanthis linaria. REDPOLL. Winter resident; common. Arrives from the north in November and is fairly common on the plains and in the mount- ains to 10,000. Remains high in the mountains even when the temperature is thirty degrees below zero. More especially common in the lower foothills of the northern half of the State. Leaves for the north from the middle of March to the middle of April. 529. Spinus tristis. AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. Resident; not common in winter and apparently then confined to the plains; abundant in migration; rather common BIRDS OF COLORADO. 99 breeding on the plains and in the lower portions of the mount- ains. It seems to be most common during the summer on the plains and in the lower valleys. Although it enters the mountain parks and reaches 9,000-10,000 feet, it is not common above 7,000 feet. The great bulk move north and south in May and September, but their movements are quite irregular. 530. Spinus psaltria. ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH. Summer resident; common. Comes as far north as the northern boundary of Colorado and breeds throughout its range in the State, on the plains and in the mountains to somewhat over 9,000 feet. It is the latest migrant, scarcely reaching northern Colorado before the middle of June. Breeds from the last of June to the middle of July. Nash found young at Pueblo just leaving the nest September 18, 1879. Migrates southward late in October and the first part of November. Is found rather less than a hundred miles east of the mountains out on the plains. Seems to be most common in central Colo- rado. 530a. Spinus psaltria arizonze. ARIZONA GOLDFINCH. Summer resident; not common and either local or else has not been separated by observers from typical psalivza. Brought into the fauna of Colorado by a specimen in the Maxwell Col- lection. In southwestern Colorado C. F. Morrison says that psaltrta and arzzone are about in even numbers and that after the young of arzzone are out of the nest they go up into the mountains and appear again in abundance in October, stay a few weeks and retire south. A.W. Anthony writes that he has specimens from Pueblo and Colorado Springs taken in the breeding season. Prof. Wm. Osburn writes that he has two specimens he took at Loveland in the breeding season and that he also found them breeding at Golden. They can therefore be said to breed from the plains to 6,000 feet. 533. Spinus pinus. PINE SISKIN. Resident; common. During migration this species is very abundant along the foothills. Retires to the mountains to breed, ranging in the summer from about 7,000 feet to timber- line. Occasionally a few nest at the base of the foothills. Some remain through the winter, but a little below timber-line, while the bulk are scattered over the lower valleys and through- out the plains. ooo. Passer domesticus. EUROPEAN HOUSE SPARROW. Resident; not yet abundant anywhere. ‘This imported pest reached Colorado only .a few years ago. W. P. Lowe noticed its arrival at Puebloin February, 1895. (Nidologist, IT. I00 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 1895, 90.) It had, however, been gradually approaching the mountains for several years previous. It reached Denver during the summer of 1896, and there are probably less than twenty pairs of these sparrows now (March, 1897) in that city, where in ten years from now there will be asmany thousands. The Sparrow has reached the Rocky Mountains by following the lines of rail- road westward. It is not rare in the towns along the Union Pacific and Burlington roads in northern Colorado, to within fifty miles of the mountains, and it is a question of but a few years before they will over-run all of the country east of the foothills. They have not increased very rapidly so far in the State. At Las Animas, on the Arkansas River, where they have been for about four years, there are probably not more than ten pairs in the town and none in the country outside the city limits. Their habits here are the same as in the east. It will be in- teresting to note the result of the rivalry in Colorado of this bird and the House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis). "This latter bird has for years occupied the place in Colorado that the English Sparrow does farther east. Over the eastern half of the United States, the English Sparrow has not had to contend with any species of habits similar to its own. In Colorado, at the base of the mountains, it meets its first real foe. Time will tell which will be victorious. 534. Plectrophenax nivalis. SNOWFLAKE. Winter visitant; rare. Comes to the plains: region of northeastern Colorado during the winter season, but never in large numbers and not regularly. Has been taken at Fort Collins, Loveland, Boulder and Denver. C. F. Morrison records one from La Plata County March 1. ‘This is the only record from west of the range. 536. Calcarius lapponicus. LAPLAND LONGSPUR. Winter resident; common. Enters Colorado from the north in October and remains through the winter. When it first arrives it passes up into the lower mountain parks, but in severe weather it is confined to the plains extending to southern Colorado. Breeds far forth. o 538. Calcarius ornatus. CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR. Summer resident, rare; winter resident, not common; in migration, common. Has been taken during the winter at Fort Collins, Loveland, Boulder, Pueblo, Fort Lyon, and Allen and Brewster saw a flock at Colorado Springs as late as May 9. No records from west of the range. Breeds regularly in North- ern United States and British America. Given by Ridgway as breeding in Colorado, though the present writer can find no authority for the statement. Known to breed in Wyoming and Nebraska just over the Colorado line. BIRDS OF COLORADO. IOI 539. Rhyncophanes mccownii. McCown’s LonGspur. Winter resident; common. One of the commonest winter birds on the whole plains region of Colorado east of the mount- ains. Found by Allen and Brewster at Colorado Springs as late as May 9. Reaches southern Colorado in the fall about the first of October. McCown’s Longspur has been several times given as breeding in Colorado. This is very likely true, but the present writer has been unable to finda single authentic record of its occurrence in the State during the summer. Allen found it breeding abundantly at Cheyenne, Wyo., only a few miles north of Colorado. 540a. Poocetes gramineus confinis. WESTERN VESPER SPARROW. Summer resident; abundant. During migration one of the most abundant of birds on the plains and in the foothills. It breeds sparingly on the plains of eastern Colorado, more com- monly on the plains nearer the foothills, and abundantly at the base of the mountains. It is still a common breeder to 9,000 feet, and occasionally to 12,000. Arrives in southern Colorado the middle of April, and reaches the mountain parks early in May. 542b. Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus. WESTERN SAVANNA SPARROW. Summer resident; common. In migration it is very abundant and many remain to breed. On the plains they can hardly be called other than a migrant, but from the base of the foothills through the mountains it is not an uncommon breeder up to nearly 12,000 feet. Arrives early in April and remains until the middle of October. All the specimens taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon were typical alaudzinus. 545. Ammodramus bairdii. Bairp’s SPARROW. Migratory; not common. Has been taken at various places along the eastern edge of the mountains and on the plains during spring and fall migration. The only record west of the Front Range is the one taken by Aiken in the San Luis Valley August 22, 1874. But since it is common in Ari- zona during the fall and winter, it undoubtedly crosses western Colorado during its migrations. Not known to breed in the State. 546a. Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus. WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Summer resident; not uncommon, but seldom noticed. Breeds mostly on the plains or in the lower foothills. Arrives the middle of April. 102 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 552a. Chondestes grammacus strigatus. WESTERN LARK SPARROW. Summer resident; common. Breeds commonly over all the plains of eastern and western Colorado, and in the mount- ain parks less commonly to 10,000 feet. Arrives the last of April and breeds late in May. 553. Zonotrichia querula. HARRIS’S SPARROW. | - Migratory; rare. Only one record for the State. One taken by C. W. Beckham at Pueblo, October 29, 1886. (Auk, IV. 1887, 120.) In the Auk, XI. 1894, 182, the present writer recorded a specimen at Colorado Springs that he was assured had been taken in the vicinity. Further investigation has revealed the fact that the specimen was obtained in Texas. 554. Zonotrichia leucophrys. WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW. Summer resident; abundant. During migration one of the commonest birds. Arrives in April and spends two months in working up to timber-line. F. M. Drew has noted the queer fact of their changing location between the first and second brood. He says that they are common and breed during June in Baker’s Park in San Juan County at about 8,000 feet; that most of them then leave the Park and are numerous among the stunted bushes above timber-line where they’ raise a second brood. In September they return to the park and linger until October. (B.N.O.C. VI. 1881, 138.) Breeds most abundantly from 10,000 to 11,000 feet and July is the height of the breed- ing season. Known to breed as high as 12,500 feet. The last of the migrants leaves the lower valleys about the first of June. On their return the last leaves the State in November. 554a. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. INTERMEDIATE SPARROW. Migratory; common. Arrives from the last of March to the middle of April, and on its northward journey keeps near the level of the plains. It is abundant in the foothills and lower portions of western Colorado and is not uncommon east to the Kansas line. The bulk leave the State in April and the last about the middle of May. On their southward journey they. are a little later than the White-crowned Sparrow. Breed north of the United States. 557. Zonotrichia coronata. GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW. Winter visitant; accidental. A Pacific Coast species, known once from Colorado. Prof. Wm. Osburn says that a small flock spent the winter of 1889 in the thickets along the Big Thompson. One was shot February 23. (Science, XXII. 1893, 212.) BIRDS OF COLORADO. 103 558. Zonotrichia albicollis. WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. Migratory; rare. The only records for Colorado of this eastern species are the one shot by C. W. Beckham at Pueblo, October 24, 1886 (Auk, IV. 1887, 120), and the one taken by H. G. Smith near Denver October 5, 1892. (Nidologist, III. 1896-7, 76.) Since it has been taken as a rare migrant on the Platte in Wyoming and is known to breed in northern Wyoming, it is probable that more pass through Colorado in migration than would be supposed from the meagreness of the record. 5594. Spizella monticola ochracea. WESTERN TREE SPARROW. Winter resident; common. Spends the winter on the plains and in the lower parts of the mountains. Common to 7,000 feet and occasionally to 9,000. Arrives from the north about the middle of October and becomes common early in November. The bulk leave in April and the last by the first of May. The western form is found over all the plains to Kansas. 560. Spizetla socialis. CHIPPING SPARROW. Summer resident, rare; in migration, not uncommon. The typical Chippy of the east comes into Colorado as far as the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. ‘There is no authentic record as high as 6,000 feet. ‘The western variety, arizona, is the prevailing form at the base of the mountains and for several miles out on the plains. There is need of much more infor- mation as to the relative distribution of the two birds in eastern Colorado. Though not uncommon during migration, the typi- cal form must be quite rare asa breeder. There is indeed no unquestionable record of its breeding in Colorado and it is en- tered above as a summer resident on the strength of its known _ breeding to the east and the north in Kansas and Nebraska. Arrives in northern Colorado the last of April. 560a. Spizella socialis arizone. WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW. Summer resident; abundant. Especially common along the foothills in migration. Allen and Brewster mention a flock of at least 1,000 birds seen May 13 at Colorado Springs. Not known to breed far out on the plains, but it breeds from the base of the foothills to nearly 10,000 feet. Breeds most com- monly from 6,000 to 7,000 feet. Arrives the middle of April and most go into the foothills by the middle of May. Breeds the middle of June. Leaves the State the latter part of October. Six specimens taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon have been identified as this variety, but they are known there only during migration. 104 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 561. Spizella pallida. CLAY-COLORED SPARROW. Summer resident; not uncommon. Appears not to be common anywhere in Colorado, but is scattered over all of the State east of the mountains. Breeds in north-central Colorado on the plains and at the base of the foothills, but the southern limit of its breeding range in the State has not been satisfact- orily determined. V. L. Kellogg shot one in Estes Park August to. (Trans. Kans. Acad. Science, XII. 1889-90, 86). This is the only record for the mountains and is probably a bird that had wandered upward after the breeding season. Arrives the last of April and leaves late in September. 