a Ct == mofo LiL. Mr oc wo - a iT we — i Cc) ee [a © a= TT _ =) [ova Lat re x > : —— : pam =e —= - = = —— = SR Be ——— SS SS Asia Os oes FY 39x 000 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY NOT 3 1924 089 959 344 Gazetteer of the FEROZEPORE DISTRICT 1883 - 84 SANG-E-MEEL PUBLICATIONS LAHORE, PAKISTAN. 954,552 Gazetter of the Ferozepore District 1883-84 / Punjab Government. - Lahore : Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2000. 102 p. 1. India-History. 2. Punjab-History. I. Punjab GovZ ernment (India). 2000. Published by: NIAZ AHMAD Sang-e-Meel Publications Lahore We are grateful to Mr. Asif Mahmood Malik, Director General (Audit), Punjab, Lahore for providing us the original print of the Gazetteer. ISBN: 969-35-1094-1 Sang-e-Meel Publications 25 Shahrah-e-Pakistan (Lower Mall], RO. Box 997 Lahore-54000 PAKISTAN Phones: 7220100-72281 43 Fax: 7245101 http:/Mwww.sang-e-meel.com e-mall: smp@sang-e-meel.com Chowk Urdu Bazar Lahore. Pakistan. Phone 7667970 Printed at: Combine Printer Lahore. GAZETTEER OFf THE FEROZEPORE DISTRICT Compiled and Published under the authority Or THE PUNJAB GOVERNMENT, LAHORK : THER ‘CIVIL AND MILITARY QAZETTE” PRESS, PREFACE. THE period fixed by the Punjab Government for the compilation of the Gazcltcer of the Province being limited to twelve months, the Editor has not been able to prepare any original matter for the present work; and his duties have been confincd to throwing the already ‘existing material into shape, supplementing it as far as possible by contributions obtained from district officers, passing the draft through the press, circulating it for revision, altering it in accordance with the corrections and suggestions of revising officers, and print‘ng and issuing the final edition. The material available in print for the Gazcttcer of this district consisted of the Settlement Reports, and a draft Gazetteer, com- piled between 1870 and 1874 by Mr. F. Cunningham, Barrister-at-Law. Notes on certain points have been supplied by district officers; while. the report on the Census of 1881 has been utilised. Of the present volume, Section A. of Chap. V. (Gencral Administration), and the whole. of Chap. VI. (Towns), have been for the most part supplied ‘by the Deputy Commissioner ; Section A. of Chap. III. (Statisticsof Population) has been taken from the Census Report ; while here and there passages have been extracted from existing publications, or have been specially written for the Gazetteer by officers acquainted with the district. But -much of the text has been taken almost, if not quite verbally, from Mr. Cunningham’s compilation already referred to, which again was largely’ based upon Mr. Edward Brandreth’s Settlement Report of the district. i The report in question was written in 1855, and, modelled on the meagre lines of the older settlement reports, affords very inadequate ‘material for an account of the district. No better or fuller material, however, was either available or procurable within the time allowed, But when the district again comes under settlement, a second and more, complete edition of this Gazetteer will be prepared ; and meanwhile the present edition will serve the useful purpose of collecting and publish- ing in a systematic form, information which had before been scattered, and in part unpublished. The draft edition of this Gazetteer has been revised by Col. Grey, Mr. Wilkinson, Mr. Purser, and Mr. Fanshawe. The Deputy Com: missioner is responsible for the spelling of vernacular names, which has been fixed throughout by him in accordance with the prescribed system of transliteration. The final edition, though compiled by the Editor, _has been passed through the press by Mr. Stack. Tue Epitor. CONTENTS CHAP. I.—THE DISTRICT ne aa aise es she aes » JII—HISTORY oe ae “ » I7[7.—THE PEOPLE ane eee ea ai A.—STATISTICAL si ise 2 ae ies eae B.—Soctat ano Reticious Lire ets aa wit ive C.—Trises, Castes, anD LEADING FAMILIES ... iss sie D.—Vitrace ComMUNITIES AND TENURES wee ose ses » IV.—PRODUCTION anv DISTRIBUTION us wi wy A.—AGRICULTURE AND Live Stock... see aoe we B.—Occupations, Inpustrizs, COMMERCE AND COMMUNICATIONS » V.—ADMINISTRATION ann FINANCE . ie te ene » VI-—TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES ann CANTONMENTS wee STATISTICAL TABLES (Inpex on Paez ii) ae ane ous wits CHAPTER I.—THE DISTRICT. General description Ae eee ies ra ns wi ae Physical features—The dhef tract The dhef tract—The rofi or upland tract... te ia ee nee The rof? or upland tract—Soils of the rohi sii one ais tee Soils of the ro4z—Outlying portions of the district Outlying portions of the district—The River Sutlej aes a wile The River Sutlej —The Inundation Canals see eos ses see The Inundation Canals... a ea eee one Climate, temperature, rainfall—Disease—Geology eae tee Geology—Vegetation—Wild animals: Sport... ua ie yaa Wild animals: Sport is we, i RR, aie it owe UI Aun FF WO BD = = mt w mm O [Punjab Gazetteer. tt CIIAPTER U.—HJSTORY. PAGE Early history sie sa jer as ste 3 4 oi 13 The Dogars ee ote oe oi sie eee iwi ey 14 The Dogars—Sikh period ... aie ae an ae an ass 15 Sikh period—F'irst introduction of British rule... ate ste — 18 First Introduction of British rule—Ilistory of the z/ékas subsequently added to the district—Khai Malldnwalit, Baguwdla, Makhu she 20 Tlistory of the ¢/ékus subsequently added to the district —Zira—Dominion of Raja Jain... ah Be aie a8 aa ves ist 21 History of the z/dkas subsequently added to the district: ‘Kot Isa Khan— Dharmkot—Fatahgarh—Sada-Singh-wila—Badhni si cia 22 History of the z/dkas subsequently added to the district: Badhni— Chuhar Chak—Chirak—Kot-Kapdra, Muktsar, Mari and Moodkee “ce 5a oe ii a sis ihe sn 23 History of the z/éhas subsequently added to the district: Sultan-Khan- wala—Bhuchan, Kot-Bhai, Jumbha, and Manvaj-Guru Far Sahai— Mamdot ees aa si as aia nes i ae 24 History of the z/¢kus subsequently added to the district: Mamdot ec 25 History of the z/dkas subsequently added to the district: Faridkot ty 26 Gradual formation of the present district ... wat a ase ag 27 Gradual formation of the present district—The Mutiny os i 28 The Mutiny—District officers since annexation ... oe oe aM 29 District officers since annexation—Development of the district ... si 30 Development of the district Ps aa sas wee 32 CUAPTER II—THE PEOPLE. Section A.—Statistical— Distribution of population—Migration and birth-place of population ... 33 Migration and birth-place of population—Increase and decrease of population dies vai oa na 34 35 Births and deaths—Age, sex, and civil condition... ine ba ae 36 Increase and decrease of population Age, sex, and civil condition-—Infirmities—European and Eurasian population... as sa oe 3 ae oe ote 37 Ferozepore District-] iii CHAPTER III].—THE PEOPLE—continued. Section B.—Social and Religious Life— Habitations—Dress... Dress—Food —Condition of women Condition of women—Marriage customs--General statistics and distri- bution of Religions... Gencral statistics and distribution of Religions—Religious gatherings ... Religious gatherings —Ferozcpore Mission—Language ... ih Language—Education ... ae it Seg. -siees on Character and disposition of the people—Poverty or wealth of the people Section C.—Tribes, Castes, and Leading Families— Statistics and local distribution cf tribes and castes aes etd Jat and Rajput tribes—Agricultural tribes of the dhef ... Agricultural tribes of the dhef :- Gujars—Naipitls—Dogars Dogars—Jat tribes of the roh¢—The Bardrs or Sidhus ... Gils—Dhariwals—Khosas—Criminal Tribes: Baurias, Harnis Sadnsis ne es he dg vee ies ate Criminal Tribes: Baurias, Harnis and Sinsis—Mercantile castes The Icading families eos ie Section D.—Village Communities and Tenures— Village tenures—The Dogar and Naip4l tenure ... is ee The Dogar and Naipdl tenure—Jat tenures tel wee Jat tenures—Riparian customs regulating property eos Riparian customs regulating property—Proprictary tenures— Tenures in the Muktsar chaks Tenures in the Mamdot chaks wee eee ore Fenures in the Mamdot chats—Tenants and rent Tenants and rent—Village officers is bis bee tee Village officers Village dues—Xamins : their dues and dutics Kamins: their dues and duties—Agricultural labourers—Petty village grantees—Poverty or wealth of the proprietors a ss Poverty or wealth of the proprictors ae PAGE 38 39. 40. 4t 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 5r 52 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 [Punjab Gazetteer: 1D CHAPTER IV.—PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. PAGH Section A.—Agriculture and Live Stock— General statistics of agriculture—The seasons: Rainfall—Irrigation ... 65 Irrigation—Inundation Canals—Agricultural implements and appliances 66 Agricultural implements and appliances—Manure and rotation of crops 67 5 Manure and rotation of crops—Agricultural operations ... aia are 68 Agricultural operations---Principal staples—Average yield: Production and consumption of food-grains ... Ave ane oor « = 69 Average yield: Production and consumption of food-grains—Arboricul- ' ture and forests—Cattle isi a ive sis see wes 7O Cattle—Government breeding operations, and horse and cattle fairs... 71 Government breeding operations, and horse and cattle fairs .... oe 72 Section B.—Occupations, Industries, Commerce, and Communications— Occupations of the people se owe wee toe 73. Principal industries and manufactures—Course and nature of trade 74 Course and nature of trade—Prices, wages, rent rates, interest ... | we 75 Course and nature of trade jetce Gee, SS peg ax ws 76 Prices, wages, rent-rates interest—Weights and measures: Land Measure—Weights ... oes ove aie 77 Measures of capacity—Communications—Rivers—Railways ... ... 78 Roads, rest-houses, and encamping-grounds _..., ies dae oe 79 Post offices—Telegraph stations ... ie we se ae se 80 CHAPTER V.—ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. Executive and Judicial—Criminal, Police, and Gaols es 81 Criminal, Police, and Gaols—Revenue, Taxation, and Registration ... 82 Revenue, Taxation, and Registration—Education—-The district school ... 83 The district school ... ws aa ta es ees — oe 84 Medical—Ferozepore Civil Hospital—Ecclesiastical—Head-quarters of other departments wee 85 Head-quarters of other departments—Cantonments, troops, &c. wi 86 Cantonments, troops, &c.—Statistics of land revenue—Settlement of land revenue ... me 28% ee hey ay ut ais 87 Settlement of Inad revenue—Summary and regular assessments compared... ae ave tee i isis wits an 88 Ferozepore District.] v CHAPTER V.—ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE—continued. PAGB Settlement of land Revenue—Re- setlement of Muktsar and Mamdot— Current Settlement ... Pe ve eee i: i - 89 Cesses—Government lands, forests, &c.—Assignments of land revenue— ‘ Minor assignments—Administration of Inundation Canals yes 90 Administration of Inundation Canals... a sa cia tee 93 CHAPTER VI.—TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES AND CANTONMENTS. General statistics of towns—Ferozepore town: Description... as 94 Ferozepore town: Description—Cantonments—History—Population and vital statistics —... “a ae ose see se ae 96 Population and vital statistics ~Taxation, trade, &c,—Institutions and public buildings ae as wae oie sie owe sa 97. Dharmkot town—Zira town wee avi asia oe oie we 98 Zira town—Makhu town ... bee toe oe oes ne one 99 Moga town aia on ea ois ons ets oo ve =: 100 Town of Mahar4j—Town of Muktsar ... eee eee tee TON Muktsar town aoe iat eee aoe ane aoe aoe ooo 102 [Punjab Gazetteer. ‘sdureqg pure ‘ospxg ‘s78Y [Coo ‘OINqUY puey L _— “moouEToSTTY puw ‘Sugunjong ‘poxry » - 998°LTL ao ae oe ane aH an "* L(TgQT 07 L197) enuasos ssoi3 [enuUE VdeIIAy 0ze'08 - 108 T6T FFO'SST 91S'06 TLe1g ee st CesT 02 2781) OnTAsaY puvry [enaue osu0Ay SS6'1¢ 960'G ecg‘L01 €96°10L sec'Ols terre ny ge ase eee Cg) smempeENTY 61z A sss LF 11g a : meets nee nee eee ee CST) surer L16‘CS ¢o0' SOT OFS'CS FEu'eL 9Is’sot “is ny "; i poe oe ae “ CI8S1) suas ogs‘9g 986'99 cTs‘0g Fee're ergeer ee ee eC PO Cll ecg LOE intd ZS oe wy a ‘+ (1g3T) eTtm orenbs rod uoyetndod uiny sit e212 6ce 608 Ses finn wae e “+ CL3g) atid arenbs sod uoretndod peqoy, e21's gSL'ZI Levitt oLc'6S 0F0'99 rer tee tee age gee ses CTBT) vorutndod weqin, 602801 186'803 Tos‘ecT R6C°S IT GLP TSE mere nee eee ee eee Cree 7) worutndod pemy Feo'TIT GIL TZ STs'F9I S9T'eel cigogg fet Crggt) uoetndod [eo €ze GGL FFE €28 Gst'T” joe 8 * (1agr) sosvypl4 pus suo} poyquaay yo oqunN LIl 8-33 9.6L 9-61 ng i os (@8xT 93 9981) S9qoUT Ur [[eyUre [ENUUY 829 ose ece 2S0'S [es oa CISST 03 LZL91) sdoro Japun sopiut orunbs asvi0ay s¢ IIL SIT 19€ rem we #8 ne ue (QL81) soy arvnbs pozestI] 096 er Is CSh a os oe = ba! Cgzgs1) sop atenbs opyBmyzng 909 ees, L0F tog 00l's tas tyres ee ee (397) sapfur arenbs paqeary[np OFG 118 00¢ CoP 2eL's po tte tee oe tee eee (137) sata orenbs 12401 | ‘IUs} ANY ‘eHOTE “CIIZ, ‘a10doz019,7 “psig “Spe “syasyry, fo pnjaq 9 9 > g & L "SOILSILVLS DNIGVATI Surmoys ‘T ‘ON F198 CILAPTER I. THE DISTRICT. The Ferozepore district is the southernmost of the three Chapter I. districts of the Lahore division, and lies betweon north latitude Ties 30°8’ and 31°11’, and east longitude 74°4’ and 75°27’. It is Deseriptive. bounded on the north-east by the river Sutlej, which separates General description, it from the Jalandhar district; on the north-west by the united Sutlej and Bids, which divide it from the district of Lahore; on the east and south-east by the Ludhidna district and the Native States of Faridkot, Patiala, and Nabha; and on the south-west by the Sirsa district. Tt is divided into four tahsils, of which that of Muktsar comprises all the western portion of the district. The narrow central neck and the area lying on the northern bordor of Farfdkot constitute the tahsil of Ferozepore ; the tract situated along, and in the bend of, the Sutlej forms the Zira tahsil ; while the tahsfl of Moga includes the remaining or south-eastern portion of the district. Some leading statistics regarding the district and the several tahsils into which it is ‘ North East Feet above ivi iv i Town, Latitude. | Longitude. | sea-level. fee oe ee able No. I. on tho Ferozepore .- Boo 557 | 740 40" 45, rare page. The ira. oes 00 59° : i ie sees Peis oe istrict contains one Muktear 300 297 749 33° sso | town of more than 10,000 souls—namely, * Approximate. ® Ferozepore, with a population of 39,570. The administrative head-quarters are situ- ated at Ferozepore, 34 miles from the right bank of the Sutlej, and about the middle of the western border of the district. Feroze- pore stands 17th in order of area, and 11th in order of population, among the 32 districts of the province, comprising 2°58 per cent. of the total area, 3°45 per cent. of the total population, and 2:71 per cent. of the urban population of British territory. The latitude, longitude, and height in feet above the sea of the principal places in the district, are shown above in the margin. B Chapter I. Descriptive. Physical features, The bhet tract. {Punjab Gazetteer. 2 CHAP. I.—THE DISTRICT. The surface of the district is a dead flat, without a hillock to diversity the view, except a few dreary hills of sand which meet the cye towards the south and south-east. There is, however, a marked difference in fertility betweon different parts of the district. Those lands which border the river Sutlej, and are fertilized by its annual inundations, and those irrigated by the inundation canals, are the most productive ; while the higher land away from the river, and dependent almost entirely on the rain-fall, often suffers severely from drought, with the exception of the vofz land of the Moga tahsil, which retains moisture owing to a clay sub-soil, and yields with light rain-fall excellent crops. The river-watered land is called the dhe¢; and this again is sub-divided into dhe¢ proper, that which now benefits from the annual flood, and the old dhet¢ further inland. This is bounded by the old bed of the river, which runs parallel to the old Ludhiana road, nearly due east and west, from one end of the district to tho other. The present course of the river is quito different; it runs north-west for about half the width of the district, and then, making a bend almost at a right angle, continues its course to the south-west. It is probable that the whole d4e¢ land las been formed by deposits from the river, as its composition is homogencous, and markedly different from the high lands (ro42) to tho south, Opposite the junction of the Bias and Sutlej its width is 14 miles, narrowing at either end®of the district to four and six miles only ; its total area is 242,716 acres. This tract is seamed with old channels of the Sutlej, which show signs of attempts at colonisa- tion, as they gradually failed. Of the principal of these, Mr. Brand- reth, writing in 1854, says :— “There isa curious channel, called the Sukha Nai, or ‘ dry channel,’ between the new and old beds of the river, which has its origin near Tihéra, in the Ludhiana district, whence it runs with a very serpentine course along the wholo length of the district to near Mamdot. Notwith- standing its winding course, the banks of the channel ure so regularly, | formed as to have induced.many to think it entirely artificial. More probably, however, it was originally a natural water-course, afterwards shaped into a canal. Its breadth is 100 feet, and its depth seven or eight feet. As recently as forty years ago, it is stated that some little water flowed into it, but since then it has remained quite dry. In former days its banks are said to have been fringed with beantiful shtsham trees, of which now no trace remains, Could the water be again brought into the channel, a very great benefit would result to tho country through which it passes ; it is to be feared, however, from the results of recent surveys, that such benefits are unattainable gave at great expense, as the bed is so changed as to be unsuitable for the feeding of inunda- tion canals,” With reference to these remarks, it may be noticed that lengths of this channel have been incorporated in ‘the various inundation canals of the district. The whole of the d4e¢ tract presents a uniform level appearance, except where it is intersected by dry water-courses. Kanékar is found at a depth of 30 or 40 feet below the surfaco—too deeply buried to be available for road-making. The soil is of a very dark colour, and is distinguished as sékand (or karar) and gasra, according as the clayey or sandy element prevails. The Forozopore District] OHAP. I.—THE DISTRICT. 3 latter is much preferred, as it is more easily cultivated, and yields better crops ; but, on the other hand, the former can be more easily irrigated. Where the sand rises altogether to the surfaco, the land is unculturable; and, generally, the fertility of the soil appears to depend largely on the depth at which sand is found. This sand is generally dark-coloured, and different from the light . drift sand of the roAz, or uplands, which is seldom altogether sterile. Besides these varieties, the artificial highly-manured ground, in which pepper, tobacco, and the like superior crops are raised, is recognised as a separate class of soil, and known as ‘wiayt. The depth at which water is found depends naturally on the distance from the river. As a general rule, unirri- gated land in the dfe¢f is decidedly inferior to that in the roht. Thus, under ordinary circumstances, a given quantity of ground, cultivated with barley or gram in the rohz, which rests on a subsoil of clay, would be far more remunera- tive than the same quantity of Jand sown with wheat in the dhet. This inferiority is to he attributed to the extreme dryness of the soil, resulting from the sand subsoil. which is popularly likened to a fish—a native emblem for thirst. Ivrigated land in the dhet, on the other hand, is very productive ; the water is near the surface, and from 20 to 40 acres are irrigated from each well. In the Ferozepore z/éha, the average irrigation of each well, in both harvests (z.e., in the whole year), is at least 35 acres ; for this, howover, from six to eight pairs of bullocks are kept at work day and night. Land inundated by the river is called vez. Such soil is generally considered inferior to well land, though far better than the thirsty dérdni. This kind of irrigated land is only met with in a few of the villages of this tract. The deposit of rich black loam often made by the river is called op for the first four or five years after it has been deposited, until it becomes consolidated, and is converted into the ordi- nary soil of the country. The deeper this deposit is, the more it is valued. While it continues to be designated as nop, it is generally sown with rice, which is avery valuable crop ; if the deposit does not exceed one or two fingers in depth, it is not called nopt, but kacha, and will produce only inferior millets or pulses. It is curions to sce how distinctly the different deposits are some- times marked on a bank which has been partially cut away by the river. The strata of sand and rich loam may be seen overlying each other, of different depths, according to the action of the river during the year in which each was deposited. The natives state, regarding these deposits, that whenever the river rises above a certain height, it brings down with it a quantity of rich soil from tho neighbourhood of Rapar, but that whenever the periodical rise is below this height, the deposit is nothing but sand. This tract comprises the main body of the district lying to the south of the old bank of the river, by which it is separated from the bhet. Its most remarkable feature is a high bank, called tho danda, which runs up from the Sirsa district, across the Muktsar tahs{l and the Farfidkot territory, = enters the main portion of B Chapter I. Descriptive. The dhet tract. The roi, or Upland tract, Chapter I. Descriptive. The rohi, or Upland tract, Soils of the rohi, [Punjab Gazetteer. 4 CHAP. I.—THE DISTRICT. this district near the villages of Jandwdla, whence it can be dis- tinetly traced as far as Mudki ; beyond this point it only makes its appearance here and there. Major Baker gives a description of it in his report on the proposed Tihara Canal.* The Sutlej, ora branch of it, evidently at one time ran along the line of country indicated by the danda, though not within the memory of any one living. The number of deserted sites in its ncighbour- hood show that the country was formerly much more populous than at present, and it was in all probability highly fertilized by the stream Which then flowed through it. Between this and the pre- sent course of the river runs a lower danda, or bank, marking a later river course. ‘ A great difference in the soil is marked by the course of the two dandas. To the west the land is of a very inferior descrip- tion, and far less productive than that to the south of the great danda. The soil is generally very sandy, not of the description known as dhzr, which is often equal in fertility to soils that bear a better name, but a hard sterile sand, often of a reddish colour, and presenting a most hopeless appearance. The dandas also draw a line between the springs of sweet and brackish water. All the wells tothe south are brackish, with the exception of those beyond a line drawn a little to the north of, but parallel to, the Grand ‘Trunk Road, the springs of which are probably sweetened by percolation from the river. To the south of this line the water is all brackish, becoming worse and worse, until at last with very rare exceptions it is altogether undrinkable by man or beast. To the north of the lower dada the water is all good, and the nature of the soil is almost entirely determined by its distance from the river. For a space of two or three miles in width along the old bank of the river, the soil is very sandy, and full of the sandy hillocks which are often met with along the banks of Indian rivers. Here such soil is generally termed sofava. Beyond tho sotara the land is of the best description—a fine level plain, having a good firm soil, and water sufficiently near the surface to admit of from five to ten per cent. of the area being irrigated. Further from the river, the water is found to be at a greater depth helow the surface; and though the soil is still good, less of it can be irrigated. Further on still, the water is too deep to be used at all for irrigation, while the soil at the same time is more sandy. Light sand, moreover, blown in upon it from the desert country beyond, destroys its productive powers. The principal kinds of soil which are met with in, the rohz villages are distinguished under the names of kdrar, der, doshahi, and tibi. The karar, as its name denotes, is the hardest kind, and approximately answers to the soil known ‘in tho North- West Provinces as ddkar, though less bard and un fielding than this description of soil. Gram, cotton, mustard, and jawér grow best in the 4avar; in fact, the three last-mentioned crops are *Sce No. XXXV.—Sclections from the Records of Government, N.W.P. “ Project for Cutting a Canal from the left bank of the Sutlej, near Tikgra, below Ludhiana,’ Ferozepore District.] CHAP. I.—THE DISTRICT. 5 scarcely sown in any other kind of soil. It isa question whether, taking a succession of seasons into consideration, the harar or the der is more productive. Ina good season the produce of the karar is much greater, but the der becomes the better soil of the two when there is a deficiency of rain. The karar requires much more ploughing, and can only be efficiently worked by strony and expensive cattle. On the whole, however, wherever the best class of cultivators are located—men who turn all the soils to the best account, and who do not live from hand to mouth, but store the grain for two or three years together, and set’ off the profit of one season against the losses of another—the sarar will probably be found the most productive soil. The der is lighter than the sarar, and is partly mixed with sand. 3 "seat 1 | ‘reak {| ‘re0d 7 [saved g) “180d 7 | awa ( | ‘soadny.sreos sre +4 2} sua0d g)isivod gi-sawok 2|-sre0d g Eo 2 es 5 i} 4309) a es *;eUEQ JO OMEN *o (e10L g 5 3 NI 2 | sasusdny ‘ 2 Bg spegobiads aboato quamyerzqnjgeg bus “ey L044 VOU! B a5 te ' spnjous ‘aounin7g fo 3809 Fe OPI . g & 81 a | oot | o | om fet | at " ale fet ef Ps ’ $ 3 I ‘SUVGA THOME dOd STYNYO NOILVGNONI THOdHZ0UHA JO LIASHA ANV LSOD ONIMOHS INGHULVIS Chapter I. Descriptive. Climate, tempera- ture, rainfall. Disease. Geology. {Punjab Gazetteor. 10 CHAP. I.