Be ricie)0) OR. ar Wise eS SN EDE .NDER BEGG ee . CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE istory of British Columbia from its ear TAMPHOTO-ENG BU LAA HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA FROM ITS EARLIEST DISCOVERY TO THE PRESENT TIME. BY / ALEXANDER BEGG C.C., F.R.C.1, \ Zz ILLUSTRATED. a V TORONTO: WILLIAM BRIGGS. MONTREAL: C. W. COATES. HALIFAX: S, F. HUESTIS. 1894. Th ‘Fntered, according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four, by ALEXANDER Beac, C.C., Victoria, B.C., at the Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. + PREFACE. IT HAS BEEN REMARKED that ‘a man may be ignorant of the-laws of his country, but with ordinary intelligence he is not excusable, if he be unacquainted’ with its history.” This remark should only be applied to those who have the means of becoming well informed, and neglect to avail themselves of opportunities within their reach. Historicatry, British Columbia has, hitherto, had comparatively an unwritten record. It is true, that within the last thirty years, many pamphlets and books respecting the Province have been written, but they were principally confined to climatic, geographical and descriptive matters ; hence the present effort of the Author to search for, gather, and compile, from such sources as were available, as full and complete a record as possible of this interesting portion of the Dominion. The result is this work now placed before the public, in the hope that it may interest and benefit the reading community. The “modern history” relating to the recent official visit of the Governor-General to British Columbia, is given at some length, as it refers to wany provincial topics of. importance, and gives evidence of the continued loyal feeling of the people of.the Province to Queen Victoria and the British throne. The lamented death of the Premier of Canada, at Windsor Castle, 12th December, 1894, is noted. Hon. Mackenzie Bowell, Minister of Trade and Commerce, favorably known in British Columbia, re Australian Trade and the Pacific Cable, at the request of Lord Aberdeen, accepted the Premiership. A new historical feature, namely, THE APPENDIX MAP, showing the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway across the continent, also the iv PREFACE. routes used by the brigades of the early fur-traders, from the Pacitic coast and New Caledonia to Hudson Bay and Montreal, will be found useful and instructive. The thanks of the author are due to not a few in the city of Victoria who have assisted in supplying material for this history ; especially the Deputy Provincial Secretary for affording access to the provincial records and archives; to the Provincial Auditor and the Assistant Auditor for the warm interest they manifested in the early ' progress of the work. \ ALEXANDER BEGG, C.C. December, 1894. CONTENTS. ‘ INTRODUCTORY. PAGH 1-A continuous history. 2-Arranged in chronological periods. 3-The pre-historic period. arly navigators. Captain Cook (1778). 4-The fur-trading period. 5-Francis Drake. 6- The first arrival at Nootka. 7%-The second British navigator. 8-Captain John Meares (1788). 9-The great navigator, Cap- tain George Vancouver (1792-3-4). 10-Alexander Mackenzie (1793). 11-The North-West Company and New Caledonia (1808). 12-Union of the companies (1821). 13-Lease of Alaska (1839), 14-Fort Camosun selected (1842), 15-Fort Victoria erected (1843). 16-First officer in charge (1844). 17-Gold discovered (1848). 18-The colonial period (1849). 19- Colonization, settlement and representative govern- ment (1856). 20-A second crown colony (1858). 21-British Columbia. 22-Its boundaries defined (1858 and 1863). 23- Governor Douglas knighted (1863). Succeeded by Captain Kennedy (1864). 24- Union of the Colonies (1866). Frederick Seymour (1864-66, 1869). 25-The Royal City (1859). 26-Vic- toria surveyed. Its boundaries (1852). OT 28, 29-The beau- ties of Victoria (1862). 30-Other beautiful scenery —New Westminster. 31-Nanaimo—Its spacious bay. 32-Vancouver City. 83-Kamloops. 34-The last of the colonial governors— Anthony Musgrave (1869-71). 35-What comes afterwards? The Confederation period (1871-94) . . ‘ : 7-15 SECTION I.—EARLY DISCOVERIES. Carter I.—Captain Cook’s third voyage—His commission and instructions—-Reward of £20,000—Reached Nootka, 1778— Indian village and surly chiefs— Captain Cook leaves Nootka—On the northward voyage finds a different type of natives—The North-West passage improbable—Among ' the walruses—Returns south along the coast of Russia to the Sandwich Islands—Death of Captain Cook—Captain Clerke returns north—His death—Captain Gore succeeds to the command of the expedition—Lieutenant King becomes captain of the Discovery—The expedition reaches Ragland. having lost both commanders. : 4 ‘ : . 17-24 / SECTION II.—_THE FUR-TRADING PERIOD. Caarter J.—Expeditions organized — Pioneer trader Hanna reaches Nootka, 1785—British navigators: Scott, Meares, Portlock, Dixon—Barclay, accompanied by Mrs. Barclay— Two British vessels arrive under command of Captain Strange, 1786—United States flag and traders—Gray and Kendrick, 1788—Meares at Friendly Cove, 1788—John Mc- vi CONTENTS. Kay remains at Nootka—Maquilla and Callicum—Their fleet —Indian music —Presents and building site—House building —Fortification—Friendly natives—Sad end of Callicum— Inhuman conduct of a Spanish officer. . ‘Carrer IJ.—Memorial from Captain Meares—Seizures by the Spaniards—Launch of the North-West America—Message from King George III. to the House of a oer by the House of Lords. Cuarrer ITI.—The Spanish Sit caveat claims—Special Pleading—Reply by the British ambassador—Spain and France combine against Britain—Preparations for war— Family compact—FitzHerbert’s proposals accepted. Cuarrer 1V.—Captain Vancouver's appointment—Officers under his command—The ships leave the Thames, taking the route via Cape of Good Hope—Call at the Sandwich Islands— Reach Straits of Fuca, April, 1792—Explorations commenced at Puget Sound—Meet Spanish vessels—Circumnavigate the large island (now Vancouver Island)—Reception at Nootka, August, 1792—The Spanish question discussed By Quadra and. Vancouver—Death of Quadra. Cuapter V.—Important state papers—Fresh evidence—Com- missioners appointed to assess damages sustained by Cap- tain Meares—Withdrawal of the Spanish fleet—Kendrick attempts to secure large tracts of land—Surveys of 1793— Fur trade along the coast—-Winter at Sandwich Islands. Cuarrer VI.---Mackenzie’s overland journey to the Pacific—-His qualifications and enterprise—The westward route— Alex- ander McKay—-Head-waters of Peace River —He reaches a river flowing southerly— Supposes it to be the river Columbia— Alarming intelligence—Mutiny threatened—They leave their boat and proceed on foot. ‘ Cnarter VII.—Mackenzie’s trouble with guides—He shaves his beard—Hugging and hospitality—Reaches the Pacific shore —Inscription on the rosk—Dr. Sandford Fleming’s opinion —Mackenzie knighted—Later particulars from Dr. Masson, of Edinburgh. ‘ : Caarter VIII. — Vancouver’s explorations continued — His voyage and surveys north—The Nootka difficulty settled — The British flag unfurled at Nootka over the land restored —The sea-otter trade—Great profits—Trouble with the Indians—Their tactics—Capture of the Boston—Jewett’s ac- count—Another attack— Russian project—Astoria founded on the Columbia River, 1810—The Tete een Mackay—Intoxicating liquor. Cuaprer [X.—Explorations and fur-trading on the mainland—. Simon Fraser’s great exploit—His journal—Reaches the great river in 1806—Supplies arrive, 1807 Preparations com- pleted, 1808—Fraser’s journal—Cascades, canyons and whirl- pools—Thompson River—Jackass Mountain—Spuzzum. wv PAGE: 25-31 32-41 42-50 60-68. 69-81 81-91 92-95 CONTENTS, CuarteR X.—David Thompson, the astronomer—Joins the. North-West Company-—Crosses ‘the Rockies at Bow River Pass in 1800—Howe’s Pass in 1807—Kootenay, 1809—Mouth of Columbia, 1811—Fort Kamloops—Simon Fraser’s retire- ment—Sandford Fleming’s reference to David Thompson— North-West Company—Original partners—Plan of operations —Great success in 1788—The X. Y. Company—Long credit —Founders of the fur trade—Business in 1798—Guides, equipment, canoes and crews—The early traders deserve credit Caaprer XI.—Operations on the Columbia River—Establishment of Astoria—The new administration—.Alexander Henry— Ross vii PAGE 95-104 Cox—Donald MacTavish— Flathead Indians— Alexander’ Ross, a passenger on the Tonqwin—Gabriel Franchére’s nar- rative—The war sloop Racoon—Cause of the war—The rivalry which existed—Brought before Parliament—Reconciliation . CuarteR XII.—Union of the North-West Company and the Hudson Bay Company—Charter of H. B. Co., 1670—The new Governor, Sir George Simpson—Explorations and geo- graphical discoveries—Division of departments—Classification of officers—Growth of H. B. Co. from 1789 to 1856. Cuaprer XIII.—Native tribes and civilization—Indian popula- tion in 1852 and 1892—Kducational grants to industrial schools—Superintendent’s report—Deserted villages. Cuaprer XIV.—Primitive Indian regulations—The systems con- trasted—Wars and massacres*-Policy of the British fur com- panies—Servants held responsible—‘‘ Daughters of the Land ” —Half-breed women and children in 1817. Carter XV.—Fort Vancouver-—An extensive concern—A well- managed farm—Walla Walla—Annual accounts made up at Fort Colville—Annual expeditions—Convention of 1818— Supplementary license—The Alaska boundary impracticable Trade with Russia and the interior of New Caledonia—No money required —Kquivalents in 1733 and a hundred years later—Evidence before the House of Commons in 1857—Death of Dr. J. Rae, the explorer. . ‘ : Cuaprer XVI.—Sundry expeditions—Kamloops and Fort Lang- ley—Sir George Simpson at Fort St. James, 1828—Stuart Lake—James Douglas—From the Atlantic to the Pacific— The route and time occupied—A former journey mentioned— David Douglas—The Douglas fir—Robert’ Campbell—Dr. Dawson—Early experience of James Douglas (afterwards Sir James)—His experience in New Caledonia—Fort Connolly— Tragedy at Fort St. James— Hairbreadth escapes--McLough- lin and Douglas—Promotion for Douglus— Russian Fur Com- pany—Alaska Treaty—Lease of Alaska from Russia (1838-9) to Hudson Bay Co.—Armed fleet—Settlers arriving—Ban- croft moralizes—The boundary question—A noble act— Douglas rescues Lassertes—Roderick Finlayson—Arrival at Vancouver—Fort Langley—Took possession of Fort Stickeen —Douglas at Sitka—Fort Taku built, 1840-1—Narrow escape of Finlayson—Return of the Beaver to Puget Sound. 105-110 . 111-114 . 115-119 . 119-121 . 122-128 128-145 vill CONTENTS. PAGE Cuarrer XVIL—Sir George Simpson’s visit, 1841—His route— Edmonton -- Fort Colville—Fort Vancouver — Interesting visits—‘‘Confusion of tongues” at Cowlitz River—Puget Sound farms—North to Fort Simpson and Stickeen—Sitka— Governor Etholin—Immense trade—Fur seals—Teetotalism ——Permission to marry—Change of headquarters—Fort ‘Van- couver described—Large farms in 1841—Settlement, 1839— Sandwich Islands—Thence to Sitka. . : . 146-153 Caaprer X VIII.—Fort Camosun (Victoria) selected—Forts Taku and Stickeen—Flags half-mast—No more rum—The year 1843, a semi-centennial mark—Mackenzie and Vancouver, 1793—Fort Victoria built—Expedition from Fort Vancouver —Father Bolduc—Men from the north—Expeditious work—- The very best men—Douglas and McLoughlin—Roderick Finlayson—Cowichins ‘help themselves—Covetous chiefs— How Finlayson dealt with them—-The pipe of peace smoked —Ships direct from England to Victoria, 1845—Whalers. . 154-166 Cuaprer X1X.—The territory to be divided—Captain Gordon’s arrival—Royal Engineers— Warre and Vavasour—‘‘ Fifty-four forty or fight””—Sir Rich. Pakenham—United States claims— Great Britain’s arguments—Oregon boundary, 1827--Conven- tion of 1790—Oregon treaty passed, 1846—Free navigation of the Columbia—Correspondence relative to Straits of Fuca boundary—A fair proposition from Mr. Crompton, 1848— Delayed until 1856—H. B. Co.’s business flourishing at Vic- toria under Mr. Finlayson—Paul Kane—Dr. McLoughlin retires—Alexander Mackay’s widow—Hudson Bay Company indemnified—A. C. Anderson—High duties—Discovery of gold in California-—Gold nuggets —Removal of Factor Doug- las and family to Victoria, 1849—First notice received—Great excitement—Ooal discovered—J. W. Mackay—Forts Langley and Yale—Fort tena ohn Tod—Horse flesh used for food. . ; . 166-184 CHAPTER XX.—Colonization siete wea and miners \ —Proposal to colonize—Grant of Vancouver Island, 1849— Rent, seven shillings per annum—Circular issued by: the Hudson Bay Company—Conditions of TEAM -BaBons to be made every two years to Secretary of State. . . 184-188 SECTION II].—THE COLONIAL PERIOD. Caarter I.—Governor Blanshard appointed, 1849—Reaches Vic- toria, 1850—Pessimistic remarks by ‘‘ Bancroft’””—Fort Rupert —The Muir family—Coal mining in 1853—Governor Blan- shard visits Fort Rupert—Dr. Helmcken appointed first magistrate in the colony—Desertion of sailors—Three men murdered—Rewards offered—Dr. Helmcken and Blenkinsop —Petition from the settlers—Provisional Council nominated —Captain Grant’s colony—A large reserve—A nother grievance —Governor Blanshard dissatisfied—He departs for England, September, 1851—Governor Douglas sworn in, November, 1851—Complimentary notice—Lieutenant-Governor of Queen Charlotte Islands. . : ‘ : : . 189-200 ‘ CONTENTS. ' ix PAGE Cuapter II].—Governor Douglas nominates his Council—Chief Justice Cameron appointed—Chief Justice Needham—Chief Justice Begbie—Petition from the settlers—Licenses for * revenue— Legislature established, June, 1856-—The first elec- tions—Dr.- Helmcken’s speech —Meeting of the Legislature— Speech from the Throne by Governor Douglas—The ‘‘ happy family”’"—Group of the pioneer legislators (Skinner should have been No. 2 and Yates No. 4)—Rey. Robert J. Staines —Reminiscences. . wae j . 201-219 Cuaprer 11J.