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'jp-wrur 4k® ii®. XfMHISTORICAL RECORDS
OF THE
FORTY-THIRD REGIMENT,
MONMOUTHSHIRE LIGHT INFANTRY,
WITH
A ROLL OF THE OFFICERS AND THEIR SERVICES FROM THE PERIOD'
OF EMBODIMENT TO THE CLOSE OF 1867.
BY
SIR RICHARD GEORGE AUGUSTUS LEYINGE. BART.
“ La gloire de l'armee Britannique lui vient, avant tout,
de son excellent® discipline et de la bvavoure calme et
tranche de la nation.”—Gen. Foy.
LONDON:
W. CLOWES & SONS, 14, CHARING CROSS.
1868.olA
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A. TIGS'
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XcornellX
UNIVERSITY
\ LIBRARYX
LONDON PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET,
AND CHARING CROSS.Having passed many early happy years in
H.M. 43rd Light Infantry, it was a matter of surprise
to me as well as to others, that of so gallant and distin-
guished a Regiment no memoir existed. I have endea-
voured, however inadequately, to supply the deficiency.
It has been with me a labour of love to compile
the following records of “ old corps ” from sources, both
published and private—too varied and manifold to enu-
merate—in all points, I believe, authentic. They claim no
literary merit, hut the “ plain, unvarnished tale” will, I
trust, he received and read with interest by all who have
served or may serve in the Regiment.
ED- LBYINGE.
Knockdrin Castle,
November 1st, 1867.HISTORICAL RECORDS
OF THE
43kd LIGHT TNI'INTry
EERATA.
Page 45, line 20, for Trevor Hall, read Hull.
„	134,	„	1,	„	Mason	„ Nason.
„ ib. „	2,	„	Hall	„ Hull.
„	160,	last	line,	for	two Breaches, read three Breaches.
„	161,	line	18,	for	Lieutenants Duncan Campbell and Alexander
Steel, read Lieutenants Charles Taggart, George
Bidout, and John O’Connell.
„	201, line 26, for 29th November, read 23rd.
„	337, Singleton, William, for “Out 1843—4,” read “Out 1743-4.”
Where the surname of Lieut.-Col. Colville appears, read Colvile.
daughter, the Archduchess Maria Theresa, being disputed
by the Electors of Bavaria and Saxony, a Continental
war resulted. England and France, in the first instance,
acting as auxiliaries, finally became principals iu this
contest, subsequently known as the “ War of the Austrian
Succession.” Louis XV., King of France, supported the
Elector of Bavaria, while King George II., adhering to
BHISTORICAL RECORDS
OF THE
43rd LIGHT INFANTRY.
1739.
f"PHE claim of the Spanish Government to the right
of search, and the aggressions committed by that
Power on the commerce of Great Britain, in the West
Indies, by 4 Guarda-Costas ’ and other ships acting by
authority of the King of Spain, contrary to existing
treaties, led to a Convention between the two Crowns,
which was concluded on the 14th of January, 1739.
It stipulated that compensation should be made by Spain,
in reparation of hostilities committed on British subjects
in the American seas. The Court of Madrid violated the
Convention, and consequently, on the 23rd of October,
war was proclaimed.
1740.
While the war was being carried on between Great
Britain and Spain, on the 20th of October, Charles VI.,
Emperor of Germany, died; and the succession of his
daughter, the Archduchess Maria Theresa, being disputed
by the Electors of Bavaria and Saxony, a Continental
war resulted. England and France, in the first instance,
acting as auxiliaries, finally became principals in this
contest, subsequently known as the “War of the Austrian
Succession.” Louis XV., King of France, supported the
Elector of Bavaria, while King George II., adhering to
B2
Historical Records of the
1741.
the Pragmatic Sanction, to which nearly all the potentates
of Europe had been parties, espoused the claims of the
Archduchess.
1741.
Augmentations were accordingly made in the British
army and navy. Ten regiments of marines were raised
and embarked under Admirals Yernon and Sir Chaloner
Ogle. To these were added seven regiments for the
regular line, numbered from the 54th to the 60th, the first
being the subject of the present Memoir.
In the Commission Book of that period, in the War
Office, appears the following entry:—
“ Thomas Fowke, Esq. (Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Fowke had for
many years commanded the 7th Dragoons) to be Colonel of a regiment
of foot, to be raised forthwith for our service, and likewise to be Captain
of a company in our said regiment.
“ GtEOKGE R.
“ Harrington.
“St. James’s, 3rd January, 1840-1.”
On the 17th of the same month he received the
following orders for raising the regiment:—
“ War Office, 17th of January, 1741.
“ Sir,—His Majesty having thought fit to order a regiment of foot
to be forthwith raised under your command, which is to consist of
ten companies, of three sergeants, two corporals, two drummers, and
seventy effective private men in each company, besides commissioned
officers; and to grant a warrant for allowing two pounds for each
private man as levy-money, and to authorise the Commissary-General
of the Musters to make out muster-rolls complete, for two musters, from
the 25th of December last, the commencement of your establishment,
the better to enable your officers to raise good and able men; I am
therefore commanded by Mr. Secretary-at-War to acquaint you with
this, and that his Majesty expects you will take care to have your
regiment complete at the expiration of the two said musters.
“ I am further to acquaint you that the proper orders will be sent
for issuing the necessary arms, as usual, out of his Majesty’s stores of
ordnance; as also to the Paymaster-General of the Forces to pay you
fourteen hundred pounds, being two pounds per man, as levy-money for
seven hundred effective private men, and likewise to issue to you two1741.
43rd, Light Infantry.
3
months’ subsistence for the whole regiment, from the 25th day of
December last, inclusive.
“ I am, &c.,
(Signed) “Ed. Abnold.”
In Hooker’s ‘Weekly Miscellany’ of the 27th Decem-
ber, 1740, it states that “ a great number of brave old
subaltern officers are arrived from Ireland and the islands
of Guernsey and Jersey, &c., in expectation of being
provided for in the regiments which are ordered to be
raised with all expedition. Some of the most experienced
men are to be drafted out of each company in the three
regiments of Foot Guards to serve as sergeants and
corporals in the said regiments.”
The following officers were appointed to commissions :—
Lieut.-Colonel, Charles Crosbie.
Major, Eobert Johnson.
Captains.
Edward NorthaU.	William Singleton.
William Pritchard.	Demetrius James.
John Sterling.	James Haliburton.
John Earie.	
Captain-Lieutenant, Sir William Boothby.	
Lieutenants.	
Eichard Temple.	Antony Mallet.
James FitzPatrick.	Eobert Elliot.
Hans Fowler.	William Sansom.
Charles Maitland.	John Lloyd.
John Carter.	Witherington Morris.
Ensigns.	
John Charles Hay.	John Moore.
Hans Hamilton.	Daniel Melville.
James Preston.	Patrick Campbell.
Thomas Elliot.	John Symines.
Chaplain, John Bourne.	
Surgeon, Thomas Phillips.
Adjutant, Patrick Campbell.
Quarter-Master, Thomas Thelkeld.
B 24
Historical Records of the
1741—47-
At that time the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major
were gazetted as captains of companies, and the captain’s
lieutenant commanded the colonel’s company. Captain-
lieutenants were abolished in 1803.
1741.
The business of recruiting progressed rapidly, and by
the 24th of March the regiment was formed and occupied
Ampthill, Hockliffe, Leighton Buzzard, and Woburn. On
the 12th of August, Colonel Fowke was removed to the
2nd Foot, and on the same day William Graham was
appointed to succeed him.
1742.
In April, the head-quarters being at Winchester,
Colonel Graham received the following official commu-
nication :—
“ It is His Majesty’s pleasure that you cause the regiment of foot
under your command to march as soon as transports shall be ready to
receive them, from their present quarters, in such divisions as you shall
think proper, to Portsmouth, there to embark for the Island of Minorca,
&c., &c.—Given at the War Office the 28th day of April, 1742.—By His
Majesty’s command.
“ Walter Yovnge.
“ ToWm. Graham, Esq., Colonel of H.M. 54th
Regiment of Foot, or officer commanding the
said regiment, at Winchester.”
1742-47.
During the whole war of the Austrian succession,
the 54th was employed in the protection of the island
of Minorca. It consisted of ten companies of seventy men
each.
On the 7th of February, 1746, Colonel James Kennedy
succeeded William Graham as full colonel.1748—49-
43rd Light Infantry.
5
1748.
In this year the regiment numbered 815 men, including
officers. On the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle of the 7th of
October, and consequent conclusion of the war, several
corps were disbanded, and the numerical title of the regi-
ment was changed from that of 54th to 43rd, by which it
has ever since been distinguished.
No special records exist of the battalion while quartered
in Minorca, but from private correspondence it is conjec-
tured their time passed agreeably. The necessaries of life
were abundant and cheap, ladies fair and frank, sport
good and plentiful. Oyster-fishing was a general amuse-
ment of the day, and breaking up huge masses of rock to
dislodge a small species of fish called datyls, reached by
divers, who armed with hammers, fastened to the right
arm, plunged into the deep, was another favourite pas-
time.
These were esteemed a great delicacy and must have
for centuries been embedded in the crevices. It is con-
jectured that they were originally worked into the natural
orifices of the rock by the force of the water, which had
ever since supplied the necessary sustenance. They were
found in clusters, each encrusted in two shells somewhat
in size and shape resembling a finger slightly bent.
1749.
In July Colonel Kennedy’s regiment was relieved from
Minorca, and being placed on the Irish establishment,
landed on the 5th of October at Cork, under command
of Major Sir William Boothby, Bart. The roll of officers
then present and absent, exists in the record tower of
Dublin Castle. During the latter part of the year they
occupied quarters at Rosscastle, Youghall, Dingle, and
Castle Island.6
Historical Records of the
1750.
1750.
Moved to Galway. Official army lists were not pub-
lished for four years subsequent, but Faulkner’s ‘Irish
Journal ’ furnishes a very detailed and quaint state of
regiments on the Irish establishment, as the following
attests:—
Colonel James Kennedy.
Captain-Lieutenant James Fitzpatrick.
1.	Ensign William Dunbar.
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Crosbie.
8.	Lieutenant James Talbot.
8.	Ensign Michael Cuffe.
Major Matthew Watkins.
7. Lieutenant Arch. Campbell.
7. Ensign John Dowdall.
1.	Captain John Stirling.
2.	Lieutenant John Carter.
7. Ensign H. Clements.
2.	Captain John Farie.
5.	Lieutenant Roger SpeDdlove.
5.	Ensign Henry Hewitt.
3.	Captain D. James.
6.	Lieutenant Hans Hamilton.
3.	Ensign Granville Graham.
4.	Captain John Brown.
3.	Lieutenant Arthur Mallet.
4.	Ensign William Percival.
5.	Captain R. Temple.
1.	Lieutenant Charles Maitland.
2.	Ensign Graham Johnson.
6.	Captain Robert Elliott.
9.	Lieutenant Thomas Crosbie.
10.	Lieutenant David Maitland.
7.	Captain Peter Pigou.
7.	Lieutenant Witherington Morris.
2. Ensign John Knox.
Chaplain John Bourne.
Adjutant William Dunbar.
Surgeon George Aug. Cunningham.
Mate Water Henderson.i75i—57-
43rd. Light Infantry.
7
1751.
On the 6th of April “ the body of Major Mathew
Watkins, of Colonel Kennedy’s regiment, was put on
board a vessel for Park Grate, for interment in Warwick-
shire ; the pall, supported by the six senior officers, and
all the officers attending. On this occasion, the regi-
ment made a very good appearance, and performed the
funeral exercise and firings with great exactness and
regularity.”
1752-57.
From Gialway they were detached to Beleek, Garrick,
Foxford, Lanesborough, Jamestown, and Banaghar.
During 1752 the whole regiment was at Limerick.
Colonel Kennedy arrived from England and took the
command. In 1754 they moved to Dublin, and in the
following year back to Galway.
During this time the sergeants and corporals of the
several regiments in Ireland were drilled in an improved
exercise and firings ; and one man from each company
was ordered to Dublin to learn the gun exercise, as every
corps was to have one or two field-pieces attached.
Eight years were spent in Ireland, during which time
no events of importance, either public or regimental,
occurred.
The 43rd being destined to cross the Atlantic, a resume
of the state of North American affairs will not be here
out of place.
In the year 1757 England was supposed to possess
Nova Scotia, or Acadia, though such tenure was merely
nominal. True, she had a settlement at Halifax, a gar-
rison at Annapolis Royal; one at Fort Cumberland, and
three insignificant stockaded intrenchments, Forts Sack-
ville, Lunenburg, and Fort Edward, all in the southern
peninsula; but the troops and inhabitants of these several8
Historical Records of the
i752—57-
places could only be regarded in the light of prisoners,
the French having possession both of the north and
north-east, together with the entire interior, consider-
ably above three-quarters of the whole, besides the
islands, of which Cape Breton and St. John were
the principal.
The condition of our provinces west and south of Acadia
was alarming, the enemy having drawn a line from Cape
Canso to Cape Breton, across the bay of Fundy, to the
river Penobscot, and by the frontier of Albany, to New
York and Pennsylvania, including also the greater part of
Virginia, by the Allegany mountains, along the Carolinas
and Georgia, to the Gulf of Mexico. This immense ex-
tent of territory was secured by a chain of forts, thereby
crippling England in her most valuable settlements, as
well as in her fur-trading with our Indian allies on the
Lakes Champlain, Erie, and Ontario.
By frequent sorties from their numerous posts, rein-
forced at will, they struck terror amidst the unfortunate
inhabitants, whom they scalped and otherwise barbarously
mutilated, sparing neither sex nor age.
Early in the year, strong reinforcements of troops and
vast quantities of martial stores had been sent out. An
attack long meditated, against Crown Point, was aban-
doned for a projected expedition against Louisbourg, the
great stronghold of the French in the island of Cape
Breton. Lord Loudoun, in command of the land forces,
left New York with 6000 men, and others from Great
Britain were ordered to join. The following orders were
issued to the 43 rd :—
“ Dublin, February 2nd, 1757.
“Sir,—In obedience to the command which the Earl of Eothes has
received from their Excellencies the Lords Justices, it is his Lordship’s
orders that Major-General Kennedy’s regiment of foot, now under your
command, do hold themselves in readiness to march from their present
quarters to Cork, according to routes which will bo sent to them for that1752—57-
4$rd Light Infantry.
9
purpose, when'they will receive orders to embark for foreign service.
They are to carry along with them their tents and camp equipage. The
usual number of carriages will be allowed them by the Government.
The cannon, ammunition carts, and artillery stores which belong to the
regiment are to be left at Galway, under the care of the troops which are
to remain there.
“ I am, Sir, &c., &c.,
“Robert Cuninghame.
“ Adjutant-General.
“ To Lieut.-Col. Orosbie,
Or officer commanding General Kennedy’s regiment in Galway.”
From the foregoing, it appears that guns, stores, tents,
and camp equipages were attached to each regiment; that
in those days they were maintained completely equipped
for foreign service, and to each regimental surgeon a set of
capital instruments and chest of medicines were furnished
gratis by Government.
At this date, Lieut.-Colonel Crosbie retired from the
command, Major Demetrius James succeeding to the
Lieut.-Colonel cy, and Captain Robert Elliott to the Ma-
jority.
Leaving Galway and reaching Cork, long detention,
owing to contrary winds, supervened. The delay proved
beneficial, as affording opportunity to the battalion, latterly
sub-divided in cantonments, to be got together, com-
pleted by drafts from other regiments to 700 strong, and
subjected to a course of drill and discipline; as well as
enabling the officers to cater for the voyage.