—THE DISTRICT. The rainfall is very capricious, and can only be expected with any certainty at one period of the year, from June to October. In the Muktsar tahsil especially, which is very bare of trees, the rainfall is most scanty and uncertain, and droughts are frequent. The unenviable notoriety of the district for ils furious dust-storms is embodied in the proverb,“ Kabul ka sarda, Ferozepur ka arda”—‘ The cold of Kabul, the dust of Ferozepore.” But of ate years the extension of cultivation, and especially the construc- tion of inundation canals, have greatly modified the climate for the better. The cold weather commences about the middle of October, and ends about the beginning of March. For a month before and after the end of the cold season, there is a transition period; the mornings and evenings being cool, but the heat during the day very great. The latter part of May, all June and July, are the hottest time of the year ; but the continuance and intensity of the heat varies with the rainfall in different years. No systematic thermometrical record has ever been maintained in the district. Private observations, however, show that in December and January the temperature ranges in houses between 40° and 70°, whilst during June and July (with closed doors) its range in houses not artificially cooled, is from 92° to 97°. Table No. III. shows, in tenths of an inch, the total rainfall —_—_—___——_ registered at each of the rain-gauge stations ‘Year, | Zentha of! in the district for each year, from 1866-67 to 1882-83. The fall at head-quarters for iaeeeace lll Aone the four preceding years is shown in. the EE a] 8D ‘margin. The distribution of the rainfall 1865-66 <.)| 468 throughout the year is shown in Tables Nos. Ida. and IIIs. Owing principally to the dryness of its climate, the district has the reputation of being exceptionally healthy. In September and October, however, after the annual rains, the people suffer a good deal from the ordinary remittent fever, and from pleuros pneumonia. Small-pox used formerly to be a scourge, but since the more general spread of vaccination its ravages have been greatly reduced. Guinea-worm is not uncommon in the south of the district, and is traceable to the water. The natives themselves look upon it erroneously as hereditary, and attribute it to the curse of Béba Farid upon all who crossed the Sutlej into Hindastan. Tables Nos. XI., XJa., XIs. and XLIV. give annual and monthly statistics of births and deaths for the district and for its towns during the last five years ; while the birth and death rates since 1868, so far as available, will be found at page (?) for the general population, and in Chapter VI. under the heads of the several large towns of the district. Table No. XII. shows the number of insane, blind, deaf-mutes, and lepers as ascertained at the census of 1881; while Table No. XX XVIII. shows the working of the dispensaries since 1877. Our knowledge of Indian geology is as yet so general in its nature, and So little has been done in the Punjab in the way of detailed geological investigation, that it is impossible to discuss Ferozepore District.] OWAP. I.—THE DISTRICT. 11 the local geology of separate districts. But a sketch of the geology of the province a3 a whole has been most kindly furnished by Mr. Medlicott, Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, and is published zz extenso in the provincial volume of the Gazetteer series, and also as a separate pamphlet. There are no forests whatever, properly so called, in the district, the largest collections of timber trees being certain lantations in the Zira tahsil and around Mamdot. Sir H. awrence, in 1840, almost despaired of the prospect of arboricul- ture ‘in so dry a region. Now, however, owing in great measure to the efforts made at the time of the Settlement in 1853, when a piece of ground was set apart in every village as a plantation, for the maintenance of which the headmen were responsible, and also to the great increase in the number of wells round which little plantations always spring up, and to continued efforts on the part of the district authorities, parts of the Ferozepore and Zira tahsils (especially near the river) may be considered very fairly wooded. The trees most commonly found are tho s7r7s (acacia sirtssa), kikar (acacia Arabica), fardsh (tamarix ortentalis), shisham (dalbergia sissu), and, near villages, the pipal (ficus religtosa). The shkistam requires some attention ; but the other trees named when once planted thrive well, and attain to a height varying from 30 to 50 feet. This may he taken as the average height of the trees that line the main roads.* In the village plantations the trees are generally crowded, and in consequence poorly developed. Immense progress has been made in arboriculture since the matter was taken in hand on a regular system in 1875-76, and the tract below the great danda is now well wooded. The only animals of prey commonly found in this district are wolves. These are not very large, but are fierce and seemingly untameable. Jackals also and foxes are found, but are few in number. Snakes are occasionally found, the commonest being a species of £ard/t. Rewards (Its. 5) are given for the destruction of wolves, and these animals aro being rapidly diminished in numbers as cultivation is extended. ‘The rewards paid for wolves’ heads amounted in 1865 to Rs. 535, in 1870 to Rs. 251, in 1875 to Rs, 224, in 1880 to Rs. 119, and in 1882 to Rs. 73, Wolves are now rare, but foxes (the small kind) plentiful. There are a few xilgai; also pig about Sobraon. Bustard are rare. ‘There are some florican about Nathdna, and the uibéra is plentiful. The &u/ang are a perfect pest in some years, and gceso and ducks are fairly plentiful, as are black and grey curlews and the ox-eyed plover. Antelope (chz#dra) and black buck are found in tolerable abundance, chiefly in the Moga and Muktsar tahs‘ls, but are very much shot down. Hares, black and groy partridges, and sand-grouse, are also abundant ; and, in the cold season, kulang (demoiselle crane), wild geese, and wild duck are found on and near the river. No game laws are enforced, but the intense summer heat gives the game a natural close-season. * Recently, also, plantations have been established round every police station and post through the district, 2 Cc Chapter I. Descriptive. Geology. Vegetation, Wild animals: Sport, Chapter I. Descriptive. Wild animals : Sport, [Punjab Gazstteer. 12 ‘CHAP. I.—THE DISTRICT. The native chiefs take small game by hawking, and occasionally by dogs ; but game of all sorts is usually either shot or snared. The snaring is chiefly done by the Baurias, who are also the great trackers of the district. Quail and small birds are trapped by means of decoys and nets. For deer, nooses are arranged as follows :—A number of parallel rows of upright stakes, about six inches high, are driven into the ground, and connected by a line of raw hide or sinew, with running nooses between each pair of sticks ; the deer aro then driven from a considerablo circuit round, and entangle their feet in the network of nooses, when their struggles only serve to secure them more hopelessly. Ferozepore District.] CHAPTER IL HISTORY. The district is singularly devoid of objects of antiquarian interest. The antiquitics of Janer are described by General Cun- ningham in his Archeological Survey Reports (XIV., 67—69). In the Ayin Akbari, Ferozepore is mentioned as the centre of a large pargana attached to the Saba of Multan, and paying a revenue of 11,479,404 dams, equivalent to Rs. 2,86,985. Another pargana mentioned in the same work, that of Muhammadot, is probably to be identified with the modern Mamdot, and would therefore fall within the boundary of the present district. The revenue of this pargana,as given in the Ayin Afébart, amounted to 3,492,454 dams, equivalent to Rs. 87,311. The fort of Ferozepore has an appearance of gteat antiquity, and is stated to have been built in the time of Feroz Shah, Emperor of Delhi, from a.p. 1351 to 1387. Nothing more than a mound surmounted by a Muhammadan tomb marks its site. The following pages are taken from the report of Sir H. Lawrence, who was stationed at Feroze- pore during the early years of the British occupation :— Both town and territory of Ferozepore bear every appearance of having been not only long located, but of having been at one time rich and populous. The numerous old walls and sites of vil- lages throughout the present waste lands show that they once were cultivated ; and the extensive ruins about this town prove it to have been a large and substantially-built city. It is true that the fort of Ferozepore is not mentioned in the Ayin Akébari, whereas that of Mamdot is mentioned. The Ayin Akéari, however, cannot (as is pointed out by Captain Lawrence) be considered a complete statistical return ; while the position, extent, and importance of the pargana, as above described, give strong grounds for belief that in such times, and commanding then, as now, one of the chief passages over the Sutlej, and being on the high road between Lahore and Delhi, Ferozepore possessed at least a fortress of some kind ; and the name and character of Feroz Shah* afford fair grounds for supposing him t) have been the founder. From its position, Ferozepore may have been a mart for the produce of the hills and the rich country between them and Amritsar ; but, being in the track of many of the hordes that ravaged the North West Provinces, the town and ay, seem to have suffered even more than the rest of the country bordering on the Sutlej. * The foundation of several towns, and among them of Hissar, in the country between the Jamna and the Sutlej, is attributed to Feroz Shah. Chapter II. History. Early history. Chapter II. History. The Dogars. [Punjab Gazetteer. 14 CHAP. II.—HISTORY. During the decay of the Delhi empire, the country, which had apparently become almost depopulated, was occupied by the Dogars, a clan of Réjpat origin, who are still prominent: among the occupants of the district. The Dogars were, and are still, a wild and lawless race, owning no permanent habitations, and delighting rather in large herds of cattle than in the more laborious occupations of the soil. Originally they were alternately graziers and cattle-stealers, but at all times bad cultivators, and holding but loosely the bonds of allegiance. They paid tribute to the rulers set over them according to the means brought to enforce the claim, and when hard pressed they had little to lose by deserting their dwel- lings. On such oceasions the Dogars would place their few chattels, their women and children, on buffaloes, and dieing into the tamarisk forests of what is now the Bahawalpur territory, or into the almost equally inaccessible desert of Abohar in Sirsa, there defy their pursuers, or take their time for coming to terms. These people, who are Muhammadans, and call themse!ves converted descendants of the Chauhéns of Delhi, emigrated some years ago to the neigh- bourhood of Pak Pattan ; aud from thence, two centuries ago, spread for a hundrel miles along both banks of the river Sutlej, from a few miles above Ferozepore to the borders of BalAéwalpur. At one time they were undoubted masters of Mamdot and Khai, as well as of Ferozepore ; their seats were principally in the Khddar of the Sutlej, and their occupations pastoral and predatory. But a colony of several thousands settled many years ago in the large inland town of Suném, and both about Lahore and Dera Ismail Khan they are to be found. The clan is subdivided into many branches ; but almost all the Ferozepore Dogars trace their origin to Bahlol, a Muhammadan Dogar, who must have lived two hundred years ago. It was ues that the Dogars moved from about the neighbourhood of Pak Pattan ; and not until about a.p. 1740 that they reached Ferozepore, which appears at that time to have form- ed part of adistrict called the Lakha jungle, and to have been administered by a faujdér, enjoying civil and military authority, residing at Kasdr, and acting under the Goveinor of Lahore. A few villages occupied by Bhattis were at this time scattered over the Ferozepore plain ; but on the coming of the Dogars the formet moved southward, and the Dogars soon established them do. do, as 9-4-83 5 N.B.—Major F. C. Marsden made over, and Captain J. M. Cripps took over, charge of the Ferozepore district on the 18th October, 1857, The station of Ferozepore, in 1839, when as yet neither the Punjab nor Sindh had been annexed, was a species of u/¢ima thule, the furthest limits of our Indian possessions. It was described as a dreary and desert plain, where very little rain was ever known to fall, and an almost continual dust-storm was the normal condi- tion of the atmosphere. ‘The rich cultivation assigned by tradition to the period of the Muhammadan empire, and still evidenced by numerous deserted sites of village and wells, had Jong since dis- appeared. There were « few scattered patches of cultivation ; but great wastes, covered with low brushwood, were the usual charac- teristics both of the Icrozepore territory and of the neighbouring country. From the first, however, the humanizing influence of security for person and property began to tell upon country and Ferozepore District. CHAP. Ii.—HISTORY. 3l people alike. Cultivation was extended, trees were planted, and no effort was spared to replace the former misrule by an era of quiet and contentment. In 1855, Mr. Brandreth wrote as follows :— “On the whole, however, I have good reason to think well of the future prospects of the district. The great diminution of all the more serious crimes is very remarkable. Last year there was only one highway robbery recorded, and that occurred in one of the newly-annexed portions of the district, and before it had been properly brought under police control, The perpetrators of the crime, however, were apprehended and convicted. Previously to my taking charge, when the district was not more than half its present size, there were never less than from 16 to 20 highway robberies committed every year—and these not trifling cases like that above referred to, but uften accompanied with murder and wounding—and it was very seldom that any of the offenders were brought to justice. The decrease of this and other heinous crimes, to whatever cause they may be attributed, cannot be regarded as other- wise than highly gratifying. I believe that a good deai is owing to a better organization of the police; but I think also that it must, in part, be set down as the effect of the Settlement, which has given the people a knowledge of their rightsand an interest in their property which they never felt before. Some of the principal men among them have acknowledged to me since that the settlement has had a most beneficial effect on the inhabitants, and taught them that there was a tangible value attached to their property, the proceeds of which were sufficient to afford them every reasonable comfort in life; that it would be the height of folly to risk its loss by any unlawful act; and that crime in general had been very much checked by these considerations. Since the Settlement there has been also a great stir among the Dogars and Naip&ls, who have been hitherto the greatest thieves of the bhet. They now seem determined to make the most of the 30 years’ lease that is before them. Great preparation has been made for increasing the num- ber of wells, and there is scarcely a day in which one or more carts, laden either with Persian wheels or cross bars and uprights for supporting them, may not be seen traversing the new Jalandhar road in the direction of the dbhet villages,” The immediate effect of a settled government established in close proximity toa border such as that of the Sikhs is well illustrated in the country immediately around Ferozepore. In 1841, Sir H. Lawrence ascertained the population of the town and territory of Ferozepore (inclusive of the cantonment and military bazérs) by a careful enumeration, to be 16,890 souls. ‘Ten years later, in 1851, Mr. Brandreth found the population of the same tract to be 27,357 souls, showing an_ increase of 10,967, at the rate of 64 per cent. It is not possible to give the population, as ascer- tained later on, of the same area. Some conception of the development of the district since it camo into our hands may be gathered from Table No. IL, which give: some of the leading statistics for five yearly periods, so far as the are available ; while most of the other tables appended to this sone give comparative figures for the last few years. In the case of Table No. II. it is probable that the figures are not always strictly comparable, their basis not being thesame in all cases from one period to another. But the figures may be accepted as showing in general terms the nature and extent of the advance made. The table given on the next page compares the revenue of the district as it stood at four periods separated by intervals of a decade, Chapter IT. History: Development of the district. [Punjab Gazetteer. 32 CHAP, IIl.—HISTORY. Chapter II. Imperial Revenue, 1851-52; 1861-62; 1871-72; 1881-82, History. Development of Lanp Revenue Ormex Revenue. the district. Year, Exche, ia 4 Proper. | Tribute Flue. 2 : POPCE: * | tuating. Z £ 4 Spirits, | Drugs. q ‘ a a a Rs. Ra, Rs, Rs Re, Re. 1851-52,., on : 8,860,440 11,168 22,949 4,538 26,188 are 11,273 | 9,316 1861-62.,, .., |. 4,48,916 iss 4,871 12,999 9,682] ... | 30,658) ... 1871-72.,, a. | 4,69,438 zien 10,508 13,591 19,825 7,377 | 62,260 ees 1881-82... 4,82,526 | 80,041 1.195 || 31,635 | 99,910 | 10,115 |104,868 | ‘dee Ferosepore District.) CHAPTER III. THE PEOPLE; SECTION A.—STATISTICAL. Table No. V. gives separate statistics for each tahs{l and for Chapter III, A. the whole district of the distribution of population over towns and Statistical villages, over area, and among houses and families ; while the oma number of houses in each town is shown in Table No. XLIII. The _ Distribution of statistics for the district asa whole give the following figures. Population, Further information will be found in Chapter IIL. of the Census Report of 1881. Persons 4. oe =o 9°8E Percentage of total population who live in villages .. 4 Males aie os +. —- 89°26 2 Female ais sie ais 90°58 Average rural population per village wi we si ais oa ae * Average total populetion per village and town ae an is a aa 6 647 Number of villager per 100 square miles wie % °° 43 Average distance from village to village, in miles \. ae se cate se eae i ‘ ‘otal population 23 Total area me { Rural population 912 Total population 810 Rural population 278 Total population 257 Rural population 231 oe ve 6 Density of population per square mile of 4 Cultivated area.. { Culturable area.. { Number of resident families per occupied house Ce “ : be “Number of persons per occupied house au nnes en ae Number of persons per resident family ree a SCN. GS Be a The villages are unevenly distributed, but are most thickly congregated in the dse¢, “In idéka Fatahgarh,” writes Mr. Brandreth, “it is a common saying that a message could be sent “from one end of the z/déa to the other by a verbal call from “ village to village.” Table No. VI. shows the principal districts, and states with Migration and which the district has exchanged population, the number of _ Pirth-place of migrants in each direction, and the distribution of immigrants by Pepin, tahsils. Further details will be found in Table No. XI. and in Supplementary Tables C, to H. of the Census Report for 1881, while the whole subject is discussed at length in Part II. of Chapter III. of the same report. The total gain and loss to the Proportion per mille of district by migration is shown in the mar- total population. gin. The total number of residents born out “a. [, | of the district is 126,218, of whom 62,366 aremales and 68,852 females. The number of people born in the district and living in other parts of the Punjab is 74,740, of whom 82,634 are males and 42,106 F [Punjab Gazetteer, 34 CHAP. Ill.—THE PEOPLE. Chapter I11,A, females. The figures below show the general distribution of the Statistical. Migration and birth-place of population. Increase and decrease of population, population by birth-place :— Proportion per mille of Resident Population, Raral population. |}Urban population. || Total population, Born in a . ; : o a 3 a 3 2 g@)a]|é8 2 1a | 2 gij6e{ 6 SIE Eel Biba l 22 a Fe on a im & a fe a The district oo vee ee || 88G | 798 | 832 || 572] 621} 592 || B96] 7831 806 The province vee nae nee {| 994] 995 | 996 |] 839] 896] Baa | 977 982 India seven ase wee {1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 |} 980 | 998) 987 |! 998 {1,000 | 999 Asia ws ave eee wee |] 1,000 {1,000 11,000 ] 980] 998] 987 || 998 ]1,000| 999 The following remarks on the migration to and from Feroze-. pore are taken from the Census Report :— “Ferozepore is an eminently progressive district, Canal irrigation has been largely extended of late years, and itis not surprising to find that the immigration is 70 per cent. in excess of the emigration. Sirsa, which is developing even faster than Ferozepore, is the only district that takes from it. The emigration is much more largely of the reciprocal type than is the immigration, especially in the case of the districts to the east, where the marriage customs which lead to reciprocal migration prevail. It will be noticed how much larger the proportion of immigration to emigration is in the case of those districts where pressure of population is greater than in that of the less thickly- peopled districts. ‘The immigration from the North-Western Provinces is, of course, owing to the presence of large cantonments,” The figures in the statement below show the population of the district as it stood at the three enumerations of 1855, 1868, and 1881 :— Density per meee Census, Persons. Males. Females, aquare mile. So cligss ewe | 475,024 a s 187 5 1868 kee 549,614 303,706 945,908 204 s 186° el a he 650,519 357,319 293,200 236 ag ; 8 1868 on 1855 we ws 115'58 is a6 109 Ef { 1881 on 1868 0 ww 118°36 117'66 119°23 116 Aa Unfortunately the boundaries of the districts have changed so much since the census of 1855 that statistics of sex are no longer available for that enumeration. It will be seen that the annual increase of population per 10,000 since 1868 has been 126 for males, 136 for females, and 181 for persons, at which rate the male popu- lation would be doubled in 55:4 years, the female in 51:2 years, and the total population in 53:5 years. Supposing the same rate Forozepore District.] CHAP. IlI,—THE PEOPLE. 85 of increase to hold good for the next ten years, the population for Chapter III, A. each year would be, in hundreds— Statistical. Increase and Year, Persons. Males, | Females. || Year. Persons. Males. | Females. decrease of population. 1881 650, 5 357,3 293,2 1887 703,2 305,2 $18,0 1882 659,0 361,8 297,2 1883 712.3 390,0 322,3 1904 667.6 360.4 Bul.2 1889 721,6 394.9 326,7 1AR4 676,3 371,0 305,4 1890 731,0 399,9 331,2 1886 66,2 375.6 300,5 1891 740,6 404,9 335,7 1686 694,1 380,4 313,7 It is perhaps hardly probable that the rate of increase will be sustained. Part of the increase is probably due to increased accurac of enumeration at each successive enumeration, a good test of vaich is afforded by the percentage of males to persons, which was 56°49 in 1855, 55°08 in 1868, and 54°93 in 1881. A much larger part again is due to gain by migration, as already shown at page 33; and while the development of canal irrigation in Ferozepore will scarcely be as rapid in the future as it has been in the past, the introduction of the waters of the Sirhind canal into the fertile but thirsty plains to the east will probably divert the tide of immigration. The increase in urban population since 1868 has been much smaller than that in rural population, the numbers living in 1881 for every 100 living in 1868 being 108 for urban, and 118 for total population. The development of railway communication necessarily tends to diminish the importance of commercial centres lying near but not upon the line of rail. The opening of the new Rewari- Ferozepore railway may perhaps turn the scale again. The popula- tions of individual towns at the respective enumerations are shown under their several headings in Chapter VI. Within the district the increase of population since 1868 for the various tahsils is shown below. Details of the population of the present tahsils, as it stood at the enumeration of 1855, cannot now be obtained. The figures were then returned as follows for the respective parganas :-—Ferozepore, 98,527; Muktsar, 46,066; Moga, 136,017 ; Mahardj-Budan, 32,183 ; Zira, 120,816 ; Bhadaur, 42,015, Total Population. Perconta geot ae | pOPulation Of Tahail, 1881 on that of 1868, 1881, 1868, ‘erozepore oe as a ae as 131,321 153,168 117 Mae ee. co. Gs aes ee ce 139,563 1642548 111 Moga ee 0 ee a% a a 183,223 221,169 121 Muktsar .. 0 Re a 94,012, 111,634 119 Total district* .. «- 648,128 650,519 118 * These figures do not agree with the published figures of the Census Report of 1868 for the whole.district. They are taken from the registers in the District Office, and are the best figures now i F Chapter ITI, A. Statistical. Births and deaths, Age, sex, and civil condition. ——— o—1 | 1-2 | 23 | s—4 | 4-5 | 0-5 | 5—10|10—16/15—20 Persons | 431} 239 | 231} 956 | 262 |1,409 186 1,149 | 942 Males 9398 233 219 241 250 |1,339 ‘1,361 - 1,201 966 Painales 453 | 246 | 245/ 374 | 976 |1,494 |1;351 |1,086 | 914 [2 26 - 30|30—35|35—40/40—45/45—50 50—s5|56— Over: Persons ba is sit ai 929 | 877] 68 | 497) 661 | 346] 421] 218 | Males ttt tL og7 | ge | 74a] su2| saa} saz] 439 | 996 Females ; 57 | 895 | 772 | 493] 580 342 | 308 | 197 [Punjab Gazetteer, 36 CHAP. III.—THE PEOPLE. Table No. XI. shows the total number of births and deaths registered in the district for —_—_— 1880, 1881. the five years from 1877 to 1881, and the births for 1880 Haleg 28 p38 and 1881, the only two years Penge ‘3 3 during which births have been recorded in rural districts, The distribution of the total deaths, and of the deaths from fever, for these five years over the twelve months of the year is shown in Table Nos. XIa. and XI. The annual birth-rates per mille, culculated on the population of 1868 are shown in the margin. The figures below show the annual death-rates per mille since 1868, calculated on the population of that year :— elalstHolats|e{[efot[elsolals [a |Aver. —— SISISISISISIBSBISIS|S (B18 ]8 | 3 ise wn - -_“ a —_ - -_ a - a - _ ~_ -_ ——— | — | —] — pip ee Males ... we. | 11] 20 | 20} 15 | 21 | 18 | 13 M19 24| 16 | 44 | 29 | 24] 29 | 92 Females a. | 11] 19 | 19 | 15 | 20 | 18 | 13 | 18 | 23 | 16 | 31 | 23 | 22) 321 20 Persons . | 1b | 20] 20] 15 | 20 | 18] 16 | 18 | 24 | 16 | 43 | 26 | 23) 30] 21 The registration is still imperfect, though it is yearly improv- ing; but the figures always fall short of the facts, and the fluctuations probably correspond, allowing for a regular increase, due to improved registration, fairly closely with the actual fluctuations in the births and deaths. The historical retrospect which forms the first part of Chapter ILI. of the Census Report of 1881, and especially the annual chronicle from 1849 to 1881, which will be found at page 56 of that report, throw some light on the fluctuations. Such further details as to birth and death-rates in individual towns, as are available, will be found in Table No. ALIV., and under the headings of the several towns in Chapter VI. The figures for age, sex, and civil condition aro given in great detail in Tables IV. to VII. of the Census Report of 1881, while the numbers of the sexes for each religion will be found in Table No. VII. appended to the present nae The age statistics must be taken subject to limitations which will be found fully discussed in Chapter VII. of the Census Report. Their value rapidly diminishes as the numbers dealt with become smaller ; and it is unnecese sary here to give actual figures, or any statistics for tahsfls. The following figures show the distribution by age of every 10,000 of the population according to the census figures :— Ferozepore District.] CHAP. IIL—-THE PEOPLE. 