—Charter and license ee ol as monopoly—The subject before the British Parliament, 1857 Gold excitement on Fraser River—Governor requested for the mainland—Lord Lytton’s despatches—Governor Douglas is made Governor of the mainland by a separate Commission for the colony of British Columbia—Full Sains — Bape Engineers— Colonel Moody—Captain Parsons. : ‘ : . 219-232 Cuapter IV.—-Further instructions and appointments—A borigines Protection Society—Judge Begbie’s Commission—Lord Lyt- ton’s confidence in Governor Douglas—Collector of Customs —Miners’ licenses—Military assistance—Road construction— Peter Brown’s murder—The murderer produced—Tried to shoot the Governor—Marines and blue jackets. . i . 232-239 ‘CyHaprer V.—The San Juan Boundary Question—Straits of Fuca —The Boundary Commissioners—Captain Prevost’s view— Mr. Campbell’s contention—Lord Russell’s despatch—Squat- ters on San Juan Island—Collectors Sankster and Ebey— Senator W. J. Macdonald—Sheep sold to pay taxes—The two national flags unfurled — Doubtful characters —General Harney —Difficulty about Cutler’s pig—-Mr. Dallas, Dr. Tolmie and Mr. Fraser—Mr. Griffin’s letter and reply. . é . 240-250 ‘CuapterR VI.—A collision prevented by Governor Douglas— Vis- count Milton—Captain Pickett—Joint occupation of San Juan Island—The peace-maker !— Additional letters —A : double game—Ready fur a broadside—Casey’s report—Pre- paring for war—Harney superseded—General Scott’s instruc- tions—Lord Lyons to Mr. Cass—Joint military occupation pending settlement—Whiskey sellers cause trouble—The decision of the Emperor of Germany. . ‘ ‘ . 251-262 Quarter VII.—The gold discoveries—Rapid spread of mining news—Thompson and Fraser Rivers—The natives jealous— Golden ‘‘aurora borealis ”—Crews desert vessels— Well orga- nized— Overland route—Jndian fortifications—Fires and counter fires—The prowling savages follow—Over thirty thou- sand people —Gold dust on deposit—Townsend and Whatcom —Rates of passage—War vessels—Governor Douglas visited the mainland—he fur trade superseded—A standard license— Provisions scarce - Indians dislike the ‘‘ Boston men ”’—Party of miners formed —A skirmish—Peace restored—Conference at Government House —Decision of the Council on navigation laws and Fraser River. . ‘ ‘ : . 263-273 x CONTENTS. PAGK. Cuarrer VIII.—Second meeting of the Legislature, 1858— Water supply—Bill of Supply for the year +—Kducation—Schools examined by Mr. Cridge—Impromptu speech by Governor Douglas to the ininers—Free port of Victuria—Public notices —Search after gold—Graphic description. : . 274-283. Cuarter 1X.—Mining regulations—Puget Sound Agricultural Company—'he African race—Spirituous liquor—Difficulties between the miners and natiyes—Governor Douglas and party proceed to the mainland—Commissioners appointed—New map of Victoria—Streets named—Road-cutting expedition— Fort Langley— Whiskey, powder and shot—Governor Douglas resigned Hudson. Bay Company factorship—Proclaimed Gov- ernor of British Columbia—Ceremonies at Fort Langley— Proclamations issued—Sale of Langley town lots—Name changed to Derby. . oe PRs 7 5 : ; . 284-291 Cuaprer X.—Increased trade—Comparative view of imports— The current year of 1858—New buildings—Colonel Moody’s arrival—Lieut. Mayne of the Plumper—Desperate characters at Hills Bar—Royal Engineers—Marines and blue jackets— Fort Langley and Fort Hope—Canoe trip—Floating ice— Narrow escapes—Struck on Cornish Bar—Hospitable treat-' ment at Yale. ‘ : ; 291-297 Cuaprer XI.—Colonel Moody holds church service—Orderly and attentive congregation of miners—Kdward McGowan com- mits an assault—Explanations—Peace restored—McGowan obliged to flee—Salute at Fort Hope—Captain Lewis—Site of New Westminster examined and selected—Derby abandoned —Romantic Sapperton—Queensborough—Sale of lots. . . 297-302. Cuaprer XII.—Missionary Duncan--His great success among the natives—H.M.S8. Satellite—Free passage—Sailed December, 1856, reached Vancouver Island June, 1857—The first Pro- testant missionary—Roman Catholic priests—Their mode of teaching—Fort Simpson—Attempt to murder Duncan—Un- welcome visitors—Onerous duties—Indian schools—Assist- ance for Duncan—He chooses a new site—Met-lah-kat-lah— Mr. Tugwell. 5 ‘ 5 z . 802-307 Cuaprer XIII.—New Year receptions—New school-house—New missions established—Queensborough surveyed by the Royal Engineers—First public service—Express companies—Postal rates—Colonel Moody's residence —Public Buildings in Vic- toria, 1859—Parliament and public buildings in progress of construction, 1893—United States currency—Messages from Governor Douglas. ; : : : 3 ‘ * . 307-316. CHapter XIV.—Gold plentiful—Details of gold mining—The prospector’s pan—How it is used-—The ‘‘rocker” or ‘‘cradle” —How worked—Sluicing—Mining at Hills Bar—Water regu- lations—An inch of water—Hydraulic mining—Scientific mining. , ; : : ; ; . 316-321 CONTENTS. xl PAGE. Cuaprer XV.—Large gravel deposits—Hydraulic mining in Cariboo—Similar work in California—Quartz mining—Other rich gold regions—Mode of treating the ore— Quartz mill— Rush of miners not as great in 1859—Queensborough pro- claimed port of entry—Settlement on Vancouver Island— Land sold by auction—Queensborough—Name changed ‘to New Westminster, July, 1859—Report and despatch, October, 1859, from Governor Douglas to the Duke of Newcastle— Expedition to Queen Charlotte Islands—Major Downie’s report—Skeena River—Babine Lake, one hundred miles long —“‘ Hunting for gold ”—-Coast Indians—Small-pox—The men dissipated and dangerous—The women degraded—A grateful husband—Polygamy. . ‘ ; ‘i : : . 321-328. Cuaprter XVI.—The Clergy Reserve question—Rev. E. Cridge— Salary of the chaplain—Agreement with fludson Bay Com- pany—A startling fact—Opposition to Clergy Reserves—Sun- dry opinions—Rev. Wm. F. Clark—Public sentiment re- spected—The second general election, 1860—Judge Begbie’s report—Non-residence of officials—Mount Baker. A . 829-333. Cuaprer XVII.—Gold mining transactions and returns—Five thousand men employed in 1861—In the Cariboo country, 1,500—The earnings—The lucky ones—Value of the rae dust—The official table, 1858 to 1893, inclusive. . . 334-336. Cuarrer XVIII.—Missionary work—Various denominations— Church of England—Methodist—Society for the Propagation of the Gospel—Duncan—Cridge— Crosby —Tugwell—Rev. Dr. Sheldon Jackson—His account of Mr. Duncan’s early life —Dunean’s arrival.at Fort Simpson—Tsimpsean Indians, 2,300—Human depravity—Medicine-men— Dog-eaters—Fire- water—Singing and dancing—School opens, 1858—-Removal . to Met-lah-kat-lah in_1862—The regulations adopted—Old ties broken—Bishop Hills visits the village in 1863—Bap- tizes fifty-seven adults—One thousand people—Band of twenty-four instruments—Mission at Massett—Average atten- dance at church service, 350—Mr. Collison, 1878—Rev. , George Sneath—Death of a chief—Alert Bay Mission. . . 337-344 Cuarrer XIX.—Royal Engineers--Extensive surveys—Reports made by Lieutenants Mayne and Palmer—Mayne’s journey along the Thompson and other rivers—Fort. Kamloops—How - the Hudson Bay Company officers live—Their character—- Shuswap chief—The dwelling or hut—Walter Moberly, C.E., arrives—Hardships—-Tries mining—Return trip and poor luck—Receives appointment from Colonel Moody-—Heavy bill at a country hotel—Partner with Mr. Dewdney—Public works—Proclamation-—Cariboo Road and Royal Engineers, 1861—Messrs. Trutch and Sa hold Pew contracts to build portions of the road... . 345-351 _CHapTer XX.—A resident governor asked for—Delegation waits on Governor Douglas—A representative assembly wanted (1861)—Petition to the Crown—A lengthy and alae reply to the memorial in twenty-six paragraphs. ‘ 52-358. xii CONTENTS. PAGE Cuarter XXI.—Roads and salaries—Expenditure for roa‘Is— Separate governors proposed—Despatch, June 15th, 1863— Legislative council to be constituted in British Columbia— Salaries of officers in Vancouver Island colony—Salaries in British Columbia—A difficult problem—A new legislature to be elected and convened similar to that already “existing in Vancouver Island colony—Ex- officio members nominated = ._- 358-361 Cuaprer XXII.—Governor Douglas knighted, 1863—His com- mission as governor of Vancouver Island colony lapses—-A | popular governor—Commission as governor of British Colum- bia terminates in 1864—Closes his term at New Westminster —Fnthusiastic farewell procession—Governor Kennedy to succeed Douglas in Vancouver Island—He arrives, March, 1864 — Governor Seymour succeeds Douglas in British Columbia—He arrives, April, 1864—A proposition to unite both colonies under one governor—Resolutiuns passed at public meetings for and against the union—Victuria and New Westminster agree to be united—Legislative Assembly, 1865, passes union resolutions—Despatch transmitted by Governor Kennedy to Colonial Secretary—Amor de Cosmos : . 362-367 CuaprerR XXIII.—Governor Seymour opposes union—Despatch to Secretary Cardwell—He writes from Paris—On his mar- riage tour—Petition from 445 residents in British Colimbia in favor of union—Effort to have permanent seat of govern- ment at New Westminster—Royal er disbanded, 1863 —Those remaining, 1894 - . 368-373 Cusprer XXIV.—Further surveys for roads and railways—Mr. Moberly instructed to superintend the work—The Columbia River route—The ‘‘ Big Bend” and Yellow-head Pass—Gov- ernor Seymour ceases to oppose the union of the colonies— His speech, 1868—Confederation meniorial from Victoria, 1868, to the Governor-General of Canada—Hon. S. L. Tilley’s reply—Discussions on the Pacific Railway—Alfred Wadding- ton—Bute Inlet route—Confederation League formed—The Dominion takes action—Open-air meeting at Barkerville— Rousing speeches—-Babbitt and Booth—Delegates Bae to attend the Yale convention. : . 374-381 Cuarrer XXV.—Preparations for Confederation—Convention at Yale—Committee appointed—They report in favor of the immediate admission of British Columbia into the Dominion —Contrary vote in the Legislative Council—Legislature pro- rogued, March, 1869— Death of Dr. Davie—Death of Gover- nor Seymour--Governor Musgrave appointed—His early career—Trip to Cariboo—Despatch from Lord Granville— Legislature meets, February, 1870—Postage rate, six cents. . 382-387 Cuaprer XX VI.—Union with Canada—Resovlutions framed—The Legislature of British Columbia—Ready for work of the ses- sion—Outline of terms of union—The great Confederation debate— Discussion lasts from 9th March to 23rd April—Dele- gates Dr. Helmcken, Trutch and Bernard chosen by the Executive to present terms of union to Commons, Ottawa— Terms agreed on, aly: oe 1870—Afterwards ratified by British Columbia. . - . _. 888-397 CONTENTS. xui PAGE CuapteR XXVII.—Terms of Union guarantee—Change in the Constitution of British Columbia— Railway to be completed in ten years—Electoral districts formed—The new council, elected November, 1870, meets January 5th, 1871—Speaker- ship declined—Legislature opened by Governor Musgrave— Important considerations—Address to the Queen— Responsi- ble Government—Old map discovered—Motion by Dr. Helmcken—Map called in—British claims admitted—A big threat—Admission of British Columbia to the Union—Ban- quet to Mr. Trutch at Ottawa— Explanations—Sandford Fleming appointed Chief Engineer to Pacific Railway—Clos- ing remarks by Governor Musgrave—Harmonious relations— Complimentary addresses—Created a knight—Civil Engineers Moberly, Maclennan, etc.—Marcus Smith—Various Impor- tant surveys. ‘ ‘ * . 397-404 SECTION IV.—THE CONFEDERATION PERIOD. Cuarter I.—The first Lieutenant-Governor—Visit of Hon. Mr. Langevin —Cariboo—His report—Fivrst Legislative Assembly under Confederation—List of members—Bills passed—Sena- tors appointed — Representatives at Ottawa — Richardson’s report of surveys— Marcus Smith — Seymour Narrows — Yellow-head Pass—Sandford Fleming—Memoir—Pacitic Rail- way—Ovcean to ocean-—Principal Grant—Professor Macoun— The Pacific Ocean cable 3 ‘ 5 : j 3 - 405-414 Cuapter II.—Three routes surveyed—Source of Fraser River— Route to Burrard Inlet selected—Cost of survey up to 1878— Subsidy and land grant—Charter applied for—Sir Hugh Allan—Huntingdon's statement—Committee to investigate— Mackenzie’s adininistration—Meeting of British Columbia Legislature, 1873-— Esquimalt dry-dock— Visit to England by Mr. De Cosmnos—Protest against the continued breach of terms of Union—Hon. Mr. Walkem proceeds to England to present petition--The ‘Carnarvon terms”—Mr. Edgar’s mission—Further railway surveys. - c : ‘ . 415-422 eS Cuaprer III.—Surveys in the interior—Mr. Jarvis—Great hard- ships—Meeting of Legisliture, 1876 —Resignation of Walkem government—The Mongolian’ question—Lord Dufferin’s visit — Would not pass under an objectionable arch—Declined to receive an address from. a deputation — Public feeling — Poetry on the subject—Mackenzie defended—Lord Dufferin’s tour-—His celebrated spore —Sir John A. Macdonald again premier. ; : . 423-428 CHAPTER IV.—A new syndicate —Terms of construction — Subsidy—First sod on Canadian Pacific turned, 1880—Bridge across the Fraser—Seven thousand men employed—A daring feat—Esjuimalt and Nanaimo railway—The railway belt— Dry-dock transferred to the Dominion—Conditions—Captain Devereaux—Impregnable fortifications . ‘ 2 ‘ . 429-434 Xiv CONTENTS. PAGE ‘CuapterR V.—Transfer of the Canadian “Pacific Railway—The - general manager—Lord Lorne and the Princess Louise— Visit to British Columbia—Sir Charles Tupper—Lord Lansdowne’s visit—Party of railway directors—Union of east and west— Ceremony of Seeing the ‘ ees spike ”’—The first trough train. . CHarteR VI.—New management of Hudson Bay Company— Members of Board—Messrs. Work, Dr. Tolmie, Mactavish and Grahame—Chief commissioner—Messrs. Charles and Munro—Thomas R. Smith—Robert H. Hall—C. C. Chipman: ‘CuarteR VII.—New route of travel—Geological examinations— Dr. Selwyn’s extended explorations—Gold seekers in 1862 —Ninety Red River carts—Yellow-head Pass—-An unfortu- nate trip—The survivors— Public museum—Mr. Fannin— ‘Captain Palliser’s report adverse—Dr. G. M. Dawson, ees 1877 and 1879—Valuable geological reports Cuaprer VIII.