2 ore i cesta rns 3 Sera EL ne aa ee SAE TE ESA AAS aera eens wactotar Sereecenreiireriese ira ears eet Steeler age oak dace Fone ae) Ee ee ee ene ce CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This replacement volume is produced in compliance with current copyright law on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. This volume was reformatted as a part of a cooperative project to preserve archaeological reports undertaken by Cornell University Library, Columbia University Libraries, and the New York Public Library. Funding for this project was provided by the New York State Program for the Conservation and Preservation of Library Research Materials. 1999 LLLAM UA, KAHUN AND GUROB. 1889-90. =? BY ev W: M® FLINDERS PETRIE, WITH CHAPTERS BY Pror. SAYCE, D.D., Canon HICKS, Pror. MAHAFFY, F. Li. GRIFFITH, B.A., and F. C. J. SPURRELL, F.GS. LONDON: DAVID NUTT, 270, STRAND. 1891. T ata | LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, Limite, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. WORKS BY ME. PLINDERS PETRIE. Inductive Metrology. 85. 6d. Stanford. Stonehenge: Plans, Descriptions, and Theories. 3s. 6a. Stanford. Ato. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. Cheap and Revised Edition. 8 plates. 65. Fiedd & Tuer. Tanis, Part I. 19 plates. 255. Tvdibner & Co. Tanis, Part II. ; Nebesheh and Defenneh (Tahpanhes). 64 plates. 255. Triibner & Co. Naukratis, Part I. 45 plates. 255. Triibner & Co. A Season in Egypt, 1887. 32 plates. 125. Field & Tuer. Racial Portraits. 190 photographs from the Egyp- tian monuments. 45s. Harman, High Street, Bromley, Kent. ‘Historical Scarabs. Drawings of 2,220 from the principal Collections. 68 plates. 85. David Nutt. Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe. 30 plates. 16s. Field & Tuer. (Out of print.) Tell el Hesy (Lachish). 10 plates. 105.6a. Alexander Watt. Medum; with chromolithographs of the sculptures. (In preparation.) Ten Years’ Diggings. preparation.) A popular account. (In CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY. 1. Work at Kahun and Gurob ON An fb 13. 14. 15. 16. 17, 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. . Work in Palestine . Personal . CHAPTER I. PYRAMIDS OF ILLAHUN. . Condition ‘ . Finding the entrance . Original entrances . Passage dimensions . . The chambers . . The Sarcophagus 10. Il. 12. Altar and pottery Shrine and walls Pyramid of Atmuneferu CHAPTER I. THE TOWN OF KaAHUN. Plan and divisions Northern side . Southern side . Western quarter CHAPTER IIL THE ANTIQUITIES OF KAHUN. Pottery . ‘i . ‘ Foreign pottery described . The age of it Varieties of it in town Styles unknown as yet Relation to known pottery Stone figure stands . Wood carvings. ; ‘ PAGE vii vii viii ON An BRA HRPW NH NN oO 0 Io 10 II II a, 20. ae . Groupg. 20. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34 35: 30. 37. . Changes of fashion noticed 39: 40. 4l. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. Wooden fittings and tools . Flint tools Copper tools Inscriptions Scarabs and seals Measure . ‘ ; Weights . : ‘ ‘ Later objects of XVIII. dyn. CHAPTER IV. MEDINET GUROB. Plan ‘ . History . ; s ; Burnt deposits of foreigners Dated groups of remains Miscellaneous antiquities . Inscriptions Measure . Weights . CHAPTER V. THE TOMB OF MAKET. Place and arrangement Contents of coffins Age of burials . CHAPTER VI. ILLAHUN IN THE XXII. DYN. Age of cemetery ; Glazes, amulets, beads, &c. The rise of the later styles. Special tombs described Tomb of Amenardus ‘Typical styles of burial . é PAGE II 12 I2 I2 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 18 19 20 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 27 vi 54. 55. 57: 58. 59. 60. 6l. 62, 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. CHAPTER VII. PTOLEMAIC CEMETERY, GUROB. . Cartonnage coverings and coffins 3. Bandaging, &c. CHAPTER VIHUI. PTOLEMAIS AND LATE SITES. Ptolemais according to Ptolemy . The inscription found Present ruins The fort . Map of sites ; Koms 1 and 2, and estaba Kom 3 and cemetery Koms 4, 5, and Kom el Akl Kom Wezim ‘ Appendix by Canon Hitks CHAPTER IX. THE GREEK PAPYRI. By Prof. Sayce. Sources of papyri Phaedo papyrus Antiope papyrus The private papyri Tax-gatherer’s accounts Kleon the architect . Diophanes the general CONTENTS. PAGE 28 28 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 34 35 35 37 37 39 71. 92. 73: 74- 75: 70. 77: 78. 79: 80. 81. 82. 83. Agricultural business Fish taxes Kephalon the eiaribteee Byzantine law deeds. ; : Rough list of papyri. Will. By Prof. Mahaffy CHAPTER X. Tue HIERATIC PAPYRI. By F. LI. Griffith. State of the collection Classes of papyri Legal and official dieeuments Letters Scientific works Religious and literary works Royal names . CHAPTER XI. THE STONE IMPLEMENTS. By F.C. J. Spurrell, F.G.S. . Nature of the collection . Axes Adzes . Knives . Sickles Using of sickles . Sculptures of sickles . . Club ; PAGE 39 40 41 42 44 46 47 47 47 48 48 49 49 51 51 52 52 53 54 55 55 INTRODUCTION. 1. THE work of the season 1889-90 has completed the exploration of the towns of Gurob and Kahun, which was begun in the previous year. During my absence Mr. Fraser took charge of the place, and suc- ceeded in opening the pyramid of Illahun: and on my return I continued the clearing of the XIIth dynasty town at Kahun, while soon after Mr. W. O. Hughes- Hughes joined me, and took up the excavations at Gurob, to which I could not attend along with the other work. The planning of the town of Kahun required close attention, as over two thousand chambers were cleared; and each required to be measured, and entered in the working plan which was kept, before it was refilled with the earth from other rooms. The most interesting piece of work was the clearing of the Maket tomb. It so seldom happens that a large tomb is found quite undis- turbed, and can be entirely cleared in a careful manner, that the details are worth a full record; moreover, the series of added burials in these chambers, the heaping on one side of all the small objects from time to time, and the Phoenician and Aegean pottery found here, are remarkable details. The entrance to the tomb was found late one after- noon; anticipating a long affair, we blocked it with earth, and then opened it next morning. The outer chamber we first cleared, as it only contained broken pottery and some earth: and in this and the rest of the clearance I only allowed the lad Mekowi to be below with me. He was the lucky head of the party who cleared Horuta’s tomb; excitable and restless, he always preferred speculative work, and J gave him the business of opening up the foundation deposit of Usertesen’s temple. On this tomb being found by two lads who were half afraid of it, Mekowi eagerly offered to share it with them if he might; and as he was very well in hand, and could be quite trusted, I was glad of the change. The outer chamber being clear I began to open the coffins which blocked the door of the main chamber; and as each object was