AX \ \W™}“O AN CSS \<« ASN . \ \\ \< \ _ AO MAMAN \ . : \ AK \ << WN << \ \\ SS SS \\ \ WS AN \\ \ \ << <« \ << A XA as ‘yy, ,| . me “ ie KS fs, : un “a al | ie a a Hl it 65° I, s') ye : ee Ne | i g le 285 Statute Hiles toan Ine ET : — = or) 600 STRIAT See page 398. CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON, D. C. ic THI @ @ AN INDEX TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL AND POLITICAL A HANDBOOK OF REFERENCE COMBINING THE “CURIOUS” IN U. S. HISTORY COMPILED BY MALCOLM TOWNSEND BOSTON | D LOTHROP COMPANY WASHINGTON STREET OPPOSITE BROMFIELD COPYRIGHT, 1890, BY Matcotm TOwNSsEND. a PRESS OF Rockwell and Churchill, HORTON, DEDICATED TO MY BOYS, AS AN ANSWER TO THEIK MANY INQUIRIES. PREFACE. TuE history of the United States is packed with curios. In the dry- est of statistics lurks: the seed of romance, from the most ponderous fact may be squeezed the juice of fantasy, upon the solidest column of figures may be reared the quaintest and most bizarre conceits. Such studies are fascinating, and when departing from the ruts, we make an excursion into the region where oddities abound and coincidences are startling, we can find in almost every department of human infor- mation something to interest, instruct, and amuse. The seven wonders of the world are obsolete. The wonders of this nineteenth century are seventy times seven; and of all these wonders none is greater, more inspiring or more surprising, than the develop- ment and progress of these United States of America. It is therefore with peculiar satisfaction that the lover of his land, the student of American history, sees the tendency of the times toward a broader and more intelligent knowledge of the story of the great Republic. The increasing interest displayed in the study of American history in our public schools, the raising of the flag upon these nurseries of learning, the action of school-boards making local history a branch of public instruction, the notable departure of our history writers from the dry-as-dust methods of former days—these all testify alike to a growing American spirit and a deeper inculcation of patriotism in the hearts and minds of our young people. The mass of curious facts, coincidences and information-items from which this book is evolved is the accumulation of years of research, study and scrap-book making; it is the result of patient delving into unexplored regions of fact and the opening up of undeveloped mines of figures by one who has found in such work alike a fascination and a pastime in the midst of duties quite foreign to such labor. The compiler has endeavored to glean from his mass of accumulated material and to condense into ‘‘ get-at-able” form a readable record of the rarest and yet the simplest facts in United States history. In the form adopted he has aimed to classify and intermix with the curious the instructive, and with the entertaining the inspiring, so that, if pos- sible, one may leave this hand-book — whether the searcher be Ameri- can voter or matron, or the boy or girl who is the keenest questioner in the history class at school — a wiser inquirer and a better American for the information here obtained. PREFACE. If this shall be the result, the compiler will feel that his years of labor have not been amiss, for he knows that the knowledge of one fact leads to the discovery of others, that an interest in one event blos- soms into a desire to be posted upon all others. And so a better-fur- nished race of American home-lovers may be evolved from those whom curiosity or perplexity may send to the pages of such a book as this. The publications that have, in the main, been drawn upon for mate- rial are given at the end of the volume, and all lovers of ‘‘ Americana” are recommended to them for a study of the various subjects in detail. New York, April 13, 1890. TABLE OF CONTENTS. GEOGRAPHICAL. PAGE. Prehistoric 4 f : 2 : ‘ é : 11 Early discoverers ; * < 13 Cessions of Territory to the U. 8. 5 : ; 14 States accession of land and divisions. ) 5 : 21 Settlement and date of admission of States : 30 Line boundary of U. S. in miles i : : : 32 Comparative altitudes, temperature, r: rain-fall z : 41 Land and water square mile area 5 ‘ 42 Comparative square mile area of the divisions of U. 8. ‘ 43 Water-shed square mile area . : ‘ : 44 Mountain elevations in excess of 10, 000 feet a J : 45 Principal minor lakes, with area f , é , 49 The Great Lakes, with area 3 : 50 Principal rivers, ‘length and order in rank 5 51 State and Territory, name derivations. 3 ; 53 State nicknames, with derivations . r 66 Nicknames of people of the States, and derivation 75 Derivation and signification of names of pine es 82 Glossary of geographical terms : : 131 Statute mileage of States and Territories 5 : 160 Peculiar geographical items - : 5 : : 161 Population of the U. S. prior to 1790 % é 5 3 171 Population each decade and square mile area . ‘é 171 Population of the U. S. each census 1790 to 1890 : 172 Population center, each decade . é é ‘i 176 Priccipal cities, nicknames and incorporation “ ‘ 3 177 Principal area, population and rank, each decade. 178 The ‘“‘ New States,” when admitted and procedure . i 460 POLITICAL. Ordinance of the Northwest Epes : ; : 23 Compact of the Pilgrims . é i q 7 és 176 - Colonial forms of government . 179 Congress — the first Colonial meeting and members 179 Congress — the first Continental meeting and members 180 Declaration of Colonial Rights zi : 181 Congressional Sessions, Colonial and Continental - : 183 Presidents of the Continental Congress . 2 i ‘ 183 Declaration of Independence, and its history . : r 183 Articles of Confederation, and its history - ‘i < 194 Constitution of the U. S., and its history . . . : 199 Constitution of the C. S. ae and its history . 213 Confederate States — date of secession and re- “admission 220 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Index to the U. S. and C. S. A. constitutions 221 Emancipation proclamation ; é ‘ 229 Amnesty proclamation of Lincoln. a ‘ ‘ 230 Representatives in Congress at each census. : hs 231 Sessions of the U. 8. Congress . , é * 232 Amnesty proclamation of Johnson . : é 5 : 236 Congress routine in enactment of laws. : 237 Political parties and divisions, with origin : : 238 Attitude of political parties at each administration — 254 THE PRESIDENTS. First election . : : 4 , 261 The origin of the title : : j , , 262 The salary : . : 3 : 262 Why four years the term of office ; : 262 Outline of an election: ‘ : 263 The electors, how chosen . ds 264 Why the electoral system was adopted é 265 The Succession Act of 1886 - 266 The electoral vote for each State . 267 Presidential candidates and results . A ‘ 268 Origin of March 4 as inauguration day. ‘ : . 272 The oath of office F ; i . : : 272 When, how and where inaugurated ‘ ‘ ‘ é ‘ 272 Origin of the Cabinet and its epeueation < ‘ : 274 Duties of Cabinet officers . A é : 2 274 Cabinet officers since 1789 . Z 5 . j F 277 Extraordinary fast days named . J 5 : 283 Number of words in each inaugural . 5 2 ‘ é 283 Genealogy of the Presidents and cued : Z : 284 Derivation of surnames . ‘i 5 , : 287 Sobriquets, and their origin 7 $ ‘ a ‘ 290 Schooling and profession . : 5 : . : 296 Civil offices held by the Presidents 2 : < és : 297 Fac-simile autographs F 3 3 : : 298 Ex-Presidents at time of inauguration . , ‘ : 300 Religious convictions . z 3 i : é ‘ 300 As men of letters és s : ‘ . , i 301 Vetoes of each President . é 7 3 5 302 Interesting miscellany , : : ‘ 7 iS : 302 Burial places and tombs. Z 310 Vice-Presidents, names and date of birth ‘and death * 334 HISTORICAL. Wars of the U.S... eae ; ‘ 2 : : 335 Rebellions in the U. 8S. . 5 é : 835 Table of French and Indian Wars : : , ‘ 337 Table of the Revolutionary War : ; ‘ ‘ . 338 Troops enlisted during the Revolution : : : 340 Articles of Capitulation . y : : ‘ : 340 TABLE OF CONTENTS. War declaration of 1812 . - Table of the ‘‘ War of 1812,” land and naval battles ‘ Enlistment and casualties of 1812.—. - B Table of the Mexican War 7 Enlistment and casualties of Mexican War : Table of the principal engagements of the Civil War Losses of the Civil War at each principal engRECHien? Correspondence of surrender of Lee 2 Troops called by Presidential proclamation Union Army strength P : Aggregate Union Army troops furnished by each State . The Army, its composition a Casualties in Union Army Estimate Confederate casualties Confederate Army -enrolled The Navy, its composition Comparative Army and Navy rank . 5 The Regular Army as fixed by Congress . Cannon salutes, their meaning . Géneral and Lieut.-General when and on whom conferred Commanders of the Army of the U. S. , : Insignia of Rank of Army officers. . West Point Rank of U. 8. and C. S. A. Generals War miscellany . : The Grand Army Badge, its origin A The Army Corps, origin: and officering of each Decoration or Memorial Day, origin and date in each State The U. S. Flag, its history i - ‘ 2 A The C. S. A. Flag, its history 3 The Great Seal of the U. S., its history ‘4 The Great Seal of the C. S. A., its history : Mottoes of the States and Territories, with translation 3 “«B Pluribus Unum;” its derivation ~ ‘ ; The Capitol at Washington 3 : ‘ . 7 ‘i The Great Seals of the States . . 7 é 3 ‘ COINAGE. Colonial coins, with illustrations ‘ ‘ First U. S. coins and resolutions. : : Table of coins, dates and measurements . f The Mints, with marks s : o ‘ 5 Derivation of coin names . 3 : 5 ‘ Reverse illustrations of U. S. coins . : . : Dollar equivalents in foreign coinage : : 7 : Derivation of the dollar sign. . pr, i i é History of Wampum . : 4 . 5 : 3 A billion, in coins 5 ‘é Weight of a million os dollars Coin facetize 7 7 Money slang s : 3 The coinage of the C. s. x z Origin of Postal Currency . ; ee we eo oe 8 341 342 344 345 346 348 355 359 359 359 360 360 361 361 362 363 364 365 365 366 367 369 370 372 374 374 380 382 387 388 395 396 397 398 399 406 410 414 415 415 417 419 420 420 421 422 423 426 427 431 TABLE OF CONTENTS. MISCELLANY. Indian Tribes in the States 5 ‘ ‘ é 428 Plants common to the U. S. but not native : : ‘ 430 Gem-stones found in the U. 8. 5 FS 5 434 Yankee — its derivation . , x ‘ = 435 Yankee Doodle, tracings of its origin . 2 436 Legal holidays in the U. Ss. ‘ : : 441 Medals awarded by Congress. : : 442 Postal system in reference to letters é . 444 “First things,” when used and introduced 446 Fridays prominent in U. S. history . : ‘ és 5 450 Gradation of the Negro. ‘ , é é 451 Origin of ‘‘ Brother Jonathan ” : : : i .¢ 451 Derivation of ‘‘Uncle Sam ” : c 451 Mount Vernon, why the adaptation of the name ; 452 Washington’s Birthday, when first celebrated . . 452 ‘Fellow citizens”. ‘ : 452 The woods of the U.S... 453 The words ‘‘ Speaker ” and ‘“ States,” origin of their use 453 Origin and adaptation of the ‘“ ey Cap” i i fs 454 College cheers. 455 The United States of America, in the Leading Languages of the World é 456 Calendar, for ascertaining any day of the week between 1492 and 2000 a. pb. r ‘ ¥ 458 The Song ‘‘ America” — in fac- simile & , 460 a ‘“‘Americana” reference . . : ; 2 5 c 461 Index . , 3 é 3 . 3 : : é ; 463 MAPS. Aboriginal territory. 5 ‘ - 2 i 3 . front cover Toscanelli’s Map, 1474 i : 5 3 5 r ‘ ‘ ll Da Vinci, 1512-1516 . 3 ¢ ‘ ; J ‘ . ‘ 12 The Sloane manuscript, 1530 . : s r ‘ i 12 Possessions by right of discovery i ‘i s F ‘ ‘ 19 English Charters and Grants, 1606-1732 . : 7 : : 20 ‘Original ” thirteen States and their territories ‘ : Fs 27 Territorial area, acquisition and transfer . 33 District, Territorial and State lines west of the Mississippi 38, 37, 39 Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific ‘‘ Time” 178 a The United States 5 5 ‘ é 3 j 7 7 back cover ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. The Capitol . 3 ‘ ‘ d . . : 5 Frontis. Carpenter’s Hall ‘ ‘ 2 6 ‘ 2 48 The White House 52 Faneuil Hall . 65 Signatures of Signers of the Declaration of Independence 189 Inkstand used in signing the Constitution . 205 Signatures of Signers of the Constitution . 206 Stamps, of the ‘“‘ Stamp Act” : 228 Continental currency 237 Federal Hall . : 260 The Capitol of the C. S. A. 282 Signatures of the Presidents 298 Tomb of Washington . 311 Tablet of John Adams 312 Church where the Adamses are buried 312 Obelisk of Jefferson 3 Ei 314 Madison’s Monument 315 Monroe’s vault. ‘ 316 Jno. Quincy Adams’s tablet . p : 317 Jackson’s monument . ‘ , é ‘ ‘ z 319 Van Buren’s monument : ; 320 W. H. Harrison’s vault 5 , . 321 Polk’s tomb . 5 ‘ F F * . . F 322 Taylor’s monument : 7 ; 5 2 324 Fillmore’s monument ‘ ¥ . ¥ 325 Pierce’s monument ¥ * ‘ x 325 Buchanan’s vault . . 3 ‘ s . 326 Lincoln’s monument . ‘ . ‘ Z 327 Johnson’s monument . . : x . 329 Grant’s vault F . . < : 2 330 Garfield memorial . 3 F “ ‘ 332 Arthur’s monument . ‘i is 334 The Liberty Bell . . 7 346 Independence Hall 2 ‘i 5 5 ks 7 F 347 Badges of the army corps . 5 7 ‘ ‘ : 374 i b, c, d,e U. S. Flags 3 The Pennant, Union Jack, ‘Revenue and Rev. Jack . 386 a The Revenue Pennant, 1779 and 1871 : ‘ i - 38864 January 1, 1776, June 14,1777 . - : : : . 886 b January 13, 1794, April 14, 1881 ‘ é j - 8866 C.8. A. Flags . : 7 e 5 ss : é , ‘ “©1861.” The ‘Battle Flag” . i B 3 F - 8860 “©1863.” ‘° 1865” 7 : 7 : - 8866 Designs for the Great Seal of the U. s. ‘ é . . 7 Committee 1776 ‘ ; ‘ . . . : ° 388 Du Simitiere’s . ° ; . . ; . ‘ . 389 Committee 1779 . e, 1G ’ 7 . A 7 . 890 ILLUSTRATIONS. Designs for the Great Seal of the U. S. Sketch of William Barton’s Barton’s device . A ie care Die of 1782, 1841, 1885. a bs Sketch of areverse . 3 The Great Seal of the C. S. A. Great Seals of each State... 3 New England shilling . A 7 F A Pine-tree shilling . : : Maryland shilling A 5 Maryland penny . . : : Rosa Americana 3 : Granby or Higley token Connecticut cent . New Hampshire copper-coin Moulton’s pattern piece Vermont cent, 1785 ‘ Massachusetts cent, 1787 New Jersey i The Mark The Quint The Fugio . The Bermuda Shilling or Hogs e penny The 1804 Dollar . Reverse of the gold, silver, copper and nickel i s. coins. C.S. A. coinage . 5 A Fac-simile of the song ‘‘ America”. 7 < 391 392 393 393 395 399 406 406 407 407 407 408 408 408 409 409 409 410 410 411 412 413 416 417 428 456 Uy, AN INDEX TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. PREHISTORIC AMERICA. Scientists differ as to the age of the American continent, the duration of its prehistoric peopling and the nature and origin of the American. Prof. John W. Powell, one of the latest and most reliable authorities, is of the opinion that man in America dates from the latter half of the pleistocene period —that is, in round numbers, about twenty thousand years ago. He holds that there are no evidences of races of people occupying the continent before the days of those red men who were found here by the early explorers; that the American Indian was in fact the descendant of this far-off man of the pleistocene period; that there is no evidence of any such wonderful refinement and semi-civilization as it has been the fashion to ascribe to the so-called “Mound-Builders ”; that, in fact, the pre-Columbian culture of America was catine to American soil, and that “it began at the lowest stages of savagery and developed to the highest and was in many places passing into barbarism when the good queen sold her jewels.” The best evidence and most reliable research would, there- fore, seem to indicate that the first Americans were not emi- grants from Europe or Asia, but strictly a home product; that they passed through all the stages that separate the brute from the barbarian; that in some sections the more wide-awake 9 10 PREHISTORIC AMERICA. U.S. members of this copper-colored American family, such as the Aztec, the Zufii and the Iroquois, developed a certain rude culture that was on the road to semi-civilization, and that the aboriginal red-man, known to us under the mistaken name of Indian, was the only occupant of America previous to the coming of roving European discoverer and Spanish conqueror. To the same conclusion, until more definite information is obtainable, must be referred the disputed question as to who were the first discoverers of the American continent. The Norse Vikings of the eleventh century have had the most strenuous and enthusiastic advocates, but Mr. Justin Winsor, sifting all the facts, decides that “there is not a single item of all the evidence advanced from time to time which can be said to connect by archeological traces the presence of the North- men on the soil of North America south of Davis’ Straits.” Vinland and Leif the Lucky are however too firmly fixed in the imagination to be at once discarded and the Norse maps of America will be taken for real charts by many a sober student of history. To the practical inquirer, however, these half legendary discoveries of America can have but little real value. “To all practical purposes,” says Mr. Elbridge S. Brooks, “ Amer- ica remained undiscovered until the faith of Columbus the Genoese braved all obstacles and gave the knowledge of the New World to the Old.” The Indian population within the United States to-day is 246,056, and the probability is that the number at the time of the discovery of America by Columbus was scarcely more than this. The Indian, therefore, is not “a vanishing race.” a1 CHTRERBTETRT RUST I CEC ea | . im a i i ie ae ee saanaeee oa i! PF \_| | | te EARLY MAPS OF AMERICA. U.S. i CLOT Toscanelli’s map —time of Columbus. 12 EARLY MAPS OF AMERICA. U.S. OCCEANVS OCCIDENTALIS we os _? es ah so ow < _# oRe _s ° ee = se Sin Vv } i oo Ss = ES ay Oe AN Le me hi eee a= oe Yaak 5 a i) ar = : a ‘ an ~ | os a a ih Vee , | hs U.S. ALTITUDES, TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL. 41 ALTITUDES.— TEMPERATURE. — RAINFALL. Q ALTITUDES (in feet) 5 al iag 2 HE| ae & o POINT mS 4 & s 2 OF aE| a8 Q n 7 a 3 DIVISION LOCATION = | tecamow:| op [CR ano” & 3 — o DE- GREES | INCHES FAH. Alabama....... Valley Head..... 1,031)Mobilec.......| shore||Montgomer 65 53 Alaska........- Mt. St. Elias..... 19,500|...... esieeeseicn'| SNOFE}| ..:5.c0 e npasiaks ae i ae Arizona......../San Francisco... .|12,562|Yuma........ 142|| Fort Gr ANte see. 60 17 Arkansas...... Bentonville ...... 1,790|Camden...... 123)|Little Rock. 62 53 California...... Whitney ......... 14,898]............-- shore||Sacramento....| 59 22 Colorado....... Harvard . «|14,452 Holley’ Staicines 3,377||Denver ......-. 49 1b Connecticut ....|Norfolk.... of 15220) sis ieee ciecerreen shore||New Haven....| 50 49 Dakota........./Harney’s P.. -{ 9,700}Pembina..... 791||Yankton........ 45 28 Delaware ......|Dupont’s......... QOD on srs a suteekveans shore||«« preuke ter ”) 54 33 Dist. Columbia. |Soldier’sHome,W| 330/Navy Yard...| shore||Washington.. 55 44 Florida ........ Highland Trail ss 210]... .saee +«++..-| shorel| Jacksonville . 69 57 GOOVB ideas acexe Sitting Bull Mt...] 5,046]............4- shore]|Atlanta........ 61 55 Idaho.. Meade P...... ++.{10, °541|Ft. Boisé....- 1,998]| Boisé City . 51 14 Illinois. .|Warren .........- 13005 Cairo........5 322 Springfield. 53 42 Indiana.. Bloomingsport ...| 1,225/Evansville ... 378) |Indianapol: 53 45 Indian Te .|Beaversville..... ,083\Ft. Gibson... 510}/Ft. Sill. . 60 32 Towa...... ... [Alta .. 1,519|Keokuk.. 501/|Des Moi 49 38 Kansas...... ...|Carthag: 5, 7009 Wyandote 707 Leavenworth wee] 53 38 Kentucky......!Pine Kno’ -| 1; 498| Hickman, 301||Louisville...... 57 48 Louisiana.....- Shreveport. .....+ 198) 5 seers vee shore|/New Orleans...| 69 64 Maine.......... Mt. Katahdin ....} 5,200|.......... shore]|Portland .. 46 41 Maryland. ..... Altamont ........ 2,620). shore|| Baltimore. 55 43 Massachusetts..|Greylock. ........ B,5B5|.. 0c ccccaceons shore||Boston.........| 48 47 Michigan..... ../Porcupine Mt....) 2,023 Monroe Junc.| 579||Port Huron ....| 45 33 Minnesota......|Pipestone City...| 1,715]Buchanan.. 600||St. Paul... 44 29 Mississippi. ....|Glendale. ........ 986]... -.cceeeeaes shore]|Vicksburg .. 65 59 Missouri.......|New Springfield .| 1,532)Brook’s Mills| 285)|St. Louis....... 56 39 Montana. ......|Crazy P..........{11,178/Clark’s Fork.| 2,086)/Ft. Assiniboine| 41 17 Nebraska.....- Chappe .....- +s.-{ 5,702|Newcastle.... 800//Omaha......... 49 35 Nevada........|Wheeler ......... 13,036|Saratoga Sp’s| 264)/Winnemucca...| 49 10 New Hampshire Mt. Washington..| 6,288]...........+-. shore||Mt. Washington| 26 84 New Jersey....|High Knob....... 1,799]. shore|/Cape May...... 54 47 New Mexico...|Cerro Blanco 2,712)|Santa Fé. 48 14 Mt. Marcy -| shore|/Albany.. 48 38 Clingman’s M shore witolngton: -| 63 58 Silver Creek. 439]/Columbus.. 52 41 Box Elder Mt.... shore||Portland .. 52 52 Pennsylvania. ..|Aladdin Station .. 21)|Pittsburg . 54 37 Rhode Island... Pascoag.....eeere shore||Newport.. 50 50 South Carolina.|Rich Mt.......... -| shore]/Charleston 66 58 Tennessee....../Clingman’s Dome 227||Memphis.. 61 54 CXAS. eee N. Franklin Mt.. 9 shore||/El] Paso..... 63 11 Utah..... Mt. Emmons... St. George ...| 2,880)|Salt Lake City: 51 17 Vermont. .|Mt. Mansfield 430/L Champlain 101||Burlington.....| 45 29 Virginia White Top....... eat eetoneenes shore||/Lynch' uy . 57 43 Washington ° T.\Mt. Jefferson... ./15,500|..--.-2... 000+ shore||Olympia . -| 50 55 West Virginia. .|Bayard.....---+++ Sheperdstown| 405]|Mor, gantown | 54 47 Wisconsin......|Worcester....+- L. Michigan. 582||Milwaukee.. 45 33 Wyoming...... Frémont’s P..... 13, 790|Mountain C’y| 3,589]|Cheyenne....... 44 11 Norsz. — The Temperature and Rainfall is that of 1889, and being variable, the above are not permanent tables. 42 APPROXIMATE AREAS. U.S APPROXIMATE AREAS—Square Miles. = STATES RIVERS | LAKES COAST AND WATER LAND AND AND GROSS waters. | SMALL SURFACE.| SURFACE. TERRITORIES. STREAMS.| PONDS Alaska Hstimate 8,200 1,000 10,000 567,390 | 577,390 Alabama 440 260 710 51,540 52,250 Arizona wees 80 100 112,920 113,020 Arkansas saa 540 805 53,045 53,850 California 540 240 2,380 155,980 | 158,360 Colorade, = § lesacscsdas 270 280 103,645 | 103,925 Connecticut 25 80 145 4,845 4,990 Dakota = Janeen eens 610 1,400 147,700 149,100 Delaware 380 60 90 1,960 2,050 Dist. of Columbia —|.......... 10 10 60 70 Florida 1,800 390 4,440 54,240 58,680 Georgia 150 300 495 58,980 59,475 Idaho inhi Wiakaeiarereis 200 510 84,290 5800 Illinois saareisiorerenetety 515 650 56,000 56,650 Indiana sf eee eee 330 440 35,910 36,350 Indian Territory —[......-. 600 600 64,090 64,690 Towa 450 550 55,475 56,025 Kansas 380 380 81,700 82,080 Kentucky 375 400 40,000 40,400 Louisiana 540 3,300 45,420 48,720 Maine 300 3,145 29,895 33,040 Maryland 1,850 500 2,350 9,860 12,210 Massachusetts 125 60 275 8,040 8,315 Michigan ee seen 260 1,485 57,4380 58,915 Minnesota Jee eee ee 360 4,160 79,205 83,365 Mississippi 30 340 470 46,340 46,810 Missouri fn canes 630 680 68,735 69,415 Montana Jn eee eee 410 770 145,310 146,080 Nebraska sc eens 630 670 76,185 76,855 Nevada uae ee eee 5 35 960 109,740 110,700 N. Hampshire 25 80 3825 8,980 9,305 N. Jersey 360 7,455 7815 N. Mexico 120 | 122/460 | 122/580 N. York 1,550 47,620 49,170 N. Carolina 3,670 48,580 52,250 Qhio 300 40,760 41,060 Oregon . 1,470 94,560 96,030 Pennsylvania 230 44,985 45,215 Rhode Island 165 1,085 1,250 S. Carolina 400 | 30,170 | 30,570 Tennessee 300 41,750 | 42,050 Texas 3,490 262,290 265,780 Utah 2,780 82,190 84,970 Vermont 430 9,135 9,565 Virgima 2,325 40,125 42,450 Washington Ter. 2,300 66,880 69,180 W. Virginia 135 1645 | 24-780 Wisconsin 1,590 54,450 | 56,040 Wyomin 315 97,575 97,890 Unorganized steomannes nig 5,740 5,740 Delaware Bay 620 iaienanied 620 Raritan and 2 Lower New York Bay! TOG leva ax i bul ape ewrenec 100 aKa es 100 Total (Alaska estimate | 17,225 14,500 23,900 55,625 — |2,969,875 [3,025,500 not included) > U.S: SQUARE-MILE AREA. 43 SQUARE-MILE AREA OF THE U. S. [Alaska not included, calculations based on 3,019,040 square miles. ] States and Territories in order: Texas, California, Dakota, Montana, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, Oregon, Utah, Idaho, Minnesota, Kansas, Ne- braska, Washington, Missouri, Indian Territory, Georgia, Michigan, Florida, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Arxansas, Alabama, North Caro- lina, New York, Louisiana, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ten- nessee, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Maine, South Carolina, West Vir- ginia, Maryland, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Jer- sey, Connecticut, Delaware, Rhode Island, District of Columbia. Comparative groupings: Texas exceeds by 15,625 square miles the combined area of the six Eastern or New England States, the four Middle States with Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia added; the excess being more than that of New Jersey, Connecticut and Rhode Island re-included. Texas is more than 212 times the size of Rhode Island, more than double that of New Mexico, and nearly 54 times larger than New York. Missouri exceeds the six New England States by 2950 square miles. California exceeds the four Middle States by 54,110 square miles which would admit Arkansas, with 260 square miles in California’s favor. Michigan exceeds by 180 square miles New York and Vermont combined. Florida, if we except Vermont, exceeds the New England States by 1780 square miles, which is 530 square miles more than Rhode Island’s area re-added. Alabama and North Carolina are the same size. Kansas is nearly an exact double of Ohio (within 20 square miles), the same as between Idaho Territory and Virginia (within 50 square miles. ) The three Central States, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois exceeds the four Middle States (with New York, New Jersey and Delaware re- included) by 8,560 square miles. The States bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, exceeds the section bordering on the Pacific by 43,010 square miles [an excess of more than Virginia]. The States bordering on the Gulf, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, as compared with the above Atlantic Coast States exceeds them by 105,660 square miles. The Territories, Dakota, Montana, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, AA. SQUARE-MILE AREA, UU. &. Utah, Idaho, Washington and Indian comprise 932,310 square miles, which is 32/6 per cent of the area of the United States (Alaska not considered) which gross territoriage would nearly equal 19 New York States. The areage of the five Great Lakes is 94,100 square miles, nearly equal to the four Middle States (square miles 104,250). Each State and Territory’s percentage of the gross area [8,019,040]. Alabaina -017307 | Kansas -027188 | N. York -016287 Ayvizona -037435 | Kentucky 013382 | N. Carolina 017307 Arkansas -017837 | Louisiana -016138 | Ohio -013601 California -052454 | Maine -010945 | Oregon -031808 Colorado -034423 | Maryland 004046 | Pennsylvania 014978 Connecticut 001654 | Massachusetts -002756 | Rhode Island -000416 Dakota -049385 | Michigan 019515 | S. Carolina 010127 Delaware -000681 | Minnesota -027613 | Tennessee -013928 D. of Columbia -000025 | Mississippi -015506 | Texas -088032 Florida 019436 | Missouri -022993 | Utah 028144 Georgia -019700 | Montana -048386 | Vermont -003124 Idaho -028087 | Nebraska -025455 | Virginia -014062 Illinois -018765 | Nevada -036667 | Washington Ter. 022913 Indian Ter. -021428 | N., Hampshire -003084 | W. Virginia -008209 Indiana -012040 | N. Jersey -002590 | Wisconsin -018562 Jowa 018557 | N. Mexico 040601 | Wyoming 032424 AREA OF WATER-SHED— square miles. Atlantic slope . : - : < és ‘ é co 304,538 St. Lawrence Red River of North . i . . a . 3 . "oe 184,339 Mississippi Valley Missouri Basin . ‘ 527,690 Ohio Basin . . . 207,111 Arkansas Basin . é 184,742 Red River Basin . . 92,721 Lower Mississippi Basin 65,646 Upper Mississippi Basin 179,635 1,25) Gulf Slope eve West of Mississippi . 279,768 East of Mississippi. 145,990 425,758 [Of the above Rio Grande Basin, 101,334.] Pucific Slope Coast Basins sj ‘ 159,948 Great Basin é . 210,274 Colorado River Basin. 264,386 7 Columbia River Basin 219,706 854,314 3,026,404 MOUNTAIN ELEVATIONS. 45 MOUNTAIN ELEVATIONS (exceeding 10,000 feet) IN ALTITUDE. NAME Cook Crillon Fairweather St. Elias Escudilla Graham Green’s P. Humphrey’s P. Navajo Ord San Francisco Sierra Blanca Taylor Thomas P. Brewer Castle P. Clark P. Conness P. oe Jory’s P. Dana Dunderberg P. Echo P. Elephant Fisherman’s P. Freel’s Grizzly P. Highland P. Hoffman P. Kaweah Lassen’s Butte Lyell cBride’s P. Meade Meadow Merced Olancha P. ramid Red Slate P. San Antonio P. San Benardino San Jacinto Shasta Silliman Silver Sonora Stevens Sunday P. - Sweetwater Telescope. Washin, Wancoba P Whitney °- ‘ood’s P. STATE Alaska Arizona Califa ELEVATION 10, 266 12,562 11,100 13, 886; 12, ORDER POR R aware s worse mw J THE STATE 22 13 25 37 32 28 31 10 36 16 21 12 39 38 19 27 18 20 40 26 15 29 33 24 romoots | IN THE U.S. 281 239 35 5 301 ORDER 6 lela Sel NAME state | & |8|° a }#/8 Bg e|* 4/2 aos Colorado]14,211} 21 | 27 are ney Knob ate 12,274|126)162 Altar . [18,254] 82 | 93 Anita P. . |10,661|171]292 Antero 4 18,853) 48 | 54 Arapahoe P. a 13,520] 66 | 73 Arkansas a 18,647] 60 | 68 Bald is 11,493]151/212 Baldy P. . 14,176} 23 | 29 Banded P. . — |12,824]105]128 Basalt P. . |11,906)143/188 Belleview P. + |12,673)114)138 Bison P. ss 12,237/129/168 Blaine a 14,249] 17 | 23 Blanca or 14,269} 14 | 21 Boulder P. ory 12,417}122}154 Boundary P. ++ |12,840/104)126 Brazos P. + |11,274/161)237 Bristol Head . 12,800]107 130 Buck . 0,877 167/271 Buckskin ‘6 14,296] 12 | 18 Buffalo 4 18,755] 53 | 59 Buffalo P. 13,541) 65 | 72 Byer’s 12,778|109/132 Caneroits Cone 11,460 153/215 Cameron 14,000] 88 | 43 Canby 13,356| 76 | 86 Capitol 18,997] 39 | 44 Carbon 12,078]183]174 Castle P. 14,115] 26 | 32 Chama P. 12° 248]128|167 Cinnamon 12 600}116)142 Clark’s P. 13,167 88 |103 Cochetopa Dome 11,673]140/199 Comanche P 11,929]142|187 Conejos P. > 137183 86 |101 Corral P. . 11,833}159)228 Crescent P. + |10,255}178/330 Crested Butte . 12,052]135)176 Cub + {10,623]172/294 Cuerno Verde P. ‘ 12,341]119]159 Culebra P. 3 14,069] 30 | 36 Daly . _ |13,193] 85 |100 Del Norte P. . 13, “084 96 |114 Derby - {12, 253(127|165 Dunn's P. + {18.502] 67 | 74 Eagle River P. . 12,648/115}140 Eighteen-Mile +» |12,278)125)161 Elbert oe 14,851) 5 | 12 Elk +» {13,101} 94 [111 Engineer wise) 195 277| 81 |-92 Ethel P. +» |11,976/188)182 Evans oie 14; 330) 7 | 14 Farnum’s P. +» {11,400]156}222 46 MOUNTAIN ELEVATIONS. U.S ORDER ORDER ‘Ti wa g |a|2 g els NAME. STATE 4 5 2 NAME STATE 2 & e BIEIE a | EE Ble 8 a ne Flora Colorado|12,878|103}125)| Pike's P. Freeman’s .. {11;600!126|202||Pintado P. Colorado te 76| 87 [102 Frustrum iI /13}803} 46 | 51 |/Pisgah 2 |10;322}177/327 Galena as 13,290] 79 | 90 |/Pisgah P. (Little) as 10;027/180|355 Gibson P. i /13}729] 65 | 61 ||Pole Creek 13,400| 70 | 81 Glacier ai 14,243} 18 | 24 ||Powell : 18,398 71 | 82 Glacier P. 12 |13/360| 74 | 85 || Princeton - [14,196] 22 | 28 Gothic aa 12,570/118/144]|Ptarmigan ie 13,200] 84 | 99 Gray’s P. 1. fagiatol 8 |15 ||Pyramid P. i. |13;885] 47 | 52 Greenhorn oe 12,230/130/170]|Quandary P te 14,269] 15 | 21 Griffith ": HiPSeoltas|20a| Rebar Han: 11 [10}719/170|287 Grizzly P. :! 13%056/ 43 | 48 ||Ralston Butte 11 /10)593/174/208 Gunnison ++ /12,6881112/186/] Red Cloud P. i |14;092| 20 |'35 at s Red Hague’s P. +. {18,832] 60 | 66 |!Red P. ! a'sea|25| 157 Handie’s P. i [14;149] 25 | 81/Rhyolite P. 22 |10;400/176/317 Hanz :+ _ {20,906/166/208||}Rio Grande Pyr. i fisi773} 61 | 68 ae ry it Helmet P. : [adtoashsolrty|liRosaiie " Asto| 6 [13 Bees < a 15,185 91 {108 Round P. 22 12'946}101}120 ‘ se ; 29 ||R Homestuke P. "2 [t3%687| 68 | 66 ||San Teuis "HP yoo] ar | 88 Horsefi :. |10,504]175]807||Shavano i] |aa°es9} 19 | 25 Horseshoe an 18,988] 40 | 45 ||Sheep En 12,589)/117/143 Hunchback -. [18,755] 62 | 69 ||Shingled ii |12,072/184]175 Hunt's :. — {14,054] 34 | 88 ||Silesia Butte 22 |ases9| 57 | 63 unt’s P. :. |14,055] 83 | 87 ||Silverheels 1] 133807] 45 | 50 Hurricane P. » 18,565] 63 | 71 ||Simpson i] |14}058] 2 | 37 James P. .. {13,283] 80| 91 |/Slate i. |ag}sor]ie2/124 endall :. /18,880] 73 | 84 ||Smith’s P I fas? Kenosha Cones .. |12,360|124]150]|Sneffels = loteslaalee Te Carson’s P. is 14,100} 28 | 33 ||Snowmass Bs ison 2 iT Lamborn +. {11,887|158]227) [Sopris 1 |12}823/106]129 Ls Plata :. (14,311) 9 [76 |{South River P. 2 |18}160] 89 |104 La Veta P. ++ {11,654/145]200|/Spanish P. East 22 Hy2}ze0!171]134 Leon P. +» |10,954/165]/261]/ "West I) /is}ris}6e| 62 ees :. [11,433/154]/277||Stewart’s P. 1) |1ajosg} s6 | 41 Lincoln +. (1#375] 3 [11 ||Suitan 2 [133601] 68 | 75 Lone Cone +. |12,761|110/133]/Summit P. i. /183828] 78 | 89 Long's P. +. (14,271/ 13 | 20 || Tarryall P. t /12%468|120/152 Lost Par +. |11,800/144/191]/Thomas iD /aag6l150/01 acomb’s P. eva 18,164] 90 |105}/Three Point Block Es 12;19 3 atcetne ae 11,324/160/230)|Torrey’s = 1W’375 Bi v Marleston P. . _ {10,874|168|272/|Treasury *:— [t8°200] 83 | 99 Marmot P. . — {11,600|147|202||Trinchera P. " Lt3*6er| 50 | 67 Maroon 14,003) 37 | 42 || Troublesome P. *: fit'b00|r49l208 Massive 14,298] 11 | 18 ||‘Tumichi Dome i /a}ssa}is7}29 McClellan 13,842| 49 | 65 ||[Uncompahegre P. "Haase! 2 to. Mens B. 18,008] 97 J116||Ute P. (El Saté) . fo'tsalatolssr Meig’s P. 18,394] 72 | 83 ||Ute P. Mid. Pk. ". fess) 1az|i8s Monitor P. +. {11,270|162]238]|Velie’s P. * itstaselos | 70 Ohio P. .. {11972]130/184||Venado P. te | Tia'soal tesla Ormus .. — {12,185/132/173/| Virginia P. "2 Hoveoo| 71 i200 pide é 18,640] 61] 69 || Vulcan Crest a 13/971 ele Ouray : 14,043] 30 | 40 || West Elk P, " fpp'oaolioalae Owen j 12,969|100|119]| Wetterhorn * fattoaa| soley Pagoda P. : 11,251/163|242||Whale P. " Hs"Toal os Kite Bagose P. : 12,676|113|137|| Whiteface P. ". Hi’deslasalare Bark Cone ++ |12,021/187/178|| Whitehead " Hostriteelare Bark View P. : 12,433/121)163]|White Rock “! iis’asr alan Barry’s P. :. 133133] 92 |1091| Williams SS Bass -» {11,200|1641247/| Wilson ) iaauer ia ae Peale ep :. |133004| 98 |117|| Yale leeapel ae lag ° . a i 13,928| 44 | 49 || Yellow +. [18,6181 62 | 70 one he sie U. Ss. MOUNTAIN ELEVATIONS. AW ORDER ORDER a qa g Els g jbl NAME. STATE < a) 5 NAME STATE < Be 8 rc} Blelé & | Ele aan ee M |e] s Cache P. Idaho |10,451) 2 |312|/Santa Clara N. Mex. |11,507] 18 |210 Meade P. ie 10,541] 1 |302|/Taos P ee 18,145] 5 |107 Sawtelle’s P. a 10,013) 3 |358)|Taylor s 11,391] 14 }223 Blackmore Mont {10,134} 11 }342]|Thomas . 11,275} 15 |236 Conical P. ae 10,737} 6 |285||Truchas P. “ 13,150} 4 |106 Cowan ue 10,351) 8 |323]/United States 5 10,734] 20 |286 Crazy P. a 11,178] 1 |248|/Ute oe 10,151] 24 |338 Delano oi 10,200) 10 |334, Adnay" s Head Utah |10,360} 48 /321 Electric P. ne 11,155) 2 |250]|Anderson P. tie 10,710} 41 }289 Hees zs. 11,084) 3 /254)|Bald ae 11,975] 15 }183 Hilgard is 11,000] 4 |256)/Baldy Peak as 11,730) 18 |195 Sphinx a 10,880) 5 |270||Bartels oe 10,050] 54 |350 ard’s P. ‘i 10,371] 7 |320|/Belknap ae 12) 200] 13 |171 Wedge ste 10,342] 9 |326/|/Blue “ 11071 84 |251 Birchin’s Nevada |10,345| 23 |325)/ Brian “4 11,178] 33 |248 Bonneville ‘sg 11,200] 10 |247||Brian’s Head aa 11,260} 30 |240 Bonpland at 11,321] 7 |231||Bruin Point ee 10,150 52 |339 Bunker Hill P. 2% 11,405) 4 |221||Burro P. ae 12,834) 8 {127 Charleston P. ar 10,874] 18 }272||Clayton’s P. 11,889] 17 |189 Cory as 11,326] 6 |229]|Cox P. oe 13,250] 5 | 94 Davies oe i 756) 3 |193||Dalton > 10,480] 45 |310 French’s P. be 10; 779] 20 |283|| Delano die 12,240] 12 |168 Geneva P. ae 11,077 12 |250]|Ellen aes 11,410] 25 220 Gibson’s Crest ae 11,000) 14 |256)|Emmons er 13,694| 1 | 64 Globe P. ‘ 11,237] 9 |244)|Fish Lake ais 11,578] 20 |205 Gosinte P. 10,491] 22 }309]|Frances Poirt we 10,480} 46 |313 Grafton P. 10,964 16 |250]|Gilbert’s Peak we 13,687| 2 | 66 Hahn P. oe 11,298] 8 |234||Harry a 11,300} 28 |233 Inyo P. aie 11,337] 5 |227||Heber oe 10,138) 58 |341 Manzano . 10,083) 26 |348]|Hilgard i 11,460] 22 |215 Osha 5 10,023) 27 |356||Hillers tie 10,650} 43 |293 Pilot Knob ie 10,758] 21 |284||Hodges ie 13,500! 3 | 76 Poston an 11,977| 2 |181}|Horn Head oa 10,920} 36 |266 Robert’s P. fe 10,132] 25 |343}|La Motte P. $6 12,892) 27 |123 Rose ie 10,820) 19 |277||Lewiston P. sie 10,623] 44 |294 San Juan P. a 10; ,982| 15 |258]| Little Creek P. aS 10,010} 55 |360 Shell Creek Range ee 11/200} 11 |247 Logan P. Ee 10,004] 56 |361 Beings Be 11,041 13 |253]/Lone P. de 11,295] 29 |235 ‘elescope P. e 10,938] 17 |263||Marsh’s P. v8 12,410] 10 ]155 Toyabe P. E oe 10,144] 24 |340]|Marvine ae 11,600] 19 |202 eeler P. aia 13,036] 1 |115]}Marysvale P. ae 10,359] 49 822 eae ua Fria P. N. Mex. |10,965] 17 |259]|/Midget Crest a ll, “414| 93 |218 Baldy P. (Elizabeth) ie 2,491] 11 ]151||/Monroe i 11,240 32 |243 « « (Santa Fé)} ee 12,661/ 8 |139)|Musinia P. ee 10,940] 37 |262 Banded P. ae 12,824] 6 |128||Nebro 11,992] 14 |180 Capitan wie 10,023} 29 |356||North Logan P. “x 10,004} 56 |361 Cerro Blanco a 14,269] 1 | 21 ||/Pennell wie 11,320} 27 |232 Cone Peak ca 12,690} 7 |135||Pilot P. as 10,900} 38 |269 Costillo P. as 12,634} 9 |141|/Pine Valley 3 10; 250) 51 |331 Culebra P. He 14,050] 2 | 39||Point Carbon j 11443 24 |216 Elizabeth P. ie 12,491) 10 }151||Point Nelson ‘ 10,670) 42 |291 Lake P. is 12,405] 12 |156}|Provo P. < 11, 066] 35 |252 Las Truchas we 13,150] 3 |106]|Stevenson 3 10; 840] 39 |275 Magdalena aa 10,798] 19 |282||Terrell’s Ridge i 11380] 26 |225 Manzano P. ie 10, 086] 26 |347||Thousand Lake a 11;240} 31 |243 Miembres de 10,061] 27 |349 pores 0S 7 11,957] 16 |186 Nacimiento P. i 10,045] 28 |352)|Tingl ia 10,260} 50 |829 New York ifs 10,594) 22 |297||/Toc canna P: , 13,458] 4 | 78 Ord P. aa 10,094| 25 |345||'Tomasaki . 12 OTL 11 /163 Osha P. oe 10,028] 30 |356||Toocle P. a 10; 396] 47 |318 Pelado P. ae 11,260] 16 |241]|Tukuhnikavatz i 10 7815 40 }280 San Antonio P. we 10,912) 18 |267\| Twin P. oe i 563| 21 |207 Sandia oe 10,609) 21 |295||Waas % 12 561) 9 {147 San Mateo o. 10,209] 23 |333||/Wilson’s P, ve 13; 235| 6 | 96 48 MOUNTAIN ELEVATIONS. U. Ss. ORDER ORDER S lela B Els i bo ee B /é/e NAME. STATE | 3 5/3 NAME STATE < ae co = a S |E/e nq o|e & Bole ee |e Baker W. T. |10,827| 4 |276)|Laramie P. Wyo. }11,000} 26 |256 Hood oe 11,225] 3 |246]/Leid oe 11,177] 23 |249 Jefferson es 15,500! 1 | 4 ||Medicine Bow Ranier ie 7444) 2 | 8 ||Mcdicine P. Atlantic P. 12,794) 8 |131]/Mill P. Baronette’s P. P.| 10,459) 34 /311}/Moran Chauvenet 13,000) 5 |118]/Norris Mt. Chimney Rock 11,853] 14 }190}| Quadrant Chittenden 10,190} 40 |336}|Sailor Coffin eh 11,376] 22 |226;/Sheridan, Delham P. ave 11,524/ 19 |208||Smoothface North Doane oe 10,713} 29 |288 cs South Elk a 11,511] 20 |209]|Stevenson Fremont’s P. a 13,790] 1 | 57 |/Temple P. Genie es 12,546] 10 |148}|Turret Grand Encampment] .. 11,003] 25 }255]/Union P. Grand Téton . 18,691] 2 | 65 || Virginia P. Gros Ventre P. ais 11,570] 18 |206|| Volcanic Cove oe Hancock oe 10,235] 39 }332)|Wash-a-kie Needle os 12,258] 11 | 164 Holback P. ae 10,818} 27 |278||Washburne +e ee 110,346] 38 [324 Holmes «+ «« |10,528] 31 |304||West Atlantic P. he 12,634} 9 |141 Hooker ae 12,900] 6 |122||Wind River P. aye 13,499) 3 | 77 Index P. ~~ 11,702] 15 |197)| Wyoming hs 11,490} 21 |213 Langford «+ ++ |10,779] 28 |283|/Yount’s. aS 11,7001 16 |198 The greatest altitude is Mt. St. Elias, Alaska, 19,500 feet. An ele- vation of 10,000 feet is not reached east of 104 degrees longitude, the 412 elevations above being confined to the 12 divisions west. Mt. Wrangel, about 140 miles west of St. Elias, is supposed to have an elevation of over 20,000 feet; no official measurement made; if these figures are correct, it is the highest mountain. OARPENTER’S HALL, PHILADELPHIA. PRINCIPAL LAKES. PRINCIPAL LAKES. a < NAME. STATE. a¢ NAME. STATE. < wz Abert Ore. 73 | |Grand Mich. a pomebic Mich. 21 | |Great Salt U. Ter. Allemands La. 15 | |Green Wis. Apopka Fla. 53 | |Griffin Fla. _Baskahegan Me. 18 | |Gull Minn. Bayou Pierre La. 12 | |Halloway ev Bear U. and Idaho | 58 | |Harney Ore. Beaver Ind. 23 | |Heron Minn. Benton Minn. -...{ [Higgins Mich. Big Ark. 34 | |Hiomanna Alaska Big Me. 14 | |Honey Cal. Big Stone (Dak. and Min.} 20 | |Hopatcong N. J. Bisteneau La. 36 | |Houghton Mich. Black IN. Y. 12 | |Humboldt Nev. Bois Blanc Minn. 38 | |Istokpoga Fla. Burt Mich. 30 | |Kah-chess ‘Wash. Caddo La. -+--| |Kaniksu Ida. Calcasieu La. 88 | |Kern & B’na Vis Cal. Canandaigua N.Y. 18 | |Kissimee Fila. Cannisnia La. 19 | |Kashkonong Wis. Carp Mich. 12 | |Lake of the Woods Minn. Carson Nev. 77 | |Leech “ Carson Sink Nev. 225) |Lida “ Cass Mich. 20 | |Little La. Cass Minn. 32 | [Little Klamath Ore. and Cal. Catahoula La. 31 | |Long Me. Cayuga N. Y. 63 | {Long Mich. Chamberlain Me. 20 | |Lower Klamath Ore. Champlain IN. Y. and Vt.} 488] |Malheur Ore. Charley Apopka Fla. 22 | |Manistique Mich. Chautauqua N. Y. 17 | |Mantilbona Alaska Cheboygan Mich 21 | |Mattamuskee N.C. Chelau Wash. 114| |Maurepas La. Chesuncook Me. 22 | |Meddybemps Me. Christinas Ore. -...| [Memphremagog Vt. Clear Cal. 69 | {Mendota Wis. Cleaveland Me. 19 | |Mermenteau La. Coeur d’Aléne Ida. 40 | |Middle Cal. Connecticut IN. H. +++.| |Mille Lacs Minn. Crooked Minn: 45 | |Millinoket Me. Crooked N. 19 | |Miltona Minn. Cross La. 17 | |Minnetonka Minn. Cypress Fla. 15 | |Mishagak Alaska Damariscotta Me. -...{ |Molechimkamunk Me. ead Minn: 14 | |Mono Cal. Dennis Fla. 25 | |Moosehead Me. Devil’s ‘Dak. 125 | |Moostocmaguntic Me. Drummond Va. 16 | |Mosquito Lagoon Fla. Dumore Vt. eee.| {Mud Nev. Eagle Cal. 42 | |Mullet Mich. Eagle Me. 22 | |Name Kan Minn. Eagle ‘Nev. 25 | |Newfoundland IN. H. Elbow Minn «+++| [Niccosukee Fla. Elk Mich 15 | |Okeechobee Fla. Eustiss Fla. 24 | |Oneida IN. Fauss Point La. 82 | |Osakis Minn. Flathead La. 318] |Ossipee IN. H. Fourth Wis. --..| |Otsego, N.Y. Franklin Nev. 40 | |Otter Tail Minn. George Fla, 76 | |Owasco Ne Ys George N.Y. 46 | |Owens Cal. Goose Cal. and Ore. | 201] |Paulina Ore. Gosinte Nev. 18 | {Pelican Minn Grand Be 121| |Pamedumcook Me. Grand Me. 17 | [Pemidji Minn. 50 PRINCIPAL LAKES.—GREAT LAKES. U. Ss. < a < I NAME. STATE. ag NAME. STATE. ag Sy, ‘ Sy, Pend d’Oreille Ida. ‘130| |Sodo La. 12 Phelps N.C 25 | |Spanish La. 12 Poinsett Dak. 17 | |Sumner Or. 17 Pokegama Minn. 16 | |Sunapee N. H. 14 Pontchartrain La. 878| |Swan inn. 16 Portage Mich 21 | |Tahoe Cal. and Ney.| 135 Poygar Wis. 15 | |Thompson Dak. 14 Preuss Nev, ....| |Tohopekaliga Fla. 53 Pyramid Ney. 205] |Torch Mich 34 Racquet IN. Y, 16 | |Traverse Minn 30 Rainy Minn 146] /Tulare Cal. 650 Rangeley Me. 14 | |Turkey La. eases Red Minn. 342] |Tyronza Ark 12 Rhett Ore. vse imbacon Me. 18 Rice Minn. 11 | |Upper Cal. 61 Rub: Nev. 30 | /Upper Klamath Ore. 163 Rus Minn. 13 | |Upper Mud Nev eee St. Croix M. and Wis. | 16 Uteh Utah aatne St. Francis Ark. 61 | |Vermilion Minn, 63 Salvador La. 70 | |Verrett La. 27 Saranac N.Y see] [Walker Nev. 110 Schoodic Me. sees Wallahgosquegamook Me. Soot Schroon N.Y. ++--| |Warner’s Ore. 108 Sebago Me. 50 | | Wenatchee Wash. 11 Sebec ce 14 | |White Bear Minn. 12 Seboois ae 15 | |White Fish Minn. 10 Sedgwick as -«.-| [Winnebago Wis. 197 Seneca N.Y 64 | |Winnebigoshish Minn. 78 Sevier Utah ++++| |Winnemucca Nev. 85 Shoshone Wy. 12 | |Winnepesaukee IN. AL, 72 Sibley Minn see} | Winthrop Me. erie’ Silver Ore. 14) |Wright Cal. 14 Skaneateles N.Y, 12 | [Yellowstone Wy. 130 THE GREAT LAKES. & ° e|aletal 4a DESCRIPTION. MEASUREMENT.| Fl B a a pe S q a E Q 3 ° Greatest Length Miles 390 | 345 | 270 | 250 | 190 os Breadth 160 84 105 60 52 Re Depth Feet 900 | 1800 | 1000 | 204 412 Area Square miles |82,000 |22,400|23,000 }10,000| 6,700 Drainage sg 85,000 |70,040 |74,000 /39,680 |29,760 Above Sea-level Feet G00 | 578 | 574 | 564 | 284 . 9 4571419 157/43° 20'141° 207/43° 10’ Latitude Degrees north|*® 45’ j 2 48° 50°}45° 55'/46° 10°|42° 60’/44° 10’ ¢ 84° 30°/84° 40’]80° 10’/78° 35’/76° 20’ Longitude Degr j ; 8 ; grees west loo0 15’187° 08’|84° 30'188° 10'179° BO’ Boundary Line Miles 300 | None} 220 | 200 | 160 U. S. Shore Line us 955 | 1320 | 510 870 230 Erie is the only lake of the chain, having any current, being shallow compared with the others; some one notes, ‘‘The surplus waters poured from the vast basins of Superior, Michigan and Huron, flowing across. the plate of Erie into the deep bowl of Ontario.” in ‘Glossary of Geographical Names.” See Lake” U.S. PRINCIPAL RIVERS. PRINCIPAL RIVERS. 51 Be 2 a6 8 NAME. @ yi SOURCE. MOUTH. 2 8 a & ae °° » Alabama 46 |Junc. Coosa and Talapoosa, Ala. Mobile R. 175 Alleghany 22 |Allegany Co., N. Y Omo R. 460 Androscoggin 50 |Umbagog Lake, Maine. Atlantic O. 140 Appalachicola 54 |Junc. Chattahoochee and Flint R. Ga.|G. of Mexico 110 Arkansas 3 {Rocky Mountains, Col. Mississippi R. 2170 Black 52 | Adirondack Lakes, N. Y. Lake Ontario 126 Black Warrior 386 [Formed by Locust and Mulberry/Tombigbee R. 300 Forks, Ala. Brazos 11 |Highlands, Texas. G. of Mexico 750 Cape Fear 42 |Junc. Haw and Deep Rivers, N.C. |Atlantic O. 250 Chattahoochee 25 |Alleghany Mountains, Ga. Appalachicola R. 430 Chowan 42 |Mott and Meherin, N. C. Albemarle S. 250 Clark’s Fork 20 |Rocky Mountains, Ore. Columbia R. 500 Colorado 13 |Llano Estacado, Tex. G. of Mexico 690 Colorado 6 |Junc. Green and Grand Rivers, Utah.|G. of Colorado 1360 Columbia 11 |Lewis’ and Clark’s Fork Pacific O. 750 Connecticut 26 |Connecticut Lake, Vt. Long Island Sound | 410 Coosa 38 |Junction of Oostanoula and Eltowah|Alabama R. 275 Rivers, Ga. Cumberland 17 |Junc. of Poor and Straight Forks, Ky./Ohio R. 560 Delaware 86 |Catskill Mountains, N. Y. Delaware Bay 300 Des Moines 27 |Lake Shetek, Minn. Mississippi R. 400 Flint 38 |Alleghany Mountains, Ga. Appalachicola R. 275 Genesee 49 |Alleghany County, N. Y. Lake Ontario 145 Gila 14 |Sierra Madre Mountains, N. M. Colorado R. 650 Grand « 44 |Southern Iowa Missouri R. 200 Grand 37 |Highlands, Mich. Lake Michigan 280 Grande del Norte 4 |Rocky Mountains, Col. G. of Mexico 800 Great Pedee 29 /Yadkin River, N. C. Atlantic O. 375 Green 20 |Cumberland Mountains, Ky. Ohio R. 520 Hudson 37 |Lake Sanford, Adirondack Moun-/New York Bay 280 tains, N. Y. Housatonic 48 |Taghanic Mountains, Mass. Long Island Sound | 150 Illinois 24 |Des Plaines River, Wis. Mississippi R. 435 James 23 |Jackson and Pasture Rivers, Va. Chesay alte B 450 Kalamazoo 44 |Highlands, Mich. Lake Michigan 200 Kanawha 27 |Junction of Greenbrier and New|Ohio R. 400 Rivers, Va. Kansas 16 |Smoky Hill River, Kan. ‘Missouri R. 600 Kaskasia 34 |Grand Prairie, Tl. Mississippi R. 320 Kennebec 47 |Moosehead Lake, Me. Atlantic O. 160 Kentuck: 35 |** Forks’? Cumberland Mts., Ky. Ohio R. 300 Lewis’ Fork 11 |Rocky Mountains, Ore. Columbia R. 750 Maumee 56 |Junction of St. Mary’s and St.|Lake Erie 80 Joseph’s R., Ind. Menominee 47 |Junction Brule and Mequacumecum|Green Bay 160 Rivers, Wis. Merrimac 48 |White Mountains, N. H. Atlantic O. 150 Minnesota 32 |Eastern Dakota Mississippi R. 334 Mississippi 1 {Itasca Lake, Minn. G. of Mexico 3169 Missouri 2 |Rocky Mountains, junction Jefferson,|Mississippi R. 3109 Madison, Gallatin Rivers, Mont. Mobile 57 |Junc. Tombigbee and Ala. R., Ala. |G. of Mexico 50 Mohawk 51 |Oneida County, N. Y. Hudson R. 135 Monongahela 36 |Rich Mountains, W. Va. Ohio R. 300 Nebraska 7 a of Sweet Water and North|Missouri R. 1260 ork, 0. Neenah 45 |Highlands, Wis. Green Bay 180 Neuse 42 |Table-lands, N.C. Pamlico Sound 250 Ocmulgee 42 | Alleghany Mountains, Ga. Alatamaha R. 250 Ohio 10 |Junc. Alleghany and Monon. R., Pa.|Mississippi R. 950 Ontonagon 49 |Lakes, Wis. Lake Superior 145 Osage 22 |Osage County, Kan. (Missouri R. 460 52 PRINCIPAL RIVERS. Uz. Ss. be 28 ag NAME. a? SOURCE. MOUTH. g3 ad x as = ze Oswegatchie 53 |Cranberry Lake, N. Y. ~./St. Lawrence R. 120 Oswego 58 |Onondaga Lake, N. Y. Lake Ontario 24 Pearl 42 |Table-land, Miss. Lake Borgne 250 Penobscot 39 |East, Seboois Lake, Me. Atlantic O. 270 West, Green Mountains, Me. Potomac 28 |Alleghany Mountains, Md. Chesapeake B. 380 Red 5 |Liano Estacado, Tex. Mississippi R. 1600 Red (of the North) | 12 |Pine Lake, Minn. Winnipeg Lake 700 Roanoke 42 /Dan and Stanton, ie Albemarle Sound 255 Rock 33 eee ane Lek, Vel Mississippi R 330 Sabine 22 |Highlands, G. of Mexico 460 Sacramento 23 |Junction of North and South Fork,|/B. of San Francisco} 450 Sierra Madre Mountains, Cal. Saginaw 54 |Highlands, Mich. Lake Huron 110 St. Croix 44 |Ontonagon ee Wis. Mississippi R. 200 St. Francis 22 |Highlands, Mi Mississippi R. 460 St. John 43 Everglades, Fi Fla. Atlantic 3. 230 St. Joseph 40 |Highlands, L Lake Michigan 260 St. Mary 55 |Okefinokee Soaps Ga. Atlantic O. 100 San Joaquin 30 |Sierra Nevada Mountains, Cal. B. of San Francisco! 350 Santee 30 |Junc. of Wateree and Congaree, N.C.|Atlantic O. 350 Savannah 31 | Alleghany Mountains, S. Atlantic O. 335 Scioto 44 |Tablelands, O. Ohio R. 200 Susquehanna 15 |E. Branch, Otsego Lake, N. Y. 256 W. Branch, Alleghany Mts., N.Y./Susquehanna R. 208 Main, junction é and’ West Chesapeake B. 153 ; branches, Pa. 617 Tallapoosa 46 |Alleghany Mountains, Ga. Alabama R. 175 Tennessee 8 a i N.C. Ohio R. 1200 Tombigbee 21 fe ee Miss. Mobile R. é 475 Trinity 19 |Highlands, Tex. G. of Mexico 530 Wabash 20 |Tablelands, O. Ohio R. 520 Washita 23 |Potean Hills, Ark. Red R. 450 White 14 |Boston Mountains, Ark. Arkansas R. 650 Willamette 42 |Cascade, Ore. Columbia R. 250 Wisconsin 27 |Ontonagon Ridge, Wis. Mississippi R. 400 Yazoo 18 |Junction of Coldwater and Talla | Mississippi R. 540 hatchee Rivers, Miss. Yellowstone. 9 [National Park, Yellowstone Lake Missouri R. 1000 THE WHITE HOUSE. U.S. DERIVATION OF NAMES. 53 DERIVATION OF NAMES OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. Alaska. Encountered by Russian explorers as Al-4y-es-ka, the name since changed through Aliaska, Alaksa, Alashka, to its present form. When purchased by the United States, the names of Walrussia, American Siberia, Zero Islands and Polario, were suggested, but Alaska adopted through the proposition of Charles Sumner, he stating it to be the name by which the Peninsular Islands were designated to Captain Cook, and translated as meaning ‘‘ the great land.” Alabama. 1. Adopted in 1817, from its principal river, a Muscogee word, translated, ‘‘ Here we rest.” : 2. Biedma notes the word as Alibamo ; a Portuguese narrator uses the word Aliemann. 8. An Indian tribe Alba (thicket), Ayalmu (cleared place) literally “thicket clearers” located as at the junction of the Tombigbee and Coosa Rivers. Arkansas. 1. From its principal river — adopted in 1819; early French docu- ments use the word Alkansas. 2. Alkansas or Arkansas, was the name given by the Algonquin tribe to the nation calling themselves Quappas. 3. Indian Kansoos, ‘‘ smoky water,” with French prefix ar [arc] ‘‘a bow”; they were called the ‘‘ bow ” Indians by the French. 4, Variously spelled Arkansea, Arkanisea, Arcangas by the Spanish — the river mentioned on French maps as ‘‘ Riviére Bazaire.” (Nore. —“‘ Joint Resolution Declaring the proper pronunciation of the name of the State.” Passed by the 23d session of the Legislature of Arkansas, in 1881. PREAMBLE: Whereas, Confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our State, and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings, And whereas, The matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society, and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation, as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immi- grants, Re it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, That the only true pronunciation of the name of the State, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French, from the native Indians, and committed to writing in the French word rep- resenting the sound; and that it should be pronounced in three syllables, with the final *«s” silent, the “a” in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables —being the pronunciation formerly, universally, and now still most 5A DERIVATION OF NAMES. U.S. commonly used; and that the pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of *‘a” in man, and the sounding of the terminal ‘“s"? is an innovation to be discouraged. ] Arizona. 1. Indian word, meaning ‘ sand-hills.” 2. The Zuii Indians had a legend, in which a young celestial god- dess ‘‘ Arizonia,” signifying ‘‘ maiden queen,” became the mother of twins, through some holy medium; these children being the original father and mother of the Zufi tribe. 3. Attributed to the Aztec, Arizuma in the original, the present word a corruption, and accepted as Spanish. The Aztec derivation signifying ‘‘silver bearing,” referring to its mountains containing silver, and a tradition among the Mexican people, near the frontier of a silver mine, called ‘‘ La Arizona.” California. 1. First given to the Gulf, then to Lower California. 2. Traced by Hale, 1882, to ‘‘Las Sergas de Esplandian,” a ro- mance published in 1510, written by Garcia Ordofiez de Montalvo, in which a pagan queen named Calafia, living in the kingdom of Califor- nia, furnishes an army of Amazons to Esplandian, emperor of the Greeks, to aid in defending Constantinople against the Eastern infidels. The land of Califia is noted as an island ‘‘ rich with gold, diamonds and pearls;” the belief of Dr. Hale being that, Cortez having thoughts of the expected discovery of gold uppermost in his mind, that as a western pionecr now gives the name of ‘‘ Eden” to his new home, so Cortez called his new discovery ‘ California.” In some old geogra- phies California is laid down as an island. 3. Root of the Spanish Califa [caliph], from the Arabic Jhalifah, “successor,” from Jthalafa, ‘‘ to succeed.” 4. H.H. Bancroft (History of California) by foot-note: The Latin calida fornax, or ‘‘ hot furnace,” is the most common conjectural deri- vation, the reference being supposedly either to the hot climate, though it was not hot compared with others to which the discoverers were accustomed, or to the hot baths or ¢emescales, of the natives, Calidus fornus, Caliente fornalia, Californo, and Caliente horno, are other ex- pressions of the same root, Archibald noting of the last that it would be rather horno caliente, making the name Fornicalia, instead of California. Another derivation is from cala y fornia, Spanish and Latin for ‘““cove and vault” or ‘‘ vaulted cove” from a peculiar natural forma- tion near St. Lucas. From the Greek, we have Kala phor nea, Kala phora nea, Kala phor neia, Kala phorneia, Kala chora nea, or Kalos phornia, variously ren- dered ‘‘ beautiful woman,” ‘‘moonshine or adultery,” ‘‘ fertile land or country.” ’ U.S. DERIVATION OF NAMES. 55 Colofon or Colonfornia, the Spanish for ‘‘ resin,” has been suggested. In Upper California the idea was a favorite one, that the name was of Indian origin, but there was little agreement respecting details. According to the Vallejos, Alvarado and others all agreed that it came from Auli forno, the information coming from Baja California natives ; but there were two factions, one interpreting the words ‘high hills” or ‘‘ mountain ” and the other ‘‘ native land.” E. D. Guilbert resident of Copala Sinaloa told me [Bancroft] in 1878 that an old Indian of his locality called the peninsula Tchalifalii-al, ‘‘ the sandy land beyond the water.” Colorado. 1. From the river, a Spanish word meaning ‘‘ ruddy or red,” the waters of the stream usually quite limpid and pure, but when swollen by heavy rains, they sweep down immense volumes of red sand, mud and silicious pebbles. Indian name Pashahono. 2. A European mission to this section, from Mexico in 1540, was conducted by Vasquez Coronado, which surname may be the derivation of the present application. [La Salle names the stream Maligne (misfortune) owing to one of his party being lost in its waters. ] Connecticut. From the river, the Indian [Mohegan] word, Quonaughticot, mean- ing ‘‘ long river,” or as rendered by some “river of pines.” The Indian word variously spelled, Quoncktacut, Quinni-tuk-ut, Quinetuequet, Quenticutt. » [Schoolcraft notes Quinne, long, attuch, a deer, auke, a place.] Dakota. 1. From a tribe of Indians, Dacota, meaning “allied,” from the great confederacy of the northwestern tribes inhabiting it; prior to which alliance, the Dacotah section were known as the WStouw. [The name as adopted was a counterpart of the motto of the United States, £ pluribus unum — many in one. ] 2. Variously spelled, Dahkotah, Dacota, Dahcotah, Dakotah. Delaware. From the Delaware Bay, so called in 1703, in honor of Lord De la War [Thomas West], a governor of Virginia in 1611. (See Delaware Bay and Delaware River ‘‘ Derivation of Geographical Names.”) District of Columbia. The feminine of the word Columbus, in whose honor the name was adopted, and the creation of the emblematic goddess of the country. (See Index. District of Columbia.) 56 DERIVATION OF NAMES. U.S. Florida. Ponce de Leon (a Spanish navigator) in honor of his discovery of the land on Easter Sunday, March 27, 1513, which is called by the Spaniards Pascua Florida, ‘‘ Holy day of Flowers,” he named the country Florida. [Pascua, same as Old English, Pasch, or Passover. ] Georgia. In honor of George II. of England, who here established a colony in 1732. Idaho. From the [Nez Percé] Indian word, Edah hve, descriptive of the sheen on the mountains, occasioned by the light on the snowy sum- mits, expressed in English ‘‘ gem of the mountains,” or, literally, the tirst appearance of the sun after sunrise shining on the mountain tops. Illinois. 1. Adopted from its principal river, in 1809. 2. Illini [Indian] meaning ‘‘men,” ots from the French, meaning “tribe” /. ¢., ‘tribe of men.” 3. From an island on its Mississippi shore, named by the French, from the circumstance of its abounding in nuts, isle aux noix, ‘ isle of nuts.” 4. A Canadian-French attempt to express the word Illiniwek in the Algonquin, a verbal form of ‘‘ we are men.” The wek gradually being written ois from ‘‘ way” or nearly so. We say Jily-noy, the French said Illeen-way, the Indian Illeen-wek. . 5. Anauthor says ‘‘ As the Algonquin has no letter /, this letter sup- plied no doubt by the French, Jnini meaning ‘men,’ or ‘we are men,’ as areply to an interrogatory of Marquette on the part of an Algon- quin chief, no doubt as an intention to signify ‘perfect men’ as dis- tinguished from the Iroquois.” Indiana. From the word Indian, first applied in 1768 to a grant of land north of and near the Ohio River, which was obtained that year by a com- pany of traders from the Indians. Towa. 1. Trumbull says ‘‘is the French form of the Indian word Ayuhba, signifying ‘ the drowsy or the sleepy ones.’ ” 2. j i % ery. S Bec aioe ty Dacre education and 6 suffrage. Divisions of proceeds of| land sales. A United States Bank. Internal Improvements. Protective tariff. 1836. Right of petition. Permission to circulate anti-slavery docu- meuts. Z opposed. Rebellion. Payment of government} ues in specie. Democratic Whig Liberty advocated advocated advocated ,, |1887. A sub-treasury. 1887. The designation of/1839. Immediate abolition of 4/1840. State rights. State Banks for Gov- slavery. a Free trade. ernment deposits. 5 A revenue equal to nec- fa essary expenditures only. AI} opposed E Doubtful constitutional powers. Agitation of the slavery question. Assumption of State 256 ATTITUDE OF POLITICAL PARTIES. U.S. debts by the Govern- Religious freedom. opposed Political secret societies. Internal improvements. The Ostend manifesto. Extension of slavery to: the territories. 3 ment. = Internal improvements. 8 A United States Bank. 7 Restricted Naturaliza- 3 tion laws. a Whig Democratic Liberty [--] advocated advocated advocated 3/1841. A limited veto power.|1844. State Rights. 1843. Immediate abolition of P411844, A well-regulated cur- The establishment of the slavery. a rency. Oregon boundary at Equal rights. = A United States Bank. 54° 40’, Human brotherhood. opposed The annexation of| opposed 'Z,|1840. The Seminole War. Texas. Fugitive slave clause of © |1844. The annexation of| opposed Constitution. 2 Texas. Limitation of the veto] wat - American power. fa Division of the proceeds opposed a of land sale. Foreign labor. Easy naturalization. Catholicism. Democratic Whig Liberty advocated No definite policy. 1845. Heralded the ery of ala with Mexico. ee mes ours, results - ilmot proviso. are God’s. 1848. A revenue equal onl e to necessary expendi- Free Soil tures. advocated i Re-asserted principles 1848.‘‘Free soil, free Q of the platform of speech, free labor and S fu 1840. se net a opposed. Non - interference wit! 1848. The istribution of slavery in the States, proceeds of land sule. but its non-extension to the territories. Internal improvements. A tariff. Free public lands for actual settlers. a Whig Democratic Free Soil 2 advocated advocated advocated = 1852. Compromise measures|1852. Comp omni measure]1852. actorled ed inde- of 1850. 0 0. pendence of Hayti. 5 The ey and Vir- International saosin inia nullification reso- opposed 3 Tauenes 1852. Ginntugs bill of 1850. § Fugitive slave law. iS American dl 0; pposed 2s 1852. Foreign immigration a ~ ¥ and naturalization. Democratic Republican American advocated advocated advocated 1854. Kansas-Nebraska bill. /1856. Absolute control of the/1856. Change in the natural- 1856. Non-Interference with territories by Con- ization laws. ro] slavery in the terri- gress. Religious freedom. oO tories. Internal improvements. Reserved rights of a Free navigation of the ‘Admission of Kansas. States. ‘a Mississippi. A Pacific Railroad. opposed ny Monroe doctrine. opposed Suffrage and office hold- Free trade. Polygamy. ing by foreign-born citizens. Geographical parties. Union between State and church. U.S. ATTITUDE OF POLITICAL PARTIES. 257 A civil service reform. Civil service reform. Immigration. Democratic Republican Constitutional-Union approved advocated advocated 1857, The Dred-Scott decis-|1860. Preservation of the The Constitution. ion. a ee : 1 ae ee : 3 reedom, as the natural ‘he Preservation of the ROUSLAS DEM: condition of territory. laws. advocated Equality of all men be- 1860. The Pacific Railroad. fore the law. Fugitive slave iaw. A tariff. Acquisition of Cuba. A homestead law. a Full protection of citi- opposed < zens at home and African slave trade. | a abroad. The right of property in = Interpretation of consti- persons. 5 tutional law by the A change inthe natural- 5 Supreme Court. mie nen law. ee he Lecompton consti- fa BRECKENRIDGE-DEM. tution: advocated Unrestricted admission of States. Protection of slavery in the territories. A Pacific Railroad. Acquisition of Cuba. Fugitive slave law. Full protection of citi- zens. Republican Democratic advocated advocated 1861. Suppression of the Re-|1864. A convention of the bellion. States, to conclude a Issue of ‘‘ greenbacks.” peace. An internal revenue. 1868. Universal amnesty. A national banking -sys- State control of elec- tem. tions. % Issue of United States Taxation of bonds. oS Bonds and Treasury Reduction of the army. D notes. opposed gq 1868. The emancipation of|/1864. Military supervision slaves. y of elections. £ 1864. A constitutiona]/1868. A Freedman’s bureau. amendment, termina- 3 ting and prohibiting slavery. : 4 Pa: aoe of the national . debt. . S Employment of emanci- Z pated slaves as sol- Q aie Boek Meath ' ‘oreign immigration. 1868. The improvement of| the national credit. Reduction of interest on bonds. Reduction and equaliza- tion of taxation. opposed 1864. Planting of European power in Mexico. Republican Democratic Temperance a advocated advocated advocated a 1871. An enforcement act. |1872. Universal amnesty. 1872. Legal prohibition. fe 1872. Annexation of Santo Free public lands for Salary not fees. o Domingo. actual settlers. Low postage. Immigration. Female suffrage. 258 ATTITUDE OF POLITICAL PARTIES. U.S. GRANT continued Enforcement.of the Con- stitutional amend- ments. Free public lands for actual settlers. Resumption of specie payment. Encouragement of ship- building. Abolition of the frank- ing privilege. 1875. Resumption of specie payment. A civil rights bill. 1876. Payment of bonds in specie. Sovereign control of the territories by Con- gress. opposed 1876. Use of the public funds for sectarian schools. Further grants of public lands to corporations and monopolies. 1 1872. Repudiation. 1875. Chinese immigration. 1875. The tariff. Single term for the Ex- ecutive. Resumption of payment. Tariff by Congressional specie action. 876. Immediate reform of| the Federal govern. ment. Tariff for revenue only. Care and protection for the soldiers and sailors of the Repub- lic. opposed denounced Land grants to railroads. Issue regarding the use of public funds for sectarian schools. Party patronage. Greenback (National. — Independent.) advocated 1876. Convertible United States notes. Fractional currency. Direct vote for Presi- ent. Currency convertible in- to coin. Sober men for office- holders. Prohibition advocated 1876. Prohibition. Reduction of telegraph- ic, railroad and pos- tal rates. Universal suffrage. Sabbath laws. Free public lands for actual settlers. Compulsory education. Direct vote for Presi- dent. International ar bitra- tion. Labor-Reform advocated 1872. Single term for the Ex- ecutive. Equitable railroad and telegraph rates. Currency based on prop- erty. HAYES 1880. Authority of Congress to define State and Federal powers. Control of Chinese im- migration. Government aid to popu- lar education. Competitive civil service examination. 1880. Paper currency, con- vertible into coin. Limit to Chinese immi- gration. Civil service reform. Free public lands for actual settlers. Tariff for revenue only. opposed 1880. Centralization. Monopolies. Presence of government troops or officials at the polls. An electoral commis- sion. opposed General amnesty. 1876, The national banking New patent laws. system. Free public lands. The sale of bonds Taxation of Bonds. abroad. Subjection of military to civil law. opposed 1872. Prison labor. Republican Democratic Greenback advocated advocated ; advocated 1880. Payment of bonds in legal tender currency. Bureau of labor statis- tics. Graduated income tax. Eight-hour labor sys- tem. Unlimited coinage of - gold and silver. Free public lands for actual settlers. Government control of the currency. opposed 1880. Chinese immigration. Convict labor. Monopolies. Increase of the standing army. Prohibition advocated 1880. Congressional control of the liquor traffic. opposed 1880. Legalization of the liquor traffic. U.S. ATTITUDE OF POLITICAL PARTIES. 259 Republican advocated 1884. Protective tariff. Reduction of surplus revenue. National bureau of labor. Equalization of pen- sions. Democratic advocated 1884. Reduction of taxation. Tariff for revenue and limited protection. Fixed salaries for Fed- eral officers. Free education. Repeal of laws restrict- National-Greenback advocated 1884. Substitution of ‘“Green- backs” for National bank notes. Prompt payment of the public debt. Tariff on luxuries only. Graduated income tax. 2 Appropriations for edu- ing labor. Gov’t postal telegraph. p cational purposes. Incorporation of labor' Suffrage without regard is] Increase of the navy. organizations. to sex. & Legislation to encourage American policy. approved 4 American shipping. opposed The Legal Tender de- < Forcible suppression of Sumptuary laws. cision of the Supreme z polygamy. Court. s adiosated Prohibition qa Civil service reform. advocated Congressional control of|1884. Prohibiting the impor- a Z Y g fe interstate commerce. tation, manufacture, (2 Forfeiture of unearned supply and sale of s are iuinase velalions| path be roveute ahd ck ore intimal \ r y a Republican with American Repub- protection. Democrat lics. aoa Hie fea eens Letter postage reduce sovernment legal tender Greenback to 2 cents an ounce. currency only. eR opposed Unrestricted ‘immigra: inese immigration. tion. Acquisition of land by opposed monopolies or non-/1884. Granting of lands to resident aliens. corporations and also Importation of contract large holdings for labor. speculation. Democratic Republican Prohibition advocated advocated advocated 1884-88. Frugal public ex-/1884-88. Reduction Rd the}1884-88. Lower oe on nec- pense. treasury surplus. essaries of life. Civil service reform. Reduction of Internal Arbitration in labor dis- Forfeiture of unearned Revenue taxes. putes. land grants. Civil service reform. State and National pro- Public Jands for Ameri- Retaining the peceen hibition. cans only. protective tariff. Abolition of Internal Exclusion of the Chi- Public me for Amer- eee be : nese. icans only. qual wages for equal Admission ofnew States. One cent letter postage. work. fa} Pensions for soldiers. Bi-metalism. enposid z Baducton of the treas- ore aid for schools. Liquor license in any ury surplus. aval appropriations. form. R re-afirmed Coast defenses. Monopolies. B Platform of 1884. Pensions for soldiers. Convict and pauper im- > indorsed Exclusion of Chinese. migration. et The President’s admin- Encouragement of ship- Labor 3 istration, his message ping interests. urging reduction of opposed advocated customs revenue, and Free wool. Taxation of land values. the “ a ae Free tp a The Sitrolian voting sympa Ze CNOURCE system. a With “ Home Rule” for The “ Mills Bill.” Postal savings banks. Ireland. “Surplus” to pay Na- tional debt. Arbitration in labor dis- putes. Service pensions. Income tax. Woman suffrage. Abolition of National Banks. 260 ATTITUDE OF POLITICAL PARTIES. U.S. CLEVELAND con. HARRISON Government telegraphs and railways. Shorter hours of labor. opposed Land monopoly. Importation of contract labor. Chinese immigration. ! Taxes on industry and its products. Minor factory labor. FEDERAL HALL, NEW YORK, 1789. The first President of the United States took the oath of office, standing on the balcony between the two central columns, April 30, 1789. U.S IMPORTANT DATES. 261 First Wednesday in January, 1789. * January 'T. Elections held in the various States for choosing and nomination of electors. Massachusetts and Virginia favored the district system. Pennsylvania, New Hampshire and Maryland the general ticket plan. New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, Georgia and South Carolina, legislative action. Of the latter five States, South Carolina excepted, if the legislature could have been convened in time to pass a law the people would have been given the power. In New York the voting was to have been done by the Legislature. The Senate was strongly Federal, and the Assembly Anti-Federal. The latter demanded a joint ballot which would have sent two Anti-Federal- ists to the Senate and ten to the Electoral College; the Senate de- manded a concurrent vote, resulting possibly in one Federalist Senator and five electors. As each House stood firm in their position, the result was a failure to pass an electoral law, so that New York did not cast a vote for the first President, nor did she during much of the first session of the First Congress of the United States have any represen- tative on the floor of the Senate. ConGREss, a term ApEn? i. e€., Continental Congress, 1774, conducting the National affairs until nearly to the close of the Revolution; Federal Congress, 1871, under the Articles of the Coutederation; Congress of the United Stutes, 1789, under the Constitution of the United States. First Wednesday in February, 1789. t February 4. The electors as appointed met in their respective States, and cast their vote for President and Vice-President. First Wednesday in March, 1789.t March 4. Hight Senators and thirteen Representatives had reported in New York, the balance arrived slowly, so that it was not until March 30, the House had a quorum. [65 being named by the Constitu- tion, which, less Rhode Island (1) and North Carolina (5) the requisite number lowered to (59). ] On the morning of March 30 the House took possession of Federal Hall and organized, choosing F. A. Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as Speaker. As the Senate did not have a quorum the House adjourned. Monday, April 6, a quorum of the Senate obtained (12 senators) and an organization effected; the first business transaction being the election of John Langdon of New Hampshire as President pro tempore, for the “sole purpose of opening the certificates and counting the votes of the electors of the several States in the choice of a President and Vice-President of the United States.” The House advised, and invited to be present. Three tellers ap- pointed ‘‘to make a list of the votes as they shall be declared.” One teller to represent the Senate and two tellers to represent the House. The result as announced was satisfactory to all. GEORGE WASHINGTON - as — PRESIDENT. JOHN ADAMS - as - VICE-PRESIDENT. No objections raised. No debate took place. A certificate of election prepared by a committee consisting of Messrs. Paterson, Johnson, Lee and Ellsworth, which was adopted by the Senate and signed by its President. * Page 210, line 42, f Line 44, { Line 45, 262 CONCERNING THE PRESIDENT. U.S. Be it known, That the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, being convened in the City and State of New York, the sixth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine, the underwritten, ap- pointed President of the Senate, for the sole purpose of receiving, opening, and counting the votes of the Electors for a President and for a Vice-President; by which it appears that George Washington, esq., was unanimously elected, agreeably to the Constitution, to the office of President of the United States of America. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal. Joun LANGDON. (Accompanied by a letter, z. e.) Srr: I have the honor to transmit to your Excellency the information of your unani- mous election to the office of President of the United States of America. Suffer me, sir, to indulge the hope, that so auspicious a mark of public confidence will meet your appro- bation, and be considered as a sure pledge of the affection and support you are to expect from a free and enlightened people. I an, sir, with sentiments of respect, your obedient humble servant, Joun Lanepon. To his Ex’cy GEORGE WASHINGTON, ESQ. (This formal notice to an elected President discontinued in 1825.) Washington being at Mount Vernon, Va., considerable time was nec- essary to advise him of his election. His journey North was slow, owing to ovations. And upon his arrival at New York a delay in the ceremony of inauguration incidental to preparations of getting Federal Hall in readiness, was occasioned; so that it was not until April 30th that everything was in shape for his being sworn into office. John Adams took the oath as Vice-President April 21. Title of the President. Some debate ensued in Congress as to how the President should be addressed, one committee reporting ‘‘ it is not proper to annex any style or title other than expressed in the Constitution.” A second committee suggested ‘‘ it will be proper to address the President as His Highness, The President of the United States of America and Protector of their Liberty.” ‘His Excellency” was among the sug- gestions and was subsequently adopted, but not by Legislative action. Irving notes: ‘*The inauguration of Washington was delayed for several days by a question which had arisen as to the title by which the President elect was to be addressed. The question had been mooted without Washington’s privity, and contrary to his desire, as he feared that any title might awaken the sensitive jealousy of Republicans at a moment when it was all-important to conciliate public good-will to the new form of government. It was a relief to him, therefore, when it was finally resolved that the address should be simply ‘ the President of the United States.