37 The number of males among every 10,000 of both sexes is shown below :— Population, Villages. Towns, Totul, 1855 .., Ba os, 5,649 All religions ane Pr ey { 1868 .., ist ier 6,698 TRS og 6,456 6,818 6,493 Hindus wie soe eee ec 1881 5,509 5,872 5,568 Sikhs ... ae sa aan sie isb1 5,625 5,773 5,538 Musalmins ... av aes 1821 5,390 6,641 5,412 Christians =... aa ae ae 1881 wk 8,066 8,066 The decrease at each successive enumeration is almost certainly due to greater accuracy of enumeration. In the census of 1881, the number of females per 1,000 males ro aa in the carlier years of life Years of life. pitta Hindus, | Sikhs, aia. was found to be as shown in the margin. 0-1 940 929 856 99} r rad ATT = =} me eis | et ee _ The figures for civ il con at B18 972 | 740 | 992 dition are given in Table 4—5 907 a i a No. X., which shows the actual number of single, married, and widowed for each sex in each religion, and also the distribution by civil condition of the total number of each sex in each age-period. Table No. XII. shows the number of insane, blind, deaf-mutes, and lepers in the district in each Infrmity, | Males. |Femates,| Yeligion. The proportions per 10,000 of either sex for each of these infirmi- 5 ties are shown in the margin. Tables _ XIV. to XVII. of the Census Report 1 for 1881 give further datails of the age and religion of the infirm. Insane. ws Blind eas ote Deaf and dumb Leprous .,. a ANN The figures given below show the composition of the Christian population, and the respective numbers who returned their birth- lace and their language us European. They are taken from Mrables I1fa., TX., and XI. of the Census Report for 1881 :— Details. Males, Females, | Persons. Furopeans and Americans .. ots 1,280 258 1,538 R t Eurasians x ee eae ose wee 31 21 52 takers ae Native Christians Bet a a 49 47 96 lation, a population Total Christians. eae 1,360 326 1,686 English alae, ast, kde. Sieh) — Cees 1,255 284 1,539 Language Other European languages ... ss aise So wa Total European languages ave 1,255 284 1,539 British Isles ©... er vs ae 790 55 845 Birth-place Other European countries. 8 ive or 4 Total European countries .., aig 790 65 845 Chapter ITI, A. Statistical, Age, sex, and civil condition, Infirmitics, European and Eurasian population, Chapter ITI, B. Social and Religious Life. European and Kurasian population, Habitations, Dress, [Punjab Gazetteer, 38 CHAP. IlI.—THE PEOPLE. But the figures for the races of Christians, which are discussed in Part VIL. of Uhapter IV. of the Census Report, are very untrustworthy ; and it is certain that many who were really Eura. sians returned themselves as Europeans. The figures for European birth-place are also incomplete, as many Europeans made entries, probably names of ne and the like, which, though they were almost certainly English, could not be identified, and were there- fore classed as “ doubtful and unspecified.” The number of troops stationed in the district is givenin Chapter V., and the distribution of European and Eurasian Christians by tabsils is shown in Table No. VII. SECTION B._SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE, The houses of those who live in towns and are well-to-do are often of burnt brick, two or three storeys high, and generally ornamented with gaudy frescoes of historical or mythical scenes and personages. ‘The villagers content themselves with walls of unburnt brick or mud, of one storey only, with mud roofs supported by rafters. The wood work is the most valuable part of the structure, and the customs which allow or forbid outgoing tenants. to remove it are jealously guarded. An ordinary villager’s house consists of an outer verandah room fronting the common enclosed yard, with the private apartments behind. In one corner of the yard, next the house, is an earthen barrel-shaped receptacle for grain:; in the houses of the more wealthy will be found several of these receptacles which are used for storing everything of value. In the courtyard the cattle are stabled; the fuel—cakes of cow- dung—plasters the walls; and there the spinning, cooking, smoking, and gossiping goes on during the day, in preference to the small and dark inner rooms lighted only from the doorways., The furniture consists of light bedsteads, a few stools, a spinning-' wheel or two, and domestic vessels of pottery or brass. Along the banks of the Sutlej dwellings are commonly constructed, by the poorer classes, of branches of trees and the stout jungle grass, skilfully interwoven or wattled. The villages consist in general of rows of these houses, huddled together, and forming a number of narrow, crooked lanes. The entrances of these lanes form'the only means of access to the interior, as the houses all open inwards, their back wall forming a sort of outer wall to the village. Each village is usually subdivided into pattis (quarters), and these again, in the larger villages, into ¢hu/as (sections), distinguished by the names of considerable inhabitants. Nearly every village,. however small, has at least one house of entertainment for stran- gers, the dharmsd/, which is also the common lounge of the inhabitants. The dharmsdél is somewhat better built than the rest of the houses, and its expenses are defrayed from the common village fund. Usually also a space is kept unoccupied in the cen- tre of the village, for holding meetings of village greybeards, dc. The ordinary dress of men in the towns is of white cotton cloth, and consists of an upper ccat and white leggings, either tight-fitting or loose, a turban always, and Forozepore District.) CHAP, IJ.—THE PEOPLE. 39 leather shoes. In the villages the upper garment is a sheet or blanket, and the legs, except for the waist-cloth (dott), are bare. Money and valuables are carried tied up in a corner of the sheet, end an idiomatic Punjabi word for “ rich ” is one who has a hem to his skeet.” Turbans are worn by all classes, and are generall white, though the danas and khatris generally wear them of pin or red cloth. A little attention will enable one to distinguish in many cases, from the mode of tying the turban, the religion, caste, and profession of the wearer. Shoes are worn of two shapes, either with the sole very narrow in the middle, or of the ordinary shape. This distinction is often of great service to trackers. The upper dress of the women is, as a rule, a sheet or loose jacket of coloured country cloth. The Musalmanis wear the ordinary trousers, loose at the top, but tightly gathered into plaits at the ankle. “The Hindu women generally wear a short, coloured petticoat (gogra), and in some parts of the district both trousers and petticoats are worn. A sheet (chdédar) is worn over the head, commonly made of coarse white cloth. The food of the common people consists of barley, gram, sometimes wheat, jowdr, bajra, moth, and mung?, and butter-milk. The general custoin is to bake thick cakes, which are eaten in the morning with /ass?, and in the evening with dé/ (split grain) or mungt, or more commonly of gram and moth. Inthe hot weather a dich of boiled moth and dajra is substituted for the evening cakes. During the hot season, Muhammadans get their bread baked at the common oven ; but otherwise it is baked ona _ girdle. Where greens (sag) are to be had, they often take the place of dd/, and if a man is well-to-do he uses butter-milk twice a day ; as, in the estimation of a Jat, there is no food- comparable to it. Salt, chillies, and other condiments are also used. ‘The following note regarding the food of the people was furnished by the district autho- rities for the Famine Report of 1879 :— “The staple food-grains are wheat, barley, gram, jowdr, bdjra, and Indian corn, Wheat, barley, and gram are sown from the end of Septem- ber to the end of November, and harvested from the lst April to the middle of June; jowdr, 5djra, and Indian corn.are sown from the 15th June to the end of July (jowdr sometimes even in April and May, should rain fall in those months), and harvested from 15th October to 15th December, For the spring crops rain is required in August and September to moisten the ground for sowing them, and again in January and February to bring them on, The autumn crops require rain in July, August, and a little in September, Heavy rain is injurious to the former in April and May, and to the latter in October and November; but unless it be prolonged wet weather, no great harm is done. The average annual consumption of a family of five souls, including an old person and two children, is for agri- culturists 1,825 seers, and for non-agriculturists 1,460 seers. Of the graing mentioned above, the grain eaten varies with the time of year, but wheat is most largely consumed.” The women in this district are generally fine-looking, but few are handsome. Their part is to guide the house, anit thou: 1 looked upon as drudges, they still have much influence, and a wits is a highly-prized possession. The standard of morality is, how- ever, lamentably low, and the number of suits and criminal prosecutions arising out of love intrigues of a more or less guilty Chapter 1H, B, Social and Religious Life, Dress, Food, Condition of women, Chapter III, B. Social and Religious Life. Condition of women, Marriage customs, General statistics and distribution of religion, [Punjab Gazetteer 40 CHAP. III.—THE PEOPLE. nature is very great. It is almost the universal custom for the parents of girls to receive at the time of betrothal considerable presents, proportioned to the rank of life of the parties. The betrothal takes place at a very early age, and the failure to fulfil such contracts at tho appointed time is another frequent cause of litigation. ‘The chief occupations of the women are to cook the food for their husbands and brothers, to take it out to them when at work in the fields, and to spin wool. One or more spinning-wheels are found in every house. It is usual, as already observed, to betroth children in very early life. Tho negotiation is conducted generally through’ the village barber or a Bréhman. Betrothals and marriages are made tho opportunity of feasting and prodigal expense. The ceremonies are performed for Musalmans by the Kézi, and for Hindus and others by Brahmans, who read texts from the “ Puranas.” The Jats, here as well as in Lahore, adhere to the Levitical custom of karewa, in accordance with whicha brother marries his brother’s widow. The ceremony is callod chadar ddlna, or “ throwing the sheet,” and is completed by the man throwing his sheet over the woman’s head. In Sikh times this custom used to be enforced even against the woman’s consent ; and it is to be feared that even now this is sometimes the case, In united communities it is often ‘customary for a man’s friends to contribute, each according to his means, towards the expenses of a marriage in his house, on the understanding that when. they have the like need, he shall contribute the same amount. Strict account is kept of these gifts, and the obligation to repay them when opportunity arises ia helt to be very stringent, so much so that suits have been brought to enforce it. This custom is called ¢amdéo/. d Table No. VII. shows the numbers in each tahsil and in the whole district who follow each religion, as ascertained in the census of 1881, and Table No. XLIII. gives similar figures for towns, Tables Nos. II., [1Ia., IlIs. of the report of that census give further details on the subject. The distribution of every 10,000 of the popula tion by religions is shown So Rural Urban Total Religion. | ,opulation. population, population, Hindu ..| 2,810 4,207 2593 | ¢ oa + pind a1 ne ss93 | in the margin, The limita~ Jain ee an 472 | tions subject to which these Christian : "253 "2s | figures must be taken, and especially the rule followed in the classification of Hin- dus, are fully discussed in Part I., Chapter IV. of the Census Report. The distribution of every 1,000 of the Musalman_ population Soct. Rural Total Pi i 2 population. |population.| hy sect is shown in the margin. = —————| The sects of the Christian population Sunnis ..| 989 aL are given in Table No. IIIa. of -the Shiahs .. 3°5 35 Wababis || 07 06 Census Report ; but the figures are, aneoeorned 36°4 35°3 for reasons explained in Part VIL, Chapter IV. of the report, so very imperfect that it is not worth while to reproduce them here. Ferozepore District.] CHAP. IIl.—TIE PEOPLE. AL Table No. IX. shows the religion of the major castes and éribes of the district, and therefore the distribution by caste of the great majority of the followers of each religion. A brief descrip- sion of the great religions of the Punjab and of their principal sects will be found in Chapter IV. of the Census Report. The religious practice and belief of the district present no special peculiarities ; and it would be out of place to enter here into any disquisition on the general question. The general distribution of religions by tahsils can be gathered from the figures of Table No. VII. Chapter ITI, B. Social and Religious Life. Gencral statistics and distribution of religion, The only great annual fair held in the district is that at Mukt- Religious gathering: sar, in connection with which a horse and eattle show was formerly held. The Muktsar fair is held in the middle of January, on the Makar San Krént—when the sun enters the sign of Capricorn— and is one of the great Sikh festivals. Lt lasts three days. On the first day, the worshippers bathe in the Sacred Tank ; on the second, they repair to the Holy Mound (7762 Séhib), where tho warlike Guru Tar Govind stood and discharged his arrows against the Imperial forces :and on the third, visits are made to other holy places, the Holy Court (Darbar Sahib), &. The festival is in commemoration of a battle fought in 1705-6 by Gurd Har Govind, the third Sikh Gur, against the pursuing Imperial forces which overtook lim af Muktear, and cut his followers to pieces. The Guré himself escaped, and had the bodies of his followers burned with the usual rites. He declared that they had all obtained mukti—the final emancipation of their souls from the. ills of transmigration, that peaceful state which is the goal of the pious Hindé and Sikh alike—and promised the same blessing to all his followers who should thereafter, on the anniversary of that day, bathe in the Holy Pool, which had been filled by rain from heaven in answer to his prayer for water. On this spot a fine tank was afterwards dug by Ranjit Singh, and called Afuké‘sards (the pool of salvation), which was afterwards contracted into Muktsar, from which the adjoining town, founded by the Guru after the battle, derives its name. The tank, commeneed by Ranjit Singh, was continued by the Mahiraja of Patiala, and is now being gradually completed by the Britizh Government. It is constructed of solid masonry, is 606 feet long by GOL broad, shaded on all sides by venerable pipal trees, and will, when finished, be not only an ornament to the district, but a great public benefit to the inhabitants of the dry and thirsty tahsfl of Muktsar. The annual attendance at the fair may be estimated at about 50,000 souls. Besides the tank, the other shrines of Muktsar are, as stated above, the Holy Mound, the Holy Darbar, and Holy Tent, which latter are close together on the western side of the tank. Near the Holy Mound is a second and smaller one, which has been gradually heaped up by handfuls of earth brought from the bottom of the Sacred Tank and thrown on it by the pilgrims, as stones are cast upon cairns in other lands. Another yearly fair, of much smaller dimensions, is held at Damdama, “ the breathing-place,” at which Guri Govind halted in his flight from Bhatinda before the battle of Muktsar. a Chapter III, B. Social and Religious Life. Beligious galherings, Ferozepore Mission. Language, [Punjab Gazetteer, 42 CHAP. lil.—THE PEOPLE. There is a fair also held in March at Nathéna, in honour of a Hindd Saint named Kali, reputed founder of the village, who is said to have excavated a large pond with one scoop of his hand, and deposited the earth taken out in a heap close by, where it forms an object of popular veneration. On the second day of the fair, those who attend it go over to bathe in the sacred pond at Ganga, four miles off. As many as 20,000 people gather to this fair annually. Another important gathering is that at the fair and horse show held yearly in January since 1880 at Jalalabad, the chief town of the Mamdot State. There are other local fairs of inferior interest held at Mari-Dharmkot, and other places throughout the district, which are not deserving of more parti- cular mention, The following account of the Ferozepore Mission has been kindly supplied by the Rev. F. J. Newton; the Missionary in charge :— “ The Mission at Ferozepore is connected with the American Preshy- terian Church, and isa branch of the Lidhiéna Mission, whichis the technical name by which our Mission in the Punjabisknown. Ferozepore was occupied by the American Missionaries of Lahore in 1870, and for the ten years following was conducted by native ordained ministers. Since my arrival in the beginning of 1881, one of the main features of the Mission here has been medical work. Patients have been treated during tho summer months ina dispensary rented and fitted up for the purpose in the city, as well asin private houses ; and during the winter in the villages, either at my own tent, whenlam on tour, or ina house loaned for the purpose in a village, Combined with this there has been the usual sys- tematic preaching and teaching. In 1881 I conducted aschool for the Mazhbi Sikhs, but was obliged in a few months to abandon it, the people showing no ambition to have their children educated. Of late I have been joined by Dr. C. W. Forman, jun., who has taken charge of the dispensary, With him L still continue to treat patients both here and in their own houses. We find thisa decided aid tousin securing us a more ready acceptance with the people than we should otherwise obtain. We have working with us two catechists and a colporteur. Mrs. Newton also frequently visits the zenanas of the city, reading the Bible to the women, or teaching them to read. ‘The number of conversions since the Mission was founded has been small. Two or tliree persons of high, and afew of low, caste have made a profession of Christianity, and have now for a number of years lived consistently as Christians, We must consider the results of our Mission hitherto as only general and preparatory.” Table No. VIII. shows the numbers who speak each of the principal languages current in the district separately for each tahsil and for the whole district. More detailed information will be found in Table No. LX. of the Census Proportion Report for 1881, while in Language, er 10 UUU of , sas *popmation, |° Chapter V. of the same report Hindustani ae on 238 the several languages are Pahart a ae briefly discussed. The figures in Pashtu 1. ee as the margin give the distribution All Indian languages .. 9,976 of every 10,000 of the popula- Non-Indian languages .. 24 tion by language, omitting smal] figures. Ferozepore District.) CHAP. III.—THE PEOPLE. 43 The vernacular language of the district is the ordinary Punjabi ; but it is said that owing to the influence of our schools and courts of law a very marked change in the vocabulary of thie common people has taken place in the last 20 years, Punjabi being gradually thrust out by Urdu. Mr. Johnstone, for some time Assistant Commissioner in the district, writes :—“ A curious feature, very interesting philologically, is the process of corruption in proper names, which in Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit are always significant. In common usage, however, according to a pee law of dialectic corruption, unaccented syllables are ropped and suffixes contracted. Two or three instances may be given, as indicating the stages of the process :—Abdullah (slave of God) is generally called Dalla or Dullo to which no meaning is attached, and Harnam Das (slave of the name of Siva) and Dhyan Singh (lion of religious meditation), become Harnama and Dhyana. There can be little doubt that, unless some organized efforts be soon made to investigate the Punjabi dialect, the oppor= tunity for doing so in this district will be lost.” Table No. XIII. gives statistics of education as ascertaiged at the census of 1881 for each religion and for the total population of each talsil. The figures for female cducation are probably very imperfect indeed. The - fivures in the margin show Rural Total 2 2 Education. popu'a- | popula-| the number educated among, tion, | tien | every 10,000 of each sex ; according to the census re- i} Under instruction ..,| 66 94 turns. Statistics regarding 4 (| Can read and write.. | 302 424 the attendance at Govern- : : | ment and = aided — schools 3 Under instruction ..| 23 62 will be found in Table No. Bl Can read and w ite.. | 3° 109 XXXAVII. The distribution of the scholars at these schools by religion, and the Details. Boys, | Girls. | occupations of their fathers, as it stood in 1881-82, is Europeans and Earasian - “ shown in the margin. It is Native Christiuns.. . x Bo ‘ : . Hindus... ws | 1,089 47 interesting’ te compare these Musalmans .. aa on 930 64 . . : Sikhs... | 8B 2 figures with the following i ee : c description by Mr. Brandreth Children of agricnituri-ts | 1,569 oy of the’ state of education as » f nn-agrical- 1,040 91 trials. it was in 1855. The number of schools in the district, classed according to the ae Schools, 'Scholars,| Janguayes that are taught in them, is as giver in the Arabic ss fe s 86 margin. Some of the teachers Sanskrit. . “- 3 Jo Persian ; a zlo are remunerated by presents indi .- . 90 . : coe en ae oe on marriages, by payment in rot [8 [al money or grain collected at harvest time, or by ready- made bread every day ; others have small rent-free grants of land. It must be confossed, however, a2 Chapter III, B. Social and Religious Life. Language. Edacation Chapter III, B. Social and Religious Life. Sharacter and dis- position of the people, Poverty or wealth of the people, {Punjab Gazetteer, 44 CHAP, III.—THE PEOPLE. that the number of youths under instruction iy lameutably small when compared with the number of the population. Tables Nos. XL.. XLI., and XLIL. give statistics of crime 3 while Table No. XXXV. shows the consumption of liquors and narcotic stimulants. The prevailing crime of the district is that of cattle-lifting. Murders are not frequent, being seldom committed except as a consequence of conjugal infidelity. The morals of both sexes are very loose, and among the Jats intrigues confined to the tribe are not considered disgraceful ; but woe to the woman who intrigues with a stranger. The most common offences are house- breaking and theft. Cattle-thett is especially prevalent among the Dogars and other tribes who live along the river, and in the Mahréj territory, where the facility of escape into foreign states offers an apparently irresistible temptation. This district is notorious also for the number of complaints of abduction of married women, but the great mass of these do not come to trial, the complainant being usually quite satisfied at getting his wife back, and caring little. about the punishment of the offender. It is impossible to form any satisfactory estimate of the wealth of the commercial and industrial classes. The figures in the margin show the working of the income tax for the only three years for which Assossment. 1aig-70, | ie7u-71. | 1871-72, details aro available ; and in Class I N mber taxed ... a 65 287 Table No. Amount of tax... 6,057 7,696 2,118 uo ra cl IL Numbor taxed ... ae , 38 109 XXXIV gly cs ass IL. 4 Amount of tax ... 1,870 2,066 1,674 statistics for 1 ur y Number tuxed ... Pa 54 63 . ‘lass IT. (Amountof tax. | 2,478 2,160 1,838 the license tax Nu-nber taxed .., Ms 129 2 Pie -cgnigie o Class IV. 4 source of tax... 1,513 3,541 375 for each year Nam rtesed hi 716 a i i i = Class V- ¢ Amount of tax ... | 13,531 s1nce its PEDO : sition. In 1872- Number taxed .., was 1,002 451 Total .. Amount of tax. | 11,917 297294 8,312 73, there were 179 ~~ persons brought under the operation of the Income-Tax Act, as enjoying’ an income in excess of Its. 750. In the preceding year, all in- comes above Rs. 500 being liable, there were 454 persons taxed. Of these, four only were bankers and money-dealers, 86 were general merchants, five dealers in piece-goods, and 13 dealers in grain. Of Janded proprietors, 104 persons paid Rs, 1,427. But the numbers affected by these taxes are small. The Jat zamindars carry on the grain trade on their ownaccount, taking the grain away with their own carts and bullocks, hence there are few wealthy traders in the district liable to be taxed. The distribution of licen- ses granted and fees collected in 1880-81 and 1881-82 between towns of over, and villages of under, 5,000 souls, is shown in the margin. It may be said generally that a yery large proportion of the artisans 1880-81, 1881-82. Number of licenses .. Aumyunt of feos a2 5,740 BAL 4940 313 5,010 || 5,150 Ferozeporo District.] CHAP. II].—THE PEOPLE. 45 in the towns are extremely poor, while their fellows in the villages are scarcely less dependent upon the nature of the harvest than are the agriculturists themselves, their fees often taking the form of a fixed share of the produce ; while even where this isnot the case, the demand for their products necessarily varies with the prosperity of their customers. Perhaps the leather-workers should be excepted, as they derive considerable gains from the hides of the cattle which die in a year of drought. The circumstances of the agricultural classes ure discussed below at pages 63, 64. SECTION C.—TRIBES, CASTES AND LEADING FAMILIES, Table No. TX. gives the figures for the principal castes and tribes of the district, with details of sex and religion, while Table No. IXA, shows the number of the less important castes. It would be out of place to attempt a description of each. Many of them are found all over the Punjab, and most of them in many other districts, and their representatives in Fevozepore are distin- guished by no local peculiarities. Some of the leading tribes, and especially those who are important as landowners, or by position and influence, are briefly noticed in the following section ; and each caste will be found described in Chapter V1. of the Census Report for 1881. The census statistics of caste were not compiled for tahsfls, at least in their final form. It was found that an enormous number of mere clans or sub-divisions had been returned as castes in the schedulés, and the classification of these figures under the main heads shown in the caste tables was made for districts only. Thus no sta- tistics showing the local distribution of the tribes and castes are available. But the following figures show the general distribution of the agricultural tribes as ascertained by Mr. Brandreth in 1855 :— Classification of Tribes (Settlement Census 1855). Suoculity, Name of Caste. i ‘ Outlying Bhet. Rohi. Tlakas, Total. Hindus. Jat oe o oe ae ‘ se ae 2,966 78,557 26,731 108,254 Kamboh 2e is es on . is : 4h2 sia a 452 Rora, Khatri, Baikal a . iss ae 4,747 8,758 5,397 18,902 Ti-kh-n and Lohar we ae AG6 8,285 1,543 10,294 Miscellaneous 6 ae is ae ei 3,220 35,360 13,096 51,675 Total . 