found I recorded it and handed it to Mekowi to lay in the outer chamber. Hour after hour I went on gradually clearing the coffins, until there was hardly any space left in the outer chamber to place the finds. The work was heavy, for not only the weighty coffins needed to be shifted, but a large beam of roofing had broken, and a block of stone lay on the top of the coffins, almost crushing them. This needed to be shifted off, and yet there was no foot- hold from which to reach it except on the treacher- ously rotten coffins, so that it made a troublesome delay. Towards evening I finished, and came out, streaming with perspiration, and covered with the black dust of the mummies and wrappings. All the things found were then carefully packed in baskets, and carried over to our house. In these plates will be seen drawings of every object found (excepting duplicates)—even every variety of beads ; and it is much to be wished that whenever a tomb or group of objects is discovered undisturbed, a similar index of the whole should be published for reference aid study, quite apart from any artistic picture of special pieces. 2. My work at Kahun was finished in January, and Mr. Hughes-Hughes had given up Gurob about the same time. After a brief trip in the Fayum, and packing up all the collections, I left Egypt in March to undertake excavations for the Palestine Explora- tion Fund. The delays were considerable, owing to an immaterial error in the firman; and at last I only succeeded in getting fairly to work a few days before the miserable month of Ramadan. As the workers came to the work at Tell Hesy from a village six miles off, it was all the more difficult ; and only after making a difference in the pay did I force the men to stay all night at the Tell: the women never would stop, but walked each way every day. To drive such a gang,—all of them utterly unaccustomed to steady continuous work,—during Ramadan, was not a happy task. But by repeated weeding out of the laziest I got together at last a tolerable body, which dispersed however like a puff viii of smoke when the harvest came on, and not a man could I get to do anything. The six weeks’ work however sufficed to clear up the history of Tell Hesy, and—still better—to form a series of dated pottery of the various periods, so laying a foundation for future explorations on a scientific basis. The results of this work having been published by the Palestine Exploration Fund, I need not enter on them here. After thus obtaining a chronological scale I spent a fortnight in visiting various ancient sites, and identify- ing the periods of the remains from the pottery strewn over them. 3. The costs of the excavations described in this volume have been defrayed by my friends Mr. Jesse Haworth and Mr. Martyn Kennard, in continuation of their liberal assistance of the work which I carried on during two previous years in the Fayum ; and the greater part of the objects found have been presented by them or myself to various public museums. While I was absent in England the inspector- ship of the Fayum had been transferred to Major Brown, R.E.; but he very kindly permitted me to continue to use the inspection house at Illahun, as Mr. Hewat had done; when so much was being discovered it was most needful to have a lodgement for the antiquities, and but for the use of such a house the work would have been much _ hindered. After I had-worked during October at Kahun, INTRODUCTION. Mr. W. O. Hughes-Hughes came out in November to take up the excavation of Gurob; I could not possibly have attended to this in the time available before I went to Palestine, and it was therefore very fortunate that some regular work could be carried on before the natives finally plundered the place. Of course no sort of guardianship or protection was given by the Government, and it was only by paying guards myself that I could preserve the site until Mr. Hughes-Hughes came. So soon as he left the rest of the town and tombs utterly perished at the hands of the plunderers. We are therefore indebted to his attention for rescuing most of the information on this site which is in the present volume. Again I am fortunate in having the collaboration of several friends on special chapters here. Prof. Sayce renews his attention to Greek papyri, and Prof. Mahaffy has joined on the subject. Mr. Griffith has begun a study of the series of hieratic papyri: and the demotic will I hope be worked out by Dr. Hess. Canon Hicks has given his special knowledge to the Ptolemais inscription, and Mr. Spurrell has elucidated much about the use of flint implements, with his wide information on the subject. To all these friends my sincerest thanks are due for attending to what neither my own time or studies permitted me to take up. CHAPTER I. THE PYRAMIDS OF ILLAHUN. 4. IN the first season at Illahun I had done some months of work toward finding the entrance to the pyramid, but without success. The external con- struction of the pyramid is peculiar, and unlike any other. It is partly composed of a natural rock, dressed into form up to a height of about 40 feet,— which is misattributed in Baedecker to the pyramid of Hawara. Upon this rock is the built portion of the pyramid core. And this is also unlike any other pyramid in being built with a framing of cross walls. These walls run right through the diagonals, up to the top of the building; and have offset walls at right angles to the sides. The walls are of stone in the lower part, and of bricks above. The whole of the filling in of the pyramid bulk between the walls is of mud-brick. Much ancient tunnelling has been done in search of the chambers, between the rock and the brick structure; this part is honeycombed with forced passages from the N. side. Much of these I cleared out in search of the chambers, but in vain. Seeing that there was certainly no entrance in the brickwork, I then supposed that the stone lining of the chambers had probably been built in an open cutting in the rock as in every other pyramid that we know of. If so there would be a gap in the rock base, where the passage was built in; and I therefore set about clearing all around the pyramid at the edge of the top of the rock. This was easy enough around most of the circuit, being only a few feet deep. But at the S.E. corner it was very difficult, the rock being there aefective, and the bulk being filled up with layers of rubble chips, thrown in and rammed down. Not being able to reach the edge of the rock therefore, I tested it in another way. Clearing a trench in the fragments as low as the rock bed of the pavement, sometimes 15 or 20 feet deep down, and having seen solid rock, we then cut away the stuff above and tracked up the rock, or over the surface of the rubble beds of construction where I could be certain of their being undisturbed. Thus the whole surface of the pyramid core was searched here for the entrance: but yet in vain. 5. The case seemed almost hopeless; after some months of clearances we