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LIBRARY
GIFT OF
Mr. Lyman K. StuartNiagara Falls, Viewjfrom Prospect Point. See pages 21-23-A BRIEF-
DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY
-OF THE-
EMPIRE STATE
FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS
i WITH 25 OUTLINE MAPS ON UNIFORM SCALE, 5 BELIEF MAPS, AND 125 ILLUSTRATIONS
C. W. BARDEEN
EDITOR OF THE SCHOOL BULLETIN
SYRACUSE, N. Y.
0. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER
1895
Copyright, 1895, by C. W. BardeenPREFACE
In the early half of this century much attention was given in New
York schools to the study of local geography. It was a time when
canals were projected, and the possibilities of water communication
between different parts of the State were an engrossing problem.
Spafford’s “ Gazetteer” (1813) gave “a comprehensive geographical
and statistical view of the whole State ”, then the same for each of the
45 counties, and then “ a very full and minute topographical descrip-
tion ” of each of the 452 town and 4 incorporated cities. Gordon’s
“ Gazetteer ” (1836) is so complete in its topographical descriptions
that it is on many points still the best book of reference we have.
Eastman’s “ History of the State of New York ” (1828), a text book,
began with three chapters on “ natural geography ” of the State. In
1847 appeared a “ Geography of the State of New York ”, an elaborate
text-book of 432 pages, by J. H. Mather and L. P. Brockett, with out-
line maps of the counties.
But local geography gradually dropped out of the curriculum until
the Regents began to insert questions upon it. In the first 35 of the
Regents’ examinations the questions on New York geography amounted
altogether to 23 out of 1064, and these were of such general interest
that they should be answered by geography pupils in any State of the
Union.
But in the 36th examination, for June 6, 1878, a new spirit began
to manifest itself. It was asked :
Which, is the most westerly of the lakes wholly within the State of New York, and
by what rivers does it reach the sea ?
Name three rivers that empty into Lake Ontario on the side of New York, and one
that empties into Lake Champlain.
The answers were so unsatisfactory that in the next examination
(Nov. 7, .1878) these were asked :
What has given to the city of New York its great commercial superiority ?
Describe the chief river of New York. To what place is it navigable ?
Name the counties in order on the e. side, as far n. as Lake Champlain.
Name those on Lake Ontario and the River St. Lawrence.
On what lake is Buffalo ? Plattsburgh ?
These questions had 19 of the 60 credits allowed, and as they were
mostly answered incorrectly hundreds of candidates failed. Vigorous
(i)ii	Geograhpy op the Empire State
protest was made all over the State, but the Regents replied that the
lamentable ignorance manifested only demonstrated the necessity of
compelling more study of local geography by the insertion of questions
upon it, and since then several of the questions in every examination
have been upon this topic. * The State and the Uniform examinations
have always given prominence to New York geography, so that con-
siderable study of it has been made necessary in New York schools.
The want of a suitable text-book has long been manifest, and the
question is not whether a book like this is needed, but only whether
this book meets the need. Probably only its actual use in the school-
room can fully determine that, but I hope its arrangement and its
general features will commend themselves.
Its most marked characteristic is its appeal to the eye. Its illustra-
tions are abundant and have been carefully selected, especially with a
view to presenting that aspect of the scene which is typical, distin-
guishing it from other scenes.. Some of the cuts are from photographs
taken especially for this book, and many of them appear here in print
for the first time. For the photographs of Glens Falls and Howe’s
Cave I am indebted to Mr. S. R. Stoddard ; and for the relief maps to
Mr. Walton Van Loan of Catskill.
The series of twenty-five outline maps on a uniform scale is based
on the principle of making prominent one thing at a time, which I
believe to be exceedingly important. One glance at the map of the
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western railway on page 107 will fix in the
mind its various routes better than long study of a map on which this
road appears with other railways and scores of other features equally
prominent. The division of the State into river systems in the map
on page 20 is followed all through, the maps of lakes, waterfalls, cities,
villages, colleges, etc., being numbered in the same order, that the
boundaries of these systems may be kept in mind. Such unusual maps
as those of Mineral Springs (page 56), of Indian Reservations (page 69),
and of Charitable and Correctional Institutions (page 76) are believed
to be valuable. They impress their lessons with very little time and
effort, and the information is worth, having at hand. So important do
I consider these sketchy maps in the study of geography, that I have
prepared them for the use of pupils, giving the same outlines that are
constant in all these maps, and enabling the pupil to sketch rapidly
and during recitation whatever may be the topic of a lesson. These
.maps are 6x8 J inches, and are sold in pads of fifty at fifteen cents a
pad.
In preparing this book I have of course gathered and consulted
everything available that has been published. Where extendedPreface
iii
quotation has been made I have usually given credit. Of course
I have had constantly at hand the great “Natural History of
the State of New York”, on which the State has expended wisely
more than a million dollars, and which should be on the reference
shelves of every union school. The four volumes of Geology have
been of most frequent use, and the previous volumes of the “ Geologi-
cal Survey ” have been occasionally quoted.
Next to these I have depended upon French’s “ Gazetteer of the State
of New York”, a thoroughly careful and conscientious work, which
ought to have been better revised than in the hasty edition got out
by Hough in 1868. For the Adirondack region the Colvin reports
have been depended on entirely. I have quoted from Gov. Seymour,
one of the most enthusiastic students of the history of the geography
and history of the State, on pages 82, 83, and the matter on general
topography (pages 13 to 16) is based on an address made by him at
Utica in 1846.
For maps of the State I have depended chiefly on four.
(1)	The large Adams & Co. map on copper-plate, and too crowded
to be distinct or always reliable in detail, has the advantage of being
colored by townships, so that for schools in counties where no county
wall-map is published it is on the whole the best wall-map of the
State; but it is more valuable for general impressions at a distance
than for close inspection.
(2)	On the other hand, the geologic map of 1894, by W. J. McGee,
issued jointly by the Legislature of the State and the United States
Geological Survey as a basis for a new geological map of the State, is
useless as a school wall-map, being too minute in detail and not
colored so as to represent divisions at any distance. It is still imper-
fect also, as has been mentioned on page 37. But in design it is the
most exact map ever undertaken. So far as I know, it is not yet
published, and advance copies can be got only through some person
in authority.
(3)	The railroad and county map, recently issued by the Band &
McNally Co., has no rival for its special purpose of showing the rail-
roads of the State and the corporations that control them. But it
gives few of the physical features of the State, and does not take much
pains to give these correctly : as for instance it makes Backet Lake,
Long Lake, etc., discharge into the Hudson, thus ignoring the marked
watershed of that region.
(4)	In geological divisions I have followed Hr. Hall’s map of 1842,
as corresponding with the classification in the “ Natural History ”iv	Geography of the Empire State
of the State in the school libraries; though a later map was prepared
by Frederick J. H. Merrill, director of the State Museum, to accom-
pany the Mineral Exhibit of New York at the Columbian Exposition,
and may be obtained of the Regents.
In a book which gives so many facts and figures there must neces-
sarily be errors in the first edition, and I shall rely upon the help of
those who use the book to eliminate them. But statistics given
should not be condemned because they do not agree with any single
printed authority, since nearly every number and statement is give
after a comparison of several authorities. So trustworthy a book as
Lippincott’s “ Gazetteer ” states in its last edition (1892) that Pough-
keepsie is the largest city between Albany and New York, and Elmira
the largest city on the Erie between Buffalo and New York; that
“ numerous steamboats ” ply between Dunkirk and other lake ports,
and that the Champlain steamers unload their passengers at White-
hall. In heights and distances what should be standard authorities
differ lamentably. In the second report of the State Survey it is stated
and proved that there is a more accurate map of the moon’s surface
than of the State of New York. So where authorities differ I have
followed those that seemed most trustworthy.
In conclusion I have only to say that the great problem in making
this book has been to determine what to leave out. A vast amount
of information that was gathered and a good deal that was put into
form and into type has been omitted. A good deal has been retained
that at first sight might not seem essential to the subject, but which
has a place on the theory now so generally accepted of concentration
of effort in the overcrowded curriculum of the schools of to-day. I
have aimed to make a book that a fifth-grade pupil could use intelli-.
gently and with profit. Previous to this grade the work in this sub-
ject must be largely confined to local geography and a development of
general principles. If this book meets with favor, it is my plan to
supplement it by special geographies of each of the counties, much of
the material for which has already been gathered. In this book, the
matter in the largest type can be gone over in class rapidly, and yet
so as to produce. a strong impression upon the pupil of the main
features of the' State geography. With older classes the medium-
sized type may be required, and a teachers’ class should know the
whole book thoroughly. If it interests the pupil nearly as much as it
has the author it will serve a good purpose.
Syracuse, April 11, 1895.CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION........................................ 9
I.	POSITION AND BOUNDARIES............................... 10
Approximate Distances, Map........................ 11
II.	GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY, Relief Map...................... 11
General Outline................................... 13
The Hudson........................................  13
Lake Champlain.........,.......................... 13
The Mohawk......................................... 15
Connections......................................   15
Watersheds......................................... 15
III.	SURFACE
Mountains..........................................   17
(1)	The Highlands, III............................. 17
(2)	The Catskills, Picture of Slide Mt............. 17
(3)	The Adirondacks, Relief Map.................... 19
(4)	The Alleghanies................................ 19
Rivers...........................................     20
Systems, Maps...................................20, 23
(1)	The St. Lawrence System.................... 20
(а)	Niagara and Lake Erie Tributaries, Ills... 20
(б)	Grenesee Tributaries,#/^................... 23
(c)	Oswego Tributaries, III.................... 24
(d)	St. Lawrence Tributaries, 2 Ills........... 25
(e)	Lake Champlain Tributaries...............   27
(2)	The Hudson System, 5 Ills................... 27
(3)	The Delaiuare System, 3 Ills...............  31
(4)	The Susquehanna System, III...............   32
(5)	The Ohio System...........................   32
Lakes, Map..-....................................     33
(1)	The St. Lawrence System, 11 Ills.............. 33
(2)	The Hudson System, III......................... 41
(3)	The Susquehanna System, III.................... 42
(5)	The Ohio System..............................   42
Canals, Map and III.................................  42
Waterfalls, Map..................................     44
(v)vi	Geography op the Empire State
PAGE
(1)	The St. Lawrence System, 6 His................ 44
(2) The Hudson System, 5 Ills.................... 51
Mineral Springs, Map and 10 Ills.................... 56
Islands, Map, and 11 Ills........................... 59
IV.	GEOLOGY, Map and Chart............................. 64
V.	CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS............................ 66
VI.	POLITICAL DIVISIONS.................................. 68,
(1)	Counties, Map..........................'..... 68
(2)	Indian Reservations, Map..................... 69
(3) Cities, Map.................................... 70
(4) Villages, Map................................ 72
VII.	EDUCATION, Portrait................................ 73
(1)	Colleges, Map................................. 74
(2)	Normal Schools, Map and Portrait............... 75
(3)	Charitable and Correctional Institutions, Map... 76
VIII.	RAILWAY JOURNEYS
(1)	N. Y. C. & H. R., e Maps and 29 Ills........  77
(2)	N. Y. L. E. & W., 2 Maps and 3 Ills.......... 93
(3)	R. W. & O., Map and 2 Ills....,............... 98
(4)	D. & H. Canal Co., 2 Maps and 5 Ills.........101
(5)	D. L. & W., Map and 2 Ills...................107
(6)	Lehigh Valley, Map and III...................110
(7)	W. N. Y. & P., Map............/.............Ill
(8)	N. Y. 0. & W., Map.......................   .112
(9)	Harlem Division of N. Y. C...................114
(10)	U. & D., Ill..............................   114
(11)	Walkill Valley.............................  115
(12)	E. C. & N., Map............................. 116
(13)	Pennsylvania, Map..........................  116
(14)	Pall Brook, Map..............................116
(15)	B. R. & P., Map............................  117
(16)	L. S. & M. S., Map...........................117
(17)	N. Y. C. & St. L., Map..................  ...117
(18)	D. A. V. & P., Map.........................  117
(19)	Long Island, Map............................ 117
West Shore....................................... 77
P. R. & N. E., Ill............................... 87
N. D. & C..........................................89
N. Y. & N. E..................................... 89
C, N. Y. & W.....................................Ill
N. Y. & N........................................114Contents
vii
MAPS
PAGE
Relief Maps, Eastern New York............................... 12
Hudson River Valley....................................14, 88
Adirondack Region......................................18, 102
Birdseye Views
Lake Keuka.............................................   34
Manhattan Island........................................  61
Geological Strata........................................ 65
Buffalo................................................   77
The Hudson near New	York............................    92
Outline Maps, on Uriiform Scale
Approximate Distances.....11
River Systems..............20
Rivers.....................23
Lakes......................33
Canals...................  43
Waterfalls...............  44
Mineral Springs............56
Islands....................59
Geological Strata..........64
Counties...................69
Indian Reservations........69
Cities.... ................70
Colleges..................   74
Normal Schools.............  75
Prisons and Asylums......... 76
N. Y. C. & H. R............. 77
N. Y. L. E. & W........:.... 96
R. W. & 0................    99
D. & H......................101
D.	L. & W................. 107
Lehigh Valley...............110
W. N. Y.&P................  Ill
N. Y. O. & W............,...112
E.	C. & N., etc............116
Villages................72
Railway Map of Long Island...............................118
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Adirondack Mountains.....38, 39
Albany_______________84, 86, 105
alluvial hills...............79
Ausable Chasm..............  50
Black River Falls........... 49
Blackwell’s Island...........62
Blue Mountain Lake...........37
Brooklyn Bridge..............29
Buffalo......................77
Canadarago Lake..............58
Cantilever Bridge....21, 78, 98
Capitol at Albany...9, 84, 86, 105
Castle William...,..........60,	61
Catskill Mountains..........17,	55
PAGE
Cayuga Lake...................35
Chemung River.................32
Cornell University............35
Dansville...’............  ..108
Delaware County..............115
Delaware River...............30,	95
Downing, A. S.................75
East River Bridge.............29
Ellis Island................  60
Erie Canal..............  43,	80
Erie, Lake............... 21,	77
Fort Niagara..................21
Fort Ticonderoga..............40
Garden City.................  60Geography of the Empire State
yiii
PAGE
Genesee Falls................24
Genesee Valley.......23, 24, 108
Glens Falls..................51
Governor’s Island........60,	61
Grand Central Depot..........91
Guy mar d..................  31
Hawks Nest Rocks........— ..95
High Bridge................  29
Highlands of the Hudson.....16
Howe’s Cave..............    55
Hudson River...28, 51, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91, 104, 105
Huguenot.....................94
Ithaca...................35,	48
Ithaca Falls.................48
Kaaterskill Falls............55
Keuka Lake...................34
Lake Champlain...............62
Lake Erie...................21,	77
Lake George................  40
Lake Mohonk................. 41
Lake Placid..................39
Little Falls.................52
Lockport.....................43
Long Sault Rapids............26
Massawepie Lake..............37
Mohawk River.................52
Mormon Hill..................79
Morningside Park.............91
Natural Vase.................36
Neversink River .....30, 31, 94
Newburgh....................28,	89
New York..............61, 91, 93
Niagara Falls, Front..21, 77, 78, 98
Niagara Tunnel..............21,	22
Oneonta.................... 106
Oriskany Monument............82
Otsego Lake..................42
Palatine Bridge..............83
Palisades....................27
Palmyra....................  79
Portage Falls................23
Port Jervis..................30
PAGE
Poughkeepsie Bridge...........87
Randall’s Island.........'...62
Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst... .105
Richfield Springs.............58
Rochester.....................24
Rocky Run.....................47
Rondout Creek.................29
St. Lawrence River..26, 63, 100
St. Paul’s School............ 60
Saratoga Monument............103
Saratoga Springs..............57
Seal of the State..............9
Seneca Lake..............35, 46
Skaneateles Lake..............36
Skinner, Charles R............73
Slide Mountain................17
Statue of Liberty.............92
Stuyvesant, Peter..............9
Sunnyside..................   91
Suspension Bridge.............21
Susquehanna Valley...........106
Syracuse.................80, 81
Syracuse University...........81
Taughannock Falls.............47
Three River Point...........  25
Thousand Islands...26, 63, 100
Ticonderoga, Fort.............47
Trenton Falls.................53
Trinity Church................93
Tri-States Junction...........30
Troy.........................104
Vassar College..............  89
Wall Street..................,92
Ward’s Island.................63
Washington Bridge.............29
Washington’s Headquarters....89
Watertown.................. ..49
Watkins...................35,	45
Watkins Glen..................45
Wells College............... 110
West Point...............28, 90
West Shore R.R................29
Whirlpool Rapids..............21sr* The leading position of New York among
the United States in population, in wealth, in
commerce, and in manufactures is well known,
but people do not generally recognize it as
geographically the most interesting area of its
size in the world. Almost all the natural won-
ders which singly have given reputation to
other regions are found here. Its Niagara is the
giant of cataracts, and its Trenton Falls are hardly equalled for placid
beauty. Its mineral springs excel in extent of territory and in variety.
Its Thousand Islands have no parallel. Its Howe’s Cave is not so
wonderful as the Mammoth Cave, or its two natural bridges as the
great Natural Bridge of Virginia, or its Adirondack region as the
Yellowstone Park, or its Ausable Chasm as Marshall Park, or its
Watkins Glen as Cheyenne Canon; its Mount Marcy is not even as
high as Mount Washington, and its Catskills are not to be compared
with the Alps or the Rockies; its Hudson lacks the traditions of the
•castle-guarded Rhine, and its interior lakes are not garlanded with the
folk-tales of Luzerne. But no other region of the earth so unites this
variety [of natural attractions as New York. It has the types of
almost everything that makes travel interesting, and it has them near
together, connected by easy routes of access, and most of them within
the reach of every resident. Many of them every resident must see,
for the leading lines of railway run by them, and it is only a question
whether when he sees them he will recognize their significance. What
Horatio Seymour saw in riding from Niagara Falls to New York is
told on pages' ;82, 83. This book is a contribution toward making
travel correspondingly interesting to all children who are taught in
New York schools.
(9)GEOGRAPHY OF THE STATE OF HEW YORK
I. POSITION AND BOUNDARIES
The State of New York is situated between 40° "29' 40" and
45° 0' 42" n. latitude, and between 71° 51' and 79° 47' 257/ longitude
w. of Greenwich. It is bounded on the n. by Canada and Connecti-
cut; n. by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic
Ocean; s. by the ocean, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; and w. by
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Canada.
The northern boundary, commencing in the middle of Lake Ontario, n. of the mouth of Niagara
River, extends eastward 175 m. through the lake, midway between the opposite shores, to its e.
extremity; thence north-easterly 108 m. through the St. Lawrence River to the 45th parallel of N.
latitude; thence easterly 62.75 m. in a gradually diverging line from the parallel, terminating upon
Lake Champlain 4,200 feet n. of the parallel.
The Eastern Boundary extends s. 105 m. through Lake Champlain to its s. extremity; thence 17.25
m. s. e. along Poultney River* ; thence in an irregular line, but in a generally southerly direction 54.06
m, to the Massachusetts line; 50.52m. to the Connecticut line; and 81.20 m. through Connecticut to
Byram Point, at the mouth of Byram River, on Long Island Sound. From this point the line extends
eastward 96 m. through the Sound, very near the Connecticut shore, to the e. extremity of Long Island,
including within the limits of the State nearly all the islands in the Sound. This boundary is defined
by Chap. 213 of the laws of 1880.
The Southern Boundary extends from the e. extremity of Long Island 150 m. along the ocean to the
s. w. extremity of Staten Island ; thence 44 m. northward through the channel between Staten Island
and New Jersey and through New York Bay and the Hudson to the 41st parallel of n. latitude; thence
north-westerly 48.50 m. to a point upon the Delaware at latitude 41° 20' n. ; thence north-westerly along
Delaware River 78 m. to latitude 42° n.; thence 225.50 w. along the 42d. parallel to a meridian passing
through the w. extremity of Lake Ontario.
The Western Boundary, commencing upon the 42d parallel, extends n. 22 m. to the middle of Lake
Erie ; thence eastward 50 m. to the e. extremity of the lake; and thence n. 34 m. through Niagara
River and to the middle of Lake Ontario.
For details as to the boundaries of the State, consult “ Report of the Regents of the University on
the Boundaries of the State of New York, transmitted to the Legislature, May 28th, 1873 ”, 8vo, pp. 362,
Albany, 1874; and “Report of the Regents’ Boundary Commission upon the New York and Pennsyl-
vania Boundary, with the final report of Maj. H. W. Clarke ”, 8vo. pp. 490, Albany 1886.
The extreme length of the State, including Long Island, is 408
miles; excluding Long Island, 340 miles. The extreme breadth is
310 miles. The entire boundary is 1,420 miles long; of which 540
are land and 880 water.
It contains 47,620 square miles of land, and 1,550 of water,—49,170
in all. There are 22 States larger and 19 smaller. It is less than,
one-fifth as large as Texas (262,290) ; and 40 times as large as Rhode
Island (1,250), which is about the size of Oneida county. It is nearly
as large as all England (58,320).
It will be observed that the northern boundary of New York is
midway between the Equator and the North Pole, or on the latitude
* See Chap. 937, laws of 1879.
(10)Position and Boundaries
11
of Bordeaux, Turin, and the mouth of the Danube. New York is
due w. from Madrid, Naples, and Constantinople; and nearly e. from
Pekin. Elmira is directly n. of the city of Washington. New York
is nearly n. of Santiago in Chili; Niagara Falls, of Quito, in Ecuador.
It should be noted that the State contains several convenient
approximate scales of miles, with which the pupil should be thoroughly
familiar.
taius the following distances are very nearly 50 miles, as shown on
the map, and from the lengths of boundaries just given :
(2)	From the Poultne'y river to the Massachusetts line (54).
(3)	From the Massachusetts to the Connecticut line (54|).
(4)	From the Hudson to the Delaware river (484).
The following are approximately 100 miles, also from boundaries :
(1)	Through the St. Lawrence to the parallel (108).
(2)	Through Lake Champlain to its southern end (at Whitehall) (105).
(3)	From the Connecticut boundary to the extremity of Long Island (96).
(4)	The southern boundary of Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Steuben counties (94).
The following are approximately 150 miles :
v (1) Between the extremities of Long Island and Staten Island (150).
(2)	New York to Albany, N. Y. C. It R. (143).
(3)	Saratoga to Rouse’s Point, D. & H. R.R. (153).
(4)	Albany to Binghamton, D. & H. R R (142).
(5)	Albany to Syracuse, N. Y. C. R.R. (1474).
(6)	Syracuse to Buffalo, N. Y. C. R R ) 1494).
(7)	Buffalo to Elmira, D. L. & W. R.R. (146j.General Topography
13
Among the other approximate distances by railway that might be noted are the following:
50 miles—Albany to Pittsfield, Mass., B. & A.,(51); New York to Brewster, Harlem (52) ; Syracuse
to Geneva, and Geneva to Rochester, Auburn branch of N. Y. C. (each 51); Batavia to Canandaigua,
N. Y. C. (50).
100 miles—Utica to Watertown, R. W. & O. (92); Syracuse to Rochester, Auburn branch of N.
Y. C. (102).
150 miles—Rome to Norwood, R. W. & O. (147); Syracuse to Norwood, R. W. & O. (148); Buffalo to
Oswego, R. W. & 0. (151). The Hudson river is navigable to Troy (151).
It should be remembered that approximations like these fixed in the mind and ready
to hand when required are of immediate practical value.
II. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY
General outline—The general form of. New York is that of an
isosceles triangle.
The Hudson River, Lake George, and Lake Champlain lie in a
narrow and rugged valley reaching from the Bay of New York to the
St. Lawrence. This is intersected at right angles, about midway, by
the valley of the Mohawk. These deep channels constitute the great
base lines of our State. Its triangular form corresponds with their
courses.
They demand a particular description, for they are intimately connected with the
history of Hew York. They have been the warpaths of savage bands and of dis-
ciplined armies. They are the scenes of the most interesting and important occurrences
in the history of the State and nation. They create our commanding and peculiar
relationship with other sections of our country. See opposite map, which gives, besides
the rivers, the Champlain, the Erie, and the Black River canals, utilizing their valleys.
The Hudson—The harbor of New York, with its accessory bays, its
•connection with Long Island Sound, its confluent rivers and its differ-
ent passages to the Atlantic, excites the admiration of all who study
its wonderful adjustments. From this bay you float up the Hudson,
past the cliffs of the Palisades, to the rocky fastnesses of the highlands.
Here every analogy of nature leads you to look for rocky barriers, but
you are borne by the Atlantic tide a hundred miles beyond the moun-
tain chain which elsewhere divides the valley of the Mississippi from
the Atlantic coast.
Nothing can be more impressive than the ocean’s deep and sullen ebb and flow far
down among the great foundations of those stern grey heights. They stand as if
arrested here when pressing upon the river current, while north and south they stretch
far away in unbroken chains to the St. Lawrence or the Gulf of Mexico. Elsewhere,
rivers dash down the steep sidek of the Alleghanies ; but where these crowd upon the
Hudson, they are cleft sheer down to their very roots. An enduring gateway is made
through stern portals for ships of war, for vessels deeply laden with commerce, and for
iron tracks upon which swift engines drag long trains of cars at the foot of rude cliffs,
or through tunnels which pierce their granite buttresses. Ranged for many miles along
both banks of the Hudson, had the Alleghanies thrown a single spur across its stream,
how would it have changed the course of events in our land ! Impressed with this
unbroken ocean current through the Highlands, the observant Indian called it “the
river of the mountains ”.	‘
Lake Champlain—Continuing up its valley, we find lying in its
northern depression, separated from the waters of the Hudson by a
short portage, the wild and picturesque Lake George and Lake Cham-General Topography
15
plain. From the Bay of New York to the waters of the St. Lawrence,
this great valley divides the eastern part of our State and all of New
England from the rest of our confederacy.
In its whole length, its wild scenery accords with its striking legends. Its lower
section, along the Hudson, was the stronghold of our country in the Revolutionary
struggle. It was the fortress of our liberties. Its rocky points, its mountain heights,
its deep ravines, are associated with the history of the war for independence. There is
hardly a spot which does not bear the marks of invading assaults or of the intrenched
defences of our armies. The waters in the upper valley, which flow to the north, are
still more deeply tinged with blood, and have wilder and older traditions of savage
contests and of disciplined war. No other part of our continent has witnessed so much
of relentless war, of bloody massacres and of fierce battles, as have startled the echoes of
its beautiful lakes, and disturbed their wonted quiet and repose.
The Mohawjc, which intersects this valley, is intimately associated
with it in historical interest and geographical importance. Its valley
has extensions to Oswego and Western New York. In passing up its
hanks from its confluence with the Hudson, we find that at Little
Falls it also breaks through one of the ranges of the Alleghanies.
Were the gorge at Little Falls and that at Quebec filled up, all New York and Upper
Canada would be again, as they once were, one huge lake.
Connections—In the county of Oneida, it flows through level lands,
which, expanding as they stretch away to the west, are at length
merged in the great plain of the Mississippi valley. At Borne, the
waters of the Mohawk, when swollen by floods, mingle with those
which flow into Lake Ontario.
These physical peculiarities of the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk produce
remarkable results. Not only are the waters of the harbor of New York and the St.
Lawrence connected by the valley we have described, but turning up the Mohawk, the
light canoe of the savage hunter could float into the tributaries of Lake Ontario, and,
making a portage around the falls of Niagara, continue on its way through Green Bay,
the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, into the Mississippi, and thence up the Missouri into the
very gorges of the Rocky Mountains; a distance by the course of streams, of more than
lour thousand miles. The entire length of the same route can now be traversed by a
vessel of burden, by the aid of artificial channels. But a single mile separates the head
waters of the Missouri from those of the Columbia river. From the mouth of that
stream on the Pacific to the Bay of New York, with the exception of this one mile,
there is an unbroken chain of water. The courses of the Hudson and Mohawk, deeply
groved into the surface of our State, thus give us the control of the commerce between
the 20,000 miles of navigation on the lakes and rivers of the West, and the Atlantic
Ocean and the maritime world of the East.
Its tvatersheds—New York’s commanding position is shown by
another remarkable fact in its geography. The hills on either side of
the Mohawk gradually rise up to elevations which pour from their out-
ward, or northern and southern slopes, the sources of great rivers which
traverse other States. The waters which drain from our territories
flow by the principal commercial cities of the Union. From Northern
New York they run into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence, passing
by Montreal and Quebec; by the Hudson, which is exclusively a river16
Geography of the Empire State
of our State, into the harbor of New York ; from its southeast section
into the Delaware, past Philadelphia, into the Delaware Bay ; by the
Susquehanna past Baltimore into the Chesapeake; by the sources of
the Alleghany into Ohio, past Cincinnati and New Orleans, into the
Gulf of Mexico. Thus New York enjoys the appearently inconsistent
advantages of having the deepest channels for commerce with the
West, and at the same time of being at the head of the great valleys
of the United States.
This is not a fact of mere geographical interest. It gives the State substantial advan-
tages. It enables us to penetrate with our canals and railroads into all parts of the
country, by following the easy and natural routes of rivers. We can go into twenty
States and two-thirds of the territories of the Union, without leaving the courses of
valleys. No other Atlantic State can make a communication between its eastern and
western borders without overcoming one or more mountain ridges.