—Travel and trade facilities—The Canadian Navi- gation Company—Manager John Irving—Canadian Pacific Railway Company’s line—The three Hmpresses—Log of the Empress of India—Around the world—Canadian and Austra- lian line—The proposed Pacific cable—Hon. Mr. Bowell— Sandford Fleming—Trade of Hawaiian islands-—Northern Pacific Steamship Company—Pacific Coast Steamship Com- pany—Puget Sound and Alaska Steamship Company—The Comox line—The Canadian Pacific Railway—Three of the directors created knights—The steamer Beaver—First on the North Pacific—Comparative size of the present steamships— View of Beaver and Indian canoes (see also page 501 for canoes and totems) : ‘ : é Onarter I[X.—Railways, coal deposits and gold —Railways in course of construction—Projected lines—Nakusp and Slocan railway—Nicola Valley railway—Extraordinary coal deposits —Analysis—Seam thirty feet thick— Abundant supply—Van- couver island mines—Nanaimo—Mining for gold—Dredging for gold—West Kootenay district rich in ores—East Kootenay gives great promise — Assays — Nelson — Skylark mine — Kootenay triumphs. i : 2 ‘CuarterR X.—Hducation—Hudson Bay Company provide first teachers for the colony of Vancouver Island—Robert J. Staines and wife arrive, 1849—Mr. Staines proposes to return to England in 1853, but is drowned—Rev. Mr. Cridge (now Bishop) arrives, 1855-—The agreement made with the Hudson Bay Company—Appointed honorary super- intendent of education—His report of examinations, 1¢61— Alfred Waddington, superintendent, 1865—Governor Sey- mour refuses any aid to public schools, after union of colo- nies—After Confederation Provincial Government organized a non-sectarian school system—Mr. Jessop first superinten- dent after Confederation—Visit of Lord Dufferin, 1876, to public schools of Victoria—Promised three medals—C. C. Mackenzie next superintendent of schools, 1878—S. D. 434-440 440-444 . 445-449 ~ . 449-457 . 458-463 CONTENTS, XV PAGK - Pope, present superintendent, appointed 1884—The ‘‘ school- master’s friend ”—Great increase in school attendance— A inost efficient board of examiners—Free education—No separate schools—Synopsis of amended School Act, 1894—Two school inspectors—Prize medals continue to be distributed by the Dominion Governors—The prize medallists—High schools— Value of school property—View of two Victoria schools--. Craigflower school, 1861—Minister of Education, Col. Baker —Death of Hon. John Robson, referred to in school report of 1892 . 3 ‘ : ; : : . 464-476 Cuarter XI.--Ecclesiastical—Roman Catholic missionaries early in the field—Bishop Demers—Father Lootens (now bishop)— Father J. B. Bolduc—The Oblate missionaries—First Catholic school — Many churches—The ‘‘ Mother House” — Bishop D’Herbomez—Bishop Seghers—St. Joseph hospital—Bishop Brondel—Bishop Seghers assassinated—Bishop Lemmens— Old and new cathedral—Separation of the mainland—-First ‘Vicar Apostolic”—See of Westminster—Bishop Durieu— Highty churches in Westminster diocese—Schools in charge of Oblate fathers—Industrial schools for Indian children— Communities of religious women . : ‘ ‘ : . 477-484 Cuaprer XII.—Methodist work begun in British Columbia, 1859, by Dr. Evans—Revs. White, Robson and Browning— Governor Douglas lays corner-stone of first Methodist church —Rev. D. V. Lucas arrives, assistant missionary, in 1862— Five congregations in 1893, in Victoria—Rev. Mr. Browning, Nanaimo—The mainland—Methodist Conference organized, 1887—Places of worship in the Province, 1893— Rev. Thomas Crosby-—Successful amongst the natives at Fort Simpson— Church built—School established—Mrs. Crosby and Miss Knott—Industrial fair—Revival, winter of 1877-8-—Mission extends to Kit-a-mart, 150 miles south. of Fort Simpson— Potlatch—Nitinat Indians—Rev. J. Stone—Coqualeetza In- dian Institute—Rev. E. ee founded at New Westminster, 1892. . s 484-492 Cuaprer XIII.—Presbyterian—Mission field, 1858—First mis- sionary, 1861—Rev. John Hall—First Presbyterian Church, Victoria, 1863—Second missionary stationed at New West- minster, Rev. Robert Jamieson, 1862—Nanaimo, 1864—Revs. Aitken, Clyde, Anderson and Miller, until 1889—Rev. D. A. McRae installed, 1891—Rev. Mr. Hall succeeded by Rev. Mr. Nimmo, First Presbyterian Church, Victoria, 1865— Rev. J. Reid, 1876—Rev. Mr. Smith, 1881—Rev. Mr. Gamble, 1882—Rev. Donald Fraser, 1884—Rev. Dr. Camp- bell, 1892, the present pastor—Rev. Mr. Somerville, 1868— Second congregation formed, St. Andrew’s, 1869—Rev. Mr. McGregor—R. Stephen—Rev. P. McF. McLeod, 1888—New St. Andrew’s, 1890—Central Church, 1894—D. McRae, St. Paul’s, Victoria, 1891—Rev. R. G. Murison, 1894—Rapid progress in Vancouver city—Four Presbyterian churches— —Presbytery of Columbia, 1886—General ney 1887— New Presbytery of Calgary, 1894. . 492-499 Xvi CONTENTS. Cuarter XIV.—Anglican—Rev. H. Beaver—Rev. Robert Staines —Rev. E. Cridge—Bishop Hills arrives at Esquimalt, Janu- ary, 1860—St. John’s (iron) Church—Present cathedral con- secrated, 1872—Diocesan Synod, 1875—-Diocese divided, 1879 —Bishop Hills resigns, 1892—Succeeded by Bishop Perrin, 1893—Clergy endowment—Industrial Indian school, Alert Bay—Diocese of New Westminster—Bishop Sillitoe—Christ Church, Hope, 1:60—Other churches—Diocese of Columbia —Bishop Ridley— William Duncan—lIndustries in 1882-3. -Cuaprer X V.—Baptist—Organized in British Columbia, 1877— Wm. Carne, tirst pastor, Victoria—Calvary Church—Em- manuel Church, 1886—Ulivet Church, New Westminster-— First Baptist Church, 1886—Second Church, 1891—Third Church, 1894—Nanaimo, 1890—Membership in British Columbia. ; ‘ : ; : i ‘ Tue RerorMED EpiscopaL CaurcH.—Organized, 1875- 6—Rev. Bishop Cridge, 1875—Consecrated ea for church granted by Sir James Douglas. 3 Carnesé Migsions.—The per capita tax—7,500 in British Columbia —School opened, 1885—Converts—‘‘ Girls’ Rescue Home ”— Mr. Gardiner—Rev. Mr. See Mr. Winchester —Mr. Brodie. , Tus Satvation ARmy.—‘‘ Attacking force” in ‘eiueeennes force” in 1894—The officers in British Columbia—Meetings of the ‘Army ”—Attendance at meetings—-Barracks at Nanaimo—Victoria is headquarters of British Columbia— War Ory circulation—Brass band—‘‘ Poor Man’s Shelter” at Vancouver—‘‘ Rescue Home” in Victoria. : : Tue CHurcH oF THE JEws.—The ancient Snel ee in Victoria—The Rabbi. ‘ Cuapter XVI.—Lord Stanley of Preston—Lady Stanley, 1889— Loyally received at Vancouver city and New Westminster— ‘Stanley Park,” named after his Excellency—Crosses to Victoria—Cordially welcomed —Guests of Lieut.-Governor Nelson—A civic banquet given—A ‘‘superlative” speech— The Canadian Pacific Railway—Mishap to the Amphion— Narrow escape of the vice-regal party—Lord Aberdeen and the Countess of Aberdeen visit British Columbia, 1894—-Mar- ried in 1877—Visit to the Coldstream ranche— Address from the pioneers—The Kootenay country—The maple leaf—The party reach Vancouver city—Hotel Vancouver— His Excel- lency and the Countess on the baleony—Three addresses pre- sented and replied to—The Halloween banquet—Characteristic address from the chairman—Suitable reply—The toasts of the evening—Excellent speeches—Sandford Fieming and Mr. Mercer-—The Pacific cable—Canadian enterprise— Mackenzie Bowell—Lady Marjorie, the youngest editress—Visit to the schools and the court house—Competition medals promised by the Governor-General—Art and science. PAGE . 499-503 . 504-505 505-506 . 506-507 508 508 . 509-526 CONTENTS. xvii PAGE Cuaprer XVII.—Arrival at Victoria—-Guard of honor—Sir Wil- liam Wallace Society—Sunday services—Board of Trade— Important address—Provincial topics—Agriculture the “‘ back- bone industry ”—Sons of Erin—Compliment to the Countess of Aberdeen—Public schools’ welcome—Dignity of teaching— The Minister of Education—Address by the Countess—Wee Willie Winkie—The Alexandra Ladies’ Club. 3 7 . 526-535 CuarreR XVIII.—Visit to Duncan’s station—Addresses from farmers and Indians—-Lord Aberdeen on farming—Compli- mentary to the railways—An evening party—The set of honor and Scotch reels—Jubilee hospital—Chinese missions—Royal Marine Artillery—Boys’ Brigade—Special medals—Women of Canada—Address in the theatre—National Council of Canada—Victoria Branch—Farewell to Victoria— Wellington mines—At Nanaimo, the coal metropolis—Enthusiastic recep- tion— Vancouver Coal Company’s works—The vice-regal party leave for Vancouver on steamer Joan—Kamloops—List of i governors and lieutenant-governors. . ° ° . . 536-545 Cuapter XIX.—-Parliamentary—Members of Executive-—Six parliaments—Premiers, presidents of council and speaker— Opening of the Seventh Parliament by Lieutenant-Governor Dewdney—List of members—A critique—Motion on ‘the Fisheries”—Revenue for the year—Appropriation to suf- ferers by flood in Fraser River. . . . . . . 546-554 Cuaprer XX.—Fur sealing and the Alaska boundary—Claims by Sealers—Treaty of 1892-—Arbitration in Paris, 1893—Annual seal catch since 1890—President Cleveland’s message, 1894— Photo-topography—Mount St. Elias lost to the United States —Mount Aberdeen—United States charts—Portland Canal. beyond the treaty limit—Revilla ee ere of Sir John Thompson. . . . 5 . 555-559 CuapterR XXI.—Condition of the Province—Sources of and Excess of Expenditure over Revenue—Loans, how applied— Inscribed stock—Increase in Revenue—Expenditure for seven years—Exemption from taxes—New buildings—The ocean docks—Marine railway—Manufactures—Industrial Establish- ments—Arts and sciences—The artists—Astronomy—Fruit trees and Forestry—Lumber trade—Temporary stringency— Growth and possibilities of trade—Colonization and free home- steads—A great Maritime Province. . 7 . ; . 560-568 x ae z ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE The Author ............. Frontispiece Captain Cook. .......... 000 eee 18 Captain Meares... ........-..06- 28 Launch of the ‘‘N.-W. America.” 33 Captain Vancouver ..... ....++- 50 Sir A. Mackenzie ............6-- 60 Sir George Simpson............- 112 Dr. Dawson. ......662 sceeeeens 133 Sir James Douglas (2nd Governor). Ve Roderick Finlayson...........-- 143 Fort Victoria (views)............ 160 A. C. Anderson. .............0+- 176 John Tod (Council)............ 183 Richard Blanshard (1st Govérnor). 189 John Muir (Council) ............ 191 Nanaimo (view, 1853) ..........- 192 Xhief Justice Cameron........... 201 “Chief Justice Begbie............ 202 Captain Cooper (Council) .. .. 204 Members Ist Legislature V.I.C... 210 Sir Edward Bulwer (Lord) Lytton 221 Straits of San Juan de Fuca...... 242 Senator W. J. Macdonald........ 245 Chief Factor A. J. Dallas........ 248 Colonel R. Moody ...... gene « 294 William Duncan............-.65 303 New Parliament Buildings’ ...... 312 Cary Castle ........ 60sec eee eee 333 Governor Kennedy (3rd V.I.C.).. 364 Amor de Cosmos.........+--+565 366 Drs Davies «eas cits agg va wean 385 Governor Seymour (Qnd& 4th B. ©. } 386 Governor Musgrave (5th B.C.)... 386 Lieut.-Governor Trutch......... 405 Hon. J. F. McCreight . ........ 406 Lieut.-Governor Cornwall....... 407 Sir John A. Macdonald ......... 408 Marcus Smith............00005 409 Sandford Fleming .............. 41] Principal Grant 6... eee ee eee 413 Hon, Alex. Mackenzie .......... 419 Hon. Robert Beaven............ 421 George A. Walkem \............ 424 As Cy Bliotticcaiesiiaaiesctees ance 424 F. G. Vernon .......0e cee e eens 425 Lieut.-Governor Richards....... 425 Lord Dufferin (Governor)........ 428 Sir William Van Horne... ...... 434 Marquis of Lorne (Governor)... .. 435 The Princess Louise .......... 435 Marquis of Lansdowne (Governor ). 437 Group, Driving Last Spike ...... 438 Hon. John Work............... 440 Dr. W. F. Tolmie .............. 441 Dugald Mactavish .............. 442 Alexander Grahame ............ 443 Captain Irving, M.P.P.......... 449 Steamer ‘‘Islander” ..... ...... 450 Steamer ‘“‘ Empress of India”.... 451 Steamer ‘‘ Beaver” .... ......-. Indian Canoes.........----+805> Rev. Bishop Cridge.........-.-. Craigflower School............-- Dr. Pope, LL.D... «2.2... ee eee North Ward School, Victoria .... South Ward School, Victoria .... View of Victoria, 1892... cee. ee Bishop Demers.........+..-++-+ Bishop Lootens. ......--..--3+5 Roman Catholic Cathedral fold). Roman Catholic Cathedral (new).. Rev. E. Robson ......... 0 .ee ees Rev. Thomas Crosby...........- Duncan’s Indian Church ........ Duncan’s Indian Band .. ....... Methodist Church, Victoria (old).. PAGE: 456 48] ee 490 Methodist Church, Victoria (Met.) 490 Indian Methodist Church ... .. 49) Indian Institute, Coqualeetza.... 491 First Presbyterian Church, Vic... 493 Old St. Andrew’s Church, Vic... 494 New St. Andrew’s Church, Vic... 497 St. Andrew’s, Vancouver........ 498 Bishop Hills..... 0 ..........0005 499 St. John’s (Iron Church), Victoria 500 Christ Church, Victoria.......... 500 Indian Village and Totems, etc... 501 Y.M.C.A. Build’g, New Westmn’r 502 Met-lah-kat-lah Village.......... 503 Emmanuel Baptist Church....... 504 Reformed Episcopal Church ..... 505 Lord Stanley (Governor)......... 509 Lieut.-Governor Nelson ......... 509 Earl of Aberdeen (Governor)..... 510 Countess of Aberdeen. ......... 510 Hotel Vancouver. ..... 2.2.2.0. 513 First Presbyt’n Ch., Vancouver.. 518 Homer St, Meth. Ch., Vancouver. 518 East End School, Vancouver..... 520 West End School, Vancouver.,.. 520 Central School, Vancouver....... §24 High School, Vancouver......... 524 Court House, Vancouver ........ 526 Harbor of Nanaimo............. 543 J. Rocke Robertson............. 546 A. E. B. Davie... i... eee eee ee 546 Wm. Smithe.................004 547 C. E. Pooley (President of Council). 547 J. H. Turner (Min. of Finance)... 548 John Robson..............00005 548 Robert Dunsmuir............... 548 Colonel Baker (Min. of Education). 549 Theodore Davie (Premier)........ 549 G. B. Martin (Com. Lands, etc).. 549 D. W. Higgins (Speaker)........ 550 Lieut.-Governor E. Dewdney.... 550 W..P. Ring og ceo eeceei ces ees : 557 Fruit Cannery, Victoria.......... 566 INTRODUCTORY. ! 1, A Continuous Hisrory.—Although many valuable and interest- ing works have been written concerning Britis CoLumsia, or NEw ‘CALEDONIA, as a portion of it was formerly designated, yet, for the most part, each was devoted to some special object, and did not furnish a continuous history of this portion of the British Empire; so it is, that up to the present no work has been published which furnishes a consecutive, comprehensive, readable history of the country. 