in FOR the use of art students ■ hi m m Mmi*. f : a miimm JAMES M.DUNLOP A.R.C.A. W(Cornell Hmoersity IGihrary Jtljara, Nftn $ork BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891NC760 .D92ei919VerSl,y Ubrary A"?.,.or?1'?al diagrams fnr thn .^ olin in 3 1924 030 666 766 Overs 31924030666766ANATOMICAL DIAGRAMS FOR ART STUDENTSANATOMICAL DIAGRAMS FOR THE USE OF ART STUDENTS. ARRANGED WITH ANALYTICAL NOTES AND DRAWN OUT BY JAMES M. DUNLOP, A.R.CA., ANTIQUE AND LIFE CLASS MASTER AND LECTURER ON ARTISTIC ANATOMY IN THE GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART. WITH INTRODUCTORY PREFACE BY JOHN CLELAND, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. FOURTH EDITION. Ji3eto gJorft THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1919 All rights reserved 5Co THE CHAIRMAN AND GOVERNORS OF THE GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART IN WHOSE SCHOOL I HAVE BEEN LECTURER ON ARTISTIC ANATOMY FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS; TO THE HEADMASTER MR. FRANCIS H. NEWBERY AND TO THE STUDENTS, THIS BOOK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THEIR OBEDIENT SERVANT, JAMES M. DUNLOP. Glasgow, 1899.PREFACE. Science and Art are indeed sisters, hut they are verv different in their tastes, and it is no easy task to cultivate with advantage the favour of both. Artistic Anatomy is in its nature a scientific pursuit, dealing partly in explicit observation of details of form, partly in the explanation of the causes producing them ; while the details themselves are among those with which the followers of Art require to be familiar; and are sometimes of little apparent scientific importance save from an artistic point of view. - In these circumstances it is little to be wondered at that this department of knowledge has not been more fully explored. Properly conceived of, Artistic Anatomy undertakes the systematic study of the particulars of superficial form, the accurate description of them one by one, and the investigation of the structural and functional causes on which they depend. Among the phenomena to be considered, the proportions of the great divisions of the body one to another claim an important place, and have justly-received attention from remote times. Rules have been laid down by which an ideal standard has been sought to be fixed, the deviations produced by age and sex being taken into account; and while such standards are more or less artificial, and not to be too slavishly followed to the extent of an unnatural uniformity, they certainly are invaluable as expressing a mean which cannot be deviated from to more than a limited extent without transgressing the laws of nature and producing deformity. 4Bach part of the body has also its particular proportions, and the study of proportions passes gradually into that of details of shape. All these details are capable of being taken one by one and systematically described. But this cannot be done either accurately or instructively without reference to the subjacent structures on which they depend, and the actions governing the conditions of such structures. Subcutaneous prominences of bone afford so many constant points in the surface of the figure, while the softer subcutaneous tissues sometimes occur in masses of such firmness as to be but little affected by change of attitude, and in other instances are flaccid, pendulous, wrinkled or stretched. But the muscles and their tendons produce the greatest variations of local form in different persons and in different attitudes; muscular substance swelling when in action, while tendons are incapable alike of swelling and of altering their total length, but may stand out when they are tightened over the concavity formed by the bending of a joint. Also lines of attachment to subcutaneous bone, themselves incapable of change of form, may in different circumstances he prominent or sunk according to the degree of swelling of the muscles around. Besides all this it must he noted that muscular contractions cause, especially in the face, lines, elevations, and depressions, not corresponding to the shapes of the muscles, but produced by the displacement of skin and subcutaneous fat, as illustrated by the elevation of the cheek and lower eyelid in laughter, and by the formation at the same time of the lines called cron s' toes, and it does seem possible that a more careful analysis than has been attempted of the lines and displacements occurring in different expressions might yield better results than are to be obtained from such works as those of Le Brun, Sir Charles Bell, Piderit and Darwin, however valuable these may he. It may also he mentioned thatconsiderations in connection with balance, respiration, mental capacity and race fall within the scope of Artistic Anatomy. If these views are allowed to be correct, it will be admitted that the Held of Artistic Anatomy has never been covered; and if this task be ever undertaken it must be for its own sake, aiming at independent completeness, and not at mere assistance to Artists. Much will thus be brought to light, in all probability now unsuspected, and Art and Philosophy will both be gainers. While, however, Art is one thing and Artistic Anatomy quite another, and while it is to be acknowledged that beautiful representations may be achieved without any anatomical knowledge, this only shows how much can be done by practised observation led on by intuitive appreciation which, often un- consciously, guides the mind to the accomplishment of its aims. But such success is neither easy nor to be depended on, and the general average thus obtainable cannot be expected to be so good as would be obtained if observation were assisted by acquaintance with the meanings of the shapes observed. The greatest masters, including notably Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael, have found that to give intelligence to their efforts at representation, and enable them to understand the indispensable relations of parts it was necessary to call in the aid of dissection. For the eye, though often, even when well traired, at fault, especially w'hen invention is brought into play, is yet subtle to detect instinctively the unsatisfactoriness of error. It seems sometimes to be supposed that Artistic Anatomy is merely Anatomy made easy for Artists by omitting explicit details and all mention of internal organs,—superficial Anatomy in both senses of the word. But what is superficial in the sense of being slovenly is of little use to any one. The Professional Anatomist addressing his discourse to Artists, and desiring to give them the information for which they crave, cannot helpseeing at once that there is much internal structure which can have no possible bearing on Art, but he will fail altogether in his purpose if he does not note that the artist seeks for direction with regard to details which are often of smalt interest to the surgeon, and have received little attention from Anatomists. Two of the sets of considerations most important to the Artist will easily he seen to he, one, the part played by the skeleton in determining the external form, and another, the precise extent and attachments of superficial muscles, together with the disposition of muscular fibre and tendon in individual muscles. It is principally to these two considerations that Mr. Dunlop directs attention in the following pages, appealing to the eye, instead of depending on description ; and it appears to me that the method which he has selected, and the manner in which lie has carried it out, provide for the Art Student a singularly compendious and desirable book, easily consulted, and occupying ground which has not hitherto been taken up. It is not the whole subject of Artistic Anatomy, but only one department of it which is here dealt with. The facts taught are brought out with diagrammatic simplicity and precision which cannot fail to bring them clearly and prominently before the student, thus giving him immense assistance. I have pleasure therefore in anticipating for this useful work a great success. JOHN CLELANI).CONTENTS PAGE Side