To recapitulate, one angle of New York rests upon the Atlantic,
another reaches north to the St. Lawrence, while the third stretches
west to the great lakes and the valleys and streams connected wTith
the Mississippi. New York is placed at the heads of the great valleys,
while the Mohawk and the Hudson unite them all and give her com-
mand of the commerce of the country.
. III. SURFACE
Mountains
New York lies upon that portion of the • Appalachian Mountain
system where the mountains generally assume the character of hills
and finally sink to a level of the lowlands that surround the great
depression filled by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. The
average height of the State above sea-level is about 1,200 feet.
There are two terraces parallel to the shores of Lake Ontario. One, known as the
Lake Ridge, from 3 to 8 miles from the shore, may be plainly traced from Sodus Point
to the Niagara River. Dr. Hall says of it. “It bears all the marks of having been the
boundary of a large lake, and of having been produced in the same manner as the
beaches of the ocean.” The other, called the Mountain Ridge, 200 feet higher, is some
30 miles from the shore. Most of the central lakes of the State are in this terrace.
Three distinct mountain masses or ranges enter the State from the
s. and extend across it in a general n. e. direction.
(1) The Highlands—The most easterly of these ranges—a continu-
ation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia—enters the
State from New Jersey and extends n. e. through
Rockland and Orange counties to the Hudson,,
appears on the e. side of that river, and forms:
the highlands of Putnam and Dutchess coun-
ties*. A northerly extension of the same range
HUDSON HIGHLANDS
* This range continues the Taghanic mountains. In Rockland county it is locally known as the
Ramapo Mountains; in Putnam county, as the Matteawan Mountains.Mountains
17
passes into the Green Mountains of Western Massachusetts and
Vermont. This range culminates in the Highlands upon the Hudson.
The highest peaks are 1,000 to 1,700 feet above tide.
The rocks which compose these mountains are principally primitive or igneous, and
the mountains themselves are rough, rocky, and precipitous, and unfit for cultivation.
The deep gorge formed by the Hudson in passing through this range presents some of
the finest scenery in America, and has often been compared to the celebrated valley of
the Rhine. One range is cleft in two by the Hudson at West Point.
(2) The Catskills—The second series of mountains enters the State
from Pennsylvania,* and extends n. e. through Sullivan, Ulster and
Green counties, terminating and culminating in the Catskill Moun-
tains upon the Hudson. Slide Mountain, shown in this picture, has
^ A t\J~
4	'
an altitude
The lowest parts of Dela-
ware and Sullivan counties jt
are 600 feet above tide.
The Shawangunk (shbn gum)
Mountains, a ‘high and continuous
ridge continuing the Kittatinny and
Blue Mountains of Pennsylvania,
and extending between Sullivan and *
Orange counties and into the s. part
of Ulster, are the extreme E. range
of this series. The Helderberg and
Hellibark Mountains are spurs ex-
tending N. from the main
range into Albany and Scho-
harie counties. Between the
Delaware andPepacton Rivers
this range is known as the
Delaware Mountains.
This whole mountain sys-
tem is principally composed
of the rocks of the New York
system above the Medina sand-
* A continuation of mountains known there as the Alleghany, Laurel Hill, and Broad Top.Mountains
19
stone. The summits are generally crowned with old red sandstone and with the con-
glomerate of the coal measures. The declivities are steep and rocky ; and a large share
of the surface is too rough for cultivation. The highest peaks overlook the Hudson, and
from their summits are obtained some' of the finest views in Eastern Hew York.
(3) The Adirondack—The third series of mountains enters the State
from Pennsylvania and extends n. e. through Broome, Delaware,
Otsego, Schoharie, Montgomery, and Herkimer counties to the Mo-
hawk, appears upon the n. side of that river, and extends n. e., form-
ing the whole series of highlands that occupy the n. e. part of the
State, generally known as the Adirondack Mountain region. Its gen-
eral character is wrell shown on the opposite map.
South of the Mohawk this mountain system assumes the form of broad, irregular
hills, occupying a wide space of country. It is broken by the deep ravines of the
streams, and in many places the hills are steep and nearly precipitous. The valley of
the Mohawk breaks the continuity of the range, though the connection is easily traced
at Little Falls, The Hoses, and other places.
Horth of the Mohawk the highlands extend N. e. in several distinct ranges, all ter-
minating upon Lake Champlain. The culminating point of the whole system, and the
highest mountain in the State, is Mt. Marcy, 5,344 feet above tide. The heights of
some of the Adirondack mountains are thus given by Mr. Colvin :
Basin Mt., 4,905
Mt. Clinton, 4,937
Mt. Colden, 4,7C3
Mt Colvin, 4,142
Mt. Dix, 4,916
Giant of the Valley Mt. 4,530
Gothic Mt, 4,744
Gray Peak, 4902
Haystack Mt. 4,919
Hump (Mt. Marcy), 4,998
Lake Tear Notch, 4,355
Mt McIntyre, 5,113
Mt. Macomb, 4,371
Mt. Marcy, 5,344
Nipple Top Mt. 4,684
Bagged Mt. 4,163
Mt. Bedfield, 4,688
Saddle Mt., 4,536 .
Mt. Santanoni, 4,644
Mt. Seward, 4,384
Mt. Skylight, 4,890
Tawahus (Mt. Marcy), 5,344
Whiteface Mt., 4,872
The rocks of all this region are principally of igneous origin, and the mountains are
usually wild, rugged, and rocky. A large share of the surface is entirely unfit for culti-
vation ; but the region is rich in minerals, and especially in an excellent variety of
iron ore
(4) The Alleghanies.—West of these ranges, series of hills forming
spurs of the Alleghanies enter the State from Pennsylvania and occupy
the entire s. half of the w. part of the State. An irregular line extend-
ing, as shown in the map, through the southerly counties forms the
watershed that separates the northern and southern drainage; and
from it the surface gradually declines northward until it finally term-
inates in the level of Lake Ontario.
The portion of the State lying s. of this watershed and occupying the greater part of
the two southerly tiers of counties is entirely occupied by these hills. Along the Penn-
sylvania line they are usually abrupt and are separated by narrow ravines, but toward
the N. their summits become broader and less broken. A considerable portion of the
highland region is too steep for profitable cultivation and is best adapted to grazing.
The highest summits in Allegany and Cattaraugus counties are 2,000 to 3,000 feet above
tide, and from 500 to 1,400 feet above their valleys. Angelica is 1,428 and Franklinville
is 1,580 feet above sea-level.
From the summits of the watershed the highlands usually descend toward Lake
Ontario in series of terraces, the edges of which are the outcrops of the different rocks
which underlie the surface. These terraces are usually smooth, and, although inclined
toward the n. the inclination is generally so slight that they appear to be level. Between20
Geography op the Empire State
the hills of the s. and the level land of the N. is a beautiful rolling region, the ridges
gradually declining toward the n.
In that part of the State s. of the most eastern mountain range the surface is gener-
ally level or broken by low hills. Jn New York and Westchester counties these hills are
principally composed of primitive rocks. The surface of Long Island is generally level
or gently undulating. A ridge 150 to 200 feet high, composed of sand, gravel, and clay,
extends e. and w. across the island n. of the centre.
Rivers
The river system has five general divisions, as roughly shown upon
the following map.
(1)	The St. Lawrence System, flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
(2)	The Hudson System, flowing into New York Bay.
(3)	The Delaware System, flowing into the Gulf of Delaware.
(4)	The Susquehanna System, flowing into Chesapeake Bay.
(5)	The Ohio System, flowing through the Mississippi into the Gulf
of Mexico.
(1) The St. Lawrence System.—This northerly division has five gen-
eral subdivisions, (a) The most westerly of these comprises all the
streams flowing into Lake Erie and Niagara River (2*) and those flow-
ing into Lake Ontario w. of Genesee River (4). In Chautauqua County
the streams are short and rapid, as the watershed approaches within a
few miles of Lake Erie. Cattaraugus (1) and Tonawanda (3) Creeks
are the most important streams in this division. The Tonawanda for
12 miles from its mouth is used for canal navigation. Oak Orchard
and other creeks flowing into Lake Ontario descend from the interior
in a series of rapids, affording a large amount of water-power.
* The numbers in parentheses refer to the map on page 23.Rivers
21
The Cattaraugus is for much of its course wild and picturesque. The Buffalo,
Rochester and Pittsburg railway crosses it by a viaduct 250 feet high, and this is 130 feet
below the neighboring banks. These high banks are broken here and there by tributary
streams, forming in the adjoining roads for 6 or 8 miles what are known as “ Cattaraugus
breakers ”, as the road goes up and down like the waves of the sea.
Niagara River (2), forming the outlet of Lake Erie, is 34 miles long,
and, on an average, more than a mile wide. About 20 miles below
Lake Erie the rapids commence; and 2 miles further below are
Niagara Falls, some views cf which are given in the sketches above.Rivers
23
The enormous fall has been utilized by the machinery shown in the opposite picture,*
where 125,000 horse-power is already made available.
For 7 miles below the falls the river has a rapid course between
perpendicular rocky banks, 200 to 300 feet high; but below it
emerges from the highlands and flows seven miles to Lake Ontario
in a broad, deep, and majestic current.
(b) The second subdivision comprises the Genesee River (4) and its
tributaries. The Genesee rises in the n. part
of Pennsylvania and flows in a northerly direc-
tion to Lake Ontario. Its upper course is
through a narrow valley bordered by steep,
rocky hills. Upon the line of Wyoming and
Livingston counties it breaks through a moun-
tain barrier in a deep gorge and forms the
Portage Falls,—one of the finest waterfalls in
the State.
Here the Genesee descends in a series of three falls, more
PORTAGE PALLS	than 300 feet in a distance of 2£ miles.
The water has worn a deep and irregular ravine in the shelving rocks, and the nearly
perpendicular banks.at the foot of the lower falls are 380 feet high.
The Upper or Horse-Shoe Falls are about three-fourths of a mile below Portageville. The name
is derived from the curve in the face of the cliff over which the water flows. For a short distance
above the edge of the precipice the water is broken by a succession of steps in the rock, forming a
series of rapids. The height of the fall, including the rapids, is about 70 feet.
* Reproduced by the courtesy of The Van Denbergh Laboratory of Chemical Industry, Buffalo.24
Geography op the Empire State
The Middle Falls are about one-half mile further down the river. For 2 or 3 rods above the edge
of the cliff the water is broken into rapids, and then in an nnbroken sheet it pours down 110 feet into
a chasm below, bounded by perpendicular ledges. A cave called “ Devil's Oven ”, has been worn in
the rocks under the xs. bank, near the bottom' of the falls. In low water ICO persons can be seated
within it; but when the river is high it is filled with water, and is only accessable by boats.
The Lower Falls consist of a series of rapids one-half mile in extent, with an aggregate fall of 150
feet. For about 2 miles below the Middle Falls the river pursues a winding and rapid course between
high perpendicular walls; then descends in a succession of steps almost as regular as a staircase, dives
under a shelving rock, shoots out in a narrow pass not more than 15 feet wide, rushes down a nearly
perpendicular descent of 20 feet, strikes against the base of high rocks standing almost directly in the
course, whirls back, and, turning at nearly right angles, falls into a deep pool overhung w7ith shelving
rocks. The perpendicular bank on the w, side of the river at one point is 380 feet.
Below this point the course of the river is through a beautiful valley
1 to 2 miles wide and bordered by banks 50 to 150 feet high..
At Rochester it flows over the precipitous edges of the Niagara
limestone,
forming the
er Genesee
Falls; and. 3
miles below it
flows over the
edge of the
Medina sand-
stone forming
the Lower Gen-
esee Falls. The
principal trib-
utaries of this stream are Conesus (5) and Honeoye (6) Creeks.
Honeoye, Canadice, Hemlock, and Conesus Lakes lie within the
Genesee Basin.
At the Upper Falls the stream falls a distance of 96 feet over the perpendicular edge of the Niag-
ara limestone underlaid by shale. Below the Upper Falls the river flows 1% miles, through a deep
ravine bounded by nearly perpendicular sides, to the Middle Fails, where it has a descent of 25 feet.
One hundred rods below, it descends 84 feet over a ledge of Medina sandstone to the level of Lake
Ontario. The whole fall of the Genesee Fiver within Monroe county is 280 feet. In 1829, Sam Patch,
who had successfully jumped 100 feet from Goat Island into the Niagara Fiver, was drowned by jump-
ing from the bank of the Genesee just below the Falls shown on the picture, a distance of 125 feet.
(c) The third subdivision includes the Oswego River (12) and its
tributaries, and the small streams flowing into Lake Ontario between
Genesee and Oswego Rivers. Mud Creek (7), the most westerly branch
of Oswego River, takes its rise in Ontario County, flows N. e. into
Wayne, where it unites with Canandaigua Outlet (8) and takes the
name of Clyde River (9) ; thence it flows e. to the w. line” of Cayuga
County, where it empties into Seneca River (10). This latter stream,
made up of the outlets of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, from this point
flows in a n. e. course, and receives successively the Outlets of Owasco,
Skaneateles, Onondaga, and Oneida Lakes, the last through the Oneida
River (11). From where it meets the last-named stream at ThreeRivers	25
River Point, as shown in the cut, it takes the name Oswego River (12),
and its course is nearly due n. to Lake Ontario.
The flow of water is about 600,000 cubic feet a minute. Three Biver Point, is 20
miles above Oswego, and there is a fall of water amounting to 75 feet. * • This space is
taken up by 7 dams erected and maintained by the State. Of these two are situated at
Oswego, covering a fall of 40 feet. These dams accord hydraulic privileges equal to
:25,000 horse power. But a moderate outlay is required to keep the flow in the river near
the average for the year. Of this water supply 75,000 cubic feet are in actual use in
Oswego, where a canal is provided for the reception which furnishes 50 runs of first
class water and over 17 of the second class. Two dams are situated at Fulton with 20, -
•000 horse-power. At this point the water privileges are most available, although
Oswego has the greater representation of industries. The Oswego Biver water-shed
produces clear cold water, which is perfectly under control of man, no matter what the
•circumstances or exigences.”
(d) The fourth subdivision includes the streams flowing into Lake
•Ontario and the St. Lawrence (15) e. of the mouth. of the Oswego.
The principal of these are Salmon (13), Black (14), Oswegatchie (17),
•Grasse (18), Racket (19), St. Regis (20), and Salmon (21) Rivers. The
Indian River (16) is a tributary of the Oswegatchie. These streams
mostly take their rise upon the plateau of the great northern wilder-
ness, and in their course to the lowlands are frequently interrupted by
falls, furnishing an abundance of water-power. The water is usually
very dark, being colored with iron and the vegetation of swamps.
St. Lawrence River (15) forms the outlet of the lake and the n.
boundary of the State to the e. line of St. Lawrence county. It is a
broad, deep river, flowing with a strong yet sluggish current until it
passes the limits of this State. In the upper part of its course itGeography of the Empire State
26
incloses a great number of small islands, known as “ The Thousand
Islands The river scenery upon the St. Lawrence is unsurpassed.
The water is perfectly pure and nearly transparent. In consequence
of its being fed by the great lake reservoirs, it is never subject to sud-
den rises, but steadily pursues its majestic way to the ocean, unaffected
by the changes of the seasons or other causes. Further down, how-
ever, it has rapid descents at Lachine Rapids shown in this picture,
and at Long Sault Rapids.Rivers
27
(e) The fifth subdivision includes all the streams flowing into Lakes
George and Champlain. They are mostly mountain torrents, fre-
quently interrupted by cascades. The principal streams are the
Chazy (22), Saranac (23), Au Sable (24), and Poultney (25) rivers.
Deep strata of tertiary clay extend along the shores of Lake Cham-
plain. The water of most of the streams in this region is colored by
the iron over which it flows.
Ausable Chasm, through which the Ausable (24) makes its way to the lake, is pic-
tured and described on page 50.
(2) The Hudson System.—The Basin of the Hudson (26) occupies
about two-thirds of the e. border of the State, and a large territory
extending into the interior. The remote sources of the Hudson are
among the highest peaks of the A^irondacks, more than 4,000 feet
above tide. . Several of the little lakes which form reservoirs of the
Upper Hudson are 2,500 to 3,000 feet above tide. The stream rapidly
descends through the narrow defiles into Warren County, where it
receives from the e. Schroon River (27), the outlet of Schroon Lake,
and from the w. Sacondaga River (28). Below the mouth of the
latter the river turns eastward, and breaks through the barrier of the
Luzerne Mountains in a series of rapids and falls. At Fort Edward
it again turns s. and flows with a rapid current, frequently interrupted
by falls, to Troy, 160 miles from the ocean. # At this place the river
falls into an estuary, where its current is affected by the tide; and
from this place to its mouth it is a broad, deep,
sluggish stream About 60 miles from its mouth
the Hudson breaks through the rocky barrier of
the Highlands, forming the most easterly of the
Appalachian Mountain Ranges; and along its
lower course it is bordered on the w. by a nearly
perpendicular wall of basaltic rock 300 to 500 feet
high, known as “ The Palisades See page 14.
Above Troy the Hudson receives Hoosick River
view from palisades (29) from the e. and the Mohawk (30) from the w.
At Little Falls and “ The Noses ” the Mohawk breaks through moun-
tain barriers in a deep, rocky ravine; and at Cohoes, about 1 mile
from its mouth, it flows down a perpendicular precipice of 70 feet,
forming an excellent water-power. The principal tributaries of the
Mohawk are Schoharie (31) and West Canada (32) Creeks. On the
latter are Trenton Falls.
The Mohawk at Little Falls is pictured on page 52, and the Trenton Falls are pictured
and described on page 53. The cascade at Cohoes is in full view of the railroad bridge,
a short distance below. The Erie canal (see page 43) rises here by a series of 18 locks
through the city, to a point 188 feet above tide.VIEW UP THE HUDSON FROM WEST POINT—NEWBURGH IN THE DISTANCE.Rivers
29
Below Troy the principal tributaries of the Hudson are Jansen’s (33),
Norman’s Kill (34) and Rondout (35) Creeks. The cut given shows
the West Shore railroad bridge over Rondout Creek.
EAST RIVER BRIDGE
water, and cost 15 millions.
WASHINGTON BRIDGE, HIGH BRIDGE
South of the Highlands
the river spreads out into
a wide expanse known as
“ Tappan Bay ”.
The western arm of Long Is-
land sound is commonly known
as the East River (36), and the
Hudson at Hew York is usually
called the North River. Across
the East River is the great Brook-
lyn Bridge, uniting New York
with Brooklyn. This is 5,C89
feet long, 135 feet above the
It is suspended by steel wire cables from stone peers
272 feet above high tide, and carries prome-
nades, carriage ways, and railway tracks.
The Harlem River is the narrow portion
of tide water separating Manhattan island
from the main land. It communicates through
Spuyten Duyvil Creek with the Hudson River,
and at Hell Gate with the East River. It is
spanned by High Bridge, carrying the Croton
water to New York, and by Washington Bridge,
which cost three millions.Rivers
31
(3) The Delaware System.—The Delaware Basin occupies Delaware
and Sullivan and portions of several of the adjacent counties. The
n. or principal branch of the Delaware River (36) rises in the n. e.
part of Delaware county and flows s. w. to near the Pennsylvania line ;
fhence it turns s. e. and forms the boundary of the State to the line
-of New Jersey.
Its principal branches are the Pepacton (40), Mongaup (39), and
pBPMii
Neversink (38) Rivers.
These streams all
flow in deep, nar-
row ravines bor-
dered by steep
rocky hills.
The picture on
the opposite page
.shows the picture of
Delaware and the
Neversink at the point
where the three Stales of
New York, New Jersey
Pennsylvania meet.
NEVERSINK VALLEY, NEAR GUYMARD
(4) The Susquehanna System.—The Susquehanna Basin occupies
about one-third of the s. border of the State. The Susquehanna River
(41) takes its rise in Otsego Lake, and flowing s. w. to the Pennsylvania32
Geography of the Empire State
line, receives the Unadilla (42) from the n. After a course; of a few
miles in Pennsylvania it again enters the State, and flows in a general
westerly direction to near the w. border of Tioga County, whence it.
turns s. and again enters Pennsylvania. Its principal tributary from
the n. is Chenango River (43), of which the Tioughnioga (44) is the
principal branch.
The Tioga River (46) enters the State from Pennsylvania near the
border of Steuben County, flows n., receives the Canisteo (48) from the
w. and the Cohocton (47) from the n. From the mouth of the latter
the stream takes the name Chemung River (45), a view along which is
shown in the cut, and flows in a s. e. direction, into the Susquehanna
(41) in Pennsylvania, a few miles s. of the State line. The upper course
of these streams is generally through deep ravines bordered by steep
hillsides ; but below they are bordered by wide and beautiful intervales.
(5) The Ohio System.—The Alleghany Basin embraces the southerly
half of Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties and the s. w. corner of
Allegany. The Alleghany River (49) enters the State from the s. in
the s. e. corner of Cattaraugus County, flows in nearly a semicircle,
with its outward curve toward the n., and flows out of the State in the
s. w. part of the same county. It receives several tributaries from the
n. and e., the principal of which is Conewango Creek (50).Lakes
33
The lakes are so closely associated with the rivers of which they
are usually mere expansions*, that they might have been treated with
them ; but in New York they are so many and form so large an element
of its attractiveness, that it seems better to give them a separate
heading.
(1) The St. Lawrence System.—(a) Lake Erie (1) forms a portion of
the w. boundary of the State. It is 240 miles long, with an average
width of 38 miles, and it lies mostly w. of the bounds of the State. It
is 334 feet above Lake Ontario (2), 573 feet above tide, and has an
average depth of 120 feet. The greatest depth ever obtained by
soundings is 270 feet.
(b) Lake Ontario (2) forms a part of the n. boundary to the w. half
of the State. Its greatest length is 130 miles and its greatest width
55 miles. It is 247 feet above tide, and its greatest depth is 600 feet,
Its principal harbors on the American shore are Lewiston, Youngstown,.
Port Genesee, Sodus and Little Sodus Bays, Oswego, Sackctt’s Harbor,
and Cape Vincent.
The surfaces of the great ,lakes are subject to variations of level,—probably due to
prevailing winds, unequal amounts of rain, and evaporation. The greatest difference
known in Lake Erie is 7 feet, and in Lake Ontario 4f feet. The time of these variations
is irregular ; and the interval between the extremes often extends through several years.
A sudden rise or fall of several feet has been noticed upon Lake Ontario at rare inter-
vals, produced by some unknown cause.
Silver (3), Conesus (4), Hemlock (5) and Honeoye (6) lakes lie in
the Genesee Basin.
Hemlock lake furnishes water to the city of Eochester.
* It is believed that the basis of most New York lakes were dug out by ice during the glacial period..34:
Geography of the Empire State
Canadice lake lies between Hemlock
and Honeoye lakes, as shown in the
map.
(c) The basin of the Oswego
includes most of the best-known
inland lakes, which form so re-
markable a feature of the in-
terior landscape of the State.
Canandaigua (7), Keuka (8),
Seneca (9), Cayuga (10), Skane-
ateles (12), and Otisco (13), all
occupy long, narrow valleys,
extending from the level land
oil the north into the high-
lands of the south. The valleys
seem like immense ravines,
formed by some tremendous
force, which has torn the solid
rocks from their original beds
in the general level of the sur-
rounding summits down to the
present bottoms of the lakes*.
The shores of Canandaigua lake (7)
15 miles long, slope down to the very
edge of the water, except at the head,
where they rise in steep bluffs to from
800 to 800 feet. Its surface is 668 feet
above tide.
Keuka (8), or Crooked Lake, 20
miles long, lies in a deep valley nearly
surrounded by steep hills 500 to 800
feet high, and famous like the hills on
the Rhine for vineyards and wine-
cellars, This bird’s eye view of it
gives an idea of the general appearance
of all these lakes.
^The ravines of these lakes, and the
streams which flow down parallel to them,
are usually bordered by steep hillsides, the
strata of which lie in parallel layers nearly
level b. and w., and slightly inclined toward
the s. Upon the opposite banks the dissev-
ered edges of the strata exactly correspond,
showing that the intermediate portions have
been torn .away. The force that effected
these immense changes was probably great
currents of water from the n.,—the direction
being determined by the character of the
boulders upon the hills, and by the peculiar
nature of the drift deposits.Lakes
35
Seneca Lake (9) 36 miles long and from 1 to 4 miles wide, is 216 feet above Lake
Ontario, and 447 feet above tide. It occupies a deep valley, and lias a depth in some
places 530 feet. Its shores are generally bold, and from their summits the land slopes
gently and gracefully to a height of 200 to 700 feet above the surface. It is never
entirely frozen over, and the steamers run all wintTer. The prosperous village of Watkins
lies at its head, as shown in the picture, and nearby are Watkins and Havana Glens,
described on pp. 45, 47.	.
It is connected by the Seneca river with Cayuga Lake (10). This lake is 38 miles
CAYUGA LAKE, AS SEEK FROM CORNELL UNIVERSITY
long, and from 1 to 3 miles wide, and 387 feet above tide. Its greatest depth is 346 feet,
but at the foot it is shallow,’ reaching out at its mouth into a swampy region known as
the Montezuma marshes. The beautifully rolling shores give way toward the head to
bluffs 700 feet high, cut through E. and w. by rapid side streams that give admir-
able opportunity for the study of the State’s geology.36
Geography of the Empire State
The shores of O wasco Lake (11) are hold and in some places precipitous. Its outlet
flows through the city of Auburn, 2& miles N., which it supplies with water.
As one goes s. upon Skaneateles Lake (12), 16 miles long, the rolling farms at its foot
soon give place to wooded hills that
rise to several hundred feet. The
scenery here is singularly beautiful,
making it perhaps the most attract-
ive sheet of water in the State. For
miles the shores on the west side pre-
sent a constantly varying series of
nooks, recesses, and moss-clad rocks
of fantastic forms. Toward the head
the summits decline, and the land
slopes down to the water, forming
at Glen Haven a rich and lively
landscape. By a pipe line 20 miles
long Syracuse draws from this lake
an inexhaustible supply of pure
water. '
Otisco Lake (13), 4 miles long,
is nearly surrounded by hills 400 to
800 feet high.
Onondaga Lake (14), 5 miles long,
lies wholly in the level lands, and is celebrated for the salt springs that are found in two
square miles of low, half-marshy ground about its head. Cross Lake, shown to the w.
N. w., is little more than an enlargement of the Seneca River. Cazenovia Lake, not
shown, lies a few miles to the east. It is 4 miles long and 900 feet above tide.
Oneida Lake (15), 20 miles long, and in some places 6 miles wide, lies like Onondaga
in the level lands, being only 141| feet above Lake Ontario. Considerable land, in its
vicinity is marshy.
NATURAL VASE, SKANEATELES LAKELakes
37
	Length in MILES	Greatest WIDTH	Elevation ABOVE TIDE	Greatest depth
•Canandaigua		15	2	668 feet.	Shallow.
Keuka			20	2	718	200 feet.
Seneca 		36	4	447 “	630 “
Cayuga			38	3	387 “	346 “
Owasco		10	1	705 “	Shallow.
Skaneateles		16	m	860 “	320 feet.
Onondaga 				5	i	361 “	65 “
Oneida		20	6	373 “	Shallow.
(d) The St. Lawrence streams drain the greater part of what tourists
know as the Adirondack region, in-
cluding a multitude of small lakes,
and some such larger ones as Fourth
(16), Racket (or Raquette) (17), Cran-
berry (18), and Black (19).
Moss and Tear-of-Cloud lakes are more than
4,300 feet above sea-level. Blue Mountain
Lake is 1800 feet above the sea, and empties
blue mountain LAKE	through Eagle Lake into Racket Lake.
Massawepie Lake is the fountain head of the Grasse (or La Grasse) River (No. 18 in
the map on page 23),
and near it is the Child-
wold Park House;
while across Cata-
mount Pond, near by,
is Gale’s, a well-known
headquarters for hun-
; ters. TheupperRacket
; river, near by, is a
■ favorite camping-
; ground.
Tupper Lake lies a
| few miles south-east,
| still in the St Law-
) rence basin, while just
| a little n. of e. are the
| Saranac lakes, in the
| Champlain basin, the
| water-shed being near
I line of the railroad.
The geologic map of
| the State (1894) fails to give
the stream connecting
| Upper and Middle Saranac
I Lakes, and so leaves the
Upper Saranac with no
outlet whatever.
This is the region particularly helpful to consumptives, and many
invalids remain here the year around.
MASSAWEPIE LAKE, FROM CHILD WOLD PARK HOUSE(e) Lake Champlain
(20) receives the water
from the closely con-
nected upper and lower
Saranac (21) Lakes,
and from Lake Placid
(22), shown in the
adjoining picture, all
three famous as sum-
mer resorts. It is it-
self a favorite resort,
its steamers offering
a convenient route for
summer travel, and its
numerous islands fur-
nishing delightful sum-
mer homes.
The eastern Adirondack
region is mountainous, while
the western region is mostly
low, to some extent marshy.
The pictures on these two
opposite pages show their
contrasting characteristics.
The “North Woods”, as
most New Yorkers familiar-
ly call them, are at once an
attraction and a sanitarium.