2. Rise anp Procress.—To provide the public with such informa- tion is the object of the present undertaking. It proposes to place on record and elucidate to a certain extent, the rise and progress of British Columbia from its earliest discovery to the present time. To accomplish this in a manner which will be convenient to the reading public, events will be arranged in chronological periods. These periods for reference and perspicuity, will be divided into sub-divi- sions to mark epochs as they occur, and to point out the develop- ment of the Province from its former condition as a wilderness to its present prosperous state. 3. Tue Pre-Historic Periop.—Of the pre-historic period, that is, prior to the arrival of Captain JamEs Coox, on the north-west coast of America, little need be said. The fact, however, is well estab- lished, that when Captain Cook and other early navigators visited the shores of the Pacific in this latitude, a very large population of aborigines existed on the coast. Alexander Mackenzie, in his expedi- tion across the unexplored portion of the North American continent to the Pacific, in 1793, also found along his route a numerous popu- lation in the interior. But, like their brethren on the coast, they did not possess any written records. Their traditions were mythical ; and, though carved emblematically on totems of enduring cedar in their villages along the seaboard, these emblems have not been deciphered so as to throw any light on the origin of the native tribes. 8 . INTRODUCTORY. The number of the aborigines, since the advent of traders amongst them, has diminished greatly, and continues to decrease year after year. 4. Taz Fur-Trapinc Periop.—The second, or the fur-trading period, is full of interest and importance, whether considered in connection with sea or land. It may be said to extend from 1778 to 1858, and embraces a variety of subjects. At the outset, it has to deal with the claims of Spain to the sovereignty of the whole west. coast of America, from Cape Horn to the sixtieth degree of north latitude, which was the ‘assumed limit of Russian occupation on the Continent of America. The Spaniards in Mexico claimed that they made a voyage of exploration north from Gil Blas, 1774 or 1775, when they touched at three points on the coast. The most northerly was 57° 18’ or nearly in the latitude of Sitka; the next mentioned was 47° 21’, which is south of the Straits of Fuca; consequently they did not land, during the voyage, on any portion of the coast which is now included in the western frontier of British Columbia. 5. Francis Draxe.—The voyage of Francis Drake around Cape Horn, in 1579, to the North Pacific Ocean, is so apocryphal in its description of the northern limit he claims to have reached, that it seems very doubtful if that voyage can, in any way, be connected with British Columbian history. 6. Tue First ArrivaL at Nootka.—Captain Coox’s voyage, in 1778, therefore, gives the earliest authentic record of the discovery by him of that portion of the west coast of America now known as Vancouver Island. He landed at Nootka, near the centre of the west coast of the island, and gave the place of his landing the name which it still retains. After Captain Cook’s departure, Nootka con- tinued to be the rendezvous for vessels trading on the west coast. 7. Tue Sgeconp British Navicator.—Captain James Hanna is said by Meares, in his narrative, to have been the second British . navigator who arrived at Nootka. He sailed from China in 1785, in a vessel of only seventy tons burden, which was equipped by merchants there and placed under his command with a crew of less than thirty men. The narrative says, they “set sail in her to seek the distant coast of America; to explore its coasts, and to open such an intercourse with the inhabitants as might tend to a future commercial establishment with them.” On his arrival at Nootka, “the natives presuming upon the inferior size of the vessel and the limited number of her crew, made a desperate attack upon her, which was repulsed by INTRODUCTORY. 9: the superior bravery and good conduct of their new visitors. The. hostilities soon, however, ended in commercial friendship, and a. quantity of sea-otter skins was obtained from them.” 8. AnoTHER TrRapinc Exprpition.—Captain Joun Mearss, for- merly a lieutenant in the British navy, next occupies a prominent. and important position in the early history of British Columbia. He arrived at Nootka, from China, on a trading expedition, in 1788. His friendly disposition and kind treatment of the natives made him: a great favorite with them. He formed a settlement at Nootka, and built a vessel there. Subsequently, in his absence, his ships were seized by order of the Spanish officer who had arrived and taken possession of the harbor, and had destroyed the houses built by him. The treatment which he had received, and also his losses, Captain Meares represented to the British Government, who promptly inter- fered in the matter both for the protection of their subjects, and to uphold the honor of the British flag. 9. THe Great Navicator.—Captain Grorez VANCOUVER was appointed by the British Admiralty to proceed to Nootka and ascertain the amount of losses which had been sustained by Captain Meares, and the indemnification due to the owners of the vessels which had beeen seized by Spain. The result was that soon after Vancouver's arrival at Nootka, i in 1792, the Spanish fleet withdrew, and the difficulty was settled by arbitration between the courts of Great Britain and Spain. That decision secured to the British Crown all the north-west coast from what was known ‘as California. to the Russian trading-posts in Alaska. 10. Route to Tue Paciric.—In 1793, ALExaNDER MackENzix, a partner in the North-West Company, commenced his memorable journey. Starting from Lake Athabaska, east of the Rocky Moun- tains, at the most westerly station then belonging to the Company, he traversed the unknown region westward across the Continent, thereby pointing out the future route.to the Pacific coast, and earning for himself undying fame. 11. Tue Norru-West Company.—Soon afterwards the North- West Company followed up Mackenzie’s explorations. They opened trails, built and established forts in the interior of that vast region, which was then named “New Caledonia.” They traced the great rivers of the Pacific slope—the Fraser, and the Thompson, one of its. principal affluents, and also the Columbia River—from their sources. to their outlets at the ocean. They advanced along the Columbia 10 — INTRODUCTORY. River and made their headquarters at Astoria (afterwards Fort George), which was continued as such until 1824, when Fort Van- couver was built on the north side of the Columbia River, nearly opposite the southern end of Puget Sound. Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, remained as an outpost whence goods and furs were conveyed along the Columbia to the interior and Montreal. 12. Union or tHe Fur Companies.—An immense trade was thus established and carried on in New Caledonia by the North-West Company. In 1821, the North-West Company and the Hudson Bay , Company ainalgamated. By so doing they extended and made more profitable the trade that had been carried on by them at some points ata loss, under the keen rivalry which had existed. The consoli- dated companies retained the name of “The Hudson Bay Company.” 13. Lease or AuAska.—Nothing transpired after the union of the companies to disturb the traders or hinder their prosperity, until about the year 1839, when settlers began to arrive in Oregon from the older portions of the United States. About this time, also, a portion of the Alaskan coast was leased by the Hudson Bay Com- pany from the Russian Government. The terms were stipulated at an annual rental of $2,000, and were concluded during a conference at Sitka, between'the Company’s chief factor, James Douatas, and Eruotin, the Russian governor. 14, Oregon Treaty.—Doubts now existed as to where the dividing line separating the United States from British territory would be located, as formerly the northern portion of Oregon territory had been held in common by traders of both countries. It was, there- fore, thought prudent to prepare for the removal of the Hudson Bay Company’s headquarters on the Columbia River, to a site on the seaboard in British territory. After full examination and careful deliberation, Mr. Douglas decided to choose the site at Camosuy, where the city of Victoria now stands. That place was selected on account of its convenient position on the Pacific Ocean, as well as for the ease with which it could be reached from trading-posts on the mainland. 15. Fort Vicror1a Commencep.—The erection of a fort was decided on, the building of which was commenced in 1843. A. palisaded enclosure, one hundred yards square, in which were eight log houses, bastions, etc., was completed, ready for occupation and defence, within seven months of the date of the commencement of laying out the grounds. The name “Camosun” was continued until 1846, INTRODUCTORY. 11 , when it was changed to Victoriae Since the settlement at Nootka, in 1788, by Captain Meares, the natives had remained in undisturbed possession until this time. 16. Tae First Orricer in Cuarce.—Fort Victoria was, on its completion in 18438, placed in charge of Charles Ross, who died in 1844. He was succeeded by Roderick Finlayson, who had been second officer in the fort since the commencement of its building, and who remained in command until 1849. At this time the Company’s head- quarters were removed from Fort Vancouver to Fort Victoria, and Factor Douglas assumed command. He was accompanied by Chief Factor Ogden from Fort Vancouver. Mr. Dugald McTavish re- mained at Fort Vancouver to look after the Company’s extensive stock-raising and farming interests in the Columbia District and on Puget Sound. ' 17. Gotp Discoverirs.—Attention having been drawn to the pro- gress of settlement in Oregon, it was considered proper that the British possessions to the north of that territory should have similar advan- tages. The discovery of gold in California in 1848 strengthened the opinion in Great Britain that the time had arrived when the Pacific coast and New Caledonia should become more than a mere fur-hunt- ing preserve. To promote settlement, a grant of the whole of Van- couver Island was made to the Hudson Bay Company on certain conditions. The Company withdrew its trading-posts from Sitka and other places on the north coast except Fort Simpson. The fur-trading period was evidently drawing to a close. 18. Crown CoLony Formmp.—The third—“ The colonial period ”— dates from 1849. In that year Vancouver Island was constituted a Crown Colony by the appointment of Ricuarp Biansuarp to the Governorship. He arrived at Victoria, from England, via Panama, in 1850 ; but not finding the position what he expected, he returned the next year to London. He was succeeded by James Dovauas, in 1851. Governor Douglas retained his then position of Chief Factor of the Hudson Bay Company. At the time of his appointment as Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island, he was raised to the dignity of “C.B.” 19. CoLonizaATION AND SETTLEMENT.—Representative government was introduced into the colony .in 1856. Colonization and settle- ment made slow progress. Roads, however, were constructed and surveys extended to meet the.requirements of the people who arrived in connection with the gold discoveries on Fraser River, and remained 12 INTRODUCTORY. - -on the Island; but as the mainland was beyond the jurisdiction of ‘the colony of Vancouver Island, it was found necessary to constitute ‘that immense territory into an independent colony. 20. A Srconp Crown Cotony.—This was accomplished in 1858. ‘The governorship of the new colony was vested in Governor Douglas, -and added to that of Vancouver Island. Ngw CaLEponia was merged into British Cotumsia, by which designation the mainland was thereafter to be known. 21. New Cateponia.—The boundaries of New Caledonia formerly included the whole region from Peace River and ‘the Rocky Moun- ‘tains to the Pacific Ocean. Its southern boundary was reckoned to be the Columbia River from the outlet of that river on the Pacific -Ocean, following its course eastward to Fort Colville ; thence along the Kootenay and Flathead Rivers, embracing Tobacco Plains, to ‘the Kootenay pass in the Rocky Mountains. Its northern boundary was not defined, but reached to the Russian possessions on the north-west. , 22. British Cotumpia Bounparius Derinep.—The Imperial pro- clamation dated 2nd August, 1858, which constituted British Colum- bia a colony, defined that it should be bounded on the south by the frontier of the United States of America; to the east by the main chain of the Rocky Mountains; to the north by Simpson River and the Finlay branch of Peace River; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean, including Queen Charlotte Islands, but no part of the colony -of Vancouver Island. An Imperial Act was passed in 1863 to define more particularly the boundaries of the colony of British Columbia, specifying the western boundary to be the Pacific Ocean and the frontier of the Russian territories in North America; the north to be the sixtieth parallel of latitude; and the east, the 120th meridian of west longitude and the summit of the Rocky Mountains. 23. Governor Doueias Rerires.—Governor Dovetas having in 1863 expressed a desire to retire from public life, and his term of office terminating in 1864, was rewarded with the distinction of knighthood, by the Crown, for his services. Captain KeEnneEp\ -succeeded him as Governor of Vancouver Island, and retained that office until the union of the two colonies in 1866. 24. Union or THe Coxonius, 1866.