*”’ Salary of the President. This was another source of discussion in Congress, in view of the fact that the Constitution declared that the President should receive a compensation for his services. Washington had stated that he did not wish any salary. The limits suggested by Congress ranged from $15,000 to $70,000. It was finally placed at $25,000. This remained the Presidential salary until Grant’s second term, when it was increased to $50,000. (Mar. 3, 1873.) The Presidential Term. During July, August and September, 1787, there was at times con- siderable discussion as to the length of term a President should be elected to office. The first report fixed a period of seven years, declar- U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. 263 ing against are-election; the latter condition was stricken out by a vote of six States; the two Carolinas, Virginia and Delaware favoring a prohibition, some of the States making the term for ‘‘ during good be- havior.” The process of election, whether by Congress or the people, again occupied much time, when the term of oftice once more came up. Alex. Martin proposed making it eleven years; Williamson, ten to twelve years;_ Elbridge S. Gerry, fifteen; when Rufus King (with sar- casm) advocated ‘‘ make it twenty years, the medium life of princes.” The matter then shaped itself into a Resolution; that he be elected by the National legislature for the term of seven years and be ineligible. This resolution met with much opposition, and was not accepted as final. A committee then presented on August 24, a plan in detail. This was not accepted; more discussion arose, the objection being chiefly against the election by Congress. On August 31st the subject was re- ferred to a ‘‘ grand committee,” composed of one member from each State, which committee reported in favor of a choice by electors appointed in each State; also that the term be limited to four years. This resolution was finally adopted by the convention. Why the committee decided on four years is not recorded; probably lost in the discussion, or a compromise on the seven-year term, from being nearer to half of the seven; the greater number carrying with it prohibition of a second term, a chance for a re-election would be coy- ered by cutting the term in two; or it was probably decided that it should be the equivalent of a length of two Houses, z. e., four years. Presidential Election. Held. Tuesday next succeeding the first Monday in November, every four years, prior to the expiration of term of President incumbent. Equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which Electors. the State may be entitled in Congress. (Constitution, Arr. IT., Sec. 1.) Electors of each State meet on the second Monday in January next fol- Meeting of lowing their appointment, at such place as the State Legislature may Electors. direct, generally the Capital, and cast their votes. (Constitutional * Amendment XII. and Act of Congress, Feb. 3, 1887, also Constitution, Art. II., Sec. 3.) The electors sign two certificates of all the votes given by them; each Treatment of of which certificates must contain two distinct lists, one of the votes for Votes. President, the other for Vice-President, lists to be sealed and sent to the President of the United States at the Seat of Government on the second Monday in January, accompanied by a certificate pee) duly exe- Delivery to cuted by the Governor of the respective State, which shall set forth the Congress. names of the electors, and the number and division of votes as cast. The Governors of States required to send a duplicate certificate to the Action ofGov- Secretary of State of the United States, who publishes it in fullin a public ernors and the newspaper, sending to the Senate and House each, a copy in full, at their U. S. Sec. of Bet mae (Constitutional Amendment XII. and Special Act, Feb. State. 3, On the second Wednesday in February succeeding, Congress shall Meeting of assemble, both the Senate and the House to meet at 1 P. m. in the Hall of Congress. ae House of Representatives, the President of the Senate the presiding officer. Tellers appointed two by the Senate and two by the House. ; The President of the Senate opens all papers and certificates pertain- Action in ing to the electoral votes, delivering them in the alphabetical order of Counting States to the tellers [two appointed by the Senate, and two by the Votes. House] who read them in the presence of the two Houses, and the result is delivered to the President of the Senate. (Special Act, Feb. 3, 1887, Amendment XII., Constitution.) The President announces the result, which declaration is the certifi- Result pro- cation of the election of the President and Vice-President [if there be any claimed. possessing a majority, etc.] (Constitutional Amendment XII.) (For further items, on objections, incorrect returns, etc., see Presi- dential Electors, Sec. 4 to 7, Act February 3, 1887, page 264 and Consti- tutional Amendment XII.) 264. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. U.S. Presidential Electors. (Act approved February 3, 1887.) Section 1. The clectors of cach State to meet and give their votes onthe second Mon- day in January next following their appointment at such place in each State as the Legislature shall direct. . Section 2. That if any State shall have provided, by laws enacted prior to the day fixed for the appointment of the electors, for its final determination of any controversy or contest concerning the appointment of all or any of the electors of such State, by judicial or other methods of procedures, and such determination shall have been made at least six days before the time fixed forthe meeting of the electors, such determination made pursuant to such law so existing on said day, and made at least six days prior to the said time of meeting of the electors, shall be conclusive, and shall govern in the counting of the electoral votes as provided in the Constitution, as hereinafter regulated, so far as the ascertainment of the electors appointed by such State is concerned. SEcTION 3. That it shall be the duty of the Executive of each State, as soon as prac- ticable after the conclusion of the appointment of electors in such State, by the final ascertainment under and in pursuance of the laws of such State providing for such ascer- tainment, to communicate, under the seal of the State, to the Secretary of State of the U.S., a certificate of such ascertainment of the electors appointed, setting forth the names of such electors and the canvas or other ascertainment under the laws of such State of the number of votes given or cast for each person for whose appointment any and all votes have been given or cast; and it shall also thereupon be the duty of the Executive of each State to deliver to the electors of such State, on or before the day on which they are required by the preceding section to mect, the same certificate, in triplicate, under the seal of the State; and such certificate shall be inclosed and trans- mitted by the electors at the same time and in the same manner as is provided by law for transmitting by such electors to the seat of government the lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice-President; and section 136* of the Revised Statutes is hereby repealed; and if there shall have been any final determina- tion in a State of a controversy or contest as provided for in section two of this act, it shall be the duty of the Executive of such State, as soon as practicable after such deter- mination, to communicate, under the seal of the State, to the Secretary of State of the U.S., a certificate of such determination, in form and manner as the same shall have been made; and the Secretary of State of the U.S., as soon as practicable after the receipt at the State Department of each of the certificates hereinbefore directed to be transmitted to the Secretary of State shall publish, in such public newspaper as he shall "designate, such certificates in full; and at the first meeting of Congress thereafter he shall transmit to the two ILouses of Congress copies in full of each and every such cer- tificate so received theretofore at the State Department. Section 4. That Congress shall be in session on the second Wednesday in February succeeding every meeting of the electors. The Senate and House of Representatives shall meet in the IIall of the House of Representatives at the hour of 1 o’clock in the afternoon of that day, and the President of the Senate shall be their ee officer. Two tellers shall be previously appointed on the part of the Senate and two on the part of the House of Representatives, to whom shall be handcd, as they are opened by the President of the Senate, all the certificates and Pye urporting to be certificates of the electoral votes, which certificates and papers shall be opened, presented and acted upon in the alphabetical order of the States, beginning with the letter A; and said tell- ers, having then read the same in the presence and hearing of the two Iouses, shall make a list of the votes as they shall pee from the said certificates, and the votes having been ascertained and counted in the manner and according to the rules in this act provided, the result of the same shall be delivered to the President of the Senate, who shall thereupon announce the state of the vote, which announcement shall be deemed a sufficient declaration of the persons, if any, elected President and Vice-Presi- dent of the United States, and, together with a list of votes, be entered on the Journals of the two Houses. Upon such reading of any such certificate or paper, the President of the Senate shall call for objections, if any. Every objection shall be made in writing, and shall state clearly and concisely, and without argument, the ground thereof, and shall be signed by at least one Senator and one Member of the Iouse of Representatives before the same shall be received. When all objections so made to any vote or paper from a State shall have been received and read, the Senate shall thereupon withdraw, and such objections shall be submitted to the Senate for its decision, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall, in like manner, subinit such objections to the House of Representatives for its decision; and no electoral vote or votes from any State which shall have been regularly given by clectors whose appointment has been lawfully certi- fied to according to section three of this act from which but one return has been received * Section 136 is: “It shall be the duty of the Executive of each State to cause three lists of the names of the clectors of such State to be nade and certified, and to be deliy- ered to the electors on or before the day on which they are required, by the preceding section, to meet, U.S. ELECTORAL SYSTEM. 265 shall be rejected, but the two Houses concurrently may reject the vote or votes when they agree that such vote or votes have not been so regularly given by electors whose appointment has been so certified. If more than one return or paper purporting to be areturn from a State shall have been received by the President of the Senate, those votes, and those only, shall be counted which shall. have been regularly given by the electors who are shown by the determination mentioned in section two of this act to have been appointed, if the determination in said section provided for shall have been made, or by such successors or substitutes, in case of a vacancy in the Board of Electors so ascertained, as have been appointed to fill such vacancy in he mode provided by the laws of the State; but in case there shall arise the question which of two or more of such State authorities fle eraane what electors have been appointed, as mentioned in section two of this aet, is the lawful tribunal of such State, the votes regularly given of those electors, and those only, of such‘State shall be counted whose title as electors the two Houses, acting separately, shall concurrently decide is supported by the decision of such State so-authorized by its laws; and in such case of more than one return or paper pur- porting to be a return from a State, if there shall have been no such determination of the question in the State aforesaid, then those votes, and those only, shall be counted which the two Houses shall concurrently decide were cast by lawful electors appointed in accordance with the laws of the State, unless the two Houses, acting separately, shall concurrently decide:such votes not to be the lawful votes of the legally appointed elect- ors of such State. But if the two IIouses shall disagree in respect of the counting of such votes, then, and in that case, the votes of the electors whose appointments shall have been certified by the Executive of the State, under the seal thereof, shall be counted. When the two Houses have voted, they shall immediately again meet, and the presiding officer shall then announce the decision of the questions submitted. No votes or papers from any other State shall be acted upon until the objections previously made to the votes or papers from any State shall have been finally disposed of. Section 5. That while the two Houses shall be in meeting as provided in this act the President of the Senate shall have power to preserve order; and no debate shall be allowed and no questions shall be put by the presiding officer except to either House on a motion to withdraw. Section 6. That when the two Houses separate to decide upon an objection that may have been made te the counting of any electoral vote or votes from any State, or other question arising in the matter, each Senator and Representative may speak to such objection or question five minutes, and not more than once; but after such debate shall have lasted two hours it shall be the duty of the presiding officer of each House to put the main question without further debate. Section 7. Such joint meeting shall not be dissolved until the count of electoral votes shall be completed and the result declared; and no recess shall be taken unless a question shall have arisen in regard to.counting any such votes, or otherwise under this act, in which case it shall be competent for either House, acting separately, in the man- ner hereinbefore provided, to direct a recess of such House not beyond the next calendar day, Sunday excepted, at the hour of 10 o’clock in the forenoon. But if the counting of the electoral votes and the declaration of the result shall not have been completed be- fore the fifth calendar day next after such first meeting of the two Houses, no further or other recess shall be taken by either ouse.—[Approved February 3, 1887. Amendment. (Approved October 19, 1888.) «Whenever a certificate of votes from any State has not been received at the seat of Government on the fourth Monday of the month of January in which their meeting shall have been held, the Secretary of State shall send a special messenger to the district judge in whose custody one certificate of the votes from that State has been lodged, and such judge shall forthwith transmit that list to the scat of Government.” t Why the Electoral System was Adopted. Porter, in his Constitutional History, in explanation of the adoption of the plan of electors, notes: After the Constitutional Convention had decided on the nature of the Executive, they met a difficulty almost equally great, in determin- ing the method of election. It was debated at length who would con- stitute the best judges of the fitness of a candidate for the Presidency. The two plans proposed were for election directly by the people, or by a select body chosen by the people; this body to be either Congress or delegates chosen by the people for the express purpose. s 266 PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION ACT. U.S. It was generally questioned in the Constitutional Convention whether so large and scattered a body as that which the entire people constituted could be the best judge of a candidate’s qualifications; but it was believed that the people could select men whom they knew, and who could form the best judgments. It was therefore decided to leave the election of a President to a body chosen by the people. It was then debated whether Congress could advantageously perform the duty, or whether a body should be chosen for the purpose alone. It was urged that a President elected by Congress would be dependent on it, and would be too liable to seek to please it in order to secure re- election. The danger of intrigue for election would be greater, also, in a permanent body, like Congress, than in a transient one chosen for a single purpose, and offering fewer opportunities for approach. It was, therefore, decided to have the President chosen by special electors. The question of the number of electors next arose. In the Confed- eration the States had possessed equal voice on all subjects. Under the Constitution one House of Congress was purely Republican, the other was Federal in form, but Republican in methods. This partial combination of two systems was clue to a necessary deference to existing state sovereignty ideas. It was found necessary to use again the same combination in forming the electoral body. The Republican element was to predominate; each State have as many electors as it had representatives — a number based on its population. But to the number of representatives, two were to be added for each State — the same number that each State had senators. The total number of elec- tors from each State was exactly the same as the number of its repre- sentatives plus the number of its senators. The number of its representatives and senators had been determined on. (Art. I., Sec. 2.) It seemed perfectly fair to give each State exactly the same in- fiuence in choosing the President that it had in legislation. The num- ber was consequently fixed as above given. All members of the Electoral College must be free from any connection with the Government in order to be entirely free from any influence by it. It was intended to secure unprejudiced and competent men, who would select the best man in the country, free from any out- side influence or suggestions. No propositions or previous nominations were expected. The electoral college was to act free from all bias, and so accomplish the best results. ! Presidential Succession, Act of 1886. An act to provide for the performance of the duties of the office of President in case of the removal, death, resignation or inability both of the President and Vice-President. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in case of removal, death, resignation or inability of both the President and Vice-President of the United States, the Secretary of State, or if there be none, or in case of his removal, death, resignation, or inability, then the Secretary of the Treasury, or if there be none, or in case of his removal, death, resigna- tion or inability, then the Secretary of War, or if there be none, or in case of his removal, death, resignation, or inability, then the Attorney-General, or if there be none, or in case of his removal, death, resignation, or inability, then the Postmaster-General, or if there be none, or in case of his removal, death, resignation, or inability, then the Seerctary of the Navy, orif there be none, or in case of his removal, death, resignation, or inability then the Secretary of the Interior shall act as President until the disability of the President or Vice-President is removed or a President shall be elected: Provided, That whenever the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States shall devolve upon any of the persons named herein, if Congress be not then in session, or if it should nat meet in accordance with law within twenty days thereafter, it shall be the duty of the person upon whom said powers and duties shall devolve to issue a proclamation con- vening Congress in extraordinary session, giving twenty days notice of the time of meeting. Section 2. That the preceding section shall only be held to describe and apply to i- fifty of ‘y- -seven, 267 a ectivel: for q on them res and one hundred an e up [1848 nw ol H [2882 mee $2/1856 eae 3/1860 2/1864 33/1968 1872 $311876 NO. OF STATES Alabama.... Arkansas . California . Colorado. . ei Connecticut ....| 7 Delaware... 3 oo wolS | s3f1ss8 Pe 09 09 COIS ooo ore 00 Ww Hs 09 09 Ds : wow. won: gw O + Georgia Mlinois. Indiana ..... Iowa.. Kansas.. 10 © © © Ht to 4 ” = rar = bet at ht HS htt a = a = H any a S Lg BNOSWHOR: i S eet ro Jeon i) e iS ia i bd meron Ou cs cs - and consent of the Senate to the ble to the office of President under the Const resentatives of the United States 1ce Pp -six, one hundred an House of Re y-$) y-nine, il & € Kentucky Louisiana . Maine.......... Maryland ...... Massachusetts Michigan.. Minnesotz Mississippi ete WN WORN: e m ELECTORAL VOTE. one hundred and fort ght, the Revised Statutes are hereby repealed. That sections one hundred and fort y-ei Electoral Vote at each Presidential Election. Approved January 19, 1886. Srcrion 3. one hundred and fort: such officers as shall have been appointed by the adv: at the time the powers and duties of the office shall devolv offices therein named, and such as are eli, tution, and not under impeachment by th U.S. H HAR ON AAT MW RDOWWR: H mt w OAR DWODAN me =o ont Missouri....... Nebraska . Nevada... a IN. Hampshire .| 5 New Jersey....| 6 New York .....| 8 North Cuarolina.| 7 Ohio Oregon.... Pennsylvania Rhode Island .. South Carolina. rare H oo e 23] 23) 23] 23 ts we iS} WNOANAS DH OO TEN OO + i} w a Vermont. Virginia ....... West Virginia.. 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U.S. INAUGURATION DAY. After the ratification of the Constitution of the United States by eleven States, the Congress of the Old Confederation, by a vote on September 13, 1788, “ Resolved, That the first Wednesday in January next be the day for appointing elec- tors in the several States, which before the said day shall have ratified the said Constitu- tion; that the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the clectors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President; and that the first Wednesday in March next be the time, and the present seat of Congress [New York] the place for commencing, proceeding unter the said Constitution.” The ‘‘ first Wednesday ” being the fourth day of March, it thus hecame the day upon which the quadrennial day of the Presidency commences. The date seldom falls on Sunday, having so far (1889) fallen on that day but three times: the first, the second inaugural of Monroe, the fifth President, March 4, 1821; the second, when Zachary Taylor was made President, March 4, 1849; the third, R. B. Hayes, March 4, 1877. This will happen three times during each century, or one year after every seven leap years, except when passing from one century to another, there is a slight variation, as noted in the following dates of the past and future inaugurations of the first four centuries of the Republic: March 4, 1821 March 4, 1945 March 4, 2057 5s: 849 sa 1973 *3 2085 4877 2001 2125 oy 1917 a 2029 8 2153 [Mr. Robert C. Winthrop in his oration at the dedication of the Washington Monu- ment, recalled the fact that Washington was inaugurated as first President of the United States on April 30, and that date should be the date selected as Inauguration Day. This may probably be decided on, a bill to that effect being before Congress.] INAUGURATIONS. Oatu. ‘J, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my A bility, preserve, pro- ae eye soa the Constitution of the United States.” (Constitution, ART. II., Sec. 1, Clause 8. I. Grorce WasHINGTON was inaugurated President of the United States in the Senate Chamber, Thursday, April 30, 1789, in the City of New York. The oath of office adminis- tered to him by Robert R. Livingston, Chancellor of the State of New York; who exclaimed when the oath was taken, ‘‘ Long live George Washington, President of the United States.” II. Grorce WasuincTon for a second term, in the Senate Chamber, Monday, March 4, 1793, in the City of Philadelphia. Oath of office administered by Mr, Justice Cushing of Massachusetts, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. A-question was raised upon this occasion whether the oath of office should be taken by General Washing- ton privately or in public, and was discussed in a Cabinet meeting, which decided for the public Inauguration. III. Joun Avams, in the Chamber of the House of Representatives, Congress Hall, Saturday, March 4, 1797, in the City of Philadelphia. Oath of office administered by Oliver Ellsworth, Chief Justice of the United States. Tuomas JEFFERSON, in the Senate Chamber, Wednesday, March 4, r8or, in the City et Washington. Oath of office administered by John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United tates. V. Tuomas Jerrerson, for a second term in the Senate Chamber, Washington, Monday, March 4, 1805. No proceedings at this inauguration are recorded in the journals of either House of Congress, and the only reference to the subject is the following entry in the Journal of the House of Representatives of March 1, 1805, Vol. V., page 158: “‘ The speaker laid U.S. INAUGURATIONS. 2”3 before the house a letter addressed to him signed ‘Th: Jefferson’ notifying that ‘he shall take the oath which the Constitution prescribes to the President of the United States, before he enters on the execution of his office on Monday, the 4th instant, at 12 o'clock, in the Senate Chamber.’ ”” VI. James Manison, in the Chamber of the House of Representatives, Washington, Saturday, March 4, 1809, in accordance with a written notice sent by him to the President of the Senate, to be laid before that body, and dated March 2d, 1809. Oath of office administered by Chief Justice John Marshall. Vv James Maopison, for a second term, Thursday, March 4, 1813. Of this inaugura- tion no notice or reference whatever is to be found in the journals of the Senate or House of Representatives, but from the National Intelligencer of March 6, it appears to have taken ee vi the Representatives Hall, and the oath administered to him by Chief Justice Marshall. VIII. James Monrog, Tuesday, March 4, 1817. Oath administered by Chief Justice John Marshall, on a platform erected for the purpose, im front of the eastern portico of the Capitol at Washington. : 1X. James Monroe, for a second term, in the Hall of Representatives, Monday, March 5, 1821. Here the 4th of March came on Sunday. There is nothing in the Journals of either House in regard to the ceremonies, the only reference being in the report of the Joint Committee appointed to wait upon him, to notify him of his re-election, in which the committee say he informed them that he would take the oath of office in the Hall of the House of Rep- resentatives at 11 o’clock on Monday next, March 5, sS2t. . Joun Quincy Avams, in the Hall of the House of Representatives, Friday, March 4, 1825. Oath of office administered by Chief Justice Marshall. XI. ANpbREw Jackson, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Wednesday, March 4, 1829, Oath administered b Chief Justice Marshall. XII. Anprew Jackson, for a second term, in the Hall of the House of Representatives, Monday, March 4, 1833. Oath administered by Chief Justice Marshall. There is no refer- ence to this inauguration, in either Journal of the House. Above taken from the Mad/onal Intelligencer of March 5, 1833. x Martin Van _ Buren, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Saturday, March 4, 1837. Oath administered by Chief Justice ‘Taney. XIV. Wittram Henry Harrison, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Thursday, March 4, 1841. Oath administered by Chief Justice Taney. Joun Tyter, inaugurated 12 noon, Tuesday, April 6, 1841, at Brown’s Indian Queen Hotel, Washington. Oath administered by Judge Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia. Tyler was at Williamsburg, Va., at the time of President Harrison’s death and on hearing lepreit the Cabinet of his death, hastened to Washington, reaching the White House at 4 a. M., April 6. This belng the first occasion of a Vice-President being called on to take the Oath prescribed in the Constitution for the President, it was taken in full legal form. I do solemnly swear that J will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will; to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, Joun Ty.er. “ April 6, 1841.”" (Accompanying the vath, the following certificate.) District oF Corumeta, bss: City and County of Washington. I, William Cranch, Chief Judge of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, certify that the above-named John Tyler, personally appeared before me this day, and although he deems himself qualified to perform the duties and exercise the powers and office of President, on the death of William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States, without any other oath than that which he has taken as Vice-President, yet, as doubts may arise, and for greater caution, took and subscribed the foregoing oath before me. ‘W. CRANCH. “ April 6, 1841.” XV. James Knox Po vk, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Tuesday, March 4, 1845. Oath administered by Chief Justice Taney. x Zacuary TAayior, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Monday, March 5, 1849. Here for the second time March 4 came on Sunday. Oath administered by Chief Justice Tane NL Lao FrL-morg, in the Hall of the House of Representatives, 12 4. M., Wednesday, July 10, 1850, Oath administered by Chief Justice Taney. VII. FRANKLIN Pierce, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Friday, March 4, 1853. Oath administered by Chief Justice Taney. XVIII. James BUCHANAN, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Wednesday, March 4, 1857. Oath administered by Chief Justice Taney. XIX. AsraHam LincoLn, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Monday, March 4, 1861. Oath administered by Chief Justice Taney. XX. Aprauam Lincoin, fora second term, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Satur- day, March 4, 1865. Oath administered by Chief Justice Chase. 274. PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS. U.S. Anprew Jounson, in his rooms at the Kirkwood House, Washington, D. C., 10 a. M., Saturday, April 15, 1865. Oath administered by Chief Justice Chase. XXI. Utysses Simpson GRANT, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Thursday, March 4, 1869. Oath of office administered by Chief Justice Chase. XXII. _ULysses Stmpson Grant, for a second term, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Tuesday, March 4, 1873. Oath administered by Chief j ustice Chase, XXII. RUTHERFORD BircHArp Hayes, in the White House at 7.05 Pp. M., Saturday, March 3, 1877. Oath administered by Chief Justice Waite. Here again Sunday came March 4. _It being decided in common law that Sunday being a dies xon though not so recognized in legislative matters, it was thought safest to administer the oath the day preceding, to enable rompt action of executive in case of insurrection, riot, and other causes. Oath of office pub- Taly taken March 5, 1877, same being administered by Chief Justice Waite. XXIV. James ABRAM GARFIELD, on eastern portico of the Capitol, Friday, March 4, 1881. Oath administered by Chief Justice Waite. CHESTER ALLEN ARTHUR, at his residence, 123 Lexington Avenue, New York, 2 A. M., Tuesday, September 20, 1881, the oath being administered by Hon. Jno. R. Brady, a Justice of the New York Supreme Court, N.Y. The oath was repeated in the Vice-President’s Room at the Capitol, Washington, September 22, 1881; administered by Chief Justice Waite. XV. Grover CLEVELAND, on the eastern portico of the Capitol, Wednesday, March 4, 1885; oath administered by Chief Justice Waite. XXVI. Benyamin Harrison, on eastern portico of the Capitol, Monday, March 4, 18893 oath administered by Chief Justice Fuller. THE CABINET. The Cabinet as now constituted was not contemplated by the Constitution. ARTICLE II., Section 2, authorizes the President to ‘‘ require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices.” Washington originated the practice of consulting all the heads of depart- ments on important measures, and by later Presidents they have generally been convened for joint consultation, until cabinet meetings to determine the course of the administration have come to be expected as a matter of course, so that from being merely heads of departments the members are now recognized as an essential part of the executive branch, under certain contingencies the office of President devolving upon one of their number. (See Page 266.) (The Confederate constitution granted each Cabinet officer a seat‘in either House, with the right of debate in any measure relating to his department. Arr I., Sec. 6 (Page 215).] ‘The word Cabinet is of French origin, being the diminutive of cadéze, a small room. Its present adaptation is from the English with whom it originated in the time of George 1. He was ignorant of the English language, therefore could take no part in the deliberations of his Privy Council. His Ministers consulted in his absence in the private room of the King, or his Cabinet, subsequently informing him of the result; so that that portion of the Privy Council supposed to possess more pace the confidence of the Sovereign was spoken of as the Cabinet Council. In England to-day the Cabinet is unknown to the law; the names of its members are never officially announced to the public; no record kept of its meetings and reso- lutions; its members sworn to secrecy, which is preserved inviolate after retirement from office. The Cabinet has never been recognized by an Act of Parliament. The Cabinet is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and removed at pleasure. fe The restriction concerning trade is confined to the office of Secretary of the Treasury, First Comptroller and First Auditor of the Treasury, the Treasurer, and the Register of the Treasury. STATE. Department of State, by act of Congress, July 27, 1789, which act dominated it as the Depart- ment of Foreign Affairs; principal officer, Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs. Act of September 15, 1789, changed the name to Department of State; principal officer, Secretary of State. Dutigs. Secretary should perform and execute such duties as should from time to time be enjoined or intrusted to him by the President of the United States, agreeable to the Constitu- tion, relative to correspondence, commissions or instructions to or with public ministers and consuls of the United States, or to negotiations with public ministers from foreign States or princes or to memorials or other applications from foreign public ministers or other foreigners to such other matters respecting foreign affairs as the President should assign to the Depart- ment, the business thereof to be conducted in such manner as the President should from time to time order. The receipt and publication of the laws passed by Congress and_to affix the seal of th United States to civil communications. He is the Custodian of the Seal of the U.S. He is the Custodian of the treaties made with foreign states and of the laws of the United States; grants and issues passports; publishes the laws and resolutions of Congress, amendments to the Constitution, and proclamations declaring the admission of new States into the Union. DeparTMENTS. Diplomatic Bureau. Consular Bureau. Indexes and‘Archives. Bureau U.S. PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS. 275 of Accounts. [Ambassadors, Legatees or Nuncios; Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Pleni- ny Ministers Resident; Diplomatic Ministers; Consul-General, Consuls and Vice- Consuls, Chargé d’affaires, Commercial Agents. } WAR. a eee of War, by act of Congress, August 7, 1789; principal officer, Secretary of ar. Dutigs. As enjoined or intrusted to him by the President relative to military commis- sions, the military tosces, the warlike stores of the United States and other matters respecting military affairs, and to conduct under the direction of the President the business of the War Department. equired to provide for taking of meteorlogical observations at various places; arrange the course of studies at the Military Academy; supervision of the national cemeteries; pier and crib construction on Mississippi River; management of Louisville and Portland Canal; remove vessels obstructing navigation. DeparTMENTS. Adjutant General’s office, Inspector General, Quartermaster General, Commissary General, Paymaster General, Surgeon General, Chief of Engineers of the Army, Chief of Ordnance, Bureau Military Justice, Signal Office. TREASURY. Treasury Department established by act of Congress, first session of Congress under the Constitution, September 2, 1789, principal officer, Secretary of the Treasury, and additional officials; a Comptroller, an Auditor, a Treasurer, a Register and an Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury. [Act of Congress, May 8, 1792, abolished the office Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, in its stead creating office of Commissioner of the Revenue. Act of Congress, April 6, 1802, office of Commissioner of the Revenue abolished. Act of Congress, July 24, 1813, re-established office of Commissioner of the Revenue. Act of Congress, December 23, 1817, office of Commissioner of the Revenue abolished. Act of Congress, April 25, 1812, established the General Land Office, creating the office of Commissioner of the General Land Office, transferring the land duties from the State Depart- ment to the Treasury.] Duties. Manages the national finances; prepares plans for the improvement of the rev- enue and for the support of the public credit; to prescribe the forms of keeping and rendering ‘public accounts; grants all warrants for moneys drawn from the Treasury in pursuance of ap- propriations made by Congress; to report to the Senate and House in person or in writing, information required by them appertaining to his office, and to perform all duties relative to the finances that he shall be directed to perform; order the collection, deposit, transfer, safe-keep- ing, and disbursement of the revenue, direct the auditing and settling the accounts thereof. He controls the construction of public buildings; coinage and printing of money; collection of statistics; administration of the coast and geodetic survey, life-saving, light-house, revenue cutter, steamboat inspection, and marine hospital branches of the public service. Bureaus. First Auditor, September 2, 1789; Second Auditor, March 3, 1817; Third Auditor, March 3, 1817, in lieu of Accountant of War Department created act of Congress, May 8, 1792; Fourth Auditor and Fifth Auditor, March 3, 1817; Sixth Auditor, July 2, 1836; Treasurer, First Comptroller, Register, September 2, 1789; Second Comptroller, March 3, 1817; Commissioner of Internal Revenue, July 1, 1862; Statistics; Office of Supervising Architect ; Commissioner of the Customs, Collectors of Customs. Naval office and Survey- ors; Weighers, Measurers and Gaugers; Revenue Marine Corps; Office of Light House Board; Coast and Geodetic Survey, February ro, 1807; Bureau of the Mint and Coinage, Weights and Measures; Supervising and Surgeon-General of Marine Hospital; Life Savmg Service; Supervising Inspecting General of Steam Vessels; Engraving and Printing; Secret Service and the Division of Captured and Abandoned property, lands, etc.; Special Agents Division; National Board of Health, March 3, 1789. NAVY. Navy Department by act of Congress, April 30, 1798 (practical operation in June, 1798; its duties previously controlled by the War Department); principal officer, Secretary of the Navy. Duties. To provide Naval Stores and materials for the construction, manning, armament, equipment and employment of vessels of war and all other matters connected with the naval establishment. Bureaus. Yards and Docks; Equipment and Recruiting; Navigation; Ordnance; Con- struction and Repairs; Provisions and Clothing; Medicine and Surgery; Steam Engineers. POST-OFFICE. Post-office Department, temporarily, by act of Congress, September 22, 1789, permanently, May 8, 1794; principal officer; Postmaster-General; the Postmaster-General, was a sub-officer ‘of the Treasury Department, and was not considered a Cabinet officer until invited by Presi- dent Jackson to Cabinet meetings in 1829. 376 PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS. U.S. Duttes. To establish and discontinue post-offices, to superintend generally the business of the Department, and execute all laws relating to the postal service. He appoints all post- masters, not exceeding $1,000 per annum in salary, the President appointing all others. Divisions. Three Assistant Postmaster-Generals, Assistant Attorney-General. (See Department of Justice.) JUSTICE. Department of Justice, established by Act of Congress, June 22, 1820; principal officer, Attorney-General Duties. Gives his advice and opinions upon questions of law, when required by the President and also when required by the head of any Executive Department as to the questions of law arising upon the administration of his Department. Conduct and argue suits and writs of error and appeals in the Supreme Court, and suits in the Court of Claims in which the United States Government is interested, and also in any of the United States Courts when deemed necessary. DEPARTMENTS. Three Assistant Attorney-Generals; Solicitor General; Solicitor of In- ternal Revenue; Solicitor of the Treasury; Assistant Solicitor of the Treasury; Examiner of Claims for the Department of States; Assistant Attorney-General for the Postoffice Department. INTERIOR. Department of the Interior, established by Act of Congress, March 3, 1849; principal officer, Secretary of the Interior. Dutizs. Supervision of public business relating to the public lands including mines, the Indians; pension and bounty lands ; patents for inventions; custody and distribution of public documents; education; railroads; the public surveys; the census, when directed by law; Government Hospital for the Insane; Columbia Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb; and certain owers and duties in relation to the Territories of the United States; exclusive control of Yel- Towpstorie Park. The Commissioner of Labor is to acquire and diffuse among the people use- ful information connected with labor; its relation to capital; hours; earnings; the different elements of cost in producing articles; report the effect of customs laws upon the currency and the condition of the leading industries. The Inter-State Commission appointed under an “act to regulate commerce ”’ to inquire into the management of the business of all common carriers sul pet to the provisions of the act. These are all which are ‘‘ engaged in the trans- portation of passengers or property wholly by railroad, or partly by railroad and partly by water when both are used, under a common control, management, or arrangement, br a con- tinuous carriage or shipment, from one State or Territory of the United States, or the District of Columbia, to any other State or Territory of the United States, or the District of Columbia, or from any place in the United States to an adjacent foreign country, or from any place in the United States through a foreign country to any other place in the United States, and also in the transportation in like manner of property shipped from any place in the United States to a foreign country and carried from such place to a port of trans-shipment, or shipped from a foreign country to any place in the United States and carried to such place from a port of entry either in the United States or an adjacent foreign country.”’ It is given power to call for reports; to require the attendance of witnesses and the production of books and papers ; to hear complaints made against any such carrier of a violation of the act, and to determine what reparation shall be made to a party wronged; to institute inquiries on its own motion or at the request of State Railroad Commissions, and to report thereon; and it is required to make an annual report to the Secretary of the Interior, to be by him transmitted to Congress. It is also empowered in special cases to authorize any such common carrier to charge less for a longer distance than for a shorter over the same line, and to prescribe the extent to which the carrier may be relieved from the ‘long and short haul clause”? of said act. DEPARTMENTS. General Land Office, created April 25, 1812, in the Treasury Department; Patent Office; Indian Office, July 9, 1832; U.S. Pension Office, established in the War De- partment, March 12, 1833, transferred March 3, 1849; Census Office ; Slave Trade Tribunals; Bureau of Education, March 2, 1867; Auditor of Railroad Accounts, June 19, 1878; Archi- tect of the Capitol; Geological Survey, March 3, 1879; Entomological Commission, March 3, 1877; Officers of the District of Columbia. Bureau of Labor, June 27, 1884, afterwards June 13, 1888, created the Department of Labor. Interstate Commerce Commission, Feb- ruary 4, 1887. : AGRICULTURE. Department of Agriculture established by Act of Congress, February 11, 1889, principal officer, Secretary of Agriculture. : . Duties. To collect and diffuse useful information on subjects connected with agriculture ; acquire and preserve all information by means of books and correspondence ; by practical and scientific experiments; collection of statistics, collect new and valuable seeds and plants; cul- tivate and propagate such as may require a test, or be worthy of propagation, and distribute among agriculturists. ' ; : DEPARTMENTS. _ Statistician 3 Me cracleeiets Botanist; Chemist; Microscopist ; Propaga- ting and Seed Division; Bureau of Animal Industry; Forestry and Ornithological Division Office of Experiment, U.S. PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS. Qr7 PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS. m4 ee presipenr |BES| 2 SECRETARY OF STATE eS 3 AME £ 5 = <4 NAME STATE APPOINTED i) Washington. . 1 1 |Thomas Jefferson....../Virginia .......|/Sept. 26,1789; = 1 Washington.. 2 g |Thomas Jetferson....../Virginia......./Mch. 4, 1793]...... Washington . 2 ¢ |Edmund Randolph...../Virginia.......|Jan. 2, 1794) 2 Washington. . 2 g |Timothy Pickering..... Massachusetts. .|Dec. 10,1795] 3 Adams....... Be hese Timothy Pickering..... Massachusetts..|Mch. 4, 1797]...... Adams.......| 3 |eeeee John Marshall........./Virginia ......./May 18,1800] 4 Jefferson..... 4 1 |James Madison........}Virginia....... Mch. 5,1801) 5 Jefferson..... 5 2 |James Madison......../Wirginia ....... Mch. 4, 1805]...... Madison . 6 1 |Robert Smith........../Maryland...... Mch. 6,1809} 6 Madison 6 1 |James Monroe........./Virginia....... Aprii2,1811} 7 Madison . ey 2 |James Monroe....... ».|Virginia ....... ch, 4, 1813}...... Monroe...... 8 1 /Jno. Quincy Adams....|/Massachusetts..|Mch. 5,1717|- 8 Monroe...... 9 2 |Jno. Quincy Adam -|Massachusetts..|Mch. 5, 1821]...... Adams.....-.} 10 |.....{|Henry Clay.... -|Kentucky ......|Mch. 7, 1825} 9 Jackson ..... 11 1 |Martin Van Bu -|New York.....}/Mch. 6,1829] 10 Jackson ...../ 11 1 |Edward Livingston....|/Louisiana...... May 24,1831) 11 Jackson .....| 12 2 {Louis McLane.........|Delaware -..... May 29,1833} 12 Jackson .**++| 12 2 |John Forsyth.. --|Georgia........ June 27,1834) 13 Van Buren...| 13 |...../John Forsyth.. : Georgia.... -.--|Mch. 4, 1887]...... Harrison.....| 14 |...../Daniel Webster -|Massachusetts..|Mch. 5, 1841] 14 Tyler........; 14 |....- Daniel Webster -.-|Massachusetts..|April 6, 1841]...... Tyler........| 14 |...../Hugh S. Legaré.. --|South Carolina. |May 9, 1843] 15 Tyler.. : 14 |...../Abel P. Upshur......../Virginia ....... July 24,1843) 16 Tyler .. 14 |...../John Nelson (acting)..|........e.eeeuee Feb. 29,1844|...... Tyler. 14 |.....|John C. Calhoun....... South Carolina.|Mch. 6, 1844] 17 Polk . eidial|| LOR iS cies James Buchanan. -|Pennsylvania...|Mch. 6, 1845] 18 Taylor...... -| 16 |...../John M. Clayton. -|Delaware ....../Mch. 7, 1849] 19 -|Massachusetts..|July 22, 1850}...... Fillmore .....| 16 |...../Daniel Webster.. -|Massachusetts..|Dec. 6, 1852) 20 Fillmore.....| 16 |.....|Edward Everett.. Pierce.... 17 William L. Marcy....../New York...../Mch. 7, 1853! 21 Buchanan 18 -|Lewis Cuss...... -|Michigan ...... Mch. 6, 1857| 22 Buchanan 18 Jeremiah §. Black.....|Pennsylvania...|Dec.17, 1860] 23 Lincoln 19 William H. Seward New York. Mch. 5, 1861| 24 Lincoln 20 William H. Seward..../New York. Mch. 4, 1865]...... Johnson.. 20 |...../William H. Seward..../New York.....|Aprill5,1865]...... Grant .. QI clecatees Elihu B. Washburne...|Illinois......... ch. 5, 1869} 25 Grant... 21 1 |Hamilton Fish -|New York...../Mch.11,1869] 26 Grant... 22 2 |Hamilton Fish..... Mcb. 4, 1873]...... Hayes.. OS Ilsa William M. Evarts. «-|Mch.12,1877} 27 Garfield 24 |...../James G. Blaine Maine.......... Mch. 5, 1881] 28 Arthur ......) 24 .F. T. Frelinghuysen.../New Jersey....|Dec. 12,1881] 29 -Cleveland....} 25 -|Thomas F. Bayard..... Delaware ...... Mch. 6, 1885) 30 Harrison..... James G. Blaine... Maine... --|Mch. 5, 1889]..... 5 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY Washington. . 1 Alexander Hamilton....|New York..... Sept.11,1789| 1 Washington..| 2 2 |Alexander Iamilton..../.New York..... Mch. 4,1793].....- Washington..| 2 2 |Oliver Wolcott......... Connecticut..../Feb. 2, 1795} 2 Adams....... 3 |... ./Oliver Wolcott......... Connecticut ....|Mch. 4, 1797|...... Adams.. BN vesezate Samuel Dexter......... Massachusetts..|Jan. 1,1801] 3 Jefferson.. 4 1 |Samuel Dexter......... Massachusetts..|Mch. 4, 1801]...... Jefferson.. 4 1 |Albert Gallatin........./Pennsylvania...|May 14,1801} 4 Jefferson.. 5 2 |Albert Gallatin..... «+.-/Pennsylvania...|]Mch. 4, 1805].. ,.. Madison 6 1 |Albert Gallatin. Pennsylvania...|Mch. 4, 1809}.... . Madison 6 2 |Albert Gallatin... Pennsylvania. .-|Mch. 4, 1818]...... Madison 7 2 |George W. Campbell...|Tennessee.. Feb. 9, 1814} 5 Madison. 7 2 [Alexander J. Dallas..../Pennsylvania...|Oct. 6, 1814| 6 Madison . 7 2 |William Tl. Crawford ..|Georgia .. Oct. 22,1816] 7 onroe- 8 L |William H. Crawford ..)Georgia.. «-|Mch. 5, 1817|.... « Monroe.....-| 9 2 {William H. Crawford ..|Georgia..... Mech. 5,1821]..... Adams......-l 10 |...../Richard Rush.........- Pennsylvania...i\Mch.7,1825| 8 278 PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS. PRESIDENT Taylor.....-. Fillmore...... Buchanan.... Buchanan.... Buchanan.... Lincoln ...... ‘Lincoln Hayes... Sces Garfield Arthur .. Cleveland.... Cleveland.... Harrison..... ADMIN- ISTRA- TION ee & | Secretary of the Treasury (continued) |#28 | S ee NAME STATE APPOINTED |Z" 8 1 |Samuel D. Ingham..... Pennsylvania...|/Mch. 6, 1829] 9 1 |Louis McLane..... -|Delaware.. -|Aug. 2, 1831} 10 2 |Louis McLane. «|Mch. 4, 1833]...... 2 |William J. Duane. -|May 29,1833) 11 2 |Roger B. Taney... -|Sept.23,1833] 12 2 |Levi Woodbury......--|N. Hampshire..|June27, 1834) 13 wists Levi Woodbury....-...|N. Hampshire../Mch. 4, 1837]...... -.../Thomas Ewing.........|Ohio... --|Mch. 5, 1841) 14 ..-/Thomas Ewing....-....|Ohi -.-|April 6, 1841)...... eee Walter Forward........|Pennsylvania...|Sept.13,1841) 15 ceistas John C. Spencer..-.----|New York.....|Mch. 3, 1843] 16 sais sG George M. Bibb......../Kentucky ....../Junel5, 1844} 17 cera Robert J. Walker...-..|Mississippi -|Mch. 6, 1845} 18 -+++.(William M. Meredith...|Pennsylvania...|Mch. 8,1849] 19 «++e-/Thomas Corwin......../Ohio....... -|July 23, 1850} 20 eiereisi James Guthrie......... -|Mch. 7, 1853] 21 -+++-|Howell Cobb........... -|Mch. 6, 1857] 22 -+++./Philip F._ Thomas. -|Dec.12, 1860] 28 -.-+.(John A. Dix...-.- Jan.11,1861| 24 1 |Salmon P. Chase.......- -|Mch. 7, 1861} 25 1 |William P. Fessenden.. -|July 1, 1864] 26 2 |Hugh McCulloch.......|I -|Mch. 7, 1865] 27 lecotals Hugh McCulloch....... -|Apr.15, 1865}...... 1 |George S. Boutwell.... -|Mch.11,1869] 28 1 |William A. Richardson Mch.17,1873) 29 2 |Benj. H. Bristow -|June 4, 1874) 30 2 |Lot M. Morrill.. -|July 7, 1876) 31 +»-+-{John Sherman.....-..-.- ei ch. 8, 1877) 32 siecle William Windom....... -.»|/Mch. 5, 1881] 33 ..+.{Charles J. Folger...... ..-|Oct. 27,1881] 34 secre Walter Q. Gresham....|Indiana.. -|Sept.24,1884| 35 ++++{Hugh McCulloch....../Indiana .. -|Oct. 28, 1884) 36 aisisihe Daniel Manning.....-..|New York...../Mch. 6, 1885} 37 ateiere Charles S. Fairchild...|New York.....|April 1, 1887] 38 .»|William Windom....../Minnesota.. aye arate ale enesenscece seen ate weeeee nee -|Mch. 5, 1889 RETARY OF THE INTERIOR Taylor .....-- 16 |.....|Thomas Ewing.....-.-|Ohio.......-..-. Mch. 8, 1849] 1 Fillmore......| 16 |..... James A. Pearce......+ Maryland ......|July 20, 1850]...... Fillmore......| 16 |... Thomas M. T.M’Kernon|Pennsylvania .-|Aug.15,1850} 2 Fillmore......| 16 -.-|Alexander JI. H. Stuart|/Virginia ......./Sept.12,1850} 3 Pierce ......- TT leases: Robert McClelland..... Michigan... Mch. 7, 1853) 4 Buchanan....| 18 --|Jacob Thompson......- Mississippi. Mch. 6,1857; 5 Lincoln......| 19 Caleb B. Smith........ Indiana......../Mch. 5, 1861} 6 Lincoln ...... 19 John P. Usher........- Indiana.... Jan. 8, 1863} 7 Lincoln ...... 20 Indiana......../Mch. 4, 1865]...... Johnson .. 20 2 -|Apr.15, 1865]...... Johnson . 20 ay 15,1865) 8 Johnson 20 -|July 27,1866] 9 Grant.. 21 Mch. 5, 1869} 10 Grant.....-..| 21 Columbus Delano . Nov. 1, 1870} 11 Grant....-...| 22 2 |Columbus Delano ...... Mch. 4, 1873]...... Gravt.....-..| 22 |...../Zachariah Chandler..../Michigan ....../Oct. 19,1875] 12 Hayes........| 23 |.....|Carl Schurz.....-... «+ {Missouri ......-/Mch.12,1877| 13 Garfield......| 24 .--./Samuel J. Kirkwood...|Iowa ........../Mch. 5, 1881} 14 Arthur ......| 24 |...../Henry M. Teller......./Colorado......./April 6,1882] 15 Cleveland. 25 |...../Lucius Q. C. Lamar....|Louisiana......|Mch. 6, 1885} 16 Cleveland....| 25 |... William F. Vilas......- Wisconsin....../Jan. 16,1888] 17 Harrison.....| 26 |..... John W. Noble. --.|Missouri ....... 18 Mch. 5, 1889 U.S. PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS. 279 Aa z| # m wa & presient |= & § z SECRETARY OF WAR | 3 a AnH a pee <7 NAME STATE APPOINTED |Z 9 Washington..| 1 1 |Henry Knox..........-|Massachusetts..|Sept.12,1789| 1 Washington. . 2 2 |Henry Knox.... -|Massachusetts..|Mch. 4, 1798]...... Washington. . 2 2 |Timothy Pickering -|Massachusetts..|Jan. 2, 1795] 2 Washington..| 2 2 |James McHenry.. a Jan. 27,1796] 3 Adams....... 3 |.....[/James McHenr: . Mch. 4,1797]...... Adams... Bo loses Jobn Marshall. .|Virginia .......|/May 7, 1800) 4 Adams... 3° (eewes Samuel Dexter -|Massachusetts..|May 18,1800] 5 Adums....... Bi. llecsiaveve Roger Griswold........ Connecticut ..../Feb. 3, 1801] 6 Jefferson.....| 4 1 jHenry Dearborn ......./Massachusetts../Mch, 5,1801] 7 Jefferson..... 5 2 jHenry Dearborn ......2|Massachusetts..|Mch. 4, 1805]...... Madison..... 6 1 |William Eustis........./Massachusetts..|Mch. 7,1809] 8 Madison..... 6 1 |John Armstrong .....-/New York.....|Jan.13, 1813} 9 Madison ..... ri 2 |John Armstrong ......-|New York.....|Mch. 4, 1813]...... Madison. ...| 7 2 |James Monroe........- Virginia .......|Sept.27,1814| 10 Madison .....} 7 2 |William H. Crawford.../Georgia........|Aug. 1, 1815] 11 Monroe....... 8 1 |Isaac Shelby...... +-+++/Kentucky ......|Mch. 5, 1817) 12 8 1 |George Graham (ad.in.)/ Virginia .......|April7, 1817|...... et 8 1 |John C. Calhoun......../South Carolina./Oct. 8, 1817) 13 Monroe... .. 9 2 |John C. Calhoun.....-./South Carolina./Mch. 5,1821)...... Adams.......| 10 |...../James Barbour........|Virginia .......|Mch. 7, 1825) 14 Adams... 10 |.....|Peter B. Porter... -\New York...../May 26,1828] 15 dackson.. 11 1 |John H. Eaton. -|Mch. 9, 1829] 16 Jackson 11 1 |Lewis Cass.... -jAug. 1, 1831] 17 Jackson 12 2 |Lewis Cass.. -|Mch. 4, 1833]...... Jackson.... 12 2 |Benjamin F. Mch. 3, 1837) 18 VanBuren....| 13 |.... |Joel R. Poinsett Mch. 7, 1837} 19 Harrison.....| 14 ..+-(John Bell Mch. 5, 1841) 20 Tyler......-.| 14 |...../John Bell.. -| April 6, 1841)..... i Tyler........] 14 -«. |John McLean.........«/Ohio...... -|Sept.13,1841|...... Tyler ....- wee] 14 «(John C. Spencer......+-|New York...../Oct. 12,1841] 21 Tyler ........) 14 ...-|James M, Porter eu hate »|Pennsylvania...|Mch. 8, 1843} 22 Tyler ......2.) It |..... William Wilkins .....-|Pennsylvania.../Feb.15, 1844| 23 Polk.....-..-| 15 --/William L. Marcy.....- New York..... Mch. 5, 1845) 24 Taylor.....- Bee ag ere George W. Crawtord...|Georgia.... Mch. 6, 1849) 25 Fillmore.....| 16 |..... Edmund Bates......... Missouri.......{July 20,1850]...... Fillmore.....| 16 |...../Charles M. Conrad.....|Louisiana ......|/Aug.15,1850} 26 Prert@ussiccael 1 [scene Jefierson Davis........|Mississippi ..-./Mch. 5, 1853 Buchanan....| 18 .-|John B. Flovd....---.+|Virginia. .«..../Mch. 6, 1857 Buchanan....| 18 -.|Joseph Holt..... Kentucky....../Jan. 18, 1861 Lincoln ...... 19 1 |Simon Cameron.......-/Pennsylvania...|Mch. 5, 1861 Lincoln .. 19 1 |Edwin M. Stanton....../Ohio............|Jan. 15, 1862 Lincoln .. 20 2 |Edwin M. Stanton...... -|Mch. 4, 1865 Johnson. . 20 |.....|Edwin M. Stanton....../Ohio...... -|Apr. 15,1865 Johnson. . 20 ».{U. S. Grant (a1. in.).. ./Illinois. -|Aug.12,1867 Johnson. 20 Lorenzo Thomas(ad.in.)|........ -|Feb.21, 1868}... Johnson 20 -|John M. Schofield. -|May 28, 1868 Grant.. 21 John A. Rawlins.. Mch.11,1869 Grant. 21 William T. Sherman... -|Sept. 9, 1869 Grant. 21 William W. Belknap... Oct. 25, 1869 Grant .......- 22 William W. Belknap... Mch. 4, 1878]...... Grant ......55 22 Alphonso Tatt.......... Ohio.......++0+.|Mch. 8, 1876} 36 Grant .....65- 22 James D. Cameron..... Pennsylvania. ..|May 22,1876] 37 Hayes........[ 23 -.-|George W. McCrary....|Iowa.....-+ -|Mch.12,1877| 38 Hayes........ 23 ---|Alexander Ramsey..... -|Dec.10, 1879] 39 Garfield......| 24 |.-.-.|/Robert T. Lincoln...... -|Mch. 5, 1881] 40 Arthur.......| 24 |...../Robert T. Lincoln...... --|Sept.21,1881)...... Cleveland....| 25 |...../William C. Endicott..../Massachusetts..|Mch. 6, 1885} 41 Harrison.....) 26 |...../Redfield Proctor....... Vermont. ...../Mch. 5, 1889] 42 280 PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS. e wn PRESIDENT Adams. Adams. Jefferson. Jefferson. Jefferson. Jefferson. Madison.. Madison. Madison.. Madison.. Monroe... Monroe... Monroe.. Jackson... Van Buren... Van Buren... Pierce ... Buchanan Lincoln Lincoln .. Johnson Grant Hayes.......+ Hayes.,...... Garfield Arthur Cleveland.... Harrison ADMIN- ISTRA- TION OOOGDONNWGAAOMOP wo ake fe SECRETARY OF THE NAVY a 3 g a me ia} NAME STATE APPOINTED is S -|George Cabot...-....-. Massachusetts..|May 3, 1798} 1 Benjamin Stoddert -|Maryland .|May 21,1798] 2 Benjamin Stoddert.....|Maryland -|Mch. 4, 1801]...... 1 |Robert Smith -|Maryland -|July 15,1801] 3 2 |Robert Smith... -|Maryland -|Jan. 26, 1802)...... 2 |J. Crowninshield -|Massachusetts..|Mch. 4, 1805] 4 1 {Paul Hamilton......... South Carolina.|Mch. 7, 1809} 5 1 |William Jones.. -|Pennsylvania...|Jan. 12,1818] 6 2 |William Jones......... Pennsylvania...|Mch. 4, 1813]...... 2 |B. W. Crowninshield...|Massachusetts..;Dec.19, 1814] 7 1 |B. W. Crowninshield...|/Massachusetts..|/Mch. 4, 1817|...... 1 |Smith Thompson....... (New York..... Nov. 9, 1818} 8 2 |Smith Thompson....... New York...../Mch. 5, 1821]...... 2 |*Jobn Rodgers.....-..Jeseeesecesceeees Sept. 1, 1823} 9 2 |Samuel L. Southard..../New Jersey... .|Sept.16,1823} 10 ...-./Samuel L. Southard....|New Jersey....|Mch. 4, 1825]...... 1 |John Branch...........|North Carolina.|Mch. 9, 1829} 11 1 |Levi Woodbury. -..|N. Hampshire..|May 28,1831] 12 2 |Levi Woodbury........ IN. Hampshire..|Mch. 4, 1833]...... 2 -|Mahlon Dickerson...../New Jersey... .|June 30,1834] 13 ---|Mahlon Dickerson..... Y Mch. 4, 1837|.....- -|James K. Paulding.....|New York..... June 25,1838) 14 George E. Badger..... North Carolina.|Mch. 5, 1841] 15 3 Sire E. Badger......|North Carolina.|April6, 1841]...... .|Abel P. Upshur... .| Virginia ......./Sept.13,1841] 16 -|David Henshaw. -|Massachusetts..|July 24,1843) 17 Thomas W. Gilmer. inia ......./Feb. 15,1844) 18 John Y. Mason Virginia..... Mch.14,1844) 19 George Bancro: -+-|Massachusetts..|Mch.10,1845| 20 John Y. Masoui......- .-|Virginia ... Sept.9, 1846/...... -|William B. Preston ..../Virginia....... Mch. 8, 1849| 21 William A. Graham....|/North Carolina. |July 22,1850] 22 Cadet John P. Kennedy......./Maryland.......|July 22,1852] 23 -++|James C. Dobbin.......|/North Carolina.|Mch. 7, 1853] 24 erin Isaac Toucey.... -|Connecticut ....;Mch.6, 1857] 25 1 {Gideon Welles. -|Connecticut ....|Mch. 5, 1861] 26 2 |Gideon Welles. .|Connecticut ....|Mch. 4, 1865]...... ...--/Gideon Welles. -|Connecticut....|Apr.15, 1865]...... 1 |Adolph E. Borie......./Pennsylvania...|Mch.5, 1869] 27 1 |George M. Robeson....|New Jersey... .|June 25,1869} 28 2 |George M. Robeson....|New Jersey....|Mch. 4, 1873|...... oaeate Richard W. Thompson. |Indiana ........|Mch.12,1877| 29 sisibieie Nathan Goff, Jr........|West Virginia. ./Jan. 6, 1881) 30 < bielot William H. Hunt.......|Louisiana....../Mch.5, 1881] 31 a eae William E. Chandler...|N. Hampshire..|April 1,1882} 32 ----|William C. Whitney.../New York..... Mch. 6, 1885] 33 -- {Benjamin F. Tracy..... New York..... Mch. 5, 1889] 34 RETARY OF AGRICULTURE Cleveland.... Harrison Norman J. Coleman.... Jeremiah M. Rusk Missouri..... E Wisconsin we * Prest. Navy Com. U.S. PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS. 281 Z< 8 present |325| 3 POSTMASTER - GENERAL * EEE : 5 , g aah) & NAME STATE APPOINTED |Z Washington..| 1 1 {Samuel Osgood Massachusetts..|Sept.26,1789/ 1 Washington..| 1 1 /|Timothy Pickering.....|Massachusetts..|Aug.12,1791| - 2 Washington..| 2 2 |Timotliy Pickering...../Massachusetts..|Mar. 4, 1793]..... . Washington..| 2 2 |Joseph Habersham....|Georgia........ Feb. 25,1795} 3 Adams.......| 3 Joseph Tabersham....|Georgia. -+-(Mar. 4, 1797]...... Jefferson. 4 Joseph Tabersham....|Georgia. Mar. 4, 1801]...... Jefferson. 4 Gideon Granger....... -|Connecticut ..../Nov. 28,1801] 4 defferson..... 5 Gideon Granger......../Connecticut....|Muar. 4, 1803]. ..... Madison ..... 6 Gideon Granger........ --|Mar. 4, 1809]...... Madison.....{ 7 Return J. Meigs, Jr..../Ohio...........6 Mar.17,1814| 5 onroe | 8. Return J. Meigs, Jy... .|Ohi «-.(Mar. 4, 1817]...... Monroe*s+--*] 9 Return J. Meigs, Jr.... .--/Mar. 5, 1821]...... Monroes:++**} 9 John McLean.......... --|Junc 26,1823] 6 Adams.. 10 John McLean.......... --|Mar. 4, 1825]...... Jackson......} 11 William T. Barry...... Kentucky -.....]Mar. 9, 1829} 7 Jackson......| 12 William T. Barry...... Kentucky ....../Mar. 4, 1833]...... Jackson...... 12 Amos Kendall......... Kéatucky . -|May 1, 1835} 8 Van Buren...| 13 Amos Kendall.. -(ISentucky . -|Mar. 4,1887]...... Van Buren...| 13 John M. Niles. -|Connecticut ..../May 25,1840] 9 Harrison. 14 Francis Grang -|New Yor -|Mar. 6, 1841} 10 Tyler .. 14 .{Francis Granger.......;/New York...../April 6, 1841]...... Tyler 14 Charles A. Wickliffe. ./Kentucky......{Sept.13,1841| 11 Polk......-..| 15 |...../Cave Johnson.......... Tennessee . Mar. 6, 1845} 12 Taylor....... 16 |..... Jacob Collamer. ...{/Vermont. -|Mar. 8, 1849] 13 Fillmore......{/ 16 |...../Nathan K. Hall........|New York. July 23,1850} 14 Fillmore......| 16 |..... Samuel D. Hubbard..../Connecticut ....|Aug.31,1852] 15 Pierce........ TT races James Campbell......./Tennessec ....../Mar. 5, 1853} 16 Buchanan....| 18 |..... Aaron V. Brown....... Tennessee ......]Mar. 6,1857| 17 Buchanan....{ 18 |..... Joseph Holt....... -|Kentucky ....../Mar.14,1859] 18 Buchanan....} 18 |...-. Horatio King..... -|Maine........../Feb, 12,1861] 19 Lincoln ...... 19 1 |Montgomery Blair Maryland -|Mar. 5, 1861] 20 Lincoln ...... 19 1 |William Dennison...... Ohio...... -|Sept.24,1864) 21 Lincoln...... 20 2 |William Dennison...... Ohio...... -|Mar. 4, 1865]..... a Johnson...... 20! |leessca William Dennison...... Ohio ....... Apr.15, 1865]...... Jobnson...... 20) sbessveress Alexander W. Randall./Connecticut ....|July 25,1866] 22 GEANbs nesieesr 21 1 |John A. J. Creswell..../Maryland ....../Mar. 5, 1869] 23 Grant. 22 2 |John A. J. Creswell....|/Maryland ......|Mar. 4, 1873]..... . Grant . 22 2 |James W. Marshall....|Virginia .......|July 7, 1874) 24 Grant 22 2 |Marshall Jewell... Connecticut ....|Aug.24,1874} 25 Grant 22 2 |James N. Tyner. -|Indiana.. July 12, 1876} 26 Hayes 23 -|David McK. Key -|Tennessee Mar.12,1877| 27 Hayes.. --| 23 |...../Horace Maynard.. -|Tennessee.. June 2, 1880} 28 Garfield vai] - Debo eedravers Thomas L. James..... -|New York. Mar. 5,1881} 29. Arthur --| 24 |...../Timothy O. lowe... .. Wisconsin.. Dec.20, 1881} 30 Arthur pe Walter Q. Gresham..../Indiana ... April 3, 1883) 31 Arthur......./ 24 |...../Frank Hatton.......... Towa ....++ Oct. 14, 1884) 32 Cleveland....| 25 |..... William F. Vilas......./Wisconsin.. Mar. 6,1885| 33 Cleveland....| 25 |..... Don M. Dickinson.....|/Michigan......./Jan. 16, 1888} 34 Harrison ..-.. -.+--(John Wanamaker....../Pennsylvania.. ATTORNEY - GENERAL. Washington. . 1 1 |Edmund Randolph...../Virginia ....... Sept. 26,1789) 1 Washington..} 2 2 |Edmund Randolph...../Virginia ......./Mar. 4, 1793|...... Washington..| 2 2 |William Bradford......|Pennsylvania ..|Jan. 27,1794) 2 Washington..| 2 2 |Charles Lee.... ...| Virginia ......./Dec. 10,1795) 3 AAMAS cance! SB liwewe Charles Lee.... --.|Virginia ....... Marr 4, 1797].-.... Adams.. a 3 |...../Theophilus Parsons....|/Massachusetts../Feb.20, 1801} 4 Jefferson.....| 4.] 1 |Levi Lincoln... ..-|/Massachusetts../Mar. 5,1801] 5 Jefferson.... 5 2 |Robert Smith........../Maryland...... Mar. 3, 1805} 6 Jefferson.....| 5 2 |John Breckenridge....|/Kentucky ...... Aug. 7, 1805] 7 Jefferson.....| 5 2 |Casar A. Rodney..... -|Delaware ...--+ |Jan. 28,1807} 8 Madison.....| 6 1 |Cesar A. Rodney......|Delaware...-- -|Mar. 4, 1809]...... Madison.....| 6 1 /William Pinkney......./Delaware ....-.}Dec. 11,1811) 9 Madison ..... alt 2 ‘William Pinkney....... Delaware -.-.-+ Mar. 4, 1818!...... * Not a cabinet office until 1829, W.T. Barry the first recognized Postmaster-General, 282 PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS. PRESIDENT Madison Monroe Monroe Monroe ...... Adams....... Jackson Jackson . Jackson ..... Jackson .*+*: Van Buren... Van Buren... Van Buren... Warrison..... Buchanan.... Buchanan Lincoln . Lincoln . Lincoln . Johnson .. Johnson Grant... Grant Arthur Cleveland.... Tlarrison..... ADMIN- ISTRA TION 4 a B 2 1 1 2 Attorney - General (continued) STATE APPOINTED Richard Rush William Wirt William Wirt.. William Wirt.......... John M’P. Berrien..... Roger B. Tancey........ Roger B. Taney.. Benjamin F. Butler.... Benjamin F. Butler.... -/Felix Grundy...... Sasi -|Henry D. Gilpin....... . -|John J. Crittenden..... -|John J. Crittenden..... Hugh §. Legaré........ -|John Nelson....... siete -|John W. Mason......... -|Nathan Clifford ...... . {Isaac Toucey. -|Reverdy Johnson John J. Crittenden..... -|Caleb Cushing. ...... -|Jeremiah S. Black..... Edwin M. Stanton Edward Bates. Titian J. Coffey, James Speed... James Speed... -|James Speed... awe -|Henry Stanbery.......- William M. Evarts..... Ebenezer R. Hoar. Amos T. Ackerman.... George II. Williams.... George H. Williains.... Edwards Pierrepont.... -|Charles Devens........ -|Wayne McVeagh...... -|Benjamin H. Brewster. -|Augustus H. Garland.. +/ William IL. Milier Alphonso Tuatt........../O] Pennsylvania .. Pennsylvania -. Virginia i Feb. 10,1814| May. 4,1817 Nov. 13,1817 Mar. 5, 1821 Mar. 4, 1825 Mar. 9, 1829) Maryland. July 20, 1831 Maryland . Mar. 4, 1833 New York - |Nov. 15,1833} New York -|Mar. 4, 1837 Tennessee. «|July 5, 1838 Pennsylvania ..|Jan. 11, 1840 Kentucky ...---|Mar. 5, 1841 Kentucky...... April 6, 1841 South Carolina. Sopeatit aa Maryland. July 1, 1848 Virginia .. -{Mar. 6, 1845 Maine...... -|Oct. 17, 1846 Connecticut ..-.|June21, 1848 Maryland. -|Mar. 8, 1849 Kentucky ......|July 22, 1850 Massachusctts..|Mar. 7, 1853 -|Pennsylvania .. Ik -|Massachusetts.. Georgia... Oregon.. Oregon.... New York MIO wee weene Massachusetts. . Pennsylvania... Pennsylvania... Arkansuas ... Mar. 6, 1857 Dec.20, 1860 Mar. 5, 1861 June 22,1863 Dec. 2, 1864 Mar. 4, 1865 . | April15,1865 .|Suly 23, 1866 July 15, 1868 Mar. 5, 1869 June 23,1870 .-|Dec.14, 1871 .-|Mar. 4, 1873 .| Apr. 26,1875 .|May 22,1876 Mar.12, 1877 Mar. 5, 1881 Dec. 19, 1881 Mar. 6, 1885 Mar. 5, 1889 aT He ie “35 mit! th —= = THE CAPITOL C. S.A, TICHMOND, VA. ‘ a \ U.S. FAST DAYVS.—INAUGURALS. 2383 Presidential Proclamations Appointing (Extraordinary) ; Fast Days. March 23, 1798, President John Adams appointed Wednesday, Muy 9, 1798, ‘‘as a day of solemn humiliation, fasting and prayer.” Novenber 6, 1814, President Madison, in accordance with a joint resolution of Congress, appointed Thursday, January 12, 1815, as “a day of public humiliation and of fasting and of prayer.” August 12, 1861, President Lincoln, at the request of both Houses of Congress, appointed the last Thursday of the following September ‘‘ as a day of humiliation, prayer and fasting for all the people of the nation.” March 30, 1868, President Lincoln, at the request of the U. S. Senate, set apart Thursday, April 30, 1863, ‘‘as a day of humiliation, fasting and prayer.” ; July 7, 1864, President Lincoln, in accordance with a concurrent resolution of the two Houses of Congress, appointed the first Thaurs- day of the following August ‘‘as a day of humiliation and prayer.” April 25, 1865, President Johnson appointed May 25 ‘as a day of humiliation and mourning,” on account of the assassination of Lincoln. The day was afterward postponed by a second proclamation, April 29, 1865, his attention having been drawn to the fact that May 25 was ‘‘sacred to large numbers of Christians as one of rejoicing for the Ascension of the Saviour,” and he therefore substituted for it Thursday, June 1. September 22, 1881, President Arthur, in connection with the death of Garfield, appointed ‘‘ Monday, the 26th day of September, on which day the remains of our honored and beloved Dead will be consigned to their last resting place on earth, to be observed throughout the United States as a day of humiliation and mourning.” May 25, 1861, Jefferson Davis (at the suggestion of the Confederate States Congress, May 21, 1861). appointed June 13, 1861, a ‘‘ Fast Day ” for religious observance toward evoking Providential assistance ‘to guide and direct our policy, . . . to strengthen our weakness, ys crown our cause with success and secure a speedy, just and honorable peace.” This was the only official legal holiday appointed by the President of the C. S. A. Inaugural Address. The number of words in each address, and number of times the letter I was used. Washington — first term.....--.++ 1{800; 120 | POlK ssciwasoencvedesin eet eas 4,904 18 Washington — second term.......-+ 1384 6] Taylor.... aes -+1,096 18 John Adams.....scscceccccscccees 2,811 13) Fillmore............... No inaugural Jefferson — first term... 19 | Pierce.......ccccessecees - 3,319 25 Jefferson — second term. 16 | Buchanan...............- --2,772 18 Madison — first term........-.265- 11 | Lincoln — first term...... +-8,588 43 Madison — second term......-++-- 4 | Lincoln—second term.........+.-+ 588 1 Monroe — first term..... 2 19 | SONNSOM is veces cae ecenewnceiceeels vee 862 15 Monroe — second term. 26 | Grant — first term..... 1,139 39 J. Q. Adams......+..+ 14} Grant — second term.. 73382 24 Jackson — first term......-..++06+ 11 | Hayes.......e cece eens 2,472 16 Jackson — second term....... -.- 6 | Garfield ...........000- 2,949 10 Van Buren.......eeeccececeeceeee 88] Arthur........ ese eee oeee43l 1 W. H. Harrison. 38 | Cleveland........... --1,688 5 Tyler... cseccacvecercerersenecees 1,643 15] B. Harvison.......