Within a few hour’s ride of
any part of the State, they
offer to the overworked and
nervous dweller in large
cities a sudden plunge into
the stillness of the forest
prime val. As Judge North -
rup well says : “To a man
whose life is chiefly within
four brick walls, and whose
every breath takes up some
part of the street and its
filth, whose daily work is
such that his body and
health are a daily sacrifice
to the necessities of seden-
tary life,—to such a man
there is nothing in the whole
range of remedial agents to40
Geography op the Empire -State
make him so sound and strong and well and in so short a time, like the two or three
weeks he can spare for a trip to the woods.”—Camps and Tramps, p. 13.
The length of the Champlain valley is 180 miles, and the depth of the lake is in
places 600 feet, or
500 feet below the
level of the ocean.
Its bed is a deep
chasm, principally
in the primary
rocks, formerly the
bed of an ancient
ocean. It is inter-
esting to note that
its tributary
streams on both
sides bear toward
the north.
Among the most
interesting of these
is the outlet from
Lake George, the
water of which
flows over two
picturesque falls as it descends 240 feet in 4 miles. Near where the stream enters the
lake are the famous ruins of Fort Ticonderoga, which Col. Ethan Allen captured in
1775, “in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Constitutional Congress.”
Lake George (23),. or Horicon, 36 miles long, and from 1 to 4 miles
wide, is famed for the beauty of its
scenery, being often called the Como
of America.
RUINS OF FORT TICONDEROGA
“ Surrounded on all sides, except at the out-
let, by beautiful hills, and mountains of prirni-
LAKE GEORGE	tive rock, it receives from their springs and
brooks an unfailing supply of water that is suf-
ficiently sparkling and pure to justify the name—St. Sacrament—which the lake origin-
ally received. At some remote period, this whole region was swept over by a great
deluge which left the country far and wide covered with loose earth and gravel, and
gave to the lake a floor of beautiful white sand. This, in connection with the crystal
purity of the water, renders objects visible at a considerable depth.
“ Only a small portion of the lake is seen at a single view. There is no broad and
striking expanse of water. This lake (like Como and Windermere) assumes more of
the character of a noble river flanked by highlands. Winding sweetly on its way
among the verdant hills, it gradually unfolds its wealth of beauty, surprising and
delighting the tourist at every advance by some new and exquisite scene.”—B. F, De
Costa.
It is studded with hundreds of islands. At its southeast end French Mountain rises
abruptly some 2,500 feet, and the western shore is bordered by high bluffs. The prin-
cipal hotel is named from Fort William Henry, surrendered to the French in 1756. On
the road to Glens Falls is a monument to Col. Ephraim Williams, after whom Williams
College is named, who was killed by the French on Sept. 8, 1755, and is buried where
he fell. This entire region is the groundwork of Cooper’s “ Last of the Mohicans ”.Lakes
41
(2) The Hudson System.—Besides the multitude of small lakes near
its source, the Hudson has tributaries farther down from several lakes
at high altitudes, a type of which is Lake Mohonk in the southern
part of Ulster county, shown in this picture.
This lake, and Lake Minnewaska, just above it, are shown on the map, page 14, up
in the mountains near the northern branch of Rondout Creek. The square-shaped
lake on the e. of the Hudson farther down is Lake Mahopac, the pride of the Croton
wrater-shed, 1800 feet above the sea, and a popular summer resort.*"42
Geography of the Empire State
he principal lake in this system is
Otsego (24), 9 by 1J miles, and
1193 feet above sea level.
Cooperstown, at its foot, was tlie resi-
dence of the famous novelist, James Feni-
more Cooper, whose stories have made this,
region familiar the world over. The
stage-ride to Richfield Springs is delightful.
Views of the lake are shown oh page 58.
The lake close by on the map is Schuyler’s, or Canadarago, 5 miles long.
Little Lake (25) is chiefly interesting as showing the watershed of
that region.
There is a lake at Tully, not shown on the map, but near the centre of the southern
boundary of Onondaga County, out of which the water flows to the n. through Onondaga
Creek and Onondaga Lake to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and also to the s. through the-
Tioughnioga into Chesapeake Bay.
(5) The Ohio System.—Chautauqua Lake (26), 9 miles s. of Lake-
Erie, but 740 feet above it, and 1,400 feet above the sea, is probably
higher than any other navigable lake e. of the Rocky Mountains.
It is the only large lake in the State that discharges into the Gulf of
Mexico. It has become famous the world over as the site of a sum-
mer school and Sunday school assembly, the success of which has led
to a system of home-study in wide use.
Canals
The natural internal navigation of the State is very extensive..
Before the commencement of internal improvements, the most import-
ant lines were, first, n. from Albany, through the Hudson to Fort Ed-
ward, thence a portage to Fort Ann, and thence by Wood Creek to-
Lake Champlain ; and, second, w. from Albany, by way of the Mohawk,
Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and Oswego River, to Lake Ontario. Upon
the latter route were portages at several of the rifts of the Mohawk,,
from the Mohawk to Wood Creek, and at Oswego Falls.
The two Wood Creeks mentioned are not shown on the map of rivers, page 23, The-
first rises in French Pond, Warren County, and flowing n, e, through Kingsbury and.
Fort Ann, empties into Lake Champlain at Whitehall. The stream is naturally narrow
and sluggish, but deep, having often 15 feet of water, and hence was of great use in
transportation. The second Wood Creek flows through Rome near the Mohawk, and
into Oneida Lake through Fish Creek, and thus formed a ready connection between the-
Hudson River and the interior lakes.
The Erie Canal is 363 miles long, 70 feet broad at the surface, 56-
feet broad at the bottom, and 7 feet deep. The descent from Buffalo
to Albany is 568 feet, and is accomplished by 72 locks. The canal
cost more than 50 millions. For its interesting history, see Hen-
drick’s History pp. 139-146.
(3) The Susquehanna System.—'
OTSEGO LAKECanals	43
The canal leaves lake Erie at Buffalo (1), follows the river bank to Black Rock, and
communicates with the clam at that place, At Tonawancla (2), 10 miles below Buffalo, it
enters Tonawanda Creek, follows its channel 12
miles, and crosses thence, through a rock cutting, to
the brow of the mountain edge, at Lockport (3), where
it descends 55.88 feet by 10 combined locks. It con-
tinues thence, eastward, from 1 to 3 miles s. of the
ridge road, to Rochester (4), crosses the Genesee upon
a stone aqueduct, makes a circuitous sweep across
the Irondequoit valley, along the top of a natural
range of hills, crosses the Clyde River at Lyons (5),
and finally reaches the level of the Seneca River,
. _ . _ , __after supplying 153 miles of the Erie Canal, and
affording a large amount of water-power.
It then rises by 2 locks, descends into the Onondaga valley by 1 lock, and then rises
by 3 locks to the long level which extends from Syracuse (9) to Utica (15), from whence
it descends the Mohawk valley, mostly on its s. side, to the Hudson. Below Schen-
ectady (16), it twice crosses the Mohawk, upon stone aqueducts. It is continued down the
bank of the Hudson to Albany (18), where it terminates in a spacious basin. At West
Troy it also opens into the Hudson. The total lockages going w. are 612.9 feet up, and
43.5 feet down, or a total of 656.4 feet. The canal is fed by numerous streams along
its course, and by 9 reservoirs, besides those upon the Black River Canal, itself a feeder.
The Cayuga and Seneca Canal connects the Erie Canal at Monte-
zuma (6) with Cayuga Lake at East Cayuga (7), and with Seneca Lake
at Geneva (8).
About half of the canal is formed by slackwater navigation upon Seneca River, and
the remainder is a channel parallel to the river. This canal admits the passage of large
boats from the Erie Canal to the head of Cayuga* and Seneca Lakes.
The Oswego Canal, extending from Syracuse (9) to Oswego (10), is
38 miles long, and includes 19 miles of slackwater navigation in
Oswego and Seneca Rivers, with a towing path on the e. bank.44
Geography op the Empire State
The Black River Canal extends from Rome (11) up the valley of
the Mohawk and of Lansing Kil to Boonville (12), and thence
descends the valley of Black River to a point below Lyon Falls (13).
From the latter point is a river navigation 42J miles to Carthage
(14), on the line of Jefferson county.
At Boonville (12) the canal receives a navigable feeder 12 miles long, which derives
its water from Black River. Length of main canal 36.62 miles, of feeders 12.48 miles,
and of reservoirs 12.95 miles. The summit level is 693 feet above the canal at Rome,
to which it descends by 70 locks. Northward the canal descends 386 feet, by 39 locks.
The Champlain Canal, extending from the Erie Canal, near Cohoes
(17), to Lake Champlain (22), is 64 miles long and has a navigable
feeder of 7 miles to Glens Falls (21), with a slackwater navigation 5
miles further upon the Hudson.
A natural water communication, interrupted by portages, extended along the route
of this canal, which was used by the natives with their canoes. The canal communi-
cates with the Hudson above the State dam at Waterford by a side-cut with 3 locks.
It has 7 locks between the lake and the summit, with 54 feet total lift, and 14 locks,
with a total of 134 feet, between the Summit and the Hudson at Waterford. It crosses
the Mohawk at Cohoes (17) in. a pond formed by a dam 1,700 feet in length, and follows
near the w. bank of the Hudson to Schuylerville (19), where it crosses into Washington
County by another dam 700 feet long, and continues near the E. bank to Fort Edward
■(20). Near here it receives the feeder from the Hudson above Glens Falls (21), where
there is a dam 770 feet long and 12 feet high. Here it leaves the river and crosses to
the valley of Wood Creek, and thence, partly in the bed of that stream, to Whitehall (22.)
For Niagara (1), Portage (3), and Genesee (4) Falls, see pp. 21-24.
WaterfallsWaterfalls
45
f At Tonawanda Falls (2), the creek flows down over the limestone terrace which ex-
tends across the southern part of the town of Alabama at a height of 50 to 75 feet.
■ Watkin’s Glen (5) is the most extensive of the many remarkable
series of cascades by which the water has worn its way through solid
rock in so many parts of the Empire State.
This Glen consists of a number of sections rising one above another
for 800 feet in arcades, galleries,. grottoes, and amphitheatres. It
extends nearly e. and w. for over three miles, and covers 500 acres.
“It forms the channel for a limpid stream which,bubbling out from mountain
springs, threads its sinuous way through gorge and dell, now tumbling madly from
lofty heights into the depths of a foam-crested whirlpool; now breaking in shimmering
cascades above some pellucid pool shaded by moss-grown rocks ; then, winding like a
silver thread through the rank leafage of some narrow vale, it flashes in the sunlightWaterfalls
47
and winds quietly across the level valley, as though, tired from its angry and tortuous
passage through the Glen, it was now resting, idly reflecting the sunbeams before taking
its final submergence in the cool depths of Seneca Lake, half a mile beyond. ”
Havana Glen (6) is divided into two general sections, the entrance
amphitheatre and the gorges. The former contains within its high
hanks some 30 or 40 acres, and the latter include a wonderful succes-
sion of gorges, waterfalls, cascades, pools, cliffs, grottoes, etc.
The ‘c council chamber ” is 100 feet long and 8 to 25 feet in breadth.
Hector Falls, and Lodi Falls, 125 feet high, on the e. shore of the lake, are described
with full-page pictures in the fourth volume of Geology, Natural History of the State of
New York. Rocky Run, shown on the opposite page, is only one of the multitude of
■cascades in this part of the State, so common that they are unknown except locally.
Taughannock Falls (7), 190 feet high, is the principal of the cas-
cades by which the creek of that name descends from the plateau to
the lake.
These falls have receded about one mile from the lake, and have worn a deep gorge
in the yielding
shales, with banks
300 feet high. The
softness of the rock
is shown by an ad-
venture which hap-
pened twenty years
ago to the author of
this volume. He left
the steamer at the
foot of the creek in
the afternoon, and
followed up the
stream to the falls.
These interested
him so much that he
did not observe how
dark it was grow-
ing, and he failed to
find the path to the
hotel on the bank,
which he had some
how supposed to be
located on the south-
ern side. Underes-
timating the height,
and from the debris
at the bottom over-
estimating the slant,
he attempted to
climb the southern
bank. It was easy
at first; then it be-
came harder; finally
crevices f )r the hands and toes had to be plucked out by removing pieces of shale. By48
Geography op the Empire State
the time he was two-thirds up it seemed impossible to complete the ascent, and as
descent was out of the question he considered seriously whether to give it up and drop
upon the rocks below. But this involved almost certain death, or, perhaps worse, a
night to lie helpless with broken limbs and crushed body. So on the whole he decided
to struggle to the last, and after some hours he reached the top. Even then he could
not climb over, for the soil projected, and as he held on by the roots every movement
he made sent the dirt flying into his eyes and down his back. Finally, seizing the-
strongest root with his left hand and drawing his body up close, lie reached around
over the turf with his right hand, seized what seemed to be and proved to be a strong
young shrub, kicked out from the bank, and drew himself over upon the solid earth.
It was two o’clock when he got to the hotel, and the next day he had not nerve enough
left to mount a rock as high as his shoulder. But he had actually climbed in the dark a.
precipice 250 feet high, much of it by pulling out pieces of rocks with.his fingers.
Ithaca Falls (8), one mile from the
ITHACA FALLS
city, are 160 feet high and 150
feet wide.
Ithaca has been called the ‘ ‘ region of
cascades”, as there are 96 falls in the
near vicinity.
Upon Fall Creek, within the space of
1 mile, are 5 falls varying in height from
44 to 125 feet. The deep gorge through
which the stream flows is bordered by
perpendicular cliffs. A tunnel 200 feet
long, 10 to 12 feet wide, and 13 feet
high was excavated through the rock for
hydraulic purposes in 1831-32, by J. S.
Beebe. Upon Cascadilla, Six Mile, and
Buttermilk Creeks: are also successions
of fine cascades, within the limits of the
town. At Buttermilk Falls the water
rushes down at.an angle of about 45
degrees, in a sheet of white foam, the
appearance of the water furnishing a
name to both the cascades and the stream.
In all these falls the soft and yielding
shales form a declining surface, while
the hard and compact limestone remains
perpendicular.
The deep ravine of Fall Creek borders
the grounds of Cornell University, and
the Cascadilla ravine is at the south-west
corner of the campus, uniting with the
view of Cayuga Lake already spoken of
(page 35) to give the college a picturesque*
ness of location that is unrivalled.
At Seneca Falls (9), the Seneca River falls 51 feet, furnishing an
abundance of water power.
At Oswego Falls (10), the river, which drains more than 7,000-
square miles, furnishes enormous water-power. See page 25.
At Natural Bridge (not numbered on the map, but upon the Indian River just as it
passes out of Lewis County), when the stream is low the water passes through a fissure
15 feet wide in the limestone under the road, and has formed grottoes that may be
entered for some distance.Waterfalls	49
The Black River Falls (11), at Watertown, are the most abrupt of
the series of cascades by which the river drops 480 feet in passing
through the county.
The rapid fall of the river through Jefferson County prevents continuation of the
navigation of the Black River to Carthage already spoken of (page 44). The High
Falls at Lyon Falls (13 on map, page 43) are 63 feet high, and a glimpse of them may
be had from the railway train.
Rensselaer Falls (12) and Brasher Falls (13) have given names to small villages ; the
latter is now known as 'Winthrop.
At the Saranac Falls .(14) the river falls some 50 feet in passing through a gorge
1£ miles long, with an average width of 50 feet, and a depth of from 20 to 30 feet.
In its general character this gorge resembles Ausable chasm, described on the next
page. Another remarkable gorge of this kind at Flat Rock, on the Canadian boundary
16 miles w. from Champlain, is 300 feet deep and 16 rods wide. On the Chateaugay
River, a mile above the village, there is a ravine 200 feet deep, with a fall of 50 feet,
Indian Pass, between Mt. Mac Intyre and Wallface Mountain, has the mountain on
one side at an angle of 45°, and on the other for more than a mile a vertical wall 800 to
1200 feet high. The western branch of the Au Sable River breaks through the moun-
tains at 'Willmington Notch, with Mt. Whiteface on one side rising thousands of feet
almost perpendicularly, while on the other are the abrupt, rugged crags of another
precipice.50
Geography of the Empire State
At A usable Chasm (15), the river breaks through the Potsdam
■sandstone in a gorge 2 miles long and 100 feet deep.
The hardness of the rock makes this chasm more remarkable than those in the central
part of the State,
: where the cutting
| has been done
| through soft shale
| and slate.
| From the face
| of the cliff the river
| has worn back a
ragged and irregu-
lar channel in the
: solid sandstone for
a distance of 2
miles and to the
depth of 100 to 130
feet. The rocks
that border it are
perpendicular, and
in some places
overhanging, s o
that the water can
scarcely be seen
from the banks
above. At several
points this ravine
is compressed to a
width of less than
30feet. The river
plunges into the
chasm in a perpen-
dicular descent of
70 feet, and strug-
gles through the
tortuous channel,
foaming,whirling,
and eddying over
its rocky bed. It
has been aptly
called “the Yose-
mitein minature
The tops of the
banks are fringed
with cedars whose
somber shadows
deepen the mys-
AUSABLE CHASM	terious grandeur.
At Ticonderoga (16) the outlet of Lake George descends 150 feet in the course of 1£
miles, and as the water never freezes and is unvarying in quantity, it furnishes excel-
lent wa'ter power. See page 40.
On Stone Bridge Creek (17) is a natural bridge.
The stream, after falling into a basin, enters a passage in two branches under a natural arch 40
feet high and about 80 broad, and emerges in a single stream from under a precipice 54 feet high, 247
feet from its entrance. This bridge is described in Morse’s Geography (1796)as follows : “In theWaterfalls
51
county of Montgomery is a small, rapid stream emptying into Schroon Lake, w. of Lake George ; it
runs under a hill, the base of which is 60 or 70 yards in diameter, forming a most curious and beautiful
arch in the rock, as white as snow. The fury of the water and the roughness of the bottom, added to
the terrific noise within, have hitherto prevented any person from passing through the chasm.”—Am.
Univ. Geog.,508.
It is thus described in Watson’s “ Military and Civil History of the County of Essex
County” (8:512, 1869):
Two very remarkable subterranean passages in the town of Schroon near Paradox lake are worthy
of examination. The first of these forms the channel of a small rivulet, by a natural perforation
of some hundred feet through the massive rock, 10 or 15 feet below the surface, over which passes the
public road, as if by an artificial bridge. The other, which I find referred to in early works on the
topography of this region, is a highly curious and interesting exhibition. The explorer enters a lofty
arch, several feet below the surface, carved out of the solid rock. It presents, at some points, the
appearance of nearly an exact gothic structure, and at others, broken and ragged sides and canopy.
This dark and gloomy cavern extends a number of rods, and is from 4 to 12 feet in width, and 10 to 15
in height. It constitutes the sluice way of a large stream, which propels a mill just above the entrance,
and foams and dashes through the rocky and precipitous descent.
Though the Hudson rises in the most mountainous part of the State
and descends in 150 miles nearly 4,000 feet, its highest falls are at
Luzerne, just below the mouth of the Sacondaga, where the river leaps
60 feet over a ledge of gneiss.	/
At Glens Falls (18) the fall is 50 feet. For Cohoes (19) see page 27.
Below Glens Falls (shown in the cut above) is a small island, through which is a cave
extending from one channel to the other. “ When the stream is full the sight is magnifi-
cent and one that well repays the trouble of a journey. The bed and walls of the river
are composed of blue, fossiliferous limestone, and the scenery is bold and striking. The
admirers of Cooper must not fail to explore the falls and visit tho cave under the rocks
below, where the novelist lays the most thrilling scenes depicted in The Last of the
Mohicans. It was in this cave that Hayward and Cora found refuge; where David
struck his pitch-pipe, and sang the 4 Isle of White ’ to the chiming of the music of the
falls.”—B. F. Be Costa.Waterfalls
53
At Little Falls (20), already referred to on pages 15, 19, 27, and
shown in the picture on the opposite page, the hills on each side of the
river are masses of naked rock, rising nearly perpendicular to a
height of 500 to 600 feet.
Trenton Falls (21), sometimes known as the Kauy-a-hoora, are made
up principally of 6 cascades, with an aggregate fall of 312 feet. The
ravine is 2 miles long, and the banks are in places 150 feet high.
N. P. Willis thus described the falls in his story “Edith Linsey” :
Most people talk of the sublimity of Trenton, but I have haunted it by the week together for its
mere loveliness. The river, in the heart of that fearful chasm, is the most varied and beautiful assem-
blage of the thousand forms and shapes of running water that I know in the world. The soil and the54
Geography of the Empire State
deep-striking roots of the forest terminate far above’you, looking like a black rim on the enclosing
precipice; the bed of the river and its sky-sustaining walls are of solid rock, and, with the tremendous
descent of the stream—forming for miles one continuous succession of falls and rapids—the channel
is worn into curves and cavities which throw the clear waters into forms of inconceivable brilliancy
and variety. It is a sort of half twilight below, with here and there a long beam of sunshine reaching
down to kiss the lip of an eddy, or form a rainbow over a fall, and the reverberating and changing
echoes,
‘s Like a ring of bells whose sound the wind still alters,”
maintain a constant and most soothing music, varying at every step with the varying phase of the
curtain. Cascades of from 20 to 3) feet, over which the river flies with a single and hurrying leap (not
a drop missing from the glassy and bending sheet), occur frequently as you ascend; and it is from
these that the place takes its name. But the falls, though beautiful, are only peculiar from the
dazzling and unequalled rapidity with which the waters come to the leap. If it were not for the leaf
which drops wavering down into the abysm from trees apparently painted on the sky, and which is
caught away by the flashing current as if the lightning had suddenly crossed it, you would think the
vault of the steadfast heavens a flying element as soon.
Howe’s Cave (22), sometimes called the Otsgaragee Cavern, is a
remarkable series of subterranean chambers.
The entrance is from the Pavilion Hotel. An irregular, circular opening in the lime-*
stone, through which we pass by a level path, brings us at once into an atmosphere of
about 55 degrees. We soon come to the “Reception Room”, some 40 feet wide and 15
feet high, ornamented with stalagmites. Hear by, up an ascending path, is another large
room called the “Bridal Chamber”, from the wall of which extend huge stalagmites,
known as “Washington’s Epaulet” and “Lady Washington’s Hood”, bearing a most
striking resemblance to the objects they are named after. The room is ornamented by
a circular dome, so high that the light of the lamp does not render its top visible. Next
comes a gallery 75 feet high, in the “Giant’s Chapel”, above the main path whieh
traverses all the while a spacious hall from 15 to 20 feet high; and the “ Straight and
Narrow Way”, some 3 or 4 feet wide at the bottom, while at the height of a man’s
head there is just room for the head to pass through. The “Pool of Siloam” comes
down a gentle incline and forms a whirlpool, disappearing in some cavity below.
Through the entire length stalagmites of the most fantastic shapes ornament the walls,
while overhead stalactites hang from the roof like icicles.
The “ Elephant’s Head’’and “Indian Dugout” are passed, and then comes the
“Haunted Castle”, a large circular chamber, having a niche at one side just wide
enough to admit a man’s body.	-
Near by is the “Music Room”, where musical tones appear to be never done echo-
ing, but go dancing gaily about, returning again and again, filling the air with harmony.
W e are now something over a mile from daylight, and enter a boat. Pushing out on
a miniature subterranean lake, £ mile long, we sail under a limestone arch, the sides of
which are ornamented with fantastic shapes in has relief, resembling divers objects.
Beyond the lake is the “ Yo Semite Valley”, a deep canon along the edge of which
we creep 50 feet above the stream. Soon afterward the course, which seem to have
been nearly straight thus far, is suddenly blocked by a solid wall. From this point a
passage as yet unexplored leads to the left, forming nearly a right angle with that
which we have been following up. We take the passage to the right, through the
“Winding Way”, 80 rods long, and only wide enough to pass through, forming a long
series of “ S’s”, so that one can hardly see a person in any portion of it three feet ahead.
The walls, as throughout the entire course, are smooth as glass, though rigid and cor-
niced with wonderful regularity. At the end of this crooked passage are the “Devil’s
Gateway” and the “Silent Chamber”.
“Fat Man’s Misery” is a narrow passage in which poor old Jack Flagstaff would
surely have struck fast, and a passage through which we are obliged to crawl leads to
the “Rotunda”, the greatest wonder of all, a circular room 25 feet in diameter, and 300
feet high.vw
Waterfalls
55
This fitly ends our mysterious journey. A brisk walk of an hour brings us back to
daylight once more.
This view of the interior of
the cave is reproduced by per-
mission from one of a beautiful
series of photographs published
by S. R. Stoddard* Glens Falls.
At Poestenkill (poos-ten-kill)
Falls (23) the river falls some 80
feet. One mile w. is a spring
of some local celebrity for the
cure of cutaneous diseases
At Kaaterskill Falls
(24), the waters from the
two lakes and from Spruce
Creek combine a short
distance from the amphi-
theatre of rock, and
plunge over the proj ecting
70 feet of massive roof-
ing to the natural cavern
beneath, a clear fall of 180
feet. The stream then56
Geography op the Empire State
passes a few yards over smooth rock, and takes another plunge of 80
feet.
High Falls (25), on the Rondout • and Wappinger’s Falls (26) of 75 feet at the head
of navigation in the creek of the same name, give names to villages.
Mineral Springs
The Empire State is remarkable for the number and the variety of
its mineral springs. Dr. Beck’s report on the mineralogical and
chemical department of the Geological Survey gave in 1838 a tabu-
lated list of 148, in 40 of the 57 counties into which the State was
then divided; and these did not included many of those now best
known, like the Deep Rock of Oswego, and the Hathorn of Saratoga.
His table classed them thus :
acidul ous chalybeate. _..		.... 2	nitrogen. _........			 2
acidulous saline chalybeate		-...17	petrifying........	.....	14
brine	•_			....24	saline					8
carburetted hydrogen			.... 1	sour....		__		..... 1
chalybeate				.... 6	sulphureous	_ _ 		64
inflammable gas			_	....13	thermal				............ 1
No doubt fully twice as many in the State are now locally recognized as having
medicinal value, and many more have interest for the naturalist. During the three
years that the author of this volume travelled about the State he learned to ask, if he
had an hour to spare, not whether there was something of the sort hear by, but what
and where it was. In this place, however, it is possible to mention only some of those
most widely celebrated.
The salt springs at Warsaw (2) have become a formidable rival in
the manufacture of salt to those at Syracuse (6).
The miles of wooden salt-vats at the head of Onondaga Lake attract the eye of the
visitor approaching Syracuse from the west. Here the brine pumped from wells and dis-Mineral Springs	57
tributed by pipes is evaporated by exposure to the sun, the huge covers on wheels being
pushed oil whenever the sun shines. There are acres too of salt sheds with tall chimneys,
in which the brine is evaporated in iron kettles heated by coal. This latter process pro-
duces fine salt, while the solar evaporation produces rock salt, in larger crystals. Salt
manufacture was once the greatest industry of Syracuse, but has now become unprofit-
able, owing to the working of wells in Michigan where the brine is twice as strong, and
where the kettles can be heated by sawdust from the enormous lumber-mills.
The salt springs at Salt Spring ville (17), near Cherry Valley, are interesting as
.showing the eastern limit of these springs, which occur frequently in the region from
these w. to Genesee County, and from Broome County N. to Lake Ontario, a region 170
miles by 80. Many of these were formerly worked to a profit, especially those at
Montezuma.
An interesting account of them is given in Dr. Beck’3 Report on the mineralogical and chemical
department of the Geological Survey, 1838, above referred to.
The sulphur springs at Avon (3) are visited by many invalids.
Clifton Springs (4) contains a celebrated sanitarium. The water
incrusts with sulphur the stones that it flows over. At the Massena
Springs (9), saline and sulphuric, a hotel was built for invalids as
•early as 1848.
In the town of Alabama (1) there are 9 springs within a circle of 50 rods, no two of
them alike. The Slaterville spring (5) is magnetic. The Chittenango springs (7) are of
a saline sulphuric character. In the vicinity are “petrifying” springs, which convert
vegetable matter into carbonate of lime, leaving the structure of the plant entire. The
Deep Rock spring at Oswego (8) is underneath the Doolittle Hotel. The water is
highly esteemed, and is sent in bottled form all over the country.
At Chateaugay, Franklin County, nitrogen springs send out from white sand a flow of water
sufficient to turn a mill wheel.
Saratoga Springs (10) is one of the great summer resorts of the
world, and contains more capacious and finer hotels of this kind than
any of its rivals. There are a score of the springs, greatly differing
in character, and some of them are famous the world over.
Its natural attractions and its hotel accommodations have made it
a favorite meeting-place for political
and educational conventions. To ac-
commodate these gatherings a large
(auditorium has been erected, seating
(5,000 persons.
The springs at Ballston Spa (11) used to be
(greatly frequented, but are now neglected in
;favor of their more fashionable rivals 6 miles
N. Lebanon Springs (12) contains a warm
nitrogen spring, with several hotels, one accom-
modating 400 guests. There is a Shaker village near by. The Columbia White Sulphur
Springs (18) are 5 miles from Hudson. The Chappaqua (14) sulphur springs have some
local celebrity, and there are several springs of different properties near Guymard (15),
from which is taken the view of the Neversink river shown on page 81.
The Sharon Springs (16) contain sulphur, magnesia, etc., and are held in high repute.