11,851 130,960 46,766 189,577 salmans, Jat o o oe irae ay .- oo a 6,456 6,167 1,551 13,184 Raen .. ee a eis a oe oe 19,093 3,736 605 23,434 Gujar .. be . eee ae 4,404 2,732 88 7,314 Dogar .. es ae a i: a te , 5,405 1,006 744 7,155 Bhatti Rajpt - ee ee eee ee 6,362 3,862 2,391 12 615 Kamboh os a a o . . : 1,114 1,173 ‘5 2,287 MGchies 43 5 se. ee es o> chad 2,762 1,674 425 4,861 Shekh, Moghal, Pathan .. * os oe 2,192 1,654 524 4,368 Tirkhdn, Lohér_.. ea A oie 8 2,600 1,741 534 4,815 K mmhér ate ze om “- . 3 ‘ 2,149 3,299 705 5,921 Jn'éha se at at 5 . .. 3,268 7,821 2,018 13,107 Miscellaneous ve es ee we CF 22,085 24,454 6,459 53,198 Total 77,990 58,319 16,044 152,353 Total Hindus and Musalmans ats 89,841 | 189,279 62,810 | 341,930 Chapter ITI, C. Tribes, Castes aud Leading Families. Poverty or wealth of the people. Statistics and local distribution of tribes and castes, Chapter ITI, C. Tribes, Castes and Leading Families. Jat and Rajput tribes. Agricultural ‘1'bes of the bet. [Punjab Gazetteer. 46 CHAP. IN.—THE PEOPLE. The following figures show some of the principal Jat and Rajpat tribes as returned at the census of 1881 :-—~ Sub-divisions of Fats. Name. Nomber. Name, Number. Name Number, Auak A92 VNE ae a : 8,777 erin Ye. 4 49,194 Oni 8,722 || Mor .. ni 1,114 || Sarae .. ais $l4 Bhatti 690 |! Mahal . 1,558 | Sara 2,412 TBarar 2,803 || Mial .. . 1,749 |! Khag .. 2,168 Bhullar 3,UU7 || Mani .. < 4,456 | Panwar.. 716 Ruttar 1,191 || Mahemi 5 2,744 | Tunwar.. 2,768 Pannnn S96 || Vairsi Si 7,722 | Jotia 7K Chahiul 1,711 || Harike 5 2,532 |, Vattu 704 Chuan 1,195 || Chima ‘ 75) 1, Gil . 26,192 lfer .. ais 1,062 1 Dhaniwal ie 15,648 | Kharral.. 1,441 Bh belailar 4,239 )| Dhillon . 6,62 | Man os 3,477 Sur .. os 2,173 || Rundhawa .- 73 | Virk.. oe 1,380 Sangi 2,485 |) Sinuhu . 8,979 |, Samrai .. “ 882 Sher.. 4,193 Note.—Of the Larar, 26,915 have shown themselves as Sidhu also; and of the Odi, 8,715 as Dhawwal ; other smaller uumbers also ure similarly shown twice over. Sub-divistons of Rajputs. Name. Number. Name. Number, Name. Number, | Bhatti .. ie 12,372 || Rahtor z 810 || Naipal a 1,354 Punwar.. 3,587 || Khokhar .. 2,404 || Vatcu 1,509 Tunwar.. 1,223 || Manj ie 1,488 || Naru é . 6u1 Joyah .. 4,174 || Mandahar.. 457 || Awan as ae 455 Chauhan 4,785 Note.—Of the Naipal, 1,025 are shown as Bhatti also; and other smaller numbers also are similarly shown twice over. “ The cultivators of this tract,” writes Mr. Brandreth, “are al- most all Muhammadans ; out of a total population of 53,022, 48,510 are Muhammadans and only 4,152 Hindus. The Muhammadans number therefore 90 per cent. Of the whole agricultural popula- tion, the principal cases are the Dogars, Bhattis (Naipals), Gujars, Raens, and Musalman Jats. Very little can be said for their skill as cultivators. The Kdens, and some of the Musalman Jats, are indeed glorious exceptions ; but the other castes are very far inferior to the stout Hindé Jats, who form the staple of the agri- cultural community in the rohz. They are utterly devoid of energy, and are the most apathetic, unsatisfactory race of people I ever had anything to do with. They will exert themselves occasionally to go on a cattle-stealing expedition, or to plunder some of the quiet, well-conducted laens, who live in constant fear of their marauding neighbours ; but their exertions are seldom directed to any better end. They take not the slightest pride or interest in any agricultural pursuit ; their ficlds are cultivated in the most slovenly manner, you see none of the neatly kept houses, well fenced fields, fat bullocks, and wells kept in good repair, which distinguish the industrious castes. The hovels in which they live are generally half in ruins ; no fences eyer protect Ferozepore District ] CHAP. IlI.—THE PROPLE. 47 their fields ; their cattle are half starved ; and their wells often in the most dilapidated condition ; notwithstanding the quantity of of waste land in every direction, they will not, if they can possibly pay their revenue without it, bring asingle additional acre of land into cultivation.” The oldest proprietary classes are the Gujars, Naipais, and Dogars. The Dogars occupy the western, and the Gujars the eastern portion of the dhe¢, the intermediate portion being the country of the Naipals. The Gujars were the first settlers in the dsef, They state that they were originally Pudr Rajpits, and came from Dhara- Nagari in the south of India, the exact locality of which is unknown ; that first they migrated to Rénia in Sirsa, and thence to Kasiér. From hence, about a.p. 1800, they moved to the neighbourhood of Makhu ; but being driven out from there by the Naipals, who crossed over from Kasirsome years later, they finally settled down about Dharmkot, where they are now found. They are divided into two gots or clans, the Char and the Kathdwa. Originally rather a pastoral than an agricultural race, the Gujars are unwilling cultivators, and much addicted to theft, especially of cattle. Though Musalmans they preserve relics of a Hindu origin in many of their customs. Their women wear the Hindu garment, the gogra or petticoat. Marriages are not contracted between parties belonging to the same go¢ or subdivision of the tribe ; and the custom of karewa prevails. Brahman paurohits also take part in their social and religious ceremonials. _ The Naipals area sub-caste of the Bhattis, for an account of which tribe see Gazetteer of Hissar. They state that they migrated from Sirsa to Pék Pattan, thence to Kasar, and from Kasér, with the assistance of Kardér Dina Beg, to Ferozepore. At one time they were spread all over the country from Makhu westward to Ferozepore, but were driven eastward by the Dogars, and displac- ing the Gujars settled down about Makhu and Fatahgarh, Under the rule of the Aluwaéla Raja they were virtually independent, and only paid a small rent in kind occasionally when the Kardar happened to be strong enough to enforce it. Theys are but poor agriculturists, and notorious thieves. Marriage is permitted among them between blood relations. (See ante Chapter II., pp. 14,15.) The Dogars are supposed to be converted Chauhén and Punwar Rajputs from the neigh- bourhood of Delhi. Their own account is that they migrated from Delhi to the neighbourhood of Pak Pattan, spread thence along the bank of the Sutlej, and entered the Terozepore district about 1750. The Ferozepore Dogars are all descended froma common ancestor called Bahlol, but are called Maha Dogars, from Mahi, Bahlol’s grandfather. Bahlol had three sons, Bamba, Langar, and Sammu. The Dogars of Ferozepore and _Mallénwala are descended from Bamba, those of Khazi from Langar, and those of Kasir from Sammu. Those of Ferozepore consider them- selves superior to all the other numerous sub-castes, and are very particular as to those with whom they mate their daughters, though they themselves take wives indiscriminately from all the other sub-castes. Infanticide was formerly common among them, Chapter ITI, C. Tribes, Castes, and Leading Families. Agricultural tribes of the bhet: Gujars. Naipals. Dogars, Chapter III, C. Tribes, Castes, and Leadin Families. Dogars, Jat tribes af tho rohi. The Bardrs or didbus, {Punjab Gazetteer. 48 CHAP, III.—THE PEOPLE. but has ceased to be so now. Sir H. Lawrence has described them as “tall, handsome, and sinewy, with large aquiline noses ; “fanciful, violent, and tenacious of what they consider their rights, “yet susceptible to kindness and not wanting in courage.” To this Mr. Brandreth adds :—‘ The Jewish face which is found among the Dogars, and in which they resemble the Afyhins, is very remarkable, and makes it probable that there is very little Chauhan blood in their veins, notwithstanding the fondness with which they attempt to trace their connection with that ancient family of the Rajputs. Like the Gujars and Naipals, they are great thieves, and prefer pasturing cattle to cultivating. Their favourite crime is cattle-stealing. There are, however, some respectable persons among them, especially in the Ferozepore c/éka. It is only within the last few vears that the principal Dogars have begun to wear any covering for the head. Formerly the whole population, as is the case with the poorer classes still, wore their long hair over their shoulders, without any covering either of sheet or turban. Notwithstanding the difference of physiognomy, the Dogars preserve evident traces of some connection with the Hindiis in most of their family customs, in which they resemble the Hindés much more than the orthodox Muhammadans.” Of the agricnItural tribes of the roh/, Mr. Brandreth gives a far more favourable description. They are mainly JLindus or Sikhs belonging to the great Jat tribe, and are described as_possess- ing “all the good qualities, the industry, the zeal for agricultural “pursuits, and the straightforward disposition which Settlement “ Officers delight to dwell on.” = The principal clans (gots) are,— Baraér, Gil, Dhariwal, and Khosa. Each of these has its own special locality, a defined group of villages, known as the ¢appa or portion of the clan. The Barars are an admitted off shoot of the great Bhatti family of Sirsa (Bhatiéna) and Jaisalmir. They trace their descent to one Sidhu, grandfather of Bardr, who was the first to migrate to these parts. Trom the first of these they derive the name of Sidhu, by which they are often designated, though as a rule most members of the tribe are content to accept Baraér as their eponymous hero. They form two main divisions : (1) The families inhabiting Kot- Kaptra, Muktsar, Mari, and Moodkce, and the native state of Faifd- kot ; and (2) the families of Bhichan and Mahraj, to which belongs the famous Phulkian represented by the Rajds of Patiala, Jhind, and Nabha. (See also an¢e, page 23.) The Barars are inferior as cultivators to the other Jat tribes ; they wear finer clothes, and consider themselves a more illustrious race. In days gone by they were the most desperate dacoits of the country ; and infanticide flourished to such an extent among them that scarcely a young girl was to be found in all their villages. The origin of this crime is said to have been that a chief of Nabha was once entrapped into betrothing his daughter toa man of an inferior caste ; the chicf kept his word, and completed the marriage, but to prevent the recurrence of a similar disgrace, agreed with all his tribe to put todeath all daughters that should thereafter be born to them. The practice is now believed to be extinct. Ferozepore District] CHAP: Ill.—THE PEOPLE. 49 Next in importance to the Barars are tho Gils, found in the Chapter III, C. Chirak Chuhar-Chak, Dharmkot, and Sada-Singh circles. They claim to We descerded from Pirthipal, a Varriya Rajpat, Raja of Garhmathdla, who, having no issue by his Rajpat wives, Ly the advice of his astrologers married a Bhilar Jat woman by whom he had a son. The story then runs that the child Was, through the jealousy of the king’s other wives, exposed ina marshy spot and left to perish ; but was fortunately rescued by the LRédja’s minister, who adopted him and called him Gil from gilt; “ wet”), with reference to the place from which he had rescued him. This child became the progenitor of all the Gils. , _ This is the most peaceful and industrious, and the most skilled in agriculture, of all the Jat tribes of the district. They inhabit the Badii circle, and the adjoining territory in the states of Patiala tind Nablia. Mr. Brandreth speaks of them ag “ the best agrical- tirists of the district.” ms This is the last and swiallest of the four chief Jat tribes ; they occupy only a few villaves to the south of Kot Isa Khan. They : dlaim to have been Tunwar Rajpits, who haying been driven from their hottie at Dehli by the Uhanhéns, took to plundering tho coutitry, whénce their ndme, which signifies “ plunderers.” ‘Tired at length of this life they gavea daughter im marriage to the Dhéariwéls and were adopted into the Jat community. As cul- tivators they rank with the Gils, before the Barars, but below the Dhariwals. The orily trie of any size in this district of a distinctly ériminal character is‘that of the Baurias. Their principal haunts are the villages of Taraj and Sukanand, but they are found seatter- ed throughout the district, on¢ or more families residing in nearly every village, where they are entertained principally for their excellence as trackers. Their tradition says that they come from far south, and possibly they are connected with the hunting tribes of Southern India. heir name is taken from the daura or snare with which, as previously mentioned, they capture deer. They éall themselves orthodox Hindus, but their worship is confined to that of Kali, or Durga, whom they regard as a goddess of help as well as of vengeance 3 and their only sportaneons literature (if that may be so called, which is unwritten) iisists in songs and hywns to her praise. Their language is unintelligible to the ordinary villagers, wlio stigmatise it as an avgot or thieves’ dialect. They themselves say it is a heritage, which is more likely ; it approxi- mates in character to the Sanskritié dialects of more Southern India, with matiy non-Sanskritie vocables imbedded in it. Their character and morality are very Jow, but their thefts are generally petty, and their reputation is rather that of gipsies in England than of rfiore dangerously criminal tribes. At present their chief and favourite occupation is that of hunting, and. their principal weapon the snare, in tho use of which they are very skilful ; but gradually they are rising from the hunting to tho agricultural stage, and but for the bancful system of caste which prevents them from intermarriage outside their own tribe, they would doubtless soon be merged in the orderly classes of the H Tribes, Castes, and Leading Families: Gils, Dhariwals, Khosaa, Criminal tribes : Baurias, Hapnis, aud Saunsis, Chapter ITI, C- Tribes, Castes, and Leading Families. Criminal tribes ; Baurias, Harnis, and Sinsis, Mercantile castes. [Punjab Gazetteer. 50 CHAP, I1!.—THE PEOPLE. community. Physically they are a small dark race, with counte- nances which show very small intelligence, but much low cunning. Their favourite food is a kind of lizard (sazda), found plentifully in the waste lind of the vof/.* Of their skill in tracking Mr. Brandreth writes :— “The system of tracking is carried on with very great success in this district, and is the principal means by which crimes of all sorts are de- tected, ‘The Baurias are the most successful trackers, and every Bauria lias more or less knowledge of the art, but it is also practised by ether castes ; there are many Jats who are very good trackers. It appears to me a most wonderful art. In almost every village there are one or moro persons who have studied it. Whena theft takes place, the sufferer im- mediately sends for a tracker, with whom he makes an agreemont, either to pay him one or two rupees, and take his chance of the property being Tecovered, or to pay him a larger sum in tho event only of its being found. Itisin the case of cattle thefts thatthe tracking system is most successful. I suppose about half the number of stolen cattle are recovered in this manner. It must not be concluded, however, that half the number of thieves are also apprehended, for the practice of the cattle stealer is this: He drives the stolen animal as far as he thinks it safe to do so, and then ties it up in some desert spot and leaves it there. After a few hours he returns tothe spot; within that period it is decided whether the track has been lost or not, If the trackers are successful they come to the spot where the animal has been left. and carry it back with them, but give themeelves no trouble about the thief; if unsuccessful the thief returns and appropriates it, : “The best trackers, however, do not confine themselves to this species of tracking alone; they are able to recognise a man by his footprints, Where other people would study a person’s face with the view of recognising him again, they study the print of hisfeet. Thev pay particular attention to the footprints of any known bad characters, I have met with some oxtraordinary instances of the accuracy of their knowledgo in this respect. It is only a few days since that I committed a man to the Sessions for the murder of a child for its ornaments, who was detected solely by the impression of his feet being recognised. The headmen of the village went with the tracker to the spot where the murder had been committed. [Te followed the tracks of the murderer for some distance towards the villages and at lastsaid: ‘These are evidently the footprints of soandso’ naming one of the residents of the village. The headman immediately went to the house of the person indicated, and found the ornaments buried in the wall. The man confessed his guilt. In taking his evidence I asked the tracker how he was able to recognise the prisoner hy hisfootprints, Tlisreply wasthatit would have been very strange if he had not, when he saw- them every day of his life.” The Harnis and Sansis are very few in number, and but little information can be collected as to their habits in this district. They are generally regarded as addicted to more serious crimo than the Baurias, while they certainly are more filthy and degraded in their manners. They are for the most part of nomad habits, and live in rude tents or huts made of reeds (s’rk7). Of the Banyas of Ferozepore, no fewer than- 10,093 returned themselves as Agarwal at the census of 1881. Of the Aroras 5,079 returned themselves as Uttarddhi, and 3,432 as Dakhana ; of the Khatris 3,779 as Bunjahi, 474 as Bahri, and 419 as Sarin. * The Jats also cat them, but purchase them from the Sansis and Baurias, who are alone skilled to find them, Ferozepore District.] CHAP. Ill—THE PEOPLE. 51 The Mamdot Nawébs.—This family. of Hassanzai Pathdns came from Kasir. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh ruled the Punjab, Nawab Qutb-ul-din Khan, the grandfather of the present Nawab held Kastir. The Maharaja took Kastir ant let Qutb-ul-din Khin take Mamdot. Qutb-ul-din Kbin had two sons, Jamal-ul-din Khan and Jalal-ul-din Khén. The former had sovereign powers until he was deposed by the British Government. He died in 1863, leaving two sons, Muhammad Khén and Khén Bahédur Khan, neither of whom succecded his father, butafter a long dispute Jalal-ul-din Klvin inherited the family jégir; while his two nephews got an annual allowance. One of them, namely, Khdén Bahddur Khan, is now living at Lahore; the other diel some time ago, Nawab Jaldl-ul-din Khan was made an Honorary Magistrate. He died in 1875, and was succeeded by his son, Niz4m-ul-din Khin the present Nawab, who is about to take charge of his property from the.Court of Wards. The Sodhis—The Khatris of Muktsar are for the most part of the Sodhi sub-division. They own 19 villages. It is well known that, during the Sikh rule, the Sodhis played a very conspicuous part. According to their account, their ancestor, Kalrdi, ruled at Lahore, and his brother, Kalpat, at Kastr. The latter drove out Kalrai, who took refuge with some king in the Deccan, whose daughter he married. Their son, Sodhi Rai, recon- quered Lahore, and Kalpat in his turn became an exile. He went to Benares and studied the Vedas, on which account he obtained the name of Bedi. All the Sikh Gards were either Bedis or Sodhis ; Gira Nanak belonged to the former, Guraé Gobind to the latter family. The most important Sodhi families in Muktsar aro those of Gird Har Sahai, Mallan. Other Sodhi families, residing at Butar in tahsil Mogha, hold several estates in Muktsar, in jagir. The Giri Harsahat Family trace their succession in a direct line from Gari Ramdas, after whom the great Sikh Temple of Amritsar is called. The founder of the family was Gart Jiwan Mal, who in Sambat 1909 came from Muhammadpur in the Chunidn tahsil of the Lahore district, and settled at the lace now known as Guri. Harsahai, so named by the founder in onour of his son. He was succeeded in order by Gur Ajit Singh, Gird Amir Singh, Giri Golab Singh, Gurad Fatteh Singh, and Bishen Singh, who is now living. The religious influence of the family was decidedly great up to the time of Guri Golab Singh, not only among the Sikhs of the neighbouring districts and foreign States, but in Sidlkot, Rawal Pindi, the-Derajat, Kohat, and even as far as Kabul 3 bui this influence has been decreasing from Guru Fatteh Singh’s time, whose family quarrels with his sons continued until his death. Now the family has but little influence, and that too within a very limited circle ; and it is believed that, should the present family quarrel between the three brothers, including the present Guru, namely, Bishen Singh, continue longer, this leading family will soon sink to the level of common landholders. The Sodhis proper.—Next to the Gurus come the Sodhis as gegards religious influence. eds Jagat Singh and Bhagat H Chapter III, 0. Tribes, Castes, and Leading Families. . The leading familica, Chapter III, D. Village | Communities and Tenures. The leading families. Village tenures. The Dorr ank Waip§] tenure, [Punjab Gazetteer: 52 CHAP. MI—TIHE PEOPLE. Singh were two brothers, who owned lands in the Moga and Mukt- sar tails. Jagat Singh’s son is Sodhi Man Singh, who is now an Lonorary Assistant Commissioner at Butar in this d]strict, Sodhis Kajindar Singh and Indar Singh are the sons of Sodhj Bhagat Singh. The former is Honorary Magistrate. at Bagde pur6éna, and Indar Singh at Sultan Khénwala, The Pir Pathans.—Vir Abbas Khan, late Honorary Magis- trate of Merozepore, was formerly Government Avent at Bahawal- pur, and subsequently a pensioner at Fevozepore, where he acquired some landed property. His son, Pir Ahmed Ali Khan, is on the Board of Honorary Magistrates of the City of Ferozepore. SEOTION D.—VILLAGEH COMMUNITIES AND TENURES. Table No. XV. shows the number of villages held in the various forms of tenure, as returned in quinquennial Table No. NXAILT. of the Administration Report for 1878-79. But the accuracy of the figures is more than doubtful. It is in) many cases simply impossible to class a village satisfactorily under any one of the ordinarily recognised tenures ; the primary division of rights between the main subdivisions of the villago following one form, while the interior distribution among the several pros prictors of each of these subdivisions follows another form which itself’ often varies from one subdivision to another. Indeed the very nomenclature of this claysifleation was unknown before the time of the regular settlement ; and, popularly, the tenures are still distinguished Ly the names of the tribe among which they are severally prevalent. Thus, the Zaminddrié tenure ig known as that of the Dogars and Naipals ; while the Padfiddré aul Bhatichdra forms are par excellence Jat tenures. The following paragraphs are abridged from My. Brandrcth’s Settlement Report :— The Dogar and Naipél tenure (szaminxddr/) is principally met with in the d4e¢. These castes held the country Jong before the Sikhs aequired dominion over them, Before that time they appear to have been almost independent j they principally pastured eattle, and did not trouble themselves much about cultivation, The Sikhs, however, urged on the cultivation toa much greater extent than was before known, and took the rent in’ kind from both proprictary and non-proprietary cultivators, making over a certain portion (which was generally a third, but sometimes a fourth) of the Ads? hissa, or vent share, to the proprictors in acknowledgment of their rights. It is a curlous thing that it is not by any means all or nearly all the resident Dogars who are proprictors. The proprietary rights’ were confined to certain chiefs and to their descendants ; and there are many Dogar cultivators of near relationship to them who haye no proprietary yights whatever, and are only common cultivators, On the ether hand, thero are few Naipals who are without proprietary rights, It is probably owing to their pastoral habits, and the little value they have hitherto attached to cultivated ground, that these wiples, and the Dogars in particular, yery seldom divided the Ferozepore Distriet.] CHAP. Ill.—THE PEOPLE. 53 village area in accordance with their shares, but have generally held all the land in common. Hence the record of such villages As zamindart, When the villages owned by these castes came under the dominion of the British Government, the grain payment was commuted into a money assessment, and the Settlements were all made with the Dogar or Naipal proprietors, These propristary bodies, however, being altogether unaccustomed to money rates, and unwilling to incur the responsibility of them, with very few exceptions attempted to subelet their villages to Hindu traders on the same terms which they had enjoyed under the Sikh govern ment, the sub-lessces standing in the place of the Sikh Kardar, paying the Government revenue, and collecting the rents in the manner described above, This method of procedure, however, was forbidden by order of the Punjab Government, In a village so held, all non-proprietary cultivators paid their rent in kind previous to the regular Settlement. Even in the case of such crops as tobacco or vegetables, the rents were either paid in kind, or by what is called d¢kru, or sale of the crops. The cultivator sold the crop on the ground without dividing it, with the sanction of the proprietor, and then paid him the same share of the price that he would have done of the crop had it been divided. At the time of the Settlement all the cultivators with rights of occupancy received permission to com- mute their former rent in kind for a money payment, the maxi- mum rate of which, including all expenses, has been fixed at 30 per -cent.* on the Government demand. In spccial cases, as where the cultivator has sunk a well at his own expense, er broken up the waste land at some cost to himself, a lower rate has been fixed, and the same considerations have been held to confer on him rights of occupancy, It has also been laid down that’at any feture period either the proprietors or the cultivators shall be permitted to substitute a money payment instead of that in kind, provided that their application for this purpose is preferred in the month of Jeth, ze., before the rainy season commences, and before any expectations can be formed regarding the nature of the ensuing harvest. The dues of yillage servants (Aamins) aro deducted from the common stock before the division of the propristor’s share is made. In the same manner are also deducted about a seer in the maund for the patwéri, together with a quantity, which varles from about two to four seers jn the maund, and is called Aharckh. It is taken by the proprietor to coyer the expenses to which he is put in guarding and dividing the crop, * The items of which this rate is made up may be set down as follows :— Lambardari allowance at ... ae 6 per cent, Village expenses... se te 20h we 5 ¥ Patwari'’s allowance Res as ses we 3g iz Jfoad fund .,. 4a ee 1 “ Mé@likgna ou oye uae one re eee 15} ” Total Ba .. 30 pey cent, Chapter III, D. Village | Communities and Tenures. The Dogar and Naipal tenure, Chapter IIL D. Village . Communities and Tenures. The Dogar and Naipal tenure. Jat tenures, [Punjab Gazetteer. 54 CHAP. IIl.