562. Spizella breweri. BREWER’S SPARROW. Summer resident; not uncommon. Arrives from the mid- dle of April to the first of May. Most common in migration the first half of May. Rather more common in the southern half of the State. Breeds throughout its range from the plains to 8,000 feet. Principally a western species, but Capt. P. M. Thorne took it as far east as Fort Lyon. 566. Junco aikeni. WHITE-WINGED JUNCO. Winter resident; common. Winters on the plains and in the mountains to at least 8,000 feet. The commonest Snowbird in the mountains in the winter. According toC. E. Aiken, ‘‘the first stragglers from the north do not make their appearance till about the 5th of October, [this is on the plains of El Paso County. In the mountains they do not arrive until late in October or early November,] and then in gradually increasing numbers till the first of December, when they come in large flocks, the last to arrive being the old and fully plumaged males. While many of the females and young birds proceed farther to the south, the greater number of the adult males winter at some point farther to the north than El Paso County, as of the whole number seen during the winter only about two-fifths are males. Early in February the old birds begin to start northward, the general migration being delayed about a month.” Has been taken in Colorado as late as April 11. Breeds in northern Wyoming. 567. Junco hyemalis. SLATE-COLORED JUNCO. Winter resident; not common. ‘The typical hyemalis comes west to the Rocky Mountains as a rather rare visitor. If it is ever common, it is during spring migration from the last of March to the middle of April; less common during fall migration in November; still less common during the winter season. Winters on the plains and in the foothills to 7,000 feet. During spring migration goes a 1,000 feet higher. Not BIRDS OF COLORADO. 105 known to breed in the State, which is somewhat strange con- sidering how far south it breeds in the mountains of eastern United States. 567b. Junco hyemalis connectens. SHUFELDT’S JUNCO. Winter resident; abundant. Great numbers winter in southern Colorado, where F. M. Drew says that they appear first at timber line in September; later, stragglers come down and mix with caniceps and by October have taken full possess- ion. When severe winter weather begins they pass lower down. (B.N.O.C. VI. 1881, 138.) They remain in numbers throughout the winter as far north as central Colorado, and are not an uncommon winter resident nearly to the northern boundary. Very common in migration during November and April. Extend eastward to Kansas. 568. Junco mearnsi. PINK-SIDED JUNCO. Winter resident; common. In middle Colorado, during the winter, one of the most common Juncos, especially on the plains at the base of the foothills. Arrives rather late in the fall, and is most numerous during the spring migration. At this latter season it is principally a bird of the mountains from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. The period of greatest numbers is about the first of April. The last of the migrating Juncos to leave, remaining until the last of April. Aiken once saw females in El Paso County as late as May 4. Extends east on the plains as far as Fort Lyon, where it has been taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne. 568. 1. Junco annectens. R1ipGway’s JUNCO. Winter visitant; rare. One was taken by R. C. McGregor at Boulder November 25, 1892, associated with mearnsz, cant- ceps, atkent, and connectens. (Auk, X. 1893, 205.) 569. Junco caniceps. GRAY-HEADED JUNCO. Resident; abundant. The only Junco at present known to breed in Colorado. ‘The bulk winter south of the State, but a few remain on the plains and the lowest valleys of the mount- ains from November to April. In southwestern Colorado F. M. Drew says that they are very abundant in summer from 7,500 to 12,000 feet, raising two and perhaps three broods. Large young out of the nest taken June 26, and nest with fresh eggs a month later; young birds September 25. The commonest summer bird, taking the place of the Chippy of the east. Leave the first of November just as ovegonus [=connectens] be- comes plentiful. (B. N. O. C. VI. 1881, 138.) Farther north, in Clear Creek County, where it does not winter, T. M. Trippe, in “Birds of the Northwest,” says that it arrives the middle or 106 BIRDS OF COLORADO. latter part of March, two or three weeks before the other varieties leave. Works upward as the snow leaves, and by the middle of June has left the region below 8,000 feet. Breeds abund- antly from the upper limit of shrubs to 1,000 feet below timber- line, and less commonly down to 8,500, and occasionally at 7,000 feet. In October descends to lower valleys and soon leaves the county. D. D. Stone found fresh eggs from June 8 to July 18 at 10,000 feet in Gunnison County. (O. & O. IX. 1884, 20.) Common on the plains during spring and fall migra- tion, remaining in the spring usually to the first of May, and rarely as late as June 1. Capt. P. M. Thorne took it as far east as Fort Lyon. 570a. Junco phzonotus dorsalis. RED-BACKED JUNCO. Migratory; rare. ‘The only record for Colorado is that of Chas. F. Morrison who says that they were abundant during the spring of 1887 at Fort Lewis in the extreme southwestern corner of Colorado. (O. & O. XV. 1890, 36.) This is the resi- dent and abundant form just south of the Colorado line and it would be strange if some did not enter the State. It has been entered above as migratory according to the record, but if it occurs as anything more than an accidental visitant, it must breed. 573. Amphispiza bilineata. BLACK-THROATED SPARROW. Summer resident; not uncommon, locally. A southern and western species barely reaching to Colorado and found only in the southwestern portion. Abundant a little south of Colo- rado in Arizona. The only record east of the range and probably accidental, is one taken by C. E. Aiken, July 26, 1872, in a mountain park near Cafion City. 574a. Amphispiza belli nevadensis. SacE SPARROW. Summer resident; abundant. Quite common on the sage- brush plains of western and southwestern Colorado. Comes east as far as San Luis Park, where Henshaw found it not uncommon up to 8,000 feet. 581. Melospiza fasciata. SONG SPARROW. Migratory; rare. Among five Song Sparrows taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon, and now in the Field Colum- bian Museum at Chicago, is one typical fasczata, the other four being montana. Fasciatais the common form found through- out Kansas and Nebraska, and in view of the above record it is probable that a few migrate across the plains of the extreme eastern Colorado and may not unlikely breed in northeastern Colorado, ‘ BIRDS OF COLORADO. 107 581b. Melospiza fasciata montana. Mountain Sono SPARROW. _ Summer resident; common. It might be called resident, since a few breed on the plains and in mild winters a few re- main all the year. Common throughout the State in migration and not uncommon as a breeder from the plains to 8,000 feet. Breeds more commonly at the upper limit of its range. Arrives late in March. 583. Melospiza lincolni. LincoLn’s Sparrow. Summer resident; common. An abundant species in mi- gration both on the plains and in the mountains. Breeds in the mountains from 7,000 feet to timber-line and occasionally to the base of the foothills. Most common during the summer months at or near timber-line. Arrives last of April or early in May and by the last of May has left the plains for the north or gone up into the mountains. Breeds late in June and descends to the plains again the first half of October, leaving the State about the first of November. 585c. Passerella iliaca schistacea. SLATE-COLORED SPAR- ROW. Summer resident; rare. The status of this species as a Colorado bird is very unsatisfactory. Ridgway makes the un- equivocable statement that it breeds in Colorado along “‘streams of the mountain parks.” (Bull. Essex Inst. V. 1873, 183.) The basis for this statement cannot now be ascertained and it has not been confirmed by later observers. Indeed this is the only record the bird has for Colorado. It has been commonly sup- posed that the type specimen of this variety was taken in Colo- tado and this is so stated by Bendire in his Life Histories of North American Birds. The present writer is indebted to Prof. T. S. Palmer, of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, for the information that the specimen in question was taken by Lieut. Bryan’s party July 19, 1859, in Nebraska, about 20 miles east of the Colorado line. 588. Pipilo maculatus arcticus. ARcTIc TOWHEE. Winter resident; not uncommon. It is somewhat difficult to draw the line between arcticus and megalonyx in Colorado. According to the best light obtainable at the present time, those birds should be referred to arctzcus that occur on the plains east of the mountains during fall, winter and spring as migrants from the north; and that all breeding birds should be referred to megalonyx. Arcticus arrives from the north early in Octo- ber and remains until April. Occurs from middle Kansas to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. 108 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 588a. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx. SPURRED TOWHEE. Summer resident; common. Arrives last of March to the middle of April and by the middle of May has reached its upper summer limit at 9,000 feet. Breeds from the base of the east- ern foothills westward. Eggs are laid from the last of May through June. Goes south late in September. So faras known extends even in migration but a few miles. out on the plains. 590. Oreospiza chlorura. GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE. Summer resident; common. Occurs throughout all of western Colorado and common for a few miles out on the plains. Has been taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne as far east as Fort Lyon. Arrives the last of April and early part of May; ascends into the mountains to the limit of trees. Breeds in all its range but most commonly about 8,000 feet; nests in May and often raises two broods. Leaves the State in October. 591. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus. CANON TOWHEE. Resident; common, locally. All the records for the State come from the Arkansas Valley. It is a common resident in Pueblo County nesting in juniper and sometimes cactus bushes. Most common on the plains and lower foothills but occurs spar- ingly up to 10,000 feet. Breeds the latter part of April. The above statements are from the notes of Beckham, Lowe and Nash, who have made a special study of the birds of the Arkansas Valley. Occurs regularly and abundantly south and southwest of Colorado. 592. Pipilo aberti. ABERT’s TOWHEE. Summer resident; rare. There is no record for Colorado but that of Henshaw, who says: ‘Though no specimens were secured, pretty good evidence of the presence of this species at the alkali lakes northwest of Fort Garland, Colo., was obtained by the discovery of a nest, about June 25, 1873, containing two eggs, which a careful comparison with specimens in the Smith- sonian Institution satisfies me, must have belonged to this bird. It had evidently been deserted a short time before.” (Henshaw, 1875, 306.) In New Mexico and Arizona this species is abundant. 593. Cardinalis cardinalis. CARDINAL. Winter visitant; rare, if not accidental. A. W. Anthony writes that one was taken below Denver, December 5, 1883. It is a rare resident in western Kansas and common southward. 596. Zamelodia melanocephala. BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK. Summer resident; common. Occurs throughout the whole of Colorado from the plains to 8,000 feet, and breeds every- BIRDS OF COLORADO. 109 where. Arrives about the middle of May and breeds about the first of June. Departs south in September. W. P. Lowe reports seeing several in the Wet Mountains at an altitude of 10,000 feet. 5978. Guiraca cerulea eurhyncha. WESTERN BLUE GRos- BEAK. Summer resident; not uncommon, locally. A southern species, known from South Dakota, southwesterly across south- eastern Colorado to southern Utah. All the records for Colorado. come from the Arkansas Valley, where it is reported by Aiken, Lowe and Beckham as not uncommon and breeding at Pueblo. Capt. P. M. Thorne also saw two at Fort Lyon. Arrives late in May. 598. Passerina cyanea. INDIGO BUNTING. Summer visitant; rare, if not accidental. An eastern spe- cies, coming regularly only to eastern Kansas. ‘Taken twice in Colorado; once by C. E. Aiken in El Paso County, while the other specimen is in the Maxwell Collection, without any record as to when or where it was taken. 599. Passerina ameena. LAzuLI BUNTING. Summer resident; abundant. From the plains to the lower foothills, an abundant and characteristic species, breeding everywhere. A few breed at 7,000 feet and occasionally wander a thousand feet higher. ‘Taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon and breeds east to western Kansas. Arrives early in May and breeds about the middle of June. One was taken by Prof. C. P. Gillette July 7, 1896, on Little Beaver Creek, Larimer County, at an altitude of 9,100 feet. 604. Spiza americana. DICKCISSEL. Summer resident; rare. Occurs only on the plains and at the foothills east of the Rocky Mountains. A few pairs spend. the summer each year on the plains near Fort Collins and they have been noted at various places from there to Fort Lyon where Capt. P. M. Thorne saw six June 22, 1884. In five years residence there, these were the only ones seen. Farther east in Kansas it becomes one of the commonest birds. 605. Calamospiza melanocorys. LARK BUNTING. Summer resident; abundant. The most common summer bird on the plains. Locally known as the “Bobolink.” Much more common east than west of the mountains. Breeds on the plains and in the foothills to about the limit of cultivated fields at 8,000 feet. Becomes rapidly less numerous after passing the lowest foothills. Arrives the first week in May spreading over 110 BIRDS OF COLORADO. all the plains region in a few days. The females arrive about a week later than the males. Begins to migrate south late in August and disappears the latter part of September. 