The Richfield Springs (19) have a wide reputation for the cure of
rheumatism and skin diseases, and the hotels and beautiful drives
give the village general recognition as a fashionable summer resort.
AUDITORIUM, SARATOGAIslands
59
The views of Richfield Springs on the opposite page include glimpses
of Candarago and Otsego lakes.
In this connection should be mentioned the oil-wells of New York,
as the petroleum region of Pennsylvania reaches over into Cattaraugus
and Allegany Counties. Springs of natural gas or carburetted hydro-
gen have been found in Albany, Ontario, and other Counties, and at
Gasport in Niagara County; while the village of Fredonia in Chau-
tauqua County has been lighted by it since 1821.
Islands
Long Island (4) is 120 miles long and its greatest width is 24 miles.
It is one of a chain of Islands belonging to New York, reaching at
Fisher’s Island (1) nearly to the Connecticut shore.
It is separated from Connecticut and Khode Island by Long Island Sound, “the
American Mediterranean/’ which is in places 20 miles wide, but is shallow, varying in
depth from 75 to 200 feet.
Geologically the island is interesting, consisting mostly of an immense morainal
deposit of glacial drifts, containing a remarkable number of large boulders.
A range of hills from 150 to 384 feet above sea level extends some 60 miles along its
northern side.
One of its little lakes situated almost in the centre of the island, Uonkonkoma, has
periodical increase and decrease of waters every four years.
The northern coast is broken by important bays, such as Glen Cove, Oyster Bay,
Huntington Bay, Smithtown Bay ; while along the southern coast stretches a remark-
able series of lagoons, formed by a line of dunes at the most a mile wide, such as Fire
Island (5), Oak Island Beach, Jones Beach, Long Beach, to the w. of Fire Island in the
order named.
The bay n. of Fire Island (5) is known as the Great South Bay, 40 miles long, which
furnishes the “Blue Point” oysters, and employs 1500 fishermen.60
Geography op the Empire State
Peconic Bay which divides the eastern end, is 30 miles long. It is often divided
into Greater and Smaller Peconic and Gardiner’s Bays, and Gardiner’s Island (2) lies
between Montank Point and Plumb Island, just above it.
Shelter Island.(3), including 8000 acres, forms a township by itself.
The entire eastern end of the island, including nearly all of Kings county, is now
included in the city of Brooklyn. Coney Island,
separated from the shore only by a narrow stream, is
the southwestern point of the county, as shown on the
map. It has become a famous summer resort.
Other of the principal towns are Long Island City,
Garden City, Flatbush, Flushing, Hempstead, Jamaica,
Oyster Bay, North Hempstead, Huntington, Brook-
haven, Kiverhead, Southampton, and
Southold.
Long Island City is the terminus of
the Long Island railroads, and will soon be
connected with New York by ahuge bridge,
as described on-page 61.
Garden City was founded by the late A.
T. Stewart, who paid some $400,000 for the i
site, and erected buildings costing several
times as much.
Flushing is on Flushing Creek, an outlet of Flush-
ing Bay. It is largely a suburban residence town, but
has manufactures of silk, india-rubber, tin, etc.
Jamaica has been designated as the site of a normal
school. Riverhead has mills and manufactures of
various kinds. Bag Harbor is the eastern terminus of
the Long Island R.R., and has a line of steamers to
New York.
Staten Island (6) is 14 miles by 8, and forms a county by itself,
including 3 or 4 small islands close by. It is separated from New
Jersey by the Arthur Kil or Staten Island Sound, and by the Kil van
Kull. The bay between Staten Island and Long Island is known as
The Narrows.
It is mainly a residence district of New York City, but the oyster trade employs a
good many people, and there
are some manufactories. On
Staten Island is the quaran-
tine headquarters, where all
foreign vessels are stopped for
inspection; and further up the
harbor is Bedloe’s Island,
with the Statue of Liberty,
shown in the cut on page 92.
ELLIS ISLAND	Further along, toward the
New Jersey shore, is Ellis Island, where foreign immigrants are received and examined.

Nearer New York is Governor’s Island, a station
for United State troops. The picture of the fort
here given is of Castle William in the north-west
corner of this island, which also appears in the
left lower corner of the picture of Manhattan Island
on the next page.Islands
61
Manhattan Island (7), 13 miles long, is a part of New York City.
It has the Hudson River on the w., the Harlem on the n., and the
East River on the s. and e.
Besides the Brooklyn Bridge, shown in the cut and already described (page 29), it
will soon have another communication with Long Island by a bridge now building,
connecting the Third Avenue Elevated Raihvay with the Long Island Railroad, by wayGeography op the Empire State
G2
of Blackwell’s Island, shown in the cut. This bridge is 135 feet above the water and
has three spans : 846 feet from New York to the Island, 615 feet across the Island, and
846 feet from the Island to Long Island City. It is to cost 8 millions, beside the cost of
the terminal stations. It has 4 railway tracks, with carriage ways on each side.
New York City includes Ward’s Island, Blackwell’s Island, and Randall’s Island in
the East River, all of which are used for charitable and correctional institutions.
Grand Island (8), North Hero Island (9), and Isle La Motte (10)
belong to Vermont, but Lake Champlain contains within New York
territory a multitude of small islands like that shown in this picture,
which are used for summer residences.Islands
63
Of the group of 1800 islands known as The Thousand Islands a
good many be-
long to New
York, among
which the best
known are
Wells,or Welles-
ly Island (10),
on which are
Thousand Is-,
land and West-
minster Parks ;
and Grindstone
Island (15).
"Wolfq Island (12),
and Prince Edward
Island (13) belong to Canada. Carleton Island, off the southeast of Wolfe Island,
belongs to New York. Durham’s “Carleton Island in the Revolution ” tells much of
interest in its history. Of the islands at the foot of Lake Ontario, Duck Island belongs
to Canada, and Grenadier, Galloo, and Stony Islands to New York, the boundary line
being equi-distant from the two shores.
The Thousand Islands have figured much in song and story, as Hough in his
“Thousand Islands” has shown. Cooper’s “The Pathfinder” gives vivid descriptions
of this region. Charles Dickens in his “ American Notes ” says:
We left Kingston for Montreal on the 10th of May, at half-past nine in the morning, and proceeded
in a steamboat down the St. Lawrence River. The beauty of this noble stream at almost any point,
but especially in the commencement of this journey, where it winds its way among the Thousand
Islands, can hardly be imagined. The number and constant succession of these Islands, all green and
richly wooded ; their fluctuating sizes, so large, that for half an hour together, one among them
will appear as the opposite bank of the river, and some so small that they are mere dimples on its
bosom,—their infinite variety of shapes,—and the numberless combinations of beautiful forms wrhich
the trees growing on them presentall form a picture fraught with uncommon interest and pleasure.
Lossing’s 4 Field Book of the .Revolution ” says:
We passed the morning in alternately viewing the ever-changing scene as our vessel sped towards
Ontario, and in perusing Burke’s “ Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful ”. I never read that charming
production with so much pleasure as then, for illustrative examples were on every side. And when,
towards noon, our course was among the Thousand Islands, the propriety of the stars as an example,
by their number and confusion, of the cause of the idea of sublimity, was forcibly illustrated. “ The
apparent disorder,” he says, ' augments the grandeur, for the appearance of care is highly contrary to
■- our idea of magnificence.” So with these islands. They fill the St. Lawrence through nearly 60 miles
of its course, commencing 15 miles below Kingston, and varying in size from a few yards to 18 miles in
length. Some are mere syenitic rocks, bearing sufficient alluvium to produce cedar, spruce, and pine
shrubs, which seldom grow to the dignity of a tree; while others were beautifully fringed with luxu-
riant grass and shaded by lofty trees. A few of the larger are inhabited and cultivated. They are
1,227 in number. Viewed separately, they present nothing remarkable; but scattered, as they are, so
profusely and in such disorder over the bosom of the river, their features constantly changing as we
made our rapid way among them, an idea of magnificence and sublimity involuntarily possessed the
mind, and wooed our attention from the tuition of books to that of nature.
Grand island (14) forms, with Buckhorn and Beaver Islands, close
by, a township of Erie county. It contains 18,500 acres.
Navy Island, is shown in the map, below Grand Island. Just above Niagara Falls is Goat Island,
half a mile long, well shown in the picture on page 22.64
Geography of the Empire State
IV. GEOLOGY
While this topic can be only touched upon in a book like this, it
has an important connection with the geography of New York from
the fact that this State has given to modern geology much of its nom-
enclature, because a long line of geological strata are better shown,
here than elsewhere.
The following rough outlines show the greater geological divisions
of the State as laid down by Dr. Hall in his geological map of ,1842.
A new map is now under way. In Dana’s “ Geological Story Briefly
Told ” the geological strata are named as follows :
Cenozoic
Mezozoio
Paleozoic
B.	Quaternary
A.	Tertiary
(Reptiles)
C.	Carboniferous
(Coal-plants)
B.	Devonian
(Fishes)
Upper
A. Silurian
(Invertebrates)
Lower
American. British.
c. Recent.
~ b. Champlain*.
( a. Glacial.
I c. Pliocene.
-	b. Miocene.
a. Eocene.
I c. Cretacious.
-	b. Jurassic,
i a. Triassic.
c. Permian
•< b. Carboniferous
i a. Subcarbonifous.
The same.
<< <(
<( <«
Mountain limestone,
d. Catskill*.
c. Portage* and Chemung*.
b. Hamilton*
I Upper Ilelderberg*.
“* 1 Corniferous.
r
-j Old red sandstone.
I'
{ f. Low^rnelderberg*. [ Ludlow group.
1 a. Niagara* [ Genlock group.
c. Trenton*. Llandeilo.
b. Canadian. Tremadoc.
a. Primordial. Cambrian.
Archean.Geology
65
The names starred are all New York names, taken from places
where these rocks are best shown.
Dr. Hall’s own classification of the rocks is as follows, and the num-
bers in heavy type are those given on the map.
(8) VIII. Quaternary.
VII. Tertiary.
(7) VI. New red sandstone.
V. Carboniferous system.
(-6) IV. Old red sandstone.
f 28. Chemung group.
(c. Cashaqua shale.
) b. Gardeau flagstones,
j a. Portage sandstone.
27. [Portage or Nunda group
26. Genesee slate.
25. Tully limestone.
' c. Ludlowville shales.
b. Enerinal shales.
a. Moscow shales.
24. Hamilton group.
23. Marcellus slate.
(5) I). Erie Division,
(4) C. Helderberg series.
22. Corniferous limestone.
21. Onondaga limestone.
20. Schoharie grit.
19. Cauda-galli grit.
18. Oriskany sandstone.
17. Upper Pentamerus limestone.
16. Enerinal limestone.
15. Delthyris shaly limestone.
14. Pentamerus limestone.
13. Waterlime group.
12. Onondaga salt group.
( 11. Niagara group.
(3) B. Ontario division, •< 10. Clinton group.
(	9. Medina sandstone.
(2) A. Champlain divis-
ion.
( 8. Oneida conglomerate.
7. Grey sandstone.
6. Hudson river group.
5. Utica slate.
4. Trenton limestone.
Sb, Birdseye.
(L Chazy.
Black river limestone.
2. Calciferous sandroc-k.
„ 1. Potsdam sandstone.
(I ) Primary or Hypogene.
- Devonian system.
Silurian system.
-
- Cambrian system.
The following view of the strata as they lie across the State is taken
from his Geology of the Fourth District.
A.	Primary.
B.	Potsdam sandstone.
C.	Calciferous sandrock.
D.	Black-river limestone.
E.	Trenton limestone.
F.	Utica slate.
G.	Hudson-river group.
II. Grey sandstone and Oneida conglomerate.
I. Medina sandstone.
K.	Clinton group.
a. Lake
L.	1. Niagara group.
M.	Onondaga-salt group.
N.	Helderberg series.
O.	Hamilton group, including Marcellus and
Moscow shale.
e. Tully limestone.
P.	Portage group and Genesee slate.
R.	Chemung group.
S.	Old Red system.
T.	Conglomerate of the Carboniferous system.
Ontario.
The distance upon the n. side of the lake has been much shortened in proportion, in order to give
more room for the rocks upon the s. side.
From the absence of all extensive disturbances of the strata, we are enabled to trace an uninter-
rupted series from the Potsdam sandstone to the Old Red. No where is there known to exist so com-66
Geography of the Empire State
plete a series of the older fossiliferous rocks as those embraced within the limits of our State, and
terminating at a point of great and important change in the condition of the surface, and included
between this and the rocks of metamorphic origin, we have here offered one of the most decided and
best characterized systems known in the whole world.—M, Geology of Fourth District, p. W.
The geological formation of the State makes its quarries valuable. By the census
of 1890 it stands 3d of the States in the value of its entire stone product ($4,418,143),
ranking 1st of the States in the value of its bluestone ($1,303,321), millstones, and
graphite ; 2d in gypsum ; 3d in marble; 4th in slate; 5th in limestone and sandstone ;
18th in granite.
Roofing-slate is quarried in Washington, Rensselaer, and Columbia counties; sandstone at Potsdam
and at Medina; flagstones in the region of Kingston; white marble in Westchester county, black
marble at Glens Palls, red marble at Warwick, and verd-antique at Moriah; talc in St. Lawrence
county; gypsum near Syracuse; hydraulic cement at Rondout, Manlius, and Akron.
It has mo coal, but is ranked 2d in the value of its iron product ($3,100,216). The
petroleum wells of the Allegany and Cataraugus district, of 31 square miles (see page
56), are included by the census in the Bradford district, the product of which for 1889
was 7,158,363 bbls. Of natural gas the Allegany county wells in 1889 produced 1330
million feet, and the value of that consumed in New York was $204,325.
In the value of mineral waters produced in 1889 New York stands 3d ($239,975),
Wisconsin standing 1st, California 2d, and Virginia 4th. The salt product has been
spoken of (page 56).
V. CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS
Climate
The climate of New York is remarkably varied. While Long Island
and its vicinity has, owing to the influence of the ocean, a compara-
tively even temperature, seldom reaching zero or rising above 95°,
in the State at large the usual range is from -20° to 100°, giving a
variety that is stimulating and not disagreeable to people of a sound
constitution.
Frosts begin from September 1st to October 1st, and end from April 1st to May 1st,
according to the locality and year. In the Adirondack region the snow-fall is heavy,
the winter long and severe. In central New York it is not uncommon for snow to
accumulate to the depth of 3 or *4 feet, and yet this is not persistent. About New York
city and on Long Island the snow rarely exceeds a foot in depth, sleighing is always
uncertain, and sometimes the ground will be bare for weeks together. Thus it will be
seen that the climate of New York is intermediate in character between that of New
England and that of the Mississippi valley States,—a little milder than the former, se-
verer than the latter. The great lakes which border it are never frozen to their centres,
and exert an equalizing influence upon the climate of their shores.
The local variation of climate within the limits of the State will be best seen by the
following table :—
	Lat.	Long.	Elevation.	Mean Annual Temp.	Mean Annual Rainfall.
Moriches, Long Is-	O /	o /	Feet.	0	Inches.
land		40 49	72 36	Sea-level.	54.2	54.67
New York City		40 42	74	100	51.2	44.59
Albany			42 40	74 45	150	46.9	40.67
Rochester..			43 8	77 51	525	46.9	32.56
Buffalo				42 53	78 55	660	46.8	33.84
Gouverneur		44 25	75 35	400	44.1	30.15
Plattsburgh			44 41	73 25	186	44	33.4Climate and Productions
67
Plants and Trees
Originally the surface of New York was occupied by an almost
unbroken forest, and, as a consequence of the general fertility of the
soil, its topographical diversity, and the range of latitude and longi-
tude, the flora is rich and varied. About 70 species of trees are known
to inhabit the State, and these include all found in the adjacent por-
tions of the Union and Canada.
The most abundant are oaks, of which there are 15 species ; but .with these mingle
5 species each of maple, pine, and poplar, 4 species of hickory, 3 each of elm, spruce,
and ash, 2 of willow, cherry, magnolia, and pepperidge, and 1 each of larch, lirioden-
dron, dogwood, arbor vitae, balsam, yew, sycamore, honey locust, sweet gum, locust,
butternut, black walnut, chestnut, beech, hornbeam, basswood, sassafras, and mulberry.
On the summits of the Adirondacks a true alpine vegetation is found, though con-
sisting of but a small number of plants ; several of these exist in no other locality in the
United States except the mountain summits of Vermont and New Hampshire. The
lowering plants and ferns of New York were studied with much care by the late Dr.
Torrey, and his report upon them forms two quarto volumes of the Report on the Natural
History of New York. The flowering plants enumerated by Dr. Torrey amount to 1540
t species, to which a few additions have since been made. The ferns number 54 species
—more than are found in any other State; the lower forms of plant life, seaweeds,
fungi, lichens, etc., are constantly supplying new material, and many years will yet be
required for their complete elaboration.
Animals
At the advent of the whites the fauna of New York included all the
i
wild animals which were found in the north-eastern States of the Union
or the adjacent portions of Canada, but by the cutting off of forests,
and the occupation of the surface by farms, the range of the native
animals has been greatly reduced, and they have been unceasingly
destroyed by man. ,
Formerly the elk, the moose, and the caribou were abundant in the n. part of the
State, but are now all exterminated, while the Virginia deer in many localities is still
quite plentiful. Of the carnivorous animals, the couguar, the black bear, two species
of lynx, the red and grey foxes, the wolf, otter, fisher, pine marten, mink, and skunk
still remain, but the wolf is on the eve of extermination, and the wolverine, never
abundant, has perhaps migrated northward. Among the rodents the beaver and variable
hare are found, but in small numbers, while rabbits, squirrels, rats, mice, field-mice, etc.,
are still unpleasantly numerous.
Civilization has made but little difference with the reptiles, birds
and fishes. All the birds indigenous to the e. portion of the continent
may probably at times be found within the State, though their relative
numbers are affected by the removal of the forests.
Among thereptles are 17 species of snakes, 8 of which, two rattlesnakes and the cop-
perhead, are venomous. The fishes include all the species found in the lower lakes, in
the rivers of the temperate portions of the continent, and on the Atlantic coast; and the
fisheries constitute an important clement in the revenues and subsistence of the people.
The streams and lakes of the more elevated portions contain brook trout in abundance ;
those of the lower levels are well stocked with bass, pickerel, perch, and other fish.68
Geography op the Empire State
VI. POLITICAL DIVISIONS
Counties
New York is divided into 60 counties as shown on the map upon
the following page. Their origin and other interesting facts are given
in the following table :
g g § 6 fc	Name.	Date of Erection.	Formed from what.	Origin of name.	-County Seat	Popula- tion, 1890.
34	Albany.	1683	Original.	Duke of York.	Albany,	164,555
23	Allegany.	1806	Genesee.	Allegany river.	Belmont.	43,240
16	Broome.	1806	Tioga.	John Broome.	Binghamton.	62,973
21	Cattaraugus.	1808	Genesee.	Indian name.	Little Valley.	60,866
45	Cayuga.	1799	Onondaga.	Indian tribe.	Auburn.	65,302
22	Chautauqua.	1808	Genesee.	Indian name.	Mayville.	75,202
18	Chemung.	1836	Tioga. Herkimer and Tioga.	Chemung river.	Elmira.	48,265
31	Chenango.	1798		Chenango river.	Norwich,	37,776
53	Clinton.	1788	Washington.	George Clinton.	Plattsburgh.	46,437
13	Columbia.	1786	Albany.	Columbus.	Hudson.	46,172
30	Cortland.	1808	Onondaga.	Pierre Van Cortlandt	Cortland.	28,657
15	Delaware.	1797	Ulster and Otsego.	Delaware river.	Delhi.	45,496
10	Dutchess.	1683	Original.	Duchess of York.	Poughkeepsie.	77,879
23	Erie.	1821	Niagara.	Lake Erie.	Buffalo.	322,981
57	Essex.	1799	Clinton.	County of England.	Elizabethtown.	33,052
59	Franklin.	1808	Clinton.	Benjamin Franklin.	Malone.	88,110
39	Fulton.	1838	Montgomery. Ontario.	Robert Fulton.	Johnstown.	37,650
47	Genesee.	1802		Genesee river.	Batavia.	33,265
14	Greene.	1800	Albany and Ulster.	Nathaniel Greene.	Catskill.	31,598
55	Hamilton.	1816	Montgomery.	Alexander Hamilton	Sageville.	4,762
41	Herkimer.	1791	Montgomery.	Nicholas Herkimer.	Herkimer.	45,608
53	Jefferson.	1805	Oneida.	Thomas Jefferson.	Watertown.	68,806
3	Kings.	1683	Original.	King Charles II.	Brooklyn.	838,547
54	Lewis.	1805	Oneida.	Morgan Lewis.	Lowville.	29,806
25	Livingston.	1821	Genesee and Ontario.	Robert R. Livingston	Geneseo.	37,801
43	Madison.	1806	Chenango.	James Madison.	MOrrisville.	42,892
50	Monroe.	1821	Ontario and Genesee.	James Monroe.	Rochester.	189,586
40	Montgomery*	1772	Albany.	Richard Montgomery	Fonda.	45,699
5	New York. .	1683	Original.	City and county iden	tical.	1,515,301
48	Niagara.	1808	Genesee.	Niagara river.	Lockport.	62,491
42	Oneida.	1798	Herkimer.	Indian tribe.	Utica.	122,922
44	Onondaga.	1794	Herkimer.	Indian tribe.	Syracuse.	146,247
46	Ontario.	1789	Montgomery.	Lake Ontario.	Canandaigua.	48,453
8	Orange.	1683	Original.	Son of Duke of York	Goshen, Newburgh,	97,859
49	Orleans.	1824	Genesee.		Albion.	30,803
52	Oswego.	1816	Oneida and Onondaga.	City of Oswego.	Pulaski, Oswego.	71,883
32	Otsego.	1791	Montgomery.	Indian name.	Cooperstown.	50,861 14,849
9	Putnam.	1812	Dutchess.	Israel Putnam.	Carmel.	
2	Queens.	1683	Original.	Wife of Charles II.	Jamaica.	128,059
36	Rensselaer.	1791	Albany.	Van Rensselaer fam- ily. Son of Charles II.	Troy.	124,511
4	Richmond.	1683	Original.		Richmond.	51,693
7	Rockland.	1798	Orange.	Descriptive.	Clarkstown.	35,162
60	St. Lawrence.	1802	Clinton, Montgomery and Herkimer.	St. Lawrence river.	Canton.	85,048
38	Saratoga.	1791	Albany.	Indian name.	BallstonSpa. Schenectady.	57,663
35	Schenectady.	1809	Albany.	Indian name.		29,797
33	Schoharie.	1795	Albany and Otsego.	Indian name.	Schoharie.	29,164
28	Schuyler.	1854	Steuben, Chemung and Tompkins. Cayuga.	Philip Schuyler	Watkins.	16,711
27	Seneca.	1804		Indian tribe.	Ovid, Waterloo.	28,227
19	Steuben.	1796	Ontario.	Baron Steuben.	Bath.	81,473
1	Suffolk.	1683	Original.	County of England.	Riverhead.	62,491
12	Sullivan.	1809	Ulster.	John Sullivan.	Monticello.	31,031
17	Tioga.	1791	Montgomery.	Indian name.	Owego.	29,935
29	Tompkins.	1817	Cayuga and Seneca.	Daniel D. Tompkins.	Ithaca.	82,923
11	Ulster.	1683	Original.	Irish Earldom of Duke of York.	Kingston.	87,062
56	Warren.	1813	Washington.	Joseph Warren.	Caldwell.	27,866
37	Washington, t	1772	Albany.	George Washington.	Argyle.	45,690
51	Wayne.	1823	Ontario and Seneca.	Anthony Wayne.	Lyons.	49,729
6	Westchester.	1683	Original.	Town of Westchester	White Plains.	146.772
24	Wyoming.	1841	Genesee.		Warsaw.	31193
26	Yates.	1823	Ontario.	Joseph C. Yates.	Penn Yan,	21,001
* Changed from Tryon, 1784. t Changed from Charlotte, 1784,	Total. 5,99<,853Indian Reservations
69
Counties
Indian Reservations
Part of the territory of the State is still occupied by Indians, who
hold, as separate nations, reservations as follows :
3.	Onondaga,	1. Tuscarora.
4.	St. Regis,70
Geography of the Empire State
The Indians of New York number about 5,000 and occupy lands
covering 87,677 acres on the following reservations: Tuscarora (1);
Tonawanda (2) : Onondaga (3); St. Regis (4) ; Shinnecock (5); Alle-
gany (6) and Cattaraugus (7), the last two being occupied by the
Senecas. The presiding officer of the general league has always been
chosen from the Onondagas. Schools are conducted upon these reser-
vations under direction of the Superintendent of Public Instruction.
A remnant of the Oneida indians, numbering 175, reside at Orchard Park, Oneida
county, and Windfall, Madison county. There are a few Poosepatucks near Brook
haven, Suffolk County, and some 8 or 10 Montauks, at Montauk Point.
The Allegany reservation is 40 miles long, on both sides of the Allegany River,
from the Pennsylvania line, and covers 30,469 acres. The Cattaraugus reservation
extends some 12 miles from Lake Erie up Cattaraugus Creek, and covers 21,680 acres.
Fall information as to these reservations may be found in the “Report of the Special Committee
to investigate the Indian Problem of the State of New York ”, 8:1282, Albany, 1888.
Cities
The following map shows the cities of the State.
They are placed in order of population, and numbered as upon the
map. The classification is according to the Constitution.
Date of Pop'nin Pop'nin Pop'nin Pop'nin State Cm. Pages 'where referred to
Incorpor'n 1860	1870	1880	1890	1892	in this book
First Class
26.	New York, ... .1680.. .805,658.. .942,292.. .1,206,299.. .1,515,301.. .1,801,139. .11, 61,66, 68, 74-77, 83, 85,
91, 92, 107, 113, 117
27.	Brooklyn, ... .1834.. .266,661.. .396,099... 566,663... 806,343... 930,633. .60, 6<S, 68, 74, 02,117
2. Buffalo..........1832... 81,129.. .117,714... 155,134... 255,664... 278,796. .11, 42, 43, 66, 68, 74-77, 79,
97, 109-111, 116,117
Second Class
5. Rochester,
.... 1834... 48,204... 62,386...	89,366... 133,896... 144,834..2h, 33, 43, 66, 68, 74, 76, 78,
96, 98, 110, 111, 116, 117Cities
71
19. Albany,	...1686..	. 62,367..	. 69,422...	90,758...	94,923...	97,120..11, 42, 43, 66, 68,75, 77, 83,
8. Syracuse,	.. 1847..	. 28,119..	. 43,051...	51,792...	88,143...	8k. 86,105, 114 91,944. .11, 43, 56, 66, 68, 74,76, 80,
18. Troy,	..1816..	39,235..	. 46,465...	56,747...	60,956...	• 81,83, 99, 107,109, 113 64,986.-27, 29, 68, 74, 85, 10k, 105,
Third Class. 16. Utica,	..1832..	. 22,529..	. 28,804..;	33,914...	44,007...	114 46,608..43, 63, 76, 81, 82, 83, 99,
28. L, I. City,	..1870..			17,129...	30,506...	107, 108,113 35,745.-60, 62,117
30. Binghamton, .	. 1867..	. 8,325..	12,692...	17,317...	35,005...	34,514.. 11, 68, 76, 96, 101, 107
24. Yonkers,	..1872..	•11,848..	. 18,357...	18,892...	32,833...	31,419.. 91
31. Elmira,	..1864..	8,682..	. 15,863...	20,541...	30,893...	29,911..11, 68, 74, 76, 96, 109, 110,
7. Auburn,	..1848..	10,986..	17,225...	21.924,..	25,858...	116 24,737..68, 76, 79,81,110
23. Newburgh,	..1865..		17,014...	18,049...	23,037...	24,536. .38-, 68, 89, 93
12. Cohoes,	...1869..	. 8,800.	. 15,357...	19,416...	22,509...	23,234..27, 44, 85, 105
22. Poughkeepsie..	..1854...	. 14,726,.	. 20,080...	20,207...	22,206...	23,196..68, 74, 76, 87, 89
13. Schenectady,	..1798..		. 11,026...	13,655...	19,902...	22,858..43, 68, 74, 85. 103
9. Oswego,	...1848..	. 16,816...	. 20,910...	21,116. .	21,842...	21,966. .15, 25, 33, 43, 57, 68, 75, 98,
* 21. Kingston,	..1872...			18,344...	21,261...	107, 113 21,495..66, 68, 95, 114, 116
35. Jamestown,	...1886..		, 5,336...	9,357...	16,038...	18,617.-97,98
14. Amsterdam, ..	..1885..		. 5,426...	9,466...	17,336...	18,? 42. .85
10. Watertown, .,	...1869..	. 7,567.,,	. 9,336...	10.697...	14,725...	16,982. .k9, 68, 9?, 99
4. Lockport,	...1865..		. 12,426...	13,522...	16,038...	16,088. .k3, 68.78, 79, 97
15. Gloversville,	...1890..		. 4,518...	7,133. ..	13,864...	14,694..83
25. Mt. Vernon, ..	..1892..					14,000..114
6. Ithaca,	..1888...		8,462...	9,105...	11,079 ..	13,450. .35. k8, 68. 74, 109, 110, 116
17. Rome,	..1870...	. 9,289..,	11,000...	12,194...	14,991...	13,038.. 15, 42, 44, 76, 81, 82, 99,
11. Ogdensburg, ..	. 1868...	7,409.,.	10,076...	10,311...	11,662...	100, 113 11,955..76, 99
34. Olean,	..1894..				11,507...		97, 111
33. Hornellsville, .	..1888...		4,552...	8,195...	10.996...	U,898..97, 111
3. Niagara Falls .	..1892...					11,711.. 11, 22, 74, 78 79,97, 93,100
29. Middletown, ..	..1888...		6,049...	8,494...	11,977...	11,612. .76, .92, 93,113
1. Dunkirk,	..1880...			7,248...	9,416...	10,040. .93. 97, 111, 117
32. Corning, • ..	..1890...		4,018 *..	4,802...	8,550...	10,025.. 96, 109, 117
20. Hudson,	..1785...		8,615...	8.670...	9,970...	■9,642..57, 68, 76, 85, 114
In manufacturing, the statistics of the larger cities are given as
follows in the census of 1890. They are numbered according to the
amounts. 7. Albany		35,536,486	16. Newburgh				$ 6,964,387
13. Auburn					... 9,634,785	1. New York			...... 777,322,721
11. Binghamton		... 15,040,152	15. Osw^ego					 7,482,378
2. Brooklyn			.269,244,147	17. Poughkeepsie			 6,254,132
3. Buffalo		 .	... 100,052,208	4. Rochester			 65,091,156
12. Cohoes				... 10,836,260	5. Syracuse.... .				 29,297,241
14. Elmira.		... 8,844,936	6. Troy			 39,348,750
18. Kingston.			... 4,009,574	10. Utica.J				 15,615,715
9.. Long Island City....	. 16,200,226	8. Yonkers			 21,319,017
It has been thought best to treat of the cities and villages as the
traveller along our lines of railway would come to them, on pages 77
to 118. But those who prefer to study them topically may do so
intelligently by looking up the references given and comparing the
statistics in these tables.