could not reach the chamber hollow either in the tunnels, on the top of the rock base, nor could we find any sign of an entrance on the outside. I had however made a clearing near the S.E. corner on the ground level, to find the position of the pavement ; and having found an edge of rock, part of the pavement bed, I made the men track it along, greatly against their wills) We came on a pit on the S. side, but it was so far out from the pyramid that it hardly seemed likely to be more than one of the many rock shafts of tombs, which abound near the pyramid. As I was just leaving I did not therefore push on with it; but I commended it to Mr. Fraser, when he took charge of the place in my absence, as a possible entrance ; or, if not that, a tomb which had better be examined. He opened it, and at about 40 feet down found a doorway on the north side which led up to the pyramid. The mouth of this shaft is very wide and sloping, having been much broken away by use, probably when the place was plundered for stone. We know, from graffiti on the blocks, that RAMEsSU II destroyed the temple and the casing of this pyramid for stone ; doubtless to build at Ahnas, where I have seen the name of USERTESEN II onacolumn of Ramessu. Probably therefore the masons removed the pavement of the pyramid ; and, so doing, they would find this entrance. To their plundering therefore may be attributed the breaking up of the limestone chamber in the pyramid, and the removal of much of the stone. The well entrance is so dangerous that a Bedawi boy, who was looking about there after it was opened, B bo fell down the shaft, and was killed on the spot. The survey of the pyramid is unfortunately incomplete. The sepulchre and adjoining chambers, and the sarcophagus are completely measured ; the passages are tolerably done by Mr. Fraser’s measures, but the south end of the passage and details of the water well are doubtful. The connection with the pyramid above is vague; nothing remains at the pyramid base to define it, and a general survey of the pyramid all over is needed before an estimate of the original posi- tion can be made. This incompleteness of the plan arose from some weeks of illness at the close of the diggings, which prevented my doing active work. 6. On referring to the plan of the passages (PL. IT) it is seen that the shaft now opened is not at all the main one. Another shaft must exist at the end of the south passage, as the granite sarcophagus is 50 inches wide ; the south passage is 54 at the doorway, and the long passage not less than 63 wide, and the entrance to the chambers is 54 wide. So the sarcophagus would pass all these ; whereas the door- way at the bottom of the used shaft is but 31 inches. The now-used shaft must therefore have been only a back way, to enable the workmen to pass in and out while the main shaft was blocked with lowering the stonework. At the end of the S. passage is a brick wall broken through ; beyond that is a mass of blocks of stone and chips, which seem to turn to the west and to rise upward. Here then is probably the main shaft ; but though I cleared much of the ground on the surface, which is encumbered with several feet thick of original banked-up chips, I could not find the top entrance. If it had not been for the second shaft under the pavement, it is probable that this pyramid would never have been opened. 7. The south passage is 734 ins. long; and about 7 feet wide and 4 feet high, but much encumbered with stone, so that it is difficult to crawl along it. The entrance chamber is 132 N. to S., and about 208 to the recess with the water well. This recess is 82 by 102 ins, and the well about 4 feet by 5; it is difficult to reach it owing to a long slope of earth which is above the well. The well itself is full of very salt water up to about the level of the chamber floor. Why such a well should have been made we cannot see. Probably the water level has risen with the rise of Nile deposits, and may have been 15 feet lower when the pyramid was built. The well was therefore perhaps a dry shaft. It may have been either to catch any rain-water running down the shaft above, like the safety wells in the tombs of the kings ; THE PYRAMIDS OF ILLAHUN. or it may have been a water well; or it may lead to some other passages below. It is doubtful even whether all the pyramid passages known may not be a blind, as there is neither a trace of a lid to the sarcophagus, nor of any wooden coffin or mummy in the chamber. On the other hand there are no elaborate precautions for barring the intruder, as at Hawara, and everything was trusted to the secrecy of the entrances. It is unlikely that there is anything of importance beneath this water well, as there seems to have been no care to cover over its upper part. The passage into the pyramid slopes upward, as will be seen in the section, PL. I]. The whole length slopes 6° 46’ from end to end, but the lower part appears to slope rather less, and the upper part more. The axis of this passage is 6° 40’ E. of magnetic N., which shews that it is probably very nearly true north. The limestone chamber was observed as 104° N. of magnetic W., and if so is 4° askew to the passage, and is so drawn here. The first part of the passage is 648 long on the slope: it is 64 wide, and 74 high on the wall, or 80 in the middle of the curved roof. It is cut in the soft rock fairly well, but the rock is so crumbly and poor that it is merely hard marl, and no smooth face can be made. The passage chamber is 276 on S., 267 on N., 124 on E., 127 on W. It is heaped up with broken marl from the rock; though where such a quantity has come from it is hard to tell. The upper part of the passage is 894 long, 76 wide, 69 high on the wall, and 79 inthe middle. At the top end it is roughly smeared with a thin coat of white plaster, filling up all the roughnesses, It contracts to a doorway 54 wide and 70 high on entering the limestone chamber. Throughout these passages therefore there is no need of stooping, but they are made of full height, like those of the Hawara pyramid. 8. The limestone chamber is cut in the soft marly rock, and lined with blocks of fine limestone. The roof-blocks, and part of the top of the walls, have been broken up, and lie strewing the floor; a damage probably due to the Ramesside masons, The chamber is 123'7 E., 122°8 W,, 196°7 N., 195°3 E.; the wall height is 136°2, and the pointed roof rose 37°3 more, according to the piece of the gable end wall which remains, making 173°5 inches in all. The doorway is 5°6 to 59°6 from the E. On the west is a contracted part 81:2 wide ; leaving 20-7 on N., and 20°9 on S, side. This is 41°8 N., 41°3 S. length: and contracts to a passage, leaving 5°8 on N., 5:6 on S. This passage is 159°9 long to the granite, and 19:0 of THE PYRAMIDS OF ILLAHUN. 