On the 25th of April a fleet of men-of-war, under
Admiral Holborne and Commodore Holmes, anchored in
the Cove of Cork, bringing Major-General Hopson, who
superintended the embarkation, Lord Charles Hay,
Colonels Percy, Forbes, and Lord Howe, with other
officers, and a detachment of Royal Artillery.
The 43rd mustered in great spirits, and embarked
without confusion or accident in the transports, ‘ True
Britain,” ‘ Neptune,’ ‘ Richard and Mary,’ ‘ Liberty,’IO
Historical Records of the
i752—57-
‘Brotherhood,’ and ‘Sharp,’ averaging- from 203 to 3GO
tons’ burthen each. On the 8th of May they set sail, and
towards the last days of June sighted Halifax.
Anchoring in Chebucto Harbour, the commanding
officers landed and waited on the Earl of Loudoun and
Major-General Abercrombie, who testified much satisfac-
tion at their arrival, so long expected. The several
detachments disembarked, encamping to the left of the
troops from New York.
On the 18th of July the 43rd, in conjunction with the
17th, was reviewed by Lord Loudoun and other generals,
who expressed great admiration of their regularity and
martial bearing.
To inure them to the sort of warfare anticipated, as
well as to foster and encourage discipline, the men were
employed in constructing field-works round the camp,
where intrenchments were thrown up. They were formed
into distinct bodies, one half carrying on approaches,
while the other defended, sallying out to obstruct the
workmen, while the covering parties attacked, repulsed
or pursued; making many prisoners, much to the diver-
sion of spectators. This game of soldiers was persevered
in until the end of August. Quantities of fascines,
hurdles, and gabions were daily made by the troops, and
put on board the ships, together with the artillery, stores,
and heavy baggage of the army, except their clothing
and camp equipage, and all ordered to hold themselves
in readiness at a moment’s notice.
The expedition for Louisbourg consisted of 11,288 men,
exclusive of artillery, marines, and 500 rangers. It was
formed in brigades, and embarked on the 2nd of September.
On this day a boat full of 43rd men accidentally capsized,
but they were saved with the loss of only a few arms and
some ammunition. The admiral of the fleet was instructed
to do his utmost to decoy the enemy out of their harbouri?52—57-
4$rd Light Infantry.
11
while the transports and convoy of frigates remained at
Halifax waiting events.
Every preparation was complete, when a French
schooner was intercepted off the hanks of Newfoundland,
bound from Cape Breton to France. She struck to the
* Gosport ’ man-of-war, and pretended to throw a packet
overboard, which arousing suspicion, a rigorous search
was instituted, and a small bag found secreted under a
pile of dried fish, containing letters addressed to the French
Ministry announcing the arrival of their fleet at Louisbourg,
consisting of 22 ships of the line, besides frigates, and
detailing that not only had they a garrison of 3000 men,
but an army of 4000 more, intrenched up to their
necks, with 25 pieces of cannon and 3 mortars, all ready
to oppose our descent. An intimation was appended
that both fleet and army were in excellent spirits, and
amply provided with all requisites for a prolonged
defence.
Owing to this accidental insight into the enemy’s tactics,
the proposed expedition was relinquished. The 43rd,
27th, and 46th, were desired to keep themselves in imme-
diate readiness to sail for the river St. John, from whence
to proceed to garrison Annapolis Royal, Fort Cumberland,
and Fort Edward, to be, with the troops at Halifax, under
the command of Major-General Hobson. The abandon-
ment of the Louisbourg scheme gave great umbrage in
England, and the conduct of the commanders was even
stigmatized as pusillanimous.
The remainder of the army sailed southward with Lord
Loudoun. On the 12th of September a subaltern’s party
of the 43rd disembarked and marched to Fort Edward;
and on the 16th Lieutenant Knox, with another detach-
ment, was ordered on board the ‘ Success ’ to serve as
marines.
Nothing resulted, as a fear arose that the enemy wouldHistorical Records of the
1752—57-
12
attempt during autumn to strike a blow in Nova Scotia,
and try to recover Fort Cumberland. The 43rd therefore
left for that place.
Fort Cumberland was a pentagon, beautifully situated
on an eminence, and not inappropriately named by the
French, who built it after the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle,
“ Beau Sejour.” It was taken from them in 1755 by
Colonel, afterwards General Monckton. The fortress,
however, was but a miserable affair; the bastions
formed of square timbers, and round the scarp below the
parapet was a frize or row of pointed pickets laid horizon-
tally. There was but one gate, with a drawbridge and
sally-port, and on the curtain looking towards an advanced
block-house on the Gaspereau and Baye Yerte country
was a long battery en barbette ,• but so weak and puerile was
the rampart, that its own guns if discharged for two or
three hours successively, must have caused its total anni-
hilation and laid all open for an enemy.
During its occupation by the 43rd, an additional piece
of ground was taken in and encircled by stout palisades,
with loopholes for musketry, and the glacis extended.
This was called a spur, and formed a tolerable barrier
against an Indian enemy. In the interior, good barracks,
with workshops and storehouses, were erected for the
better accommodation of the troops. From this and
similar forts, an officer with only thirty men could make a
capital defence against comparatively overwhelming num-
bers, provided he was not attacked by artillery, and that
the enemy did not attempt to fire with lighted arrows,
a dodge practised by the Indians when guns were not
mounted.
On the east side of Fort Cumberland stood the ruins of
St. Lawrence, destroyed on our taking possession. When
the 43rd arrived, the country appeared one complete
swamp, neither town nor village being discernible, the175*—57-
43rd Light Infantry.
13
enemy having burnt every habitation between Baye Yerte
and G-aspereau, together with the chain of forts formerly
existing.
While the French were in possession of Fort Cumber-
land they had no artillery, but hit on the ingenious device
of imitating guns. Out of large trees they shaped and
fashioned representations of cannon, securing them by
cords from end to end, and morning and evening fired
a salute therefrom. On the reduction of the place and
special inquiry after the guns, they were obliged to confess
their crafty stratagem of “ seeking the bubble reputation
e’en at the cannon’s mouth.”
Until the middle of October, the 43rd, in conjunction
with the 28th, were daily employed in strengthening the
fort, by which time they had rendered it sufficiently
secure against all invaders, the most dreaded of whom
was M. Bois-Hibbert with his lawless band. He was a
notorious partisan and lieutenant for the French king.
He had arrogated to himself for his crest, “ Trois canards
regardant.”	By all accounts three scalping - knives
proper would have been more appropriate.
While employed on the works, the men received one
shilling per day, and the non-commissioned officers and
officers in proportion. Some of the latter, experienced in
the Netherlands, received three shillings per day as over-
seers or assistant engineers.
The troops were supplied with spruce beer. This
liquid was deemed an essential preservative of health,
especially when feeding on salt provisions, being an excel-
lent anti-scorbutic. The decoction is of the most simple
kind, composed of tender shoots of spruce-fir boiled for
three hours in water, then strained off into casks with
a certain proportion of molasses, and as soon as cold ready
for consumption. Molasses were then issued gratis. Of
this beverage the soldiers were obliged to draw five pintsH
Historical Records of the
1752—57-
per diem, for which they were mulcted in pay 9\d. per
week currency. According to the accounts of the pay-
master of the 43rd, the spruce deductions amounted to 80/.
currency in seven weeks.
On the 13th of October six companies of the 43rd
embarked for Annapolis on board the ‘ True Briton5 and
‘ Neptune ; ’ and four, under Major Elliott, in the ‘ Richard
and Mary,’ for Fort Edward. On the 17th the head-
quarters arrived.
Annapolis belonged to the French previous to 1714,
but through the treaty of Utrecht was ceded to the
British crown. The fort, quadrangular, was on an arti-
ficial height, and with the ramparts was raised by loose
earth faced with square timbers. At each angle was
a bastion, with a ditch, covered way, and good glacis. The
curtains east, west, and south, were flanked by demi-
lunes, and to the north by the river. The town ran east-
ward, protected by a block-house built on a peninsula
called Hog Island. ' On the level of the covered way was
a barbette battery mounting six 24-pouuders and a 13-inch
mortar pointing down the river. Behind this stood the
powder-magazine, with which the garrison communicated
by means of a sally-port. The works were in a wretched
condition.
The detachment relieved by the 43rd presented a very
shabby appearance. Discipline had been entirely neglected,
and even uniform disregarded. The men had been per-
mitted to work for civilians, while the officers had become
so socially intimate with the surrounding families that
all soldier-like duties were forgotten, and they neither
attempted to set an example of regularity themselves,
nor to quell any subordination that arose in conse-
quence. The spirit and characteristic of the soldier
were utterly merged in sloth and inanity. All grades
were to be found clustered of an evening in the public-1752—57-
4$rd Light Infantry.
15
houses, where the general refrain of their orgies rang
forth—
“ A lass is good, and a glass is good,
And a pipe to smoke in cold weather;
The world is good, and the people are good,
And we are all good fellows together.”
Very little time elapsed, however, before, under Lieut.-
Colonel James, all was restored to propriety. He issued
the most stringent orders for the restoration of a strict
system of discipline. Patrols were established ; the gunner
of the main guard was directed to be very punctual in
reporting all vessels to the commanding officer so soon as
sighted. No one was permitted to suttle or sell any sort
of liquor in the fort. No fires or lighted pipe were allowed
to be carried from barrack to barrack.
Annapolis had, until then, been actually supplied with
fire-wood from Boston and other ports in New England,
although the fort and a margin of cleared land around
were an oasis in the “ Bush; ” said bush being com-
posed of excellent fire-wood of all kinds. The fact was,
that the French and Indians disputed the country inch
by inch, even to within range of our artillery; con-
sequently, the troops, few in number, durst not venture
beyond their lines, and importation of fire-wood became a
necessity.
When the officer of the guard requested lights for his
own use and .that of his men, an angry refusal was re-
turned by the Fort Major, who asserted he “ had been there
many years, and such a monstrous demand had never be-
fore been made, the officer of the guard passing his time
in his own quarters or elsewhere, and that he possessed no
funds for such a contingent.” Colonel James quickly
caused a new light to dawn on this functionary’s views,
and candles were produced and henceforth systematically
issued.Historical Records of the
1752—
16
During the previous summer, the enemy had stol
various horses from the inhabitants, and they were n
observed quietly grazing on an eminence. A party
soldiers and volunteers sallied forth, and, after mt
manoeuvring, managed to catch eight. As they returr
triumphant, random shots were fired at them. The <
proprietors waited on Colonel James, and claimed 1
horses. He deemed it right and politic to comply w:
their demand, in order that no pretext for preferring co
plaints against either officers or men under his comma
should arise.
On the 1st of November a contract for winter p:
visions was concluded. Beef and mutton stood at 4
pork and veal at 6c?. per lb.; milk (very scarce)
3c?. per quart; and eggs Is. per dozen. Neither bre
nor butter were obtainable. Sea biscuits soaked in wat
redivided and rebaked, formed the substitute. Spirituc
liquors were abundant and reasonable.
Men off duty were detached to the carefully plani
French orchards, to lay in apples. Two captains, t1
ensigns, and the chaplain also volunteered, under
armed party of fifty. An advanced guard felt the ws
The armed men were ranged so as to prevent surpri
whilst the others filled hampers, sacks, and baskets. T
fine fruit proved no small luxury to the poor fellows
long rationed on salt provisions minus vegetables. Sub
quent raids proved equally successful.
Frequent fires glimmered by night, showing that
enemy was nigh. On the 6th of December a party of s
diers and artificers crossed the water to cut wood. Ti
were without a covering party, as it was imagined
molestation would be attempted within range of the f
guns. However, while at dinner, they were surpris
and fired at by a party of French. Being unarmed, ft
were forced to beat a retreat to the water’s edge. GJ-re1752—57-
43rd Light Infantry.

dier Miller was killed, and six others, with master car-
penter Eason, taken prisoners. Instantaneous pursuit was
ordered, to recover the prisoners. Townsmen also volun-
teered, and tracked the French for two miles by blood
from the prisoners’ wounds. Having been enjoined by
the Colonel not too rashly to penetrate the fastnesses of
the woods, they returned upon finding the corpse of the
grenadier stripped of everything but his breeches. They
had not had time to scalp him.
Towards evening the enemy returned to the same spot,
fired a feu de joie, and set up a yell of defiance; where-
upon two captains, two lieutenants, two ensigns, four
sergeants, two drummers, and 100 men, with four guides,
were ordered out to scour the country. Night set in so
dark and tempestuous, with rain falling in torrents, that
the guides had great difficulty in making way, and at one
time the rear of the detachment got lost, when a couple
of shots were fired to halt the advanced guard. After
some delay, the rear closed up, and the whole party
waded the Saw Mill Creek, reformed, advanced, and halted
at Josen’s Tillage, distant seven miles from Annapolis.
Intense frost suddenly set in; fires durst not be lit for
fear of alarming the enemy, so wet and cold they walked
about, arms in hand, until daybreak, when moving on,
Barnaby’s Ford was crossed. The descent was narrow
and winding, and here they hoped to fall in with the
enemy, but none was visible.
Marching on by Renne Foret they encamped at Godet’s
Tillage, when an unsuccessful attempt was made to wade
the river. They secured, however, thirteen sheep, roasting
them after Indian fa-shion. Next a.m. they started for
Bernard Grotet, six miles higher up, where the current
still proving too rapid, many officers and men, lame and
fatigued, the guides ignorant of the roads, already thirty
ci8
Historical Records of the
1752-
miles from the fort, and short of provisions, it was resold
to turn back.
On reaching Renne Foret River they were saluted w
a shower of balls and buck-shot, accompanied by hor:
yells. Captain Pigou, in command, was shot dead on t
spot, the advanced guard cut off, and the remainder f
back about one hundred yards. It was then decided
force the pass. Before doing so, Sergeant Cockbu]
a brave Scotchman, was sent forward to recover t
deceased officer’s property. This he performed in the tee
of the enemy’s fire, bringing back his captain’s laced h;
watch, sash, fusil, cartouch-box, pistols, and purse, contai
ing thirty guineas. His gallantry was justly reward
with five guineas and the laced hat.
Captain Maitland then assumed command, exhortii
all to be cool and steady, and moved towards the pai
which the enemy had fortified. Trees were so thick
matted as to he almost impenetrable. As the advan
mounted the hill, the enemy was observed skulking ar
running from right to left. They thereupon gave cha
into the woods, routing and firing" on them as tin
fled.
Having gained the eminence, they reformed, and four
the enemy had totally disappeared. Wading Carnaby
River, and turning the dangerous defile at the mills, tin
reached Commeau’s Village, where the wounded begge
an half-hour’s halt. In this interim, they were agre
ably surprised by being joined by an officer—a voluntei
—and twenty men, who had separated themselves durir
the skirmish, to make a flank or rear diversion while tl
main body engaged in front. In the evening all reache
the garrison, worn and harassed, with the loss of or
captain, one sergeant, and 22 rank and file.
On the 9 th of December the day’s order contained tl
following notice :—“ A Court of Inquiry to sit this da;1752-57-
4y'd Light Infantry.
19
at 11 o’clock, to take an inventory of the late Captain
Pigou’s effects. As the Hon. Captain Maitland, and the
rest of the officers of the party, have acquainted the
Lieutenant-Colonel that the men behaved extremely well
yesterday, he takes this opportunity of returning them
his thanks, and makes no doubt they will always evince
equal bravery on every such occasion.”
On the 10th a grenadier, who had deserted when attacked
by the enemy on the 8th, came into camp and surrendered.