Thus Elmira is 146 miles from Buffalo (see page 11', the county seat of Chemung
County (68), the seat of Elmira College (74) and of a Reformatory (76), and on the Erie
(96), D. L. & W. (109Lehigh Valley (110), E. C. & N., and Pa. (116) railways, etc.
•	.	i
’ )72
Geography of the Empire State
Villages
The following villages of the State had more than 4,000 population
under the census of 1890. They are arranged in the order of popula-
tion, and numbered as on the map. Owego is placed last because no
separate returns were made in the enumeration. There are other vil-
lages which have more than 4,000 population which are not given
here because not officially enumerated separately. The figures follow-
ing give pages where the village is referred to in this book.
5.	Batavia, 68, 76, 78,
97, 110
87. New Brighton,
89. Edge water
(Stapleton)
25.	West Troy, 48,105
18.	Saratoga Springs, 11, 57,
85,108
28. Lansingbnrg
80. Peekskill, 90
17. Glens Palls, 40, 44, 51,
66, 72, 108
32.	Sing Sing, 76, 91
44.	Port Jervis, 30, 92, 93
20. Little Falls, 15, 19, 27,
52, 53, 72, 83
47. Cortland, 68, 75,109,116
41.	Flushing, 60,118
36. New Rochelle, 114
19.	Johnstown, 68, 83
8. Geneva, 43, 74, 79, 81,
110, 117 '
26.	Greenbush
1.	Tonawanda, 43, 77,
79, 97
22. Hoosick Falls, 85
15. Plattsburgh, 66, 68,
75, 100, 101
39.	Port Richmond
45.	Oneonta, 75, 106, 107
40.	College Point, 118
10. Seneca Falls, 48, 81 '
12. Oneida, 81, 113
6.	Canandaigua, 68, 78,
79, 81
42.	Jamaica, 60, 68, 75,
118
85. Port Chester, 114
46.	Norwich, 68, 109,113
31. Haverstraw, 91
14. Malone, 68, 76, 100
27.	Catskill, 68, 85
43.	Hempstead, 60, 118
2.	North Tonawanda, 43,
77, 79, 97
4. Albion, 68, 78, 79
3.	Medina, 17, 66, 78,79
11. Lyons, 43, 68, 79, 117
24. Green Island, 105
16. Whitehall, 11, 42, 44,
103
9. Waterloo, 68, 81
29. Matteawan, 89
7.	Penn Yan, 34-, 68, 116,
117
28.	Saugerties '
13. Fulton, 25, 48, 99,109,
113
49. Waverly, 96, 109
33.	Nyack, 91, 92, 93
21. Ilion, 83
34.	White Plains, 68,114
48. Owego, 68, 96, 109, 110Education
73
VII. EDUCATION
The system of education in New York is peculiar in that it is under
•double control. The Department of Public Instruction has charge of
.all schools supported by public tax, while the University of the State
of New York, usually called the Regents, from the name of its officers,
has control of secondary and higher education, both in public and
in private institutions.
The Department of Public Instruction is administered by a Super-
intendent, elected by the Legislature for three
(years at a salary of $5,000 a year. He ap-
points the subordinates in his office, including
(the institute instructors and the inspectors of
(teachers’ classes ; and he confirms the election
(by the local boards of the teachers in normal
(schools. His authority is broader than is
(entrusted to this officer in any other State.
His decisions on school matters are not sub-
chaeles r. skinner ject reversal by the courts. The portrait
of the present Superintendent is here given.
Next to him in authority are the School Commissioners, who have
local supervision of all the schools of the State except in cities and
villages which employ Superintendents. These Commissioners and
Superintendents report to the State Superintendent.
Next come the Trustees of district schools, and the Boards of Educa-
tion of union schools, who have immediate charge of their schools,
Deceiving and expending the money raised, employing teachers, mak-
ing regulations, etc. %
The University of the State of New York, usually referred to as the
.Regents, from the name of its board of control, has in charge the
incorporation of higher institutions of learning, the granting of degrees,
the distribution of certain funds on the basis of examination, and
hence the establishing of courses of study for secondary schools, the
care of the State Library, State Museum, etc. Its executive officer is
the Secretary, who is also the State Librarian.
The State Library, in the Capitol of Alban}7- is the headquarters of
.a Library School which sends out librarians to libraries all over the
■country. Its own equipment is remarkably complete, and every
facility is granted for the use of books by authors and others either
fhere or anywhere in the State.
For full particulars as to the school law of the State, see Bardeen’s Handbook for
School Trustees”.
For a full account of the Civil Government of the State, see JSTortham’s “ Civil Gov-
ernment for Common Schools”.74
Geography op the Empire State
Colleges
The following map shows the location of the colleges of the State.
The number prefixed shows the location on the map, the date is that
of incorporation, and the next number gives reference to page.
20. Alfred University, Alfred Centre, 1857.
17.	Barnard College, New York, 1889. 91
1.	Canisins College, Buffalo, 1883. 78
18.	Colgate University, Hamilton, 1846. 113
17. College of St. Francis Xavier, New
York, 1861. 91
17. College of the City of New York,
1854. 91
17. Columbia College, New York, 1754. 91
6. Cornell University, Itbaca, 1865. 35
48,109
15.	Drew Female College, Carmel, 1866. 114
19.	Elmira College, Elmira, 1855.	96
11.	Hamilton College, Clinton, 1812.	118
5. Hobart College, Geneva, 1825.	81
4. Keuka College, Keuka College, 1892.
17. Manhattan College, New York, 1863. 91
2.	Niagara University, Niagara Falls,
1883. 78
17. Normal College of the City of New
York, .1888. 91
16.	Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn,
1869. 60
12.	Rensselaer Potytechnic Institute, Troy,
1824.	105
17.	Rutgers Female College, New York
•1867. 91
21. St. Bonaventure’s College, Allegany,.
1875. 74
16. St. Francis’s College, Brooklyn.
1884. 60
16.	St John’s College, Brooklyn, 1871. 60-
17.	St. John’s College, Fordham, 1846.
91
9. St. Lawrence University, Canton,.
1856.	100
13.	St. Stephen’s College, Anandale,
1860. 74
8. Syracuse University, Syracuse, 1870-
81
17. Teachers’ College, New York, 1887.
91
10. Union College, Schenectady, 1795. 85
17. University of the City of New York,
1831.	91
3.	University of Rochester, Rochester,
1851. 78
14.	Vassal’ College, Poughkeepsie, 1861-
89
7. Wells College, Aurora 1868.	110’Colleges ; Normal Schools
75
Normal Schools
The following map shows the location of the Normal Schools. The
numbers following the name give the pages on which the principal
reference is made in this book to the places where they are located.
7. Albany Normal College. 85
2.	Brockport. 79
1. Buffalo. 78
11.	Cortland. 109
12.	Fredonia. 59, 98
3.	Geneseo. 68
9. Jamaica. 60, 118
8. New Paltz. 89, 116 ■
10. Oneonta. 107
4.	Oswego. 99
6. Plattsburgh. 101
5.	Potsdam. 100.
The Normal College and the Teachers’ College of New York City are not State institutions, and are
named on page 74 among the colleges.
Besides its Normal Schools, New York has an extensive system of educating teachers
through Teachers’ Institutes and Training Classes. An
institute of one week is held at least once every year in
every Commissioner District in the State, and all teachers
are required to attend* except those in cities and in vil-
lages of at least 5,000 inhabitants. Instruction is free,
and is given by a corps of teachers appointed by the State
Superintendent.
Training Classes are held in Academies and Union
Schools designated by the State Superintendent. Tuition
i is free to the members of the classes, but is paid for by
the State at the rate of one dollar a week for each student.
A. s. downing	On completion of the work students who pass the required
examination receive a special second-grade certificate.
Both Teachers’ Institutes and Training Classes are under special direction of a
Supervisor, appointed by the State Superintendent. The portrait of the present Super-
visor is given above.76
Geography of the Empire State
Charitable and Correctional Institutions
New York is very liberal in her provisions for the unfortunate and
the criminal classes. The principal institutions are located as shown
on the following map. New York city is not numbered. The num-
bers following the names give the pages of this book on which the
principal reference is made to the places in which the institutions are
located.
Prisons
<6. Auburn. 81
10. Dannemora. 100
15.	Sing Sing. 91
Reformatories
For Boys and Men
20. Elmira. 96
14. NTapanock.
New York (House of Refuge). .91
3.	Rochester Industrial School. 78
For Women
16.	Bedford Station. 114
18. House of Refuge, Hudson. 85
Institutions for the Blind
2. Batavia. 78
New York. 91
Institutions for Deaf-Mutes
1. Buffalo. 77
Fordham (New York). 91
9. Malone. 100
New York. 91
3.	Rochester. 78
12. Rome. 81
Asylums for the Feeble-Minded
7.	Syracuse. 81
4.	Custodial Asylum for Women, New-
ark. 116
Asylums for the Insane
6. Auburn (Insane Criminals). 81
Matteawan (Insane Criminals).
19. Binghamton. 96
1. Buffalo. 77.
18.	Middletown (Homeopathic). 93
8.	Ogdensburg. 100
5.	Ovid (Willard Asylum). 110
15. Poughkeepsie. 89
3. Rochester. 78
11. Utica. 83
. Miscellaneous
19.	Asylumfor Inebriates, Binghamton. 96
21. Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Bath. 96
11. Masonic Home, Utica. 83Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R.
77
VIII. RAILWAY JOURNEYS THROUGH THE STATE
1. The New York Central and Hudson River R.R.
This railway is advertised, not without reason, as “ America’s great-
est railroad In its length, its equipment, the number and speed and
comfort of its trains, it is probably unequalled anywhere. Its main
line reaches from Buffalo to New York city, 440 miles, and its branches
cover much of the State with network. From Buffalo to Albany there
are four tracks (see page 52). The West Shore* R.R., which it leases,
runs nearly parallel with it to New York city. Points where the two
roads diverge will be mentioned as we go along.
The journey may start from Buffalo (1), the recent growth of
which has been marvellous even among American cities.
It is the largest. coal-distributing point, and with Tonawanda, the largest lumber
market in the world ; and is second in the world as a livestock market, a horse market,
* So called because it goes down the Hudson by the western shore, while the Central goes down
by the eastern.78
Geography op the Empire State
and a granary. It claims to be the cleanest, best-lighted, and healthiest city in the
United States, with the best water and the best and most complete sewerage.
It is the gate to the northwest, not only by the steamers of the great lakes blit also
by the railways, four of the greatest of which, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern,
the New York, Chicago & St. Louis (Nickel Plate), the Michigan Central, and the
Grand Trunk, have their terminal stations here. Already the third manufacturing city
of the State, its possibilities under the power now secured from Niagara Falls (see page
23) can only be surmised. It is the seat of one of the State normal schools, of Canisius
College, of several professional schools, and of a State Asylum for the Insane.
The 69 miles from Buffalo (1) to Rochester (5) is the least interest-
ing stretch of country upon this railroad, but is broken midway by
Batavia (2), a prosperous village, with large manufactures of farming
machinery, and the seat of the State Institution for the Blind.
A branch of the New York Central from Tonawanda (37) to Canandaigua (46) crosses
the main line at Batavia. The principal stations are Akron (43), LeRoy (44), and
Honeoye Falls (45).
At Bergen (3) the West Shore R.R., which diverges from the Central at Buffalo (1)
and passes through Akron (43), rejoins the Central, but at Chili Station (4) it diverges
again, rejoining the Central at Fairport (6).
Rochester (5) has been called both “The Flour City ” and “The
Flower City” from industries that have made it famous. The enor-
mous water-power from the Genesee River (see page 24) makes it a
natural manufacturing centre, and its location in the midst of some
of the finest farming land in the State has made it a great distributing
jfoint.
The Erie Canal crosses the Genesee River here by an aqueduct 848 feet long.
Besides the University of Rochester and the Baptist Theological Seminary, the city
has an Institution for Deaf Mutes, an Insane Asylum, and a State Industrial School of
high repute. The Powers Building is a costly and handsome office-building, and con-
tains a valuable art-gallery open to the public,
Formerly trains bound w. by the Michigan Central went from
Rochester to Niagara Falls (38) by the direct route, passing through
Brockport (42), Albion (41), Medina (40), and Lockport (39); but now
this road is used only for local traffic, all fast Through trains being
sent by way of Buffalo.Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R.
79
Brockport (42) is the seat of a State Normal School, and has manufactures of agri •
cultural implements. Albion (41) is the county seat, and has flour mills, iron manufac-
tures, and quarries. Medina (40) gives its name to a handsome mottled sandstone (see
page 66) extensively used for building.
Lockpoiit (39) is named from the locks on the Erie Canal (see page 43), and gets
abundant water power from the descent of the canal. There are also extensive quarries
of Niagara limestone (see page 65). The railway crosses the canal by a viaduct 60 feet
above the water.
The Niagara Falls (38) have already been described (pp. 21-23). The city includes
what was formerly the village of Suspension Bridge, and from the enormous water
power now made available seems likely to become a great manufacturing centre.
There are branches of the Central from Lewiston, below Niagara Falls, to Buffalo,
passing through Tonawanda (37), and from Lockport (39) to Tonawanda direct. The
city of Buffalo (1) already reaches nearly to Tonawanda. If its territorial limits should
be made as large as those of Chicago-, it would swallow up Tonawanda and Niagara
Falls as well.
The part of Tonawanda N. of the creek is a separate village, known as North
Tonawanda. Tonawanda is an enormous lumber market and participates in the recent
rapid growth of the eastern bank of the Niagara river.
There are two lines of the Central from Rochester (5) to Syracuse
(11), known as the “ Old ” or Auburn Road, passing through Canan-
daigua (46), Geneva (48), and Auburn (52), and the “ Direct Road ”,
passing through Lyons (8). The fast through trains go by the latter.
A characteristic feature of the scenery on the Direct Road is the
alluvial hills, like that shown in the cut of the so-called Mormon Hill
near Palmyra (7). To one accustomed to the rocky hills of New Eng-
land, where tradition has it that the noses of sheep have to be sharpened
to enable them to reach the grass between the stones, it is a surprise
to see these hills plowed completely over, and to learn that their soil
is more fertile than that of the plain below.\ H I
\ \ 'Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R.
81
Fairport (6) has a variety of manufactures, including saleratus and baking-powder.
Palmyra (7) is a handsome and wealthy village, with some manufactures and a consid-
erable local trade.
Lyons (8) has distilleries of peppermint oil, a local product of considerable importance,
with flour mills and other manufactures. A branch of the Central connects this village
with Geneva (48).
Clyde (9) has a glass-factory and other manufactures. At Weedsport (10) is the
crossing of the Southern Central railroad.
Returning now to Rochester and coming e. by the Auburn Road, the first large
village is Canandaigua (46), with its wide main street and its adjoining lake among the
most beautiful villages of the State. Clifton Springs (47) has a noted sanitarium already
referred to (see page 57). Geneva (48) also has a spring and water-cure. This village is-
half-way between Rochester and Syracuse, and has an extensive steamboat traffic over
Seneca Lake with Watkins. It is the seat of Hobart College. Waterloo (49) and Seneca
Falls (50) have extensive manufactures. Cayuga (51) is the terminus of the Cayuga.
Lake branch of the Lehigh Valley railway.
Auburn (52) is among the handsomest cities of the State. It has many manufactures,
among them the most extensive in the country of reapers and mowing-machines. It is-
the seat of a theological seminary and of a State prison. It was the residence for many
years of Wm. H. Seward.
Skaneateles Jundtion (58) is connected by a railway of 5 miles with Skaneateles, at
the foot of the beautiful lake of that name (see page 86).
Syracuse (11) is often called “ The Salt City ”, from what was once-
its greatest industry (see pages 56, 57), and “The Central City” from
its location. As the junction of the Erie and the Oswego canals, and
with four lines of railway to New York, it is a great distributing centre.
Its manufactures are extensive, and they are diverse, so that its pros-
perity does not depend upon whether any one product happens to be
up or down in the market.
University, whose buildings, one of which, the Crouse
College for Women is shown in the cut, may be seen
from the train crowning the hill in the southeastern part
of the city. Half-way up the southwestern hill may be
seen the Institution for the Feeble-minded, which has a.
national reputation.
The view on the opposite page, shows the crossing of
the Erie Canal by Salina street, the principal street of
the city, with an electric car-line extending from Onon-
daga Valley, four miles s., to Onondaga Lake, two-
miles n. The street which turns to cross the bridge is
Genesee street, before the days of railroads the old turn-
pike between Buffalo and Albany. A little beyond thia
the Erie with the Oswego Canal.
At Canastota (12) the West Shore diverges again from the Central, cutting straight
across the country to Utica (15), without making the bend of the Central to the N.
Oneida (18) has large manufactures, and is an extensive market for the hops that are in
much of this region the principal product.
Rome (14) is the terminus of the Black River Canal, and has con-
siderable manufactures.
It contains a State Institution for Deaf Mutes well-known for its excellent methods.82	Geography op the Empire State
| Half way from Rome to Utica may be
Been on the right the monument erected
near Oriskany a century after to com-
memorate the bloodiest battle of the Revo-
lution, fought Aug. 6, 1777. For the
proceedings at the celebration, Aug. 6,
1877, see 4 ‘ The Centennial Celebrations of
the State of New York” (8:465, Albany,
1)1879), pp. 57-149, and Hendrick’s “History
of the Empire State ”, pp. 101, 102.
I In an address delivered at Wells Col-
in 1880, Gov. Seymour spoke as follows
of the ride along this road :
| To show in another light how intelligence will
give us pleasure in the ordinary course of our
lives, let us compare the day’s experience of
(different persons travelling through our own
[ State from its w. borders to the city of New
York. Starting from the great cataract of Niag-
ara, where even the most ignorant will feel the
grandeur of the scene, the man with a reasonable
| knowledge of the State in which he lives, will
see along the whole course of the journey ob-
jects which will constantly arrest his attention,
recall facts in history or science, and which will
\ engage his mind with healthful and instructive
thoughts.
He will notice at the outset upon the, s., the
range of highlands, reaching from Lake Erie to
j the flanks of the Alleghany Mountains. Its eleva-
| tion is not great, but in many ways it is the most
remarkable water-shed upon the face of our
globe.
When he crosses the Genesee River, he sees its
currents hurrying to the n. to mingle with the
cold water of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the
oceans which cover the Arctic regions, and he
knows that its sources are interlocked with those
of the Alleghany, which find their outlet in the
tepid waters in the Gulf of Mexico, thus finding
such distant destinations, although they start
upon their courses from the same hill-tops,
A little farther on his course, he sees where,
from the same range, the springs which feed the
branches of the Susquehanna run down the s.
slopes to the Chesapeake Bay, while from their n.
declivities the affluents of the Mohawk traverse
the valley which leads to the Hudson, and join
with it in breaking through'the Alleghany ranges, which are not elsewhere severed from their uplifts in
Georgia to their termination in Nova Scotia, a distance of more than a thousand miles.
These rivers and mountains recall to his memory their controlling influences over savage and
civilized history. The Indian tribes who dwelt upon these hills made them strongholds for defence ;
while tlie valleys, cut into deep channels by the rivers I have named, gave them pathways into the
territories of their enemies. Their* positions made them conquerors and masters of a large share of
the regions e. of the Mississippi.. The mind of the intelligent traveller will be led to reflections upon
the influence of this Indian power upon the history and civilization of our country. But for this
topography, and its influence upon Indian polity .and power, the civilization of the whole valley of the
Mississippi might have been of French and not of English aspects.
His mind will dwell upon all the events of the struggle running through a century, between France
and Britain, for the control of this Continent; their efforts, by diplomacy or force, to gain the support
of tlie Iroquois; the succession of military campaigns in this then remote wilderness by disciplined
armies; and the final overthrow of French power.
The highlands of Onondaga will recall the story of the French missionaries, who, in their religious
Zeal, penetrated the interior of our State, before the Colony of Virginia was formed, and will also83
Railway Jouknlys : N. Y. C. & H. R.
remind him of the march of Champlain with his forces into its central regions, before the Dutch settled
upon the Hudson, or the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock. The earliest traces of European civiliza-
tion in the original States of our Union, are to be found on the hills s. of Syracuse. Arms and imple-
ments used by Spanish and French explorers, and traces of fortifications, relics of religious and of
funeral rites, show that civilized men attempted occupation of our territory many years before efforts
were made by the English to plant colonies on the Atlantic coast.
In the county of Oneida, the site of Fort Stanwix and a view of the battle field of Oriskany, lead his
mind on to the Revolutionary struggle, which followed the same pathways, marked by savage war-
fare, or by the contests of European ambition.
Along the valley of the Mohawk, the presence of the German population, seated there 150 years
ago by the British government, will tell him of the great struggle against Louis the Great for domin-
ion in Europe, which was finally defeated by the victories of Marlborough. The old churches built
before the Revolution, for the use of the Palatines, and which were made places of refuge for the
people against the barbarous warfare of Brant and his savage hordes, will remind him of the terrible
history of a valley which suffered from the ravages of war, from the torch, the tomahawk and the
scalping knife.
The old stone mansion of Sir William Johnson will recall the story of Indian treaties and his won-
derful influence over the savage tribes.
The city of Albany * near the confluence of the Mohawk and the Hudson; its important strategetic
position through nearly two centuries; the highlands of the Hudson, the strong defences of American
liberty; the treason of Arnold ; the wonderful passage through the chains of the Alleghany range,
which leads the ocean tides w. of barriers which elsewhere cut off the Atlantic coast from the great{
interior of our continent, will give material for thought and reflection.
These and much more that I could mention, will occupy the mind of the intelligent traveller with!
subjects of natural and political interest; they will engage his attention with topics of dignity and-
value. , When he reaches the end of his journey, at the harbor of New York, he will feel that he hasi
gained and not lost a day.
Utica (15) is one of the handsomest cities of the State, and a large
manufacturing centre. It is also the centre of trade of the cheese-,
factories and other diary interests of central New York.
Its State Lunatic Asylum is one of the most noted in the world, and a Masonic Home
has recently been established here.
From this point on to Rotterdam Junction (21) the West Shore follows the s. bank
of the Mohawk, while the Central follows the n. bank.
Herkimer (16), at the junction of West Canada Creek, is a prosperous manufacturing
village. It is connected by horse-cars with Mohawk, Ilion and Frankfort, on the other
side of the Mohawk. The four villages are almost continuous. Ilion is noted for the
Remington guns and typewriters made there.
The location of Little Falls (17) has already been described (pp, 15,
19, 27, 53). The water falls 44 feet in § of a mile, affording abundant
power for varied manufactures. It is also a centre of the dairy trade.
A local railway makes a double curve northeast to Dolgeville, a1
manufacturing village of phenomenal growth, largely inhabited by
Germans. Its chief products are piano supplies ^nd felt goods.
Palatine Bridge (18) takes its name from the old wooden bridge over the Mohawk con-
necting it with Can-
ajoharie.
Fonda (19) is the
southern terminus
of the railway to
Northville through-
Johnstown and
Gloyersville,
the last named from
the glove industry
to which these
towns are largely devoted. The village on the s. of the river is Fultonville.Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R.
85
Amsterdam. (20) is largely given to the manufacture of knit-goods,
carpets, boilers, and furniture. Its recent growth has been rapid.
At Rotterdam Junction (21) the West Shore turns s., cutting across to Coey man's (24)
on the Hudson. Here it connects with the Fitchburg R.R. running across to Mechanics
ville (55), going on to Boston by way of Schaghticoke, Eagle Bridge, andHoosick Falls ,
•and about half-way to Coeyman’s, at Voorheesville (25), it connects with the Delaware
ana Hudson, running its cars over that road to Albany and Saratoga Springs. Below
Coeyman’s it follows the western bank of the Hudson to Weehawken, NT. J., where
ferries connect it with 42d street and Franklin street, New York city.
Schenectady (22) has manufactures of locomotives and brooms,
and lias recently grown rapidly through the large electrical works
established there.
It is the seat of Unioe University. The Central here crosses the Mohawk and bears
off to the southeast for Albany, by the heaviest grade on the line ; but a branch follows
the s. bank of the river to Cohoes, and crosses the Hudson at Green Island to Troy (54).
Schenectady is the usual connection from the w. for Saratpga.
Albany (23) is the capital of the State. As the junction of the
Erie and the Champlain canals with the Hudson, and of the Central
with the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co., and Boston and the Albany
railways, with two bridges across the Hudson, it is an important ship-
ping-point, especially for grain and lumber. It also has large
manufactures, and its eternally unfinished State capitol gives employ-
ment to a multitude of laborers.
More than 20 millions has been expended upon this structure, shown on the hill in the
opposite cut, and the present estimate of the cost of completion is 5 millions more.
The State Normal College is here, as are also the Dudley Observatory, #nd the medi-
cai, pharmaceutical, and law departments of Union University (see page 74).
Besides the railways on both sides of the river, Albany is connected with New York
by two lines of fine steamers, one running in the day time and the other at night, and
both favorite routes in summer. The picture on the following page of the Hudson river
at Albany shows at the left the Dean Richmond lying at dock.
Hudson (26) is on a steep bluff above the river, 60 feet high, and
the principal street is along a ridge to Prospect Hill, 450 feet higher.
It has blast furnaces, and manufactures of clothing, paper, steam fire-
engines, etc.
A steam ferry across the river connects it with Athens, to which a branch road runs
down from Coxsackie. Helderberg limestone is quarried here and burned for lime.
All the way down from Albany the Catskill mountains have been in sight and Cats-
skill (27) is the station for this famous summer resort. It was along the road from
Catskill to the Mountain House that Rip Van Winkle took his long nap, and saw the
impish ninepins. A railway runs to Cairo, and to the Catskill Mountain House.
Rhinecliff is the station on the Central from which one crosses the
river to Kingston (28), which includes within its city limits what was
formerly the village of Rondout. It has large quarries of flagstone,
and is the centre of a large cement industry.
It was here that the temporary State congress adopted the Constitution of the State.Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R.
91
named Haverstraw Bay , from Haverstraw (33) on the western hank, with considerable
brick manufacturing industries. Further down on
that side is Nyack (35) with varied manufactures.
Across the river are Sing Sing (34) with its State
prison, and further down Tarrytown, whence the
steam ferry runs to Nyack.
Now we reach the Palisades (see page 27), that ex-
tend on the w. side of the river the rest of the way
to New York. The eastern bank is mostly covered
by costly suburban residences and the villages of
Irvington (36) and Dobbs Ferry are but continuations
of the cities below of which they will soon be a part.
Near Irvington is Sunny side, shown in the cut, the
home of Washington Irving.
Yonkers (37) is already connected with New York by elevated
train, and is practically continuous with it. Its' carpet, silk, and hat
manufactures are extensive, and it makes also mowing-machines and
elevators.
The drive to New York is delightful, for the road is a handsome boulevard, and
Morningside Park, shown, in the cut, with the
river and the Palisades on the one hand and
beautiful residences on the other can hardly be
surpassed. It may pass by the new grounds of
Columbia College, with which the Teachers’ Col-
lege and Barnard College are connected, with
new buildings on a scale of cost and with a
harmony of architecture not hitherto attempted
in America. It may then turn off to the south-
east and extend through Central Park with its
Museum of Natural History and its Metropolitan
Art Museum. Emerging at 59th street, the ride
may continue down Fifth Avenue, the fashion-
able residence street of the city.