607. Piranga ludoviciana. Louisiana TANAGER. Summer resident; common. In migration occurs on the plains for 50 to 75 miles east of the foothills. It is common at Pueblo, but 80 miles east of there at Fort Lyon, Capt. P. M. Thorne did not see one in five years’ residence. It was taken however at Finney County, southwest Kansas as a rare straggler, May 2o0and June 1, 1893. During the breeding season it deserts the plains and is common at 10,000 feet. Few breed below 7,500 but some as low as 6,000 feet. Arrives on the plains the middle of May and moves into the mountains early in June. Breeds the last of June and remains in the mountains until September. The last leave the State late in October. [608. Piranga erythromelas. ScaRLET TANAGER. A male was taken by Mr. Bond at Cheyenne, Wyo., May 28, 1889. (Auk, VI. 1889, 341.) The bird is common a little farther east, but has no Colorado record. This individual may have crossed Colorado to reach Cheyenne, which is just over the Colorado line, or it may have passed westward up the Platte]. 610a. Piranga rubra cooperi. COOPER’S TANAGER. Summer visitant; rare or accidental. A southern species common in New Mexico and Arizona, but scarcely coming north to Colorado. Only one specimen known, taken by Henshaw at Denver, May 10, 1873. (Henshaw, 1875, 239.) 611. Progne subis. PURPLE MARTIN. Summer resident; not common and local. Appears to be almost entirely lacking along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and the plains at their base. As common in Utah as in the east and not uncommon in the extreme western part of Colorado. Again to the eastward, it is common in Kansas and extends a little way across the border into Colorado. In eastern Colorado, it arrives the last week of April and remains to breed on the plains. In western Colorado it arrives about the same time, but goes into the mountains for the summer, breeding from 6,000 to 8,000 feet; farther west in Utah it breeds both in towns on the plains and in the mountains. 612. Petrochelidon lunifrons. C1LirF SWALLOW. Summer resident; abundant. Breeds everywhere from the plains to 10,000 feet, nesting both on cliffs and under eaves. Arrives the last of April and first half of May. Breeds late in June. There is so long a time between its arrival and the be- ginning of nest building that breeding occurs at about the same time on the plains and in the mountains over the whole of Colorado. BIRDS OF COLORADO. III 613. Chelidon erythrogastra. Barn SwALLow. Summer resident; common. Breeds on the plains and in the mountains to 10,000 feet, but nowhere in such numbers as lunifrons or thalassina. Arrives the last of April. Breeds in June and often raises two broods. H. G. Smith says that the same pair returned to his place in Denver to breed for fifteen consecutive years. i 614. Tachycineta bicolor. TREE SwaLLow. Summer resident; not uncommon, but rare for a Swallow. Breeds occasionally on the plains and more frequently in the mountains to 10,000 feet. Arrives in April and breeds from the last of May to the last of June. Departs in September. 615. Tachycineta thalassina. VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW. Summer resident; abundant, locally. Throughout west- ern Colorado and east to the edge of the plains. A few breed on the plains, but more commonly from 6,000 to 10,500 feet. Arrives from the first week in May on the plains to the last of the month in the mountains. Begins laying late in June to the first of July. Deserts the higher regions in August and the lower early in September. 616. Clivicola riparia. Bank SwALLow. Summer resident; rare. The rarest Swallow in Colorado. Arrives the last of April and breeds on the plains and at the base of the foothills. 617. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. RouGH-wINGED SWALLOW. Summer resident; not uncommon. Much more common than the Bank Swallow. Breeds near streams on the plains and in the lower portions of the mountains below 7,500 feet. Arrives early in May. 618. Ampelis garrulus. BOHEMIAN WAXWING. Winter resident; not uncommon. Irregular in its move- ments and numbers. Has been noted at one time or another from most of the State; rather rare on the plains and more common in the mountains to at least 8,o00 feet. Breeds north of the United States and reaches southern Colorado in Novem- ber; remaining through the winter. The bulk leave late in February or early March. Has been taken at Denver by H. G. Smith as late as March 22, 1884. 619. Ampelis cedrorum. CEDAR WAXWING. Resident; not common; local and irregular. Scattered over the lower portions of the State during the fall, winter and spring. Breeds on the plains and in the mountains to about 9,000 feet. Breeds about the middle of June. II2 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 621. Lanius borealis. NORTHERN SHRIKE. Winter resident; common. Breeds north of the United States and comes south to Colorado in October. Makes its first appearance high up on the mountains above timber-line and later descends to the plains. Quite common at the western edge of the plains where food, in the shape of Shore Larks, is abund- ant. Also winters less commonly in the mountain parks to 9,500 feet. Departs northward in March. 622a. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. WHITE- RUMPED SHRIKE. Summer resident; common. Arrives from the south soon after the Northern Shrike leaves, early in April, and is quite common through the summer on the plains. Less common in the mountains to about 9,500 feet. On the plains breeds late in May and sometimes raises two broods. 624. Vireo olivaceus. RED-EYED VIREO. Summer resident; rare. An eastern species coming only west to the base of the foothills. Allen took it in the mountains at 11,000 feet, but this must be considered as an accidental oc- currence. Arrives late in May and leaves in September. Capt. P. M. Thorne took it at three different times at Fort Lyon, where he marks it as tolerably common. Prof. Wm. Osburn saw but one at Loveland in several years of active collecting. There are both male and female in the Maxwell Collection. 627. Vireo gilvus. WARBLING VIREO. Summer resident; common. ‘The most common Vireo in Colorado. Arrives on the plains the first week in May and at its upper range in the mountains by the last of the month. Breeds sparingly on the plains and abundantly in the mountains; almost as common at 10,000 feet in summer as lower down. Breeds about the first of July. 629a. Vireo solitarius cassinii. CASSIN’S VIREO. Rare or accidental summer visitant; not known to breed. A southwestern species not regularly reaching north to Colorado. There was a specimen in the Maxwell Collection that may or may not have been taken in this State. Mr. H. G. Smith took one near Denver May 13, 1888, and the specimen was identified by Ridgway. (Nidologist, III. 1896-7, 76.) 629b. Vireo solitarius plumbeus. PLUMBEOUS VIREO. Summer resident; common. Extends east at least to the base of the mountains and a few miles out on the plains. Arrives early in May. Breeds in the foothills and among the mountains to rather over 9,000 feet. Nests among the pines, but in migration occurs everywhere. ; BIRDS OF COLORADO. IT3 636. Mniotilta varia. BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER. . Summer visitant; rare. An eastern species scarcely com- ing west of central Kansas. Has been taken twice, once by Minot at Boulder, June r, 1880 (B. C. N. O. V. 1880, 223), and Geo. F.’Breninger writes that he took one at Table Rock, on the Divide between Denver and Colorado Springs. Not known to breed in Colorado, though breeding in corresponding lati- tudes in Kansas. 644. Helminthophila virginiz. Vircinia’s WARBLER. Summer resident; common. Most common at the limit of its eastern extension at the base of the foothills and though so common there it is not known a few miles out on the plains at Pueblo. ‘This is one of the few exceptions to the rule that any western species found in the foothills follows down the Arkan- sas at least as far as Pueblo. Through western Colorado it is abundant in migration and in many places is the most com- mon Warbler during the breeding season. Breeds very com- monly along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from the foothills to 7,500 feet. Arrives the first week in May and breeds about the middle of June. Leaves the State late in September. 646. Helminthophila celata. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER. Summer resident; not uncommon. Quite common in migration, extending over the plains and a little ways into the mountains. Over the former it is known only asa migrant; in the latter it breeds from about 6,000 to 9,000 feet, but is rare above 8,o00 feet. Arrives the first week in May and leaves late in September or early October. 646a. Helminthophila celata ‘lutescens. LUTESCENT WARBLER. Summer resident; not uncommon. ‘The western form of the Orange-crowned Warbler, coming east as far as the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains at Denver and at Colorado Springs. Movements and habits so far as known the same as the Orange- crowned Warbler. ‘There is no doubt that the two forms occur in Colorado, and that in general one inhabits eastern Colorado and the other western, but whether their habitats meet or over- lap, and their relative distribution in the mountains during the breeding season, are points that need further elucidation. 647. Helminthophila peregrina. TENNESSEE WARBLER. Migratory; rare. Only known from eastern Colorado at the base of the Rocky Mountains, where it has been taken in El] Paso County by Aiken, at Boulder by Minot, at Loveland by 8 114 BIRDS OF COLORADO. Osburn and Smith, and there are both male and female in the Maxwell Collection. Passes through Colorado the latter half of May. 648. Compsothlypis americana. PARULA WARBLER. Summer resident; rare. An eastern species coming scarcely west to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Has never been taken in the northern part of Colorado, but from Colorado Springs south and southeast a few occur each summer. Arrives early in May. 652. Dendroica zestiva. YELLOW WARBLER. Summer resident; abundant. The commonest Warbler that breeds on the plains. Arrives the first week in May and breeds both on the plains and in the mountains to’8,o0u feet, though rather more common at the lower altitudes. 652a. Dendroica zstiva sonorana. SONORA YELLOW WAR- BLER. Summer resident; probably common. ‘To the southwest- ward the eastern form of the Yellow Warbler shades into the Sonora variety. It is not yet known with definiteness, where the dividing line should be drawn. In his original description of sonorana, Mr. Brewster says that a Colorado specimen is a fair intermediate between sonorana and morcomz. (Auk, V. 1888, 139.) A specimen taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon, Mr. Brewster marks as not typical but nearest sonorana. If this view is finally adopted, it will probably include under sonorana many of the Yellow Warblers of southern and especi- ally southwestern Colorado. 654. Dendroica cerulescens. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WAR- BLER. Migratory; rare. ‘The only Colorado record is that of a specimen taken in the vicinity of Denver by Mr. H. G. Smith, May 24, 1888. (Nidologist, III. 1896-7, 76.) In the Auk, XI. 1894, 182, the present writer recorded a specimen at Colorado Springs that he was assured had been shot in that vicinity. Further investigation has shown that the bird came from with- out the State. 655. Dendroica coronata. Myrtle WARBLER. Migratory; not uncommon. Arrives the last of April or early in May and is not uncommon for two or three weeks along the base of the foothills and on the plains. Migrates from ten days to two weeks ahead of audubonz, but in May the two species are often found together. A few go into'the foothills to 9,000 feet. Scarcely known west of the Rocky Mountains. ‘The last leave BIRDS OF COLORADO. II5 by the middle of May. Breeds from the northern United States northward. Much less common during fall migration. 656. Dendroica auduboni. AupuBON’s WARBLER. Summer resident; abundant. During the summer this is the most common Warbler among the higher mountains. Ar- tives on the plains early in May and in migration is very com- mon at the western edge of the plains and less aud less common eastward to western Kansas. Is known on the plains only asa inigrant. Extends into the mountains the middle of May and by the last of the month has reached the upper limit of its tange. Breeds from 7,500 to 11,000 feet and is most common above 9,000 feet. Laying begins from the last of May in south- western Colorado to the middle of June in the north-central part of the State. The last leaves the plains for the mountains the last week in May. Begins to return in August; during Sep- tember is common in the lower parks and appears on the plains. Leaves the State in October. 657. Dendroica maculosa. MAGNOLIA WARBLER. Migratory; rare. In migration extends westward to the western edge of the plains, where one was taken by Henshaw at Denver May 17, 1873. Capt. P. M. Thorne has also taken one at Fort Lyon May 17, 1884. Breeds in the northern United States and northward. 