—In 1864, Mr. Freprrick .SEYMOUR was appointed by the Imperial authorities to succeed ‘Governor Douglas as’ Governor of British Columbia, which position INTRODUCTORY. 13 he occupied until the union of the colonies in 1866. Thereafter Mr. Seymour continued as Governor of the United Colonies until his death in 1869. 25. Tue Royat Crry.—The site of the present city of New West- minster was proclaimed the capital of the colony of British Columbia in 1859, but after the union of the colonies, a proclamation dated May 25th, 1868, declared the city of Victoria to be the seat of government. ' 26. Vicroria Surveyep.—Between the years 1859 and 1866, marked progress was made in and around the city of Victoria. Building operations and improvements were carried on everywhere. In 1852, the town was surveyed and laid out into streets; its boundaries then being the harbor on the west, the present Govern- ment Street on the east, Johnson Street on the north,.and Fort Street on the south. In 1862, it is estimated that at least 1,500 substantial buildings had been erected, where but two or three years previously the forest had stood. That same year the city was incor- porated, with a white population of over 3,500. In 1863, it had increased to 6,000, exclusive of the large number of miners who made it their winter headquarters. 27. Toe Beauties or Victoria.—aA prize essay on the resources and capabilities of Vancouver Island, by Charles Forbes, Esq., M.D., a surgeon on one of the ships of the navy at Esquimalt, was published by the Government in 1862. It may not be out of place to quote his description of the neighborhood of Victoria as it appears in that publication. It reads: “On a clear, crisp, autumnal or spring morning, from the northern side, a beautiful and interesting scene meets the beholder’s eye. Immediately before, and somewhat below, him, lies the town in repose, the only evidence of life the thin blue smoke which, from numerous hearths, floats upwards in the motjonless air. The group- ing of the houses, with the tone of the coloring that prevails, is most pleasing. In the first faint light of the morning, the various styles of architecture assume fantastic shapes, pointed gables and ornamented roofs standing out clear and sharp; the shadows dark neutral, the lights cool grey, the whole warmed by the depth of color of the brick houses and other edifices. Away on the left, in the east, Mount Baker and the Cascade Range have caught the sun’s first rays, and a blush of pearly light is stealing over the “heavens. The sea, still and unruffled, stretches over to the foot of 1 14 INTRODUCTORY. the great Olympian range, which, clear and defined against the southern sky, stretches its massive dark blue length along, and far on the right, where hang the heavy clouds, night is gathering his mantle around him, and is disappearing in the west. 28. . . . . “As the day passes on, and the sun approaches the sera, the same clear, fresh air plays around, and an elasticity of mind and body is felt by all. The character of the scene has changed, however ; a busy hum fills the air, and man is at his daily toil. The sea is like a mirror ; numerous tiny craft, with drooping sails, dot its surface, and seem at the same time suspended in the air by the refraction which elevates and brings into view the cliffs at Dunge- ness, reminding the observer of the chalk cliffs of old England. 29. Guorious Licht anp SHapr. ‘The mountain range has become a cloud; stretched along midway are lengthened lines of strati, drawn clear and sharp against the heavy dark blue mass, while, piled heap upon heap, resting on the lofty summits, are masses of cumuli and cumuloni, seeming fit abode for the Olympian Jove. As the sun goes west, cirrt and cirro-strati begin to float off into the upper air, and before the warm westerly breeze the wondrous cloud dis- appears; the light is reflected in sparkling rays from the waters of the winding reaches of the upper harbor ; the shadows become purple, and in the pine woods, black. The whole sky on the right is one blaze of crimson and deep orange hues; and as the sun sinks in the western ocean, he pours a flood of yellow light along the narrow strait, such as Turner would have loved to paint;. touches the Olympian peaks with a rosy hue, and resting for a moment on the summit of the tower on the Race Rocks, with a golden gleam, seems there to leave ‘the flashing light,’ the seaman’s safeguard against the dangers of the night.” 30. OruEr Cities InLAND.—It need not be supposed that Victoria is the only city in British Columbia which possesses beautiful natural scenery. The other cities which have sprung into existence since the foregoing description was written, also have delightful scenic sur- roundings. The Royal City—New Westminster—has a charming situation. On the south-eastern horizon, as far as the eye can reach, Mount Baker looms up in majestic grandeur to a height of nearly eleven thousand feet. Illuminated by the first rays of the morning sun, its silvery top is burnished with gold. Almost at the feet of the beholder flows the great Fraser River, abounding with several varieties of the best salmon, losing itself towards the right in the INTRODUCTORY. 15 fertile delta, past Lulu Island. Looking up the river from classic Sapperton, the primitive camp of the Royal Engineers in early days, under Colonel Moody, the view is superb. On the left the “ golden ears,” and the massive “shoulders” of the coast range delight the gaze of the enraptured visitor. 31. Tue Coat Minrs.—The Biack Diamonp Cry (so named owing to its extensive coal mines)—-Nawnaimo—has many beautiful views. Built partly on a rugged promontory, it nestles in the bosom of a spacious bay, which is dotted with islands covered with verdure and evergréens to the water’s edge. Its harbor is ample, and with its ships, shipping appliances, chutes and tramways for the accommoda- tion of the coal trade, presents an interesting picture of enterprise, industry and prosperity. In the back-ground, the Island range of .mountains stands out in sufficient relief to give pleasing effect to that appearance of comfort and repose which seemingly belong to the city. 32. Vancouver—the terminal city of the great Canadian trans- continental railway—although not yet in her teens, can, as well as her older sisters, boast of a panorama of great beauty. Towering mountains and peaks flank her spacious harbor and inlet. Neither have local adornments and improvements been neglected. Her parks and public’ buildings are most attractive, and are appreciated by travellers and visitors from all parts of the world. 33. Kamioops, and other rising cities in the interior of the Province, have their special natural attractions which require only to be seen to be admired. In fact, British Columbia may be termed a “land of mountain and of flood”—similar in that respect to the mother,—“ Caledonia stern and wild.” 34. Tue Last or THE CotoniaL GovERNORS.—ANTHONY MusGRave succeeded GovERNOR SeYMoor in 1869, and occupied the position of Governor until 1871, when British Columbia became an integral part of the Dominion of Canada. 35. Wuat Comes Arrerwarps?’—The warm, able and lengthy debates which immediately preceded the confederation of British Columbia with Canada, together with the events which have occurred. since showing the progress and prosperity of the Province, will in due course be referred to in THE CONFEDERATION PERIOD. History of British Columbia. SECTION I. EARLY DISCOVERIES. CHAPTER I. Coox’s Tuirp VoyaGe.—There are no other authentic records available for reference, regarding discoveries by Europeans or occu- pation by them, on that portion of the coast of North America which now forms the western frontier of Canada, until Captain Cook’s third voyage, which dates from 1776. For tHE Benerit oF Manxinp.—The expedition for that voyage was fitted out by the British Admiralty, to continue the efforts which had been made by the Government of Great Britain to add to the knowledge already attained in science, navigation, geography, and the intercourse of mankind with each other. It consisted of the ships Resolution, of 462 tons burden, and 112 men under Captain JamEs Coox, and the Discovery, of 300 tons burden and 80 men, under Captain CHARLES CLERKE. His Commission anD Instructions.—Captain Cook received his: commission to command the expedition on the 9th of February, 1776. His instructions were to proceed to the Pacific via Cape of Good Hope, touching at Otaheite and the Society Islands, and to commence his researches on the north-west coast of America, in latitude 65°; and not to lose time in exploring inlets or rivers until he reached that latitude. The Resolution was not ready to sail from England until the llth of July. The Discovery sailed on the 1st of August, and overtook the Resolution at Cape of Good Hope on the 10th of November. 2 ~ 18 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Coox’s Szeconp Voyrace.—Captain Cook had only returned in July, 1775, from his second voyage in the southern seas, where he was engaged in exploring the Antarctic regions and circumnavigating New Zealand. This work occupied three years and eighteen days. His success during that voyage was such that it is recorded that no expedition fitted out for the purpose of maritime dis- covery, had ever equalled that from which j he had just returned, in the magnitude CAPTAIN -COOR: and arduous nature of its peculiar object. ‘The Earl of Sandwich, who was at the head of the Admiralty, was disposed to reward liberally one whose courage and skill had so well justified the expectations of those who had patronized the under- taking, His Services Apprectatep.—Cook was immediately raised to the rank of post-captain, and obtained a more substantial mark of favor, being appointed one of the captains of Greenwich Hospital, which afforded him a liberal maintenance and repose from his professional labors. He was also elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and received the Society’s medal for having performed the voyage just concluded with a company of 118 men, throughout all the climates, from latitude 52° N. to 71° S., with the loss of only one man by sickness. Reward or £20,000.—A special object was in view by the Admiralty at this time relative to the plan to be adopted in this expedition, and as to who should be the commander. The hope of finding a north-west passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans had not been abandoned. The Act of Parliament which had been passed in 1745, securing a reward of £20,000 to any of his Majesty’s ships or subjects who should make the proposed discovery, at first only referred to ships passing through Hudson Bay, but had been amended to apply to.ships passing in any direction. Consultations were held by Lord Sandwich with Sir Hugh Palliser and other experienced officers relative to the matter. Captain Cook, they admitted, had earned by his eminent services the privilege of honor- able repose, and no one thought of imposing on him for the third time, the dangers and hardships of a voyage of discovery round the world; but being invited to dine with Lord Sandwich, in order that EARLY DISCOVERIES. 19 he might lend the light of his valuable experience to the various particulars under discussion, he was so fired with the observations that were made, that he voluntarily offered to take the command of it himself. Reacuep Nootka, Marcu, 1778.—Owing to great delay in visiting several South Sea islands, including Van Diemen’s Land, New Zealand, etc., and leaving sheep, goats, and pigs on them for breeding purposes, Captain Cook did not reach the north-west coast of America until the 7th of March, 1778, when land was seen from seventy to eighty miles distant, in latitude 44° 33’ N., and longitude 235° 20’ E. (Sic.) The previous day two sails and several whales were seen. Stormy weather nade it necessary to stand to sea, and run southward to latitude 42° 45’. Calms and storms tossed the mariners about until the 29th of March, when the Resolution anchored in -Hope Bay, Nootka. The Discovery also arrived and anchored there the same day. SPeecHEs aND Soncs.—Canoes with natives soon gathered round the ships to the number of thirty-two, carrying from three to seven persons each, men and women. Their leaders made long speeches, but as not a word of them was understood, they soon ceased. One sung a very agreeable air with a degree of melody which was not expected. Although seemingly not afraid, none of them could be induced to come on board the ships. A group of about a dozen of the canoes remained alongside the Resolution the greater part of the night. Lizurenant Jamus Kine.—Next day Captain Cook sent out three armed boats, under the command of his lieutenant, Mr. James King, to search for a commodious harbor. A snug cove was found into which the ships were removed. On the day following they were moored, head and stern, fastening the hawsers to the trees on shore, and carpenters were set to work to make such repairs as were . necessary. Five Hunpxrep Vistrors.—The fame of the arrival of the ships brought a great concourse of natives to see them. At one time there were about one hundred canoes, which were supposed to contain an average of five persons each, for few of them had less than three on board; many had seven, eight or nine, and one was manned with seventeen. Amongst the visitors were many who had arrived for the first time, as was judged from their orations and ceremonies as they approached the ships. 20 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. ARTICLES FOR SALE AND Barter.