Going by the railway, the train soon turns from the Hudson, follows Spuyten
Duyvil Creek, recently converted
into a ship-canal, and turning again
to cross the Harlem follows down
Manhattan Island, with glimpses
on the right of Central Park, to
the well-known 42d street station,
also the terminus of the Harlem and
of the New Haven railways. It is
the only terminal railway station on
Manhattan Island. From this sta-
tion without going outside the roof
one may take the elevated railway
to the Battery, and by its connections to almost all parts of New York.
New York (38) is the largest city on the western continent, and
after it has been extended like London and Paris to cover the territory
legitimately associated with it, is not unlikely within the life of read-
ers of this book to be in population the greatest of all cities.93
Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R.
.As a business centre, New York is, second only to London. The
cut shows Wall street, the bankers’ head-
quarters, with Trinity church at its head,
and the United States sub-treasury on the
right. The statue in front is that of
Washington, on the site of Federal Hall,
where in 1789 he delivered his first in-
augural address. -
A bird’s-eye view on page 61 shows the general
outlines of the city. In the right-hand lower corner
is Brooklyn, connected with New York by the East River bridge. In the left hand
lower corner is Governor’s Island. The park seen in the left-hand lower corner of the
city is the Battery ; the round building formerly called Castle Garden, the landing-place
of immigrants till this was transferred to Ellis Island (see page 60), is now used as an
aquarium. From this point the street extending through the two tallest rows of build-
ings, parallel with the river, is Broadway. The church on the left is Trinity, already
pictured at the head of Wall street. The large building with a dome is the Post Office,
near which are the great newspaper buildings of the World, and Tribune, and Times.
The large building with a square tower between the Post Office and the East River is
the Corn Exchange.
The view on the opposite page is from a different point. It shows Battery Park,
and Broadway following up the Island nearly parallel with the Hudson.
2. By the New York, Lake Erie and Western (Erie)
The map on page 20 shows the five great river divisions of the State.
The Erie railway, reaching from New York to Dunkirk, its original
terminus, had to cut its way through all five* of these divisions, and
yet followed the banks of streams almost all the way,—an engineering
feat which in 1851 was marvellous. See map on page 96.
Starting from Jersey City (1), the road strikes off to the n. through New Jersey,
crossing into New York just before it reaches Suffern (2), the junction of the Piermont
(36) branch, which has an extension to Nyack. At Newburgh Junction (3) the main
road turps w., while a branch continues n. to Newburgh (37), already mentioned (see
page 90). From Grey court. (4) is another connecting line to Newburgh. Goshen (5) is
an important dairy centre. From here branches run s. through Florida to Pine Island
(38) and n. to Montgomery (39), and the P. P. & B. railway runs through to Campbell
Hall.
Middletown (6) has manufactures of wool hats, blankets, carpet-
bags, and saws. The State Homeopathic Insane Hospital is here.
•The New York, Ontario and Western crosses the Erie here, and the New Jersey
Midland terminates here. A branch of the Erie runs n. 13 miles to Pine Bush (40).
The railway now crosses the Shawangunk mountains, passing out
of the Hudson River into the Delaware system, and at Port Jervis (7)
reaches the Junction of two rivers and of three States (see page 30).
A railway 24 miles long connects Port Jervis with Monticello (41), 1387 feet aboveRailway Journeys : N. Y. L. E. & W.
95
■L
sea-level and
a favorite
summer re-
sort.. A view
along this
road near
the iiotel at
Huguenot, is
given on the
opposite
page. A
branch of
this road runs
from Huguenot Junction to Wurtsboro and
Summitville, connecting with the New
York, Ontario and Western.
The view here given shows the Dela-
ware as seen from Hawks Nest Rocks, 6
miles w. of Port Jervis. The Rocks are
shown in the lower portion of the cut.
The canal on the right is that of the Dela-
ware & Hudson Canal Co., running from
Honesdale, Pa., to Rondout.
The railway now crosses the Del-
aware into Pennsylvania, follow-
ing the s. hank of the river for 30
miles to Tuston, with a branch at
Lacka waxen (8) for the coal mines
at Honesdale.
It then crosses to the northern
bank of the Delaware and follows it through Narrowsburg (9), thus
named beqause the river is here compressed by two points of rock into a
channel so narrow that the water is 100 feet deep, and Hancock (10), to
Deposit (11), where it parts from the Delaware, crossing the watershed
over into the Susquehanna system. To do this it strikes down into
Pennsylvania again.
Susquehanna (12) is the junction of its branch running down to the coal mines of
Carbondale.96	Geography op the Empire State
It now follows the Susquehanna as faithfully as it did the Delaware.
It crosses the Chenango at Binghamton (13), called “ The Parlor
City ” from its cleanliness, and growing rapidly.
There is here a State Hospital for the Insane, and an Institution for Inebriates.
It passes through Owego (14), and at Waverly (15) almost touches
the Pennsylvania boundary.
Here it says adieu to the Susquehanna, and follows its tributary,
the Chemung, to Elmira (16), an attractive city, with large manufac-
tures, especially of iron.
Here are Elmira College, the first college for women ever established; and the
Elmira Reformatory, whose system of reclaiming criminals is widely known.
A branch from Elmira runs w. of s. to the coal region of Blossburg and Hoyt-
ville, Pa.
The railway strikes n. and makes a right angle at Horseheads,
coming back to the river and following it on the s. side to Corning (17).
This is the terminus of several branches of the Fall Brook coal system of railways,
connecting the mines of Lycoming and Tioga counties with the New York Central rail-
way system. It has large manufactures, and its artistic cut-glass is highly esteemed.
At Painted Post, two miles further, where the Cohocton and Tioga rivers unite (see
page 82), the Rochester (45) division of the Erie branches off from the main line. The
principal stations are Bath (42), the seat of the State Soldiers’ Home ; Avoca, Cohocton,
Blood’s (post-office Atlanta) (48), Wayland, Conesus, near the lake of that name, and
Avon (44). The last has been spoken of (page 57).
Local railways run from Bath (42) northeast to Hammondsport, at the head of Keuka
Lake (see page 84); and from Kanona n. to Prattsburgh.
A branch runs s. from Avon to Mount Morris (46), with connections for Dansville.
Two beautiful views of the Genesee valley near Dansville are shown on page 108.Railway Journeys: N. Y. L. E. & ~W.
97
Another branch runs e. through LeRoy (47) to Batavia (48), for which see page 78 ;
and hence through Alexander to the main line at Attica (28).
Taking the southern of the two branches of the Chemung, the rail-
way follows the Tioga, passing through Andover (18) and Canisteo
(19) to Hornellsville (20), pre-eminently a railroad city, but with
some manufactures.
Here the original road ran on to Dunkirk (52), which in 1851 was expected to be the
great port on Lake Erie. But its docks are rotting now, and the fast trains of the Erie
run to Buffalo (25), or by direct connection w. by way of Jamestown (85).
The Buffalo division surmounts the watershed just before reaching
Nunda Station, almost at the boundary between Allegany and Living-
ston counties, and celebrates its reaching the St. Lawrence system by
crossing Portage Falls (21) on a picturesque iron bridge 820 feet long
and 236 feet above the river. See page 23.
At Silver Springs (22) is the junction for Silver Lake, 3 miles long
and becoming recognized as a charming summer resort; and for Perry
at its outlet.
Attica (23) is a railroad centre, with a tannery, carriage-shops, and
flour-mill. At Lancaster (24) the Erie comes into Buffalo (25) parallel
with the Central through a suburban region rapidly building up.
The road is continued to Tonawanda (26) and Niagara Falls (27), with a branch to
Lockport (28)—all of these parallel with the similar lines on the Central (see page 79).
Returning to Hornellsville (20) and following the Erie w. we curve
to the s., and cross the watershed into the St. Lawence system, reach-
ing Dyke Creek at Andover (29), and following it to its junction with
the Genesee at Wellsville (30), the largest village in Allegany county
and an important shipping-point.
The railway follows down the Genesee, crossing it at Belmont
(which includes tooth-picks among its manufactures), but at Belvidere,
at the mouth of Van Campen’s Creek, makes a sharp turn to the s.
and follows up that stream beyond Friendship, crosses the watershed
into the Ohio system, and at Cuba (31) strikes Oil Spring Creek, which
it follows down to its junction with Ischua Creek near Hinsdale, and
thence follows the Ischua, now called Olean Creek, to its junction with
the Allegany River at Olean (32), which was made a city in 1894.
The railway now follows the Allegany to Salamanca (33), which is
in the Indian Reservation (see page 69).
From here the original main line extended to Dunkirk (64), following up the deep
valley of Little Yalley Creek beyond Little Yalley (49), crossing the watershed into the
St. Lawrence system, and following a branch of the Cattaraugus, crossing the Buffalo and
Southwestern division of the Erie at Dayton (50), and passing through Forestville (51).
Dunkirk (52) has an excellent harbor, and was once thought to have a great future.
But its commerce has gone to Buffalo, and its largest industry is the Brooks Locomo-
tive Works, employing more than 1000 men.98
Geograpi-iy of the Empire State
It is tlie northern terminus of the Dunkirk, Allegheny Yalley & Pittsburg railway,
which passes through Fredonia, three miles away, where there is a State Normal School,
and which was lighted by natural gas so far back as in 1821 (see page 59). It is also
connected with Fredonia by an electric railway.
A branch runs from Salamanca s. through Bradford, Pa., to Johnsonburgh, Pa.
At Red House the Erie turns off w., following the valley of Little
Connewango Creek, through Randolph (44) to Kennedy, where it
strikes across to Jamestown (35) near the foot of Chautauqua Lake, the
outlet of which furnishes water-power for extensive and diverse man-
ufactures. Thence the Erie extends southwest into Pennsylvania to
Corry, Meadville, Warren, etc., and makes western connections.
The Buffalo and Southwestern division of the Erie runs parallel with the main line
from Jamestown (85) beyond Kennedy into Cattaraugus county, and then turns n.,
passing through Conewango, Cherry Creek (58), Dayton (50) and Hamburg (54).
3. The Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg
This line was in 1891 leased in perpetuity to the New York Central,
but is extensive and distinctive enough to require separate map and
treatment. It is the St. Lawrence river route from the w. to northern
New England, and besides controlling much of the local traffic of
New York, its through trains are well patronized.
Starting from Niagara Falls (1), where it connects with the Michi-
gan Central, and following the river
down to Lewiston (2), the head of
navigation, it turns off to the e.,
running nearly parallel with the
lake shore to Watertown.
Along the s. shore the villages are mostly
small, Wilson (8), Lyndonville (4), and
Kendall (5) being the largest till Charlotte
(6) is reached, the lake port of Rochester,
with a population of 1500, and the centre of
several attractive summer resorts, including
Ontario Beach, Windsor Beach, Lake Bluff,
Sea Breeze, Irondequoit Bay, Lake Beach and Lake View. A branch line connects the
R. W. & O. with Rochester, 7 miles s.
At Charlotte (6) the railway crosses the Genesee by an. iron-draw-
bridge 300 feet long.
Passing Ontario (7) and Sodus, the line crosses at Wallingford (8), the Sodus branch
of the Pennsylvania railway. Wolcott (10) has a thousand inhabitants, and Red Creek,
6 miles further e., has half as many.
At Sterling (10) is the crossing of the Southern Central branch of the Lehigh Yalley.
Oswego (11) is, next to Toronto, the largest city on Lake Ontario.
It has a good harbor, formed by the mouth of the Oswego River, and
is protected by Fort Ontario. The site is bounded on the s. by a bluff
160 feet high.Railway Journeys: R. W. & 0.	99
For its water-power see page 25 ; for its mineral spring, page 57. Its State Normal
School is one of the most famous in the world. Among its manufactures that of corn-
starch is best known, its once famous flour-mills having been mostly burned. As the
terminus of the Oswego Canal and with its fine harbor it might be expected to have
considerable commerce, but its principal shipments are of coal.
A branch line runs down the eastern bank of the river to Syracuse (32). The prin-
cipal stations are Fulton (30), the water-power of which is mentioned on page 25 ; and
Phoenix (31), on the Oswego Canal, with some manufactures.
Mexico (12) has a tannery and flouring mills, and an academy at one time quite
prominent in the State. At Pulaski the road reaches the Salmon River, and follows it
for a little distance on its wTay to Richland (14). This river must be carefully distin-
guished from the other river of the same name, which this railway crosses at Malone.
See next page.
From Pulaski a branch runs s. to Syracuse (32), with no large stations. At Central
Square (33) is the crossing of the New York, Ontario and Western. At the crossing of
the Oneida River at Brewerton there is a view from the train of Oneida Lake.
At Richland (14) is the junction with the Rome (35) division, the principal station
on which is Camden (34).. This is the starting-point of the Elmira, Cortland & North-
ern railway. See page 116.
Adams (15) has a foundry and- machine shop, and is a distributing-point for farm
supplies.
Watertown (16) gets its water-power from the falls of the Black
River (see page 49), and has extensive manufactures of flour, leather,
machinery, woolen goods, sewing machines, and spring wagons. .
It is pleasantly situated and attractively built up.
Branches run from here to Sackett’s Harbor (36), Cape Vincent (37), and Carthage
(38), the last connecting with the Utica and Black River division, which the main line
crosses again at Philadelphia (17).
This was formerly a rival railway, from Utica (42) to Ogdensburg (46). Starting at
Utica (42) it bends around to Trenton Falls (41), crosses the Black River Canal at Boon-100
Geography of the Empire State
ville (40), and follows the river through Low-
ville (39) to Carthage (38). Continuing n. it
crosses the main line at Philadelphia (17)
and at Theresa Junction (43) conneccs for
Clayton (44) and the Thousand Islands (see
page 63) and goes on through Morristown
(45) to Ogdensburg (46).
Antwerp (18) contains what was once the
Black River Conference Seminary, now Ives
Seminary. Gouverneur (19) has important manufactures and quarries. At De Kalb
Junction (20) a branch runs through Rensselaer Falls and Heuvelton to Ogdensburg
(46). The St. Lawrence is here 2 miles wide, and in winter may usually be crossed on
the ice to Prescott, on the Canadian shore. It has large manufactures of flour, lumber,
machinery, and leather, and a State Hospital for the Insane.
After passing Canton, the county seat, where the St. Lawrence University is located,
the train reaches Potsdam (21), which gives its name to the hard red sandstone quarried
here. It has extensive lumber-mills, and a State Normal School.
Norwood (22) is the Junction of the R. W. & 0. with the Central
Vermont, by which it makes its eastern connections.
The R. W. & O. continues to Massena Springs (47), spoken of on page 57. The
length of the line from Niagara Falls is 301 miles. -
Considering the Central Vermont as a continuation of the R. W. & O., we turn now
to this road. It starts from Ogdensburg (46), and passing through Madrid, N. of which
are Madrid Springs, takes the through cars of the R. W. & O. at Norwood (22), crosses
the St. Regis River at Winthrop (23), spoken of on page 49, and the Northern Adiron-
dack road at Moira (24).
This road is used mostly for transporting lumber, though it has stations for Paul
Smith’s and for Saranac Inn. It ends at Tupper Lake (48). A branch of the Central
Vermont runs n. to Bombay (49), where it connects with a branch of the Grand Trunk
from Massena Springs (47) into Canada.
The Central Vermont reaches the Salmon River at Malone (25), the
largest village on its New York line, and one of the pleasantest towns
in the State. It has an Institution for Deaf Mutes.
Here connection is made with the Adirondack & St. Lawrence railway, also leased
by the N. Y. Central. Following up the Salmon River to Loon Lake (50), this road fol-
lows the watershed between the St. Lawrence and Hudson systems (see page 37), con-
necting at Saranac Junction (51) for Saranac Lake (52) and Lake Placid (53). It then
curves around by Rowlin’s Pond, crossing the Northern Adirondack at Tupper Lake
Junction (48), crosses the Racket River before reaching Child wold (54), strikes down
through a corner of Hamilton county, nearing the Fulton chain of lakes at Fulton
Chain (55), strikes s. to Trenton Falls (41), and then bears off to the southeast till it
meets the New York Central at Herkimer (56). See relief map on page 102.
The Chateaugay railway extends from Saranac Lake (52), through Loon Lake (50),
curves off to the e., passes through Dannemora (57), where there is a State Prison, and
ends at Plattsburgh (58).
The Central Vermont continues through Chateaugay (26), the
nitrogen springs of which were spoken of on page 57, and Ellenburgh
(27), crosses the New York and Canada at Mooer’s (28), and reaches the
boundary of the State at Rouse’s Point (29), on the Canadian frontier.
It crosses Lake Champlain on a bridge a mile long, and continues through St. Albans,
Montpelier, and White River Junction, Vt., to points E.Railway Journeys : D. & H.
101
4. The Delaware and Hudson R. R.
We have now followed the three* great lines that cross-the State
horizontally, and we come to those which cross the State perpendicu-
lary. These are in some respects even more interesting than the
others, as they cut through the geological strata of the State, and show
a constant change of soil and of scenery.
The longest of these is the Delaware and Hudson R.R., which
reaches from Rouse’s Point to Binghamton, 333 miles.
This road takes its name from the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co., which built the
canal from Honesdale to Rondout (see page 75), and afterward got control of what used
to be the Albany & Susquehanna and the Rensselaer & Saratoga railways, with their
connections.
Starting from the Canada line at Rouse’s Point (1) and connecting
at Chazy Junction (2) with its line for Mooer’s Junction (26), it reaches
Plattsburgh (3) on Cumberland Bay, where Commodore McDonough
won his great victory over the British in 1814. See Hendrick’s His-
tory, pp. 134, 135.
This village has a safe harbor, and abundant water-power from the Saranac. It has
a State Normal School.
A branch road runs to Au Sable Forksf (27), affording a pleasant route to Au Sable
Chasm on the e., and to Whiteface Mountain and Lake Placid on the w.
It follows the shore of Lake Champlain to Port Kent (4) where
there is a branch road for Au Sable Chasm (see page 50), and soon
*Four, if the West Shore be considered,apart from the New York Central.
+ The train stops at Rogers Station, (Clihtonville post-office), 3 miles from the village.i
Railway Journeys: D. & FI.	103
runs farther inland to Westport (5), whence there is a delightful stage-
ride mountain ward to Elizabethtown.
At Port Henry (6) it reaches the great iron region, with a branch freight road run-
ning up to Moriah and Mineville. At Crown Point, 8 miles further, there is a branch
road, also for iron, to Hammondville.
At Addison Junction (7) it forms connection for Ticonderoga (28)
and Lake George, and with the Central Vermont for Leicester Junc-
tion and other Vermont points.
Here steamer passengers are now transferred. Before the railway
was built the steamers used to run up the narrow head of the lake to
Whitehall (8).
This village is picturesquely located at the foot of Skene's Mountain and at the
mouth of Wood Creek, and is the terminus of the Champlain Canal. It was once a
leading lumber market and still does considerable lumber trade. Its principal manu-
facture is of silk.
A branch line runs e. from Whitehall to Rutland, Yt. (30), connecting at Castleton
(29) with a branch of the D. & H. that runs through Granville (31), Salem (32), and
Cambridge (33), and connects with the Fitchburg R.R. at Eagle Bridge (34). The hilly
character of the centre of Washington County is shown from the fact that so long a
railway journey is necessary to go from the eastern to the western part. A branch road
runs up from Johnsonville to Greenwich.
The railway now crosses the watershed to the Hudson system by
following the Champlain Canal through Fort Ann (9) to Fort Edward
(10), where connection is made for Glens Falls and Lake George.
See page 44.
It crosses the Hudson and strikes inland to Saratoga Springs (11),
already spoken of on page 57.
Here connection is made with the Adirondack branch of the D. &H., which runs
through Corinth (35), with its huge paper-mills ; Luzerne (36), or Hadley, as it used to
be called, at the junction of the Sacondaga, with the highest falls on the Hudson ; and so
on up the river till at North Creek (37), 57 miles from Saratoga, it lands its passengers
well within the portals of the Adirondacks. See map on the opposite page.
A branch of the Fitchburg R.R., runs from Saratoga Springs by Saratoga Lake to
Mechanicsville, with a branch to Victory Mills and Schuylerville,
on the Hudson. Near Schuylerville is the Saratoga Monument, here
shown, erected Oct. 17,1877, to commemorate Burgoyne’s surrender
a century before, the most important event of the Revolutionary
War. See “Centennial Celebrations”, pp. 231-356.
At Bemus Heights, at the head of Saratoga Lake, the centenary
of the battle fought there was celebrated Sept. 19, 1877. See
“ Centennial Celebrations”, pp. 151-194, and Hendrick's History,
p. 103.
A road runs from Saratoga Springs up Mt. McGregor, where
Gen. Grant died.
At Ballston (12), already spoken of on page 57,
the railway forks, one branch connecting with the Central for the w.
at Schenectady (38), and with the main line of the D. & H. at Quaker
Street (15); while the other, on which the through trains are run,Railway Journeys : D. & H.
105
curving southeast to Meclianicsville, whence it follows the Hudson
through Waterford, Cohoes, and West Troy to Albany (14). See
pages 85, 88.
Cars for New York and the e. are switched at Green Island, a vil-
lage on the island of that name in the Hudson opposite Troy, for
Troy (39), at the Mouth of Poestenkill Creek, and at the head of navi-
gation on the Hudson.
The site of the city is an alluvial plain extending 3 miles along the river, and from
i to f miles wide. The city is fast creeping up the hills on the e. however, and Mount
Ida, on the southeast, from which the view on the opposite page is taken, has a delight-
ful outlook in every direction. The city has extensive manufactures, especially of iron,
and of collars and cuffs.
It was here that Emma Willard established her Female Seminary, the first institution
founded for the higher education of women, which has
recently received large endowments for new buildings.
Here too is the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, shown
in the cut, one of the best scientific schools in the country .-
St. Joseph’s Theological Provincial Seminary has a
sightly location upon the hill. Across the river, at West
je,	^	Troy, is a large national arsenal. A line of night
steamers to Hew York is well patronized in summer.
From Albany (14), where the station adjoins that of the New York
Central, but is between it and the river, and lower, the railway curves
off to the w., crossing the West Shore at Voorheesville, and connecting
with its Schenectady branch at Quaker Street (15).
When it reaches Schoharie Creek at Central Bridge, it connects with a branch road
following the creek up through Schoharie (40) to Middleburgh (41).
At Schoharie (40) is the Old Fort, still in state of preservation but with the marks
of cannon-balls, which in Oct., 1780 preserved its inmates from an attack by a strong
force of Indians, Tories, and soldiers. Here on Sept. 23,1876, was laid the corner-stone
of a monument to David Williams, one of the captors of Andre, the British spy. See
“ Centennial Celebrations”, pp. 195-230, and Hendrick’s History, pp. 107, 108.
From Central Bridge the railway follows the Cobleskill Creek to
West Richmond ville, surmounts the watershed into the Susque-
hanna system almost at the county line, and follows Schenevus Creek
through Worcester and Schenevus (18) to its junction with the Susque-
hanna, where a line runs n. through Hartwick Seminary to Coopers-
town (43), already mentioned on page 42.
Passing by Howe’s Cave (16), described on pages 54, 55, it connects at Cobleskill (17)
for Sharon Springs (42), mentioned on page 57, and Cherry Valley (43).Railway Journeys : D. L. & W.
107
Here the Cherry Valley Monument was unveiled Aug. 15, 1877, to commemorate
the massacre of Nov., 1778. See “Centennial Celebrations'’, pp. 357-883, and Hen-
drick’s History, p. 105.
Following now the Susquehanna, it passes through Oneonta (19),
the largest village between Albany and Binghamton, and a natural
distributing-point for a rich farming section.
It is the seat of a State Normal School, the view from the steps of which given on
the opposite page shows the Susquehanna valley at its best. This outlook is said to
resemble strikingly the valley of Lacedaemon, in Greece.
The seclusion of this valley between its hills is shown from the fact that the quick-
est way to reach Oneonta from New York city or from Syracuse is by way of either
Albany or Binghamton. Compare what is said of crossing mountains on page 112.
Passing through Unadilla .(20), and barely cutting across the cor-
ner of Delaware county, the railway crosses at Sidney (21) the New
York, Ontario and Western ; passes through Bainbridge (22) and.
Afton (23) ; and at Nineveh (24) diverges from the river, strikes north-
west, cuts through the hill by a tunnel, and curves down into Bing-
hamton (25). See page 96.
A branch from Nineveh (24) follows the Susquehanna through Windsor (44) down,
into Pennsylvania, and continues s. to Carbondale, Scranton, and Wilkesbarre.
5. The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R.R*
This is, like the Delaware & Hudson, one of the great coal com-
panies of the country, and enters the State from its mines in Pennsyl-
vania by way of the Susquehanna, which it follows to Binghamton (1).
See page 96. From here it sends out branches to Utica, Oswego, andRailway Journeys : N. Y. C. & R. R.
89
England railway is 6,767£ feet or more than 1£ miles long, being second in size only to
that over the Firth of Forth in Scotland.
This railway starts from Campbell Hall, runs through the rich farms of Orange and
Ulster counties nearly parallel with the Wallkill Yalley road, shown on the opposite
map, to Highland, opposite Poughkeepsie, and then turns E., crossing the river. It then
runs parallel with the Poughkeepsie & Eastern, formerly the Poughkeepsie, Hartford
<fe Boston, to Pine Plains, and then n. to its Rhinecliff branch, formerly the Hartford &
Connecticut Western, by which it curves around Copake to the s., crosses the Harlem
at Boston Corners, where the three States meet, the terminus of the P. & E., and goes
on to Hartford, by way of Canaan and Winsted, through some of the most charming
scenery in Connecticut.
A branch of this road runs south-east from Poughkeepsie to Hopewell Junction, on
the Newburgh, Dutchess & Connecticut road, at the junction of the Hew York & Hew
England. The H. D. & C. runs from Fishkill, through Matteawan, to Pine Plains,
where it turns E. and meets the P. R. & H. E. at Millerton. The H. Y. & H. Ec runs
parallel with the H, D. & C. to Hopewell, and then bears to the southeast through
Brewsters, running to Hartford through Danbury and Waterbury.
Fishkill is the scene of many of the exploits of Harvey Birch, in Cooper’s “ Spy
Poughkeepsie is the seat of Vassar College, a noted college for women, shown in the
cut, and of the Hudson
River State Hospital for
the Insane.
From Highland an elec-
tric railway runs to Hew
Paltz, where one of the
State normal schools is
located. This is the route from Poughkeepsie to Lakes Mohonk and Minnewaska.
Newburgh (30) is reached from the Central by steam ferry from Fish-
kill-on-the-Hudson.
Its site rises steeply
some 300 feet from
the river (see page
28), and is bounded
on the s. by the
'deep ravine of a
small creek that flows into the Hudson. The residences on the south-
east bluff have a view that can hardly be surpassed. The scenery on
river from here to Peekskill is much the finest on the river.
Hewburgh is the northern terminus of the Erie
railway and has considerable shipping-trade upon
the liver.
Washington’s Headquarters are preserved as a
State park. The original house is shown in the
circle on the left, while the arch is erected as a
memorial. The grounds are visited by thousands
every year, as it is a favorite excursion-point. The
Rouse is filled with revolutionary relics.90
Geography of the Empire State
A little further down the river reached from the Central by ferry
from Garrison, is West Point (31), the nation’s military school, views
of which are here given. Its situation is perhaps the finest in America.
A view looking n. is shown on page 28.
As the river emerges from the Highlands, we reach Peekskill (32), a growing village
with considerable manufacturing. Soon the river broadens into Tappan Bay, often109
Railway Journeys : D. L. & W.
Buffalo, thus reaching by its own trains the central and western part
of the State.
The Utica division follows up the Chenango River by Chenango
Forks (2) and Greene, through the picturesquely situated village of
Oxford (3), and through Norwich (4), a prosperous distributing-point,
with iron and other manufactures; through Earlville (5) and on until
just before reaching Waterville (6), the headquarters of hop-product-
ion, it passes over the watershed into the St. Lawrence system, and
ends at Utica (8). See page 83.
At Richfield Junction (7) a branch line runs through Bridgewater and West Winfield
to Richfield Springs (25), for which see pages 57-59.
The Syracuse and Oswego division follow up the Tioughnioga from
Chenango Forks (2), through Whitney’s Point (9), and Marathon (10)
to Tully (12), where Green Lake flows from the s. through the Tiough-
nioga into Chesapeake Ba}^ and from the N. through Onondaga Creek
into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. See page 42.
Cortland (11) is at the junction of the two branches of the Tioughnioga, and at the
confluence of 7 distinct valleys, separated by ranges of hills from 200 to 400 feet high,
and radiating in different directions. This makes it the natural distributing-point for
this entire region. It has also built up large manufactures, especially of carriages. A
State Normal School is located here.
Two miles N. on the D. L. & W., and connected with Cortland by electric railway,
is Homer, long noted for its excellent academy, and recently developing considerable
manufactures.
The railway still rises, however, till it reaches a station called Sum-
mit, when it passes into the St. Lawrence system and descends rapidly
to Syracuse (13). See page 81.
It follows down the s. side of Onondaga Lake, through the salt-
covers, and crosses the Seneca River at Baldwinsville (14), a prosper-
ous village with large flouring mills. It goes on down the Oswego
River by Oswego Falls (15) and Fulton (see page 25), and ends at
Oswego (16). See page 98.