3 granite, making 178°9 inches. The width is 69°6 at E., to 69°3. On the south side at 34°5 is a passage 41°3 wide : this is 16°0 long, and then widens to 52 for 413°4 inches. This passage is cut in the marly rock, with a curved top, and is 70 high at sides, 79 in middle. It then turns to the west for 698 °6 inches, being 62 high or 72 in middle. Then turns to the north for 783 inches: then to the east for 331, and then to the south for 293, opening into the sepulchre, by a regularly perma- ment doorway in the granite with bevelled edges. This passage is most puzzling, as it has no branches, and merely leads round to within a few yards of where it starts. Thereis no sign of cither end having been blocked up; nor is there any sign of a door or closing of the sepulchre doorway. The sepulchre is all of light-red granite, smoothly dressed but not ground or polished. The sides are 123°1 E., 123°7 W., 206'2 N., 206°9 S. On the east is the entrance 61°1 wide, with 31°0 wall on each side. On the north is the doorway of the passage just named, at 10'I from the west, and 41°6 wide. On the south is a doorway at 32°3 from the east wall, and 41°1 wide. This is 20°5 long through the granite, and then widens to 45:2 for a length of 89:0, cut in the marly rock. It is 62°8 at side and 72°8 high in middle. It then enters a chamber 126°4 on E,, 1297 on W., 105°4 on N., 104°2 on S. This chamber is 70 high at the E. and W.,, and rises to 109°6 in the curved roof. In the west wall is a recess 40 by 21 inches, and 20 high. This has been cut later, probably by the Ramesside workmen, as it is not smeared with plaster like the chamber, and is hewn with a pick or chisel 11 wide, whereas the pyramid hewer’s pick was *55 inch wide and much rounder. To return to the granite sepulchre. The floor is of granite; and, where the door sill has been broken away, a bed of clean sand between the granite and the rock can be seen. The ceiling is of granite; sloping blocks butt one against the other, and are cut out beneath into a circular curve, which rises 40°8 with a width of 123:3. The upper sides of the blocks are left rough hewn and straight. This construction is exactly like that of the sepulchre of Menkara at Gizeh. The height of the doorway is 81°9; the wall is 72°0 high on N,, 72°8 N.W,, 71°7 S.: the middle is 110°9 high at E., 111°9 in middle, 112-0 at W. The north door is 51°9 high at the sides, and 59°6 in middle. The south door is 51°0 high at sides. All the doorways have bevelled edges. The sarcophagus stands 10'36 at S., 10°66 at N., from W. wall; and 6°38 at E., 6°58 at W,, from S. wall. g. The sarcophagus is perhaps the finest piece of mechanical work ever executed in such a hard and difficult material. The form is quite unlike that of any other coffin known, having a wide lip all around the top. (See the end view on PL. II.) Another strange peculiarity is that the bottom is of varying thickness ; or the inside depth being equal all over, the outside depth slopes down nearly 4 inches from end to end. As the sides are cut square with the top, and the floor is level, the ends all lean over, and the top slants; in short the whole thing is tilted by standing on a sloping bottom. I carefully measured it by stretched threads and plumb lines, with offsets read to a thousandth of an inch. The surface, though not polished, is smooth-ground to an impalpable fineness, and most exquisitely flat. For instance along the top length of 106 inches the errors from a straight line are — 7, + 5, + 17, - 7, - 7 thousandths on E. side; and + 7,0, — 13, — 3, + 7 on W,, or’an average of 7 thousandths of an inch of error. On the ends 50 inches long, the errors are — I, — 3, — I, + 5,0;and — 6,+ 8, + 5, — 7, average error 4 thou- sandths of an inch. The errors of parallelism are also very small; the N. end is 50°053, and S. end 50°073, or a 50th of an inch of difference on 106 inches length. The E. side is 106°100, and the W. 106°116, or a 6oth of an inch different. In the lower part of the outside there was not such excessive care, and the average error is 37 thousandths on the distance from side to side, in- cluding the errors of forming the planes, and of their parallelism. But even this is fine work on such a scale. The inside is also very parallel; the width at the N. being 26°542 and at the S. 26°552, or only a tooth of an inch slant. The curvature of the planes is almost nothing, over the length of 82 inches ; the E. side hollowing 5, and the W. side bulging 2 thousandths, a difference which is probably covered by the errors of measurement, owing to a slight tilt of the sarcophagus sideways. The ends cannot be accurately measured by plumb line owing to the great tilt endways. The skew of the planes of the inside is 5 thousandths on the W., and 7 thousandths on the E., which again may be confounded by the slight tilt of the whole sideways; but it is almost inappreciable in any case. : Lastly, after straightness, flatness, and parallelism, there is the question of ratio between the dimensions, or accuracy of proportions. This is far more difficult, as it requires all the previous accuracies, and in addition a truly divided scale, and an irremediable B 2 4 THE PYRAMIDS OF ILLAHUN. truth of work, since nothing can be corrected by removing more material. Taking the mean dimen- sions we see that they are all in even numbers of palms of the usual Egyptian cubit, as follows :— inches palm cubit mean scale error Length top out 106°116 +36 2°9477 20°634 106'056 +060 below 97°165 +33 2°9444 20°611 97°218 —'053 Width top 50°046 +17 2°9439 20°607 50°082 —'036 below 41°24 +14 2°9457 20°620 41°244 ‘oo Length inside 82°495 +28 2°9463 20°624 82°488 +007 Width 26°549 + 9 2°9499 20°649 826°514 = +°035 Depth 23°56 «8+ 8 2°945 20°615 23°568 —*008 ‘The outside height is 36:4 at N. end, 32°6 at S. end ; or the bottom varies from 12°84 to 9'04 in thickness. These variations in scale between the parts are very small. Lumping together all the measures, and taking the average palm, it comes out 2°9460, or cubit 20°622. Then we can find what each dimen- sion should have been on a mean scale, shewn in the last column but one, and the errors of the sarcophagus sides are given in the last column. Thus the mean error from a true scale averages only 28 thousandths of an inch on one dimension ; or less than one 2000th of the lengths ; that is to say, the scale by which the dimensions were laid out, and the errors of workman- ship of size, together do not exceed a hundredth of an inch on the cubit length. This is indeed a brilliant piece of skill in such an untractable material. It would be desirable to level up the sarcophagus, and then measure it more accurately when the planes are as nearly vertical as may be; for doubtless some errors have come in the course of measuring it in its present slanting position. A few additional measurements may be noted here. The depth of the lip around is 5-977 with a mean error of 22 thousandths. The edges are all bevelled off to a width of *27 to *30 of an inch. This bevelling is very neatly done, and the planes of bevel all meet truly in a three-sided pyramid at the corners. 