-.s..eseeeeeees 4,588 20 PRESIDENTIAL GENEALOGY. U.S. 284 *MOU 0} JOMOL OY}: VpTaTBd pyo 07 puadsa.ttod UUIN[OD azep Ut soiusyg taddu ary, G . soeseeeeeeeslooT Sp anya ULsty AB[pPULT Yoquzg|**-yoog uyoL}*++++''O ‘puog UIION|eEst ‘0% ‘Suny ‘song]s++++ +++ uosttaezy urorefuog|sz} 9 GOSSI ‘F MUP loggT FAN) cee eapwaNT ouNy|AaTIEg papryl LN TMpIEO|LesT ‘gt UAE yes} "~ ++ =puvpaay) raaory|zz GSST ‘F AVIA TEST ‘OG "dag} +++ +++ "*QUOIG BULATV AT] *** *UURITTTAA | * “VA ‘PLOGURATOSsr ‘¢ “WO ‘sonp}** “IMYWY ULLY JeyseD/1Z cies ‘ ISST ‘6 GOS/Igst ‘FAVPL] rt nope: ez} ts oRQy \ Sue Tae [Esl “6T “AON “FES| ss PLYAwy Urv«qy sourepe|os) FZ ISSl F AVIV ALS “FAUT pavyoug erypdog}*: plogray Ny] ste OABaNPd|zzsl ‘F “PO ‘MZ|seAVAZ pavyosg psoyzoyMy/6l] eZ - LIST “F “AUC |6OST WAL] +++ suosdurtg yarurezy]*gooy assap|+++O “WuEswo[g JIOg|Zz8E (12 INAV ‘WwE]** TUNA UosduTTg sossé]Q/BT/ZZ-1z 698T ‘bh AVIV GOST ‘etd y|****qsnougogopy Arepy| +++ -* qoove|: “OCN “YStopey sos ‘6s oCLsAMyL | tees MOsuYyOL AMeApUYy LT) 0% gost ‘ertdy|rogt “F aepe| esse esquegy AouepT| ++ seo, } ae aoe GOST “ZL dag ‘ung|+*+*++++*-upooury weqerqy lot |oz-6r TOSL ‘F AVIA LOST “Fae yT]* sxa0dg yoquzirq|* “SoBe eq ‘rong AUOIG|TELT ‘es Tad y cyeg| tert “uvasyong sateeiet] gt ASST “F ‘LUT eeRT Sp RTL ‘youpusy vauy|ss++ urarefusg|* TT "N ‘USno10qs[[qT|FOST “es “AON Mt aotatg UIEYURLT/ FT] LT SOST F ABATOSSTOT AINE sess pALTAL Oqoy]* ++ TOpURNIENT] AN “TE Fourmang Oost “2 uUp SOMy| sees ++ OLOVATELT PACT | ST] OT OSST‘OL ATM L6FST FETT | tres cOIOG ywaeg]es ss spreqory|s st BA “OD oBuvOlFEAL ‘FSAON ‘song/ stress AopAVY, Areyor7Z Zr) OT GFSL ‘Pb AVIL/GEST SF eT | orc xomyy ouNp| esse paNMINg)"O NOD SimquappoW|CGL1 ‘G “AON “WOT MLO XOUY souveéyTT) et CPL ‘F ‘AVI | LFST ‘9 “dy trees pvaysIOLTy AV seeee ress TOR RAL “09 Ssy9 SoLIVyD|O6LT 6 AVAL UOT] we cewenees 19ST, uo PIOT 71 TESL ‘FAA V LEST SF AUP te gosseg Woqezyq| sss uluefuag]: +++ BA ‘AOpayAO_ SALT °6 “UG “souy]* sUOsLIRyT Lua yy Ur AA 6 FL TPST ‘FAV TALILEST SP ARAL] ot saogy Arey urepRrqy | AN SYooytapuryy|BSlL *g “oq *sanyL]* ss uaIng UA UIRyY|s eL LEST ‘F AVINGZST “FAV AL]* UOSAYOINT yJoquztpg|s* ++ AvLoApUY|'O' NOD Sanquapyoo | LOLT SQL AUP “UNG) tthe tes UOSOUE MaIPUW|, |ZI-IL G2SE “FAB |ecsE “FaUIA| see se PeBIqy|*+++++- uy } elgg Ue JOLT ‘TL AME “yeg]s +++ ++ surepY Lous ayorlg | or GZ8L ‘fF “IVIALILIST “F ARIAT] to samo YJoquzt]* +++ ++ oouadg|e A ‘-o_ puvjatoursa M4 |SSLT ‘83 Tad y cig} ttc seommop, samme eye 6-8 LIST ‘b “AVILI6OST “FUN so AUAUOD OLTTON| totes etsommup] sea ABAUOZ WOg|TELT OX cup cag) tcc tttt uosipeyy soure ely I-9 60ST ‘# -AUpE loge “Pavel eee ee ydropuwy ouep]s +++ raagag|ere RA TeapeglerLLs wady ‘sony|*++++++++-uosaagae semoyyle | oF LOST ‘F AVL LGLT “P “AVP e ss suoyspAog vamesug|*ssss sss uTOp]s+ +s essepy Sooagureag est ‘8% 300 "PAM | TT smepy UYOL|s ¢ LOLI ‘P “ARTA 68AT‘08 “Ady | °° srereoneg {rey ]s aurysnsny { me waain cane ZeLE ‘82 “qoq “Mg| tt UO WUITseAA BIOVH|T | Z-T OL woud uGHLON WaHLVS aOVIdHLYIa ava 3 5 2| 5 HOIdIO JO WUEL SINGUYd Nuod SiNad saad: °| 33 2% 285 PRESIDENTIAL GENEALOGY. U.S. s seeseee x on Kuvqry ‘AlazpweD [einyy "+O ‘puryaaat ‘Alajoutay) MOTA OFT “AUD YOK MON ‘Opis Tear seeeeeeeecessouuag, O[[LAUeaTy “UL ‘prgsundg ‘Arajaurag oSpry AVO “ed “puepeoq AA “UTED [TH prwapooM sees esET CN ‘pxoom0g ‘ArajamIag JOUTAL ovsioinise sieinsltg “er ‘opegng ‘UAT 489I0,7) soe*(ppeysuridg) “Ay ‘o[tAsmory avon et teeeeeeeeeeeeeeees stay, SOT[IAUSEN een ee eeenae "tA ‘puomyporny ‘poo.mAT[OFT “+ O1gQ ‘puag [HON “AN ooytapury ‘Araqauray aseqyt A, oreessuay, ‘a[[TATSUN Trou ‘osvzTULLOET sreeeessepy Sound ‘qomyy uerry4g poomATOFY 07 ‘gcgt = ‘paaaaysues “XN ‘AtaqoulaD ‘aAW pz ATTVUISUIC, seeeeeseope a Gon JaAOURA ‘tatadjyuopy teseeoerBa “og apBUaq Vy ‘o][aQUOTT sseyq Aournd ‘yomyO wepreyug teen e eee eent ag ‘puomnory, ‘faayamag a “RA ‘UOUIOA “IIL +£xojdode pus Is Ayered ur Surjeurut -[nd ‘osvasip sqsLign “nveyiny Aq poeyeulssessy BNSUO} ay} JO Av0UBD teeeeeseeee eseeesigkrarag]: ‘sqjoog Aq poqeurssessy trreeseseeamog orgemmmary } +s TTORULOJS BT} JO UOT} -emargul pues Asdorq ee eeee srseteeesssishTR Ed, { . *xaaay proydéz \ pue snqiou w1ajoyo ROYLIBIP DTUOITO { & *stgTtpouoIq \ YA ‘syoVYV snoypig sesraaay ASIN G teeseeeeeee mOSW see eneeeeeeeeseeseeKgdorq a eee nena een ene stsd[virg| te eseseesegurpap [RANIBNT + eeeeeesesegutpoop [waNgeN teres esepaptEURIp OTUOAT[D seessouTpoap [Ringe NT ‘dnoszo snoouviquiey sth oF deaeeweege a7 Fro Oke “Pp oN ‘qouvtg SuoT ‘uorsqyy ACN ‘l0Sa19907 ‘IAL ulay, ‘ay[[Ausedy cteeee terse i MoqSuryse Sea se agains See peT. fJaqsRouery vee eeeeeerT ONT ‘pxoou0g SRN N RRND RRR EN EE ‘orepng “Ord “yseyy ‘osnoy oA teeeeseseorsssutag, ‘aTAsENy BA ‘puoMry ‘osnoyy paryeg. Od “USB ‘SNOT oT AL nee Reg ge ‘qooysepuryy UdL ‘oT[TAQSBN watt‘osepUIaxL "OA" YSBA SSOISUOD Jo S][VET aaisiets Sado AT: “KID HIOK MON tio teeeee coeepa Sarpadqoyy fe eereerersooewa orpaoqUOy seeee eee esse Ty ‘gourne teeeeeeepa “UONIIA “JI 98ST ‘8T "AON “I TSST‘6L “3dog ‘uopy sesr‘es A[psantqy, SLsT ‘Te AINE “3g Gost ‘el [dy “3vg 89ST ‘T eUNE "UOWL 6981 ‘8 “PO “NT PLST ‘6 “Tey, ‘ung oer ‘6 Amp sony, 6PST ‘GT ounp ‘HT 29ST ‘AL ‘aee HT TP8t ‘fF [dy ‘ung BOS FZAINE's.ANgL, CPST “8 ouNP ‘UNg SPST ‘ES “GAT “UOPT Test ‘p Ang ‘uopT OSBL'8z OUNL “sony, 92st ‘¢ Ate “sony, ozer ‘p Ang sony, 66LT ‘FL “99 “38S PI|9 [gg|-* -wostreEy OTT) LF) ** puepoas[D ST|TT/Og]} "°° * Anqgay ST/e 6b)" ** *PlEgAwyH I ¢ $s seseesakeTy L JOT/9F|** °° Fue g¢)* + Tosutor 82/0 |o¢)"*** Upooury TLOL|¢9|** weueyong ¢ [gplic+++ oosarg 9 JOS)" eLOTaT LAT & [Pol cre: ropsey a lp lepl ce god 0 0 & I9loer es? aaa, $30 |g9]-* ‘wostarepy 62/2 |po| wong ue A 6L|TT|I9|*** “wosyoRe SB]L |Lg/O eswepy 9 |oT/g¢]**** eortu0opT 6ITI}Lg]"** UostIpuyAL % |IT}1g]**suossagoe STiP |Tg]our‘smepy 8 [3 jag WoISurysE aqaiund quaHa asavo Gago ~ NORM aIn{jz aqaid (quapisaulg 80) TOV PRESIDENTIAL GENEALOGY. U.S. 286 “MOT 07 “IBAOT OY} : LVpUITBo plo 0} puocdsatios uUIN[Oo ayep UT sainsg 1addn oy, sspor see eeeawasg, slay “Or sesessoumup + yoLapaa stressor “g Hoqoy SS8L ‘TO Lest‘og suv Zesler “1dv Tesl'sosuy 9Z8T ‘9 “URE OL8I ‘FO SISL‘ZE 22d POST'TZ An L]" *O ‘prorxO “ACN ‘orepng. sea “Eg Saddoding . erlazel ecarersi ay SUB. © Saqyoor YO ‘OW ‘sory 48 tes seeeesuuay, SmqsveyT + C3 ‘uourxeT O ‘ptoyxoO "O° ‘uowunysu A treeeeeee x ONT HIOK MONT tifeeeeeeeeeeeereeegy ULEIITT sere quuUUD teeeeeeeesssone ‘smory 1g veveeeee samo, ‘oT[Tsdeary sees Sy Sa0ySurxaT 00g BIUIABT oITOIVD seeeeeeseoMOS[O,T SIDUBIT Se UOpUIO]T Stary ual *-ydjopny viyjo1ony Qqe A ae Aon'T she eeeeeeeeoeeequaqy Bre tre eeereeratpangopy eZziiq “ppoy Awyy ES8T 03°20 9st ‘Z ounr 6S8I ‘62 ‘20 SSSI‘TT "AON ZS8L ‘0g"20d SPSl'zesny LOBT ‘LT ACW CPST ‘Pb AON ++ UOSLUIVyL + *puvlaaa[g hee MIy ss tosulop sees upooury reeeeteeseeel sporaRulty, eketniers . aGiacee + spoyravonug |store eee] cuueong sete assoploost ‘Zvi * Seve ey ‘ao;durvzy seg: . “TL 'N Ysaoqury +++ -doqaiddy SULIT DUUPIPESL “EL AUN] **** ao1alg prteeeeeeeeloveT fag qogltrttrtrrrs tester settee eee elengees setereeeeeee ye on Cuuqry, sYsoqUPOPT ourpoaryg ‘sxp_l gest ‘st"q2.7 +++ panutory| gent ‘erav teen Goqeans} rs s|eeseeeeeeerey nT Urauton]+ sssramog [RSiqylgzer “¢ ‘qaq} MOU Tes TOUR ANI OBLT “PHL SOD Maaep]s errs] Ls | AM aTLAsMOT WN sop 6 “YMG yavsvA|O18T + + aopART, trees esT20P/SOST HF ‘yWdogluUoT, ‘OLoqvaaagany Awan] sores] sO frets suUAT, ‘ocoqsaa.yanyy]* *SSPIPLYO YVlVG PERL ‘LT “UBelsss+ ss ALOT ross spTAvd|0zst sete Ny rogdonepy ase]: sgees [pent fe ee “KN ‘4910 MAOA MAN these se erautprey erpuplpPer‘ggoune eee sqraqoy OGLL'ZT “AON, . RA SdA0.U aupag| pres [ern el: oUA ‘aaouy avpeg)** seURISMY BNET CISL ‘6s IVIL sorte TAT, saad[g uyoprle,zt‘eg ATae “CON ‘WMOISTLIOT|* Pt /" "9 * "O ‘pusg YAONT “*saummAg UUW /G6LI‘'GS AON |** ‘UOSTIe Ay *SOUULTOL/EBLT “B “ABT * “AN ‘NOOWOPULY] Oo | He fret ON ooysepuryy]**+*(so0H) seoqy yeuurTy/,ogL -qeq|"uorng eA sees smo P]LOLE teen tee ewer eee aee seeeeeelecgeecleegees terres sess ossray fzayoqeNy|*** SpPARqoy Py Ry, “SUN |LOLT “uBp)* +> uOssOUe sre eounysopleurtt ‘daa: eee “sug ‘uoputoTy| Test |oretst ts wees Bug ‘uopuoy|uosuyor suLIeyItD VsmMorT] L6L1°9Z Aine ‘O esuepy ** QOUdTABT| BRAT ACN SMIOK MON se ore]: KN ‘HIOX MONT oUPALIAGIOY) VZITTIOBLL ‘S"QO|**** BOAO sores ssatoglazit‘os Lent |* seeeurjoreg yon] ores sores “RA Spoomoreyy|' ss ppog, At0I0g “sIP_| FELT “79Q}"** UOSTPR PL reese sO P/SPLT ser Oli BA “ODD sopreyo]ssges | 07 UA‘o9 SOIL) *JSOAO T OY] MOIS vyWepL “SIPC |SLLT T ‘UvP)* + MosIayar os UTRITTUAA PRL? 2 ‘AONT* srussupl yjnomsa mM) grers|eterstfessss ss essupy Snowe pA |e rests ees EWG [LesIqy|FOLT ‘oz JO] our smepy uporizezt ‘Avy VA “OD JOY MAN] oct oOnT RA BINQsuUTLA | 88 SIISND VYWOPY "SAT T/GCLT ‘LT “Uvp/uoyZuryse Ay aGHLVa aLva SOVIGHLUIA STUID| SAO dugHA NOHA OL aLva Naud GATIM “TIHO aqaqlvuvn 3 U.S. PRESIDENTS’ SURNAMES. 287 i WIFE DIED DATE {AGE CAUSE WHERE BURIED ‘Washington|Mt. Vernon, Va..|May 22,1802] 71 | Bilious fever... ..-Mt. Vernon, Va.? Adams,Jno.|Quincy, Mass....|Oct. 28,1818] 74 |Fever..........eeeeleeeees Quincy, Mass Jefferson...|Monticello, Va.../Sept. 5, 1782] 34 |Child-birth.........)....Monticello, Va 2 Madison... Ree ane D.C.|July 12,1849] 78 |A, --» Montpelier, Va? Monroe... |Oak Hill, Va...../Sep. 23, 1830} 42 |Fever...--..ceeeeeelen wees Oak Hill, Va Adauns, J.Q Rulney Mass... May 15, 1852) 78 |Decline..........ee[eeeee -Quincy, Mass Jackson ...-|Hermitage, Tenn. |Dec.22, 1828] 61 |Pleurisy ---|-Hermitage, Tenn 4 Van Buren.|Albany, N. Y....|Feb. 5, 1819] 36 |Consumption . Kinderhook, N. Y Harrison...|N. Bend, O ......|Feb. 25,1864) 89 |Age ie oeaseieie - No. Bend, O Tyler .....+ Washington,D. C.|Sep. 10, 1842) 52 | Paralysis ...Cedar Grove, Va Sil *"|Richmond, Va...|July 10,1889) 69 |Congestive chill....]..... Richmond Va OIK wee Bee ete enn eene eens leneccneseee teenlenesenc cece cosnccceslareseenes a eae ew eene . Taylor....../E. Pascagoula, La|Aug.18,1852) 62 |Decline ............ Nr. Louisville, Ky © Fillmore Washington, D. C|Mar. 30,1853) 55 |Suf. water on lungs.|..... -Buffalo, N. Y “**| Buffalo, N. Y...../Aug.11,1881] 65 |Paralysis.........+- ..--Buffalo, N. Y¥° Pierce......|Andover, Mass...|Dec. 2, 1863] 58 |Nervous prostration|..... Concord, N. H Buchanan. .|....cescccscsccccelasscenncsees siajeta)| diate ereierays siete ateteie a oreee: [sis dtatece’s © at Gaeta 7 Lincoln. ..|Springfield, Ill....|July 16,1862] 64 |Paralysis... Springfield, Il Johnson. ome., Tenn. Jan. 15, 1876] 66 |Consumptio Greenville, Tenn 3 ont, O 56 |Paralysis etic alc ce ee cuss ad| eeratan ado sane legosa ioctl Sees Arthur ....|New York, N.Y.. 43 |Pneumonia.......- Cleveland..|.......eseeeeeeees Bien Sereatea este Siena es Harrison. . 1 Relict of Daniel P. Custis, neé Dandridge. 2 Relict of Bathurst Skelton, neé Wayles. 3 Relict of John Todd, neé Payne. 4 Relict of Lewis Robards, neé Donelson. 5 Third denabiee Elizabeth, married Jefferson Davis. ® Relict of Ezekiel McIntosh, neé Carmichael. 7 John Wilkes Booth, the assassin, shot April 26, 1865. 8 Charles Jules Guiteau, the assassin, hung June 30, 1882. DERIVATION OF SURNAMES. Washington. Originally from Wessyngton or De Wessyngton; a manor of that name in the county of Durham, England, owned by William de Hertburne, who, as was the custom in those days, took the name of the estate; the name as a family first known about the middle of the thirteenth century. Wessyngton from weis or wash, a creek set- ting in from the sea, the shallow part of a river; ing, a meadow or low ground; ton for dun, a hill or town, ‘‘ the town on the wash or salt river or creek.” . The Anglo-Saxon name of Washington in Sussex was Wassingatun, the town of the Wass-ings, i. e., sons or descendants of Wass. Thus, by two steps back, from Wash- unetons Wwe come to Wass, and the name of Wass still stands in the London Directory (1874). But whowas Wass? It is alittle curious that the orly two of that name, whom T have been able to meet with in Anglo-Saxon times, both occur in a charter of manu. mission (Cod. Dipl. No. 971) to which one of them was a witness, and the other the father of a witness. Wasa and wassing were Old German names, and Grimm refers to wasjan, pollere, A-Sax. hwoes, Old Norse hvass, keen, bold. Hence probably the name of the illustrious Gustavus Wasa, king of Sweden. Thus I have connected the name of Wenge with a family, probably more or less distinguished, of A-Sax. times. I have shown that one of that family, and the son of another, stood godfathers to an ancient act of freedom. I have proposed a not unworthy etymon for the name, and I have sug- gested that it may be the same as that of another distinguished champion of his country’s freedom. — FERGUSON, pp. 115, 116. 288 PRESIDENTS’ SURNAMES. U.S. Adams. (Hebrew.) Meaning man, earthly or red. Adam is the oldest of all proper names. It comes from a word signifying red, and refers to the red earth, adama, out of which the first man was taken. Some say the word should be translated likeness, and that it comes from the same root as adama, red earth, because red earth is always alike wherever found. As asurname, ddam is of great antiquity in Scotland; Duncan Adam, son of Alexander Adam, lived in the reign of King Robert Bruce (1275), and had four sons, ‘‘ from whom all the Adams descended.” Jefferson. Probably from Jeffers or Jeffrey, which is corrupted from Geoffrey or Godfrey, German for God and fried, joyful peace. ‘¢God’s peace.” This name was borne by the chief of the house of Plantagenet. Madison. Matthew's son, or Matty’s son. (Matthew, Hebrew.) Meaning ‘‘ Gift of the Lord.” Lower notes: Matthew as a baptismal name introduced in England at the time of the Conquest, has not only become a surname, but the parent of many others: Mathew, Matthews, Mathews, Matthewson, Matthie, Matthieson, Matson, Mayhew, Mayo, Matts, Matty, Maddy, . Madison. Monroe. From Monadh Roe or Mont Roe, a mount on the River Roe, Londonderry, Ireland. Moine Roe, a mossy place on the Roe. Munroe from, of or about the Roe. The name of the river sometimes written Munree. Jackson. Literally, son of John (nickname being Jack), or, more properly, son of James (French, Jacques), the name Jack supposed to have been introduced into the English language when the English and French were mingled together in the camps of the Black Prince and Heniy V. Van Buren. (Dutch.) From the town of Buren, Guelderland, Holland. Van, a prefix, signifying of, belonging to, or coming from the city; nearly all Dutch local proper names have this prefix, being an equivalent of the German von and the Freuch de or a’, and like the old English atte, implying ‘‘ residence in a place.” So very common is this prefix in Holland that in speaking of a prisoner family name, they callit his Van. As in the phase, “ Jk weet zyn Van niet,” ‘I don’t know his sur- name.” — LowER. Harrison. From Henry, a Norman name; a corruption through Harrie, Harris, Harrison, etc. (Son of Harry.) Harry from the Saxon Hinrich, ‘‘ ever rich,” or from Hornoricus, ‘*‘ honorable.” Tyler. From an occupation; a layer of tiles. Polk. An abbreviation of Pollock. (President Polk being third in descent from a Mr. Pollock.) Pollock is derived from the parish of Pollock in Renfrewshire, Scotland. The name is from the Gaelic, Pol- lag, a little pool, pit or pond; a diminutive of pol, a pool. It is vul- garly pronounced Pock or Polk, further corrupted by pronunciation into Pulk in Norfolk, meaning ‘‘a puddle or shallow pool.” Taylor. From the name of a trade, the Norman being tailleur. Fillmore. Fille, Saxon, denoting ‘‘ fullness or plenteousness; ” Mere, a lake, or moist section of ground; ‘fertile piece of ground.” The spelling at different times being Fylmere, Filmour, and Filmore. Other derivations, in Filea ; Celtic and Gaelic, ‘‘a bard, a historian; ” mor, ‘‘ great;” that is, ‘‘ the famous bard.” Uses: PRESIDENTS’ SURNAMES. 2389 The Fileas among the Gauls or Celts were held in great esteem and their office was honorable. They turned the tenets of religion to verse and animated the troops, be- fore and during an engagement with martial odes, and celebrated the valorous deeds of the chieftains and princes who entertained them. Ferguson says of the second syllable, ‘ More is probably in most cases from Anglo-Saxon Mdra, renowned. Among the various com- pounds may be noted Filmore, Fillmer, or Phillimore, the Old High German. Filimer ‘‘full-famous,” like Filbert, ‘‘full-bright.” In some compound names, however, the word is more probably Old Norse mdr, “a gull.” Pierce. A spelling of Percy, the renowned family of Northumber- land, England, whose name is derived from Percy Forest in Nor- mandy (province of Maen). Percy from pierre, ‘‘a stony place.” It may be a derivative of the French percer, ‘to bore, to drill, to pene- trate, to pierce,” or the Teutonic word pirsen, ‘‘ to hunt.” ‘Buchanan. A parish in the Shire of Sterling, Scotland. Arthur notes, ‘‘ the derivation of the name is uncertain; it is probably from the same root as Buchan, the Gaelic boc, bocan, deer, meaning in its doubled syllable, ‘‘ a place abounding in cleer.” , Lincoln. From Lincoln, England. Zin in the Gaelic, Welsh and Cornish-British signifies ‘‘a pool, pond or lake;” coln, ‘‘ the ridge or neck of a hill.” The name thus applied to the locality from its situa- tion, it occupying the top and side of a steep hill, on the river Witham. Johnson. Son of John. John (Hebrew) meaning ‘Gracious God's grace.” Grant. Playfair says as follows: In the Saxon, Grant signifies crooked or bowed. Thus Cambridge, the town and University in England, so-called, signifies a crooked bridge, or rather a bridge upon Cam River, or ‘the crooked or winding river.” The Saxons called this town Grant- bridge; Cam in the British and Grant in the Saxon being of the same signification, “crooked.” So Mons Gramphius, the Grampian Hill was called by the Saxons Granz Ben, or “the crooked hill; ’? but we cannot see from this Saxon word how the surname should be borrowed. In the Old Irish Grandha signifies ugly, ill-favored. Grande significs dark or swarthy. Grant and Ciar signifying much the same thing, or are synonymous words, and there being a tribe of the Grants cailed Clan Chiaran, it is the same as Clan Grant. Thus the surname might have been taken from a progenitor that was Chiar or Grant, that is to say, 2 swarthy or gray-headed man; and though in time, Grant became the common and prevailing surname, yct some always retained the other name, Chiaran, and are called Clan Chiaran. In the French, Grand signifies great, brave, valorous, and from thence many are in- clined to think that the surname Grant is taken from Grand, which in the Irish is sounded short, and thereby the letter d at the end of the word is changed into ¢, thus Grand into Grant. . The surname, it seems, was thus understood in England about five hundred years ago, for Richard Grant was made archbishop of Can- terbury in ‘the year 1229, and is, in Anderson’s Genealogical Tables, as well as by others, expressly called Richard Grant. But the English historians of that time, writing in Latin, called him Richardus Magnus, which plainly shows that they took Grant to be the same with the French Grand and the Latin Magnus. In the old writs the article the is put before the surname Grant. Hayes. Anglo-Norman, Hay meaning a hedge, an inclosure; to inclose, fence in, a protection, a place of safety. “ But right so as these holtes and these hayes ” Troilus and Creseida — CHAUCER. 290 PRESIDENTIAL SOBRIQUETS. i= Inthe reign of Kenneth III., about 980, the Danes having invaded Scotland, were encountered by that king near Loncarty, in Perthshire. The Scots at first gave way and fled through a narrow pass, where they were stopped by a countryman of great strength and courage and his two sons, with no other weapon than the yokes of their plows; up- panog the fugitives for their cowardice he succeeded in rallying them; the battle was renewed, and the Danes totally discomfited. Itis said that after the victory was obtained, the old man, lying on the ground wounded and fatigued cried, ‘‘ Hay, Hay,” which word becaine the surname of posterity. —Dovue.as. Garfield. Saxon Garwian, to prepare; German and Dutch gar, dressed, done, ready, prepared; jicld, a place where everything is fur- nished necessary for an army. Arthur. British, ‘‘A strong man.” Ar (Lat vir) a man; thor, strong. In the Gaelic air is the same as fear, aman; the ancient Scythians called aman Aior. Thor was the Jupiter of the Teutonic races, their god of Thunder. In Welsh, arth is a bear, an emblem of strength and courage; wr a noun termination, a man; Arthur, a bear- man, a hero, a man of strength. Cleveland. As a family surname, derived from a place of that name in Yorkshire, England, a corruption of ‘ Cliff-lane,” so called from its being almost impassable with cliffs and rocks. Cleve, clive, clift, Anglo-Saxon for “a cliff.” Zand, Anglo-Saxon, originally Celtic, meaning ‘‘a people, an inhabitant.” PRESIDENTIAL SOBRIQUETS. Washington. Father of his Country. ‘‘Providence left him childless, that his country might call him father.” “For the might that clothed The Pater Patria — for the glorious deeds That make Mount Vernon’s tomb a Mecca shrine.” SIGOURNEY. American Fabius. His military policy resembling that of the Ro- man General Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus as adopted against Hannibal, in declining to risk a battle in the open field, preferring to harass by marches, counter-marches and ambuscades. (It is an his- torical fact that Washington never won a battle.) Chief Justice Marshall notes: He has been termed the American Fabius; butthose who compare his actions with his means, will perceive at least us much of Marcellus as of Fabius in his character. He could not have been more enterprising without endangering the cause he defended, nor have put more to hazard without incurring justly the imputation of rashness. Not relying upon those chances which sometimes give a favorable issue to attempts apparently des- perate, his conduct was regulated by calculations made upon the capacities of his army, and the real situation of his country. e The Cincinnatus of the West. So expressed by Lord Byron in his ‘* Ode to Napoleon,” verse 19: ‘Where may the wearied eye repose When gazing on the Great, Where neither guilty glory glows, Nor despicable state? Yes — one —the first — the last— the best— The Cincinnatus of the West, Whom envy dared not hate, Bequeath’d the name of Washington, To make man blush there was but one!” U.S. PRESIDENTIAL SOBRIQUETS. 291 Atlas of America. Having a new world on his shoulders. Lovely Georgius. A sarcastic nickname applied by the English soldiery. Old Mother Hancock with a pan All crowded full of butter, Unto the lovely Georgius ran, And added to the splutter.” (6th stanza, Adam’s Fall: the Trip to Cambridge. 1775.) ; Flower of the Forest, used by the Seneca Indian chief, Red Jacket, in one of his ‘‘ powwows.” General Washington, whom the chief used to call ‘‘ the flower of the forest,’ presented him with a silver medal which he never ceased to wear. —TucKERMAN’s Book oF ARTISTS, p. 212. Deliverer of America. Expressed on the title-page of the play of ‘“Bruto” (the first Brutus), a tragedy by the Italian poet, Vittorio Alfieri. DepicaTion. The name of the Deliverer of America alone can stand 1n the title-page of the tragedy of the Deliverer of Rome.— To you, most excellent and most rare citizen, I therefore dedicate this: without first hinting at even a part of so many praises due to yourself, which I now deem all comprehended in the sole mention of your name. Step-father of his Country. Sarcastically applied by bitter opponents during his Presidency. Saviour of his Country, appeared in the ‘: Gazette of the United States,” April 25, 1789. Adams. Colossus of Independence. Being the quick second to the resolution of Richard Henry Lee, and to whose influence and efforts for Colonial Independence in the Continental Congress the ultimate adoption of the Declaration of Independence is due. A coincidence occurred in his death on the semi-centennial anniversary of its adop- tion. (July 4, 1826.) Jefferson. Sage of Monticello. A combining of the name of his estate with an allusion to his wise statesmanship and great political sagacity exhibited by him in his intercourse with his visitors and in his correspondence with public men on matters of government after he had retired from the Presidency. Long Tom. Given by his political opponents, suggested by his great height and slender figure. Madison. Father of the Constitution. Being the author of the resolution that led to the invitation for the Convention of 1787, issued by the Virginia Legislature, that paved the way to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. ; Also attributable to the fact of his being the oldest survivor, the last of the signers of the Constitution. Monroe. Last Cocked Hat. From the circumstance of his being the last of the Revolutionary Presidents to wear the hat of that period. J. Q. Adams. Old Man Eloquent. His eloquence in Congress in favor of the ‘right of petition” gained him this title; Congress for a long time refusing to have read his petitions for the abolishing of slavery. Tsocrates, the Athenian orator, B. c. 436, who died (suicide) of grief on hearing the result of the battle of Cheronea, which was fatal to Grecian liberty, is styled ‘ old man eloquent ” in Milton’s Sonnet X. to the Lady Margaret Ley: ‘« When that dishonest victory At Cheronea, fatal to liberty, Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent.” 292 PRESIDENTIAL SOBRIQUETS. U.S. Jackson. Old Hickory. Conferred in 18138, by the soldiers of his command. Parton says: The name of“ Old Hickory ” was not an instantaneous inspiration, but a growth. First of all, the remark was made by some soldier, who was struck with his commander’s pedes- trianism powers, that the General was tough. Next, 1t was observed . . . that he was tough as hickory. Then he was called Hickory. Lastly the affectionate adjective old was prefixed, and the General thenceforth rejoiced in the completed nickname. Big Knife and Sharp Knife, given him by the Creek Indians at the time he was prosecuting the Southern Indian War; expressive of his penetration and indomitable will. : Hero of New Orleans. Consequent upon his victory over the British troops at New Orleans. January 8, 1815, ‘‘ there never being in a great battle such disparity of losses.” The British 700 killed, 1400 wounded and 500 prisoners. The Americans 8 killed and 13 wounded. (Respective armies numbered, British, 10,000; Americans, 6000.) Giv’ral. Used by David Crockett in his ‘Life of Martin Van Buren.” Old Hero. Mentioned in Schurz’s ‘‘ Life of Henry Clay.” Van Buren. Little Magician. In allusion to his supposed politi- cal sagacity and talents. Charges of political chicanery were brought against him in shapes more varied than those of Proteus and thick as the leaves that strew the Vale of Valombrosa; but he in- variably extricated himself by artifice and choice management earning the sobriquet of the “ Little Magician.” — Poorr’s REm., p. 180. Wizard of Kinderhook. Another form of reference as before men- tioned, Kinderhook being his dwelling-place, as well as nativity. Follower in the Footsteps. Appellation used by himself, 7. e., suc- cessor of his predecessor, said to be a sort of masculine Madame Blaize. ““Who shone the neighborhood to please, With manners wondrous winning, And never followed wicked ways, Except when she was sinning.” Whiskey Van. Given by opponents of Crawford in the State of Georgia. (See Crockett’s ‘‘ Life of Martin Van Buren,” p. 25.) King Martin the First. (See ‘‘ Off-Hand Takings,” p. 127. Bungay.) The papers of the day had various nicknames, as Sweet Little Fellow, Richmond Inquirer; Northern Man of Southern Principles, Charleston Courier; also, Political Grimalkin (Clinton), Weasel (Calhoun). W.H. Harrison. Tippecanoe. Owing to his military reputation, attained at the junction of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers in the 1812 War, dating from the Battle of Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811. The campaign cry at the time of his election being Tippecanoe and Tyler, too. “Then hurrah for the field where the bald eagle flew In pride o’er the hero of Tippecanoe.” Old Tip. Poore’s Reminiscences, p. 231, notes ‘‘ when he calls to mind how confoundedly ‘ Old Tip’ chased, caught and licked Proctor and Tecumseh.” Washington of the West. During the campaigns of 1812-13 he was constantly in service and devoted his best and greatest energies to his country. He followed the British into Canada, and captured the U.S. PRESIDENTIAL SOBRIQUETS. 298 whole army of Proctor. He was then hailed as the Washington of the West.— Burr's Live anp Times or Harrison, p. 262. Hard Cider — Log Cabin. = A Washington correspondent of the Baltimore Republican in one of his letters sneer- ingly remarked that give the candidate a pension of a thousand dollars and a barrel of hard cider and he would sit contented in his log cabin for the rest of his days. To ridi- cule the log cabin in which every Western man was born, ill became the party whose best representative was Jackson. Some happy observer seized the unfortunate sneer and used it as a rallying cry for the Ilarrison party. Log cubins large enough to hold great crowds of people were built in many places. Small ones mounted on wheels and decorated with raccoon skins were used in processions, and a barrel marked ‘Hard Cider,” was conspicuous at the public meetings. Politicians wore log-cabin buttons and handkerchiefs, log-cabin cigars were smoked, and even laundresses advertised to do up shirts in log-cabin style. Log-cabin songs introducing the hard cider were sung, and a collection of these songs was published in a book. — Frey. Tyler. Young Hickory. Repetitious application of Jackson’s nick- name, suggested by Tyler’s physical strength, as compared with President Harrison. The sobriquet used in ‘‘ My Thirty Years out of the Senate,” by Major Jack Downing, also ina speech of Stephen A. Douglas, on June 3, 1840. Accidental President. Through his being President by the death of the President elected, the first occurrence in the history of the U. S.; applied derisively by the Whigs, who had nominated him as Vice-Presi- dent, and against which party he completely turned when he became President. Polk. Young Hickory. Polk being born in North Carolina, the same State as Jackson, and afterwards settling as did Jackson, in Tennessee, together with a resemblance in their political feelings, his adherents of the campaign, to resurrect the Jacksonian element, so christened him. Taylor. Rough and Ready. From prominent traits in his charac- ter; given by his soldiers during the Mexican War; sometimes used with the national endearment Old, as a prefix. Old Buena Vista. An allusion to his laconic expressions at the Battle of Buena Vista, Mexico: ‘‘ General Taylor never surrenders,” and ‘‘ A little more grape, Captain Bragg.” Old Zach. Zach an abbreviated nickname of Zachary, with the familiar prefix, Old. —Tayior’s TExT-Book, p. 2. Fillmore. The American Louis Philippe. His dignified, courteous manner, combined with his polished personnel when contrasted with these social qualifications in his predecessors, suggested to the de- scriptive mind of the press, ‘‘ French manners now at Court.” His similarity in physique to the French king further aiding in the appli- cation of the sobriquet. : Pierce. Purse. A special pronunciation of the name by his po- litical friends. The convention at last on the forty-ninth ballot nominated General Pierce — Purse his friends called him. — Poorz’s REMINISCENCES, p. 414. Buchanan. Old Public Functionary. He thus alluded to himself in his message to Congress in 1859. (In the newspapers allusions to this nickname was confined to the initials O. P. F.) This advice proceeds from the heart of an old public functionary, whose service com- menced in the last generation, among the wise and conservative statesmen of that day, now nearly all passed away, etc, ‘ Z 294. PRESIDENTIAL SOBRIQUETS. U.S. Bachelor President. As the prefix implies. Old Buck. A catch-name, with reference to his age. (Sce ‘ For- ney’s Anecdotes of Public Men,” p. 64.) Lincoln. Honest Old Abe. ‘‘ Kind, earnest, sympathetic, faithful, honest, democratic, anxious only to serve his country.” The words Honest Old Abe have passed into the language of our time and country as the synonym for all that is just and honest in man.— KIRKLAND’s ANECDOTES, p. 646. Uncle Abe. Used by the negro, subsequent to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. Uncle in the Southern and Middle States is the particular property of the negro race, being used as a respect- ful mode of addressing an elderly colored person. Massa Linkum. Another negro salutation. Sectional President. An application made by the Southerners, who at the time of his candidacy, claimed that he represented the Northern section of the nation, not the whole people. Rail Splitter. A circumstance brought out during election days, that he had supported himself one winter in early life by splitting rails for a farmer; the term drifting into a campaign sobriquet. Father Abraham. Biblical word-play on his Christian name, made famous in the war song: “We're coming, Father Abra’am, three hundred thousand more.” Johnson. Sir Veto. Incident to his extraordinary use of the veto power, and the resultant position of his impeachment by the House. Grant. Unconditional Surrender. When General Buckner, on whom the command of Fort Donelson devolved, February 16, 1862, asked General Grant for an armistice to arrange terms of capitulation, Grant replied, ‘‘ No terms other than an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.” . . The conditions enconditional surrender, carrying an acrostic of the initial letters of his Christian names quickly created the words a popular sobriquet, and was the sub- sequent introduction through the press of similarly built nicknames: Unanimously Supported, Union's Safeguard, Unprecedented Strategist, Unquestionably Skilled, Uncommon Stronghold, Unparalleled Stickler, Undaunted Stalwart, Unexceptionably Successful, Uniformed Soldier, Unyielding Schemer, United States, Uncle Sam, etc. Old Three Stars. So-called by his soldiers, that number indicating his rank as Lieutenant-General. Hero of Appomattox. Attending historic record of the surrender to Grant of General Lee at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, April 9, 1865. American Cesar. Applied by the opponents to his third-term candi- dacy, claiming that a breach of the customary presidential term of eight years would have a monarchial tendency; alleging Grantism had become a synonym of Cesarism. Hayes. President de facto. Name applied by the friends and press that were favorable to 8S. J. Tilden, the defeated nominee, asserting the result of his defeat was fraud, which belief they continued to em- phasize by speaking of Tilden as President de jure, and Hayes as President de facto. These terms de facto and de jure are generally used in connection with the holding of office. One who has actual possession of an oflice and exercises its functions is said to be an officer de facto, or in fact; one whois entitled to an office, but dovs not actually &ill it, is said to be an officer de jure or by right. A defacto officer may hold his oftice without wrong- ful intent, though without legal sanction, as when there have been technical irregularities in U.S. PRESIDENTIAL SOBRIQUETS. 295 the appointment, or when the law under which he was appointed is afterward declared unconstitutional by the courts. The acts of a de facto incumbent are valid as respects third persons and the aren generally if the officer holds his position by color of right that is, with supposed authority based on reasonable grounds), if he holds it with some egree of notoriety, if he is actually in exercise of continuous official acts, or if he is in actual possession of a public office. _ Garfield. The Martyr-President. Allusion to his assassination because he was the President. A mass mecting was held in front of the Merchants’ Exchange in New York City, April 15, 1865, the day of President Lincoln’s death. The excited throng was demand- ing vengeance upon certain newspapers for utterances considered treasonable; two men lay dying in the street for exulting in assassination, and telegrams from Washington gave intimations of other probable victims of a general conspiracy. At this critical moment a man known to but few stepped forward, and, beckoning to the crowd with a small flag, spoke these words in a clear and impressive voice: ‘‘ Fellow citizens, — Clouds and darkuess are around about Him. His pavilion is dark waters and thick clouds of the skies. Justice and judgment are the establishment of his throne. Merc and truth shall go before his face. (sod reigns, and the government at Washington still lives.” The effect was instantaneous. The crowd listened, and became calm, and the meeting afterwards was quietly dissolved. Sixteen years later, on the 17th of July, as President Garfield himself lay prostrate from the assassin’s bullet, he called for paper, and wrote distinctly his name, followed by arenas pro republicé (tortured for the republic). — BEnT’s Sayines or GREAT EN. The Teacher-President. Whena boy his great.ambition was to obtain a college education, in order that he might be a.thoroughly-qualified teacher. At eighteen years of age he was a teacher, at twenty-five a college professor, subsequently being President of Hiram College, 0. Arthur. Our Chet. A contraction of Chester, used. by his New York friends. The first gentleman in the land. He was emphatically the jirst gentleman in the land. His thorough knowledge of prominent men and politics during the preceding quarter of a century enabled him to entertain his listeners with graphic descriptions of remarkable scenes, piquant but never indelicate anecdotes and keen sketches of men and women and interesting statements about the workings of political machinery.— Poorr’s REMINISCENCES, p. 481. Flos regum Arthur, the Laureate, heads the noble dedication of his Arthuric legends to the manes of Albert, not ‘ flower of kings” shall history call this Arthur of ours, and yet must she accord him some attributes of his mythic namesake, a high and noble courtesy to all men, small and great; an unflinching, uncomplaining loyalty to friends who turned too often ingrate; a splendid presence, a kindly heart, a silent courage, -and an even mind. These things go no small way toward the making of America’s jirst gentleman. (A DEDICATION.) 3 Cleveland. Man of Destiny. In allusion to his rapid rise in polit- ical life, the most extraordinary in the history of the country; an unknown man in 1881 (then mayor of Buffalo, N. Y.), three years later elected to the ‘‘ highest office in the land.” It was in the spring of 1883, at a public banquet following the dedication of a soldiers’ monument in Buffalo, at which the then Governor Cleveland and his staff were present. — Congressman John M. Farquhar of Buffalo was toast-master for the occasion. When the time was reached for Governor Cleveland to respond to the State of New York, Mr. Farquhar said: ‘‘ Ladies and gentlemen, we will now have the pleasure of listening to some remarks on the glories and achievements attained by the Empire State by an appro- riate character of New York—the man of destiny —the present (zovernor of the State.” \ Grover. A familiar use of his Christian name by the press and people. 296 EDUCATION AND PROFESSION. U.S. B. Harrison. Son of his grandfather. Given by the opposing party, alleging the personality of himself and father unknown; that whatever merit existed would be the transmitted reputation of. heri- tance, from being the son of his grandfather, Tippecanoe. His grandfather's hat was a conspicuous element in the hands of cartoonists during the campaign of 1888. Backbone Ben. Used by the press; an outcome of his self-opinioned action in appointments, as against suggestions of the machine- political. EDUCATION AND PROFESSION. PROFES- EDUCATIONAL SION | EARLY FATHER’S ADVANTAGES wHEN |vocation| 4NCE8TRY | Business ELECTED Washington|Common school . --»Planter Graduate, Ha Adams..... ol e, 1755... , xraduate,Colleg Jefferson... a ne Mary, 1762., ; raduate, Princet Madison ... { lege, 171 Entered Colleg: and Mary Graduate, Adams,J.Q. { lege, 1787 Jackson... .|Self-taught Van Buren.|Academy .. Harrison,W ee Chien ak Graduate ,Colle and Mary, 1806 Polk........| | Universit £ Ni --|Planter.../Surveyor |English Lawyer...|Teacher..|English .. Farmer Lawyer...|Lawyer...| Welsh. -+»-Planter Lawyer.../Lawyer...|English ..»Planter Monroc.... .|Politician.|Lawyer...|Scotch .. ..-Planter Lawyer...|Lawyer...| English Lawyer...|Lawyer...|Scotch-L Lawyer...|Lawyer.../Dutch -. Lawyer .- Farmer -- Farmer Army ....|Medicine.|English Statesman Lawyer...|Lawyer...|English .....|....-Jurist Lawyer...|Scotch-Irish Army ....|Soldier.../English Lawyer.../Tailor....|/English Taylor... Fillmore. Site Graduate, Pierce...... i hehes 1804... raduate Buchanan.. { College, 1809 Lincoln.....|Self-taught . Johnson....|Self-taught .. .|Lawyer...|Lawyer...|English .....|... Farmer Lawyer...|Lawyer...|Scotch-Irish Meychant Lawyer...|Farmer ..|English Politician.) Tailor... .|/English Grant Graduate, West Poi : aidiaveiove Academy, 1843.. Army ..../Tanner.../Scotch .. Tanner Graduate, venyon Hayes...... J Graduate WwW Garfield.... lege, 1858... Arthur .... [os uate, Union Cleveland... pao ae < raduate, Mian Harrison, B { sity, 0. 1851 e -|Lawyer...|Lawyer..|Scotch .. -Merchant Lawyer...|Teacher../English .....|... Farmer Lawyer.../Teacher..|Scotch-Irish | Clergyman -|Lawyer...{Teacher. .|English Clergyman English Lawyer...|Lawyer Farmer U.S. CIVIL OFFICES. 297 CIVIL OFFICES HELD BY PRESIDENTS. MEMBER MEMBER | DELEGATE MEMBER PRoVIS- | CONTINEN. | COMMINUNE) MAvOR STATE 1oNaL | TAL con- | DRARTING ore LEGISLA- CONGRESS | GRESS oe TURE GOVERNOR | MEMBER HOUSE OF STATE OR TERRITORY | BEPRESEN- TATIVES .-|Washington Monroe ....|. -|Jefferson. -|Madison -|Monroe.... J. Q.Adams Jackson.... Van Buren. W.Harrison Tyler ....+- Polk.... 2 Lincoln... Johnson.. ‘|Garfield.. Jackson... Van Buren. W. Harrison Tyler .. Polk... Cleveland W. Harrison Tyler...... Polk. Fillmore eee Buchanan.. Lincoln .... Johnson.... Hayes...... Garfield.... UNITED MINISTER CABINET Sora ae VICE- NO STATES TO FOREIGN SECRETARY REPRESEN-| PRESIDENT CIVIL SENATOR COUNTRIES OF STATE TATIVES OFFICE Jefferson. atone J. Q. Adams.. Jackson ....- Jno. Adams.... Jefferson.....+- Monroe ....-.-- J. Q. Adams... Van Buren..... 8 W. Harrison‘: Jefferson.....|+ Madison . Monroe 7J.Q. Adams| Jno. Adams..|. -|Jefferson... 1 Fillmore, Comptroller of N. Y. State; ? Lincoln, Postmaster; ° Johnson, Alderman; 4 Cleveland, Assistant District Attorney and Sheriff of Erie Co., N. lector of the Port of New York. § Rejected. Y.; 5 Arthur, Col- 7 Also. Secretary of War. 298 PRESIDENTIAL AUTOGRAPHS. U.S. (Fac-simile of. original signatures.) AE oo 2 o tA, a face abt atti er 800 RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS. U.S. Ex-Presidents Living at Time of President Incumbent Entering Office. Washington. Fillmore. Van Buren, Tyler. see term. Washingt Pierce. van ce mie ener ams. ashington. an Buren, Tyler, Fillmore Jefferson. res Buchanan. | Plevce eh ‘ si : 2d term. ams. : an Buren, Tyler, Fillmore Madison. Adams, Jefferson. Lincoln. { Pierce, Buchanan. : 2d term. Adams, Jefferson. 2d term. Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan. Monroe. Adams, Jefferson, Madison. | Johnson. Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan. 2dterm. Adams, Jefferson. Grant. Fillmore, Pierce, Jolinson. J.Q.Adams Adams, Jefferson, Monroe. 2dterm. Fillmore, Johnson. Jackson. Monroe, J. Q. Adams. Tiayes. _ Grant. 2dterm. Adams, J. Q. Garfield. Grant, Hayes. Van Buren. Adams, Jackson. Arthur. Grant, Hayes. Harrison,W. Adams, Jackson, Van Buren. | Cleveland. Grant, Hayes, @thur, Tyler. Adams, Jackson, Van Buren. | B. Harrison. Hayes, Cleveland, Adams, Jackson, Van Buren, | ¢4.::'?. ee thowie. RarR&GAI eee Polk. Tyler. Asstt Sista whsbhva easstan suresh easier Accmreiae Taylor. Van Buren, Tyler, Polk. —s|seveeececeeccceccccseececensesaneeeseveaeees RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS. Washington was a member of the Episcopal Church long before he became President, and was a communicant. Besides his well-known habits of worship in the Episcopal Church in Alexandria, Va., the fact is well attested that during the Revolutionary War, he was accustomed to join in observing the Lord’s Supper whenever his engagements with the army permitted an opportunity. Jefferson, though accused of being an Atheist, died a believer in a Divine Being, as asserted by his daughter and by some of his later writings, in which he alluded to a belief in a future life, and, when dead, hoped to meet his loved ones there. John Adams was a Unitarian. Madison, an Episcopalian. Monroe, an Episcopalian. Jno. Quincy Adams was a Unitarian, being of the same faith as his father. Jackson, mainly through the piety of his wife, became a Presby- terian, and after her death became a communicant. On his land near the Hermitage he built a church, and spent much money in keeping its pulpit supplied with preachers. Van Buren was a constant attendant, though not a member, of the Dutch Reformed Church in Kinderhook, N. X W. H. Harrison was a communicant in the Episcopal Church, and his pew in Christ Church, Cleveland, O., bore his silver plate for many years after his death. On entering the duties of his office as President, he announced “a confession of faith for himself.” In his inaugural address he stated he deemed the occasion one for the announcement of his ‘belief in the divine origin and obligations of the Christian religion.” Tyler was a member of the Episcopal Church. Polk never united with any denomination, though on his death-bed he received the rite of baptism at the hands of a Methodist clergyman, an old neighbor and friend. During the presidency, out of deference to the religious opinion of his wife, he attended the Presbyterian Church. U.S. AS MEN OF LETTERS. 301 Taylor was an attendant of the Episcopal Church, with probability of having been a member. Fillmore was a Unitarian. Pierce, a Trinitarian Congregationalist. * Buchanan, a Presbyterian. Lincoln attended the Presbyterian Church, but was not a communi- cant; a deeply religious man, but belonged to no denomination. Johnson was of the same religious tendency as Lincoln. Grant was an attendant of the Methodist Church. Hayes was a Methodist. Garfield was a preacher of the Church of the Disciples, Arthur was an Episcopalian. Cleveland, a Presbyterian. B. Harrison, a member of the Presbyterian Church. For many years holding the position of Elder in his chosen church at Indian- apolis. AS MEN OF LETTERS. Washington. ‘‘ Maxims,” 1796; ‘‘ Transcripts of Revolution- ary Correspondence,” Boston, 1834-37. Jno. Adams. ‘‘ Essay on Canon and Feudal Law,” 1765; ‘ Politi- cal Essays in Almon’s Remembrancer,” 1774, under name of Novanglus; ‘* Defense of the American Constitution,” 1786; ‘‘ History of Dispute with America”; ‘* Discourses on Davila,” 1790. Jefferson. ‘‘A Summary View of the Rights of America,” 1775; “The Declaration of Independence,” 1776; ‘‘ Notes on Virginia,” 1784; ‘+ Act for Freedom of Religion,” 1786; ‘‘ Manual of Parliament- ary Practice"; State Papers. Madison. ‘Reports of Debates during the Congress of the Con- federation and Federal Congress,” Washington, 1840; +: Notes on Con- federacies,’”’ published in The Federalist, No’s. 17, 18 and 19; Essays, under name of Helvidius, criticising ‘‘ Monarchial Prerogative of the Executive”; State Papers. , Monroe. ‘A View of the Conduct of the Executive,” 500 pp., Philadelphia, 1797; ‘‘ Tour of Observation, 1817: The People, the Sovereign,” etc.; State Papers. J.Q. Adams. ‘‘ Poems of Religion and Society,” ‘‘ The Bible and Teachings,” ‘‘ Letters on Freemasonry,” ‘‘ Translation of Wieland’s Oberon into English,” 1797 ; ‘‘ Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory,” 1810; ‘« Criticisms of Rights of Man” (Paine’s), by Publicola ; ‘‘ Defense of Washington’s Policy of Neutrality,” under name of Marcellus; ‘‘ Dis- cussion of the Extraordinary Behavior of Citizen Genet,” as Colum- bus; State Papers. Van Buren. ‘Inquiry into the Origin and Causes of Political Parties in the United States,” N. Y., 1862 (published as a fragment). W.H. Harrison. ‘A Discourse on the Aborigines of the Val- ley of the Ohio.” Cincinnati, 1838.. ; Buchanan. ‘Résumé of My Administration,” Philadelphia, 1866. Lincoln. His orations, Gettysburg the finest, —‘‘It has taken place as a classic in American literature.” 802 VETO POWER. — ITEMS. U.S. Johnson. His sveeches. Boston, 1865. Grant. ‘(An Undeserved Stigma, an Act of Justice to General Fitz John Porter.’ — North American Review, Dece., 1882. Four cam- paign articles to the Century Magazine: ‘‘ Shiloh,” Feb., 1885; ‘« Vicks- burg,” Sep., 1885; ‘‘ Chattanooga,” Nov., 1885; ‘+The Wilderness,” “ Feb., 1886; ‘‘ The Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant.: 2 vols. New York, 1885. Garfield. <‘‘ Garfield’s Words,” 1881. (His speeches.) VETO POWER. (VETO, Latin. —I forbid.) A veto is the act by which the Executive refuses his concurrence in a measure of the legislative body with which he is associated. Arr. I, Sec. 7, of the Constitution vests this authority in the President alone. He is required to sign every bill, or return it to the House of Congress in which it originated, with his objections; this latter act constitutes a veto. The first exercise of the veto power was by Washington, in ‘‘ An Act for the Apportionment of Representatives among the several States according to the first enumeration.” His objections were: t First : The Constitution has prescribed that Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers; and there is no proportion or division which, applied to the respective numbers of the States, will yield the number and allotment of representatives proposed by the bill. Srconp: The Constitution has also provided that the number of representatives shall not exceed one for thirty thousand — which restriction 1s, by the context, and by fair and obvious construction, to be applied to the separate and respective numbers of the States —and the bill has allotted to eight of the States more than one for thirty thousand. No bill passed over a veto until Johnson’s administration. VETOES BY EACH PRESIDENT. Washington........- 2 | Jack sOtwets ones 11) Flite tase esnon sd | TIAVOS, onan vecoed 9 Adams.... 0} Van Buren.. --0| Pierce..... ifatateievetoiy 5 | Garfield........... 0 Jefferson. 0 | Harrison. . --0| Buchanan......... T| Arthur ......-...004 Madison .... 6 | Tyler... -10 | Lincoln.........+.. Cleveland... Monroe...... ...1] Polk.... ..0 | Johnson. Ilarrison.... J. Q. Adams........0| Taylor ....... see 0 | Grant..... jen eas Bi cence whwhweds hoot INTERESTING PRESIDENTIAL ITEMS. Washington died shortly after 11 Pp: m., Saturday, December 14, 1799: the last year of the century, the last month of the year, the last day of the week, and within the last hour'of the day. Tyler was a member of the Confederate States Congress, and died, while holding that office. U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ITEMS. 303 Adams and Jefferson were successors in office, and jointly, it may be said, were the producers of the ‘‘ Declaration of Independence.” Jefferson, its author, while Adams secured its adoption, after three days’ debate. They each died on the bi-centennial celebration, July 4, 1826, within a few hours of each other. Jefferson died first. His last words were, ‘‘ This is the fourth day of July.” Adams’s last words were ‘‘ Thomas Jefferson still lives.” John Quincy Adams ‘died in harness,” being stricken with apoplexy while in his seat in the House of Representatives, Feb. 21, 1848. Lincoln and Garfield were assassinated while in office. Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre, Washington, D. C., April 14, 1865, from a pistol shot fired by John Wilkes Booth, who was killed near Fredericksburg, Va., April 26, 1865, by Sergeant Boston Corbett. Garyield, in the Pennsylvania Railroad Depot, Washington, D. C.. July 2, 1881, by a pistol shot fired by Charles Jules Guiteau, who was hanged at Washington, D. C., June 30, 1882. Jackson was shot at in the Capitol, Washington, D. C., Jan. 29, 1835, by a house painter named Richard Lawrence, escaping through the assassin’s pistol missing fire. Cleveland was the only President to deliver his inauguration address ex tempore. Fillmore made no inaugural. W. H. Harrison’s inaugural contained the greatest number of words, 8578; Washington’s second inaugural the least number, 134. Jefferson was the first President inaugurated in Washington; Adams, the first in Philadelphia; Washington, at second election inaugurated at Philadelphia, the first being in New York. Monroe was the first in- augurated in the open air. Garfield was the first President to make any political speeches in a foreign tongue. German used. None of the country’s worthy orators have ever succeeded in being elected to the office of President. Jefferson was the first President nominated by a Congressional caucus. All Presidential candidates whose surname ended with the letter n, with a Vice-President candidate whose surname likewise ended with n, were elected. Jefferson and Clinton, Madison and Clinton, Jackson and Calhoun, Jackson and Van Buren, Van Buren and Johnson, Lincoln and Hamlin, Lincoln and Johnson, Harrison and Morton. ; The letter n is the final surname letter of ten Presidential names. 804 PRESIDENTIAL ITEMS. U.S. Taylor never cast a vote, nor held a civil office, until elected President. ‘‘ Mother” Garfield was the first mother that heard her son deliver a Presidential inaugural. ; Cleveland, after taking the oath as President, kissed the open Bible, his lips touching Psalm ecxii., verses 5-10, inclusive. Garfield’s first act after taking the oath, was to kiss his mother. Harrison made an innovation on the regular custom, by first taking the oath and then delivering his inaugural. The Bible on which Cleveland was sworn in was presented to him by his mother when he first started out in life. Tyler was the first Vice-President called to the Presidential chair, and as he was absent at the time of President Harrison’s death, the Cabinet had concluded he should be styled ‘‘ Vice-President of the United States, acting President.” This impression quickly removed when Mr. Tyler was among them. Washington, Monroe, Jackson, W. H. Harrison, Taylor, Pierce, Lincoln, Grant, Hayes, Garyield, Arthur, and B. Harrison were at one time or another connected with the United States Army. Washington and Monroe were the only Presidents that served in the field during the Revolution. They were together at Trenton, where Monroe, as a lieutenant, was wounded. No President was re-elected, unless he was himself a soldier, or held a chief executive office during a war period. Washington, a soldier of the Revolution. Jefferson, Governor of Virginia, during the Revolutionary War. Madison, President at the outbreak of the War with Great Britain. Monroe, a Revolutionary officer. Jackson, a soldier of the 1812 War. Lincoln, a soldier and President during the Civil War. Grant, a soldier of the Mexican and Civil War. Tyler enlisted in the militia for the defense of Richmond in 1813. Buchanan in 1814, for the defense of Baltimore. Neither did active service. Garfield was ieft-handed. This characteristic is noticeable in the pose of Ward’s Statue at Washington. On electoral votes for the Presidency, Aaron Burr lacked one for election. Monroe was elected by one. Hayes went into office with a majority of four. Garfield was the first Knight Templar ever elected President. Fili- more, on the other hand, was wafted into the State Legislature from Erie Co., N. Y., as an Anti-Mason during the excitement that resulted from the abduction and murder of William Morgan. U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ITEMS. 805 All Presidential elections take place in leap-year. Cleveland is the only candidate whose surname beginning with C was successful: 7. e., Geo. Clinton, DeWitt Clinton, Crawford, Clay, Cass, Cooper, Cowdrey, Curtis, and we may add Cleveland, he being an aspirant for the twenty-sixth administration. 1 The letter A occurs in the name of each President excepting Tyler’s. George W A shington, MillArd Fillmore, John A dams, Fr Anklin Pierce, Thom As Jefferson, James Buch A nan, James M A dison, Abrah Am Lincoln, J Ames Monroe, Andrew Johnson, John Q. Adams, Ulysses S. Gr Ant, Andrew Jackson, Rutherford B. H A yes, Martin V An Buren, James A. Garfield, Willi Am H. Harrison, Chester A. Arthur, John Tyler, Grover Clevel A nd, J Ames Knox Polk, Benjamin H A rrison. ZAchary Taylor, Madison was “‘ the last surviving signer” of the Constitution of the United States. The only official document of President W. H. Harrison was his in- augural address. Of the Presidents’ names appended to the Declaration of Independ- ence are those of John Adams and Th: Jefferson. To the Constitu- tion of the United States, George Washington and James Madison. Jefferson always laid particular stress on signing (and having same appear in print) his Christian name abbreviated, with a colon punctu- ation, 7. e., Th: Jefferson. . There was a remarkable coincidence of events in the lives of Abra- ham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis until each approached the climacteric of his public career. Both born in Kentucky; Lincoln in 1809, Davis in 1808. Both removed from their native State in childhood, Davis being carried to the southwest, Lincoln to the northwest, then so- called. In the Black Hawk War (1832), Davis was a Sécond Lieuten- ant of the Regulars, Lincoln a Captain of Volunteers. Both began their political careers at the same period, 1844, Davis being then a Presidential Elector for Polk, and Lincoln a Presidential Elector for Henry Clay. Both were elected to Congress about the same time, 1845 and 1846. And— lastly, in the parallel— in the same year and almost the same day, they were called upon to preside over their respective Governments, Davis as President of the Confederate States, February 8, 1861, and Lincoln as President of the United States, March 4, 1861. Jefferson was Secretary of State under Washington; Madison, under Jefferson; Monroe, under Madison; J. Q. Adams, under Monroe.. Each as Secretaries subsequently became President, except that of Jefferson, immediately after the President under whom he served as Secretary. 306 PRESIDENTIAL ITEMS. U.S. John Q. Adams and Johnson the only Presidents holding civil official positions after their retirement; the former as a member of the House of Representatives, the latter as Senator from Tennessee; each died in office. The descent of Wm. Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison from Pocahontas (daughter of Powhatan) is outlined in a work by Hon. Wyndham Robertson, entitled ‘‘ Pocahontas and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman.” Pecanerraa } married, 1614; one son only. ? 1. THomas ROLFE, Jane Poythress. 2 dane Ore ollin \ married, ‘1675; one son only: 3. JoHN BOLLING (of Cobbs), Colonel, member of House of Burgesses, Va. } one son, five daughters. } one daughter only. Mary Kennon, 4. JANE BOLLING, : Col. Richard Randolph (of Curles) } ve Sons, Soar ane Biers: S Taney eae ues, (ME: HB.) } four sons, nine daughters. 6. SuSANNA RANDOLPH, Benjamin Harrison of Berkeley, Member one son. of Non-Importation Association, 1770. : 7. BENJAMIN HaRRISON, Elizabeth Bassett. \ 8. Witiram H. Harrison, Anna Symmes. 9. Joun Scotr Harrison, } \ married, 1795; six boys, four girls. BENJAMIN HARRISON, being a great- great-great-great-great-great-great-great Elizabeth F. Irwin. gran ds Bis The State ‘‘record rank” furnishing Presidents : BIRTHS RESIDENCE WHEN ELECTED Virginia ........-. 7| New Hampshire. -1 || Virginia... 5 | Illinois... eel Ohio... ..seeeeeeee 4| New Jersey....... 1|| New Yor 4 | Indiana 1 North Carolina....3 | Pennsylvania...... 1]| Ohio..... 3 | Louisiana ack Massachusetts.... . 2) Vermont.......... 1|) Tennessce.. 3| New Hampshire....1 New York........ 2 — || Massachusetts.....2 | Pennsylvania.......-1 Kentucky........+ 1 Total........-23 || Dist. of Columbia..1 ‘Totaliecacsaczis 3 Lincoln, the first President wearing a full beard.: Grant, the first ' wearing a mustache. The first five Presidents were all men of the Revolutionary epoch. Van Buren, the first President that was not born a British subject. The only impressive likeness of the Presidents is that of Lincoln ; when once his picture has been looked upon the generalexpression is’: never forgotten.'! U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ITEMS. 8307 Jackson is. the only President of whom it may be said ‘‘he went out of office far more popular than he was when he entered.” Johnson, the only President impeached ‘ for high crimes and misde- meanors.” A two thirds majority necessary for conviction; thirty-five voted ‘‘ guilty,” nineteen, ‘‘not guilty.” One more vote ‘guilty ” -would have resulted in conviction. With one exception (Van Buren, Dutch), the Presidential ancestry were from the British Isles. The profession of lawyer at the time of election was adopted by seventeen out of twenty-three Presidents, the army with three follow- ers coming next; politicians, two, and planter, one. . The familiar story of Washington and his little hatchet is not found in the ‘‘ Life of Washington” as written by Headley, Marshall, Irving, . Everett or Sparks; nor in ‘“ Recollections of Washington,” by Custis. Monroe studied in the law office of. Jefferson. No children born in the White House to any President. Tyler, the first President that buried his wife from the White House, as well as the first to bring a bride-wife to the White House. The Presidents having children married while they. were in office were, Quincy Adams, Van Buren and Grant. John Adams, a son, to Miss May Hellen of Washington, D. C.; Abraham Van Buren, a son, to Miss Angelica Singleton, of South Carolina; Ellen Wrenshall Grant, a daughter, to Algernon Charles Frederic Sartoris of England. ‘“‘Nellie Grant” was the first child of a President married at the White House. Tyler and Cleveland.only Presidents married ,during their term of office. z Buchanan, the only ‘‘ permanent” bachelor President; Cleveland, when sworn in office, divided that privilege. . John Adams was the father of John Quincy Adams, a President. ‘Wm..H. Harrison was ithe grandfather, oF Benj. Harrison, a Presi- dent. John Adams, Madigon, Jackson, Tyler, and Buchanan were Juniors, carrying the same name as their father. Hayes and Garfield assumed as one of ‘their Christian names that of : their father. Fillmore took as his Christian name that of his mother’s family. ‘Hayes combined his father’s and his mother’s maiden name. Grant and Polk’s middle name, that of their mother’s family. Prevailing absence of middle names noticeable — sixteen Presidents so blessed. 308 PRESIDENTIAL ITEMS. us. Similarity between Andrew Jackson and Andrew Johnson — Jack nickname of John. Biblical Christian names predominate: James, five; John, three; Andrew, two; Thomas, one; Abraham, one; Benjamin, one. Hannibal Hamlin was Vice-President under Abraham Lincoln; the last three letters in Abraham and the first three letters in Lincoln, when joined spell Ham-lin. The initial letters of Grant’s name emblematic of his country: U. S., ‘“‘ United States.” Christened Hiram Ulysses Grant. His parents called him ‘‘ Ulysses”; so that when Senator Thos. L. Hamer proposed him for a cadetship at West Point, knowing him as Ulysses and his mother’s family name as Simpson, he filled in the application to the War Department as Ulysses S., and the cadet-warrant so read. Grant registered himself at West Point as Ulysses Hiram Grant, and subsequently signed the pay rolls in the same manner, Ulysses Hiram. On the order book at West Point announcing the successful candidates, his namne ap- pears as Ulysses S. Grant, and so carried on subsequent rolls. He supplied the name Simpson in honor of his mother, upon finding he could not have the cadet warrant changed, ever after adopting the full name of Ulysses Simpson Grant. Poore infers that Grant adopted the middle name of Sidney prior to that of Simpson.] July has proven a fatal month to Presidents. July 4, 1826, John Adams died. July 4, 1826, Thomas Jefferson died. duly 4, 1831, Monroe died. July 9, 1850, Taylor died. July 24, 1862, Van Buren died. July 31, 1875, Johnson died.. July 2, 1881, Garfield received his death wound. July 23, 1885, Grant died. Friday in Presidential records. Inaugurated on Friday: J. Q. Adams, Pierce and Garfield. Born on Friday: Washington, Madison, Monroe, Pierce and Hayes. Died on Friday: Tyler, Polk, Pierce and Arthur. Lincoln was assassinated on Friday. The influence of the number seven on the life of President Johnson forms a curious series; the name — Johnson — contains seven letters. At 14 (twice seven)years of age, he became a tailor’s apprentice, work- ing at the trade seven years, giving it up when twenty-one (three times seven) years old. In the year ’28 (four times seven) he was an Alder- man of Greenville, Tenn. In 35 (jive times seven) he entered the Legislature of Tennessee. In ’42 (six times seven) he became a mem- ber of Congress. He entered the Senate at the age of ’49 (seven times seven.) On the seventh of March, 1862, he was appointed Military Gov- ernor of Tennessee. In 1865, aged 56 (eight times seven), he became Vice-President of the United States. As President he was the seven- teenth. Dying in his sixty-seventh year, in the seventh month of the year 1875, The ‘fatal 18” letters appear in Andrew Jackson, James Knox Polk, Zachary Taylor, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson. U.S. RHYME OF THE PRESIDENTS. 309 Benjamin Harrison carries the number eighé; eight letters in Benjamin, eight letters in Harrison; nominated on the eighth ballot and elected President in 7888. The initial letter of his surname being the eighth letter of the alphabet. If he serves eight years he will then be the eighth Republican elected to the Presidency. Franklin Pierce was the fourteenth President, and his initial letters stand for Fourteenth President. There are fourteen letters in his name. The following Presidents were born at regular intervening periods of eight years, and retired from office at same regular periods : John Adams, born, 1735; retired, 1801. Jefferson, born, 1748; retired, 1809. Madison, born, 1751; retired, 1817. Monroe, born, 1759; retired, 1825. J. Q. Adams born, 1767, but served only four years. The first jive Presidents ended their term of service in the sixty-sixth year of their age, and had John Quincy Adams been elected for asecond term he also would have ended his term in his sixty-sixth year. W. H. Harrison was the oldest man’ elected to the Presidency, and Grant the youngest. Jackson was the oldest of the retiring Presidents, going out of office eleven days before the completion of his severtieth year. Buchanan, fifty days prior to his seventieth year. Cleveland was the youngest retiring President, being within less than a month of his fifty-second year. Pierce next youngest, having gone out of office not quite four months after he had completed his fifty- second year. Four Presidents passed their fiftieth birthday in the executive office ; Grant, Cleveland, Pierce, and Polk. Washington, Jefferson, Madison and J. @. Adams each fifty-eight on entering the Presidency. Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison each in their sixty-sixth year on retiring. John Adams lived the longest, dying in his ninety-first year. The shortest lived was Garjield, aged forty-nine years and ten months. Age order of Presidents when inaugurated. W. H. Harrison, Buchanan, Taylor, Jackson, Adams, Monroe, Madi- son, Jefferson, Quincy Adams, Washington, Johnson, B. Harrison, Hayes, Van Buren, Lincoln, Tyler, Arthur, Fillmore, Polk, Garfield, Pierce, Cleveland, Grant. Rhyme of the Presidents. 1789. First, stands General George Washington, “‘ Father ” benign, Selected the leader in seventeen eighty-nine. 1797. To John Adams’ name “ President” they affix By his election in seventeen ninety-six. 1801.. And Thomas Jefferson by feelings kindred, Promoted from Vice-President in eighteen hundred. 310 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. 1809. As fourth, James Madison, the Secretary-State, Carried to the front in eighteen hundred and eight. 1817. In compliment for service to his country, keen Monroe so honor’d in eighteen intimdlieel olset atl 1825. ‘‘ Like father like son,”’ as was done seven terms before Jobn Quincy Adams the choice of epee twenty-four. 1829. The seventh was Andrew Jackson of Tennessee State, Made President in fall of eighteen twenty-eight. ! 1837. Martin Van Buren, eighth on the line we fix ahi the people’s voice in eighteen thirty-six. illiam Henry Harrison number nine has won By the electoral of eighteen forty-one. 1841. John Tyler at the death of Harrison did become As President number ten, in eighteen forty-one. 1845. James K. Polk (Jackson’s admirer who had been before) Elected to the office in eighteen forty-four. 1849. For Mexican victories the people elevate Gen’ral Zachary Taylor in eighteen forty-eight. 1850. At death of Taylor, in 1850, the nation Promotes Millard Fillmore to the exalted station. 1853. Then comes Franklin Pierce, the fifteenth, into view In the fall "lection of eighteen fifty-two. 1857. The year eighteen fifty-six brings James Buchanan The Demo’ candidate, a Pennsylvanian. 1861. ‘‘ Abram” Lincoln to the nation’s help did come For eight years, beginning eighteen sixty-one, 1864. And by an assassin’s crimes remained but four When Jolinson succeeds in eighteen sixty-four. 1869. Next, General Grant assumes the honor-great, Called from the army in eighteen sixty-eight. 1877. The Centennial year, that second seventy-six, Selects R. Birchard Hayes in eighteen seventy-six. 1881. Garfield, in eighteen eighty, gains ascendancy, ‘‘ From the tow-path to the Presidency.” 1881. Again the assassin fells her country’s son, And Arthur advanced in eighteen eighty-one. 1885. The twenty-fifth administration bore Cleveland to the front in eighteen eighty-four. 1889. After four oe interim the Republican Candidate, Benjamin Harrison, elected in eighty-eight. 1841. BURIAL PLACES OF THE PRESIDENTS AND THEIR WIVES. GEORGE WASHINGTON. Buried at Mount Vernon, Va., on the south bank of the Potomac River, about sixteen miles from Washington. The remains were first placed in the old family vault (near the residence) where it re- mained for thirty years, after which it was removed to its permanent resting place. The present tomb was constructed agreeable to a clause in his will. The family vault at Mount Vernon requiring repairs, and being improperly situated besides, I desire that a new one of brick, and upon a larger scale, may be built at the foot of what is commonly called the Vineyard Enclosure on the ground which is marked out, in which my remains, and those of my deceased relatives, now in the old vault, and such others of my family as may choose to be entombed there, may be deposited. The interior walls are of brick, arched over eight feet from the ground. This forms a roomy brick vault. The front: of the tomb is U.S. BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. 8311 rough, with a freestone casement, enclosing a plain iron door, over which on a stone panel is carved: I AM THE RESURRECTION AND THE LIFE: HE THAT BELIEVETH IN ME, THOUGH HE WERE DEAD, YET SHALL HE LIVE. Enclosing this tomb proper is a brick structure, twelve feet high, the entrance to which is an iron gateway, opening some distance in advance of the vault, forming an ante-chamber. The gateway is flanked with pilasters, surrounded with stone coping and cornice, cov- ering a pointed Gothic arch; above the arch is a plain marble slab, bearing the inscription: WITHIN THIS ENCLOSURE REST THE REMAINS OF GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON. In the ante-chamber are two marble sarcophagi. Thatof Washington’s has a sculptured lid, on which is represented the American shield sus- A rw Ne ri TREE te OUR MINA ? suite Ta core oon WASHINGTON’S TOMB, MOUNT VERNON, VA. LE a uF pended over the flag of the Union; the latter hung in festoons, and the whole surmounted, as a crest, by an eagle with open wings, perched upon the superior bar of the shield. Below the design and deeply cut in the marble is: WASHINGTON. The other sarcophagus bears the words: MARTHA WASHINGTON. The sarcophagi consist of single blocks of Pennsylvania marble, eight feet in length and two feet in height. They were constructed by John Struthers of Philadelphia, from a design by William Strickland, by whom they were presented to the relatives of Washington. [The transfer of the remains tc the sarcophagi was completed Saturday, October 7, 1837.] 3812 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. JOHN ADAMS. Buried beneath the portico of the ‘‘Stone Temple” (First Congregational) , Uni- tarian Church, at Quincy, Mass. The tomb is an apartment in the cellar be- neath the granite portico that forms the entrance to the church, walled in with large blocks of roughly- faced granite. A granite slab, seven feet by three, with a huge clasp, padlock, and massive hinges of wrought iron, all red with rust, formsthedoor. With-, in, the body lies in a leaden casket placed within a case hewn from a single block of stone. Over and around this odd monument is a Gothic structure, twelve feet long, nine feet wide and twenty feet high, with four pillars supporting a peaked roof. On the left of the pulpit (as you face it), in the church proper, is a UNITARIAN CHURCH, QUINCY, MASS. TABLET IN UNITARIAN CHURCH, QUINCY, MASS. memorial tablet to John Adams and his wife, of slightly clouded marble, seven feet by four. This is surmounted by a life-sized bust of John Adams, from the chisel of Greenough. The tablet bears the following inscription: U.S. BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. 313 LIBERTATEM AMICITIAM FIDEM RETINEBIS. * DD. O. M. Beneath these Walls ; Are deposited the Mortal Remains of ‘ JOHN ADAMS, Son of John and Susanna (Boylston) Adams, Second President of the United States. Born 38 October 1735 On the Fourth of July 1776 He pledged his Life, Fortune, and Sacred Honour, To the INDEPENDENCE OF HIS COUNTRY. On the third of September 1783 ae He affixed his Seal to the definitive Treaty with Great Britain, hich acknowledged that Independence, And consummated the Redemption of his Pledge. On the fourth of July 1826 : He was summoned i To the Independence of Immortality And to the JUDGMENT OF HIS GoD This House will bear witness to his Piety; This Town, his Birth-Place, to his Munificence ; History to his Patriotism; Posterity to the Depth and compass of his Mind. At his Side Sleeps, till the Trump shall Sound ABIGAIL, His beloved and only Wife, Daughter of William and Elizabeth (Quincy) Smith. In every Relation of Life a Pattern Of Filial, Conjugal, Maternal and Social Virtue. Born November 3}, 1744. Deceased 28th October 1818, Aged 74. i Married 25th October, 1764, During an Union of more than Halt a eentaey They survived in Harmony of Sentiment, Principle and Affection, The Tempests of Civil Commotion; Meeting undaunted, and surmounting The Terrors and Trials of that Revolution Which secured the Freedom of their Country; Improved the Condition of their Times; And epee the Prospects of Futurity ‘To tle Race of Man upon Earth. PILGRIM From Lives thus spent, thy earthly Duties learn; From Fancy’s Dreams, to active Virtue turn; Let Freedom, Friendship, Faith, thy Soul engage, And serve like them thy Country and thy Age. ——e ee —- This monument and vault and the tablet was erected by John Quincy Adams, the indenture conveying to him for the purpose “a space fourteen feet square under the portico, with liberty to affix to any portion of the walls of the temple obituary tablets.” THOMAS JEFFERSON. : The grave is in a thick growth of woods, a few hundred yards to the right of the embowered road leading from Charlotteville, Va., up to Monticello. The family cemetery is surrounded by a brick wall ten « 814 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. feet high, and midway along the northerly side, Wormley, Jefferson’s old servant, who survived him twenty-five years, dug the grave in the spot his master had indicated. At its head was placed a coarse granite vee JEFFERSON’S OBELISK. obelisk, in two parts, nine feet high, resting on a base three feet square, designed from a drawing made by Jefferson. The inscription as noted on the pen and ink sketch, was transferred to a marble tablet on the southern face of the pedestal: Here lies buried THOMAS JEFFERSON, Author of the Declaration of American Independence, Of the Statute of Virginia For religious freedom, And father of the University of Virginia. On the northern side of the base stone is inscribed : Born April 2, 1748, O. S. Died July 4, 1826. Close to this monument is the grave of Mrs. Jefferson, marked by a marble slab bearing the inscription (the composition of Jefferson) : MARTHA JEFFERSON, Born 1748. Intermarried with Thomas Jefferson, January 1, 1772. Torn from him by death, September 5, 1782. U.S. BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. 