The Buffalo division runs parallel with the Erie through Owego,
Waverly, Elmira, Corning, and Bath to Atlanta (18). For this route
see pages 96, 97.
From Owego (17), a branch road runs n. through Candor (25) and Caroline (26) to
Ithaca (27), getting down the hill into the city by a series of criss-crosses quite puz-
zling to the inexperienced traveller. This city has already been spoken of as the seat of
Cornell University (see page 35) and the centre of picturesque waterfalls (see page 48).
It has also large manufactures, and besides its numerous railroads has a line of steamers
down Cayuga Lake.
From Atlanta (18) the road bears off to the w., crosses the water-
shed, and enters the Genesee valley near Dansville (19). Two views
of the valley from this place are given on the opposite page.110
Geography of the Empire State
From here the railway strikes northwest to Mount Morris (20),
crosses the Genesee, passes through Greigsville, where salt is taken
out from mines 1200 feet deep at the rate of 800 tons a day, and curv-
ing around through Pavilion (21), at Alexander (22) comes near the
Erie again and runs parallel with it into Buffalo (23).
6. The Lehigh Valley R.R,
A third great coal line also runs its
lines into this State, and we
may return by it from Buf-
falo (1). We observe that
its route is by the central
lakes, skirting Seneca and
Owasco on one side, and
Cayuga on both.
Starting from Buffalo (1),
the road runs parallel with
the New York Central to
Batavia (2) (see page 78),
and continues almost due
e. to Rochester Junction
(3), whence a branch runs n. to Rochester. It crosses the Auburn
branch of the Central at Fisherville (4) and at Shortsville (5), and
runs nearly parallel with it to Geneva (6). See page 81.
Here the main line crosses Seneca County, passing through Tru-
mansburgh and Taughannock Falls to Ithaca (7). It then bears s.
through Van Ettenville (8), passes out of the State at Waverly, and
goes on to New York through Towanda, Mauch Chunk, and Allen-
town, Pa.
The western branch from Geneva (6) follows down the eastern shore of Seneca Lake,
having connection with the main line from Willard Asylum (10 > (see page 76): Ovid is
on this connecting line, in the centre of the county. It goes on through Burdett (11)
and Odessa (12), breaking off to the southeast to meet the mainline at Van Ettenville (8).
There is also a branch line from Waverly (9) to Elmira (13).
The Auburn division starts from Fair Haven (14), crosses the Central s. of the Seneca
River, and from Auburn (15) follows up the
outlet by Owasco Lake through Moravia (16),
Groton (17), and Dryden, and curves around
through Newark Valley (19) to Owego (20),
whence it follows the Susquehanna to Wa-
verly (9).
The Cayuga division crosses from Auburn
✓flj 8	(15) to Cayuga, and follows down the eastern
I rjfwjllpHIlr shore of the lake through Union Springs and
Aurora to Ithaca (7), where it connects with
the main line.
At Aurora, one of the most beautiful vil-
lages in the State, is situated Wells College, a school of high rank for young ladies.Railway Journeys : L. V.; W. N. Y. & P.
Ill
7. The Western New York & Pennsylvania R.R.
This is another of the roads connecting onr New York cities with
Pennsylvania. Its Pitts-
ft£r bnrgh division runs paral-
lei with the Lake Shore
tracks (see page 117) from
Buffalo (1) through Angola
(2) and Dunkirk (3) to
^ Brocton (4), where it make
-) a little circuit to the e. and
strikes down to Mayville
(5), at the head of Chautau-
qua Lake, and strikes s.
through Sherman (6) to
Corry, Pa,, and thence on through Titusville to Oil City.
From Mayville a railway runs down the N. shore of Chautauqua to Jamestown.
The Buffalo division bears off to the s’ of e. from Buffalo (1), turns
to the s., passing through East Aurora (7) and Holland (8), cuts
across a little corner of Wyoming County at Arcade (9), crosses the
Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh at Machias (10), follows the Ischua
Creek down through Franklinville (11) to Hinsdale (12), and thence
runs parallel with the Erie to Olean (13), and so on through Portville
(14) to Emporium, with connections for Harrisburg, Philadelphia and
Washington.
From Olean a narrow-gauge branch runs to Bradford, Pa. (15) ; another branch fol-
lows the s. branch of the Alleghany and circles back to Bradford.
The Rochester division runs from Olean (13) through Hinsdale (12)
and Cuba (16) to Belfast (17), where it strikes the Genesee RiverJ
which it follows to Portage (18). Here it curves off to the e., con-
necting at Nunda (19) for Swain (20) at the junction of the Erie and
the Central New York & Western. Near Mount Morris (21) it crosses
the Genesee, and follows its western bank to Rochester (22). It is
built upon the tow-path of the abandoned Genesee Valley Canal.
The Central New York and Western R.R. runs from Swain (20) s.
to Angelica (23), and also e. to Wayland (24) and* to Hornells-
ville (25).
Still another division runs from Olean through Portville to Bolivar
(26), whence an extension not now operated connects with the other
-divisions at Angelica, and strikes w. to connect with the W. N. Y. &
P. at Belfast.112
Geography op the Empire State
8. The New York Ontario & Western R.R.
When this railway, then called the New York & Oswego Midland,
was first projected, great things were expected of it. “See how it cuts
across the State,” its advocates cried; “it is the hypothemise of the
triangle the New York Central takes two sides of.” People forgot
that it is no farther around a hill than over it, and invested in
this line that went over the hills. So they lost their money, and the-
fast trains still go by the old routes. But to one who has leisure and
enjoys picturesque scenery this line affords a delightful journey.
When Nicholas I. looked at the plans for the proposed railway from St. Petersburg to Moscow, he
grew angry. “Why does it bend off here to the west?” he asked. “To pass through the city of
Novgorod, your majesty.”—“And why these curves?”—“ To follow the Volga river, your majesty.”—
“ And this twist ? ”—“ To avoid those mountains, your majesty.”—“ Get me a ruler ! ” The czar took
it, put one end on St. Petersburg and the other on Moscow, and drew his pencil down the edge.
“ There is your railway from St. Petersburg to Moscow,” he said. And almost in a straight line the-
railway runs for 400 miles.
But only czars make railways that way. The cost was enormous, and the road passed through
only one large town. It was many years before a branch road was built to Novgorod.
It should be remembered in choosing a route that railway distances are measured not by miles but
by hours. The West Shore has fewer miles between Buffalo and New York than the Central, but its-
quickest trains are some hours longer on the way. The experienced traveller learns to cling to the
trunk routes, and to choose his trains not by maps but by time-tables.
On the morning of Dec. 8, 1887, the author of this volume got up early enough to take at five-
o’clock the latest train from Barcelona in Spain by which he could catch his steamer home. At Gerona.
he got off for a cup of coffee. When he came back the train had started, and by a Spanish law seldom
enforced he was seized by the two soldiers on guard and prevented from entering it. The station
authorities had no French time-tables and could tell him nothing as to trains beyond the frontier. He
took the next train, a very slow one, and reached the frontier after dark. His ticket called for a change^
of cars, and a route nearly straight n. to Paris. But the train he was on went through to Marseilles,
and on general principles he staid on it, riding all night, and. being the next morning nearly as far from
Paris as when he started. But he had reached the trunk line and the fast trains, he caught a special
express that ran three times a week, and he got his steamer.Railway Journeys : N. Y. 0. & W.
113
Starting from Oswego (1) and following the river to Fulton (2), the
road bears off to the e. through Central Square (3), and follows the
contour of Oneida Lake, passing through Cleveland (4) with its glass-
works, and Fish Creek (5), a summer resort, and connecting with the
New York Central and West Shore at Oneida (6) and Oneida Castle.
It continues s. to Randallsville (7), where it connects for Rome (24)
and Utica (25); and to Earlville (8) where it connects, by a road
operated by the West Shore, for Syracuse (1). It runs nearly parallel
with the D. L. & W. to Norwich (9), but crosses the Chenango and
mounts the hill above Oxford (10), affording a delightful view.
At Clinton the Rome (24) branch connects with the branch from Utica (25). This
beautiful village is the seat of Hamilton College and of Houghton Seminary.
Just before reaching Randallsville (7) the road passes through Hamilton, the seat of
Colgate University.
At New Berlin Junction (11) it connects with its branch running up the Unadilla to
New Berlin, and branching off northeast to Edmeston.
At Sidney (12) it crosses the D. & H., and curves around to Walton
(13), on the West Branch of the Delaware, 1220 feet above tide.
The railway here mounts the hills of the divide between the Delaware and the
Susquehanna system, which is 1800 feet at the highest point, beyond Franklin. This
station is four miles from . the village, which is delightfully situated in the Ouleout.
Yalley, with water from artesian, wells 865 feet deep. The Delaware Literary Institute
is here.
From Walton (13) a branch runs up the Branch to Delhi (28), 1458 feet above tide,
which is becoming a noted summer resort. By a stage ride of 8 miles up the river to
Bloomville, one may make connection with the Ulster & Delaware R.R. See page 115.
It now curves to the southwest around the hills, nearly reaching the
Delaware River at Hancock, and then turns at right angles, and runs
nearly e. to the Sullivan county line. Through this county it bears
southeast, passing through Liberty (18), a favorite health resort,
especially for consumptives ; and at Summitville (19) connecting for
Ellenville (29), a charming village in the heart of the Shawungunk
region on the D. & H. Canal. From this point on, see map on page 88.
From Hancock Junction the Scranton Division runs s. s. w. to Scranton, Pa.
Before reaching the Sullivan county line, the railway reaches Beaver Kil, a noted
trout stream, and ascends it, following the bank closely, beyond Parksville, 1582 feet
above tide. It then crosses the 'watershed into the Mongaup valley, and crosses the
Neversink beyond Fallsburgh, and the D. & H. Canal just before reaching Summitville.
Between Mountain Dale and Summitville the road descends 420 feet in 8 miles, from
962 to 542 feet above tide.
The railway at Wurtsboro (compare map on page 92), passes out of the Mamakating Valley, pierces-
the Shawungunk mountains by a tunnel 3800 feet long, and reaches Bloomingburgh, celebrated by
Washington Irving in his “ Hans Schwartz In the colonial period this was a frontier town, and
suffered much from Indian raids. It is 757 feet above the sea.
From Middletown (20) it runs nearly due e. across the county
through Campbell Hall (21) to Cornwall (22), whence it turns s. and
at Weehawken (23) connects with the ferry for New York.114
Geography of the Empire State
9. Harlem Division of the N. Y. C. & H. R. R.R.
This road runs through the eastern valley of the watershed of which
the Hudson river is the western valley, a region in many respects
more like New England than like the rest of New York. See map on
page 88.
Starting from the Grand Central Depot in New York it runs past
Bedford Park, with beautiful Bronx Park oppocite ; on through
Mount Vernon and past the marble quarries of Tuckahoe to White
Plains, where the battle of Oct. 28, 1776 was fought. It goes on
through Kensico, Chappaqua, Mount Kisco, Bedford, and Katonah ;
has a branch circuit from Golden’s Bridge to Brewsters, famed for its
iron mines, by Lake Mahopac and through Carmel; passes through
Patterson and Pawlings in a delightful valley especially charming at
Amenia ; reaches the junction of three States at Boston Corners, curves
to the w. at Hillsdale, and to the n. before reaching Philmont; and
ends at Chatham.
Here its connections are by the Boston & Albany to Hudson, and to Albany on the
w.; and on the E. through Pittsfield, Mass., to Springfield, Worcester and Boston ; and
by the Lebanon Springs R.R. to Lebanon Springs, and, crossing the Fitchburg at
Petersburg Junction, to Bennington, Vt.
From Niverville a road runs to Hudson, passing through the most beautiful part of
the county, especially near Stuyvesant Falls.
The New York & Northern division of the Central runs between the
Harlem and the Central, starting at 155th street, New York, and run-
ning through to Brewsters. It is not shown on the map.
The three great trunk lines e. are I. the Fitchburg, connecting with
the West Shore at Rotterdam Junction, and with the Central at Troy,
and passing through Mechanicsville, Eagle Bridge, and the great
Hoosac Tunnel, 4| miles long and costing 20 millions, to Fitchburg
and Boston; II: the Boston & Albany, just spoken of; and III. the
New York & New Haven, starting from New York and following
along the shore through New Rochelle and Port Chester.
10. The Ulster & Delaware R.R.
This picturesque line starts from Kingston, strikes the Beaver Kil
at West Hurley, follows it down nearly to its junction with Esopus
Creek, and then follows up the Creek through Phoenicia, Shandaken
and Big Indian, to its source near the boundary of the county, crosses
the watershed at Grand Hotel on the county line, and descends into
the Delaware system, reaching at Arkville the lowest point on the
railroad in the county, 1344 feet above tide. The village of Margaret-
ville is 1J miles from here, and Andes 12 miles. See map on page 88.
The road now ascends the East Branch of the Delaware to the n.,Railway Journeys : U. & D.
115
passing through Roxbury. It crosses into the Hudson system again
as it curves, but regains the Delaware at Stamford, the prettiest village
in the Catskills, and follows it through Hobart to Bloomville. A
stage-ride of 8 miles down the river to Delhi connects this road with
the N. Y. 0. & W. (see page 113).
From Phoenicia there is a branch line to Hunter, and to the Cat skill Mountain House,
making this a de-
r**lightful route by
; Catskills. Slide
| Mountain, shown
; on page 17 is
;reached by a
| stage-ride of 11
| miles from Big
(Indian. This
j view of Delaware
( County is taken
) from Grand Ho-
[ tel,1886feet above
I tide water.
Stamford is al-
| most at the junc-
| tion of three of
I the great river
I systems. It is on
a branch of the
(Delaware, the
streams a little
| way w. begin to
I flow into the Sus-
quehanna, and
(Bear Creek, one
(mile e. empties
\ into the S eho -
harie.
The following
| elevations in this
i county are given
in French s Ga-
IJzetteer: Dela-
ware River, at E.
border 830 ft.;
junction of two
branches. 922 ;
Hancock 943 ; Hale’s Eddy 950 ; Deposit 1004 ; Sidney 1010 ; Franklin 1240 ; Arkville
1345; Stamford 1765 ; Elk Creek Summit 1859; Davenport Centre 1898 ; Mt. Pisgah,
near Andes 3400.
11. Wallkill Valley R.R.
This starts from Campbell Hall, shown in the map on page 88, and
follows the Wallkill branch of Rondout Creek. It curves to the north-116
Geography of the Empire State
east at Montgomery; passes through Walden, where there is manu-
facture of English cutlery; Wallkill, where 30,000 quarts of milk a
day are used in summer by the New York Condensed Milk Co.; and
New Paltz, the site of a State Normal School, and the station for Lake
Mohonk (see page 41) and Lake Minnewaska; soon crosses the Wall-
kill and then bears straight n., crossing the Rondout on an iron
bridge 150 feet high and 960 feet long at Rosendale, noted for its«
cement; and then turning off to the northeast to Kingston. See map
on page 88.
12. The Elmira, Cortland and Northern R.R.
Starting from Camden (1), on the R. W. & O. (see page 99) this
road strikes s. from McCon-
nellsville (2), nearing the
e. shore of Oneida Lake,
to Canastota (3), on the
New York Central; passes
through Cazenovia (4) and
DeRuyter (5); and crosses
the D. L. & W. at Cortland
(6), for which see page 109.
Thence it bears southwest to
Ithaca (7), for which see
page 109 ; curves around to
the southeast through Caroline (8), and Candor (9) ; turns w., passing
through Spencer and Van Ettenville (10), and at Horseheads (11)
turns s. again to Elmira (12).
13. The Pennsylvania R.R.
This great corporation controls a single line across the State, still
usually referred to as the Northern Central. Striking n. from the
Susquehanna at Williamsport, Pa., it runs from Elmira (12) through
Horseheads (11) and so on through Havana (how Montour Falls) to
Watkins (13), for which see pages 35, 45. Following up Seneca Lake
for a few miles, it bears off northwest to Keuka Lake at Penn Yan (14),
and thence circles around by Stanley (15) to Canandaigua (16), where
it connects by the New York Central for Rochester.
From Stanley (15), a branch runs n. through Newark (17), on the
Central and the West Shore, to Sodus Point (18), thus giving the
Pennsylvania road a harbor on Lake Ontario.
14. The Fall Brook Railway
This road was built to give the Fall Brook coal mines an outlet inRailway Journeys : Miscellaneous	117
New York. It connects with the New York Central at Lyons (19),
and runs s. through Geneva (20), by the w. shore of Seneca Lake,
to Watkins (13), crossing the Pennsylvania at Himrods Junction and
running w. of it. It then bears* off southwest to Corning (21), and
runs s. to its mines at Blossburg, Pa.
A branch line runs across from Dresden to Penn Yan.
15.	The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh R.R.
This line starts from Rochester (22), curves to the southeast to
LeRoy (23), and then strikes nearly s. through Warsaw (24) to Silver
Lake junction (25), when it turns off to the southwest again, through
Bliss (26) and Machias Junction (27) to Ashford (28), whence it goes
s. through Ellicottville (29), to Salamanca (30) and Limestone (31) to
Bradford.
From Ashford (28) the Buffalo division runs northwest through
Springville (33) and Colden (34) to Buffalo (35).
16.	The Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R.R.
This finely equipped western route follows the shore of Lake Erie
from Buffalo (35) through Angola (36), Silver Creek (37), Dunkirk (38),
and Westfield (39), through Erie, Pa., (40) and so on to Chicago
through Cleveland and Toledo.
17.	The New York, Chicago & St. Louis (Nickel Plate) R.R.
This road runs parallel with the Lake Shore through New York,
with a connection at Westfield (39) for Mayfield and Chautauqua
Lake.
18.	The Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pittsburgh R.R.
This road, leased by the New York Central, starts s. from Dunkirk
(38), passes through Fredonia (see page 98), and Lily Dale, by the
beautiful Cassadaga Lake (41), and through Sinclairville (42), crosses
the Erie at Falconer (43), and after passing through Frewsburgh crosses
the State line beyond Fentonville, and terminates at Titusville, Pa.
19. The Long. Island R.R.
This road now controls all the railways on the island, and is suf-
ficiently shown in the map on the following page. The distance from
New York to Greenport is 94 miles ; to Sag Harbor 100 miles.
For what is said of the towns on Long Island see pages 59,60. For
the new bridge that will connect the Long Island railway with New
York see pages 51, 62. The summer traffic of some of these lines
nearest New York is enormous, as the southern coast of the island118
Geography of the Empire State
cI NDEXINDEX
Abrbviations.—6. bay; c. city; co. county; cr. creek; g. gulf; h. hill; i. island; l. [lake ; mt. moun-
tain ; mts. mountains; r. river; 8. State; t. town; v. village. Italics indicate illustrations.
PAGE
academies..................109
Adams v.....................99
---- & Co. map...............3
Addison Junction...........103
Adirondack mts.3, 9, 12, 15,19, 27,
37, 38,39, 66, 67, 100, 101, 102,
103.
.... ......................-37
---- & St. Lawrence rw —160
Afton v..................  107
agriculture........67,79, 81, 109
Akron v-------.' .......i66, 73
•Alabama t...............45,57
Albany c..2k, 33, 43, 66,70, 75, 77,
83, 8k, 85, 86,105, 114
---- co......... .........17,59,68
---- & Sus. rw .........—101
Albion v...........68,72,78,79
Alexander v........— 97, 110
Alfred Centre v.............74
Allegany CO.19, 32, 59, 66,68,69, 97
---- V......................74
Alleghany mts.13,15,17,19,82,83
---- r........16, 32, 70, 82,97, 111
Allentown, Pa. c...........110
alluvial hills..............79
Amenia v.................. 114
Amsterdam c.............70, 85
Anandale v ...............-.74
Andes v................114,115
Andover	v................97
Angelica v   ............. .19, 111
Angola v.............. 111,117
animals.....................67
Antwerp	v...............100
Appalachian mts.............16
approximate distances.......11
aquarium....................93
arbor vitae ..............  67
Arcade v.................  Ill
Argyle v....................68
Arkville	v.............114,115
Arthur Kil....... ..........60
Ash.........................67
Ashford	v................117
Athens v....................85
Atlanta v...............96,109
Atlantic Ocean...10,13,15,16,118
Attica v.................97
Auburn c......70, 76, 79, 81, 110
---- Road rw.......13,79,81, 110
Aurora v................74,110
Ausable Chasm.. .9, 27, 49, 50, 101
Au Sable r...27,49,50,101
----Forks v...............,101
average height..........16,113
Avoca v...................  96
Avon v..................57, 96
Cambridge v................107
Baldwinsville v............103
Ballston Spa v..........57, 68,103
balsam......................67
Baltimore, Md. c............16
Barcelona, Spain,	c.—112
Basin mt...................—19
Batavia v_____63, 72. 76.	78,97, 110
Bath V..............68, 76, 96, 109
Battery Park............61,92, 93
Bear cr............ ....... .115
Beaver i.................   63
PAGE
Beaver Kil.............113, 114
Beck’s Report............56, 57
Bedford v...............76,114
-— Park v...................H4
Bedloes i................60, 92
Belfast v..................Ill
Belmont v.........-.........68
Belvidere v.................97
Bemus Heights v............103
Bennington, Yt. c..........114
Bergen v..................  78
Big Indian v............H4,115
Binghamton c.. 11, 70, 76,96,101,
107
birds.....................  67
Black 1 ....................37
---- r.............25, 44, U9, 99
---Rock v.................  43
Blackwell’s i ........i. 61,62
Lliss v.....................H7
Bloods v....................96
Bloomingburgh v........... 113
Bloomville v...........113,115
Blossburg, Pa. v........96,117
Blue Mt 1...................37
Blue Ridge mts... .......16,17
bluestoneP..................66
Bolivar v...................HI
Bombay v...................100
Boonville v.................44
Boston, Mass. c............114
--- & A. rw. ........13,85,114
--- Corners v...........89,114
boulders................34, 59
boundaries...............1, 10
Bordeaux, France c..........11
Bradford, Pa. c.....98, 111, 117
Branchport v................3h
Brewerton v.................99
Brewsters v.............89,114
bridges. .29, 60,61,83,87,92,93,98,
116
Bridgewater v.............—109
Broad Top mt —..............17
Brockport v.........75, 78, 79
Brockton v................ Ill
Bronx Park.................114
Brookhaven v............60, 70
Brooklyn c... .60, 61, 74, 92,117
---- bridge......29, 60, 61, 92, 93
Broome co.............19,	57, 63
Buckhorn i................. 63
Buffalo c. .2,11, 42, 43, 66,70, 74-
77, 79,97, 109-111, 116,117
--- R. &P. rw........21,111,117
Burdett v...................HO
Burr, Aaron............... 113
Buttermilk cr...............48
--- Falls...................48
Byram v.....................10
Caldwell v................ .68
California S............... 66
Cambridge v.............. —103
Camden v................99,116
Campbell Hall v........113,115
Canaan v....................89
Canada.. ..10, 15, 21, 49, 63, 67, luO
Canadice 1.................24,	34
canals................13, 42-44
PAGE
canals Black River.. 12,13, US, 44,
49, 81, 99
---- Cayuga & Seneca........US
---- Champlain.. 12,13, US, 44, 85,
103
---- Delaware & H...95,101,113
---- Erie.. 12,13, 27, US, 44,78,79,
81, 85
---- Genesee Yalley............Ill
---- Oswego............. .US, 81, 99
Canandaigua 1 ........24, 34, 37
---- V......68, 72, 78, 79, 81,116
---- Outlet cr................  24
Canastota v..............81,116
Canderago 1......12, 1U, 42, 58, 59
Candor v......................109,	116
Canisteo v..................97
---- r......................... 32
cantilever bridge.........21,78,98
Canton v .............68, 74,100
Cape Yincent v ..........33, 99
Carbondale, Pa.	c.........95, 107
Carleton i......................63
Carmel v............. .. 68, 74,114
Caroline v............... 109,	116
carriages .....................109
Carthage v............44, 49, 99
Cascadilla cr...................48
Cassadaga 1....................117
Castle Garden...................93
---- William ...................60
Castleton, Yt. v.............  103
Catamount Pond..................37
Catskill mts.. 9,12,1U, 17, 55, 85,
102, 115
---- Mt. House..............115
----V................. 68, 72, 85
Cattaraugus co.. 11, 19,32,59,66,
68, 69, 98
---- cr...............20,21,70,97
Cayuga co................24, 68
---- 1. .24, 34, 35,37,43,48,109,110
---- rw.....................81
---- V...................81, 110
Cazenovia 1.................... 36
---- v.........................116
cement .	.............85,116
centennial celebrations____82, 85,
103,105, 107
Central Bridge v............1< 5
---- N. Y. & W. rw.............Ill
---- Park.......................91
---- Square v............99,113
---- Yt. rw...........100, 103
Champlain 1.. 1, 2,10, 11,12,13,
19, 27,37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 62, 100,
101
Chapinville v............,114
Chappaqua v..............57, 114
charitable institutions.....3, 76
Charlotte v.. ..................98
Chateaugay v............57,100
---- rw....................... 100
Chatham v......................114
Chautauqua co ........11. 20, 32, 68
---- 1...............42,98,111,117
Chazy r.................... ..27
---- v.........................ioi
Chemung co......................68
---- r...................32, 96
Chenango co.....................68
(121)122
Geography of the Empire State
PAGE
Chenango r..........32, 109,113
---- Forks y..................H9
Cherry Creek y ...............98
cherry trees..................67
Cherry Valley	v...57.105, 107
Chesapeake b........16,42, 82,109
Chicago, 111. c...............H7
Childwold.................... 37
Chili.........................11
---- Station v...... .........78
Chittenango Springs...........67
Cincinnati, O. c............ .16
cities........................10
Clarkstown v..................68
clay..........................27
Clayton v....................100
Cleveland v................. 113
---- O. c.....................H7
Clifton Springs	v.........57, 8	L
climate...................... 6G
Clinton co..................  68
---- mt.......................19
---- y..................  74,113
Clintonville v...............101
Clyde r_________..________24, 43
coalJ.'.V.Y..'.’ ’. *.! '.77,' 107,110,’ il6
Cobleskill ..................105
Coeymans v....................85
Cohocton v...................32,	96
Cohoes c_____ .. .27,44, 70, 85,105
Colden mt.....................19
------ y.............. . .117
colleges......................74
College Point	v............72,	118
Columbia co................66, (
.... .........................15
----Springs...................57
Colvin mt................... *19
----, Verplanck..........  .3,19
Como 1........................40
commerce. .9, 13, 33, 35, 42, 60, 77,
.	85,97
condensed milk...............116
Conesus	cr.................23
---- 1..................24,33,96
---- y ....................  .96
Conewango r..................32,
Connecticut s.......10,11, 59, 89
Coney i......................60,	118
Constantinople, Turkey.........H
consumptives.................113
Cooper’s novels.. .40,42, 51, 65, 89
Cooperstown v.............68,105
Copake	v .............. ...89
Corinth	v..................103
Corning	c........70,96,109,117
corn-starch...................99
Cornwall v...................113
Corry, Pa. c..............98,111
Cortland co...................68
---- V..........68,72, 75, 109,116
counties..................2, 68, 69
Coxsackie v...................85
Cranberry 1..................37
Cross 1............. ........