10. In front of the red granite sarcophagus lay the white alabaster table of offerings for Usertesen II (PL. III). This is of the usual style of the XIIth dynasty altars, and not like the elaborate array on the altar of Ptahnefru (“Kahun,” PL. V); nor are the legs of the animals missing here, as they are on the altar, and on the funeral vases of Ptahnefru and Amenemhat III. The inscription is simple, and of the usual formula. It is beautifully sharply cut, and quite perfect and fresh. Of course it is now in the Ghizeh museum, along with the finest of the other things that I found. It was standing turned up on its end, when Mr. Fraser went into the pyramid ; disturbed, but quite uninjured. He had heavy work to get it up from the well, as it weighs four cwt., and is of course a delicate stone to handle. Beside this some broken pottery was found strewn about in the limestone chamber (PL. IV, 7, 8, 11) all apparently of the XIIth dynasty, and therefore belonging to offerings made in the pyramid, and not to the Ramesside workmen, Also one fragment of alabaster, apparently the flat brim of a large circular vessel, was found in the passage leading from the limestone chamber round to the sepulchre. This passage was choked by falls of the roof in the N.W. angle of it ; but though we moved all that stuff and cleaned the place, no more of this alabaster vessel could be found. Doubtless the Ramesside workmen had carried off the alabaster vessels, though the table of offerings was too bulky for them to pilfer it. 11. Outside of the pyramid a shrine adjoined it on the east. This had been all destroyed by Ramessu II; and the ground was covered with some feet depth of chips. On turning over all this stuff we recovered many pieces of sculpture ; some giving the names of Usertesen II, and others shewing the various offerings with which the walls of this chapel has been adorned. The work was beautifully delicate ; and the colours are as bright as when first laid on. The largest slab from here with a cartouche of Usertesen, is now at Ghizeh. On the north and west sides the hill rose up, from the knoll on which the pyramid was built. Here it had been cut away, so as to leave a clear space around the pyramid. The face of this rock scarp is covered with a thick wall of mud brick, which still rises to twenty feet high at the N.W. corner ; originally it was probably much more, and retained a bank of chips behind it. Besides this scarp wall there was a built wall along the east side of the pyramid, of which the rock trench of the foundation remains; and also a wall along the south, which served as a retaining wall, being banked up along the inside with chips, so as to form a level platform around the pyramid. 12. These walls were interrupted at the N.E. corner of the area, and extended outward, to include a small pyramid which stood there. This pyramid was of rock in the lower part, like the large pyramid; and —also like that—the chamber is within the rock, without any open cutting above it. The brick part of the pyramid has all disappeared ; and when I went to Illahun there was no trace of the pyramid to be seen. But during excavations we hit on the side of THE TOWN its rock base, and cleared it all round. A shrine had existed on the north side of it, and we found fragments of the painted walls like those of the shrine and of the temple of Usertesen. Also a fragment of an altar of offerings of black granite, but unfortunately no name remaining on it. (PL. XII, 8.) Among the fragments of the shrine was one which gives apparently part of the name (XII, 6), mentioning a “princess of both lands, Atmu...... ”; as other princesses of this dynasty have the names of gods compounded with zeferu, Sebeknefru, Ptahnefru, &c., this princess may be provisionally named Atmuncefru. I tried hard to find the entrance to the pyramid ; not only was all the top and edge of the rock core examined, but I also cleared the rock bed of the pavement all around the whole pyramid, for about twenty feet out from the core, but without hitting on the passage. Probably there is a well at some distance away from the pyramid, as in the pyramid of Usertesen. The rock base is about eighty feet square ; and the cutting which marks the extent of the casing, is distant from the rock from 75 to 86 inches. The rock core is distant from the north wall 296, from the wall on the west 246; and from the edge of the pavement hollow on the west 186 to199. All of this breadth was examined. The only result of the clearance was to find several pits cut in the ‘rock beneath the casing, containing foundation deposits. The most important was at the N.E. corner. Here was a square hole whose corner was 4 ins. N. of N. side and 13 E. of E. side of the rock core. The hole was 36 square at top to receive a slab of stone 7 inches thick ; below that it was 28 square, for a depth of 60 inches. This was filled with clean sand, and near the bottom lay fragments of many vases and saucers (PL. IV, 1 to 6, 9, 10, 14), with a model brick of mud (13), a few green glazed beads (12), and bones of a calf sacrificed. Of course our hopes were high that we had at last found the entrance to the pyramid, on removing this slab and finding sand filling below it; but the bottom of the hole was all solid rock. At the N.W. corner another hole was found, very similar to this: the inner corner is 16 W. of W. side, and 9 S. of N. side, thus not lying in the diagonal. The depth is 7 inches and 53 below that; and it is 35 square above and 30 below. Another rock pit was found at 100 to 130 E. of the W. side, and 160 to 190 N. of the N. side. This contained nothing but sand. And a fourth pit was found opposite the middle of the west side, which contained only one rough vase and saucer. These last two were covered over with mortar, and not with stone. Another pit on the east side had been OF KAHUN. 5 emptied anciently, and forced at the side toward the pyramid. Though these deposits are rude, and of ne value beyond the forms of the vases ; yet they are very interesting in principle, as we did not know before of any foundation deposits being associated with pyramids. CHAPTER II. THE TOWN OF KAHUN. 