He was arraigned by court martial for cowardice, and
pleaded guilty. The following award was the result:—“ It
is the opinion of the Court, that the prisoner is a notorious
coward, and they sentence him to ride the wooden horse
half-an-hour every day for . six days, with a petticoat on
him, a broom in his hand, and a paper pinned on his
back hearing this inscription, ‘ Such is the reward of my
merit.’’ ”
The sentence was carried into execution, to the inex-
pressible mirth of the whole garrison, and of the women
in particular. On subsequent occasions this man proved
himself to be a remarkably gallant soldier, and the
captain of his company declared, that when any dangerous
or difficult service was imminent, he only wished all
under him could be as surely depended on.
Hiding the wooden horse was a punishment formerly
much in vogue in the service. The horse was formed of
planks, nailed together so as to form a sharp ridge or
angle, about eight feet long. This ridge represented the
back of the horse, supported by four posts or legs, about
six feet high, placed on a stand made moveable by trucks.
To complete the resemblance, a head and tail were affixed.
The culprit was placed with his hands tied behind him -f
and frequently, to increase the punishment, muskets were
tied to his feet, to prevent, as it was jocularly said, his
horse from kicking him off. Subsequently it was found
c 220
Historical Records of the
1758—5
that riding the wooden horse had a tendency to injure tl
men, and induce rupture; it was in consequence abolishe
The last reminiscence of this durance vile was to be sec
on the parade-ground at Portsmouth in the year 1780.
1758.
On the 27th of April, to the great mortification ai
annoyance of all, orders arrived that three compani
from Annapolis, with three from Fort Edward, und
command of Lieutenant-Colonel James, were to relie1
the 28th Regiment at Fort Cumberland, in lieu of pr
ceeding to Louisbourg. Instructions from England desire
that one entire regiment might garrison Annapolis Roy
and the other forts in Nova Scotia. His Excellency mac
choice of the 43rd for this service, as being the most cor
plete in numbers, and the youngest corps in the provinc
On the 7th of December news of the fall of Louisboui
reached the garrison, which event they celebrated 1
bonfires, salutes, and jeux dlartifice.
In October twelve recruits joined from New Yor
From the suspension of active employment, garrison li
now became exceedingly tedious. Seniors and subalter]
framed a memorial to Colonel James, begging him
apply to the Commander-in-Chief to grant permission f
their regiment to join the army in spring, for wliatev
service destined.
1759.
Early on New Year’s morn some excitement was cause
by a huge bear rushing in between the Gibbet and t]
Block House. The garrison turned out, and for near
an hour had excellent sport in hunting and firing
Bruin ; but he skilfully parried all attacks, and eventual
escaped by swimming across the bay.
Before the severe frost set in, the marshes had ovc1759-
43^ Light Infantry.
2,1
flowed, thus affording capital sleighing and skating, of
which the officers took constant advantage. One morn-
ing two of the 43rd discovered a dead man lying
on the road to Gaspereau. The circumstance being
reported, a party at once was despatched to bring in the
corpse,—that of one of the finest grenadiers in the regi-
ment. He was stripped of everything save his shirt and
breeches, and two parts of his skull were scalped. The
rolls of the companies were instantly called, when it
appeared that one sergeant and three privates of the
Rangers, and seven of the 43rd, were missing. They
had been seen going out in the morning to cut wood,—
though in direct defiance of repeated orders,—and it was
immediately suspected that they had either been killed
or made prisoners.
The whole company of Rangers consequently scoured
the country, and returned towards evening, bearing the
dead bodies of four men of the regiment, and one Ranger,
not only barbarously murdered, but scalped in the most
horrid manner. The victims had been fired upon and
wounded through the breast, and each was shot in the
same place save one, who was evidently killed by a
tomahawk across the neck. The Ranger was stark
naked, and his body marked by means of a stick and
blood in hieroglyphics.
The following afternoon, all officers attending, the men
were buried, or sunk in a pit of snow, the ground being
so frost-bound that it could not even be broken with
pickaxes.
The Irish officers of the garrison celebrated their patron
saint’s day, St. Patrick (March 17th), by entertaining
their brethren in arms at dinner, and by bestowing half
a dollar on each Irish private.
In April Colonel James received an order for the
regiment and one company of Rangers to hold themselves22	Historical Records of the	I7S'
in immediate readiness to join the proposed expeditio
up the St. Lawrence, then assembling at Louisbourj
under General Wolfe. Directly this intelligence ws
bruited, loud and protracted huzzas rent the air. Soo
after, Colonel James was directed to select one captaii
one lieutenant, one ensign, three sergeants, one drumme:
and seventy rank and file, to form a light company.
A simultaneous attack on all the French stronghold
was arranged. General Wolfe, already so distinguishec
was, supported by a strong fleet from England, to ascen
the St. Lawrence with 8000 men, and besiege Quebe<
General Amherst, Commander-in-Chief in North Americ?
with 12,000 men, was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crow
Point, cross Lake Champlain, follow the course‘of tb
Richelieu to the St. Lawrence, and join Wolfe in h
attack. Brigadier-General Prideaux, with a third arm;
reinforced by a body of provincials and friendly Indian
under Sir William Johnson, was to invest the then iD
portant fortress of Niagara, which in a manner commande
the back settlements of the Upper Country. It was fu
ther proposed that these troops under Prideaux, aft<
the reduction of Niagara, should fall down the S
Lawrence, besiege and take Montreal, and then join <
co-operate with the combined forces under Amherst an
Wolfe.
When this plan was formed, the French had 50(
veteran troops in the neighbourhood of Montreal under tl
Marquis de Yandreuil, Governor of New France. B
lieutenant-general, Montcalm, whose reputation as a skill
soldier stood high in the military world, was at Queb
with an army of 10,000 Europeans and Canadians, ai
M. de Levis, an active officer, was at the head of a flyb
detachment, both strengthened by a large body of train
Indians thoroughly acquainted with the woods a:
defiles. The garrison of Niagara numbered 600 me1759-
42>rd Light Infantry.
23
Ticonderoga and Crown Point were in a respectable condi-
tion ; while the city of Quebec,, strong in its natural
configuration, the bravery of its inhabitants, and the
number of its garrison, had received every practicable
additional fortification that the art of man and war could
devise.
The 43rd now made the most of their time at drill and
target practice. Great attention was bestowed on the
light company, to get it into tip-top order and fit for any
service to be performed.
Sailing on the 12th of May they anchored off Louisbourg
on the 24th, when orders were given to furnish twenty
light infantry to complete Captain Delaune’s company,
and also to lay in a large stock of shoes as all future
supply would he precarious. The Grenadiers of Louis-
bourg, under General Wolfe, had been initiated into his
new system of drill, and were in the highest state of
efficiency.
Never having had any prior opportunity of seeing
the 43 rd Regiment, Wolfe desired them to be reviewed
before him by Brigadier Monckton, directing that in their
firing they should expend ammunition cartridge. He was
pleased to say he “ never saw greater regularity, closer
fire, arms better levelled, or less disorder, in any other regi-
ment since he had the honour to be an officer,” &c., &c.
On the arrival of some new corps, their commanding
officers expecting to be similarly reviewed, apologised,
owing to long cantonment, for not being thoroughly au
fait in this novel exercise, and were met by the reply,
“ Pooh ! pooh ! new exercise—new fiddlesticks ! if they
are otherwise well disciplined and will fight, that’s all I
shall require of them.”
Here the officers of the 43rd had their heavy, incon-
venient, common firelocks exchanged for fusils. General
Wolfe daily landed the regiments for drill, not merely to24
Historical Records of the
i75
secure continued efficiency, but to render them adepts i
the use of the flat-bottomed boats specially constructed fc
this service.
On the 1st of June each regiment was supplied wit
pickaxes, spades, shovels, and billhooks, as well as fishing
tackle to amuse them during the voyage. On the 5th th
fleet set sail amidst great enthusiasm. Entire confidenc
was reposed in the admiral and generals, and the universe
toast was, “ British colours on every French fort, post, 0
garrison in America ! ”
On the 18th the transports bearing the 43 rd hove t
off the Islands Bic and Barnaby, where they learnt tha
Admiral Durell had taken possession of the Islam
of Coudre and proceeded to that of Orleans. 0]
the 27th they landed on the Isle of Orleans; Wolfe
accompanied by Major M'Kellar of the Engineers, proceed
ing alone to reconnoitre. He found the French encampe<
on the north side of the river, their right extending closi
to Quebec, and their left to the Falls of Montmorency
The ground chosen by the French general was high am
strong, and they were evidently adding every kind o
work that ingenuity could suggest to render it impreg
nable.
During the next six weeks our troops were diligently
employed in throwing up earthworks, strengthening theii
position, and pushing forward every sort of preparation
The enemy twice made ineffectual attempts to destroy oui
fleet by sending down on the 28th of June, and again or
the 28th of July, fireships and long fire-rafts freightec
with grenades, swivels, &c., to be discharged as the}
floated along.
Little or no damage ensued, as some ran ashore anc
others were towed away clear by our seamen, who exhi-
bited great spirit and alertness.
Wolfe now determined upon an attack of the French1759-
43rd Light Infantry.
25
lines at Montmorency, selecting a particular point at the
mouth of the river. On the 31st of July the Louishourg
Grenadiers, with those of the 15th, 43rd, 48th, 78th, and
a detachment of Royal Americans, along with the 15 th
and 78tli Regiments, under Brigadier Monckton, embarked
and rendezvous’d at Point Levi. Orders were given as
to signals, and the 43rd desired to hold themselves in
immediate readiness. The colonel and major determined
that the regiment should embark, land, and fight by com-
panies under their own officers, which afforded peculiar
satisfaction to the men.
In the afternoon a brisk cannonade was kept up from
every quarter. Owing to the gloominess of the weather,
several of the boats struck in attempting to land, retarding
operations, while some confusion was caused by the French
shot and shell. The enemy then abandoned the right of
their camp, and with their whole force lined their intrench-
ments from the centre to the left. At half-past five our
first division, consisting of all the grenadiers of the army,
landed at Point de Leste, obliging the enemy to relin-
quish the detached battery and redoubt below the preci-
pice. By this time the troops to the eastward of the Fall
were in motion to join and support the attack, but the
grenadiers, too impatient to wait for reinforcements,
rushed up the hill, making vigorous though impracticable
efforts to gain the summit.
In this predicament they received a volley of musketry
from the enemy’s breastworks, but which our brave fellows
would not return, preferring to reserve their fire until
they might reach the top of the precipice. Notwithstand-
ing their unparalleled valour, and the good conduct of
their officers, they were forced to retire in disorder, owing
to the continued heavy counter fire, and seek shelter in
the redoubt and battery on the beach where Monckton’s
corps, with those under Townshend and Murray, were at26
Historical Records of the
I75S
hand to sustain them. Their mortification was mucl
enhanced by the consciousness that the mistake was attri
butable to their own impetuosity.
In this state of things, with night approaching and th<
ammunition damaged by a severe thunder-storm, Wolfi
sent to stop Townshend, and ordered Monckton to re
embark his division with the shattered corps of grenadiers
as best he might. By excellent management all were goi
off with as many wounded as were recoverable, and the
enemy did not risk pursuit. Our loss on this occasion was
443 killed, wounded, and missing, amongst whom wen
two captains and two lieutenants killed; one colonel, sis
captains, nineteen lieutenants, and three ensigns wounded
The casualties in the grenadiers of the 43rd were nine
rank and file killed; Captain Maitland, Lieutenanl
Clements, and thirteen rank and file wounded.
Our position then appeared to grow desperate, while
Wolfe’s health began to fail. In a letter to Pitt, datec
headquarters, Montmorency, of the 2nd September, aftei
saying he had been suffering from fever, he added :—
“ I found myself so ill, and am still so weak, that 1
“ begged the general officers to consult together for the
“ public utility. *	*	*	* To the uncommon strength
“ of the country, the enemy have added for the defence oi
“ the river a great number of floating batteries or boats
“ By the vigilance of these and the Indians round oui
“ posts, it has been impossible to attempt anything by
“surprise. * * * * We have almost the whole force
“ of Canada to oppose. In this situation there is such a
“ choice of difficulties, that I own myself at a loss to deter-
“ mine. The affairs of Great Britain require the mosi
“ vigorous measures; but the courage of a handful oi
“ brave men should be exerted only where there is some
“ hope of a favourable event.”
When this despatch reached England, it created greal1759-
43rd Light Infantry.
2 7
consternation and anger in the Cabinet. Pitt feared he
might have been mistaken in his favourite general, in
whose genius he had placed the utmost reliance, believ-
ing that—
“ Where the matter match’d his mighty mind
Up rose the hero ; on his piercing eye
Sat observation, on each glance of thought
Decision follow’d, as the thunderbolt
Pursues the flash,”
and that the next news might be annihilation or capitula-
tion. In the conclusion of his melancholy letter, Wolfe,
however, had said that he would do his best; and that
best turned out a miracle in war. In conjunction with
Admiral Saunders, he conceived the plan of scaling
the Heights of Abraham. On the 6th of September, the
regiments began to move. The 43rd, the 15th, and 78th
reached Gforeliam’s Post, and at nightfall forded the river
Etchemin, about fifty yards across, with a strong uneven
bottom and rapid current. The enemy fired, hut their
shot fell short. Boats were found in a cove, and the
regiments rowed to their respective ships. The 43rd
were particularly fortunate in being named to the ‘Sea-
horse ’ frigate, where Captain Smith and his officers enter-
tained them en prince.
On the 7th Admiral Holmes’s squadron weighed, doubled
the mouth of the Chaudiere, and came to anchor off Cape
Bouge. At 2 p.m. the ‘ Seahorse,’ ‘ Lowestoffe,’ and two
floating batteries lately taken, were ordered to edge into
the cove and attack the enemy’s armed craft. At the
same time, to mislead the enemy who turned out in great
strength, the troops were rowed up and down as if intend-
ing to land at different places, while Wolfe meditated
another point of descent. Accompanied by two general
officers, he went up the river to reconnoitre, returning at
night.
On the 9 th boisterous weather impeded all operations,28
Historical Records of the
1795-
and so crowded were the transports that Wolfe ordered
1500 men to be landed on the south shore, and cantoned
in the village and church of St. Nicholas. Being informed
that two officers of the 43rd were invalided on board
ship, he expressed the most kindly consideration, saying
he would with pleasure lend his barge to convey them
to Goreham’s Post, whence they should have an escort to
Point Levi camp. The offer was gratefully declined, both
assuring the General that no consideration could induce
them to leave until the event of the expedition should be
decided.
On the 11th a fresh disposition of the forces was
decided on. The ‘ Lowestoffe ’ and ‘ Squirrel ’ frigates
were ordered to follow the flat-bottomed boats, and as it
was necessary that some of the men should remain in them
all night, a gill of rum extraordinary was served out.
The officer of the 43rd in command of the escort being
asked in the General’s hearing as to the state of a sick
brother officer, replied, “ He was in a very low, indif-
ferent way,” which the other lamented, adding, “ He has
but a puny, delicate constitution.” This, as being a case
similar to his own, struck his Excellency, who interrupted
with, “ Don’t talk of constitution ; that officer has good
spirits, and good spirits will carry a man through any-
thing.” He was invariably socially kind towards young
officers. On one occasion, having invited an ensign to
dinner, the subaltern announced the distinction to his
companions in the words, “I dine with Wolfe to-night;”
when he was tartly pulled up by a senior for alluding
thus familiarly to their leader. “ Would you talk
of General Caesar? then why of General Wolfe ?” was the
ready reply, which being repeated at headquarters was
very complimentarily acknowledged.