Croton r.... ..........  .....41
Crown Point v...............1>»3
Cuba v.......................97,	111
cut glass ....................96
cutlery......................116
dairy products..........83,93
Dana’s Geological Story....64
Danbury, Ct. c..........   89
Dannemora v. ...........76,100
Dansville v........96,108,109
Davenport Centre v........115
Dayton v................97, 98
De Costa’s Lake George—40, 51
Deep Rock Spring—..........57
DeKalb v..................100
Delaware b......... —16
co .....17, 19.31, 68,107,115
---- r....10,11,16,17, 30, 93,95,
113,114,115
---- sys.... 20, 31, 93,113,114,115
---- &H. canal.............113
---- & H. rw.......11, 27, 85.101-
107,113
PAGE Delaware L. & W. rw.2, 11, li>7- 110,113,116 Delhi v 	68, 113, 115	PAGE Fort Schoharie	105 	Stanwix	..83 	 Ticonderoga	40
Dep’t Public Instruction	73 Deposit v	95, 115 DeRuyter v...		 ,....116		 William Henry..	40 Fourth Lake			37 Fox r	15 Frankfort V	83
	Franklin co.... 	68
divides..	109,113,114 Dix mt	19 Dobbs Ferry v	91 dogwood.. 		67 Dolgeville v ..	83 Dresden v		117 drift deposits. 	34, 79 Dryden v		HO	— v	. .113, 115 Franklinville v	19,111 Fredonia v	59, 75, 98, 117 French mt....	r.. ..40 	 Pond	42 French’s Gazetteer	3,115 Frewsburgh v	117 Friendship v	97 Fulton co	68
Dunkirk c	70, 93, 97, 111, 117 	 A. V. &P. rw	98,117 Durham’s Carleton Island	63 Dutchess co	16,68 Dyke cr	 ..	97 Eagle 1		37		 V	25, 48, 72, 99, 109,113 	 Lakes	37, 100 Fultonville v..		53 Gale’s v				37 Galloo i..		63 Oni’/lpn Pifir xr firt
	 Bridge v		103, 114 	 Falls v	85 Earlville v	109, 113	Gardiner’s b	....60 	 i		...60
East r	29.61,62, 92, 93 	 bridge	29, 60, 61, 92,93 	 Aurora v	HI 	 Cayuga v .. 	....43	Gasport v.... ..	....59 general outlines	13 —— topography	13 Hphpqpa on f)7
Eastman’s history.	1 Ecuador	-H Edge water 		72 Edmeston v	 113		 Falls		2k 	 r. .20,23, 2k, 33,43, 78, 82, 96, 97, 98, 108,109, HO, 111 __ VqIIpv Ponal 111
education	73 electrical machinery	85 elevations	16,113 Elizabethtown v	68,103 Elk cr	H5 Ellenburgh v	10° Ellenville v	113 Ellicottville v		 • 117 Ellis i....		60,61,93	V ctllujr KjcLLIcLL • ••♦♦•••••• *iai Geneseo v		68, 75 Geneva v.. .43, 72, 74, 79, 81, HO, geological formations, 64-66; also 17,20, 24, 27,35, 40, 48, 50, 51, 59, 65, 66, 79 	 survey		3 George 1.. 12,13,27, U0,50, 61,103
elms	67	npPADQ fl rvQ 1 tl C* *112
Elmira c. 11, 70, 74, 76, 96, 109,110 C. & N. rw	99,116 Emporium, Pa. c	HI England	10 equator	10 Erie co	63, 68 		 1	10, 11, 20, 21, 23, 33, 42. 70, 77, 82, 89, 92, 97, 117 	 rw... .93-98, 109, 110, 111, 117 	 Pa, O	H7 Esopus cr	114	Giant of the Valley mt	19 glacial drifts	59 glass	113 Glen Cove b	59 	 Haven v—		36 Glens Falls V.. 2, 40,44, 51,66, 72, 103 Gloversville c	70, 83 gloves	 83 gneiss		;	51 f i 9.4- fia
Essex co	51, 68 Fair Haven v	HO Fairport v .... 78, 81	Golden’s Bridge v	H4 Gordon’s Gazetteer			 .1 G oshen v.:	68, 92, 93 Gothic mt	....19
THol nrm at* v 	117	Gouvetneur v	66,100
Fall cr 	48	Governor’s i	60,61, 92, 93
	 Brook rw	96, 116 Fallsburgh v...	H3 TFoYvf rmTrilla v* 	117	grain				...67, 85 Grand Central Depot	91,114 		 Hotel	114
ferns 	67		i			...62,63
Fire i ■				59			 Trunk rw	78,100
TPiaVi r>r* 	42	granite	66
Fish Creek v	H3	Grant, U. S	103 Granville v	103
fichpG 		.67	graphite	66
Fisher’s i f.. T -	....... 59	Grasse r	25, 37
Fisher ville ,	-	HO	Gray Peak mt	19
TPichlHU v 	89	Great South Bay			59
Mqqq A . . ..114	Greece			;	107
	 rw	..85, 103,114 flagstone	66, 85 TF1 Q*f*VincVi \t 	60	Green b	15 	 Island v	......72,105 	. 1	42,109
flora 			67		 m	....17
Plopiflf? v .■■it-	.... 93	Greenbush v	72
flour.		99, 109	Greene co	17,68
flowers -r	67, 78		 v...		109
Flushing V	60,72,118	Greenwich v	113
Fonda 		68 Fordham		.74, 76	Greigsville v	110 Grenadier i	63
17m»oot'uillA xr 		 .97	Grey court v				92, 93
Fort Ann v	...42,103 	 Edward v—27,42,44,103 . ’Miflfffll'fl,		 . r *21	Grindstone i	63 Groton v	110 guns		83
	 Ontario		98	Guymard	,31, 57Index
123
gypsum
PAGE
....66
Hadley v.................103
Hale’s Eddy v.............115
Hall, James.....4,16, 64, 65, 66
Hamburg v.................98
Hamilton co...........68,100
---- y.................74, 113
Hammond ville........... 103
Hammondsport;...........3k, 96
Hancock v...........95,113,115
---- Junction............113
harbors..........-....33,116
Harlem rw...........13, 91,114
---- r...............29,61,91
Harrisburg, Pa. c........Ill
Hartford, Ct. c...........89
--- & O. W. rw— ...........89
Hartwick Seminary v.........105
Hathorn Spring..............56
Havana (now Montour Palls) v
116
---- Glen................35,47
Haverstraw b.............29,91
---- v...................72, 91
Hawks Nest Rocks............95
Haystack mt...............  19
health resorts.37, 39, 56-59,85,113
Hector Falls................47
Helderberg mts..........    17
----• limestone.............85
Hell Gate...’...............29
Hellibark mts...............17
Hemlock 1............24, 33, 34
Hempstead v .........60, 72, 118
Hendrick’s History. .42,82,85,101,
103, 105,107
Herkimer co..............19, 68
---- y...............68, 83,100
Heuvelton v................100
hickory.....................67
High Bridge.................29
-— Falls............. 44,49,56
Highland	y................89
Highlands mts.. 12,13, 14,16,17,
27, 29, 90
Hillsdale	v...............114
Hinsdale v...............97, 111
Hobart v...................114
Holland	v...............Ill
Homer v....................109
Honeoye	cr—..............23
---- Falls	v..............78
---- 1................24,33,34
Honesdale, Pa, c............95
honey locust................67
Hoosac Tunnel............. 114
Hoosick Falls............72, 85
---- r....................  27
Hough’s Gazetteer.........  .3
---- 1000 Islands.........  63
Hopewell Junction........  .89
hops....................81,109
Horicon 1...................40
Hornellsville c......70, 97, 111
Horseheads v.............96,116
Houghton Seminary..........113
Howe’s Cave..2, 9, 54, 55,105,107
Hoytville, Pa. v............96
Hudson c.........57, 70, 76,85,114
---- r.. ..1, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,
16, 17, 19, 27, 28, 29, 42, 43, 44,
51, 61, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90,
91, 92,103,105, 114
---- sys. .4, 20, 27, 41, 93,100,103,
Huguenot v..............93
Hump mt.................19
Hunter v.............. 115
Huntington	b............59
--- v....................60
Ida mt.......................105
Ilion v..................72, 83
Indian Pass...................49
---- Report...................70
---- Reservations.... 3,69, 82, 97
---- r.....................25,48
Indians......................113
PAGE
industries...................9,71
agriculture--67, 79, 81, 109
bluestone..............66
carriages.............109
cement............85, 116
coal.....77, 107,110,116
commerce.. .9, 13,33, 35, 42,
60, 77, 85, 97
condensed milk........116
corn-starch............99
cut-glass..............96
cutlery...............116
dairy products---19, 83, 93
electrical machinery...85
fisheries..............67
flagstone............. 85
flour............78, 99, 109
flowers................78
glass...........81,96,113
gloves.................83
grain.................78,	85
granite................66
graphite...............66
grazing...............19,	79
guns.................. 83
gypsum.................66
hops.............81, 109
india rubber...........60
iron... .25,27, 66, 85,103,114
lime...................85
limestone.............66,	85
live-stock.............77
locomotives............97
lumber.....77, 79, 85,103
marble.................66
millstones.............66
mineral waters—56-59, 66
mowing-machines........81
* natural gas.......59, 66, 98,
oyster^...............59,	60
paper.................103
peppermint oil.........81
petroleum.............59,	66
quarries...............66
reapers................81
salt........36,56,66, 110
sandstone..............66
silk............60,91,103
slate..................66
tooth-picks............97
type-writers...........83
vineyards............. 34
iron......25, 27, 66, 85,103,114
Irondequoit cr...............43
Irving, Washington.......91,113
Irvington v..................91
Ischua cr................97,111
islands—..................59*63
Ithaca c.. .35, 48, 70, 74,109,110,
116
---- Falls...................48
Jamaica v......60, 68, 72, 75, 118
Jamestown c............70, 97, 98
Jansen’s	cr..............  29
Jefferson co...........44,49, 68
Jersey City, N. J. c — ....92, 93
Johnsonburgh, Pa. v.......  .98
Johnsonville v..............103
Johnstown v............68, 72, 83
Kaaterskill Falls............55
Kanona	v..................96
Katonah v...................114
Kendall	v..................98
Kennedy v.................   98
Kensico	v.................114
Keuka College v..............74
----1............3k, 37, 96,116
Kil Van Kull cr..............60
Kings co...................  68
Kingsbury t..................42
Kingston c....66, 70, 95,114,116
----, Ont. c....*............63
Kittatinny mts...............17
Lacedaemon, Greece..........107
Lachine Rapids...............26
Lackawaxen, Pa. c............95
lakes.....................33-44
PAGE
Lakes. &M.S. rw.........78,117
---- Tear mt................19
La Motte i..................62
Lancaster v—................97
Lansingburgh v..............72
Lansing Kil cr..............44
larch...................... 67
Laurel Hill mt..............17
Lebanon Springs v.......57,119
---- rw....................
Lehigh Valley rw.81, 98,110
Leicester Junction, Vt.....103
LeRoy v............78,97,117
Lewisco................48, 68
Lewiston v..........33, 72, 98
Liberty v..................113
Lily Dale................. 117
lime........................85
limestone......24, 48,51, 66, 79, 85
Limestone v................117
Lippincott’s Gazetteer.......4
liriodendron................67
Little Connewango	cr.....98
---- Falls V.. .15, 19, 27,52, 53,
72, 83
---- 1 .....................42
---- Sodus b................33
---- Valley v............68,97
live stock...............67,85
Livingston co...........23,	68
Lockport c.. .... 48, 70, 78, 79, 97
locomotives.................97
Lodi Falls..................47
London, England c... ____91,93
Long Island.. 10j 11, 20, 59, 66, 117
Long Island City____60, 62,70, 117
Long Island rw..........81,117
Long Island Sound.. .10,13, 29,59
Long 1.......................4
Long Sault Rapids...........26
Loon 1.....................100
Lossing’s Field Book........63
Lowville v..................68
lumber.........67,77, 79, 85,103
Luzerne Falls...............51
---- mts....................27
---- V..................51,103
Londonville v.............. 98
Lyon Falls.................44,	49
Lyons v._______.43, 68, 72, 79, 117
McConnellsville v..	.....116
McGee’s map..................3
McGregor mt............... 103
McIntyre mt..............19,49
Machias v..............Ill, 117
Macomb mt...................19
Madison co.................68,	70
Madrid, Spain c.............11
---- Springs...............100
---- v ....................100
magnolia....................67
Mahopac 1...........Ik, 41,114
Malone v..........68,72,76,100
Mamakating V alley.........113
Manhattan i....29,	60, 61, 91, 92
Manlius v...................66
manufactures.3,9,23,25,27, 43,71 ‘
See industries.
maple...................,...67
maps of the State...........3,	37
Marathon v.................109
marble..................66,114
Marcy mt................ .9,19
Margaretville v............114
Marseilles, France,	c....112
Massachusetts s. .10,11,17, 83, 89
Massawepie 1............... 37
Massena Springs v.......57,100
Mather’s Geography...........1
Matteawan mts ..............16
—V.....................72, 76, 89
Mauch Chunk, Pa v..........110
Mayfield v...............  117
May ville v...........  68,111
Meadville, Pa c.............98
Mechanicsville v.85,103,105,114
Medina v.......17, 66, 72, 78, 79
---- sandstone.........17, 24
Merrill’s map............... 4124
Geography op the Empire State
PAGE
Metropolitan Art Museum_____91
Mexico g............13,16,42,82
--- v........................99
Michigan s............ ...	57
--- Central rw..............78,	98
Middleburgh v ..............105
Middletown c.. .16, 70, 92, 93,113
Millerton v......., . .......89
millstones—	 ...66
mineral springs..3,56-59, 66. 97
Mineville v............... .103
Minnewaska 1.......14,41,89,116
Mississippi r ........13,15, 82
Mohawk r.. .12,13, lk, 1$, 16,19,
27, 42, 43, 44, 51,	52,82, 83, 85
--- y .....................  83
Mohonk 1.........lk,kl, 89,116
Moira v.....................100
Mongaup r................31,113
Monroe co.................24,68
Montauk Point...............60,	70
Montezuma v................  57
---Marshes ..................35
Montgomery co ....19, 51, 68, 83
--- v.................92.93,116
Monticell o v..........68,	92,	93
Montour Falls (seeHavana).. .116
Montpelier, Vt. c.......... 100
Montreal, Ont. c............15,	63
monuments....................82
--- Cherry Yalley	.107
---Oriskany.. ...............82
--- Saratoga............... 103
Mooers v...................100,	101
Moravia v.................. 110
Moriah v..............  66,	103
, Moriches v................ 66
Morningside Park ........... 91
Morristown v ............   100
Morrisville v............... 68
Morse’s Geography............50
Moscow, Russia c............112
Moss 1.......................37
Mountain-Dale —.............113
mountains.. 12,13, lk, 16-20,27,38,
39, 40, 42, 66, 67, 82, 83, 90, 91,
93,100, 101,103
Mountain Ridge...,;..........16
Mount Kisco v....’..........114
--- Morris v..........96,110,111
--- Vernon c.............70, 114
Mud or........................—	27
Museum of Natural History.. .91
Napanock v.................. 76
Naples, Italy, c..............H
Narrowsburg v................95
natural bridges .......9,	48,	50
natural gas............59,	66,	98
Natural History of N. Y. ..3, 4, 47
Navy i.......................63
Neversink r. .30, 31,57,93, 9k, 113
Newark v.................76,116
--- Valley v ................HO
New Berlin v................113
---. Berlin Junction........113
--- Brighton v...............72
Newburgh c.......28, 70, 89, 93
--- D. & C. rw...............89
New England......15, 79, 98, 114
--- Hampshire s-.............67
--- Jersey s.10, 16, 30,31, 85, 93
—— Midland rw ...............93
--- Orleans, La. c.T........16
--- Paltz v...........75, 89, 116
--- Rochelle v ..........72.114
—- York Bay............10,13,15
--------C. &H. R. rw. .11.13,
77-93, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105,
110,112, 113, 114, 116,117.'
---& Canada rw .............100
---&N. E. rw ................«9
---&N. H. rw................91114
--- & N. rw..................H4
--- C. & St. L.rw...	78,117
— L. E. & W. rw.. 23, 89,92,93-
98,109, 110, 111, 117
--- O. & W. rw........93, 99,107,
112,115
PAGE
New York City.. .2,11, 61, 66, 70,
74-77, 83, 85, 91, 92, 107, 113,
117
--- York co .............20, 68
--- York Harbor..........13,16
Niagara co...............59, 68
--- Falls c.......9, 11, 21-23, 44,
74, 78, 79, 82,97, 98, 100
---limestone.............24,79
--- r.. 10, 15,16, 20,21,22, 23,24,
77,79
Nicholas I...........■.....102
Nickel Plate rw..........78,117
Nineveh v....	 107
Nipple Top mt...............19
Niverville v...... ... .. — H4
normal schools..............75
Normans Kil cr..............29
North Creek v..............103
--- Hempstead..........  ...60
--- Hero i ................ 62
---Pole..... .............  10
--- Woods................38,39
Northrup’s Camps and Tramps. 39
NorthTonawanda.43,72, 77, 79, 97
Northern Adirondack rw ... 100
--- Central rw............  H6
Norwich v.........68, 72, 109, 113
Norwood v..................100
Nova Scotia ................82
Novgorod, Russia c.........112
Nunda v...............  97,111
Nyack v...............72,91,93
Oak Orchard cr..........
oaks....................
Odessa v...............
Ogdensburg c.........70,
Ohio s.........
....20
...67
..110
76, 99
.. .16
---- sys..............20, 32. 42, 97
Oil City, Pa. c....................1H
---- Spring cr	 ........97
Olean c...............70,97, 111
-— cr..............................97
Oneida Castle v..............H3
---- co............10, 15, 68, 70
---- 1.12, 24. 36, 37, 42, 99,113, 116
---- r....................24, 25
---- v....................72, 81, 113
Oneonta............72, 75, 106, 107
Ontario co............24, 59, 68
----	1...2, 10, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24,
25, 33, 35, 36	57, 63, 65, 98, 116
------ v.......................... 98
Onondaga co........42, 68, 69, 82
------ or..................42,43, 109
------ 1..24, 36, 37,	42, 56, 81, 102
----■ Valley v................ ....81
Orange co..........16, 17,08,89
Orchard Park.......................70
Oriskany monument ...........8 2
------ v...........................82
Orleans co ........................68
Oswegatchie r.	...-.25
Oswego c... .15,	25, 33, 43. 57, 70.
75,	98, 107, 113
Co......
Falls
r.....
Otisco
Otsego
Otselic
1 ...
co.
V.........42, 48, 109
24, 25, 34, 42, 43, 48,
98, 109
.................34,	36
.................19,	68
.12, lk, 31. k2,	58,	59
...............113
Otsgaragee Cavern..........5k,	55
Ouleout cr.....................113
outline maps....................— 2
Ovid v
> 1...		24, 36, 37, 110
V ...	. ..68, 72, 96, 109, 110
		109, 133
			59,60
Owego
Oxford
oysters
Oyster Bay v..............59, 60
Pacific coast................15
Painted Post v.............. 96
Palatine Bridge	v	:	 83
Palisades mts.12,13, lk, 27, 91
Palmyra v ................79, 81
paper-making..............  103
PAGE
Paradox 1 ..................51
Paris, France c..............91,112
Parksville v...............H3
Patch, Sam.......................24
Patterson v......................H4
Paul Smith’s....................100
Pavilion v.............. .......110
Pawlings v....................  114
Peconic b........................60
Peekskill v....	............72,90
Pennsylvania, s. .1,10,17, 19, 23,
30, 31, 32, 59, 70, 93, 95, 96, 98,
107, 111, 116, 117
----rw...:...........98,116,117
----P. & B.rw....................93
Penn Yan v .. .34,	68, 72, 116,	117
Pepactom r.................17, 31
pepp.eridge ___;........... 67
Perry v..........................97
Petersburg Junction .......114
petroleum. ............59, 66.
Philadelphia, Pa. c...1,16, 111
---- R. & N. E. rw.........87, 89*
----v ..........................100
Philmont v.....................—114
Phoenicia v...........114, 115
Phoenix........................  99
Piermont v.......................93
pines............................67
Pine Island v.................92,93
---- Plains v...................89*
Pisgah mt.......................Ill
Pittsburgh, Pa. c..........111,1175
Pittsfield, Mass	c........14
Placid 1............... .39,100, 101
plants.........................  67
Platter Kil cr.... ........72
Plattsburgh v...	.2, 66, 68, 72, 75,
100,101
Plum i. ...................60
Poestenkill v.........55, 105
poplar...........................67
Portage v.......................Ill
----Falls............. 23,97,111
Portageville v________23, 97, 111
Port Chester v...............72,114
---- Genesee.................33-
----Henry v ..	. ....... 103-
---- Jervis v.........30, 72,92, 93
---- Kent v..................101
---- Richmond v..............72
Por.tville v....................Ill
position.........................10
Potsdam v.............66, 75, 100
---- sandstone......50, 65, 66,	100
Poughkeepsie C..70, 74, 76, 87, 89
---- bridge..................87
----& E rw...................80
---- H. & B. rw..............89
Poultney r............ 10,11, 27
Prattsburgh v............. . .. .90
Prescott, Ontario c.............100
primary rocks..............20, 40
productions......................66
Prince Edward i...........	.. 63
Pulaski v ................. 68,	90
Putnam- co................. 16,	68=
quarantine.......................60
quarries ...................... 66-
Quebec, Canada	c..............15
Queens co .. ................... 68
Quito, Ecuador.................	.11
Racket 1.......................4,37
------ r .............25, 100
Ragged mt........................10
railway journeys.............77-118
railways........................112
Ramapo mts..... . ..............16-
Rand & McNally map................4
Randall’s- i........... ... . 62
Randallsville v...............  113
Randolph v .....................98=
Red Creek v......................98
Redfield mt......................19
Red House v......................9S
Regents...............—1,4, 73
Rensselaer co................66,68=
---- &’Sar. rw.............101
----Falls v...........*__49,100Index
125
PAGE
Rhine v....................17,34
Rhinecliff..	  85,	89
Rhode Island.................10.	59
Richfield Junction.. ........109
-— Springs..........42, 57, 109
Richland	v..................99
Richmond co...................68
--- v..................... ..68
Riverhead v................. 60,68
river systems.......	 20
Rochester c . .1, 0A, 33, 43, 66, 70,
74. 76, 78, 96, 98, 110, 111, 116,
117
---• Junction.... .......... 110
Rockland	co.............16,68
Rocky mts..............   .15,42
Rome c .... .1 o, 42, 44, 70, 76, 81,
82, 99, 100,113
--- W. &0. rw.......13,98-100
Rondout c................66, 85, 95
---cr..........*9, 41, 56,115, 116
Ronkonkoma 1................59
Rosendale	v............  ..116
Rotterdam	Junction v__57, 83,
85, 114
Rowlin’s Pond................100
Roxbury v.................115
Rutland, Yt. c.....'.........103
Sackett’s Harbor v ......33, 99
Sacondaga r.........27, 51,103
Saddle mt.....................19
Sageville v.................. 68
St. Albans, Yt c.............100
-— Lawrence co...........66, 68
---  g..............42, 82, 109
--- r.. 10. 11, 12, 13, 15,16, 20, 25,
26, 63, 98, 100
--- sys... .00, 33, 37, 97, 100, 109
---Petersburg, Russia	c... 112
—r Regis r.............25,100
---------  v............. 69
---Sacrament	1......AO
Salamanca..............97,117
Salem v..................... 103
Salmon r No. 1. .25, 99 ; No. 2.
25, 100
salt............. .. .56, 66, 110
Salt Springsville v...........57
sandstone___.17, 24, 50, 65, 66,100
Santanoni mt........'	..... 19
Santiago, Chili...............11
Saranac Falls ................49
---Inn.......................100
--- 1...............37. 39, 100
--- r..................27,49,101
Saratoga co...................68
---1.........................103
---Springs v______11,57,85,103
Saugerties v..................72
Schaghtieoke v................85
Schenectady c. .43, 70, 74, 85,103
Schenevus cr.
.......105
.......105
Schoharie co..........17,19, 68
--- cr...........:.......27,105
--- v....................68,105
Schroon 1................27, 51
•.........................   27
Schuyler co..................68
Schuyler’s 1.................42
Schuylerville v—.........44, 103
Scotland.....................89
Scranton, Pa.	c..107,113
Seneca co................68,110
-— Falls v.24, 25, 35, 36, 43, 48
--- 1......24, 34, 35, 37, 43, 47, 81.
110,117
---r_______ .. 48, 72, 81, 109, 110
Seward mt....................10
Seymour, Horatio....3, 9,21, 82
Sharon Springs...........57,105
Shandaken ..................114
Shawangunk	mts.. 17, 92, 93,113
Shelter i................... 60
Sherman ....................Ill
Shinnecock v........... .....69
Shortsville .................HO
Sidney v............107,113,115
Silver Creek v 		PAGE 		117
1	 		 Lake Junction... 	Springs						33, 97, 117 .... ..117 	97
Sinclairville v				117
Sing Sing.....	 Six Milft pr. -	; 72, 76, 91- 	48
Skaneateles 1—...34,	, 36, 37, 81 	81
' skylight mt			.19
Slaterville v 				57
Slidp. mt		...17, 115
Smithtown b					59
snakes			67
Sodus b		
			116
xr 	98	
Southampton v		........60
Southern Central rw. Snnfhnld y . 				81 	60
Spafford’s Gazetteer...		1
Sparta____________
Spencer v..........................  HO
Springfield, Mass, ..................H4
Springville .........................U7
spruce...............................67
Spruce cr............................55
Spuyten Duyvil cr..........29, 91
Stamford ............................H5
Stanley .............................H6
Stapleton ...........................72
State examinations.........• - 2
----library..........................73
—— survey.............................3
Staten Island.................10,11, 60
—— Island Sound......................00
Statue of Liberty........60,	92
steamers............................109
Sterling ............................08
Steuben co............11, 32, 68
Stewart, A. T........................00
Stoddard, S. R........................2
Stone Bridge	cr....................50
Stony i..............................63
Stuyvesant Falls ....................H4
Sufiern v....... ..........92,03
Suffolk co...............08,	70
Sullivan co .	..17, 31, 68, 113
Summit .............................100
Summitville .........................U3
Sunny side.................91
Suspension Bridge.................21,22
Susquehanna, Pa. ....................95
---- r.....16, 82, 96, 105, 107, 110,
’	116
---- sys...20, 31, 42, 95, 97, 105,
113,	115
Swains v.............................HI
sycamore.............................67
Syracuse c. .,11, 43,56,	66, 70, 74,
76, 80, 81, 83, 99, 107,	109, 113
---- & Oswego rw...........109
Taghanic mt..........................16
Tappan b.................29,	90
Tarry town  ..........•....91
Taughannock Falls........A7,	HO
Tawahus mt...........................*9
Tear-of-clouds 1.....................37
terraces..........................16,19
tertiary clay............. .27
Texas .............................. 10
The Narrows b........................60
----Noses........................17, 27
Theresa v............... —100
Thousand Islands—9, 26,	63, 100
Three River Point ..................25.
Ticonderoga .............40,	50
Tioga co.................32,	68
---- r.........................32,96,97
Tioughnioga cr....................32,42
.... ...............................109
Titusville, Pa. .........HI,	117
Toledo, O. .........................117
Tompkins co..........................68
Tonawanda cr..........20, 43, 79
Falls..........................45
indians........................69
V..........43, 72, 77, 79, 97
topography...........................13
PAGE
Toronto, Ont. c. ............98
Torrey’s Report..............67
Towanda, Pa. v...............HO
trees........................67
Trenton Falls.....9,27,53, 99, 100
Trinity church..-........61, 93
trout......................  H3
Troy c.27, 29, 74, 85, 10k, 105,114
Trumansburgh v..v............HO
Tuckahoe v.............	—114
Tully 1..................42,109
----	v....................109
Tupper 1.................37,100
Turin, Italy, c...............H
Tuscarora indians........... 69
Tusten v...................  95
Ulster co.........'...17, 41, 68
----	& D. rw...............H4
Unadilla r...............32, 113
----	y.....................107
Uniform examinations..........2
Union Springs v..............HO
University of N. Y...........73
Utica c.. .43, 71, 76, 81, 82, 83, 99,
107,108, 113
-—	&B.R. rw..............99
Yan	Campen’s cr...........97
----Ettenville v......110, 116
----Loan, Walton..............2
Vermont s. .10,17, 62, 67,100, 103
Victory Mills v—............103
villages.....................72
vineyards....................34
Virginia s............9,16, 66, 82
Yoorheesville ...............85
Walden v.....
Wall street..
Wallface mt...
Wallingford v..
Wallkill cr...
---- Valley rw.
.116
..93
..49
Walton v........
Wappinger’s cr....
---- Falls v....
Ward’s i —......
Warren co.......
----, Pa. c.....
Warsaw v........
Washington bridge
.115,116
....115
.....116
.....113
......56
......27, 68
.........98
.56, 68, 117
44, 66, 68,103
.......11, 111
.......89,93
----, D. G. c....
----George.......
W ashington ville..........
Waterbury, Ct. c.........	89
waterfalls...........44-56, 109
Waterford v.............44,105
Waterloo v...................68, 72,	81
watersheds..............109, 114
Watertown c..........U9, 70, 98, 99
Waterville v.....................109
Watkins v. .35, 45, 68, 81,116, 117
—— Glen.......................9, 35,	A5
Watson’s History..................51
Waverly v........72,96,109,	110
Way land .....................96,111
Wayne co................24, 68
wealth.............................9
Weedsport v'......................81
Weehawken, N. J. v.......85,113
Wells i...........................63
Wellesley i..................... .63
West Canada cr..........27,53
Westchester	co.............20, 66,	68
Westfield v......................117
West Hurley v.....................H4
----Point...,........17,28,90
Westport v.......................102
West Richmond ville v......105
----Shore rw......29, 77, 81, 83,
112, 113, 114,116
----Troy v....................43.105
Western N. Y. & P. rwT.....HI
West Winfield v.............    .1U9
Whiteface mt.........19,	49,101
Whitehall v.. .4,11, 42, 44, 72,	103
White Plains.........68,	72,	114126
Geography op the Empire State
PAGE
White River J7, Yt.........100
Whitney’s Point v..........109
Wilkesbarre. Pa. v.........107
Williams College............40
Williamsport, Pa. c........116
Willis’s Edith Long.........53
willows.....................67
Wilmington Notch— . —-------49
Wilson v....................98
Windermere 1................40
PAGE
Windfall v.................70
Windsor v...............107
Winstead, Ct.	v...........89
Winthrop..............49,100
Wisconsin r................15
--- s......................66
Wolcott v..................98
Wolfe i................... 63
Wood cr. No. 1......42,44,103
--- No. 2..................42
PAGE
Worcester, Mass. c........114
--- v...................105
Wyoming co.......22,23, *68, 111
Yates co............. ,-'68
yews...................  67
Yonkers c............ 70,91
Youngstown v.............33Railway Journeys : N. Y. -C. & H. R
87
Poughkeepsie (29) is upon a plain 200 feet above the river. It is
half-way between Albany and New York and the second largest city
between them.
The new bridge shown in the following cut of the Philadelphia, Reading and New