13. Last year only a small part of the plan of Kakun was published, merely five streets of the workmen’s quarter. But now we have before us a complete plan of the whole present extent of the town, comprising more than three quarters of all the rooms that ever existed there, so far as we can judge. As this is the first time that the complete plan of an Egyptian town has ever been disclosed, we shall examine it in some detail ; and it is of special interest, not only from the early date and the entireness of it, but from its having been laid out evidently by a single architect on a regular plan. On first looking at the plan (PL. XIV) it is seen that the town is of two parts; the eastern part nearly as long as it is wide, and the western part which is built outside the thick wall, and which is a strip of closely packed workmen’s houses. The west part is however of nearly the same date as the other, as such. a barrack would never have been wanted here except for the pyramid builders: and its boundary wall is laid out to fit the line of the temple front. The geography of the place explains its outline; the Nile valley edge runs from S.W. to N.E. along the bottom edge of the town. The buildings are all in a slight hollow, bounded by a rise on the west, running from the temple across to the acropolis, and a rise on the north on which the north wall is built. The highest part of all the ground around is the acropolis, and the town is placed with this as the leading point. The general divisions of the town are, The acropolis and the guard house. The five great northern houses on one plan, and one other, along the north wall. The three great southern houses on one plan. The dwelling houses joining the west wall. The store rooms behind the great south houses, The workmen’s streets i is 7 3 The five workmen’s streets on the east. The eleven workmen’s streets in the separate western region. 6 THE TOWN OF KAHUN. 14. The acropolis has most unfortunately been far more destroyed by denudation than any other region, as a natural consequence of its elevation. On the west the ground falls gently away; on the north it falls irregularly ; and on the east and south sides it has been scarped away, and faced with a massive retaining wall, which formed the side of a banked-up platform on which the buildings stood. Thus the grand quarters were well above the roofs of all the other houses of the town. The access to this acropolis was by one entrance at the S.E.; here the doorkeeper’s room is first seen on the right hand; then a square entry, out of which three stairways arose. The wider stairway on the east (PL. XVI, fig. 1), had a separate door to it, and was the front entrance, leading probably to rooms overlooking the town eastwards ; while the two lesser stairways (PL. XVI, fig. 2) probably led to the back rooms. The whole acropolis was occupied with one great house, as its space is exactly the same as that of the other great houses in the same line. Many pieces of brightly painted dado were found here, in the rooms with stone bases of columns, Though the lower part of the scarping is hewn in the solid rock, yet it is all faced with brickwork, plastered over; and even the steps are of brick, and so very little worn away that they shew the place not to have been occupied for long. These stairways were all filled up with fallen walls, and were quite indistinguish- ably smoothed over in the slope of the hill, until we excavated them: about ten feet of rubbish had to be removed from the deeper parts. On the south of the acropolis was an open space of ground at the foot of its great retaining wall. In this ground is an isolated building, which from its place before the entrance, was probably a guard house. Doubtless the king would occasionally visit the town, when inspecting the progress of his pyramid and temple; and he would rest in the acropolis, while his guard would have quarters before the door. This building was deserted early in the history of the place, as it was filled up with the broken pottery of the XIIth dynasty, thrown away by those who dwelt in the rest of the town. This agrees to its being an official dwelling, not needed after the pyramid was built. The five great houses along the north wall are all on one plan, with such very slight modifications that we may ignore them. Four of these houses join in a row ; then there is a narrower house of different plan, and lastly one more like the. four others. The entrance is from the street on the south; a moderate sized doorway, which had a half round lintel of stone, of which I found a piece lying in one entrance. The doorkeeper’s room faced the door. On the left hand we pass along a passage leading to offices, guest chambers, and to the business rooms of the master apparently. Behind these, in the centre of the house is group of private rooms opening on a hall with four pillars. Behind this again is a large space which was probably open to the sky along the northern part with a colonnade along the south side, to give a broad shady place for sitting in the summer time ; what is now known as the mandara or reception-hall for strangers. There was also a direct access to this mandara by a long passage straight from the entrance. Besides this long passage there is another side by side with it: such a duplication would not have been made for nothing, and as the second passage opens on several small rooms, with a separate hall with columns, it is pretty evident that this was the women’s side of the house. It had ready access to the front door, a private passage of its own, a hall, and direct access to the mandara. The rooms on the other side of the house seem to have been also private, as they open only from the mandara. They may have been the private chambers of the master and his family; and containing the best hall, with a tank surrounded by columns, this is not unlikely. In the fourth house these private rooms were cut off, and joined to the women’s apartments of the third house. The rooms along the north wall were probably long store rooms and granaries. Thus there were three ways on entering; to the left to the men-servants’ rooms, offices, and business rooms; or straight through to the mandara,; or thirdly, to the right, to the women’s rooms, The large rooms all required columns to support the roof, as 8 or 9 feet seems to have been the longest roofing beam. These columns were usually of wood, to judge by the large diameter of the marks on the bases : and the lower part of one column, which stood in situ in the fifth house on its stone base, was an octagonal one of wood (see PL. VI, fig. 12). The stone bases were very wide and flat, like those carved in the rock at Beni Hasan, or like the model column found here (PL. VI, fig. 13). Some of the columns were of stone, octagonal (PL. VI, fig. 1), eight ribbed (fig. 11) or sixteen fluted (fig. 6). The capitals were either plain abaci (6) or brackets (1) or palm leaf form (7, 8); that the latter was known in the XIIth dynasty is shewn by the ape seated on a palm leaf capital (8), carved in ivory, now at Ghizeh, and dated to Amenemhat II by a cylinder found with it. The THE TOWN OF KAHUN, 7 best room in each house, the master’s private court, had a tank of stone in the middle of the floor ; this tank was about 14 inches square, and about as deep, in the middle of a square block, 5 ft. 3 ins. on each side (3 cubits), the tank and its pavement being all one stone. Similar places are found in poorer rooms, with the tank a separate box of stone, and slabs placed around it, sloping towards it. These places seem curiously like Muslim arrangements for feet-washing and ab- lutions before prayers ; possibly the custom is ancient, and the Egyptians may have used these tanks for ceremonial ablution, and stood on the stone slabs. Around the tank-stone were twelve columns supporting the roof; and it seems very likely therefore, as there would be a wide space across the tank, that the middle of the hall was open: thus the arrangement would be somewhat like an atvium supported by columns. (PL. XVI, fig. 3.) The whole size of the block of each house is 138 feet by 198 feet: and this area contained about 70 rooms and passages. The best hall is 29 feet square, and the :mandara is 63 feet long. Thus these great mansions were by no means scanty homes for the high officials and nobles who had charge of the royal works. 