—THE PEOPLE. The manner in which the division of the crop (datdz) is usually managed, is thus described by Mr. Brandreth :— “In the first place a small heap is usually set apart for the kamtné kharch, and other dues above referred to. This is not weighed or calcu- lated with any pretension to accuracy, but is merely set apart from the rest of the produce as well as the cultivator can judge by his eye of the proportionate quantity that will be required to meet these extra charges, .lhea, supposing the proprietor’s share to be one-foarth (which is the usual amount), the remainderis divided into four equal heaps. One of these heaps is then measured with the topa, a wooden measure containing two-and-a-half seers, and the amount due’ on account of the kharch, kamini dues, &c., is calculated thereon and taken out of the small heap above described. ‘Thus, where the: amount of the éharchis said, for instance, to be four seers in the maund, this does not mean four seers on every’ maund of the whole crop, but four seers on every maund of the fourth share, or what is called the Adkimi hissa, including therefore the deductions on account of kamini, &c. This amount will be actually less than a seer in the maund calculated on the whole crop, If there is any grain left in the small heap after paying these dues, and the harvest has been a good one, and both parties are charitably disposed, itis generally distributed to Sakirs, otherwise it is divided in equal portions among the four heaps. If there is any deficiency ithas to be made goodin equal portions in the same manner. The proprietor has then his choice of the four heaps, and having selected one of them carries it off to his granary, without any more weighing or measuring. Besides the share of grain, the proprietor is also entitled to a share of the straw which is left after the grain has been trodden out ; this is generally less then his share of the grain. Whero his share of the grain isa fourth, his share of the straw is generally a fifth or sixth; but from this there are no dedactions on account of extra charges, ln some villages the straw is not divided into shares, but what is called a pand, te, anet which holds about a coolie’s load, is contributed foreach plough, ‘The proceeding here described is that called bAdwali or batdi, and this is the rule by which the rents are usually paid ; but some. times, with the consent of both parties, the system of Aankdt, or appraise- ment of the crop, is substituted for it, In that case, the proprietor's share is not converted into money at the market price of the grain, as would ‘appear to be the case in some districts, but the produce of the cultivation having been estimated by the appraisers, this estimate is accepted in Neu of the actual produce ; and after the crop has been cnt and stored, the cultivator has to pay everyitem of the rent in the same manner as he would doif the datat had taken place. “There are also many other customs,” Mr. Brandreth continues, “of greater or less importance connected with this system of payment in kind, which vary very much in different villages. In some villages, for inetance, each cultivator of a jog (yoke of oxen), or sixth share of a well, is allowed to feed one pair of bullocks from the green crops onthe well land, and sometimes a few or one other animal besides, without any payment being made ‘o the proprietor. ... In other villages, again, the cultivator is allowed to cut acertain portion of ths crop for his cattle by measurement ; in others he may cut as much of the crop as he chooses, but he has to pay for it by appraisement in grain ona calculation of the average produce of the remaining crop. If the cultivator has dug the well which he worka at his own expense, he generally receives a certain portion, as a fifthor a sixth, of the hékimi hissa, or proprietary share of the crop, in addition to all other privileges, In many villages the proprietor is entitled to cut a certain small portion of the green crop for his own use, or, if he does not do 80, to appropriate the whole produce of that portion when it becomes ripe. It must not be cut, however, in the centre of the field, but at the corners or sides, but this custom is also subject to great varieties in differ- eat village.” The nature of the Jat (pattidéri and bhatéchéra), tenures Mr. Brndreth explains by describing the manner in which the location of a village first takes place. The Jats did not, like the Ferogepore District. CHAP. UI.—THE PEOPLE. 55 Dogars and Rajputs, take violent possession of the country, and override every other claim. There are few villages in the district more than sixty or seventy years old, and therefore all the cir- cumstances connected with their foundation are very well known. A new village would be usually founded in the following manner. “A certain number of zamindars . . . would determine on migrating from their native village. One or two of their most influential men would then go to the Adrdér, or ruler of the country, and make an agreement with him for acquiring possession of some one of the numerous deserted sites with which the country was covered, and the land attached to it The agreement on the part of the camindars would probably be to pay a certain share of the produce of their fields, generally smajl at first and increased afterwards; and on the part of the Kdrddr to grant them a certain quantity of land rent free, eitherin payment for their services, or in acknowledgment of their proprietary right, to whichever cause it may be attributed ; a nazardna or present of ahorse, or of asumof money, would-be given at the same time by the : = a oO 8 qs 3 . am me © a oR = dn aes Jequiny s a 8 Ui 4 & —_ — a A 5 a & 4 *quourjudeq Arvmg 2838838 H oO Ax is fy a od ° be ~ s quemyzedeq a1PPUT 22383 8 co Bi A et hag "edi 3; GAn oD & HO ers! as 3 8 48 Poa eH I ne | 4 pos #4 ‘syuuIEs Teme} 8 2 8 ses a = & 7 ) wa oo HS a ° fa a fs *yuoUIysy[qeys9 . 2 3 3 BY 3 3 fy 4) PIMONOUBs-MOU WOIy sloqouoy, oct of of aw 4 _— E ‘came | «a & 2 2u tm -QBq89 peuOMIUES UOT] B1a| VAL, Boot of of s & my . a soe SS a [<=] . « oS 8 e it a 8 o 8 8 8 a2 i] . . . ° . e 3 ~ a o 223 8 ao a ao ao ao -_ - ~ -_ - Ferozepore District.] CHAP. V.—ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. 85 There is a civil hospital at Ferozepore, a second class dis- pensary at Zira, and a third-class at Muktsar. They are all under the general control of the civil surgeon, and in the immediate guinge of an assistant surgeon and two hospital assistants. Besides the above-mentioned dispensarics, there is also a third- class dispensary at Jaldlabad in Mamdot, which is wholly main- tained by the Mamdot State. There is a lock hospital of the first class in ecantonments, which was opened in 1867. Table No. AXXVIIL. shows the working of the district dispensaries for the last few years. The date of the foundation of the Ferozepore Civil Hospital appears to be 1850. Formerly it was called a first class dispensary, but in the year 1881 it was raised from a first class dispensary to a Civil Hospital. It is situated about 112 yards south-east of the Dehli gate of the city. The building contains two large wards situated on either side of operating, examination, dispensing, waiting, and civil surgeon’s office rooms. These wards are for male in-door patients, one being reserved exclusively for Hindds and the other for Muhammadans. ‘There isa separate female ward close to the main building. A small house for small-pox or cholera cases is situated at some distance from the dispensary compound. The civil hospital can afford accommodation for 52 beds inclusive of the building now occupied by the police hospital. It is ————wonr] +in charge of an assistant surgeon permanently Year. joper) attached to the hospital, under the super- ea “| vision of the civil surgeon. The establishment tae a consists of one compounder, one dresser, and ‘bea - menials. The number of major surgical opera- 1882 88 tions performed during the last five years is shown inithe margin. St. Andrew’s Memorial Church contains sittings for 586 persons, and is served by a chaplain on the Bengal establishment of the Church of England. There is no Roman. Catholic chapel; but a building, capable of seating 174 persons, is rented for the purpose by Government. The services are conducted by a Roman Catholic chaplain. There is also a branch of the American Presbyterian Mission in the city. The minister officiates as chaplain to the Presbyterians among British troops, holding service for them in the prayer-room in cantonments. The construction of that portion of the Rewarf-Ferozepore (State) Railway which is in the Ferozepore district, is under the charge of an Executive Engineer with a staff of two assistants, the whole being under the control of a Superintending Engineer whose head-quarters are at Delhi. The Sirhind Canal is under the charge of the Executive Engineer (4th division), with head- quarters at Ferozepore. The head-quarters of the Sirhind Canal circle, under the Superintending Engineer, are at Umbélla. The Grand Trunk Road from Gandasinghwéla (including the bridge- ‘of-boats in the cold weather and the ferry arrangement in the hot), to the 220th mile on the Lidbidna road, is in immediate charge Chapter V. Administration and Finance. Medical, Ferozepore Civil Hospital, Ecclesiastical, Head-quartera of other departmenta, Chapter V. Administration and Finance HUead-quarters of other departments, Cantonments, troups, &c, (Punjab Gazetteer, 86 CHAP, V.—ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. of an Assistant Engincer of the Public Works Department, sub- ordinate to the Executive Kngineer, Lahore Provineial Division, at Lahore, under the control of the Superintending Engineer, 1st cirele, with head-quarters at Rawal Pindi. The military buildings, fort and arsenal, are in charge of the Executive Engineer, Multan Division, Military Works, with head- quarters at Ferozepore, and the Superintending Engineer, Sirhind and Lahore Commands, with head-quarters at Lahore. Tho tele- graph lines and offices of the district are controlled by the Assistant Superintendent at Umbélla. The district post ottices are under the postmaster at Ferozepore, who is in direct subordination to the Postmaster-General of the Punjab. The Executive Commis- sariat Officer ix under the Deputy Commissary-General, upper circle, whose head-quarters are at Rawal Pindi. The district of Ferozepore has but one military station in. it— the cantonment of Ferozepore itself, situated about five miles east from the river Sutlej and about two miles from the city of the same name, and 75 miles from Lédhiéna. The roads to Lahore, dis- tance 45 miles, and to Lidhidna, and also to the State of Fartlkot are metalled. The cantonment is well laid out and timbered. Water is supplicd by wells at an average depth of 25 to 30 fect in cold and hot weather respectively. The main feature of the station is the fort, which encloses the arsenal. ‘This important and yast establishment is the source from which all the military stores and material are supplied to the southern part of the Punjib and Derajat. The garrison of the fort consists of a detachment of British Infantry and a garrison battery with its. proper armament of guns. ‘The cantonment is situated on a flat, sandy plain, with no elevated features to relieve the monotony of the view. The garrison consists of one Battery Field Artillery, ono Regiment European 34 2 | Non-commiesioned Officers and Men. | Infantry, and one station, | Be [| «CUtegiiontt Native #30 ania. | ttantry. | tnteac, | Infantry. The num- ber of troops can-. 8 264 e | toned at Ferozepore Ferozoporef a6 * — eau in the summer of 1883 is shown in the Total .. | 39 264 900 699 margin. The divi- sional head-quarters. of the garrison is at Lahore. A large Commissiariat department is established here, and is. the principal depét for the supply of gun and siege train bullocks. for the Punjab. These fine animals are bred at the Government farm at Hissar and are drafted into the service at four years of age. There are about 1,000 bullocks kept up here at all seasons ready for immediate use, and about 150 taal js The district contains a large number of carts which are used in the grain trade ; and camels in large numbers could be obtained at a few days’ notice. : Ferozepore District.) CHAP. V.—ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. 87 The railway communication is still very deficient. The branch of the Scinde, Punjab, and Delhi Railway from Raiwind to Gundasinghwala, 10 miles from the ecantonment, was opened on 15th June. A line, metre gauge, is in course of construction between Riwari, on the Riwari State Railway, through Hissar, Sirsa, Farfdkot, and Ferozepore. There is no rail to Ladhiana direct. Within a radius of 20 miles are situated the famous battle-ficlds of the Sikh war. Table No. XXIX. gives figures for the principal items and totals of Jand Source of Revenue. 1ssu-81, | 1881-82, revenue collec- tions since Surplus warrant falubanuh «6. kk 817 43 1868-69. The Leases of gardons and groves es i 262 260 . . Fisher es os a ai Sie se 290 355 remainin g Other ices of miscellancous land revenue 3,628 328 itemsfor 1880- 8) and 1881- 82 xre shown in the margin. Table No. MAXI. gives details of balances, remissions, and agricultural advances for the last fourteen years ; Table No. XXX. shows the amount of assiyned land revenue ; while ‘lable No. XIV. gives the areas upon which the present land revenue of the district is assessed. Further details as to the basis, incidence, and working of the current settlement will be found on the following pages. Tn 1840, Captain Lawrence made, for the first time, a five years’ settlement of pargana Ferozepore consisting of 64 villages, the jama ot which was fixed at Con piny’s rupees 19,000, inclusive of gnam lands. This term expired in 1845 and Captain Nicholson then continued the settlement for one year longer at the same rate from kharif 1845 to radi 1846, and Mr. Daniell extended it for one year till the end of 1847; and Major I’. Mackeson, the Commissioner and Superintendent, increased the amount of assess- ment by one-third, or to twenty-five thousand rupees, at which rate it remained till the revised settlement by Mr. Brandreth in 1855. The other parganas comprised in the Ferozepore district, and annexed from the Sikhs’ Government at Lahore after the campaign of 1845, were also summarily assesscd from 1846 till the end of 1856 ; but, owing to the absence of statistics, it is impossible to supply an accurate account of them. In 1856, the 7/dha of the Nawab of Mamdot was summarily assessed after its annexation in November 1855. It consisted then of 242 villages and 70 chaks, which were surveyed and mapped under the supervision of Mr. Thomson, Assistant Commissioner, and Muhammad Sultan, Extra Assistant Commissioner. The total 7ama proposed amounted to ls. 33,786 inclusive of the sum of Rs. 6,223, derived from leaso of jungle tracks and the average rate of assessment was 12 annas a ghumao. Originally this settlement was sanctioned for a period of five years, but it lasted till the first regular settlement of 7/ihas Muktsar in 1871-75. The statements showing by tahsils the jama of the district for the last year in which the summary settle- ment was in force, as compared with the jama of the regular settlement, is given on the following statement showing the jama of the Summary and Regular Settlements of Porozepore district. Chapter V. Acministration and Financei Cantonments, troops, &c. Statistics of land revenue, Scttlement of Jand revenue, Chapter V. Administration and Finance. Settlement of land revenue, Summary and Regular Assessments compared. [Punjab Gazetteer. 88 CHAP. V.—ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. Jama of the Sum- |Jama of the Rogu- Name of Tahsil. | rary Settlements. | lar Settlement. Remarks, Perozepore ae 67,014 14] 3 85,410 Ra. 6,937 on account of jama of Zira.. aie eet || 557; ‘es the eight villages of ileka Chiruk : PERE | Dae MAREE ‘are deducted, necatiae _ Risre villages were given to Sardar Moga «- ee {| -1,01,136 | 121 9 | 1,97,879 | 227. Kale; and Re. 63,993 ace adda tothe jama of ilaka Mamdot, Muktesar .. .. 7 1£,00,939 1,11,487 -. | because its Regular Settlemont ——-— ——_| had been effected in 1873, Total... 12] .. | 5,81,590 | .. [= 4,206,175 The operations of a Regular Settlement were set on foot under Mr. E. L. Brandreth, Deputy Commissioner of the district, early in 1852, and wero brought to a close in 1855. The new assess- ment received sanction in the following year fora term of 30 years, to expire in 1883, with a proviso leaving the assessment of the Muktsar tahsil open to revision after ten years. This course was adopted at Mr. Brandreth’s own suggestion, on the ground that, the Muktsar villages had been only recently acquired, were in an exceedingly backward condition, and might be expected to devolop rapidly. In accordance with this proviso, when the Mont- gomery district was placed under Sottlement in 1868, the Muktsar tahsil, together with the Mamdot territory (annexed in 1864), was added to the charge of the Settlement Officer of that district. The revision of the assessment was completed in 1871-72; and the term of the assessment for the district will now expire in 1883, except for Muktsar and Mamdot, which wore settled for twenty years from 1872-73. The summary assessment of the district, as constituted at the time when Mr. Bran- Summary Regular dreth’s Settlement Settlement. Settlement. : operations com- Khia... 6. | Rs, 3,77,409 Ra, 4,10,309 | menced,amounted Jayir and Muaft a » ‘(1,21,251 ai 93,069 to Rs. 4,98,660, of which Is. Total Sia Rs, 4,98,660 Rs. 5,03,488 - 3.77 409 ’ ? Description. repre- sented the actual State revenue, the remainder (Rs. 1,21,251) being alienated in jdégir or remitted as mudf. Mr. Brandreth’s assessment of the same area amounted to Rs. 5,03,438. The table given in the margin indicates the comparison between the two assessments. Before the conclusion of the Regular Settlement operations, however, other villages were attached to the district ; and these being assessed at Rs. 1,16,238, the total assessment of the district, as finally concluded by Mr. Brandreth, was brought up to Rs. 6,19,676 of which the state share (444/sa) amounted to Rs. 4,46,385. This assessment, however, was to be partly progressive ; and the full sum here mentioned was not to be reached until after a period of years differing in different parts of the district. Taking the year 1855-56 as the first in which the new assessment took effect over the whole district, the following detail may be given of Ferozepore District-] CHAP. V.— ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. 89 the initial and ultimate amounts of the revenue* :— Chapter V. Ultimate revenue Year in which tho Administration Tubsil, Ravonen to be realized after eae wall bie an 5-56. z s reach its fu e- ] s term of years, velopment. Finance Settlement of Ferozepora Hele Rs. 72,915 Te, 80,144 1873-74 land revenue. Zira one ane ee baa sy 1,40,260 » 1,409,223 1873-74 Mega Cu ke 0 ee oy 1,066,474 1» 3,70,222 1864-65 Miktsar osc ce ee as a sande we «aes 1864-66 Total .. «| Ra. 4,03,141 Rs. 4,36,84 os In 1876, Mr. Purser reported his re-settlement of Muktsar and Ressettlement of Mamdot. In the former he revised Mr. Brandroth’s assess- Oa ments, which had (as already explaincd) been announced for a : term of ten years only. In the latter he made a First Regular Settlement. In Muktsar, Mr. Brandreth had imposed an initial demand of Rs. 47,477, rising gradually during its ten years’ currency to Rs. 62,729; cultivation had since then increased by 81 per cent., and Mr. Purser finally assessed the tract at Rs. 98,330, being an increase of over 53 per cent. A further increase of Rs. 3,215 was demandable after ten years in certain villages in which the culturable area was exceedingly large. In Mamdot, which had received an addition of 16 river estates since the Summary Settlement, the revenue had already been raised during currency of settlement, from Rs. 33,786, to Its. 45,770. On the other hand, cultivation had increased by some 140 per cent. Mr. Purser assessed the tract at Rs. 63,993, rising to Rs. 67,440 after 10 years. The Settlement, both in Muktsar and Mamdot, was sanctioned for a term of 20 years, dating from the kharif of 1872-73 in Mamdot, and of 1873-74 in Muktsar. The Settlement now current has been described above, the Current Settlement, Settlements and the dates on which they expire being distinct for Muktsar, Mamdot, and for the remainder of the district. Since the announcenient of the demands, the normal operation of alluvion and diluvion and similar causes, has reduced the fixed land revenue demand to Rs. 5,16,405. The incidence of the fixed demand per acre, as it stood in : a Its. 0-7-8 on ear8 Inighest, Lowest} cultivated, Rs. 0-6-5 on cul- Chase of Mende element.) T%0. {| turable, ands. 0-5-9 on total area. The general revenue Rs. A. | Rs. A. ise | 1 6| 1 3| Yates used for purposes of as- ; ‘ ‘ Irrigated from wets sara Pee alt Perwer] sessment are stated, as shown Moiet (saitas) —.. {| 93 | ea ae ae the margin, at pages 635/77 iss | 0 9 | 0 6] of the amine Report (1879 ee {| ter | 0 3] 0 6 : ports )y the corresponding rates used : at the previous settlement being also given for purposes of comparison. * The figures of this statement are taken from an appendix to Mr. Brandreth’s report. It will be seen that the total does not agree with that befora given (Rs. 4,416,385). The latter figure, however, is probably correct (it is takem from the body of the report, para. 174); and the figures of the tabular statements youst be taken as approximate only, N Chapter Vv. Administration and Finance. Cesses, Government lands, forests, &c, Acsignments of land revenue. Minor assignments, . Administration of inundation canals, {Punjab Gazette er. 90 OHAP. V.—ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. The areas upon which the revenue is collected are shown in Table No. XIV., while Table No. X.XIX. shows the actual revenue for the last 14 years. The statisties given in the following tables throw some light upon the working of the Settlement :—Table No. XXXL, Balances, remissions, and fakavi advances. Tables No. XXXII., Sales and mortgages of land. Tables Nos. NAXUL. and XXAITIA., Registration. The cesses levied upon and in addition to the land reve- nue are shown in the mens Mukhi and Fercuze ore, ; . ‘ 4 Cess. Msc eae sumer in percentages. Table No. i —| XVIL. shows the area and Pada eas | ts A | incomeof Governmentestates. Lambardira 500 60 0 | Table No. XIX. shows the Patwiaris .. 411 0 48 0 : 3 Romi 10 9 10 0 | area of land acquired by Go- 00. as vu 1 : Post! soos. c2| paola 20 o 8 0 | vernment for public purposes. Chief headmon .. oa 10 0 sei ean : s . Tae Pe There are no forests in the district. Table No. XAX. shows the number of villages, parts of villages, and plots, and the area of land of which the revenue is assigned, the amount of that revenuc, the period of assignment, and the number of assignees for -each tahsil as the figures stood in 1881-82. The principal jégirs are those of Mamdot, Mahraj, and Bhachan, the Bhafs of Arnauli, Sidhawél and Jhamba, and the Sodhts of Buchoke. Mr. Brandreth thus describes the origin of the minor revenue- free grants of the district :— “It is impossible within reasonable limits to describe all the different kinds of grants that ‘have been upheld. Those conferred in perpetuity are generally for the support of Hindd or Muhammadan places of worship, for the maintenance of tombs, for keeping up dharmsalas or resting-places for travellers, for-schools, for perpetual almsgivings, and such like pur- poses. The Rani of Ferozepore always gave a small maintenance in land to the widows or heirs of -those who fellin the numerous wars which she waged ayainst her neighbour, the Chief of Faridkot. The Kard&ars of the Lahore Government gave small rent-free tenures to thoee who had rendered them any service, to fukirs, to those who sunk wells for the public good, &e. These and -such like grants have ‘been upheld either for life or for the term of Settlement. Besides tho rent-free tenures referred to above, there are also villages and shares in villages, and separate plots rent-free in the pargana of Kot-Kapiira, which was made over to the Raja of Faridkot as a reward for the good services rendered by him during the ‘Sutle] campaign, and regarding which it has been decided by superior authority that a separate acconnt should be taken of them, Yhe value of these estates is Rs, 9,143, of which Rs. 1,416 have been confirmed in perpetuity. In liew of the remainder, as it lapses by the deaths of the present occupants, certain villages on tho borders of this district, and now belouging to Faridkot, will be anuexed.” A full account of the introduction and the history of the inun- dation canals of the Ferozepore district, to be found in the printed reports of 1875, by Mr. H. C. Fanshawe, C.S., and that of Colonel Grey, for 1876-77. These canals are in charge of an Jixtra Assistant Commissioner as Superintendent, who has under him, one Assistant Superintendent, an overseer, two natb- tahsildars, five darogahs, and afew other subordinate officials. The total cost of the establishment for the Ferozepore canals is Ferozepore District] CHAP. V.—ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. 91 about Rs. 9,800 per annum. The Extra-Assistant Commissioner Chapter V- in charge has judicial powers, which are confined to cases connected agministration, with the administration of the canals. From September 1883, the canals of the Fazilka tahsil in the Sirsa district have also been placed under the charge of the Ferozepore establishment with some addition thercto, sanctioned by the Government, the annual cost of which amounts to about Rs. 1,200. Thus the entire cost of the present canal establishment is about Rs. 11,000 per annum. About the middle of October of each year, when all the canals are dry, the Extra Assistant Commissioner starts on tour, and inspects every head of the canals, and whenever a change in the course of the river makes it necessary to find a new head for any of the canals, a suitable head is searched out there and then, and the overseer is ordered to survey it at onee,in order to fit it into the existing channel of the canal ; at the same time the silt deposited by the canals during the previous season is measured up, and thus it is found for exch canal how much work the adrosh has to do by dividing the cubic contents of the whole work of the number of acres irrigated hy the same canal. When it is found how much work is to he done by each @4nosh village on the different canals, orders. are issued for the clearance of silt, and while this is being done by the people themselves under the supervision of the out-door- establishment, such as waib-tahsildars and darogahs, &c., the Extra Assistant Commissioner and his assistant go round and. see the work carried on. When all the work is completed, it is. examined by the surveyor ; and, if found correct, passed by the Extra Assistant Commissioner, which generally takes place from end of April to end of May in every year, while the canals are opened. While tho canals are running, the out-door establishment look after the embankments and dvxds during the time of high floods, special watchmen are appointed to wateh the dunds and embankments night and day ; and in the meanwhile the heads of the canals are inspected by the head office establishment, as the occasion requires to find out how the heads of the eanals are draw- ing water from the river. About the middle of October, when all the land that could be irrigated, has been irrigated, the patwdra and the miérab (vide note on the method of irrigation) measure up the irrigated acreage in their virele, which measurement is subsequently examined by the darogah of the canal, the saib-tahsildar, and the Assistant Superintendent, and some time, if need bo, by the d¢adsi/dar and the Extra Assistant Commissioner. When all the measurements of the irrigated area are finished, and papers received at the canal offiee, a date is fixed during the month of December of each year, to hold. a general meeting at a central point presided over by the Deputy Commissioner ; hitherto such meetings have heen held at Zira, which was the centre of irriga- tion as regards the Ferozepore district ; but since the addition of the Fazilka canals to this district, it has been decided that, considering the distance of the Fazilka adnoshes have to come, Ferozepore is the most suitable place for the general assemblage of the abnoshes N2 and Finanoe. Administration of inundation canals, Chapter I. Administration and Finance. Administration of inundation canals. [Punjab Gazetteer. 