View ok the Head and Neck—Bones 2 Side View ok the Head and Neck—Muscles - 3 Front View ok the Head and Neck—Bones - 4 Front View ok the Head and Neck -Muscles 5 Side View of the Trunk—Bones - 6 Side View of the Trunk—Muscles - 7 Front View of the Trunk—Bones - 8 Front View ok the Trunk—Muscles 9 Back View ok the Trunk—Bones - 10 Back View ok the Trunk—Muscles - n Outer View ok the Lower Limb—Bones - 12 Outer View oe the Lower Limb—Muscles - 13 Front View ok the Lower Limb—Bones - - 14 Froni View of the Lower Limb—Muscles 15 Inner View ok the Lower Limb—Bones 16 Inner View ok the Lower Limb—Muscles 17 Back View ok the Lower Limb—Bones - 18 Back View ok the Lower Limb—Muscles - 19 Outer View ok the Upper Limb—Bones - - - 20 Outer View ok the Upper Limb—Muscles - 21 Front View ok the Upper Limb—Bones - 22 Front View oe the Upper Limb—Muscles 23 Inner View oe the Upper Limb—Bones 24 Inner View ok the Upper Limb -Muscles 25 Back View ok the Upper Limb—Bones - - 26 Back View ok the Upper Limb—Muscles 27 The Bones in relation to the Outline oe Figure—Front View 28 Const ruction Links oe the Standing Figure—Front View 29 The Bones in relation to the Outline ok Figure—Back View 30 Construct ion Lines ok the Standing Figure—Back View 31 1'he Bones in rklationtothe Outlinkok Figure- SideView 32 I’akt.s of the Bones which directly affect the Surface Form—Side View -------- 33 The Bones as in Action—Front View 34 The Muscles as in Action—Front View 35 The Bones as in Action—Back View 36 The Muscles as in Action—Back View 37 The Bones as in Action—Side View 38CONTENTS PAO* The Muscles as in Action—Side View 39 Details of the Face....................................40 Muscles of the Head, with notes of their attachments - 41 Muscles of the Neck, with notes of their attachments - 4* Muscles of the Trunk, with notes of their attachments - 43 Muscles of the Trunk, with notes of their attachments - 44 Muscles of the Trunk, with notes of their attachments - 45 Muscles of the Trunk, with notes of their attachments - 46 Muscles of the Trunk, with notes of tneir attachments - 47 Muscles of the Trunk, with notes of their attachments - 48 Muscles of the Trunk, with notes of their attachments - 49 Muscles of the THIGH—Front View, with notes of their attachments 50 Muscles of the Thigh—Fronf View, with notes of their attachments 51 Muscles of the Buttock and Hip, with notes of their attachments 52 Muscles of the T high—Back View, with notes of their attach ments 53 Muscles of the Leg—Back View, with notesoftheirattachments 54 Muscles of the Leg—Front View, with notes of their attachments 55 Outer View of the Foot—Bones and Muscles, with notes of their attachments - ------ 56 Inner View of the Foot—Bones and Muscles, with notes of their attachments ------- 57 Muscles of the Arm—Front View, with notesoftheirattachments 58 Muscles of the Arm—Back View, with notes of their attachments 59 Muscles of Front and Inner Side of Forearm, with notes of their attachments ------ 60 Muscles of the Back and Outer Side of Forearm, with notesoftheirattachments - - - - - - 61 Bones of the Hand—Palmar View, and Muscles of Palm 62 Muscles of the Hand—Palmar View, and attachments 63 Bones of the Hand—Back View ----- 64 Muscles of the Hand—Back View ----- 65 Surface Forms of the Limbs - - - 66 Bones of the Upper and Lower Limbs—-Photos - 67 Diagrammatic Notes of Various Bones 68 Surface Forms of the Trunk. ------ 69 Three-Quarter Front View of Skeleton—Photo - 70 Three-Quarter Back View of Skeleton—Photo - - 71 Diagrams with Notes on Proportion - - - 71ANATOMICAL DIAGRAMSSIDE VIEW OF THE HEAD AND NECK. BONES. PARIETAL BONE. Parietal eminence. Temporal ridge OCCIPITAL BONE. FRONTAL BONE •2nd Rib 7th Cervical vertebra (prominens) .., TEMPORAL BONE.......... Squamous portion ,, Temporal — fossa „ Zygomatic • • process ,, Mastoid... process ,, Styloid... process Acromion process Spine -' of Scapula ..Superciliary eminence NASAL BONES •••MALAR BONE SUPERIOR .....MAXILLARY .....Angle of the jaw INFERIOR '•••MAXILLARY ' • -1 lyoid bone ‘ ' • Thyroid cartilage '' • -Cricoid cartilage '•-•Trachea or windpipe • • • Thyroid body '••CLAVICLE .*;•STERNUM SCAPULA** or Shoulder-blade ‘•HUMERUS Jamp.s M. Duklop, £>clSIDE VIEW OF THE MUSCLES HEAD AND NECK. OCCIPITO - FRONTALIS The occipital portion, the fixed point of the muscle, is attached below, to the superior curved line of the occipital bone, and to the mastoid portion of the temporal bone Occipital portion.. of occipito- frontalis Zygomatic aTch ... Superior curved... line of occipital bone Parotid Gland..... ZYGOM ATICUS MAJOR.----- MINOR....... MASSETER.......... BUCCINATOR......... SPLENIUS........... LEVATOR ANGULI SCAPUL/E, SCA- LENUS -•* TRAP- EZIUS/ DELTOID .Epicranial aponeurosis uniting the two * portions of the occipito-front alL .Frontal portion of oed pito - frontal is (inserted into the skin of the eyelirows and the root of the nose) ...TEMPORALIS (covered by fascia, it lies in the temporal fossa) . ORBICULARIS PALPEBRARUM . .PYRA MI DALIS NASI COMPRESSOR NAR1S ..•Cartilages of the nose .-...LEVATORS of upper lip and wing of nose LEVATOR of angle of the mouth '••ORBICULARIS ORIS **..DEPRESSOR of lower lip ' •-DEPRESSOR of angle of mouth . ‘-'LEVATOR MENTI " '-DIGASTRICUS ' -Hyoid bone ’ * -Pomum-Adami '•-STERNO-HYOID ’•OMO-HYOID * ’ 'STERNO-MASTOID PECTORALIS MAJOR Clavicle '•Acromion process of scapula jAMts m UuKLor. Del 3FRONT VIEW OF THE HEAD AND NECK. BONES. FRONTAL BONE Frontal eminences. Glabella . . Superciliary eminences. . External angular process . . Internal angular......... process Zygomatic process......... of malar bone SUPERIOR MAXILLARY or upper jaw-bone Alveolar ridge............ Canine tooth.............. Acromion process of scapula PARIETAL BONE . .Upper part of . . THORAX or chest SCAPULA HUMERUS Upper part of STERNUM or breast-bone V and RIB i. \ s COSTAL or rib CARTILAGES 1 Tit of the neck INFERIOR MAXILLARY, or lower jaw-bone CERVICAL VERTEBRAE TEMPORAL BONE NASAL BONES Nasal process of superior maxillary MALAR BONE or cheek-lx>ne Mastoid process of temporal bone .Angle of the jaw .Mcntum or chin „ ist RIB CLAVICLE .* or collarbone Jamis M Pracoe l>ei 4FRONT VIEW OF THE HEAD AND NECK. MUSCLES. Epicranial aponeurosis OCCIPITO FRONTALIS Temporal fascia... ORBICULARIS PALPEBRARUM orbicular or circular portion ,, palpebral- ■ or eyelid portion Teirdo-palpebrarurn. attached tQ superior maxillary LEVATOR of upper lip.' ,, of wing of nose ■ ZYGOMATICUS MINOR- MASSETER DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS LEVATOR MENTI* OMO HYOID. . Fronlal Bone TEMPORALIS CORRUGATOR SUPERCILI! PYRAMIDALIS NASI COMPRESSOR NAR1S Malar bone LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS Cartilages of the nose ORBICULARIS ORIS BUCCINATOR Angle of the jaw Hyoid bone STERNO-MASTOID 2nd Rib ‘Coracoid process of scapula ' Pit of the neck Humerus Acromion process of scapula Sternum Janas M Deni cor. Del.SIDE VIEW OF TRUNK BONES OCCIPITAL BONE Mastoid process of. . . temporal bone . .CLAVICLE . ist RIB .STERNUM THORAX or chest, the cavity enclosed by the Ribs with their cartilages and the Sternum in front, and the Dorsal vertebrae behind Spines of the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE. .Costal cartilages .Iliac Crest PELVTS, composed of the Innom- inate, Launch, or lnp . .bones (united by car- tilage at the pubis in front) together withtbe Sacrum and Coccyx behind, the ■whole forming a complete bony girdle in which there is no movement between the several parts Pubis ........Angle of the jaw .Mentum or chin Spinous process of 7th CERVICAL VERTEBRA Acromion process . of scapula Spine of scapula . . SCAPULA . Base of scapula Axillary border of scapula. - • ...... Inferior angle.......... of scapula HUMERUS . . --------- Posterior superior iliac spine SACRUM . . .Styloid process of temporal bone COCCYX. Head of Femur. • - * Great troclianter. . - 1 FEMUR James M. Duixlop.. Del 6SIDE VIEW OF MUSCLES THE TRUNK. STERNOMASTOID TRAPEZIUS. SPLENIUS LEVATOR ANGULI SCAPULAE SCALENUS / ^, Acromion, process. INFRA-SPINATUS TERES MINOR . . TERES MAJOR . . DELTOID. • ' LATISSIMUS.