15. We next turn to the three great southern houses. These are of exactly the same size as the northern row, but quite differently arranged. The entrance opens into a vestibule with acolumn. Thence a short passage leads immediately into the rooms of the house; while a long passage leads away to the back premises. Another long passage led along the oppo- site side of the house, from the middle of the house to the store-rooms at either end. And against the street wall was a compact mass of nine store-rooms forming a square block, three each way. The plans of these houses have been so much altered by being divided into tenements, and new doorways knocked through, that it is difficult to trace the full details in their present deficient state. We will next notice the dwellings or stores to the south of the acropolis, backing against the thick wall. These blocks are on one repeated plan. The set of copper chisels and hatchets, found in a basket, in the first season, lay in the second block from the south, in a room marked C. + 26 Black pottery . . . . . Io Bolts for doors. . . . . II Bowdrill . 2. . 1... oI Bronze analyses . . . . 12 » tools : 17, 19 Burials of XXII dyn. . 26, 27 » Ptolemaic. . . . 28 Burnt deposits of property . 16 ( 57 ) INDEX. PAGE CanalofFayum . . . . 30 Carving by master and pupil. 20 - of heads, Ptolemaic . 28 Chait 9. ew. Se. x a @ 2 Chisels, copper. . . . . 12 Club efstone . 2. « « » &§8 Coffnsof XXII . . . . 26 Columns of wood, XII. . 6 ‘i stone. . . . 6 » peculiar . . . . 9 Coop of pottery . . . . 8 Copper and silver ratio . . 40 » tools . 12,13 Counting-stick. . . . . 14 Cubit of Usertesen II. . . 4 » atKahun . . . . 14 » at Gurob. 16, 20 i. “Shorten 2) ao ak 2 at K23 Deeds of property XII. . 47 ” i Byzantine. 42 Denudation. . 6,8 Diophanes, lettersto . . . 39 Door of UsarkonI . . . 25 Drains in streets . . . . 8 Drillbow . . . . . . OI Dwarf figures . 2... . oa Earrings, gold. . . . . 22 » jasper. . . . . 18 » paste. . . .'. 22 Errors of work in sarcophagus 3 Eulogios, deed of saleby. . 42 False-necked vases 17, 18 False sarcophagi . . . . 26 Fayumcanal . . . . . 30 » towns,Greek. . . 37 ‘si » Roman 30-32 Fire-sticks ». . . 1). OME Flint, nature of. . . . . 51 PAGE Flint, method of flaking . . 51 (eCARCS & BG ow we. BT » adzes oR Oa Oa a 2 » knives ee Ry GBB i » handlingof. . 13 » flakes. 13, 53 » sickle 12, 53, 54 » Sickles,useof . . . 54 Foreigners at Kahun . . . 9g 5 Gurob. . . 16 ii weights of . 14, 21 Foundation deposits, Ilahun. 5 Ghost, appearance of. . . 42 Girl playing harp . . . . ot Glass vases, XIX. . . 1 617 _ » Roman . . . 29 Glazed vase, XII. . . . Og » pendants, XII. . . a1 » dishes, &c., XVIII 17, 18, 19 Glaze, varieties of. . . . 18 » delicate,of XXII. . 25 Gooseherds, letterof . . . 40 Granaries ‘ . 6,8 Greek pottery . 9, 16, 17, 23, 24 » papyri 34-47 » islandfigures . . . 19 Griffith, Mr. F. Ll, on papyri 47 Groups of objects . 15, 17 Gurob . . . ww we OS » templeof . . . . 16 » foundationof. . . 16 » finds 17-21 » Ptolemaic cemetery . 28 Hair cut off, laid on mummy. 27 Hathor, carving of, XII dyn. 12 Hawk heads, wood and bronze 11 Head rest, folding. . . . 22 Hekekuta, tabletof . . . 13 Henat, baseof. . . . . 13 58 PAGE Hicks, Canon, on Ptolemais . 32 Hieratic papyri . . . «46 Hinges, interlocking . . . I9 HOES wo % 5) SS tae), 2 Horn, of green pacts ow. ig! S22 Horse-keeping, receipts of . 41 Horuta,sonof Au. . . . 26 Houses, plans of . 6,7 . viewsof . . .. 7 Hymn to Usertesen III . . 49 Illahun, cemetery of XXII dyn. a . 24 Illahun, pyramid of Usettesen Il. are I rakerials I 5 excavations at I » entrance pit I os two entrances . 2 » passages 2 » chambers . 2 » Sarcophagus 3 » objectsin . 4 » Shrine at 4 platform around 4 iiahan, pyramid of Atmunefru 4 » deposits at. 5 Inscriptions of XII dyn. 13 $i » XVIII dyn, 20 5 Greek. 32 Ivory ape . . . am ces SET » carving of vineyard. - 19 Jewellery of XVIII dyn. . . 19 Kahun, divisions of . . . 5 » planof. . 2. . . 5 » foreignersat . . . 9 Kephalon, receipts from . . 4I Khonsu, baseof . . . . 13 Khuenaten . 16, 20, 50 Kings’ names in papyri . . 49 Kleon, lettersto . . . . 37 Knives, copper. . . . . 12 i flint . «© «© « 92,52 » changesin . . . 17 » bronze. . . . 19, 23 Kohltubes. . . . . . I7 ,» potwith figure. . . 22 Komel Akl . . . 2. BT Wezim (or Wushim) + 32 ” INDEX. Letters of XII dyn. » Greek . Libyo-Greek products. Lists of households, XII . Mahaffy, Prof., on wills Maket tomb » coffin of. » ageof . Marriage settlement Mathematical papyri, XII Measures Mechanical skill Medical papyri, XII Memoranda, XII Mera-ankh, tablet of . Merenptah . Mirrors . ‘ Monasteries, sale of Monkey and captive Mummies, decoration of . Musical reeds Needles, bronze 9) copper Nero, inscription of Oath, the royal. Offerings, trays of . Osiris, figures of Ostrich egg studs . Pafui, coffin of . Paintings on walls, XII Papyri, Greek . » incartonnage . +5 dates of » list of Greek » hieratic. » Classesof . Phaedo papyrus Phoenician pottery Pipes, musical . Plummets Pottery of Usértescn II » of Atmuneferu dishes, XII stands . ” » trays of offerings . PAGE 48 37-40 Il, 19 48 46 7, 21 22 23 48 . 48 4, 14 48 48 13 16 17 42 17 28 22 17, 18 e. 12 32 39 27 19 27 34 34 46 47 34-5 15, 23 12 oO au sft PAGE Pottery, Aegean -9, 16 we Diack ee ca ae as EO, » signson . . . . I! » of XVITI-XIX 17-18 » of Makettomb . . 23 Ptah-sokar on crocodiles . . 26 Ptolemais, position of. . . 29 * ruins . . . . 29 a period of . . . 30 se fort. . «© « » 30 ‘ inscription. . . 32 ‘i constitution of. . 33 Pumice is a. as Ss we eos 23 Quarrying, ancient . . . 38 Ramessu II graffiti . . . I 5 destroyed shrine. 4 iy i temple 16 ii groups of objects 17 RamessuIII . . . . 16,20 Ratsin XIIdyn. . . . . 8 Razors, bronze. . . . 18, 19 Reeds, musical. . . . . 22 Roman glass . . . 29 » townsin Fayum . 30-32 Roofing of XII dyn. . . . 8 Rubaiyat . . . . . . 31 Sacrifice of property . . . 16 Sale of land, deed of . . . 42 Sayce, Prof,on papyri . . 34 Scarabs . 14, 20, 22, 25, 27 Sealed hatchet. . . . . 12 meals <4 4 oe 4 4! @! So. oT Serpentine vases 22, 23 Sesebek, statueof. . . . 13 Setpal yo ae Ge os) af St &. AES Shell tools. . 2.) . . ) . oa2 Sickle with flints 12, 53 Signs on pottery . . . . 6a mllvercCOwtles 6 as a ge BF Sphinx, female, » « » » 417 Spoon,wood . . . . . 12 ge “COPPER Su 4 a Spurrell, Mr. F.C. J, an implements. << » « » §Y Stands with dough. . . soa mieclyard 2 2 2 & « « 30 Store-rooms . . . . , 7 PAGE Tabakem, coffin of. . . . 27 Tahutmes III . 