815 Below this are two lines of the speech of Achilles over the dead body of Hector: And though spirits in a future state be oblivious of the past, he will even there re- member his loved companion. JAMES MADISON. Buried on the place which he owned at the time of his death, at Montpelier, Orange Co., Va. The graceful shaft over his grave is in the center of a large field, in a plot about one hundred feet square, originally surrounded by a sub- stantial brick wall five feet high, the entrance being by means of an iron gate, bearing the inscription: MADISON, 1820. Within the enclosure is Madison’s resting-place, a neatly turfed mound above which rises his monument, a simple obelisk, consisting of seven mas- sive pieces of stone, the whole being twenty feet, six inches high, and weigh- ing thirty-two thousand pounds; with the foundation the structure measures twenty-four feet above the burying- ground. The inscription is about nine feet from the base, reading: MADISON, BORN MARCH 16, 1751. DIED JUNE 28, 1836. MADISON’S MONUMENT. By his side is the grave of his wife, the inscription reading: In memory of DOLLY PAYNE, Wife of James Madison. Born May 20, 1772. Died July 12, 1849. The monument was not erected until about twenty-two years after Madison’s death, and then through private subscription. "His grave meanwhile had been unmarked, so that at the time of placing the monument the location of the body was identified with difficulty. 316 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. JAMES MONROE. Buried in the Second Avenue Cemetery, between Second and Third Streets, New York City. The marble slab that covered the vault bore the inscription: JAMES MONROE. ROBERT TILLOTSON. VAULT NO. 147. Here his remains rested twenty-seven years. At5 a. M., July 2, 1858, the body wasexhumed. Later in the day it was transferred with much ceremony to the steamer Jamestown, the Sev- enth (New York) Regiment acting as an escort. The steamer reached Richmond, . VWa., July 5,on which day the = body was deposited in the ~ President’s plot, Hollywood 7 Cemetery. This section of 804 feet area was bought by Gov- ernor Wise, for the ‘State, the original in- tention being to bury all Virginia’s Presi- dents within the en- closure. The coffin is in a vault of brick and granite, five feet under ground, cov- ered by a huge block of polished Virginia marble, on which MONROE'S VAULT, HOLLYWOOD CEMETERY, VA. rests the sarcopha- gus, a granite block wrought into the shape of a coffin. The sarcophagus has affixed to its side a metal plate with the inscription : JAMES MONROE, Born in Westmoreland County, 28th April, 1758. Died in the City of New York, 4th July, 1831. By order of the General Assembly His remains were removed to this Cemetery, 5th July, 1858, As an evidence of the affection of Vireiis For her Good and Honored son, On the opposite side was a similar plate, inscribed: JAMES MONROE, Governor of Virginia 1799 to 1802. 1811. President of the U. S., 1817 to 1825. This plate was stolen by some vandal, and never recovered. Enclosing the monument is a highly-ornamented open-work caging 4 U.S. BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. 317 of iron, a sort of Gothic temple placed over the sarcophagus for its protection. It is lightly and strongly built, and so constructed as not to conceal from view the monument proper. It is said a resemblance is traceable to the monument of Abelard and Heloise in the Pére- la-Chaise, Paris. The architect was Albert Sybrock. The monument was erected in 1859. Mrs. Monroe was buried with other members of her family, near her former residence, at Oak Hill, Loudon Co., Va. Her death occurred about a year previous to her husband’s. There is no stone over her grave. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. Beneath the portico of the First Congre- gational Unitarian Church, at Quincy, Mass., in the same vault which his filial affection built for his parents, in a like casket and of simi- larly hewn stone, his remains now repose, together with those of his wife. A mural monument, similar to that of his father, was erected in | 1852, by his son, Rev. , C. F. Adams, being a #1 Se tablet of white marble “4 : to the right of the pulpit of the church. The tablet is crowned = by a bust of John JOHN QUINCY ADAMS’ TABLET, UNITARIAN CHURCH, Quincy Adams, exe- QUINOE yi MADE: cuted by Powers. It was finished by him in April, 1837, after re- peated sittings by Mr. Adams. The inscription on the tablet reads : ALTERI SECULO A N Near this Place Reposes all that could die of JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, Son of John and Abigail (Smith) Adams. 318 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. Sixth President of the United States. Born 11 July, 1767. Amidst the storms of civil Commotion He nursed the Vigor Which nerves a Statesman and a Patriot, And the Faith Which inspires a Christian. For more than half a Century, Wherever his Country called for his Labors, In either Hemisphere or in any Capacity, IIe never spared them in her Cause. On the twenty-fourth of December, 1814, He signed the second Treaty with Great Britain, Which restored Peace within her Borders. On the twenty-third of February, 1848, He closed sixteen years of eloquent Defence Of the Lessons of his Youth, By dying at his Post In her great national Council. A son, worthy of his Father, A Citizen, shedding glory on his Country, A scholar, ambitious to advance Mankind, This Christian sought to walk humbly e In the Sight of his God. OO Beside him lies His Partner for fifty Years, , LOUISA CATHERINE, Daughter of Joshua and Catherine (Nuth) Johnson; Born, 12 February, 1775; Married, 26 July, 1797; Deceased, 15 May, 1852; Aged 77. Living through many Vicissitudes, and Under high Responsibilities, As a Daughter, Wife, and Mother, She proved equal to all. Dying, she left to her Family and to her Sex The blessed Remembrance Of a‘ Woman that feareth the Lord.’ ‘ HEREIN IS THAT SAYING TRUE: ONE SOWETH, AND ANOTHER REAPETH. I SENT YOU TO REAP THAT WHEREON YE BESTOWED NO LABOR; OTHER MEN LABORED, AND YB ARE ENTERED INTO THEIR LABORS.” The design of an acorn, sculptured with the white oak leaves at the head of the tablet, was a particular favorite with Mr. Adams. His attachment to the acorn was illustrated in his having.it specially cut upon a seal, the seal ever afterward being worn by him. The white oak leaf was emblematic of the sturdy growth of New England. The Greek letters, the first and last of the alphabet, were Mr. Adams’ favorite symbols of the Deity, often referring to the passage : I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which i d which was, and which is to come, the Almighty.— fevalations i, 8. oe ry U.S. BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. 819 ANDREW JACKSON. His grave is at the Hermitage, on the Cumberland River, eleven miles from Nashville, Tenn. Ina cor.er of the garden at the Hermit- age, enclosed by an iron railing, there is a simple elegant monument raised over the vault in which lie the remains of General Jackson and his ee. Eas jn wife. Three steps run around a Pot Mepelh circular area, eighteen feet across. Pe Sen a ere From this stone platform, reached by the steps, spring eight fluted col- Ss a GH umns of the Doric order; thisissur- | . sept ) mounted by a handsome entablature [kiters iS fy foe? supporting the dome, which is : eM is crowned with afunereal urn. The } 7" entire structure is about fifteen Reel 8 age ae Nia feet high. The interior is a plain F 2D 3 cornice with vaulted ceiling, stuc- coed in white, giving an air of purity and comeliness well suited to a tomb. From the center of the stone platform rises a white marble pyramid on a square base, the two sections reaching about eight feet. On the floor or platform on each side of this pyramid lie two tablets, that over the General’s body bearing the inscription : GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON, JACKSON’S MONUMENT. a Born March 15, 1767, Died June 8, 1845. The tablet over the grave of his wife, who had died sixteen years before him, bears the following inscription, written by Mr. Jackson: Here lie the remains of MRS. RACHEL JACKSON, Wife of President Jackson, Who died on the 22d of December, 1828, Aged 61. ' Her face was fair, her La pleasing, her temper amiable, and her heart kind. ; She delighted in relieving the wants of her fellow- creatures, And to cultivate that divine fieeeuse by the most liberal and unpretending methods. To the poor she was a benefactress; to the rich she was an example; to the wretched a comforter; to the prosperous an ornament. Her pity went hand in hand with her benevolence, and she thanked her Pree for being permitted to do good. A being so gentle and so virtuous slander might wound, but it could not dishonor. Even Death, when he tore her from the arms of her . husband, Could but mrenapent her to the bosom of er God. 320 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. MARTIN VAN BUREN. Buried in the northeastern corner of the Re- formed Church Cemetery at Kinderhook, Colum- bia Cu., N. Y. In the centre of the Van Buren plot rises a plain granite shaft from a base block about four feet square. This rests on the usual foundation stone. The entire structure reaches to the height of about fifteen feet. About half way up its western face is inscribed in plain capital letters : MARTIN VAN BUREN, VIIIth President of the United States. | “ ! Born Dec. 5, 1782, MN it Died July 24, 1862. i HANNAH VAN BUREN, his wife. aia Born March 8, 1783. 8 se Une Seay, Died at Albany, N. Y., Mun is et Feb. 5, 1819. The remains of Mr. Van Buren and his wife do not lie beneath the monu- ment described. Mr. Van Buren is buried outside the base of the monu- ment toward the east. The grave is marked by a granite foot-stone, initialed on the top ; M. V. B. Mrs. Van Buren is buried to the south of the grave of her husband; the plot is marked by four slabs of marble, that originally formed a hollow monument, VAN BUREN’S MONUMENT. the stones in their order being inscribed : (1) 2 Sacred She was a pious Christian To the memory of dutiful child, tender mother, Mrs. Hannah Van Buren, and most affectionate wife. Wife of Precious shall be the mem- Martin Van Buren, ory of her virtues. who departed this life (3) on the 5th of February, Blessed are the dead which die in the A.D. 1819, in the 36th Lord, from henceforth, yea, saith the spirit, year of her that they may rest from their labors and age. their works do follow them. An inscription on the remaining slab states hers to have been the first interment in the cemetery, and an added inscription that the body was re-interred in 1855. The four slabs are finished by a granite foot-stone initialed H. V. B. U.S. BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. 8321 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. Was first buried April 7. 1841, in the Congressional Ground, at Washington, D.C. In July of the same year his remains were taken to North Bend, O. Together with his wife and children the President now lies buried in a vault located on the apex of an oblong mound in the midst of a pas- ture-field that overlooks the Ohio River, near his former residence at North Bend, O., fifteen miles west of Cincinnati. The hillock con- sists of an enclosure of about fifty feet square, shaded by two or three old cedars, closed in from the grazing ground by an ordinary board fence. The vault extends about five feet below the surface and is of the plainest construction conceivable. It is a square-walled pile of un- finished bricks, outwardly covered with weather-worn stucco. It is underground with the exception of the gables, which rise about two feet above the earth surface; covered with a roofing of shingles. It contains six crypts on either side’of a center hallway. In the further right-hand crypt entombed in a marble sarcophagus rest the President’s remains. In the center crypt next toward the door is buried his wife. Underneath the center of the front gable is the vault entrance, hid- den by a plain sloping ‘‘ cellar-door” of iron, with its accompanying hinges, hasp and padlock well rusted from age, resting in a wooden floor frame lying at a slight angle somewhat sunken in the grass; the descent into the vault is by wooden steps. Just discernible above the vault-entrance is a white marble slab, which forms the lintel of the door; the original intention was undoubtedly that this should bear the name Harrison. To-day not an inscription of any kind is to be seen about the grave of him who was twice in his life the idol of the people. The land was deeded to:the State of Ohio by his son, John Scott Harrison, the father of President Benjamin Harrison, on condition that the tomb should be kept in repair. ~ W. H. HARRISON’S VAULT. Several attempts have been made by the State Legislature to erect a suitable monument, but each move in this direction has been so ham- pered by amendments to similarly commemorate other ‘ illustrious dead” that no palpable results so far have been attained. 322 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. JOHN TYLER. Was buried at Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va., with great honors, in what is known as the President’s Section — being about ten yards to the east of the grave of President Monroe. He has no monu- ment nor stone to mark his grave (1889). Fully thirty years ago the State Legislature passed resolutions authorizing the Governor to erect a suitable monument from the funds of the State. These intentions have never yet been carried out, owing to the bad condition of the State’s finances. By his will Mr. Tyler’s remains were to be interred at his home, Sherwood Forest, in Charles City County, Va., and if it had not been for the interposition of the State authorities his family would long ago have erected a proper monument to his memory. JAMES KNOX POLK. A few feet from the gate of the old mansion at the corner of Vine and Union Streets, Nashville, Tenn., a white shell path conducts to the tomb. It stands in the center of a grass plot enclosed by an iron rail- ing. In style it is Grecian Doric, though the columns are unfluted; ay ROR i == tote aes WY = h cs ke Bu Sa lety s i) POLK’S TOMB. they number four, and support a canopy of the usual architrave, frieze, cornice and attic. The monument is twelve feet square and as many high, composed of native limestone. The center of the flooring is U.S. BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. 323 occupied by a square block of stone which rises to a height of about five feet, and though solid is of similar shape to the stone canopy. On the eastern front of the architrave of the monument is carved: JAMES KNOX POLK, 10th President of the U.S. Born November 2, 1795. Died June 15, 1849. On the main or front side of the block of stone appears: The mortal remains of JAMES KNOX POLK Are resting in the vault beneath. He was born in Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, And emigrated with his father, Samuel Polk, to Tennessee in 1806. The beauty of virtue was illustrated in his life. The excellence of Christianity Was exemplified in his death. On the second side: His life was devoted to the public service. He was elevated successively to the first places in the State and Federal Governments; a member of the General Assembly ; a member of Congress and Chairman of the most important Congressional Committees; Speaker of the House of Representatives; Governor of Tennessee, and PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. On the fourth side: By his public policy he defined, established and extended the boundaries of his country. He planted the laws of the American Union on the shores of the Pacific. His influence and his counsels tended to organize the National Treasury on the principles of the Constitution, and to apply the rule of Freedom to Navigation, Trade and Industry. No inscription appears on the third side. 824 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. ZACHARY TAYLOR. General Taylor was first buried in the Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D. C., Saturday, July 13, 1850; the body was afterward removed to the Taylor Cemetery, about : #2 five miles east of Louisville, Ky., his body &y being escorted to the grave by the Louis- fl ville Legion (Mexican Soldiers). The 1 Taylor monument is a granite shaft, sur- as mounted by a marble statue of the. Presi- dent in full uniform, bareheaded, and was 4 erected by the State. The height, includ- ing the statue, is thirty-seven feet, the base in rough granite measuring eight fect pole square. The statue faces east, and on the eastern side of the dado is carved: Se MAJ. GEN’L ZACHARY TAYLOR, 12th President of the United States. ne : Born, Nov. 24, 1784. Dieu July 9, 1850. On the cap of surbase appears the monogram ‘‘ Z. T.,” and on the lower sec- tion of three divisions of the shaft are inscribed the last words of the President : I have endeavored to do my duty, I am ready to = die, my only regret is for the friends I leave behind me. On the middle section is abronzed relief in profile of the General. 2 On the west side of the shaft are placed TAYLOR’S MONUMENT. ane eee Eagle, and coat of arms in relief. On the north side is a list of the battles in which the General par- ticipated : FORT HARRISON. BLACK HAWK. OKEE-CHOBEE. On the south side: PALO ALTO. RESACA DE LA PALMA. MONTEREY. BUENA VISTA. MILLARD FILLMORE. Buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery, three miles north of Buffalo, N. Y. Almost upon the crest of the hill, near the center of the cemetery, is the Fillmore lot, thirty by forty feet, enclosed by a plain iron railing set in a stone curb. The obelisk that marks his grave is of Scotch- red granite, polished, twenty-two feet in height, resting on a pedestal N U8: of the same material superimposed on a base of Lockport stone. A slight molding running around the pedestal is the only ornament; the word FILLMORE is on the northern side of the base in large raised letters. On the north side the inscription notes: MILLARD FILLMORE, Born January 7 1800 Died March 9 1874 On the west side: ABIGAIL POWER wife of Millard Fillmore Born March 13 1798 Died March 30 1853 On the east side: CAROLINE CARMICHAEL wife of Millard Fillmore Born Oct. 21 1813 Died August 11, 1881. ae a ll h ed BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. he SHEE: 325 I ] 2 hey FRANKLIN PIERCE. Buried in the Minot Cemetery on Main Street, in Concord, N. H. The Pierce lot is surrounded by a neat iron fence, six feet high, and is traversed by concrete paths. The monument faces east, and is of pure Italian marble, elaborately wrought; a spire, with cap, die and plinth, rests on a base of granite three and a half feet square, surmounted by a draped cross; the total height being fourteen feet, ten inches. On the plinth is the word PIERCE and on the eastern panel FRANKLIN PIERCE. Born Nov. 238 1804 Died Oct. 8 1869. 326 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. On the opposite panel: e ha ee ee a JANE M. APPLETON wife of FRANKLIN PIERCE, Born Mar. 12 1806 . Died Dec. 2 1863. JAMES BUCHANAN. . Buried in Woodward Hill Cemetery, Lancaster, Pa., in the south- eastern part of the city. The lot is thirty by twelve feet, enclosed by a neat fence of black iron, with posts at the corners of mottled white and black granite. In the center of the lot, in a vault of heavy masonry covered with large limestone flags, rests the remains of Bu- zg chanan. Upon these flag- stones has been laid a block “2% : uh me Cre Crt rr e b \ il | i at | | of New Hampshire granite ‘Ah siemens csr bl Hill : seven feet two inches long, HONEA CY pm TES | three feet seven inches Phe wenwe snes | wide, and a foot thick. This forms a base for the monument, which is in the :z., Roman style, and isa single “oy [= A ths block of Italian marble, = Se 5 Bkyp bite retiy y+ ; \ a aha | ~ six feet four inches long, HO ODM Whoo ex uf two feet ten inches wide. Bi Tape OG B s i and three feet six inches high, wrought with heavy molded cap and base. On the molding of the cap is carved an oak branch studded with leaves and acorns, and extending round the block. On the end of the die facing the main avenue is the word BUCHANAN. On the side facing the chapel: Here rest the remains of JAMES BUCHANAN. Fifteenth President of the United States. Born in Franklin County, Pa., April 23 1791 Died at Wheatland, June 1 1868. BUCHANAN’S VAULT. U.S. BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. 327 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. Buried under a towering pile of marble, granite and bronze, in Oak Ridge Cemetery, a mile and a half north of Springfield, Ill. The structure, 119x72 feet, is of Quincy granite on a concrete foundation. The main platform is fifteen feet ten inches from the ground, ap- proached by four grand staircases, one at each corner, with balustrades. The main platform, also surrounded with a balustrade, is seventy-two and one half feet square, with semicircular projections at the north- ern end over the catacomb and at the other over Memorial Hall. This platform, floored with gigantic flags of Illinois limestone, is the appa- rent base of the shafts and pedestals for the support of the statuary, these occupying a space fifty-four feet square, the pedestals at the corner being circular and eleven feet in diameter. From the center rises the shaft, twelve feet square at the base and eight at the top, CIN Bay UE tL oti r| Ee ry Biconie me Ta fe coisa [Oe I~ (rere a ar ere LL. 41LUj JU] 28 A [ny >) i i te te iy hi El LINCOLN’S MONUMENT. ninety-eight feet four inches from the ground, with a winding staircase within. The total height is one hundred and twenty feet. Shields of polished granite bearing the names of the States and linked by two bands of like material, encircle the square three feet below its edge. On the pedestals at the corners are heroic groups in bronze, represent- 328 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. ing the naval and the three branches of the military service. Seven feet above them, on the southern side in front of the shaft, on a pedestal whereon the national coat of arms is carved, stands a bronze statue of Lincoln, dressed in the double-breasted long frock coat and loose pantaloons which were then the fashion, he being represented as just having signed the Proclamation of Emancipation; in his left hand he holds a scroll marked ‘“‘ Proclamation,” in his right hand apen. The right hand leans somewhat conventionally on a consular fasces at his side, around which the American flag is draped; against the folds at the bottom rests a laurel wreath. The escutcheon placed on the face of the pedestal upon which the statue stands, represents the Amer- ican Eagle standing upon a shield partly draped by the flag, with one foot upon a broken shackle, and in his beak the fragments of the chain that has just been broken to pieces. The statue and escutcheon were modelled by Larkin G. Mead, Jr. In the base of the monument are two chambers; one called Memo- rial Hall, containing interesting relics of the President, in the other, on the north side, the remains of Lincoln were originally placed. Lin- coln’s remains in May, 1871, were transferred from the temporary tomb to a rich marble sarcophagus in the crypt. This sarcophagus has on one end the name LINCOLN in raised letters, encircled by a wreath of oak leaves and acorns; dis- posed above the name in a semicircle is the historic sentence: WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE, WITH CHARITY FOR ALL. A marble tablet with a plate glass pane in the center closes the crypt. When first entombed the remains of Lincoln were laid in a red cedar coffin, placed in a leaden coffin, and the whole enclosed in the sarcoph- agus; but the attempts to steal the body caused a re-burial; a grave was dug in the crypt, and on the fourteenth of April, 1887, the leaden coffin was deposited in this grave, which was filled in with six feet of concrete, and the sarcophagus placed above it. The monument was dedicated October 15, 1874, with great cere- mony. President Grant and his Cabinet were among the participants. The entire cost of the structure was $250,000, which amount was from public contributions. Mrs. Lincoln’s remains rest in the same crypt that holds the grave of her husband. No inscription records her burial. ANDREW JOHNSON. Buried in the center. of a family plot, located on the summit of a lofty cone-shaped eminence, half a mile southwest from. Greenville, Greene Co., Tenn. The plot is surrounded by an elaborate iron fence. U.S. _ BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. 829 The graves of the President and his wife rest under one monument, and are covered by an arch which springs from base stones of gray ‘granite (measuring six feet six inches long, two feet eight inches in width and two feet eight inches in height), that are placed on opposite sides of the two graves, making a diameter span of five feet six inches. The arch is composed of thirteen stones, in relief; the main base stone resting on this arch, measures in diameter eight feet six inches and supports the monument proper. The plinth consisting of a solid block of white marble, four feet six inches square and three feet ten inches thick, bears on its front in raised block letters, above the respective graves: ANDREW JOHNSON. ‘Seventeenth President of the United States. Born Dec 29 1808 Died July 31 1875 His faith in the people never wavered ELIZA JOHNSON Born Oct 4 1810 Died Jan 15 1876 In memory of our father and mother. The plinth is flanked right and left by two keystone blocks of similar material, surmounted by vases, from f om = the mouth of which rises the flames Jriiry ans K of incense. Tt E mM On the die which is three and one i Ee cic half feet square (with beveled edges) es mara ” and three feet high is carved an open "Eo il iin? Bible (seventeen inches by eleven WI inches), on the right-hand pages of , which rests a hand, as if in the act of taking an oath. The upper corner of the right-hand leaf is turned down. Above the Bible, likewise in relief, caught on the upper molding of the die, is a carved scroll of the Constitution, bearing in raised letters : Hees JOHNSON’S MONUMENT. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. From here springs a tapering shaft of white marble thirteen feet high, and two feet ten inches square at the base (the edges beveled) ; the American flag is festooned at the top reaching downward a dis- tance of six feet, the stars being displayed near the top on the north- east side, the opposite folds exposing two large tassels. Above the me perched on a ball, an eagle with outstretched wings faces the 8380 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. The carvings, except some of the folds of the flag-drapery, are on the eastern side of the monument. Beneath the arch, in separate graves, rests the remains of the President and his wife, each covered with a marble slab; the one to the south is that of Mr. Johnson, and both are surrounded by white pebbles. The location of the monument was the President’s selection; the expense, $17,000, paid by his children. The last line of the epitaph was the suggestion of the Hon. Thos. Kinsella of Brooklyn, N. Y. ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT. The funeral of General Grant, Saturday, August 8, 1885, was one of the grandest military and civic demonstrations ever tendered any per- son. It embraced the highest representatives of the political power of the United States, and many others of the foremost men of the country; senators, governors, generals, judges, and representative men of the country in all walks of life. Eas ‘ - “ a Up eS el co i GRANT’S VAULT. His remains were temporarily placed in a specially constructed vault in Riverside Park, on the banks of the Hudson River, near 120th Street, New York City, The vault was from a design by J. Wrey Mould. The facade is com- posed of red and black brick, with a handsome capstone, and solid spur buttresses. The entrance to the tomb is closed by two doors four feet wide and six feet high, of oak with bronze fittings; just in- side these doors is a gate of strong open bronze or iron work. The floor of the tomb is four feet below the ground-level, and reached by a,descent of three stone steps. The inner layer of the arch is of U.S. BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. — 331 white porcelain brick. At the north side of the vault, upon a pedestal of marble, resting on a stone pier with an under filling of concrete, rests the steel case containing the remains, which are in a cedar casket, copper lined. The exterior of the steel casket is adorned with silver mountings, and a gold plate engraved U. 8. GRANT. The case containing the casket is of Bessemer steel, with oval top; it is air, water and burglar proof, and is secured by rivets. In its original construction there was at one end of the casket an open door, which was closed when the remains were placed within. Fifty-six bolts of steel, at the time of entombment, were driven and welded while red-hot, into its front wall. The steel case is eight feet long, three feet six inches high, and thirty-five inches wide, painted with waterproof paint and stained mahogany color; its gross weight is 3,800 pounds. JAMES A. GARFIELD. Buried September 26, 1881, at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, O. The memorial over his remains stands on a wide stone terrace ten feet high, reached by two flights of wide spreading stone steps. The terrace rises above the surrounding roadways from five to thirty feet, as the ground slopes away from the base of the terrace wall. The memorial is in the shape of a circular tower, and rises to an extreme height of one hundred and forty-eight feet, with a diameter of fifty feet. The whole of the exterior of the moniment is executed in Berea, Ohio, sandstone, the general surface being left rock-faced, while the dressings around the doors, windows, arcadings, roof, etc., are cut and encircled with carvings. The tower is crowned with a conical-shaped stone roof, terminating in a large curved stone finial; the roof is built in regular courses, and the face of the stone so cut as to represent bands of sunken tile orna- ments. Under the bold designed cornice of the roof is an arcade of twelve arched windows and niches; each niche contains pedestals and canopies designed to receive colossal allegorical statues of each month in the year; below this is carved a band of shields bearing the coat of arms of each of the States. At the front base of the tower there projects to the distance of twenty feet a square porch or door to the monument. It is forty- five feet high and pierced with coupled windows on the front and sides, above which is a frieze decoration divided into five panels, containing terra-cotta bas-reliefs of the career of Garfield as teacher, soldier, statesman and President (the fifth representing his body as lying in state) ; at the country school; as the chief of staff of General Rose- crans, at the battle of Chickamauga; as addressing an out-door meet- ing and taking the oath of President of the U.S. One hundred and ten figures are worked in these panels. Two turrets against the tower are used for spiral stairways to reach the balcony or porch roof. The porch interior is vaulted in stone, with a pavement of mosaic. 8332 BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. U.S. Through the porch in the tower is the memorial temple or shrine; over the inside of the tower doorway is seated an allegorical figure of War fully armed, also a figure representing Peace holding an olive “branch; typical of the camp and court services of Garfield. : Beneath this grouping is an inscription: Erected by a grateful country In memory of JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD, 20th President of the United States of America, Scholar, Soldier, Statesman, Patriot; Born 19th Nov., 1831; Dee’d a. D. Sept. 19th, 1881. The mortuary is circular, and in its center, on a marble paved dais, upon a pedestal of Italian marble, is a heroic marble figure of Garfield, representing him as just risen from his chair in Congress and about to aldiess the House. The statue was modeled by George Doyle of New ork. Surrounding the statue are eight massive deep-colored double granite columns, supporting a dome twenty-two feet in diameter. GARFIELD MEMORIAL. Just above the columnsis a rich frieze of marble mosaic, an allegorical representation of the funeral procession. Occupying the central panel is Columbia and her daughter States, in grief; to the right Law followed by Senators and Representatives; Justice, preceding mem- bers of the Supreme Court of the U. S8.; Concord, emblematic of U.S. BURIAL PLACES OF PRESIDENTS. 8333 sympathy of nations, indicated by Embassadors of Europe, Orientals, Indians; symbolic group of distant States, a veteran with his aged wife delegating their son to deposit their offering; Labor, a spade and steam engine, indicative of hand and machine labor; Literature, followed by the author, teacher and pupils; War, leading types of the military and naval service in the act of lowering the American flag. At the base of the dome, on a background of red and white stripes, is a band of wreaths conjoined; alternately immortelles and laurel (heavenly immortality and earthly glory). The number of wreaths correspond with the number of States and Territories. The dome is entirely inlaid with Venetian mosaic, and winged figures of North, South, East and West, are in alternate sections, in their proper cardinal points, stars forming a band in the upper part. The memorial panels and windows that light the mortuary contain female figures representing the thirteen original States and Ohio. The body of Garfield is in the crypt underneath the statue, buried in a bronze casket. The entrance to the crypt is by two spiral stairways from the back of the mortuary. The Memorial was designed by Mr. Geo. Keller, of Hartford, Conn. The total contribution to the fund, April 1, 1889, is given by the Association as $134,755.76, divided as follows: The 38 States.... ... iets inves $130,380.80 | Australia... ....... cc cs ee eeee snes The 10 Territories. s+ee 8,166.30 | England.......... aie a France ...-.eeecceeseeceececeee 1,149.16 | Canada..........- Belgiinns«sewestewncemea eae 40.00 TE Gta lise ecnthe ue toe CHESTER ALAN ARTHUR. Buried in Rurai Cemetery at Albany, N. Y., in the Arthur family burial plot, which is located on one of the highest knolls, and is ap- proached by a broad flight of five granite steps; the pedestals of its balustrade have bronze urns resting upon them. Granite pillars with heavy bronze chains rail in the balance of the enclosure. In the center of the plot is the monument—a stone sarcophagus. The sarcophagus is eight feet long, four feet wide and three feet high, and is made from a single block of Quincy granite, perfectly plain and highly polished. It is supported by two plain, highly-polished pedestals of the same material, resting upon a broad base of Vermont granite, much lighter in color than the sarcophagus itself. The base is sup- ported by a smoothly-dressed granite plinth, ten feet long and six feet broad. Upon the granite base, raised in high relief, is the word ARTHUR, and sunken into the face of this base is a tablet of bronze, with the inscription : CHESTER ALAN ARTHUR Twenty-first President of the United States. Born, October 5, 1830 Died, November 18, 1886. At the foot of the sarcophagus stands a bronze figure in heroic size, representing Sorrow. It stands with folded wings leaning against the sarcophagus, one wing being thrown outward by the pressure in the most animated manner. The right arm of the figure hangs listlessly downward, touching one of the bronze wings; the left arm is extended 384 VICE-PRESIDENTS. a. along the top of the sarcophagus in the act of laying a palin leaf on the tomb; wae ERS a Ty ema ARTHUR’S MONUMENT. divided he has no vote. ay io WP oie end. E the palm is of bronze acne lengthwise and falling gracefully over the northern The figure is six feet and a half high. The monument was de- signed by Mr. E. Keyser of New York, and cost $11,000; the amount defrayed by per- sonal friends of Mr. Arthur. Dedicated June 15, 1889. Near by is a white marble sarcophagus, marked in old English letters with the » words: Here lies the body of LLEN LEWIS HERNDON Wife of Chester A. Arthur, Born at Culpeper, C. H. Virginia August 30 1837 Died at New York January 12 a p. 1880. VICE-PRESIDENTS. The only duty assigned the Vice-President by the Constitution is to serve as President of the Senate [except in case of impeachment of the President] and unless the Senate be equally z ELECTED BORN DIED 3 VICE- EB] a| & a a A PRESIDENT & |rrom|o| & BIRTHPLACE & WHERE o 4 a =| 8 A s 1-2/)John Adams......... 1/1789|Mass. |54/1735|/Quinucy...... Mauss|1826 we beaitoesa: Mass/91 3)Thomas Jefferson....1/1796|Va...|53|1743|Shadwell...... ‘Vaj1826|/Menticello..... Vals83 4| Aaron Burr...... ....{1800/N. ¥:|44|1756|Newark......N.J 1836] Richmond Co. .N.Y|80 5-6/George Clinton......2/1804)N. Y.|65/1739|Ulster Co....N.¥|1812/Washington...D. C|73 i Elbridge Gerry...... 1812| Mass. |68|1744|Marblehead- Mass|1814 Washington...D. C/70 8-9|D D. Tompkins... .|1816|N. Y.|42|1774|Scarsdale.....N. ¥|1825|Richmond Co..N.Y151 10-11 son C. Calhoun... .3/1824/S. C. .|42/1782] A bbeville....S. C]1850 Washington...D. C/68 12|Martin Van Buren ..1/1832/N. Y.|50/1782/Kinderhook.N. Y/1862|Kinderhook...N. Y|80 13)Richard M. Johnson. .|1836/Ky... 56/1780 Louisville.....Ky|1850/Frankfort.......Ky|70 14|Joln Tyler.....-.... 840|Va. ..|50/1790|Greenway..... a/1862/Richmond...... Vaj72 15)/George M. Dallas. ++ -|1844)Penn ./52/1792) Philadelphia. ..Pa/1864}Philadelphia..... Pal72 16)Millard Fillmore....4/1848/N. Y.|48/1800/Summer Hill,N.Y|1874/Buffalo........ N.Y/14 17/Wm. Rufus King... .2/1852) Ala ../66/1786/Sampson Co..N.C|1853|Dallas Co...... Alal67 18\John C. Breckinridge|1856|Ky. . ./35)1821/Lexington.....Ky ABTS exinatonies, wee Ky 54 19] Hannibal Hamlin...../1860/Me. ..|51/1809/Paris.......... Mie |iaserassi| sapeteivis anes ier Bheseyeie ol ase 20)/Andrew Johnson... .4 -/56)1808)Raleigh......N.C 1875 Greenville. ois venn 6T 21/Schuyler Colfax.. + -|45]1823/New York...N. Y}1885|Mankato..... a 62 22\/Henry Wilson....... ss 1812|Far Pala ROD N. H/|1875/Washington...D. C|63 23) William A. Wheeler. ./1876|N. Y./57|1819|Malone...... N. Y/1887/Malone........ XY 68 24\Chester A. Arthur...4/1880/N. Y.|50/1830)Fairfield....... Vt|1886)/New York.....N. Y|56 25)Thos. A. Hendricks. .2)1884/Ind . .|65/1819| Muskingum Co.O/1885 Indianapolis ....Ind|66 aio P. Morton...... 1888|N. Y./64/1824|Shorecham.....Vt|..../e.ccecccesececceccesles 1 Later elected President. 2 Died in office. 3 Resigned. 4 Succeeded to Presidency. U.S. WARS. — REBELLIONS. 335 WARS OF THE U. S. (As Colonists and as a Nation.) TROOPS ENGAGED WARS OF THE U. ». COMMENCED| ENDED | REGU-| MILITIA & LAR | votun. | TOTAL’ ‘Revolutionary ”:....... erase ecoraiciess Apr. 19,1775] Apr. 11,1783]130,711 58,750] ....00- Additional (estimate)............. al lararaccrarsrersieraserolllnc aces: snecisalie saisiecs 105,300} 309,791 Northwestern Indian(Gen.St.Clair)|Sept.19,1790/ Aug. 3, 1795 8,983 * With France.......cseceeceeeves «|July 9, 1798|Sept.30,1800 : 4,593 * With Tripoli............ saisauasieaia June 10,1801) June 4, 1805]....... Seiaaence 3,330 Tecumseh Indian (Gen. Harrison) .|/Sept.11,1811|Nov. 11,1811 250 660 910 Creek Indian.........-eeesseenee -|Aug.13,1813| Aug. 9, 1814 600 18,181| 18,781 °° 1812” with Great Britain...... .-|June 19,1812)/Feb. 17,1815) 33,424 471,622) 605,046 #& Algerine ss... .ccceeeeeceeeeees May — 1815|June 28,1815].......].-...----- Biba aioe Seminole Indian. hala avasanenin Nov. 20,1817] Oct. 21, 1818} 1,000) 6,911 7,911 Black Hawk Indian............... Apr. 21,1831/Sept.31,1832] 1,339 5,126 6,465 Cherokee Disturbance or Removal 1836) 1887)......- 9,494 9,494 Creek Indian Disturbance --|May 5, 1836/Sept.30,1837 935 12,483) 13,418 Florida Indian..... seein -|Dec. 23,1835] Aug.14,1843| 11,169 29,953} 41,122 Aroostook Disturbance. . 1838 1839)....... 1,500 1,500 With Mexico.........-2se0005 --+.|Apr. 24,1846|July 4, 1848} 27,506) 73,776] 101,282 Apache, Navajo and Utah....... es! 1849 1855)...-066 1,061 1,061 Comanche Indian...........065 eee 1854) 1854|....... 503 503 Seminole Indian,........... aetapeseie . 1856) 1858].....-. 2,687 2,687 The “ Civil” or “‘ Rebellion”’..... Apr. 21,1861|May 11,1865).......}.. teetovntoinrs 2,859,132 Sioux Indian.............-..e005 nea 1862 1862 ibis Modoc Indian 1872|/June Sioux Indian... June 25,1876 Nez Percé Indian 1877| Oct. Ute Indian............-- Sichoueis ee 2 1879 * Naval warfare. REBELLIONS IN THE U. 8. 1782. Attempt to consolidate the thirteen States, and confer kingly power on Washington. Congress had no means to pay the army, and the troops not realizing that all the money had been spent in the war, that there really was very little wealth in the land, as commerce had been ruined, agriculture and manufactures neglected and property destroyed; they became dissatisiied, considering themselves treated with injustice and ingratitude. The feeling reached such a pitch that some of the officers relying on the disaffection entered into a secret combination to revolt and create Washington king, and thus trust to a circumstance as a recompense. 1786. Shay’s insurrection in Massachusetts. ahh and exhaustion was the outcome of the Revolutionary War, it was alleged, as further threatened by the Articles of Confederation, levying additional burdens by tax- ation. Daniel Shay who had been a captain in the Continental Army, led a demand for the suspension of the Articles, and at the head of one thousand men took possession of Worcester, Mass., Dec. 5, 1786. 1794. Whisky insurrection in Pennsylvania. The passage of an Excise Law, March 3, 1791, incensed grain growers of Pennsylvania, who had a large market for their crops in whisky manufacture. The opposition became so strong it became a revolt, and Congress in May, 1792, empowered the President to use military force; the President issued a proclamation Sept. 15, 1792, that combinations for resistance must be abandoned. The issuance of fifty writs in Philadelphia May 31, 1794, against various western people ‘ brought the threatened insurrection to a head; and in obedience to a requisition for fifteen thousard militia made on New Jersey, Virginia and Maryland the insurrectionists were suppressed by submission and retreat. 1814. Hartford Convention. CONSE to the War of 1812, and the policy of the Democratic Administration, by New England and the Northern Middle States, was occasioned from their pursuits being mainly commercial, they had everything to lose. These States took no active part in the war, and went so far as to deny the power of the Federal Government to make requisi- 336 REBELLIONS. U.s tion on them for militia for garrison purposes. The feeling became so strong that in October, 1814, a convention of the other New England States was asked by Massachusetts. It met at Hartford, Conn., Dec. 15,1814. There were twenty-six representatives present, composed of delegates from the towns of Cheshire and Gratton, N. H., and Windom Co., Vt., and the Stutes of Massachusetts, Connecticutand Rhode Island Among the changes demanded in the Constitution were, abrogation of the right of Southern States to repre- sentation for three fifths of their slaves; requirement of a two thirds vote of both Houses for the admission of new States, or the prolbition of commercial intercourse, or to declare war, or to authorize hostilities except in cases of invasion; embargoes to be limited to sixty days; foreigners to be disqualified from all civil offices under the U. S.- The war ended before the Convention had an opportunity to promulgate their resolutions and peace being declared, the commissioners chosen by Massachusetts and Connecticut and sent to Washington were ignored and the matter was dropped. The Democrats then in power claimed the purpose of the assembly as disloyal and trea- sonable; their secrecy increasing suspicion; that opposition to Congress amounted to treason; and declared that to be called a Hartford Convention Federalist was a term of reproach. 1820. Question of the admission of Missouri into the Union. The country was sectionally divided, Congress being distracted with long and angry debates on the question of slavery. The political agitation became so great as to threaten the peace of the country; one of the Southern members “‘ was going round to all the free State members and proposing to them to call a convention of the States to dissolve the Union.” Clay’s plan of settlement, known as the Missouri Compromise, was accepted. Itis one of the most important acts of American Legislation. The principal conditions were: First, The admission of Missouri as a slave-holding State. Second, The division of the rest of the Louisiana purchase by the parallel of 36° 30/. Third, Admission of new States to be formed out of the territory south of that line, with or without slavery, 1s the people might determine. Fourth, Prohibition of slavery in all the new States to be organized out of territory north of the dividing line. 1825. Collusion between the Legislature of Georgia and the Federal Government in regard to lands given Creek Indians. When in 1802 Georgia relinquished her claim to Mississippi Territory, the General Gov- ernment agreed to purchase and surrender to the State all the Creek lands lying within her own borders, ‘‘ as soon as it could peaceably and reasonably be done.” This pledge on the part of the U. 8. had never been fulfilled, and Georgia complained of bad faith. The difficulty became alarming in 1826, and a treaty was finally concluded between the Creek chiefs and the President, by which a cession was obtained and the Creeks removed to the Indian Territory. 1830. Cherokees in Georgia. A similar question to the Creek troubles. As the Hopewell treaty of 1785 had recog- nized the Cherokees as a nation possessing its own laws and all the other attributes of nationality, the Holston treaty of 1791 guaranteed them all lands not ceded tothe U.S. As in the Creek trouble, neither could the Cherokees be induced to surrender their lands ‘‘ peaceably.” The State claimed the right to extend its own laws over all its ter- ritory and passed acts depriving the Cherokees of their courts and other government machinery; following this up by Suge the Cherokee lands into counties, which atter allotting to each head of a Cherokee family one hundred and sixty acres, it provided for the distribution of the remainder by lot among the people of the State. The U. 8. Supreme Court held that the provision of the Indian treaties was paramount to the State laws; Georgia resisted this decision so strongly it wasnever enforced. This was the first instance of a nullification of United States laws by a State. 1832. Nullifying Ordinance of South Carolina. _ The tariff law of 1828 grew yearly unsatisfactory to the Southern States; South Caro- lina taking the lead in opposing. the United States law, or rather it was the only member of the Union showing hostility to it. A convention of delegates elected by its voters met Nov. 19, 1832, and on Noy, 24, passed a nullification ordinance declaring the tariff law ‘null and void,” that no duties should be paid in the State after Feb. 1, 1838, that no appeal should be permitted to be made to the Supreme Court of the U. S., and that should the General Government attempt to enforce the law by collecting the duties the State of South Carolina would secede from the Union. This wasthe second exhibit of the “ State Rights” doctrine which declared a State could set aside an Act of Congress. 1841. Dorr’s Rebellion, or the collision between the Suffrage Associa- : tion and State authorities of Rhode Island. n 1840 the only States governed by their colonial charters were Connecticut Rhode Island; the charter of the latter granted in 1663 by Charles I, ogee property qualification so high that it disfranchised two thirds of its citizens; only those could vote who were possessed of an estate of the annual value of $7.00; from which U.S. FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS. 887 the representation on account of the change in population had become unequal. Thomas W. Dorr of Providence as a leader of the Suffragists Convention proposed in 1840 amore liberal constitution, which measure was voted Girne upon which its adherents took to agitation and finally prepared a constitution which in October, 1841, was submitted to a popular vote. ts supporters claimed a majority, based on mass convention, that the ‘legal voters” according to the colonial charter were not to be considered. The Suffragists on their alleged success elected Dorr as Governor. ith Samuel W. King as Governor the charter legislature met at Newport, and author- ized taking energetic steps, with an appeal to the General Government. The Suffragists were dispersed after a determined resistance to the troops sent b President Tyler, the rebellion ending June 27. Dorr was convicted in 1844 of high treason and sentenced to imprisonment for life; in 1847 was pardoned, and his civil rights restored to him in 1851. Meanwhile a liberal constitution had been legally adopted and had gone into operation in May, 1848. 1856. Mormons resisting Federal authority. Many usages had grown up in Utah, repugnant to the laws of the country; and the laws of the Government as proclaimed by a Federal judge sent there in 1856 were rejected and resisted; acting on which the Government sent an army of twenty-five hundred men in the fall of 1857 to quell the insurrection. The resistance was short-lived, the Mormon President presenting conciliatory letters through Thos. L. Kane; terminating in overtures for a peace on the basis of a Federal pardon, which was accepted and the army was withdrawn in May, 1860. 1860. Secession of Southern States. The sectional differences between the North and South first settled by the Missouri Compromise, 1820; reopened by the Tariff, 1828; bursting out in the Nullification, 1832; acified by Clay’s Compromise, increased through the Texas annexation, irritated by the ‘ilmot proviso, 1846; lulled by the ‘‘ Compromise,’ 1850; awakened by the ‘‘ Squatter Sovereignty ’”’ doctrine, 1854; aroused by the Kansas agitation; spread broadcast by the Dred Scott decision, 1857, and attempted execution of the Fugitive Slave Laws, 1857; and with the “ John Brown raid,” 1859, the antagonism had reached a point where war was apparently the only remedy. South Carolina led the way to secession, having previously issued a circular to the other Southern States that she would secede, with any other State or alone. A State Convention was called, and on Dec. 20, 1860, she repealed her State Act of 1788. (See p. 213.) On December 24, she adopted a declaration of the causes of her secession, and the Governor issued his proclamation, other States following. (See p. 220.) FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS. Cause: First, The conflicting territorial claims of France and England. Second, The long-standing national animosity of the two nations. Third, A conflict between the frontiersmen of the two nations in attempting to colonize tho Ohio Valley. (Treaty made at Paris, Feb. 10, 1763.) COMMANDERS SUCCESS- DATE WHERE FOUGHT FUL ENGLISH FRENCH PARTY March 1754|Present Pittsburgh, Pa....../Trent ........)e.eeeeeeeeeeee -» French Tues. May 28,1754|Great Meadows, Pa..... Washington. .|Jumonville...].. English Wed. July 3, 1754)Fort pee Pa...... Washington../ Villiers ...... -» French Wed. July 9, 1755|Braddock’s Field, Pa....... Braddock..../Beaujen and Dumas..... +.» French Mon. Sep. 8, 1755;Near Lake George, N. Y...|Williams..... Dieskau...... «. French Mon. Sep. 8, 1755|Near Fort Edward, N. Y...|Johnson...... Dieskau......|.. English Wed. Aug.11,1756)Oswego, N. Y.....--+0+ Mercer ...... Montcalm. -» French ae English - French French Wed. Sep. 8, 1756/Kittanning, Pa. Wed. July 6, 1757|Fort William Henry, Thurs.July 6, 1758)Ticonderoga, N. Y Armstrong. --|Indians - Monroe....--|Montealm. a -|Abercrombie.|Montcalm....].. Sun. Aug. 27, 1758/Fort Frontenac....... «| BEAUStT ROE owes ecanenwen news .. English Sat. Nov. 25, 1758/Fort Du. Quesne, Pa.. -|Washington..|....-sseeseeee .- English Tues.July 24, 1759/Fort Niagara, N. Y.. -|Prideaux..... D’Aubry.....|.. English Thurs.July26, 1759/Ticonderoga.....++.- . -|Amherst ...../---++ aie eisiaieets -- English Tues. July 31,1759/Montmorenci............+.- Murray and Townshend.../Montcalm....|.. French Thurs.Sep. 13,1759! Quebec.......- Sinaia heisiets oieeeve Wolfe......+. Montcalm....!.. English U.S. BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 338 s+eesagglooo'L joog] ‘ta/o00'st sreeees sa MOFT/OOO'TE |* + moydunyse AA |* “eg ‘aura : On SmeqeyD y oe sf [881004 "17 5 seeeeeG Suostaydeyg "97 ¢ Teese eer gy URE LT SI-6'URL “po M—-UOPy Si-g "Uee Mg ~ “ang 83°09 "PPM 83°99 “HL “6 “90CT “UOT “LSAON ‘UOTAL *6L7320 "POM “STO “38S LT."30ag "3Rg gt ‘dag ‘sing, "eT dag ‘sony, eeeee “OL ‘dag “TOL resveseort dag “ang g-T'deg‘sony-sinqy, . -og ‘Suny ‘sony, ‘72 SNy “DAM “FS SUV "PAM we eeee Tsuy “MOTAL GT-8T say do yes theeeep Say ‘SANG, *g ‘sny “pam *¢z A[ap “OPAL *sTA[np uopy “or Stn p. 98g +g ANP *sany, **¢ Aine ‘ung “Te "99d “Ma PES “sony, acces 3 “s0y ‘UOT, Z-T'AON SON “COTA | “eT URE UNS STS 1G UBL *SINGL FIST 344. GREAT BRITAIN — “1812.” WAR OF 1812. U.S. (Naval Engagements.) AMERICAN ENGLISH DATE OF WHERE VESSELS AND VESSELS AND ENGAGEMENT nouGEE: COMMANDERS COMMANDERS {812 Thurs. Aug.13|Off Newfoundland..... .-0|Frigate Essex...-.-|++++e+2+0- Sloop Alert * Porter Langharne Wed. Aug.19/Off Massachusetts...-.--- Frigate Constitution|....Frigate Guerriere * Hull acres Sun. Oct. 18)Off North Carolina....... Sloop Wasp--+-+eee[eseeeeecs -Brig Frolic * Jones _ Whinyates Sun. Oct. 25|Near Canary Islands......|Frig. United States|..Frigate Macedonian * Decatur Carden Tues. Dec. 29|Off San Salvador.........|Frigate Constitution]..----.- -Frigate Java * Bainbridge Lambert ° 1813 Wed. Feb. 24|Off Demarara.........-..|Sloop Hornet....-+-|-+ + ---Brig Peacock * Lawrence Peake Tues. June 1|Massachusetts Bay...--..|Frigate Chesapeake]...-..Frigate Shannon Lawrence * Broke Sat. Aug. 14|British Channel....-.-- «-|Brig Argus....seeee[eeeees --Sloop Pelican Allen * Maples Sun. Sep. 5|Off Coast of Maine.......|Brig Enterprise... secseeeees Brig Boxer se * Burrows Blythe Fri. Sep. 10/Lake Erie.............-+- 9 vessels, 54 guns...|..-.. 6 vessels, 63 guns * Perry Barclay seeeeeees Brig Phebe 1814 Mon. Mar. 28|Harbor Valparaiso.....- .|Frigate Essex..-... * Hillyar Porter «+e+e.Sloop Cherub cker Fri. Apr. 29/Off Florida.....-+-+++++++ Sloop Peacock..... |--+-+ ...Brig Epervier * Warrington ales Tues. June 28|Near British Channel...../Sloop Wasp...-.--- «++++-Sloop Reindeer * Blakely Manners Sun. Sep. 11/Lake Champlain........../14 vessels, 86 guns..|.. --17 vessels, 95 guns * * McDonough Downie Tues. Sep. 27|/Fayal, Azores.......-----|Bg.Gen. Armstrong]......3 ships, 136 guns S. C. Reid * Lloyd Wed. Dec. 14\Lake Borgne, La......--/5 gunboats.......--+ aeveneeeceee-40 barges Jones * Lockyer s+eeeeeeShip Cyane 1815 Mon. Feb. 20/Off Island of Madeira. .../Frig. Constitution. . Falcon * Stewart «.+eee--Ship Levant Douglas Thur. Mch.23/Off Brazil..........+-++-+|Sloop Hornet.......|-..+++..Brig Penguin * Biddle Dickenson * Successful party. “WAR OF 1812.” ( Regular service an approximation.) DATE OFFICERS | MEN |TOTAL WHOLE MILITIA FORCE July; 1slascscuaeaceeea neat 301 | 6,385| 6,686 Feb., 1813.. 1,476 |17;560| 19,036 Caleb racemase ae Sept., 1814.. 2,395 |35,791| 38,186 vrsenes A041, Bebig Tinta cdwnmsan nanpennee 2,396 |31,028| 33,424! Total.. .471.622 Casualties (as reported) : Killed, 1,877; wounded, 3,787; total, 5,614, MEXICAN WAR. MEXICAN WAR. War formally declared by Mexico, May 23, 1846. 345 War formally declared by the U. 8., May 18, 1846. (House voting 174 to 14, Senate 40 to 2.) Causes: First, Mexico claimed Texas as part of her territory, notwithstanding its in- dependence was acknowledged by the United States, England, France and other governments. The U. S., by annexation, claimed the Rio Grande as the Texan boundary, while Mexico alleged the western limit of the Province never extended west of the Nueces River. The crossing by Gen. Tayler considered as the commencement of war, and Mexico made the attack. Second, Impoverished by civil war, Mexico did not hesitate to replenish her treasury by plundering American vessels in the Gulf of Mexico, also con. fiscated property of American merchants within its borders— covered by treaty, 1831, but not lived up to. Third, Internal politics, on both sides. Tues. Oct. 12 Tues. Nov. 2 Tues. Nov. 23 1 AtlixCo ...sseeeeeeese 18 Agua Frio......+.... 18 Matamoras....-++-++ Wed. Nov. 24 13 Galaxara Pass....- .. ENGAGEMENTS COMMANDERS AND TROOPS DATE WHERE FOUGHT AMERICAN | MEN| MEXICAN MEN 1846 Sat. ae 25/138 Ft. Brown...........- Thornton ....|....-- * Torrejou ...|....6+ Sun. May 3-9] 8 Ft. Brown........ -+--/* Brown ...--/es-+-+ Ampudia....|.....- Fri. May 8)/4 Palo Alto............ * Taylor .. 2,300/ Arista .....--] 6,000 Sat. May 9] 4 Ressaca de la Palma..|* Taylor .. 2,000] Arista .. 5,000 Mon. May 18/}3 Matamoras........... * Twiggs.. +lArista .....se/eeeeee Mon. June 15/1 Sonoma, Cal.........- * Frémont....[.eseee[eoces Wed. Aug. 19/13 Matamoras ......seeselececececcereec|eenceelecneces Mon. Sep. 21-23] # Monterey....... . * Taylor.. Sun. Dec. 6/13 San Pasqual Mon. Dec. 7/13 San Bernardi Fri. Dec. 25] 1 Brazito......... 1847 Fri. Jan. 8] 1 Passage San Gabriel.. Sat. Jan. 9)18 Plains of Mesa....... Sat. Jan. 23/13 Encarnacion...... ... Sun. Jan. 24] 7 Cafiada.......eesseeee ees Thurs. Feb. 4/18 Pueblo de Taos....... Mon. Feb.22-23] § Buena Vista....... ate Tues. Feb. 23] 7 Sacramento..........- Sun. Feb. 28) 4 Chihuahua...... aie eeote Wed. Mar. 24/18 Puente del Medie.... Thur.Mar.25-29)!? Vera Cruz......- mares Fri. May 14/8 Amazoque ....---.... Fri. Apr. 2/18 Alvarado..........5+5 Sat. Apr. 17-18] * Cerro Gordo un. Apr. 18/5 Tuzpan..... Sun. June 20/13 La Hoya..... aieiavessroracesorevarvreral| aca atchavell wreielwreieiatars stave ersipclaris/ are Mon. July 12] 7 Culabosa R al sisieaisinseis oe aiers | atoasnyeral| ein ve' ave atera bai eaieveeiaie a5 Sin Aus Ti Juan de los Llanos. «:|asoxsetewvenwnlaeneewleeerewnencen nl eveune Fri. Aug. 13] 1 Mera Flores.......... Mon. Aug. 16/18 Oka Laka.. ste Fri. Aug.* 20/4 Contreras . 7,000 Fri. Aug. 20) 4 Churubusco 25,000 Fri. Aug. 20) © San Antonio........ ie seus ca peeealaweden awa eeegaisawel wens Wed. Sep. 8|4 El Molino del Rey... 3,500|/Santa Anna. .| 14,000 Mon. Oe 13/14 Chepaultepec.........|* 7,200/Santa Anna. .| 25,000 Sep.13 to Oct.12] 8 + Puebla.......+.eee0- Socharesics alaveigiecel la deteiatS%e cwrieclaifs vistas Mon. Sep. 13-14] 3 City of Mexico.......|* Scott 6,000/Santa Anma..}...... Sat. ct. 9/7 Huamantla........... * Lane 500/Santa Anna..| 1.000 Treaty concluded at Guadalupe, Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848. * Victorious party. ft Besieged 28 days. 346 MEXICAN WAR.— LIBERTY BELL. WAR WITH MEXICO — 1846-48. Number of Men and Casualties in the Regular and Volunteer forces. U.S. Florida ... Georgia.. Kentucky... a Louisiana.........-.- Maryland, and D.C.. Massachusetts...... ae Michigan .. 2 Mississippi . Missouri.... -sseeeee New Jersey... New York.... North Carolina.. Ohio... 8||Pennsylvania... South Carolina. Tennessee..... Texas....... Virginia .... Wisconsin Mormons......-+..008 Re-mustered _ volun- teers formed out of 12 months vols..... Total......... «+ 01 101,282! 1049 The inscription: 60813420 BY ORDER OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA, FOR THE STATE HOUSE IN THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, 1752. PROCLAIM LIBERTY THROUGHOUT ALL THE LAND, TO ALL THE INHABITANTS THEREOF.—Ley. xxv. 10. PASS AND STOW, PHILADA. MDCCLIM. tT, &. INDEPENDENCE HALL. * 347 Architect, J. KEARSELY. Builder, E. Wootry. Commenced, 1782. Completed, 1741. Occupied as ‘‘The State House,” Oc- tober, 1735. Tower built, 1750. OLD FRONT, NOW REAR. THE BELL was cast at WHITECHAPEL, London. Weight, 2080 lbs. It was received at Phila- delphia in August, 1752, and was bro- ken up and _ re- cast in April and again in June, 1753. J It was cracked on the morning of July 8, 1835, while being tolled in memory of Chief Justice Marshall. It was found to be hope- lessly useless after being tried Febru- % ary 22, 1843, : OLD REAR, NOW FRONT, OF INDEPENDENCE HALL, CIVIL WAR. 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Y BN Ty, “*TPOBIS "TODx|1 oy SoseyqRD ceeg AOE “WT 5 “MOISUTOP “Waxy *uostayng ‘uayal, "RA SSLoyR AL SUPT soz Aug *sony, ‘ “TOsyUpP *AoHa tes sraHoog “yd |r se org fafog duregj: “QT oun ‘sony, reteseeessergotg UaK) sreessuodT ‘tanalr “OTT fol[Lsanoog|: LL aun “uop, sree sTopnaduyy ‘uah-* fey x ‘adtIg ‘Wey-"g |r “RA Tayjag 31g): OL oun “TOP, oy *PLAH1a7I0g “10a teeestopaey 3 ATIAM “S[OD |r srreeta tay ‘ids "g oun ‘doy tresses papdampagy ‘mage| og pe teeeeeeeeeseTOsIapUuy roeyy a “9°S ajdamg yo) el ‘Zr ad yy -ywS-a T98Tt NIN SUTANVAWOO NOW SaHaNVNWOO NOILVIO1 qLva aLVYAadaANon NOIND SINENGOVONA TYdIONIUd ATL WV CONVFTIUN ILL ‘1Z-0ZST JO Toa “a[ooury Jo uoTNTY *LXGLGUd “YING aty pur GON ayy Jo ajdoad ayy £q uoNyYsUOd [eUOT}VU 93 UOdN gnd UOTONAYSMOD JUaLaBIp ITT, ‘78427 (-geg “d as sassoT woq) “SITSTY 97RIG Jo suLNQI0G ‘NOSVEY PIISNTLSO SV LMosstpl aT, ‘UID 107}0H sy} Jo as puv UoUsAUT *£IDATTS ‘ASAVO 'IVILNASST « ‘sanZo8eumep jo aouongur [140 any ‘ysezgy “syooq [euorVes Jo uoNRorqng ‘Y2z/4AT ‘TNog a1 Jo atdoad ay} puv yIAONT oT} Jo atdoad ay} Taaa\qaq asinoa1azNI Jo JURA *Y7NOT “PEST JO [1 BYSvAQqaN-susuvy oy, ‘sexay, Jo uoNxouuy *SOSNND ayVUIpPIOGNGS ‘pL2y,T “"saarys ‘Aq1tadoid ‘aaumpuog 1099kT OY} UL [S19}OA ‘SUIZIZIO ‘TAWA IAIM SIITOL] TIUIOJ OY} UT “QINOG oy} UI puv GON aq} Ul LOQRT Jo Majs{s JUaIagIp oy, ‘puooagy :sesneg ‘SVM TIIAIN FHL 4O SLNAWNHOSVONG TIVdIONIGd CIVIL WAR. 349 ‘sung § “sjassoa f ‘Tyaqnog + ‘QAISIO9PUL “Awd SNOMOopIA & 000‘8T *aCuy ‘Joga’ “UOS Ve ter reeseeesssqOsHOUpy + AIDULOSJUOTPL “| *UL07) +458 *StiT[[ORT “WO teeseeeees qouwag WOSNYOr H [[aaqe sees puBliey gdp, trees presammvaega “SUI Me 4aa.149ssu0'T tase eeeeeeses esul[OH] "Ul0g ‘sapssuy 8p T2407 ‘ppysueyq set eteee eesaITTAA “JOD seeeeeee gary “prays “18D + 418mg ‘sUr[[oH “W0D “7UeD *-TreUeyong ydep sees sTosmOr ‘TODA! 400006 000¢s 4000°FT 000‘9 tr 009‘T oos‘s +000‘9 4000‘02 t6 to « 4000°IT 4000‘00T “AID 9u0 000°¢ ts §9gz ‘tor 000'F “Bq T 000‘2L +++sradpoy “Woy 7vaDAr teers UBTLIIQIITA see! 190d + URTPITOOWe vores URTPIOOW x Ayes, “3deD * JUOWID.L Ty “WUM lOD P stavq Jo svpqa srree stand "HT" Jo Supra ‘esyurg “mox) SlaspOY ‘OUL "UIOD, tresses seodog “Wey ypraspag » wpyuerT, *IayooH Y Aauvay s[,waHe TILOT PINIVLIR,T $,WW0D 7000AT : steeeeerapng “Wy “gf ‘waaja coroyled 9 opisuinga seeeeereeeee MTPaTQOTTA sees saroulT[E9 ‘ydep » rojunzZe treeeeradog ‘ay ‘3007 “WODa oo TPONg P WBIHe SPPlyg “sve uaa ssopisting ‘Waxy ‘URMOY "WODA seers teeeeeesessadog “mane see ee MOISE YL “4dvQ@ SIND “Y ‘g*uayH-"gqa seeseese Aq “109 *2100,7 "WIOD “query ‘uaNne ween ee ew eeenee ysno.10q on ‘MOD ‘apisumg “tena “query “tay ‘93007 "MODe teteeeeeceseverees SUDIOTLO eeenee ++ prge@ +++ LOTT seseeeoenuag AayIny, 9 apepus[xy) TBA SdUIBMS HO OM) BA ‘UOVIG S,oFrarg “BA ‘PLEO rad sresese@A “STAT SOUlUy “BA ‘O[[LASOIURIpOTAL rere BA AOI) YVO + (OATY OITA) “CW ‘sopteyo “9g ig “Ba Oqnday ytog O'S ‘pursy sourre RA ‘SLI SSID ‘uuay ‘styduayy “UNL ‘MOU “HL (saulqueaeg) “BA ‘sxRO UT sees eeeeereresstny “YQULIOD BA ‘asnoyy ¥N0D AaAOUvTT seteeceeeeeem a CoqsONDULA, *s AIG CVA Buryped “a7 “SSIPAL ‘UOISUIUIIG “BA “UO 389M. pisiaibboveneveieiessiesele aap A ‘B.NQsuelye MA. a a avo raed .a %. . 2 L 2 Tt L v voeeery “did “3G YP UoswPoVe ‘S77 ON ‘Hoynvag ‘uoovyy “I “BA SIT 8,20°T “By TyseNd "WW “'T9ALY ‘SIT SOL ON, pury[sy way, ‘surpuey Banqsyid Jo YoTLYS BA SOPOTPOUTLAA ‘ON ‘Uteaq Many +78 -OTT ‘pLUpepY MAN BA ‘sproy uoydarey *t+yty ‘ospry veg XO N ‘aproaTe A *uuUay, ‘Mosjau0g “3 N ‘purys uuay, * Bent ooa eo 9 ¢ P L e aqouvoy AUOFY JOT. 7 2 "RA ‘aTTAsouviq) “Ba ‘suvysaty dae ‘sBundg TW ‘og oung ‘doy “66 oune “Ung eegg oun ‘ung 71% BUN ELT *9zZ oune “sIny “4g OUNL “Pam seeeeeyT one ‘sony, “ST oune “1 OL ung ‘sony, +999 UNE “Ung seeeg oUNe LUT “Pp sun "Pam sung ‘Tg AVPIUg serge AVAL UT "1G SVT “Sony, *oz Avy “UNG “gy ARP ‘San L ooreorg ARNT UT -°g ) AVAL "SAY T-POM +g AB “UOT, sl Ady ‘WOy-iy 9% "dW “3S “oT ‘adv "pam Id Y "1M q-singy, "g cidy ‘sony, T oune PL eA NL see e-gy rR SIM *6 ‘gravy “uNg-3wg gg “AVL “JVS-saANy, vet eee eT e GaaT “Mal “OT FL “ag UNS-HuT seseen -qag ‘TT seeeeeeseeeegg 00Q "LT se eeeeneeeeseT -oaq ‘Lup CIVIL WAR (continued). 350 4oo0‘o¢ “UOMVM 9 ISOLIOT “Aapaoy_ Me ‘+ uoJoquiag SAO WY WOg UA paesamnvaga Ae eee eeecae wIRIdag Naupiry “waHe Tue :o “tngomyg + a_NpRUAR AL ttsdoyog ‘upy ** UNS *O "DP navy Mp y ‘syurg teeeee eS quurpal see eaee qasuBIH a! quodnug ‘upy * aaqunyy + 9AOUI [LQG poospoolg ‘aan steers tamgog *-SUIpIeyT "[OD Aly * *19}IOT “PY 7DADAT proecseeesessseugag ‘or0qsad.dj.nyy "SSI ‘Sanqsyor A. se-uday, ‘Ulu. O'S “logivyT uoysopiryD Seeeeee Ky GasromI0g ‘ulloy, ‘poomquoig: “ey ‘uospnyy 410g. “suuay “TH Sutsds ‘tess uay, Uospauog 0.7 “Hy Gsog svsuryry ‘oO ‘plagsurtds ‘uuay, ‘punoy poy treeeseesgy sad ‘sIngZ oisieSisinie's estes QT: dy WT srry cady ‘sony, OF “Te “WOW "6% ‘TBA “POM “PL TUL IS g “AR “SINT, trereeseestor “gag ‘ung “TT -uep ung "g ‘uve “SINT, ‘l "UVP *sInyyL veers tue “ung ‘(Z98T) 1820" POA. “S9O8I Bee hac Terese s*TOISMOR [rtteses “aeutays “JT, "Ae sreeeeseoessrny ‘BInqsHorA |’ 6s ‘8g *2aq “uo P[-un' ie ee roo ale sce aR 2 a8 280 “UE ou ee : peo OL 32, “NI uoysury|** : “FL ‘00g ‘ung ee je SHOW I 1 “uoyfy-Ss.in' Na eee eine Sele nines tones . ta taae ua pur 000°2L a LV ‘DAOIL) OLATeL, *y ‘0aq ‘un 000 ¢ ede s**pausamvogal gpp'F is at y. “g ‘0! 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SINGNGNVONA IVdIONIYd 351 CIVIL WAR (continued). 2 Se sjossaa t TINjIqnog | ‘OAISIOOPUT % “AYU SNUOLIOPALA @ i trrtesecsss QOpIVAT *SURILOISO, ‘tosupor ‘.Crvaxye], reese uxy SplOGsury[ steers LZ AON “LT tooo'ss Teteetnrs guaeT cree qURIa|s* uudy, ‘usoourLyD] "Gz ‘eg “AON "PaA-UOPL 4ooo‘ce “e+ qaa1gssUu0'T +? apisuangeal,s: UNIT, ‘AT[LAKOU|P OIG “MALT AON ‘sony, 4ooo‘ce 71 4091)S3U0'T >, ** QpISUINGs|s° ‘uueg, ‘uolVag Ss jjoqdurryg "QL “AON ‘UOTT o0s‘e cree SUBITTEAA@ *prreEyg “fod ‘|r seeeeessutlag, fa[[LASlodOy so 9g AON “LUT ein eae ence MEL @ [foatap ss youat YP YOUMTPaGalpr cress sce sseceeee eee SA Susou sAaqoy (8 "VIS Jouarye dey] s+ sees) AON “9Ug seats ® rrettoag [reseseeeeleseeeeeeeeeeeeeeunma op symgal;: xa, faltasuavoag|*+ +g ‘AON ‘San, 000‘9 seeeee | ggg T wees sos aSpruiqing al): sees ey “nvaq09 nofkeg|++++* “*@"AON “sony aa +°4094983U0'T aHOOH B UIWISa| cesses suey, ALOT SUMO] **9z “1% “IO "POM-SeNT, aieiiariace veeeeeee Tg ow ‘ Woe AA] ° gles: «FL 990 ‘PaA SPLEEN +s yoorgaly 1 eT 9100 “POA 000°F6 B * sutdoasoy {5° Ud) VINVUIVIP YD, 08 ‘6L ‘qdag sung—4eg 000°% cre LolZeag tettereerseeeces anIstingalg: uuaL ‘dey purpiaquing "6 adog "pam seteeeee ++ parSounvaga . “qdua teeeeeeg og Staqdung aq} ser eeee g ‘dag ‘sany, 008. seeees oaquenda : UBT! 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"ery ‘aT[LAUOSprVuOg|**********gz auNE ‘Ung S veuToyeynL, ‘oLogsaaIF.ANJAl| *OS-EZ UNL “sony -seny, soseseury “AUD aeaysRig. "ez oun ‘sony, soseeeBA SaqsaTpULM | SL oun ‘UOpT ‘RA ‘prog Apraaog "6 OUNE ‘seny, “wy ‘puog § Ud AITN, 1 “9 aunp ‘ung-3eg ++ ery ‘uospnyy qog|:+ +++ *++4z OPT P2AL + LOTTA! BZa19g » paojnga +1+93 +" sBULOULy SBE “py Y sxyueg -way Sade Oo “woMaquMag [OOOOL [errr ttt tt tt ttt ess puvurappoyals “SSI AOATY HOV Stq]orc sss s’ “AT Avy sung 000°0Z |r" puRUaIQOP ® uosroy goals" SSI ‘SIT uordureyp reressoT AVAL “9G 000‘ST. "'*UBULIOYS x UOstayqo[@lg******** ss SSI UosoVpe copy AUPT *sanyy, 0009 = seers TOSTOU OWA] ptt tet tst ese “SSI, ‘puoutey SL Av ‘sony, t6 TRApleg “ydroe teeesary ‘ospnyy 30g ‘g AVY “TST 4000‘001 orececess TOTOOH “VA fOT[IASIO]T[IOURTO - I here “HOY U aaawtoentoe 4000‘¢z wereeees GUI a) 5° “SSIJAT SUOSQIX) WOT, seceeseT ABTA MT th : *19q1og ‘aIpVyel|r *oSSIPL JID purty} Ez cid y “paw 0v0's “8 ** TON OW?! oe Bissieis,#:e SOTA ‘neopretiyy adug een one ngr. ady “ung CIVIL WAR (continued). U. S. 352 . 7 ja “NOJuTRTT ope + sete qa ‘oo'T "Il “qa sheet ete nese deesgarta see resoummtag yduy suns g° hele “resopya|- “UUs Me + spansoimvagy 000'9 +++ -uepntaqg s-oprayr 9 IWeRIH, ose euRpLayg < mosqory » adpluqing sss sTBIngg ZVI Y IOUT, seeeeeeees raqUNyT@ “apRaNl Y IWeAy) * TOSI QoOWe “PILMe ste ss) * OpvoTl y qURIDHA sree A Goya asnoyy o7ty Mh VA ‘PIBY _S,ZIMVS] Y UOS[LM “eA ©. ‘Uy Uppy +“ BUIEQULY 9 ad.resavo yy reeeeeB Aa Bingsdajog BA CBIC ULLAL, tees A feueiyUAS, “SSI ‘U.Moquny) sree A GINgs19jog RA ‘PLOJAeAD “ITA "RA StoqIeyT plod, SAMUPLA SBE WUIpUe'T §,WOsTI A, BA SADATY VUUY YVION —~ Tet AAA “"*TZ aune ‘sony, og ‘22 eu P "sINyT-PAM £% ‘2% SUNLE *SINYT-Pe MA veeteeeee 67 BUN “UNG "'*-@L “GT ‘ung-pam @I-IL ounp “ung—yeg “OL SUN “MT ‘eeOR ounp ‘Lay “OT OUNG "LT ‘*¢ oun ‘ung ‘ang-paM ‘uns-pa Mm saree “°5G, Ae “sony, ** 12-86, ACT UT -UOpy eA ‘porpunyy Bpuulag|- ‘og ‘Or Avy ‘WOP{-UOTT “ey ‘nokeg Moya x|* + eT AVI “pam < BA JOMIVAT MON] oes op ABP coug 000‘00L . 20a CENT RR RH ne ONES Seovsoyl'* “OL ‘81 Avy UOT o00'0z | |: beeen enenee ‘TA {surpnq “aot ‘21 oH WOP-SsINYL slay] WAIeNIG |*saty e BA ‘pley Ss ,aepitayg|*** et ‘6 ARIAL LT -COPL 4000‘S0T coreesess BT a1 000'SST |* ++ apBaW P WRIDs|5 CA “HD ‘prea Asai0dg ‘+-gT ‘g Avy ‘pay-ung 4000'¢¢ suojsuyor sof | 000'66 = |° ce eese es UBOIOYSa|1" tesa Spry oovg Ayo!" *'6 ‘¢ AVP “UOP San, eeeeeene 1000'0Z ae see esesHooIg a Jayngal’* BA ‘proaprey. g pur -y ony 9 ABT “qRS-1T 000‘08T 4oo00%ost |* ‘oprsuing, ‘apvayy “UBIDs| 5° sereeRA SSsauOpILAA aL +1 6g Av “IVS-sNgy, oes a s}voq *3 g|° bane seeeeee teeOON Sada aYouoYy s+ ¢@ Any ‘sInyL . ‘ Ava seatb(Gie se ora paris ‘apaaige sayy ‘Ania supquap}>: ‘og “dw ‘3eg 000‘OL 000% TOSSU TL OD INO Be ST2859M. setter Nt fqynourd[q]* "0% ‘LT “ACV “pam-ung 000'9 reseeerqsarto ga] OOL Daoyperg, 3p WOOT “fey (atessep) Way, ‘MOTI ‘7° "ZL -ady ‘sony, 000‘0% “untmg AqIry | 00's * syurge see -Bry SST JueseaTq|* “gaudy "Weg 000‘0% ‘yng Aqaryye|so00'#—E =| “+ syuegq “ery ‘speoy S804 IZ) auTqes|: "gaudy ‘ug * 1orkVT Hod | oooor = |' “yg “fF We srteeescery Gaary aug “IBA, “MOP “4sat107 | 008 ; “SYOTET TOQe seeree ky Geonped Og ARIAL A TOTARY, JOI. |Worstarp T]* sre sTIMOTTA ur] ‘satjo pO N IV “SING TopAvy, HOI | 000‘01 “TMG “fF We By ‘Assnyy op “30 “pT Tey, “COWL 70 ga ‘snaydayg “109 | 000°¢ i yoned{ ry PRY s sorged ry |p “At ‘83 "qq “Hq-ang cree TaTVITEM, Joost |e *cauyEga ey ‘IA jauuny "3G aq ‘JBQ-singy, 000‘ET ts toupreHe) 006. [+ nowAag “RTT faaysn[O}s +++ “08 °2,7 “38S Jooo'er ferret tresses Qoyporgyfrccte| ++ 129807» “OCN ‘uraqaan| +e ‘T qa ‘pay -nopy ‘POST 4000‘0¢ eee sce 9 9nTs eel eee ene pecereeeseees ODBOAR TTT eeA ‘QAOIN) YSNDO'T "QZ 9%, “AON *38G-SINY, Nan SUTaNVNWOO NaW SUHANVNWOO NOLLVOOT aLVa HLVYACAANOD NOINA SINGNADVONA TVdIONIYd 353 CIVIL WAR (continued). U.S. ‘THAQnog | ‘QAISIOOPUL “hyxed snowy 1A 2 000°6T * dapleTT |4000‘09 7 UBULTIY Seer veeeeexy “YRUUBABS] "1S ‘OL ‘29d "PAM-FS 00s‘ + a8plqing |r “vA ‘UOpsuIqy| ttt sot “oad “SNL +000‘0¢ cers SROLOUL LA ig° sreresssamay ‘aT Aqst N “FL ‘199d “PeM-Sing 4000'¢% “-praygoyps |r* sorereeeesTTOT, UIPPURT “0g “AON “pas 400¢°S he UIMNqoODslr" sotererutag, qnpsurtds]: "6% “AON "SON, 4oos‘s 199807] 1" BA fay ‘aT[TASmUe BAD |) “ed P2As ‘6s AON en], 4000s 4000‘00T SeeeTUBAD al ttt BA CUNY 8.13998 FL ‘peou SuorT‘suentt sl ‘umopAQqaed| str LZ *JO ‘san, 000‘0 wean eee f 4000%0¢ +s TRpLIOgge|, . tA Syoorg aVpaodl st 6L OO (POM 000‘0z z stresses BUT | 000'8 r Toy wos¥atd@|" OW ‘NINOS BH "WD!" eZ “LL “IO “SaNT-UOW 008‘9 SPLMPEPLTLA OOPS : “BA ‘dex SIN “STO ‘SINgTL sen eeees seceene lownecenee "BA “poy uMo]Aq.Aeq “eT WO ‘SIMILL 000° + youarg 002'T sees 8 OSI0Qa weet een) *guoo qr [Ty . “6 °990 "POM. see eene sresTassoyp fetttrt sss sdetails BA TH 8 1oyst ay *6 ‘WO "Ung AIp g10% uositapuy “eA ‘proy Mo Aqiedg ‘Lh ~PO ML 000‘02 + WUge 4 srerees OTT MOFUOIT . “9% “ydag ‘uo, 4000‘06 **99'Tx!4000°0SI Se *quBIDn, TIUDTA Joq PUB ypryz!LVO "3g ‘gz “3dag"pa AA. "1 ‘adag *pa "A ULE 8doqsta]e seeeR A aSOTOULAy let EL “ydag “UOT BA “WOINYD s1owroAg]*** “OL “4dag a "eE) ‘UIURIPWY YW OLoqsauop|T ‘dag “UL ‘TS" any" pom seteseeeeerery SHoge| "OL ‘PL “SNV “sonpt-ung “BA GUIOg WING] teste ey cong teeny “oqo ‘oloqsanor|*** 0% ‘61 “SWW ‘JCS-LLT eA “ysq AU OW -Y Uopra AM [es'st “BNW 'sMgT-siugL, See eseeesece 4 SONGT payoorg see . OL “Bny ‘sony, “BA ‘moog doaq|et ‘el ‘Suy ‘sanyp-uopy cece duamgy freee eee verte £LVT | 000‘Or sees moqgduregzpals testes “aaPALFT Y POH | 000‘00T crresss TIVO AL | 008 teseeneseee Kava] 100008 — |* *Tlosna10q 9 ssoyy| 000'S pibeitrsereetttoary aie. “WIRTH AA ‘XBUIO'T **d9Tx + URpLIaYy ga se UBpLIay ga ‘zB W Bso10 seers UBUTaT Ga PIONS “102 seeeeeeeeeree TUpETaITG AMI “TOD YF PoOIVATY «| a ot squBting * FLAT guety,| sa07J:, quetin, 2A WR ALeqgauygg] tr pT ey ung vaee-aeg aay" eel "pion ‘uana usuryong “‘wpy sMNSRLIRT ‘UIpPVY “Wele ee ‘deg OTIQOTA] ** "8% ‘g‘sny ‘sony-wg uosuUlfOr “g Y pur[snepoypL peseeeeseerees THTQAWO]7 “RA PPpAoopy : --) Sry ‘ong ooo'ce |. . vreees eoqapiny |g treeeesseeema SBimqsaa7ag Te-1 Aine ‘ung-11 sdtoog |° 7 UBSOT 9 UvOIAaYge|** xy ‘(jadeqg vizq) vjaepy ne ‘sanyy, 002‘ wenn eree ** YOOQO |°° Trey oy “AA FY WooR yy Wp seuy, sdaoo ¢ “NOSsIay GoW Y UBULAIY Sal, serreeseeseney SeqURTy +97 ANE IT 000‘0¢ tee eeeeseeeeees TRUIIIUG|s "RD ‘9a saIy, YOVeg “oo Ame “paA, . sertesese OAV Alp reteset sess eA ‘raqsoyoul A, “oz Ane pom HOOD P MSIM [eA ‘prog purysy M dey s,Aqusy “st Ane ‘wop apesiaq T seeensnye|: “Od ‘sfundg salty ‘st Sing ‘sony, 000°8 DORIC PA ‘oune ADVIOUO FT "6 Ane “yeg ‘uojsuyoral ooo‘ooT |* suUBUtOYg sey “a Mesouay!* “1G dun “UO_L 0.8; CIVIL WAR (concluded). 