658. Dendroica rara. CERULEAN WARBLER. Migratory; rare. The only Colorado record is the one seen by Henshaw at Denver May 17, 1873. An eastern species common in Kansas during migration and rarely breeding in that State. [659. Dendroica pensylvanica. CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. One was taken by Mr. Bond at Cheyenne, Wyo., May 23, 1889. (Auk, VI. 1889, 341.) This is only just over the line from Colorado, and the bird, which is a commion species a little farther east, may have crossed Colorado or may have passed westward up the Platte River. ] 661. Dendroica striata. BLACK-POLL WARBLER. Summer resident; rare. An eastern species coming rarely but regularly west tothe Rocky Mountains. Occasionally com- mon in migration, both on the plains and at the base of the foot- hills. The only record of breeding in Colorado, and the most southern in the United States, is that of H. D. Minot who found it as a summer resident at Seven Lakes, near Manitou, at an alti- tude of 11,000 feet. (B. N. O. C. V. 1880, 223.) Reachies Colorado about the middle of May. 664. Dendroica graciz. GRACE’S WARBLER. Summer resident; common in extreme southwestern Colo- rado. A southwestern species reaching its extreme northern 116 BIRDS OF COLORADO. limit in southern Colorado. F. M. Drew says that it is common on the tributaries of the San Juan River, breeding in the pines from 6,000 to 7,000 feet. (B. N. O. C. VI. 1881, 85.) In La Plata County, Chas. F. Morrison found them not common and took eggs in May at 8,500 feet. A most surprising occurrence was the appearance of a small flock of these birds in the spring of 1889 at Loveland, where they were seen by Prof. Wm. Osburn and one secured April 25. At the request of the present writer, the specimen has been lately re-examined and there is no doubt of the identification. 665. Dendroica nigrescens. BLACK-THROATED GRAY WAR- BLER. Summer resident; rare. A western species coming north to north central Colorado and east to the base of the foothills, but never common. Arrives early in May. Has been taken at Silverton, 9,500 feet, May 30, and at Idaho Springs, 7,800 feet, May 23. Its breeding range in the State has not been satisfac- torily determined. 668. Dendroica townsendi. TOWNSEND’S WARBLER. Summer resident; not uncommon. A western species coming east regularly to the base of the foothills and a few miles out on the plains. The most eastern record is that of Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon, one only seen, May 26, 1883. Rare on the plains at any time and then only as a migrant, passing north the latter part of May and returning in Septem- ber. In the mountains it is rather common during the fall mi- gration from 7,500 to 10,000 feet. Rather rare in summer, breeding from 5,500 to 8,000 feet in western Colorado. No record of its breeding east of the Rocky Mountains. 674. Seiurus aurocapillus. OVEN-BIRD. Summer visitant; rare or accidental. The only fully au- thentic record for Colorado is the single specimen taken by Dr. C. Wernigk at Denver in June, 1862. It will probably yet be found as a rare visitant to northeastern Colorado, since it is not uncommon a short distance from the State line. 675a. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis. GRINNELL’S WATER, THRUSH. Migratory; rare. Recorded from Denver, Boulder, Neder- land, Loveland and Fort Lyon, i. e., from the plains to 8,000 feet. Passes through Colorado the latter part of May. Not known to breed. 680. Geothlypis macgillivrayi, MaAcGILLIVRAY’S WARBLER. Summer resident; common. Arrives early in May and breeds from the base of the foothills to 9,000 feet. Laying begins BIRDS OF COLORADO. 117 the latter part of June. Leaves the mountains in August and the State in September. One of the most common Warblers of western Colorado. Comes east commonly to the edge of the plains and rarely to Fort Lyon, where it was seen occasionally and taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne. 681a. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. WESTERN YELLOW- THROAT. Summer resident; common. Almost confined to the plains, where it is common in migration and not uncommon as a breeder. Is found on both sides of the range, but only in the lowest portions scarcely coming up to 6,000 feet; much less commorf in western Colorado than eastern. Arrives the first week in May, but sometimes reaches northern Colorado by the middle of April. 683. leteria virens. YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. Summer visitant; accidental. The typical form from the east was found by Say in the Rocky Mountains at the head- waters of the Arkansas. (B. B. and R. Birds of N. Am.) 683a. Icteria virens longicauda. LONG-TAILED CHAT. Summer resident; common. Scarcely found in the mount- ains, but common in the lower foothills and on the plains. Does not breed above 6,500 and is never seen above 8,000 feet. Found throughout the State, but most common at the western edge of the plains. Arrives the first week in May and laying begins the first week in June. 685. Sylvania pusilla. WuILSON’s WARBLER. Summer resident; abundant. In migration is common or abundant throughout the State, in about equal numbers on the plains and in the mountains. Arrives on the plains about the middle of May and is common for ten days to two weeks. By June 1 has left the plains for the north or gone into the mount- ains. During the month of June, is moving up the mountains and by the end of June is at its summer home just above timber- line where during July it is the most numerous insect-eating bird. Laying begins the last of June; young are able to fly by the latter part of July. The center of abundance during the breeding season is about 11,000 feet, but it has been known to breed from 6,000 to 12,000 feet. Is very common in the upper parks in August during its fall descent; reaches the lower parks in September; the plains in October and leaves the State late in this month. 685a. Sylvania pusilla pileolata. PILEOLATED WARBLER. Migratory; rare. Thisis the western form, found regularly from the Great Basin to the Pacific. A specimen taken by 118 BIRDS OF COLORADO. Geo. F. Breninger at Fort Collins May 22, and now in the mu- seum of the Agricultural College is almost typical fz/eolata, much nearer that than fwszlla. This is the only record for Colorado about which there isnodoubt. Several other records probably refer to puszlla. 687. Setophaga ruticillas AMERICAN REDSTART. Summer resident; not uncommon in eastern Colorado; rather rare in western Colorado. In migration on the plains and in the foothills it is fairly common. Arrives about the middle of May. A few breed on the plains and it is not uncommon as a breeder in the mountains below 8,000 feet. Trippe saw a female in July at timber-line, but this is 3,000 feet above its normal range. 697. Anthus pensilvanicus. AMERICAN PIPIT. Summer resident; common. In migration occurs through- out the State; breeds only on the summits of the mountains. Arrives on the plains the last of April and it is about a month later that the last have departed into the mountains. Through May it is in the higher mountain parks and by June has ascended above timber-line toits summer home. Laying begins early in July, as soon as the first grass has started. Most nests are made between 12,000 and 13,000 feet, the lowest known being one on Mount Audubon at 11,000 feet, found with fresh eggs July 3. Never goes below timber-line during the breeding season. In August many wander to the tops of the peaks at 14,000 feet. At this time they gather into flocks and remain high until late in the season. ‘They descend into the upper parks the last of September and some remain above timber-line until October.. During October they come back to the plains and leave the State in November. 701. Cinclus mexicanus. AMERICAN DIPPER. Resident ; common in suitable localities. Remains near open water all the year. In winter this brings it down to the foothills and larger mountain streams, usually between 6,000 and 9,000 feet, but it has been noted clear down to the plains. Common all winter in the Cafion of the Grand River as far down as Glenwood Springs at about 5,500 feet. Moves back into the mountains as soon as the streams thaw out in April and spends the summer from 8,000 feet to just below timber-line. No record of any nest being found lower than 8,000 feet, but the present writer saw several pairs on the Cache La Poudre the last of July, that, if they nested higher, must have descended very early. Laying begins the last of May and early in June. Remains high in the mountains as late as possible, until it is forced by the coldest weather to descend to the lower valleys. BIRDS OF COLORADO, 11g D. D. Stone records the shooting of one at Hancock, October 16, at 10,000 feet. It was in open water in the ice onalake. Snow had been on the ground for two weeks and it was snowing at the time. (O. & O. VII. 1882, 181.) 702. Oroscoptes montanus. SAGE THRASHER. Summer resident; not uncommon. Comes east as far as the edge of the plains and is about in equal numbers along the eastern slope of the mountains and in western Colorado. Ar- tives early in April and breeds from the plains to nearly 10,000 feet. Leaves the State late in October. 703. Mimus polyglottos. MOocKINGBIRD. Summer resident; not uncommon, locally. In southeast- ern Colorado, along the Arkansas from Pueblo eastward, as abundant as at any place in the south. Fairly common north to Colorado Springs and thence is not common and irregular over the rest of the State east of the mountains. According to Ridgway, C. E. Aiken was the first to record the mockingbird from Colorado (Bul. Essex Inst. V. 1873, 178) but this is an error, since it was found by Maj. Long’s party, with nests and young at the Platte River near where Brighton now stands, July 4, 1823. H.G. Smith reports them as quite common in 1895 along Clear Creek near Denver and W. G. Smith says they used to breed on the Big Thompson near Loveland. F. M. Dille says that they used to breed abundantly in Greeley but left for isolated places because their young were so much sought. They breed regularly in the Republican Valley at the eastern end of Arapahoe County. During the summer of 1896, two pairs took up their residence on the grounds of the Agricultural College at Fort Collins where they had never before been seen. Four other pairs were noted in the neighboring foothills to about 6,000 feet. They have several times been seen at Chey- enne and Dr. Jesurn reports the capture of an adult male April 30, 1894, at Douglas, Wyo., 150 miles north of Cheyenne. Arrives in southern Colorado the latter part of April and breeds early in June. Breeds mostly on the plains, but occasionally in the foothills to 8,000 feet. 704. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. CATBIRD. Summer resident; common. Breeds from the plains to about 8,000 feet. Arrives early in May and breeds the latter part of June. Shy, but fairly common on the plains and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains; rare in western Colorado. Nowhere in the State is it so common as in most parts of the Mississippi Valley. Returns from the mountains to the plains in August. : I20 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 705. Harporhynchus rufus. BROWN THRASHER. Summer resident; not uncommon. Almost confined to the plains and only east of the mountains, which it barely pen- etrates to 7,500 feet. Arrives about the middle of May and breeds throughout its range. 708. Harporhynchus bendirei. BENDIRE’S THRASHER. Summer visitant; accidental. One shot by Brewster at Colorado Springs, May 8, 1882. The first and only record north of Arizona. (B. N. O. C. VIII. 1883, 57.) 715. Salpinctes obsoletus. Rock WREN. Summer resident; common. More particularly a bird of the foothills and mountains, but extending eastward over all the plains region to Kansas. Breeds on the plains, but more commonly in the mountains from 6,000 to 9,000 feet; much less commonly to 12,000 feet. Arrives on the plains the middle of April and laying begins the latter part of May. At the upper part of its range each of these dates is about a month later. Leaves the mountains in September and the State the latter part of October. 717a. Catherpes rnexicanus conspersus. CANON WREN. Resident; rare. There are but few records of this species in Colorado. It eomes east to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains and north as far as Boulder where A. W. Anthony saw several November 23, 1892. In the winter it has been noted by C. E. Aiken at Fountain and the present writer saw it the winter of 1895-6 in the Cafion of the Grand River near Glenwood Springs. Rather more common in the mountains of south-central Colorado where, according to W. P. Lowe, it breeds and is occasionally seen as high as 8,000 feet. ‘The only nest recorded to date is the one with five fresh eggs found by H. D. Minot at Manitou June 8, 1880. {B.N. O. C. V. 1880, 223.) 719b. Thryothorus bewickii leucogaster. BA1RD’s. WREN. Summer resident; rare. Only four records for Colorado and all on the plains east of the mountains; known however from southern Utah and Arizona and hence will probably yet be found in the lowest portions of western Colorado. Capt. P. M. Thorne shot one at Fort Lyon, April 27, 1886. C. E. Beck- ham took one at Pueblo, H. G. Hoskins writes that he has seen several near Burlington and W. G. Smith took it at Loveland. 7aIb. Troglodytes aédon aztecus. WESTERN HousE WREN. Summer resident; common. Occurs in migration over all of Colorado below the pine region and though it breeds through- BIRDS OF COLORADO. I2I out its range, yet in Colorado, it breeds much more commonly in the mountains than on the plains. Arrives on the plains the last of April and in the mountains the middle of May. Breeds from the plains to 10,000 feet. Raises two broods and often three. Laying begins the first of June and continues until late in July. Comes down from the mountains in Septem- ber and soon after leaves the State. 