-.' DORSI " Digitations of SERRATUS • '' MAGNUS Lumbar aponeurosis. GLUTEUS MEDIUS GLUTEUS MAXIMUS llto-tibral band of the iascia lata BICEPS FEMORIS . Angle of the jaw Lower jaw bone DIGASTRICUS .Hyoid bone .Pomum- Adami (larynx) -STERNOHYOID OMO HYOID .Clavicle PECTORALIS MAJOR •OBLIQUUS ABDOMINIS EXTERNUS Aponeurosis of Abdominal muscles .Iliac crest .Fascia lata covering gluteus medium Anterior superior iliac spine ..SARTORIUS TENSOR VAGINAE or fasciae FEMORIS RECTUS FEMORIS VASTUS EXTERNUS M. Thmujr. TkL 7FRONT VIEW OF THE TRUNK BONES. FEMUR Coracoid process _ of scapula STERNUM i si piece or maiiufnum 2nd piece • »r l dad' „ 3rd piece or......... ensiform cartilage THORAX or chest, the cavity enclosed by the Ribs, Cartilages, and Sternum in front, and the Donat verte brae behind. —The upper seven Tibs, named the true ribs, are prolonged by their cartilages to the Ster- num.—Tire lower five are named the false nl*, their cartilages are not directly attached to the Ster- num, those of the 8th, 9th and loth being each attached to the next above, while the nth ind 12th have their tips free and are named floating ribs. Cartilage uniting. . . . . the opposite pubic bones Trodianter major. CERVICAL VERTEBRA CLAVICLE HUMERUS RIBS Costal cartilages . Tuberosity of ischium . Acromion process of scapula Bicipital groove SACRUM . Anterior superior iliac spine PELVIS . Pubic symphysis .. Head of femur Bodies of the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE J M. Dwioor, Dti 8FRONT VIEW OF THE TRUNK. MUSCLES. MEDIUS Aponeurosis of ■ external oblique TENSOR VAGINAE-'' FEMORIS Pubic sympliy.su- - .RECTUS FEMORIS Fascia lata VASTUS...... EXTERNUS (emaiform cartilage) STERNO MASTOID . LATISSIMUS. DORSI (anterior border) GLUTEUS. Hyoid bone Pit of the neck TRAPEZIUS DELTOID Sternum piece) ......(blade) Digitation* of SERRATUS MAGNUS Lines alba, or white line OBLIQUUS ABDOMINIS EXTERNUS Semilunar line at the outer border of rectus Transverse lines, a, i, t ■ .Sheath of Rectus ■ - Antr. supr. iliac spine ■ Pouparts ligament . PYRAMIDAHS Clavicle Acromion process ' PECTORAL1S MAJOR fibres from clavicle ,# fibres. from sternum ,, fibres ftom aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles TRICEPS BICEPS Umbilicus or. . navel RECTUS ABDOMINIS (it is enclosed in a sheath formed by the aponeuroses of the muscles of the flank —on this side of the figure the sheath is removed to show the muscle) ■ ■ . ILIACUS ' ' • -PSOAS ■ . .PEOTINEUS • ADDUCTOR LONGUS - ■ SARTORIUS GRACILIS Jamb M. Duttxof Dal. 9BACK VIEW OF THE TRUNK. BONES Root of. spine of scapula Base, or. • ’ Vertebral border of scapula Head of . . . Humerus •HUMERUS THORAX or chest, the cavity enclosed by the •RIBS. The Ribs articulate behind with the twelve Dorsal vertebrae AA Sacro iliac B triangle Re-entering angle of iliac crest •Posterior superior iliac spine •Tuberosity of Sacrum PELVIS Trochanter major TEMUR . OCCIPITAL BONE. ist CERVICAL VERTEBRA. (the Aites) 2nd do. (the Axis). - Spine of Scapula . .CLAVICLE Spines of DORSAL VERTEBR/E LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (spinous processes) Acromion process. of scapula • -Mastoid process of Temporal bone CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (the 7th is named the vertebra promine ns) SCAPULA Inferior angle, of scapula James M. Dvnlop, Dd. 10BACK VIEW OF THE TRUNK MUSCLES SPLENIUS TRICEPS ., Superior curved line of Occipital bone giving origin to the Trapezius . .SPLENIUS (chain dotted line - LEVATOR ANGULl SCAPUL/E .RHOMBOIDS • (major and minor, lying beneath the Trapeziusi .INFRA- SPINATUS TERES ' MINOR TERES MAJOR Great tTOchanter of Femur Fascia lata (llio-tibial band) Mastoid process TRAPEZIUS ■ STERNO MASTOID Ligament um nuchae . . . 7th Cervical vertebra . Oval tendinous plane . . of Trapezius Acromion...... Spine of • - scapula DELTOID. GLUTEUS-■ MAXIMUS TENSOR. • ..... VAGINrE or fasciae EEMORIS ’ • -SERRATUS MAGNUS . ERECTOR SPIN/E INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES • . 12ih Rib - - . . .SERRATUS POSTICUS INFERIOR . .Triangle of Petit . . .Fascia lata covering Gluteus medius - • . .Tuberosity of Sacrum LATISSIMUS ■ • DO RSI 12th Dorsal vertebra (lowest point of Trapezius) Lumbar aponeurosis- -.... Lumbar vertebras......... OBLIQUUS EXTERNUS- Iliac crest..............' Posterior superior • iliac spine GLUTEUS MEDIUS . . . Jamf.-. M. Duhlop, Del 1 1OUTER VIEW OF THE LOWER LIMB. BONES. • Head of Femur •Great trochanter of Fern nr .Outer tuberosity of Femur FI HU LA.......... the outer and smaller bone of the leg External malleolus- • - (outer ankle) [Os calcis TARSUS (heel-bone) Cuboid 4th Lumbar vertebra... Crest of Ilium Lower end of VERTEBRAL- COLUMN Sacrum and .Coccyx . FEMUR, or thigh-bone Shaft of Femur Head of Fibuia ...TIBIA or shin bone -Shaft of Tibia Astragalus Scaphoid I TARSUS 3rd Cuneiform V 2nd do I (bones of the instep 1 st do ! METATARSUS Anterior superior iliac spine PELVIS (the haunch or hip bones together with ihe sacrum and coccyx Pubis - PATELLA or knee-pan Head of Tibia . Tubercle of Tibia Tuberosity of 5th Metatarsal bone . •PHALANGES Jamks M. Dunlop, Del. 12OUTER VIEW OF THE LOWER LIMB. MUSCLES. . Aponeurosis of Rectus The Quadriceps extensor of the leg includes the Vastus externus. Vastus in tern us, Rectus, and a deep muscle, the Crureus . .RECTUS FEMORIS VASTUS EXTERNUS Tendon of Peroneus brevis.-- Tendons of ExtcnsoT logusdigitorum ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIG1TI 5th Metatarsal bone Saif —The special thickening of tbe outline refers to subcutaneous fatty tissue Crest of Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Fascia lata covering Gluteus medius TENSOR VAGINAE FEMORIS .SARTORIUS "BICEPS FEMORIS GLUTEUS MEDIUS .v GLUTEUS MAXIMUS• Great trochanter of Femur. Head of Fibula Aponeurosis of gastrocnemius GASTROCNEMIUS United tendon of Quadriceps inserted into patella Patella Fatty tissue Lig&mentum patellae inserted into tuliercle of Tibia Tubercle of Tibia TIBIALIS ANTICUS SOLEUS. . . ..... PERONEUS LONGUS... PERONEUS BREVIS. - Tendo-Achillis Externul Malleolus Space filled with adipose tissue Tendon of Peroneus longus- .Annular ligament EXTENSOR BREVIS D1GITORUM EXTENSOR LONGUS DIGITORUM Ilio tibial band of Fascia lata inserted into tibia SEMIMEMBRANOSUS Outer Tuberosity of Femut Tendon of Extensor proprius pollicis (great toel PERONEUS TERTIUS Jamks M Dunlop. Del- 13KRONT VIEW OF BONES THE TOWER LIMB FEMUR or thigh-bone Shaft of Femur. .External tuberosity of Femur External tuberosity of Tibia- Head of Fibula ............... Crest of Ilium- • • -............. Anterior superior iliac spine..... Head of Femur........... Groat trochanter of Femur- Neck of Femur........... PELVIS (the haanch or hip bones together with the sacrum and coccyx.) ..Cartilage connecting the pubic bones . .Pubic symphysis . .Tuberosity of Ischium Adductor tubercle of Femur (for adductor magnus) . . Internal tuberosity of Femur ..... PATELLA. or knee-pan ........Semilunar cartilages ..... . .Internal tuberosity of Tibia .Tubercle of Tibia (giving attachment to hgamentum. patellae) FIBULA........................ (placed lower than the Tibia ; the head of the Film la is below the knee joint, and the lower end of the bone projects below the Tibia, the outer ankle thus being lower than the inner) Crest of Tibia or shin TIBIA or shin-bone External malleolus* .......Malleolus inlernus .... Astragalus 1 ......... Sea plioid V TARS US .......Cuneiform J .......METATARSUS .......PHALANGES James ML. Dunlop, Del. 14FRONT VIEW OF THE LOWER LIMB MUSCLES Anterior superior iLiac spine GLUTEUS MEDIUS - • TENSOR VAGINA FEMORIS Fascia lata VASTUS EXTERNUS RECTUS FEMORIS The (Quadriceps extensor of the leg includes the Vastus externus, Vastus internus, Rectus, and a deep muscle, the Crureus : the united tendon is attached to the Patella and is continued to the Tibia BICEPS FEMORIS, attached to Fibula Fascia lata, attached to Tibia Head of Fibula SOLEUS PERONEUS LONGUS PERONEUS BREVIS EXTENSOR LONGUS DIGTTORUM PERONEUS TERTIUS. Malleolus internus . . • EXTENSOR BREVIS DIGITORUM (sends tendons to all the toes (except the little toe) Tendon of Peroneus tertius ' OBLIQUUS EXTERNUS Aponeurosis of Obliquus externus Poupart’s ligament ILIACUS PSOAS Pubis PECTINEUS ADDUCTOR LONGUS ADDUCTOR MAGNUS GRACILIS SARTORIUS Ligamentum patella? (continuation of Quadriceps tendon) Tendons of Sartorius, etc. inserted into Tibia TIBIALIS ANTICUS GASTROCNEMIUS SOLEUS FLEXOR LONGUS DIGITORUM •Subcutaneous surface of Tibia Annular ligament •Malleolus externus Tendon of Tibialis anticus Tendon of Extensor proprius pollicis Four tendons of Extensor longus digitorum Jawes M. Dunlop. Del 15INNER VIEW OF THE LOWER LIMB BONES James M. Dunlop, Del 16INiNER VIEW OF THE LOWER LIMB. MUSCLES. Antr. supr. iliac spine ILIACUS .......... PSOAS............ • Pubic symphysis.... SARTORIUS...... .... ADDUCTOR LONGUS Aponeurosis of Rectus_ KECTUS VASTUS INTERNUS Patella........... Fatty tissue ......... Ligamentum patellfe Tendons of Sartorius, etc. . • (attached to Tibia) TIBIALIS ANTICUS ......... Subcutaneous surface of Tibia Annular ligament .......... Tendon of Tibialis anticus .. Tendon of Extensor proprius pollicis Sesamoid bone............... ABDUCTOR POLLICIS Sacrum and Coccyx . Sacro sciatic ligaments GLUTEUS MAXIMUS Tuberosity of Ischium GRACILIS .ADDUCTOR MAGNUS SEMIMEMBRANOSUS SEMITENDINOSUS .. Part of Semimembranosus Internal tuberosity of Femur .... Head of Tibia Aponeurosis of Gastrocnemius GASTROCNEMIUS SOLEUS Tendo Achillis FLEXOR LONGUS DIGITORUM TIBIALIS POSTICUS Malleolus internus Space filled with adipose tissue, etc., the Tendo-Achillis from the deep vessels Os calcis Annular ligament Plantar fascia Jiaru K. Dunlop. Del. 17BACK VIEW OF THE LOWER LIMB. BONES. Posterior superior iliac spiae Tuberosity of Sacrum PELVIS Coccyx ............. Tuberosity of Ischium FEMUR. Liaea aspera, or rough line giving attachment to various muscles Popliteal space, containing popliteal artery, nerve, etc. Inner Condyle of Femur,. TIBIA,....... or shin-bone Malleolus internus..... {Astragalus Os calcis . Crest of Ilium Great trochanter of Femur Attachment of Gluteus • medius tendon Great trochanter Smooth surface over which plays thetendon of upper part of Gluteus maximus Attachment of lower part of Gluteus maximus Outer condyle of Femur Head of Fibula FIBULA, the outer and smaller bone of the leg Malleolus externus Cuboid Tuberosity of 5th Metatarsal Jxmss M. Dunlop Del. 18BACK VIEW OF MUSCLES THE LOWER LIMB. Posterior superior iliac spine 1 uberosity of Sacrum ....... Coccyx .......... GLUTEUS MAXIMUS Gluteal Fold..... ADDUCTOR MAGNUS SEMITENDINOSUS... SEMIMEMBRANOSUS. GRACILIS- Popliteal space SARTORIUS Tendon of Semitendinosus (inner hamstring) attached to Tibia Aponeurosis of Gastrocnemius GASTROCNEMIUS and SOLEUS muscles of the calf of the leg : theii tendons unite below and form the Tendo-Achillis which is attached to the .-•••'■ os calcis FLEXOR LONGUS DIGITORUM TIBIALIS POSTICUS Internal malleolus Os calcis .Crest of Ilium Part of Fascia Lata covering Gluteus medius GLUTEUS MEDIUS inserted into great trochanter . Great trochanter of Fern or Tendon of upper part of GJuteas maximus, inserted into fascia lata, here glides over the great trochanter TENSOR VAGINAE FEMORIS inserted into fascia lata Ilio-tibial band of the Fascia lata VASTUS EXTERNUS BICEPS FEMORIS (outer hamstring) attached to head of Fibula PLANTAR IS Outer head 1 Inner head IgASTROCNEMIUS Aponeurosis J SOLEUS (this broad flat muscle lies beneath the Gastrocnemius, its borders only being superficial) PERONEUS LONGUS PERONEUS BREVIS FLEXOR LONGUS POLLICIS (deep) External Malleolus EXTENSOR BREVIS DIGITORUK Tendon of Peroneous longus Tendon of Peroneous brevis ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI James M. Dunlop. Del 19OUTER VIEW OF THE UPPER LIMB. BONES. J««IS M. Dunlot. D.I. 20OUTER VIEW OF THE UPPER LIMB. MUSCLES. Acromion process ol Scapula TRAPEZIUS ........ INFRA SP1NATUS TERES MINOR TERES MAJOR...... LATISSIMUS DORSI Long head (from Scapula) TRICEPS Outer head (from Humerus) Tendon (inserted into olecranon process of Ulna) ANCONEUS ................. EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGIOR EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIOR EXTENSOR COMMUNIS D1GITORUM EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS EX OSS1S METACARPI POLLICIS (to Ixue of 1st metacarpal bone) EX PRIM I INTERNODII POLLICIS (to 1st phalanx of thumb) EX SECUNDI INTERNOIJU POLLICIS (to terminal phalanx of thumb) Tendon of Ex. carpi radialis breviotr ■ (to 3rd metacarpal bone) Tendon of Ex. carpi radialis longior (to 2nd metacarpal bone) Clavicle DELTOID PECTO RALIS MAJOR BICEPS . . BRACHIALIS AKTICUS SUPINATOR LONGUS (from the Humerus to the base of the styloid process of the Radius) FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS Styloid process of Radius OPPONENS POLLICIS ABDUCTOR POLLICIS ist DORSAL INTEROSSEOUS ADDUCTOR POLLICIS James H. Dumiop, [)*). 21FRONT VIEW OF THE UPPER LIMB. BONES. Deltoid impression of Humerus Interne I condyle of Humerus Trochlear surface of Humerus Coronoid process of Ulna KADIUS....... or spoke-bone UI.NA or elbow-bone SCAPULA or shoulder blade HUMKRUS . or arm-bone External condyloid ridge of Humerus from which arises Supinator longue External condyle of Humerus......... Capitcllum, or radial head.......... of Humerus Head of Radius...................... Shaft of Humerus Bicipital tuberosity of Radius Styloid process of Radius METACARPUS. or hones of the palm PHALANGES... or ! tones of the ' fingers 1st Phalanx 2nd Phalanx: 3rd Phalanx tlead ot Ulna Styloid process of Ulna (upper rmu) Scaphoid Semilunar Pisiform Cuneiform (Imver nrw) Unciform Os Magnum T rapezoid Trapezium CARPUS bones of the wrist Acromion process of Scapula Head of Humerus ............ Greater tuberosity of Humerus Bicipital groove of Humerus .CLAVICLE or collar bone . Coracoid proces* . Glenoid cavity of Scapula UcuLor. Dd. 22FRONT VIEW OF THE UPPER LIMB. MUSCLES. TRAPEZIUS ................................ Acromion process of Scapula .............. DELTOID ................................. M/in /. (from the Clavicle and Scapula If III above, and is inserted below SIJ Ilf into the Humerus at the deltoid ff ll»i impression) TRICEPS (outer head) Clavicle ... 1. Part of I PECTORALIS • MAJOR I TRICEPS (long head) BICEPS (from the Coracoid process of Scapula and from upper margin of glenoid cavity of Scapula above, and is inserted into bicipital tuberosity of Radius below) Tendon of Biceps Bicipital fasci; (an expansion of the biceps ten- don covering pronator and Hexor muscles) SUPINATOR LONG US EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGIOK EX. CAR. RAD. 1IKEVIOR NoU'.—The Pronator and Flexor Group, on the inner side of fore- arm arise from internal condyle of numerous Tendon of Ex. os. met. pollicis... Tendon of Ex. primi internodii pollicis OPPONENS POLLICIS ABDUCTOR POLLICIS FLEXOR BREVIS .... rOLLICIS ADDUCTOR rOLLICIS ABDUCTOR INDICIS (or 1st Dorsal interosseous) LUMBRICALES- • ——TRICEPS (inner head) BRACIIIALIS ANTICUS (from the Humerus above, and is inserted below into coronoid process of Ulna) I;-.-. . PRONATOR TERES ...FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS (to metacarpal bone ol index finger) ..PALMARIS LONGUS (to palmar fascia) FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS (to pisiform I sine, and is prolonged to 5th metacarpal) FLEXOR SU BIT MIS DIGITORUM FLEXOR LONGUS POLLICIS Deep fascia of forearm Pisiform bone Annular ligament PALMARIS BREVIS ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI FLEXOR BREVIS MINIMI DIGITI Palmar fascia LUMBRICALES (four small muscles accessory to the deep flexor of fingers) Superficial transverse ligament Sheath of flexor tendons James M. Dunlop, Del. 23INNER VIEW OF THE UPPER LIMB BONES, Acranion process of Scapula Head of Humerus......... HUMERUS Trochlea of Humerus Head of Radius....... Bicipital tuberosity.. RADIUS {Scaphoid Trapezium . . 