354 “Tryqnog | ‘aATSIOOPUL *Aqavd snowoyora we veeeveseeQHUg “ST “ay “TITUS “GL Ds -00008 eee eee Aquega| +.B *[0Dx seceeemry “SUBaTIC) MONT *xay, ‘olpury oyewyleg sreyoy BU AeT eels sie Qe LEW ‘Wha wee “IL ACYL “sing, IL Av “sang, Siseininane PANU *[0¢)-VT@ +e SO] [[ASQIAIy IL Avyq ‘sanyy, SAO NS ** YOO We “UL oossuye[eL, “Or AV “PAM OAR, “WORT + Kquege “Uly BlpauosqID ae Ae “sony, 4000‘ St “sMOWSUOL | QO0'Gs --upULLayge “9 ‘N ‘o10QSTLLT FP Wsereyloz ‘el “Ady *paa-singy wees 000‘¢T so HOSITAAe ‘BIsIoaH HY vulUqElY ‘WeD|OS dW OyL ‘LIV LE afarminitiereie : scene Bars VIL, “wpy “yal 4000‘¢L s0Lkey “yong | ovo'ee . + £quege “CLy ‘OTIQo seeeeg cad y ‘ung 4000°¢P sreeeeseeeegary +000°00T oor que Ty’ ‘HO *xoyeul ‘Oddy = 8 aoe ‘ay[tasoy.ng|** +6 ‘g ‘ady ‘ung-"uoyL 000‘¢ seereeestay7oO pus Tautpary | oo0'F TUVULIUOIGA|gt +++ Peete eer NT “oqo ‘rnqsyes|/ Prad weit FLAVA san, 000°CF Syeieane 4000°0L prt Sera * Singstayag|"*'*g ‘3 Ady ‘uoyy-ung 4o00%0G |seeeeee srrteeeeesessaart [1000°00T Perea Sylog aA P proy uaoypdAog ‘proy sayqund|L Ady ‘ges eA Pew L000819 [rrreertretet eters eeeteseeesaary | oootop [ettrcrcrteeestopeope gy quergalge es eee ee SSreeq ‘ ‘Bamqsxa79q Soja SuBUIpaIg “MEL (6% “AVI “MOTT-IVG 4o00%er [erect seeeestrojsayor jiooo'e9 =| +? UBUTTAY ga) seasons iN ‘a[PAsuoquag” "1g ‘6 ALIX *sanp-ung 4000°02 rt7' reessuoqsutpors!41o00.0g | |* ++ agutay sy Letterenig = HY oLogsAL@A VW |OL ‘GE “AVL NY E-PIa A 4000°CL [tres t tess OMOET Y UET Ferg |4o00'sE [ress yonog » xo ‘pyaygoyoga' O(N ‘aoysuryy] er ‘6 AVY, “MOPY-Ssany, 008° steer eeeeeseeereeweessene Kring | 9008 Tent e eee e eee saree sees sUBDLIOY GA "TA SY NID “VA wD yeurg “YZ soup ‘oroqsaude |" OL BART “Mi q-smyL, 4000°ZE as “lsaA CT? ‘Io}Og “WIP Y "Ya seeeeeee to00'Gg freee seeresepagorog [greseeeeeeeeeeeey snr fmogSurempra ott 2s “QT “POA 0009 srressrerl saa Gprtereresdatod “wp y "Yd hn 4000°¢ sreesssepTogorag [ott seeseeg ND fuostapuy “alerts et qa aeg +000‘S9 +000‘00L ‘apVOT W WURAA|,"* nee ven ee enero A “any s OPW S(t s,Aauquag]|*'''y °¢ “qa. “sany-ung 000‘¢e DOPIV]T Y pavsomvog | ooo0's, tee DTOUNT[LD ® ULUIaTTSe ‘8 SroysopTer “ST "qa ‘71eg usomnog | sry sURLOBIg? O'S ‘oStRyo.0g “PL URE “7g » BOTAN 0026 + Array, seeee ween eene sund eg: SOA ELLIO “UP Y "WYAlgtreerrreseereres Qeyy ‘eqs yr egy ‘ep cure cang-y sgst * Suga | o0¢'9 aa Oe Chemis ee GUT ET See wc eens sreseeeeelsung cog'saa GL TOT Upp yas teerressseeee eg NT “cousty “1a|" "Gs ez 99d “UNg- NAW SUTAaNVNWOD NaW SYd0NVRNOO NOLLYOOT aLva GLVIAACAANOO NOIND SINGWAOVONA TVdIONIYD U.S. LOSSES OF CIVIL WAR. B55 LOSSES OF THE CIVIL WAR. (Continuation of Priucipal Engagements. See page 348.) Figures Aeveerentin losses not reliable, many times based on estimates (the Confed- erate generally so). Published works and the records of the War Department are found not to give full and satisfactory data. UNION CONFEDERAT G DATE | NOTES a a KILLED WOUND- ED |arssiwe PRISON- ERS KILLED WOUND. MISSIN! 1861 : Fri-Sat. Apr. 12, 13.... Mon. June 3.....+4... i Mon. June 10.........4 Mon. June 17....-..---| 2} 9] = 20)..... Tues. June 18.........- Tues. July 2.....+-.- asa Fri. July 5..... sie diane oe] - Thurs. July 11..........] 11} 35) O}..... Sat. July 18..... sisiets cae 2) 12 Ohawse eine July 21. Manassas. Fri. AUG. 2..s000- Behe Sori pringfield and Sat. Aug. 10.......-...| 223} 721] 291]..... [oa ills. Mon-Fri. Aug. 26-30... 1) = 2).....]...-. ‘ort Hatteras. Tues. Sep. 10..........] 16) 102).....]..... Thurs. Sep.12........ | 9] 2] 60)..... Thurs-Thurs. Sep. 12-19) 42) 108)..... Wed. Sep. 25......-.20.{ 4] Ofe eee Jenene Thurs-Fri. Oct. 3,4....| 8] 32).....]..... Wed. Oct. 9....-.seeeee 9] avetesse Mon. Oct 21..... aeeeeee| 223] 266] 455/..... Fri. Oct. 25.....00.++ -| 15) 27) 10)..... 7 Sat. Oats, B6rcssase cece Perce entire oat a Mill Creek Mills. Thurs. Nov. 7.....--++ : aise cisiease 0; Thurs. Nov. 7....-.---.| 84] 288) 235]..... Fri. Dec. 13........----| 21{ 107].....|....- -sees/e++-.|Buffalo Mountain. Fri. Dec. 20.......--+- «| 7] 61] 8)... 1862 5|Dry Forks. Union, 6 gun- boats, 66 guns. | Union, 31 gun- boats, 94 guns. 6 gunboats, Union. Fort Craig. Monitor& Merri- Sundans 19s 02s o accece| (39|) D2b lease seaven 5 0) Thurs. Feb. 6..........| 89) 28).....]....5 { Fri. Feb. 7....--.. aisiniste Fri-Sun. Feb. 14, 16.... Fri. Feb. 21.........056 Thurs-Sat. Mar. 6, 8.... Sat-Sun. Mar. 8, 9...... Thurs. Mar. 18..... aids Fri. Mar. 1t.....-....6 Sat-Sun. Mar. 22, 23.... Sun-Mon. Apy. 6, 7.... Tues. Apr. 8-....---55- aes Thurs-Fri. Apr. 10, 11. Wed. Apr. 16 fee Sat. Apr. 26. < Fri-Mon, Apr. Ber Mon. May 5..........6+ Wed-Thurs. May 7, 8.. Fri. May 9....---.-5+4 ° Thurs. May 15.. i Sun. May 25.. Tues. May 27.. Fri. May 30... wage Sat.May 31, Sun. June 1 Wed. June 4.... ‘ Fri. June 6... Sun. June 8... Tues. June 10. Fri. June 13.. Tues: June 17.......... 1No record. . 2 Includes killed, wouuded and missing. 1100 7 100 o. 100} 200} 200}.. -| 350 - {1728 7 mac, operations begun Feb. 28. -|9 gunboats. -|Kearnstown. Union, 2 gunboats. Siege commenced March 16. : Union, 4 gunboats. 10 Evacuated June 12 : Fort Wright. Union Church. Secessionville,Fort Johnson. 356 LOSSES OF CIVIL WAR (continued). 7. & UNION CONFEDERATE ; ee : eae A wz |a % DATE a |e A |oa B Z |S NOTES pee) 2 |e) a |88| 2 | ea me mz | i |e zim Te yA) BO 125) Engage Gevn Fri. June 27.... Sun. June 29... Sun. June 29... Mon. June 30.. Tues. July 1... Sun. us 18.. Fri-Sat. ug. 29, 30.. Fri-Sat. Aug. 29; 30.. Fri-Sat. Aug. 29, 30.. Mon. Sept. 1.....-- Sun. Sept. 14....-.--..- “443 Fri-Mon. Sept. 12, 15.. Tues-Wed. Sept. 16, 17. Tues-Wed. Sept. 16, 17.|2010 Fri-Sat. Sept. 19, 20.... Fri-Sat. Oct. 8, 4....... Wed. Oct. 8...... a Wed. Oct. 22. Sun. Dec. 7...- que Mon Paka 11, 15 Sun. Dec. Sun-Mon. Dee, 28, 29.. 186 Wed.Dec.31 , (1862), Sun. Jan. 4 1 hore, de Lecce Thurs. Jan. 8......--- . Sun. Jan. 11....- Wafaveiasniv Sun. Feb. 15...-.....-. aia Thurs. Mar. 5....-..+-- aiecee Sat. Mar. 14.....- Ainsciesa|'6 Wed. Mar. 25....- saci Tues. Apr. 7-.---.+-+- Fri. Apr. 10......0..-.- yeas Thurs. Apr. 16.......-. Sun. Apr. 26..... rena Wed. Apr. 29. Fri. May 1........ eaves Fri-Mon. May 1, 4...... wet Fri-Sat. May 8, Oiianae Tues. May 12.........- Thurs. Muay 14. Sat. May 16.. Sun. May 17. Wed. May 27 Sat-Sun. June 6, 7 Tues. Mon. June 15. Tues. June 23.......006 Tues-Tues. June a Sun. June 28.. Sat. July 4.. Wed-Fri. Jul, Sat. ay 4.. Sun.July 5.... Thurs. July 9. Mon. July 13.. Thurs. July 16... June Q9..-0---- ee [se 30 180002 ” 9692 4502 40002]..... 5500) 260) 100 -|) Grant’s cam . [eee Bee Days Battle.’ Union loss 15,249; killed, 1,582; wounded, 7,709; miss- ing, 5,958; Confederate loss, 16,000. 0 | Mechelen figures are McClellan’s estimate. -|Yemasee. Fayetteville 10 & Illinois Creek. Chickasaw Bayou. p etone A River. Fort Hindman. Cumberland Iron Works. Thompson’s Station. .-|Dutton’s Hill. Stone Inlet. Running the batteries. ee first engagem’t against Vicksburg. Confederate amas by Gen. Hooker. ene a at 1863; Ist assault May 19. Unsuccessful. ee July 9 uarter given Union T. ‘As hland) Brandy Station commenced June 13. 4 ; Campaign. H From May 18 to July 4. -|{Union, 1 gunboat. 100) See May 27. 1 No record. Includes killed, wounded and missing. . 8 Doubtful, Ss. LOSSES OF CIVIL WAR (continued). 357 DATE Thurs. July 16... Sat. July 18..... Fri. July 17..... Tues. Sept. 8.... Wed. Sept. 9...... ais Sat-Sun. Sept. 19, 20 Wed. Oct. 7. Tues.Nov.17,Fri.Dec.4 Mon-Wed. Nov.23,25. Fri. Nov.27..-ceseeee Thurs-Sat.Nov. 26, 28. 1864. Mon-Wed. Feb.1,3.... Sat.Feb. 20.....s---s00 Thurs-Sat. Feb. 25,27.. Sun-Fri.Feb.28,Mar. 4 Mon. Mar. 14......0..- Thurs. Mar. 81.. Fri. Mar. 25... Tues. Apr. 12.....-... Sun-Wed.Apr. 17, 20.. Sat. Apr. 30....seeeee. Thurs. May 5..... a Thurs-Sat. May 5, 7... Fri-Sat. May 6, 7...... Thurs-Mon. May 5, 9..| - Sun-Wed. May 8, 18 Mon-Fri. May 9, 18... Thurs-Mon. May 12, 16) Fri-Mon. May 13, 16.. Sun. May 15...... Bets Wed. May 18 ......... oie Mon-Mon. May 16, 30} -- Mon-Fri. May 23-27... Tues. May 24......... Wed-Sun. May 25, 29. Wed-Sun. June 1, 12.. Sun. June 5........-6. Fri. June 10... Fri. June 10.......... sae Fri. June 10.......... Sat-Sun. June 11-12... Wed-Sun. 15, 19...... Sun. June 19.......... Wed-Thurs.June 22,23] ...- Wed-Thurs.June 22,30] ---- Tues. June 21. Mon. June 27 Mon. July IBscesnoenn Wed. July 20.. Wed. July 20- Fri. July Pe 200031110008 - 4502 seeeelocee| eons! 50002 ++-+-138401 80001....... 3002). NOTES .|Evacuated by Confed. 2d assault. Elk Creek. Night attack. 10 0|Shelbyville Pike. 00 Lookout Mountain,24. Missionary Ridge, 25. { Greysville, Pea Vine Creek, Taylor’s Ridge. : Orchard Knob, 23. -|Operations at MineRiver. + |Ocean Pond& Silver Lake Buzzard Roost, Rocky Face Ridge. Red River Expedition. Ft. Anderson. Forts Gray, Wessells & 7 { Williams. Steele’s Expedition. -|Ram Albemarle. Estimated. Nr. Port Walthai & Chester Station. Laurel Hill & Ny River engagements. Drury’s Bluff. -|Sugar Valley. 0 Red River Expedition. i Jericho Ford & Taylor’s Bridge. Estimated. a Piedmont. 400 Morgan’s Raid. 70) Off Cherbourg, France. Ream’s Station. General Assault. Hood's first sortie. |Hood’s second sortie. 1 No record. 2 Includes killed, wounded and missing. 3 Doubtful. 358 LOSSES OF CIVIL WAR (concluded). UNION CONFEDERATE DATE Bs he Ba a Bn ae Be NOTES Palag|s a 3 /ba] o4)4¢6 ° a & mr |e & 8 z saa) Se Bt ae a es, te McCook’s raid, Love- Tues. July 26......+-200]+- Thurs. July 28.......++ Fri-Sun. July 1-81..... Sun. Aug. 7 7 Fri-Tues. Aug. 5, 23. Sun. Aug. 14 Mon-Thurs. Aug. 15, 18 ae Tues. Aug. 16.....-..- alisres a aes Thurs-Thurs. Aug. 18,25).... Fri-Sat. Aug. 19, 20....]--.- Sun. Aug. 2 Sun-Tues. Aug. 14, 16.. ot Wed.Aug.31, Th. Sept.1 Fri. Sept. 16......----- Mon. Sept. 19.. Wed. Sept. 21.. Wed.Sept. 28, S: Mon. Sept. 26 Fri. Oct. 7... Thurs. Oct. 13.... Thurs. Oct. 13........ Mon-Tues. Oct. 17, 25.. Wed. Oct. 19....-. ness Thurs. Oct. 27....0+-4-+ Fe Tue.Nov.29,Wed.Dec. 7]... 1 Wed. Nov. 30 Thurs-Wed. Dec. 1, 14.|.... Thurs. Dec. 15......... atsTeis, Sat-Wed. Dec. 10, 21. Fri-Sun. Dec. 23, 25..-.|.+-- 1865 Fri-Sun. Jan. 13, 15....].... Sun-Tues. Feb. 5, 7.. Thurs-Fri. Mar. 2, 10... Thurs-Mon. Mar. 9, 18.|. mat Wed-Thurs. Mar. 15, 16. Sun-Tues. Mar. 19, 21. Sat-Mon. Mar. 23, 27 Wed.Mar.29,Sat. Apr Sun-Mon. Apr. 2, 3.... oe Tues.Mar.14,Fri.Apr.14 Mon.-Sun. Apr. 3, 9.... Sun. Apr. 9..----eeeeee ies Fri.Mar.17, Thu. Apr.20). * Thurs-Wed.Apr. 13,2 + Tues. May 9....-.... t Wed. May 10... § Thurs. May 11.. Thurs. May 11.......- || Fri, May 26........ srsisthaccieee eee o 1 1)....../ 1800 caeneleoeer 1 1)....../26000 25002/....+ +++ +-/20002!....../40002 -|70002 - 180000 -|10000) -| 8000 joy Station. -|Hood’s third sortie. 0, ° Ft. Gaines & Morgan. : Front Royal. Kilpatrick’s raid. Berryville, Flowing Springs. -|Hampton’s Raid. Opequan, Belle Grove. oodstock. Fort Davidson. 0/Tom Brook, Strasburg, Woodstock. Reconnaissance. Price’s Invasion. Middletown. Honey Hill,Broud River. Skirmishing in front of Nashville. Sheridan’s raid. Smith’s Farm. Apr.2, Richmond occu- pied by Wertzel,Apr.3. Stoneman’s raid. Surrender of Lee, Apr. — Appomattox, C.H., a {An of Petersburg, Siege commenced Mar.26 Wilson’s raid. ‘Palmetto Ranche. henes 20000 1No record. 2 Includes killed, wounded and missing. * Surrender of Johnston, April 26, at Durham Station, Orange Co., Va. + Surrender of ‘‘ Dick’? Taylor, May 9, at Citronella, Ala. i Surrender of Sam Jones, May 10,.at Tallahassee, Fla. Capture of Jefferson Davis. Surrender of Thompson, May 11, at Chalk Bluff, Ark. || Surrender of E. Kirby Smith, May 26, at New Orleans, La. U.S. LEEL'S SURRENDER.— TROOPS CALLED. 359 LEE’S SURRENDER. AppomatTrox Court Housz, Va., April 9, 1865. Gen. R. E. Lez, Commanding @. S. A. GENERAL: In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the 8th inst. * I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of N. Va. on the following terms, to wit: Rolls of all the Officers and men to be made in duplicate. One copy to be given to an officer designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged and each company or regi- mental commander sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery and public property to be packed and stacked, and turned over to the officer appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they pay reside. Very respectfully, U.S. Grant, Lt.-Gen. HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA, April 9, 1865. GENERAL: I received your letter of this date containing the terms of the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia as proposed by you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th inst. they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officer to carry the stipulations into effect. R. E. LEE, General. Lieut.-General, U.S, GRANT. TROOPS CALLED FROM THE “UNION STATES” BY PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION. CALL LENGTH OF SERVICE Date (Number} Quota | 60 3 6 9 1 2 3 4 ¥ called days| mos. | mos. | mos. | year | years | years | years May 3, 1861/500,000 | 611,827 | ....|........|.e0ees 2,715| 9,147| 30,050|657,868|..... : 3 ‘uly tS 1863 300,000 | 334,885 | ....| 15,007). ..6--Jaeeeee] poeeeeleceeees 421,465}..... . ct. 300,000 ek. 1” teodlsoo' ooo | | 457.484 317,092]...... Mar.14, 1864/200,000 186,981 259,515)....6 July 18, 1864/500,000 357,152 eee 153,059 730 Dee. 19,1864|300,000 | 284,215 | .... .|151,363] 5,110} 54,967] 312 MILITIA. R Apr.15, 1861] 75,000 73,891 | ....| 91,816].....-[e--e00] cones . Aug. 4, 1862/300,000 834,885 | ...-]--e reece] cover 87,588] .....- eras June 15,1863) ........ Noquota| ....].....-6- 16,361]..... al sks: wvecete ‘Apr.23, 1864 ere 18,1864 \ wees] 113,000 | ....] 83,612/...... misuse leone | Reval eat Other addi-| ........| .....0-- tions of mili-| -.. : tia and vol-| ... unteers. ARMY STRENGTH OF THE UNION FORCES. aia PRESENT ABSENT - AGGREGATE GRAND Regulars |Volunt’rs | Regulars|Voluntr’s| Regulars) Volunt’rs| = TOTAL Jan. 1, 1861} 28,771 169,480 4,018 849 32,789 170,329 203,118 Jan. 1, 1862} 19,871 507,333 2,554 46,159 22,425 | 553,492 575,917 Jan. 1, 1863) 19,169 679,633 6,294 213,095 25,463 | 892,728 918,191 Jan. 1, 1864| 17,237 594,013 7,399 242,088 24,636 836,101 860,737 Jan. 1, 1865} 14,661 606,263 7,358 331,178 22,019 937,411 959,460 Mar.31, 1865} 13,880 643,867 7,789 | 314,550 21,669 | 958,417 980,086 May 1, 1865|....... itil ieracgyacacoserielliestssicsiemionedteresstemeteretnadarete ta, iaNGl| ices te 1,000,516 [* Extract of letter 8th inst., referred to: ‘“‘ that peace being my great desire, there is but one condition I would insist upon, namely: that the men and officers surrendered shall be disqualified for taking up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged.’’] 360 AGGREGATE OF TROOPS. U.S. AGGREGATE TROOPS FURNISHED UNION ARMY, 1861-1865. me a a la a | ARSED om a a ala g| & |Be& zZa/ E583 ae | &§ | ge | 2 | B lBe8| & |ESE| 8 [Esl atas Be B Bz a 4 Seal g 289) mg |uBlesees ae = 2 oP & | 2 | RES BE) OSES 58 z A a |p & S| ses” Alabama...|.......-. 2,576) 4,969 2 1,611 Arkansas .. 780 8,289] 5,526 19 7,836 California..|......... 15,725] . e000 4.1) 15,725 Colorado T.|......... 4,903 95).. -{14.8 3,697 Connecticut, 44,797; 57,379] 1,764 12.4] 50,623 Dakota Ter.|..... aise 206]. ...-- 4.3) 206 Delaware .. 13,935} 13,670) 954 12.2) 10,322 Dist. of Col. 3,269 22.4) 11,506 Florida... 1,044). 9 1,290 Georgia... .]eccceseesleceeeeesfereeees ‘ -0) Tllinois.. 1,811 15.1) 214,133 Indiana.... 1,537 14.6} 153,576 Towa..... oe 11.3 68,630 Kansas..... 2,080} 1,420 419 287 210 119) 18.8 18,706 Kentucky... 23,703] 29,421] 9,503} 8,088] 5,787/ 1,860] 6.8} 70,832 Louisiana.. 486] ..2266. ei aiaiazee | siniggncies aero S a byeisters a 4,654 Maine ..... 04| 27,324} 3,760] 12,997} 4,946] 1,991/11.5| 56,776 Maryland... 8,718) 29319] 9,207] 11,011) 6,134] 1,426] 7.3| 41,275 Mass......- 3,966] 41,582) 5,167| 27,070) 8,383 912)12.3) 124,104 Michigan .. 1/387| 22:122| 4,294) 7,130| 3,773] 1,809/11.9| 80,111 Minnvesota.. 104} 10,796] 2,058} 4,449) 1,291) 862] 14.5 19,693 Mississippi 17,869)...+... wireGieeleal Soleo. leinesiate's eee 0 545 Missouri. .. 8,344| 21,519] 9,444) 5,781] 1,638| 1,031) 9.2] 86,530 NebraskaT.}......... B, 1ST). . ee ee[e eee sesleneeeee ocd wiovoisie etacceclerece -|10.9 2,175 Nevada....|..... ieee 1,080),....-. ois sieiniaa leveseioienss| en srereisiall seinie sie atciarsas 15.7 1,080 New Hamp.| 35,897| 34,629, 125) 10,806 464] 5,478) 3,654) 210/10.6] 30,349 New Jersey} 92,820) 81,010) 1,185) 32,325) 6,205) 8,224) 9,650) 951/12.0) 57,908 N.Mexico T]........- 6,561)....... aaa graiete eieeare ees Sreonon 7.0) 5432 New York..| 507,148] 467,047) 4,125)151,488] 31,745] 68,006 12.0) 392,270 N. Carolina 1,560 3,1 5 a Sistahorsls eyeleleiwvers 3 38,15! i | 306,322 9,368] 19,751 13.6) 240,514 asetaes caleainesiclnaw cua 3.4] 1,773 385,369) 31,309] 70,913 12.5| 265,517 18,898 249) 2,809 7 ae 17,866 1,560) 2.8 26,394 eae .3| 1,632 Vermont ..| 32,074 1.2} 29,068 Virginia....)......06. .0| 0 Wash. Ter.]......... 64). eseees 8.3 964 W.Virginia] 34,463] 32,068 196} 3,180)" 1,014 569 219} 242) 8.1) 27,714 Wisconsin -| 109,080} 96,424 165) 38,395) 11,742] 14,782) 6,718] 3,722|12.4) 79,260 Ind. Nation]......... 3,530]... esleceeneeleeece alecccces|svccccslercces ite 3,530 Col. Troops|.....-++- 98,441]... cc feceeeeslececons eee eneleseceeelensens wee] 91,789 Total.... .12,763,670] 2,859,132/143,304}776,829|161,244/315,509| 160,331] 46,347| 9.1 |2,319,272 * Per cent. of troops furnished to population. The total number of colored troops enlisted during the war was 186,017, the figures given above being those who were organized at various stations in the States, and who could not be at the time, and were not, assigned or specifically credited to States. CASUALTIES IN CONFEDERATE ARMY. Died of wounds and disease (estimated) Deserted (estimated).......sssceereeeseecseeneee Captured......eeseeecee Paroled on the field..... ‘i Died while prisoners..... atin A ses ee + 6026,774 U.S. UNION CASUALTIES.—CONFEDERATE ARMY. 361 CASUALTIES IN UNION ARMY. (Civil War.) REGULARS VOLUNTEERS wm cause ge | Palisted) Total | Officers | Palisted) Tota ° Wallen: vv swasancvaea seeaeucateeeee .|157|_1,890} _2,047| 3,345 _64,056| 57,401 Died of Wounds saxieesewaee aeoets tae rcals oeeeedus|eeases aoe 1,295) 35,095] 33,690 Died of disease........ ... 83 2,749 2,832, 2,141} 152,013 De Accitenially RINE nntsmwesicrcrtnad|h ceanpe son ccrenl samme iene 12 294 Executed by sentence...... 6 6 ee action........+.. 4,085} 4,157 Honorably discharged. ...... 159,764! 170,569 Discharged for disability... 209,102] 212,160 Dishonarably discharged... 2,023) ay Dismissed .....-.ceceeeeeceeeeeceres| 122[..eeeeee.} = 122] 2,148]... eee Cashicre Gsose.cis:cisio:sisieiacesaiere ssorarenacaie's,csaie|'> Ol sjoissaissei sun's ieSeaessinieie sO] “DOB /scarsiareco-eisis "252 Resigned.....+seeseeeeeeeree -| 390|......+.., 390) 21,090)......... 21,090 Deserted......seececeeeecees siete (ater 170,029] 170,216 Motalusiecsssnece causes aacuitaace 800] 28,831| 29,631| 44,886] 783,467 828,353 COLORED AGGREGATE a En- Enlisted |: coun © |listed| Total | Ofticers |B™isted | potay g oe i | men Killed... .......545 did atetesesa Be eiareiete eee 124) 1,790 1,914 3,626] 57,736| 61,362 Died of wounds..... ones 46) 1,037 33,132] 34,773 Died of disease....... .. 90] 26,211 180,973] 183,287 Accidentally killed... weslee 204 3 Executed by sentence 7 Missing in action..... 18 6,626} 6,749 Honorably discharged 427 163,343] 174,577 Discharged for disabil a 166 221,080) 224,306 Dishonorably discharge ‘i 18 2,489] 2,693 Dismissed .........----++5 158 aioe eile 2,423 Cashiered........0-+00+ 16}. QTA)...seeeee Resigned...........e0ee 801 22,281|...00-05. 22,281 Deserted .......--ese00- 24 12,464 216} 198,829) 199,045 Total..... in Ciis/alnco fol ininre ‘scare cteeveruie: «+l 1,888] 52,211 54,099 47,574| 864,509] 912,083 ACTIVE ARMIES OF THE CONFEDERACY. Whole number enrolled (present and absent). JAN. 1, 1862 JAN. 1, 1863|7AN. 1, 1864/sAN. 1, 1865 Department of S. Carolina & Georgia. . Army of Northern Virginia........... Department of Fredericksburg. Department of Norfolk...... . Department of Richmond.... Department of the Peninsula. Department of New Orleans. Department of Mississippi & Department of the Gulf.... Department of Pensacola... Department of North Carolina. Department of West Virginia. . Army of Tennesseec..... Binsesnieitis Department of East Tennessee. Department of Kentucky.... Western Department........... Department of the Northwest.. Trans. Mississippi Department. 40,955 84,225 10,645 16,825 27,052 144,605 53,014 155,772 32,148 12,820 7,138 86,995 50,000* Total....... Ee ripiosacececias 318,011 The aggregate in July, 1861, estimated at 210,000. 465,584 472,781 * Estimated. 439,675 THE ARMY. 362 U.S. THE ARMY. COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, THE PRESIDENT. [Constitution, ART. II., § 1.] One General os 2 One Lieutenant-General, i Expired August 5, 1888. ree Major-Generals, Six Brigadier-Generals. DEPARTMENTS, — Adjutant-General, Inspector-General, Quartermaster-General, Ord- nance, Medical and Pay, Corps of Engineers, Battalion of Engineer Soldiers, Signal Office, Bureau of Military Justice, Thirty Post and Four Regular Chaplains. Five Regiments of Artillery, Ten Regiments of Cavalry, Twenty-five Regiments of Infantry. REGIMENT OF ARTILLERY. Twelve Batteries, One Colonel, One Lieut.-Colonel, One Major (for every four batteries), One Adjutant, One Quartermaster and Commissary, One Sergeant-Major, One Quartermaster-Sergeant, One Chief Musician. REGIMENT OF CAVALRY. Twelve troops, One Colonel, One Lieut.-Colonel, Three Majors, One Surgeon; One Ass’t Surgeon, One Adjutant, One Quartermaster, One Veterinary Sur- geon, One Sergeant-Major, One Quartermaster Sergeant, One Sadler Sergeant, One Chief Musi- ’ cian, ” One Trumpeter. REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. Consists of Ten Companies, One Colonel, One Lieut.-Colonel, One Major, One Adjutant, One ye eae One Serg’t-Major, One Quartermaster Sergeant, One Chief and Two Principal Musicians, A Chaplain, Thirty Post Chaplains. BATTERY OF ARTILLERY. One Captain, Two First Lieuts.,One Second Lieut., One First Sergeant, One Quartermaster Sergeant, Four Sergeants, Four Corporals, Two Musicians, Two Artificers, One Wagoner, As many privates, not exceeding 1222,as | the President may direct [may add one” Second Lieut., two Sergeants and four Corporals]. TROOP OF CAVALRY. One Captain, One First Lieut., One Second Lieut., One First Sergeant, One Quartermaster Sergeant, Five Sergeants, Four Corporals, Two Trumpeters, . Two Farmers, One Saddler, One Wag- oner. As many privates not exceeding 78, as the President may direct. [Enlisted men of two troops are colored.] COMPANY OF INFANTRY. One Captain, One First Lieut., One Second Licut., One First Sergeant, One Quartermaster Sergeant, Four Sergeants, Four Corporals, Two Artificiers, Two Musicians, One Wagoner, Fifty Privates. The President may increase to 100 in _ emergency. [Enlisted men’ of two regiments are colored.] Army Corps, two or more Divisions under one command. A Division, two or more Brigades. A Brigade, two or more regiments of Infantry or Cavalry. A Regiment, two or more Battalions. A Battalion, an aggregation of from two to eight companies. A Company, consists on a war footing, of 100 men. A Platoon, two equal parts of a company. U.S. . THE NAVY. 863 PRESCRIBED DUTIES. General, none (being next to the President). | Lieut.-General, such as issued by the President, by general, regular or special orders. Major-General, commands a Division, oftentimes an army corps. Brigadier-General, commands a Brigade, sometimes a Division. Colonel, commands a Regiment of eight or more companies. Lieut.-Colonel, principally executive, under direction of the Colonel. . Major, assists the Colonel, sometimes commands a separate battalion or regiment. Captain, commands a Company any ine from 50 to 100 privates. Lieutenant, under direction of the Captain. THE NAVY. One A sy Vice-Admiral { Ceases to exist with present incumbents. ei a Eleven Rear-Aduirals, ‘i Twenty-five Commodores. Fifty Captains, Ninety-one Commanders, Eighty Lieut.-Commanders, Two hundred and eighty Lieutenants, One hundred Masters, One hundred Ensigns, Forty-four Midshipmen. VESSEL CLASSES. First. — Steamships, 4,000 tons displacement and upwards. Ironclad, steam, 3,000 tons measurement and upwards. Ships of the Line, commissioned for service. Second. — Steamships, 2,000 to 4,000 tons displacement. Ironclads, 2,000 to 3,000 tons measurement. Frigates (sailing), commissioned for sea service. Third. — Steamships, 900 to 2,000 tons displacement. Tronclads, 1,200 to 2,000 tons measurement. Sloops of War (sailing), commissioned for sea service. Fourth. — Steamships below 800 tons displacement. Dispatch vessels and storeships. PRESCRIBED DUTIES. Admiral, commands a fleet or fleets. Vice-Admiral, commands a fleet or division of a fleet under the Admiral, be Com. mander-in-Chief of a squadron, command a naval station. Rear-Admiral, commands a fleet_ or squadron, or division under an Admiral or Vice- Admiral, be Chief-of-Staff of a naval force under an Admiral or Vice-Admirai, or may command a naval station. Commodore, commands a division or squadron, or be Chief-of-Staff of a Naval Force commanded by an Admiral, Vice or Rear Admiral, commands a ship of the First Class, a naval station, or the vessel of an Admiral, Vice or Rear Admiral commanding a fleet. Captain, commands a vessel of the Second Class, or vessel of the First Class under an Admiral, Vice or Rear Admiral or a Commodore, employed as Aide to any grade of Admiral, Chief-of-Staff to a Naval force or detached division commanded by a Rear Admiral or Commodore on duty under a Bureau of the Navy Depart- ment, act as second in command of a shore station, command small practice or flying squadrons. Commander, commands vessels of the Third or Fourth Class, employed as Chief-of-Staff to a Commodore, on duty under a Bureau of the Navy Department, or Aide to a Flag Officer of either grade, or shore stations. 364. THE NAVY. U.S. Lieut.-Commander, may act as Aide to an Admiral, Vice or Rear Admiral or Commo- dore commanding a fleet; Aide or Executive of a Commanding Officer, Naviga- ting or Watch Officer in First, Second or Third Rates, perform duties at shore evens or under a Bureau, may be ordered to command vessels of the Fourth lass. Lieutenant, may perform duty on a vessel of all classes, in the engine room, if neces- sary, and at shore stations as aeoibte i Master may be attached to all classes, performing duties assigned by commanding officer, including duty in engine room, if necessary. Ensign, are ordered to the different classes, performs duty in engine-room, if necessary, duties of Master’s mate on decks, hold and forecastle, and others, as assigned by __ . , commanding officer. Midshipmen | perform such duties as assigned by commanding officer, including dutiés Mates on the several decks, in the hold and engine-room. PETTY OFFICERS OF THE LINE. Chief Master at Arms. Boatswain’s Mates. Gunner’s Mates. Signal Quartermaster. Coxswain to Commander-in-Chief. Captains of Forecastle, Quartermaster, Quarter-Gunners. Coxswains. Captains of Maintop, Foretop, Mizzentop and Afterguard. With rank next after Master-at-Arms.] 2 Ship’s Yeomen, Machinists, Engineer’s Yeoman, Apothecaries, Paymaster’s Yeoman, Masters of the Band, Schoolmasters, Ship’s Writers. ; [With rank, after Gunner’s Mates.1] Carpenter’s Mates, Boiler Makers, Armorers, Sail-maker’s Mates. (With rank, after Captain of the Afterguard.] Coppersmiths, Painters, Coopers, Armorcr’s Mates, Ship’s Corporal, Captains of the Hold, Ship’s Cooks. (Orderly ORE of Marines rank next after Mastey-at-Arms; all other Sergeants with Gunner’s Mates; all Corporals, with Captains of the Afterguard.] COMPARATIVE RANK. ARMY. NAVY. General, Admiral, Lieutenant-General, Vice-Admiral, Major-General, Rear-Admiral, Brigadier-General, Commodore, Colonel, Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Commander, Major, Tieutenant-Commander, Captain, Lieutenant, First Lieutenant, Junior Lieutenant, Second Lieutenant, Ensign. Midshipmen, Chiefs of Bureau Surgery; Title, Surgeon-General. 35 30 Provisions and Clothing; », Pay-Master-General. 3 6 Steam Engines; » Chief Engineer. 43 Construction and Repairs; »» Chief Constructor. MEDICAL CORPS. [rank with] PAY CORPS. Medical Directors, Captain, Pay Director, Medical Inspectors, Commander, Pay Inspector, Surgeons, Lt. Commander or Lieut. Paymaster, Passed Ass’t Surgeons, Lieutenant or Master, Passed Ass’t Paymaster, Ass’t Surgeons, Master or Ensign, Ass’t Paymaster. Chaplains; 4, relative rank of Captain; 7, Commander; 7, Lient.-Commander or Lieut. Prof. of Mathematics; 3, relative rank of Captain; 4, Commander; 5, Lieut.-Com- mander or Lieut. Naval Constructors: 2, relative rank of Captain; 8, Commanders; all other Lieut.-Com- manders or Lieut. [Officers of Medical, Pay and Engineers no authority to exercise.] U.S. REGULAR ARMY.—CANNON SALUTES. 365 REGULAR ARMY. (As fixed by Acts of Congress.) 1789 (Sept. 29.) 1 Regt. Infant.1 Bat. Art.840 ; 1847. Mexican War 1792. Indian Border Wars -5,120 | 1848. Mexican War. 1794. Peace establishment +3,629 | 1849-55, Peace establish 1801. Peace establishment 5,1 1856-61. Peace establish 1807. Peace establishment 1810. Peace establishment 1812. War with Great Britain. 1815. War with Great Britain. 1817-21. Peace establishment. 1822-32. Peace establishment. 1833-37. Peace establishment 1838-42. Florida War........- 1843-46. Peace establishment... me ment. 1872-74. Peace establishment. -12,589 | 1875-80. Peace establishment CANNON SALUTES. Salute with cannon is a certain number of guns fired in succession with blank cartridges, in honor of a person, to celebrate an event, or to show respect to the flag of acountry. [Etymologically, salutation, from Lat. salutatio ‘‘ wishing health.’’] Governmental instructions govern the number of guns that shall constitute special salutes; the rapidity of which the pieces are dis- charged depends upon their caliber; field-guns having five-second in- tervals between discharges, siege guns eight seconds, and heavy caliber ten seconds; with a minimum number of pieces to be used, two for field, four for siege and six for sea-coast guns; that salutes shall be fired only between sunrise and sunset (as a rule never on Sundays), and that the National flag shall always be displayed. Under no circumstances is a flag of a military post dipped by way of a compliment or salute. The National Salute is one gun for each State in the Union. It is fired at noon, July 4, ‘‘ Anniv ersary of the Independence of the U. S.” at each military post or camp provided with artillery. The International Salute or the salute to a national flag is twenty-one guns. : It is the custom of foreign ships-of-war entering the harbor, or in passing in the vicinity of a fort, to hoist at the fore the flag of the country in whose waters they are and salute it; on the completion of the salute to the flag, a salute (of twenty-one guns) is returned as soon as possible (time intervening never to exceed twenty-four hours) by the nearest fort or battery; if there are several forts or batteries in sight or within the radius of six miles, the principal fort returns the salute; the International Salute is the only salute that is returned. United States vessels return International Salutes to the flag in United States waters, only when there is no fort or battery to do so. Personal Salutes. To the President of the United States [given on both arrival at and départure from a military post, or when passing the vicinity. No other personal salute is fired in his presence].......csececeeeee coeeereceee fe sieatore wiaveteiaiarara 21 guns To the Vice-President of the United States and the President of the Senate...... 19 guns Tothe Members of the Cabinet, Chief Justice of the U.S., Speaker of the House of Representatives, Governors (within their respective States or Terri- tories) aiplaisreidievaceisie ii -aveiayoaiesccesetiaietaiave (ile: avails reteiaceela oyaVatSaavetasa:AUaiaeIAtey .-.17 guns To a Committee of Congress, officially visiting a military post or station........17 guns 866 ORIGIN OF “TWENTY-ONE GUNS.” U.S. To a General-in-Chief, Field Marshal or Admiral.... To a Lieut.-General or Vice-Admiral.....--.+--esseseereeceee To a Major-General or Rear Admiral.. To a Brigadier-General or Commodore. To Officers of Marines, Volunteer forces an the United States, a salute according to rank. Commanders of Divisions, of squadrons oe Divisions, of a senior officer present, and the narrow pendant of other officers, no salute; but when these offi- cers salute an officer of superior rank, they are to receive, if a Captain, a return salute of nine guns; if a less rank, seven guns. Return salutes of officers holding equal rank, gun for gun. No vessel mounting less than six guns allowed to salute. {An officer assigned to duty, according to brevet rank, is entitled to the salute prescribed for the grade to which assigned. ] When several persons, each of whom is entitled to a salute, arrive together at a post, the one highest in rank or position is alone saluted; it they arrive successively each is saluted in turn. As a rule,a personal salute is fired when the personage entitled to it enters the port or station. To the Sovereign or Chief Magistrate of any Foreign Country...... seseveeeeeeo2] guns To Members ot the Royal Family; namely, the Heir Apparent and Consort of the reigning sovereign of a Foreign Country.......sceeesserceeteecreeeeee 21 guns To the Viceroy, Governor-General or Governors of Provinces belonging to foreign States...... de.sie tiaieisieis she e¥ win.0.9e'e¥ «isin bin aia'5ie 24 Ymegiie ws siege iceieiaters 17 guns To Ambassadors-Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. 1 To Envoys-Extraordinary and Ministers-Plenipotentiary To Ministers Resident, accredited to the United States.. ai To Charges d’Affaires, or subordinate diplomatic agents left in the United States ei To Consuls-General, accredited to the United States.......-.0.----sescesescaaee -9 guns To Officers of Foreign Services, visiting any military post or station (provided with artillery), in accordance with their rank. Origin of Twenty-one Guns as a Cannon Salute. The Presidential Salute of twenty-one guns was adopted that a uni- formity in national salutes might be maintained, it being the same number of guns as the royal salute of England. The reason why twenty-one should have been selected as the number of guns has been a source of search and guess, with no satisfactory results. Of the many surmises, the two carrying the most weight of opinion are: first, that twenty-one was the same number of years fixed by English law as the age of majority; the second, that seven was the original salute, and three times seven would signify one seven for each of the divisions, England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland. “©A member of the Thirty” asserts that the United States adopted this salute to signify to the Mother Country that her child had reached his majority, and was prepared, in law, to inherit the land; and to this end fired the ‘‘ gun of 1776”; the figures of which year, 1+7+7+6 equalled twenty-one. TITLES OF GENERAL AND LIEUT.-GENERAL. May 28, 1798, an act was passed by Congress, one section of which empowered the President to appoint, with the consent of the Senate ‘‘a commander of the army which may be raised by virtue of this act, and who being commissioned as Lieutenant-General, may be author- ized to command the Armies of the United States.” {July 3, 1798, as the result of a message to the Senate from Presi- dent John Adams, the Senate unanimously consented to the appoint- ment of Washington ‘‘ as Lieutenant-General.”] U.s. ARMY COMMANDERS. 867 March 3, 1799. Congress made a change in the title to the effect “that a commander of the army of the United States shall be ap- pointed and commissioned by the style of ‘General of the armies of the United States,’ and the present office and title of Lieutenant-Gen- eral shall thereafter be abolished.” February 15, 1855, further legislation restored Lieutenant-General ; by resolution of Congress: “That the grade of Lieutenant-General be, and the same is hereby revived inthe army of the United States in order that when, inthe opinion of the President and Senate, it shall be deemed proper to acknowledge eminent services of a Major-General of the army in the late war with Mexico, in the mode already provided for in subordinate grades, the grade of Lieutenant-General may be specially conferred by brevet,* and by brevet only, to take rank from the date of such service or services. Provided, however, that when the said ‘grade of Lieutenant-General by brevet shall have once been filled, and have become vacant, this joint resolution shall thereafter expire and be of no effect.” [Winfield Scott was appointed brevet Lieutenant-General. ] March 2, 1864, Lieutenant-General conferred on U. S. Grant, the grade having been revived early in the year by Congress. bs July 25, 1866, the grade of General created and conferred by Con- gress on U. 8S. Grant. In 1869 Congress provided that ‘‘ the offices of General and Lieu- tenant-General of the Army shall continue until a vacancy shall occur in the same, and no longer.” (Sherman became General and Sheridan Lieutenant-General. June 1, 1888, by act of Congress: ‘« The President is hereby authorized when he shall deem it expedient toappoint by and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, a General of the Army of the United States to be selected from among those officers in the military service of the United States most distinguished for courage, skill and ability, who, being commissioned as General], may be authorized under the direction and during the pleasure of the President, to command the armies of the United States.” Under this act P. H. Sheridan was made General, so that he was the last Lieutenant-General ané the last General of the Army; hoth titles disappearing with his death; as for practical purposes the titles were considered disproportionate, with an army of only 25,000 enlisted men. *BreEver. (Fr. brevet, from Lat. brevis, short.) Implies in France a royal act, con- ferring some privilege of distinction; in England it is applied to a commission giving nominal rank Tgher than that for which pay is received. In the U.S. Army by brevet is conferred by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for ‘‘ gallant actions or meritorious services.” A brevet rank gives no right of command in the particular corps to which the officer brevetted belongs and can be ex- ercised only by special assignment of the President. The first time it was used in the U. S. Army was in 1812, when Captain Zachary Taylor, afterwards President, was promoted to JJajor by brevet for his defense of Fort Harrison. COMMANDERS OF THE ARMY OF THE U. 8. [Under the President as Commander-in-Chief.] Major-General George Washington. June 15, 1775, to December 23, 1783. Resigned. Born at Pope’s Creek, Va., February 22, 1732. Died at Mount Vernon, Va., December 14, 1799. Major-General Henry Knox." Decembjer 23, 1783, to June 2, 1784. Disbanded. Born at Boston, Mass., July 25, 1750. Died at Thomaston, Me., October 25, 1806. 368 ARMY COMMANDERS. U.S. Lieutenant-Colonel Josiah Harmer.? (General-in-chief by brevet, July 31, 1787.) Resigned. ‘ June 8, 1784, to March 4, 1791. Born at Philadelphia, Pa., 1753. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., August 20, 1813. Major-General Arthur St. Clair.3 March 4, 1791, to March 5, 1792. Resigned. Born at Thurso, Scotland, 1734. Died at Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818. Major-General Anthony Wayne.*+ : March 5, 1792, to December 15, 1796. Died. Born at Easttown, Pa., January 1, 1745. Died at Erie, Pa., December 15, 1796. Major-General James Wilkinson. December 15, 1796, to July 2, 1798. Resigned. Born at Benedict, Md., 1757. Died at City of Mexico, December 28, 1825. Lieutenant-General George Washington. July 3, 1798, to March 3, 1799. General George Washington.*> March 8, 1799, to December 14, 1799. Died. Born a ee Creek, Va., February 22, 1732. Died at Mount Vernon, Va., December Major-General Alexander Hamilton.° December 15, 1799, to June 15, 1800. Born on Isle of Nevis, Eng., January 11,1757. Died at Weehawken, N.J., July 12, 1804. Brigadier-General James Wilkinson.’ June 15, 1800, to January 27, 1812. Resigned. Born at Benedict, Md., 1757. Died at City of Mexico, December 28, 1825. Major-General Henry Dearborn.® January 27, 1812, to June 15, 1815. Mustered out. Born at N. Hampton, N. H., February 28, 1751. Died at Roxbury, Mass., June 6, 1829. Major-General Jacob Brown.? June 15, 1815, to February 24, 1828. Died. Born at Bucks Co., Pa., May 9, 1775. Died at Washington, D. C., February 24, 1828. Major-General Alexander Macomb.’® May 28, 1828, to June 25, 1841. Died. Born at Detroit, Mich., April 3, 1782. Died at Washington, June 25, 1841. Major-General Winfield Scott. (Brevet Lieut.-General.) July 5, 1841, to November 6, 1861. Retired. Born near Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1786. Died at West Point, N. Y., May 29, 1866. [By act of Congress, February 15, 1855, President Pierce authorized to brevet (see foot- note, page 367,) some officer for special services; his choice was General Scott. The title conferred February 15, 1855.] : 1 When Washington resigned, Knox became the senior officer, but not placed in com- mand. He was disbanded on the muster out of the troops, June 2, 1784. 2 The resolve of June 5, 1784, fixed the regular establishment at 700 men, and he be- came senior officer on being commissioned as Licutenant-Colonel. 3 Superseded Harmer by virtue of his commission but with no larger power. 4 General-in-Chief over the ‘‘ Army of the Frontier.” ’ 6 While nominated as ‘‘ General of the Army of the United States,” the office never filled. He died as Lieutenant-General. 6 Became the senior So officer, but no record of his being put in command of the Army. As Inspector-General he had some general supervision. 7 Became the senior officer, on the disbandment of the Provisional Army. 8 Senior officer of the Army. 9 Senior Major-General, but assigned to the ‘‘ Division of the North.”” He was the onl major-general provided for in the reorganization, and was directed March 2, 1821, to establish his headquarters in the District of Columbia. 10 The first general officer of the permanent military establishment formally directed to assume command of the Army. U.S. INSIGNIA OF ARMY RANK. 869 Major-General George Brinton McClellan. . November 1, 1861, to March 11, 1862. Resigned. Born at Philadelphia, December 3, 1826. Died at Orange, N. J., October 29, 1885. [No Generals as Commanders from March 11 to July 23, 1862.] Major-General Henry Wager Halleck. July 23, 1862, to March 12, 1864. Retired. Born at Westernville, N. Y., January 16,1815. Died at Louisville, Ky., January 9, 1872. Lieutenant-General Ulysses Simpson Grant. March 12, 1864, to July 25, 1866. General Ulysses Simpson Grant. July 25, 1866, to March 4, 1869. Resigned. Born at Point Pleasant, O., April 27, 1822. Died at Mount Gregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885. General William Tecumseh Sherman. March 5, 1869, to November 1, 1883. Born at Lancaster, O., February 8, 1820. Lieutenant-General Philip Henry Sheridan. November 1, 1883, to June 1, 1888. General Philip Henry Sheridan. June 1, 1888, to August 5, 1888. Died. Born at Albany, N. Y., March 6, 1831. Died at Nonquitt, Mass., August 5, 1888. Major-General John McAllister Schofield. August 14, 1888, to Born at Chautauqua Co., N. Y., September 29, 1831. INSIGNIA OF RANK OF COMMISSIONED ARMY OFFICERS. (As denoted on the epaulettes and shoulder-straps.) General Commanding. Two gold-embroidered five-ray stars, one on each side equidistant between the center and outer edge of the strap, with a gold shield in the center. Lieutenant-General. Three silver-embroidered five-ray stars, one star on the center of the strap, and one on each side equidistant between the center and edge of the strap; the center star the largest. Major-General. Two silver-embroidered five-ray stars, same size, the center of each star one inch from the outer edge of the gold embroidery on the outer ends of the straps. Brigadier-General. Same as major-general, excepting one star, instead of two. Colonel. Same as major-general, omitting the stars and substitu- ting a silver-embroidered eagle. Cloth of the strap, for general staff and staff corps, dark blue; artillery, scarlet; infantry, light or sky- blue; cavalry, yellow. = _Lieutenant-Colonel. Same as colonel, according to corps, omit- ting the eagle and introducing a silver-embroidered leaf at each end. Major. Same as lieutenant-colonel, according to corps, substituting a gold-embroidered leaf at each end. Captain. Same as major, according to corps, omitting the ieaf and substituting two gold-embroidered bars at each end. _ First Lieutenant. Same as captain, according to corps, except- a a use 7 oe ae a Bay bar at each end. econ jeutenant. Same as colon cording it- dint che cass el, according to corps, omit 370 CIVIL WAR GENERALS. CIVIL WAR GENERALS. Graduation Rank as West Point Cadets. [Military Academy established by Act of Congress, March 16, 1802.] UNION CONFEDERATE Robert Anderson. . Wm. W. Averell............. Christopher C. Augur........ Orville E. Babcock........... Absalom Baird.......-2.22+5+ Don Carlos Buell.....-.. .... Dari H. Buell... . E. Burnside.. = R. S. Canby. P. St. G. Cooke.......... 00005 Sam’] R. Curtis...........000e Geo. A. Custer Abner Doubleday............ Wn. B. Franklin..... lata bee stots uincy A.Gilmore........... Gordon Granger.. U.S. Grant.. Henry W. Halleck. W.S. Hancock..... Wm. J. Hardee.. Wm. B. Hazen..... S. P. Heintzelman............ Joseph Hooker........ oO oward.... David Hunter.... J. Kilpatrick..........0.+ Nathaniel Lyon............05 R.H. Anderson. L.S. Baker...... P.G.T. Beauregard.. Braxton Bragg..... S. B. Buckner.. Jefferson Davis.. Junius Daniel.. R.S. Elwell.. B.S. Ewell N. ren ac R. s. GRADU- STATE ZED APPOINTED 4 (S13 FROM a als E RIO -|Kentucky......|1825/15/37 -|South Carolina. |1842/40/56 -|New York... 1855]26/34 --|Michigan .. 1843}16/39 --|Vermont....--./1861) 3/34 -|Pennsylvania.. .|1849/49]43 -|North Carolina. |1851/42/42 --{Louisiana.....- 1838) 2/45 -|North Carolina.|1837| 5/50 Kentucky.....-. 1844) 7/25 -|Indiana........ 841/32]52 -|New York...... 1861)10|34. -|Indiana........ 1847}18/38 --|Indiana .......- 1839}30/31 -.| Virginia ......- 1827/23/38 .|Kentucky...... 1832|26|45 + |Ohio....e.eeeee 1831]27/33 -|Ohio.....-..ee- 1861/34/34 Mississippi... . .]1828/23/33 -+-|North Carolina. |1851/33/42 -|New York...... 1842/24/56 -| Virginia. 1837)18}50 -| Virginia... 1840)/13)42 -|Virginia........]1829] 3/46 -{South Carolina. |1848/36/38 Pennsylvania... .|1843) 1/39 Geo. W. Holt.... John B. Hood.... T) Albert §. Johnston... Fitzhugh Lee... Robert E. Lee...... Jas. Longstreet.... pipushels Harel ais Jos. E. Johnston..... Sam. Jones.......... Thos. Jordon....... Iowa .-|Virginia.. ...|Virginia........|1841)27|/52 »..|North Carolina. 1832/35/45 -|North Carolina. }1839] 3/31 -|Ohio.........08 1849) 1/48 -|New York..... 1835)35|56 =| Ohioasnsrinsierss 1843/21/39 -|New York..... 1889} 3/31 -|Pennsylvania. . .}1844/18/25 -|Georgia........ 1838)26/45 Ohio... ...ee eee 1855]28)/34 Pennsylvania... |1826]17}41 -|Virginia........ 1847)15/38 . South Carolina. |1842|28/56 -|Alabama......./1857/31/38 -|Kentucky...... 1853)/44/52 < Messackusetts. 1837|29|50 -/Maine.......... 854] 4/46 -|Dis.of Columbia}1822/25/40 -|Virginia......../1846/17/59 -|Kentucky + [1826] 8/41 Virginia... 1829) 13/46 Virginia + [1841/19/52 -|Wirginia......../1840}41]42 -|New Jersey - -|1861]17/34 . At Large. . -/1856}45}49 -|Virginia + {1829} 2/46 Alabama...... + {1842/54/56 Dis. of Columbia 1842) 9/56 Connecticut... .]1841]11]52 Maryland......|1832! 8[50 U.S. CIVIL WAR GENERALS. 3871 GRADU- STATE ATED UNION CONFEDERATE APPOINTED 4 ja FROM 4\¢ Blale J.B. Magruder....... fe raheneies -.| Virginia ....... 1850/15/42 Jno. S. Marmaduke.......... Missouri....... 1857/30/38 Dabney H. Maury At Large.......|1846/37/59 George G. Meade.......... Saal Eas etsinie ate atone taaiele Se Pennsylvania.. ./1835)19|56 G. B. McClellan..... al shai erasais valane {1 5 Alex. McD. McCook Irvin McDowell... 2 epatasaisteic azarcoiseze J.B. McPherson..........+ sts John Newton........seeeeeeee ats Virginia........ 18: Br Ov: Ord ecwnses test scyee sicieth scart we seleem ++ +|Dis.of Columbia] 1839/17/31 J.C. Pemberton... - -|Pennsylvania.. ./1837/27|/50 Geo. E. Pickett..... .|Illinois........ «|1846/59/59 Alfred Pleasanton........ Le asales fate! orajasatovara reySies -|Dis.of Columbia}1844) 7]25 Oe ME BO6 wecisriictieisteie ciniaieresererstots aie O10 'e iaie'ernveseie sie 1856] 6/49 ...[North Carolina. 1827} 8/38 John Pope.....seeeeeeceeeecs -«.{Illinois......... 1842/17/56 -+-/Pennsylvania...|1860] 3/41 -|At Large....... 1845} 8/41 -|North Carolina. |1850/18)44 Horace Porter.. Fitz John Porter. Jno. F. Reynolds..........065 Pennsylvania.. .|1841/26/52 New York Ww. S. Rosecrans...........- hio..... J.M. Schofield... Illinois.. Jno. Sedgwick: sev-ccevccceasuliceecaes cesses Truman Seymour. Philip H. Sheridan Connecti ‘Vermont Ohio.... Thos. W. Shermar -|Rhode Island.. Wm. T. Sherman. +e /Ohio.....eeeeee A.J. Smith........ 2.05 oa atayatal ata sakaras tress wiSya corona, eYavataiayoialetere -|Pennsylvania ..|1838]36/45 Edmund Kirby Smith.. -|Florida. 1 atc Lay Ry GUase wie vapde Hs cen eyed Ve awed aa vawenas -|At Large Fred’k Steele Geo. Stoneman George H. Thomas........... Lorenzo Thomas............. Delaware. Maryland. Emory Upton..........0005 A New York.. Earl Van Dorn....... -|Mississippi W.H.T. Walker...... Georgia.. G. K. Warren (New York. Godfrey Weitzel.......2....0.[eeceeenee -|Ohio..... . New York. JOS. Wheeler in icceccsnavaresas se New York : Pee pes Jas. H. Wilson.........5 ast! ile -|Ilinois. . John H. Winder.......... ‘ : Maryland.. -|Maryland...... Horatio. Wrightves x00 oxen Connecticut... .|1841] 2/52 Nore. — The above is a partial list of the most conspicuous. Prominent Union Army Volunteer Generals. (Not graduates.) N. P. Banks, John C. Frémont, John A. Rawlins, Franz Sigel, Benj. F. Butler, Ww.5S. Harney, Lovel H. Rousseau, | Jas. B. Steedman, D. Butterfield, Phil. Kearney, Carl Schurz, A. H. Terry, ie efferson C. Davis, John A. Logan, | Winfield Scott, Lewis eae John A. Dix, Nelson A. Miles, Daniel E. Sickles, Jno. E. Wool. 372 WAR NOTES. U.S. WAR NOTES. The first Traitor. While Arnold was the most conspicuous traitor in the Revolutionary era, the first man detected in an attempt to be- tray his country was Dr. Benjamin Church of Raynham, Mass. He was a graduate of Harvard University, studied medicine in London and became eminent asasurgeon. He lived a bachelor, extravagantly, in a mansion, in 1768. For several years preceding the Revolution he was conspicuous among the leading Whigs of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and was an active member. At the same time he was trusted as an ardent patriot. Church was evidently the secret enemy of the Republicans. So early as 1774 -he wrote parodies of his own popular songs in favor of liberty for the Tory newspapers; and in September, 1775, an intercepted letter, written by him in cipher to Major Cain in Boston, which had passed through the hands of the mistress of Church, was deciphered and the woman confessed he was the author. The case was laid before the Continental Congress, and he was dismissed from the general directorship of the hospital. He was arrested and tried by a court-martial at Cambridge on a charge of holding a criminal correspondence with the enemy. He was con- victed October 3 and imprisoned at Cambridge. On the seventh of November the Congress ordered him to be ‘‘ close confined without the use of pen, ink or paper, and that no person be allowed to con- verse with him, except in the presence and hearing of a magistrate of the town, or the sheriff of the county, where he shall be confined, and in the English language, until further orders from this or a future Congress.” He was so confined in the jail at Norwich, Conn. In May, 1776, he was released on account of failing health, and sailed for the West Indies in a merchant vessel. He and the vessel were never heard of afterward. The only man tried, found guilty and executed for treason during the existence of the United States was Wm. B. Mumford, in 1862. The execution took place in New Orleans under an order of Major- General Benj. F. Butler. First Martyr to American Liberty, Christopher Snider, 11 years old. On February 22, 1770, a mob, principally boys, attacked the house of Mr. Richardson in Boston, owing to his having attempted to remove certain marks set against the house of Lille who had contravened the importation law. Richardson fired upon the mob, killing young Snider. Last recorded bloodshed of the Revolution. Capt. Wilmot, at John’s Island, near Charleston, S. C., in September, 1782, while harassing a British foraging party. First bloodshed, 1812. Major Denny surprised by an Indian ambua- cade in Peter Céte settlement, between Turkey Creek and Tarontee. First bloodshed, Mexican War. Lieutenant Mason, April 24, 1846; he was with Capt. Thornton’s reconnoitering party, surprised and cap- tured on the Rio Grande, between Point Isabel and Fort Brown. First bloodshed in Civil War. April 19, 1861, at Baltimore, Md. Luther C. Ladd and A. O. Whitney, of Lowell, Mass. U.S. WAR NOTES. 373 Captain Abner C. Doubleday fired the jirst shotted gun from Fort Sumter, at the Stevens Battery on Morris Island; the first at Fort Moultrie by Ass’t Surgeon 8. W. Crawford. The greater number of successive victories in one day were those in Mexico of Gen. Scott, who had five; and Gen. Taylor, who had three. The disbanding of the Union Army commenced June 1, 1865, and 786,000 officers and men were mustered out of the service by the middle of the following autumn. Itis considered one of the greatest wonders of government, this transformation of vast armies of men to peaceable citizens in the short space of one hundred and fifty days. é ape Lane, Steges during the Civil War: Atlanta, Ga....... eee July 22, Sept. 2, 1864 | Port Hudson, La...... May 24, July 8, 1863 Blakely (Fort), Ala.......- Apr. 2-9, 1865 | Savannah, Ga. Dec. 10-21, 1864 Corinth, Miss........ Apr. 30, May 30, 1862 ay (Fort), Ala...Mar. 27, Apr. 8, 1865 Gaines (Fort), Ala......--++ Aug. 2-8) 1864 | Vicksburg, Miss..... May 19, July 4, 1863 Morgan (Fort), Ala.....eee Aug. 9-28, 1864 | Yorktown, Va.....-... April 5, May 4 1862 Petersburg, Va..June 16, 1864, ape 3 BGS | cece cece reese es cccen ec enenceceseeeceaceee According to a return made by Gen. Knox, January 3, 1784, the entire military force of the U. S. was composed of one regiment of infantry, 527 men, and one battalion of artillery, 188 men. Grand total, 665. There have been but four Generals over the army of the U. S.; Washington, 1799; Grant, 1866; Sherman, 1869; Sheridan, 1888. There have been two Admirals of the Navy of the U.S. The grade of Admiral was established by Act of Congress, approved July 25, 1866, and on this date Vice-Admiral David Glasgow Farragut was com- missioned Admiral. On the death of Farragut, ” August 14, 1870, Vice- Admiral David D. Porter was the next day commissioned Admiral. With the death or retirement of Porter, the title of Admiral expires. England dates the Revolution as commenced July 14, 1774. The Civil War is considered as beginning July 9, 1861, when the Star of the West, bearing the U. S. Flag, was fired into from Norris Island, 8. C.; and terminating August 12, 1866, the date of the President’s final proclamation that all hostilities had ceased. May 13, 1865, at about 6 Pp. Mm. the 62d U. S. Colored Infantry fired the last volley of the Civil War. It was between Boca Chico Strait and White’s Ranche, Texas. The last man wounded in the Civil War, by a Confederate bullet, was Sergeant Crockett, of the 62d U. 8. Colored Infantry. The last engagement of the Civil War was at Palmetto Ranche, Texas, May 11, 1865, the 62d U. S. Colored Volunteers, 2d Texas Cavalry, and 34th Indiana Volunteers, under Col. Barrett, and the Confederates under Gen. Slaughter. The volunteer enroliment discontinued April13,1865. The mustering out began April 29, 1865; up to August 7, 1865, there had been discharged 640,806 troops — ending Sep- tember i4, 741,107, and on November 15, 800,963. B74 GRAND ARMY BADGE.—ARMY CORPS. U.S. THE GRAND ARMY BADGE. For the purpose of distinguishing the officers of his command from those of other divisions, Gen. ‘‘ Phil” Kearney, in the summer of 1862, at the Battle of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks, issued an order di- recting them to wear on their caps a patch of red, which they ob- tained from the flannel lining of their overcoats. After the death of Kearney. at the battle of Chantilly, the soldiers of his old division adopted the ‘‘red patch.” Through a tacit un- derstanding among the regiments of this division, officers were dis- tinguished by a square red patch worn on the top of their caps, and enlisted men by a similar patch stitched on the left side, or pulled through the buckles of the strap over the visor. In April, 1862, Gen. Hooker, in command of the Army of the Potomac, directed in General Orders from army Headquarters, that the various corps under his command should be designated by de- vices (named by him) as follows: for the First Corps, a circle; for the Second, a trefoil; for the Third, a lozenge; for the Fourth, a triangle; for the Fifth, a Maltese cross. The Division Headquarters were marked by a square flag, with the designation badge appropriate thereto; the First Division carrying a white flag, with red badge, the Second a blue flag with white badge, and the Third, a white flag with blue badge. Brigade headquarters, designated by triangular flags or pennants, with the Division colors and designs, and the number of the brigade by colored or white borders of different styles. All officers and enlisted men were ordered to wear the badge of their Division and Corps upon the center of the top of their caps. This system was shortly after adopted by the Armies in the different sections of the Union. THE ARMY CORPS. First Corps. Organized in pursuance of General Order 101, dated Headquarters Army of the Potomac, Fairfax C. H., Va., March 13, 1862 (in compliance with the President’s War Order, No. 4, March 8, 1862), issued by Maj.-Gen. McClellan, comprised of the Divisions of Franklin, McCall and King, to be commanded by Maj.-Gen. McDowell. August 12, 1862, this organization discontinued, and the troops of the Mount- ain department, under the command of General John C. Frémont, were designated as the First Corps. This arrangement continued but a short time, when the First Corps of the Army of the Potomac was re-created, and General John F. Reynolds placed in command. He was killed at Gettysburg. The succeeding commanders were Generals J. S. Wadsworth, John Newton and W. S. Hancock. March 23, 1864, Gen. Grant consolidated the Army of the Potomac into three corps, designated as the Second, Fifth and Sixth. The troops of the First were merged into others and the organization passed out of existence for a time. November 28, 1864, an organiza- tion was formed which took the designation of the First Corps, 374A First 7 i 4 Nig yeahs Z Cen S SECOND Ue Ss THE ARMY CORPS. 375 though it did not contain the troops of the ‘‘Old First.” It was otherwise known as Hancock’s Veteran Corps, being comprised largely of soldiers who had served their full terms in old regiments, been discharged and re-enlisted in this command. The re-organiza- tion adopted the badge. Second Corps. Under General Order 101, composed of the Di- visions of Gens. Richardson, Blenker and Sedgwick, and commanded by Brig.-Gen. E. V. Sumner. August 12, 1862, it was ordered that the troops of the Shenandoah Department constitute the Second Corps, under command of Gen. N. P. Banks. One month later the President directed that this corps should thereafter be known as the Eleventh, and the old Second Corps of the Army of the Potomac resumed its. organization. It remained intact until the close of the war. Its various commanders were Generals Edwin V. Sumner, D. N. Couch, John Sedgwick, O. O. Howard, W. 8. Hancock, William Hays, G. K. Warren, J. C. Caldwell, A. A. Humphreys, F. C. Barlow, Gersham Mott. Third Corps. Under General Order 101, composed of the Divi- sions of Generals F. J. Porter, Hooker.and Hamilton, and commanded by Brig.-Gen. 8. P. Heintzelman. Order of August 12, 1862, directed that the troops under Gen. Mc- Dowell (except those within the city and fortifications of Washington), should form the Third Corps, and be under the command of Gen. McDowell. Order of September 12, 1862, by the President, desig- nated this as the Twelfth Corps, and restored the former Third Corps, as provided in Order 101. This organization was continued until the consolidation of the Army of the Potomac by Gen. Grant, March 23, 1864, when the troops of the Third were assigned to other corps, and it passed out of existence. The men of this and other discontinued corps were however permitted to retain their corps badges. (This was the Kearney Corps Badge.) In his order consolidating the army, Gen. Grant stated that the First and Third Corps were not discontinued because of any inferior- ity, but solely for the purpose of making a more efficient organization. The various commanders were Generals 8. P. Heintzelman, George Stoneman, Daniel E. Sickles, D. B. Birney, W. H. French. Fourth Corps. Under General Order 101, composed of the Di- visions of Gens. Couch, Smith and Casey, and commanded by Brig.- Gen. E. D. Keyes. Organization discontinued and troops transferred to other corps on August 1, 1863. September 28, 1863, the Twentieth and Twenty-first Corps, Army of the Cumberland, were consolidated, and took the designation of the Fourth Corps, so continuing through the war. The successive commanders of the New Fourth Corps were Maj.- Gens. Gordon Granger, O. O. Howard, D. S. Stanley, Thos. J. Wood. Fifth Corps. Under General Order 101, composed of the Divisions of Gens. Williams and Shields, and commanded by Maj.-Gen. N. P. Banks. July 22, 1862, the forces commanded by Brig.-Gen. Fitz John Porter became the Fifth Corps Army of the Potomac, and so continued through the War. (Under General Orders, No. 125.) Successive commanders, Gen. Fitz John Porter, Joseph Hooker, Daniel Butterfield, George G. Meade, George Sykes, G. K. Warren, 8S. W. Crawford, Charles Griffin. 376 THE ARMY CORPS. U.S. Sixth Corps. Under General Order, No. 125, Headquarters Army of the Potomac, Camp near White House, Va., May 18, 1862, Maj.-Gen. McClellan commanding, the corps created with Brig.-Gen. W. B. Franklin in command. Organized July 22, 1862, and continued as the Sixth Corps without change, except as to its component parts. Successive commanders (following Franklin): Generals W. F. (‘« Baldy” ) Smith, John Sedgwick, H. G. Wright, Geo. W. Getty. Seventh Corps. Organized July 22, 1862, comprising the forces then under the command of Maj.-Gen. John A. Dix, his successor being Gen. H. M. Naglee. Corps discontinued August 1, 1863, and the troops transferred to the Eighteenth Corps. January 6, 1864, the troops in the Department of Arkansas were consolidated and designated as the Seventh Corps; this organization was retained until the general disbandment of the Army. Command- ers of the New Seventh Corps, in the Department of Arkansas, were Generals Fred. Steele and J. J. Reynolds. Eighth Corps. Organized July 22, 1862, under the President’s Order,* being the troops under Maj.-Gen. John E. Wool. He was suc- ceeded in command by Generals R. C. Schenck and H. H. Lockwood. March 12, 1863, Maj.-Gen. Lew. Wallace, commanding the Middle Department, was assigned to the command. July 11, 1864, it passed to Gen. E. O. C. Ord, but on the 28th of this same month, Gen. Wal- lace resumed command, and that of all other troops in the department. (Two divisions of this corps were with other troops under the com- mand of Gen. Crook during Sheridan’s campaign in the Shenandoah Valley in the fall of 1864, but the organization was a provisional one.) The Eighth Corps continued until August 1, 1865. Ninth Corps. Organized (under the President’s order) July 22, 1862, comprising the troops under Maj.-Gen. A. E. Burnside, belong- ing to the Department of North Carolina. Subsequently the corps was transferred to the West, participating in the Vicksburg campaign, and during the winter of 1863 and 1864 wasin East Tennessee. Soon after the siege of Knoxville was raised the Ninth Corps returned to the East and participated in all the subsequent campaigns against the army of Gen. Lee. Its successive commanders were: Generals A. E. Burnside, O. B. Wilcox, John Sedgwick, W. F. Smith, J. G. Parke, R. B. Potter. Tenth Corps. Organized September 3, 1862, comprising the troops in the Department of the South, to be commanded by Maj.- Gen. O. M. Mitchell. While so constituted the corps was commanded, after the death of Gen. Mitchell by Generals J. M. Brannan, David Hunter and Q. A. Gilmore. Discontinued December 3, 1864. On March 27, 1865, reorganized, embracing all troops in North Carolina, not belonging to the Second, Ninth and Twenty-third Corps and Gen. Sherman’s Army, with Maj.-Gen. A. H. Terry in command. Successive commanders: Generals Q. A. Gilmore, W. T. H. Brooks, D. B. Birney, Adelbert Ames. Disbanded under order August 1, 1865. * Act of Congress, July 17, 1862, § 9: ‘And be it further enacted, that the President be and is hereby authorized, to establish and organize Army Corps according to his discretion.” 374.C ELEVENTH TWELFTH THIRTEENTH [NONE] FouRTEENTH SO fi SRY PKR RS otetesecsterete, Rescocscososseocond SOLS FIFTEENTH 374D > DE / SIXTEENTH Qs SEVENTEENTH EIGHTEENTH E> NINETEENTH BY + i / TWENTIETH ee TWENTY-FIRST [No Bavces] U.S. THE ARMY CORPS. 377 Eleventh Corps. Originally organized as the Second Corps [g. v-]. On September 12, 1862, received the designation of the Eleventh Corps, consisting of the troops of the Shenandoah Depart- ment, commanded by Maj.-Gen. N. P. Banks. A few months later it joined the Army of the Potomac, in which it served until after the hattle of Chickamauga, when, in the latter part of September, 1863, it was transferred with the Twelfth Corps to the Army of the Cumberland at Chattanooga. April 4, 1864, it was consolidated with the Twelfth, and constituted the Twentieth Corps, the Eleventh passing out of existence. Succes- sive commanders of the Eleventh: Generals Franz Sigel, J. H. Stahel, A. Von Steinwehr, Carl Schurz, O. O. Howard. Twelfth Corps. First organized as the Third Corps [q. v.], its designation being changed by order of the President, September 12, 1862, to the Twelfth, the troops of the Shenandoah Department, com- manded by Maj.-Gen. N. P. Banks, constituting the Corps. Its history is almost identical with that of the Eleventh. Successive command- ers: Generals H. W. Slocum, A. 8. Williams. The badge identical in shape with that of the Twentieth, the new division of this corps having adopted it. (See Twentieth Corps.) Thirteenth Corps. Organized October 24, 1862, comprising the troops under command of Maj.-Gen. U. S. Grant, commanding the De- partment of Tennessee. December 18, 1862, divided into four corps, known as the Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth, Maj.-Gen. J. A. McClernand being assigned to the command of the New Thirteenth. Subsequently commanded by Generals E. O. C. Ord, C. C. Washburn, N. J. T. Dana, W. P. Benton. June 11, 1864, temporarily discontinued, and troops transferred to other corps. February 18, 1865, reorganized, and Maj.-Gen. Gordon Granger placed incommand. July 20, 1865, corps discontinued. No official badge adopted. Fourteenth Corps. Organized October 24, 1862, comprising the troops under Maj.-Gen. W. 8. Rosecrans, commanding the Department of the Cumberland, Gen. Buell having been relieved by him of command of all the troops up to this date, known as the Army of the Ohio; and so continued until after the battle of Stone River, when it was divided into three grand divisions, Gen. Geo. H. Thomas commanding the reer Gen. A. McD. McCook, the right wing; Thos. L. Crittenden, the left. January 9, 1863, the corps divided,into three corps, which during the Tullahoma and Chickamauga campaigns, were known as the Four- teenth, Twentieth and Twenty-first. Successive commanders: Generals G. H. Thomas, J. M. Palmer, R. W. Johnson, Jeff. C. Davis. August 1, 1865, organization discontinued. Fifteenth Corps. Organized December 18, 1862, or constituted from troops of the original. Thirteenth Corps, under Gen. Grant’s command, and Maj.-Gen. W. T. Sherman assigned to its command. Successive commanders: Generals W. T. Sherman, F. P. Blair, Jno. A. Logan, P. J. Osterhaus, W. B. Hazen. Organization discontinued August 1, 1865. Sixteenth Corps. Constituted December 18, 1862, from troops of Gen. Grant’s command, and Maj.-Gen. S. A. Hurlbut assigned to its command. Afterward assumed by Gen. N. J. T. Dana. The corps 378 THE ARMY CORPS. U.S. did not preserve its individuality, its | troops being more or less scattered. March, 1864, part of the corps ‘ ee ” by Gen. Sherman, to whose command it belonged, to Gen. Banks for his Red River expedition, which was to have returned at the end of thirty days to rejoin Sher- man’s Army for the Atlanta campaign, but did not do so, continuing to operate along the Mississippi until December. The corps organization was abolished November 7, 1864, when it (the Ist and 2d Division) joined the forces of Gen. Thomas at Nashville, and contributed to the defeat of Gen. Hood, at that place. Two divisions, under Gen. G. M. Dodge, took part in the Atlanta campaign with the Army of the Ten- nessee, where Gen. Dodge was wounded, after which the corps was broken up, one division assigned to the Fifteenth, the other to the Seventeenth. Discontinued July 20, 1865. February 18, 1865, reorganized, and Maj.-Gen. A. J. Smith in command. Seventeenth Corps. Constituted December 18, 1862, from troops of Gen. Grant’s command, and Maj.-Gen. J. B. McPherson assigned to command. When Gen. Sherman organized the Armies of the Cumberland, Tennessee and Ohio into a grand army for the cam- paign of 1864, Gen. McPherson was assigned to the command of the Army of the Tennessee, and Gen. F. P. Blair succeeded to the command ‘of the Seventeenth. Successive commanders (except as above): Generals T. E. G. Ran- som, W. W. Belknap. Discontinued August 1, 1865. Eighteenth Corps. Organized December 24, 1862, the President having ordered that it be comprised of the troops in North Carolina, assigning Maj.-Gen. J. G. Foster to the command. He was succeeded by Generals J. M. Palmer and B. F. Butler. August 1, 1863, the troops of the Seventh Corps were consolidated with it. July 17, 1864, corps re-organized, comprising the troops of the Departmentof North Carolina and Virginia serving with the Army of the Potomac in the field, Maj.-Gen. W. F. (Baldy) Smith assigned to command. Successors: Generals J. H. Martindale, E. O. C. Ord, Jno. Gibbon, Godfrey Weitzel. Disbanded December 3, 1864. Nineteenth Corps. Organized January 5, 1863, it being ordered that the troops in the Department of the Gulf shall constitute this corps, to be commanded by Maj.-Gen. N. P. Banks. After the Red River expedition it did not serve in the field as a compact body. The greater portion returned to Washington, Maj.-Gen. Gilmore, on July 11, 1864, being assigned temporary command of this section, after- wards (July 18) being succeeded by Brig.-Gen. W. H. Emory. November 7, 1864, Brevet Maj.-Gen. Emory appointed to command; headquarters with the Army of Sheridan, in the Shenandoah Valley. The organization of the Nineteenth was abolished November 7, 1864, as a corps of the Military Division of West Mississippi. Organization entirely disbanded March 20, 1865. Twentieth Corps. January 9, 1863, the Army of the Cumberland was divided into three corps: the Fourteenth, Twentieth and Twenty- first; the right wing, designated as the Twentieth, was under the commandof ‘Maj. -Gen. A. McD. McCook, until after the battle of Chicka- .mauga. On September 28, 1863, it was consolidated with the Twenty- first, and became the Fourth Corps. The (new) Twenticth Corps was re-formed April 4, 1864, by the 374-E Twenty Secono \? TWENTY THIRD 5 Twenty Fourrn V Twenty FirtH 2 Witsons Cavatry U.S. THE ARMY CORPS. 379 consolidation of the Eleventh and Twelfth, which had been sent West from the Army of the Potomac, and Maj.-Gen. J. Hooker placed in command. It adopted the badge of the Twelfth, a five-pointed star. The old Twentieth Corps had no badge. Successive commanders after Gen. Jos. Hooker: Generals A. S. Williams, H. W. Slocum, J. A. Mower. Twenty-first Corps. January 9, 1868, the left wing of the Army of the Cumberland became the Twenty-first, under the command of Maj.-Gen. T. L. Crittenden, who was succeeded by Generals T. J. WoodandJ.M. Palmer. September 28, 1863, it passed out of existence, being consolidated with the Twentieth, and constituted the Fourth. No corps badge adopted, as badges did not come into general use in the Army of the Cumberland until after it was merged into the Fourth. Twenty-second Corps. February 2, 1863, the troops in the De- partment of Washington were organized as the Twenty-second Corps, under the command of Maj.-Gen. 8. P. Heintzelman. It was subse- quently commanded by Generals C. C. Augur and Jno. G. Parke. This corps did not long exist as such, the troops being assigned after a few months to other organizations. Twenty-third Corps. Organized April 27, 1868, and was then composed of the troops in Kentucky, not belonging to the Ninth Corps, and was commanded by Maj.-Gen. G. L. Hartsuff; January 8, 1863, the troops within the Department of the Ohio not belonging to the Ninth Corps were absorhed. It was re-organized for the Atlanta campaign, being largely re-inforced, as above noted, from Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. It bore a conspicuous part in the defense of Knoxville, the Atlanta campaign, and the campaign against Hood in Tennessee. It was then transferred to North Carolina and participated in the closing operations there. Commanded from January 28, 1864, by Maj.-Gen. Geo. Stoneman; from April 4, 1864, by Maj.-Gen. Jno. M. Schofield; from March 27, 1865, by Maj.-Gen. J. D. Cox. Discontinued August 1, 1865. Twenty-fourth Corps. Organized December 3, 1864, by con- solidating the white infantry of the Tenth and Eighteenth Corps with the Army of the James, under the command of Maj.-Gen. E. O. C. Ord. Subsequent commanders: Generals A. H. Terry, Chas. Devens, Jno. Gibbon, J. W. Turner. Discontinued August 1, 1865. Twenty-fifth Corps. Organized December 3, 1864, comprising the colored troops of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina, under the command of Maj.-Gen. Godfrey Weitzel. After the fall of Richmond he was succeeded by Gen. C. A. Heckman. Corps discontinued January 8, 1866, and was the last corps of the army to be disbanded. Potomac Cavalry Corps. Organized April 15, 1863. -It con- sisted of the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac, the command being assigned to Maj.-Gen. Geo. Stoneman. April 4, 1864, Maj.-Gen. P. H. Sheridan was placed at the head of the corps. The following were not corps organizations within the meaning of the Act of Congress July 17, 1862, as cited: Wilson’s Cavalry Corps. The cavalry which served in con- nection with the Army of the Cumberland under Gen. J. H. Wilson, had a corps organizaticn, and adopted a badge of its own. Conspicu- ous at the battle of Nashville, for gallantry, also at the subsequent 8380 RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS. U.S. pursuit of Hood’s defeated army, and iater in the operations against Selma, Montgomery, and other places in Alabama. Engineers and Mechanics. The various regiments which, in 1864, were organized in this capacity were known as the Engineer Corps. Although but small in numbers, these men were highly useful in the field during the rapid movements of the last year of the war. Signal Corps. This service reached a high state of efficiency in 1864. The system was the growth of years of observation and ex- perience. Crude at first, it became indispensable to field operations, and every army had its thoroughly organized corps of signal officers and men, whose fluttering flags by day and gleaming lights by night were on every hilltop. The badge adopted is very appropriate, being two flags crossed, with a flaming torch between. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS. Approved July 25, 1868, for the Preservation of the Army Corps Badge. “« Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled: That-all who served as officers, non-commissioned officers, privates or other enlisted men in the regular army, volunteer or militia forces of the United States, during the War of the Rebellion, and have been honorably discharged from the service or remain still in the same shall be entitled to wear, on occasions of ceremony, the distinctive army badge ordered for and adopted by the army corps and division, respectively, in which they served.” MEMORIAL OR DECORATION DAY. Known as Memorial Day by the Southern States, and as Decoration Day by the North. The custom that led up to its name originated at the South before the close of the Civil War. It was inaugurated by Southern women, who each year in early spring decorated the graves of the dead with flowers, and thus by imperceptible degrees established what had become a gen- eral custom at the close of the war; and that an unwritten law had fixed upon May.30 as the day of observance. At the North, while similar services had been inaugurated, no especial unanimity was developed until its formal establishment by the Grand Army of the Republic, in the following order of its Commander-in- Chief : TIEADQUARTERS GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, Wasuineton, D. C., May 5, 1868. GENERAL oo No. 11. 1. The 30th day of May, 1868, is designated for the purpose of strewing with flowers or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country ‘during the late rebellion, and whose bodies now lie in almost every city, village and hamlet churchyard in the land. In this observance no form of ceremony is prescribed, but posts and comrades will in their own way arrange such fitting services and testimonials of re- spect as circumstances may permit. ; We are organized, comrades, as our regulations tell us, for the purpose, among other U.S. MEMORIAL DAY.—FIRST CELEBRATION. 381 things, “of preserving and strengthening those kind and fraternal feelings which have bound ne the soldiers, sailors and marines who united to suppress the late rebel- lion.” hat can aid more to assure this result than cherishing tenderly the memory of our heroic dead, who made their breasts a barricade between our country and its foes? Their soldier lives were the reveille of freedom to a race in chains, and their death the tattoo of rebellious tyranny in arms. We should guard their graves with sacred vigi- lance. All that the consecrated wealth and taste of the Nation can add to their adorn- ment and security is but a fitting tribute to the memory of her slain defenders. Let no wanton foot tread rudely on such hallowed grounds. Let pleasant paths invite the com- ing and going of reverent visitors and fond mourners. Let no vandalism of avarice or neglect, no ravages of time, testify to the present or to the coming generations that we have forgotten as a people the cost of a free and undivided Republic. If other eyes grow dull and other hands slack and other hearts cold in the solemn trust, ours shal) keep it well as long as the light and warmth of life remain to us. Let us, then, at the time ee gather around their sacred remains and garland the passionless mounds above them with the choicest flowers of Springtime; let us raise above them the dear old me they saved from dishonor; let us in this solemn presence renew our pledges to aid and assist those whom they have left. among us a sacred charge upon a Nation’s gratitude —the soldier’s and sailor’s widow and Ean. II. It is the purpose of the Commander-in-Chief to inaugurate this observance with the hope that it will be kept up from year to year, while a survivor of the war remains to honor the memory of his departed comrades. He earnestly desires the public press to call attention to this order, and lend its friendly aid in bringing it to the notice of comrades in all parts of the country in time for simultaneous compliance therewith. z III. Department commanders will use every effort to make this order effective. By command of JOHN A. LOGAN, Commander-in-Chief. N. P. Curpman, Adjutant-General. The first legislative action was by the State of New Jersey. The first State to declare the day a legal holiday was New York. Memorial Day became the preferred: designation. The United States Government has never declared it a legal holiday, but both Houses, when in session, adjourn ‘‘as a mark of respect to the memory of the illustrious dead.” The Date of the First Celebration of Memorial Day in the Various States. Alabama....... aioe eters «.+...April 26, 1866 | Mississippi..........+..s-0ee- May 1, 1867 Arkansas... ....-May 30,1869 | Missouri.. .- May 30, 1868 California. vave Nay 80, 1880 | Nebraska. «.0.200n--sancenee May 30, 1868 Colorado.... ....May 80, 1877 | Nevada....... ..May 30, 1869 .-May 30, 1876 New Hampshire.. -May 30, 1868 .»-May 30, 1867 | New Jersey.. «May 30, 1868 Connecticut. Florida -April 26, 1870 New York....-.-.sceeeeeee « May 30, 1868 Georgia April 26, 1866 | N. Carolina (Greensboro).....May 5, 1866 Tilinois May 30, 1873 | N. Carolina (Raleigh)... »-May 10, 1866 Indiana. May 30,1867 | Ohio..........eseeees --May 30, 1868 Towa... ..May 30,1868 | Oregon. May 30, 1875 Kansas....-----+++- .»May 30, 1866 | Pennsy May 30, 1868 "May 10, 1867 | Rhode Island... Kentucky (Confed) ..May 30, 1868 | South Carolina. Kentucky (Union)... May 30, 1868 » July 8, 1866 Louisiana (Confed.).. .. April 6, 1875 Tennessee.....- .-May 30, 1868 Louisiana (Union.). .. April, 1878 | Texas...... -.-May 30, 1871 Maine......--+eee-s .«May 30, 1867 | Vermont..... aisiatete .»-May 30, 1869 Maryland (Confed).s....-++++ June 7, 1867 | Virginia (Union)... --May 31, 1866 Maryland (Union)......++..-+ June 5, 1866 | Virginia (Confed.). -June 11, 1866 Massachusetts.....+--+e2eeee May 30, 1881 | West Virginia... --May 30, 1868 Minnesota (at Minneapolis) ..May 30, 1869 | Wisconsin.....+-+.ss+eeeee++May 30, 1873 Minnesota (regular).......-.May 380, 1870 382 THE FLAG OF THE U. S. U.S. COLOR THE UNION COMBINATION SIGNIFICATION THE FLAG OF ‘THE U. 8. Rep, heraldic, gules; symbol, Divine love; language, valor; emblem, war. Red was the field color of England’s flag, and the colonial army flag. Wuirte, heraldic, argent; symbol, truth, hope; language, purity; emblem, peace. White was the ground of the flag of St. George, the field color of the colonial floating battery. BLuE, heraldic, azure; symbol, loyalty; language, sincerity; emblem, justice. Blue was the color of the Covenanters’ ban- ner of Scotland, adopted by them in opposition to the scarlet of royalty; its choice based on NUMBERS xv. 38. ‘‘ Speak unto the children of Israel, and bid them that they make them fringes in the borders of their garments throughout their generations, and that they put upon the fringe of the borders a ribband of blue:” Applicable to the significance of the United Colonies’ league and covenant against oppression. The three colors were successively used in the French stand- ards; red, in the Oriflamme of St. Dionysius, white of the ‘ White Cross,’ supposed to have been assumed by Philip of Valois, blue, in the banner of St. Martin; these colors conjoined were given by Henry the Fourth to the Dutch, on their desiring him to confer on them the national colors of his country. The colors, differently placed, have since been borne by the Dutch Republic and kingdom of the Netherlands. ; The flag of St. George of England, a red cross on a white field, and the flag of St. Andrew’s, a white saltier on a blue field, were combined in 1606, forming the Union or ‘‘ King’s Colors,” promul- gated by Act of Parliament January 16, 1707, it being ordained ‘¢that the ensigns armorial of our Kingdom of Great Britain ” shall be ‘‘ the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew conjoined * * * in the upper corner of acrimson banner * * ” Preble mentions that the baptismal robe of Washington was of white silk, lined with crimson and trimmed with blue ribbons. All the colony flags (one exception) bore one or more of the three colors. It was proposed to insert the constellation of Lyra (which instrument in the hands of Apollo signified harmony) composed of thirteen stars (the representative colony number), in the flag, as the Union should indicate in some manner a grouping of thir- teen and at the same time be emblematical. Among other sug- gestions for the Union was the rattlesnake with thirteen rattles, a mailed hand grasping a bundle of thirteen arrows, a checkered field of thirteen (owing to unevenness not acceptable) ; animals of various kind were not considered appropriate; crosses, sug- gestive of popish idolatry; while suns or moons were indicative of Mohammedism. It finally resulted in the natural sequence of stars being selected, typifying similarity, and as a constellation, unity. U.S. THE FLAG. 383 - The escutcheon of Washington bore stars. The Massachusetts Spy, March 10, 1774, published a song written on the Boston Massacre, in which is noted— —_. “‘The American ensign now sparkles like a star.” The designer followed French and Holland heraldry, adopting the five-pointed star; our early coinage having followed the English heraldry, the six-pointed star. - THE UNION The Netherlands flag as borne by Hendric Hudson had three stripes, adopted for the national ensign in 1582, symbolic of the rise of the Dutch Republic from the union at Utrecht. The East India Company’s flag of 1704 bore thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white. The escutcheon of Washington bore stripes. The Philadelphia Light-horse banner, 1774-75 bore a barry of thirteen azure and argent, and is said to be the earliest use of the thirteen stripes in this country. The Continental Army being without uniform the different grades were désignated by stripes or ribbons. The bars of Great Britain’s flag, representing that country’s divisions, offered a suggestion that.to represent thirteen colonial divisions, thirteen stripes, alternating red and white, would be necessary. THE FIELD THE FLAG. «When Freedom from her mountain height Unfurled her standard to the air, She tore the azure robe of night And set the stars of glory there. She mingled with its gorgeous dyes The milky baldrick of the skies; And striped its pure, celestial white With streakings of the morning light.” Drake. The ‘‘ Star-Spangled Banner” gradually grew; it was a creature of circumstance; there is no record of its birth. The first resemblance to a flag dates from the results of Benjamin Franklin and Messrs. Harrison and Lynch. They were chosen as a committee to create a National Flag, and adopted the ‘‘ King’s Colors” as a union, re-united with thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; showing ‘‘ that although the colonies united for defense against England’s tyranny, they still acknowledged her sovereignty.” On Tuesday, January 2, 1776, this flag was hoisted in camp at Cambridge, Mass. (now Somerville), receiving a salute of thirteen guns and thirteen cheers. The first recorded ‘ legislative action” for the establishment of a national flag was Saturday, June 14, 1777. ‘“« Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the Union be thirteen stars, white, in a blue field, representing a new constellation.” [Officially promulgated by the Secretary September 3, 1777.] ’ The first flag, as the ‘Stars and Stripes,” was hoisted on Friday, 384 FIRST SEEN IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. U.S. August 3, 1777, over Fort Schuyler, then a military post on the site of the village of Rome, Oneida County, N. Y. (Nors. — The construction of the National Standard of the United States, as a design, from which the flag was afterward par eee took place under the personal direction of Washington, aided by a Committee of Congress [‘‘ authorized to design a suitable flag for the nation”’] at the residence of Mrs. Ross, No. 239 Arch Street, Philadelphia, between the dates of May 23 and June 7, 1777. , Mrs. Ross having held the position of manufacturer of flags for the government, the business was later carried on by her danghter Clarissa Claypoole, who becoming a mem- ber of the Society of Friends voluntarily relinquished the inheritance lest her handiwork should be used in time of war.] The admission of Vermont and Kentucky as States brought up the resolution January 13, 1794, ‘‘ Be it enacted, etc., that from and after the first day of May, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, the flag of the United States shall be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white, that the Union be fifteen stars, white, in a blue field.” Adopted. [This was the ‘‘ National Standard” during the War of 1812.] January 20, 1817, the States numbering twenty, on resolution of Hon. Peter H. Wendover of New York, a ‘‘committee was appointed to inquire into the expediency of altering the flag of the United States.” Upon suggestions from Capt. S. C. Reid they reported ‘‘ a reduction of stripes to thirteen and an increase of the stars to correspond with the number of States now in the Union, and hereafter to add one star to the flag whenever a new State shall be fully admitted.” Owing to pres- sure of business no action was taken. December 16, 1817, the January Resolution was again presented by Wm. Wendover, when his appointment to chairman of a committee was secured, who reported substantially the same as its predecessor, the report being submitted January 16, 1818, and adopted by the House March 24, 1818, in An Act to Establish the Flag of the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted, that from and after the fourth day of July next, the Flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the Union have twenty stars, white, in a blue field. Section 2. And be it further enacted, that on the admission of every new State into the Union, one star be added to the Union of the flag, and that such addition shall take effect on the fourth of July next succeeding such admission.” Approved April 4, 1818, President Monroe signing. Through the gratuitous action of Captain Reid, a flag he had con- structed was completed and hoisted on Congress Hall at 2 p. m. April 18, 1818, though the law named July 4 as the day of promulgation. Note. — The twentieth star was Mississippi, Illinois being the first new star added to the constellation.] , “OUR FLAG,” FIRST SEEN IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. First saluted by a foreign power, aboard the Ranger, Capt. Paul Jones, at Quiberon Bay, France, February 14, 1778, the salute given by Admiral La Motte, representing the French Government. First displayed at Constantinople, on the frigate George Washington, Capt. Wm. Bainbridge. U.S. GARRISON, JACK AND REVENUE FLAGS. 385 First displayed in British Ports, on the Ship Bedford of Mas- sachusetts, Captain Moores, which arrived in ‘‘ The Downs” February 8, 1783, reporting at London Custom House February 6. In China, on the Ship Zmpress, Captain Green, sailing from New York February 22, 1784; the Chinese called her: the ‘‘ Kaw-kee- cheum” or flower flag ship. In Japan, on Ship Franklin of Salem, Capt. Jas. Devereaux, December 11, 1798. First trip around the world, on the Ship Columbia, which left Boston September 30, 1787, under command of Capt. John Kendrick, accompanied by the sloop Washington, Capt. Robt. Gray. At Nootka (now Washington Territory) Captain Gray took command ‘of the Columbia and sailed for Canton, from which port with a cargo of tea, via Cape of Good Hope, he reached Boston August 10, 1790. First displayed on a fortress of the Old World, April 27, 1805, at ‘‘ Fortress of Derne,” Tripoli (the fifteen star-and-stripe flag). First U. 8. vessel of war through the Straits of Magellan, on the schooner Shark, Lieut.-Com. A. Bigelow, passed Cape Virgin November 28, 1839. First American steamer around Cape of Good Hope, by the steam-schooner Midas, left New York November 4, 1844. First American propeller packet-ship to England, on the Massachusetts, Capt. A. H. White, from New York, September 17, 1845. Carried farthest South, by the New York pilot boat schooner Flying Fish, of ninety tons, Lieut. W. M. Walker attached to the Wilkes United States Exploring Expedition, March 24, 1839. Lat. 70° 14’ S., Long. 100° W. Carried farthest North, by Lieut. J. B. Lockwood, between May 13 and 15, 1882, at Lat. 83° 24’ N., Long. 40° 46’ W. The first strictly American flag was hoisted over the Capitol at Washington, February 24, 1866 (all previous flags having been manufactured from English bunting). The flag was twenty-one feet fly, by twelve feet hoist, made by the United States Bunting Company of Lowell, Mass., and was the gift of the Hon. Benj. F. Butler. THE GARRISON, JACK, WHIP AND REVENUE FLAGS. The Garrison Flag of the Army is made of bunting; thirty-six feet fly and twenty feet hoist, in thirteen horizontal stripes of equal breadth, alternately red and white, beginning with the red. In the upper quarter, next the staff, is the Union, composed of a number of white stars, equal to the number of States, on a blue field, one third the length of the flag, extending to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. [The storm flag is twenty feet by ten feet, the recruiting flag nine feet nine inches by four feet four inches. ] The American Jack is the “Union” of the flag, the term origi- nating with its application to the ‘‘ Union” of the English flag at the union of the Saltier of St. Andrew’s and Cross of St. George in 1606, during the reign of James the First; the term Jack, probably a cor- ruption of Jacques or James, also traceable to Jac — abbreviation of the signature of King James. 386 -MATIONAL ENSIGNS. UsS. The Narrow Pennant or Whip, has the Union composed of thirteen white stars in a horizontal line, on a blue field one quarter the length of the pennant, the remaining three fourths of a red and white stripe; each of the same breadth at any part of the taper, with the red uppermost. : It derives its name from the circumstance that when Van Tromp, the Dutch Admiral, hoisted a broom at his masthead to indicate his intention to sweep the English from the sea, the English Admiral hoisted a horsewhip, indicative of his intention to chastise the insolent Dutchman. The Revenue Flag, created by act of Congress March 2, 1799, agreeable to which act the Secretary of the Treasury, in a circular August 1, 1799, prescribed ‘‘ The ensign and pennant directed by the President under the act of 2d of March, 1799, consists of sixteen perpendicular stripes, alternate red and white, the Union of the ensign bearing the arms of the United States in dark blue on a white field.” The sixteen stripes represented the number of States then admitted to the Union, and no change in the number has been made since. In 1871 thirteen blue stars in a white field were substituted for the eagle in the Union of the pendant. TABLE OF PROPORTIONS, OF NATIONAL ENSIGNS, NARROW PENNANTS AND JACKS. + (In feet and decimal of a foot.) ENSIGNS NARROW PENNANTS OR WHIPS JACKS WHOLE WHOLE WHOLE No.| Horst |beNeTH on | “=NGTE OF) noisy | LENGTH OR ae HOIST |LENGTH OR FLY FLY FLY FEET | FEET FEET | FEET FEET FEET | FEET | FEET 1} 19.00 36.00 14.40 00.52 70.00 17.50 10.25 14.40 2) 16.90 32.00 12.80 00.48 55.00 13.75 9.00 12.80 3) 14.80 28.00 11.20 00.42 40.00 10.00 8.00 11.20 4) 13.20 25.00 10.00 00.40 30.00 7.50 7.00 10.00 5] 11.60 22.00 8.80 00.35 25.00 6.25 6.25 8.80 6] 10.00 19.00 7.60 00.30 20.00 5.00 5.40 7.60 7| 8.45 16.00 6.40 00.25 9.00 2.25 4.50 6.40 8| 7.40 14.00 5.60 00.21 6.00 1.50 4.00 5.60 9} 6.33 12.00 4.80 10| 5.28 10,00 4.00 11| 4.20 8.00 3.20 12| 3.70 7.00 2.80 13] 3.20 6.00 2.40 14! 2,50 5.00 2.00 Nore.— With the ensign containing 42 stars the following changes will be made in above table: 46 HOIST FLY UNION FLY No HOIST FLY UNION FLY . FEET FEET FEET : FEET FEET FEET T | 19.00 36.00 14.40 Z 8.04 16.94 2) 14.35 27.19 10.88 5 5.69 10.38 430 3) 1219 23.10 9.24 : No. 5 is a storm ensign; all below this number are too small to show . they will affect no change. Merchant vessels will not be permitted to ey 42 stars, unless a special Act of Congress is passed; the merchant flag as defined ee unchanged by the act providing for the admission of the new States of North and South Dakota, Montana, Washington. ReveNUE PENNaNTI779. Apo isHen Juty. 1871. Meter REVENuE Fac, PENNANT. 386 B. January 13741794. Marcu 241818. (861. FLAGS OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES. Battle Flac. U.S. THE FLAG OF THE CONFEDERACY. 387 THE FLAG OF THE CONFEDERACY. On the subject of a flag a committee of six was appointed [one from each State then represented in the Provisional Senate] who recom- mended under date March 5, 1861, that ‘‘the Flag of the Confederate States of America shall consist of a red field, with a white space ex- tending horizontally through the center, and equal in width to one third the width of the flag. The red spaces above and below to be of the same width as the white. The Union, blue, extending down through the white space, and stopping at the lower red space; in the center of the Union a circle of white stars corresponding in number with the States of the Confederacy.” It was first displayed in public March 4, 1861, simultaneous with the inauguration of Lincoln, and.was unfurled over the State House at Montgomery, Ala. On the battlefield the flag bore such a similarity to the Union fiag, that in September, 1861, for the Army of the Potomac (C. 8. A.), Gen- erals Beauregard and Johnston created what afterwards became known as ‘‘The Battle Flag; ” a red ground with a blue diagonal cross em- blazoned with white stars, one for each State. This form was adopted by all of the troops east of the Mississippi River. The first design bearing objection of resemblance to the stars and stripes, and the battle flag having no reverse, the Confederate Senate in April, 1863, adopted a white flag, with a broad blue bar in its center; amended by inserting the battle-flag design as the Union, with a plain white ground for the field. This arrangement afterwards proved faulty, as at a distance the large white field resembled a flag of truce, also as combined with the Union was similar to the English white-ensign. On February 4, 1865, the Confederate Senate adopted a third change: “The width, two thirds of its length; with the Union, now used as a battle-flag, to be in width three fifths of the width of the flag, and so proportioned as to leave the length of the field on the side of the Union twice the width below it; to have a ground of red, and broad blue saltier thereon, bordered with white and emblazoned with mullets or five-pointed stars corresponding in number to that of the Confederate States. The field to be white except the outer half from the Union, which shall be a red bar, extending the width of the flag.” On the day the Ordinance of Secession was passed (December 20, 1860) by South Carolina, the Convention adopted a hanner for the Confederate States. It was composed of red and blue silk, the former being the ground of the standard, and the latter in the form of a cross, bearing fifteen white stars; divided, four stars each in the upper and lower arm —and three each in the left and right arm — with a large star in the center (representing South Carolina), the other stars those of her sister slave-holding States. On the red field were a silver Palmetto and Crescent. The first local flag of the Confederate States was of a dull white bunting, with a representation of a palmetto tree (with eight branches, no leaves) sewn in the center, surrounded by eleven stars, and a red moon just rising. The flag was used on the fortifications of Charleston Harbor. The flag of the Confederacy was last officially flown on board the Confederate steam-cruiser Shenandoah which after a cruise around the world, sailed into the harbor of Liverpool, England, in August, 1865. (Four months subsequent to the surrender of General Lee.) 388 THE GREAT SEAL OF THE U. S. U.S. THE GREAT SEAL OF THE U. S. July 4, 1776 (same date as the Declaration of Independence), Congress appointed Benj. Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson a com- mittee to prepare a device for a great seal for the United States of America. F August 10, 1776, the committee presented the following report with explanation, which was ordered to lie on the table: The great seal should on one side have the arms of the United States of America, which arms should be as follows: The shield has six quarters, parts one coupe two. The Ist or, a rose, enamelled gules and argent for England; the 2d argent, a thistle proper for Scotland; the third vert, a harp or, for Ireland; the 4th azure, a flower de luce for France, the 5th or, the imperial eagle, sable, for Germany, and the 6th or, the Belgic lion, gules, for Holland: pointing out the countries from which the States have been peopled. The shield within a border, gules, entwined of thirteen escutcheons, argent, linked together by a chain or, each charged with initial sable letters as DESIGN SUBMITTED BY THE JULY 4, 1776, COMMITTEE. follows: Ist, N. H.; 2d, Mass; 3d, R J.; 4th, Conn; 5th, N.Y; 6th,N J; 7th, Penn; 8th, Del; 9th, Md; 10th, Va; 11th, N.C; 12th, S.C; 13th, Geo: for each of the thirteen independent States of America. Supporters: dexter, the Goddess of Liberty in a corselet of armor. Alluding to the present times; holding in her right hand the spear. and cap, and with her left supporting the shield of the States; sinister, the Goddess of Justice bearing a sword in her right hand, and in her left a balance. Crest: The eye of Providence in a radiant triangle whose glory ne over the shield and beyond the figures. Motto: # Pluribus num. Legend round the whole achievement: Seal of the United States of America. MDCCLXXVI. fi On the other side of the said great seal should be the following evice: Pharaoh sitting inan open chariot, a crown on his head, and a sword in his hand, passing through the divided waters of the Red Sea, in U.S. THE GREAT SEAL OF THE U. S. 389 pursuit of the Israelites. Rays from a pillar of fire in the cloud, ex- pressive of the Divine presence and command, beaming on Moses, who stands on the shore, and extending his hand over the sea, causes it to overthrow Pharaoh. Motto: ‘‘ Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God.” Nortz. — The center of the shield is from the design of Du Simitiere, a West India Frenchman, who was an acquaintance of Adams and Franklin and between whom many conversations were had on the subject of the seal. The introduction of Pharaoh and Moses and the motto was suggested by Franklin. Adams proposed the choice of Hercules, as engraved by Gribelin in some editions of Lord Shaftesbury’s works; the hero resting onaclub; Virtue pointing to her rugged mountain on one hand, and persuading him to ascend; and Sloth, glancing at her flowery paths of pleasure, wantonly reclining on the poo ae the charms both of her eloquence and person, to seduce hin into vice. Emerson ee , us a device, the Children of Israel in the Wilderness, led by a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night; and on the other side Hengist and. Horsa, the Saxon chiefs, from whom we claim the honor of being de- scended, and whose political prin- ciples and form of government we have assumed. March 25, 1779, Congress ordered that the report of the Committee be referred to a committee of three, to pre- pare a device, John Jay of New York as. chairman, appointing Messrs. James Lovell (the mover of the Resolution) ; Scott, of Vir- ginia, and Houstown of Georgia. May 10, 1779, the Com- mittee reported that: ‘‘ The seal be four inches in diame- ter, on one side the arms of COPY OF DU SIMITIERE’S DESIGN. the United States as fol- lows: the shield charged in the field with thirteen diagonal stripes alternately red and white. SUPPORTERS; dexter, a warrior holding a sword; sinister, a figure representing Peace bearing an olive branch. THE CREST; a radiant constellation of thirteen stars. Tue Motto; Bello vel pace. The legend round the achievement, ‘‘ Seal of the United States.” On THE RevERseE;-the figure of Liberty, seated in a chair, holding the staff and cap. Tue Motto: Semper, and underneath MDCCLXXVI. Norte. — Original design was torn and pasted on another piece of paper, presenting, as depicted on the next page, a line drawn with a pen across the reverse and some erasures on the obverse, probably done while the committee were in session. It is alleged the design were those of Du Simitiere —the motto on the obverse —the shield, halo and achievement lending this supposition. May 17,1779. Report of committee ordered to be re-committed and one year subsequently the following report was presented : May 10, 1780. The seal to be three inches in diameter, on one side the arms of the United States, as follows: the shield charged in the field azure, with thirteen diagonal stripes, alternate rouge and argent. 390 THE GREAT SEAL OF THE U. S. U.S. SUPPORTERS; dexter, a warrior holding a sword; sinister, a figure representing Peace bearing the olive branch. Tue Crest: a radiant constellation of thirteen stars. THE Motto: Bello vel pace. " THE LEGEND round the achievement, ‘‘ The Great Seal of the United States.” On the REverRsE, Virtute Perennis, and underneath MDCCLXXVI. Report not accepted by Congress. Nore. — This correction is noted on design below, the committee apparently not having gone further than to change the motto of the reverse. April, 1782. Henry Middleton, Elias Boudinot and Edward Rutledge DESIGN SUBMITTED MAY 10, 1780. were appointed a committee, making report May 9, 1782, substantially the same as the two previous committees. “« The seal to be three inches in diameter, on one side the arms of the United States as follows: the shield charged in the field azure, with thirteen diagonal stripes, alternate rouge and argent. SUPPORTERS; dexter, a warrtor holding a sword; sinister, a figure representing Peace, bearing the olive branch. THE CrESsT; a radiant constellation of thirteen stars. THE Motto; Bello vel pace. THe LEGEND round the achievement, ‘‘ The Great Seal of the United States.” ON THE REVERSE, Virtute Perennis, and underneath MDCCLXXVI. Norte. — This report is almost a duplicate of its predecessor; the correction on the motto is shown on above design. June 13,1782. Congress, apparently dissatisfied with committee, no satisfactory designs being presented, referred the whole matter to their secretary, Charles Thomson. William Barton of Philadelphia submitted to Mr. Thomson the fol- lowing sketch, together with other propositions, among which the following device, agreeable to the rules of heraldry: (Page 392.) Arms. Barry of thirteen pieces, argent and gules, on a canton azure, and many stars disposed in a circle of the first; a pale or, surmounted U.S. THE GREAT SEAL OF THE U. S. 391 of another of the third; charged in chief with an eye surrounded with a glory proper, and in the fess point an eagle displayed on the summit of a Doric column, which rests on the base of the escutcheon, both as the stars. Crest. Or, a helmet of burnished gold damasked, grated with six bars, and surmounted by a cap of liberty, gules, turned up ermine, a cock armed with gaffs proper. SUPPORTERS, on the dexter side, the genius of America (represented by a maiden with loose auburn tresses), having on her head a radiated crown of gold, encircled with a sky-blue fillet, spangled with silver stars, and clothed in a long loose white garment. bordered with green. From her right shoulder to her left side a scarf, semee of stars, the tinctures thereof the same as in the canton; and round her waist a SKETCH SUBMITTED BY WILLIAM BARTON. purple girdle fringed or embroidered argent, with the word ‘ Virtue,” resting her interior hand on the escutcheon, and holding in the other the proper ‘ Standard of the United States,’ having a dove argent, perched on the top of it. On the sinister side; a man in complete armor, his sword belt azure, fringed with gold, his helmet encircled with a laurel wreath and crested with one white and blue plume; supporting with his dexter hand the escutcheon, and holding in the interior a lance, with the point san- guinated, and upon it a banner displayed, vest in the fess point; a harp strung with silver, between a star in chief, two fleurs-de-lis in fess, and a pair of swords in saltier in basses, all argent. The tenants of the escutcheon stand on a scroll on which is the following motto: Deo Favente, which alludes to the eye in the arms, meant for the eye of Providence. Over the crest on a scroll, this motto: Virtus Sola Invicta. June 13, 1782. Messrs. Middleton, Boudinot and Rutledge agreeing on a modification of Mr. Barton’s devices, referred same to Secretary Thomson. While John Adams was in England in the fall of 1779 on a govern- mental mission he formed the acquaintance of a West-of-England baronet, Sir John Prestwich, an accomplished antiquarian. Adams in conversation with him one day mentioned that his countrymen had not 392 THE GREAT SEAL OF THE U. S. U.S. decided upon a national coat of arms. Sir John suggested that an es- cutcheon bearing thirteen perpendicular stripes, white and red, like an American flag, with the chief blue, and spangled with thirteen stars, would make a fine device; to give it more consequence place on the breast of a displayed American eagle without supporters, as emble- matic of self-reliance. Adams, with his approval, sent the suggestion of Sir John to Secre- tary Thomson, who withheld it until the last, hoping something as good would be proposed by his own countrymen. Combining the various designs of Barton with that of Sir John, Mr. Thom- son reported the following device, which was adopted June 20, 1782, as The Great Seal of the United States of Amer- ica. ‘‘ ARMS: Pale- ways of thirteen Pieces argent and gules; a chief azure; the escutcb- eon on the breast of the American eagle displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thir- teen arrows, all proper; and in his beak a scroll in- scribed with this motto: E Piurius Unvum.t “For the Crest: Over the head of the eagle which appears above the escutcheon, a glory or, breaking through a cloud proper and sur- rounding thirteen stars, forming a constellation, argent, and on an azure field.” Reverse. A pyramid unfinished. In the zenith an eye ina triangle, surrounded with a glory, proper; over the eye these words, ANNUIT Ceptis. On the base of the pyramid the numerical letters MDCCLXXVI, and underneath the following motto: Novus Orpo SECLORUM. The interpretation of these devices is as follows: The escutcheon is composed of the chief and pale, the two most honorable ordinaries. The pieces pales represent the several States, all joined in one solid, compact entire supporting a chief which unites the whole and repre- sents Congress. . The pales in the arms are kept closely united by the chief, and the chief depends on that union, and the strength resulting DEVICE OF BARTON.* * Inthe upper part of the device is the first indication of the reverse of the present seal. { £ Pluribus Unum, “Many in one” (many States in one confederation). Annuit Ceptis, ‘‘ God has favored the undertaking.” Novus ordo seclorum, “ A new Series of Ages” (denoting that a new order of things had commenced in this Western World). U.S. THE GREAT SEAL OF THE U. S. 393 from it, for its support, to denote the confederacy of the United States of America and the preservation of their union through Congress. ‘« The colors of the pales are those used in the flag of the United States of America: white signifies purity and innocence; red, hardi- ness and valor; and blue, the color of the chief, signifies vigilance perseverance and justice. , “ The olive branch and arrows denote the power of peace and war which is exclusively vested in Congress. The constellation denotes a \ ! Hy fii o fi DIE OF 1885. SKETCH OF REVERSE. new State taking its place and rank among the sovereign powers; the escutcheon is borne on the breast of the American eagle without any other supporters, to denote that the United States of America ought to rely on their own virtue. ‘‘ REVERSE. The pyramid signifies strength and duration: the eye over it and the motto alludes to the many and signal interpositions ‘of Providence in favor of the American cause. The date underneath is 894 THE GREAT SEAL OF THE UV. S. US: that of the Declaration of Independence; and the words under it sig- nify the beginning of the new era, which commences from that date.” The application of a Great Seal was inherited of England, whose seal is pendant with ribbon; with this custom in vogue it was in- tended by the wording of the law that the seal should be pendant. The reverse of the seal has never been cut, and no reason seems to be forthcoming, although the act plainly directs an obverse and areverse, or the use of a double die, so that the present procedure seems tech- nically illegal; it is certainly not authorized by law that one half of the seal shall do duty for the whole. Its custodian is the Secretary of State (Page 274), who affixes it only to commissions, etc., previously signed by the President. Act approved September 15, 1789. Section 4. And be it further enacted, that the said Secretary shall keep the said seal, and shall make out and record and shall affix the said seal to all civil commissions to officers of the United States to be appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, or by the President alone. Provided that the said seal shall not be affixed to any commission before the sume shall have been signed by the President of the United ere nor to any other instrument or act without the special warrant of the President therefor. e The seal impression is given through a large white wafer affixed to the surface of the document at the left of the President’s signature. The use of a pendant die may have originally been overlooked (?) owing to facility in use of the wafer impression, as well as its security, as it cannot be removed without mutilation of the document, while a pendant affixed by ribbon to which the seal is impressed, customary in other countries, can be easily wrenched off through intent or accident. The cutter of the seal die of 1782 and 1841 is unknown; that of 1885 by authority of Act of Congress, July 7, 1884, ** To enable the Secretary of State to obtain dies of the obverse and reverse of the Seal of the United States and the appliances necessary for making impressions from, and for the preservation of same, one thousand dollars ’” was entrusted to Tiffany and Company of New York; the work in its heraldic and legal correctness devolving upon Mr. James Horton Whitehouse. A close reading of the Act of 1782 exhibits heraldic lapses; an omission of the tincture of the scroll; it denominates the collection of stars, a crest; and mentions paleways, argent and gules, while in the flag, from which the colors are copied, are (seven) red and (six) white stripes; the seal heraldically reads argent and six pales gules. The eagle of the 1841 seal holds but six arrows in his sinister talon, which is without authority and attributed to accident, also both talons grasp the reverse of natural. Is the bird an “‘ American eagle”? The die-sinker of 1782 and that of 1841 was cut in brass, that of 1885 in the finest steel; the seal die is three inches in diameter and weighs one pound six ounces. It is used in ascrew press. The plate on which the paper is placed to receive the impression is of bronze. By an ingenious mechanism the impression can now be made with the eagle ‘head up”; in the former press with bulky documents this could not be done. U.S. SEAL OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES. 393 GREAT SEAL OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES. Joint resolution to establish a seal for the Confederate States. ‘« Resolved, by the Congress of the Confederate States of America, that the seal of the Confederate States shall consist of a device represent- ing an equestrian portrait of Washington (after the statue which surmounts his monument in the capitol square at Richmond), .sur- rounded with a wreath composed of the principal agricultural products of the Confederacy (cotton, tobacco, sugar-cane, corn, wheat and rice), and having around its margin the words : ‘‘The Confederate States of America, twenty-second Febru- ary, eighteen hundred and sixty- two,” with the following motto: “ Deo vindice.” * Approved, April 30, 1863. (De- signed by Thomas J. Semmes of Louisiana.) Secretary of State J. P. Benjamin May 20, 1863, sent the order for one to Hon. J. M. Mason, C. S. Commissioner to Great Britain. It was completed in July, 1864, and sent to the Confederate Govern- ment under charge of Lieutenant Chapman, C. S. A., reaching Rich- mond, Va., in April, 1865, at the time the evacuation occurred, SO acruaL DIAMETER OF THE SEAL THREE that no official impression was INCHES. ever taken from it. The Seal is now (1889) in the office of the Secretary of State of South Carolina, it having recently been presented to the State. BILL OF EXPENSE. J. M. Mason, Esq., To Joseph S. Wyon, Chief Engraver of Her Meesty & Sale et w 28) ent St., London, W. 1864. July 2. — Silver Seal for the Corfederate States ? : : of America, with ivory handle, box with spring lock and screw press £84.0 3000 wafers 4. 1000 seal papers 1000 strips of parchment 100 brass boxes 100 cakes of wax 100 silk cords 1 perforator 3 packing cases lined with tin _ 5, POMS is on nous £122.10 By cash 21 March £42. Settled by cheque for balance 6th July, 1864. _The £42 was a deposit for half cost of the press. Press made of silver at suggestion of manufacturers, as not affected by rust and of the same metal as state seals of England are made. *“*God maintains.” 396 MOTTOES. U.S. MOTTOES OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. STATE MOTTO TRANSLATION Alabama..... hn sieuse Here we rest. Alaska........e.00 Avizona.........006 Sitat Deus...........+++.++.++6- | Founded by God. Arkansas .......... | Mercy, justice. Regnat populi | The people rule. California........... Bure as eis sceisigss od stesteieieseccietes or I have found it. Colorado .....++++55 NIL Sine NMIDG.s econ onsaeee 2 + | Nothing without God. Connecticut .......- | Qui transtulit sustinet...... +--+ | He who transplanted, still sus- Delaware.. Dis. of Columbia.... Florida. Massachusetts...... Michigun..... sifeleisicre Minnesota.... Mississippi......... Missouri..........-- Montana...... 2.0.5 Nebraska..... ane ste Nevada.........065 New Jersey... Liberty and Independence. Justitia omnibus.... In God is our trust. Obverse : Wisdom, justice, mod- eration. Reverse : merce. Salve...... stapes je vais (slat evesslaetyavecae National Union, State Sover- eiguty. None. None. Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain. Ad astra per aspera....... Agriculture and com- United we stand, divided we fall. Union, justice and confidence. DI G0s vans tes ceaoeaeese enews Fatti maschii siete eniiies [At one time seal was mislaid, and the new die carried the motto, ‘‘Crescite et Multiplica- mini.” Grow or increase and multiply.] Coronasti nos. Scuto bone voluntatis tur...... Ense petit placidam sub liber- tate quietem. Si queris peninsulam amenam CIPCUMSPICE....... sce eeee eee ee L’etoile du nord........seeesees None. Salus populi suprema lex esto. United we stand, divided we fall. Ore ¥ Plittiecnacvu ase ery Se Sie Equality before the law. All for our country. None. None. tains. Justice to all. Hail. To the stars through all difficul- ties. I direct. Manly deeds, womanly words. {Seal originally pendant, for wax, when screw introduced the reverse was abandoned.] You have crowned us with the shield of your good will. With the sword she seeks quiet peace under liberty. If thou seekest a beautiful penin- sula behold it here. The Star of the North. The welfare of the people is the supreme law. Gold and silver. Te E PLURIBUS UNUM. 894 STATE MOTTO TRANSLATION New Mexico....... | Crescit eundo.........+-+ seeeee It increases by going. New York........- Excelsior. . Higher, more elevated. North Carolina..... None. North Dakota...... | Liberty and union one and insep- arable now and forever. Ohio... ..ee eee e eens None. Oregon....-sseseree The Union. Pennsylvania... .... Obverse: None.....++.- [The State “Coat of Arms” Reverse ; Both can’t survive. carries the motto ‘“ Virtue, Liberty and Independence.” Rhode Island..... +. | Hope. South Carolina...... | Animis opibusque parati........ | Prepared in mind and resources; ready to give life and property. Dum spiro, spero. Spes....... While I breathe, hope. Hope. South Dakota...... Under God the people rule..... Tennessee.......--- Agriculture, Commerce. Texas....s...000 «+. | None. Uta bs.cciiiecines veces None. Vermont..........+ Freedom and unity. Virginia..........06 Obverse : Sic semper tyrannis.. | Ever so to tyrants. Reverse: Perseverando.......-- | Perseverance. Washington .......-. --. | Bye-bye. West Virginia...... Obverse : Montani semper liberi | Mountaineers are always free- * men. Reverse: Libertas et fidelitas.. | Liberty and fidelity. Wisconsin.....-.. .. | Forward. Wyoming..... Cedant arma toge......eeeeeee Let arms yield to the gown. E PLURIBUS UNUM. The motto of the United States, as a motto, no doubt is due to its introduction on a design for the Great Seal (page 388) as presented by the committee, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, August 10, 1776. Its application at that time being significant. Preple’s ‘‘ History of the Flag” (page 482) is the only reference ofa tracing as to a probable derivation of the phrase, the compiler of U. S. has found. At about the timeof the Revolution, the Gentleman’s Magazine had a popular circulation in the colonies; the motto of its title page suggested it. The title to the first volume of the Gentile- man’s Magazine, 1731; has the device of a hand grasping a bunch of flowers, and the motto E Pluribus Unum; and with this number the motto disappears, being followed by Prodesse et Delectare on subse- quent numbers, until reappearing on the second volume (1732) com- bined Prodesse et Delectare [device of a hand grasping a bouquet] # Pluribus Unum — and thus continued on the title page until 1833, when 8398 THE CAPITOL. U. Ss. discontinued. 1786 to ’88 volumes bore the mottoes only. 1789 to 94 device, but no mottoes. 1798 mottoes, but no device. 1808 device changed to a hand grasping a bouquet, then again to a vase filled with fruit and flowers, which latter device with the mottoes, as established in 1732, continued on all the volumes of the magazine from 1808 to 1832. In 1834 a new series commenced and the old mottoes were abandoned. It occurs in a Latin poem ascribed to Virgil, called Moretum. It is a description of an ancient Italian peasant’s morning meal, with inci- dental suggestions of his mode of life generally. The Moretum is a species of pottage made of herbs and cheese, which with the help of his servants he concocts before dawn; he grinds up the various mate- rials with a pestle, then, says the poet: [Line 103.] It matus in gyrum, paullatum singula vivres, Dependunt propries; color est E Pluribus Unum. [Lippincott’s Magazine Feb., 1868.] In choosing a national motto they (our fathers) derived it from a modest metrical composition in Latin, written by John Carey of Phila- delphia and entitled, ‘‘ The Pyramid of Fifteen States,” in which occurs the following verse : Audax inde cohors stellis e pluribus unum, Aadua pyramidos tollit ad astra caput. Nore.— Mr. Preble foot-notes this: I can find no mention of John Carey or Cary, of Philadelphia, in any of the American Biographical Dictionaries. Adding, ‘‘ The pyramid of fifteen States is evidence that the poem was written in 1794 or ’¥5, after the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the original thirtcen.”” And with the fact of its introduction into the Seal design August, 1776, should leave this extract an unauthorized origin. Motto of the ‘‘Spectator’? August 20,1711, was Color est e pluribus unum. [Hor. 2 Ep. II, 212.] THE CAPITOL.* AT WASHINGTON, D. vu. Length, 751 feet and four inches. Breadth from 121 to 324 feet. It covers 153,112 square feet. From base line of building to tip of statue 287 feet and 11 inches. Cost over $13,000,000. The building is of the Corinthian order. Material of central build- ing, yellowish sandstone painted white; that of the wings, white mar- ble, slightly tinged with blue, while the dome is of iron. The corner stone was laid in 1793. The eastern front of the Capitol is chosen for the frontispiece illustration, as it shows the central portico on which the oath of office has been administered to all the Presidents succeeding John Quincy Adams. (Page 273.) The Senate meets in the extreme right of the building. The House of Representatives in the extreme left. * See Frontispiece. UJ. S. GREAT SEALS OF THE UNITED STATES. 399 GREAT SEALS OF THE UNITED STATES. ALABAMA. CONNECTICUT. AU x a APS COLORADO. DELAWARE. 400 GREAT SEALS OF THE UNITED STATES. U.S. FLORIDA. GEORGIA. ILLINOIS. INDIANA, U.S. GREAT SEALS OF THE UNITED STATES. AOL KENTUCKY. Th 7 MARYLAND. MASSACHUSETTS. MICHIGAN. 402 GREAT SEALS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1.8. MINNESOTA. MISSISSIPPI MONTANA.* NEBRASKA. NEVADA. * At the present writing Montana as a State has not adopted a seal. U.S. GREAT SEALS OF THE UNITED STATES. AQ83 NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEW JERSEY. NORTH DAKOTA. AOA GREAT SEALS OF THE UNITED STATES. U.S. OREGON. PENNSYLVANIA. RHODE ISLAND. SOUTH CAROLINA. SOUTH DAKOTA. U.S. GREAT SEALS OF THE UNITED STATES. AO5 yo eT AMON Nyt meutarallhs nt hie se B y ee y ry i aSy iy ASIA oe ey TEXAS. VERMONT. WASHINGTON. WEST VIRGINIA. WISCONSIN, 406 COINAGE. U.S. COINAGE. CoLoniaL. The people of the original thirteen colonies were hard pressed for some circulating medium to serve as currency. Wampum [see ‘‘ Wampum ” in Index] was long used, so was cotton cloth, also pelts of fur-bearing animals. Good merchantable corn was received for taxes and the first approach to a metallic currency was in an order of the General Court of Massachusetts, in 1636: 7. ¢., ‘‘ It is likewise ordered, muskett bulletts of a full boare shall passe currantly for a farthing a peece, provided that noe man be compelled to take above xu d. att a tyme of them.” Massachusetts in 1652, May 26, established the first mint at Boston, of which John Hull was mint-master, at which were issued coins of the value of ‘‘ 12d. 6d. & i 3d. peeces,” and ‘‘ every : i‘ shilling weighing the x] a e , three penny troj weight ee & lesser peeces propor- rN . Nn Laity VG YS BSA a tionably.” The first \ A A pieces struck were mere N \\ planchets stamped near AS \ the border NE, and on the reverse the value indicated on the severai coins by XII, Vi, 1, in NEW ENGLAND SHILLING. g square similarly im- NEW ENGLAND SHILLING. (OBVERSE.) pressed near the border. (REVERSE.) The greater coin is known as the ‘‘ New England shilling,” and was followed by the ‘‘ Willow Tree,” ‘‘ Oak Tree” and ‘‘ Pine Tree” coins, the names applied from the several devices, the reverse of each being similar, the obverse 4 carrying a tree design; the latter was the most conspicuous, owing to the greater number coined. Its obverse H contained the represen- tation of a pine tree en- rs circled bya grained ring. Waist Legend, MasaTHVSETS. IN. On the border another grained ring. PINE TREE SHILLING. Reverse 1652 XII in (opvERsE.) two lines in the field (REVERSE) encircled by a grained ring. Legend, New ENGLAND. Exergue, AN. Dom. Size 18, weight 72 grains, fineness 9163, value 184 cents. The tree coins all bore the same date, although the ‘Pine tree” was not issued until October, 1652. Maryland in October, 1659, had shillings, sixpences (groats) and pennies coined in England by Lord Baltimore; the major coin was known as the Maryland shilling. PINE TREE SHILLING. U.S. COINAGE. 407 Obverse: A profile bust of Lord Baltimore facing left, slightly draped. Legend, Caucitivs: Dns: TeRR&-MariH: & cr. ofa Reverse: An escutcheon with the Baltimore arms, a lozenged shield, surmounted by a crown. ‘To the left of SM this the Roman numeral X; H to the right II, the shield di- Fy viding the figures denoting the value of the coin [7. e, xu., 12 pence]. Legend, CRESCITE: ET: MULTIPLICA- : ‘ mini. Border milled, edge MARYLAND SHILLING. lain; silver. Size 17; (eeyeeeny) weight 66 grains; fineness, 925; value, 16.73 cents. The reverse of the penny of this issue contains a ducal coronet upon which are erected two masts, each bearing a flying pennant. Legend, DENARIVM: TERR&- Manz. } Copper. Size 13. Virginia created an act for coinage November 20, 1645, but it was never carried into effect. _ i In 1722 a coinage was issued MARYLAND PENNY. for America by Grease Britain, of 9“ "7 VAND PENNY. (OBVERSE.) a mixed metal resembling brass, known as Rosa Americana or Wood’s money, from its manufacturer, William Wood of Wolverhampton, the royal letters patent describing the coins as two- pence, pence and half-pence. ‘‘The Rosa Americana Two Pence.” Obverse: Laure- ated head of George the First facing right. Legend, Grorcius LEE D: G: MAG: BRI: ROSA AMERICANA TWO-PENCE. FRA? ET. HIB : REX. ROSA AMERICANA TWO-PENCE. : Reverse: A full (OBVERSE.) (REVERSE.) double rose; from this project five barbed points. Legend, Rosa-AMERICANA-1722. In a field over the rose, upon a label beneath the same, Utite Dutct. Border, beaded. Edge, plain. Bath metal. Size 18 to 20. Weight, 255 grains. Connecticut had in circulation a private or unauthorized coinage, issued by John Higley of Granby in 1737. This coinage was made of copper, mined in the town and known as the Granby or Higley Tokens. Obverse: A deer standing, facing left, occupying the entire field. Legend, }@VALVE.ME.AS.YOU.PLEASE. y% Exergue III, the Roman numerals, upon a small scroll; a little crescent underneath. MARYLAND SHILLING. (REVERSE.) (REVERSE.) 408 COINAGE. U.S. Reverse: Three hammers, occupying a field, triangle situation, each bearing a crown upon the head. Legend, §@™= I.AM.GOOD. COPPER pit: gg .: bt 1787. In October 20, 1785, Connecticut granted to Bishop, Hopkins, Hill- house and Goodrich the right to coin £10,000 of copper cents, the coinage known as the Con- necticut Cent of 1785. Obverse: A mailed bust, the head laure- GRANBY OR HIGLEY TOKEN. ated, facing right. S®4NB¥ OR HIGLEY TOKEN. (OBVERSE.) Legend, AUCTORI: (REVERSE.) CONNEC. Reverse : Goddess of Liberty, seated facing left, by her side a circular scrolled shield. In her right hand the figure tenders anolive branch; the left hand, being upraised, grasps a liberty staff near the top, which is sur- mounted by a liberty cap. Legend, INDE. ETLIB: Exergue 1785. Borders _ serrated. Edges plain. Size 17 to 18; weight 132 to 152 grains. CONNECTICUT CENT. Penns ylvania (OBVERSE.) made no provision for local, coinage, but issued strict orders in the matter of counterfeit money. ‘‘ Any per- son convicted of counterfeiting” in the province was ‘‘doomed to suffer death without the benefit of clergy,” and any person who know- ingly passed counterfeits was sentenced ‘‘ to stand in the pillory for the space of one hour, having both their ears cut off and nailed to the pillory, and besides receive twenty-one lashes in public on the bare back; and also to pay £100 as a fine, one half to go to the use of the governor and one half to the in- DESIGN FOR NEW HAMPSHIRE former with costs and DESIGN FOR NEW HAMPSHIRE , COPPER COIN. | (OBVERSE.) charges of prosecu- COPPER COIN. (REVERSE.) tion assessed upon the convict.” New Hampshire considered the subject of a coinage, but it was never promulgated further than the production of some pattern pieces in 1776. During the period of the Confederation, the power to coin money CONNECTICUT CENT. (REVERSE.) U.S. COINAGE. 409 was vested not only in the Continental Congress, but in the several States, many of them taking advantage of it to issue copper coins. ; Vermont was the first State to issue a copper coin- age, having June 15, 1785, given to Reuben Harmon, Jr., the right to make copper money for that State for two years. He started a mint at Rupert, Bennington Co., coining the Vermont Cent of 1785. Obverse: A range of : wooded mountains from be- hind which to the right the sun is rising. In the field beneath stands a plough. Legend: VERMONTIS.RES.PUBLICA. Exergue, 1785. Border beaded. . 4A Aas MOULTON’S PATTERN PIECE. (OBVERSE.) MOULTON’S PATTERN PIECE. (REVERSE.) Reverse: An eye, in- closed in a small ring, surrounded by a circle of thirteen stars. From the 4 small circle spring twenty- H six rays, of which; thir- H teen are long, one passing through each space be- tween the stars. Thirteen of the rays are short; one between the body of each star and the center. Le- V8S¢ONT CENT, 1785. VERMONT CENT, 1785. (ORVERSE.) gend: STELLA.QUARTA. (REVERSE.) pecm@maA. Borders beaded. Edge plain. Copper. Size 17. Weight 111 grains. Massachusetts on October 16, 1786, ordered the establishment of a mint ‘‘for the coinage of Gold, Silver and Copper,” and that sixty thousand dollars ‘‘be coined in convenient cents and half cents, the mint to be conducted by Capt. Joshua Wetherlee. The principal coin known as the Massachusetts Cent of 1787. : Obverse: A clothed Indian, standing, facing left, in his right hand a bow, in his left an arrow. Legend: CoMMON* WEALTH. Reverse: A spread eagle, a broad shield upon his breast, six pales gules (upright), a chief azure (open or plain). Upon this chief or upper part of the shield the word MAssacHUsETTs cENT, 1787. CENT. The right talon 1787. (avEhen) of the eagle grasps an aaah ti _ olive branch, the left holds’a bundle of nine arrows. Legend : MASSACHUSETTS. Exergue, 1787, beneath a heavy horizontal bar. Borders milled. Edge plain. Size 164 to 19. Weight 146 to 165 grains, : 410 COINAGE. U.S. [This is the first coin bearing the (present) image of an eagle hold- ing a bunch of arrows. } The half cent differed in design only in possessing a plain shield with the word HALF CENT. New Jersey granted the right to coin June 1, 1786, to Mould, Goadsby and Cox. The firm quarrelled, and two of them, Goadsby and Cox, started another mint at Elizabethtown, N. J., Mould remaining at Morristown. The original contract ‘ to strike and coin in cop- per, a sum equal in value to ten thousand £ pounds, at fifteen cop- pers to the shilling” was satisfactorily di- vided in thirds, Goadsby and Cox as their por- tion accepting two thirds of the amount. The coin produced is known as the New Jer- sey copper coin of 1786. Obverse: A horse’s head, facing right, upon an heraldic wreath; in the field under this device stands a plough. Legend: Nova C#ssREa. Exergue, 1786. Reverse: A shield [described in the language of heraldry as argent, six pales gules, a chief azure]. Legend: * & *® PLURIBUS * UNUM *%. Borders serrated. Edges plain. Size 16 to 19. Weight 137 to 178 grains. (The first coins to carry the motto ‘‘ E Pluribus Unum.’) United States. The Continental Congress in 1781 directed Robert Morris, the distinguished Financier of the Confederation, to look into the matter of a governmental coinage. He made his report January 15, 1782, embodying a suggestion furnished him by Gouveneur aria. Morris of New NEW JERSEY COPPER COIN. (OBVERSE.) NEW JERSEY COPPER COIN. (REVERSE.) Ld i “CO rv York, proposing att i a \ two copper coins, NY ipa one of five units, ats Por Sere a6 Roumania...-..-+-++++++ Switzerland. . Tripoli......- Tunis .... aun : sek ay ruguay Uruguay... Wallachia. Zanzibar... Su ioe ries ai ty SE Rie im nw o ep open SS m H ey PEN en Ses PCN eS oe ip wo hoot Guilders.....0 tne j Ricksdaler \ Ricksmynt Piasters........6+ a5 Ticals (silver) Pesetas....-.-+-20 Ricksdaler ) liccoment | nes ‘Francs Gurush .....- aisiects Lei Dollar (Si anu io).. 4 |Penny (stg. Centimes... Centavos... Centavos..... Reis ......... Centavos Candareens .. Centavos Centavos (goid).. Marks........- Shillings ..... Centavos..... Centimes Centimes Pfennige ... Penny (stg.).- Leptas.. Centavos....... ; Centimes (gold) is Centavos......- ae Centissimi. 7 : 3 ofa Sen..... e 1, Shatree esses Centavos Centavos (gold).. Kopecks ( lv Centavos Para... Centimes... Aspers... Centavos. Centajos.. Ban Para. 420 THE $ SIGN.—WAMPUM. U.S. THE $ SIGN. 1. — Derived from the letters U. S. (in monogram), which after the adoption of the Federal Constitution were prefixed in the Federal cur- rency and were afterwards in the hurry of writing run into one another, the U made first and the S over it. 2.—Combination of the mark of the Roman unit, sestertius, the symbol of which was H. S. orI. L. 8. “« Sestertius, abbreviation of Semistertius, is a term belonging tothe Roman silver coin- age, in which series it was a quarter of the denarius; but the silver coins of this small size being found inconvenient, no doubt: suggested the idea of coining it in copper. In this al as in silver it represented two and ahalf Ases. . . inwriting expressed by the symbol II. §,, or HS., both of which represents two and a half, being IL. in Roman numerals, and §, for semis (half); . . . all their calculations made in sertertii. In writing, amounts were thus expressed : II S. trecenti (300 sesterces).” 3.— A modification of the position of the figure 8 in expressing the value of a dollar in reals, or pieces of eight, as it was formerly called: i. e@. 8. i 4.— Peso Sura signified ‘‘ hard dollar,” and in Spanish accounts the initial letters were used, the 8 written upon the P and placed after the sum. - 5. — The union of P and 8, ‘‘ pieces of eight,” Spanish dollars, used to distinguish them from sums in sterling, before which money the char- acter £ was placed. 6. — On the reverse of the Spanish dollar is a representation of the Pillars of Hercules, and around each pillar is a scroll with the inscrip- tion plus ultra. The device in the course of time degenerating into the sign which stands at present for the American as well as the Spanish dollar. (The scroll represents the two serpents sent by Juno to destroy Hercules in his cradle.) . 7. — Accounts in the South were kept in dollars and reals, and as a distinguishing mark a cancelled figure of 8 used (one dollar || 8 reals) or the cancellation marks placed on each side of the figure | 8 | followed by a period to denote the decimal of reals. After a time the perpen- dicular lines crossed the 8, and the shading of the figure ultimately discovered to represent an S, which combined with the lines evolved the present sign. Wampum. An apparent contraction of wampumpague, wam- peague or wampampeague, from an Algonquin word wampi or wompi signifying white, being applied by the Indian to white kind of Sewan or money of their tribe as also that of the Iroquois. Sewan is of two kinds, purple and white, the virtual gold and silver standards of an aboriginal currency, the purple being known as sucka- hock or suckanhock, and made of the black or purple eye of the shell of the common round hard-shell clam, Venus mercenaria. The white (wampum) is made from the stem of the shell of the periwinkle, Littorine. The New Jersey and Long Island (N. Y.) shores were the ‘‘ gold and silver” mining regions. In making the coins, or beads, the Indians broke the shells care- fully so as to secure certain portions, and chipping the edges with a flint chisel formed them into cylinders, a little larger than a common clay pipe. Through the length-center of the cylinder they bored a small hole, aiming to have it round, straight and of smooth bore; U.S. POSTAL CURRENCY. 421 the exterior was ground into true forms by rubbing them on sharp grilled stones, and carving them into globular or semi-cylindrical beads, carefully finished and nicely polished, this being a necessary requisite in aboriginal commerce. They were then strung on threads or strings made from sinews of deer, or else woven into various kinds of belts. The ‘‘ test” was to draw the beaded strings deftly across the bridge of the nose, when those not smooth, uniform and well-strung were refused, or accepted at a large cliscount. In making payment small amounts counted in loose beads, one Suck- anhock being considered cqual in value to two wampum (of the white). In making large payments the calculation was made by the measure- ment in the spread of the arms, or by the fathom. ; The English, Dutch and French colonists adopted Sewan as a medium of exchange, the New Netherlands colony records 1662 note ‘‘ kept in wampum and beaver skins.” Massachusetts Colony in 1637 ordered it should pass ‘‘six a penny” for any sum under twelve pence; Connec- ticut and New Haven in 1640 adopted it also, a fair fathom of Suckau- hock being worth ten shillings and one fathom of wampum five shillings. The records of New Amsterdam (New York City) of 1641 authorizes ‘four beads of good black well-strung wampum or eight of the white” to be reckoned the value of one stuyver (a Dutch coin worth about one cent). The Dutch designated wampum as Zewant, the French as Porcelaine. Postal Currency. During the war and until resumption of specie payment it was the ‘‘ change,” an invention of General Spinner, who had represented the Syracuse district of New York in Congress, and had been appointed Treasurer of the United States by President Lincoln. Spinner being appealed to from all quarters to do something to supply the demand for small change, silver having vanished, was powerless as he had no law under which he could act. In his dilemma he thought of the postage stamp, and sent down to the post-office de- partment and purchased a quantity of stamps. He then ordered a package of the paper upon which Government securities are printed, which he cut into various sizes. On these pieces he pasted stamps to represent different amounts, thus initiating a substitute for frac- tional silver. This was not, however, a Government transaction in any sense; it could not be. The General distributed his improvised currency among the clerks of the department, and finally through imi- tation it became the medium of small exchange. It was dubbed ‘postal currency.” From this General Spinner got his idea of frac- tional currency, and went before Congress with it, which body readily adopted it by an act, July 17, 1862, authorizing it to be used as cur- rency in sums of less than $5. Significance of a Billion, as Illustrated by a U. S. Coin. Place a five dollar gold piece on the ground and pile upon it as many as will reach twenty feet in height; then place numbers of similar columns in close contact, forming a straight line, and making a sort of wall twenty feet high, showing only the thin edges of the coin. Imagine A293 WEIGHT OF A MILLION GOLD DOLLARS. U.S. two such walls running parallel to each other, and forming, as it were, a long street. It would be necessary to keep on extending these walls for miles; nay, hundreds of miles, and still be far short of the re- quired number, and not until we had extended our imaginary street to a distance of 2,3864 miles, that we shall have presented for in- spection, one billion of coins. In lieu of the above arrangement, we place them flat upon the ground forming one continuous line, like a golden chain with every link in close contact. Todo this we must pass over land and sea, mount- ain and valley, desert and plain, crossing the equator, and returning around the southern hemisphere, through the ocean, retrace our way again across the equator, then still on and on until we again arrive at our starting point; and when thus passed a golden chain around the huge bulk of earth, we shall be but at the beginning of our task. We must drag this imaginary chain no less than 763 times round the globe. If we can further imagine all these rows of links laid closely side by side, and every one in contact with its neighbor, we shall have formed a golden band around the globe just 52 feet 6 inches wide; and this will represent one billion of coins. Such a chain, if laid in a straight line, would reach a fraction over 18,328,445 miles, the weight of which, if estimated at one quarter ounce each coin, would be 6,975,447 tons, and would require for their transport no less than 2,325 ships each with a full cargo of 3000 tons. Even then there would be a residue of 447 tons, representing 64,081,920 coins. Weight of a Million Gold Dollars. The standard gold dollar of the United States contains of gold, of nine tenths fineness, 25.8 grains, and the standard silver dollar con- tains of silver, of nine tenths fineness, 412.5 grains. One million standard gold dollars consequently weigh 25,800,000 grains, or 53,750 ounces troy, or 4,479 1-6 pounds troy, of 5,760 grains each; or 3,685.71 pounds avoirdupois of 7000 grains cach; or 1.843 ‘‘ short” tons of 2000 pounds avoirdupois each, or 1.645 ‘‘ long” tons of 2240 pounds avoirdupois each. One million standard silver dollars weigh 412,- 500,000 grains or 859,375 ounces troy, or 71,614.58 pounds troy, or 58,928.57 pounds .avoirdupois or 29.464 ‘‘ short” tons of 2000 pounds avoirdupois each, or 26.307 ‘‘ long” tons of 2240 pounds avoirdupois each. In round numbers, the following table represents the weight of a million dollars in the coins named (short tons) : Tons. Standard gold coin, dollar 1% Standard silver coin, dollar 293 Subsidiary silver coin, ten cent 295 Minor coin, five cent nickel 1102 Minor coin, one cent bronze 3429 ** Old” copper cent 18855 U.S. COLIN NOTES. 423 Only one Double Eagle struck in 1849. No Eagles coined from 1805 to 1837, inclusive. Half Eagles, only five or six of 1815 coinage known of. No coin- age 1816-17. : Quarter Eagles. No coinage 1800, 1801, 1809 to 1821 inclusive, 1822, 1823, 1828. But one known Quarter Eagle of 1842 extant. Silver Dollar. ‘There are but seven or eight of the 1804 issue known of; tiis coin is called ‘‘ The King of American Rarities.” The “legend” of its scarcity is that a vessel bound for China had on beard almost the entire mintage (1804 was $19,570), and was lost at sea. By others it is claimed that the fiscal year ending in mid-summer (June 30) the report entered on the register of the mint in 1805 ($321.00) included the mintage of the months of 1804 subsequent to the fiscal yeport and entry of that year. No silver dollars issued in 1837. Half Dollar, no issue 1798, 1799, 1800, 1816. Quarter Dollar, no issue 1798 to 1803, inclusive; 1808 to 1815 in- clusive. 1817, 1824, 1826, 1829, 1830. Twenty-cent-pieces issued for the use of the Pacific States. Dimes. Noissue 1799, 1806, 1808, 1812, 1813, 1815 to 1819, inclusive. 1824, 1826. Half-Dime. No issue 1798, 1799, 1804, 1806 to 1828, inclusive. Copper Cent. Noissue 1815. A limited number coined in 1823. Half Cent. No issue 1798, 1799, 1801, 1812, to 1824, inclusive; 1827, 1830, 1837 to 1848, inclusive. 