722. Troglodytes hiemalis. WINTER WREN. Resident; rare. Has been noted but a few times in Colo- tado. The honor of including it among the breeders of the State belongs to Prof. C. P. Gillette of Fort Collins who found several July 7, 1896, in the mountains thirty miles west of Fort Collins at an altitude of 8,000 feet. They were in company with aztecus. ‘Though no nests were found, they were evidently breeding at the time. Later in the same season the present writer saw several birds along the Big Thompson in Estes Park at about 7,000 feet. One was taken in Denver October 13, 1891, by Mr. H. G. Smith. (Nidologist III. 1896-7, 76.) zas5a. Cistothorus palustris paludicola. TuLz WREN. Summer resident; not uncommon, locally. Rather more common in southern Colorado than northern, and more common at the base of the foothills than farther east on the plains. Arrives usually the last of April, but Prof. Wm. Osburn writes that he took two unusually early migrants at Loveland in March, 1889. Laying begins about the middle of June. Breeds on the plains and up to 8,000 feet. Remains in the State until late in September. Mr. A. A. Bennett writes that he has seen them in Routt County in January. There are some hot water swamps, and the Wrens stay in them all winter. 726b. Certhia familiaris montana. Rocky MOUNTAIN CREEPER. Resident; common. In migration and during the winter occurs on the plains, where typical #ontana has been taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne as far east as Fort Lyon. At the same time it is also found at timber-line where it is resident all the year. The center of abundance during the winter is from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. During the breeding season it is confined to the immediate vicinity of timber-line and is there quite plentiful. Leaves the plains in April and breeds in June. 727. Sitta carolinensis. WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH. Resident; not common. The A. O. U. Check List gives the geographical distribution of the typical form as ‘‘west to the Rocky Mountains,” while acudeata is given as coming “east to the plains.” Thus the two forms would intermingle in east- 122 BIRDS OF COLORADO. ern Colorado. The only one who has formally noted both forms is V. L. Kellogg, who reports finding both in Estes Park during the summer. (Trans. Kans. Acad. Science, XII. 1889-90, 86.) A specimen taken at Fort Collins is a fair intermediate between the two forms. Not enough material has been collected to de- fine its range in Colorado. 727a. Sitta carolinensis aculeata. SLENDER-BILLED NUT- HATCH. Resident; common. ‘This is the common form in Colo- rado occurring throughout the State from the foothills westward. Winters at the edge of the plains and in the foothills, less com- monly nearly to the pines. Breeds occasionally down to the plains, but commonly from about 7,500 feet to timber-line. Its upward movement occurs in April and it breeds the last of May and early in June. Returns to the lower regions in October. 728. Sitta canadensis. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH. Resident; not uncommon. Migratory on the plains and resident in the mountains to about 8,000 feet, occasionally to 10,000 feet. Less common than the Slender-billed or the Pygmy Nuthatches. Breeds in June. 730. Sitta pygmza. PyGmy NUTHATCH. Resident; abundant. Comes east only to the edge of the plains and occurs there only in the winter. Descends from the mountains in December and remains through until February. By the first of March all have returned to the mountains. At the same time they are fully as abundant in the mountains, braving the severest cold to at least 8,000 feet. During the summer they are most common from 7,000 to 10,000 feet and a few breed as low as 6,000 feet. The great bulk scarcely make auy migration, even vertical. Begins to pair in April and laying oe the latter part of May. Probably two broods are often reared. 733a. Parus inornatus griseus. GRAY TITMOUSE. Resident; not common. Known only from southern Colo- rado, coming north to El Paso County and east to the eastern foothills. It has been taken from 5,000 to 9,000 feet and is known to breed, but its breeding range is not yet definitely de- termined. It seems probable that it winters in the foothills and breeds from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. 735a. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis. LONG-TAILED CHICKADEE. Resident; not uncommon. Winters on the plains and in the foothills, occasionally up to 8,000 feet. Breeds in the BIRDS OF COLORADO. 123 mountains from 7,000 to 10,000, rarely above 9,000 feet and rather uncommon breeding on the plains. 738. Parus gambeli. MounTAIN CHICKADEE. Resident; abundant. The most common Titmouse in Colorado. Occasionally comes down to the plains in the fall and winters as fareastas Pueblo. Resident in the mountains nearly to timber-line. Leaves the lowlands in April and nests from 8,000 feet to timber-line, ranging in the fall to the tops of the loftiest peaks. Breeds early in June. 744. Psaltriparus plumbeus. LEAD-COLORED BusH-TIT. Resident; not common. Western Colorado, coming east to the eastern foothills, wintering up to 6,500 and breeding from the plains to 7,800. The only records are those of C. E. Aiken and W. P. Lowe. 748. Regulus satrapa. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET. Summer resident; rare, breeding; rather common, in mi- gration. Arrives late in April and is present on the plains but a few days; returning, leaves the last of September. Less com- mon than the Ruby-crown and the few that remain to breed in Colorado, range higher than the bulk of the Ruby-crowns. In migration occurs through the State; breeds only near timber- line at about 11,000 feet. Breeds early in July. 749. Regulus calendula. RUuBY-CROWNED KINGLET. Sumnier resident; abundant, both in migration and breeding. Although very common during the breeding season near the timber-line, but few nests have ever been taken. The first one known to science was taken by J. H. Batty, near Buffalo Mountains June 21, 1873, and contained five young and one egg. During the same year, Henshaw found a nearly fin- ished nest at Fort Garland June 11. W. E. D. Scott took the next nest with five eggs at Twin Lakes June 25, 1879, followed two years later by one with four young, taken by F. M. Drew in San Juan County July 5, 1881. D. D. Stone took a set of eggs in 1883, at Hancock, and saw young August 1, while J. A. Allen saw young on Mount Lincoln the last of July. Arrives on the plains early in April, passes through the middle mountains during May, and reaches its breeding grounds the last of May and early in June. Only known as a migrant on the plains and in the foothills, the last leaving in the spring migration early in May. Returns to the plains early in October and leaves the State the last of that moath. Breeds most com- monly from 9,000 feet to timber-line, less commonly 2,000 feet lower. It is rather queer that it should seem to breed at a lower altitude in southern Colorado than in northern. Begins to descend early in September. 124 BIRDS OF COLORADO. 751. Polioptila carulea. BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER. Summer resident; rare. Not known north of El Paso County nor west of the mountains. Breeds on the plains and in the foothills to 7,000 feet. H.W. Nash found a nest at Pueblo June 22, containing two young and a cowbird’s egg. Lowe notes its arrival at the same place April 27, common May Io. 754. Myadestes townsendii. TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE. Resident; common. In the mountains is a permanent tesident, winter as well assummer. Only visits the plains dur- ing the fall, winter and spring and then not so common as in the mountains and quite local. Leaves the plains about the first of May and returns about the middle of October, but strag- glers are found at the base of the foothills, both later and earlier than these dates. Though not common except at the western edge of the plains, Capt. P. M. Thorne took four specimens at Fort Lyon and it is known asa rare fall and winter visitor in western Kansas. Through all the winter it can be found in the mountains from the lower valleys to about 10,000 feet; in summer it breeds from 8,000 to fully 12,000 feet. Pairs the last of April and first of May and laying lasts from the first week in June to the middle of July. Though so abundant and well known, it was not until 1876 that the first nest with eggs was taken. This was by W. L. Lamb in Summit County July, 1876, at 10,000 feet; eggs about ten days incubated. T. M. Trippe found a nest and four eggs at Howardsville July 9, 1880, D. D. Stone found two sets June 20 and one June 25, 1882, at Hancock, and Wm. G. Smith took fresh eggs on Buffalo Creek, Jefferson County, June 18, 1883. During the season of 1883 D. D. Stone took ten sets from June 6 to July 8 at Alpine Tunnel and Han- cock. After this they could no longer be called ‘‘extremely tare.’? 756a. Turdus fuscescens salicicola. WILLOW THRUSH. Summer resident; not uncommon. Occurs throughout the lower parts of the State, during migration as far east as Kansas. Breeds in the foothills and parks to about 8,000 feet. Arrives early in May. 758a. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii. OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. Summer resident, rare; in migration,common. ‘The bulk pass through Colorado on the plains and in the mountains from the first week in May to the last of the month, and on the return arrive in September and leave the State in October. A few remain to breed from the plains to 10,500 feet, but most above 8,000 feet. BIRDS OF COLORADO. 125 759: Turdus aonalaschke. Dwarr HERMIT THRUSH. _Migratory; rare. The exact position of this bird in Colo- rado‘is not yet definitely settled. The prevailing form of Hermit Thrush is audubonz, but there is a mounted specimen of the typical Dwarf Thrush taken at Fort Collins the first day of October. H. G. Smith at Denver has taken one May 1 3, 1887, and one September 26, 1884, both identified by Ridgway, and a third that probably should be referred to this form was taken there October 5, 1892. These records make it sure that this form extends regularly during spring and fall migration as far east at least as the western edge of the plains. Concerning those sent to Mr. Ridgway, he says: ‘“ Not quite typical, being a little larger than the average, but are much too small for audubon? and altogether too gray and too slender-billed for Aadllaszz.” (Nidologist, III. 1896-7, 76.) 7592. Turdus aonalaschke auduboni. AupDUBON’s HERMIT THRUSH. Summer resident; common. Sometimes called the Rocky Mountain Hermit Thrish because it iscommon and characteristic of that region. The most eastern record is that of Capt. P. M. Thorne and it is fairly common a few miles nearer the foothills during migration. Arrives the last of April and leaves the plains the last of May. Breeds in the mountains from 8,000 feet to timber-line and occasionally to the lower foothills. At the lower altitude in southern Colorado laying begins early in June and is continued on the mountains to the middle of July. Returns to the lower parts in September and leaves the: State about the middle of October. 759b. Turdus aonalaschke pallasii. HERmir THRUSH. Migratory; rare. From the east the true Hermit Thrush comes only to the eastern edge of Colorado, thus just touching the range of audobonz. Two young-of-the-year were taken September 26, 1885, by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon, and identified for him by Mr. Brewster. - 761. Merula migratoria. AMERICAN ROBIN. Summer resident; not common. The robins of Colorado shade from nearly pure mzgraéoria on the plains of eastern Col- orado to typical Aropingua. There is no definite dividing line between the two forms, and for two hundred miles east of the Rocky Mountains, birds are often found that are a fair inter- mediate between the two forms. Birds that can be reasonably assigned to the eastern form occur as far west as the base of the foothills, and V. L. Kellogg mentions taking Robins in Estes Park that were as bright as specimens from eastern Kansas. It 126 BIRDS OF COLORADO. is a fair presumption that the Robins of Colorado as a whole are propingua, and that a few of those on the plains east of the mountains should be referred to migratorza. It is not possible to make any distinction between the two forms as regards mi- gration and breeding. 761a. Merula migratoria propinqua. WESTERN ROBIN. Summer resident; abundant. The prevailing form of western Colorado, though specimens have been taken by Capt. P. M. Thorne at Fort Lyon, and it is known as a rare visitant to western Kansas. Much more common in the foothills and on the western edge of the plains than farther east. Arrives from the middle of March to the middle of April, according to the season, and sometimes a few winter in southern Colorado. Nest- ing begins the first of May and often two broods are reared, the latter early in July. Breeds on the plains and to 11,000 feet. The bulk leave the State late in November. In January, 1897, a few were seen at 8,000 feet among the pines of Boulder County. 765. Saxicola cenanthe. WHEATEAR. Accidental. A European species, straggling to New Eng- land and once taken by Minot at Boulder, May 14, 1880. (B. N. O. C. V. 1880, 223.) 766. Sialia sialis. BLUEBIRD. Summer resident; rare. The eastern form comes west to the base of the Rocky Mountains, thence westward its place being taken by .S. m. bazrdz. According to Capt. P. M. Thorne it nested at Fort Lyon the summer of 1*86. Beckham took it at Pueblo, Aiken in El Paso County. There dre both male and female in the Maxwell Collection, while Mr. Dennis Gale in- forms the present writer that he has several times taken it at Gold Hill fairly within the foothills of the Rockies. Arrives the last of April. 