1st Metacarpal bone ■ - • PHALANGES........... CLAVICLE Cormcrrtd process of Scapula SCAPULA Internal condyle of Humerus Olecranon process of Ulna Coronoid process of Ulna ULNA Head of Ulna .....Styloid process of Ulna Semilunar \ Cuneiform Pisiform CARPUS U Qciform / 5th bone of METACARPUS 1st or proximal ^ 2nd or middle 3rd distal, terminal PHALANGES or ungual (nail bearing) Jaww M. Dvkujp. Del. 24INNER VIEW OF MUSCLES. THE UPPER LIMB. Acromion process of Scapula. i. Clavicle DELTOID. ___.......PECTORALIS MAJOR BICEPS. BRACHIALTS ANT1CUS........... (from Use Huasernc above to the coroneid processed the Ulna below) Biceps tendon (inserted into bicipital tuberosity of the Radius) Bicipital fascist. SUPINATOR LONGUS Note.—The Pronator and Flernr Group arise from internal condyle of Humerus FLEXOR SUBUMIS DIGITORUM (sends 4 tendons to the fingers) Pisiform bone ABDUCTOR POLLICIS ...... (from Trapeoum and annolar ligament to 1st phalanx of thumb) Palmar fascia CORACO BRACHIALIS (from coracoid process of the Scapula above, to the Humerus) TRICEPS (long head) ....TRICEPS (inner head) (the tendon of Triceps is inserted into the olecranon process of Ulna) ....Olecranon process of Ulna Internal condyle of Humerus PRONATOR TERES (inserted into the Radios) FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS (to metacarpal boneofindex finger) . .PALMARIS LONGUS (to the palmar fascia) . FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS (to pisiform bone, and is prolonged to 5th metacarpal) EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS (to 5th metacarpal bone) Head of Ulna Tendon of Ex. carpi ulnaris (attached to 5th metacarpal) PALMARIS BREVIS ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGIT! (from pitiform bone to 1st j of little finger Tendon of Ex. minimi digit) Jams M. Duxurr. Dal. 25SACK VIEW OF THE UPPER LIMB. BONES. Internal condyle of Humerus Olecranon process of Ulna . . External condyloid ridge of Humerus External condyle of Humerus Head of Radius CLAVICLE, •. or coliar-bone Spine of Scapula SCAPULA,........ or shoulder-blade Base,............... or vertebral border of Scapula Inferior angle of Scapula...... ULNA,......... cr elbow-bone RADIUS, or spoke-bone Styloid process of Ulna CARPUS (or bone* of the wrist) METACARPUS, or bones of the palm ..HUMERUS, or arm-bone (Latin, Humerus, the shoulder) Acromion process of Scapula Head of Humerus Tubercle immediately below glenoid cavity of Scapula, giving origin to long-head of Triceps (upper row ) Scaphoid.......... Semilunar.......... Cuneiform......... Pisiform........... (lower row) Unciform •........ Os magnum T rapexoid Trapezium.. .... Styloid process of Radius Base of 1st Metacarpal bone 1st row 2nd row 3rd row PHALANGES Iamsk M. Dunlop. Del. 26BACK VIEW OF THE UPPER LIMB MUSCLES. Tart of TRAPEZIUS INFRA. SPINATUS RHOMBOID TERES MINOR Acromion process of Scapula Deltoid aponeurosis DELTOID Long head 1 (from Scapula, passing between Teres minor and Teres major) TERES MAJOR Part of LATISSIMUS DO RSI'/ Triceps lendon . . (inserted into olecranon process of the Ulna) ANCONEUS FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS Nott.—The muscular mass on the inner side of the forearm is attached to the internal condyle, whereas the mass on the outer side begins from a point on the Humerus considerably above the outer condyle Annular ligament .......... Styloid process of Ulna ... Tendon of Flexor carpi ulnaris (to Pisiform bone, arid prolonged to 5th metacarpal) ABDUCTOR MINIMI UIGIT1 OITONENS MINIMI DICITI Outer head (from Humerus) .TRICEPS Inner head (from Humerus) SUPINATOR LONGUS EXTENSOR CARPI RADIAL1S LONGIOR (to base of 2nd metacarpal) EX. CARPI RADIAL1S UREVIOK (to base of 3rd metacarpal) ...EX. COMMUNIS DIGIIORUM ...EX. MINIMI DIGITI . EX. CARPI ULNARIS EX. OSSIS METACARPI POLLICIS EX. PRIMI INTERNODII POLLICIS (to 1st phalange) Styloid process of Radius Ten. of Ex. Car. Rad. Brev. ■ Ten. of Ex. Carpi Rad. longior Ten of Extensor secundi intemodii pollicis ADDUCTOR POLLICIS 1st DORSAL INTEROSSEOUS Jamxs M Dunlop. Del 27THE BONES IN RELATION TO THE OUTLINE OF FIGURE FRONT VIEW AsSttgahis CLAVICLE STERNUM-.. THORAX HUMERUS PELVIS ........... .Afttr. sopr. spine. Greet trochanter . Diagram to show the relation to the bony masses to the proportions of the whole figure, the minute details of the bones being disregarded The straight lines through the out- line of the figure suggest the relative widths and tapering of the various parts Pit of the neck. Acromion process ULNA RADIUS CARPUS (wrist) METACARPUS ■ PHALANGES FEMUR PATELLA FIBULA TIBIA Jambs M, Dvhvov, Del. 28CONSTRUCTION LINES OF THE STANDING FIGURE FRONT VIEW Fig. 1 Fig. 2 In the above diagrams. Fig. I shows the leading constructive lines when the hgnre is standing upright and resting on both legs. In this position the line passing through the shoulders, and that drawn across the antr. supr. spines of the Pelvis, are both obviously at light angles to the vertical axis of the body. In Figure a the weight of the body is carried mainly on one leg, and in this position the axial line of tire body becomes a curve, bat still the line drawn through the shoulders and that through the Pelvis may be regarded as at right angles to this imaginary curve. Observe that the Pelvis is higher on the side which supports the figure, and also that the hip makes a sharper angle on that side, and farther, note toe slope of the standing leg with die ground, necessary for the balance of the figure. The axial line of the body carried down through the standing leg gives here a line of double curvature, which is the first line to be drawn in suggesting the pose. Jambs M, Dunlop. Del. 29THE BONES IN RELATION TO OUTLINE OF FIGURE. BACK VIEW. SCAPULA TIBIA Astra Os calc al>'$ V lets J TARSUS CERVICAL VERTEBRA .. Spine of Scapula ...Acromion process THORAX ............ DORSAL VERTEBRAL.. HUMERUS LUMBAR VERTEBRA... Iliac crest ... PELVIS ............. Sacrum and Coccyx ... ULNA . RADIUS ■ CARPUS (wrist) ...METACARPUS ... PHALANGES FIBULA Tuberosity of Ischium FEMUR Jam*h M. Duwlof. Del. 80CONSTRUCTION LINES OF THE STANDING FIGURE. BACK VIEW. The above diagrams show the leading constructive lines of the back view of the figure in similar positions to those already shown in the front view. The greater length of the trunk as viewed from behind will l>e observed on compa ison with the front view. The lines across the lack are drawn through the shoulders, the lower end of the thorax, the iliac crests, and the gluteal fold. Jaxfj M. Dunlop, DH- 31THE BONES IN RELATION TO OUTLINE OF FIGURE. SIDE VIEW. cervical vertebra Acromion process .. SCAPULA- HUMERUS............ THORACIC or dorsal. VERTEBRAE LUMBAR VERTEBRA; Sacrum and Coccyx . Tuberosity of Ischium ... FEMUR FIBULA Os calcis. CLAVICLE ...THORAX .... Iliac crest ....Antr. supr. spine ...PELVIS ____Pubis •.... Head of Femur ....Great trochanter PATELLA TIBIA Bones of the TARSU S METATARSUS James M. Dunlop, Del. 32PARTS OF THE BONES WHICH DIRECTLY AFFECT THE SURFACE FORM—Side View. References to tht bona HEAD I. Bona of the cranium; the shaded part is more or less plainly revealed upon the anhct 3. Nasal bone 3. Malar or cheek-bone and Zygomatic arch 4. Mastoid process of Temporal bone 5. Lower jaw-bone, on time of its entire length TRUNK 6. Clavicle 7. Spine of Scapula 8. Base of Scapula 9. Sternum 10. Cartilages of Ribs 11. Diac Crest 12. Anterior superior iliac spine 13. Pubis LOWER LIMB 14. Great trochanter of Femur 15. Patella 16. Outer condyle of Femur 17. Head of Tibia 18. Head of Fibula 19. Outer malleolus of Fibula 20. Os Calcis 21. Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal 22. Metatarsal bones Nora.—The parts of the Bones and Cartilages which are subcu- taneous, or sufficiently near the surface to affect the surface form, are in this diagram marked in blue. Jam as M. Dun cor, I?