92 CHAP. V.—-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. which take place for the purpose of fixing the déch, or rate, for the. ensuing year, which is done as follows :— Tirst, the detaii of the area irrigated by each canal is rea before the mecting, then the charges for the approaching year (beginning from April) are considered ; and the latter distri- buted over the former. The rate per acre is found, which varies according to the increase and decrease in irrigation in cach year. The highest rate hitherto charged was Re. 0-4-0 per acre, and the lowest. Re: 0-2-3. Hach canal has a certain number of mirdds, or water distributors, whose duty it is to assist the darogah of the canal in fixing the terms for the adnoshes for taking water. These mirdbs ave, as a general rule, appointed from such lunlardars and landholders, as have helped the cause of irrigation, and take an interest in the development of the scheme, and are paid four pies for every acre irrigated, which amount, together with the two pies per acre for the patwdér’, who measures the irrigated acreage, is charged to the adzosh in addition to the rate, or bach which the latter has to pay for the maintenance of the establishment. Hitherto these canals have irrigated over 93,000 acres in one season. Two branches of the Sirhind Canal will flow through the distriet. Tho former of theso is the Abohar branch, which is already constructed, and the latter is the Bhathinda branch, now in course of making. On the Abohar branch there is a canal chokj at Daodhar, where the canal is bridged; and other chokis are being now built at Chakar on the Manoki réjbahd, and at Chuhar chak on the Javraon rdjbahd. On the Bhathinda branch chokis are contemplated at Pohla, about one mile from the ¢thdna of Nathana and at Jhumba. The Abohar branch of the Sirhind Canal crosses the distriot in a direction generally north-east and south-west, entering it at 394 miles of its length in the lands of Dhaodar. At this point the width at bed level is 74 feet, and is designed to carry a maximum depth of 74 fect of water. It is bridged at the following points :— 42 miles, Daodhar lock and fall, inspection ehokt. 46 « Wadni. 50 » Gholia fall, inspection choki, 64 » Vhulewala, 58 =, Chihowal fall, inspection choki. 64 » Samailsar, 66 » Samailsar fall, inspection choki. 72 »» Sibian fall. 77 » Dhaipi (aridkot State), inspection chokt. » Nau Marri (Faridkot State) fall. 86 » Puranah Harri, 90 » Assabutar, inspection choké, 94 ,, Bhullar, 99 » Sotha, 102 » Maharajwala, inspection chokt. Besides these bridges for general traffic, some foot bridges are about to be built for village communication. In addition Ferozepore District.) CHAP. V.—ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. 33 to the inspection chosis mentioned above, others have been built, viz. :— Mart rdjbahd. 10 miles, ae ae Jaitu rdjbahd. 9 miles aes ae i ee «. dJaitu (Nabha State). 19 ie ate aes ia .. Mallan. 20) oy as ane ee Chateana, Faridkot rdjbahd. 8 miles ste ae mee eee .. Dewiwdla (Faridkot State). Ww 5 oe ie se Ge .. Dhionawéla (iaridkot State), 27 vee die ag : si Viring. At the 48th mile of the Abohar branch, the Sutlej navigation channel takes a turn, and running in a north-westerly direction tails into the river Sutle] between the villages of Pallah and Maygah. This branch has a total length of 47 miles and bed width of 30 feet ; the banks, however, have been so arranged as to allow of its being widened to 60 fect hereafter if necessary. No irrigation is contemplated from this branch, which, although designed so that in exceptional circumstances it can bo used as an escape for the Abohar branch, is intended for navigation purposes only. It is bridged at the following places :-— 0 miles, Rannia lock. 5 4, Chirak lock and fall. 10 ,,. Gill lock and fall, inspection chokt. 15 ,,. Jaimalwala lock and fall. 19 ,,. Barra Ghar, lock and fall. 22 ~,,. Phidda lock and fall, inspection choks. 24 4, Moodkee. 27~—«,,_~—- Patli lock and fall. 82 ,, Gall lock and fall, flour mills, 83 ,,_ Feroze Shah, inspection choki, » Ugoki lock and fall. » Walloor, inspection choki 45 ,, Isewdla. At the tail lock and fall at Pallah there is an inspection choki ; and a foot-way over the canal ghats for village communi- cation, having also been provided at the 2nd, 8th, 12th, 14th, 18th, 28th, and 45th miles of the branch, good unmetalled roads for country carts have been made along the boundaries of both the Abobar branch and Sutlej navigation channel ; all the inspection chokis aro furnished. Chapter V- Administration and Finance. Administration of inundation canals. Chapter VI. fowns, Munici- palities, and Cantonments. Genera) statistics of towns, Ferozepore town : Description. [Punjab Gazetteer, CHAPTER VI. TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. At the census of 1881, all places possessing more than 5,000 inhabitants, all municipalities, and all head-quarters of districts and military posts were classed as towns. Under this rule the following places were returned as the towns of the Ferozepore district :— Tahesil. Town. Persons, | Males. Fomalos, Feroz ‘pore ‘se on .. | Ferozepore... sar 39,570 23,971 15,699 Zaru... “a aioe nt «. | Dharmkot aia tes 6,0uU7 3,183 2,424 DiPRe caty co Gide. sav 3, v2 1,929 1,563 Makbu ... ise ove 165. git TAT Moga bia Maa, Saget een WMOGN Sac ae as 6,430 3,588 2,842 Mebraj i. uae 5,758 3,150 2,608 Muktsar ... wes abe -. | Muktsar ean soe 3,126 1,689 ) 436 The distribution by religion of the population of these towns, and the number of houses in each, are shown in Table XLIIL, while further particulars will be found in the Census Report in Table AIA. and its appendix, and Table XX. The re- mainder of this chapter consists of a detailed description of each town, witha brief notice of its history, the increase and decrease of its population ; its commerce, manufactures, municipal government, institutions, and public buildings; and statistics of births and deaths, trade and manufactures, wherever figures are available. The town of Ferozepore is situate in N. latitude 30°55’ and I. longitude 78°40’, 645 feet above the sea level, on the old high bank of the Sutlej, 34 miles from the present bed of the river. The general appearance of the town from a distance is not very attractive, there being no buildings of note to catch the eye. Itis surrounded completely by a kachcha wall with ten gates of which the Delhi and Ladhidna towards the’ south, the Makhu towards the east, the Bansanwéla towards the north, and the Kastr and Multan gates on the west, are the principal. By fur the greater portion of the grain traffic enters the city by the Lidhiana gate. A metalled circular road_ girdles the wall round the city, and is 23,870 feet long. Some of the gardens in the city belonging to the native inhabitants lie along this road. The town is surrounded on all sides by suburbs more than 12 in number. Ferozepore District.] CHAP. VI.—TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. 95 The prinicipal of them are Basti Rahman Tiharia towards the south opposite the jail, Basti Tankanwalf, towards the south-east, Basti Shaikhanwali in the east, Basti Kambohan in the north, and Basti Bhattian towards the west of the city. The town itself is divided into two parts by the main Jdézar, which runs from the Delhi gate in the south to the Bansan- wala gate in the north, and in which are to be found the shops of almost all the principal men in the city. The other strects are of less importance and have nothing remarkable in them except the Lidhitna gate désar, where country carts are prepared in largo numbers, and for which there is a large demand in the district for the carriage of grain from one part of the country to the other. There are three principal markets in the city—vrz., Mandi Shikarpurian, Mandi Nauharian, and Ganj Ramji Dass. The first is, perhaps, the finest of them all, surrounded on all sides with large double-storeyed buildings of the rich men carrying on trade in iron in this market. Tho other two are chiefly remarkable for extensive dealings in grain, that take place in them, besides their being used as depéts for the storage of grain. The streets of the city are generally wide and well paved, but the drainage system is very defective, and stands much in need of improvement. The Municipality have under consideration a new drainage scheme which, when carried out, would greatly enhance the healthiness of the town. Wells, of which there is a large number within the city, constitute at present the only source of water-supply of the town. The water is generally good, but it is believed that the wator-table has greatly risen in almost all the wells since the opening of the district canals, of which three are to be found within the municipal limits. One of these canals runs round the greater part of the city. Ferozepore can boast of no buildings of any architectural importance. The only one that deserves mention in this place is the Hindé temple, called the Ganga mandar, having a small garden attached to it, and situate near the Bansanwala gate. Tho old fort of the city is now no more, but some traces of it are still left ; and a tomb of a Muhammadan saint, called Nur Shah Vali, situate on an eminence, indicates the site of the fort. Tho tomb is considered by the Muhammadan community to be a place of great. sanctity, and even now large numbers gather around it every Thursday. There are two tanks in the city—one inside the walls, called Rani-ha-talad after Rani Lachman Kaur. once the Governor of Ferozepore; and the other outside the Delhi gate and built by the Municipality. Both of these tanks are fed by water from the district canal (the Shahrwah) which is now stopped, but which it is expected will be opened soon. The principal buildings outside the city are the dispensary and the school-house, both situate opposite to each other on the Knox road about 100 yards from the Delhi gate. The municipal Hall is a fino buiding erected at the expense of the Municipality, has a small garden attached to it, and is also situate on the Knox road a little further from the Chapter VI. Towns, Munici- palities, and Cantonments. Ferozepore town : Description, Chapter VI. Towns, Munici- alities, and antonments Ferozcpore town . Description. Cantouments. History. Population and vital statistics. 96 dispensary and the school-house. [Punjab Gazetteer. CHAP. VI.—TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. Still further towards tho can- tonments and on the left side of the Knox Road is the Ferozepore jail, having a garden attached to it. the city, of which the principal are one belonging to Rai Nagar Mal, and situate on the Knox Road close to the dispensary, and another belonging to Lala Ram Isaur. The cantonments lie to the south ata distance of about two miles from the city. There are four savars outside They are connected with the city by the Knox Road, the most beautiful road in the whole station. Large shady trees and green grass line the whole length of the road on both sides ; and it is kept clean and well sprinkled with water by the municipality, and is resorted to for evening walks and drives by all sections of the community. situate within the cantonment limits. constituted in the year 1839, since when they have been continuously The garrison is noticed at page 86. occupied by troops. The district court-house is The cantonments were first Terozepore was founded, according to tradition, in the time of Feroz Shah, Emperor of Delhi, a.p. 1851-1387, but was ina declining state at the period of British annexation. According to a census taken by Sir Henry Lawrence, in 1838, the population was 2,732; and in 1841, chiefly through the exertions of Sir Henry Lawrence, it had risen to 4,841. The market-place towards the east of the old fort was built by him, and the main dazér was also completed under his directions; the oldest street in the town being tho one now called the Purana Bazar. Since tho successful close of the first Sikh war, the peace of the district has never been broken, except during the Mutiny in 1857, when one of the native regiments stationed at Ferozepore broke out into revolt Limits of Yearot | enumeration, |consus.{°orsons Males. Females. ae - : ee 1 ‘ 18GR | 36,153 | 22,980 | 14,273 Who'e town ...1) qasi | 39.570 93/971 | 15,599 18n8 | 20,592 ° es Municipal limits \ 1875 | 15,168 1881 | 20,870 Population, Town or suburb, 1863. 1831, Ferozepore town 14,985 Basti Kamboan bee ae Mamna aa » 13: ‘) Bhattian : f 20,692 R02 » = Tankanwali 800 Minor Bastis 1,882 Cantonments 15,861 18,700 Total 36,453 | 39,570 and plundered and des- troyed the buildings of the cantonments. The arsenal and magazine were, how- ever, saved without loss of life, and the mutineers sub- sequently dispersed. The population as ascertained at the enumerations of 1868, 1875, and 1881 is shown in the margin. It is difficult to ascertain the precise limits within which the enumerations of 1868 and 1875 were taken; but the details in the margin, which give tho population of suburbs, throw some light on the matter. The figures for the population within municipal limits, according to tho census of 1868, are taken from the published tables of the census of 1875; but it was noted at tho time that their accuracy Ferozepore District.) CHAP. VI.—TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. 97. was in many cases doubtful. It would appear from information supplied by the Deputy Commissioner, that in 1868 several outlying hamlets were wrongly included in the enumeration ; whilo since 1875 the municipal limits have been extended so as to embrace the suburbs of Dhiind kalin and Dhénd khurd. The constitution of the population by religion, and the number of occupied Birth-rates, Death-rates, houses, are Yvar, ; ‘ i 7 Persons, | Males. | Females. |! Persons. Malos. | Females. shown in . - ; - Table No. 6: ae 1869 5 23 23 au X LIII. 1870 23 15 30 28 32 . 1871 40 37 18 34 32 37 et _ 1879 9 10 37 32 41 8 1873 28 7 6 36 34 39 eke MTEL, 1874 a7 21 14 21 20 23 found in 1875 1 22 ‘ 31 37 1876 30 18 19 86 £2 92 Table XX. 1877 7 26 15 7 33 34 32 = 173. |] a7 1} 83 Ti 102 of the Cen 1873 an 32 18 a 63 52 sus Report 1880 = 43 27 133—«|| 49 49 48 1881 2 47 M4 7 |o2 49 55 of 1881. The ia a . 7 ape de annual birth and death- rates per mille of population since 1868 are given in the margin, the basis of calculation being in every case the figures of the most recent census. Tho actual number of birthsand deaths registered during the last five years is shown in Table No. XLIV. Tho municipality of Ferozepore was first constituted in December 1867. It is now a municipality of the second class. The committee consists of the Deputy Commissioner as resident, the Judicial Assistant Commissioner, the Civil urgeon, the District Superintendent of Police, the Assistant Engineer, and the head master, district school, as ex-officio members ; and 14 nominated members, of whom ono is an official and 13 non-officials. The income of the municipality is chiefly derived from octroi levied on almost all goods brought within the municipal limits. The district of Ferozepore is pre-eminently the grain-producing district of the Punjab, the staple articles being gram, wheat, and rape seed. The wheat trade has of late been considerably developed, and large quantities are exported to Karachi for shipment to Europe. The town is a favourite depdt for the storage of grain, which remains collected in immense quantities and is re-exported whenever favourable opportunity is found by the grain dealers. Iron is also imported in large quantities direct from England, and is then sent out for distribution in the adjoining districts. The only institutions in the town itself are the charitable dispensary and the District School giving instruction up to the middle school standard. There is an orphan asylum within the cantonments, kept up by the local Arya Samaj; Hindu and Muhammadan orphans are well brought up and receive a good train- ing. The expenses of the asylum are defrayed from subscriptions and donations of private individuals. Chapter VI. Towns, Munici- palities, and Cantonmoents. Population and vital atatistica. Taxation, trade, &e. Institutions and public buildings, Chapter VI. Towns, Munici- pailities, and Cantonments, Dharmkot town. Zira town. [Punjab Gazotteer. 98 CHAP. VI—TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. Dharmkot is a small town of 6,007 inhabitants, situated on the old route to Ladhiana from Ferozepore. The original name of Katalpar was chanjed to Dharmkot by the Sikh chief Téra Singh Dallewala, in 1760, when he subdued the /ékas of Kirial and Jalalabad, and built a fort and established himself here. The fort has now disappeared. This place is only a few miles from the Grant Trunk Road between the above two towns; and, as it has a good dasdér and is the only town in this neighbourhood, a consider- able trade is carried on here in pieee-goods, which are brought to this market, v7 Lidhidna, and sold to all the people in the neigh- bourhood. There are some well-to-do native merchants here who possess masonry houses of two and three storeys high. There is no wall around Dharmkot, nor is there any building of importance. It has a good dazdr of mostly masonry shops, a ¢hana and school- house, and a maxonry sara? with a good well in it, and two rooms for uropean travellers on cach side of the sarai. The munici- pality consists of seven members, who are building a masonry tank near the town. The members are appointed by the Deputy Com- missioner, Its income fur the last few years is shown in Table No. XLY. and is derived from a tax levied on all goods brought in for sale. There are no chaukiddrs, but a police establishment maintained by tho municipality. Formerly the head-quarters of the ¢zhsi? were located at Dharmkot. About thirty years ago tho tahsil was removed to Zira, but it appears that Dharmkot has not suffered in any way from this change. The railway line between Lidhidna and Ferozepore now in contemplation, if constructed, is likely to pass not far from this place, which will probably add -to its importance. The population, as ascertained at the enumerations of 1868, 1875, and 1881, is shown ee : | | Limits «. lYear of |, 5 : ae consua.(EeTEORS. Males. |Females. in the margin, The con- Sena (ease | aim | pen | stitution of the population ‘ ene 5 a7 2,760 : ies Whotetown 0 iesi | eiue7 | ayes | 23uz4| by religion andthe number real ssro| _. | of oceupied houses are Municlp:1 limits it 175 5467 | sie shown in Table No. XLIII. sal} 6,007 en Py ase i ; : Details of sex will be found in Table No. AX. of the Census Report of 1881. No separate statistics of births and deaths are available. Ziva isa small place of 3,492 inhabitants situated on the old kacha road from ]erozepore to Litdhiana, about 12 miles from the Grand Trunk Road, and 26 miles south-east of Ferozepore. The grain produced here, as also in the adjacent villages, goes to Feroze- pore and Lidhidna districts, which are both export markets. The town contains mostly mud houses, a pakka tank (not quite com- plete yet) and a few pakka shops. It has two dazdrs (no grain market), a ¢ahsil, thana, school house, a‘dispensary, a small house for the municipality, and a pakhka sarai with a good well near it, and two rooms on cach side of the saraz for European travellers. It hasno walls. One of the inundation canals passes through Zira and has improved the appearance of this place by the gardens which have been planted near and at Zira, as also six water mills, Ferozepore District.] CHAP. VI.—TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. 09 worked by the canal during the inundation season. There is also a house for stallion horses and a donkey, kept here by Government for breeding purposes. The municipal committee consists of nine members appointed by the Deputy Commissioner. Its income for the last few years is shown in Table No. XLV., and is derived from an octroi tax levied on all goods brought in for sale. There are no chaukidars here, but a police establishment maintained by the municipality. Zira was formerly a very small village when the head-quarters of the ¢aAsiZ were at Dharmkot, but since the transfer of the ¢a/si/ from Dharmkot to Zira, about 380 years ago, this place has much improved in every respect, and is increasing in size gradually. In 1853 its population was only 2,702 souls, The population as ascertained at the cnumerations of 1868, 1875, and 1881 is Limits of Year of : shown in the mar- enumoration. census | Persons.) Males. | Females. gin, The constitu- - ae tion of the popula- Wi seeee {1608 3,010 | 1,583 1,427 tion of the po} “ 1831 349s 1yz9 1,563 | tion by religion, and NaS, 1g68 | 3,910 os - | the number of occu- Municipal limits VS75 R471 sie ate . 1hM1 3492 ae a pied houses are shown in Table No. XUIII. Details of sex will be found in Table AX. of the Census Report of 1881. No separate statistics of births and deaths are available. Makhu is a small place of 1,658 inhabitants, not far from the left bank of the Sutlej, and is situated on the north-east corner of, and about 12 miles from, Zira. Although there is no market in this place, but a considerable trade in gir and shakar (country brown and coarse sugar) is carried on here owing to the fact that this small town is just on the road which comes from the Moga side of the district and leads on to the Jalandhar district by a ferry on the Sutlej. The place is an unpretentious collection of native houses without a wallor any building of importance. It has single dazdr, a thana, school-house, a pakka sarat with one room for liuropean travellers, and a good well in it. The Municipality consists of five members appointed by the Deputy Commissioner. Its income for the last few years ix shown in Table No. XLV. and is derived from an octroi tax Jevied on all goods brought in for sale. Makhu was avery small place formerly, but since the in- troduction of the inundation canals by Colonel Grey there isa perceptible improvement in the condition of this place as also in the villages round about, though it is improbable that it should ever become a large commercial town of any importance. The population as ascertained at the enumerations of 1868, 1875, and 1881 is shown in the margin. The constitution of the population by religion and the number of occupied houses are shown in Table No. Limits of Year of | 4, 7 f enanecnbion: enue Persons. | Malos. | Females| 2X LIIL[. Details of sex will be ( 1868 1,065 590 475 , Whole town... 1 Iggy | 1,658 a1 ai7 | found in Table 1868 | 1,065 “3 wl XX. of the Cen- Municipal limita 1875 1,713 ea ee P f me 1658 sus Report of 1881. ° Chapter VI. Towns, Munici- palities, and Cantonmenta, Zira town, Makhu town. Chapter VI. Towns, Munici- palities, and Cantonments. Moga town, ‘(Punjab Gazetteer. 100 CHAP. VI.—TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. Moga is a large village of mud houses and shops containing 6,430 inhabitants. The village itself is situated about a mile from the Grand ‘Trank Road between Ferozepore and Ladhiana ; but the tahsil and other public buildings stand just on the said road about 35 miles from Ferozepore and 4i from Lédhiana. There is a consi~ derable trade in grain carried on at Moga and its vicinity with Lidhiana on the one side and Ferozepore on the other, both being large grain. markets and export towns. The village of Moga (it can hardly be called a town) has no wall and possesses no building of any importance ; it is divided into two parts, or pattis, each, of which has a single small dazdr of mostly sacha shops. There is no grain market here, as the cultivators of this place, as also those of its neighbourhood, take the agricultural produce of their locality in their own carts to Ladhidna and T'erozepore. There is a school-house, andno dispensary. ‘The ¢hana is included in the same building with the ¢a/si/, with a rest-house for police and district officcrs. There isa pakka sarai anda small éazdr opposite the ¢ahsiZ and a pakka tank which is filled in the rainy season with rain water. The water of .Moga is brackish but healthy, hero is no encamping-ground at Moya as it is in the middle of two encamping grounds—Dagru and Melina. The municipal committee of the village of Moga consists of eight mem- bers appointed by the Deputy Commissioner. The municipality was constitutedin June 1883. Ils income is derived from octroi or chungi tax levied on all goods which come in for sale. More than 80 years ago, when the ¢ahsi/ was established at Moga, this village was very small and of little local importance, but it has since improved a great deal owing to the Grand Trunk Road going through it to the two great trading towns ; and it is possible that when the railway line between Ferozepore and Lidhidna, now in contemplation, is completed, this village may become a populous town on account of its being the centre of the grain producing part of the district. The population as ascertained at the enumerations of 1868 and Year of | Persons, | Males, | Temales. 1881 is shown in the margin. ; Tt is difficult to ascertain the precise limits within which R44 . na oan Cae 3’si2 | the enumeration of 1868 was taken; but the details in the margin, which give the po- pulation of suburbs, throw some light on the matter. P. pulation, Town or suburb. a “ The constitution of the "| population by religion and = Soares the number of occupied Tr ingh ... 5 | 31f9 : ba ae eee 2239 | 2724 | houses are shown in Table Subete an oe eo] 677 No. XLIII. Details of sex in the above ® : willbe found in Table No. XX. of the Census Report of 1881. of births and deaths are No separate statistics available. Ferozepore District.) CHAP. VI.—TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND OANTONMENTS. 