—The distrust or fear which they: showed at first was soon laid aside, They came on board the ships and mixed amongst the sailors with the greatest of freedom. It was soon discovered that they were expert thieves. In trade, however, they were strictly honest. The, articles which they offered for sale or barter were the skins of bears, wolves, foxes, deer, raccoons, polecats,. martins, and in particular the sea-otters. The narrative of the voyage states, that “besides the skins in their native state, they also brought. garments made of them, and another sort of clothing.made of the bark of a tree or some plant like hemp; weapons, such as bows, arrows and spears, pieces of carved work, beads and several other little ornaments of thin brass and iron, shaped like a horseshoe, which they hang at their noses. But the most extraordinary of all the articles which they brought to the ships for sale were human. skulls and hands, not yet quite stripped of the flesh, which they made our people plainly understand they had eaten; and, indeed, some of* them had evident marks that they had been upon the fire.” Visir to A Narivn Vittace.—For a fortnight the weather con- tinued stormy. By the 19th of April, however, the top-masts, yard and: rigging were again up. Next day being fair, a visit was made- by Captain Cook and a party to the village at the west point of the sound. They found the people numerous and courteous. The houses were large, each containing several families. The methods of curing and drying fish were explained, mats were spread for the party to sit on, and every mark of civility shown. The party next proceeded up. the west side ofjthe sound for two miles, by an arm of the sea. A Surty Caier.—A mile farther they found the remains of a. deserted village. From that point they crossed to the east side of the sound and landed at another village. There they met with rather a. cold reception. The surly chief did not wish them to enter the houses. Presents were offered to him which he took, but they did. not have much effect in changing his behavior. The young women of the village, however, showed more hospitality. They dressed themselves, the narrator relates, ‘expeditiously, in their best apparel, and welcomed us by joining in a song which was far from harsh or disagreeable.” Fresu ArrivaLts—Inrropucrory Crremonins.—Repairs on the vessels were now nearly completed. By the 21st the mizzen-inast was. finished and in its place and rigged. The following day some ten or twelve canoes arrived from the southward. At about two hundred. EARLY DISCOVERIES 21 yards from the ship they remained for about half an hour preparing for their introductory ceremony. They then advanced standing in their canoes and began to sing, accompanying their notes with the most regular motion of their hands, or beating in concert with their paddles on the sides of the canoes, and making other very expressive gestures. Some of their songs were slow, others in quicker time. At the end of each song they remained silent for some time and ceased paddling, then again commencing they generally concluded by forcibly pronouncing the word “hooee!” as a chorus. This pro- gramme continued for over half an hour, when they came alongside the ships and bartered what they had to dispose of. APPEARANCE OF THB Natives,—The natives are described as “in general under the common stature, but not slender in proportion, being commonly pretty full or plump though not muscular. Both men and women are so encrusted with paint and dirt that their color could not positively be determined. The children, whose skins have never been stained by paint or discolored by smoke, are nearly as fair as Europeans. Their dress, made of mats and skins, is, upon the whole, convenient, and would by no means be inelegant were it kept clean; but as they rub their bodies over constantly with a red paint of a coarse ochrey or clayey substance, their garments contract a rancid, offensive smell, and a greasy nastiness, so that they make a very wretched dirty appearance.” During Captain Cook’s stay at Nootka, the weather continued more or less stormy; yet he and his ofticers made several excursions to various parts of the Sound, but only found two villages. Judging from the canoes seen around the ships, and other observations, he computed the inhabitants to number two thousand. i Partine Tokens or Frienpsuir.—Being ready for sea on the 26th of April, although the barometer was low, the moorings were cast off, the boats towed the ships out of the cove, attended by a large number of the natives, some on board and others in their canoes. One of the chiefs who had, some time before, become attached to Captain Cook, was about the last to leave the ship. In return for a small present given him, he gave a beaver skin of much greater value. Captain Cook made another small present to the chief, which pleased him so much that he insisted in giving in return the beaver skin cloak which he then wore. The narrator states: ‘Struck with this generosity, and desirous that he should be no sufferer by his frieridship to me, I presented to him a new broadsword, with a brass 22 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. hilt, the possession of which made him completely happy. He also, and many of his countrymen, importuned us to pay them another visit, and by way of encouragement promised to lay in a good stock of skins. I make no doubt that whoever comes to this place will find the natives prepared with no inconsiderable supply of an article of trade which they could observe we were eager to possess, and which we found could be purchased to great advantage.” Thus was the foundation of the fur trade on the west coast laid in the most harmonious manner. Tur Vorace Nortnwarps.—No sooner had the expedition left Nootka Sound than a gale sprung up. The storm continuing, they were obliged to bear away from the land northwesterly. Rough and hazy weather prevented them from again seeing land until the Ist of May. Kaye’s island was reached, latitude 60°, on the 10th, where Captain Cook landed, and states that “at the foot of a tree on a little eminence, not far from the shore, he left a bottle with a paper in it, on which were inscribed the names of the ships and the date of the discovery, along with two silver twopenny pieces of his Majesty’s coin of the date 1772.” From this point many landings and surveys were made by Lieutenant Gore, Mr. Roberts, one of the mates, and Surgeon Anderson, who attended to the scientific portion of the explorations. The intervening time, until August, was occupied in this work. Along the cvast they found many native villages. The inhabitants generally were well disposed and willing to enter into trade, but required continual watching to keep in check their thieving propensities, A Dirrereyt Type or Natives.—In Prince William Sound the natives were found in dress, language and physical peculiarities, similar to the Esquimaux of Hudson Bay. Their canoes were not constructed out of one portion or trunk of a tree as at Nootka, the frame only being slender strips of wood, skins of seals or other animals, like the ‘“‘oomyaks,” or women’s canoes of the Greenlanders, as described by the late Dr. Rae, of Arctic renown. The most westerly coast of the American continent was reached on the 9th August, distant only about seventy miles from the opposite shores. of Asia. ‘To this headland was given the name Cape Prince of Wales. Tae Asiatic Coast.—Crossing the strait to the western shores, Captain Cook anchored near the coast, which he found to extend many degrees farther to the east than the position assigned in EARLY DISCOVERIES. 23 the maps of that day. He thus ascertained distinctly the width of the strait which separates Asia from America; for though Behring had sailed through it before, he had not, owing to thick weather, seen the shores of the latter continent at that time. Among THE Wa.ruses.—Next proceeding eastward and north the navigators coasted along the west shore of America until the 19th of August, when, in latitude 70°44’, they saw ice before them, extending as far as the eye could reach, and forming a compact wall of about six feet high. On nearer approach the. ice was found to be covered with multitudes of walruses or sea-horses. Cook’s narrative says: ‘‘They lay in herds of many hundreds upon the ice, huddling one over the other like swine, and roar or bray very loud, so that in the night or foggy weather they gave us notice of the vicinity of ice before we could see it. We never found the whole asleep, some being always upon the watch and communicated the alarm to the others.” The dimensions and weight of one of them is given: Length from the snout to the tail, 9 ft. 4 in.; length of neck from snout to shoulder-bone, 2 ft. 6 in.; height of shoulder, 5 ft.; length of fore-fin, 2 ft. 4 in. ; hind-fin, 2 ft. 6 in.; breadth of fore-fin, 1 ft. 24 in. ; hind-fin, 2 ft. ; circumference of the neck close to the ears, 2 ft. 7 in.; ditto, body at the shoulder, 7 ft. 10 in. ; ditto, near the hind-fins, 5 ft. 6 in.; weight of carcass without the head, skin or entrails, 854 pounds; head, 414 pounds; skin, 205 pounds. CLosE oF tHE Cruise Nortuwarps.—Before midnight a thick fog came on and the ships were surrounded with loose ice. The fog having cleared by ten o’clock next day, in latitude 69°32’, and the main body of ice not far distant, and with the Continent of America within five leagues’ distance, the prospect of finding the north-west passage was improbable. Cruising until the 29th, large quantities of ice appeared northward. The narrative here states “that as the season was now so far advanced and. frost expected soon to set in, it was not considered consistent with prudence to make further attempts to find a passage into the Atlantic.” Capt. Cook then crossed to the Asiatic side. He had completed his mission and fulfilled his instructions. He concludes his narrative by saying: “ We were now upwards of 520 leagues to the westward of any part of Baffin’s or Hudson’s Bay, and whatever passage there may be, or at least part of it, must lie to the north of latitude 72°.” ‘ 24 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Atone THE East Coast or Russta.—In September he shaped his course southwards, gathering much information on the Russian coast. About the end of October he left the Asiatic coast for the Sandwich Islands, which he made the rendezvous to meet Captain Clerke, in the event of the Discovery parting company with the Resolution on the voyage south. The Sandwich Islands were reached in January, 1779. Deatu or Captain Coox.—In February the great navigator was killed in a melee whilst assisting or directing a party of his men. to recover one of the ship’s boats that had been stolen by the natives. After Captain Cook’s death the command devolved upon Captain Clerke, He removed on board the Resolution and appointed Lieutenant Gore to be captain of the Discovery. Captain Cierke’s Furtuer Expiorations.—The expedition did. not arrive in England until October, 1780. The delay in returning is accounted for by Captain Clerke having, during the spring of 1779, made another trip to Behring Sea to make a further attempt to find the north-west passage. He penetrated as far as 70° 30’ N., when the same obstacles prevented his progress as were met by Captain Cook the preceding year. They encountered a firm barrier of ice seven leagues farther south than Captain Cook had. The impossibility of finding a passage to the north was now thought to be sufficiently proved; it was therefore resolved to proceed homewards. ; Deatu or Caprain CLERKE.— When the ships reached Kamtschatka, Captain Clerke died of a decline. Captain Gore now succeeded to the command of the expedition, and Lieutenant King took command of the Discovery. The expedition, although successful in adding greatly to geographical knowledge and in opening up the fur trade of the North-West, returned to England in mourning, having lost both their commanders. They were replaced by able men. Some of the distinguished officers who served under Captain Cook and learned the arduous duties of their profession from him, such as Vancouver, Broughton, Bligh, Burney, Colnett, Portlock, Dixon, etc., afterwards became leading men in the nautical world, and shortly after the lamented death of Captain Cook, assisted in opening up the trade of the North-West and completing the explorations which he had begun. SECTION II. THE FUR-TRADING PERIOD. CHAPTER IT. Experpitions ORGANIZED.—As soon as particulars of Captain Cook’s voyage and discoveries on the north-west coast of America were known, and that such a large supply of otter skins and other furs could be obtained from that. hitherto unknown region, a spirit of adventure and commerce was created. In 1786, four expeditions were organized in different parts of the globe to engage in this new trade, without any knowledge of each other’s designs. Tue Pronger TRapER.—The first to arrive on the north-west coast of America in connection with this new enterprise, was Captain James Hanna. His vessel, a small craft of only seventy-two tons burden, with a crew of under thirty men, had been equipped in China, in 1784-85, by English merchants. This skilful seaman and brave commander pursued his course along the coast of Japan, thence eastwards until he reached Nootka in August, 1785. On arriving there, the natives, judging from the small size and appearance of the vessel compared with Captain Cook’s outfit, made an attack upon Captain Hanna and his limited crew. They were, however, speedily repulsed. Hostilities were soon ended and a brisk trade commenced, which resulted in Captain Hanna obtaining a large number of sea-otter skins, which netted him $26,000 in China. Hanna’s Szeconp anp Last Voyace.—Captain Hanna left Nootka in September. On his return northward he examined the coast, named Sea-otter Harbor and Fitzhugh Sound, reaching Macao in December. He made a second voyage to Nootka in 1786, in the Sea- otter, a vessel of 120 tons; but two British ships having arrived before him, his second commercial venture was not nearly as profitable as that of the preceding year. Captain Meares, referring 26 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. to Hanna's voyages, says: “ Before he could engage in a third, this able and active seaman was called upon to take that voyage from whence there is no return.” Trapine AND ScrentiFic Expepition.