«l- 33THE BONES AS IN ACTION-Front View References to the Bones acd Cartilages in the three vievrg of the figure in action. TRUNK. A—Clavicle B—Acromion process of Scapula B'—Spine of Scapula B"—Base of Scapula C—Sternum D—Cartilages of the Ribs E—Anterior superior iliac spine F—Iliac crest G—Posterior superior iliac spine H—Pubis I—Sacrum LOWER LIMB. J—Great trochanter of Femur K—Outer condyle of Femur L—Inner condyle of Femur Patella N—Head of Tibia N'—Shaft of Tibia O—Head of Fibula P—Outer malleolus of Fibula Q—Inner malleolus of Tibia R—Os Calcis S—Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal T—Ball of great toe UPPER LIMB. U—Inner condyle of Humerus V—Outer condyle of Humerus W—Olecranon process of Ulna X—Posterior border of Ulna Y—Head and styloid process of Ulna Z—Styloid process of Radius Note—The parts of the Bones and Cartilages which are subcutaneous or sufficiently near the surface to affect the surface form directly, are, in this diagram marked in blue. The parts so marked are therefore of great im- portance in sketching out the masses of the figure. Jamm M. Duwlop, Del- 34THE MUSCLES AS IN ACTION—Front View. References to the Muscles in the three views of the figure in action HEAD AND TRUNK 7. Rectus abdominis 8. Serratus magnus 9. Latissimus dorsi 10. Infra-spinatus 11. Teres minor 12. Teres major 13. Rhomboid 1. Stemo-mastoid 2. Posterior triangle of the neck 3. Trapezius 4. Pectoralis major 5. Deltoid 6. External oblique LOWER LIMB 14. Gluteus medius 15. Gluteus maxiinus 16. Tensor fascia; femoris 17. Sartorius 18. Rectus femoris 19. Vastus extern us 20. Vastus intemus 21. Iliacus and Psoas 22. Pectineus 23. Adductor longus 24. Gracilis 25. Adductor magnus 26. Biceps femoris 27. Semitendinosus 28. Semimembranosus 29. Plantaris 30. Gastrocnemius 31. Soleus 32. Peroneus longus 33. Peroneus brevis 34. Peroneus tertius 35. Extensor longus digitorum 36. Tibialis anticus 37. Extensor brevis digitorum 38. Abductor minimi digiti 39. Abductor pollicis UPPER LIMB. 40. Biceps 41. Triceps 42. Brachial is anticus 43. Coracohrachialis 44. Supinator longus 45. Extensor carpi radialis longior 46. „ „ „ btevior 47. ,, communis digitorum 48. ,, ossis metacarpi pollicis 49. ,, primi inteinodii pollicis 50. ,, secundi internodii pollicis 51. ,, carpi ulnaris 52. Anconeus 53. Flexor carpi ulnaris 54. Flexor sublimis digitorum 55. Palmaris longus 56. Flexor carpi radialis 57. Pronator teres FASCIAE, APONEUROSES, &C. a. Aponeurosis covering Rectus b. Lumbar aponeurosis c. Fascia lata—ilio-tibial band d. Quadriceps e. Ligamentum patellae f. Tendo-Achilles 35 James M. Duhlop, Pel-THE BONES AS IN ACTION—Back View. Reference* to the Bones and Cartilages in the three views of the figure in action. TRUNK. A—Clavicle - B—Acromion process of Scapula B'—Spine of Scapula B"—Base of Scapula C—Sternum D—Cartilages of the Ribs E—Anterior superior iliac spine F—Iliac crest G—Posterior superior iliac spine H—Pubis I—Sacrum LOWER LIMB. J—Great trochanter of Femur K—Outer condyle of Feinur L—Inner condyle of Femur M—Patella N—Head of Tibia N'~ Shaft of Tibia O—Head of Fibula P—Outer malleolus of Fibula Q—Inner malleolus of Tibia R—Os Calcis S—Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal T—Ball of great toe UPPER LIMB. U—Inner condyle of Humerus V—Outer condyle of Humerus W—Olecranon process of Ulna X—Posterior border of Ulna Y—Head and styloid process of Ulna Z—Styloid process of Radius Note____The parts of the Bones and Cartilages which are subcutaneous or sufficiently near the surface to affect the surface form directly, are, in this diagram marked in blue. The parts so marked are therefore of great im- portance in sketching out the masses of the figure. 36 James M. Dus lop, Del.THE MUSCLES AS IN ACTION.—Back View. References to the Muscles in the three views of the figure in action HEAD AND TRUNK 1. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 14- 15- 16. >7- 18. i9- 20. 21. 22. 23- 24. 25- 20. 27- 28. 29. 3°- 3>- 32- 33- 34- 35- .36. 37- 3*- 39- 40. 41. 42. 43- 44- 45- 46. 47. 48. 49- 5°* 51- 52- 53- 54- 55* 56. 57- Rectus abdominis Scrratus magnus Latissimus dorsi Infra-spinatus Tere9 minor 12. Teres major 13. Rhomboid 7 8. 9- 10. 11. Stemo-mastoid Posterior triangle of the neck Trapezius Pcctoralis major Deltoid External oblique LOWER LIMB Glutens medius Gluteus maximus Tensor fascia; femoris Sartor ins Rectus lemoris Vastus externus Vastus internus Iliacus and Psoas Pectineus Adductor loDgus Gracilis Adductor magnus Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimem branosus Plantaris Gastrocnermas Soleus Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Peroneus tertius Extensor longus digrtoram Tibialis anticus Extensor brevis digitomm Abductor minimi digiti Abductor pollicis UPPER LIMB. Biceps Triceps Brachial is an liens Coraco-brachialis Supinator longus Extensor carpi radialis longior • ,, brevior ,, coramonis digitorum ,, ossis metacarpi pollicis Jy prim: mternodii pollicis secundi internodii pollicis ,, carpi ulnaris Anconeus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor sublimis digitorum Patmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Pronator teres FASCIAE, APONEUROSES, &C, Aponeurosis covering Rectus Lumbar aponeurosis Fascia lata—ilio-tibial band Quadriceps Ligament urn patellae Tendo-Achilles Jaxse® M. Duklov, Dol. 37THE BONES AS IN ACTION.—Side View, References to the Bones and Cartilages in the three views of the figure in action. TRUNK. A —Clavicle B—Acromion process of Scapula B'--Spine of Scapula B"—Base of Scapula C—Sternum D—Cartilages of the Ribs E—Anterior superior iliac spine F—Iliac crest G —Posterior superior iliac spine H—Pubis I—Sacrum LOWER LIMB. J—Great trochanter of Femur K—Outer condyle of Femur L—Inner condyle of Femur M—Patella N—Head of Tibia N-—Shaft of Tibia O—Head of Fibula P—Outer malleolus of Fibula Q—Inner malleolus of Tibia R—Os Calcis S—/Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal T—Ball of great toe UPPER LIMB. U—Inner condyle of Humerus V—Outer condyle of Humerus W—Olecranon process of Ulna X—Posterior border of Ulna Y—Head and styloid process of Ulna Z—Styloid process of Radius Note_____The parts of the Bones and Cartilages which are subcutaneous or sufficiently near the suiface to affect the surface form directly, are, in this diagram marked in blue. The parts so marked are therefore of great im- portance in sketching out the mosses of the figure. 3S Jamss M. Dituop, Del.THE MUSCLES AS IN ACTION.—Side View. References to the Muscles in the three views of the figure in action HEAD AND TRUNK Sterno-mastoid 7. Rectus abdominis Posterior triangle 8. Serratus magnus of the neck 9. Latissimus dorsi Trapezius 10. Infra-spinatus Pectoralis major 11. Teres minor Deltoid 12. Teres major External oblique 13. Rhomboid LOWER LIMB Gluteus medius Gluteus maxim us Tensor fasciae femoris Sartorius Rectus femoris Vastus extemus Vastus intemus Iliacus and Psoas Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnua Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Plantaris Gastrocnemius Soleus Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Peroneus tertius Extensor longus digitorum Tibialis anticus Extensor brevis digitorum 3S. Abductor minimi digiti 39. Abductor pollicis UPPER LIMB. 40. Biceps 41. Triceps 42. Brachialis anticus 43. Coraco-brochialis 44. Supinator longus 45. Extensor carpi radialis longior „ „ brevior communis digitorum ossis metacarpi pollicis primi internodii pollicis secundi internodii pollicis carpi a loans 52. Anconeus 53. Flexor carpi ulnaris 54. Flexor sublimis digitorum 55. Palmaris longus 56. Flexor carpi radialis 57. Pronator teres FASCLE, APONEUROSES, &C a. Aponeurosis covering Rectus b. Lumbar aponeurosis c. Fascia iata—ilio-tibial band d. Quadriceps e. Ligamentum patellae f. Tendo-Achilles 89 Jams* M. Duhlop, DeLDETAILS OF THE FACE. Frontal Iwnc C&runcula lachrymalis Skin farrow at margin of the or Kaaal process of superior maxillary bone • Frontal bone, external angular process Skin furrow at the eyeball Malar bone Nasal process cra on the liack of the Femur ; the fibres v»f lhe upper half and the superficial fibres of ltie lower portion, terminate in a strong tendinous lamina which passes across the great trochanter and is inserted into the fascia lata of the thigh The GLUTEUS MET)1US muscle (partly covered by the G. maximus ; and its super- ficial portion lying between G. maximus and the Tensor fascia: femoris, covered by a strong fascia) arises from the iliac- crest and part of the outer surface of the Ilium. It converges to a strong flattened tendon, which is inserted into the great trochanter of the Femur The TENSOR VAGIN.