Every preparation was completed to surprise the enemy,
and compel him to fight. All the large boats below were1759-
\$rd Light Infantry.
29
to be filled with seamen, marines, and such detachments as
could be spared from Points Levi and Orleans, in order to
make a feint off Beauport and Point de Leste, and engross
Montcalm’s attention while the army forced a descent
on the upper side of the town. Such were the disposi-
tions up to the morning previous to the battle on the
Heights of Abraham, which eventually decided the fate of
Quebec and of French rule in Canada. Towards evening
the boats worked up and lay half channel over opposite to
Beauport, while at break of day the ships attending them
were to edge in as near as possible, without grounding,
and cannonade the intrenchments. After dark the whole
squadron moved up the river with the flood tide, and
before sunrise fell down with the ebb.
Battle of Quebec.
Before daybreak on Thursday, September 13th, 1759, a
descent was made upon the north shore, some 120 yards
eastward of Sillery. The debarkation comprised 1600
men in thirty flat-bottomed boats. This was a regular
surprise, such an attempt never having suggested itself to
the enemy, and consequently found them unprepared.
Their chain of sentries from the summit galled our troops
as they landed, and picked off several officers and men
before the light infantry could dislodge them. In one of
the boats three men of the 43rd were killed, and four others
wounded.
Captain Donald M‘Donald, of Frazer’s Highlanders,
commanded the advanced guard of the light infantry.
On gaining the heights he was immediately challenged by
a French sentry. Thorough master of their language and
military tactics, he replied after their own genre. Being
dark, he completely succeeded in hoodwinking the sentinel,
saying he was there in command of a large party to take
post, desired him immediately to join his guard and call off30
Historical Records of the
1759-
all his men stationed along the heights, while he would
take care to give a good account of the English if they
should persist. This ruse was perfect, and saved many lives.
Wolfe, with Brigadiers Monckton and Murray, landed
with the first division, and so soon as the boats dis-
charged their respective cargoes they returned for rein-
forcements. No time was lost ere the troops began to
clamber up one of the steepest and most perpendicular
imaginable precipices. On reaching the summit they
reformed, and ere daylight gleamed their right extended
to the town, their left towards Sillery, with the river and
south country in their rear. Wolfe then detached the
light troops to the left to dislodge the enemy from their
batteries and to disable their guns. The main body
then faced to the right and marched in files until
they reached the Plains of Abraham, selected by Wolfe.
While the troops were forming on the hill rain fell.
About six o’clock the enemy made their appearance on the
heights between our forces and the town. The column
halted, and wheeling to the right formed in line of battle.
Quebec was to the eastward in their front, with the enemy
under its walls; The right of the British line was flanked
by the declivity, and the main river with that of Charles
and the north country on the left.
The first disposition of the troops placed the Grenadiers
of Louisbourg and the 28th Regiment on the right, with
the 43rd and 47th on the left. Part of the light in-
fantry took post in Sillery, and the remainder occupied
a chain of houses, so situated that they covered the left
flank. Wolfe then advanced some sections of the Grena-
diers and 28th below the height, to the right, to annoy
the enemy and prevent their getting round the declivity
and the St. Lawrence, which they had been observed to
attempt. The 15th and 35th Regiments had now come
up, forming a second line, and were quickly followed by1759-
42>rd Light Infantry.
3i
the 48th, 58th, 2nd battalion of the 60th, and the 78th
Highlanders. The forces were then distributed thus:
first line, 35th to the right, in a circular form, on the
slope of the hill; 58th, left; Gfrenadiers, right; 78th,
left; 28th, right; 47th, left; with 43rd in the centre.
Wolfe, with Brigadiers Monckton and Murray, com-
manded this line. The second, under Townshend, was
composed of the 15th, 2nd battalion of the 60th, with
a reserve of the 48th under Colonel Burton, in four
grand divisions at large intervals.
The enemy likewise drew up in battle array, bring-
ing guns to bear upon our lines with canister and round
shot; but the most serious annoyance was caused by a
steady fire kept up by a body of Indians, concealed in corn
opposite the right wing and in a coppice in front of
the centre. Some platoons from the 47th, under Colonel
Hall, were sent to dislodge them, which being accom-
plished, the whole line was ordered to lie down.
About eight o’clock, two brass 6-pounders opened upon
the enemy, obliging them to shift their position and
reform into three large columns. At nine the two armies
neared a little, when Montcalm’s light cavalry made an
attempt upon our party at Sillery, but were beaten off.
Captain de Bougainville with his troops swooped down
upon the left of the second British line, hoping to pene-
trate ; but by a masterly manoeuvre of Townshend they
were forced to desist, and the third battalion of the 60th
was then detached to secure communication between the
beach and the boats.
At ten o’clock the enemy in three columns with loud
shouts advanced, two inclining to the left, the third
towards the right of the English line, firing obliquely
from a distance of 130 yards until they came within forty.
Our troops stood unflinchingly, and, in strict obedience to
their officers, did not return a single shot. Tins steadiness,32
Historical Records of the
1759-
with the havoc caused by grape, made the enemy waver,
when a volley broke them and they precipitately fled.
Before the cloud of smoke could evaporate, our men had
reloaded and hotly pursued them almost to the very gates
of the town, taking many prisoners.
The weather now cleared, and a bright exhilarating
sun replaced the morning drizzle. The Highlanders
chased vigorously towards Charles River, and the 58th to
John’s Gate until checked by cannon fired from two hulks,
while a gun, which the townspeople had brought up,
simultaneously poured grape into the right advance.
Colonel Walsh then cleverly wheeled the 28th and 43rd
to the left, and flanked the coppice where a body of the
enemy had made a stand as if desirous of challenging a
renewal of the combat, but a few rounds from the two
corps triumphantly completed the victory.
In forming the line of battle, Wolfe had ordered all to
load with an additional ball. The 43rd and 47th, in the
centre, being less exposed to the oblique fire from Mont-
calm’s columns, poured in their volley with the same pre-
cision as if on parade. The French officers afterwards
owned that on no previous occasion had they ever been
opposed by such a fire, or ever seen such discipline and
regularity ; that they believed every bullet found its billet,
and that the centre corps in particular levelled and fired
“ absolument comme un coup de canon.”
Great was the joy over this success, but it was inexpres-
sibly damped by the loss of one of the greatest heroes of
which any age can boast, that of General James Wolfe,
who, at the early age of thirty-three, received his mortal
wound. When the fatal bullet pierced him he was
carried to the rear, and forbid any surgeon being
summoned. “ It is useless,” he said ; “ I feel all is over.”
When in an apparent state of stupor, the words, “ They
run ! they run ! ” were suddenly echoed. He raised himself,1759-
4Zrd Light Infantry.
33
earnestly questioning, “ Who run ? ”	“ The enemy, sir.
Egad! they give way everywhere.” Upon which the
dying chief exerted his failing powers to articulate, “ Go
one of you, my lads, to Colonel Burton ; tell him to march
the 48th with all speed down to Charles River to cut off the
retreat of the fugitives from the bridge. Now, God be
praised, I rest in peace,” and immediately expired.
Brigadier Monckton, on the left of the 43rd, was seriously
wounded. The command then devolved on Brigadier
Townshend, who, with Brigadier Murray, at the head of
every regiment, returned thanks for the extraordinary
good behaviour which had prevailed. As soon as the
corps had rested and refreshed themselves, intrenching
tools were brought on shore, and the men set to work to
throw up redoubts, to fortify the houses and to land guns
and ammunition.
The strength of our army on the day of the battle on
Abraham’s Heights was as follows, including officers, non-
commissioned officers, privates, and general staff:—
15th, Amherst’s............................... 406
28th ..........................................421
35th, Otway’s .................................519
43rd, Kennedy’s ...............................327
47th, Lascelles’s ............................ 360
48th, Webb’s ................................. 683
58th, Anstruther’s ............................335
60th, Monckton’s and Lawrence’s .............. 862
78th, Frazer’s Highlanders ................... 662
Grenadier Companies .......................... 241
General officers and staff..................... 13
Total ............................ 4829
The French army numbered 7520, and their loss was
estimated at above 1500. That of the English amounted
to 664 in all; 59 killed, including 9 officers; 600
wounded ; and 5 missing.
On this memorable day the 43rd was commanded by
D34
Historical Records of the
1759-
Major Elliott; Colonel James having remained in charge
of the camp. The casualties in the regiment were 3
privates killed; ensign Lewis Jones, 2 sergeants, and 18
privates wounded, and 2 missing.
The officers taken prisoners, conscious of their own in-
human behaviour to ours under similar misfortune, enter-
tained strong apprehensions of being harshly treated; with
raised hats they piteously sued for quarter, repeatedly
asseverating that they were not present at the massacre at
Fort Henry in 1757. They, as well as some deserters
who came in after the action, declared that Quebec would
surrender in a few days, and that General de Montcalm
was suffering acute agony from a mortal wound. At
night, Brigadier Townshend, accompanied by 200 men,
visited the French General Hospital, a convent in which
the wounded officers and privates were tended by nuns
of the St. Augustine order.
The Marquis de Montcalm occupied one of the rooms.
When the surgeons had dressed his wound, he demanded
if it were fatal, and if &>, how long he might possibly
survive. Being told that his life could not be prolonged
beyond a few hours, he ejaculated, “ So much the better :
I am happy I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec.”
Officers pressed around him for commands as to their
future operations; to which the warrior replied, “ I will
neither give orders nor interfere any further. I have
much business to transact of greater moment than that of
our ruined garrison and of this wretched country. My
time is very short, therefore pray leave me. I wish you
all comfort, and to be happily extricated from your present
perplexities.”
He then called for his chaplain, who, with the bishop
of the colony, remained by his bedside until he expired.
Shortly before dissolution, he paid our troops this compli-
ment : “ Since it was my misfortune to be defeated and17 59-
43rd Light Infantry.
35
mortally wounded, it is a great consolation to me to be
vanqiiished by so brave and generous an enemy. If I
could survive this wound, I would engage to beat three
times the amount of such forces as I commanded with a
third of their number of British troops.”
“ The great Epaminondas conq’ring died,—
Hist’ry, bravo Wolfe! shall place thee by his side ;
While, e’en in death thy triumph to maintain,
The vanquish’d Montcalm swells the victor’s train.”
The French regulars had fired slugs of lead and iron, and
some being found in the pouches of the prisoners, when
interrogated, the answer was, with a characteristic shrug
of the shoulders, “ C'est notre usage, sans mauvais intention ’ \
From the 14th to the 17th the army continued to
strengthen their position, and the fleet moved into the
basin preparatory to the attack on the lower town. On
the 17th an officer was sent to our camp with proposals of
surrender. The admiral was immediately summoned.
The capitulation was to be contigent on the non-arrival of
M. de Levis and M. de Bougainville with their forces.
The following day, however, the garrison formally
capitulated; articles were duly ratified and exchanged,
and the keys of the gates presented to General Towns-
hend. The fleet and army took possession both of the
upper and lower towns, and guards were posted. The
Louisbourg grenadiers marched in, preceded by a detach-
ment of artillery, and a gun with British colours hoisted
on its carriage. The union-jack floated on the citadel,
and flags were displayed on the declivity in view of the
basin and the suburbs below Quebec.
On the 18th the mortal remains of Wolfe were em-
balmed and put on board ship at Point Levi for trans-
mission to England. Colonel James with a detachment
of the 43rd attended the corpse to the water side, when
most sensible grief was apparent on every countenance.
d 236
Historical Records of the
1759-
A brother officer subsequently wrote the following
monumental inscription: —
“ Underneath, a hero lies,—
Wolfe—the young, the hrave, the wise ;
No tombstone need his worth proclaim,
Quebec for ever shall record his fame,
Quebec for ever shall with wonder tell
How great beneath her walls her conqueror fell.”
The Canadians surrendered by whole sections, sub-
mitting themselves to the General’s mercy, and many
deserters came in from M. de Levis’ army. On the 23rd
a solemn thanksgiving took place on the late field of
battle, and on the 24th the troops were reviewed by
General Monckton, who then left on sick leave for New
York. The Hon. Captain Maitland of the 43rd was
appointed adjutant-general.
On the 29th the regiment mustered 1 lieut.-colonel,
1 major, 7 captains, 10 lieutenants, 7 ensigns, 1 chaplain,
1 adjutant, 1 surgeon, 1 mate, 1 quarter-master, 29 ser-
geants, 18 drummers, 2 fifers, and 585 rank and file.
A company of volunteers was ordered to be formed,
and Ensign Crank Maw of the 43rd was appointed to it.
Soon after, he sallied out with a party hoping to take
a prisoner for intelligence; but “ his sight not being
equal in goodness to his spirit and ability,” he was himself
wounded and captured.
Review of the Winter Campaign in Canada,
1759-60.
When Brigadier-General Murray as governor, and
Colonel Burton as lieut.-governor, marched into Quebec,
our garrison was by no means secure against a coup de
main, though our victorious troops consisted of ten regi-
ments, two companies of royal artillery, and one company
of New England Rangers, amounting to some 7300 men.
Six bastions, with curtains of slight masonry, forming1759-
43^ Light Infantry.
37
a chain from Cape Diamond to St. Roque, were the only
defence and dependence. The city was in a miserable
plight; one-third of the houses reduced to ruins, while
those still erect were so perforated by our own guns
during the first onset, as to be unavailable. The enemy’s
army consisted of five battalions of veteran troops, thirty
companies of marines, troupes de colonie, two troops of light
cavalry, 1200 Acadians, and about 12,000 Canadians, in
all near 18,000 men, who had not undergone a tenth part
of the fatigue and privations to which ours had been
exposed. They had many advantages; being perfectly
acquainted with the country, they obtained in abun-
dance fresh provisions from the immense tract in their
possession.
Our troops remained within the walls only long enough
to render the houses habitable, and secure the ramparts
against surprise, and then took the field. Six hundred
men were marched out, two hundred going to St. Foy,
the remainder to Lorette, and took post. When they
were well secured, another corps of 700 marched to St.
Augustine, brought off the enemy’s advanced guard, with
a great many cattle, and disarmed the proprietors.
These two posts were of great importance, as affording
an opportunity of watching the enemy’s movements whilst
covering our own. They likewise controlled eleven
parishes, whereby fresh provisions, wood, and every
requisite for subsistence was secured. Two hundred men
were set to work to construct hand-sleighs to draw fire-
wood. Other parties were despatched across the St.
Lawrence to disarm the habitans, and oblige them to
swear fealty to King George.
The French had taken up their quarters at Point au
Tremble, St. Augustine, and Calvaire, with detachments
between Jacques-Cartier and Trois Rivieres. Their
general was informed that our garrison began to flag,38
Historical Records of the
1759.
owing to perpetual and unavoidable hardships. Relying
upon his superiority of numbers, he therefore resolved to
repossess himself of the place in the depth of winter.
Snow-shoes were distributed, hundreds of scaling-ladders
were constructed, and the men exercised in fixing and
climbing them. This grand coup was to have come off
at the end of February or middle of March at latest.
Notwithstanding every endeavour to conceal their inten-
tions, they oozed out. Some miscarriages in the practice
of an escalade momentarily suspended the project, but it
was never thoroughly abandoned.
A detachment was sent to Point Levi, to collect recruits
from the south coast to reinforce their army and to form
a magazine of provisions. Calvaire and St. Augustine
were strengthened by companies of grenadiers. They
were in quiet possession of Point Levi, when the light
troops, supported by a portion of the 43rd, crossed and
precipitately routed them.