101 Mahar4j is a Sikh village of 5,758 inhabitants situated to the south-east of, and about 36 miles from, Moga ¢ahsi/. It is really an aggregation of four large villages, the head-quarters of the Maharajkian Jats, a branch of the Phulkidn clan, to which belong the Chiefs of Patiala, Jhind, and Nabba. A great excavation, out of which earth to build the town was dug, is looked upon as sacred, and offerings are made monthly to the guardian priest, who is elected by the whole community. The Mahardjkidn, who are jagir- dérs of the surrounding country, form a distinct community. Physically they are a fine race; but they are difficult to control, very litigious, and tenacious of their rights. They have the reputa- tion of eating opium to excess. Maharaj, although a large village, is not of any importance from a mercantile point of view. It is in the heart of the voz or rain land, and the most sandy part of the district. ‘The agricultural produce of this place and its neighbour- hood are taken to Ladhidna for sale. This village contains roomy mud houses and mud shops scattered all over the village without any regular dazér. There is no grain market, no thana, sarat, or any other building of importance. ‘There is no municipality here. ‘The six chaukidars are paid by achaukiddri tax levied per hearth on all residents. No change worthy of notice has taken place in this village during the last 30 years, but now that a branch of the Sirhind Canal has passed through the lands of Maharéj, great results are anticipated. The opulation as ascer- ‘cousus. ics 21 Mec satadc te agama tained at the enume- rations of 1868 and ty | 88 | BGS | 283 | 1881 ie shown Jn, the : margin. It is difficult to ascertain the precise Population, limits within which the Town or suburb. i! enumeration of 1868 1868, 1881, was taken; but the details in the margin, Mehraj Patti Knrara Chand = ..| 1,831 1,927 which give the popula- fe “Enea a ie as tion of suburbs, throw Do. Sandli «ss | 1,029 Has some light on the matter. Ihe constitu- tion of the population by religion, and the number of occupied houses are shown in Table No. XLIII. Details of sex will be found in Table No. XX. of the Census Report of 1881. No separate statistics of births and deaths are available. Muktsar isa small town of 3,125 inhabitants, about’ 35 miles to the south of Ferozepore, and about 20 miles from the river Sutlej. It ‘Gs the largest town and principal trade-mart of the western portion of the district ; but its importance is only local and is due to the fact that the roads leading to this place from Ferozepore and Sirsa, &c., are very sandy, and in several places almost impassable by bullock carts. However, many ool of a naan eo convey their agricultural produce by going round wa Faridkot, between which and Ferozepore a sietalled road has recently been Chapter VL Towns, Munici- palities, and Cantonments, Town of Mahardj. Town of Muktsar, Chapter VI. Towns, Munici- palities, and Cantonments. Muktsar town. [Punjab Gazetteer. 102 CHAP. VI.—TOWNS, MUNICIPALITIES, AND CANTONMENTS. constructed. The town itself is an ordinary collection of native houses mostly sacha, but a few pakka buildings, some of which are two to three storeys high, and a wide pakha bazar improves its appear- ance ; especially the pakka Sikh shrine or gurdwara which svands on a large tank adds not only to the appearance of the place but also to its importance. It is said that Guru Gobind Singh fought a battle here with the Muhammadan king, and the place has since become a sacred one to the Sikhs of the surrounding districts. The construction of the tank began during Mahdraja Ranjit Singh’s time, and was completed by the help of the Rajas of Patiala, Jhind, Nabha, and Faridkot. A grant of Rs. 2,500 per annum has been sanctioned by Government, which is spent in keeping upa /azgar, or public food- house, where every day poor men and travellers are fed, and also for other necessary exnenses, as repairs to the shrine, &c. A large fair is held here every year about the middle of January, when 30,000 to 50,000 people assemble here for two days to wash in the tank, which seldom has water enough to bathe so large a number (see ante page 41). Muktsar has a single éaz4r of mostly pakka shops with- out any wall round the town. There is a school house, a municipal committee house, a dispensary, fahsil, thana, and a pekka sarai with encamping-ground, and a good well in the sara? ; and two rooms on each side of it for European travellers. Recently some buildings have been erected by the railway authorities in anticipation of the construction of the line between Muktsarand Kot-Kapira. The municipal committce consists of six members appointed by the Deputy Commissioner Its Limits of Yonr of - . enumeration | census, | Pe*8ous-| Males. | Females.) inogme for the last few years is shown . 1868 | 4,694 | 3,434 1,260 in Table No. XLV. Wholetown |i test | 3:18 | toeea | }a90 : . Sigil gai . . and is derived from Municipal limits las 2,988 be v4 an octroi tax levied ee os : on the goods brought in for sale. The place is gradually increasing beth in size and importance, especially on account of the railway line which is to pass through Muktsar, The population as ascertained at the enumerations of 1868, 1875 and 1881 is shown in the margin. It is difficult,to ascertain the precise limits within which the cnumerations of 1868 and 1875 were taken. The figures for the population within municipal limits, according to the census of 1868, are taken from tho published tables of the census of 1875 ; but it was noted at the time that their accuracy was in many cases doubtful. The constitution of the population by religion, and the number of occupied housesare shown in Table No. XLII. Details of sex will be found in Table No. XX. of the Census Report of 1881. No separate statistics of births and deaths are available. ? STATISTICAL TABLES GAZETTEER OF THE FEROZEPORE DISTRICT. +++ (INDEX ON REVERSE). ‘ARYA PRESS,” LAHORE, ij { Punjab Gazetteer, STATISTICAL TABLES. I. Leading statistics Il, —Devclopment II1.—Annual rainfall WILA.—Monthly ,, ILIB.—Seasonal ,, IV.—Temperature V.—Distribution of population VI.—Migration VII.—Religion and Sex VIII. —Lau eae 1X.—Major castes and tribes IX4.—Minor ,, si X.—Civil condition XI.—Births and deaths XIA.— ,, es causes) XIB.— a” ” ( XII.—Infirmities » fever)... XII. —Education XIV.—Surveyci and assessed area ... XV.—Tenures from Government XVIL— _,, not from Government... XVII.—Government lands XVIII.—Forests XIX. —Land acquired by Government XX.—Crop areas XXI,—Rent rates and yield (monthly, all Page. ... Frontis- piece. iil vi ib. vii ib. ib. viii xi xi wb. xii +——_ XXII.—Live Stock XXILI.—Occupations XXIV.—Manufactures XXV.—River traftic XXVI.—Retail prices XXVII.—Price of labour XXVIIL—Revenue collections XXIX.—Land revenue XXX.-—Assigned revenue XXXI.—Balances, remissions, &c. XXXII.—Sales and mortgages of land XXXIIL—Stamps and registration XXXITIA.--Registration XXXIV. —License tax XXXV.—Excise XXXVI.—District funds XXXVII.—Schools XXXVIII.—Dispensaries XXXIX.—Civil and revenue litigation XL.—Criminal trials XLI.—Police inquiries XLII.—Gaols XLILL.—Population of towns XLIV.—Births and deaths (towns) XLV. —Municipal income XLVA.— si manufactures XLV I.—Polymetrical table Page. . xii . xiii ag ts . xiv . xv ib. . ib . xvi 1. Xvi . id ee XVili » ib, . w » xix » 1b, XX Ferozepore District. ] hi Table No. II, showing DEVELOPMENT. 1 2 3 | 4 5 6 7 DETAILs. 1853-54, 1858-59, 1863-04. 1868-69. 1873-74. 1878-78. Population 549,014 650,619 Cultivated acres 1,18f,050 1,243,508 1,348,922 Irrigated acros 79,679 136,450 231,162 Ditto (from Government works) oe os Assessed Land Revenue, rupees 5,94,278 6,39,023 6,48,323 Revenue from land, rupecs 4,07,461 5,02,169 5,060,413 Grogs revenue, rupees 5,57,303 6,37,139 7,10, 253 Number of kine 140,586 167,202 294,264 ae sheep and gonts 79,556 63,890 79,101 ve camels 3,251 2,993 3,741 Miles of inetalled roads | 23 80 497 ey unmetalled roads 474 710 ¥, Railways Police staff 350 522 554 565 Prisoners convicted 929 1,452 1,138 1,701 2,540 2,207 Civil suits,—number 2,563 2,597 4,130 6,302 10,199 “9,052 : ) —valno in rupees 1,23,571 1,81,039 1,90,140 | 3,19,922 4,75,887 | 4,45,105 Municipalitics, number 4 7 ni —income in rupees 47,200 49,633 40,824 Dispensaries, —number of 1 1, 1 1) —patients 6,768 12,947 15,411 Schools,—number of 61 69 52 62 ae —scholars 1,842 2,495 2,853 2,217 Nore.—These figures are taken from Tables Nos. [, Wt, VIL, Xl, XV, XXI, XLI, XLV, L, LIX, and LXI, of the ‘Adininistration Report. Table No. III, showing RAINFALL. 1 rfolafole a 9 || 13 } 14 1s | 18 | 19 ANNUAL RAINFALL IN TENTHS OF AN INCH, Rain-gauge station. , : . : = 2 ‘ e x : a S ‘ : : -| 9 4 es P a + é " :. cs - S\/4/4)4),4),4)4 elAlalalAaAlAlalAaAlaie Ferozepore a 15s} 20! MMs} 1a: Lil siz] 250) 107 aa 139) 138] 165 119} 197] 246] 196 Zira 165 165 = 2di a 320) 515) 241) O94 415) 208) 203) 202 ‘98 167} 155} 223 Mogd i dt} 128 236 id 159) 334) 141] 153) 42u) 227) 205] 275 139) 142) 171] 188 Muktsar s | 18) 20) M4 113 207) su} 109 66) TAA) 78) 105 71) 125) 124] 111 Notes.—These figures are taken from the weekly rainfall statements published in the Punjab Gazette, Table No. { Punjab Gazcttoor, IIIA, showing RAINFALL at head-quarters. 1 | 2 | 5 1 2 | 4 ASSL Ad AS inte ANNUAL AVERAGEA, Le chy EAR infall | No. of tainy s i eu Ci No, ef rainy Pare i MONTHS. diagaun, colt Louie a MONTHS. days i each | Fron in cach THO dae AL Seed month— Jif? ty 1eFh. | put og: 1867 to 1876.1 ooo by deat. January | a | 1 Septomnber vA 20 Pobruary 2 | 7 1 3 Merch 2 19 5 1 April 1 | 8 i) 6 May 1 u ie October to ist January | 1 9 June % 16 Let Jauiniey to Int April 5 21 July 6 iG ist April to Ist October i 163 August 4 47 Woele year 22 | 134 Nore.—Theso figures are taken from Table No, NXLV ot the Revenue Report, and froin pago 34 of the Famine Roport. Table No. IIIB, showing RAINFALL at Tahsil Stations. te: Ls 3 | 4 | 5 AVE AGE PALL IN TENTHS (TO AN INCH PROM 1ST3-24 TO 1877-78, ist Qetober to [ee | 1st April te Ist pi wy to | Int October yet April. | Wholo year. Ferozepore Zara us i 73 a1 Moga 4s “ fu 257 Muktsar n 2 106 | lay Note,—These figures are taken frou pages 36, 97 of tho Famine Report. Table No. V, showing the DISTRIBUTION of POPULATION. 1 | 3 a | 4 | 5 6 ee a Tabsil Tahsil. Tah-dl. Tahsil Vis és g Distict. Puozepure. Fira, Moya. Muktrar. Total square miles do 400 su 146, Cultivated square miles 24 B54 407 Tae G06 Culturable equare mules 1 1 43 48 260 Square miles under crops (average ‘18i7 to lsst)} 323 390 7 62S ‘Total population 153,164 221,189 111,624 Urban populition aa “ 39,570 1 12.188 3,125 Rural population 118,508 153,39) 208, tS 1 108,509 Total population per square mile . . 2°6 300) oou 273 118 Rural population per square inile .. 212 229 307 258 115 # (Over 10,000 souls er a a 1 1 f 14,000 to 10.000 a8 oer a 1 2 | 3000 te 5,000 wes a 1g a 1 2 8 1 “p | 2,000 to 3,000. 3 é e: 20 5 22: 3 3 4 1,000 to 2,000. ey 16 a RY 11 a 500 to 1,000 2b 47 O8 Bn 43 g Undor 500 Koy 253 245. 5Y 205 2 Total Lise 3z3 B44 r99 | 323 { Towns 10,832 TOSS 1,605 1 cupl dae , ye fi VAS AR4 Occupied houses 4} vines 63507 10,656 16714 2457 11,448 Unoeenpicd hones. . §Tewns 4.447 8,062 998 285 102 ( Villages 10,040 2,965 2,860 3,005 1,720 Resident families f Towns 17,073 11,640 2,821 2,780 aa ( Villages 125,190 25,940 33,827 44,709 21,984 Nowe Thee fytieaare taken frou: Tables Nes s. Land XVITLof the Consus of 1881, except. the cnltivated, eulturable, and crop areas, whieh are tulen Crom Eales Nos 1 and XLLV of the Adininistyation Report Ferozepore District. ] Table No. VI, showing MIGRATION. 1 ; 2 3 Dewi mu 2: | 8 | 9 peabi vere 200 DisTRipuTION oF IMMIGNANTA BY TAUSsILA. Disrricrs. I 8 A 3 R 3 A £ qd ° 4 & t a) 6 8 : 4 q Z A : 8 é 8 i q 8 8 d 5 4 o 3 a ti = a fa N A m iat | yey ee all: ) AAG 57 Ludhiana ‘ au n ut Ly Juular BH g'aay My Hopliir nite ir 3,961 Bld ae 3tH6 98 350 Gardasyur 1241 406 172 Sialkot 12) 7 95 Se Genie “a7 | m0 | goto Ton! fs 107 20 3,010 is 44 5,110 19,002 0,105 es . P. and Oudh 134 651 294 Rajputana 44 495 524 Noure.—These figures are taken from Table No. XI of the Census Report of 1881, 1 i Table No. VII, showing RELIGION and SEX. 1 2 | ‘ | 1 Sf oe we ee v Distnier. TAUSILS oo oas Villages, Persons. Males. | Vemales. Brio Zirw. Moya Muktgar. 5 é | Seta aeons sine ee aril Persons 650,519 oe Va, s18 221,169 | 111,634 HS447o Males “ 357,319 | boy J21,076 OO.880 SLB, 8U8 Fomales bs i 75,50 100,003 50, 50-4 265,581 Ilindus | AOSTS CB URG 36,460 140,802 ae | 20,710 105,02 22,96 15y, 757 ans n38 107 210 537 Buddhists | Zoroastrians v | 9 é 7 in Muaalmans VGS,073 | 101,068 LUT Sud 4,000 61,938 283,506 Christinis 1,360 1,651 ' 5 ies 7 Others and unspocitied ; mh ° European and Eurasian Christians. . 1,590 1,311 270 1,585 | 5 Sunnis P DSH OO 105,202 | 48,021 48,079 272,117 Shiahs | oe dul | 35 28 985 Wahahis ! 4 | 9 | 17 190 Nore.—These figuies are taken froin Tabies Nos, If, ELLA, DLUG of the Census of 1881, Table No. VIII, showing LANGUAGES. 1 | 2 3 | 4 | 5 6 | Disrriavtion BY TAMSILS. Language. District. * Feruzepore. Zira. Moga. Muktear, UWindustani 15,450 ie £83 1,313 Panjabi 33,110 164,266 220,174 110,288 Pashtu 2oG 5 33 Pahari 37 16 os Kashmiri 26 e “ Persian Q a aS English 1,659 1,50) 5 Norn.—These figures are taken from Table No, LX of the Census Report for 1881, [ Punjab Gazetteer, Table No. IX, showing MAJOR CASTES and TRIBES. 1 2 3 4 8 6 | 7 8° | 9 10 Serial 2 gs a No ToTaL Numuers, . MALES, BY. RELIGION. B28 3 in Census Caste or tribe, 84 8 Table No. ‘ ; . F Oui a VILLA Persons, | Males, | omales.[) Hindu. Sikh, Jain. |Musalman| i” gs : a Total population 650,519 | 357,819 | 203,200 93,490 479 | 168,073 1,000 6| Pathan 3,122 1,807 1,315 cg ee 1,807 5 ,1 | Jat 186,576 102,.)0 83,580 75,338 a 14,417 287 2 | Rajput 30,538 z 18,094 169 19,351 61 46 | Dogar 14,445 6,460 is 7,983 22 8 | Gujar 12,013 5,495 6,496 19 7 | Arain 51,045 28,750 1 27,290 78 83 | Kainboh 5,208 2,450 50 2,007 8 61 | Maltam 5d 2,840 ; 17 576 9 17 | Shekb 6,800 2,960 ‘ a 3,840 10 3} Brahman 12,079 5.028 6024 124 3 wee WV 24 | Suiyad 4,184 1jAde ae 1,692 5 35 | Faqir 8,651 VATU 352 11 1,812 6 21 | Nai GTS 4,i10 1,4u7 942 2,815 15 25 | Mirasi TASS B,d37 4 i 3,993 ll 14 | Banya 11,451 5,049 6,283 41 73 aes 18 16 | Khatri Q ITA 3,545 4,040 sul 14 10 | Arora 13,806 °5 020 6,862 518 20 71 | Bawaria 8,130 4,010 3,496 549 36 12 4 | Chuhra 63,905 31,712 24,449 3,447 9,207 106 5 | Chamar 13,501 5,00 6,198 1,310 74 21 19 | Mochi 8455, ‘ 9,930 28 9 | Julaha 9,404 5 ant 11,005 31 15 | Jhinwar 4,465, 181 2,962 15 28 | Machhi GALL ae 7,524 22 22 | Lonar 3,219 2 694 lt 11 | Tarkhan 4,608 1,893 6,401 33 13) Kumhar 6,982 1,041 409 23 32 | Dhobi 4st 1,010 1,501 4,297 18 23 | Teli 4,067 24 ee 5,947 7 30 | Sunar 2,200 1,357 600 655 q Note.—These figures are taken froin Table No. VILLA of the Census of 1881. Table No. IXA, showing MINOR CASTES and TRIBES. 1 2 3 + 5 1 2 3 4 5 Serial No. in : Serial No, in Census Table Caste or tribe. |Persons.; Males. 'I'emales Cuusus Table} Caste or tribe. |Persons.! Males. [Females No. VIIA. : { No. VILLA. 18 Biloch 1,706 940 826 64 Changar 1,513 870 643 26 Kashiniri 1,637 851 736 75 Sud 617 356 261 27 Ahir 1,100 TOG 344 84 Udasi 846 647 199 37 Mughal 1,103 612 491 88 Bhabra 721 423 298 38 Qassab 714 410 304 89 Bazigar 1,188 629 659 42 Mallah 13200 O72 537 9G Kanehan 689 5038 381 44 Khojah 2,480 1,863 1,123 99 Kori 662 383 279 53 Bairayi 1,104 O17 457 107 Jhabel 1,876 979 897 56 Kalal 1,929 | 1,017 882 172 Bodla 520 204 226 63 Madari 23 $85, 487 | Nore—These figures-are taken from Table No, VILLA of tho Census of 1881 Ferozepoere District. ] vii Table No. X, showing CIVIL CONDITION. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 e SINGLE. MARRIED. WIDOWED. DETAILS. Malos, Females. Males, Females. Males. Females. 3 3 | All religions 193,079 118,315 145,857 144,168 18,383 35,717 #2 | Hindus 51,14 20,033 37,868 26,648 4,878 9,154 a | Sikhs 50,689 26,527 37,870 38,582 4,931 10,217 ae Jains 252 125 182 146 45 61 3 Buddhists Sis ae ee a ine Ss es Musalmans 89,787 57,476 69,705 68,732 8,521 16,271 < Christians 1,186 148 166 104 8 14 ba All ages 5,404 3,864 4,082 4,919 514 1,217 $a 0—10 9,952 9,878 47 120 1 1 58 10-15 Ou7 7,514 842 2,452 n 33 ‘si 15—20 6,844 2,117 3,00) 7,745 64 138 oe ‘5 20—25 4,227 248 5,582 9,435 191 + 317 848 25—30 2500 90 7,187 9,488 342 521 s ous 30—40 1,390 54 8,041 8,686 569 1,260 Bs 40—50 959 31 8,025 7,069 1,016 2,899 Bs 50—60 846 31 7,400 4,01) 1,754 5,058 2 Ss Over 60 765 39 5,993 | 2305 3,241 7,658 Nore.—These figures are taken from Table No, VI of the Census Report. Table No. XI, showing BIRTHS and DEATHS. 1 2 | 3 | 4 oS 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL WATHS REGISTERED. ToTAL DEATHS REGISTERED. ToTAL DEATHS FROM YeEans. Males. | Forales.| Persons. Males. | Females. | Persons. | Cholera. ee Fever. 1877 +700 4,773 8,479 214 5,610 1878 ‘ 70 9,854 22,824 bat 582 19,093 1879 2 on * - 18D 5,480 13,045 1,947 2,003 7,708 1800 1474 10,581 28,055 6,976 5,402 12,378 2 94 R214 13s1 12,898 10,750 23,108 8,529 7,789 16,318 23 70 11,207 Table No. XI A, showing MONTHLY DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES: Nove. —These figures are taken from Tables Nos. 1, 1, Vi, VUE wand LX of the Sanitary Report. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Month. 177. 1878. 1879. 1sso. 1881. Total. OAT 790 1,160 762 1,170 4,529 January 42s 650 1,064 799 1112 4,053 February 45 700 1146 952 1,005 42938 March any sll 84 in 919 31847 April 409 O74 1,422 a2 1,043 4.670 May 5i7 use yin42 030 959 £1960 June ool BAD 1,034 TT 895 4,182 duly 643 1,083 626 1,063 1,007 4512 August v4 31007 045 1/285 1/909 8.787 Septernber 1,283 6,450 1,267 1,603 2,569 13,172 October 1,120 3,813 978 1,489 2,120 9,520 ee 963 1,819 897 1,275 1,520 6,474 Cc - rota 4,479 2,824 13,945 12,378 16,318 73,044 Norr.—These figures are taken from Table Ne. UI of the Sanitary Report. Vii [ Punjab Gazetteer, Table No. XI B, showing MONTHLY DEATHS from FEVER 1 4 | 5 | G | 7 Montu. sd. 1880, | 1881. | ‘Total. January d24 7320 2,975 Febrnary i 814 654 2,396 March | 566 537 2,348 April | 460 571 2,190 May | 407 693 2,591 Juno t : 622 038 8,065 July { i 425 550 2,420 August 3 | 709 590 2,874 beptember ‘ 1 ‘ 7 1,338 7,015 October ash j fi i, ' 1,102 2,077 11,814 November ae I ‘ : O55 1,712 7,785 December : co | 857 LuT 4,861 Toran Pre | | | 8214 | 11,207 51,832 be Notp.—The~ figures are tus fiom Table No. IX of tho Sanitary Roport. Table No. XII, showing INFIRMITIES. 1 2 | 43 | t | os Gs i eats s | 9 Insane. | Buixp. Dar aNnD Dun. LEPERS. ¥omalos. f Males, ; Females. Mutou, | Fernctest Males, sai Males. ya, (Total in | a 2,05 1,615 242 129 148 a4 AN roligion {Villayen io | 52 Tere | Vang 223 122 135 a1 Hindus “I 1h 676 | 458 6o 43 49 10 Sicha ‘ 2 5 447 373 22 15 39 8 Musalmans 62 a0 929 TH 141 71 60 16 Now —Thove tecuss ave taken from Tibies Nos. XLV tu XVII of the Census of 1881. Table No. XIII, showing EDUCATION. 1 | 2 | os joa | 4 1 2 a | 4 | 5 eco s BS sai Marea Tews, MALeEs. FremALes, Z ma p ‘ Ss C oO. Sa] 83 | #2 ea i $2 | eg | gs Be) Feo) es Be | Ba) 2] ws ge ro sy qd E 35 a E ieee) Os ag | oe og ap Sd wep eye | 2 ee ae oye { Total Sis fp VMusalmans + | 1,809 2,300 92 2 All religions | yitiayson : sod) Chiistiana «| ae ATG oo} 172 Ilindus ae od A * sozepare -- | 1,996] 5,777 124 233 Sikhs aH e 760 2,360 48 43 Jains — 829 4,596 3 28 Buddhists w bi 857 2,405 6 14 Nog, ~Thove foicey are tuven from Lovie Nu. XILL of the Census of 1881. _Tablo No. XIV, sh owing detail of SURVEYED and ASSESSED AREA. 1 fe ee 1 Pe 10 n | 2. CULIIVAIC. UscuLtTIvatep. 3 = a - Beebe detent ts | 4 Gross B29 5 iv itiac: yee Unirrisa: Total eal jGragiy¢) Caltur-| Uneul- ‘total esl ees g8e85- Bo 5 zg 3 Sane Witte in) ted. tivated. F lands. | able. [turable,|Uneultip s8seased. | one jay Bg rienent aivitual vated, : ave 20 Work fala. | Pasas 1868-69 i) { opaere 5 114 0508 2a 115) “70, 113,217) 594,605) 1,725 594,278 1873-74 iu, as TOT Gok 1,244 508) Be 7,722, 142,020 509, 742] 1, 753, ee 639,023 1878-79 ae 231,102 1,118,760, 134s,0u2 276,356, 125,910) 412,266 1,756,188] 648,323 Tahsil details for | y WiS-79— { Forozepore me 14050 11.420" gas tsab 52,110} 93,280 8! 396 911,RR4) 116,898 Lira = a4 TOUNG TS FET] 260, ne 27,654; 31,699, 59,3531 319,766] 160,930 Moga 2: rn 40.40% 20,5911 19,425] 50'016 519,128} 240,990 Muktanr ae ar 37.dju U0 I 166, 001) 51,500} 217,501 605,409] 130,005 Notr.—Those figures are tiken fiei Table No. VIII of tho Administration Roy ort, except the last o i i taken from Table No. Lof the aaine Report. 8 p Porabanin, swlsele i Ferozepore District. ] “aL-G/ST 40g oday ontTeasy 2G} JO TITK NE ‘ON AWW Tory Way’, aTe soinSy osoq— ‘3L6N ‘ a . . ‘ 4 ‘ . 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[ ! | —40O NOILISOd AHL XI LNAKNUTAOD | | OL LOAUIG FANSATU ONIAVd AUNV ‘SS¥YTO ENOTARUE | | | | \ | ASV UTGNA OSITIYA LON LNIKNUTAOD 40 SIFLNVUQ—"'A a ek Paar hy \ a ah ah bo ae ae | | “S]VANAIS UL P[AY] PUTT Jo JUIIXO i \ I | AY} 1 oaTYs oy1 Jo JUNOUTT ATTY | ! i : Aupaq puvl ucuraws ut ys ! | ! \ JO AINsvOT oY} ‘UOMULOD UT “avy 1 \ { | ' ‘ Spard pur sgyvraaas ar Apqaed -winyg to wpraywd | : wine te sabe Qretre § !Oh yay amy spuryt oq} yoga Up qywodur 40 pargyy— ste fe, des be gill cine ; nee tee Sea Or LOR PeU PUT 9} YOU I ‘4 : VET WUE Fe TF fan's ce WOR seT é Rit z i Sie enL ae waren : { A iter. 2 ogre pritge ie p ay? st ueissascuod yoy up 7? panysoloyug — "1 EON Set StS po tO PERACCR LTR Os OCT © NOGOGS Tel ae Be ah wLeariMmtasitdt yo “ae a &q : Gorssagons 0} Joafqus ‘sarvys i AAV ULOTS THA TO [VASAT nodn pa COUN ie e niger. oF “PAL BULA MUASII PUL PUL] AUT, UDP WET COTS OS¢ 8 Fle SP fat “UCMTUND UP PURE ayd SMpinticee ie cL Purp py anuosarayy SuLseg LDpUwUnz—" SORES (EHD i SHLLIN LAK OO FDWITIA ONTLVAILTAD RAV LAST ( sopan avnge sy ; pemanwivas seal ae fb hwrng— yy \ | n - oe SOR but I HL 6 6 OeO st fee | sary fmuipio aq} f ‘t t ieee I LOPUN saypTruayy Jo FPUUPLATPUL AG PLT Cer 00Gb bee ed "7 t i oa (HIVANSINZ) SOWKWOD NT | UNTAVA ONY fSALLINANWOO TY TITY ON XOSULY RACY | all =u ae boats © Seg cae oe S 2 “loo 1 2. #12 2 alel 2S 7B es) @ +42) FE 2 3 || 2s e|] & zl ee, El|e] ¢ | FE(2:2) #@ | EE EB | z x 25 = a S| oy Se SS |S) = e Leet eS e oe. = Pe 2 Oe ta 2 é é 4 ee & & 2 eke Gq = Se eee & a cele ce a a | 5 = mS te 7 a. a8 aol * © ce: Ba io+ 3 22 = £ 2 S = z el ¢ a =e = ea a en -e 2 Ze = a Sy Be lee = ° aa tm | =. =, = | eS el = Seige das BS he a feet a ba OR beer og hg d or 5 Sz z = Ziel! See | ee = £2.[ B02 5 Be Se QYANAL dO AWALYSN 2 f= Te 2 S| sf BOS re 1) 2 Tey 5. e 5 beh eh ee 3 = = g ge Fie; eT gs ere ize) # + €§ & Ig 4 = = = Bra 4 = * bs ad, el o : oO 1 £ g a g] ¢ 21g 12 PIei PF) @ | gles?) 2 | € 21% ; eit i ei? | fet nL dS = | Sg 1 | = me = 5 4 = doer ine, “LOPLI. FIOH AY ‘VUIZ TISHYL “qModdZoud J UISHYL Jejef os joteap oe MYSLM IQ TISHY, TYOOIE ‘TSH IX L x zl [ir for] ee 4 st | 4 | ot fer tarf et nn Te | 0% | st ‘BL-SLEI Ut pooys Aoq4 SB yMETUUIEACH WOJ YOOITP PPeU SHUONAL Surmoys ‘AX ON Geb “qaoday onmeaay 943 Jo ATX XX ‘ON aqaeL, MWosj WAHT, ore sain3y assy] —"LLON eoneIt | 616'S | ZLU't+T | STP‘OIL | ¥89‘T6 £3E'LT | oca'set | soz'et caosor | costed P-- SAUANG] dO TVLOL, ANVAD [ Punjab Gazetteer, zs FL o o oe ai Tel et cig te ee #8 “A * cs a aontaas UO PDUOMIPUOD TT 9ST 39 ST6‘T 688'T $69 ose Tél a Le05'S 91's me ; ce 7 ai Vo Wapuivyg 40 dvjvyuvy 'y ‘TANTATY TIV JO ATA SUOLALMAONd | KOUd SLXVUD-ADIAUTS DNILVAILIAO AGXV ONIGIOH SAILUVd—'9 496‘09 LU J OIL'S CHGS 022‘8 ole't | Str‘et oor’, | cores oo os i gonpoad § ury} sseq (9) 2 “ Deora, Ole'F oso'st | cite rat | conten . in “+ aaout pu aonpord § (0) \ pury uy Surhod IT oor'st | oos't | cares St9'0r =| O0S'FE OIs's | sso‘st | 499 OOT'IE a 2 ai - a “ ysva wu burtog “TTIM-LY-SINVNAL—'O cy e an ae cog cL ces PIPCT 868 ass a ae quart fo puouhod pun aoraas abv) 710 0} warqng LT ‘ATIVXOILIGNOO ONIGCTIOH SINVNGL—'S 600'0F ees'c foes‘ol | FeL‘6o oUF 6s argo | ocs'ts Gee's f Sz0'sze | GEGEN es Sowednsdo Jo szyFl1 As SpuvUe] JO T¥LOY, aNvay 0966 SOL't “| circ acral cuss £98'S o0 sitoe | toler fo puny ur qos Bursed ojo, Es 00F'F cg - “oy “ 4) : ) “puny ur Ons's cog i ‘ a “ ‘ i e ) sadbauiao atte put Curio JI a aS . “+ gonposd = uvy} ssaT pre gonpord F(z ee ae - va ee oar pus sonpoid = Deere peywys u Zulsvd (v) J 62508 ose'y SIUSe ISt'%S . ysvo ul yaa Barsvd [vzoL, oe os LFS'CL COL “1C OF sR ue Bis sSuppoy may} 193 (qevo) stins dummy Aursteg (p) a ie ze a He FOL'CL FOLEL ‘ a10v dad saya Ysvo payvys 4v Fuitve (9) “yspo ut LOR SS 19'L CLL'0S : ZOC'IT le Lh 'b 64569 fe yvuvy?jou ysvo v sn, I unowe yous Faring (”) quat Guthog | saoqaridoad SLS'T AE 9°‘ eset 6269 Stel | str'cs ste't | Qis‘s¢ AY} oO} S1uo onwosed YUoMUIaA0N Jo jUNOUIY 94, Burt (v) j “AONVd1990 JO LHNIY HLIM SINVAGL—'V z 5 Ew E 9 Bes a = Zz z = ey E> | g A” Eg a) a3 es ad aS a4 as £3 i) r i > o° oh 5 ~% gf =¢ 5 & eS 2 £2 % & 5 2 & > aS oe a 2S B2 | ee Ee, 22, ES ee ‘AUONAL JO TUALVN a 2 7 4 “AMO “Add MVSLUAJY SHV] VOOJE TISAVE VUIZ WISHV], -azoaag tisuvy, | -az0usg Lornietg m= | ot 6 | 8 oe or ep ee U ‘6L-SLEI Ul pooys Aoy} SB JUOTIUIEADH Woy yap pley JOU SHUONAL Sumoys TAX ‘oN eqesy, Ferozepore District. ] xi Table No. XVII, showing GOVERNMENT LANDS. 1 2 | 3 | 4 5 6 | 7 | 8 9 © Aeres hekd under «ys an oe 4 caullivating leuscs. Remaining acres, 8 a 2 : 25. £ $ a os py mrss an 2 we HOAs Hae a. od. é & 3 2a | $23 |3st3|] Fis] bag 3 PI 5 33 asf | age] sage] £oa ¢ $ 3 ae | PEs [Pose | Ess] eae 2 2 s Se me AA] SAoa] 248 woe Lae i | 2,500 467 2,038 2,177 Taheil Nova B) ws] ar] 196 7 Tahsil Muktsar 4 | 2,082 “195 1,837 He Norr. —These figures are taken from Table No. [X of the Revenne Report of 1881-82. Table No. XIX, showing LAND ACQUIRED by + ‘ : Reduction of Purpose for which acquired. Acres acquired. Conspensation paid revenue in in rupees. Aes pees. Roads g0a9 16,222 1,503 Canals 3,098, 1,08,954 1,361 State Railways Guaranteed Railways Miscellaneous 8s9 20,601 1,026 Total 7,226 1,40,777 3,900 Nore.—These figures are takon from Table No. XI of the Revonue Report. Table No. XX, showing ACRES UNDER CROPS. r— | 2 fal fs fw ie | ep mf jar| 1 | 33 [as] as | 16 3s | 3 YEARS : j ; | § a |¢ é a 5 ot 4 ct a a a 2 ° ° bp 2/22 /Elel2)2]2)2 (EZ 2 lelels 2 3 ES 2 4a|s 3 3 Ss |@/ a | s jal ale 1873-74 910,268] 3,888] 201,033) 1051 80,042 103,304! 92,069] 82,449] 722] 3,447] 4,885 222] 3,409 1874-75 914,369] 2,696) 198,zR8 198,555, 65,6 108,841 111,24]) 188] 5,520) 5,457 250) 3,098 1875-76 1,100,319) 8475] 2oxt70a ; 193,468] 187,921] 83,819] 127] 6,131] 7,326] 5] 628} 8,864 1876.77 1324415) 61543| 2415180] 20R;Tx1 44: 194,208} 245,898] 93,186] 263] 5,879] 9,680] 26] 1,016] 4,274 1877-78 1,283,423} 1,488] 208,280] 232 sn aul 196,254] 247,477] 71,020] 224) 6)442/10;777| 39] 594) 7,456 1878-79 1,209,538] 3,414) 248,719] 216, 91481, Gia} 20,67] 186,681] 251,542 88,048) 102} 1,551/15,704| 218] 1,188] 0,428 1879-80 1,201,097] 1,936] 318,630 3) 87 184.388] 238,025] $5,260] 67] 2,152] 9,840] 23] 1/858/ 3,917 1380-81 1,316,187] 2,052) 302,567 154,904] 224,328) 69,420| 82] 2,670]11,073| .. | 2,074] 4,785 1881-82 1,355,351) 3,053) 363,271 134,243} 255,368} $6,995] 113] 1,833]16,436] 40] 1,701] 6,944 NAME OF TAHSIL AVERAGES FOR THE FIVE YEARS, FROM 1877-78 To 1881-82, TAHSIL. 2 wei] 82,29 6093) 97,194 8,045] 20] 497] 4,048] 11! 335] 629 Foronepore | Mateaal 3,a47| e108 ‘ S5$} 24,858 3,138] 31! 1,988] 7,516] .. | 902] 8,404 aes o) eas azam| 9: 9,138] 3,407] 53,073) 51,437| 41 WS TST as hes 144 Matar 402,190] 191) 45,590 106,775164,014] 1,542) 56,203 21,520] 24} 699] 1,046) 56] 145) 2,287 ToTaL 1,813,120} 2,389) 327,313) 248,668] 79,271]49,890, 171,288) 239,347 84,149) 116] 3,199]12,766| 66] 1,883) 6,605 Note.