—The two British vessels referred to as arriving in 1786, were the Captain Cook and the Experiment, sailing under the flag of the East India Company, fitted out by Bombay merchants, David Scott being the principal owner. They were under the supervision of James Strange, and sailed fron Bombay, arriving at Nootka in June, 1786, They obtained six hundred sea-otter skins. Returning they sailed northward, and probably gave the name Cape Scott to the north-western point of Vancouver Island after David Scott, the chief owner of the vessels. The expedition, at his own request, left one of their men, John McKay, at Nootka, under the chief’s protection, to act as a “drummer” or agent for the fur-traders. He was well treated by the savages, and lived with a native wife for more than a year amongst them. A Frencu Expiorinc Exprpition.—The French navigator, La Pérouse, set out on an exploring expedition in 1785. His discoveries were published too late to be of special value, apart from that furnished by other navigators who visited those seas and wrote about what they had seen. Bancroft says: “Especially were his discoveries unimportant as touching the north-west coast.” His explorations were made in 1786, but as his maps were not published until 1798, they were superseded by later and more complete surveys. Licensep to Trape 1n Teas, ETc.—Another expedition, formed by the ships King George and Queen Charlotte, left England in 1785. They were fitted out in London and placed under Lieutenant Portlock of the Royal Navy, with license from the South Sea Company to trade in teas from China. They were also supplied with large quantities of stores, and had appliances to “form factories,” to build vessels, and had authority to make settlements. Both the commanders, Lieutenants Nathanie) Portlock and George Dixon, had previously served under Captain Cook, and were prepared to engage both in geographical discoveries as well as to attend to the fur trade. They sailed around Cape Horn and touched at the Sandwich Islands, reaching Cook’s River in July, 1786. It was their intention then to coast southwards and winter at Nootka. After touching at various points from fifty-five degrees north to THE FUR-TRADING PERIOD. 27 Nootka, the weather became stormy and the expedition returned to the Sandwich Islands to winter. Portiock anp Dixon, 1786-87.—Next season they left for Prince William Sound. By the end of July, Captain Dixon had reached the northern end of Queen Charlotte Islands, which he named after the vessel he commanded, as well as after the Queen of that name. He named the straits between the islands and the mainland, “ Dixon’s Straits,” after himself. Captain Dixon received a large number of sea-otter skins (1,821) on Queen Charlotte Islands. The number of sea-otter skins obtained during the season by both vessels is given at 2,552, for which they received in China, $54,857. Bancroft states that the other traders for the season together only obtained 2,481 skins. Captains BarcLay anp Duncan, 1787.—The expeditions of the ships, Princess Royal, Captain Duncan, Prince of Wales, Captain Colnett, and The Jmpertal Eagle, Captain Barclay, arrived in 1787. The two former vessels were fitted out by the King George Sound Company, which had sent out Portlock and Dixon; the latter sailed under the fiag of the Austrian East India Company, in 1786, arriving at Nootka in 1787. Captain Barclay explored Barclay Sound, to which he gave his name. His boat, with an armed crew, explored the Straits of Fuca. He is said to have received much local information from the Mr. McKay who had been residing at Nootka amongst the Indians for over a year. Mrs. Barclay accompanied her husband on this voyage, and was probably the first European lady who visited the north-west coast of America. Captains KeEnpRick AND Gray, 1788.—A large number of voyagers and navigators met at Nootka in 1788, amongst whom were Captain John Meares, of the Felice, Wm. Douglas, of the Iphigenia, John Kendrick, of the Columbia, Robert Gray, of the Lady Washington. The two latter vessels were the first that appeared under the flag of the United States on the waters of the North Pacific Ocean. They were equipped by Boston merchants and their crews called “Bostons,” and as the war of the independence of the United States had just been concluded, the ‘“‘ Bostons” did not regard the “ King George men” with the most friendly feeling. Unirep States Frac, 1788.—The first fur-trading expedition from the United States was fitted out by a company of six Boston merchants, who were influenced by the glowing reports of Captain Cook’s discoveries and the possible trade with China. The voyage 28 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. of the Lady Washington occupied a year from the time of leaving Boston until her arrival at Nootka. That' vessel was towed into Nootka Sound by the aid of boats from the Felice and the Iphigenia, which were lying at anchor there. Captain Jonn Mearzts.—The Jelice, Captain John Meares, was a vessel of 230 ‘tons burden, with « crew of fifty men, comprising artificers, Chinese smiths and carpenters as well as European artizaus ; Iphigenia, Captain Douglas, a vessel of 200 tons burden, with a crew of forty men, composed of the same classes of people, artizans and sailors. Both ships were well built and copper- bottomed. ‘The Chinese were,” Cap- tain Meares states, “shipped as an experiment; they have been generally esteemed a hardy and industrious, as well as ingenious, race of people. CAPTAIN JOHN MEARES. They live on fish and rice, and, requiring but low wages, it was a matter of economical consideration to employ .them, and during the whole voyage there was every reason to be satistied with their ser- vices. The expense of fitting out the expedition was borne by several British merchants resident in India, in conjunction with Captain Meares, who had been formerly a lieutenant in the British navy. On the 13th of May, 1788, they reached Nootka and anchored abreast of the village in “ Friendly Cove,” in four fathoms of water, after a passage of three months and twenty-three days from China. They were well received by the natives. The principal chiefs, Maquilla and Callicum, were absent on a visit to Wican-an-ish, a powerful prince of a tribe to the southward. That locality is now known as Clayoquot Sound. Maquitra’s Freer.—‘“On the 16th of May,” Captain Meares in his narrative states, “ Maquilla and Callicum returned, and entered the cove accompanied by a number of war canoes. They moved or rowed (paddled) around the ship with great parade, singing at the same time a song of a pleasing though sonorous melody. Madquilla’s fleet consisted of twelve war canoes, each of which contained about eighteen men; the greater part of whom were clothed in the most beautiful skins of the sea otter, which covered them from their neck to their ankles. Their hair was powdered with the white down of birds and their faces bedaubed with red and black ochre, in the form of a shark’s jaw, and a kind of spiral line, which rendered their , f THE FUR-TRADING PERIOD. 29 appearance extremely savage. In most of these boats there were eight rowers (paddlers) on a side, and a single man sat at the bow. The chief occupied a place in the middle, and was distinguished by a high cap, pointed at the crown and ornamented at the top with a small tuft of feathers. Inpian Music.—‘ We listened to their song,” continues Mr. Meares, ‘‘with an equal degree cf surprise and pleasure. It was, indeed, impossible for any ear susceptible of delight from musical sounds, or any mind that was not insensible to the power of melody, to remain unmoved by this solemn, unexpected concert... The chorus was in unison, and strictly correct as to time and tone; nor did a dissonant note escape them. Sometimes they would make a sudden transition from the high to the low notes, with such melancholy turns in their variations, that we could not reconcile to ourselves the manner in which they acquired or contrived this more than untaught melody of nature. There was something for the eye as well as the ear, and the action which accompanied their voices added very much to the impression which the chanting made upon us all. Everyone beat time with undeviating regularity against the gunwale of the boat with their paddles, and at the end of every verse or stanza they pointed with extended arms to the north and to the south, gradually sinking their voices in such a'solemn manner as to produce an effect not often attained by the orchestras in our quarter of the globe. Oi, RerresHMents.—‘ They paddled around our ship twice in this manner, uniformly rising up when they came to the stern and calling out the word ‘ wacush, wacush,’ or friends. They then brought their canoes alongside, when Maquilla and Callicum came on_ board. The former appeared to be about thirty years, of a middle size, but. extremely well made and possessing a countenance that was formed to interest all who saw him. The latter seemed to be ten years older, of an athletic make, and a fine open arrangement of features, that united regard and contidence. The inferior people were very proper and personable men. A sealskin filled with oil was immedi- ately handed on board, of which the chiefs took a small quantity, and they ordered it to be returned to the people in the canoes, who soon emptied the vessel of this luxurious liquor. Meares Gives anD Receives Presents.—‘ A present, consisting of copper, iron and other gratifying articles, was made to Maquilla and Callicum, who on, receiving it took off their sea-otter garments, threw them in the most graceful manner at our feet, and remained in the unattired garb of nature on the deck. ‘They were each of them in turn presented with a blanket, when with every mark of the highest satisfaction, they descended into their canoes, which were paddled hastily to the shore. A Bortpine Sire Secorep.—“ Maquilla not only readily consented to grant us a spot of ground in his territory, whereon a house might. be built for the accommodation of the people we intended to leave there, but had promised us also his assistance in forwarding our 30 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. works and his protection of the party who were destined to remain at Nootka during our absence. In return for this kindness, and to insure a continuance of it, the chief was. presented with a pair of pistols, which he had regarded with an eye of solicitation ever since our arrival. Callicum, who seemed to have formed a most affectionate attachment to us, was also gratified, as well as the ladies of his families, with suitable presents ; indeed it became our more immediate attention to confirm his regard, as he had been appointed by Maquilla to be our particular guardian and protector, and had the most peremptory injunctions to prevent the natives from making any depredations on us. Houser Buinpine Prooresses.—* Great advances were made in building the house, which on the 28th was completely finished. In the ‘very expeditious accomplishment of. this important work, the natives afforded us all the assistance in their power, not only by bringing the timber from the woods, but by readily engaging in any and every service that was required ot them. When the bell rang for our people to leave off work in the evening, the native laborers were always assembled to receive their daily pay, which was dis- tributed in certain proportions of beads and iron. Such a proceeding on our part won so much upon their regard and confidence, that we could not find employment for the numbers that continually solicited to engage in our service. The house was sufficiently spacious to contain all the party intended to be left on the Sound (Nootka). On the ground floor there was ample room for the coopers, sail-makers and other artizans to work in bad weather; a large room was set apart for the stores and provisions. The armorer's shop was attached to one end of the building and communicated with it. The upper story was divided into an eating-room and chambers for the party. On the whole, our house, though it was not built to satisfy a lover of architectural beauty, was admirably well calculated for the purpose to which it was destined, and appeared to be a structure of uncommon magnilticence to the natives of King George’s Sound. A Fortirication Erecrep.—‘ A strong breastwork was thrown up round the house, enclosing a considerable area of ground, which with one piece of cannon, placed in such a manner as to command the cove and village of Nootka, formed a fortification sufficient to secure the party from intrusion. Tue Natives are Frienpiy.—-“The good harmony and friendly intercourse which subsisted between us and the natives, will, we trust, be considered as a proof that our conduct was regulated by the principles of humane policy ; while the generous and hospitable demeanor of our faithful allies will convey a favorable idea of their character, when treated with that kindness which unenlightened nature demands, and is the true object of commercial policy to employ. Tury Possess GRATITUDE anD AFFEcTiIon.—‘ The various offices of personal attachment which we received from many individuals of. THE FUR-TRADING PERIOD. 31 these people were sufficient to convince us that gratitude is a virtue well known on this distant shore, and that a noble sensibility to offices of kindness was to be found among the woods of Nootka. Callicum possessed a delicacy of mind and conduct which would have done honor to the most improved state of our civilization. A thousand instances of regard and affection towards us might be related of this amiable man, who is now no more, and the only return that we can make for his friendship is to record it, and with every expression of horror and detestation of that inhuman and wanton spirit of murder which deprived his country of its brightest ornament, the future navigator of a protecting friend, and drove an unoffending and useful people from their native home to find a new auanens in the distant desert.” “Innuman Coxpucr sy a SpanisH Orricer.