In a few days they returned in greater force to recover
the post; but Murray, having had notice, marched some
battalions over the ice, cutting them off, and sent the
light troops to attack in front. Finding themselves thus
hemmed in, they made so hasty a flight that only part
of their rear could be overtaken. Detachments were
despatched to surprise the advanced posts of St. Augus-
tine and Calvaire, yet notwithstanding the alertness with
which the enemy retired, nearly 100 prisoners were
taken.
The situation of affairs became critical. It was more
than probable the French fleet and army would fall down
the river as soon as navigable; while the ground being
still frost-bound, intrenchments could not be thrown up.
These considerations induced Murray to order the light
infantry to Cape Rouge, with injunctions to fortify the
port, and prevent any landing. The work was scarcely759-
43rd Light Infantry.
39
begun when the frost broke, the enemy’s fleet fell down,
and landed their army at Point au Tremble; whence
they marched direct to Lorette, to surprise that post and
cut off those of Cape Rouge and St. Foy. Murray by his
vigilance and activity frustrated these designs. His de-
tachments fell back on St. Foy, after entirely destroying
those posts, as well as every bridge. At the same time,
half the garrison marched out with field-pieces, and with
little or no loss covered the retreat. This occurred on
the 27th of April, and on the 28th was fought the
Battle of Sillery.
“ ’Tis not in mortals to command success: we’ll do
more—deserve it.” M. de Levis and his army occu-
pied St. Foy, and his advanced posts possessed a
coppice contiguous. Early on the morning our light
troops pushed out and drove them to a greater dis-
tance. Our army marched to the Heights of Abraham,
carrying their intrenching tools, when the enemy’s van
was descried on the eminences of Sillery, and the bulk
of their forces marching along the road of St. Foy.
Our troops were ordered to throw down their tools
and advance, the moment being deemed propitious for
attack. The 48th, 15th, and second battalion of the
60th formed the right brigade, under Colonel Burton;
the 28th, 78th, and 47th, the left, under Colonel Frazer;
the 58th, right centre corps; and the 43rd, commanded
by Colonel James, left centre. Our second line con-
sisted of the 35th, and third battalion of the 60th,
drawn up two deep in order to appear more numerous.
The right flank was covered by Major Dalling’s light
infantry, and the left by a company of volunteers and
rangers. The artillery were placed in front at intervals
or on the flanks, as circumstances required.40
Historical Records of the
1759-
Our little army numbered 3140; that of the enemy
18,000. The field-pieces were well served, and as
soon as our troops came within musket range, the light
infantry attacked, the , enemy’s grenadiers on the left,
and routed them. Simultaneously, the volunteers and
rangers engaged their right and possessed themselves of
a redoubt. The enemy’s centre, perceiving their right
and left give way, fled without firing a shot. Their
main body then advanced rapidly, formed in columns,
and, in spite of all efforts to prevent it, one of their
columns came directly to sustain the fugitive grena-
diers, then pursued by our light infantry, who, thus
overpowered, retired with great loss. The enemy
then wheeled round on some rising ground, vigorously
charging our right wing in flank, whilst M. do Levis
with another division made a like movement on our
left. The action now became obstinate on either side.
The 35th was ordered from the second line to support
our right wing, and the third battalion of the 60th the
left.
Quebec being the grand object, the enemy, disregarding
our centre, hoping to outflank and get between us and
our garrison, supported their wings with fresh reinforce-
ments, Fortune, trembling in the balance, seemed in-
clined to favour the more numerous army. The enemy
possessed themselves of two redoubts on our left, thus
obtaining a grave advantage, but “by an excellent move-
ment of the 43rd, ordered by Colonel James from the
centre to support the third battalion of the 60th on
the left, both corps made a vigorous effort to recover the
works, and succeeded. They maintained them for some
time with admirable firmness, but at length, being reduced
to a handful, they were compelled to yield to overwhelming
numbers.” In the course of the action, the British troops
were insensibly drawn from their more advantageous1759-
43^ Light Infantry.
4i
situation into low, swampy ground, where they fought knee-
deep in dissolving wreaths of snow and slush, from whence it
was utterly impracticable to draw off the artillery. Under
these circumstances, after performing prodigies of valour,
having had the whole force of the country to contend
against, and fearful lest communication with the town
might he cut off, the contest was relinquished. So regu-
larly and deliberately conducted was the retreat, that the
enemy did not follow with either spirit or energy, which
the vast importance of their success should have entailed.
For two hours the fighting had been extremely warm.
The English had 1100 of all ranks killed, wounded, and
made prisoners. The enemy owned to above 1800. The
casualties in the 43rd amounted to five rank and file
killed, Captain Skey, Lieutenant Clements, and sixteen
privates wounded ; Captain David Maitland was taken
prisoner.
On the evening after the battle, the enemy opened their
trenches. Up to the 10th of May they were incessantly
employed in landing artillery, ammunition, provisions,
ladders, and tools. Civilities were interchanged between
the hostile commanders. M. de Levis, under flag of
truce, sent branches of spruce-fir to brew beverage for
the General’s acceptance, who in return presented him
with a Cheshire cheese. An incessant and destructive
fire was kept up from the English batteries with such
effect that in nine days the enemy lost 500 men; but
this was not achieved without occasional accidents on our
side. Amongst these, a chest of ammunition blew up,
which communicating with the men’s arms, some of them
went off, and was the cause of a lieutenant and several
of the 43rd being shot and scorched. The spirit of the
garrison never flagged, and on receipt of intelligence that
on the 9th of May the enemy intended to storm the town,
our gallant soldiers exclaimed, “ They had better not, lest42
Historical Records of the
1760.
they should catch a tartar!” On the 11th the enemy
unmasked their batteries and opened a tremendous fire,
but with slight effect. Four officers of the 43rd were
sitting in a tent discussing pease-porridge, when a shell
fell amongst them. The had scarcely time to throw them-
selves on the ground ere it burst, but with no other
damage than the loss of the porridge, which was upset
in the melee.
On the 9th, the ‘ Lowestoffe ’ frigate had come into the
basin, and on the 15th a ship of the line and another
frigate anchored before the town. Early the next day this
little squadron worked up with great spirit and engaged
the French fleet, which instantly weighed anchor, but
was so closely followed and so briskly attacked by our
frigates, that all their ships were driven ashore in dif-
ferent places and destroyed. This acted like a thunderbolt
on the enemy; they took flight the same evening, aban-
doning all their artillery, amunition, field equipages,
provisions, and immense stores of every siege requisite.
Our entire loss during this investment did not exceed
thirty killed and wounded.
The Indians committed great irregularities in the
French camp, getting drunk, plundering the officers’
baggage, and cutting up tents. Falling upon a small
guard of grenadiers in charge of officers’ effects, they
scalped every man but one, who contrived to make his
escape. One hundred and fifty-two French officers were
killed and wounded. They behaved with great inhu-
manity to our dead, scalping, and then leaving them
unhuried.
1760.
On the 18th of May Lord Colville’s fleet arrived before
Quebec. General Murray returned public thanks to the
garrison for the great zeal, intelligence, and bravery they4^rd Light Infantry.
43
1760.
had shown during the siege. It may be noted here,
although not officially recorded, that great credit was due
to women, numbering nearly 600, attached to the different
regiments, who rendered eminent service as nurses,
laundresses, &c. In spite of the rigorous winter, not one
had succumbed or been invalided, and of the sixty-three
belonging to the 43rd, the orderly sergeant on presenting
his morning state to the adjutant on the 12th February,
touched his hat, reported them “ all well: able to eat their
allowance, and fit for duty both by day and night.”
On the 30th of May, the garrison numbered 5070
men—2517 fit for duty, 2553 sick or recovering. Scurvy
had committed great ravages : one method of cure
adopted was burying the victims up to their necks in
sand.
Expedition against Montreal.
General Amherst was now in motion towards Montreal,
as well as Sir William Johnson, with a large body of
Indians. It was determined that the other troops should
co-operate. The ‘ Porcupine ’ sloop of war, with two
armed vessels, eight floating batteries, and twenty flat-
bottomed boats with their crews, were under Captain
Deane. Colonel Frazer remained in charge of the garri-
son at Quebec. The field force consisted of 2451 men,
drafted from all the different regiments, and formed into
seven battalions and two brigades.
The quota contributed by the 43rd amounted to thirteen
officers, ten sergeants, ten corporals, and 207 rank and
file. They were reviewed on the 2nd of August, and on
the 13th embarked in great order. On the 14th they got
under weigh with a flood tide and fair wind. As they
passed the fortress of Jacques-Cartier they were shelled,
but the breadth of the river protected them. On the 17th
the division from Louisbourg, under Lord Rollo, came up,44
Historical Records of the
1760.
and all advanced together. General Murray detached from
Quebec a force of recovered invalids under Colonel Frazer,
to reduce Jacques-Cartier, which wa's effected on Septem-
ber 7th. During their progress the enemy harassed and
impeded them on every possible opportunity ; but on their
appearance before the fort, the Marquis d’Albergotte sur-
rendered at discretion.
On the same date the army landed at Point au Tremble,
eleven miles from Montreal. The peasantry brought out
teams to draw the artillery, saddle-horses for the officers,
and waggons for the baggage. The march lay through a
fertile country, but the enemy having destroyed the
bridges, it was 9 p.m. before Longue Pointe could be
reached. The night being dark the troops all halted,
taking up their quarters in houses and barns. Some
Mohawk Indians carried tidings to General Amherst that
Brigadier Haviland and his forces had arrived within
twenty-four hours’ march of Montreal. Next morning
they proceeded, and by noon took up encamping ground
under Mount Royale. General Murray pitched his tent
in the suburbs. So soon as Montreal found itself sur-
rounded by our three armies, articles of capitulation were
proposed and signed. War thus abruptly terminated— „
effectually dissolving the colossal power which France had
so long and so assiduously laboured to erect in the Ameri-
can empire. Joy and triumph were diffused throughout
the entire British dominions over this splendid and unex-
pected surrender.
After the capitulation of Montreal the 43rd returned to
Quebec, and were cantoned at De Chambeaux, Lobinierie,
and De Gravien.1761.
43rd Light Infantry.
45
Muster taken at Quebec, 2nd Oct., 17GO.
Colonel, Kennedy. (Absent by permission.)
Lieut.-Colonel, D. James. (Resigned.)
Major, Elliott.
Boughey Skey.
John Carter.
Hon. Ed. Maitland.
Eoger Spendlove.
Captains.
Alex. Montgommery.
James Talbot.
David Maitland.
Captain-Lieutenant, William Dunbar.
Christopher Knight.
(Adjutant.)
John Knox.
Henry Clements.
Yernon Hawley.
Toby Purcell.
Lieutenants.
Blundel Dalton.
Eobert Shaw.
Bobert Molesworth.
William Spread.
Nicholas Lysaght.
Ensigns.
Walter Nugent.
Trevor Hall.
Lewis Jones.
(Died 25th Nov., 1759.)
Thomas Arthur.
Crank Maw.
John Hatfield.
Monsieur Mercer.
F. Lehaute.
Henry Knight.
( Quarter-Master.)
Surgeon, William Yonge.
Assistant-Mate, Ed. Tudor.
Strength of each Company on Paper, 2nd Oct., 1760.
Companies.	Sergeants.	Corporals.	Drummers.	Rank and File.
Talbot’s 		3	3	i	30
Kennedy’s		3	3	2	40
James’s 		3	3	2	, 45
Elliott’s 		3	3	1	49
Montgommery’s		3	3	1	37
B. Maitland’s 		3	3	2	44
Spendlove’s		3	3	2	44
Carter’s 		3	3	2	48
Skey's		3	3	2	62
D. Maitland’s 		3	3	2	41
Total 		30	30	17	440
1761.
In February an accident happened to one of the trans-
ports, by which Major Elliott and a detachment of the46
Historical Records of the
1761.
regiment were cast away on Sable Island, but were
happily extricated, and reached Halifax with the loss of
only two seamen. Singular to relate, after the interval
of eighty-one years, relics of the disaster turned up.
Near the governor’s residence a large pyramid of sand,
about 100 feet high, had long been an object of curiosity ;
but in 1842, after a violent hurricane, it completely dis-
appeared, and a number of small houses, built of the
timber and planks of a vessel became visible. On
examination they were found to contain various articles
of furniture, and stores in boxes marked “ 43rd Regiment.”
The boxes and cases were perfectly rotten, and their con-
tents most miscellaneous. Bullets of lead, military shoes,
bales of blankets and clothing, scabbards, beeswax, a small
convex glass, a copper halfpenny of George II. anno 1749,
military shoe-buckles, brass pins, bones, gold braid, and
though last, not the least curious, a tiny brass dog-collar,
with “ Major Elliott, 43rd Regiment,” engraven. Captain
Darby took this relic to Halifax, and presented it to
Captain Tryon, of the 43rd, then Brigade-Major in that
garrison.
On the 25th of March Major Robert Elliott was pro-
moted to the lieut.-colonelcy of the 55th Regiment. He
had served with great credit and distinction in the 43rd,
and had commanded it, as before stated, on the memorable
13th of September, on the Heights of Abraham.
The 43rd were now encamped on Staten Island,
whither- they had been sent to form part of a force
destined for descent on the West Indian Islands, it
having been determined to resume operations dormant
since 1759. Our relations with Spain had again become
equivocal, and it behoved us to assume an independent
position, lest formal war with that kingdom should be
proclaimed.
Here Lieut.-Colonel Dalling, having succeeded Colonel1762.
4-2,rd Light Infantry.
47
James on his retirement, joined and took command. He
was an officer of experience and merit, having served
throughout the late campaigns at the head of the light
infantry.
This expedition under General Monckton consisted of
eleven battalions, besides rangers and artillery. The 43rd
numbered 26 officers, 30 sergeants, 30 corporals, 18
drummers, and 394 rank and file.	On the 19th of
November they sailed from New York for Barbadoes,
where being joined by drafts from the garrison of Belle-
isle, together with reinforcements from various leeward
islands, raised the whole to 12,000 men.
1762.
On the 7th of January they landed at Martinique, in a
creek called Cas Navire. From the numerous ravines,
intersected with rivulets, the country appeared studded
with natural fortifications. The progress of the troops,
particularly that of the artillery, was greatly impeded by
guards posted and batteries erected wherever the ground
permitted, and these obstructions were especially conspicu-
ous on the locality chosen for the first attack.
The town and citadel of Port Royale are overlooked
and commanded by two eminences—Morne Tortenson and
Morne Gamier—each protected by formidable ravines.
Morne Tortenson was first doomed. A corps was ordered
to advance on the right along the sea-side, to take the
redoubts in the low grounds. A thousand sailors rowed
close by to assist. A body of light infantry moved to
the left, while a centre attack was made by the grenadiers
and general forces, under the fire of batteries which with
great labour had been erected on the opposite side. The
enthusiasm of our soldiers carried each work in succession,
driving the enemy from post to post, till they eventually48
Historical Records of the
1762.
fled, leaving us masters of the Morne. Many escaped to
Morne Gamier, a stronger and much loftier hill than that;
of Tortenson, which it overlooked and commanded. No-
thing decisive could be achieved without possession of this
superior height.
Several days elapsed before effective arrangements could
be made to dispossess the enemy. Meanwhile, en masse,
they left their eyrie, and attacked our advanced posts.
Immediate repulse and pursuit followed. We improved
a defensive into an offensive advantage, passed the ravines,
mingled with the fugitives, scaled the hills, seized the
batteries, and took post on the summit of Morne Gamier.