+2 or FASCI/E FE- MORIS arises from the iliac crest close to the antr. supr. iliac spine. It is inserted into the fascia lata James M. Dunlop, Del 52MUSCLES OF THE THIGH—Back Vjiw. The HAMSTRING muscles, flexor* of the leg The BICEPS (the outer hamstring) arises by two heads; the long head from the back of the tuberosity of the Ischium by a tendon common to it and the Semiten- dinosus ; the short head from part of the linea aspera on the back of the Femur. It is inserted into the head of the Fibula with an expansion of the tendon to the Tibia. The SEMITEN DINOSUS (together with the semimem- branosus forming the inner hamstring), arises from the tuberosity of the Ischium. It tapers below to a rery long tendon inserted into the upper part of the inner surface of the Tibia. Front View of the bone* at the knee The SEMIMEMBRANOSUS (so named from the mem branous expansion on its anterior and posterior sur faces) arises from the tuberosity of the Ischium and is inserted into the bock of the inner tuberosity of the Tibia. St. Insertion of Semitendmosos G Insertion of Gracilis S ,, ,, Sartorial James M. Domiop. Dd. 53MUSCLES OF THE LEG—Back View. Muscles of the calf of the leg The GASTROCNEMIUS muscle arises by two heads from the Femur immediately above the coodyles, and ends below in a broad tendon which joins with that of the Solcus to form the Tendo-Achillas. Each tendon of origin spreads out into an apo- neurosis from which some of the muscular fibres arise. The two heads meet in the median line of the calf The SOLEUS, a broad flat muscle, shaped tike a sole-fish, arises from the back of the Tibia and Fibula. The fleshy fibres are short and pas backward to an aponeurosis which joins below with the tendon of the Gastrocnemius, forming the Tendo-Achillis, winch is inserted into the Os calc is or heel-bone Beep amsdes of the lack of the leg. These muscles are superficial only at the lower part of the inner border of die leg. They arise from the back of the Tibi*, and Fibula and from the iaterosseons membrane, which extends between these two bones and separates the muscles of the front from those on the back of the leg. The FLEXOR LONGUS DIGITORUM terminate* below in a tendon which de- scends behind the inner malleollus along with the T. poaticu*, and crossing super- ficially to the tendon of the Flexor longus pollicis, passes into the sole of the foot and divides into four tendons for the outer toes. The TIBIALIS POSTICUS is inserted into the Scaphoid bone, with prolonga- tions to most of the tarsal and metatarsal bones The FLEXOR LONGUS POELICIS or HALLUCIS, almost entirely hidden, is inserted into the base of the last phalan x of the great toe flexor longus DIGITORUM Sesamoid bone in tendon of Flexor brevis pollicis F.L pollicis tendon Jam* M 0uwn'p Del. 54MUSCLES OF THE LEG—Front View. Extensor longus digitorum Extensor- propnus pollicis Peroneus tertiui Head of Fibula- Insertion of Peroneus longos tendon Diagram of bones of sole of foot showing Peroneus longus tendon passing across to its insertion / 1 Attachment of / M * Extensor Cl propnus f pollicis / The TIBIALIS ANTICUS arises from the Tibia at its outer tuberosity and outer surface of the shaft, and from the in- terosseous membrane. Its tendon, after passing through the innermost compart- ment of the anterior annular ligament, is inserted into the inner cuneiform bone and the base of the metatarsal bone of the great toe The EXTENSOR PROPRIUS POL- LICIS or HALLUCIS (of the great toe) arises from the front of the Fibula and the interosseouj membrane. Its tendon, passing through a compartment of the annular ligament, is inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the great toe THE EXTENSOR LONGUS DIGI- TORUM arises from the outer tuber- osity of the Tibia and tlie upper three-fourths of the shaft of the Fibula, and from the interoaaeous membrane. Its tendon passing through the annular ligament divides into four slips which • re inserted into the four outer toes at their and and 3rd phalanges The PERONEUS TF.RTIUS is a part of the Ex. longus digitorum. It arises from the lower fourth of the shaft of the Filwla. The tendon, after pawing through the same compartment of the annular ligament as the Ex. loagus, is inserted into the base of the metatarsal bone of the little toe The PERONEUS LONGUS arises from tire head and upper two-thirds of outer surface of the shaft of the Fibula. It terminates in a long tendon, which, paasing behind and beneath the outer malleolus in a groove common to it and the Peroneus brevis, is directed forwards and downwards to the outer border of the foot and enters a groove on the under surface of the Cuboid bone ; it then passes deeply across the sole of the foot to be inserted into the inner cuneiform bone and the base of the metatarsal bone of the great toe. The PERONEUS BREVIS lies beneath the Peroneus longus and arises from the lower two-thirds of the outer sur- face of the shaft of the Fibula. Its tendon passes behind the outer malle- olus along with the Peroneus longus, and separating from the latter at that point, turns forward along the outer side Peroneus brtvil':of ‘I*, foot, to be inserted into the Peroneus ! htberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone tertius ../ 5th metatarsal bone OUTER VIEW Jamks M. Dunlop, Del. 55OUTER VIEW OF THE FOOT. External malleolus of the Fibeia (oatcr ankle) BONES Tuberosity of 5th Metatarsal booe Groore in Cuboid bone for Ferooeus longua tendon TIBIA FIBULA TARSUS ASTRAGALUS OS CALCIS SCAPHOID CUBOID jrd CUNEIFORM and do. do. METATARSUS PHALANGES ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI PERONEU9 BREVIS Peroueus longns . tendon Tendo- Achilli* Space filled with adipose tisane MUSCLES Tibialis aatiev* tendon Extensor proprios pollicis lendod Extensor longus digitorum tendon (divides into four tendons for the four outer toes) ! PERONEUS TERTIUS EXTENSOR BREVIS DIGITORUM The ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI arises from the os calcis and is inserted into the 1st phalanx of the little toe. It is slightly attached in its coarse to the base of the 5th metatarsal bone The EXTENSOR BREVIS DIGITORUM arises from the os calcis and sends tendons to the four Inner toes. This muscle causes an important surface form in front of the outer ankle Jamxs M. Duklop. Del 56INNER VIEW OF THE FOOT. The ABDUCTOR POLI-ICIS arises from the os calcic aor and Extensors ISUPINATOR LONGUS EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGIOK EX. CAR. RAD. BKEVIOR EXTENSOR COMMUNIS DIGITORUM EXTENSORS of the thumb . Tendon ofE.c. r. brevior -Tendon of E.c. r. longior The SUPINATOR andEXTENSOR group These muscles lie on the outer side end back of the forearm. It is im- portant to note that they form a mass which commences on a higher level than that of the Pronator and Plexor group. The apex of this muscular arises from the Humerus, some distance above the elbow joint, emerging from between the Triceps and Brachialu anticus. The Supi- nator longus and the Extensor carpi radialis longior arise from the ridge above the outer condyle of the Humerus, and the rest of the group take origin from the outer condyle. The Extensors of the thumb form a separate group arising from the Radius and Ulna The SUPINATORLONGUS, fleshy in its upper two thirds, terminates in a flat tendon inserted in styloid process of Radius The EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGIOR terminates at the upper third of the forearm in a flat tendon which passes beneath the extensors of the thumb, and through a groove behind styloid process of Radius, to be inserted into hose of metacarpal lx>ne of index finger The EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIOR tendon begins about the middle of the forearm and accompanies that of the preceding muscle. It inserted into ihc Iwse of the metacarpal hone of the middle linger The EXTENSOR COMMUNIS DIGITORUM divides just below the middle of the forearm into three tendons, which pass through the annular ligament and then diverge, the innermost one dividing into two. These tendons are inserted into the second and third phalanges of the Angers The EXTENSOR MINIMI DIGITI a slender muscle connected with the preced- ing. Its tendon, alter passing through the annular ligament divides into two, which, again uniting an inserted into the and and 3rd phalanges of the little finger. The EXTENSOR CARPI ULNAKIS. This muscle, besides the common ridge from the Humerus, also arisas by an aponeurosis from the posterior border of the Ulna. Its tendon runs through a groove behind the styloid process of the Ulna, passes through the annular ligament, and is inserted into the base of the meta- carpal bone of the little (i ANCONEUS SUPINATOR BREVIS E. C. R. BREVIOR Extensors of . the thumb — Extensor indicis tendon The deeper musclar of tht hack of th« forearm Jarras M. Durum, Del. 61BONES OF THE HAND—Palmar View RADIUS Styloid process of Radius. SCAPHOID . TRAPEZIUM 1st METACARPAL BONE PHALANGES ULNA Styloid process of Ulna PISIFORM BONE UNCIFORM BONE Unciform process or hook 5th METACARPAL BONE ..'