1852. In GOD WE TRUST first appeared on the copper two-cent issue of 1864, and is the first use of the word Gop in any Government act. (See page 211.) This sentence was introduced by James Pollock, an ex-Governor of Pennsylvania, Director of the Mint, with the approval of S. P. Chase, then Secretary of the Treasury. It appeared on the 1866 issue of the Double Eagle, Eagle, Half-Eagle, Silver Dollar, Half-Dollar, and Nickel five-cent piece, in lieu of the long-existing motto of E Pluribus Unum. In the Trade Dollar issue (1873) both mottoes retained, ‘‘In God we trust” appearing on the obverse. The national motto ‘“‘E Pluribus Unum” on different U. S. coins was never authorized by law to be so placed; although the mint was established in 1792 the use of the motto on any of the gold, silver or copper coins was not authorized or directed by any of the provisions of the act establishing it. None of the coins since 1837 bore the motto until the standard silver dollars were coined. It remained on the early gold and silver coins until 1834, when it was omitted from the gold coins. From the.Double Eagle in 1866. In 1836 it was dropped from the twenty-five cent piece, and the following year from all silver coins, the Trade Dollar only reviving its use. The motto was first used on a half-penny or cent struck in New Jersey in 1786-7. . (See page 403.) Miss Anna W. Williams is the name of the lady whose profile is stamped ‘upon the Bland silver dollar. When the designer Morgan came to this country from England in 1876 he was selected to make a design for anew dollar. He settled in Philadelphia, with the direct aim of thoroughly Americanizing his work, being desirous to present as the principal figure a representative head of an American beauty, I 494 COIN NOTES. U.S. finally selecting Miss Williams, who was living at the time with her aunt at 1023 Spring Garden Street. She was unconscious of the ultimate use of the sketch she gave sittings for, and not until two years afterward was the secret disclosed. A pleasant ‘‘ guess” is to name how many dollar bills would be re- quired to weigh as much as a twenty-dollar gold-piece. Answers fluctuate between three hundred as the lowest and one thousand; the correct number being thirty-four. Coin as a pocket-rule. — The silver quarter measures three fourths of an inch in diameter; the half dollar one inch, and the “dollar of our daddies” one inch and a half. The various combinations of coins that might be used in changing a quarter, is 215. The 20, 10, 5, 3, 2 and 1 cent pieces. To make all the changes would require one 20-cent piece, two 10-cent pieces, five 5-cent pieces, eight 3-cent pieces, twelve 2-cent pieces, and twenty-five 1-cent pieces, making in all 53 pieces of money, representing $1.38. The $20 and $3 gold piece and the ‘‘ Bland ” dollar are the only coins perpetuating the designer’s name. Underneath the lower line of the medallion on the obverse of the gold piece is J B L (Jas. B. Langacre). In nearly the same position on the obverse of the ‘‘ Bland ” dollar is the letter M; it also appears on the reverse, upon the left fold of the ribbon uniting the wreath, being the initial letter of Morgan. Both probably admitted through an oversight at the Mint. George J. Morgan, the designer of the ‘‘ Bland” dollar, was an Englishman, traces of which, the curious allege, he has embodied in the medallion of the coin. By holding the coin with the date uppermost and covering the figure with the finger on a line across the eye to the hair, the profile develops a likeness of King George, the chin being his nose. Holding the coin in the same position, and covering the medal- lion on a line from the chin to the base of the cap, the curl of the hair develops an imaginative representation of the lion (England’s emblem), the animal’s nose facing left. The first coins of the United States were struck with the portrait of Martha Washington; Mr. Spencer who cut the first die copying her features on his medallion. When General Washington saw- the coins he was provoked and requested the figure removed, and before any more were struck off the features of his wife were altered somewhat and a cap placed on her head. This was the original of the present Liberty head. The nickel five-cent piece furnishes a key to the metric system of measures and weights. The diameter of this coin is two centimeters, and its weight is five grammes. As the kiloliter is a cubic metre, the key to the measure of length is also the key to the measure of capacity. The first coins struck by the U. S. Mint were some half-dimes, in 1792; the first dimes were struck in France from old silver family plate furnished by Washington, the coins being known as ‘‘ Martha Wash- ington Dismes.” from the circumstance as noted and an adaptation of the Liberty head to that of Martha Washington. U.S. COIN NOTES. AQ5 Obverse: A head facing left, hair unconfined, floating backward in flowing locks. Legend, LIBERTY PARENT OF SCIENCE & INDUS. Within the legend and beneath the head, 1792. Reverse: A small eagle, flying toward the left, though looking to the right. Legend, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Exergue, an inscription, DISME. Border milled. Edge milled. Size 14. Weight, silver, 40 to 57 grains. Copper, 58 grains. In 1804, the ‘‘ Five Shilling ” Token was struck by England for cir- culation in China, and from the reverse of this coin the figure of Bri- tannia, copied and slightly modified, became the obverse of ‘‘ Liberty ” on our Trade Dollar. The Trade Dollar was issued for use in China, in competition with the Spanish and Mexican dollars, at the same time affording an out- put for the surplus silver of the Pacific Coast mines. The Chinese Empire having no mint for the coinage of gold and silver, relied ou the supplies of the Mexican dollar for its domestic circulation. The coin was never intended for circulation in the United States, though made a legal tender to the extent of five dollars at the time of coinage (1873); this tender was repealed July 22, 1876. In China the eagle on the reverse christened the coin with the sobriquets of ‘‘Precious Goose,” ‘‘ Precious Duck” and ‘ Flying Hen.” The original coinage was planned, similar to the design of the field of the U. 8. Flag, to carry an additional star for each new State; to be placed on the obverse. It was abandoned in 1798, at which time a return was made to thirteen stars. The stars on the U. S. coinage are six-pointed, while the U. S. flag carries tive-pointed stars. (See page 383.) No man’s head appears on any of the coins of the U. S. Of the ‘1804 Dollar” Chapman’s Catalogue (1885) notes that the only pieces known to exist are: ‘‘The first specimen in the Mint Cabinet at Philadelphia (weighs 415.2 grains); the second M. A. Stickney procured from the Mint in 1843 in exchange for other coins; third, W. S. Appleton bought, at an advance of $750, in 1868, from E. Cogan, who purchased it from W. A. Lilliendahl, who bought it at a sale of collection of J. J. Mickley, 1867, for $750; fourth, L. G. Parmelee bought, at sale of E. H. Sanford’s collection, 1874, for $700, who obtained it in 1868 from an aged lady, who got it at the Mint many years before; fifth, W. B. Wetmore bought of L. G. Parmelee, 1868, for $600, from sale of H. S. Adams’ collection, 1876, at $500, from sale of M. J. Cohen’s collection, 1875, at $325 (in fair condition) ; sixth, present owner unknown to us, formerly in possession of collection of Robert C. Davis of Philadelphia, and recently sold for $1200; seventh, S. H. and H. Chapman, purchased October, 1884, at a sale in Berlin, and resold to a Mr. Scott, a dealer in coins, for $1000 at their Phila- delphia sale, in May, 1885.” (See illustration, page 409.) The three-cent “‘ nickel” is the only U. S. coin that does not express its value as a coin. 426 MONEY SLANG. U.S. For the special protection of deposits at the Mint of the U. S. the penalty for debasing coins, or embezzling metal or coins, is death. (Sec. 19, Act of Congress establishing the Mint, April 12, 1792.) The first coins struck for America are supposed to have been the Sommer Island shilling and sixpence; the date of coinage, place and circumstances under which they were issued are unknown. The Som- mer or Summer Islands are the present Bermudas. The shilling was called a ‘‘ Hogge-Penny,” composed of copper; size, 19; weight, 177 grains. (See illustration, page 406.) QuERY: Why is the dollar sign ($) placed before a figure? (This char- acter and that of £, in sterling money, are the only commercial signs placed in advance of the figures. Thus: $8, £8, 8 yds., 8 lbs., 8 sec., 8 pwt., etc.) ANSWER: In colonial times when the word dollar was Americanized, its equivalent was the Spanish “piece of eight,” (eight reals). All monetary accounts had heretofore been kept in reals, and custom was slow to recognize the innovation. It continued therefore to retain the terms: ‘‘ piece of eight,” expressing the value of the number of pieces of eight, between two lines preceding the decimal, that is, |16|.12, sixteen pieces of eight and 7vo, or, as we read, sixteen dollars and twelve cents. With this key the transition is: |16].12, @ 16.12, $16.12. MONEY SLANG. It is said the language of Ancient Greece was unsurpassed for its richness and variety of expression; the superior flexibility and verbal wealth of the United States language is illustrated in an inquiry for a loan of money; by using any of the following words in conjunction with the inquiry, HAVE you ANY Almighty Dollars, Century’s ($100 bills), |Dibs, American Balm, Certificates, Dimes, Ante’s, Change, Dollars, Balsam, Checks, Doots, Bank-notes, Chicken - feed (small|/Dooteramus, Bills, change), Dots, Bits, Chink, Dough, Blocks of Five, Chips, Ducats, Blunt, Circlets, Dust, Bobs, Circulating Medium, (|Eagle-bird, Boodle, Coach-wheels, Essential (of the) Brads, Coin, Fat, Brass, Collateral, Fat Plunks, Cans, Coppers, Filthy lucre, Car-fares, Counter-ringers, Financial Circles (Dol- Cart-wheels, Currency, lars), Cash, Daces, Finniff, Cases, Daddy-dollars, Fips, Cents, Darby, Fivers, U.S. Flipper-ups, Funds, Gelter, Gold, Greed, Greenbacks, Half’hogs (5 cents), Half’neds ($5 gold pieces), Halves, Hard cash, Hardscales, Hardstuff, Hoggs, Honey, Jacks, Jinglers, Legal-tender, Leveys, Levels, Loaves and Fishes, Lowre, Lucre, Mint Relics, Money, Mopus, Mopusses, Moss, Muck, Necessary (of the), Neds, Needful, New-lights, Nickels, Notes, Ochre, Ones’s, Open Sesame, CONFEDERATE STATES COINAGE. Paper dollars, Pennies, Pewter, Picayunes, Pile, Plasters, Plates, Plungers, Plunkers, |Plunks, Pocket-weights, Poney, Posh, Postals, : Purse-convicts, Quarters, Quids, Rags, Ready, Ready - come - down - John, Redge, Reds, Rhino, Ringers, Rocks, Round dollars (silver), Round Moons (dollars), Salt, Sand, Scads, Screaves, Screens, Scrip, Shekels, Shiners, Shines, Shinplasters, 427 Shot, Sicers, Silver, Siuews-of-war, Sinkers, Jats, Slugs, Solace for the hard-up, Soap, Sparklers, Specie, Spelter, Spondulix, Sponse, Spoons, Sprats, Stamps, Stuff, Sugar, Swag, Sweeteners, Syebucks, Tens, — Threswins, Thrums, ‘/Tin, Uncle Sam’s I. O. U.’s, V’s, Ways and Means, Wealth, What-we-work-for, Wheels, Wherewithal, Wind, World-movers, X’s, Yellows. CONFEDERATE STATES COINAGE. The Louisiana Secession Convention, through a State committee, seized the U. S. Mint at New Orleans, and issued jointly with the Con- federate States Government a gold coinage of $254,820 in double eagles, and a silver coinage of $1,101,316.50 in half-dollars with the United States dies of 1861; those of 1860 having been destroyed, and the 1861 die being ‘‘in stock” at time of seizure. The coinage ceased in May, 1861, when a transfer of the bullion, then about exhausted, was made to A. J. Guizot, Assistant Treasurer of the C. 8. A., at which transfer all the United States dies were de- 428 INDIAN TRIBES. U.S. stroyed, as the Government through the Secretary of the Treasury, Memminger, had ordered a die to be specially engraved for the use of the Confederate States in the coinage of silver half-dollars. It was intrusted to the mint coiner, A. H. M. Peterson of New Orleans, and when completed, the die was of such high relief as made it impracti- cable for use in a coining-press. As the stock of bullion was almost exhausted and no prospects of obtaining a farther supply, the mint was closed; ending uny attempt at another engraving of a die. From the die of Peterson’s there were four pieces struck through the successive blows of a screw-press; and these four coins composed the entire coinage of the Confederate States. Obverse: A Goddess of Liberty (same as the U. S. coins) within an arc of thirteen stars (representing the States of the original republic). Exergue, 1861. : Reverse: An American shield beneath a ‘‘ Liberty Cap,” the union of the shield containing seven stars (representing the seven seceeded States), the whole surrounded by a wreath, to the left, cotton in bloom; to the right, sugar-cane. Legend, CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. Exergue. Hautr Dot. Borders, milled. Edge, serrated. CONFEDERATE SILVER HALF DOLLAR. INDIAN TRIBES. (Compiled from the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1886.) Alaska. Aleuts, Atkhas, Chiikahtkwan, Chugachigmut, Egogmut, Hudsunu, lliknu, Kangméligmut, Kaniagmut, Kaviagmut, Kikhto- gamut, Kowagmut, Kuskwogmut, Kutchins, Magemut, Mahlemut, Mirvukmut, Nushagagmut, Ogulmut, Okee-ogmut, Salawigmut, Sitkakwan, Skatkwan, Stakhinkwan, Takukwan, Tungass, Ugalak- mut, Unabigmut, Unalashkans, Yakutat. Arizona. Aravapai, Chilion, Chirikahwa, Hwalapai, Kemahivi, Koa- hualla, Koiotero, Kokopa, Marikopa, Mogollon, Mohavi, Moqui, (Shinumo), Papaho, Pima, Pinal Apaches, Tonto-Apaches, Yuma, Yuma Apaches. U.S. INDIAN TRIBES. 429 California. Coahuila, Diegenes, Hunsatung, Hupa, Kawai, King’s River, Klamath, Konkau, Little Lake, Miskut, Monache, Pitt River, Potter Valley, Redwood, Saiaz, San Luis Rey, Sermalton, Serra- nos, Tehon, Temecula, Tishtanatan, Tule, Wailakki, Wichumni, Yuki, Yuma. Colorado. Kapoti, Muachi, Wuninuchihte. Dakota. Arickaree, Brulé, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Chippewa, Cutheads, Gros Ventres, Mandan, Minnckonjo Sioux, Ogalalla Sioux, Ponca, Sans Arcs, Sioux, Sisseton, Two Kettle, Unkpapa, Wahpeton Sioux, Wahzahzah Sioux, Yanton Sioux, Yanktonai Sioux. Idaho. Bannak (Panaiti), Boisé, Brunan, Coeur d’Aléne, Kutenay, Nez Percé, Pend d’Oreille, Sheepeater, Shoshoni, Spokane. Indian Territory. Apache, Arapaho, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chicka- saw, Choctaw (Chahta), Comanche (Komantsu), Creek, Delaware, Fox, Ion-ie, Iowa, Kaddo, Kansas, or Kaws, Kaskasia, Kichai, Kickapoo, Kwapa, Lipan, Miami, Missouri, Modoc, Osage, Otoe, Ottawa, Pawnee (Pani), Peoria, Piankasha, Ponca, Pottawotomi, Quapaw, Sac, Seminole, Seneca, Shawnee (Shawano), Tawakanay, Tonkawa, Wako, Wea, Wichita, Wyandotte. Iowa. Fox, Pottawotomi, Sac (Sauk), Winnebago. Kansas. Chippewa, Kickapoo, Munsi, Pottawotami. Michigan. Chippewa. Minnesota. Chippewa. Montana. Assinaboine, Blackfeet, Blood Assinaboine, Brulé, Che- yenne, Flathead, Gros Ventres, Kutenay, Pend d’Oreille, Piegan- River Crow, Santee, Teton, Unkpapa, Yanktonai, Sioux. Nebraska. Fox, Iowa, Ogalla Sioux, Omaha, Sac, Santee, Sioux, Winnebago. Nevada. Kai-bab-bit, Kemahwivi (Tantawait), Pai-Ute (Paviotso), Pawipit, Shoshone, Shuvite. NN. Mexico. Apache, Jicarilla, Mescalero, Navajo, Pueblos: — Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Jemez, Laguna, Nambe, Pecos, Picuris, Pojoaque, Sandia, San Felipe, San Ndefonso, San Juan, Santa Ana, Santa Clara, Santa Domingo, Taos, Zia, Ziini. New York. Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, St. Regis, Tonawanda, Tuscarora. N. Carolina. Cherokee. Oregon. Alsiya, Cayuse, Coquell, Kalapuaya, Klakama, Klamath, Kusa, John Day, Luckimuti, Modok, Molele, Neztucca, Pai-Ute, Rogue River, Sainstkla, Santiam, Shasta, Sinslaw, Skoton, Snake (Shoshoni), Tenino, Tootootna, Tumwater, Umatilla, Umpqua, Walla Walla, Walpape, Warm Spring, Wasko. Utah. Pavant, Ute, Yampa. Washington. Cour d’Aléne, Colville, Dwamish, Etak-Mur, Hoh, Kalispelm, Kinikane, Klalam, Klatsop, Klicckitat, Kweet, Kwilleput, Kurnaiult, Lake, Lurnmi, Makah, Methan, Muckleshoot, Nepeeliun, Niskwalli, Pend d’Oreille, Puyallup, San Poel, Shoalwater, S’Ko- komish, Skwawksnamish, Snohomish, Spokane, Stailakoom, Suk- wamish, Swiwamish, Topnish, Tsihalis, Tsinuk, Twana, Yakama. Wisconsin. Chippewa, Menomonee, Oneida, Stockbridge. Wyoming. Arapaho, Shoshoni. \ Je Bs PLANTS COMMON TO THE U. S. 4380 Sones Teer e neon tee e eens eee ZRIET ‘UISY Ulaysrgq [wvidory, “RISV Jo suortod surmrolpy pur sdoang *vIsy Jo suonyiod Sututolpr pus odomg reese emu) UISY TRyQuog SusvoNNy oY) 8B .IvE sv odoing sapuy UBIANIeg adolg 350A, tttreteeeeeesen sees seg (qT sadoang UIAYWON Jo atoysvag *(Aavosny) odoing uteysvaqinog “RIsW Jo suorjod Surmrolpe pur sdoing (BLD) BIsy Zurarofpy suoyso0d puv odowng ‘soLQUNOD UROUBIIAIpI Pete et eee rene rene reese TOpOMS adoing WAIYIAONT JO a10[sBag ateia sieve aley *AIVIVY, W199Sv AT seeess epratss fq ¥ ‘vISy Surutolpe uorves ‘adoang IsV Jo suorsod Suruto(pe pur edoing visy Jo suortod Satutolpe pur odoang soeeesrrpaqna wisgorinby Tes-eysluy vary Aagy VIVISLID VISO[IO, 77 *BQ[e SUIOTTO TAL ssosuajeid WINI[O}ILL, ‘av 908 °° “av Tettl': ‘av TIT" “a°V G68 |* ‘a-v gt | ‘O° L6AT|* ‘estan UMNUEqjUES AITO ‘0 -*€ BoP |° ssnq4qut wNIOIIID ‘Oo °H @zg |: ++ UUNABSINA SNSTID ‘9 *@ 690T|" ‘a'v grb | "0 "a g¢6 | face a (sees caw spe |" seeereetaayg wunsEd snyéydofivo suqyaviq: **"¢¢ BOY BIL», 99S syyseduva votsseig reeseeseBgORla[O BOISSBIG. ‘unquajnosa MnALdose,T ‘o ‘a ope |° ‘av pezil- TUnQRIBypoRSs WINGZI0g ‘2 °H ZLOTI* *suodtAdaduios snxng ‘a'v ZOPL|* ss -suugnU suqjuIes yy “ene rT? eivuRo[Ng wNUETOS]* ** poy ‘12A01) * unmayjuusfigD seers K1099TGO) **(anos) Array teeeeess + quepd-Amguad (poyearq{no) AraTaD trees TOMOBTINED * diajep *QOLIRZ tereeeeees KEMBIND 53 sores] Uvidsug-o1ney, pux uvauerazipay|'o “a GysT|* so seeee* Srieaina Bog ” nage senses eae ueeo POUL ‘a'v FPL" *snqyvunt snfoaseyd, PLST‘OT oun SLSL ‘F209 TAST ‘TAU TAL LOST‘OT “AVL LOST ‘S “ART 99sT‘ou Ane POST ‘gz URE S9sT'Lt “99d SOs ‘e AVAL ZOSL‘sr Ane ZOSL‘or ATE T98L‘'1Z “99d Sest ‘Tr AUT PC8L ‘FSU SPST ‘6 AVL SPST ‘6 AUT APST ‘ee LFBT ‘% pee! 9PSToL AIL Geslel “G2 sist F1Hdy sist ‘Pindy OIL ‘22° G9L OTST “2o°d9T SI8T'2@ “G2 uae (g “AON TSI ‘€ AON FIST ‘@ -A0N FIST ‘g “AON PISt ‘s "AON FIST ‘e “AON ISL ‘G “AON “MOPSULLIRM STMT] “1deD FIST ‘12 990 444. POSTAL SYSTEM. U.S. 7 POSTAL SYSTEM IN REFERENCE TO LETTERS. The first mention of a postal service is that of the General Court of Massachusetts in 1689: ‘‘It is ordered that notice be given that Richard Fairbanks his house in Boston is the place appointed for all letters which are brought from beyond the seas, or are to be sent thither to be left with him, and he is to take care that they are to be delivered or sent according to the direction. And he is allowed for every letter a penny, and must answer all miscarriages through his own neglect in this kind.” ACT OF PARLIAMENT 5th., GEO. ITI. Oct. 10,1765. For the inland conveyance, to or from any chief post-office within the British dominions in America not exceeding sixty British miles; single, four pence; double, eight pence; treble, one shilling; ounce, one shilling, four pence. Upwards of sixty miles, not exceeding one hundred miles; single, six pence; double, one shilling; treble, one shilling six pence; ounce, two shillings. Special routes had special rates. During the Confederation, a Resolution of Congress, May 29, 1775, appointed acommittee to consider the best means of establishing posts throughout the continent. 1789, the Constitution conferred upon Congress exclusive control. Feb. 20, 1792, the first U. S. act fixing rates of postage on domestic letters; the following rates to take effect June 1, 1792 (a single letter understood to be a single piece of paper) : A single letter not exceeding 30 miles, 6 cents, 8 ‘c ‘e 60 ¢ be “ ‘“c 100 «* 10 ‘ ee oc 150 * 123 “6 “ 200 * 15 “ce “cc 950 «* 17 “e cc a6 850 « 20 “ce “se oe 450 “cc 22 “se ee over 500 “ 25 April 30, 1810. Single sheet of paper; less than 40 miles, 8 cents not exceeding 90 “* 10 * “ec “ 150 *“ 123 “cc “ce “et 3800 * 17 6c 6c oe 500 ee 20 oe ne over 500 “* 25 « April 9,1816. Taking effect May 1, 1816. Single sheet of paper less than 30 miles, 6 cents He not exceeding so * 10 * “ 6 150 sé 124 6c “ce “cc 400 se 183 se as over 400 ‘“ 25 « U.8: JEFFERSON'S DECALOGUE. A45 March 8, 1825. Drop or local letters delivered at the post-office, one cent each. March 3, 1845, to take effect July 1, 1845. A single letter under 300 miles, not exceeding 4 uz. in weight, 5 cents. a over 300 ‘“ us ss “* 10 cents. Drop letters 2 cents each. March 38, 1847, the Postmaster-General authorized to prepare postage stamps, which, when attached to any letter or packet, shall be evidence of the payment of postage chargeable therefor. The First use of Postage Stamps, a 5 cent and 10 cent Issue. March 3, 1851. Taking effect June 30,1851. A single letter not exceeding 3000 miles, prepaid 3 cents, not prepaid 5 cents; for any greater distance double these rates. Drop letters one cent. March 38, 1855. Single inland letters 3 cents; not exceeding $02 in weight, all distances under 3000 miles; all distances over 3000 miles, 10 cents. Allinland postage prepaid. Drop letters 1 cent each. The First Compulsory Prepayment of Postage on Letters. Registration of letters, established by act, March 3, 1855. Stamped letter-sheets and newspaper wrappers authorized. March 3, 1863. Domestic letters not exceeding $0z. in weight, 3 cents, each additional half-ounce or fraction 3 cents, prepaid by postage stamps affixed. The First Uniform Rate Regardless of Distance. June 8, 1872. Postal cards introduced, one cent each. March 3, 1885. Domestic letters not exceeding 4 oz. in weight, 2 cents, and each additional ounce or fraction, 2 cents. Jefferson’s Decalogue of Canons for Observation in Practical Life. Never put off till to-morrow what you can do to-day. Never trouble another for what you can do yourself. Never spend your money before you have it. . Never buy what you do not want because jt is cheap; it will be r to you. Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst and cold. We never repent of having eaten too little. Nothing is troublesome that we do willingly. How much pain have the evils which have never happened, cost eee de: QS s an 9. Take things always by their smooth handle. 10. When angry, count ten before you speak; if very angry, 4 hundred. 446 “FIRST THINGS.” “FIRST THINGS.” EARLIEST DATE Discovery of U.S. andes Agricultural Exhibition. . Axes ard edged tools. Bank Bank, Savings Book, printed Book, spelling.. Book, geography. Book, written in A Book, printed from stereo- type plates Bricks ......+-..+ . Bricks — fire.. Brooms... Canal :.. Carriages . Chemicals. OCHUTCH ya ariesineeouedsine teers Church, Catholic..... ata aie Church Convention, Epis- Copal. .cssscsecccrnacanees Church, Roman Catholic Bishop consecrated Church, Sunday-school.,... City incorporated..... shies Clocks introduced é Clocks manufactured Coal Coal mining....... eneneenee Colle Be suscie.s 8a ais sieieleieseincsisiers Conflagration Cotton .. Cotton-machine Cotton-mills. Cotton-gin Cotton yarns.. Cotton sewn: thieels ve Currency... .seeeeeeeees Currency, coined...... ‘ ‘|Dec.31, 1781 Apr. 2, 1512 1810 1826 Dec. 2, 1816 1640 1783 1789 1607 1813 1612 1827 say 4 ul; y > Bi 1811 Aug.18,1587 1632 1733) 1789 1789 1740) 1664 1720 1793 1791 1791 1638 Aug. 8, 1679 1785 1786 1787 1798 1793 1794 1627 1652 14| Manufactured at Albany, N.Y.... By De Leon, who discovered Florida At Georgetown, D. C Manufactured at Hartford, Conn Established at Philadelphia; 3 incorporated by Congress as ‘The President, Directors and Company of the Bank of North America.”.. “ The Savings Fund Society of Philadelphia.” {‘‘The Bank for Savings” in New York was founded Nov. 25, 1816, but did not go into business until July 3, 1819. ill istatess Beerara efet crane a tian The Bay Psalms Book ‘at Cambridge, Mass... The American Spelling Book, by Noah Webster Published by Jedediah Morse “Relation of such occurrences as might happened in Virginia,” by 160! ve ete., composed in 1607 Japt. John I. True; published in London, A catechism, printed in New York bya Mr. Walt Sie js opainje wise vicinjerssniesecepninins iu oisrejejnuiaoreateiajsinis, By the Colonists of Virginia...... At Baltimore.. Manufactured at Philadelphia-from broom- corn. Erie Canal, New York State Manufactured at Salem, Mass.......0.0.cee00- English, at Roanoke Tsland, the granddaughter of White, the Governor, and baptized on the Dee Sabbath by the name of se (Dare)..esesccccsescceccnce eeu Erected in Boston, Mass Erected in Philadelphia, Pa.........--.-..0+ Convened at Philadelphia, Pa., establishing ‘a Constitution for the ‘Protestant elo Church in the United States of America.’’. The Rev. Dr. Carrol, of Maryland............ Outside of New England by the Pennsy: lvania Dunkers at Ephrata.........++ eu stare arom oieveiate INew Yorkies ciesacenvenant 1652 pred at Raynham, a town of Plymouth Colony ....- isshia iela-wis. bistaiataverayora is attcotaie’witngvats . Tron Nails....-s.eeeseeeeeee 1777|Factory erected at Cumberland, R.I.......-. ‘ Library ... ; fe 1700|For the public, founded in New York, subse- quen whic Likenesses ...-.--.++++0- aise 1839|Obtained by the Daguerre process, by wd. W. Draper, his camera, a cigar box, in which was placed a spectacle lens; during the win- ter of 1840, a small gallery opened and some celebrated pictures were taken. From this tly merged with the Society Library, h was founded in 1754........ a J small beginning photography grew.......... Locomotive .....+.++++ wali! 1829|The ‘Stourbridge Lion,” brought from Eng- Jand in 1829, for use of the Delaware and Hudson Canal and R. R. Co.; arrived in New York on ship John Jay — was in use between Aug. 3 and 8...... ea aise ses ceneceee Locomotive ...---s+seeeeeee 1829] Built by Peter Cooper, in the summer of 1829. Masonic Lodge......-.++-++ July 30, 1733/Free; opened at Boston, Mass....-..+-+++++++ Mulberry-tree......--.--.-- 1826 ne a nursery at Flushing, N. Y.; came from TANCE oe cece nen w ene rnanceencere saw eercees . * Newspaper...--seeee coos Apr. 24,1704|At Boston. ‘* The Boston News Letter,” pub- lished weekly, being printed on a half sheet, twelve inches by eight inches...........--++ Newspaper ....eseeeevesees 1735|In_ a foreign tongue; issued at Germantown, Pa., in the German language.......--+--.+-- Newspaper ..-.-ssseeseeeee 1741|Literary Journal, published by Benjamin Franklin, at Philadelphia, “The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle.”...... Ye Newspaper ..---- soe ernie ne ie 1784|Daily; at Philadelphia. ‘‘The Pennsylvanii Packet or the General Advertiser.”.......+. Newspaper.......-.++.+++-+(|Sept. 5, 1795|Exclusively commercial. ‘ The Boston Prices —Current and Marine Lntelligencer, Com- inercial and Mercantile.’?...6. ss.esees essai Newspaper ..------- saseene 1797|Scientific Periodical, in New York. ‘The Medical Repository... ...+++ ssceseseeeseees Newspaper ..-eeeseeeeeeees 1814|Religious, at Chillicothe, O. ‘ The Recorder.” Newspaper ....eeee-eeeeeee Apr. 2, 1819|Agricultural, at Baltimore. ‘‘The American Farmer.”...+--+++ pam sate main weeraase oe’! feneeee Newspaper .-eceereceserere 1825|Sunday, at New York. ‘‘ The Sunday Courier” *It is claimed that in the State Paper Office at London there is a copy, perhaps the only one extant, of a folio newspaper sheet ‘“ Public Occurrences,” printed at Boston, and bearing date September 25, 1690, to be issue d monthly or oftener, and printed by R. Pierce, for Benjamin Harris at the London Coffee House, 1690. 448 “FIRST THINGS.” EARLIEST DATE Night watch.......... nesbiaie Numbering houses........- Observatory...eeeereeerecee Omnibus... Paper Mill Paper. Patent .. Pens, gold Pianoforte Pins ......... en eeetesieceeie Ploughs Poplar tree.....eeeceeeeeaee Post-office... Printing...... eis leteisioseisions Railroad ....... a aptetaiernnes Se Rice..... iiaveustersse jordin aisrole ac Schools .......eceeeeee ae Settlement...... Settlement . Settlement .........ssseeee Settlement . Sewing Silk..... Sewing Machine Slaves...... ‘|July 31,1790 Apr. 1697 1811 1836, 1830; 1690 1828 1840 Apr. 15,1823 1812 1797 1785 1710 1673 Jan. 1639 1823 1826 June 1695 1794 1641 1787 1645 1562 Sept. 8, 1565 1585 1682 1829 + 1846. Aug. 1619 In New York,by order of tle Common Council. In Philadelphia, introduced by the Marshal who took the second United States census... Astronomical, erected at Williamstown, Mass. Introduced in New York Erected at Roxborough, Pa., on a stream since called pape Mill Run, which empties into the Wissahickon, by William Rittinghuysen, who emigrated from Holland. He in conjunction with William Bradford were the proprietors in the manufacture of paper, made from linen rags, the product of flax grown in the vicinity, which had been manufactured into wearing apparel .........+- oreisisiai sis hareteteie * Manufactured from straw and hay...........+5 To Samuel Hopkins, by the government, for making pot or pearl ashes.......-..+. Manufactured in New York . First home manufacture exposed for sale at Boston by Jonas Chickering....... ersigiatsictevars' Manufactured in New York ay English work- men and machinery......... aistlete(sieterss Revers Cast iron introduced—at first objected to, claiming cast iron poisoned the ground...... Lombardy, introduced by Michaux............ Created by act of Parliament, with chief office at New York........cceceeeeescecseees teistovsrare First mail, carried between Boston and New York, ‘for more speedy intelligence and dis- patch of affairs.’”? The letters were to be car- ried by a messenger, who was directed to go and return once a month..... In Cambridge, Mass., from the first press, the pee being ‘‘The Freeman’s Oath” earing date, 1639.........---eeeeeee aie By steam-power press, Dee Sureey English grammar, printed in New York..........-.+. Three miles long, from granite quarries of Quincy, Mass., to Neponset River; com- menced, 1826; completed, 1829 A brigantine from Madagascar touched at South Carolina on her way to Great Britain. She anchored at Sullivan’s Island and the captain presented a bag of rice to one of the colonists, giving him directions how to plant it. The rice was distributed among several of the inhabitants, who experimented in planting it in different soils, resulting successfully-...... Turnpike road, between Lancaster and Phila- delphia sixty-two miles.............cee cence Manufactured at Boston, Mass Manufactured at Syracuse, N. Y.. Public, Massachusetts passed a law in England for their establishment. French, Island of Port Royal, present South Carolina, under Ribaut............ Sista epniotteas Spanish, present St. Augustine, Fla., under elendez.. le aiiainta iaisisiose English, Roanoke Island, N. C., Raleigh expe- dition..........- ale Gainieie sieieutte,a.eieiats English, west of the Alleghanies Manufactured at Mansfield, Conn.........ee006 First completed and patented by Elias Howe, Jr. Brought to Virginia on authority of Captain John Smith, who in his General History states: ‘About the last of August (1619) came in a Dutch man-of-warre that sold us twenty nigars.’’..... “FIRST THINGS.” EARLIEST DATE Slave: (Anti) Society..... Stage ING se isiisineeswnstens Stereotyping.......... Steam Engine. Street paved........ ‘i Streets lighted........... of Tea. Telephone. ais Telescope.....- Temperance Society Tin-ware ... etsy Theater ....-sserereeeeee ea Tobacco....... eiaieie Sale Guardia I Umbrellas..... Vessel Water in pipes....++-.+..-- Whale-fishery ..-...- Biasaceretara Apr.14, 1775 1730 1813) 1773 1658 1697 Nov. 1832 1796 1719 1836 Oct. 18, 1842 May = 1844 1857 1877 1830 Mar. 1808 1770 Mar. 5, 1750 1616 1772 1616 1679 Apr. Aug. 1, 1807 1808 Oct. 29, 1811 1811 1817 May 24, 1819 1776) 1672 In Philadelphia, composed ia of Quakers. Between New York and Philadelphia, making bi-monthly trips.......-.--- SoSaie: ‘lsiatels eiesieis By a Mr. Bruce at New York. Sas Constructed at Philadelphia....... teen With stone, at New York, from the circum- stance, named ‘*‘ Stone Street,’? which name it still retains............+.- etgiate osnreteless waivers In New York, by order of the Common Coun- cil, ‘a lantern to be suspended from a pole stretched out from the window of every seventh house”; by gas, 1816, the city of Baltimore.. Between City “4th Ave. Line” From sugar-cane, manufactured on a planta- tion, near New Orleans... .. Imported into New England Instrument successfully operated by Pof. S. B. ae though utility not demonstrated until Submarine wire from Governor’s Island to the Battery, N. Y Message of “long distance”’ sent by S. F. B. Morse, being transmitted from Washington to Baltimore, and at the suggestion of Miss Annie Ellsworth was the expressive Scripture “What hath God wrought.”’... . Cable, ‘“‘long distance,” from Valentia Bay, Ireland, to Heart’s Content, Newfoundland — across the Atlantic Ocean.... Three miles long, between Boston ville, Mass. ......... eidrers?alsteie Used astronomically at Yale AVeM ssie's sfearcarssss sais eiains aiseewlane eae seen In Saratoga Co., N. Y....-.00 Manufactured at Berlin, Conn...... é Established in New York on Nassau St., play, © Richard LLL)? <:ciccareisicelcisretvecleie.» sieisiaieiswe'n's.e ‘ Cultivated by the Virginia Colonists.......... Introduced, imported from India and landed at Bealti mor ear ciare siceisis sieisiere wvetosviaiss Sccin voit inv eeia tarsi “ Built in America by Adrian Block at Manhat- tan Island. She was called the Restless. First built on the Lakes The Griffin, by La Salle on the Niagara River, near present Buffalo, in which he sailed to Green Bay, Wis. Steamboat, the Clermont, invented by Robt. Fulton, sailed up the Hudson to Albany, from New York Steamboat The Pheenix, built by ran from Hoboken to Philadejphia........--- Steamboat on Western waters, sailed from Pittsburg to New Orleans.....--.+seeereeeee Ferry boat, between New York and Hoboken. Packet-ships—the Black Ball Line, between New York and Liverpool Steamship crossing the ocean. The Savan- nah, sailing from Savannah, reaching Liver- pool June 20 In New York, a reservoir supplied with water from wells on the premises and the Collect Pond, where the Tombs now stand, water being conducted in wooden pipes, constructed by boring a hole through logs.......++.+++- . Commenced at Nantucket.....-.++e-sese. sees hn Stevens, 450 FRIDAYS PROMINENT IN U. 8. HISTORY. U.S. FRIDAYS PROMINENT IN THE HISTORY OF THE U. §S. Friday, August 24, 1492. Columbus sailed from Palos. Friday, October 12, 1492. Columbus discovered America. Friday, March 3, 1497. Henry the Seventh gave to Cabot his com- mission, which led to his discovery of America. Friday, September 22, 1565. Melendez founded St. Augustine, Fla. Friday, November 10, 1620. Mayflower arrived in Provincetown. Friday, February 11 (O. 8.), 1732. George Washington born. Friday, May 12, 1775. Battle of Crown Point. Friday, May 19, 1775. Union of the Colonies effected. Friday, June 16, 1775. Battle of Bunker Hill. Friday, June 7, 1776. Motion in Congress, by R. H. Lee, ‘‘ that the. colonies,” etc. Friday, June 28, 1776. Battle of Fort Moultrie. Friday, August 2, 1776. The fifty-four delegates affixed their signa- tures to the ‘‘ Declaration of Independence.” Friday, January 3, 1777. Battle of Princeton, N. J. Friday, August 3, 1777. The ‘‘ Stars and Stripes” first hoisted as a National Flag on Fort Schuyler, N. Y., now Rome, N. Y. Friday, September 19, 1777. Battle of Bemis Heights, N. Y. Friday, October 17, 1777. Battle of Saratoga, N. Y. Friday, May 12,1780. Battle of Charleston, S. C. Friday, September 22, 1780. Treason of Arnold laid bare. Friday, October 19, 1781. Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va. Friday, September 21,1792. The coin press arrived at Philadelphia, from which the first U. S. coins were made. Friday, June 19, 1812. War declared with Great Britain. Friday, July 17, 1812. Fort Mackinaw (the first engagement of the War of 1812). Friday, September 10, 1813. Commodore Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie. Friday, January 13, 1815. Battle of New Orleans (the last engage- ment of the War of 1812). Friday, March 4, 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President. Friday, May 8, 1846. Battle of Palo Alto, Mexico. Friday, August 20, 1847. Battle of Cherubusco, Mexico. Friday, March 4, 1853. Pierce inaugurated President. Friday, January 11, 1861. Ordinance of Secession passed by Alabama. Friday, January 18, 1861. Ordinance of Secession passed by Georgia. ¢ Friday, February 1,1861. Ordinance of Secession passed by Texas. Friday, April 21, 1861. First gun of the Civil War fired by the Confederates. Friday, May 24, 1861. First offensive movement by the National Government, General Scott commanding the Union Army sent a force into Virginia to occupy Arlington Heights. Friday, May 30, 1862. Battle of Corinth, Miss. Friday, July 3, 1863. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Friday, June 24, 1864. Battle of Petersburg, Va. Friday, August 5, 1864. Farragut’s attack on Mobile. Friday, April 14, 1865. President Lincoln assassinated. Friday, March 4, 1881. Garfield inaugurated President. U.S. NEGRO.— BROTHER JONATHAN. ABl NEGRO. The negro of Louisiana, as graded by Olmstead in his Slave States: Negro, Black, Sacatra, % black, Griffe and negro. Griffe, § black, Mulatto and negro. Marabon, & black, Mulatto and griffe. Mulatto, 4 black, White and negro. Quarteron (Quadroon), #4 black, White and mulatto. Metis or metif (MuStee), § black, White and quarteron. Meamelouc (Mustafina), 7s black, White and metis. Demi-meamelouc, vz black, White and meamelouc. Sang-méle, az black, White and demi-meamelouc. The gradation of ‘admixture of species through marriage, are designated as follows . CHILDREN FATHER MOTHER MALE FEMALE White, Negro, Mulatto, Mulatta. White, Mulatta, Cuateron, Cuaterona. White, Cuarterona, Quintero, Quintera. White, Quintera, White, White. White, Indian, Mestizo, Mestiza. White, Chinese, Chino-blanco, Chino-blanco. Negro, Indian, Zambo, Zambu. Negro, Chinese, Zambo-chino, Zambo-chino. Mulatto, Chinese, Chino, Chino. Brother Jonathan. When General Washington, after being ap- pointed commander of the Army of the Revolutionary War, went to Massachusetts to organize it, he found a great want of ammunition and other means of defense; and on one occasion it seemed that no means could be devised for the necessary safety. Jonathan Trumbull, the elder, was then Governor of Connecticut; and the General, placing the greatest reliance on His Excellency’s judgment, remarked, ‘‘ We must consult Brother Jonathan on the subject.” The General did so, and the Governor was successful in supplying many of the wants of the army; thenceforward, when difficulties arose, and the army was spread over the country, it became a by-phrase, ‘‘We must consult Brother Jonathan,” so that the name became a designation for the country asa counterpart of John Bull for England. Uncle Sam. Immediately after the declaration of war with Eng- land in 1812, Elbert Anderson. of New York, then a contractor, visited Troy, where he purchased a large quantity of provisions. The in- spectors of the articles at that place were Ebenezer and Samuel Wilson. The latter gentleman (universally known as ‘‘ Uncle Sam”) generally superintended in person a large number of workmen, who on this occasion were employed in overhauling the provisions purchased 452 MOUNT VERNON.—FELLOW-CITIZENS. U.S. by the contractor. The casks were marked ‘‘E. A.—U.S.” Their inspection fell to the lot of a facetious fellow who, on being asked the meaning of the mark. said he did not know, unless it meant Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam, alluding to Uncle Sam Wilson. The joke took among the workmen, and passed currently; eventually being adopted synonymous with Brother Jonathan. Mount Vernon. The derivation of the name is probably known to a few. = The unfortunate Duke of Monmouth had a private secretary named Vernon, a prudent, sensible man of business, who after the Duke’s death, found favor in influential quarters, and under William the Third became Secretary of State. He left a son, Edward, born 1684, who greatly against his father’s wishes, entered the navy, and serving with early distinctions rose to the rank of Admiral. In 1722 he was returned to the House of Commons and having, in July, 1739, declared there that Porto Bello might be reduced with six sail of the line, and that he would stake his life and reputation on the success of the expe- dition, he was sent off with a squadron to do it, succeeded, and gave the men ten thousand dollars which had just arrived to pay the Spanish troops. On returning home, he received the thanks of both houses and the freedom of the city of London. From that day, how- ever, his star declined. An expedition to Carthagena made two years later signally failed. Smollett, at that time a naval surgeon, accom- panied the fleet, and has told the story of it in ‘‘Roderick Random,” where he compares Vernon and General Wentworth, who commanded the auxiliary land force to Cesar and Pompey. ‘‘ The one,” he says, ‘“would not brook a superior, while the other was impatient of an equal; so that between the pride of one and the insolence of another the enterprise miscarried.” It was in the land force at Carthagena, that Lawrence Washington, George’s elder brother by fourteen years, had served, and apparently he esteemed Vernon, as he gave his name to his home on the Potomac, and procured a Midshipman’s appoint- ment for George, but his mother’s interposition ultimately prevented the boy’s availing himself of it, albeit she had at first consented. Vernon’s popularity was so great that his unlucky expedition does not seem to have affected it, and he was actually elected to Parliament for three places at once on his return. Origin of Washington’s Birthday asa Holiday. On Feb- ruary 22, 1783, a number of gentlemen met in a New York tavern to celebrate the great General’s birthday. They then agreed to assemble in future on that day, celebrating it with odes and toasts. Washing- ton’s ascendency shortly after to the Presidency gave a new zest to the ‘‘annual,” so that in time it became general, and finally grew into a ‘legal holiday,” the people demanding it from a custom. It is now (1890) declared a legal holiday by all the States except Arkansas, Del- aware, Iowa, Mississippi, Oregon, Tennessee, Vermont and West Virginia. Fellow-citizens. In its American application, found in the In- augural Address of the first governor, Patrick Henry, Jr., of the first commonwealth, July 1, 1776. U.S. ENIGMATICAL BALLAD. 453 Woods of the U. S. Strongest, nutmeg hickory of the Arkan- sas region. Weakest, West India birch (burseva). Most elastic, the tamarack. Least elastic and lowest in specific gravity, wood of the Ficus aurea. Highest specific gravity, upon which in general depends value as fuel, is attained by the blue wood of Texas (Condalia obovata). Speaker. When this term originated it was the custom for the chief executive to deliver orally to the legislature such communication as he desired at commencement of a session. The house so addressed responded to the communication. The pre- siding officer headed a procession of members of the house, waited eon the executive and read the response, thus speaking for the whole ody. Thomas Jefferson determined that his communication to Congress should be made by written message; and that no answer would be expected. This ied to a general change in this regard in all American legislative bodies. “States.”’ First officially used May 15, 1756, when Mr. Archibald Cary reported to the Virginia Convention then in session at Williams- burg, the famous resolution ; ‘‘ to declare the United Colonies free and independent States.” ENIGMATICAL BALLAD. (Copied from the Boston Gazette, June 24, 1782. Capable of three readings.) I justify every part, of King and Parliament, Of a whig with all my heart, I hate their cursed intent; For to support I’il try, friends of administration, Friends of Liberty, are troubles to the nation; I think the association, a cruel, base iftent, An honor to the nation, the act of Parliament, I wish the best success, to North and his conclusion, Unto the grand Congress, the worst of all confusion ; All luck beneath the sun, to Mansfield, Bute and North; To General Washington, destruction and so forth, Hark ! Hark ! the trumpet sounds, the din of war’s alarms, O’er seas and solid ground, doth call us all to arms; ‘ Who for King George doth stand, their honors soon will shine; Their ruin is at hand, who with the Congress join; The acts of Parliament, in them I much delight; I hate their cursed intent, who for the Congress fight, The Tories of the day, they are my daily toast; They soon will sneak away, who independence boast, Who non-resistance hold, they have my hand and heart; May they for slaves be sold, who act a a a . On Mansfield, North and Bute, may daily blessings pour, Confusion and dispute, on Congress evermore; To North, that British Lord, mar honors still be done; Iwish a block or cord, to General Washington. A454 CAPTURE OF BURGOYNE. U.S. CAPTURE OF BURGOYNE. (Published shortly after the event.) Here followeth the direful fate Of Burgoyne and his army great, Who so proudly did display The terrors of despotic sway. His power and pride and many threats Have been brought low by fortunate Gates, To bend to the United States. British prisoners by Convention, 2442 Foreigners by Contra-vention, 2198 Tories sent across the Lake, 1100 Burgoyne and his suite, in state, 12 Sick and wounded, bruised and pounded, 528 Ne’er so much before confounded, Prisoners of war before Convention, 400 Deserters come with kind intention, 300 They lost at Bennington’s great battle, { 1220 Where Stark’s glorious arms did rattle, Killed in September and October, 600 Ta’en by brave Brown, some drunk, some sober,+ 413 Slain oe high-famed Herkerman, { 300 On both flanks, on rear and van, Indians, settlers, butchers, drovers, Enough to crowd large plains all over, And those whom grim death did prevent 4487 From fighting against our Continent ; And also those who stole away Lest they down their arms should lay, Abhorring that obnoxious day; The whole make fourteen thousand men, Who may not with us fight again 14,000 This is a pretty just account Of Burgoyne’s legions’ whole amount, Who came across the Northern Lukes To desolate our happy States. Their brass cannons we have got all. Fifty-six — both great and small; And ten thousand stand of arms, To prevent all future harms; Stores and implements complete, Of workmanship exceeding neat; And proper harness, no way scanty, Among our prisoners there are Six generals of fame most rare; Six members of their Parliament Reluctantly they seem content; Three British Lords, and Lord Belcarras Who came, our country free to harass. Two Baronets of high extraction Were sorely wounded in the action. CAP OF LIBERTY. Originated in a custom of the Romans, who placed on the head of manumitted slaves, a small red cloth cap —piléus ; he was then termed a freedman — libertinus—and his name was registered in the city tribes. The Liberty Cap was probably first introduced in the U. S. in the Great Seal design of 1776 (page 388); composed of the national colors, it eventually became the head-gear of Columbia, ‘«The goddess of American liberty.” U.S. COLLEGE CHEERS. 455 COLLEGE CHEERS. The custom of college “yells” arose with Yale and Harvard; th races on Lake ‘Quiuigaman in 1860. ENN Rr neen eer car eee COLLEGE LOCATION CHEER RS ERG Htheex Meadville, Pa...... Al-legh-e! Al-legh-e! Rah! boom! Al-le-ghen-y ! Amherst... -|Amherst, Mass... < "Rabe? ’yah-’rah! ?Rah! ’rah-’rah! Am! eee res-1! Bates....cecaees Bovsdomivassater Dickinson. . Georgetown. Hamilton Harvard .. Hobart. Kenyon Lafa pyelte . 7 Middlebury ..... New York (C Notre Dame Polytechnic . Princeton . Racine...- Rutger’s ..|New York, -|Ithaca, N. Y -|Cambridge, Mas -|Princeton, N. J.. LIN. Brunswick, NI -|Hoboken, N. J Lewiston, Me Brunswick, Me... .|Providence, R. I.. Waterville, Me... N.Y... Hanover, N. H.... Carlisle, Pa -|Georgetown, D. C.. Clinton, N. Y. Geneva, N. Y Gambier, O Easton, Pa.. ‘ Middlebury, Vics New York, N. Y.. ‘Notre Dame, tides Brooklyn, N. Y.. Racine, Wis.. .|’Rah, ’rah, ’rah! (with a strong ful B-a-t-e-s! ’rah! ’rah! ’rah! Boom-a-la-ka! Boom-a-la-ka! boom! Bates! boom -?Rah! ’Rah! ’Rah! B-o-w-d-o-i-n!...... -)’Rah-rah! ’Rah’rah! ’Rah-’rah! Tiger! -|C-o-l-b-y, ’rah! ’rah! ’rah! Hurray! Hurray! llurray! C-o-]-u-m-b- Cor-Cor-Cor-NELL! I yell! Cor-NELL!.. -|Wha, who wah! wah, who wali!—da, didi D: Rip! ’rah! ‘bus! bis! Dick-in-son-i-en-sis ! George-town-rah! George-town-rah! town, tiger-sis, boom, ah!..... Ham-il-ton! Z-z-rip-rah- boom! George- nd) Hip, "Ho-bart! hip, Ho-bart! hip, Ho! nod) Ilo! hip, Ho-bart!.....cceceecseseeeceesseneeaece ’Rah! ’rah! ’rah! K-e-n-y-o-n! Kenyon!. -/ Rah, ’rah, ’rah! Ti-ger! La-fay- ette!.. Midd’, Midd’, Mid-dle- ae y rah, rah, ’Rah, srah, rah! C.C.N. Y! ans :PRah; *rah, ’rah! u-N-D! N-D-U! UN-D Bats -? Rah! ’rah! ’rah! P-o-u-y! Tiger!.........-.-.- -?Rah! ’Rah!’Rah! Tiger—s-s- s-t! Boom! ah-h-h! -)’Ra! Ra! Ka—cineE!..... Sein cise sindeia aie ’Rah! ’Rah! "Rah! Bow-wow-wow! nie rele Stevens... ’Rah! ’Rah! ’Rah! S-1-£-v-g-N-s . . 3 St. John’s. Annapolis, 3 Ma.....|S-J! S-J! hip, hip, hooray! hooray! oie Sob ateie sete Swarthmore. Swarthmore, Pa....|’Rah, ’rah, ’rah! ’Rah-’rah’rah Swarthmore! Swarthmore! sauuneus uncuiens caves retest oe Trinity .. .|Hartford, Conn..... Trin- ity! boom-rah! boom-rah! Trin-i- ty! ores ais Tufts ... College fi, Mass.|’Rah, ’rah, ’vah! ’Rah, ’rah, ’rah! Tufts!.......- Union......-..008 Schenectady, N. Y.|'Rah? ’Rah! ’Rah! U-n-i-o-n! N-o-i-n-u!.. Washington & LLee/Lexington, Va..... Chick-a-go-runk! go-runk! go-runk! ha, ho, hi, ho! Wash-ing-ton and Lee!.. Williams......... Williamstown, Mass/’ Rah, "rah, rah! Will-yums! yams! yums! Will- MOIS | ye eicevevaenpen tenes ek Yale...... siete Maver New Haven, Conn..|’Rah, ’rah, ’rab! (sharply) esas: Sided duedevevareteteta'ei2:20 California......- Indiana Michigan..... Minnesota City of New York Pennsylvania Rochester Tennessee. . Vermont ......-++ Virginia...... tees Wesleyan... Wisconsin....--+- Wooster ...---+-- UNIVERSITY OF Berkeley, Cal..... Bloomington, Ind.. Towa City, Iowa... -|Baltimore, Md..... Lawrence, Kan.... .|S. Bethlehem, Pa... -|Ann Arbor, Mich.. Minneapolis, Minn. New York, N ae Philadelphia, P: Rochester, N v Knoxville, Tenn Burlington, Vt Charlottesville, Va.. Middletown, Conn.. Madison, Wis...---- Wooster, O.....- wore Ha! ha! ha! Cal-i-for-ni-a! V. C.! Berkeley! ru Boom! abt..s..seceeeece eee ecereeeeee I, ae a I. U! ’rah, ’vah, ’rah! s-s-t, boom, .{S. U. 1 : S. U.I.! giddy, giddy, uni! S. Hooray! Hooray! Hooray! J-0-H-N-8 i 0- od K-I-N-S!..eeeee .|Roch, chalk! Jay, hawk! K-U.! Hoo- rah, h’rah! hoo-ray, h’ray! h’ray! h’ray! h’ ray! Lehigh! Humpty, ’rah! dumpty, ’rah! (yeas) *yah (yeas)! ’Rah! ’rah! ’rah! Ask-your-mah! Minne-so-tah! .|’Rah! ’rah! ’rah! N. Y. U.! sis! boom! ah-h-h-h! .|Eloo-rah! hoo-rah! hoo-rah! Penn-syl-va-ni-ah!. ..{Hoi! hoi! hoi! ’rah! ’rah! ’rah! Roch-es-ter!.. ’Rah, ‘rah! bim-boom-bee! ’rah, ’rah, Ten-nes- BOG lcvereeata otsiare stare (oicrasnsardiaye's wie Selntnieie.sinsisla Se _ *Rah, ai ’rah! ’Rah, ’rah, ’rah! U.- >Rah, rah! ’Rah, rah, *rah! U-ni-V! ’Rah, ’rah, ’rah! Var- si-ty! Vir- -gin- EOYs lsd ie Sie a eemipig ve weeaa is ate ciatanare Rah, ’rah! Rah, ’rah! Wes-lei- ‘an- a!’ Rah, rah Rah, ’rah! UW! ’Rah, rah, ‘rah! Wis-con-sin!...-+--+.-0208 ’Rah, rah, "rah! W-two O-ster! bang! boom! WhiZ!....-+-+++ aie sisetelele € 456 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. U.S. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. [In the Leadirg Languages of the World.] COUNTRY NATIVE PHONETIO PRONUNCIATION LITERAL TRANSLATION Arabic... Armenian..oe Austrian ..... Belgium ..... (Flemish) Bengalese.... Bohemian.... Bulgarian .... Burmese..... Chinese.....- Danish....... French Georgian... German. ..... Greek (moaern) Hebrew.....- 38! Kyol Ale UL huaghay, Lufiatig Eee Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord Amerika. De Vereenigde Staaten van Noord Amerika. : > G te Spojené Staty Americke. C6equuennume Amepukauckie Abpmann. Upgpols a6ae D6aGm Bip 28 De forenede Stater af Umerita. Les Etats Unis d’Amérique. Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord AUmerifa. ai fvdpevar modureiat THT eye pens NOY DRT TT RMN mae Mam-ma-lek a-mer-e-ka ell-mon-ta-hah-dah. 'Me-at-si-al Na-hank . Ah-mer-gah-yee-eé Dee Fer-ein- ish -ten Staat-en fom Nort Ah-mer-e-ka. D’Vee-reen-ichda Staa- ten vahn Noord Ah- mer-e-ka. San-juked des-cher-ah Ah-mer-e-ka-yer. Spo-yen-ai Stat-too Ah- mer-e-kee Say-o-din-a-nitee Ah- mer-e-kans-ki der-jha- vi. Yu-ni-ted sets E-me 1-Ka. Quay me- Met (wo Day for-en-a-day Staat- er ov Ah-mer-i-ka. Lay Ga- erfique. u-nee dam- Ah-mer-e-keese stat-ay- bise err-to-bah. Dee Fer-ein-ish-ten Staat-en fon nort Ah- mer-e-ka, E-no-me-naye _po-le-te- aye teese Ah-mer-e- Keese. Kah-mori-ah-may doh- hay-ach noth-dee-mee. (Read from right to left.) States of America the United. Countries united Amer- ica. The United States of North America. The United States of North America. United countries Amer- ican. United States America. United American States. United States America. States United. The United States of America. The States United of America. America States United. The United States of North America. United States of Amer- ica. America of United Countries. U.S, IN THE LEADING LANGUAGES. 457 PHONETIC COUNTRY NATIVE PROMUNGLATION. LITERAL TRANSLATION Hindustanee.. ( Jabues2e—~8 be Ah-mer-e-ka-lo oh-za-ka|Of America the United (Teloogoo) ; : yon-dey des scham| Countries. Hungarian.... Holland...... (Dutch) Iceland......+ Tish ccaveyeos Italian Japan....ese0 Malayan ..... Norwegian ... Persian .....+ Portugal ..... Russia ......+ Servian...... Siamese....+. Spanish....... Swedish Switzerland .. Turkey... Waloh Qusrea & Sooo Du Cy Az Amerikai egyesiilt Allamok. Vereenigde Staaten van Noord Amerika. Hinn foreinnadu lind af Umerifu. Yadica se Aoyevigae Ovasyr-COy rT opera ah Stati Uniti d’Americs. Crp is De forenede Stater af Amerika. = e ov Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki, Os estados Unidos da America. CoeluHeHHie mame Amepuxn. Curomene AmepuKaHcKe | [ppxape biove lmand snag (MI Th 6 Los Estados Unidos de America. De forenede Stater af Amerika. French, on the Western border. IW Malanthian Tinedie Gorllewin! moo-loo. As Ah-mer.-e-kai eg-u- } sault All-la-moke. ‘Fer-a-nig-deh Staat-en van noord Ah-mer-i- ka. Hin for-ein-ah-thu loend aff A-mer-c-koo, Nah Sthaudh A-on-the thu-ceirt A-mer-i- a. Sta-tee oo-nee-tee day- mer-i-ka. Gab shu koku. Neg-ree rab-bat- A-mer- e-kan-eese. Day for-en-a-day Staa- ter ov Ah-mer-i-ka. Mam-mal-e-kee moodge- tam-ai-hai A-mer-e- kah. Stan-noo zyed-nos-so- nay Ah-mer-e-kee. Ose ‘es-ta-dose Oo-nee- dose dah Ah-mer-e-ka. So-yed-in-enny-ye Shatt- ee A-mer-e-kee. Slo-che-nai Ah-mer-e- kan-ski der-jav-vai. Ee-mu-ang ou-in-ted sets E-mee-ka-nan. Los Es-tah-dose Oo- nee-doce day Ah-mer- i-ka. Day for-en-a-day Staa- ter ov Ah-mer-i-ka. German, northern. Mench-ter-mai-ye Ah-| mer-e-kay. Uh Tal-erth-ee-eh een- , dig Gor-phlewin A- . ,er-e-Ka. The America United States. United States of North America. The United lands of America. The States United of the North America. States United of Amer- ica. A collection of nations. Countries United Amer- ican. The United States of America. States United of Amer- ica. States United America. The States United of America. United States America. . United America States. Many united States the America. The States United of America. The. United States of America. Italian, southern. United State America. The States United North America. 458 CALENDAR. U.S. CALENDAR. For ascertaining the day of the week of any year since the discovery of America.* YEAR-TABLE MONTH-TABLE mi Bl bp 5 slele =/8/6 1509}1515]1526) 1537 |1543)1554)1565/1571/1582)1593)1599 1610}1621/1627|1638)1649|1655| 1666/1677 |1683]1694).... 1700}1705)1711)1722)1733/1739|1750)1753]1759)/ 1770/1781 1810} 1821}1827| 1838/1849] 1855/1866) 1877 |1883|/1894|....|. 1900|1906]1917| 1923] 1934} 1945] 1951|1962/1973)1979|1990 1493/1499]... [o.es ane efecesloceafeceelecesleoee 1510)1521}1527|1538)1549) 1555) 1566/1577 |1583}1594)....|. 1605]1611}1622|1633]1639] 1650] 1661/1667 |1678|1689]1695 1706]1717|1723]1734/1745)1751)1754|1765|1771/1782|1793 1805) 1811]1822)1833)1839}1850 1878}1889|1895 1901/1907|1918)1929|1935/1946 1974|1985]1991 1494)....[...-)02--[eeeeleee 1500)1505]1511)1522)1533]1539 1606|1617}1623|1634]1645/1651 17011707 |1718/1729|1735/1746 1800|1806/1817|1823)1834|1845 1902}1913)1919|1930/1941}1947 1506/1517 |1523)1534/1545]1551|1562)1573)1579| 1590/1596) . 1601|1607)1618]1629]1635)1646|1657/1663/1674)1685|1691].... . 1702/1713]1719)1730/1741]1747|1761/1767|1778|1789}1795)....|..- 1801}1807|1818|1829]1835}1846)1857|1863)1874|1885|/1891|....].... 1903}1914/1925|1931)1942/1953}1959|1970)/1981/1987|1998]....].... 1501)1507/1518)1529)1535/1546|1557|1563|1574)1585)1591 1602]1613}1619)1630}1641)1647|1658]1669)/1675)1686|1692 1703]1714)1725|1731|1742|1762)1773/1779/1790]....|...+ 1802}1813]1819)1830}1841)1847|1858]1869|1875|1886/1897 1909]1915]1926/1937 |1943/1954|1965/1971/1982|1993|1999 1502/1513}1519|1530)1541/1547|1558) 1569 |1575)1586|1597 1603/1614] 1625)1631)1642/1653)1659|1670|1681/1687|1698). . 1709}1715)1726|1737|1743}1757)/1763|1774|/1785|1791|.... 1803/1814)1825)1831)1842}1853)1859|1870)/1881}1887 1910]1921}1927|1938]1949|1955/1966) 1977 /1983|1994 1503} 1514}1525)1531)1542/1553/1559}1570/1581/1587 . 1609} 1615) 1626) 1637 |1643}1654)1665|1671)1682|1693 1710)1721]1727)1738)1749/1758|1769) 1775) 1786/1792 1809] 1815]1826]1837|1843/1854)1865/1871)1882)1893 . 1905]191111922'1933!1939|1950)1961/1967]1978/1989]1995]....].... LEAP YEARS. 1492/1520 /1548 |1576)1604)1632/1660/1688|....)....|..-. 1716|1744 |1764 |1892]1804) 1832] 1860) 1888) 1928/1956) 1984 1496/1524 |1552 |1580|1608|1636}1664|1692 ree 1720|1748 |1768 |1796|1808)1836)1864|1992 1528|1556 {1584 |1612|1640|1668|1696 1724|1752t|1772_ |1812/1840|1868/1896 1504/1532 |1560 |1588|1616|1644/1672]....)...-|- 1728/1776 |1816 |1844/1872|1912/1940|1968)1996. 1508|1536 |1564 |1592]1620|1648|1676)... |.. 1704/1732 |1752t|1780} 1820/1848) 1876/1916] 19: 1512/1540 |1568 |1596|1624/1652/1680]...:|..../....]. 1708|1736 |1756 |1784/1824|1852]1880|1920)1948)1976). 1516/1544 |1572 |1600|1628/1656/1684|1712|....|....|. 1712/1740 |1560 |1788|1828]1856/1884]1924|1952}1980|.... * For explantion of table see page 459. +1752, from January 1 to September 2 same as 1772; from September 14 to December 31 same as 1780, September 8 to 18 being stricken out by Pope Gregory the Thirteenth. Nore. All calculations back of September 14, 1752, are based on the Julian or old style. (0.8) 1492 to 2000 % | FEB. : | MAR > [APRIL MA JUL’ alas 1567|1578]1589 1679)1690|1696|... 1777|1783/1794|.... 1873|1879|1890 1975|1986]1997 1904]1932] 1960 1008} 1986 1964 1972) 459 CALENDAR. U.S. “SL 19q0900 ‘AUpltg UUUNTOo oY} UAOP Suraorfoy ‘Aupuoy_ sv T 13q0}9Q SULMoYsS ,, 91qB7 “AUP yy ONY T=ZOPL “ZEFT ‘ZT 10Q0}9H “a +2 ‘PMO poxber oy} ur skup aq} Jo Topso ayy st yfnsor ayy £,, a1qeI-up ,, at Jo any Surpuodsax “100 @ 0} sioyat YJUOUT paamnbar oy} Japan sur oT[Vred oY} To JoquINT oY} £,, o[quI-1Vad ,, oY} OI Ivaf paambex oYy PUL — ‘NOLLVNVIaxG” ++ AUpsony, Aepuoyy’ *Appuny ABpanyeg °+ CBP + LepsuyL, Avpsoupa A +++ epsany, see SBpuoyAL ss Appung sepamjyeg see “ABPILT ++ Cepsinyy +++ £upsoupo MA Aepsany, ++ KEpsnyL Aepsoupa M ++ £epsany “ACPI cores ABPSINIL sepsoupa Mm Avpsony, AVpuoyy seeessAppungy TAOS Hid 1 b= OD ert ABpmyes TA CICA HID CO B00 + LepsanyyL, fepsoupa ++ seeees Kepsoupa MA Ltt ttt kepangeg AO Hi Or OH MIN Hi Or Om seeeeeeees ODE sees LEPSIMYL Aepsoupa MA Avpsouy, Sepuopy -Avpuny AVpangeg Aepsoupa ++ £epsony, Aepuo AW “Ropung sepangyeg *ARPILT + Lepsinyy, Aepsoupa A ++ epson, ++ £ApUOTL L v T ‘HTAVL AVG 460 THE NEW STATES. U.S. THE NEW STATES. Dakota, North, act admitting as a State passed February 22, 1889, admission took effect November 3, 1889. Dakota, South, act admitting as a State passed February 22, 1889, admission took effect November 3, 1889. Nors. Which of the States was the first to be admitted into the Union will never be known. The story is, that when the two proclamations were presented for the Presi- dent’s signature, somebody raised the question of priority and the President finding it hard to decide which to sign first, ordered the documents, which were exactly alike, to be covered down to the blanks left for his name. Then they were turned face down and rapidly changed about until nobody could tell ‘‘ which was which.” After this they were turned over and the President wrote his name on each. The ink was allowed to dry without the use of blotting paper, and then the documents were again turned down and again shuffled about. Then they were taken up and the coverings removed. One of them came into the Union ahead of the other the length of time it took the President to write his name. The Territory name was jealously claimed by both sides of the parallel 46° as the worth of ‘‘ Dakota wheat ’’ had a world-wide reputation. A compromise was the intro- duction of the prefixes North and South. Montana, act admitting as a State passed February 22, 1889, admission by Presi- dential proclamation took effect November 8, 1889. Whereas, The Congress of the United States did, by an act approved on the 22d day of February, 1889, provide that the inhabitants of the Territory of Montana might, upon the conditions prescribed in said act, become the State of Montana; and, : Whereas, It was gees by said act that eo elected, as therein provided, to the Constitutional Convention in the territory of Montana should meet at the seat of overnment of said Territory, and that, after they had met and organized, they should acre, on behalf of the people of Montana, that they adopt the Constitution of the United States, whereupon the said convention should be authorized to form a State Government for the proposed State of Montana; and, : Whereas, It was provided by said act that the Constitution so adopted should be republican in form and make no distinction in civil or political rights on account of race or color, except as to Indians not taxed, and not be repugnant to the Constitution of the United States and the principles of the Declaration of Independence; and that the con- vention should, by an ordinance irrevocable without the consent of the United States ‘and the people of said State, make certain provisions prescribed in said act; and, Whereas, It was provided by said act that the Constitution thus formed for the people of Montana should, by an ordinance of the convention forming the same, be submitted to the people of Montana at.an election to be held therein on the first Tuesday in October, 1889, for ratification or rejection by the qualified voters of said proposed State, and that the returns of said election should be made to the Secretary of said Territory, who, with the Governor and Chief Justice thereof, or any two of them, should canvass the same; and if a majority of the legal votes cast should be for the Constitution, the Governor should certify the result to the President of the United States, together with a statement ot the votes cast thereon, and upon separate articles or propositions, and a copy of said Constitution, articles, propositions, and ordinances; and, Whereas, It has been certified to me by the Governor of said Territory that within the time prescribed by said act of Congress a Constitution for the proposed State of Montana has been adopted and that the same, together with the ordinances connected therewith, has been ratified by a majority of the qualified voters of said proposed State, in accord- ance with the conditions prescribed in said act; and, Whereas, A duly authenticated copy of said Constitution and ordinances as required by said act has been received by me; Now,, therefore, I, Benjamin Harvison, President of the United States of America, do, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress aforesaid, declare and proclaim the fact that the conditions imposed by Congress on the State of Montana to entitle that State to admission to the Union have een ratified and accepted, and that the admission of the said State into the Union is now complete. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington this eighth day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ciety nine and of the independence of the United States of America the one hundred and fourteenth. BENJAMIN HARRISON. By the President: James G. BLAtneE, Secretary of State. : {When there has been previously a State Constitution formed, submitted and ap- proved, a State dates from the passage of the Act of Congress.] Washington, act admitting as_a State passed February 22, 1889, admission by Presidential proclamation took effect November 11, 1889. The States admitted by proclamation of the President have been Nebraska by Monroe, Nevada by Lincoln, Nebraska by Johnson, Colorado_by Grant, and North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington by Benjamin Harrison, ABO a AMERICA. Venere cay Ay county, 42 fe, Gy Kaul whaetny fottero sw Orel of Ha fiilg rina" ford le 7 a gong. oe pie ey ee Bos ty Ti aeaes tes . 2 / U.S. eae tee ke Leap bl Pe U.S. AMERICA. 460 6 Lh wmdie Malt. Ube booze: An b opyp form pee Caste Yocwclom' ves lot marth l Grp ceed pes Kt alt HA Gs cths foaste he, Ge OL vel ty Tig anght Great Lol, nes oF Mee 973. BEECH. U.S. AMERICANA. 461 AUTHORITIES. There have been many works on ‘‘ Americana” consulted in the compilation of the foregoing chapters, mainly among which are the following : Historical. Annals of America. — Holmes. Campaigns of the Civil War. — Phisterer. Civil War in America. — Lossing. Field Book of the Revolution. — Lossing. Historical Geography of the United States. —McCoun. Historical Sketch of the National Medals. — Hart. History, Condition and Prospects of Indian Tribes. — Schoolcraft. History of the American People. — Gilman. History of the Federal Government. — Freeman. History of the People of the United States. — McMaster. History of the Rebellion. — Draper. History of the United States. — Bancroft. History of the United States. — Doyle. Life of the Signers. — Sanderson. Manual of United States History. — Eliot. Medical History of the War of the Rebellion. Medallic History of the United States. — Loubat. Narrative and Critical History of America. — Winsor. Popular History of the United States. — Ridpath. Readers’ Handbook of the American Revolution. — Winsor. Story of the States. — Lothrop Company. War between the States. — Stephens. Political. Abolition of the Presidency. — Lockwood. American Electoral System. — O’Neil. American Politics. — Cooper. : Constitution and Political History of the United States. — Von Holst. Constitutional Convention. — Jameson. Constitution of the United States. — Paschal. Cyclopadia of Political Science. — Lalor. Dictionary of American Politics. — Brown. History of American Politics. — Johnson. A62 AMERICANA. U.S. History of Formation of Constitution. — Bancroft. Lansman’s Record. Method of Electing the President. — Cooley. Outlines of Constitutional History. — Porter. Political Grammar. — Mansfield. Political History of New York. — Hammond. Political History of the Rebellion. — McPherson. Political Parties of New York. — Van Buren. Powers of Executive Department. — Conkling. Statesman’s Year Book. — Spofford. The American Statesman. — Young. The Constitution. — Hickey. The Federalist. United States Government. — Lanphere. Miscellaneous. American Almanac. — Spofford. American Biography. — Appleton’s. American Encyclopedia. — Appleton. Century Magazine. Class-Book of Botany. — Wood. Coin Encyclopedia. — Dye. Dictionary of Americanisms. — Bartlett. Encyclopedia Britannica. Etymological Dictionary. — Skeats. Etymological Dictionary of Family Names. — Arthur. Hammersly’s Cyclopedia. Harper’s Magazine. History of American Coinage. History of Plants. — Pickering. History of the Flag. — Preble. Ladies of the White House. — Holloway. Magazine of American History. Noted Names of Fiction. — Wheeler. Reminiscences. — Poore. Statistical Atlas. — Scribner’s. Surnames. — Ferguson. Tidball’s Manual. Typographical Nomenclature. — Whitney Webster’s Dictionary. INDEX. DERIVATION AND SIGNIFICATION OF STATE AND PLACE NAMES. NICKNAMES OF STATES AND THE PEOPLE PRINCIPAL CITIES INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. anp C. S. 53-82 66-75 177 221 POLITICAL PARTIES, FACTIONS, COALITIONS, LEAGUES AND FEDERATIONS INDEX OF ‘‘ FIRST THINGS” 238 446 For further reference attention is directed to the following alpha- beticallized subjects : Apams,JouN. Political parties under Ad- ams, advocated ard opposed, 254; when and where inaugurated; oath admin- istered by, 272; words in inaugural, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 88; sobriquet and origin, 291; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; sig- -nature, 298; ex-presidents living, 300; religion, 300; author, 301; vetoes, 302; interesting items, 302; burial place and description, 312. ADAMS, JOHN Q. Political, parties under Adams advocated and opposed, 255; when and where inaugurated; oath ad- ministered by, 273; words in inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 288; sobriquet and origin, 291; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 298; ex-presidents living, 300; religion, 300; author, 301; vetoes, 302; interesting items, 302; burial place and description, 317; the acorn a favorite; his symbols of the Deity, 318. : ALABAMA. State, 29; rank, square mile area, order of admission, when and where settled, by whom, territory cre- ated from, date territory organized, date of act for admission as State, when admitted, square mile area, population when a State, 30; lowest and highest | land, 41; average temperature and rain- fall, 41; gross and and gross water sur- face, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, Jakes and ponds, 42; compara- 463 tive square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; prin- cipal lakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of name, 53; when adopted, various spellings, 53; nickname and meaning, 66; nickname of people and cause, 75; ex- treme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabi- tants to square mile each census, 172; percentage of increase, 172; seceded, ratified Confederate States of America constitution, provisional government ap- pointed, re-admitted to Gnion, adopted and ratified new constitution, 220; slaves emancipated, 229; Kepresentatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 360; Memo- rial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 399; legal holidays, 441. ALASKA. Purchase and limit, 18; coast and land boundary mileage, 32; date of act organizing as territory, 30; square mile area, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ,ponds, 42; mountains exceeding 10,000 feet, 45; order of mountains, 45; height rank in the United States, 45; derivation of name, 53; various spellings, 53; as a district, 188; extreme statute mileage, 160; no county divisions, 168; Indian tribes, 429, 464 INDEX. U.S. ALLEGHANY, Allegany and Allegheny variously used, 83. ALTITUDES, lowest and highest each State, 41; over 10,000 feet cach State and Ter- ritory, 45; rank in each State and the United States, 45; highest, 48. AMERICA, “‘ my country ’tis,” 460a. AMNESTY PROCLAMATION (Lincoln’s), 230; (Johnson’s) 236. ARIzONA. Date of act organizing as Ter- ritory, 30; square mile area, 30; com- parative square mile area rank, 43; per- centage of gross area of United States, 44; mountains exceeding 10,000 feet, 45; order of mountains, 45; height rank in United States, 45; derivation and mean- ing of name 54; extreme statute mile- age, 160; population each census, 174; inhabitants to square mile each census, 175; percentage of increase, 175; motto, 396 ;-Indian tribes, 428. ARKANSAS. Rank, square mile area, order of admission, when, where, by whom settled, territory from which cre- ated, date territory organized, date of act tor admission as State, admitted, square mile area, population when a State, 30; lowest and ‘highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land, gross water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; ercentage of gross area of United tates, 44; principal lakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; deriva- tioh and meaning of Arkansas, 53; when adopted, various spellings, 53; why pro- nounced Ay-kan-saw, 53; the river as Riviére Bazaire, 53; nickname and mean- ing, 66; nickname of the people and cause, 75; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; percentage of increase, 172; se- ceded, ratified Confederate States of America constitution, Provincial govern- ment Ee re-admitted to Union, adopted and ratified new constitution, 220; slaves emancipated, 229; Represen- tatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; Bees 396; seal, 399; legal holiday, Army. Union, 360; Confederate, 361; casualties, Civil War, Union, 361; Con- federate, 360; its officers, 362; compara- tive with navy positions, 364; regular army as fixed by Congress, 365; cannon salutes, 365; origin of 21 guns, 366; use of titles General and Lieut.-General, 366; commanders, 367; insignia of rank, 369; Civil War generals, Union and Confed- erate, graduates of West Point with class rank, 370; greatest victories one day, 373; but four ‘‘ Generals,” 373; dis- banding of Union Army, 373; volunteer enrollment stopped, 373; sieges, 373; first United States army, 378; the grand army badge, 374; history of the army corps, 374; preservation of Army Corps Badge, 380; order of Grand Army on Memorial Day, 380. Army Cores. History of each, 374; reso- lution regarding badge, 380. ARTHUR, C. A. Political parties under Arthur advocated and opposed, 259; when and where inaugurated, oath ad- ministered by, taken twice, 274; words in inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 290; sobriquet and origin, 295; education and profes- sion, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 299; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 301; vetoes, 302; interesting items, 302; burial place and description, 333. ARTICLES OF CAPITULATION, Yorktown, 340. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. Comumit- tee appointed, 194; when ratified by States, 194; Congress assembled, Mary- land slow to ratify, translated and sent to Canada, 194; the Articles (an exact copy), 195. ASSENISIPIA as State name, 163. BautTimore. Derivation of name, 85; has no county division, 168. BazalreE, Riviére, 53. Bieut, its only use, 132. BLUE-GRASS COUNTRY, 68. Bera, plants common, but not native, Bounpary. By treaties, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; line boundary in miles, ocean, land, lake and river, 32; mile boundary of Great Lakes, 50; United States shore line boundary of Great Lakes, 50; how the northern line of the U.S.is marked, 164. BREVET, meaning and use, 367. BROTHER JONATHAN, its origin, 451. Burcoyneg, capture, in rhyme, 454. BucHanan, JAMES. Political parties under Buchanan advocated and opposed, 257; when and where inaugurated, oath ad- ministered by, 273; words in inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 289; sobriquets and origin, 298; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 299; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 301; author, 301; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; burial place and description, 326. U.S. CaBineT. Not constituted by Constitu- tion, derivation of the name, when orig- inated, officers restricted from trade; departments, when’ established and duties, 274; officers since beginning, 277. CALENDAR, to find any day since discovery of America, 458. CALIFORNIA. Rank, square mile area, order of admission, when, where, by whom settled, territory from which created, date of act for admission as State, admitted, square mile area, popu- lation when a State, 30; lowest and high- est land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land, gross water sur- face, 42; area, coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; compara- tive square mile area rank, 48; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; moun- tains exceeding 10,000 feet, 45; order of mountains, 45; rank in the United States, 45; principal lakes and area, 49; princi- pal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of California, 54; nickname and meaning, 66; nickname of the people and cause, 75; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; percentage of increase, 172; Representatives in Congress, 231; elec- toral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 399; Indian tribes, 429; legal holiday, 441. CANADIAN RIVER, 130. CANNON SALUTES, 365. CaPE, used but once on Pacific and Lake coast, 134. CaPpiTALs, two, why possessed by Connec- ticut and Rhode Island, 167. CaPirvoL, description and cost, 398. Cause of the French and Indian War, 337; Revolution, 338; ‘‘ 1812,’’ 342; Mexican, 342; Civil, 348. Cent, first United States use, 411. See Coinage. Cuarters, English, 21. CHARTER RULE, 179. CHERSONESUS as State name, 163. CrimaRRON River, 130. Crry, first organized, 135; meaning and use as a suffix, 185; no municipal charter, 168. : Crrms. Principal; the nicknames; lati- tude and longitude; when incorporated, 177; square mile area; population each census; order of rank, 178. Crviz GovERNMENT, the first instrument, 176. INDEX. 