767a. Sialia mexicana bairdi. CHESTNUT-BACKED BLUE- BIRD. Summer resident; not common. Comes east as far as Pueblo, where it occurs in both spring and fall migration. Not uncommon along the base of the foothills and breeds from there up the mountains to 9,500 feet. Arrives the last of March and breeds about the middle of May. 768. Sialia arctica. MOuNTAIN BLUEBIRD. Summer resident; abundant. The most cominon Bluebird of Colorado, far outnumbering both the other kinds. Common in migration as far east as Fort Lyon and even to Kansas. Ar- tives in February to the middle of March according to the BIRDS OF COLORADO. 127 season and probably sometimes winters. By the last of March has spread throughout the mountains nearly to timber-line. Breeds on the plains as far east as Pueblo, more commonly at the foothills and abundantly from 7,000 feet to timber-line. Breeds on the plains the last of April and in the mountains during May. Sometimes raises two broods. In autumn wan- ders upward far above timber-line to at least 13,000 feet. Re- turns late to the foothills and the bulk leave in November and early December. 128 BIRDS OF COLORADO. ADDENDA. Some material that has accumulated while this publica- tion was passing through the press necessitates some additions to the foregoing pages. Page 3. ‘The total species known in Colorado should be 363, of which 230 are breeders. Page 11. Add Phalenoptilus nuttallc nitidus to species that breed on the plains. Page 12. Add Empidonax hammondz to species that breed principally in the mountains. Page 14. Add Bubo virginianus arcticus, Coccyzus americanus and Dryobates pubescens to the stragglers or doubtful species. Page 16. SUMMARY. Change Total species in Colorado to___..------------ 363 Change Summer residents to ---------------------- 230 Change Breeding on plains, but not in mountains to__ 35 Change Breeding principally in mountains to ------- 2I Change Stragglers to-----_-_--------------.-------- 51 INDEX. Abert’s Towhee 108. aberti, Pipilo 18, 16, 45, 108. acadica, Nyctala 8, 12, 45, 77. Acanthis linaria 9, 44, 98. Accipiter atricapillus 8, 12, 44, 47, 74. striatulus 10, 14, 16, 74. Cooperi 8, 10, 44, 74. ‘velox 8, 10, 44, 74. accipitrinus, Asio 8, 10, 45, 77. Actitis macularia 10, 18, 42, 67. aculeata, Sitta carolinensis, 9, 18, 42, 122. acuta, Dafila 8, 11, 18, 42, 55. Aichmophorus occidentalis 18, 14, 37, 47, 49. Hgialitis meloda circumcincta 19. montana 10, 18, 42, 68. semipalmata 14, 48, 68. vocifera 10, 18, 42, 68. geneus, Quiscalus quiscula 11, 15, 44, 95. Aéronautes melanoleucus 12, 19, 42, 86. zestiva, Dendroica 11, 19, 42, 114. affinis, Aythya 9, 18, 42, 56. Agelaius gubernator californicus 94. pheeniceus 9, 11, 42, 94. aikeni, Junco 9, 48, 104. Megascops aiso 8, 12, 26, 47, 78. Aiken’s Screech Owl 78. Aix sponsa 10, 42, 55. Ajaja ajaja 13, 14, 15, 26, 34, 46, 59. alaudinus, Ammodramus sandwichen- sis 13, 18, 42, 101. alba, Guara 14, 37, 47, 59. albeola, Charitonetta 9, 18, 42, 56. albicollis, Zonotrichia 14, 15, 238, 46, 108. alcyon, Ceryle 8, 10, 42, 82. alexandri, Trochilus 18, 16, 44, 86. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker 83. Ammodramus bairdii 14, 20, 48, 101. sandwichensis alaudinus 13, 18, 42, 101. savannarum perpallidus 12, 18, 44, 101. 9 American Avocet 64. Barn Owl 77. Bittern 60. Coot 63. Crossbill 36. Crow 26, 92. Dipper 35, 118. Eared Grebe 31, 49. Golden-eye 56. Goldfinch 98. Golden Plover 68. Goshawk 74. Herring Gull 50. Kinglet 32. Long-eared Owl 77. Magpie 89. Merganser 52. Osprey 7. Pipit 118. Raven 91. Redstart 118. Robin 125. Rough-legged Hawk 75. Scaup Duck 565. Scoter 57. Sparrow Hawk 76. White-fronted Goose 58. White Pelican 52. Woodcock 64. americana, Anas 10, 18, 42, 54. Aythya 9, 18, 41, 55. Clangula clangula 14, 42, 56. Compsothlypis 13, 15, 43, 114. Fulica 10, 18, 43, 63. Grus 14, 18, 48, 62. Oidemia 10, 45, 57. Recurvirostra 10, 18, 48, 64. Spiza 109. americanus, Coccyzus 47, 82, 128. Corvus 8, 11, 26, 48, 92. Merganser 8, 12, 43, 52. Ampelis cedrorum 9, 11, 48, 111. garrulus 9, 43, 111. Amphispiza belli nevadensis 13, 16, 44, 106. bilineata 13, 16, 44, 106. 130 ameoena, Passerina 11, 19, 40, 109. Anas americana 10, 18, 42, 54. boschas 8, 10, 18, 42, 53. carolinensis 9, 10, 18, 42, 54. cyanoptera 10, 15, 18, 42, 54. discors 10, 18, 41, 54. obscura 14, 15, 48, 53. strepera 10, 18, 42, 53. anatum, Falco peregrinus 8, 10, 18, 42, 76. annectens, Junco 9, 36, 47, 105. Anser albifrons gambeli 14, 45, 58. Anthus pensilvanicus 12, 18, 42, 118. spragueii 39. antillarum, Sterna 52. aonalaschke, Turdus 14, 16, 37, 47, 125. Aphelocoma woodhousei 8, 13, 42, 90. Aquila chrysaétos 8, 12, 42, 75. Archibuteo ferrugineus 8, 10, 29, 44, 15. lagopus sancti-johannis 9, 44, 75. Arctic Horned Owl 80. Tern 38, 51. Towhee 107. arctica, Sialia 9, 11, 18, 41, 126. arcticus, Bubo virginianus 47, 80, 128. Pipilo maculatus 9, 43, 107. Ardea candidissima 13, 32, 43, 61. herodias 10, 18, 42, 43, 61. rufescens 14, 47, 61. Ardetta exilis 14, 27, 47, 61. arenaria, Calidris 14, 27, 47, 61. Arenaria interpres 14, 37, 47, 69. arenicola, Otocoris alpestris 8, 11, 32, 41, 89. Arizona Goldfinch 99. arizonze, Spinus psaltria 11, 45, 99. Spizella socialis 11, 19, 42, 108. Arkansas Goldfinch 99. Kingbird 87. Ash-throated Flycatcher 87. Asio accipitrinus 8, 10, 45, 77. Megascops 8, 11, 48, 78. wilsonianus 8, 10, 41, 77. ater, Molothrus 11, 42, 93. atrata, Leucosticte 10, 35, 44, 98. atricapillus, Accipiter 8, 12, 44, 47, 74. atricilla, Larus 10, 14, 37, 47, 51. auduboni, Dendroica 12, 18, 25, 42, 115. Turdus aonalaschkee 12, 19, 42, 125. Audubon’s Hermit Thrush 125. Warbler 38, 115. aura, Cathartes 10, 18, 42, 47, 73. auratus, Colaptes 10, 15, 21, 41, 85. auritus, Colymbus 13, 14, 48, 49. aurocapillus, Seiurus 13, 15, 44, 116. australis, Leucosticte 8, 12, 22, 42, 98. Avocet, American 64. INDEX. Aythya affinis 9, 18, 42, 56. americana 9, 18, 41, 55. eollaris 14, 42, 56. marila nearctica 10, 43, 55. vallisneria 9, 18, 42, 55. aztecus, Troglodytes zdon 19, 21, 41, 120. bairdii, Ammodramus 14, 20, 48, 101. Dryobates scalaris 8, 13, 15, 47, 83. Sialia mexicana 9, 12, 18, 42, 126. Tringa 14, 18, 43, 65. . Baird’s Sandpiper 65. , Sparrow 32, 101. Wren 120. Bald Eagle 76. Baldpate 54. Baltimore Oriole 3, 95. Band-tailed Pigeon 72. Bank Swallow 111. Barn Swallow 111. Barrow’s Golden-eye 3, 56. Bartramia longicauda 11, 42, 67. Bartramian Sandpiper 67. Batchelder’s Woodpecker 83. Belted Kingfisher 82. bendirei, Harporhynchus 14, 15, 25, 46, 120. Bendire’s Thrasher 4, 21, 25, 120. bernicla, Branta.14, 15, 46, 59. bewickii, Thryothorus 39. Bicolored Blackbird 94. bicolor, Tachycineta 18, 19, 42, 111. bilineata, Amphispiza 18, 16, 44, 106. Bittern, American 60. Least 61. Black and White Warbler 113. -bellied Plover 68. -billed Cuckoo 82. -billed Magpie 29. Blackbird, Bicolored 94. Brewer’s 95. Red-winged 94. Rusty 95. Yellow-headed 93. Black-chinned Hummingbird 86. -crowned Night Heron 61. Duck 58. -headed Grosbeak 23, 108. Leucosticte 98. -poll Warbler 115. -necked Stilt 64. Swift 3, 86. Tern 52. -throated Blue Warbler 114. Gray Warbler 116. Sparrow 106. Bluebird 3, 34, 39, 126. Chestnut-backed 126. Mountain 126. Rocky Mountain 29. INDEX. Blue Crow 21. Gray Gnatcatcher 124. -winged Teal 54. Bobolink 38, 98. Bob-white 69. Bohemian Waxwing 387, 111. Bonaparte’s Gull 51. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides 8, 12, 42, 70. borealis, Contopus 12, 19, 42, 88. Cypseloides niger 18, 16, 30, 46, 86. Lanius 9, 48, 112. Numenius 68. boschas, Anas 8, 10, 13, 42, 53. Botaurus lentiginosus 10, 19, 42, 60. Brant 59. Branta bernicla 14, 15, 46, 59. canadensis 9, 12, 48, 58. hutchinsii 10, 42, 59. pbreweri, Spizella 11, 44, 104. Brewer’s Blackbird 95. Sparrow 104. Broad-tailed Hummingbird 86. Bronzed Grackle 95. Brown-capped Leucosticte 98. Thrasher 120. Bubo virginianus arcticus 47, 80, 128. subarcticus 8, 10, 43, 79. saturatus 80. buccinator, Olor 14, 59, note. Bucephala islandica 25. Buffie-head 56. bullocki, Icterus 11, 19, 42, 95. Bullock’s Oriole 95. Bunting, Indigo 109. Lark 29, 109. Lazuli 109. Burrowing Owl 81. Bush-Tit, Lead-colored 128. Buteo borealis calurus 8, 10, 29, 41, 75. harlani 10, 36, 46. kriderii 8, 11, 29, 46, 74. cooperi 36. lineatus elegans 14, 47, 75. swainsoni 8, 10, 29, 41, 75. Cabanis’s Woodpecker 82. cerulea, Polioptila 13, 15, 88, 44, 124. ceerulescens, Dendroica 14, 15, 37, 47, 114. cafer, Colaptes 8, 11, 21, 42, 85. Calamospiza melanocorys 12, 19, 42, 109. Calearius lapponicus 9, 45, 100. ornatus 9, 11, 44, 100. calendula, Regulus 12, 28, 42, 123. Calidris arenaria 14, 27, 47, 66. California Cuckoo 82. Gull 50. Partridge 69. I31 californianus, Geococcyx, 8, 18, 15, 27, 43, 81. californica, Callipepla 8, 11, 30, 46, 69. Agelaius gubernator 94. Colymbus nigricollis 10, 19, 48, 49. Larus 14, 48, 50. Callipepla californica 8, 11, 30, 46, 69. gambeli 8, 13, 16, 34, 46, 70. squamata 13, 14, 16, 22, 33, 47, 69. calurus, Buteo borealis 8, 10, 29, 41, 75. campestris, Pediocetes phasianellus 8, 11, 42, 71. Canada Goose 58. Jay 38. canadensis, Branta 9, 12, 43, 58. Grus 14, 46, 62. Sitta 9, 12, 45, 122. candidissima, Ardea 18, 32, 48, 61. eaniceps, Junco 9, 12, 21, 25, 36, 38, 42, 105. Canon Towhee 108. Wren 120. Canvas-back 55. Cardinal 108. Cardinalis cardinalis 10, 15, 30, 46, 108. earolinensis, Anas 9, 10, 18, 42, 54. Conurus 8, 11, 28, 31, 45, 81. Galeoscoptes 11, 15, 19, 42, 119. Pandion haliaétus 12, 18, 44, 77. Sitta 9, 12, 15, 33, 47, 121. Carolina Paroquet 31, 81. Porzana 10, 438, 63. carolinus, Melanerpes 13, 15, 44, 84. Scolecophagus 10, 15, 46, 95. Carpodacus cassini 8, 12, 37, 42, 96. frontalis 33. mexicanus frontalis 8, 11, 40, 96. purpureus 14, 15, 47, 96. cassini, Carpodacus 8, 12, 37, 42, 96. Vireo solitarius 15, 16, 45. Cassin’s Kingbird 87. Purple Finch 37, 96. Vireo 112. Catbird 119. Yathartes aura 10, 18, 42, 47, 73. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus 9, 13, 16, 28, 35, 42, 120. Cedar Waxwing 111. cedrorum, Ampelis 9, 11, 438, 111. celata, Helminthophila 12, 15, 19, 43, 113. Centrocerecus urophasianus 8, 10, 20, 41, 71. Ceophleeus pileatus 8, 10, 30, 46. Certhia familiaris montana 9, 12, 121. Gerulean Warbler 115. Geryle aleyon 8, 10, 42, 82. Chapparel Cock 25, 31. Charadrius dominicus 14, 44, 68. squatarola +45. 132 INDEX. Charitonetta albeola 9, 18, 42, 56. Chat, Long-tailed 117. Yellow-breasted 117. Chelidon erythrogastra 11, 18, 42, 111. Chen hyperborea 9, 14, 18, 45, 58. nivalis 14, 48, 58. Chestnut-backed Bluebird 126. -collared Longspur 100. -sided Warbler 115. Chickadee, Long-tailed 122. Mountain 123. Chipping Sparrow 103. chlorura, Oreospiza 19, 42, 108. Chondestes grammacus strigatus 11, 19, 42, 102. Chordeiles virginianus henryi 11, 41, 85. chrysaétos, Aquila 8, 12, 42, 75. Cinclus mexicanus 9, 12, 28, 42, 118. cinerascens, Myiarchus 11, 16, 43, 87. Cinnamon Teal 28, 88, 54. Circus hudsonius 8, 10, 41, 73. Cistothorus palustris paludicola 9, 11, 19, 48, 121. capitalis, ao canadensis 8, 12, 25, 41, Clangula aeacu americana 14, 42, 56. hyemalis 29. islandica 8, 12, 45, 56. Clarke’s Crow 28, 31. Nuteracker 24, 31, 92. Clay-colored Sparrow 104. Cliff Swallow 110. Clivicola riparia 11, 19, 43, 111. clypeata, Spatula 10, 18, 42, 54. Cocecyzus americanus 47, 82, 128. occidentalis 10, 36, 45, 82. erythrophthalmus 13, 14, 15, 27, 47, 82. Coccothraustes vespertinus 43. montanus 9, 95. Colaptes auratus 10, 15, 21, 41, 85. cafer 8, 11, 21, 42, 85. collaris, Aythya 11, 42, 56. Colinus virginianus 8, 11, 30, 33, 46, 69. Columba fasciata 13, 15, 38, 40, 72. columbarius, Falco 9, 10, 44, 76. columbiana, Nucifraga 8, 12, 42, 92, Olor 14, 45, 59. Colymbus auritus 18, 14, 48, 49. holboellii 18, 14, 80, 46, 49. nigricollis californicus 10, 19, 43, 49. Compsothlypis americana 13, 15, 43, 114. confinis, Pooczetes gramineus 11, 18, 42, 101. connectens, Junco hyemalis 9, 438, 105. conspersus, Catherpes mexicanus 9, 13, 16, 28, 35, 42, 120. Contopus borealis 12, 19, 42, 88. pertinax 39. richardsonii 13, 19, 42, 88. Conurus carolinensis 8, 11, 28, 31, 45, 81. cooperi, Accipiter 8, 10, 44, 74. Piranga rubra 14, 15, 16, 45. Cooper’s Hawk 74. Tanager 110. Coot, American 63. Cormorant 37. Double-crested 52. coronata, Dendroica 14, 15, 19, 48, 114. Zonotrichia 10, 15, 16, 35, 47, 102. Corvus americanus 8, 11, 26, 43, 92. corax sinuatus 8, 18, 40, 41, 91. eryptoleucus 8, 11, 43, 91. Cowbird 93. Crane, Little Brown 62. _Sandbill 62. Whooping 62. Creeper, Rocky Mountain 121. Croéssbill, Mexican 97. Red 26, 32. White-winged 97. Crow, American 92. Blue 21. Cuckoo, California 82. Black-billed 82. Yellow-billed 82. cucullatus, Lophodytes 8, 12, 48, 53. Curlew, Eskimo 68. Hudsonian 67. Long-billed 67. cryptoleucus, Corvus 8, 11, 48, 91. cyania, Passerina 18, 15, 44, 109. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 8, 12, 21, 43, 93. Scolecophagus 9, 11, 18, 42, 95. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha 8, 12, 42, 90. cyanoptera, Anas 10, 15, 18, 42, 54. Cypseloides niger borealis 13, 16, 30, 46, 86. Dafila acuta 8, 11, 18, 42, 55. deglandi, Oidemia 10, 27, 47, 57. delawarensis, Larus 9, 10, 18, 58, 57. Dendragapus obscurus 8, 12, 40, 70. Dendroica zstiva 11, 19, 42, 114. sonorana 138, 26, 48, 114. audubeni 12, 18, 25, 42, 115. czrulescens 14, 15, 37, 47, 114. coronata 14, 15, 19, 114. gracize 13, 16, 30, 46, 115. maculosa 14, 15, 45, 115. nigrescens 13, 16, 19, 43, 116. pensylvanica 115. vara 14, 15, 45, 115. striata 12, 15, 19, 45, 115. townsendi 12, 16, 45, 116. INDEX. Desert Horned Lark 89. Dickcissel 109. difficilis, Empidonax 11, 44, 88. dilophus, Phalacrocorax 138, 45, 52. Dipper, American 118. discors, Anas 10, 18, 41, 54. Dolichonyx oryzivorus 13, 15, 44, 938. domesticus, Passer 9, 11, 47, 99. dominicus, Charadrius 14, 44, 68. dorsalis, Junco phonotus 13, 16, 34, 46, 106. Picoides americanus 8, 12, 42, 83. Double-crested Cormorant 52. Dove, Mourning 73. White-winged 4, 73. Dowitcher, Long-billed 65. Downy Woodpecker 82. Dryobates pubescens 23, 47, 82. homorus 8, 10, 23, 43, 83. orececus 23. scalaris bairdi 8, 18, 15, 47, 83. villosus hyloscopus 8, 10, 41, 82. Duck, American Scaup 55. Black 53. Harlequin 38, 57. Hawk, 76. Lesser Scaup 56. Ring-necked 56. Ruddy, 38, 57. Surf 4. Wood 55. Dusky Horned Owl 80. Grouse 70. Dwarf Hermit Thrush 3, 125. Dytes nigricollis californicus 31. Eagle, Bald 76. Golden 75. Eared Grebe 31, 38. Eastern Bluebird 34, 39. Egret, Little White 32. Reddish 61. Blanoides forficatus 14, 15, 47, 73. elegans, Buteo lineatus 14, 47, 15. Empidonax difficilis 11, 44, 88. hammondi 44, 89, 128. minimus 14, 19, 44, 89. traillii 11, 43, 88. wrightii 12, 42, 89. enucleator, Pinicola 8, 12, 44, 96. Eremophila corruta 37. Ereunetes occidentalis 14, 19, 48, 66. pusillus 14, 19, 43, 66. Erismatura famaicensis 10, 18, 42, 57. erythrogastra, Chelidon 11, 18, 42, 111. erythromelas, Piranga 110. erythrophthalmus, Coccyzus 18, 14, 15, 27, 47, 82. erythrorbynchos, Plecanus 11, 18, 43, 52. Eskimo Curlew 68. 