——Captain Misiieg adds the following explanatory note: ‘‘This amiable chief was shot through the body in the month of June, 1789, by an officer on board one of the ships-of Don Martinez. The following particulars were received from the master of the North-West America, a young gentleman of the most correct veracity, who was himself a witness of the inhuman act: “ Callicum, his wife and child, came in a small canoe alongside the Princessa, the commodore’s ship, and the fish being taken from him in a rough and utwelcome manner before he could present it to the commodore, the chief was so incensed at this behavior that he immediately left the ship, exclaiming as he departed, ‘peshae, peshae,’ the meaning of which is ‘bad, bad. ” “This conduct was considered so offensive that he was immediately shot through the heart by a ball from the quarter-deck. The body on receiving the ball sprufg over the side of the cance and immediately sank. The wife was taken with her child, in a state of stupefaction, to the shore by some of her friends, who were witnesses of this inhuman catastrophe. Shortly afterwards the father of Callicum ventured on board the Spanish ship to beg permission to creep for the body beneath the water, when this sad request of parental sorrow was refused till the poor afflicted savage had collected a sufficient number of skins among his neighbors to purchase of Christians the privilege of giving sepulture to a son whom they had murdered. The body was soon found and followed to its place of interment by the lamenting widow, attended by all the inhabitants of the Sound, who expressed the keenest sorrows for a chief whom they loved, and to those virtues it becomes our duty to give the grateful testimony of merited affection.” . I 32 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. CHAPTER II. MEMORIAL FROM CAPTAIN MEARES, EVIDENCE ON THE SuBsEct.—The foregoing extracts will serve to show the animus of the Spaniards towards the natives, and will prepare the reader to expect little else from them than the outra- geous manner in which they treated Captain Meares’s men and confis- cated and destroyed his property. The circumstances are fully explained in the memorial which he had presented to the British House of Commons on the 13th of May, 1790. The action which the British Government felt called upon to take to protect British subjects and their property ultimately resulted in securing to Great Britain the whole of the north-west coast, between what was at that time known as California and the Russian outposts. The evidence was so clear and strong that neither sophistry, subterfuge nor special pleading could maintain Spain in her extravagant claims. The docu- ments now submitted form the basis of the early history of British Columbia ; therefore they are given at some length : “The memorial of Joun Muares, Lieutenant in his Majesty’s navy, most humbly sheweth : “That early in the year 1786, certain merchants residing in the East Indies, and under the immediate protection of the Company, desirous of opening a trade with the north-west coast of America for supplying the Chinese market with furs and ginseng, communicated such design to Sir John MacPherson, the Governor-General of India, who not only approved of the plan, but joined in the subscription for its execution, and two vessels were accordingly purchased and placed under the orders and command of your memorialist. “That in the month of March, your memorialist despatched one of the said vessels, which he named the Sea-otter, under the command of Mr. Tipping, to Prince William’s Sound, and followed her on the other ship, which he named the Wootka. “That on your memorialist’s arrival in Prince William’s Sound, in the month of September, he found the Sea-otter had left that place a few days before ; and from intelligence he has since received, the ship was soon after unfortunately lost off the coast of Kamtschatka. “ That your memorialist remained in Prince William’s Sound the THE FUR-TRADING PERIOD. 33 whole of the winter, in the course of which time he opened an extensive trade with the natives; and having collected a cargo of furs, he proceeded to China in the autumn of 1787. “That in the month of January, 1788, your memorialist having disposed of the Nootka, he, in conjunction with several British merchants residing in India, purchased and fitted out two: other vessels, named the /’elice and /phigenia ; the latter he put under’ the direction of Mr. William Douglas. That your memorialist proceeded froin China to the port of Nootka, or King George’s Sound, which he reached in the month of May, and the Jphigenia arrived in Cook’s River in the month of June. “That your memorialist, immediately on his arrival in Nootka Sound, purchased from Maquilla, the chief of the district contiguous to and surrounding that place, a spot of ground whereon he built a LAUNCIL OF THE ‘‘NORTH-WEST AMERICA.” house for his occasional residence, as wel] as for the more convenient pursuit of his trade with the natives, and hoisted the British colors thereon; that he also erected a breast-work which surrounded the house, and mounted one 3-pounder in front. That having done so, your memorialist proceeded to trade on the coast, the Felice taking her route to the southwards, and the [phigenia to the north- wards, confining themselves within the limits of 60° and 45°30’ north, and returned to Nootka Sound in the month of September. That on your memorialist’s arrival there, his people whom he had left behind, had nearly completed a vessel, which, previous to his departure, he had laid down ; and that the said vessel was soon after launched by your memorialist and called the North-West America, 3 34 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. , measuring about forty tons, and was equipped with all expedition to assist him in his enterprises. “That during the absence of your memorialist from Nootka Sound he obtained from Wicananish, the chief of the district surrounding Port Cox and Port Essingham, situated in the latitudes 48° and 49°, in consequence of considerable presents the promise of a free. and exclusive trade with the natives of the district, and also his permissign to build any storehouses or other edifices which he might judge necessary ; that he also acquired the same privilege of exclusive trade from Tatootche, the chief of the country bordering on the Straits of Juan de Fuca, and purchased from him a tract of land within the said strait, which one of your memorialist’s officers took possession of in the King’s name, calling the same Tatootche, in honor of that chief “That the Iphigenia, in her progress to: the southward, also visited several ports, and in consequence of presents to the chiefs of the country, her commander had assurances given to him of not only a free access, but of an exclusive trade upon that coast, no other European vessel having been there before her. “That your memorialist, on the, 23rd of September, having collected a cargo of furs, proceeded in the elice to China, leaving the Iphigenia and the North-West America in Nootka Sound, with orders to winter at the Sandwich Islands and to return to the coast in the spring. That your memorialist arrived in China early in the month of December, where he sold his cargo and also the ship Melzce. _ “That a few days after your memorialist’s arrival in China, the ships Prince of Wales and Princess Royal, fitted out from the port of London by Messrs. John and Cadman Etches & Co., came to Canton from a trading voyage on the north-west coast of America; and your memorialist, finding that they had embarked in this commerce under licenses granted to them by the East India and South Sea Companies. which would not expire until the year 1790, and apprehending at the same time that the trade would suffer by a competition, he and his partners associated themselves with the said Messrs. Etches & Co., and a formal agreement was executed in consequence between your memorialist and Mr. John Etches, then supercargo of the two ‘ships, making a joint stock of all the vessels and property employed in that trade; and under that firm they purchased a ship, which had been built at Calcutta, and called her the Argonaut. “That the Prince of Wales, having been chartered to load teas for the East India Company, soon after returned to England ; and the Princess Royal and Argonaut were ordered by your memorialist to -sail for the coast of America, under the command of James Colnett, to whom the charge of all the concerns of the Company on the coast had been committed. ; “Mr. Colnett was directed to fix his residence at Nootka Sound, and with that view, to erect a substantial house on the spot which your memorialist had purchased in the preceding year. “That the Princess Royal and Argonaut; loaded with stores and provisions of all descriptions, with articles estimated to be sufficient THE FUR-TRADING PERIOD. 35 for the trade for three years, and a vessel on board in frame, of about thirty tons burden, left China accordingly in the months of April and May, 1789. They had also on board, in addition to their crews, several artificers of different professions and nearly seventy Chinese, who intended to become settlers on the American coast, in the service and under the protection of the associated Company. “That on the 24th April, 1789, the Iphigenia returned to Nootka Sound, and that the WVorth- West America reached the place a few days after; that they found on their arrival in that port two American vessels which had wintered there; one of them was called the Columbia, \ the other the Washington ; that on the 29th of the same month the North-West America was despatched to the northward to trade, and also to explore the archipelago of St. Lazarus. “That. on the 6th of May, the Iphigenia being then at anchor in Nootka Sound, a Spanish ship of war, called the Princessa, commanded by Don Stephen Joseph Martinez, mounting twenty-six guns, which had sailed from the port of San Blas in the Province of Mexico, anchored in Nootka Sound, and was joined on the 13th by a Spanish ‘snow’ (a vessel equipped with two masts, resembling the main and fore-masts of a ship, and a third small mast just abaft the main mast, carrying a try-sail) of sixteen guns, called the San Carlos, which vessel had also sailed from San Blas, loaded with cannon and other wariike stores. “That from the time of the arrival of the Princessa until the 14th of May, mutual civilities passed between Captain Douglas and the Spanish officers, and even supplies were obtained from Don Martinez for the use of the ship; but on that day he, Captain ‘Douglas, was ordered on board the Princessa and, to his great surprise, was informed by Don Martinez that he had the king’s orders to seize all ships and vessels he might find upon that coast, and that he, the commander of the Iphigenia, was then his prisoner; that Don Martinez thereupon instructed his officers to take possession’ of the Iphigenia, which they accordingly did, in the name of his Catholic Majesty, and the officers and crew of that ship were immediately conveyed as prisoners on board the Spanish ships, where they were put in irons and otherwise ill-treated. “That as soon as the Iphigenia had been seized, Don Martinez took possession of the lands belonging to your memorialist, on which his temporary habitation before mentioned had been erected, hoisting thereupon the standard of Spain and performing such ceremonies as your memorialist understands are usual on such occasions ; declaring at the same time that all the lands comprised between Cape Horn and the sixtieth degree of north latitude did belong to his Catholic Majesty ; he then proceeded to build batteries, storehouses, etc., in the execution of which he forcibly employed some of the crew of the Iphigenia, and many of them who attempted to resist were very severely punished. “That during the time the commander of the Iphigenia remained in captivity, he had frequently been urged by Don Martinez to sign 36 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. an instrument, purporting, as he was informed (not understanding himself the Spanish language), that Don Martinez had found him at anchor in Nootka Sound, that he was at that time in great distress, ‘that he had furnished him with everything necessary for his passage to the Sandwich Islands, and that his navigation had in no respect been molested or interrupted ; but which paper, on inspection of a copy thereof delivered to Mr. Douglas, appears to be an obligation from him and Mr. Viana, the second captain, on the part of their owners, to pay on demand the valuation of that vessel, her cargo, etc., in case the viceroy of New Spain should adjudge her to be a lawful prize for. entering the port of Nootka without the permission of his Catholic Majesty, and he frequently refused to accede to this propo- sal; but that Don Martinez, partly by threats and partly by promises of restoring him to his command and, of furnishing him with such supplies of stores and provisions as he might stand in need of, ultimately carried his point; and having so dorie, he, on the 26th of the same month, was restored to the command of the [phigenia, but. restrained from proceeding to sea until the return of the North-West America, insisting that he should then dispose of her for four hundred dollars, the price which one of the American captains had set upon her. “That during the time the Spaniards held possession of the Iphigenia, she was stripped of all the merchandise which had been provided for trading, as also of her stores, provisions, nautical instruments, charts, etc., and, in short, every other article (excepting twelve bars of iron) which they could conveniently carry away, even to the extent of the master’s watch and articles of clothing. ‘That notwithstanding what had been insisted on by Don Martinez, respecting the sale of the North-West America, he had constantly refused to di