465 Crvin War. Causes, 348; principal engage- ments, commanders and soldiers each side, 348; losses, of Union Soldiers and Confederate soldiers, killed, wounded and missing, 355; surrender of the armies, 358 Fnoteys correspondence Lee and Grant, 359; Union troops called by proclamation; Union army strength be- ginning each year, 359; troops furnished to Union army, 360; casualties of Con- tederate States of America, 360; casual- ties Union army, 361; active armies of Confederacy, 361; first bloodshed, 372; first shotted gun fired, 373; began, 373; ended, 3748; last volley fired, 373; last man wounded, 373; last engage- ment, 373; Grand Army badge, 374; army corps, historical, 374. CLEVELAND, GROVER. Political parties under Cleveland advocated and opposed, 259; where and when inaugurated, oath administered by, 274; words in inaugu- ral, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 290; sobriquets and origin, 295; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 299; ex- Presidents living, 300; religion, 301; vetoes, 302; interesting items, 302. ComnaGeE. First colonial, 406; Massachu- setts shilling, Pine Tree shilling, 406; Maryland shilling and_penny, 406; Vir- ginia coinage act, 407; Rosa-Americana, 407; Connecticut Granby tokens and, cents, 408; Pennsylvania action, 408; New Hampshire action, 408; Vermont cent, 409; goddess liberty first appears, 408; Massachusetts cent, 409; first bear- ing present eagle holding arrows, 410; New Jersey copper coin, 410; first use of E Pluribus Unum, 410. CornaGE, U.S. First action of Congress, 410; the mark, 410; the quint, 411; first use of cent, 410; first use of dollar, 411; the money unit, 411; copper first coinage, 411; the fugio, 412; mint established, 412; presses arrived, 413; first:purchases, coinage and deposits, 413; private coin- age, 413; composition of lesser coins, 413; the ‘‘ Hogge penny,” 413; table of coins, date issue, weight, measurement, changes Congressional action, 414; trade dollar action, 415. See ‘‘ coins, gold,” sil- ver, copper, bronze, nickel; what is a standard coin, 415; the United States mints, 415; names of coins and derivation, 415; dollar, eagle, dime, cent, 416; nick- names of dime and cent, 416; 1804 dollar illustrated, 416; pictured reverse of all coins, 417; dollar equivalent in foreign money 419; derivation of dollar sign, 420; wampum, 420; postal currency, 421; bil- lion in coin, 421; scarce coinages, 423; «© In God we trust,” 423; ‘* E Pluribus Unum” not authorized what coins bear it, 423; profile of Bland dollar, 423, 424; interesting coin miscellany, 424; six- _pointed stars, flag has five-pointed, 425; coin as pocket rule, 424; curious com- bination in changing a quarter, 424; de- 466 INDEX. Uns signers’ initials on coins, 424; original of the liberty head, 424; key to metric measure and why, 424; a star for each State, 425; 3-cent nickel, 425; why $ sign precedes the figures, 426; money slang, 426. CoInaGE CONFEDERATE STaTEs. The only coin, 427. Coins, Bronze. Alloy, 413; table of, 414; pictured reverse of, 418. Corns, CoprEer, 415; table of, 414; pict- ured reverse of, 418; scarce issues, 423, * Coms, Goup. Composition, 415; fine- ness, date issue; weight; measurement; changes; legal tender, 414; purity of, 415; carats, 415; how long last, 415; abrasion allowed, 415; pictured reverse of, 417; billion in five dollar coins, 421; weleee million gold dollars, 422; one double eagle, 423; six half-eagles, 423; no eagles coined, 423; rare coinage quar- ter eagle, 428. See Coinage. Corns, NicKEL. Alloy, 413; table of, 414; pictured reverse of, 418. See Coinage. Coins, SILVER, 413, 415; table of, 414; trade dollar action, 1804 dollar, illustra- tion, 416; reverse of, 417; the rare 1804” dollar, why, 423; scarce issues, 423; Bland dollar, 423, 424. See Coinage. CoLLEGE CHEERS 455. COLONIAL coINAGE. See Coinage. Cotony. Word last used, 191. Charters, 21. CoLtorapo. Rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory from which created; date Territory organized; date of Act for admission as State; admitted, square mile area; population when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land, gross water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area United States, 44; mountains excceding 10,000 fect, 45; order of mountains, 45; rank in the United States, 45; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of Colorado, 55; nickname and meaning, 66; nickname of the people and cause, 75; extreme statute mileage, 160; popu- lation each census, 174; order rank ac- cording to population each census, 174; inhabitants to square mile each census, 174; percentage of increase, 174; repre- sentatives in Congress each geasion, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 399; Indian tribes, 429; legal holiday, 441; admitted as State by proclamation, 460. : CotumsiA, 130. See District of Columbia. CoLoNIEs. COMMANDERS of the United States Army, Connecticut. Coloniallimit, 21; cessions western lands, 22; rank; square mile area and order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory from which created ; admitted as State; square mile area; population when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land, gross water surface, 42; area coast waters; rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principallakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of Connecticut, 55; various spellings, 55; nicknames and meaning, 66; nickname of people and cause, 75; extreme statute mileage, 160; why it had two capital cities, 167; when Hartford made sole capital, 167; popu- lation each census, 172; order rank ac- cording to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; percentage of increase, 172; repre- sentatives in Colonial Congress, 179; representatives in Continental Congress, 180; action in Declaration of Indepen- dence, 184, 192; articles of Confedera- tion, 194; Constitution of United States, 206, 210; Representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 399; colonia Coinage, 407; legal holiday, 441, CONFEDERATE States. First legislative Movement, 218; ordinance of South Caro- lina, 1860, 213; Confederacy formed; President; when inaugurated; Constitu- tion adopted; permanent government established; the cabinet; congressional sessions; the Constitution, 213; index, 221; the Confederate States, 220; when each seceded; Confederate States of America Constitution ratified; pro- visional government formed; date of re- admission to United States; adoption and ratification of new constitution, 220; slaves emancipated, 229; only Fast Day appointed by the President, 283; active armies ofthe Confederate States of Amer- ica, 361; casualties in Confederate States of America, 360; engagements, com- manders and losses of the Civil War, 348, 355; Memorial Day first celebrated as Confederate Day, 381; history of the four flags of Confederate States, 387; last official flying of the Confederate States flag,-887; design and history of the great seal, 895; coinage, only issue, 427; only medal awarded, 443. Conersss, first colonial, 179; delegates, 179; where held, 179. Coneress, first Continental, 180; dele- gates, 180; the presidents, 183; Colonial U.S. and Continental sessions, 183; index of rules, 221; representatives of each State, 231; routine of Jaw enactments, 237; be- inning of Continental, Federal and nited States Congresses, 261; receives vote of electors, 263; counted each vot- ing, 268 ; action on imperfect returus, 271; award of medals, 442. CoNG@RESSIONAL SEssions, U.S., 232; how to ascertain date, when and where con- vened; duration; pro tem President, Senate; Speaker of House, 232; Con- federate, 213. CONSTITUTION OF UNITED States. Reso- lution for meeting ; delegates assembled ; the place; Federal or New Jersey plan; National or Virginia plan; final action of committee; adjournment, 199; the Constitution, a true copy (exhibiting the peculiar spellings of the time), 199; mar- inal notes, 199; signatures of signers, 06; action of the convention toward Congress, 207; amendments (with mar- ginal notes), 208; explanatory of amend- ments, 209; ratification by each State; Congress appoints day for election of President, 210; framers of the Constitu- tion, 210; *‘ Father of the Constitution” ; order of signing; New York one sign- er, 210; oldest and youngest signer, 211; Constitution as ‘‘the good ship Con- stitution,’ 211; State not represented, 212; “Goad” in the Constitution, 211; genealogical table of members, and their action, 211; index to the Consti- tution, 221; Constitution of Confed- erate States, 213; index, 221. County. Called parishes in Louisiana, 186; first one named after Washington, 168; meaning and first use, 136. County Divisions. Some and none, 168. CREOLE. Meaning, 69. Dakota. Date of act organizing Territory, square miles area, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; ay eriee temperature and rain- fall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal lakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; deriva- tion and meaning of name, 55, 130; va- rious spellings, 55; extreme statute mile- age, 160; population each census, 174; inhabitants to square mile each census, 174; per cent. of increase, 174; quota and men furnished Union Army, 360; Indian tribes, 429. Norra Dakota. State act passed by Congress, 460; admitted by proclama- tion, 460; Great Seal, 403; motto, 397. Sours DaxKota. State act passed by Con- yess, 460; admitted by proclamation, 60; Great Seal, 404; motto, 397; why not known which State created first, 460; adoption of names, 460. INDEX. 467 DECLARATION OF COLONIAL Rieuts, 181. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Dele- gates, first step, the title, oath of alle- iance, 183; delegates, how instructed, 83; motion of Lee—resolutions between June 7 and July 4,1776, 183; adopted by majority of colonies, not delegates, 183; The Declaration, as presented and sop rer: in parallel col- ums, 185 ; signatures of signers, 189; notes explanatory, 190; published with two signatures, 191; the original lost, 191; peculiarities in signing, 191; author and where written, 191; the signers, order of signing, occupation, birth, death and age, 192; smooth faces, 193; who cast deciding vote, 198; memorial to Morton, 193; comparisons in ages of the signers, 193; supplemental Declara- tion 50 years after, 193. DrEcoraTION Day. See Memorial. DeLaware. Rank, square mile area and order of admission; when, where, b. whom settled; territory from whic created; admitted as State; square mile area; open when a State, 30; low- est and highest land, 41; average tem- perature and rainfall, 41; gross land, gross water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; application of the name, 55; nicknames and meaning, 66; nickname of the people and cause, 75; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabi- tants to square miles each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; Colonial Con- gress, 179; Continental Congress, 180; Declaration of Independence, 184, 192; Articles of Confederation, 194; Constitu- tion of United States, 206, 210; action on Secession, 220; slaves emancipated, 229; Representatives in Congress each ses- sion, 231; why the north circular bound- ary, 165; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 860; Memorial Day first cele- brated, 881; motto, 396; seal, 399; legal holiday, 441. Democratic Party, its history, 242. DEPARTMENTS. See Cabinet. Derivations. Names, States and Territo- ries, 53; nicknames of States, 66; nick- names of people, 75; names of places, 82; geographical terms, 131; names of polit- ical parties, 238; presidential nicknames, 290; Memorial Day, 380; of the flag, 382; motto, E Pluribus Unum, 897; coin names, 415; dollar sign, 420; “‘ Yankee,” 435; Yankee Doodle, 436; Brother Jona- than and Uncle Sam, 451; fellow citizens, 452; speakers, “States,” 453; liberty cap, 454; college cheers, 455. DIsBANDING UNION ARMY, 378, 468 DismaL Swamp. Peculiar characteristics, 162. Districts. See Territories. District oF Co.uMBIA. Original name of Territory, 30; date of Act authorizing Territory, 30; square mile area, 30; lowest and ep land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land, gross water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross areca of United States, 44; origin and application of name, 55, 180; what is a district, 138; history of District of Columbia, 159; ex- treme statute mileage, 160; no county divisions, 168; Washington City likened to Rome, 168; Washington City no muni- cipal charter, 168; population each cen- sus, 172; inhabitants to each square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; motto, 396; legal holiday, 441. DouuaR. First United States use, 411; monetary mint, 411; trade dollar, 414, 415; table of coinage, 414; name, 415; “©1804,” 416; equivalent in foreign money, 419; derivation of sign, 420; why 1804 rare, 423, 425; whose head on Bland dollar, 423; why dollar sign precedes the figure, 426. See Coinage. E Priurizus Unum. Counterpart in the word Dakota, 55; derivation of the motto, 397; first on great seal, 388; first on coinage, 410; on coinage, but not legal, 423. Exzcrion. When first held, 261. Exectors. First chosen and voting, 261; action in presidential election, 263, 264; why the system of electors adopted, 265; votes of each election, 267; date counted by Congress, cast for each presidential candidate, per cent. each received; see note, page 268; dates when system changed; made no choice, 291; error in voting for electors, 271; voted for two candidates, 271. See Index to Constitu- tion, 223. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, 229. EniematicaL BALuaD, 453. Enis. Lake, measurements, 50; spellings, meaning and derivation, 95. Fast Days. eee appointed by Presidents, 283; only one by Confederate States of America, 282. FEDERALIST party, 242. ‘* FELLOW-CITIZENS,” 452. Fe.is. Meaning and use, 158. Fittmore, Minuarp. Political parties under Fillmore advocated and opposed, 256; where and when inaugurated; oath administered by, 278; words in inaugu- INDEX. us. ral address, 283; genealogy, 284; deri- vation of surname, 288; sobriquet and origin, 293: education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 299; ex- presidents living, 300; religion, 301; vetoes, 302; interesting items, 302; burial place and description, 824, FINENEssS. Its meaning in coinage, 414, First THrnes, 446. Fac oF THE UNITED States. Significa- tion of colors, 382; why chosen, 382; previous red, white and blue combina- tions, 382; suggestions for the field, 382; flag history of the stars, 388; the star follows French heraldry, 383; tracing of previous combination of thirteen stripes, 383; the first flag, 383; first legislative action, 383; first official flag made, 384; the “standard” durin; war 1812, 334; the Act creating the flag, 384; the flag first seen in foreign countries, 384; farth- est south and north, 385; first strictly American flag, 385; description of the Garrison, Jack, Whip and Revenue flags, 385; derivation of Jack and whip, 385; proportion measurement table of flag, 386 FLaG OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES. History and description of the four flags, 387; the first State flag, 387; first local flag, 387; last time the Confederate States flag officially flown, 387. Fioripa. Rank, square mile area and order of admission, when, where and by whom settled, territory from which cre- ated; admitted as State; square mile area; population when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average tempera- ture and rainfall, 41; gross land, gross wa- ter surface, 42; areca coast waters; rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; com- parative square mile area rank, 48; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal lakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of name, 56; when discovered, 56; nickname and meaning, 67; nick- name of the Bee and cause, 75; ex- treme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; percent. of increase, 172; seceded; ratified Con- federate States of America Constitution; provisional government appointed; re- admitted to Union; adopted and ratified new constitution, 220; slaves emanci- pated, 229; representatives in Congress each session, 131; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 400 : legal holiday, 441. FLoweErs, common, but not native, 430, Forzieners. Why Jersey so spoken of, DS: FRrencw and Indian wars; cause and list of battles and commanders, 337. Fripays in the United States history, 450. GARFIELD, James A. Political parties under Garfield, opposed and advocated ; where and when inaugurated; oath ad- ministered by, 274; words in inaugural, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of sur- name, 290; sobriquet and origin, 295; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 299; ex-Presidents liv- ing, 300; religion, 301; author, 302; vetoes, 302; interesting items, 302; burial place and description, 331. Germ-sTonEs found, 484. GENERAL. Who so titled, 366; Civil War generals; Union and Contederate States graduation rank at West Point; class rank, 370; generals prominent not grad- uates of West Point, 371; lieutenant-gen- erals, who so titled, 366; but four, 373. GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Derivations, States and Territories, 53; places, rivers, mountains, etc., 82; land and water di- visions or glossary, 131. (See Rivers, States, Territories.) Groreia. Colonial limit, 21; cession west- ern lands, 22; rank, square mile area and order of admission; when, where b: whom settled; territory from whic created; admitted as State; square mile area; epeaon when a State, 30; low- est and highest land, 41; average tem- perature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters; rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; poe of gross area of United States, 44; derivation and application of name, 56; nickname and meaning, 67; nickname of the people and cause, 75; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabi- tants to square mile each census, 172; ercentage of increase, 172; not in Co- onial Congress, 179; not in Continental Congress, 180; ‘Declaration of Indepen- dence, 184, 192; articles of Confederation, 194; Constitution of United States, 207, 210; seceded; ratified Confederate States of America constitution; provisional overnment appointed; readmitted to nion; adopted and ratified new con- stitution, 220; slaves emancipated, 229; representatives in Congress each ses- sion, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first cele- brated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 400; legal holiday, 441. Gop. Why not in the Constitution, 211; first use by United States government, 423. GoppEss oF LIBERTY, first use made of, INDEX. 469 GovVERNMENT. provincial. Granp Army. (See Army.) GRant, U.S. Political parties under Grant advocated and opposed, 257; where and when inuuRanaeeds oath administered by, 274; words in inaugural address, 283 ; enealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 89; sobriquet and origin, 294; educa- tion and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 299; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 301; author, 302; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; how received ini- tials U. §., 308; burial place and de- scription, 330; West Point rank, 371; title General and Lieut.-General, 366. Charter, proprietary and Great Britain “1812.” Declaration of war, 341; cause, 342; land battles, commanders, losses, 342; treaty con- cluded, 342; naval eae ements, 343; soldiery, 348; first bloodshed, 872. Great LaxeEs. See Lakes. Great SEAL OF UNITED States. See Seal. GROUPINGS FOR States, 163. GuuFr. Used as water division only once, 141; description of Gulf of Mexico and stream, 159. Harrison, BENJAMIN. When and where ee oath administered by, 274; words in inaugural, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 288; sobriquet and origin, 296; education and profes- sion, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 299; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 301; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 402; tracing from Pocahontas, 306. TiaRRison, WILLIAM H. Political parties under Harrison advocated and pptosed, 256; when and where inaugurated; oath administered by, 273; words in inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 288; sobriquet and origin, 292; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 298; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 300; author, 301; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; tracing from Pocahontas, 306; burial place and description, 321. Hayes, R. B. Political parties under Hayes advocated and opposed, 258 ; when and where inaugurated; oath adminis- tered by; taken twice, 274; words in inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 289; sobriquet and origin, 294; education and profes- sion, 296; civil office, 296; signature, 299; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 301; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302. Hupson River, Indian and Dutch name; why called North River, 99. Huron, lake measurements, 50; meaning and various, names, 99. 470 INDEX. U.S. Ipawo. Date of act organizing territory ; square mile area, population when a territory, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; arezrivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; percentage of gross area of United States, 44; mountains exceeding 10,000 feet, 47; order of mountains, 47; rank in the United States, 47; principal lakes and area, 49; derivation and meaning of name, 56; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 174; inhabitants tosquare mile, 174; percent. of increase, 174; motto, 396; Indian tribes, 429. ILiiN6is, as State name, 164. Inuinois. , Territory, 29; State, 29; rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; terri- tory from which created; date of act for admission as State; admitted; square mile area; onus when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area in United States, 44; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; deri- vation and meaning of name, 56; nick- name and meaning, 67; nickname of the people and cause, 75; extreme stat- ute mileage, 160; population each cen- sus, 172; order rank according to popu- lation each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; representatives in Con- gress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men fur- nished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 400; legal holiday, 441. INAUGURATION DAY. Why chosen March 4; when comes Sunday, 272; ceremonies, when, where celebrated, oath of office administered by, 272; words in each Presidential address, 283. INCORPORATION, date of principal cities, 177. INDEPENDENCE HALL, history of, 347. INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTIONS of the United States and Confederate States, 221. Inp1ana. Territory, 26; State, 29; rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory from which created; date territory or- anized; date of act for admission as tate; admitted; square mile area; pop- ulation when a State, 30; lowest and ue beat land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; percentage of gross area of United States, 44; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and ap- plication of name, 56; nickname and ineaning, 68; nickname of the people and cause, 75; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 400; legal holiday, 441. Inpian TERRITORY. Date of act creat- ing territory, 30; square mile area, 30; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; princi- pal rivers and length, 51; extreme stat- ute mileage, 160; motto, 396; Indian tribes, 429. INDIAN TRIBES in each State and Terri- tory, 428. Insignia of rank of army, 369. Iowa. Territory, 29; State, 29; rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory from which created; date territory or- ganized; date of act for admission as State; admitted; square mile area; pop- ulation when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, -lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; percentage of gross area of United States, 44; principal riv- ers and lakes, 51; derivation and mean- ing of name, 56; nickname and meaning, 68; nickname of the people and cause, 76; extreme statute mileage, 160; popu- lation each census, 172; order rank ac- cording to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; repre- sentatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 400; Indian tribes, 429; legal holiday, 441. Itasca LAKE. Curious composition ofthe name, 100, Jackson, ANDREW. Political parties under Jackson advocated and opposed, 255; when and where inaugurated; oath administered by, 273; words in inaugu- yal address, 288; genealogy, 284; deri- vation of surname, 288; sobriquet and origin, 292; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 299; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 300; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; burial place and description, 319. U.S. JEFFERSON, THomas. Political parties under Jefferson advocated and opposed, 254; when and where inaugurated; oath administered by, 272; words in inaugu- ral, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 285; sobriquet and origin, 291; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 298; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 300; author, 301; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; burial Bee and description, 318; decalogue, JONATHAN, BROTHER, its origin, 451. JOHNSON, ANDREW. Political parties under Johnson advocated and opposed, 257; when and where inaugurated; oath administered by, 274; words in inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 289; sobriquet and origin, 294; education and profession, 296; civil offices, 297; signature, 299; ex-Presi- dents living, 300; religion, 300; author, 302; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; burial place and description, 328. Kansas. Rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory from which created; date territory organized; date of act for admission as State; admitted; square mile area; population when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; compara- tive square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; prin- cipal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of name, various spellings, 57; nickname and meaning, 68; nick- name of the people and cause, 76; ex- treme statute mileage, 160; central located State, 167; population each cen- sus, 172; order rank according to popu- lation each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; percent- age of increase, 172; representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 400; Indian tribes, 429; legal holi- day, 441. : Kentucky. Rank, order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; from what created; date of act for admission as State; admitted; square mile area; population when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; principal rivers and length, 51; compar- ative square mile area rank, 43; percent- age of gross area of United States, 44; derivation and meaning of name, 57; nickname and meaning, 68; nicknames and causes, 76; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each cen- INDEX. square mile area; A771 sus, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; percentage of increase, 172; action on secession, 220; slaves emanci- pated, 229; representatives in Congress each session, 281; electoral vote. each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 361; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 401; legal holiday, 441. KNICKER-BOCKERS, why New Yorkers so called, 85. La BELLE RIVIERE, 62. Lazor Parry, its history, 246. Laconra, 60. Laxes. Comparative size of Great Lakes with the States, 44; principal lakes and their area, 49; the Great Lakes, length, breadth, depth, area, drainage, feet above sea-level, latitude, longitude, mile boundary, mile United States shore line, 50; greatest number in Minnesota, 703 see Geographical Names, 82; see Glos- sary, 145; see Geographical Terms, 145; used but twice in Massachusetts, 150. Lanps, te ceded to government, 22; first trod by an eee 92; belong- ing to no State or Territory, 166. Latrrup:, furthest north and south points, 171; the latitude center of the United States, 168; iatitude of principal cities, 177; the flag taken furthest north, 385; geographical center, 168. Lzeat Howrpay, the only one of the Con- federate States of America, 283; of the various States, 441. Lzrrer PostaGE. See Postage. Lirserty Bewz, description and illustra- tion, 346; history, 347.- LIBERTY Cap, derivation, 454. Lincotn, A. Political parties under Lincoln advocated and opposed, 257; where and when inaugurated, oath ad- ministered by, 278; words in inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 289; sobriquet and origin, 294; education and profession, 296; civil offices, 297; signature, 299; ex-Presi- dents living, 300; religion, 301; author, 301; vetoes, 302; interesting items, 302; burial place and description, 327. Ling BounDARY, how northern marked, 164. Lonpon Company, 21. Lone Istanp, not legally the name, 104. LoneirupE, always daylight on United States soil, 168; geographical center, 168 ; jongitudinal center, 168; furthest east and west points, 171; of principal cities, 177. 472 INDEX. U.S. Louisiana. Rank, yer mile area; or- der of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory from which created; date territory organized; date of act of admission as State; admitted; square mile area; population when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; principal lakes and urea, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; comparative square mile arca rank, 43; percentage of gross area of United States, 44; deriva- tion and meaning of name, 57; nick- names and meanings, 69; nickname of the people and cause, 76; extreme stat- ute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; percentage of in- crease, 172; seceded, ratified Confeder- ate States of America Constitution, pro- visional government appointed, re-ad- mitted to Union, adopted and ratified new constitution, 220; slaves emanci- pated, 229; representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 360; Memoria] Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 401; legal holiday, 441. LoulsviIL_e, Ky., pronunciation, 104. Mapison, JAMES. Political parties under Madison advocated and opposed, 254; words in inaugural, 283; geneaiogy, 284; derivation of surname, 288; sobriquet and origin, 291; education and profes- sion, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 298; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 300; author, 301; vetoes, 302; peculiar deems 302; burial place and description, 315. Marng. Rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom set- tled; territory from which created; date of act of admission as State; admitted; square mile area; population when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water suface, 42; area coast waters, rivers ard streams, lakes and ponds, 42; principal lakes and area, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal lakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; deriva- tion and application of name, 57; nick- name and meaning, 69; nickname of the people and cause, 76; extreme statute mileage, 160; lakes and rivers of Maine in rhyme, 169; has the highest tide in the United States, 170; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase and decrease, 172, 174; rep- resentatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381 ; motto, 396; seal, 401; legal holiday, 441. Maryann. Rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; admitted as State; square mile area; population when a State, 305 lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 48; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; princi- pal rivers and length, 51; derivation and application of name, 58; nickname and meaning, 69; nickname of the people and cause, 76; extreme statute mileage, 160; history of Mason and Dixon’s line, 165; only State chartered as a province, 168; population each census, 172; order rank accor ee to population each cen- sus,172; inhabitants to square mile éach census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; First Colonial Congress, 179; Continen- tal Congress, 180; Declaration of Inde- pendence, 184, 192; Articles of Confed- eration, 194; Constitution of United States, 206, 210; Action on Secession, 220; slaves emancipated, 229; represent- atives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furhished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 3815 motto, 396; seal, 401; legal holiday, 441; colonial coinage, 406. Mason anp Drxon’s line, 165. Massacuusetts. Colonial Circuit, 215 cessions Western lands, 22; rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory cre- ated from; admitted as State; square mile area; populdtion when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and raiufall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal lakes and area, 49; princi- pal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of hame, 58; various spellings, 58; nicknames and meanings, 69; as Massachusetts Bay Colony, 70; nick- name of the people and cause, 76; ex- treme statute mileage, 160; boundary with New Hampshire in dispute, 165; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; Colonial Congress, 179; Continental Congress, 180; Declaration of Independence, 183, 192; Articles of Confederation, 194; Constitution of United Stutes, 206; rep- resentatives in Congress each session, 281; electoral vote each election, 2673 quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 891; seal, 401; legal holiday, 441; colonial coimage, 406. U. 8. MeEpats awarded by Congress, 442. MEmoRut or Decoration Day. Origin of name and custom; first grand army order, 885; first legislative action; action of United States; first day celebrated in each State, 381. METROPOTAMIA as State name, 163. Mexican War. Declaration of war, both sides; action of Senate and House; cause; engagements; commanders; sol- diery; treaty concluded, 345; casualties, 346; first bloodshed, 372. Mexico, Gulf and Stream, description, 159; meaning of word, 107. MIcHIGANIA as State name, 163. Micuiean. Territory, 29; State, 29; rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date territory organized; date of act of admission as State; ad- mitted; square mile area; population wher. a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rain- fall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal lakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of name, 58; various spellings, 58; nickname and meaning, 70; nickname of the people and cause, 76; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each cen- sus, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; rep- resentatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 360; motto, 396; seal, 401; Indian tribes, 429; legal holiday, 441. Micuiegan, lake measurements, 50; see Michigan, 58. MiLeacE, line boundary, 32; extreme statute mileage of each State and Terri- tory, 160. MINERALS, gem stones found, 434. Minnesota. Territory, 29; State, 29; rank, square mile area; order of admis- sion; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date territory organized; date of act of admission as State; admitted; square mile area; pop- ulation when a: State, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 48; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; derivation and meaning of name, 59; proposed names at admission, 59; nickname and meaning, 70; nickname of the people INDEX. 473 and cause, 76; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order yank according to population each cen- sus, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; representatives in Congress each ses- sion, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first cele- brated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 402; Indian tribes, 429; legal holiday, 441. Mint. First act_of Congress, 411; act of United States Congress, 412; mints, 415. Mississippi. Territory, 22; State, 29; rank, square mile area; order of admis- sion; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date territory organized; date of act of admission as State; admitted; square mile area; pop- ulation when a State, 81; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; com- parative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal rivers and length, 51; deriva- tion and meaning of name, 59; various spellings, 59; why the two p’s admitted, 59; nickname and meaning, 71; nickname of the people and cause, 76; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; seceded; ratified Confederate States of America Constitu- tion; provincial government appointed ; re-admitted to Union; adopted and rati- fied new constitution, 220; slaves eman- cipated, 229; representatives in Con- gress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men fur- nished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 390; seal, 402; legal holiday, 441. Mississippi River, rank and length, 51; the meaning, 60; various spellings, 60; largest basin in world, 132; the delta, 187; total navigable miles, 161; princi- pal tributaries, 161; square mile drain- age; annual discharge; drainage ratio to rainfall, 161; areaof delta, 162; height above sea to its source, 162; only stream tideless, 170. Missourt. Rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date territory organized; date of act of ad- mission as State; admitted; square mile area; pont anor when a State, 31; low- est and highest land, 41; average tem- perature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; compara- tive square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; prin- cipal rivers and length, 51; derivation AVA INDEX. U.S. and meaning of name, 60; various speii- ings, 60; nicknames and meaning, 71; nickname of the people and cause, 77; extreme statute mileage, 160; popula- tion each census, 172; order rank accord- ing to population each census, 172; in- habitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; action on secession, 220; slaves emancipated, 229; representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first cele- brated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 402; legal holiday, 441. Missouri River. Original names of the stream, 60. See Mississippi River. Monzy. See Coinage. Monroe, James. Political parties under onroe advocated and opposed, 255; when and where inaugurated; oath ad- ministered by, 273; words in inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 288; sobriquet and origin, 291; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 298; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 300; author, 301; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; burial place and description, 316. Montana. Date territo: organized, population, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; mountains exceeding 10,000 feet, 47; order of mountains, 47; rank in the United States, 47; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and sean of name, 60; extreme statute mileage, 166; population each census, 174; inhabitants to square mile each census, 174; per cent. of increase, 175; motto, 396; seal, 402; Indian tribes, 429; State Act passed by Congress, 460; admitted by Presi- dent’s proclamation, 460; full copy of the proclamation, 460. Mortozs of States and translations, 396 ; of the United States, 397; of seals, 392, 395; “In God we trust,” 423; on coins, 422. Mountains, exceeding 10,000 feet, 45; order in each State, 45; comparative rank in the United States, 45; highest, 48; all mountains over 10,000 feet and west of Mississippi River, 48; see Geo- graphical Names, 82; see Glossary, 146; parts of the body applied, 147; used in six different languages, 147; peculiarity of the Blue Mountains crossed by rivers, 167. Mount VERNON, itsname, 425. Moewvunmp, derivation and use, 247. Navy, its officers and division, 363; com- parative with army positions, 364; can- non salutes, 365; but two admirals, 373. NEBRASKA. Rank, square mile area; or- der of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date ter- ritory organized ; date of act of admission as State; admitted; square mile area; plea a when a State, 31; lowest and ighest land, 41; average temperature and rainfail, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 44; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of name, 60; nickname and meaning, 71; nickname of the people and cause, 77; extreme statute mileage, 160; popula- tion each census, 172; order rank ac- cording to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; percentage of increase, 172; rep- resentatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 402; Indian tribes, 429; legal holiday, 441; admitted as a State by proclamation, 460. NEGRO, grade by marriage, 451. NevaDa. Rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date ter- ritory organized ; date of act of admission as State; admitted; square mile area; population when a State, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; aoe? temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 48; percentage of gross area of United States, 44; mountains ex- ceeding 10,000 feet, 47; order of mount- ains, 47; rank in the United States, 47; principal lakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of name, 60; proposed name, 60; nicknames and meaning, 71; nick- name of the people and cause, 77; ex- treme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population cach census, 172; inhab- itants to square mile each census, 172; percentage of increase, 172; represent- atives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 402; Indian tribes, 429; legal holiday, 441; admitted as a State by proclamation, 460. New HampsHrre. Rank, square mile area; order of admission; wher, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date State admitted; square mile area; population when a State, 31; lowest and tighest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; com- parative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal lakes and area, 49; principal ULS. rivers and length, 51; derivation and application of name, 60; nicknames and meaning, 71; nickname of the people and cause, 77; extreme statute mileage, 160; boundary with Massachusetts in dispute, 165; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of in- crease and decrease, 172, 174; not in Colonial Congress, 179; Continental Con- gress, 180; Declaration of Independence, 84, 192; Articles of Confederation, 194; Constitution of United States, 206, 210; representatives in Congress each ses- sion, 231; electorai vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished. to Union army, 360; Memorial Day first celebra- ted, 381; motto, 396; seal, 403; legal holiday, 441; colonial coinage, 408. New JERSEY. Rank, square mile area; order of admission, when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; admission as State; square mile area; ponaistion when a State, 31; lowest and ighest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water sur- face, 42; urea, coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; compara- tive square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; princi- pal lakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and application of name, 61; original name of New Swe- den, 61; nicknames and meaning, 71; nickname of the people and cause, 77; “Out of the U. S.” Why? 77; ex- treme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabi- tants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; Colonial Con- gress, 179; Continental Congress, 180; Declaration of Independence, 184, 192; Articles of Confederation, 194; Constitu- tion of United States, 206, 210; represen- tatives in Congress each session, 2315 electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 396; seal, 403; colonial coinage, 410; legal holiday, 441. New Mexico. When settled, where, by whom, date territory aueeaicel square mile area; population when a territory, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; compara- tive square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; mount- ains exceeding 10,000 feet, 47; order of mountains, 47; rank in the United States, 47; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of name, 67; extreme statute mileage, 160; popu- lation each census, 172; order rank ac- cording to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase and decrease, INDEX. 475 172, 174; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; motto, 397; Indian tribes, 429. New York. Cession western lands, 22; rank, square mile area; order of admis- sion; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; when admitted as State; square mile area; population when a State, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; Zions temperature and rain- fall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal lakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and application of name, 61; nicknames und meaning, 71; nickname of the people and cause, 78; extreme statute mileage, 160; ‘The Oblong,” 166; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of in- crease, 172; Colonial Congress, 179; Continental Congress, 180; Declaration of Independence, 188, 192; Articles of Confederation, 194; Constitution of United States, 206, 210; representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memo- rial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 397; seal, 403; Indian tribes, 429; legal holiday, 441. : New SwEDEN, 61. New York. An entire county, 168; de- rivation of name, 111. See Principal Cities. NIcKNAMES, principal cities, 177; States, 66; the people, 75; the presidents, 290; money, 426. Norra CaRouina. Colonial limit, 21; cession Western lands, 22; rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory cre- ated from; admission as a State; square mile area; population as a State, 31; lowest and highest Jand, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square miles area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal lakes and area, 49; principal rivers and length, 51; deriva- tion and application of name, 61; nick- names and meanings, 72; nickname of the people and cause, 79; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order of rank according to population cach census, 172; in- habitants to square mile each cen- sus, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; number representatives in Colonial Con- ress, 179; representatives in Continental congress, 180; Declaration of Indepen- 476 INDEX. U.S. dence, 188, 192; seceded; ratified; Con- federate States of America Constitution ; provisional government peed re- admitted to Ciion ; adopted and ratified new constitution, 220; slaves emancipa- ted, 229; representatives in Congress each session, 231; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; Articles of Confedera- tion, 194; Constitution of United States, 206, 210; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; motto, 397; seal, 403; In- dian tribes, 429; legal holiday, 441. North Daxota. See Dakota. Nortu River, why so called, 99. Nortawest TERRITORY, ordinance, 23; its dissection into States, 26; proposed names for the State divisions, 164. Nova Casanrka, 61. Nova ConsTELLATIO Coin, 410. Oarn, the President’s, 272; first taken, 262; first taken by Vice-President, 262; who administered to each President; where given, 272; accompanied by sworn affidavit, 273. OBLONG, THE, 166. Oxto. Territory, 26; State, 26, 30; rank, square mile area; order of admissicn; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date organized; date of act of admission as State; admitted; square mile area; population when a State, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of oo area of United States, 44; principal rivers und length, 51; de- rivation and meaning of name, 61; various spellings, 61; nickname an meaning, 72; nickname of the people and cause, 79; extreme statute mileage, 160; poulation each census, 172; order rank according to population, each census, | 172; inhabitants to square mile cach census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first cele- brated, 381; motto, 397; seal, 403; legal holiday, 441. OKLAHOMA, 130. OLDEsT town in United.States, 120; next oldest, 122. Ontario. Luke measurements, 50; mean- ing, derivation and various names, 114. Orscon. Rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date ter- ritory organized; date of act of admis- sion as State; admitted; square mile area; population wher a State, 31; low- est and highest land, 41; average tem- perature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water'‘ surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 48; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal lakes and area, 49; princi- pal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of name, 62; nickname and meaning, 72; nickname of the people and cause, 79; extreme statute milcage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each cen- sus, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; representatives in Congress each ses- sion, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial day first celebra- ted, 381; motto, 397; seal, 404; Indian tribes, 429; legal holiday, 441. Parties, Political. See Political Partics. PELISIPIA, as State name, 164. PENNSYLVANIA. Rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; when admitted asa State; square mile area; population when a State, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and application of name, 63; spelled Pensilvania, 63; nickname and meaning, 72; nicknames of the peo- ple and cause, 80; why the northwest reach, 165; Mason and Dixon’s line, 165; Colonial Congress, 179; Continen- tal Congress, 180; Declaration of Inde- pendence, 184, 192, 1938; Articles of Confederation, 194; Constitution of the United States, 206, 210; representatives in Congress each session, 231; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order rank according to population of each census, 172; inhabi- tants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men fur- nished to Union army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 397; seal, 404; colonial coinage, 408; legal holiday, 441. PHILADELPHIA. An entire county, 168; its meaning, 116. See Principal cities. PIERCE, FRANKLIN. Political parties under Pierce advocated and opposed, 256; where and when inaugurated; oath ad- ministered by, 278; words in’ inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; deriva- tion of surname, 289; sobriquet and ori- gin, 293; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 299; ex-Pres- idents living, 300; religion, 801; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; burial place and description, 325. U.S. INDEX. Av” PILGRIMS, compact of, 176. PLAcE names, derivation, 82. PLANTS, common, but not native, 430. Piymouta Company Council, 21. Pocket, the, 68. PoLk, Jas. K. Political parties under Polk, advocated and opposed, 256; where and wher inaugurated; oath adminis- tered by, 273; words in inaugural ad- dress, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 288; sobriquet and origin, 293; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 298; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 300; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; burial place and description, 312. POLITICAL ATTITUDES under different ad- ministrations, 254. PouiticaL Parties. History of each; their factions, cliques, coalitions, junta, leagues and federations, 238; political power divided equally, 258; attitudes at each election, 256; vote cast at each election, 269. Ponp. Used in Massachusetts for lakes with two exceptions, 150. PopuuaTion. Prior to 1790, 171; at each decade from 1790; percentage of increase each decade, 171; decrease in census, Maine, New Hampshire, New Mexico, 174; center of population by decades, 176; what is ‘the center of ne 176; principal cities each ecade, 178. PostaL CURRENCY, 421. Postace. History of letter postage, 444; first use of postage stamps, 445; com- pulsory prepayment, 445; stamped en- velopes, 445; postal cards, 445. PRESIDENTS. See surname of each. ‘PRESIDENT. First action of Congress to- wards an election, 210; procedure in election of Washington, 261; the title, 262; changes in salary, 262; why the term four years, 262; manner of elec- tion, 263; choosing of electors, 264; wh system adopted, 265; who succeeds the President in case of death, 266; elec- tion detail; candidates; State; party; date of election; electors’ vote counted by Congress; total States voting; elec- toral vote each candidate; percentage each candidate; popular vote, 268; when is the President elected? 268; not chosen by electors, 271; electors voted for two candidates, 271; Inauguration Day; why chosen March 4; when comes on Sun- day, 272; the oath, 272; where and when each President inaugurated; oath of office administered by, 272; the first time Vice-President became President; action taken, 273; President making an affida- vit to oath, 278; the Cabinet; divisions; duty; history and officers, 275; procla mation of extraordinary Fast Days, 283; words in jenueneal address, 283; gene- alogy of President and family, 284; term of office each President, 284; age as Pres- ident and at death, 285; derivation of surnames, 287; sobriquets, 290; school- ing and profession, 296; civil offices, 297; signatures, 298; ex-Presidents when inaugurated, 300; religion, 300; as men of letters, 301; strange oddities on all the Presidents, 302; assassinated, 303; ages of all, 309; rhyme, 309; burial places, illustrated description, 310; States ad- mitted by proclamation, 460. See Consti- tution, Index, 224. PROCLAMATION, admitting States, 460. PROHIBITION PARTY. Its history, 249. PROPRIETARY RULE, 179. PROVINCIAL RULE, 179. REBELLIONS in the United States, 335. REPRESENTATIVES. See Constitution, 225; entitled to each State, 231; ratio of repre- sentation each date, 231; speakers of House, 232. REPRESENTATIVES, House or. First met, 261; chose President of the United States, 271. Repus.icaNn Party. Its history, 249. REVOLUTION, THE. Cause; engagements; commanders; losses, 338; treaty con- cluded, 339; troops enlisted; articles of surrender, 340; first martyr, 372; last blood shed, 372; as dated by England, 373. RaovE IsuanD. Rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date of admission as a State; square mile area; pope when a State, 31; low- est and highest land, 41; average tem- perature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; principal rivers and length, 51; deriva- tion and meaning of name, 63; nickname and meaning, 72; nickname of the peo- ple and cause, 80; extreme statute mile- age, 160; why it has two capital cities, 167; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each cen- sus, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; Colonial Congress, 179; Continental Congress, 180; Declaration of Indepen- dence, 183, 192; articles of Confedera- tion, 194; Constitution of United States, 210; not in convention, 211; representa- tives in Congress each session, 231; elec- A78 toral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 3815 motto, 897; seal, 404; legal holiday, 441. Rivers. Principal; source; mouth; length and rank, 51; see Lake, 145; peculiar designations of; tributaries, 152; see Geographical Names, 82; see Glos- sary, 152; Atlantic streams cross the mountains, 167; every twenty-seven miles it crosses the Blue Mountains, 167; head of navigation site of important city, 168 ; in United States name precedes; in for- eign countries it succeeds, 168; longest unnavigable, 168; only tideless emptying in ocean, 170; ali tidal rivers have single outlet, 170. Rocky Mountains. Derivation of name, 119; called “Stoney” in England’s treaty, 119. SakRaToGa, as State name, 164. SEAL OF THE UNITED Statzs, the great; various devices and their history, 388; act of Congress governing the seal, 392; mottoes of the seal translation, 392; in- terpretation of device, 392; three dies used, 1782, 1841, 1885, 393; no reverse die cut, 394; its custodian, 274, 394; how used, restrictions, 394; cutters of dies 1782 and 1841 unknown, 394; the de- signer of 1885 die, 394; heraldic lapses in the act, 394; size of, 304. SEAL OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES, his- tory and design, 395. SEALS OF THE STATEs. Illustrations, 399. SecEssion. See Confederate States. Senate, Unirep States. See Index to Constitution, 227; sessions, 232. SENATE. President, pro tem., all sessions, 232; first assembled, 261. SECESSION oF STATES. States of America. See Confederate SHAKESPEARE. Not appearing; other authors prominent, 167. S1eceEs, during Civil War, 373. SIGNIFICATION of names. See Derivation. SLANG, money, 426. SLavErRy. Mason and Dixen’s line of freedom, 165. SLAVES, emancipated, 229. SoBRIQuEts. See Nicknames. Sotpiers, in Revolution,- 340; ‘ 1812,” 343; Mexican, 345, 346; Civil, 348, 355, 359, 360, 8361. See Army. Soutn CaRoLina. Colonial limit, 21; ces- sion western lands, 22; rank, square mile area, order of admission; when, where, by whom settled ; territory created from; INDEX. Us. when admitted as a State,31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters; rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; com- parative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal rivers and length, 51; deriva- tion and application of name, 63; when separated from North Carolina, 63; nickname and meaning, 72; nicknames of the people and cause, 80; extreme stat- ute mileage, 160; population each cen- sus, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; Colonial Congress, 179; Continental Congress, 180; Decla- ration of Independence, 184, 192; articles of Confederation, 194; Constitution of United States, 206, 210; declaration of secession, 218; seceded; ratified Confed- erate States of America constitution; provisional Sek ats appointed; re- admitted to Union; adopted and ratified new constitution, 220; slaves emanci- pated, 229; representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 397; seal, 404; legal holiday, 441. Sourn Dakota. See Dakota. SourHweEst TERRITORY, to States, 29. SPEAKER, originated, 453. SQUARE-MILE AREA, of each State when admitted, 30; gross land and water sur- face; of coast waters, rivers and small streams, lakes and ponds, 42; order in States and Territories; comparative groupings of various States and the Great Lakes, 48; each State and terri- tory percentage of the gross area of United States, 44; of water-shed, 44; of principal lakes, 49; of Great Takes, 50; drainage of Great Lakes, 50; drain- age by Mississippi River, 161; Missis- tpl Delta, 162; each decade, and inhabitants per square mile, 170; inhabi- tants to square mile each State at each decade, 172; principal cities, 178. Sr. Louis, has no county division, 168. See Principal Cities. St. Mary’s. Bay of, 90. STAKED PLAIN of Texas. See Llano, 145. Stamp Act, Congress, 179; stamps, 228. STANDARD Corn, what is a, 415. Strate, Date of Ohio unsettled, 30; table of the States,when,where, by whom settled ; original territory or district; date organ- izing territory; date of act for admis- sion; admitted as a State; square miles; popelutions 30; lowest and highest land, 1; land and water square mile area, 42; order of States in square mile, 48; com- U.S. parative groupings in square mile, 43; each State percentage of gross area, 44; derivation and meanings of names, 53; va- rious ane and names, 53; proposed names for Minnesota, 59; why two p’s in Mississippi, 59; proposed name fae Nevada, 60; when North and South Carolina separated, 68; proposed name for West Virginia, 65; nicknames of the States, 66; nicknames of the people of the States, 75; what is a State, 155; di- visions of a State, 155; extreme statute mileage each State, 160; suggestive grouping, 163; accidental benefits in tate divisions, 163; names of States missed, 163; name of Washington first proposed as State name, 164; peculiarity of northwest corner ef Pennsylvania, 165; the straight north line of Tennessce, 165; bis Delaware’s north line circular, 165; ason and Dixon’s south line, 165; disputed boundary, Massachusetts and New Hampshire, 165; land belong- ing to no section, 166; western boundary Wisconsin profile, 166; why two capitals to Connecticut and Rhode Island, 167; likeness Uncle Sam in the Mississippi River States, 167; central located States 167; name Shakespeare in no State, 167; all States have county divisions, 168; Maryland chartered province, all others colonies, 168; the rivers and lakes of Maine, 169; number of States each cen- sus, 172; order of States according to population, 172; inhabitants to square mile each State each census from 1790, 172; percentage of increase, 172; de- crease in population, 174; charter rule Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Is- land, 179; Proprietary Maryland, Penn- sylvania, Delaware, 179; Provincial New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Georgia, 179; States not repre- sented at Constitution Convention, 211; electoral vote of each State, 267; not voting for President-elect, 271; record furnishing Presidents, 306; secession of Southern States, 337; rebellions, 335; each State quota and men furnished Union Army, 360; cannon salute for governor, 365; Memorial Day first celebrated in each State, 381; the United States flag adds a star for each State, 384; mottoes and translation of each State, 396; seal of each State illustrated, 399; States ad- mitted by proclamation, 460 (see Index to Constitution, 227). Tue New Srares, 460; North Dakota; South Dakota; act passed; when pro- claimed; not known which first became a State; Montana; act passed; admitted, 460; Washington act passed; admitted, 460; State admitted by proclamation, 460; full proclamation covering an ad- mission of a State by the President, 460; when Congress acts direct, 460. * Srarss,”’ first used, 453. SraruTe MrILEacE, each State and Terri- tory, 160. INDEX. 479 £ Srrait, but five applications, 155. STRAND, meaning and use, 158. Surerior, lake measurements, 50; mean- ing, derivation and various names, 125. Swamp. See Dismal, 156, 162. SYLVANIA, as State name, 163. Taytor, ZacHary. Political parties under Tuy'or advocated and opposed, 256; where and when inaugurated; oath ad- ministered by, 273; words in inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 288; sobriquet and origin, 293; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 299; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 301; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; burial place and description, 324. TENNESSEE. State, 29; rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; act admitting as a State; admitted; square mile area; population when a State, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per. cent of gross area of United States, 44; principal rivers and length, 51; derivation and meaning of name, 63; nickname and meaning, 73; nicknames of the people and cause, 80; extreme sta- tute mileage, 160; why its straight north line, 165; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; seceded; ratified Confederate States of America constitution; provisional government appointed; readmitted to Union; adopted and ratified new consti- tution, 220; slaves emancipated, 229; representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished toUnion Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 397; seal, 404; legal holiday, 441. TERRITORIES. Cession from Great Brit- ain, 14; France, 15; Spain, 16; Texas, 16; Mexico,17; Russia, 18; New York; Virginia; Massachusetts; Connecticut; South Carolina; North Carolina; Geor- gia, 22; the Mississippi, the Southwest, the Northwest, 22; ordinance of the Northwest, 23; States created out of the Northwest, 26; the Southwest divided into States, 29; division of Mississippi, 29; when all territories settled; where; by whom; oviginalnames; date of act of organization, 30; each territory per- centage of gross area, 44; derivation and meaning of names, 53; various spell- ings and names, 58; proposed names for ‘Alesis, 53; proposed name for Utah, 64; meaning and application of District, 139; 480 U.S. whatis a territory, 156; extreme statute mileage of each territory, 160. See Index to Constitution, 228. Texas. Annexation, 16; rank, square mile area; order of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory cre- ated from; date territory organized; date of act for admission as State; when ad- mitted; square mile area; population when a State, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rain- fall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; percentage of gross area of United States, 44; principal riv- ers and length, 51; derivation and mean- ing of name, 63; nickname and meaning, 73; nicknames of the people and cause, 81; extreme statute mileage, 160; has lowest fall of tide in the United. States, 170; population each census, 172; order rank according to population each cen- sus, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; seceded; ratified Confederate States of America constitution; provisional gov- ernment appointed; readmitted to Union; adopted und ratified new consti- tution, 220; slaves emancipated, 229; representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 3815 motto, 397; seal, 405; legal holiday, 441. TipEs. Highest and lowest various places, 170. Town. First named after Washington, 168; derivation and meaning of name, 157. TRADE DouuaR, 414, 415. See Coinage. TrRatrTor, the first, 372. TREASON, the only execution for, 372. Treaties. Dates ot session land by, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; war, 337, 339, 342, 345; in constitution, 228. TREES, common, but not native, 430. Tucson, 180. TWENTY-ONE GUNS, origin, 366. TyzteR, JNo. Political parties under Tyler advocated and opposed, 256; where and when inaugurated; oath adminis- tered by, 273; affidavit accompanying oath, 273; words in inaugural address, 283; the first Vice-President promoted, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of sur- name, 288; sobriquet and origin, 293; education and profession, 296; civil offices, 297; signature, 298; ex-Presi- dents living, 390; religious belief, 300; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; burial place and description, 322. INDEX. UNcLE Sam. Its origin, 451. UnitEepD States. All mountains exceeding 10,000 feet, 45; no elevation east of 1040 longitude reaches 10,000 feet, 48; desig- nated America; the States; the Union; the North, East, West and South, 167; river name precedes; in foreign coun- tries succeeds, 168; the sun never sets on * United States soil, 168; geographical center, 168; a dongs outa! center, 168; tides at various places, 170; most east- erly, westerly, northerly and southerl: roa 171; center of population at eac lecade, 176; its meaning, 176; the words United States adopted by Congress, 191; the Constitution, 199; electoral vote each State, 267; when counted by Congress, 268; candidates for President, 263; the wars, 335; the rebellions, 335; the army, 362; the navy, 363; regular army as fixed by Congress, 365; commanders of the army, 367; first army,373; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; history and illustrations of the flag, 382; history of the great seal, 388; mottoes of the States, 396; of the United States motto, Z Pluri- bus Unum, 307; colonial and United States coins, 406; the mints and marks, 415; assay offices, 415; plants common, but not native, 430; een nines found in, 434; award of medals, 442; first things, 446; Fridays in United States history, Utan. Date organized territory; square mile area, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area of rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; mountains €xceeding 10,000 feet, 47; order of mountains, 47; rank in the United States, 47; principal lakes and area, 49; derivation and meaning of name, 64; Deseret proposed name, 64; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 174; inhabitants to square mile each census, 174; per cent. of in- crease, 174; motto, 397; Indian tribes, 29. Van Buren, Martin. Political parties under Van Buren advocated and op- posed, 255; where and when inaugu- rated; oath administered by, 273; words in inaugural address, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 288; sobri- quet and origin, 292; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signa- ture, 298; ex-Presidents living, 300; religion, 300; author, 301; vetoes, 302; eculiar items, 302; burial place and Teeociation, 320. VERMONT. Rank, square mile area, order of admission; when, where, by whom set- tled; territory created from; date of act of admission as State; when admitted; square mile area; pepuiauen when a State, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; U.S. average temperature apd rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; ee cent. of gross area of United States, 3 principal lakes and area, 49; prin- cipal rivers and length, 51; derivation and adaptation of name, 64; nickname and meaning, 73; nickname of the peo- ple and cause, 81; extreme statute mile- age, 160; population each census, 172; order gk according to papuieuor each census; 172; per cent. of increase, 172; represéntatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 397; seal, 405; colonial coinage, 409; legal holiday, 441. Veto. What is it; by whom; how often exercised, 302. VicE-PRESIDENTS, Note, 268; first elected Ereeenty 273; duty, 334; genealogy, 34. VicToRIEs. Greatest in one day, 373. Virermra. Colonial limit, 21; cession western lands, 22; rank, square mile area, order of admission; when settled, where, by whom; territory created from; date admitted as a State; square mile area; Re uiation when a State, 31; low- est and highest land, 41; average tem- perature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast water, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; poe rivers and length, 51; deri- vation and adaptation of name, 64; nick- name and meaning, 738; nickname of the people and cause, 81; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 172; order of rank according to popula- tion each census, 172; inhabitants to square mile each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; not in Colonial Con- ress, 179; Continental Congress, 180; eclaration of Independence, 183, 192; articles of Confederation, 194; Con- stitution of United States, 206, 210; se- ceded; ratified Confederate States of America constitution; provisional gov- ernment appointed; re-admitted to Union; adopted and ratified new consti- tution, 220; slaves emancipated, 229; representatives in Congress each ses- sion, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebra- ted, 381; motto, 397; seal, 405; colonial coinage, 407; legal holiday, 441. VoLUNTEER enrollment ceased, 373. See Army. Waia WALLA, 130. Wars or tHe Unirep States. Con- densed table, 335; French and Indian, 337; Revolutionary, 388; ‘‘ 1812,” 342; INDEX. 481 Mexican, 342; Civil, 348. See separate headings, and Army. WASHINGTON, GEORGE. Political parties under Washington advocated and op- posed, 254; procedure in first election, 261; where and when inaugurated; oath administered by, 273; words in inaugu- ral, 283; genealogy, 284; derivation of surname, 287; sobriquet and origin, 290; education and profession, 296; civil office, 297; signature, 298; religion, 300; author, 301; vetoes, 302; peculiar items, 302; burial place and description, 310; General, 366; commander, 367. WasHineton. Territory; settled when aud by whom; organized as territory; population, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area coast waters, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; rnountains ex- ceeding 10,000 feet, 48; order of mount- ains, 43; rank in the United States, 48; principal lake and area, 49; principal river and length, 51; application of name to territory, 65; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 174; inhabi- tants to square mile each census, 174; per cent. of increase, 174; quotaand men furnished to Union Army, 360; motto, 397; seal, 405; Indian tribes 429; State act passed by Congress, 460; admitted by Presidential proclamation, 460. Wasuineton, D. C. See District of Columbia. WASHINGTON. First town named, 168; first county, 148; first proposed as State name, 164. WasHINctTon’s BIRTHDAY ORIGIN, 452. West VIRGINIA. Rank, square mile; or- der ofadmission; territory created from; date of act of admission as State; when admitted; square mile area; population when a State, 30; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rain- fall, 41; gross land and gross water sur- face, 42; area; rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; comparative square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; principal river and length, 51; origin and application of name, 65; Kanawha proposed name, 65; nickname und meaning, 74; nickname of the peeps and cause, 81; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census, 174; inhabitants to square mile each census, 174; per cent. of increase, 174; slaves emancipated, 229; represen. tatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men furnished to Union Army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 397; seal, 405; legal holiday, 441. WueEw various articles first introduced, 482 INDEX. U.S. Wuie Parry, its history, 252. WIVES OF PRESIDENTS. See Genealogy, 286; burial places, 310. WIsconsIn. Rank, square mile area; or- der of admission; when, where, by whom settled; territory created from; date or- ganized territory; date of act for admis- sion as State; when admitted; square mile area; population when a State, 31; lowest and highest land, 41; average temperature and rainfall, 41; gross land and water surface, 42; area rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, 42; compara- tive square mile area rank, 43; per cent. of gross area of United States, 44; princi- pal rivers and Jength, 51; derivation and | meaning of name, 65; various spellings, 65; nickname and meaning, 74; nick- name of the people and cause, 81; ex- treme statute mileage, 160; western line . profile of Washington, 166; population each census, 172; order rank according to population of each census, 172; per cent. of increase, 172; representatives in Congress each session, 231; electoral vote each election, 267; quota and men fur- nished to Union army, 360; Memorial Day first celebrated, 381; motto, 397; seal, 405; Indian tribes, 429; legal holi- day, 441. Woops oF THE UNITED StarTEs, 458. WOoRKINGMAN’S PaRTY, its origin, 253. Wromine. Date organized territory; square mile area; lowest and highest and, 41; average temperature and rain- fall, 41; gross land an ‘oss w&ter sur- face, 42; area rivers and streanis, lakes and ponds, 42; mountains exceeding ten thousand feet, 48; order of mountains, 48; rank in United States, 48; principal lakes and area, 50; principal river and length, 51; derivation and application of name, 65; extreme statute mileage, 160; population each census,.175; inhabitants to square mile each census, 175; per cent. of increase, 175; motto, 397; Indian tribes, 429. YANKEE, derivation, 435. YANKEE Doop.e, derivation, 436. a NORTHWEST Sy TERRITORY u ano” BRITISH COLUMBIA. { OAK I. A : ocE SG ALAS K DATE DUE : Cornell y sae | arW895 ; wim — PRINTED IN U.S.A. a SE 1 ‘ 8 ; = ‘ bees fe P 20s ‘yy : ea 6 200 si ta ' ) | | P Ie 285 Statute Hiles toun Inch. ATES. RAS . 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