16, 20 Tanksinrooms . . . . 7 Tarat, cofinof. . . . . 26 Taurt,figureof 2. . . . oa Taxation of Egypt . . . 33 Taxgatherer’s accounts . . 37 Sem PERS x ek ek Oe a Theodoros, lettersto . . . 40 Thits 6 + «© 5 4 «© 4 20 Tin, separate and alloyed. 12, 19 ditle-deeds« 8 «os <@ i -A@ Tomb of Maket . . . . ay Tools 12, 13, 17, 19 INDEX. Torque, copper. Towns in Fayum, Roman ” ” Town of Kahun Tutankhamen . Tweezers i Tympanum, in drawing Usarkon I, door of. Usertesen II 6s Ill . Usertesen-ankhfpen Uta eyes Greek . PAGE 12 30-32 37 . 5-8 17, 20 12, 18 25 - 1,4 49 13 26 59 PAGE Vaulting of roofs . . . . 8 Waxing beadwork. . . . 26 Weights, Kahun . . . . 14 ‘i Gurob . . . . +20 i Kom Wezim . . 32 Wills, Greek 37-42, 46 Wood bowl with rams’ heads. 11 » carvings, XII . . . 1 ” ” Coptic . 7 29 Workmen’s quarters . 7,8 Writing-tablets. 2. . . . 13 LONDON! PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. AEGEAN 12300 PASSAGES IN ois | ! Buclders main shefel. ? Senecio he: IWeut woth |b PYRAMID OF ILLAHUN. PlaR: E nel veew of Sarcophagus 1. 60 Limestone , Sepulchre SOSTERN Chaméber Chamber South Passage Bucloders main shaft | 2 | Entrance Chaméber Shaft now used W-M-F:P. ie De OU Sei Es EiNe a CES HUN cll (GPiWED=ss 221 NES za aauhee) # '\ © | yp = at —_ t— ‘AI IE ea ome rad eee a (ENC Ti (eal, © liao aN ney Tt | FT VS ett fF an ee? |ILLAHUN, FOUNDATION DEPOSITS,SMALL PYRAMID. IV i * ye In la rge Pur of ea Oo Beads In large Pyrd PORE Be SHES f J bi / ; CE, Wh (ule Pe eC CrCl UN MON Senin lass: TAINS: 7 Wf 4 \, Sak & if Mh, (ee Cath al Bee ; ' Wy Me a Wy ee MM ML TN TA Mt it it A ti nh a a AUR es +. i TT || oY em GE “Ari ti OTT / | | \ SST i h ; VI | LLL LLLP \\ Wi! Ld | = ier { nis NW Ite eed foe ees SNe TESTO Soa ™ Pere U nts Geta anil WOODEN) i 003s KAHUN, (eed: CVU SM NOR Ee iSs AND SA RAB S, VIII CF uD © : o 0 & en pong ie ap Wo a Gea ae aperD ors i - gn on wl TATTT gi ame Leonie & WM.FAR = KAHUN, Ge Ge ees ew WY agate @ a7. Oa ae ‘ KAHUN , CLAY IMPRESSIONS OF SEALS. X 2eb eas eon )O® » Re @ Mr a Om eww 4 pe in PY Oo ae GBS @® @ yg @e™® BB 3 2a awe © @ we Be 180 ae veRaE #8 @8 ua ad ee pears ess oti EAR Ol EI SiE Rae SIENA NIK ta Eel ei Ny X| LOR ARTE ras 5 LRT NEE PE non a =e oe LOGE ON A GEO FOP vie Aer Meee lo [olv [el elelels a ale ae aS gE ce a || A AB Sn! w | N— ee = Aiea 3 0} 2 |b slab x A eA p) N at aa. i se) IS AS} =a |e ceed deal Ieee) eel a (Sires tre{h re) | fm} 1 fe] eli a oP Ai 4 Cates 5 oats cas |S S| [te LO! lise eee eel Ie | er lose ef | ele ca Pade) Us)a(r SBF a |) aaa oN) NTE 8 | TM ab atSA Lac) PSSA Ay iF ed = Pee i WL) EY |= | of eS -t}-Ta-a)-8) 0) ae, wiwl ao! 0 lH ley | SP SO Wi OO DTT AT OU ne tie pa [ _\ PUK NENW a >. W.M_F. P. eae hh ret Bells ANF 28 zzeiis +i _ blank ve | is _. ASS a Scaled Fequre,; bluck se rhentli ne, Lemme slo (Se LES Blle= MEIER a FS KAHUN, Ry] a e635 eae an: lh 4 ne lablet ee slone Lablel. Pointed stela Name sen ") oF Fe rongs & altar. a : RE Ra EB iN a ae AA | ee uso» ee 22 i eae —uees 9 =» = \\ rs re we PT LI = Ve ove | z 2 a 3 Aen = = Stela of Anpi. TUNA INS 2b lh ae == Se a = K— alee ta oe << nw Wn ff Olli rc ST BYSAAWMTE een LS GS LIZA? BALse a — ier | P ieneae iy ee 4Afielool oe eee la A Back. BALD Basalt Stela of Amenisen6, painkead peo ini ie Al SW ee ee = nom t eae ee Loe SOT CAPer ee SE ORI IOZ FLEIUILE WO S ide St codtSsist Se ee al In front of feet sta Gre of Si-sebek. >< ~ aw dpe tin Nooden stamp. W.M.F.P. oe KAHUN. GROUP NOY, XIDYN. BLUE GLAZE [XII = XI] DYN. = i == —-—— + N — NTA gn Sy, “ay 1A om, nt Sh it vote bi f ali afte tania te Nal ) gid Lae eg hice M ty TCL teat tsa TN rut ALLL MU p i Im XIV | | 90:1 21% 2S [ Nee - | ‘NAG XX- XIX a [ ed ) / L3I¥VW 30 GWOL ene fee I | | =e | >> + > oe re KY WX |e & e Zane 4 nl UH iE ANN XK AN h- Q | A |ATvIAX E i BH |OOly y VyyiAAy C ae HEEB y Ads |AAlre | 4 ane R Y a 1 |g N.M.F. PB Walt painling Pee | = MT OT rE a { pitas, | a rs i ‘ie | rn i . ‘ll it 3 ae CUITINT Wieaw WoL Eee eee ant marcterctins leant WM FP. “60m 00a en . 23 4 : Fyre ooommauggacnnonx000aKO yD ONO00 a Poon eacnonn eee o 0 tye yoo boah pas 90030000 6 BN os 90 ae cy 24 poss ) OP pope pico poneppmggeoneen fT GRO USP tO ae te ANIA NEN Se fli Co OURS Or RN AIMIE SSU_Il. le PO 990000009 00000000 > XFS HO FEF OF 0 FRO FRYOO OO 5900900 ane ty 0900 Sh SR Se alae es ESSERE BBS RI also Sphinx bowl PUXXF ig A. a \ 3 i ny Ge 87 ITT eR TE GEE L ES 245 ITTY en ee ace en Found ts gather br be.gn.c gold ne eonlant meee 30 HOREMHEB blun rong. RAMESSU |[ 8] 8 Ca "| ble ving: le. bl. +e leer 5) gi @y ge eee eae rough Le. bl. pot wlistea tite CU Ons im |= eae it SS Me Hee: ae iy oi [td . Hn i a t cee aan 62x3/ Back =a es ae Ei TI <> A hm >) = | = stata ette Se iii 3 Aa TAVERN gi ty i = ot a. Lt we Bae ——— ee lee T= Ne une <= Black Grancele Allar /ox4t ’ oe Stela of Rames-empa:amen. 5x7 Fragment of Khu alén,r -a“s ead in lamo Jllahu un. 22x9 are bro kaw say. GeRD =tenaerres moans ome sem SET Nias SITAL AE | ee AAS ID £8 4 Nooden Cubet 207 x." Doe AN et aXe = of Coffe Mllahun 43x3 2 121200 eo TR Ci TP PR IL(E IMIS) eile th Si RES. XXV ©2900 0 0'09 0 0 e@ eo i) © F707 000,000 7 @ @ \ \ Diesserit, Fic gic W.M.F. P. ea JET UTNE IVS Te a TP TOMEBE | CGO) AE INN Gy SY XXNV | \2 13 CS) oe My \ ) ¢ e dark gn. ES bL pot "Gere, cr 4 y bt TL Life oe panies Tel TTT PEL wt ell PPT) Ll cots WNL j ht i i! ant Aa peo Q ue = = SSPE TU SETAE Eee Nyt [ee medi Poe wee ae Se NS ichkxofele Niles wo Spe gonisu ce WY EIA RD 2 / = tS av = NCS yf ? = ROE [sé Kom /) ok? ocemet BIAH(MU as se ie cate = o Mastaba 4 © TT a shvom Medenet Uf} Beg+7+ ee 2 a Wa Be D HAWARA —— a e PYRAMID = x ae Ul as ne =) “| {LLAHU Senn, ' AS S . Me “my rampe’ a.| KAHUN \ N Iv : ae Ufeme cy TEMPLE SS ee Z iat =N Bi Medinet Modi ERs ; V/f SNUG, Ny " \ \\\\ \\\ R ehh Niu pp \\’ 2 ae Nay, ie - ONS Wf / pili - LO pee tay cs aMy es v My Ne ht, Skies a it - hoe ae BS f GN 4 fos gh Gee aN eee iar lees Ee Ona PIeONaEM AILS XX X | 2000 | buappom9 “yr 24g Y24°N ‘Sas~DgO Pun 2 SUw77 09 t u uoney oe ~ \ \ AATN BD diod3y SJ HLIU 1077 7425 u7 s? quewbhwsy ee PTOLEMAIS INSCRIPTIONS. COPTIC CARVING, ILLAHUN. XXXII Oma “NEP NIKAAYAIOIKAIS A} >= EBAXTOIFEPMANIK IY HT EMONO® L fen lOY KAIS-APO Resloralion 6 Canon Hicks, Nepove Kravdew Karoo pe Tepartrw Feppavekw(e PEPMASNKeEM io AwToKpatope (ico ecm are pe THPL Kar evepyeTy THI[s Solkoumeyns —- ToXLS ” MToAveparewy Sco TO ly EeEaeir cA dwy Resa [x reo - EDD HS ye fovTa Holt ot To (€ Tec) Oeou The eptoy lo KAnu Sou Katoaplos Le fac tov ieee. rot Awu-Tok pla € €u KoTES Tay éu? a ee eae ‘ow My EMovos, (erent [Népuves IS KXRavScou Kaucoanpos [Zehuo-Tov Feppuverow Aw TofkpxTopos XXXII Ca OE en leoi Oa Anes ene nos ae ae This book is a preservation photocopy. It is made in compliance with copyright law and produced on acid-free archival 60# book weight paper which meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper) Preservation photocopying and binding by Acme Bookbinding Charlestown, Massachusetts m 1999 anaes per re, ge oeeeee ete ECR akon Seaeonctct een pervs