The French escaped into the town, the militia into the
country, and only waited until our defences were completed
to surrender.
St. Pierre, a place of considerable strength and capital
of Martinique, still remained intact. The reduction of
Port Royale, together with the ill-luck which seemed
invariably to attend French tactics, determined their
leader, just as General Monckton was about to embark for
St. Pierre, to propose terms for the capitulation of the
whole island. Being the principal mart of trade, and
seat of French rule and power in the Caribbees, its surren-
der naturally entailed that of other dependencies. Grenada,
very fertile and with several good harbours, gave in her
adhesion; St. Lucia and St. Yincent followed; and the
English thus became undisturbed possessors of a numerous
group of islands. The light company of the 43rd was
present on their submission.
The regimental casualties on the 24th of January were
two rank and file killed, Captain Spendlove, Lieutenant
Nugent of the grenadiers, and six rank and file wounded',
on the 27th, Ensign Knight, of the light infantry,
wounded.1762.
4$rd Light Infantry.
49
Expedition against Havannah.
War with Spain was now officially declared, and
England, determined to aim at once such a blow as
would subjugate that nation’s power, and compel her to
sue for peace, organized and despatched a strong force,
military and naval, under Lord Albemarle and Sir
Gfeorge Pocock, to dispute her West Indian possessions.
They sailed from Portsmouth, and on May 7th fell in
off Cape Nicholas with the squadron—43rd Regiment
inclusive—ordered from Martinique to join and take
part. At this junction the armament amounted to
thirty-seven ships of war and 150 transports, conveying
some 10,000 men; 4000 more were advised from New
York.
Anxious to push ahead, the admiral performed a most
dashing though dangerous feat,—that of running along
the north shore of Cuba and passing through the straits
of Bahama.
Havannah now lay before them—the most opulent and
flourishing city in the West Indies. The harbour is one
of the finest in the world. Strong forts guarded the
entrance. The Spanish fleet lay in the basin, evincing no
desire to come out and fight, although little inferior to
that of the English. They relied upon the internal
strength of the place, and the great difficulties attending
protracted operations in unhealthy climates. They were
far from deficient in proper measures for defence. A
strong boom was thrown across the mouth of the harbour,
behind which three ships were sunk.
On the 7th of June, when all was in readiness, the
admiral with part of the fleet, to distract the enemy’s
attention, bore to the westward; while Commodore
Keppel and Captain Harvey, with a detachment of the
squadron, effected a landing towards the east. The light50
Historical Records of the
1762.
infantry were formed into one corps, and the grenadiers
into three battalions. The principal body of the army was
divided into two corps: one under General Elliott
advanced to Guarda Yacoa; the other, of which the 43rd
composed a part, was occupied in the attack of the Moro.
A detachment was also encamped to the westward, cutting
off all communications between Havannah and the country,
and diverting concentrated surveillance. The artillery
was dragged over a rough, rocky shore. Several men
dropped dead from heat, thirst, and fatigue. In spite of all
obstacles, batteries were raised against the Moro, composed
of sandbags filled with earth collected many hundred
yards in the rear, and carried forward on the shoulders of
the men. Others were also erected on the hill on which
the Moro stood, in order to drive the enemy’s ships
deeper into the harbour, and prevent their molesting our
troops in their approaches. Firing on either side was
kept up with great vivacity.
On the 29th of June the Spaniards made a resolute sally
in considerable force, hut were beaten back, leaving 300
men hors de combat. Directly our batteries were complete,
three ships under Captain Hardy opened with a tremen-
dous cannonade against the fort, which was fiercely
answered for some hours. But the Moro, situated upon a
high and steep rock was bomb-proof, and the vessels reluc-
tantly sheared off with considerable loss. Firing from the
castle and batteries was continued for several days without
intermission. The English had never been better matched,
or military skill more severely tested.
On the 3rd of July our principal battery took fire,
and was totally consumed. This mortifying accident
rendered nugatory the labour of 600 men during seventeen
days.
Sickness now prevailed and rapidly increased in that
foetid atmosphere. The army became reduced to half its1762.
42>rd Light Infantry.
5i
original strength, and at one time no less than 5000
soldiers, with 3000 seamen, were down in fever or other
distempers, their sufferings horribly aggravated by local
malaria, great paucity of water, and want of good provi-
sions. Still, by the spirit and perseverance of the effec-
tive officers and men new batteries arose; our fire by
degrees becoming equal and finally superior to that of the
opponents. By the 20th of July, the cannon of the fort
was silenced, the upper works beat to pieces, and a lodg-
ment effected in the covered way. Two days after, the
Jamaica fleet, en route to Europe, landed siege material,
and on the 28th reinforcements arrived from New York.
These cheering events infused fresh life and rekindled
the besiegers’ hopes, just as a new and serious difficulty
presented itself. An immense ditch, cut in the solid rock,
eighty feet deep by forty wide, yawned before them.
Fortunately a ridge of rock had been left covering the
ditch towards the sea, and, mining being the only feasible
expedient, over this narrow ridge the miners passed,
burying themselves in the walls.
The enemy caused 1200 men to be transported across
the harbour, climbing the hills, and making three attacks
on our posts. But the ordinary guards, though surprised,
defended themselves so lustily, that the Spaniards were
unable to destroy any part of our approaches, and were
driven back with great slaughter.
This was the last effort to save the Moro, which,
although undermined, held out with sullen resolution.
On the 30th of July the mine was sprung. Half of the
east bastion was blown down, leaving a breach, which,
though narrow and difficult, was judged practicable. So
great was the spirit and coolness with which the detach-
ments ordered on this dangerous service mounted, that
the enemy drawn up on the opposite side, paralysed by the
sight of such gallantry, fled at once.52
Historical Records of the
1762.
Don Luis cle Yelasco, the governor, collected 100 men
round the colours, and the Marquis de Gonzales, second in
command, fell while endeavouring to rally them. Don
Luis, disdaining to retire or ask for quarter, received a
mortal wound, and expiring offered his sword to the con-
querors. Thus, at the end of fifty-three days’ siege, the
Moro became ours, and no time was lost in following up
our advantage. A line of batteries was erected command-
ing the town, and the fire of the Fort directed against it.
On the 2nd of August a second division of troops
arrived from North America.
On the 10th Lord Albemarle, by message, represented
to the Governor the irresistible force of the attack he was
about to make, hut which, to avoid needless effusion of
blood, he was willing to suspend if the Spaniards would
surrender. The Governor returned a civil but resolute
answer, that he was prepared to defend his trust to the
last, and instantly opened fire. To convince him that
the menaces used were no empty boast, Lord Albemarle
ordered a general discharge from the batteries, which
poured into the town on every side with such effect, that
in six hours, to the heartfelt relief and triumph both of
fleet and army, almost all the enemy’s guns were silenced,
and numerous flags of truce hoisted. Capitulation ensued,
when the British undertook to respect the established
religion, laws, and private property of the inhabitants, to
award honours of war to the garrison, and reconduct them
to Spain.
The booty accruing to the victors was estimated at
3,000,000^. sterling; hut the distribution was shamefully
jobbed, and caused such umbrage that for a time seamen
fought shy of entering the service. The petty officers,
seamen, and soldiers received a very unequal and inade-
quate recompense for the bravery they had shown and the
multiplied hardships they had undergone.1764.
43rd. Light Infantry.
53
The admiral and general each received 122,69 71.10s. 6d.;
captains of ships each 1600/.; lieutenants R.N., each
234/. 13s. 3d.; sailors and marines each only 3/. 14s. 9jd.;
field officers, each 564/. 14s. 6c?.; captains, each 184/.
4s. 7id. ; and to each private, 4/. Is. 8d.
Our loss at the Havannali was :—killed, 11 officers, 15
sergeants, 4 drummers, and 260 rank and file. Wounded,
19 officers, 49 sergeants, 6 drummers, and 576 rank and
file. Died from wounds, 4 officers, 1 drummer, and 51
rank and file. Died from disease, 39 officers, 14 sergeants,
11 drummers, and 632 rank and file. Missing, 1 sergeant,
25 rank and file.
The 43rd, under Brigadier-General Reid, was in the
third brigade.- It consisted of ten companies, numbering
380 men, commanded by Colonel Dalling. Captain
Spendlove was wounded, 10 rank and file were killed,
15 wounded, 4 reported missing, and 13 dead from
fever. Upon the reduction they were sent—then only 240
strong—to Jamaica, where, by drafts from other battalions
in the West Indies, they were completed to 500.
1764.
On the 19th of March they were relieved by the 36th,
and sailed for England. In July the regiment reached
Portsmouth, marched into Hilsea barracks, and from thence
to Chatham, where Major Skey, with a party of recruits,
joined.
In October they were inspected by Major-General
Parslow. His report detailing the names, ages, country,
service, &c., of all the officers and men is very complete,
and his remarks thereon may be quoted in his exact
terms.54
Historical Records of the
1765.
Officers
The i3rd Regiment of Foot.—Remarks.
Armed with fusils, which they are desirous that they
may be permitted to make use of instead of espoutons.
Salute well. Uniform good, faced with white, and
laced with gold.
Non-commissioned)
Officers ..
Men ..
Exercise
Evolutions ..
Firings
Arms
Accoutrements
Clothing ..
Becruits ..
Guetres
Accounts ..
Complaints
Properly armed and dressed.
Good size, and in general young.
Well performed.
Performed according to the new regulations, and
surprisingly well for the time they had to practise;
march well, both in slow and quick time.
The whole according to order, and well.
Good.
Good, coloured white.
Good, and well fitted.
Appeared in the ranks.
Black, not well fitted; white bespoke.
Not yet settled, haying received no pay hut for
effectives.
The same as the King’s own regiments in regard to
the barracks.
For the numbers, a good regiment, well appointed, and fit for service.
(Copy) John Parslow,
Oct. 2nd, 1764.	Major-General.
N.B.—All the sergeants had halberds, and the ramrods were iron;
and the grenadiers’ match cases (50) were wanting; they had 18 drums.
In this year a board of general officers resolved that
grenadiers should lay aside their swords, “ as that weapon
had never been used during the Seven Years’ War” since
when the arms of all British infantry soldiers have been
limited to the musket and bayonet.
1765.
During July of this year the 43rd were reviewed in
the neighbourhood of London by His Majesty George III.
Small parties were detached to Deal, Ramsgate, and
Dover, to assist the officers of the revenue in the preven-
tion of smuggling.1766—74-
43yd Light Infantry.
55
1766.
In this year the regiment was stationed in various
southern and western home districts, frequently changing
quarters to suppress incidental riots and disturbances.
During the assizes, contrary to custom, they were allowed
to remain in the towns. The King again reviewed them
at Windsor.
1767-69.
In June, 1767, they marched from Exeter to Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, and detachments were sent to Morpeth,
Sunderland, Tynemouth, and Berwick. From these
stations they moved to Edinburgh, and in July the whole
regiment mustered in the castle.
1770-73.
Early in the spring of 1770, the headquarters, with
two companies, marched to Glasgow, and until 1773 the
43rd were cantoned in the principal military posts in
Scotland, without any events of importance occurring.
1774.
War op Independence.
In April the regiment marched to Portsmouth to
embark for North America, where serious colonial disputes
had arisen.
After the peace of 1763, to 1773, our American
colonies had prospered; but discontents arose. The
colonists chafed at the supremacy of Great Britain, and
when it was determined to prevent smuggling in America
much angry feeling was engendered. Trade was injured,
and the navy, in their zeal to obey the recent mandates,
but ignorant of custom-house laws, made illegal seizures.
At Boston a strong movement was set on foot to protest
against the salaries of judges and employes of the crown.
A committee was formed and resolutions passed claiming56
Historical Records of the
1774-
the sole right of legislation. This brought the Governor
of Massachusetts and the General Assembly to loggerheads.
The Assembly voted the ordinary salaries, arguing that
such allowances accepted from the crown entailed depen-
dence thereon. This vote for the ensuing year was
reluctantly confirmed by the Governor, but he positively
declined to agree to its extension.
The Home Government, at this epoch, thought it
expedient to grant to the East India Company some
indemnification against the grievances of Lord Clive’s
arbitrary rule. One was, permission to send tea to any
part of the globe. That shrub “ which cheers but
not inebriates,” being one of Lord North’s pet specialites,
he determined to dispatch a large consignment to North
America, convinced that the Provincials, attracted by the
moderate figure affixed, would be ready to purchase, and
no longer protest against the small duty chargeable on
exportation.
The King was amusing himself at a naval review off
Portsmouth, while the Massachusetts Assembly were de-
nouncing their president and the seeds of civil warfare
taking root. At the moment these agitations were lightly
regarded, but ere long they assumed a serious aspect.
Lord North’s shipment of tea arrived; but the New
Englanders—however in later days they may have
clamoured for tea-totalism—would have none of it; and
when the vessels came alongside the wharf at Boston,
the Governor and Custom-house refused a clearance. On
the 18th of December, 1773, to prevent the dreaded con-
sequences of this importation, a number of men disguised
as Mohawk Indians boarded the ships, and pitched it
overboard without doing further injury. Parliament
then framed the vindictive Boston Port Bill, and altered
the constitution of Massachusetts. This measure fanned
the flame for open rupture, so that the name of tea being1774-
4yrd Light Infantry.
57
associated with ministerial grievances, tea-drinking became
almost synonymous with Toryism. Leaders soon sprung
up amongst the malcontents, and diffused a spirit keenly
subversive of British rule through the provinces.
Governor Hutchinson dissolved the Assembly, re-
signed, and was succeeded by General Gage. Although
the latter’s popularity with the colonists was great, he
came in direct collision with the Assembly when he
refused to receive an address animadverting on the con-
duct of Hutchinson and his predecessor Sir Francis
Bernard. A resolution in favour of a congress was
passed. The congress met at Philadelphia, and a peti-
tion for redress of grievances unanimously voted to the
King. It enumerated the insults received, claimed the
rights of Britons—Peace, Liberty, and Safety, and was
signed by fifty delegates. Benjamin Franklin bore the
despatch to England.
His Majesty refused to receive the petition. Ministers,
under court influence, Tecommended coercing the colonists,
and coercion was adopted. In the Upper House, Lord
Chatham endeavoured to bring in a conciliatory bill, but
failed; while Burke, in the Commons, was similarly
defeated. Lord North then carried a resolution promis-
ing to “ desist from all taxation except commercial im-
posts, whenever any one of the colonial assemblies should
vote a reasonable sum as a revenue to be appropriated to
the Parliament.” The colonists regarded this as insidious
and evasive. Two bills were subsequently introduced,
debarring nine of the provinces from all foreign commerce,
but leaving New York, the three Delaware counties,
North Carolina, and Georgia unmolested.
Many petitions and warm debates ensued. Wilkes
presented his address from the Corporation of London,
but the King remained obstinately convinced that his
American subjects were rebelliously disposed, and that the58
Historical Records of the
1774-
original vote of his parliament was correct. The Governor
of Boston issued a proclamation for the encouragement of
piety and virtue, for the prevention and punishment
of vice. In proof of the spirit of discontent fostering
amongst the people, on one occasion a zealous divine
used in the pulpit the following emphatic language:—
“ 0 Lord, if our enemies will fight us, let them have
fighting enough. If more soldiers are on their way
hither, smite them, 0 Lord, to the bottom of the sea! ”
Every heart seemed to respond, “ Amen; yea, let them
have fighting enough! ” All was discord. Humours of
an attack on Boston floated. Precautionary measures on
the part of the General led to an assembly of delegates
from every town in Suffolk, who passed resolutions, the
sum total being that although they considered themselves
oppressed by the late acts of the British Parliament, and
were resolved, with Divine assistance, never to submit to
them, still they had no inclination to commence war with
His Majesty’s troops. General Ga'ge used every endea-
vour to calm them ; but indications grew graver, and on
the approach of winter, he ordered temporary barracks
to be erected. The Boston carpenters declined to work,
and none would come from New York. Eventually fifty
were procured from Halifax. Winter clothing was
imminently requisite, but every merchant refused to
supply it, on the ground that they would not contribute
any article for the benefit of men sent as enemies to
their country.