.PHALANGES Muscles of the Thumb forming the Thenar eminence or ball of the thumb OPPONENS P0LLIC1S FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS ABDUCTOR POLLICIS ADDUCTOR \ transversus and POLLICIS / oblrquus Muscles of Thumb OPPONENS... ABDUCTOR FLEXOR BREVIS ADDUCTOR... transversus MUSCLES OF THE PALM Muscles of Little Finger ABDUCTOR .... PLEXOR BREVIS •OPPONENS Muscles of the little Finger forming the Hypothenar eminence or ball at little finger ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGIT FLEXOR BREVIS .. OPPONENS The ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI The FLEXOR BREVIS ., The OPPONENS Insertion 1st pita Ian x of little do. do. Origin From the Pisiform bone [ from unciform process of j unciform bone ami from r MetActIJml bone ^ the annular ligament J 1 In the middle of the Palm are the Lumbncales, four small muscles. accessories to the deep Flexor of the fingers ; and in the intervals between the metacarpal bones, are the Intcroaaci muscle*, 4 dorsal and J palmar Janes M. Dunlop. D*L 62MUSCLES OF THE HAND.—Palmar View. Tendon oC Ex. carpi radialis ----- longior Tendon of Supinator longus------- Tendon of Ex. ossis metacarpi pollicis Tendon of Ex. primi intemodii pollicis OPPONENS POLLICIS ABDUCTOR POLLICIS FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS.,,. Tendon of Flexor. longus pollicis ADDUCTOR TRANSVERSUS POLLICIS 1st DORSAL INTEROSSF.US or Abductor indicis Flexor sublimis tendon Flexor protiindis tendon Tendon of Flexor carpi radialis Tendon of Palmaris longus Flexor sublimis digitorum Flexor carpi ulnaris Pisiform bone Annular ligament ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIG1TI FLEXOR BREVIS MINIMI DIGITI l\ lumbricales L f muscles l) Flexor tendons covered with sheath The THUMB is provided with the following muscles :— 3 Extensors situated on the back of the forearm and hand ; 4 Flexors, i Abductor and 2 Adductors, all muscles of the palm, except the Flexor Longus, which has its fleshy part deep in the front of the forearm EXTENSORS EX OS5IS METACARPI POLLICIS inserted into the PRIMI INTERNODII POLLICIS „ ,, „ „ SECUNDI INTERNODII POLLICIS ............. FLEXORS OPPONENS POLLICIS arises from the Trapezium and annular ligament and is inserted into the FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS consists of two portions ; the outer arises from the Trapezium and annular ligament and is inserted into the The inner and deeper portion arises from the meta- carpal bone of the thumb and is inserted along with the Adductor obliquus into the A sesamoid bone is developed in each of the two tendons of insertion FLEXOR LONGUS POLLICIS, a deep muscle of the forearm having an extensive origin from the Radius ; it is inserted into the ABDUCTOR and ADDUCTORS ABDUCTOR POLLICIS arises from Trapezium and annular ligament and is inserted into the AnnnrrnR ) obliquus, from the Os magnum, etc., r>nr r tr ie r transversus, from the metacarpal bone rVEElUJS J of the msddle finger Metacarpal bone 1st Phalanx terminal Phalanx Metacarpal bone 1st Phalanx, outer side 1st Phalanx, inner side terminal Phalanx 1st Phalanx inserted into 1st Phalanx Jambs M. Duxlop, Del. 63BONES OF THE HAND.—Back Vikw RADIUS BONES OK THE CARPUS METACARPAL BONES ULNA 64 Jmu M. Dvnor, D*LBACK OF THE HAND—iMusci.ES. EXTENSOR COMMUNIS......... DIG1TORUM EXTENSOR MINIMI DIGITI EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS . UlM ....................... Anooki ligament........... Tendon of Extensor carpi . ulnar is ABDUCTOR MINIMI .......... DIGITI OPPONENS MINIMI DIGITI Tendonx of Extensor . comraunia digitormn V._ EXTENSOR OSSIS METACARPI POLL ICIS EXTENSOR PRIMI INTERNODII POLLICIS EXTENSOR SECUNDI INTERNODII POLLICIS Styloid process of Radius ..... Tendon of Extensor carpi radialia brevier Tendon of Extensor carpi radialis longior Tendon of Extensor primi intemodii pollicis OPPONENS POLLICIS Tendon of Extensor secundi internod ii poilicis ABDUCTOR POLLICIS i»t DORSAL INTEROSSEOUS EXTENSOR COMMUNIS DIGITORUM Extensor coinmunis digitonim tendons. EXTENSOR MINIMI DIGITI EXTENSOR. •’ CARPI ULNARIS FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS Pisiform bone Abductor and opponent muscles of little finder Muscle* of Thumb US Jakfs M. Durrtop.SURFACE FORMS OF THE LIMBS UllM Olecranon process Front view of knee Back view of knee JAMES M- Doklop, Del. 66BONES OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS. * Bones of the UPPER LIMB, front view, with the forearm in the position of PRONATION Note.—The illustrations on this page, and also those of the skeleton of the trunk in three-quarter front and back views, are from photographs of artificially articulated bones Bones of the LOWER LIMB - in bent position Outer view m 'Jh'.'- m 1 s ' i Bones of the UPPER LIMB, front view, with the forearm in the posi- tion of SUPINATION Note.—The bones of the upper limb are here shown on a larger scale than those of the lower limb Bones of the LOWER LIMB in bent position Front view 67DIAGRAMMATIC NOTES OF VARIOUS BONES * Diagrammatic Sugretbooi for note block iLull Back front and side views, using a circle for cranium in front view and an egg shape in side view Cervical Curve Lumbar Curve The hip-bone in the child ; the three part* become united and form one bone in the adult Curves of the Vertebral Column Jambs M. Duniof, Del. t>8SURFACE FORMS OF THE TRUNK THREE-QUARTER FRONT AND BACK VIEWS OF THE MALE TORSO OR TRUNK. THREE-QUARTER FRONT AND BACK VIEWS OF THE FEMALE TORSO. DIAGRAMS OF SIDE VIEW OF PELVIC BONES SHOWING INCLINATION IN MALE AND FEMALE. MALE FEMALE PELVIS. PELVIS. DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE PELVIC BONES AND THE THIGH BONES IN BACK VIEW IN THE MALE AND FEMALE. BACK VIEW BACK VIEW IN THE MALE. IN THE FEMALE. |>au M. Duxlop, Del. 69THREE-QUARTER FRONT VIEW OF SKELETON. 70THREE-QUARTER BACK VIEW OF SKELETON. 71DIAGRAMS WITH NOTES ON PROPORTION. In the adult male figure, in the upright position, the distance from the top of the head to the pit of the neck measures about 5$ times into the height; this distance is about equal to the greatest width at the hips, or middle of the height of the figure. The greatest width at the shoulders, at the fiillest point of the deltoid muscle, is about equal to 2 heads, or more than one quarter of the height In the female figure, the distance from the top of the head to the waist is about \ of the height The width at the shoulders is slightly less proportionately than in the male figure, but the width at the hips is proportionately, or even absolutely, greater in the female, and is at a lower level, being a little below the great trochanters. The width at the hips measures about 4$ tiroes into the height, and is about equal to the distance from the pit of the neck to the umbilicus. 72 Relation of Head to height of figure. At Birth. 5 years. Adult. At Birth the head measures about . 4 times into height. At $ years the head measures about 6 times into height. In the Adult about 7i times into height M Diiniop. D«L