—These figures are taken from Table No. XLIV of the Administration Report. xii [ Punjab Gazetteer, Table No. XXI, showing RENT RATES and AVERAGE YIELD. Rice Indigo Cotter Sugar Opiune Tebaceo Wheat Inferior wrans Oil needs Fibres Gram Burley Bajra Jawar Vegetables va { Lrrigated : i Viorrigated { Tevigated | Unirrigated { Irrigated ( Unirrigatedt ( Irrigated : { Uninvivated E Nature of erep. | yy Rs, Maxim y a Minunain 1 Maximus 2 Miia 1 Meus inti 3 Minima 2 Maxima a9 Minnntan Z Maxime Maninaine Maximum Minimivnn Matai Manin Maxtor Minunume Maxima Mininnim Maxima Masximitun Mainanavint Meirsimatim Minitinua Mexinonn Minium Masiimunme Miuinnaa PRE heer ero eisiw abe Iss] -82. RWOLEUSHRODDOROCOCOCRACSL COORSCOOCHE Rent per acre of land suited for the various crops, as it stoud in 3 Average produce per acre as esti- matted in 1881-82, Ibs. 1 56 j 63 ‘ 85 } 299 , s r 4 r 9. J 940 768 T83 45 1,250 Nore.—-These figures are taken from Table No, XLYDof the Administration Report. Table No. XXII, showing NUMBER of STOCK. 1 2 ” | 4 i oe 6 | i | > Wolk pisrrier FOR THE " ian , . TANSILS FOR THE YEAR 1878-79. Kinp ov stock, rs TSUS-60, | 1873-74, | 1s7$-79. ea Zira. Moga. |Muktsar. Cows and bullucks 140,550 | 167,202 | 204,254 46,120 45,514 T7611 125,009 i ; Horses SENG 4,050 2,469 5b 310 To 829 Ponies 2017 | 1,905 2,240 516 395 411 N24 Donkeys 6,506 o,787 {076 2,337 2,449 2,485 1,805 Sheep and goats 19,556, 62800 | TOOL 18,997 18,105 40,192 6,307 | ; " , pede: , Pigs pL I ne oT ou seit Sas Camels ! Be QT 105 215 2,212 1,209 Carts Oe duels | 10.014 1,142 1,603 6,869 400 Teued i aakee fotayey a Pleupira Wie | 51,107 ata 11,622} 15,117 21,295 27,107 Boats 195 | 220 201 54 123 19 Nore -These figures are taken from Table Nu XLY of the Administration Report, Ferozepore District. ] Table No. XXIII, showing OCCUPATIONS of MALES. 1 2 3 | 4 | 5 po i| 2 3 | ‘ | —_— alli. | _——_——_———- . Mules chive 15 vears \ Mates above 15 years 3 ofum, | u | of “ge. 2 Nature of occupations. kame teppei 4 Nature of occupations, mee (Vu. 3 i Vil- i al : & Towns. lages, | Totsl. | 2 Towns. | jages, Total 1 | Total population TOL,O88 | 217,019 Agricultural labourers 59 848 707 2 | Oceupation specified a, 202 1 172'340 ued Dastural Vez] 1248} 1,420 3 | Agricultural, whether simple ATL | 107.309 | 11Y,021 a | Cooks and other servants 1,o05 nue 2,404 or combined. 20 | Water-earriers oT | 2utO | 8,485 4 | Civil Administration 2,045 | 1,608 2) i Swen l sand scavengers suo | 11,619 | 12,514 5 | Army 1,862 wst 22 Workers in reed, cane, leaves, 6 | Religion "337 ) 1,050 | straw, &e. 519 345 874 7 | Barbers Y 277; 1,585 23. Workers in leather 149 sy 186 8 | Other professions 425 1,471 24 | Boot-makers 402 3,304 8,856 9 |} Money-lenders, general 571 G52 29 Workers in wool and pashin- a yy 66 traders, pedlars, &c. 2G i » silk see 8 13 10 | Dealers in grain and flour .. 1,508 5,17 6.078 9 27 i > cotton a; oe 9,677 | 10,960 11 | Corn-grinders, parchers, &c. iso $82 OTL Ps | a yy) Wood 7Ol 2jalt 4,815 12 | Confectioners, green-grucers, oe 401 guy 7 29 | Potters 188 | 2,207 | 2,455 ae. 30 | Workers and dealers in gold 220 9o8 | 1,178 13 | Carriers and boatmen Th 716 and silver. 14 | Landowners 2,650 | 57,680 31 | Workers iu iron go2 | 1,197 | 1,480 15 | Tenants 5 1,462 | 30,027 sz} General labourers T,B8T | OA,L87 | 6,918 16 | Joint-cultivators ., 804] 6,803 33 | Begyars, fuyus, and the like | 1,078 | 7,491 | 8,482 ' Nore.—These figures are taken from ‘lable No. XH A of the Census Report of 1881, Table No. XXIV, showing ee ees a i ae eet re 1 2 | 4 4 5 6 7 8 » | 10 ul Raat Relliteecee’ ew oe “Tirass | Qa) 4. [Dyeing and Silk. |Cotton. lea a . aper| Wood. | Trou. | and rN minmfacture Eulie eopper..| 748" jing of dyes. Number of milly and hurge faetories | 4 é 3 Number of private looms or simall | 1 352 u86 a 153 886 worka. Number of workmen ¢ Malo in large works, Fenmnle fe 4 we 5 . Number vf workmen in smnall works 7.090 iy bo 704 1,158 q S00 886 or independent artisans. 7 Value of plant in large works gs ca a3 a aa Estimated annual out-turm of all | 849,731 a 1,01, 276 277,020 2,160) 73,440 1,59,312 works in rupees. | | | | 12 LB | rt 1b 16 7 18 19 Pottery, j-): ‘| s é Oil-press- |Pashmina aie Gold, sil- | Other Leather. ee ing and and ae ver, and | inanufac-| Total glazed. refining. | Shawls. Pets. | Jewellery, tures. Number of mills and large factories ‘ i 2 Number of private Ivgms or sinall 1,071 05 ad it pb? 407 8,796 works, Number of workmen § Male _ in large works. Veale ; ae 24 4 a a Number of workmen in small works 2,142 1,210 1,088 5 821 434 16,910 or independent artisans. Value of plant in large works a ae : a at . id Estimated annual out-turn of all 3,85,560 ) 1,15,944 | 7,740,256 115 | 1¢,70,400 57,681 | 47,75,208 works in rupees. Nore.—Thesce figures are taken from the Report on Internal Trade and Manufactures for 1881-82, TABLE No. XXV, showing RIVER TRAFFIC. 1 | 2 3 4 | 5 6 a “s Aririge de ration of Trave. Fumie tis hts Dire Privciparn MencHwaANDISE ay od lance in CARRIED. Voter, Po. From To sunnes, vr low) | niles. writer, Sakkar Ferozepore Iron and Sajyt 90 120 400 Ferozepore Sakkar Wheat grain, til, rape and wi ool 20 4A 400 Do, Kotri Dro. do, 40 £0 600 Note. -- These figures are tuken from pages 75%, 760 of the Famine Report, sree gora 8 jo Arenuee 4ST 9} wo pooys Loy} se saotid yuasaados pu “proday WorjesjsIULUpY O44 Jo TTATX ‘ON A1GeL ros} TORT are sreat 194 YsB] 9Y} JO S9INTg oy, “ATaf yous Jo STUOW GT oz As 2 saouid aSvieat ay} yuaseides puev (F191 IsNBny YISI JO "§ GOT “ON WouTUAEA01) qufung) quatuieaoy Aq poystqnd ,aaurayys t Tory aye} ore Sivas Ua} Js 97 10j samsg oy, —"aLoN 8 7) HSU aed “| 0s | 6 I $ 6 aa 1g 91 het | |9 | ot ja | £% “}te | fee ju | se et | °° as-Isst 5 s It 9 “108 19 T 1% é s & “1 OL mea “ete “1 06 1) 8S wT) RS “1 Te “| 98 “) OT J °° 18-088 3 8 ot ¥ OlL | ¢ T ¥ & tL |G s “T/L ae HD “1 6L “| 8 “ |06 | 8 61 “+68 18 el * 08-6181 & 8 6 | 9 eq oor | ¢ Tt “16 % ef or |s 8 oP ed. “| ST St “ 1S8St ' 8 SI cS #1 “61-8181 — al s og “| 0OL | 6 T ae ee Pie ing | * er. as GI 2) EO) UOT, 03 ce is 7 [8 | "oT AT Po SL-L28T “7 OL “19 “ ) oot [st | Tt ae BEE 9T i 7" | & 4 Lop | ct 7 OF 65 a | | zo Fe f° 22-9281 ¥ or “ys ort }et ft et 7% “18 91 - | St at | fe ] 7° | 48 oe ;S soe f OF | | 6 °° 94-S28T ¥ ot a. OL OeT oe & | aI | 6 s Ge tt 0G “1 $6 cl “1 98 “1 OF 7 | 98 we | 66 | 8 IP “1 26 “ GL-FL8T F or mG OIL | FT { aI |6 Ff & | “1 9T y 7 1 06 cl 0s eg |" | oe 8 lag OF | *° [96 PT Peeler rag 6 a s . SIt | OL T | GT | 6G cl 1 @ . | OL 27 AIC SL ce “1 98 “les 7s 1G “1 ee “1 GS * el-ol80 “400 ate es. “1 QOL |! OT I el 1% ol | 3 es | OL x ee gr © G8 fee Lae | age fm [te * | AL Poo Ga-12st ol 8 1¢ hg or S6 g [ L G | g 3 e et: OL g 6 GI OL | c& | ¢ ago Ce Te | T 46 16 6 12-028T £ 8 i 4 Il #6 S U G 6 g 3 ay 6 IL or jr (6 It | : #I | ¢ ee | Il |é cI | st | 6 “* OL-69SL st |S Z g ao |g Eee a en ee ‘g le tj :h 1OL jot [st yt jt [e joe fs |e 69-S98T 1 6 2 6 iS el | 9 I Il | 6 6 3 ig (FL | 63 | Ol 'cs | ¢ tg, #0 | 63 | fl | 6 |S 6 89-2981 FL 8 g 6 G 401 I Sl | & | 4 & ‘ ¢ 5 3 9% | FL 6 "fo. 16 ce fot | tr | 83 f°’ £9°998T T fo jet fat jer jrt ie Ju yr fe fs js : lc j¢ lo jee “g¢ ) 40 [OL , oF fee fer fos J og-east o 6 st FL ' o 401 | ST T el ye | 1 é 6 & / 6 cs i 6 ec | ¢ 48 ¢ 69 el | tr “* G9-POST s i 6 IL el SL Ul 3 Il | , T re | 6 Tr | 6° Sea “| 9¢ t | 6g & 6c * FO-GOST ol ; ul OL ST g lel | St I I at a Ea 6 © 8L loc for ize |¢ 1 t Ir i so eo cas el or U el g lel Il U SI 6 | st | & ” '¢ ° g £6 | FI cL GH LOBE i Ree ee yitae 7 aa Sere ele i — a ae ate) | ‘tO 'S “qo $8 “WO : WO) ‘S 0 7 “YO | yo “uo | uo} ‘S oe “o00Bqoy, | ‘poomoaty | ‘(s,100) rao | Page sean *s00}0]0g | “ep pag Few) oe svalegg “ATAU aE ‘unin | “Aopirg “QUOTA “ava “GHudNUY Wad SMNVLIHOD ANY SUGIS dO UIUHNAN 9r so lot ae | a | = | m | @ f « | 2 a ee a, e | & 1 xiv ‘SHOIUd TIVE Samoys TAXX ON Ferozepore District ]. XV Table No. XXVII, showing PRICE of LABOUR. 1 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 13 y F s . sar - a _| Donkrys PER . Waces or Lanour ren pay. $CARTS PER DAY. { CAMELS PER DAY SCORE HER DAN: BoaTs PER DAY. YEAR. Skilled. Unskilled. Ilighest, Lowest Highest, Lowest [Highest Lowest }Eighest] Lowest Highest! Lowest Tighest| Lowest Rs. A. P. Rs. A, P. Rs, A. P. Ra. A. P. Rs, A. P. Rs, A. P. 06 0 03230 112 0 05 0 8 8 0 012 0 06 G0 5 OO 2 6 O 8 O 1120 9 8 O00 4 OF 8 12 0,2 4 OF 0 12 0010 8 0 6 CO 4 O10 8% oO 2 OO OO lz GO & OO 4 4 S$ 02 B O13 6,010 6 06 010 4 OO $00 2 OOM 0012 Yo 8 00 4 Ys § 2 8 HO Golo © 0 6 O10 4 O10 8 00 2 Olt OF 012 0 8§ 0,0 4 4 8 O12 8 F013 6 010 6 1881-82 OO Oh Oa OE 28) 10,02 OO 0,012 qos O04 qs s 2 5 qos G06 Notr.—These figures are taken from Table No, XLVIIL of the Administration Report. Table No. XXVIII, showing REVENUE COLLECTED. 1 | a | 8 i 3 | 5 be 8 9 | | sy i Fluctuat- A Fixed | ing and | Loeal Excise. Total YEAR. | land =‘ Miscellan-, Tribute: rates: Stamps. Collec- Revenue. ‘cous Land Sane Spirits. | Drugs. tions. | | Revenue. * 1888-69 | 4,00 . 2,819 | 17,570 62,284 | 5,66,250 1 4,6 i gigs 16,971 77,085 | 5177844 ' ' 6 B21! 21,198 G7,744 | °5,79,004 | s | 19,825 62,200 | 6,12,864 | ais?) 733 39,692 76,173 | 6,381,698 al 36 ‘hs | 20,822 79,867 | 655,052 i r) o | 24,002 70,750 | 6,062,765 sah) 32k 23,718 70,849 | 6,63,794 i | a | 27,215 | 69,920 | 6,068,897 ent yds 27,654 81,495 | 6,77,708 LB, 00,413 | 007 | 34,501 88,907 | 7,11,051 ~« , $00,761 4 $40 97,008 23,834 | 104,120 | 7,25,794 1R80-81 | 818,000 76 Q 32,008 | 23,416 J 110,317 | 7,24,013 1881-82 . | 5, 12,567 49,67 5 31,614 | 29,910 | 114,848 | 7,40,768 Nore.—Lhese figures ure taken from Table No, XLLV of the Revenue Report. Canal, Forests, Customs and Salt, Assessed Taxes, Fees, Cosses, Table No No. XXIX, showing: REVENUE DERIVED from LAND. | 1 | YEAR. District Figures. mand). Fixed land revenue (de- i 3 laneous land revenuc Fluctuating and miscel- (collections). The following revenue is excluded :— Total of 5 years— 1868-69 to 1872-75 Total of 5 years— | 1378-74 to 1877-78 ! 15 9 | 1879-80 : 1880-51 7 188)-82 Tahsil Totals for 5 yeurs— 1877-78 to 1881-82. Tahsil Ferozepore » “Aire nue » Moga : Muktear oh 3,96, 97 31,291 19,509) 170 5,021 sfeyeqr|s 0 fwfujw] 4 Fiucruatina REVENUF. MISCELLANEOuS REVENUE. @ leetle (#21 © Teves ag 3 e 2a3| w Sse | Grazing dues.) 82 3 2 |€s8/2 | 23) $5 [— a5 ag = EoE| 4 a A S § oe aul & ain p32 59% | oo ge 45 3s [S48 6.) 22) 88 |SE/ a | 3 38 : eet Bp orn . é oO Sa aslce | ae | MA | Ge | pecs 25 i i a oe bg lees 88 |e) gz |e) P83) 2 | Es 82 \685| 85/32] £2 [eel ne | oe) S|) BS et mM PR a) at tes | at at | a & 7,386 15,999 1,644 16,845, aA 8,770, 301 1,367 73 4,097 oon 986 390 j 14,157 G73 i 2,228 Z 1,068 au 643 Nore.—These figires are taken fiom Tables Noa, I and IIL of the Revenue Re ort. svi [Punjab Gazetteer, Table No. XXX, showing ASSIGNED LAND REVENUE. 1 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 7 | 8 | 9 10 11 = : E F ToraL AREA AND REVENUE ASSIONED. Perna . Fractional parts : : f TAHSIL. Whole Villages. of Fillagus. Plots. Total. In perpetuity. Area, |Revenue.} Area. | Revenue.| Arca, |Revenue,| Area. | Revenuc.} Area. | Revenue. F re 84,128 23,01 TRu) 1,778 87,678 25,26 85, sa 23,561 dice 7 541i yoo] 1881 "200[ 17.20) “7a07f 6,229] 8443 Moga Hi] 5,439) 2222) 3,ny9 2,034] 127,664) 41,643) 111,677 84,383 Muktser Od} 82,146) 6,380 645 220} 246,562 44,558] 204,648 $6,452 Total District 430,868] 108,81.) do, 087 9, 600) 8,289) 5,834) 479,143) 1,19,371 407,9532| 96,839 12 | 13 14 | 16 | 16 | 7 18 19 7 20 |} 21 | 22| 23 24 25 Periop or AssiGNMeNt.—Coneluded. NUMBER OF ASSIGNEES. eo a During meinte- Pending 5 For one lige, | PO" mare ves | ence of atab- | orders af 8 8 - than one, Seas S lishment. Government, a 4 ic TAUSIL,. pits pees ee oe ~ “hg é 2 q 2 et |g : ‘ 5 | 3 le a |°¢ g 3 2 3 3 = (Is E | wo a a 5 2,512 la.) |S] a Ee iF ‘a 5 os 5 é 8 3 6 |] & ila > 2 ae z g 5 |B |S TE | s ls) Bley 8 aia 4 a a ie a{[aq& [a fe | a lat a Ferozepore 504 4] 178] 33 30) 245 Yira ‘ 504 56] 28h] 109,431 881 Mo 11,627 TAZ 3,275] 803] 102] 544 4,724 Muktsar 5,510 3,147 50] 125) 97] 268 540 Total District 16,751) 6,780} 27,005) 10,815 cas 4,987 8,385] 1,391] 341] 1,273 6,390 NoteE.-——-These Table No. figures are taken from Table No. XT of the Revenue Report for josi-82. XXXI, showing BALANCES, REMISSIONS and TAKAVI. Balances ov feet revenue | Reductions of 7 an fixed demand Takavi YEAR , Fluctnatin Out BECOUDE OF advances in| eek ths Vixed and miscci- dete ase ti a rupees. revenue. | lancous | GEAR OM, revenue, | To TH Tupecs, 1868-60 1,990 78 7,635 1869-70 he 3h 14,620 1870-71 4,075 St1-72 - 6,560 969 6,835 3,405, : 2,909 510° 12,686, 15,110 2,230 | 1,625, + 375 os 5,940 19,580 Nore.—These figttres are laken from Tables Nos. 1, I, U1, and XV1 of the Revenuo Report. Ferozepore District. ] zvik Table No. XXXII, showing SALES and MORTGAGES of LAND. 1 Le a | et ae ee #1 @- | 0 Saes or Lanp. Mortaaces oF LAND. YEAR. Agriculturists, Non-Agriculturists, Agriculturists, =~ No, of ioe a Purchase} No. of ‘me of Purchase} No. of Aren of Mortagage and in land in : cases. |"ncres, | Money. | cases. | ao 4g | Mouey. | cases. | 4, | money. District Figures. ' Total of 6 years—1868-69 to 1873-74 .. 825 | 10,394 | 2,94,079 2,752 | 70,773 | 6,30,70% Total of 4 ycars—1874-75 to 1877-78 .. 383 8,969 | 1,11,184 152 2,515 56,757 600 | 11,057 | 1,15,8¥1 1878-79 .. 79 1,006 19,837 53 1,210 30,851 159 1,867 44,786 1879-80 .. 127 Ste 48,368 48 774 21,534 132 8,032 75,943 1880-81 .. 33 1,246 55,527 41 749 29,751 170 2,262 56,545 1881-82 .. 109 1,940 64,688 80 1,028 54,399 392 1,852 Or, O44 TausIL ToTALs For 5 YEARS— 1877-78 To 1881-82. Ferozepore ia 105 1,851 58,382 64 2,263 54,602 240 4,907 75,832 Zira 81 Ath 22,636 78 467 28,016 61 7038 21,814 Moga. 163} 1,374 | 88,283 70 603 | 49,830 898 | 2,791} 1,46,682 Muktsar 121 | 3,692 | 39,056 59 | 1,689 | 24,455 149 | 3,209} 32,0 ae 13 “| 15 | 16 mv [is | w aes emma ReDEMPTIONS OF MoRTGAGED Lanp. YEAR. Non-Agriculturists. Agriculturists. Non-Agriculturists. No. of are et Mortgage} No. of area ef Mortgage] No. of [oe “ i 7 Mortgage cases, |'2N" ™ | money. | cases. | “Sore, | money. | cases. ,|'PP° '?| money. District Ficures. Total of 6 years—1868-69 to 1873-74 .. ar a Total of 4 years—1874-75 to 1877-78 .. 672 | 11,3021 1,64,431 340 | 4,972] 43,646 211 | 9,112 | 26,462 1878-79 .. 374 | 3,283 | 61,294 330 | 3,544| 26,788 187 | 3,559 21,236 1879-80 .. 12 | 5,122 | 81,768 161 | 2,442) 24,999 272) 3,766} 40,899" 1880-81 .. 302 | 2,179 | 47,670 273 | 3,687 30,263 74 | 2,037] 21,120 1881-92 .. 219 3,445 87,146 262 3,427 $3,740 89 702 9,784 Tanai, Toraus For 5 re a r 1877-78 To 1881-82. ; Ferozepore as 246 8,810 | 1,26,619 175 5,300. 59,501 151 |) 5,746 68,628: Zina 126 1,862 : 44 612 8,765 60 ROL 18,674 teal 295 | 2,483 | 1,03,787 915 | 6,077 | 49,597 276 | 2437 | 94,786 Muktear 06 | 3,098 | 28,177 57 | 2,487 8,638 BO | 1,910} 10,218 Nore.—These figures are taken from Tables No: ‘ culturists and others, and no figures for redemption, include ali salcs and mortgages. are available before 1874-75. 3s. XKXVand XXXV B of the Revenue Report. Nodetails for transfers by’ The figures for earlier years Table No. XXXIII, showing SALE of STAMPS and REGISTRATION of DEEDS. 1 2 3 2 [ 5 ce loot a) we lat me 7 ee ee OF OPERATIONS OF TILE REGISTRATION DEPARTMENT, er a . Sheree tie 1 Value of property offe-ted, Receipts in rupees. Net mee ut No. of deeds registered. of e o Dee ‘ected, 5 ; Lo mo . ron ‘ . ay YEAR, g 2 188 jek | & | 3 a. Ve |e a ; 2 2 [ee (22/8 | se if | a 23 d 3 d 3 aa .12.. Oo. Oo: 8% & o, 3 5 3 3 3 [ses] osh| ba 4 BS [ab] po Pa 3 a $ - Pesce | oee| 88 | ge S | se |-¢s a |] | & [2e8/ce8| 83 | 82] BB |E8)] 63 | 34 Fd % 5 zy ferme = a A s 2% 2 x (765 11,785] 63,849] 11,358) 1,569 232 535] 2,336) 4,14,18] 35,131] 1,80,501| 5,99,750° 1s78-79 : er'ot4 21,3634 60,288 20'4901 2,484 245) 571] -8,300) _7,40,1751 12,606] 1,16,240] 8169/0201 1879-80 ~ 77,382| 26,738] 69,516} 25,698} 2,627 34 423} 8,348) 10,83,129] 15,132] 1,10,580] 11,71,210 1880-81 80,521, 29,796] 72,722] 28,594) 2,649) 39 412} 8,362} 9,81,110/16,203| 99,888) 10,49,235: 1881-82 83,145} 31,703] 74,046] 30,471 2,781 37| 883] 8,460] 10,24,945| 7,806] 98,986] 11,36,437 Norx,—These figures are taken from Appendiz A of the Stamp and Tables Nos. II and III of the Registration Report. xvill (Punjab Gazetteer, Table No. XXXIIIA, showing REGISTRATION. — : 1 2 | 3 4 | 5 6 | z Number of Deeds registered. 1880-81. 1881-82. Compul- ; ‘ Compul- : soey! Optional.| Total. Bory, ee Total. ; Registrar Ferozepore 62 5 67 21 21 Bub-Registrar Ferozepore. . i 307 331 728 405 316 721 ri Ferozepore Cantonment 43 21 64 40 18 » 58 ” Zira i % 484 161 645 487 132 619 oF Muktsar 145 TAG 305 148 127 275 a Moga 548 358 886, 524 348 867 +8 Butar B49 180 A29 399 206 605 ' ” Mamdot 7 07 138 90 20 180 5 Baghapurana “3 8 16 47 63 ” Sultan Khanwala .. 20 22 | 51 Total of district 2,109 1,253 3,362 2,159 1,301 | 3,460, Note.—These figures are taken from Table No. I of the Registration Report. Table No. XXXIV, showing LICENSE TAX COLLECTIONS.. 1 2 | 3 | 4 5 8 | 9 10 | ll | 12 13 14 16 Number or LICENSES GRAN1TZD IN FACH CLASS AND GRADE. en Number - Total Total ‘of villages YEAR. Class I. Class IT. Claas IIL. number! amount, in which Hivos of feos, | licenses 1 2 > 4 3 4 1 2 3 granted. Rs. | Rs. | Rs. | Rs. 500 | 200 | 150 } 100 [Rs. 75 Rs. 2']Rs. 10, Rs. 5| Rs. 2] Re.1 1878-79 2 2 18 g9 BG 805 8,145 12,077 18,477 | 85,802 1879-80 2 2 ll 105 | 366 | 941 | 6,666)13,485) 21,615 | 41,682 4 1880-81 se 5 1 s a4 420 ci oe oe 507 | 10,750 155 1881-82 voc st 4 1 6 ss} 439}o.. |. 574 | 10,090 125 Tahsil details for | 1881-82— ' Tahsil Ferozepore.. = 4 1 4 40 94 158 | 4,040 27 Ferezepore Canton- ment =f 4 4g]... os 59 | 1,005 1 Tahsil Moga ee 9) os] .. it 122 | 1,730 , 80 » Siro oe 1 i W7| 1025 .. a 126 | 1,845 27 3) Muktsar ly 2 8| 97 | ee | 109 | 1,470 40 Table No. XXXV, showing EXCISE STATISTICS. 1 2 3 | 4 | 5 6 7 | 8 9 | 10 | ll | 12 13, | 14 16 FERMENTED LIQUORS. INTOXICATING DRUGS. ae Sa No. of retail = JConsumptinn ind No. of retail fe te YEAR. oa shops. gallows, licenses. Covsiemp lion an wnnunds. Fer. ay - 5 £23 |b; ai sn PS a ee [mented | Drugs. | Total. ‘82 | 33 z S512) 4] 2 8 1877-78 3 36 816 sa 149 20 125 20,198 | 27,413 | 47,611 1878-79 3 29 800 147 B29 20) 191 18,159 | 34,284 | 52,443 1879-80 3 52 G69 147 284 19 | 250 23,197 | 33,709 | 58,996 1880-81... s 50 588 147] 150| 20] 115 31,926 | 23,414 | 55,340 1881-82 . 3 56 670 147 97 18 | 109 31,614 | 29,910 | 61,624 ToTAL .. 15 +23 41 y 23 24.059 588 $1,039 97 | 7H0 125,004 | 148,820 | 278,014 Average 3 45, 3 703 118 4 208 104} 158 25,019 | 29,764 | 54,783 Note.—Those figures are taken from Tables Nos. 1, II, VIII, IX, X,of the Excise Report. Perozepore District.] xix Table No. XXXVI, showing DISTRICT FUNDS. 1 2 | 3 | 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | 11 Annual income in rupecs. Annual expenditure in rupees. EAR. 3 ¢ . ee d é 3 8 = 3. g a a. ge 3 = s q od 3 3 ea | Ge | od | ae lefe.| F g ae i ae a pe | 82 | $2 | gs [Ages] 2 | 2 | 82 |) ee | BE a 5 & al RS a a mo | ge 1874-75 ae is wie 42,831 1,876 3,183 11,114 eer 90 23,431 40,681 1875-76. 8 Se 78,312 Ls39 11570 9798 1,121 37 | 63,716 | 78,074 1876-77 oy a: 45,572 1,839 1,085 9,891 401 92 31,469 44,777 1877-78 oe is 89,502 1,887 2,840 10,216 526 272 22,768 88,509 1978-79 Pe 4533 fossa | rasa | rol4ae | 1,812 705 | 15,892 | 39,018 1870-80 |. | 8,457 1239 | sacn6 Jaane | oato7 | gina | 13335 564 | 15,247 | 80.589 1880-81 ev 54,371 1,589 55,960 1,548 1,818 9,430 1,544 1,814 23,281 88,980 1881-82 He 54,428 2,064 56,492 1,657 2,244 9,823 2,223 1,377 24,993 42,317 Notr.—These figures are taken from Appendices A and B to the Annual Review of District Fund operations, Table No. XXXVI, showing GOVERNMENT and AIDED SCHOOLS. 1 2|s|« 5 o|7 s| 9 Jro| au | 13 14 a8 | 1 v|8| 19 | 20] 2 HIGH SCILOOLS. MIDDLE SCHOOLS. PRIMARY SCHOOLS. Eno.isu VERNA: ENGLisH VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNAOU! Z CULAR, z . . PAR. Govern- Alize Govern- J Govern Aided Warner Govern- Aided. | Gor t.| Aid Year. ment. ied. Vent. hienE. ided. lovernment. aie. - vernment, ed. -|olal¢gtislabel a «| a tf a] @ Bas a -la alelslale/2l4| 8/4) 44) 2 la] 2 l2j2le| | lala ° (=) ° o ° ° ° ° c 2 ° 2 ° 2 ° ° ° 8 ° 2\4lslsigiglz| 2 lel ad3l 2 l4l 2 lelalé| 4 lala nilna|MlIAINHNI|ATA n n n n nD na n n\jnin m2 alan’ FIGURES FOR BOYS. 78 1] 170] 1] 188] 6 460} ..] .. 40) 1,665] .. |... igrets 1 171 1 127 4 290].. ee -- | 43 1,568 |} ..).. 1879-80 2} 46 4 gi] 4] 524}. | .. 946] 1,569] ..].. 4880-81 2 61 4 19}, 4} 558}... ] .. $45] 1,737] .. 7 .. 1881-82 2 i7 4 764 4] G17]... |... $43] 1,875] ..].. FIGURES FOR GIRLS, 1877-78 aff as fo vas wie Us dele 9 [Pater a aa ais cea Mp? Sage | easyer Pare 22. 50] 1] 28 1878-79 G he te ae a a6 wer Poss af te ei ites | ate 2 44) 1/17 1879-80 saat |e mS se Pea | ea] sa} oa es ae ae ive |e | 6 155] .. J 2. 1880-81 oe Pas [ee ae ‘ eh ae oe a oe se 6 156]... 1]... 1881-82 re Poe fons ales J cies Peas [ose oie ke on ci aye aed 5 118 N. B.—Bince 1879-80, in the case of both Government and Aided Schools, thoso scholars only who have. completed the Middle School course are shown in the return as attending High Schools, and those only who have ‘eompleted the Primary Schvol course are shown as attending Middle Schools, Previous to that year, boys attend- ing the Upper Primary Department were included in the returns of Middlo Schools in the case of Institutions under the immediate control of the Education Department, whilst in Institutions under District Officers, boys attending both the Upper and Lower Primary Ncpartiments were included in Middle Schools. In the case of Aided Institutions, a High School included the Middle and Primary Departinents attached to it; and a Middle Schoo}, the Primary Department. Before 1879-80, Branches of Government Schools, if supported on the grant-in-nid system, were classed 28 Aided Schools; in the returns for 1879-80 and subsequent years they have been shown as Government Schools, Branches of English Schools, whether Government or Aided, that wero formerly included amongst Vernacular Schools, are now returned as English Schools. Hence the returns before 1879-80 do not afford the means of making a satisfactory comparison with the statistics of subsequent years. : ; Indig and Jail Schools are not included in these returns, xr [ Punjab Gazetteer, Table No. XXXVIII, showing the working of DISPENSARIES. 1 2 af¢ [5 jo [7 Js [9 [1 |u| wl a] | |e | 2. NUMBER OF PATIENTS TREATED. ap Name of 3¢ Mon. Women. Children. Dispensary. Re Sk oO 1877. | 1878. sve. [ass 1881. J1S77. | 1878. | 1879. 1860. | 1881. 1877. | 1878. | 1879. | 1880. | 1881. Ferozepore C.H.} 9,194112,348) 8,360! 8,157] 7,825) 1,899 1,971 1,507! 1,943] 1.4071 1,1811 1.98sl__ oar! 1,042) 1,160 1 2 | is | 19 | 20 | 2 | 2 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | a1 | 99 Ss Total Potients. In-door Patients. Expenditure in Rupees, Name of By Dispensary. |%.2 BAe 1877. | 1878. | 1879. | 18s0. | 1881. ] 1877. | 1878. | 1879. | 1980. | 1681. #1877. | 1878. | 1879. | 1880. | 1881, Forozepore ©. HL. 12,914] 15,411] 10,798! 10,540] 10,462] 473} 588 at2| 451] 570} 3,640] 3,983} 4,090] 3,390) 3,671 Nore.—These figures are taken from Tables Nos, JL, LY, aud V of the Dispensary Report. Table No. XXXIX, showing CIVIL and REVENUE LITIGATION. 1 2 | 3 | 4 fos « | # | 8 9 Number of Civil Suits concerning Value in rupecs of Suits concerning * Rant and 5 z Number of YEAR, Money or | Rent and | (2ne an * * Revenue movihlo tenancy poate Total. Land. os Total. cases. properly. rights. peer pee , 1878 7,048 309 1,667 9,084 89,827 3,55,278 4,45,105 18,833 1879 7,503 623 1,552 9,678 3,08,711 4,22,146 5,30,857 12,139 1880 7,405 540 1,426 9,391 1,25.891 4,50,022 5,75,3 9,523 1881 7,402 G4 1,288 9,390 1,27,990 3,35,039 4,63,029 8,146 1882 8,860 738 1,738 11,336 90,182 4,96,841 5,87,023 8,418 Nore.—These figures are taken from Tables Nos. VI and VII of the Civil Reports for 1878 to 1881, and Nos. IT and If of the Reports on Civil Justice for 1881 and 1882. * Suits heard in Settlement courts are excluded from these columns, no details of the value of the property being Bvajlable, Table No. XL, showing CRIMINAL TRIALS. 1 2 3 4 5 6 DETAILS, 1878, 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882, a Brought to trial 4,998, 6,050 4,419 7,546 7,309 G3 | Discharged 2,001 2,625 2,627 2,256 2,916 B2 | Acquitted 659 580 965 1,260 1,124 5h |convicted .. 2,268 2,843 8,815 8,879 3,101 re Committed or referred 18 11 14 59 166 get Summons cases (regular) f ‘ ei 1,010 1,476 ae 28 (summary) : a = 1,089 1,373 2 3 Warrant cases(regular) ., : F 1,807 1,300 33 oe (summary) < ‘ ae xe 18 12 SH | Total cases disposed of . 2,795 3,202 4,566 3,919 4,161 Death y 1 3 2 3 3 8 Transportation for life 2 2 1 2 2 g 7 for a term ’ 2 . 2 Penal servitude é - se a +8 srs 3 “Fine under Rs. 10 as 1,411 1,007 2,533 2,005 2,209 a » 10 to 50 rupees 311 590 680 486 431 2 » «680 «to 100 ="» 10 4 41 34 28 a 100 to 500 4, 8 W7 11 7 9 g +, 500 to 1,000 ,, 2 a 3 Over 1,000 rnpecs 5 1 = ie es Imprisonment under ( months .. 334 466 422 340 350 Ss a 6 months to 2 years 157 209 153 127 305 a - over 2 years 18 44 68 17 101 2 whipping ie ai 88 45 17 158 39 5 | Find sureties of the peaco 3 24 20 32 46 a Recognisance to keep the peace 4 31 1 20 47 Give surcties for good behaviour 125 130 158 247 67 Norr.—These figures are taken from Statements Ni pnd V of the Criminal Reports for 1881 and 1882, os. ITT and TV of the Criminal Reports for 1878 to 1880, and Nos, [V Ferozepore District. ] an Table No. XLI, showing POLICE INQUIRIES. 1 ajalals 6 r |e |e ]ofu w|i { ua | as | as Number o7 cases inquired into. ae see ah anions: aneated.o7 swnmoned, Number of persons convicted. Naturo of offence. 1877] 1878S | 1879 | 1880 | 18S] | 1877 | 1878 aszo | isso 1881 | 1877 |1878) 1879 | 1880 | 1881 Rioting or unlawful as- sembly 12 ll 12 23 29) 103 146 159 213 242! 81} 110} 9128} = 195) 214 Murder anal attempts to murder 4 8 9 7 5 11 16) 18 18) g 9 3 8 12 6 Total serions offences against tho person .. P71 GF 83 bh Ty att 103 oi 47} 115) 78| 57 85) 82 69 Abduction of imurricd women ee Total serious offences against property .. 183) 175) 189) 219) 288f SI} 159) 179-218} 234f 132] 111] 133] 165) 188 Total minor — offences against the person . 49) 60: 70 RG) 4 85 84, 103) «118 Od 70 72 93} 103! 66 Cattlo thoft oe ol} 10l) lev} oUt 64 40 95} 1221 180} 49} 34 74 04 87 Total minor = offences against property ..] 494) 566) G71) G2} GTP HOSE 6G] 776) 709) 6 OEY 458) 503) G05} 547! 618 Total cognizable offences | 815] $85] 1,045] 1,082} 1,002) 1,081] 1,174 1,377] 1,412] 1,357{ 828) 866| 1,066] 1,098) 1,001 Rioting, unlawful assem- bly, affray si 4 1 2 4 17] 15 9 13 17 47 15} 8 ll 16 47 Offences relating to \ Toarriage 7 9 G 5 1 4 5 7 6 2] 4, 3 4). Total non-cognizable of- fences 121) 121 189} 180) 161 a 100 154] 140) = 153 Granp TOTAL of offences | 1,006 1,566] 1,592 1,519) 1,013} 075 1,220] 1,238] 1,154 Nore,—These tigures are taken from Statement A of the Police Report. Table No. XLII, showing CONVICTS in GAOL. 1 2 3 4 > 6 | 7 | 8 9 | 10 ll | 12 | 13 | 14 No. m gaol at Ret date iRiniield a ae the Saag Lhd ae Ailigron of convicts. | Previous occupation of male convicts. YEAR. ‘ e < dia 3 3 3 2 g 2/2 a . on = 53 |seld a 3 a 3 a eS | a ele lgsle leis \|3a) e143 ic 3 ic 3 2) 8 |Es] a8 e | § B|#Is A ay 7 cy a fq <3} ° | a n