In June, 1774, the 43rd, which had been the first
corps that landed in America from England, was in
camp at Boston in company with the 4th, 5th, 10th,
23rd, 38th, 47tb, 52nd, 59th, and 64th Regiments, three
companies of the 18th and two of the 65th, with six
companies of artillery.1775-
43rd Light Infantry.
59
1775.
In February General Gage received intelligence of the
deposit of some brass cannon in the town of Salem. A
field-officer and some men were sent to seize and bring
them to Boston, but failed. The uext attempt to remove
American property led to the first bloodshedding in this
unhappy civil war.
Combat op Lexington.
Intelligence having reached Gage that a quantity of
military stores were collecting at Concord, eighteen miles
from Boston, he determined on their capture. On the
night of the 18th of April, a secret expedition of about
800 of the Grenadiers and Light Infantry, together with
some Marines under command of Lieut.-Colonel Smith,
were ferried across the Charles River to East Cambridge.
“ They will miss their aim,” was overheard from a voice
amidst some bystanders. The affair had already got
wind, and a couple of youths on fast-trotting horses were
on the road before them, while the bells in Boston called
the minute men. This looked bad for Smith’s return, but
he obeyed orders and commenced his march.
The troops had made good progress, when Colonel
Smith sent forward six companies of Light Infantry under
Major Pitcairn to secure the bridge he would be obliged
to pass. On their reaching Lexington at 5 a.m., Major
Pitcairn in the haze discovered about seventy militia
drawn up on the village green for the purpose of inviting
attack.
Narrators differ as to which party fired the first shot;
for while some assert that the colonists, upon being ordered
to throw down their arms and disperse, fired upon the
troops, which was returned without waiting for orders,
others have it that Pitcairn, having discharged his own
pistol, gave the word. Be it as it may, the upshot was6o
Historical Records of the
1775-
that Pitcairn’s horse and one man were wounded; seven
of the militia killed, and nine disabled.
About seven o’clock the King’s troops, leaving one
hundred Light Infantry under Captain Laurie of the 43rd
to guard the bridge, reached Concord and destroyed what
stores they could find.
Numbers of armed men now assembled, and it was noon
when Colonel Smith began to retrace his steps, by which
time the whole country had risen, and a shout was set up
by the Americans that “the lobsters” had turned tail.
The red coats then found themselves exposed to an inces-
sant and galling fire from every available cover. It was
in vain facing about, they could not induce their assailants
to come to close quarters. Before reaching Lexington their
ammunition began to fail, the wounded to drop, and the
flanking parties to knock up. The Americans bore wit-
ness to the admirable behaviour of the British officers on
this occasion; but had it not been that intelligence had
reached Grage of the opposition first met with at Lexing-
ton, upon which he despatched Lord Percy with twelve
companies, some marines and field-pieces, all their gallantry
and efforts must have been abortive: they arrived just
in time, finding Colonel Smith’s men so fatigued as to
be described “ with their tongues hanging out of their
mouths like dogs after a chase.”
Having marched nearly thirty-six miles, weary and
worn they reached Charleston, and passed on directly to
Boston, minus 1 lieutenant, 1 sergeant, I drummer, and
62 rank and file killed; 2 lieut.-colonels, 2 captains, 9
lieutenants, 2 ensigns, 7 sergeants, 1 drummer, and 157
rank and file wounded. The grenadiers and light com-
panies of the 43rd lost Lieutenant Hull, wounded,—he was
taken prisoner, and died of his wounds ; 4 rank and file
killed, 5 wounded, and 2 taken prisoners.
The Lexington event showed how erroneous was the1775-
4$rd Light Infantry.
61
belief of borne authorities, that tbe appearance of a regi-
ment, or even tbe sight of a grenadier’s cap would be
sufficient to put an American army to flight. The whole
province rose to arms. The militia, amounting to 20,000,
surrounded Boston, fixed their headquarters at Cambridge,
and formed a line of encampment, strengthened with
artillery, from Roxbury to My stick, a distance of thirty
miles. Colonel Putnam, an old and brave provincial
officer, with a large reinforcement from Connecticut joined.
The Americans regarded Lexington as a glorious victory,
and declared their intention of driving the King’s troops
from Boston. This caused a crisis.
Congress, which now assumed the appellation of “ The
United Colonies,” adopted resolutions for raising an army,
for the establishment of a paper currency, a post office,
&c. So directly did they oppose the Government that
General Gage, in a final effort at reconcilement, issued a
proclamation, by which pardon was offered, in the King’s
name, to all who should lay down their arms and return
to their occupations—while those who refused should be
treated as rebels and traitors.
Charleston had been neglected by both sides; hut as
the Provincials, on the 16th of June, sent a body of men
to throw up intrenchments on Bunker’s Hill, and by
daybreak had constructed strong works (which being
discovered by the men-of-war), a continual fire was opened
upon them.
Battle of Bunker’s Hill.
Preparations were instantly made for landing ten com-
panies of grenadiers, ten of light infantry, the 5th, 3 8th,
43rd, and 52nd battalions, with a proportion of field
artillery, under command of Major-General Howe and
Brigadier-General Pigott. It was past three o’clock in the
afternoon when they landed without opposition, under62
Historical Records of the
1775-
cover of guns of the fleet. The troops formed with the
light infantry on the right, the grenadiers on the left,
the 5th and 38th in the rear, and the 43rd and 52nd as a
third line.
This was the first occasion upon which the 52nd acted
in unison with the 43rd, afterwards honourably and
fraternally linked during the Peninsular War, and singu-
larly enough, in the early formation of the corps both had
been numbered “ the 54th,” though eventually changed
to “ the 43rd ” and “ 52nd.”
The Americans in force were strongly posted on the
heights, their right flank covered by a large body
occupying houses in Charleston; their left by a cannon-
proof breastwork. The attack began by a heavy discharge
of cannon and howitzers. The enemy did not return a
shot until the troops approached close to the works, and
evinced a resolution which would have done credit to old
soldiers. They then opened with deadly effect. Nearly
the whole front rank of the British fell at the first dis-
charge, and volley after volley was poured into them
until the bravest began to waver and fall back. Encum-
bered with their knapsacks, containing three days’ provi-
sions, advancing up a steep hill, knee deep in long tangled
grass, and clambering over zigzag fences to attack brave
men behind intrenchments, momentarily reinforced by
hundreds, and under a burning sun, few soldiers hut
staunch British infantry could have been persuaded to
renew the conflict—but again they returned to the charge,
and were again, in spite of many heroic attempts of their
officers, obliged to retire.
General Clinton, witnessing this state of things from
Copt’s Hill, took a boat and was ferried over as a volun-
teer, bringing a small reinforcement. A new mode of
assault was then organised. General Howe, having dis-
covered a weak point between a breastwork and a rail1775*
43?'^ Light Infantry.
63
fence, led the left wing and resolved to apply the main
strength against the redoubt and breastwork, and to rake
the latter with artillery, which he disguised by a feigned
show of force at the fence. The men took off their
packs, some even their coats, being ordered to stand the
American fire and rely on the bayonet alone.
The artillery then opened, raking the breastwork, and
driving the enemy into the redoubt, where, after a
ferocious hand-to-hand struggle (in which at one time
General Howe was left alone), the Provincials, fighting
desperately, were driven out and retreated over Charleston
Neck. The loss on our side was :—Killed, 1 lieut.-colonel,
2 majors, 7 captains, 9 lieutenants, 15 sergeants, 1
drummer, 191 rank and file. Wounded, 3 majors, 27
captains, 32 lieutenants, 8 ensigns, 40 sergeants, 12
drummers, and 706 rank and file.
The 43rd sustained severe casualties. Major Spendlove,
Captain Mackenzie, Lieutenants Dalrymple and Robinson,
dangerously wounded;	2 sergeants, 10 rank and file,
killed; 3 sergeants, 2 drummers, and 77 rank and file,
wounded. Major Spendlove expired from the results.
For upwards of thirty years he had served with un-
blemished character in the regiment. Four times previous
he had been seriously wounded in action, and his bra-
very elicited especial approbation from the Commander-
in-Chief. He had been nominated to a brevet majority
in July, 1772, and became regimental major in February
following.
Thus ended the sanguinary affair of Bunker’s Hill, in
which the bravery of the Provincials had been so con-
spicuous as to compel men present at the most remarkable
actions of the last war to admit that the engagement was
the hottest they ever witnessed. Even the battle on the
Heights of Abraham, with all its glory, and the guerdon
of half a continent, did not cost the lives of so many dis-64
Historical Records of the
1776.
tinguished and honourable officers as this attack of an
intrencbment cast up in a few hours.
Dr. Warren, who had relinquished the medical profes-
sion to lead his countrymen, was killed fighting bravely
at their head. He was greatly regretted by all who
served under him. His costume de guerre was composed
of a light coloured coat, white satin waistcoat fined with
silver, and white breeches with silver loops.
The British troops kept possession of the peninsula,
fortified Bunker’s Hill, and had two garrisons to maintain.
Surrounded and insulted by an enemy they had been
taught to despise, cut off from fresh provisions, confine-
ment and heat of climate added, soon filled the hospitals, and
rendered their position truly critical.
The Provincials used every endeavour to foster discon-
tent and cause desertion. Printed circulars found their
way into our camp. One of these, addressed to the British
soldiers, bore the following contrasted bills of fare :—
Prospect Hill.
1.	Seven dollars a month.
2.	Fresh provisions in plenty.
3.	Health.
4.	Freedom, ease, affluence, and
a good farm.
Bunker’s Hill.
1.	Threepence a day.
2.	Rotten salt-pork.
3.	The scurvy.
4.	Starving, beggary, and want.
The arrival of a regiment of fight cavalry from Ireland
increased their wants. Such was the predicament of the
camp that enormous quantities of provisions, even to
vegetables, firewood, and minor necessaries, were shipped
from England. Through contretemps and storms, only a
few of the vessels, with their cargoes in the most miser-
able condition, reached Boston, and they had the mortifi-
cation of seeing others taken at the very mouth of the
harbour. The loss of coal ships added severely to their
hardships, as they were obliged to fie in tents exposed
to driving snow and cutting winds.1776.
42>rd Light Infantry.
65
General Washington was appointed Commander-in-Chief
of all the American forces. With other generals and large
detachments of volunteers he arrived before Boston in
July. This served to inflame all classes of the people,
including young Quakers, who, forgetting their prin-
ciples of non-resistance, enrolled in large numbers. The
aggregate force under arms and training throughout
the American continent was, at one time, computed at
200,000.
While the enemy were hoping that ice would shortly
enable them to cross the harbour, a copy of the King’s
Speech with the rejection of their petition arrived. This
aroused the most poignant indignation. The document
was publicly burnt. They changed their colours from a
plain red ground to a white flag with thirteen stripes,
symbolic of the number and union of the colonies.
1776.
The winter proved milder and passed over more tran-
quilly than anticipated. In the beginning of March a
battery at Phipps’s Farm waged active hostilities against
the town. General Gage had gone on leave to England.
Washington, with a strong detachment under General
Thomas, took possession of the Heights of Dorchester, and
so diligently did they work that, in a few hours, a strongly
fortified battery appeared. Howe, who had succeeded to
the command, ejaculated, “ I know not what I shall do ; the
rebels have done more in one night than my whole army
could have accomplished in months.” Before the British had
time to recover their surprise, Thomas opened on the town,
obliging the ships of war to shift their moorings. Howe
had but two possible courses open,—either to dislodge the
enemy, or evacuate Boston. He chose the former; but,
on closer inspection, discovered that another and much66
Historical Records of the
1776.
stronger work had been thrown up, and accordingly
deemed his position no longer tenable.
On the 8th of March a flag of truce was sent to Wash-
ington from the “ Select Men ” of Boston, informing him
it was Howe’s intention to evacuate the city, but that
he would leave it intact, provided he were permitted to
withdraw unmolested. This communication not being
official, Washington returned no reply, but at the same
time caused it to be intimated that if properly put, with
Howe’s signature, he would treat. Howe refused, but
without any opposition embarked his men and baggage,
together with all woollen and mercantile goods they could
carry off, and sailed for Halifax accompanied by 2000
Royalists.
As the men embarked, Washington marched in with
drums beating, colours flying, and all the triumph of
victory.
For want of room, Howe left behind many pieces of
ordnance, horses, and large quantities of provisions. He
was severely censured for omitting to destroy the ammuni-
tion he could not embark, and for leaving an insufficient
harbour guard. In consequence of this negligence, various
ships, ignorant of the evacuation, ran into Boston.
Amongst others, the ‘ Hope,’ having Colonel Campbell
of the 71st, with 700 men and 1500 barrels of gunpowder,
besides carbines, bayonets, and artillery stores on board,
—all of course captured.
After stormy home parliamentary debates, it was decreed
that 13,000 Hessians, Brunswickers, and other Herman
auxiliaries, should be subsidized, and in April set sail
from Spithead. Generals Burgoyne and Phillips followed.
Letters patent constituted Lord Howe and General Sir
William Howe his Majesty’s commissioners for restoring
peace in the American colonies. Active operations1776.
43rd Light Infantry.
67
recommenced in June. On the 12th, the forces, under
Howe and Admiral Shuldham, sailed from Halifax, land-
ing on Staten Island by the 4th July, where the regiment
(Lieut.-Colonel S. Clarke in command) was placed in the
5th brigade, under Brigadier-General Smith.
Lord Howe arrived some days later. His first act
was an unsuccessful attempt to obtain interviews with
Washington.
In August, more Hessians joined ; also Sir Peter Parker
and General Clinton with the squadron and troops from
North Carolina, and some regiments from Florida and
the West Indies.
In the affair of Charleston, the admiral having had
a material part of his breeches torn away, besides being
otherwise wounded, an American paper thus commented
on his disaster :—
“ If honour in the breech is lodg’d,
As Hudibras hath shown;
It may from thence be fairly judg’d,
Sir Peter’s honour’s gone! ”
The generals resolved to attack Long Island. General
Putnam was at that time in command of a strong force
encamped and intrenched at Brooklyn. On the 27th
Howe carried his lines, after a gallantly contested action.
The Americans lost 3000 ; the British, 350 men. In the
43 rd one man was killed, Lieutenants Mair and Weir were
wounded. This signal defeat palpably cowed the spirit of
the Provincials.
On the 15th of September General Clinton and a large
force proceeded to Keff’s Bay, three miles north of New
York, and effected a landing. This unexpected movement
caused the Americans to abandon the city, and retire to
the north end of the island, leaving their artillery and
stores. A British brigade took possession of New York,
p 268
Historical Records of the
mn-
and tlie rest encamped in tire centre of the island. A few
days after, some incendiaries, who had concealed them-
selves for the purpose, set lire to the city in several
places, reducing a third of it to ashes.
Howe then attacked and defeated the American army
under Washington, at White Plains, on October 28th; at
Fort Washington on November 16th; and New York
Island on November 20th; the 43rd Regiment, still in
the 5th Brigade, under Clinton, taking part in each action.