133 eurhyncha, Guiraca cerulea 13, 16, 44, 109. European House Sparrow 99. Evening Grosbeak 95. excubitorides, Lanius ludovicianus 11, 18, 42, 112. exilis, Ardetta 14, 27, 47, 61. Falco columbarius 9, 10, 44, 76. mexicanus 8, 10, 29, 44, 76. peregrinus anatum 8, 10, 18, 42, 76. richardsoni 10, 44, 76. sparverius 8, 10, 18, 41, 76. Falcon, Lanier 28. Prairie 76. fasciata, Columba 18, 15, 33, 40, 72. Melospiza 10, 15, 48, 106. fedoa, Limosa 14, 19, 45, 66. ferrugineus, Archibuteo 8, 10, 29, 44, 75. Ferruginous Rough-leg 75. Finch, Cassin’s Purple 96. House 29, 37, 96. Purple 96. flammeola, Megascops 8, 12, 31, 37, 45, 78. Flammulated Screech Owl 26, 29, 32, 38, 78. flavipes, Totanus 14, 18, 42, 66. Flicker 85. Red-shafted 85. Florida Gallinule 21, 63. Flycatcher, Ash-throated 87. Hammond’s 89. Least 89. Olivaceous 4, 39, 88. Olive-sided 88. Say’s 37. Scissor-tailed 87. Townsend’s 33. Traill’s 88. Western 88. Wright’s 89. forficatus, Elanoides 14, 15, 47, 73. Milvulus 14, 15, 47, 87. forsteri, Sterna 11, 19, 43, 51. Forster’s Tern 51. franklinii, Larus 13, 19, 48, 51. Franklin’s Gull 51. frontalis, Carpodacus mexicanus 8, 11, 40, 96. : Frosted Poorwill 85. Fulica americana 10, 18, 43, 63. fuscescens, Turdus 39. fuscicollis, Tringa 14, 34, 46, 65. Gadwall 53. galbula, Icterus 15, 42, 95. galeata, Gallinula 14, 46, 63. Galeoscoptes carolinensis 11, 15, 19, 42, 119. 134 Gallinago delicata 9, 12, 43. Gallinula galeata 14, 46, 63. Gallinule, Florida 21, 63. gallopavo, Meleagris 8, 11, 40, 44, 71. gambeli, Anser albifrons 14, 45, 58. Callipepla 8, 18, 16, 34, 46, 70. Parus 9, 12, 42, 123. Gambel’s Partridge 70. garrulus, Ampelis 9, 48, 111. Geococcyx californianus 8, 18, 15, 27, 48, 81. Geothlypis macgillivrayi 116. trichas occidentalis 12, 19, 48, 117. gilvus, Vireo 11, 19, 42, 112. Glaucidium gnoma 8, 12, 15, 23, 44, 81. Glossy Ibis 35. Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray 124. gnoma, Glaucidium 8, 12, 15, 23, 44, 81. Godwit, Marbled 66. Golden-crested Wren 30. -crowned Kinglet 123. Sparrow 3, 102. Eagle 75. -eye, American 56. Barrow’s 3, 56. Rocky Mountain 25. Goldfinch, American 98. Arkansas 99. Arizona 99. Goose, American White-fronted 58. Canada 58. Greater Snow 58. Hutchin’s 59. Lesser Snow 58. Goshawk, American 74. Western 74. gracize, Dendroica 18, 16, 30, 46, 115. Grace’s Warbler 3, 115. Grackle, Bronozed 95. Rusty 37. Gray-crowned Leucosticte 97. -headed Junco 21, 105. -ruffed Grouse 70. Titmouse 122. Great Blue Heron 61. Northern Shrike 37. Greater Snow Goose 58. Yellow-legs 66. Grebe 35. American Hared 49. Lared 31, 38. Holbeell’s 3, 49. Horned 49. ° Pied-billed 38, 50. Western 49. Green-tailed Towhee 25, 33, 108. -winged Teal 54. Grinnell’s Water-thrush 116. griseus, Parus inornatus 9, 138, 16, 48, 122. 12, 19, 42, INDEX. Grosbeak, Black-headed 23, 108. Pine 88, 96. Western Blue 109. Evening 95. Grouse, Dusky 70. Gray Ruffed 70. Pinnated 34. Prairie Sharp-tailed 71. Sage 71. Sharp-tailed 34. Grus americana 14, 18, 48, 62. canadensis 14, 46, 62. mexicana 9, 10, 41, 62. Guara alba 14, 37, 47, 59. rubra 14, 33, 47, 60. guarauna, Plegadis 60. Guiraca czerulea eurhyncha 13, 16, 36, 44, 109. Gull, American Herring 50. Bonaparte’s 51. California 50. Franklin’s 51. Herring 37 Laughing 51. Ring-billed 39, 51. Sabine’s 38, 51. Western 50. Gymnocitta cyanocephala 31. Halisxetus leucocephalus 8, 12, 42, 76. hammondi, Empidonax 44, 89, 128. Hammond’s Flycatcher 89. Harelda hyemalis 10, 47, 56. harlani, Buteo borealis 10, 36, 46, 75. Harlan’s Hawk 75. Harlequin Duck 8, 57. Harporhynchus bendirei 14, 15, 25, 46, 120. rufus 12, 15, 19, 42, 120. Harris’s Sparrow 102. Hawk, American Rough-legged 75. Sparrow 76. Cooper’s 74. Duck 76. Harlan’s 75. Krider’s 74. Marsh ‘73. Pigeon 76. Red-bellied 75. Sharp-shinned 74. Swainson’s 33, 75. Helminthophila celata 12, 15, 19, 43, 118. lutescens 12, 21, 46, 113. peregrina 14, 15, 19, 44, 113. virginie 12, 43, 113. henryi, Chordeiles virginianus 11, 41, 85. Hepburn’s Leucosticte 98. Hermit Thrush 125. INDEX. Heron, Black-crowned Night 61. Great Blue 61. Snowy 61. Yellow-crested Night 62. herodias, Ardea 10, 18, 42, 48, 61. Herring Gull 37. hiemalis, Troglodytes 9, 12, 44, 121. Himantopus mexicanus 10, 45, 64. Micropalama 14, 19, 46, 65. Histrionicus histrionicus 8, 12, 30, 46, 57. Hooded Merganser 53. holbeellii, Colymbus 13, 14, 30, 46, 49. Holbell’s Grebe 3, 49. homorus, Dryobates pubescens 8, 10, 23, 48, 83. Horned Grebe 49. Lark 30, 89. House Finch 29, 37, 96. hudsonica, Pica pica 8, 11, 40, 89. Hudsonian Curlew 67. hudsonicus, Numenius 14, 46, 67. hudsonius, Circus 8, 10, 41, 73. Hummingbird, Black-chinned 86. Broad-tailed 86. Rufous 86. hutchinsii, Branta canadensis 10, 42, 59. Hutchins’s Goose 59. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis 10, 42, 52. hyemalis, Harelda 10, 47, 56. Junco 10, 43, 104. hyloscopus, Dryobates villosus 8, 10, 41, 82. hyperborea, Chen 9, 14, 18, 45, 58. hypogsea, Speotyto cunicularia 8, 10, 18, 41, 81 Ibis, Glossy 35. Scarlet 4, 38, 60. White 4, 59. White-faced Glossy 60. Wood 60. Ieteria virens 15, 44, 117. longicauda 11, 42, 117. Icterus galbula 11, 15, 42, 95. bullock? 11, 19, 42, 95. spurius 13, 15, 42, 94. Ictinia mississippiensis 14, 15, 47, 73. imber, Urinator 9, 43, 50. Indigo Bunting 109. : inornata, Symphemia semipalmata 10, 49, 26, 48, 44, 67. intermedia, Zonotrichia leucophrys 9. 43, 102. Intermediate Sparrow 102. interpres, Arenaria 14, 37, 47, 69. [ridoprocne bicolor 30. islandica, Clangula 8, 12, 45, 56. 135 Jack Snipe 25. Jeeger, Parasitic 50. jamaicensis, Erismatura 10, 18, 42, 57. Jay, Long-crested 38, 90. Maximilian’s 31. Pinion 98. Rocky Mountain 90. Stellar’s 38. White-headed 38. Woodhouse’s 90. Junco aikeni 9, 48, 104. annectens 9, 36, 47, 105. caniceps 9, 12, 21, 25, 36, 38, 42, 105. Gray-headed 21, 105. hyemalis 10, 43, 104. aikeni 35. connectens 9, 48, 105. mearnsi 9, 438, 105. pheeonotus dorsalis 18, 16, 34, 46, 106. Pink-sided 105. . Red-backed 106. ridgwayi 33. Ridgway’s 105. Shufeldt’s 105. Slate-colored 104. White-winged 104. Killdeer 68. Kingbird 87. Arkansas 87 Cassin’s 87. Kingfisher, Belted 82. Kinglet, Golden-crowned 123. Ruby-crowned 23, 32, 34, 38, 128. Kite, Mississippi 73. Swallow-tailed 75. Kittiwake 50. kriderii, Buteo borealis 8, 11, 29, 46, 74. Krider’s Hawk 74. Lagopus leucurus 8, 12, 28, 25, 27, 30, 41, 70. Lanier Falcon 28. Lanius borealis 9, 48, 112. ludovicianus excubitorides 11, 18, 42, 112. Lapland Longspur 100. lapponicus, Calcarius 9, 45, 100. Lark Bunting 29, 109. Desert Horned 89. Horned 30, 89. Pallid Horned 89. Shore 32, 37. Larus argentatus smithsonianus, 10, 46, 50. atricilla 10, 14, 37, 47, 51. cealifornicus 18, 14, 48, 50. delawarensis 9, 10, 18, 43, 51. 136 franklinii 13, 19, 48, 51. occidentalis 13, 14, 48, 50. philadelphia 138, 45, 51. Laughing Gull 51. Lazuli Bunting 109. Lead-colored Bush-Tit 123. Least Bittern 61. Flycatcher 89. Sandpiper 65. Tern 52. lentiginosus, Botaurus 10, 19, 42, 60. Lesser Scaup Duck 56. Snow Goose 58. lencocephalus, Halizetus 8, 12, 42, 76. leucogaster, Thryothorus bewickii 13, 23, 46, 120. leucolema, Otocoris alpestris 9, 32, 43, leucophrys, Zonotrichia 9, 12, 18, 42, 102. leucoptera, Loxia 10, 30, 97. Melopelia 18, 14, 16, 28, 45, 78. Leucosticte atrata 10, 35, 44, 98. australis 8, 12, 22, 42, 98. Black 98. Brown-capped 98. campestris 22. Gray-crowned 97. Hepburn’s 98. teprocotis 9, 22, 48, 97. littoralis 9, 45, 98. leucurus, Lagopus 8, 12, 23, 25, 27, 30, 41, 70. Lewis’s Woodpecker 84. Limosa fedoa 14, 19, 45, 66. linaria, Acanthis 9, 44, 98. lincolni, Melospiza 107. Lincoln’s Sparrow 25, 107. Little Brown Crane 62. White Egret 32. littoralis, Leucosticte tephrocotis 9, 45, 98. lobatus, Phalaropus 14, 19, 44, 63. loculatus, Tantalus 14, 45, 60. Long-billed Curlew 67. Dowitcher 65. -crested Jay 38, 90. longicauda, Bartramia 11, 42, 67. Icteria virens 11, 42, 117. longirostris, Numenius 11, 18, 43, 67. Longspur 37. Chestnut-collared 100. McCown’s 101. Lapland 100. Long-tailed Chat 117. Chicadee 122. Loon 50. Lophodytes cucullatus 8, 12, 43, 53. Lopibes hyperboreus 30. Louisiana Tanager 110. INDEX. Loxia curvirostra bendirei 36. stricklandi 8, 12, 26, 36, 44, 97. leucoptera 10, 30, 46, 97. ludoviciana, Piranga 12, 19, 42, 110. Thryothorus 39. lunifrons, Petrochelidon 11, 18, 40, 110. lutescens, Helminthophila celata 12, 21, 46, 118. Lutescent Warbler 113. macgillivrayi, Geothlypis 12, 19, 42, 116. Macgillivray’s Warbler 116. macrolopha, Cyanocitta stelleri 8, 12, 42, 90. Macrorhampus scolopaceus 14, 19, 45, 65. macroura, Zenaidura 10, 18, 41, 93. macularia, Actitis 10, 18, 42, 67. maculata, Tringa 14, 438, 65. maculosa, Dendroica 14, 15, 45, 115. Magnolia Warbler 115. Magpie 40. American 89. Black-billed 29. Mallard 35, 53. Marbled Godwit 66. Marsh Hawk 73. Martin, Purple 110. Maximilian’s Jay 31. maxwellie, Megascops asio 3, 12, 24, 81, 45, 78. mccownii, Rhyncophanes 9, 11, 44, 101. McCown’s Longspur 101. Meadow Lark, Western 34, 94. mearnsi, Junco 9, 438, 105. eee Pipilo maculatus 18, 42, 108. Megascops asio 8, 11, 48, 78. aikeni 8, 12, 26, 31, 47, 78. maxwelliz 8, 12, 24, 31, 45, 78. flammeola 8, 12, 31, 37, 45, 78. Melanerpes carolinus 18, 15, 44, 84. erythrocephalus 11, 42, 84. torquatus 8, 12, 42, 84. melanocephalus, Zamelodia 11, 19, 23, 42, 108. melanocorys, Calamospiza 109. oe Aéronautes 12, 19, 42, Totanus 14, 18, 42, 66. Meleagris gallopavo 8, 11, 40, 44, 71. mexicana 8, 10, 34, 46, 72. oo leucoptera 13, 14, 16, 28, 45, (ow Melospiza fasciata 10, 15, 48, 106. montana 9, 11, 19, 42, 107. georgiana 39. lincolni 12, 19, 42, 107. INDEX. Merganser americanus 8, 12, 48, 52. Hooded 53. Red-breasted 53. serrator 9, 45, 53. Merlin, Richardson’s 76. 5 Merula migratoria 9, 12, 15, 40, 125. propinyua 9, 11, 18, 46, 126. mesoleucus, Pipilo fuscus 9, 11, 16, 43, 108. Mexican Crossbill 97. Turkey 72. mexicanus, Cinclus 9, 12, 23, 118. Falco 8, 29, 44, 76. Grus 9, 10, 41, 62. Himantopus 10, 45, 64. Meleagris gallopavo 8, 10, 34, 46, 72. Micropalama himantopus 14, 19, 46, 65. migratoria, Merula 9, 12, 15, 40, 125. Milvulus forficatus 14, 15, 47, 87. Mimus polyglottos 12, 19, 40, 119. minimus, Empidonax 14, 19, 44, 89. minor, Philohela 13, 15, 46, 64. minutilla, Tringa 14, 18, 42, 65. Mississippi Kite 73. mississippiensis, Ictinia 14, 15, 47, 73. Mniotilta varia 13, 15, 45, 113. Mockingbird 119. Mountain 38. Molothrus ater 11, 42, 93. montana, Adgialitis 10, 18, 42, 68. Certhia familiaris 9, 12, 121. Coccothraustes vespertinus 9, 48, 95. Melospiza fasciata 9, 11, 19, 42, 107. Oroscoptes 11, 18, 41, 119. Mountain Bluebird 126. Chickadee 123. Mockingbird 38. Plover 29, 38, 68. Song Sparrow 107. Mourning Dove 73. Myadestes townsendii 9, 12, 19, 28, 37, 88, 39, 42, 124. Myiarchus cinerascens 11, 16, 43, 87. Jawrencei olivascens 14, 16, 47, 88. Myrtle Warbler 114. nearctica, Aythya marila 10, 43, 55. neglecta, Sturnella magna 9, 11, 42, 94. Nepheecetes niger porealis 30. nevadensis, Amphspiza belli 13, 16, 44, 106. Nighthawk, Western 85. Night Heron, Black-crowned 61. Yellow-crowned 62. nigrescens, Dendroica 13, 16, 19, 43, 116. sean Phalenoptilus nuttalli 13, 15, 47, 48, 85. 137 nivalis, Chen hyperborea 14, 48, 58. Plectrophanes 9, 44, 100. Northern Phalarope 63. Shrike 112. notabilis, Seiurus noveboracensis 14, 45, 116. nuchalis, Sphyrapicus varius 12, 23, 42, 83. Nucifraga columbiana 8, 12, 42, 92. Numenius borealis 68. hudsonicus 14, 46, 67. longirostris 11, 18, 48, 67. Nutcracker, Clarke’s 92. Nuthatch, Pygmy 122. Red-breasted 122. Slender-billed 122. White-breasted 121. nuttalli, Phalsevoptilus 11, 42, 85. Nyctala acadica 8, 12, 45, 77. Nyctea nyctea 10, 34, 46, 80. Nycticorax nycticorax nevius 11, 19. 46, 61. ate violaceus 14, 45, 62. obsoletus, Salpinctes 18, 19, 40, 120. obscura, Anas 14, 15, 48, 53. Dendragapus 8, 40, 70. occidentalis, Aachmophorus 138, 37, 47, 49. Coccyzus americanus 10, 36, 45, 82. Ereunetes 14, 19, 48, 66. Geothlypis trichas 12, 19, 43, 117. Larus 18, 14, 48, 50. Syrnium 8, 13, 46, 77. ochracea, Spizella monticola 9, 43, 103. cenanthe, Saxicola 4, 14, 15, 34, 45, 126. Oidemia americana 10, 45, 57. deglandi 10, 27, 47, 57. perspicillata 10, 37, 47, 57. Old Squaw 29, 56. Olivaceous Flycatcher 4, 39, 88. Vireo 12, 15, 19, 112. olivacens, Myiarchus lawrencei 14, 16, 47, 88. Olive-backed Thrush 124. -sided Flycatcher 88. Olor buccinator 14, 48, 59. columbianus 14, 45, 59. Orange-crowned Warbler 113. Oregon Snowbird 38. Oreospiza chlorura 19, 42, 108. Oriole, Baltimore 3, 95. Bullock’s 95. Orchard 94. ornatus, Calcarius 9, 11, 100. Oroscoptes montanus 11, 18, 41. oryzivorus, Dolichonyx 12, 15, 44, 93. Osprey, American 77. Otocoris alpestris arenicola 8, 11, 32, 41, 89. leucoleema 9, 32, 43, 89. 138 Ousel, Water 35, 38. Oven-bird 116. Owl, Ailen’s Screech 78. American Barn 77. Long-eared 77. Arctic Horned 80. Burrowing 81. Dusky Horned 80. Flammiulated Screech 26, 29, 32, 38, 78. Pygmy 27, 32, 81. Rocky Mountain Screech 24, 78. Saw-whet 77. Screech 78. Short-eared 77. Spotted 77. Snowy 80. Western Horned 79. pacifica, Tringa alpina 14, 19, 43, 66. Pallid Horned Lark 89. pallida, Spizella 11, 19, 44, 104. pallasii, Turdus aonalaschke 14, 15, 47, 125. paludicola, Cistothorus palustris 9, 11, 19, 48, 121. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis 12, 18, 44, 77. paradiseea, Sterna 18, 37, 47, 51. Parasitic Jeger 50. parasiticus, Stercorarius 10, 45, 50. Paroquet, Carolina 81. Partridge, California 69. Gambel’s 70. Scaled 22, 69. Parula Warbler 114. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis 9, 13, 41, 122. gambeli 9, 12, 42, 123. inornatus griseus 9, 18, 16, 48, 122. montanus 28. Passer domesticus 9, 11, 47, 99. Passerella iliaca schistacea 12, 44, 107. Passerina amoena 11, 19, 40, 109. cyanea 13, 15, 44, 109. Pectoral Sandpiper 65. Pediocztes phasianellus campestris 8, 11, 42, 71. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 11, 18, 43, 52. Pelican, American White 52. pensilvanicus, Anthus 12, 18, 42, 118. peregrina, Helminthophila 14, 15, 19, 44, 113. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis 8, 12, 25, 41, 90. perpallidus, Ammodramus savannarum 12, 18, 44, 101. perspicillata, Oidemia 10, 37, 47, 57. Fetrochelidon lunifrons 11, 18, 40, 110. Pewee, Western Wood 88. INDEX.. Phalenoptilus nuttalli 11, 42, 85. nitidus 13, 15, 47, 48, 85. Phalacrocorax dilophus 138, 45, 52. Phalarope, Northern 63. Wilson’s 63. Phalaropus lobatus 14, 19, 44, 68. Pheasant 40. philadelphia, Larus 18, 51. Philohela minor 18, 15, 46, 64. Pheebe 8, 39, 88. Sayornis 14, 15, 47, 88. Say’s 88. phoeniceus, Agelaius 9, 11, 42, 94. Pica pica hudsonica 8, 11, 40, 89. Picicorvus columbianus 24, 31. Picoides americanus dorsalis 8, 12, 42, 83. Pied-billed Grebe 38, 50. Pigeon, Band-tailed 72. Hawk 76. pileolata, Sylvaria pusilla 14, 15, 47, 117. Pileolated Warbler 117. Pine Siskin 99. Grosbeak 38, 96. Pinicola enucleator 8, 12, 33, 44, 96. Pinion Jay 93. Pink-sided Junco 105. Pinnated Grouse 34. Pintail 55. pinus, Spinus 8, 18, 42, 99. Pipilo aberti 18, 16, 45, 108. fuscus mesoleucus 9, 11, 16, 43, 108. maculatus arcticus 9, 48, 107. megalonyx 18, 42, 108. Pipit, American 118. Piranga erythromelas 110. ludoviciana 12, 19, 42, 110. rubra cooperi 14, 15, 16, 45, 110. platycercus, Selasphorus 12, 28, 42, 86. Plectrophanus mccownii 25. Plectrophenax nivalis 9, 44, 100. Plegadis guarauna 18, 16, 43, 60. Plover, American Golden 68. Black-bellied 68. Mountain 29, 38, 68. Semipalmated 68. Plumbeous Vireo 112. plumbeus, Psaltriparus 9, 13, 16, 43, 123. Vireo solitarius 13, 19, 42, 112. Podiceps auritus californicus 31. Podilymbus 9, 18, 35, 48, 50. Podilymbus podiceps 9, 18, 35, 48, 50. Polioptila caerulea 13, 15, 33, 44, 124. polyglottos, Mimus 12, 19, 40, 119. Pooceetes gramineus confinis 11, 18, 42, 101. Poor-will 85. Frosted 85. Porzana carolina 10, 48, 68. INDEX. pratincola, Strix 8, 11, 37, 47. Prairie Falcon 76. Sharp-tailed Grouse 71. Progne subis 11, 18, 44, 110. propinqua, Merula migratoria 9, 11, 18, 46, 126. pubescens, Dryobates 23, 47, 82. Purple Finch 96. Martin 110. purpureus, Carpodacus 14, 15, 47, 96. pusillus, Ereunetes 14, 19, 48, 66. Sylvania 12, 19, 42, 117. psaltria, Spinus 11, 40, 99. Psaltriparus plumbeus 9, 13, 16, 48, 123. Ptarmigan, White-tailed 23, 27, 70. pygmeea, Sitta 9, 12, 35, 42, 122. Pygmy Nuthatch 122. Owl 27, 32, 81. querula, Zonotrichia 14, 15, 23, 46, 102. Quiscalus quiscula eeneus 11, 15, 44, 95. Rail, Virginia 62. Rallus virginianus 11, 18, 48, 638. rara, Dendroica 14, 15, 45, 115. Raven 40. ; American 91. White-necked 91. Recurvirostra americana 10, 18, 43, 64. Red-backed Junco 106. Sandpiper 66. -bellied Hawk 75. Woodpecker 84. -breasted Merganser 53. Nuthatch 122. Crossbill 26, 32. Reddish Egret 61. Red-eyed Vireo 112. head 55. -naped Sapsucker 83. -poll 98. shafted Flicker 85. start, American 118. -tail, Western 75. -winged Blackbird 94. Regulus calendula 12, 23, 43, 123. satrapa 12, 43, 123. Rhyncophanes mccownii 9, 11, 44, 101. richardsoni, Contopus 18, 19, 42, 88. Falco 10, 44, 76. Richardson’s Merlin 76. Ridgway’s Junco 105. Ring-billed Gull 39, 51. necked Duck 56., riparia, Clivicola 11, 19, 48, 111. Rissa tridactyla 10, 14, 45, 50. Roadrunner 81. bin 27. ne American 125. Western 126. 139 Rock Wren 37, 120. Rocky Mountain Bluebird 29. Creeper 121. Golden-eye 25. Jay 90. Screech Owl 24, 78. Whiskey Jack 25. Roseate Spoonbill 4, 59. Rough-leg, Ferruginous 75. -winged Swallow 111. rubra, Guara 14, 33, 47, 60. Ruby-crowned Kinglet 23, 32, 34, 38, 123. Wren 23. Ruddy Duck 88, 57. rufescens, Ardea 14, 47, 61. Rufous Hummingbird 86. rufus, Harporhynchus 12, 15, 19, 42, 120. 4 Selasphorus 13, 45, 86. Rusty Blackbird 95. Grackle 37. ruticilla, Setophaga 11, 19, 42, 118. sabinii, Xema 10, 15, 45, 51. Sabine’s Gull 38, 51. Sage Grouse 71. Sparrow 106. Thrasher 119. salicicola, Turdus fuscescens 12, 42, 124. Salpinctes obsoletus 18, 19, 40, 120. sancti-johannis, Archibuteo lagopus 9, 44, 75. Sanderling 66. Sandhill Crane 62. Sandpiper, Baird’s 65. Bartramian 67. Least 65. Pectoral 65. Red-breasted 66. Semipalmated 66. Solitary 67. Spotted 67. Stilt 65. Western 66. White-rumped 65. Sapsucker, Red-naped 83. Yellow-bellied 83. satrapa, Regulus 12, 48, 123. saturatus, Bubo virginianus 80. Saw-whet Owl 77. Saxicola cenanthe 4, 14, 15, 34, 45, 126. saya, Sayornis 11, 18, 42, 88. Sayornis pheebe 14, 15, 47, 88. saya 11, 18, 42, 88. Say’s Phoebe 88. Flycatcher 37. Scaled Partridge 22, 69. Scarlet Ibis 4, 33, 60. Tanager 110. 140 schistacea, Passerella iliaca 12, 44, 107. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher 87. Scolecophagus carolinus 10, 15, 46, 95. cyanocephalus 9, 11, 18, 42, 95. scolopaceus, Macrorhampus 14, 19, 45, 65. : Scops flammeola 29. 32, 36, 39. Scoter, American 57. Surf 57. White-winged 57. Screech Owl 78. Seiurus aurocapillus 18. 15. 44, 116. _ hoveboracensis notabilis 14. 45. 116. Selasphorus platycercus 12, 28, 42, 86. rufus 18, 16, 45, 86. semipalmata, Agialitis 14, 48, 68. Semipalmated Plover 68. Sandpiper 66. septentrionalis, Parus atricapillus 9, 13, 41, 122. serrator, Merganser 9, 45, 53. serripennis, Stelgidopteryx 11, 19, 44, 111. Setophaga ruticilla 11, 19, 42, 118. Sharp-shinned Hawk 74. -tailed Grouse 34. Shore Larks 32, 37. Short-eared Owl 77. Shoveller 54. Shrike, Great Northern 37. Northern 112. White-rumped 112. Shufeldt’s Junco 105. Sialia arctica 9, 11, 18, 41, 126. mexicana bairdi 9, 12, 18, 42, 126. sialis 12, 15, 39, 48, 126. Siskin, Pine 99. Sitta canadensis 9, 12, 45, 122. carolinensis 9, 12, 15, 33, 47, 121. aculeata 9, 18, 42, 122. pygmea 9, 12, 35, 42, 122. sinuatus, Corvus corax 8, 138, 40, 41, 91. | 4 Slate-colored Junco 104. Sparrow 107. Slender-billed Nuthatch 122. smithsonianus, Larus argentatus 10, 40, 50. Snipe, Jack 25. Wilson’s 36, 64. Snowbird, Oregon 29. Snowflake 100. Snowy Heron 61. Owl 80. socialis, Spizella 11, 15, 43, 103. Solitaire, Townsend’s 124. solitarius, Totanus 10, 18, 42, 67. Solitary Sandpiper 67. Song Sparrow 106. Sonora Yellow Warbler 114. INDEX. sonorana, Dendroica estiva 18, 26, 48, 114. Sora 63. Sparrow, Baird’s 101. Black-throated 106. Brewer's 104. Chipping 103. Clay-colored 104. Turopean House 99. Golden-crowned 102. Harris’s -102. Intermediate 102. Lincoln’s 25, 107. Mountain Song 107. Sage 106. Slate-colored 107. Song 106. Western Chipping 103. Grasshopper 101. Lark 102. Savanna 101. Tree 1038. Vesper 101. White-crowned 102. -throated 103. sparverius, Falco 8, 10, 18. 41, 76. Spatula clypeata 10, 18, 42, 54. Speotyto cunicularia hypogea 8, 10, 18, 41, 81. Sphyrapicus thyroideus 12, 42, 84. varius 14, 15, 48, 88. nuchalis 12, 28, 42, 83. Spinus pinus 8, 13, 42, 99. psaltria 11, 40, 99. arizonee 11, 45, 99. tristis 8, 11, 42, 98. Spiza americana 12, 15, 42, 109. Spizella breweri 11, 44, 104. monticola ochracea 9, 48, 103. pallida 11, 19, 44, 104. socialis 11, 15, 48, 103. arizonse 11, 19, 42, 103. Sponsa, Aix 10, 42, 55. Spoonbill, Roseate 4, 59. Spotted Owl 77. Sandpiper 67. spurius, Icterus 18, 15, 42, 94. Spurred Towhee 108. squamata, Callipepla 18, 14, 16, 22, 33, 47, 69. Squatarola squatarola 14, 68. squatarola, Charadrius 45. Steganopus tricolor 11, 19, 438, 63. Stelgidopteryx serripennis 11, 19, 44, 111. Stellar’s Jay 38. Stercorarius parasiticus 10, 45, 50. Sterna antillarum 52. forsteri 11, 19, 48, 51. paradiszea 13, 37, 47, 51. INDEX. Stilt, Black-necked 64. Sandpiper 65. strepera, Anas 10, 18, 42, 53. striata, Dendronica 12, 15, 19, 45, 115. striatulus, Accipiter atricapillus 10, 14, 16, 74. stricklandi, Loxia curvirostra 8, 12, 26, 36, 44, 97. strigatus, Chondestes grammacus 11, 19, 42, 102. Strix pratincola 8, 11, 37, 47, 77. Sturnella magna neglecta 9, 11, 42, 99. subarcticus, Bubo virginianus 8, 10, 43, 79. subis, Progne 11, 18, 44, 110. Surf Duck 4. Scoter 57. surinamensis, Hydrochelidon nigra 10, 42, 52. swainsoni, Buteo 8, 10, 29, 41, 75. Turdus ustulatus 12, 19, 44, 124. Swainson’s Hawk 33, 75. Swallow, Bank 111. Barn 111. Cliff 110. Rough-winged 111. -tailed Kite 73. Tree 111. Violet-green 111. White-bellied 30. Swan, Trumpeter 59. Whistling 59. Swift, Black 3, 86. White-throated 86. Sylvania pusilla 12, 19, 42, 117. pileolata 14, 15, 47, 117. Symphemia semipalmata inornata 10, 19, 26, 48, 44, 67. Syrnium occidentale 8, 13, 46, 77. Tachycineta bicolor 18, 19, 42, 111. thalassina 13, 19, 42, 111. Tanager, Cooper’s 110. Louisiana 110. Scarlet 110. Tantalus loculator 14, 45, 60. Teal, Blue-winged 54. Cinnamon 54. Green-winged 54. Tennessee Warbler 113. teprocotis, Leucosticte 9, 22, 48, 97. Tern, Arctic 51. Black 52. Forster’s 51. Least 52. Texan Woodpecker 838. thalassina, Tachycineta 13, 19, 42, 111. Thrasher, Bendire’s 4, 21, 25, 120. Brown 120. Sage 119. I4I Thrush, Audubon’s Hermit 125. Dwarf Hermit 125. Hermit 125. Olive-backed 124. Willow 124. Thryothorus bewickii 39. leucogaster 18, 28, 46, 120. ludovicianus 39. Titmouse, Gray 122. * torquatus, Melanerpes 8, 12, 42, 84. Totanus flavipes 14, 18, 42, 66. melanoleucus 14, 18, 42, 66. solitarius 10, 18, 42, 67. Towhee, Abert’s 108. Arctic 107. Canon 108. Green-tailed 25, 38, 108. Spurred 108. townsendi, Dendroica 12, 16, 45, 116. Myadestes 9, 12, 19, 28, 37, 38, 39, 42, 124. Townsend’s Flycatcher 33. Solitaire 124. Warbler 116. traillii, Empidonax 11, 43, 88. Traill’s Flycatcher 88. Tree Sparrow 111. tricolor, Steganopus 11, 19, 48, 63. tridactyla, Rissa 10, 14, 45, 50. Tringa alpina pacifica 14, 19, 48, 66. bairdii 14, 18, 48, 65. fuscicollis 14, 34, 46, 65. maculata 14, 48, 65. minutilla 14, 18, 42, 65. tristis, Spinus 8, 11, 42, 98. Trochilus alexandri 138, 16, 44, 86. Troglodytes aédon aztecus 11, 19, 21, 41, 120. hiemalis 9, 12, 44, 121. Trumpeter Swan 59. Tulé Wren 121. Turdus aonalaschke 14, 16, 87, 47, 125. auduboni 12, 19, 42, 125. pallasii 14, 15, 47, 125. fuscescens 39. salicicola 12, 42, 124. ustulatus swainsonii 12, 19, 44, 124. Turkey 40. Mexican 72. Vulture 73. Wild 71. Turnstone 69. Tyrannus tyrannus 11, 15, 42, 87. verticalis 11, 19, 40, 87. vociferans 11, 48, 87. umbelloides, Bonasa umbellus 8, 12, 42, 70. urophasianus, Centrocercus 8, 10, 20, 41, 71. Urinator imber 9, 43, 50. 142 vallisneria, Aythya 9, 18, 42, 55. varia, Mniotilta 18, 15, 45, 118. varius, Sphyrapicus 14, 15, 48, 83. velox, Accipiter 8, 10, 44, 74. verticalis, Tyrannus 11, 19, 40, 87. violaceus, Nycticorax 14, 45, 62. Violet-green Swallow 111. Vireo belli 39.- * Cassin’s 112. gilvus 11, 19, 42, 112. olivaceus 12, 15, 19, 42, 112. Plumbeous 112. Red-eyed 112. solitarius cassinii 15, 16, 45, 112. plumbeus 18, 19, 42, 112. Warbling 112. virens, Icteria 15, 44, 117. Virginia Rail 63. virginiz, Helminthophila 12, 43, 118. virginianus, Colinus 8, 11, 30, 33, 46, 69. Rallus 11, 18, 43, 63. Virginia’s Warbler 113. vocifera, ADgialitis 10, 18, 42, 68. vociferans, Tyrannus 11, 43, 87. Vulture, Turkey 73. Warbler, Audubon’s 115. Black and White 113. -poll 115. -throated Blue 114. -throated Gray 116. Cerulean 115. Chestnut-sided 115. Grace’s 115. Lutescent 113. Macgillivray’s 116. Magnolia 115. Myrtle 114. Orange-crowned 118. Parula 114. Pileolated 117. Sonora Yellow 114. Tennessee 113. Townsend’s 116. Virginia’s 113. Western Yellow 25. Wilson’s 117. Yellow 114. Warbling Vireo 112. Water Ousel 35, 38. Thrush, Grinnell’s 116. Waxwing, Cedar 111. Bohemian 37, 111. Western Blue Grosbeak 109. Chipping Sparrow 103. Evening Grosbeak 95. Flycatcher 88. Goshawk 74. Grashopper Sparrow 101. Grebe 49. INDEX. Gull 50. Horned Owl 79. House Wren 120. Lark Sparrow 102. Meadow Lark 34, 94. Night-hawk 85. Red-tail 75. Robin 126. Sandpiper 66. Savanna Sparrow 101. Tree Sparrow 103. Vesper Sparrow 101. Willet 67. Wood Peewee 88. Yellow-throat 117 Warbler 25. Wheatear 126. Whiskey Jack, Rocky Mountain 25. Whistling Swan 59. White-bellied Swallow 30. -breasted Nuthatch 121. -crowned Sparrow 102. -faced Glossy Ibis 60. -headed Jay 38. Ibis 4, 59. -necked Raven 91. -rumped Sandpiper 65. Shrike 112. -tailed Ptarmigan 23, 27, 70. -throated Sparrow’ 103. Swift &6. -winged Crossbill 97. Dove 4, 73. Junco 104. Scoter 57. Whooping Crane 62. Wild Turkey 71. Willet, Western 67. Willow Thrush 124. wilsonianus, Asio 8, 10, 41, 77. Wilson’s Phalarope 63. Snipe 36, 64. Warbler 117. Winter Wren 121. Woodcock, American 64. Duck 565. woodhousei, Aphelocoma 8, 18, 42, 90. Woodhouse’s Jay 90. Wood Ibis 60. Woodpecker, Alpine Three-toed 83. Batchelder’s 83. Cabanis’s 82. Downy 82. Lewis’s 84. Red-bellied 84. Red-headed 84. Texan 83. Wren, Baird’s 120. Canon 120. Golden-crested 30. Rock 37, 120. INDEX. 143 Ruby-crowned 23. Yellow-headed Blackbird 93. Tulé 121. Yellow-legs 6. Western House 120. Greater 66. Winter 121. Yellow-throat, Western 117. wrightii, Empidonax 12, 42, 89. Yellow Warbler 114. Wright’s Flycatcher 89. Zamelodia melanocephala 11, 19, 23. Xanthochephalus xanthocephalus 11, 42, 108. 18, 39, 41, 93. Zenaidura macroura 10, 18, 41, 73. Xema sabinii 10, 15, 45, 51. Zonotrichia albicollis 14, 15, 23, 46, 103. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 83. coronata 10, 15, 16, 35, 47, 102. Yellow-billed Cuckoo 82. leucophrys 9, 12, 18, 42, 102. Yellow-breasted Chat 117. intermedia 9, 43, 102. Yellow-crowned Night Heron 62. querula 14, 15, 23, 46, 102.