In this last series of operations, the British loss reached
800 men killed and wounded; but the loss in the 43rd
cannot be ascertained. That of the Americans amounted
to 3300. The year closed with a succession of triumphs
on our side.
1777.
A ray of sunshine gleamed on the American arms with
the opening of this year. Washington surprised our post
at Trenton on the Delaware, and took 1000 Hessians
prisoners. Lord Cornwallis, with a force in which were
the flank companies of the 43rd, marched to their succour.
Several skirmishes took place. Washington shrank from
a battle, kept up his fires and retired during the night.
Cornwallis then fell hack on Brunswick. His force
wintered there and at Amboy. Their privations were
rigorous and unremitting, and their ranks thinned by
frequent collisions while searching for provisions and
forage. By unaccountable lack of tents and field equi-
page, Cornwallis was unable to take the field before the
23rd of July, hut managed to keej) possession of the hills
commanding the Rariton and the Amboy.
Seventeen battalions were left to protect New York,
and the 43rd occupied Rhode Island. Howe landed at
Elk ferry, and made for Philadelphia. On the 3rd of
September, Washington advanced to the BrandywineAf^rd Light Infantry.
69
1777-
River, with 15,000 men, and on the 11th the two armies
encountered. The enemy sustained a crushing defeat, but
darkness checked pursuit; an hour or two more of daylight
would have utterly annihilated the American army. They
acknowledged a loss of 300 killed, 600 wounded, with 400
prisoners, and eleven field-pieces. The victors lay that
night on the field of battle, having lost 100 killed and
wounded, amongst whom were several officers, but none
higher in rank than a captain. The grenadiers of the
43rd came up too late to participate in the engagement,
but the light company attached to the second battalion,
commanded by Captain Charles Maclean, with Lieutenant
Alexander Mair and Ensign Weir, were present.
America had now become so conspicuous and interesting
a theatre of action that bold and enterprising spirits from
various parts of Europe, either in search of glory and
excitement, or in quest of military experience and improve-
ment, constantly dropped in. Amongst these, the Marquis
de la Fayette was sufficiently enthusiastic as to purchase
and freight a ship with military stores dedicated to the
American service. He himself held a command, and was
wounded at Brandywine.
After this victory it was necessary to follow up
cautiously, as it was expected Washington would exert
himself to repair his defeat. The British troops took
possession of Philadelphia, which the enemy quitted
and encamped at Germantown. It was ascertained that
General Wayne, with 1500 men, upon some scheme of
enterprise, was lying in the woods. Major-General Grey,
with two regiments and a body of light infantry, was
detached to surprise them. They arranged measures that
the business should be done at the point of the bayonet,
without firing. At dead of night the outposts and pickets
were forced ; the troops, guided by the light of the camp-70
Historical Records of the
1777-
fires rushed in, and killed or wounded about 300, taking
many prisoners.
Batteries were thrown up round Philadelphia, to keep
the Americans at a distance. Two of their frigates
opened fire on the town, when the ‘ Delaware,’ of thirty-
two guns, grounded so effectually that a party of grena-
diers brought their battalion field-pieces to hear upon
her, and she was boarded and taken.
Contrary to all expectation, Washington, after shun-
ning everything that might lead to general action, on the
3rd of October suddenly quitted his strong post at Skip-
pach Creek, and marched all night to surprise the Royal
army in camp outside Philadelphia. The attack began
upon the 40th Regiment and the battalions of light in-
fantry, who were at length overpowered by numbers.
Colonel Musgrave held on most gallantly until the
arrival of General Grey with a great portion of the left
wing, supported by Brigadier-General Agnew and his
phalanx. For some time the fighting was very warm,
but the enemy then fell into total disorder, and were
driven off. Towards the close of the engagement, Lord
Cornwallis arrived with a squadron of light horse, and
joined in the pursuit. Three battalions of grenadiers,
those of the 43 rd inclusive, ran themselves out of breath
in their ardour to succour their fellow-soldiers, but were
too late for any share in the action. Our loss amounted
to 535, hut the proportion of slain scarcely exceeded
seventy. In this number were unhappily some brave
and distinguished officers, particularly Brigadier-General
Agnew and Lieut.-Colonel Bird. Lieut. Weir, 43rd, was
wounded. The American loss amounted to nearly 1300.
General Nash was killed, and amongst the captives were
fifty-four officers.
After this affray the enemy retired to Skippach, and1777-
43rd Light Infantry.
7i
the Royal army occupied Philadelphia, chiefly with the
view of reducing Mud Island and removing obstructions
in the River Delaware, in which service the fleet was to
co-operate. Batteries were erected on the western bank,
and when completed, Colonel Dorrop, with a strong body
of Hessians, attacked the redoubt of Mud Island, and also
that of Red Bank, containing a force of 800 men. After
forcing the outwork with the utmost gallantry, he found
them much better armed in the body of the redoubt.
They fought with obstinacy, but Colonel Dorrop being
wounded and taken prisoner, and the whole party
having suffered severely in the approach and assault,
were finally compelled to retire. The grenadiers of the
4Srd, engaged on the western shore, under Captain
Hatfield, had two men killed. The ‘ Augusta ’ man-
of-war, and ' Merlin ’ sloop, had drifted up the river
to assist, hut unfortunately ran aground, and being ignited
by the enemy’s fireships, lost a considerable part of their
crews. This check by no means damped the resolution of
the commanders to open up the Delaware. They set to
work to construct an overpowering array of batteries.
On a second attack, the redoubts were completely destroyed,
and the enemy dreading another assault, abandoned them,
setting fire to all they could, but still leaving a profu-
sion of munition. Although the British arms were every-
where ascendant, save in the mishap at Red Bank, yet no
tangible results were derived from these victories, beyond
securing in Philadelphia a good winter lodging for our
army.
Washington removed his camp to Yalley Forge, a very
strong position upon the Schuylkill, about fifteen miles
distant.
While the battalion companies of the 43rd occupied
Rhode Island, and the grenadiers and light infantry were72
Historical Records of the
1778.
engaged in the Jerseys; a large and gallant army, under
Generals Burgoyne and Carlton, was employed upon the
side of Canada and the Lakes. After many hardships and
reverses, Burgoyne finally surrendered on the 17th of
October.
1778.
The hostile armies passed the remainder of the year
1777 within a few miles of each other, and in perfect
inaction. Our troops were well supplied and healthy.
Successful predatory expeditions into the Jerseys were the
only operations which marked the concluding adminis-
tration of Sir W. Howe, who in May ceased to command,
and was succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton. Meanwhile,
Washington and Congress were active in preparations for
a new and vigorous campaign. Fresh commissioners
accompanied our new Commander-in-Chief, but the hour
for peaceful negotiation had long passed. Simeon Deane
arrived at York Town from Paris, bringing for ratifica-
tion by Congress copies of two treaties of close alliance,
which had been concluded between France and the United
States.
It was now determined to evacuate Philadelphia, no
longer a post of military or political importance, and to
retire on New York. Under the excellent arrangements
of Admiral Lord Howe, though Washington did his
utmost to impede their march, the British army passed the
Delaware without interruption or danger. Sir H. Clinton,
well aware that the hostility of the country would cut off
every source of subsistence from his troops, was too saga-
cious to put the fate of a whole army in hazard, and pro-
vided accordingly: so that the British trains of baggage,
provisions, and line of loaded carriages and horses, extended
for twelve miles. Verging to the right, they pushed on
to Sandy Hook, where Clinton sent General Knephausen1778.
43rd Light Infantry.
73
forward in charge of the baggage, and covered his line of
march with a body of troops not easily equalled; and thus
free for action, he assumed command in person. They
comprised the 3rd, 4th, and 5th brigades, the Hessian
grenadiers, a battalion of light infantry, the Guards, and
16th Light Dragoons. Seizing the critical moment, he
turned on several corps of the enemy which were endea-
vouring to surround and outflank him and cut off the
baggage column. This attack was made at Freehold.
The British Grenadiers and the Guards began the action
with such spirit that the enemy soon gave way. Their
second, line made a more vigorous resistance, but before
long were completely routed. Sir Henry Clinton now
feeling convinced that his object—the preservation of the
convoy—was achieved, returned to his former position.
Our loss in slain was very small, but grievously enhanced
by that of the brave Colonel Monckton, while fifty-nine
soldiers dropped dead from sunstroke; and here again,
with the exception of one grenadier returned as killed
in the muster-roll, that of the flank companies in this-
harrowing march cannot be ascertained. On the last day
of June the British army reached Neversink, and passed
over to New York.
During summer the Americans, in co-operation with a
formidable French fleet under Count d’Estaing, deter-
mined on an attempt to take Rhode Island. After a
demonstration, the French were driven off by a violent
storm; but the Americans, under General Sullivan, with
a force of 10,000 men, landed at the north end of the
island, and moved towards Newport. Sir Henry Clinton,
apprehensive for the safety of his troops, sent considerable
detachments to reinforce Major-General Pigott in com-
mand there, bringing up his garrison—of which the 43rd
formed a portion—to 6000 effectives.74
Historical Records of the
1778.
State of the Regiment in Rhode Island:—
Lieut.-Colonel, Marsh.
Major, D. Ferguson.
J. Gunning, staff.
Thos. Innes.
H. Knight.
Captains.
Dn. Cameron.
K. M‘Kenzie.
Wm. Miller.
Captain-Lieutenant, Wm. Thorne.
Lieutenants.	
J. Losac.	Jas. Eivers.
A. P. Skeyne.	A. Malcolm.
Jas. Dalrymple.	S. Murray.
Ensigns.	
J. M. Clark.	C. Vignoles.
0. Dowling.	J. Affleck.
J. Dorrington.	Wm. Wansfold.
Wm. Eoach.	Wm. Sherlock, not joined.
Chaplain, C. Taylor.
Adjutant, Wm. Miller.
Surgeon, D. Mackintosh.
Mate, E. Waigh.
S. O. D. F. P.
8 companies—effective strength as per roll	..	21	24	13	0	457
The Grenadiers at Long Island, under command
of Captain Hatfield.
Dunbar
Todd .............................. 3	3	2	2	34
The Light Company under Captain M'Lean at
Philadelphia.
Mair
Weir .............................. 3	3	1	0	35
Total	..	..	30	30	16	2	526
By this muster it appears there were but two fifers on the regular
establishment, and that they were both with the Grenadiers.
When, however, the French fleet withdrew, Sullivan,
not feeling secure, resolved also to retire. This being
discovered, General Prescott was ordered, on the 29th of
September, to detach a battalion from the second line
towards the left flank of the enemy’s encampment, while1778.
4$rd Light Infantry.
75
Brigadier-General Smith, with the 22nd and 43rd Regi-
ments, and General Losberg with the Hessians and
Anspach Chasseurs followed. The enemy was now re-
ported in large force at Quaker’s Hill. The 54th and
Hessians were directed to advance; hut before they could
obey, the spirited behaviour of the troops under General
Smith had gained possession of the strong post, and
obliged the enemy to retire within their works. At dusk
an attempt was made to surround and cut off the Chasseurs,
extended on the left. Two regiments were ordered to
their support, and after a smart engagement the enemy
retreated. That night the troops lay on their arms, it
being intended to follow up operations next day; but the
Americans departed across Howland’s Ferry, completely
evacuating the island.
In referring to these details, Sir H. Clinton remarked :—
“ Amidst the general tribute due to the good conduct of
every individual leader in command, I must particularly
distinguish Lieut.-Colonel Campbell and the 22nd Regi-
ment, and with great applause the spirited exertions of
the 43rd, under Colonel March.” In Pigott’s report he
used these words :—“ Nor can I conclude this account with-
out expressing my sincere acknowledgments to every
officer and soldier under my command, and to the several
departments for their unwearied exertions to counteract so
many difficulties.”
The troops engaged were the 22nd and 43rd Regiments,
the Royal Artillery, the flank companies of the 38th and
54th, the 1st and 2nd battalions of the regiment of
Anspach, the Hessian Chasseurs and Artillery, the King’s
American Regiment, and some seamen. The return of
loss amounted to 1 captain, 1 volunteer, 4 sergeants,
31 rank and file, 1 driver, killed; 2 captains, 5 lieutenants,
7 ensigns, 13 sergeants, 1 drummer, 180 rank and file,
2 drivers, wounded; 1 lieutenant, 1 sergeant, 10 rank and76
Historical Records of the
1779—81.
file, missing. Of the 43rd, 1 sergeant, 2 rank and file, were
killed; Ensign Roach, Ensign Affleck, 2 sergeants, 14
rank and file, wounded; 1 rank and file, missing.
1779.
From the autumn of 1778 until that of 1779, all active
operations were suspended. It then became evident that a
plan was concocting between Washington and d’Estaing
for a formidable attack by sea and land on New York ; and
Colonel Campbell having been detached with a force to
besiege Savannah, thus weakening the garrison, it was
deemed advisable to withdraw the British troops from
Rhode Island, and to allow that post to fall into the hands
of the Americans. Accordingly, in the night of the 25th
of October, the island was quietly evacuated, and the 43rd
were transferred to New York.
1780.
This year was passed by the regiment in garrison in
New York, with the exception of the grenadiers and light
companies employed in the siege of Charleston and the
taking of Washington’s dragoons. On the conclusion of
the siege, Captain John Hatfield was appointed Glovernor
of the Forts in Sullivan’s Island.
1781.
After a series of heavy operations in Virginia, Lord
Cornwallis’s army bad become so weak that Sir H. Clinton
thought it necessary to reinforce him with two regiments,
the 43rd being one. On the 26th of May they landed at
Brandon on the James River, and marched to Meades,
where they joined the field force.
Campaign in Virginia.
La Fayette, the general then immediately opposed to
Cornwallis, abandoned Richmond, crossed the Chickaho-1781.
4yrd Light Infantry.
77
miny, and marched with celerity towards Bolton Bridge.
On the 6th of June Lord Cornwallis’s outposts were
assailed by skirmishers and riflemen. At 4 p.m. the
pickets were allowed to be driven in, his lordship not
believing a regular attack would be hazarded. At sunset,
however, a body of Continentals, with some field-pieces,
began to form in front of the British camp. Cornwallis
then ordered his troops under arms, directing an advance
in two lines. The onset of the first was conducted with
great spirit; our light infantry soon put an end to the
business on the right, but the left wing, composed of the
43rd, 76t,h, and 80th Regiments, under Lieut.-Colonel
Dundas, were opposed to the Pennsylvanian regulars, com-
bined with a detachment of La Payette’s Continentals, and
two six-pounders. A smart action was kept up for some
time, but finally the enemy gave way, abandoning their
guns. Darkness prevented the cavalry from following up
the victory. The Americans lost 300 in killed and
wounded ; the English, 5 officers and 70 privates disabled.
Lord Cornwallis, on his rapid marches from Charleston
to Camden, through North Carolina to Wilmington, from
thence to Richmond, and from Richmond to Williamsburg,
made a route of more than 1100 miles as the crow flies.
After the affair at James Town, La Fayette retired to
repose, and Cornwallis crossed the river, upon which the
Commander-in-Chief wrote expressing surprise that he
should have quitted Williamsburg without consulting
him, and directed him to repossess it, and establish a
defensive post and place of arms, which he supposed could
be easily found at Old Point, Hampton Road, or York
Town. Old Point being recommended by the admiral,
Cornwallis ordered its capabilities to be examined. They
were pronounced defective for the purpose required, and
the other points named, even more so. Acting under the
spirit of his despatches, he saw no option left but to select